batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Genetic and environmental risk factors contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s dementia. Besides known genetic risk factors like the apolipoprotein (APO) Eε4 allele, single nuclear polymorphisms (SNPs) of the estrogen receptors (ESRs) are candidate genetic risk factors, while air pollution represents an environmental risk factor for dementia. Effects of these risk factors and their interaction were investigated in the SALIA cohort of 834 non-demented elderly women. Cognitive function was assessed by the CERAD-plus test battery. Air pollution was estimated by land use regression (LUR) models. Genotyping was carried out for nine ESR1 and ESR2 SNPs and two ApoE SNPs. Carriers of minor ESR2 alleles showed significantly reduced cognitive performance in the CERAD total score with most pronounced deficits in semantic memory (rs1256062, rs10144225, and rs2274705) and executive function (rs1256062). The minor allele effects of ESR2 were stronger in carriers of APOEε4 for the cognitive domain ‘executive function’ (p value of interaction 0.023 for rs1256062). The investigated ESR1 SNPs were not associated with cognition. Furthermore, we found a significant gene–environment interaction between the ESR2 SNP rs1256062 and air pollution on cognition. Carriers of two major alleles of rs1256062 were more susceptible for an air pollution-induced decrease in performance of ‘figure copying’ than carriers of minor alleles (p value of interaction, e.g., 0.031 for PM2.5). In conclusion, ESR2 but not ESR1 minor alleles were associated with lower cognitive performance in elderly women with an indication of a gene–gene interaction with APOEε4. We also found indications for gene–environment interactions of ESR2 with traffic-related air pollution exposure on cognitive performance.
Abstract This chapter constitutes one of the decision-making tools gathering the technical bases for the preselection of materials among commodity, engineering, specialty thermoplastics, thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) and super-TPEs, alloys, and biosourced polymers. Products are classified in more than 70 subfamilies to avoid being lost in the multitude of grades. More than 500 pages, 150 tables, and 143 figures allow to position subfamilies of interest with respect to each other. After an overview of the general properties including advantages and drawbacks, special grades, prices, suitable transformation processes, and applications are examined the technological properties (tenacity, dimensional stability, and temperature behavior), durability (aging, creep, fatigue, chemical, and fire behavior), optical and electrical properties, environmental indicators (energy demand and CO2 emission), decoration and joining possibilities, specific ISO and ASTM standards, trade name, and producer examples. Numerous tables gather data related to neat and reinforced grade examples. After a first choice of solutions, designers must cooperate with chosen producers and processors to fix the final choice.
This paper deals with the energy management of a photovoltaic based power station. This power station includes storage units with batteries for long-term energy supply and ultracapacitors for fast dynamic power regulation. According to the availability of the primary source, the level of the stored energy and the request from the grid operator, we have defined and detailed three main operating modes for this system with a particular modeling tool: Petri nets. For each operating mode, we have designed an energy management algorithm in order to calculate the energy dispatching of an adjustable power margin for the storage units.
Dendritic growth of Li metal and its related safety issue in a liquid electrolyte greatly hinder the development of Li metal batteries. Herein, inspired by the Tai Chi philosophy of keeping rigid and flexible balance, we demonstrate a new rigid-flexible hybrid ionogel electrolyte composed of TiO2 rigid framework, PVDF-HFP flexible framework and LiTFSI-Py13TFSI ionic liquid for greatly boosting the performance of Li battery. The as-made hybrid ionogel electrolyte not only has excellent electrochemical properties, such as ionic conductivity up to 7.4 × 10−3 S/cm at 25 °C and anodic stability up to 5.5 V versus Li/Li+, but also has a high mechanical strength to withstand extrusion. These important features make it be able to realize the stable stripping/plating of Li anodes. The hybrid ionogel electrolyte enables the assembled LiFePO4/Li batteries to be successfully cycled at wide C rate (0.1–2.0 C) and exhibit no significant capacity degradation for up to 500 days (about 600 cycles) at a 0.1 C rate. The design from Tai Chi philosophy to protect Li metal opens new opportunities to realize high energy-density Li metal batteries.
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) with the unique advantages of high surface area and easily controllable structure have attracted significant attention as electrode materials for various batteries. In this work, aluminum fumarate-based MOFs are prepared through complexation of fumaric acid with different aluminum salts. Interestingly, hierarchical tremella-like structured aluminum fumarates composed of intertangled ultrathin nanosheets are obtained using Al(NO3)3·9H2O and AlCl3·6H2O as aluminum salts. When being used as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the aluminum fumarates MOFs deliver a considerably improved performance compared to the pristine organic fumaric acid. Excellent high-rate behavior and long-term cycling stability are obtained for the aluminum fumarate electrodes. At a current density of 37.5mAg−1, a reversible capacity of 392mAhg−1 is obtained without any capacity-fading up to 100 cycles. Even at an extremely high current density of 37.5Ag−1, aluminum fumarate retains a capacity of 258mAhg−1. The electrochemical process of aluminum fumarate electrode is elucidated through in-depth electrochemical and spectroscopic studies. The low impedance, reversible lithiation/delithiation process, and structural stability of aluminum fumarate electrode during electrochemical cycling are found to be the main factors for its excellent lithium storage performance.
The facile surface modification of transition-metal hydroxide precursors with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate was performed by ball-milling before the calcination process. The prepared precursors were mixed with the required amount of lithium hydroxide and then simply calcined to obtain lithium-phosphate-coated lithium transition metal oxide cathodes during the one-pot calcination process. A thin, homogeneous Li3PO4 coating is firstly formed on the surface of the precursor owing to the abundance of lithium at a lower-temperature range, and subsequent formation of lithium transition metal oxide is achieved at a higher-temperature range during the calcination process. The Li3PO4-coated cathode electrode with the high loading level over 12 mg cm−1 exhibits a discharge capacity of 106 mAh g−1 at 5C at ambient temperature. Furthermore, it delivers 90% capacity retention after 50 cycles at 60 °C.
High-voltage LiCoO2 has been revisited to improve the energy density of lithium ion batteries. LiCoO2 can deliver the reversible capacity of about 200 mA h g−1 when the upper cut-off voltage increases to 4.55 V (vs. Li/Li+). However, the high upper cut-off voltage causes the severe failures of LiCoO2 such as structural degradation, electrolyte decomposition, and Co dissolution. Various surface-modified LiCoO2 materials have been introduced to suppress electrolyte decomposition and Co dissolution, thereby leading to the improved electrochemical performance. Most of the coated LiCoO2 materials are obtained through a conventional coating process such as sol-gel synthesis, which is complex and high-cost. In this paper, the in situ electrochemical coating method is introduced as a simple and low-cost coating process, where the electrolyte additive of Mg salts is electrochemically decomposed to form a MgF2-based coating layer on the LiCoO2 surface. LiCoO2 electrochemically coated with MgF2 suppresses Co dissolution in electrolytes, resulting in excellent electrochemical performance such as high reversible capacity of 198 mA h g−1 and stable cycle performance over 100 cycles in the voltage range between 3 and 4.55 V (vs. Li/Li+) at 45 °C. The formation mechanism of MgF2 is also demonstrated through ex situ XPS and XANES analyses.
A ferrocene-assisted calcination process (FACP) has been applied during the preparation of LiFe0.6Mn0.4PO4/C cathode material. Ferrocene works as a promoter to improve the quality of the coated carbon layers. The influence of ferrocene on the property of carbon layers and electrochemical performance of LiFe0.6Mn0.4PO4/C has been investigated systematically. The LiFe0.6Mn0.4PO4/C with FACP presents more uniformly and tightly coated carbon layers with higher graphitization degree than the sample without FACP. High-quality carbon layers can greatly enhance the electrochemical performance of cathode materials. The LiFe0.6Mn0.4PO4/C with FACP behaves higher discharge capacities (163.6 and 120.7 mAh g−1 at 0.2C and 20C, respectively) than the LiFe0.6Mn0.4PO4/C without FACP (158.4 and 111.5 mAh g−1 at the same rates). Furthermore, the LiFe0.6Mn0.4PO4/C with FACP exhibits excellent cycling performance even at 60 °C, still delivering capacity retention above 96% after 100 cycles at 3C, while the retention of the controlled sample is only 70% after 75 cycles. The cycling performance of the LiFe0.6Mn0.4PO4/C with FACP at high temperature is largely improved.
In this work, we report the fabrication of a new 3D graphene foam (GF)/carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid film with high flexibility and robustness as the ideal support for deposition of large amounts of electrochemically active materials per unit area. To demonstrate the concept, we have deposited MnO2 and polypyrrole (Ppy) on the GF/CNT films and successfully fabricated lightweight and flexible asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs). These ASCs assembled from GF/CNT/MnO2 and GF/CNT/Ppy hybrid films with high loading of electroactive materials in an aqueous electrolyte are able to function with an output voltage of 1.6 V, and deliver high energy/power density (22.8 W h kg−1 at 860 W kg−1 and 2.7 kW kg−1 at 6.2 W h kg−1). The rate performance can be further improved with less loading of electroactive materials (10.3 kW kg−1 at 10.9 W h kg−1). The ASCs demonstrate remarkable cycling stability (capacitance retention of 90.2–83.5% after 10000 cycles), which is among the best reported for ASCs with both electrodes made of non-carbon electroactive materials. Also the ASCs are able to perfectly retain their electrochemical performance at different bending angles. These ASCs demonstrate great potential as power sources for flexible and lightweight electronic devices.
This paper reported the facile preparation of pyrolytic carbon derived from spent coffee grounds and the evaluation of its electrochemical performance when used as anode in sodium-ion battery. X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscope, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller were employed to characterize the structure of pyrolytic carbon. Electrochemical performances were tested by constant current charge–discharge, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results showed that the pyrolytic carbon possess a porous structure (1–2 μm) and a specific surface area of 94.35 m2 g−1. When used as anodes in sodium-ion batteries, a reversible capacity of 154.2 mA h g−1 at a current density of 200 mA g−1 after 50 cycles was obtained. Several electrolytes were evaluated and their electrochemical performances were compared. The result indicated that this material has excellent storage capacity and good cycling stability. Our method provided a preparation of pyrolytic carbon from environmentally friendly resources.
204056-Type prismatic lithium-ion battery for power tools was developed by using LiMn2O4 as cathode and CMS (carbonaceous mesophase spheres) as anode. The performance of batteries and their electrodes were characterized by SEM, ac impedance and electrochemical tests. The bulk density of cathode after pressing was selected as a main factor and it effects on high current rate capability and discharge plateau distinctly, which were investigated in details. Being charged/discharged in the voltage range of 2.5–4.2V, the normal LiMn2O4 battery with cathode bulk density of 2.7gcm−3 shows excellent electrochemical performances. The discharge capacity at 20C rate is 94.1% of that at 1C rate, and the capacity retention ratio charged at 1C and discharged at 5C is 91.7% after 100 cycles at 25°C. While modified LiMn2O4 is used as the cathode material, the cycling performance of batteries is better than that of batteries made from normal LiMn2O4. The capacity retention ratios of modified LiMn2O4 batteries after 100 cycles at 25°C and 55°C are 95.0% and 85.3%, respectively. The discharge capacity at low temperature was tested both at 1C rate and 5C rate, and the capacities discharged at −20°C were 96.3% and 94.2% of that at 1C at 25°C. Furthermore, the batteries also show good safety in the test of short circuit, overcharge, and nail penetration.
Parallel connections can be found in many battery applications. Therefore, it is of high interest to understand how the current distributes within parallel battery cells. However, the number of publications on this topic is comparably low. Furthermore, the measurement set-ups are often not clearly defined in existing publications and it is likely that additional impedances distorted the measured current distributions. In this work, the principles of current distributions within parallel-connected battery cells are investigated theoretically, with an equivalent electric circuit model, and by measurements. A measurement set-up is developed that does not significantly influence the measurements, as proven by impedance spectroscopy. On this basis, two parameter scenarios are analyzed: the ΔR scenario stands for battery cells with differing impedances but similar capacities and the ΔC scenario for differing capacities and similar impedances. Out of 172 brand-new lithium-ion battery cells, pairs are built to practically represent the ΔR and ΔC scenarios. If a charging pulse is applied to the ΔR scenario, currents initially divide according to the current divider but equalize in constant current phases. The current divider has no effect on ΔC pairs but, as a rule of thumb for long-term loads, currents divide according to the battery cell capacities.
Cigarette filters, the most commonly littered item worldwide, are one of the main sources of marine pollution. However, reducing cigarette littering is a serious challenge for policy makers and environmental authorities: traditional instruments like bans and fines are generally ineffective. In this article, we evaluate the impact of two interventions aimed at reducing smokers’ littering in public areas, like beaches. We run a field experiment at eight beach resorts in the north east coast of Italy. Resorts were randomly assigned to three groups: in the first, we introduced portable ashtrays to test whether smokers respond to the lower effort costs (time plus inconvenience) by disposing of litter properly. In the second set, we added a social cue. The third group of resorts was used as a control with no intervention. Results suggest that reducing the private costs of a proper disposal through mobile ashtrays significantly affects littering, leading to a reduction of 10–12% in the number of cigarette filters dropped in the sand compared to beaches with no ashtrays. Reinforcing this measure with social prompts does not significantly increase the impact driven by the introduction of mobile ashtrays.
This work introduces a grid-connected island microgrid in China, Luxi Microgrid, with a flexible system structure and a hierarchical control framework. To solve the low reliability issue of original electricity supply on island caused by insufficient generation and transmission capacity, a novel renewable energy system with battery energy storage was proposed in this paper. Dual-microgrid structure is adopted for the new island microgrid to provide flexible and reliable electricity services, based on 24 switching processes among 8 system configurations. The test results demonstrate that the proposed system provides seamless switching and uninterrupted power supply through the use of high voltage fast transfer switch and matched mode switching strategy. Moreover, hierarchical control framework is developed for the implement of flexible and reliable control concept, which consists of three layers: the monitoring and dispatch layer, the coordination control layer and the local control layer. The operational data are also brought forth and analyzed to provide significant and useful experiences for designing and developing similar microgrids in future.
Objective Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy caused by hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS) have episodic memory impairment. Memory has rarely been evaluated using an ecologic measure, even though performance on these tests is more related to patients' memory complaints. We aimed to measure everyday memory of patients with TLE-HS to age- and gender-matched controls. Methods We evaluated 31 patients with TLE-HS and 34 healthy controls, without epilepsy and psychiatric disorders, using the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT), Visual Reproduction (WMS-III) and Logical Memory (WMS-III). We evaluated the impact of clinical variables such as the age of onset, epilepsy duration, AED use, history of status epilepticus, and seizure frequency on everyday memory. Statistical analyses were performed using MANCOVA with years of education as a confounding factor. Results Patients showed worse performance than controls on traditional memory tests and in the overall score of RBMT. Patients had more difficulties to recall names, a hidden belonging, to deliver a message, object recognition, to remember a story full of details, a previously presented short route, and in time and space orientation. Clinical epilepsy variables were not associated with RBMT performance. Memory span and working memory were correlated with worse performance on RBMT. Significance Patients with TLE-HS demonstrated deficits in everyday memory functions. A standard neuropsychological battery, designed to assess episodic memory, would not evaluate these impairments. Impairment in recalling names, routes, stories, messages, and space/time disorientation can adversely impact social adaptation, and we must consider these ecologic measures with greater attention in the neuropsychological evaluation of patients with memory complaints.
This study looks at whether conventional and anomalous metaphors are processed in different locations in the brain while being read when compared with a literal condition in Mandarin Chinese. We find that conventional metaphors differ from the literal condition with a slight amount of increased activation in the right inferior temporal gyrus. In addition, when the anomalous metaphor condition is compared with the literal condition, increased activation occurs bilaterally in the frontal and temporal gyri. Lastly, the comparison between the anomalous and conventional metaphor conditions shows bilateral activation in the middle frontal gyrus and the precentral gyrus, and right-hemisphere activation in the superior frontal gyrus. Left hemisphere activation is found in the inferior frontal gyrus and fusiform gyrus. The left hemisphere activation in the frontal and temporal gyri point to the recruitment of traditional language-based areas for anomalous metaphor sentences, while the right-hemisphere activation found suggests that remote associations are being formed. In short, our study supports the idea that metaphors are not a homogenous type of figurative language and that distinguishing between different types of metaphors will advance theories of language comprehension.
Background Schizophrenia cases have been consistently shown to have behavioural and neurofunctional abnormalities but studies during early course are scarce. The present work assesses the performance of acute first episode schizophrenia cases on correlation of a facial emotion perception task with brain function using fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). Methods Twenty First episode schizophrenia cases and 20 matched healthy controls living in the community were enrolled. For cases, longest duration of illness was one year and treatment with neuroleptic did not exceed two weeks on the day of scan. To measure facial emotion perception (FEP) both groups were administered the Emotion battery from the Penn Computerized Battery followed by PET acquisition. SPM 8 analysis for group differences at p <0.001 was performed. Results Schizophrenia subjects showed hypoactivation of bilateral prefrontal cortices and fusiform gyrii, with significant hyperactivation of bilateral basal ganglia and left precuneus. Positive correlation of metabolism in prefrontal cortex and performance indices on emotions domain was seen. No correlation of chlorpromazine equivalent days with metabolism in basal ganglia was observed. Conclusions The performance of schizophrenia cases on FEP task was significantly impaired in comparison to the control group. Brain regions implicated in emotion processing showed hypometabolism in cases as compared to controls. Failure of schizophrenia cases to optimally recruit brain circuitry may be contributing to deficits on FEP task. These findings suggest inherent deficits in neural circuitry of emotion processing in schizophrenia; devoid of confounding effects of neuroleptics and duration of illness.
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are well researched globally due to their potential as low-cost photovoltaic (PV) devices especially suited for building and automobile integrated PV (BIPV, AIPV) and portable or indoor light harvesting applications. Since 1991, large monetary and intellectual investments have been made to develop DSCs into deployable technologies, creating a wealth of knowledge about nano-interfaces and devices through an increasing number of research reports. In response to these investments, the dawn of the new millennium witnessed the emergence of a corporate sector of DSC development. Advances in their design, their incorporation on flexible substrates, the development of solid state modules, their enhanced stability in outdoor environments, and their scalable fabrication tools and techniques have allowed DSCs to move from the laboratory to real-life applications. Although photoconversion efficiencies are not on a par with commercially available CIGS or single crystalline silicon solar cells, they possess many features that compel the further development of DSC modules, including transparency, light weight, flexibility, conformability, workability under low-light conditions, and easy integration in buildings as solar windows. In fact, DSC panels have been shown to deliver even more electricity than their silicon and thin film counterparts of similar power ratings when exposed to low light operating conditions due to their workability in such conditions; thus, they are potential market leaders in BIPV and indoor light harvesting photovoltaic technology. However, large area dye-solar modules lack in performance compared to their laboratory scale devices and also suffer from long term stability issues. Herein, we discuss the main factors behind their inferior photovoltaic performance and identify possible opportunities for the design of more efficient DSC modules.