batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This one-generation study assessed the potential of esterified propoxylated glycerol (EPG) to affect reproduction and offspring development in rats. Male and female Crl:CD(SD)BR rats (30/sex/group) were exposed to EPG at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2g/kgbw/day or at 5% (w/w) in the diet prior to (13weeks), during, and after two consecutive matings. For dams, exposure continued through gestation and lactation; F1a and F1b pups were weaned to the respective diet (for up to 91days). No consistent treatment-related effects were observed in: body weights/gains; feed consumption; clinical observations; mating indices; survival, growth and development of litters, litter sizes, body weights, sex ratios (lower % males/litter at 1 and 2g/kgbw/day), acquisition of developmental landmarks, behavioral indices, or histology of selected organs. Lower serum vitamin D, liver vitamin A, and liver vitamin E levels were seen in some EPG-treated groups. None of the reductions were judged to be biologically significant. A/G ratio was greater among males receiving 2g/kgbw/day and 5%. In the absence of any other related effects, the biological significance of this finding is doubtful.
This paper proposes and analyses a novel energy management system for buildings connected in a micro-grid, by considering electric vehicles as active components of such energy scheme. Renewable energy sources, PV, energy storage systems and bidirectional electricity exchange with the buildings and the grid are taken into account. The considered energy scheme, Building to Vehicle to Building, is analysed by including both buildings and mobility consumptions in the energy balance. Three different management system scenarios, designed to analyse the role of electric vehicles as electricity vector among buildings integrating PV panels and electrical storages, are analysed through a case study analysis. To this aim, a dynamic simulation model, implemented in MatLab, is suitably developed for the assessment of the energy demands and loads of the building, as a function of the considered electric vehicles energy use patterns. Simulation results show that the proposed energy management systems improves the building grid reliance and the grid electricity consumption is remarkably reduced up to 45% and 77% depending on the proposed scenarios. Their energy exchange options also enhanced the energy-matching indexes. The economic analysis highlights the economic viability of the system, as well as the need of suitable funding policies to support the development of such micro-grid systems.
In this paper, a novel design including cooling media for packing the rechargeable Lithium (Li)-ion batteries used in hybrid and electric vehicles is proposed. The proposed battery pack satisfies all thermal and physical issues relating to the battery packs used in vehicles such as operating temperature range and volume, and furthermore it increases the battery life cycle and charge and discharge performances. The temperature and voltage distributions of the proposed battery pack are calculated using the characteristics of a sample Li-ion battery and heat transfer principles. The proposed battery pack uses several distributed thin ducts for cooling which is based on distributed natural convection. Ultra uniform voltage and temperature distributions, minimum temperature dispersion in each battery unit, minimum increase in the battery pack volume, natural convection (no extra energy consumption for cooling), the maximum observed temperature less than that in other proposed battery packs and high thermal performance for different ambient temperatures until 48 °C are some advantages of the proposed Li-ion battery pack including proposed distributed cooling media. Simulation results and a comparison between the parameters of the proposed cooling media and other related work are presented to validate the theoretical results and to prove the superiority of the proposed battery pack design.
In this paper, we explore linear and nonlinear Granger causalities between oil price and the real effective exchange rate of the Indian currency, known as ‘rupee’. First, we apply the standard time domain approach, but fail to find any causal relationship. So, we decompose the two series at various scales of resolution using the wavelet methodology in an effort to revisit the relationships among the decompose series on a scale by scale basis. We also use a battery of non-linear causality tests in the time and the frequency domain. We uncover linear and nonlinear causal relationships between the oil price and the real effective exchange rate of Indian rupee at higher time scales (lower frequency). Although we do not find causal relationship at the lower time scales, there is evidence of causality at higher time scales only.
This paper describes an investigation of the effects of logical connectives and paragraph headings on reading comprehension among 577 Hong Kong Secondary 6 students who learn English as a second language. An English reading comprehension test was used to allocate subjects into one of the three performance groups: High, Medium and Low. The test instruments used to discriminate between the different groups contained ‘normal' signals. In the signal studies, four versions of authentic text were produced. Version 1 was a non-signalled passage. Versions 2, 3, and 4 were embedded with logical connectives, paragraph headings and these two signals in combination. All four versions had the same content and the same level of difficulty. Results show that those poorest in reading comprehension (Low Performance Group) benefited from signals during the reading. All signals contributed to reading comprehension except for logical connectives, which did not aid microstructure understanding. The discussion of results includes implications for the teaching of reading to poor readers.
A fully-integrated self-powered system on paper will work independently and self-sustainably as a low-cost and disposable diagnostic device in challenging field conditions such as resource-limited and remote regions. The paper-based power source is essential to create the paper-based system. In this work, a stackable and integrative 3-D paper-based bacteria-powered battery was developed. The battery was capable of generating power from microbial metabolism, delivering on-board energy to the next generation of paper-based systems with one drop of bacteria-containing liquid derived from renewable and sustainable water and wastewater sources (e.g. wastewater, municipal wastes, biomass and watershed) that are readily accessible in the local environment. An inexpensive air-breathing cathode was also created on paper with activated carbon on the sprayed Nickel electrode. By applying origami techniques, compact and stackable 3-D battery structures were created from 2-D sheets through high degrees of folding along pre-defined creases. The bacterial culture was added into two common inlets of the folded battery stack, through which it was transported into each battery. For operation, the battery stack was unfolded to expose all air-cathodes to the air, thereby maximizing their cathodic reactions.
The safety of lithium ion batteries has long been a critical obstacle for their high-power and large-scale applications because of the flammable nature of their carbon anode and organic carbonate electrolytes. To eliminate the potential safety hazards, lithium ion batteries should be built up with thermal-stable electrodes and nonflammable electrolytes. Here we report safer lithium ion batteries using nonflammable phosphonate electrolyte, thermal-stable LiFePO4 cathode and alloy anodes. Benefiting from the electrochemical compatibility and strong fire-retardancy of the phosphonate electrolyte, the cathode and anode materials in the nonflammable phosphonate electrolyte demonstrate similar charge–discharge performances with those in the conventional carbonate electrolyte, showing a great prospect for large-scale applications in electric vehicles and grid-scale electric energy storage.
The mechanism transition of lithium transport through a Li1−δ Mn2O4 composite electrode caused by the surface-modification and temperature variation was investigated using the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the potentiostatic current transient technique. From the analyses of the ac-impedance spectra, experimentally measured from unmodified Li1−δ Mn2O4 and surface-modified Li1−δ Mn2O4 with MgO composite electrodes, the internal cell resistance of the MgO-modified Li1−δ Mn2O4 electrode was determined to be much smaller in value than that of the unmodified electrode over the whole potential range. Moreover, from the analysis of the anodic current transients measured on the MgO-modified Li1−δ Mn2O4 electrode, it was found that the cell-impedance-controlled constraint at the electrode surface is changed to a diffusion-controlled constraint, which is characterised by a large potential step and simultaneously by a small amount of lithium transferred during lithium transport. This strongly suggests that the internal cell resistance plays a significant role in determining the cell-impedance-controlled lithium transport through the MgO-modified Li1−δ Mn2O4 electrode. Furthermore, from the temperature dependence of the internal cell resistance and diffusion resistance in the unmodified Li1−δ Mn2O4 composite electrode measured by GITT and EIS, it was concluded that which mechanism of lithium transport will be operative strongly depends on the diffusion resistance as well as on the internal cell resistance.
Li2Fe0.97Mg0.03SiO4 and Li2FeSiO4 have been synthesized via a sol–gel method. The effects of Mg doping on the characteristics of Li2FeSiO4 are investigated. Both Li2Fe0.97Mg0.03SiO4 and Li2FeSiO4 have a monoclinic structure (space group: P21 ) and their lattice parameters are similar, which indicates that Mg2+ has been doped into the structure of Li2FeSiO4 without destroying its lattice structure. Mg doping improves the discharge capacity and cycle stability of Li2FeSiO4. Electrochemical impedance analysis shows that Mg doping decreases charge transfer resistance of Li2FeSiO4, and moreover, Mg doping increases the lithium ion diffusion coefficient of Li2FeSiO4 by one order of magnitude. Compared with Li2FeSiO4, the higher lithium ion diffusion capability of Li2Fe0.97Mg0.03SiO4 results in its higher reversible capacity, especially at high rates. Furthermore, Mg2+ is unchangeable during cycling, which stabilizes the crystal structure and results in higher cycle stability of Li2Fe0.97Mg0.03SiO4.
The large irreversible capacity loss generally encountered with the high capacity layered oxide solid solutions between layered Li[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2 and LiMO2 (M=Mn, Ni, and Co) has been reduced by blending layered Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2, which is a solid solution between Li[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2 and Li[Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3]O2, with spinel Li4Mn5O12 or LiV3O8. The irreversible capacity loss decreases from 68 to 0mAhg−1 as the Li4Mn5O12 content increases to 30wt.% in the Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2–Li4Mn5O12 composite and the LiV3O8 content increases to 18wt.% in the Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2–LiV3O8 composite. The decrease in irreversible capacity loss is due to the ability of Li4Mn5O12 or LiV3O8 to insert the extracted lithium that could not be inserted back into the layered Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 during the first cycle. The Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2–LiV3O8 composite with ∼18wt.% LiV3O8 exhibits a high capacity of ∼280mAhg−1 with little or no irreversible capacity loss and good cyclability.
During recent years, several efficient algorithms have been designed for solving the target coverage problem in directional sensor networks (DSNs). Conventionally, it is assumed that sensors have a single power level. Though, it is clear that, in real applications, sensors may have multiple power levels that determine different sensing ranges and power consumptions. One of the most significant challenges associated with the DSNs is monitoring all the targets in a given area and, at the same time, maximizing the network lifetime. In this paper, this issue is known as Maximum Network Lifetime with Adjustable Ranges (MNLAR) which has not been already studied in the DSNs. In this paper, we propose two heuristic algorithms (Algorithms 1 and 2) to solve the problem. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms, extensive experiments were conducted. The obtained results were compared to a theoretical upper bound in order to measure the quality of the solutions provided by the proposed algorithms. The results demonstrated that Algorithm 2 was more successful than Algorithm 1 in terms of extending the network lifetime.
First-language (L1) and second-language (L2) lexical development has been found to be strongly associated with phonological processing abilities such as phonological short-term memory (STM), phonological awareness, and speech perception. Lexical development also seems to be linked to attentional and executive skills such as auditory attention, flexibility, and response inhibition. The aim of this four-wave longitudinal study was to determine to what extent L2 vocabulary acquired through the particular school context of early L2 immersion education is linked to the same cognitive abilities. A total of 61 French-speaking 5-year-old kindergartners who had just been enrolled in English immersion classes were administered a battery of tasks assessing these three phonological processing abilities and three attentional/executive skills. Their English vocabulary knowledge was measured 1, 2, and 3 school years later. Multiple regression analyses showed that, among the assessed phonological processing abilities, phonological STM and speech perception, but not phonological awareness, appeared to underlie L2 vocabulary acquisition in this context of an early L2 immersion school program, at least during the first steps of acquisition. Similarly, among the assessed attentional/executive skills, auditory attention and flexibility, but not response inhibition, appeared to be involved during the first steps of L2 vocabulary acquisition in such an immersion school context.
The olivine LiFePO4 now stands as a competitive candidate of cathode material for the next generation of a green and sustainable lithium-ion battery system due to its long life span, abundant resources, low toxicity, and high thermal stability. In this review, we focus on LiFePO4 and discuss its structure, synthesis, electrochemical behavior, mechanism, and the problems encountered in its application. The major goal is to highlight some recent development of LiFePO4 with high rate capability, high energy density, and excellent cyclability resulting from conductive coating, nanocrystallization, or preparation.
Istanbul, with a population of around 13 million people, is located between Europe and Asia and is the biggest city in Turkey. Metropolitan Istanbul produces about 14,000tons of solid waste per day. The aim of this study was to assess the situation of municipal solid-waste (MSW) management in Istanbul. This was achieved by reviewing the quantity and composition of waste produced in Istanbul. Current requirements and challenges in relation to the optimization of Istanbul’s MSW collection and management system are also discussed, and several suggestions for solving the problems identified are presented. The recovery of solid waste from the landfills, as well as the amounts of landfill-generated biogas and electricity, were evaluated. In recent years, MSW management in Istanbul has improved because of strong governance and institutional involvement. However, efforts directed toward applied research are still required to enable better waste management. These efforts will greatly support decision making on the part of municipal authorities. There remains a great need to reduce the volume of MSW in Istanbul.
The chimaeroid fishes (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali) are a small, ancient and poorly studied group of cartilaginous fishes that have puzzled and intrigued taxonomists, ichthyologists and evolutionary biologists for over 100 years. Like their close relatives, the elasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays), chimaeroids possess an extensive battery of sense organs that allow them to detect information about the external environment in order to find mates, locate food and preferred habitats and avoid predators. In recent years the sensory systems of elasmobranchs have received an up-swell of attention from biologists, which has resulted in a greater understanding of the sensory capabilities and behaviour of these fishes. However, very little recent work has been done on the chimaeroids. The aim of this review is to provide a survey of the existing literature on the major senses (vision, smell, taste, mechanoreception, hearing and electroreception) in chimaeroids, in order to stimulate and identify areas for future research. In chimaeroids information on sensory systems is largely restricted to one or two species (with the exception of some aspects of the visual system) and for some sensory systems essentially nothing is known. Most studies are anatomical in nature and so there is a demand for a greater degree of neurophysiological and behavioural assessment of sensory capability in these fishes. The majority of chimaeroids occupy deep-sea habitats and are becoming increasingly threatened by the expansion of deep-sea fisheries, so an understanding of the sensory biology and behaviour of chimaeroids may be important for the protection and management of these fascinating fishes.
The reduction of CO2 concentration in a gas stream containing 500ppm of CO2 by a technique combining chemical absorption with Higee (high gravity) was investigated in this study. Using a 2.0L aqueous amine-based solution to treat the feed gas with a flow rate which varied from 12.9 to 20.6Lmin−1, piperazine (PZ) was found to be more effective than 2-(2-aminoethylamino) ethanol (AEEA) and monoethanolamine (MEA) for reducing the CO2 concentration to a level below 20ppm. The effects of temperature, rotating speed, amine solution flow rate, and gas flow rate on the removal efficiency of CO2 were systematically examined. The results indicated that the proposed compact device could effectively reduce CO2 to a level below 20ppm, as required by a zinc/air battery, for a long period of time using PZ and its mixture with AEEA and MEA as the absorbents.
This feature article is an overview of the recent research activity in the area of enzyme-based biofuel cells implanted and operating in vivo in living creatures (insects, mollusks, rats, rabbits, etc.). The electrical power extracted from these biological sources presents use for activating microelectronic devices for biomedical applications (e.g. pacemakers) or sensors/biosensors for environmental monitoring. The inequality of the voltage generated by the biofuel cell (which is thermodynamically limited by the redox potentials of the biomolecular fuel and oxygen) and the voltage demanded by the electronic devices requires special attention and can be resolved by specific interfacing with charge pumps and DC–DC converters. The paper focuses on the problems in the present technology as well as offers their potential solutions. Lastly, perspectives and future applications of the implanted biofuel cells are also discussed.
In schizophrenia, dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), regarded as a core feature of the disease, has been investigated by different neuroimaging methods. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a novel neurophysiological method, is being increasingly used in the investigation of frontal dysfunction in schizophrenia. However, NIRS measurements during multiple frontal activation tasks have been rarely reported. The purpose of this study was to compare hemodynamic changes in the PFC between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls during four different types of frontal lobe tasks using a 2-channel NIRS system. Thirty patients with schizophrenia and thirty age- and gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study. In both groups, changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (Δ[oxyHb]) at the bilateral forehead were measured during Verbal fluency test letter version (VFT-letter), VFT category version, Tower of Hanoi (TOH), the Sternberg and Stroop tasks. Regarding Δ[oxyHb] in PFC, a diagnosis group effect was found for VFT-letter and TOH. Significant negative correlation was found between left Δ[oxyHb] during TOH and negative and cognitive symptom scores in schizophrenia patients. Right Δ[oxyHb] during TOH also showed significant negative correlation with cognitive symptoms scores. No significant correlation between Δ[oxyHb] and clinical characteristics were observed during VFT-letter. These findings suggest that among a battery of frontal lobe tasks administered to schizophrenia patients, VFT-letter and TOH are more sensitive to detect PFC activation, as indicated by Δ[oxyHb] using a 2-channel NIRS. Taken together, these findings and those of previous neuroimaging studies suggest that VFT-letter and TOH might represent possible candidate physiological markers of prefrontal dysfunction in schizophrenia, though extensive testing in clinical settings will be necessary.
The increasing utilization of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) in future will have significant impact on utility companies and customers depending on their charging characteristics. Uncontrolled or unscheduled vehicle charging may increase the residential peak and the risk of electric distribution network failure. In order to reduce the peak load utility companies encourage customers who have such high electricity consuming devices to participate in various demand response (DR) programs. Additionally, considering increasing Photovoltaic (PV) generation and storage facility installation on customer side, the integration of PHEVs needs more attention as system’s performance becomes highly fluctuating and unpredictable. This paper presents a simulation based optimization framework for integrated analysis of demand response programs, with high penetration of PHEV and PV and storage systems from residential customer’s perspective as well as utility company’s perspective. An agent-based simulation model is built in AnyLogic to mimic the household load, PHEV charging, PV generation and storage together with various demand response programs such as time-of-use (TOU), Real-time Pricing (RTP), and curtailment. In the considered scenarios, customers schedule their PHEV charging time and duration to minimize the electricity bill considering the price at the time of use, while the utility company aims to minimize the peak due to the PHEV charging by changing prices. The constructed simulation helps the utility company identify the best policies, and helps customers make better response under different DR programs. Three demand response programs are simulated with and without PV and storage. Results show that the simulation model successfully represents the cases and appropriate scheduling has benefits for both customers and utility companies.
A high performance CoO/carbon nanofibers (CNF) composite catalyst was synthesized for Li-O2 batteries. For comparison, CoO/BP2000 and CoO/MWNTs were also prepared and investigated to study the influence of carbon supports on the electrochemical performance of the composite catalysts. Electrochemical tests showed that the Li-O2 battery with CoO/CNF demonstrated obviously enhanced electrochemical performance than the batteries with CoO/BP2000 and CoO/MWNTs catalysts, which delivered a first discharge capacity of 3882.5mAhgcat −1 and remained about 3302.8mAhgcat −1 after 8 cycles in the voltage range from 2.0 to 4.2V. More importantly, the cycle stability of the Li-O2 battery with CoO/CNF could maintain over 50 cycles when cycled at a fixed capacity of 1000mAhgcat −1. The unique porous nanofiberous structure of CoO/CNF greatly contributed to its high electrocatalytic performance.