batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Solid-state, digital radiography (DR) detectors, designed specifically for standard projection radiography, emerged just before the turn of the millennium. This new generation of digital image detector comprises a thin layer of x-ray absorptive material combined with an electronic active matrix array fabricated in a thin film of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). DR detectors can offer both efficient (low-dose) x-ray image acquisition plus on-line readout of the latent image as electronic data. To date, solid-state, flat-panel, DR detectors have come in two principal designs, the indirect-conversion (x-ray scintillator-based) and the direct-conversion (x-ray photoconductor-based) types. This review describes the underlying principles and enabling technologies exploited by these designs of detector, and evaluates their physical imaging characteristics, comparing performance both against each other and computed radiography (CR). In standard projection radiography indirect conversion DR detectors currently offer superior physical image quality and dose efficiency compared with direct conversion DR and modern point-scan CR. These conclusions have been confirmed in the findings of clinical evaluations of DR detectors. Future trends in solid-state DR detector technologies are also briefly considered. Salient innovations include WiFi-enabled, portable DR detectors, improvements in x-ray absorber layers and developments in alternative electronic media to a-Si:H.
High electrical conductivity and rational design of structures are two crucial routes to improving the electrochemical performance of electrode materials. However, highly conductive electrode materials with short ion-transport paths remain a challenge in energy storage. Here, we propose manganese cobalt sulfide (MnCo2S4) nanowire wrapping by a flocculent shell layer using a facile hydrothermal method with post-sulfurization treatment. The resultant MnCo2S4 electrode employed for supercapacitor delivered a remarkable specific capacitance of 2067 F g−1 at the current density of 1 A g−1, good rate capability, and excellent cycling stability. Moreover, an asymmetric supercapacitor device was successfully assembled using MnCo2S4 and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as electrodes, achieving a high energy density of 31.3 W kg−1 at a power density of 800 W kg−1. With such outstanding electrochemical performance, this asymmetric supercapacitor device holds great potential in developing high-energy-storage applications.
In this paper, the prelithiation graphite electrode material as a cathode material for rechargeable aluminum ion batteries was first successfully synthesized by treated with n-butyllithium. The morphology and microstructure of the electrode materials were characterized by SEM and TEM, respectively. The energy storage mechanism of aluminum ion batteries was confirmed by ex-situ XPS. It is found that not only AlCl4 − but also Al3+ could also be intercalated and deintercalated into the prelithium graphite electrode material. The CV result clearly shows that the Graphite-Li electrode material has two pairs of redox peaks, which can be attributed to the AlCl4 − and Al3+ intercalation and deintercalation into the electrode materials, respectively. In addition, the discharge specific capacity of Graphite-Li (68.2 mAh g−1) is significantly higher than Graphite (49.2 mAh g−1) at the currert density of 200 mA g−1. The discharge capacity of Graphite-Li can still reach 64 mAh g−1 even after 500 cycles with a coulombic efficiency close to 100%. Such remarkable electrochemical performance is attributed to the fact that the interlayer spacing is improved by prelithiation treatment which reduces the electrostatic effect between Al3+ or AlCl4 − and electrode materials.
This investigation reports the possible use of carbon-supported manganese octahedral molecular sieves (OMS-2) for the electrooxidation of methanol. The effect of combining these materials with a commercially available 5%Ru-carbon sample is examined. The activity of the OMS-2 materials is evaluated with respect to other forms of manganese oxides such as pyrolusite and nsutite. The OMS-2 materials show a synergistic interaction with the 5%Ru-C as well as the pyrolusite materials that enhances their electrochemical activities effectively. These OMS-2 materials are not only cost-effective but also very electrochemically active.
Li-ion batteries are the most promising technology for use in electric vehicles in the near future, and as such it is critical to understand their performance at both beginning of life (BOL) and end of life (EOL). In this work different thermal and capacity fade effects (e.g. SEI formation, dissolution of Li y Mn2O4 particles) are modeled to account comprehensively for the behavior of a Li x C6–Li y Mn2O4 cell. The comparison between baseline and complex models is systematically used to analyze individual contributions and perform a deeper evaluation of the variables affecting the capacity fade with thermal inputs during typical cycle life tests. Some modifications in the original model are proposed to better describe the behavior of the cell and speed up the calculations.
In the past decade, long-term sorption and thermochemical heat storage has generated lot of interest. This paper presents the state of the art in this field of research, materials used in these systems and technological difficulties that researchers are set against. An emphasis is put on recent demonstrative projects including absorption and adsorption for long-term solar energy storage. It emerges that considerable breakthrough have been made. Even though there is no mature long-term sorption or thermochemical energy storage yet, primarily due to the high cost of materials, the suitability of this technology to long-term storage remains its main power of attracting.
In recent years, mounting interest has been directed to sarcopenic obesity (SO), given the parallel increase of life expectancy and prevalence of obesity in Western countries. The phenotype of SO is characterized by the coexistence of excess fat mass and decreased muscle mass, leading to the impairment of physical performance. The aim of the present review was to summarize the impact of different treatment strategies contrasting body composition changes in older obese and overweight subjects, providing insight into the SO phenotype. Revision questions were formulated; relevant articles were identified from Pubmed through a systematic search strategy: definition of the search terms (sarcopenic obesity, diet, nutritional supplements, physical activity, exercise, pharmacological treatment); limits: papers published in the last 10 years; humans; age ≥ 60 years old; body mass index >25 kg/m2; language: English. Studies dealing with sarcopenia associated to cancer cachexia or neurological diseases, any malignant disease, inflammatory or autoimmune diseases, corticosteroids for systemic use, bedridden subjects, and syndromic obesity were excluded. 14 articles were identified for inclusion in the present systematic review, and were grouped basing on the type of the main intervention: data assessing body composition changes after combined lifestyle interventions, exercise/physical activity, dietary interventions, and pharmacological treatment. Most of the studies were randomized, controlled. Sample size ranged from 12 to 439 subjects, and study duration varied from 6 weeks to 12 months. Weight loss based on diet combined with exercise seems to be the best strategy to adopt for treatment of phenotypic aspects of SO, improving metabolic consequences related to excess fat, preserving lean mass, and allowing functional recovery.
The LiFePO4/C composite containing 13.4wt.% of carbon was synthesized by combustion of a metal salt–(glycine+malonic acid) gel, followed by an isothermal heat-treatment of combustion product at 750°C in reducing atmosphere. By a brief test in 1M LiClO4–propylene carbonate solution at a rate of C/10, the discharge capacity was proven to be equal to the theoretical one. In aqueous LiNO3 solution equilibrated with air, at a rate C/3, initial discharge capacity of 106mAhg−1 was measured, being among the highest ones observed for various Li-ion intercalation materials in aqueous solutions. In addition, significant prolongation of cycle life was achieved, illustrated by the fact that upon 120 charging/discharging cycles at various rates, the capacity remained as high as 80% of initial value. The chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium in this composite was measured by cyclic voltammetry. The obtained values were compared to the existing literature data, and the reasons of high scatter of reported values were considered.
Baited Remote Underwater Video Stations (BRUVS) is a popular technique to assess mobile nektonic and demersal assemblages, particularly for fish communities. The benefits of using BRUVS have been well documented, with their non-destructive and non-extractive nature, ease to replicate, relatively-cheap personnel costs, and low risk to personnel often cited. However, there is a wide variability in the set-up, experimental design, and implementation of this method. We performed a literature review of 161 peer-reviewed studies from all continents published from 1950 to 2016 to describe how BRUVS has been used by quantitatively assessing 24 variables, including camera set-up and orientation, soak time, bait quantity, type and preparation method, habitat and depth deployed in, and number of replicates used. Such information is critical to gauge the comparability of the results obtained across BRUVS studies. Generally, there was a wide variety in the location, deployment method, bait used, and for the purpose that BRUVS was deployed. In some studies, the methods were adequately described so that they included information on the 24 variables analysed, but there were 34 % of studies which failed to report three or more variables. We present a protocol for what minimal information to include in methods sections and urge authors to include all relevant information to ensure replicability and allow adequate comparisons to be made across studies.
This paper presents an overview for the Z-Source Converter (ZSC) as an emerging power electronics topology for dc/ac converters in general propose motor drive applications. Different ZSC topologies fed from different renewable and alternative energy sources, different motor types with different number of phases and different control algorithms will be reviewed as a part of the ZSC motor drive system. In addition, various applications of the ZSC in automotive field will be highlighted. The ZSC is very promising power electronics converter topology for motor drive applications as, it provides many advantages compared with the traditional motor drive system conﬁguration, such as: single stage conversion with buck/boost capability, improved drive system reliability, improved efficiency, and extended output voltage range.
Background There is increasing evidence that psychological factors (e.g., defeatist performance beliefs, trait negative affect) contribute to poor functional outcome in people with schizophrenia. In the current study, we evaluated whether multiple psychological factors predict poor functional outcome in individuals with schizophrenia, and whether associations between psychological variables and functional outcome persist even after accounting for neuropsychological impairment and negative symptoms. Methods 100 patients meeting diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 78 demographically matched healthy control subjects completed self-report psychological measures, neuropsychological testing, and clinical rating scales. Results Self-report scales assessing negative affectivity, defeatist performance beliefs, anhedonia, and behavioral inhibition were significantly correlated with functional outcome in people with schizophrenia. Neuropsychological impairment was associated with vocational outcome, whereas most of the self-report measures were related to social outcome. Defeatist performance attitudes were not correlated with neuropsychological performance. Conclusions Self-report measures predict variance in functional outcome beyond measures of clinical symptomatology and neuropsychological impairment. Findings indicate that psychological factors may be meaningful targets for psychosocial interventions aimed at improving functional outcome in schizophrenia.
Objective Treatment-emergent side effects are frequent events, particularly during the uptitration of antiepileptic drugs. So far, monitoring of such adverse events in outpatients has often been limited to intervals of weeks or months. We here report the application of a new device for temporally fine-grained assessment of objective well-being and cognitive performance using personal digital assistants (PDAs). Methods Twenty adult patients with epilepsy participated in this pilot study. Ten received add-on treatment with levetiracetam. Ten patients with constant medication served as a control group. Differences between groups with respect to self-rated cognitive condition, psychophysical condition, aggressiveness, and cognitive test performance in a concentration test assessed three times daily (morning, early afternoon, and evening), over the course of 6 days, were analyzed. Results Levetiracetam-treated patients manifested an early augmentation of self-rated aggressiveness, which increased in intensity over the course of days. Aggressiveness reached a maximum in the early afternoon across days. There were no major changes in cognitive performance, except for an increase in morning performance in the control group. Conclusions This study demonstrates the feasibility of a new method of ambulatory assessment of behavioral and cognitive data during titration of antiepileptic drugs. Significant changes in aggressiveness under add-on treatment with levetiracetam were found to be dependent on the time of assessment during the day. These results suggest that PDA-based ambulatory monitoring of patients with epilepsy may be a promising tool for early detection of drug-related side effects and, thus, may constitute a significant improvement in patient care.
The complex, multi-component environments found in enzymes induce high catalytic specificity, but are difficult to achieve in synthetic catalysts. Now, researchers report a catalyst comprising a dynamic, ordered layer of ligands above a nanoparticle surface that creates a pocket to facilitate CO2 electroreduction.
This work presents an integrative approach to environmental and cost assessment of current and future motorcycle technologies for four motorcycle size categories, three powertrain types, and a variety of fuel supply chains. We consider conventional gasoline (ICEV), battery electric (BEV) and fuel cell electric (FCEV) motorcycles with production years from 1990 to 2030. Motorcycle energy consumption is modelled based on the world harmonized motorcycle test cycle and calibrated with data measured from existing motorcycles. We model the potential future performance of motorcycles by adapting the model input parameters according to historic trends and future component performance predictions. We find that smaller motorcycles have much better environmental performance than larger motorcycles, though this is mostly due to the fact that larger motorcycles have different driving patterns: urban driving is found to have much lower environmental impact per kilometer than highway driving. Current BEV are found to have similar ownership costs to ICEV. They also have reduced climate change potential by roughly 60% when they are powered by electricity from natural gas, 80% when powered by renewables, and they still offer advantages over conventional motorcycles when charged with electricity from hard coal. Next generation BEV are found to have similar environmental performance advantages, though with a definite cost advantage. FCEV climate change reduction potential is found to depend strongly on the source of the hydrogen fuel, with climate benefits being substantial with hydrogen originating from renewable energy sources. Future cost competitiveness of FCEVs is linked closely to the development of fuel cell costs.
In this paper, a composite material, Ni0.37Co0.63(OH)2, is synthesized using the chemical precipitation method with the purpose to develop electrode materials for supercapacitors. Physical characterization using XRD, EDX, and SEM show that Ni0.37Co0.63(OH)2 possesses an amorphous structure, which leads to high specific capacitance of 1840Fg−1 in the potential window of 0–1.5V. Cyclic voltammetry methods are employed to characterize the electrochemical properties of this electrode material in a N2-saturated alkaline solution. The results demonstrate that this material could give a two-electron redox process accompanied by two OH− ions. Cyclic voltammogram curves recorded for this Ni0.37Co0.63(OH)2 material are used to measure the specific capacitances at different potential scan rates. To validate this material for supercapacitor applications, charging/discharging tests are also conducted.
Recently, the development of high-performance bifunctional oxygen catalysts integrated with flexible conductive scaffolds for rechargeable metal-air batteries has attracted considerable interest, driving by fast-growing wearable electronics. Herein, we report a flexible bifunctional oxygen catalyst thin film consisting of Co–N–C bifunctional catalysts embedding in carbon nanotube (CNT) networks. The catalyst is readily prepared by pyrolysis of cobalt-based zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-67) that are in-situ synthesized in CNT networks. Such catalyst film demonstrates very high catalytic activities for oxygen reduction (onset potential: 0.91 V, and half-wave potential: 0.87 V vs. RHE) and oxygen evolution (10 mA cm−2 at 1.58 V) reactions, high methanol tolerance property, and long-term stability (97% current retention). Moreover, our integrated catalyst film shows very good structure flexibility and robustness. Based on the obtained film air electrodes, flexible Zn–air batteries demonstrate low charging and discharging overpotentials (0.82 V at 1 mA cm−1) and excellent structure stability in the bending tests. These results indicate that presently reported catalyst films are potential air electrodes for flexible metal–air batteries.
This study examines differential effects of the Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools (CBITS) program on behavioral and academic outcomes of middle school students. Researchers administered screenings to grade 6 students to assess traumatic stress and then randomized those with elevated levels to the CBITS treatment (n = 150; 47% female) or comparison group (n = 143; 53% female). Analyses examined the overall impact of CBITS and differential effects among subpopulations of students who reported clinically significant externalizing (n = 75; 67% female) or internalizing behavior (n = 185; 53% female) at baseline. Overall, students who received CBITS reported significantly reduced post-traumatic stress symptoms and marginally significant improvements in internalizing symptoms. Relative to counterparts in the comparison group, students exhibiting externalizing behaviors in the CBITS group reported significantly reduced post-traumatic stress, dissociation, anger, internalizing and total behavior problems, and also significantly improved scores on a standardized literacy assessment at posttest and follow-up. Students with internalizing behavior problems showed differential academic effects at 1-year follow-up; those in CBITS did significantly better on standardized math tests.
Outdoor microclimate modelling is getting popular for estimating comfort conditions in urban environments. Current calibration approaches usually rely on measurements of air temperature for a limited number of points in the study domain, in spite of the fact that it is the Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt) the parameter mostly affecting comfort. However, the direct measurement of Tmrt outdoors via the globe thermometer or using the six direction radiation method is prone to errors. To overcome these issues, the present paper proposes a novel method to indirectly improve its estimate based on the use of infrared thermal pictures gathered by drone flights to measure surface temperatures, and then use these values for calibrating numerical models. This novel approach has been demonstrated for a 400 × 400 m2 wide area in the city of Medicina (Italy) and showed a good agreement with ENVI-met simulations, with average and standard deviation values difference between measured and simulated surface temperatures of 1.53 °C and 2.22 °C respectively. The highest differences (up to 19 °C) are found for areas densely covered by vegetation. Further studies are planned to evaluate the goodness of the calibration pixel wise and to propose calibration thresholds based on Tmrt sensitivity.
Cognitive interviews are a useful tool for questionnaire pretesting. However, detailed information on the proper way of performing them is scarce–researchers use this method without agreement on applicable techniques or specific rules on their realization. Additionally, users of cognitive interviewing techniques only seldom explain the pretesting results in their research, leaving it to readers to trust their outcomes. Follow-up observations on the success of the interviews and the overall experience are rarely, if ever, presented. We were interested in the learnability of the techniques when performed by non-experienced, newly instructed interviewers; moreover, we wanted to understand the most common problems they had experienced. During a five-year period, 120 methodology students performed 612 cognitive interviews and analyzed 17 different survey questionnaires. The precise documentation of their assignment served as a detailed database of qualitative and quantitative information on their experiences. The results present the first-time interviewers’ ability to accurately perform and analyze a cognitive interview. We show the most common mistakes and issues in all stages of the interviewing process, the influence of different interviewers’ and respondents’ characteristics, and the effect of the technique on the interview’s success.
Surveys of patient satisfaction and their willingness to return can be used for the optimization of processes, improving their quality, and increasing the satisfaction and loyalty in customers. This study looked at the factors significantly associated with patient satisfaction after primary total hip replacement (THR), and which affect the patients’ willingness to return to the same hospital for future treatment, even when unrelated to their THR.
Graphene-based electrode materials for supercapacitors usually suffer from poor volumetric performance due to the low density. The enhancement of volumetric capacitance by densification of graphene materials, however, is usually accompanied by deterioration of rate capability, as the huge contraction of pore size hinders rapid diffusion of electrolytes. Thus, it is important to develop suitable pore size in graphene materials, which can sustain fast ion diffusion and avoid excessive voids to acquire high density simultaneously for supercapacitor applications. Accordingly, we propose a simple solvent evaporation method to control the pore size of graphene powders by adjusting the surface tension of solvents. Ethanol is used instead of water to reduce the shrinkage degree of graphene powder during solvent evaporation process, due to its lower surface tension comparing with water. Followed by the assistance of mechanical compression, graphene powder having high compaction density of 1.30 g cm−3 and a large proportion of mesopores in the pore size range of 2–30 nm is obtained, which delivers high volumetric capacitance of 162 F cm−3 and exhibits outstanding rate performance of 76% capacity retention at a high current density of 100 A g−1 simultaneously.