batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have aroused considerable interest as large-scale energy storage candidates owing to a naturally abundant potassium resource and low cost. Since the birth of PIBs, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) has been a critical concern, which plays a vital role in the coulombic efficiency, cycling stability and even safety of batteries. However, the SEI of PIBs remains poorly understood. In this review, we begin with a discussion regarding the differences in the chemical composition and structure of the K-ion SEI versus the much better-known Li-ion and Na-ion SEI. Unanswered scientific questions on the nature of the K-ion SEI are clearly identified. We review findings used to understand the formation mechanism of the SEI on graphite, and the existence of the SEI in ether-based electrolytes is openly debated. The current understanding of the SEI on different types of anodes is comprehensively summarized and discussed, with an emphasis on how the enhanced stability of the SEI fundamentally affects the efficiency and reversibility of electrochemical reactions. Finally, we detail the major challenges of anodes and discuss the emerging research directions for further development of PIBs.
A surface layer formation on positive Li1+ x Mn2O4− δ thin film model electrodes as a result of electrochemical cycling procedures has been detected and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. These thin film spinel electrodes, prepared by pulsed laser deposition, were cycled in 1M LiClO4 in propylene carbonate between 3.5 and 4.4V vs. Li/Li+ at 40°C and stopped at defined potentials and cycle numbers. The observed surface layers show, depending on the cycling conditions, a spotty and/or layered appearance and the fraction of this layer covering the cycled electrode depends on the charge potential and the number of electrochemical cycles.
Suicide research aims to contribute to a better understanding of suicidal behaviour and its prevention. However, there are many ethical challenges in this research field, for example, regarding consent and potential risks to participants. While studies to-date have focused on the perspective of the researchers, this study aimed to investigate the views and experiences of members of Human Research Ethics Committees (HRECs) in dealing with suicide-related study applications.
Lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), used as an electrolyte salt for lithium–sulfur batteries, has been shown to give rise to the effective inhibition of the chemical polysulfide shuttle and thereby to enhance the coulombic efficiency through the stabilized charge process. In 1,2-dimethoxy ethane (DME)/1,3-dioxolane (DOL) (50:50 by volume), LiClO4 showed the lowest charge-transfer resistance among the various lithium salts studied and demonstrated the highest coulombic efficiency with an extreme reduction in the polysulfide shuttle. The origin of this behavior is considered to be the rapid formation of a passivation layer on the surface of the lithium metal anode. Hence, as well as being a good electrolyte salt in itself, LiClO4 is shown to be an effective polysulfide shuttle inhibitor.
Fluorine is interesting for improving the electrochemical performance of current electrode materials, but the preparation process faces challenges because of the difficult homogeneous mixing of powders. A facile novel strategy of surface fluorine modification using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) emulsion at low temperature, where the powders are easy to be homogeneously mixed and evenly covered by fluorine polymer, has been proposed to enhance the electrochemical performance of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 material. Though the initial discharge capacities of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2-yFy (y = 0.02, 0.05, 0.08) are slightly decreased at 0.1C, the capacity retention ratios at higher current densities, higher potential and elevated temperatures are improved compared to that of the pristine one. Among the samples with different fluorine contents, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O1.95F0.05 exhibits the best performance, and the average discharge capacity fade rate in one cycle and the residual stress after 50 cycles at 1.0 C, as well as the discharge capacity after 10 cycles at 4.0 C are respectively about 0.03%, 10.3 MPa, 129.5 mAh g−1, while the corresponding values of the pristine samples are around 0.12%, 29.4 MPa, and 99.7 mAh g−1, respectively. After 50 cycles at 1.0 C between 2.8 and 4.7 V, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O1.95F0.05 improves the capacity retention ratio and the discharge capacity of the pristine sample from 80.0% to 90.4%, and from 156.7 to 176.3 mAh g−1, respectively. The electrode reaction process and fluorine modification mechanisms have been discussed using various techniques. This method is easily achievable and may be used to modify other powder materials via a simple solid-solution mixing and an in-situ surface modification.
Camera traps are a valuable tool in wildlife monitoring. Despite their wide use to capture large or medium-sized species, modern techniques also allow them to capture small animals. However, customized cameras, which meet the challenging demands for this purpose during fieldwork, are still quite expensive and require a certain technical know-how. Here we present a way to modify commercial trail cameras to monitor open-nesting songbirds. In particular, we describe how to adjust focus and exposure in order to capture close-up situations of small animals which are very distinct from the default settings when capturing large wildlife. We illustrate the applicability of the modifications from data of a nest predation survey in the Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla). Compared to pictures from a preliminary study using unmodified trail cameras of the same kind, the pictures were much improved in picture focus and in nocturnal exposure. In addition to improved species identification, the modifications also allowed the cameras to capture more details of life-history events (e.g. of hatching processes and feeding). The manipulation protocol offers a promising and cost-effective approach for nest monitoring as well as for different areas of “close-up” applications to study small endothermic animals.
A monolayer of –NH2 terminated 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) was self-assembled onto a p-type silicon (100) substrate. This amine terminated silane monolayer provided an electrostatic point of attachment for citrate stabilised gold colloid nanoparticles, which act as ‘seed’ particles for the electroless deposition of gold, creating an electrolessly deposited gold layer on silicon. A –NH2 terminated cysteamine monolayer was then deposited onto the gold layer and carbon nanotubes, with high carboxylic acid functionality, were immobilised via a condensation reaction. A redox active molecule ferrocenemethanol was then chemically attached to the immobilised carbon nanotubes. These nanostructures were used as working electrodes in cyclic voltammetry to observe the oxidation and reduction of ferrocene. Important electrochemical parameters such as electrode kinetics, electron transfer rate and surface concentration of the redox active molecules were obtained, providing information on the ability of electroless plated gold surfaces to act as supports for carbon nanotube-based electrodes. This information has also provided insights into the behaviour of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes immobilised on nanoscale gold wires, which have been previously fabricated using atomic force microscopy.
A new family of ionic liquid based electrolytes ([EMImCl/(TiCl4)1.4]/(δ-MgCl2)x) for electrochemical applications is proposed. These materials are obtained by direct reaction of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMImCl) with titanium(IV) chloride (TiCl4), and doped with increasing amounts of δ-MgCl2. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) measurements show that in these electrolytes the glass transition temperature, Tg , occurs at −36°C, and that the crystallization and melting transitions are inhibited by the presence of large and highly amorphous charge delocalized anionic domains. Vibrational studies indicate that in the electrolyte the anionic domains consist of large monomeric and dimeric 3D-catenated halotitanate clusters, in which magnesium chloride units are coordinated to Ti species, and whose equilibrium concentration is modulated by the concentration of δ-MgCl2. Density functional theory (DFT) based electronic structure calculations were undertaken to understand the structural features of these materials and to confirm the vibrational frequency assignments. Broadband electrical spectroscopy (BES) studies reveal that the electric response of these materials is modulated by polarization and dielectric relaxation events. These measurements revealed the correlations existent between conductivity mechanisms and the dielectric relaxations of the host matrix of the electrolytes. At 40°C, the conductivity is found to depend on the δ-MgCl2 concentration and approximately on the order of 10−4 Scm−1. Preliminary electrochemical measurements reveal a reversible deposition and stripping process of a Mg-Ti alloy, with an average columbic efficiency of 99.3% and a deposition overvoltage of only 10mV.
The surface of commercial LiCoO2 was modified by molten salt method. The structure and electrochemical and thermal performances of the MgCl2-treated LiCoO2 were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and galvanostatic cycling. It is found that surface modification improves the structural and thermal stability as well as the rate performance of LiCoO2. These improvements were attributed to the formation of homogeneous solid solution on the surface of the LiCoO2 particle.
Neurocognitive impairment is a core feature in the pathology of schizophrenia and considered to be relatively persistent towards psychopharmacological interventions. There are hints that atypical antipsychotics can influence neurocognitive dysfunctions more favorable than conventional compounds. But little is known about differences in efficacy on neurocognitive dysfunctions linked to the variety of receptor profiles of different atypical antipsychotics. This study compared the effects of the atypical antipsychotics quetiapine and olanzapine on cognitive function in patients with an acute episode of schizophrenia. Patients were randomized to receive quetiapine or olanzapine for 8 weeks. Cognitive function was assessed at baseline, week 4 and week 8. Efficacy was assessed weekly using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Clinical Global Improvement Scale (CGI). Tolerability was assessed each week using the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS), the Barnes Akathisia Scale (BAS) and the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser Side Effect Rating Scale (UKU). In total, 52 patients were enrolled in the study. Data from the 33 patients who completed cognitive assessments at two or more time points out of three (baseline, Week 4 and Week 8) are analyzed here. Both quetiapine and olanzapine improved global cognitive index z-scores, however, this was more marked with quetiapine. Between-group comparisons showed significantly greater improvements in reaction quality/attention with quetiapine than olanzapine. Quetiapine and olanzapine produced significant improvements from baseline to week 8 in PANSS total and subscale scores. Both treatments were well tolerated, especially no EPS occurred during 8 weeks of treatment. Both quetiapine and olanzapine improved cognition; however, the improvement in cognitive index scores was more marked in patients receiving quetiapine. Furthermore, quetiapine produced a significantly greater improvement in reaction quality/attention than olanzapine.
Reversible fuel cells based on both proton exchange membrane fuel cell and solid oxide fuel cell technologies have been proposed to address energy storage and conversion challenges and to provide versatile pathways for renewable fuels production. Both technologies suffer challenges associated with cost, durability, low round-trip efficiency and the need to separate H2O from the product fuel. Here, we present a reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cell based on an yttrium and ytterbium co-doped barium cerate–zirconate electrolyte and a triple-conducting oxide air/steam (reversible) electrode that addresses many of these issues. Our reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cell achieves a high Faradaic efficiency (90–98%) and can operate endothermically with a >97% overall electric-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency (based on the lower heating value of H2) at a current density of −1,000 mA cm−2. Even higher efficiencies are obtained for H2O electrolysis with co-fed CO2 to produce CO and CH4. We demonstrate a repeatable round-trip (electricity-to-hydrogen-to-electricity) efficiency of >75% and stable operation, with a degradation rate of <30 mV over 1,000 h.
The controllable synthesis of strongly coupled inorganic materials/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) hybrids represents a long-standing challenge for developing advanced catalysts and energy-storage materials. Here we report a simple sol-gel method for facile synthesis of TiO2/CNTs hybrid. The porous anatase TiO2 nanoparticles are uniformly coated on the CNTs conducting network, which leads to remarkably improved electrochemical performances such as exceptional cycling stability, good high rate durability, and reduced resistance. This hybrid exhibits a reversible capacity as high as 200mA·hg−1 at a current density of 0.1Ag−1 as an anode in lithium-ion battery (LIB). As a supercapacitor (SC), it shows a specific supercapacitance of 145Fg−1 in 0.5M H2SO4 electrolyte, higher than that of the previously reported TiO2 based supercapacitors. Moreover, this hybrid also exhibits excellent durability after 1000 cycles for both LIBs and SCs. Such superior performance and cycling durability demonstrate the reinforced synergistic effects between the porous TiO2 and interweaved CNTs network, indicating a great application potential for such hybrid materials in high power LIBs and SCs.
KN-01Individualizing brain stimulation—two perspectives from Boston: AKN-02Individualizing brain stimulation: two perspectives from Boston: BKN-03Translational research in brain stimulationKN-04European guidelines on the therapeutic use of rTMS and tDCS
Germanium is considered as a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high-capacity. However, owing to the huge volume variation during cycling, the batteries based on germanium anodes usually show poor cyclability and inferior rate capability. Herein, we demonstrated a novel strategy to uniformly anchor the core-shell structured germanium@carbon (Ge@C) on the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets by the strong adhesion of dopamine. In the resulting Ge@C/rGO hybrid, the amorphous carbon layer and rGO nanosheets can effectively reduce the agglomeration of germanium and provide buffer matrix for the volume change in electrochemical lithium reactions. When used as anode materials for LIBs, Ge@C/rGO hybrids deliver a reversible capacity of 1074.4 mA h g−1 at 2C after 600 cycles (with capacity retention of 96.5%) and high rate capability of 436 mA h g−1 at 20C after 200 cycles. The encouraging electrochemical performance clearly demonstrates that Ge@C/rGO hybrids could be a potential anode material with high capacity, excellent rate capability, and good cycling stability for LIBs.
For more than a century, lesion–symptom mapping studies have yielded valuable insights into the relationships between brain and behavior, but newer imaging techniques have surpassed lesion analysis in examining functional networks. Here we used a new method—voxel-based lesion–symptom mapping (VLSM)—to analyze the relationship between tissue damage and behavior on a voxel-by-voxel basis, as in functional neuroimaging. We applied VLSM to measures of speech fluency and language comprehension in 101 left-hemisphere-damaged aphasic patients: the VLSM maps for these measures confirm the anticipated contrast between anterior and posterior areas, and they also indicate that interacting regions facilitate fluency and auditory comprehension, in agreement with findings from modern brain imaging.
A novel film based on zeoliticimidazolate framework-4 (ZIF-4) as a separator is prepared by hydrothermal method and a stable electrode-supported separator is synthesized by blade-coating technology. The ZIF-4 separator with the thicknesses of about 60 μm is coated on Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 electrode with a slurry of ZIF-4, PVDF and amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). It is found that the ZIF-4 separator has good thermal stability and cycle performance than conventional polypropylene (PP) separator. And it has larger liquid electrolyte uptake, higher retention, higher ionic conductivity and lower interfacial resistance. The C-rate performance of ZIF-4 separator is superior than PP separator, and it enhances the safety of lithium-ions battery. Therefore, the ZIF-4 separator is a promising material to improve stability and safety of lithium-ions battery.
Applications of the non-line-of-sight vapor deposition techniques, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD), offer unique opportunities to produce well-defined high surface area current collectors, thin films or various nanostructures of active (ion-storage) materials, protective coatings, solid electrolytes and improved separators. These features hold significant promise for solving emerging issues in advanced LiBs and supercapacitors. This paper reviews recent developments and applications of CVD and ALD for these energy storage devices, providing selected examples and outlining critical challenges for further exploration.
In this article, we analyse the relation between different economic inequality indicators and social cohesion. Previous research usually narrows down economic inequality to income inequality, or distinguishes several types of economic inequality. Little attention has until now been given to how different aspects of economic inequality might be related to each other and can have an effect on social cohesion. This article analyses several indicators of economic inequality and makes a distinction between indicators measuring income inequality, poverty, economic strain and unequal distributions of wealth. Arguing that these indicators represent different aspects of inequality, we hypothesise that they cannot be reduced to one latent concept of inequality and have specific relations with social cohesion. In order to test this hypothesis, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis. This resulted in two different factors: one associated with economic hardship, and one associated with imbalances in market outcomes. This would imply that inequality indicators can be classified into two underlying concepts. Secondly, we related the factor scores of the two latent concepts to the social cohesion indicators via regression analyses. This paper focuses on European countries and uses pooled data from the European Social Survey (period 2006–2012), in combination with macro-level data drawn from the OECD, Eurostat and the World Bank. The results demonstrate that the strength of the link between inequality and citizens’ attitudes depends on the type of inequality indicator we analyse: only the factor economic deprivation can be significantly linked to social cohesion.
Photocatalytic CO2 reduction for solar fuel production has received enormous attention due to its ability for solving both energy crisis and CO2 pollution. However, fabrication of cheap and efficient materials for photocatalytic CO2 reduction is still challenging. Herein, TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in situ grew on highly conductive MXene Ti3C2 through calcination method. And a unique rice crust-like structure was achieved through the uniform distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles on Ti3C2. This optimized TiO2/Ti3C2 composite exhibited a 3.7 times higher photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance for CH4-production (0.22 μmol h−1) than commercial TiO2 (P25). The detailed photocatalytic CO2 reduction mechanism using TiO2/Ti3C2 was confirmed through the 13CO2 isotopic test and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. Experimental evidence along with preliminary calculation was also used to further elucidate the proposed photocatalytic enhancement mechanism. This extraordinary photocatalytic performance was due to the unique morphology and the features of individual components in the composite. Namely, fluffy rice crust-like structure of the prepared samples rendered the composite with large population of the surface-active sites. Ultrahigh conductivity of Ti3C2 facilitated the photogenerated electron transfer and suppressed its recombination with photogenerated holes. This work presents a simple method to prepare highly efficient TiO2/Ti3C2 composite for photoconversion applications.
Silicon (Si) anodes suffer from huge volume changes leading to cracking and pulverization impacting the battery life. To deliver high energy and long-term stability, we present a unique and facile prelithiated silicon nano alloy (SiNA) material with lithium stearate as reagent. Structurally controlled SiNA (in this work Si -iron (Fe)-manganese (Mn) combination) design with active Si surrounded by inactive buffer matrix to reduce mechanical deterioration during expansions was synthesized using a low-cost and low-temperature process relying on mechanical milling. Prelithiation was accomplished to compensate for the initial irreversible loss by pre-feeding with the lithium reagent to form a protective artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and prefill the mechanical crack voids of the SiNA to improve the mechanical properties necessary for long-term cyclability. The approach was to mechanically mix SiNA with lithium stearate followed by heat treatment above the melting point of lithium stearate to allow its easy diffusion with the surface and mechanical voids of the SiNA. Prelithiated SiNA exhibited enhanced physicochemical properties and featured boosted mechanical integrity characterized by nanoindentation. In overall, prelithiated SiNA revealed excellent electrochemical properties and long-term cycling stability addressed at significantly high loading (∼2 mg cm−2) and over 250 cycles, demonstrating its transformable potential to high energy applications.
Two-dimensional (2D) MoSe2/graphene nanocomposites show great potential as anode materials for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). In this work, we report the controlled growth of oriented, interlayer-expanded MoSe2 nanosheets on graphene with Mo–C bonding via a surfactant-directed hydrothermal reaction. The resulting 2D nanocomposite with strong electronic coupling facilitates both electron and Na-ion transfer across the interface and reversible insertion/extraction of Na-ion, enabling fast pseudocapacitive Na-ion storage with reduced voltage hysteresis and excellent durability over 1500 cycles. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation demonstrated MoSe2/graphene established a charge accumulation at the interface and promoted sodium-ion transport through the interface. Such outstanding Na-ion storage capability propels their potential application in sodium-ion capacitors (SICs). As a proof-of-concept, a model hybrid SIC was demonstrated by assembling with MoSe2/graphene composite as anode and activated carbon as cathode, delivering an impressive energy density of 82 W h kg−1 and power output of 10,752 W kg−1 within a voltage window of 0.5–3 V. The SIC also delivered a superior rate capability (66% capacitance retention after increasing the current density from 0.1 to 25.6 A g−1) and cyclability (81% capacitance retention over 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1), which shows promise for bridging the performance gap between conventional batteries and supercapacitors. The proposed strategy based on hierarchical hybridization combined with chemical bonding and interlayer engineering may hold great promise for developing advanced electrode materials for next-generation clean energy systems.