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The effect of synthesis temperature on the structural and electrochemical characteristics of the layered-spinel composite cathode system xLi[Li0.2Mn0.6Ni0.2]O2–(1 − x)Li[Mn1.5Ni0.5]O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) has been investigated. With a joint neutron diffraction (ND) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) Rietveld refinement method, the composition and weight percent variations of the layered and spinel phases in this composite cathode system have been obtained as a function of x and synthesis temperature. While no significant composition and weight percent variations are found with the synthesis temperature, the electrochemical characteristics of both the layered and spinel phases in the composites are significantly affected by the synthesis temperature. In contrast to the layered sample (x = 1), the capacity of the layered phase in the composites increases with decreasing synthesis temperature due to an increase in surface area. Conversely, the effect of synthesis temperature on the spinel phase is similar in both the spinel sample (x = 0) and the composite samples. However, the lower synthesis temperature increases the cation ordering in the 16d octahedral sites of the spinel phase, which changes the voltage profiles below 3 V due to the decrease in the lattice distortion during lithium ion insertion into the empty 16c octahedral sites.
Copolymers prepared from 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and Diclofenac (DCF) through cyclic voltammetric method exhibited electroactive and electrochromic behaviours. Addition of DCF produced bathochromic shift of the EDOT main absorption band from 253.4 to 269.7nm in the UV–vis spectra. The cyclic voltammetric studies were carried out with different feed concentration of DCF and in the presence of two different surfactants, SDS and CTAB on glassy carbon electrode surface. Effect of scan rate on the three types of electroactive copolymer films was studied. The three different copolymers showed good adherence on the glassy carbon electrode surface in aqueous 0.1M KCl medium. Spectroelectrochemical analysis of copolymer film was carried out on Indium–Tin-Oxide (ITO) plate and it showed multicolor electrochromic behaviour when the applied potential was changed. The color of the copolymer was changed from neutral yellow to brown and to violet in 0.1M KCl medium. Among the three different copolymers, the copolymer prepared in presence of CTAB resulted in high contrast colors. The electrochromic parameters such as coloration efficiency, optical contrast, response time and stability were also evaluated. The surface morphology of the copolymer films was characterized by SEM analysis.
Background Little is known about frailty in institutionalized older adults, and there are few longitudinal studies on this topic. Objectives To determine the prevalence and attributes of frailty in institutionalized Spanish older adults. Design Cross-sectional analysis of basal data of a concurrent cohort study. Setting Two nursing homes, Vasco Núñez de Balboa and Paseo de la Cuba, in Albacete, Spain. Participants 331 institutionalized adults older than 65 years. Measurements Frailty was defined by the presence of 3 or more Fried criteria and prefrailty by the presence of 1 or 2: unintentional weight loss, low energy, exhaustion, slowness, and low physical activity. Covariables were sociodemographic, anthropometric, functional, cognitive, affective and of comorbidity. Hospitalization, emergency visits and falls in the 6 previous months was recorded. Differences between non-frail and prefrail as one group and frail participants were analyzed using χ 2 tests, t-Student and logistic regression. Results Mean age 84.1 (SD 6.7), with 209 (65.1%) women. 68.8% were frail, 28.4% pre-frail, 2.8% non-frail, and in 2.2% three criteria were not available to determine frailty status. Women were more frequently frail than men (77.1% vs. 22.9%; p <0.001), and frail participants were older (85.1 vs. 82.3; p <0.001) than non-frail ones. Female sex (OR 2.7 95%CI 1.2–6.2), Barthel index (OR 2.2 95%CI 1.2–4.4), depression risk (OR 2.2 95%CI 1.0–4.9) and Short Physical Performance Battery scores (0.7 95%CI 0.6–0.8) were independently associated with frailty status. Frailty had a non-significant association with hospitalization (OR 1.9 95%CI 0.8–4.5) and emergency visits (OR 1.5 95%CI 0.7–3.2) in the previous 6 months. Conclusion In a cohort of institutionalized older adults the prevalence of frailty was 68.8% and was associated with adverse health geriatric outcomes.
Single mode microwave assisted synthesis of Lithium iron phosphate using iron carbonyl complex [Fe2(CO)9], as source of iron is reported in this paper. The suitable synthesis method for the LiFePO4 was designed based on FT-IR and TG-DTA studies of precursors. As prepared samples were characterized using different techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, thermo gravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscope and electrochemical measurements. X-ray diffraction revealed that a single phase LiFePO4 powder can be synthesized quickly and easily by microwave processing. The surface analysis of the as prepared samples reveal that, it consist of nano-size particles with porous agglomeration, where the pores serve as channel for lithium supply and assist for augmentation of the electrochemical character of the product. The initial discharge capacities are 154.2, 132.2 and 121mAhg−1 at 0.1C, 0.5C and1C rate respectively. The obtained LiFePO4 has a high electrochemical capacity and good cyclic ability even after 50 cycles, which is attributed to the smaller particle size, porous agglomeration and graphitic carbon content.
A novel in situ microscopic approach combining Raman and infrared micro-spectroscopy for the study of interfacial reactions and the spectral characterization of the local structure at the same spot on the surface of electrodes was developed. As a proof of concept, the impact of vinylene carbonate and ethylene sulfite additives on SEI film formation was studied, using highly reflective glassy carbon (GC) as a model system for graphite-based anodes. By micro-FTIR spectroscopy, solvation–desolvation interfacial phenomena were detected, while the carbonaceous material was characterized by micro-Raman spectroscopy at the same spot on the GC surface.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent sleep disorder associated with increased daytime sleepiness and cardiovascular risk. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), requiring a pressure-generating device connected via tubing to a mask during sleep, is an effective treatment. However, patients’ adherence to CPAP is often suboptimal. Behavioral interventions are effective in improving adherence to CPAP. We aimed to provide proof of principle for the operation of a low-cost, self-standing, internet-based system to measure and promote adherence to CPAP. The system is composed of triaxial acceleration sensors attached to the CPAP mask and to the wrist, able to record CPAP usage information, and a mobile app that collects such information and, thorough a chatbot, feeds back to the patient to improve adherence to treatment. The mask subsystem identifies time periods when the mask is put on based on relatively high values of the ratio between acceleration spectral power at frequencies
The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway selectively eliminates aberrant transcripts containing premature translation termination codons and regulates the levels of a number of physiological mRNAs. NMD modulates the clinical outcome of a variety of human diseases, including cancer and many genetic disorders, and may represent a target for therapeutic intervention. Here, we have developed a new multicolored bioluminescence-based reporter system that can specifically and effectively assay NMD in live human cells. Using this reporter system, we conducted a robust high-throughput small-molecule screen in human cells and, unpredictably, identified a group of cardiac glycosides, including ouabain and digoxin, as potent inhibitors of NMD. Cardiac glycoside–mediated effects on NMD are dependent on binding and inhibiting the sodium-potassium ATPase on the plasma membrane and subsequent elevation of intracellular calcium levels. Induction of calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum also leads to inhibition of NMD. Thus, this study reveals intracellular calcium as a key regulator of NMD and has implications for exploiting NMD in the treatment of disease.
Mn-contained nano-flowers can be fabricated by dealloying Mn/Al alloys in aqueous NaOH solution in the presence of H2O2, and upon annealing the resulted samples exhibit a hierarchically porous MnO x microsphere morphology composed of nanoparticles of MnO and Mn3O4. When tested as anode materials for lithium ion batteries, those MnO x microspheres exhibit a high specific capacity of 1018, 901 and 757 mAh g−1 with nearly 100% retention capacity after 100 cycles at 100, 200 and 500 mA g−1, respectively. The enhanced storage capacity, impressive cycling performance, and good rate capability for the electrodes are ascribed to the porous structures for buffering the volume change during the discharge/charge processes, and the nano-hybrids for enhancing electronic and ionic transport in the electrode materials.
Titania nanotube array with an enlarged tube diameter of 110nm and length of 700nm was grown on titanium metal by a potentiostatic anodization in hydrofluoric acid–phosphoric acid–ethenyl glycol electrolyte. Nickel hydroxide was introduced into this titania nanotubes by either an electrodeposition–oxidation or hydrothermal process. Nickel oxide–titania composite was finally formed by heating treatment at 300°C. Such a well-defined nanocomposite supported on titanium substrate was designed as a functional nanotube array electrode for the redox capacitance application. The morphology, microstructure and electrochemical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray diffraction and cyclic voltammetry measurements. It was found that nickel oxide could be embedded in titania nanotubes and extend from inner wall to top layer with an open pore mouth. The entire tube lengths were approx. 770nm and 710nm, meanwhile nickel-to-titanium atom ratios were determined as 9.6at% and 36.4at% for nickel oxide-embedded titania by an electrochemical and hydrothermal synthesis, respectively. The corresponding specific redox capacitance was also increased from 26mFcm−2 to 85mFcm−2 with highly reversible charge–discharge stability. Such an improvement was mostly ascribed to more accessible reaction interface of electroactive nickel oxide through its higher loading and a uniform dispersion on titania nanotubes. The capacitance was further increased up to 128mFcm−2 for 36.4at% nickel-containing nickel oxide–titania/titanium electrode when a porous graphite carbon instead of a platinum sheet was used as a cathode.
We can find many cases where a spontaneous wireless ad-hoc network must be built for a limited period of time in a wireless mesh network: meetings, conferences, etc. One of the main aspects in a spontaneous network is to provide security mechanisms to the users. Confidentially, integrity, authentication, availability and no-repudiation should be provided for all the users in the network and the information should travel ciphered through the network. This paper shows two secure spontaneous wireless ad-hoc network protocols for wireless mesh clients that are based on the computational costs: the weak and the strong one. They are based on the trust of the users and guarantee a secure protocol between the users and the mesh routers. Both protocols provide node authenticity, intermediate node authenticity, integrity checking, random checking, verification distribution and erroneous packets elimination (before they arrive to the destination). The protocol procedure, its messages and development are explained in detail. Finally, we will compare their energy consumption with other secure protocols. The comparison will prove their benefits.
As evidenced by the 2016 US presidential election, conspiracy theories such as birtherism, the belief that Barack Obama is not a natural-born citizen, have become more impactful on modern-day liberal democracies. This study investigates the consequences of the conspiratorial narratives espoused by populist candidates, arguing that the creation of a narrative involving a “conspiring” establishment figure can positively benefit populist candidates during elections by allowing them to position themselves as defenders of “the people”. Taking the case of Donald Trump and the birther conspiracy theory, empirical testing indicates that by helping to spread birtherism, Donald Trump was able to create for himself a core group of supporters who turned out to vote for him in both the Republican primaries and general election. Moreover, when tests are performed to investigate whether this was a consequence of rallying a right-wing base or mainstreaming the fringe conspiracy theory, significant positive relationships are demonstrated not with more conservative birthers, but instead with the more moderate ones, testifying to the strength of the mainstreaming effect.
Lithium-sulfur batteries are the most promising candidates for future high-energy applications because of the unparalleled capacity of sulfur (1675 mAh g−1). However, lithium-sulfur batteries have limited cycle life and rate capability due to the dissolution of polysulfides and the extremely low electronic conductivity of sulfur. To solve these issues, various porous carbons including hollow carbon nanospheres (HCNs) have been used for improving the conductivity. However, these methods still suffer from polysulfides dissolution/loss owing to their weak physical adsorption to polysulfides. Herein, we introduced a covalent grafting route to composite the HCNs and the vulcanized trithiocyanuric acid (TTCA). The composite exhibits a high loading of the vulcanized TTCA by the HCNs with high surface area and large pore volume, and covalent bonds to sulfur, effectively depressing the dissolution of polysulfides. The first discharge capacity of the composite reaches 1430 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and 1227 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C.
The Berlin Heart INCOR system (Berlin Heart AG, Berlin, Germany) is a left ventricular assist device that generates a laminar blood flow. One of our INCOR-implanted patients was admitted to the hospital with clinical data indicating device thrombosis. The flow through the pump was assessed by contrast injection into the inflow canula. Lack of flow through the pump was found. A decision was made to perform fibrinolysis, which was performed by a reteplase injection into the device’s inflow canula. After the manipulation, a restoration of the flow through the pump was observed. The patient was discharged 9 days after the procedure with no complications.
Multiple complaints in the domain of writing are common among children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In this work we sought to characterize the writing disorder by studying dysgraphia in twenty 6th grade boys with ADHD and normal reading skills matched to 20 healthy boys who served as a comparison group. Dysgraphia, defined as deficits in spelling and handwriting, was assessed according to neuropsychological explanatory processes within 3 primary domains: linguistic processing, motor programming and motor kinematics. Children with ADHD made significantly more spelling errors, but showed a unique pattern introducing letter insertions, substitutions, transpositions and omissions. This error type, also known as graphemic buffer errors, can be explained by impaired attention aspects needed for motor planning. Kinematic manifestations of writing deficits were fast, inaccurate and an inefficient written product accompanied by higher levels of axial pen pressure. These results suggest that the spelling errors and writing deficits seen in children with ADHD and normal reading skills stem primarily from non-linguistic deficits, while linguistic factors play a secondary role. Recommendations for remediation include educational interventions, use of word processing and judicious use of psychostimulants.
Multifarious layered materials have received extensive concern in the field of energy storage due to their distinctive two-dimensional (2D) structure. However, the natural tendency to be re-superimposed and the inherent disadvantages of a single 2D material significantly limit their performance. In this work, the delaminated Ti3C2Tx (d-Ti3C2Tx)/cobalt-aluminum layered double hydroxide (Ti3C2Tx/CoAl-LDH) composites are prepared by layer-by-layer self-assembly driven by electrostatic interaction. The alternate Ti3C2Tx and CoAl-LDH layers prevent each other from restacking and the obtained Ti3C2Tx/CoAl-LDH heterostructure combine the advantages of high electron conductivity of Ti3C2Tx and high electrochemical activity of CoAl-LDH, thus effectively improving the electrochemical reactivity of electrode materials and accelerating the kinetics of Faraday reaction. As a consequence, as a cathode for alkaline hybrid battery, the Ti3C2Tx/CoAl-LDH electrode exhibits a high specific capacity of 106 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 and excellent rate capability (78% at 10 A g−1), with an excellent cycling stability of 90% retention after 5000 cycles at 4 A g−1. This work provides an alternative route to design advanced 2D electrode materials, thus exploiting their full potentials for alkaline hybrid batteries.
Electrochemical behavior of tetrabutylammonium salts containing tetrafluoroborate (BF4 −) and hexafluorophosphate (PF6 −) anionic species in different non-aqueous solvents had been investigated on glassy carbon (GC), boron-doped diamond (BDD) and Pt electrodes. Though both BF4 − and PF6 − ionic species are considered to be inert, they are found to undergo electrochemical oxidation only on GC electrode rather than BDD and Pt as found out from their anodic peaks in linear sweep and cyclic voltammograms (LSV and CV). The voltammetric peak is influenced by the sweep rate as well as by the concentration of the ionic species and the electron transfer process appears to be diffusion controlled one. The formation of an inhibitory C–F film on the electrode surface during anodic polarization either by potentiostatic or potentiodynamic techniques was clearly established by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis and the charge transfer resistance (θ) is higher under latter conditions than the former. The inhibitory effect of this surface film towards the electron transfer reaction of Fe(CN)6]4−/[Fe(CN)6]3− redox couple using impedance technique reveals that among the high permittivity non-aqueous solvents investigated in this work, CH3CN shows maximum θ value and produces C–F film of optimum thickness than the others. A direct correlation was also found out from the plot of θ versus peak potential E p and peak current density (i p) obtained from LSV. The mechanism of film formation on GC electrode and the absence of such phenomenon on BDD were explained from the product analysis using 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra resulting from the constant current electrolysis of BF4 − and PF6 − ionic species on both electrodes in CH3CN medium.
Selenium-doped LiMn2O4 spinel cathode is synthesized by a sol–gel method. In spite of the observed Jahn–Teller phase transformation, the cathode exhibits a gradual gain in capacity when cycled in the 3V range. Selenium-doped LiMn2O4 (LiSe0.1Mn1.9O4 and LiSe0.4Mn1.6O4) delivers 98 and 105mAhg−1, respectively, at a current density of 0.2mAcm−2 in the voltage range of 2.4–3.5V, without the capacity loss typically seen with unmodified spinel material in the 3V range. Although, the exact mechanism for such capacity enhancement is not clear, it is proposed that the particle size and the structural distortion of the prepared powder may play a significant role in negating the volume change involved with Jahn–Teller phase transformation during cycling.
We review recent progress in wide bandgap thin-film and nanorod sensors made from GaN or ZnO and related materials for applications in the detection of gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Practical aspects are covered, such as the use of differential sensor pairs to eliminate the effects of temperature variations and of the effect of humidity on the detection sensitivity.
An original-designed thermal control scheme that manages the thermal behaviors in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell generator has been proposed. It not only keeps the stack from overheating under extreme high external loads, but also prevents the stack from staying too cold in the cold-start conditions. A thermal control unit (TCU) together with a smart control algorithm is able to limit the fuel cell operation temperature in a desired range. The TCU comprises mainly a thermostat, a radiator, and a heater. It divides the stack coolant into a cooling stream and a heating stream that maintains a pre-set coolant temperature before entering the stack. Parametric studies include the external loads (0< PL <4kW) and the stack coolant inlet temperature (SCIT=53, 58, and 63°C). The dynamics of SCIT under different loads are measured to verify the thermal reliability of the fuel cell generator. Then, examining the effect of SCIT on the system efficiency assesses the performance the fuel cell generator. Finally, an empirical correlation for the system efficiency of the PEM fuel cell generator under different SCITs is presented as a function of the external loads.
We demonstrate the synthesis of SiGe-based three-dimensional (3D) porous nanostructures via a template-assisted method. When tested as electrode in lithium-ion batteries, it exhibits a reversible capacity as high as 1311 mAh g−1 after 45 cycles at a current density of 4 A g−1. Even at a super high current rate of 16 A g−1, the electrode can deliver a stable capacity of about 1047 mAh g−1. The great cycling performance and superior rate capability can be attributed to the good electrical contact, fast electron transport and good strain accommodation of the 3D nanostructure of the porous electrode.
This paper proposes a hybrid solar cooking system where the solar energy is transported to the kitchen. The thermal energy source is used to supplement the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) that is in common use in kitchens. Solar energy is transferred to the kitchen by means of a circulating fluid. Energy collected from sun is maximized by changing the flow rate dynamically. This paper proposes a concept of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for the solar thermal collector. The diameter of the pipe is selected to optimize the overall energy transfer. Design and sizing of different components of the system are explained. Concept of MPPT is validated with simulation and experimental results.