batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
High-quality poly(5-fluoroindole) (P5FIn) films were synthesized electrochemically by direct oxidation of 5-fluoroindole (5FIn) in pure boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE). The oxidation potential of 5FIn in this medium was measured to be only 1.05V vs. SCE, which was much lower than that determined in acetonitrile+0.1molL−1 Bu4NBF4 (1.30V). P5FIn films obtained from this medium showed good electrochemical behavior and good thermal stability. Dedoped P5FIn films were soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide. Fluorescent spectral studies indicate that P5FIn is a good blue-light emitter. The structure and morphology of the polymer were studied by UV–vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The results of the spectroscopies of dedoped P5FIn indicated the polymerization mainly occurred at C(2) and C(3) positions.
We report on a novel synthetic method of microwave processing with a domestic microwave oven to prepare LiFePO4 cathode materials. We also studied and report on the electrochemical properties of the resultant products. XRD revealed that a single phase LiFePO4 powder can be synthesized quickly and easily by microwave processing. The initial discharge capacity of a cell assembled with the powder was 125mAh/g at 60°C. The LiFePO4 obtained has a high electrochemical capacity and good cycle ability. These results indicate that microwave processing is a promising method for preparing LiFePO4 cathode materials.
This review aims at highlighting the need to better understand the pathogenesis and natural history of endomyocardial fibrosis when set against its changing endemicity and disease burden, improvements in diagnosis, and new options for clinical management.
This paper deals with the planning, delivery and implementation of a middle class housing scheme in Nairobi, focusing on the process of private sector residential area development. The paper analyses the planning aspects of a residential neighbourhood that were underestimated by the private developers, both at the formulation and implementation stage. Taking a case study of Claycity estate, the paper examines how the relationships between the private developer (land buying company) and purchasers, affect the process of housing development. The importance of neighbourhood design and issues of how developer profits undermined residents’ satisfaction are highlighted. The analysis reveals that it is the land sale contracts (and the interests associated with them) that are the problem, rather than neighbourhood design per se. The paper concludes that the emphasis must be on the politics of private profit making, which then have implications for neighbourhood design, site planning and development process. It has to be restated that the social transformation is the core function of a neighbourhood design and it can only be achieved through proper planning, administration and implementation of a development scheme with the overall goal being the achievement of a conducive environment to urban life.
In the advanced battery for low-cost renewable energy (ABLE) project, the partners have developed an advanced storage system for small and medium-size PV systems. It is composed of an innovative valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery, optimised for reliability and manufacturing cost, and an integrated regulator, for optimal battery management and anti-fraudulent use. The ABLE battery performances are comparable to flooded tubular batteries, which are the reference in medium-size PV systems. The ABLE regulator has several innovative features regarding energy management and modular series/parallel association. The storage system has been validated by indoor, outdoor and field tests, and it is expected that this concept could be a major improvement for large-scale implementation of PV within the framework of national rural electrification schemes.
Determining gestational age in resource-poor settings is challenging because of limited availability of ultrasound technology and late first presentation to antenatal clinic. Last menstrual period (LMP), symphysio-pubis fundal height (SFH) and Ballard Score (BS) at delivery are therefore often used. We assessed the accuracy of LMP, SFH, and BS to estimate gestational age at delivery and preterm birth compared to ultrasound (US) using a large dataset derived from a randomized controlled trial in pregnant malaria patients in four African countries.
Approximately 25% of so-called high utilizers of medical care are estimated to suffer from depression. A large proportion of these individuals remain undiagnosed and untreated. This study aims to examine the effects of a systematic screening and collaborative treatment program on depression severity in small primary care practices of the German outpatient health care system.
Lithium–sulfur batteries are attracting great attention due to their high theoretical capacity, low cost and environmental friendliness. However, the severe lithium polysulfides shuttling, self-discharge behavior and insulating end redox products (Li2S/Li2S2) remarkably hinder the performance. The cell configuration with an interlayer toward the cathode is an effective strategy to circumvent the above challenges. In this study, a carbon fibers/Ti3C2Tx interlayer is proposed to provide a physical shield and a strong chemical affinity to mitigate the polysulfides shuttling. The 3D cross-linked conductive networks of carbon fibers/Ti3C2Tx interlayers provide fast electron transfer channels and, thus, increase sulfur utilization and save “dead” sulfur. The dual effects of carbon fibers/Ti3C2Tx layers enable the Li–S cells with a high initial discharge capacity of 1380 mAhg−1 at a current density of 0.1 C and an ultralow capacity loss of 0.044% per cycle within 1000 cycles at 1 C. We found that the family of MXenes plays unique roles in immobilizing and converting the polysulfides. The design of a carbon fibers/Ti3C2Tx interlayer with dual effects paves the ways for improving the performance of battery systems that involve complex phase conversion reactions.
Lithium-ion cells are potential energy storage devices in planetary exploration due to their high energy density and long lifespan. The high intensity of γ-ray radiation in outer space poses a great challenge to lithium-ion cells. In this study, radioactive Co-60 was applied as the radiation source to investigate the performance of lithium-ion cells with the electrolyte radiated by γ-rays. Two kinds of cathode (LiMn2O4, LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2) and three kinds of anode (Li, graphite, Li4Ti5O12) were examined. There are two new mechanisms in the cells with a radiated electrolyte which affect the cell voltage and cycling performance: (i) erosion of the lithium electrode in the radiated electrolyte in the cases of half cells and lithium symmetrical cells; and (ii) electrochemical reaction between carboxyl species and the lithium extracted from the cathode in the case of full cells.
Nanostructured MnO2/mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) composite has been prepared successfully for use in zinc-air cell as electrocatalyst for oxygen reaction. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the MnO2 nanorods were formed and covered on the surface of MCMB in bird’s nest morphology. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicated that the MnO2 has the hollandite structure with a composition approximating KMn8O16. By the cathodic polarization curve tests, the nanostructured material demonstrated excellent electrocatalytic activity as a kind of oxygen electrode electrocatalyst compared with electrolytic MnO2. An all solid-state zinc-air cell has been fabricated with this material as electrocatalyst for oxygen electrode and potassium salt of cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) as an alkaline polymer gel electrolyte. The cell has good discharge characteristics at room temperature.
We studied the dissociation of methane into adsorbed carbon and hydrogen atoms on various surfaces to gain insight into carbon coke formation on solid-oxide fuel cell anodes. Preferred adsorption sites and energies were calculated for CH x ( x = 0 , … , 3 ) and H on Ni and Cu (111) planar and (211) stepped surfaces, on CuNi and CuCo surface alloys, and on Ni(211) surfaces with step edge sites blocked by Au- and S-promoter atoms. Transition states and kinetic barriers were calculated on Cu(111) and Cu(211) and on the SNi(211) surface. Our results are in excellent agreement with existing experimental and theoretical studies, suggesting that copper anodes have very low activity and high resistance to coking, and that step-blocking on the nickel surface can increase the tolerance of nickel-based anodes to carbon coke formation.
This work analysed the cost-effectiveness of avoiding carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions using advanced internal combustion engines, hybrids, plug-in hybrids, fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles across the nine UK passenger vehicles segments. Across all vehicle types and powertrain groups, minimum installed motive power was dependent most on the time to accelerate from zero to 96.6km/h (60mph). Hybridising the powertrain reduced the difference in energy use between vehicles with slow ( t z - 60 > 8 s ) and fast acceleration ( t z - 60 < 8 s ) times. The cost premium associated with advanced powertrains was dependent most on the powertrain chosen, rather than the performance required. Improving non-powertrain components reduced vehicle road load and allowed total motive capacity to decrease by 17%, energy use by 11%, manufacturing cost premiums by 13% and CO2 emissions abatement costs by 15%. All vehicles with advanced internal combustion engines, most hybrid and plug-in hybrid powertrains reduced net CO2 emissions and had lower lifetime operating costs than the respective segment reference vehicle. Most powertrains using fuel cells and all electric vehicles had positive CO2 emissions abatement costs. However, only vehicles using advanced internal combustion engines and parallel hybrid vehicles may be attractive to consumers by the fuel savings offsetting increases in vehicle cost within two years. This work demonstrates that fuel savings are possible relative to today’s fleet, but indicates that the most cost-effective way of reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions is by advanced combustion technologies and hybridisation with a parallel topology.
The steady and maintainable electric power provides the development momentum of a country's industrialization, which is indispensable to every country at present. It is well known that China is the largest developing country in the world. With the rapid development of economy and society, energy demand of Chinese society is increasing in an incredible speed, i.e., the annual accumulative total capacity of electric energy is about 0.1 billion kW, and the most of them is provided by the fossil fuel resource, and the share is about 90% in China. Certainly, it is a very inappropriate energy structure, so the sustainable development of country is impossible in future, the status must be improved in order to achieve sustainable development. Fortunately, China has large country area, and there are abundant solar resources. Development and application of solar energy have been regarded by the government and ordinary people, and they thought that solar energy can provide more and more electric energy in future, and more and more actual examples have been applied in the last decades, which are supported by central government and local governments. This paper discusses the distribution zone and current developmental situation of solar energy in China. Then, some application practice is described, such as solar energy greenhouse, solar energy hearth, solar water heater, solar lighting system, solar water pump, distributed generation (DG), grid-connect photovoltaic generation (GPG) and wind–solar hybrid system. The policies and law of China central government and local governments are described in the following paragraph. At the end, the developmental prospect of photovoltaic (PV) in future China and the development barriers and recommendations are introduced.
The Apocynaceae–Asclepiadoideae are well known for their specialized floral morphologies and pollination systems and many species have distinct floral aromas. However, our knowledge on the chemistry of floral volatiles in this plant family is relatively limited although it has been suspected that floral scent plays a key function for pollinator attraction. This is the third paper in a series of papers reporting on the floral odours of Asclepiadoideae. Floral odours of eleven species from seven genera (Cibirhiza, Fockea, Gymnema, Hoya, Marsdenia, Stephanotis and Telosma) of early diverging taxa of Apocynaceae–Asclepiadoideae, and two species of Secamone (Apocynaceae–Secamonoideae) were collected using headspace sampling and then analyzed via GC–MS. We detected 151 compounds, of which 103 were identified. The vast majority of chemicals identified are common components in flower odour bouquets of angiosperms. However, striking was the high relative amount of acetoin (97.6%) in the flower scent of Cibirhiza albersiana. This compound has rarely been reported as a flower scent component and is more commonly found in fermentation odours. Bray–Curtis similarities and Nonmetric-Multidiminsional Scaling (NMDS) analyses showed that each of the species has a distinct odour pattern. This is mostly due to only twelve compounds which singly or in different combinations dominated the scent of the species: the benzenoids benzyl acetate, benzaldehyde, methyl benzoate, and 2-phenylethyl alcohol; the monoterpenoids (E)-ocimene, (Z)-ocimene, linalool, and eucalyptol; and the aliphatic compounds acetoin, and (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal. The floral scent compositions are discussed in relation to tribal affiliations and their potential role for pollinator attraction, and are compared with the scent data available from other Asclepiadoideae species.
Impedance spectroscopy is a promising tool for the modeling and diagnosis of industrial batteries. This paper discusses methodological questions connected with the measurement and interpretation of the impedance of such batteries, especially nonlinearity, voltage drift, stability, reproducibility, half-cell measurements, model structure and parameter extraction with respect to quantities like state of charge (SOC). On the basis of this discussion, a specialized impedance spectroscope for industrial batteries has been developed, as well as modifications of the standard electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) algorithm. A mini-cycle technique is suggested that gains additional information compared to classical measurements with continuous dc current offset. Impedance spectra from lead/acid batteries for different dc currents, SOCs, and temperatures are presented and analyzed. Reference-electrode measurements allow for separation of the half-cell impedances. Emphasis is placed on the limits of experimental reproducibility due to “history” of the battery.
New materials hold the key to fundamental advances in energy conversion and storage, both of which are vital in order to meet the challenge of sustainable and renewable energy sources. Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) represent an important strategy for electrochemical energy storage, but are usually limited by relatively low energy density. In this study we assembled a hybrid LIC featuring a bulk graphdiyne (GDY) anode and an activated carbon (AC) cathode. This capacitor delivered an initial specific energy as high as 112.2Whkg–1 at a power density of 400.1Whkg–1, with 94.7% retention after 1000 cycles. More importantly, it even displayed an energy density of 95.1Whkg−1 at a power density of 1000.4Wkg–1, operated in the voltage range of 2–4V. Those high energy and power densities in LICs constructed with GDY anode and AC cathode offer a great potential toward application on next generation batteries.
Questionnaire-based studies suggest atypical sensory perception in over 90% of individuals with autism spectrum conditions (ASC). Sensory questionnaire-based studies in ASC mainly record parental reports of their child’s sensory experience; less is known about sensory reactivity in adults with ASC. Given the DSM-5 criteria for ASC now include sensory reactivity, there is a need for an adult questionnaire investigating basic sensory functioning. We aimed to develop and validate the Sensory Perception Quotient (SPQ), which assesses basic sensory hyper- and hyposensitivity across all five modalities.
The aging rate under cycling conditions for lithium-ion cells is affected by many factors. Seven principal factors are systematically examined using orthogonal design of experiments, and statistical analysis was used to identify the order of principal factors in terms of strength in causing capacity fade. These seven principal factors are: the charge and discharge currents (i 1, i 2) during the constant current regime, the charge and discharge cut-off voltages (V 1, V 2) and the corresponding durations (t 1, t 2) during the constant voltage regime, and the ambient temperature (T). An orthogonal array with 18 test units was selected for the experiments. The test results show that (1) during the initial 10% capacity fading period, the capacity faded linearly with Wh-throughput for all the test conditions; (2) after the initial period, certain cycling conditions exacerbated aging rates, while the others remain the same. The statistical results show that: (1) except for t 1, the other six principal factors significantly affect the aging rate; (2) the strength of the principal factors was ranked as: i 1 > V 1 > T > t 2 > V 2 > i 2 > t 1. Finally, a multi-factor statistical aging model is developed to predict the aging rate, and the accuracy of the model is validated.
Since 1980′s natural polymers are studied as sources for solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) in opto-electronic equipment because of their abundance in the environment, inexpensiveness, and biological degradation characteristics. Xanthan gum is a naturally occurring polysaccharide found in the microbial world, and its main advantage is to produce transparent solutions with elevated viscosity and stability including wide range of temperature. Therefore, the present paper presents the FTIR and impedance study of xanthan gum as a host matrix for the ionically conducting membranes. Different contents of proton conducting species were incorporated into the polymer host and the membranes were realized by the method of solution casting. The FTIR results indicated that the electrolytes were formed by the polymeric network. The frequency independent conductivity response pointed the best dc conductivity values of 7.26 × 10−5 to 3.92 × 10−4 S cm−1, in the temperature range from 20 to 80 °C, for the sample with 2.00 g of acetic acid. The occurrence of the electrode polarization was interpreted by the combination of the complex dielectric permittivity (ε*), loss tangent (tan δ), conductivity (σ), and complex electric modulus (M*).
The poor activity and stability of electrode materials for the oxygen evolution reaction are the main bottlenecks in the water-splitting reaction for H2 production. Here, by studying the activity–stability trends for the oxygen evolution reaction on conductive M1OxHy, Fe–M1OxHy and Fe–M1M2OxHy hydr(oxy)oxide clusters (M1 = Ni, Co, Fe; M2 = Mn, Co, Cu), we show that balancing the rates of Fe dissolution and redeposition over a MOxHy host establishes dynamically stable Fe active sites. Together with tuning the Fe content of the electrolyte, the strong interaction of Fe with the MOxHy host is the key to controlling the average number of Fe active sites present at the solid/liquid interface. We suggest that the Fe–M adsorption energy can therefore serve as a reaction descriptor that unifies oxygen evolution reaction catalysis on 3d transition-metal hydr(oxy)oxides in alkaline media. Thus, the introduction of dynamically stable active sites extends the design rules for creating active and stable interfaces.
A detailed investigation of the combustion behavior of LiPF6 or LiFSI-based carbonate electrolytes was conducted with the objective of getting better knowledge of lithium-ion battery system fire induced thermal and chemical threats. The well–controlled experimental conditions provided by the Tewarson calorimeter have enabled the accurate evaluation of fire hazard rating parameters such as heat release rate and effective heat of combustion and the quantification of toxic effluents (HF, SO2, NO x …). Results have shown that all the electrolytes tested burn in phases depending on the flammability nature of their mixture constituents. The first stage of combustion is solely governed by the more volatile solvent (linear carbonate) and the influence of adding salt comes into effect predominantly in the second stage. It has been also shown that combustion enthalpy of electrolytes lies in the solvent mixture, irrespective of the salt added. The fire induced toxicity in well-ventilated conditions is found to be mainly dictated by the salt and its chemical structure, showing very limited concerns that emanate from the organic solvents.
Electrochemical copolymerization of o-phenylenediamine (OPD) with o-methoxy aniline (OMA) in 1.0M HCl solution has been studied using cyclic voltammetric (CV) and in situ ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroelectrochemical techniques employing the indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated transparent glass as working electrode. The electrochemical features for the individual polymerizations of OPD and OMA are differently displayed in the copolymerization of OPD with OMA. The in situ UV–vis spectroelectrochemical results indicate that OPD and OMA are firstly oxidized to form the o-phenylenediamine cation radicals (OPDCR) and o-methoxy aniline cation radicals (OMACR) during the electrochemical copolymerization of OPD with OMA, then, mixed dimers/oligomers intermediates are formed by the cross-reaction between OPDCR and OMACR. The absorption peaks located at 403–422nm and 482–492nm in UV–vis spectra are assigned to these intermediates, which can also be confirmed by the results of CV and derivative cyclic voltabsorptogram (DCVA). The different voltammetric characteristics between the homopolymerization and copolymerization processes exhibit the occurrence of the copolymerization, and the differences between the copolymerization of OPD and OMA with different concentration ratios show the dependence of copolymerization on the concentration ratios of OPD and OMA in the feed. Furthermore, the copolymerization of OPD with OMA shows clear dependence on the applied potential. The copolymer has also been characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. A plausible mechanism for the copolymerization of OPD with OMA has been suggested.
In this paper, a new mathematical model in semi-empirical form for lead-acid batteries is presented, which describes the relationship between the battery terminal voltage and the variable discharge current. Based on the proposed model, a new estimation method of the battery available capacity (BAC) in the presence of variable discharge currents is developed. The method involves the real-time identification of the model parameters which are then used to estimate the BAC according to the predefined cutoff voltage and the trend of battery terminal voltage during discharging. Thus, both temperature and aging influences on the BAC are considered inherently. Comparisons between the calculated results and the measured data confirm that the proposed method can provide an accurate real-time estimation of the BAC under variable discharge currents.