batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The olivine type LiFePO4 is synthesized via a simple and inexpensive route by aqueous co-precipitation of an Fe(II) precursor material in molten stearic acid and subsequent heat treatment at different temperatures. Stearic acid serves as both chelating agent and carbonaceous material. The obtained composites with carbon are characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Electrochemical characteristics of the composites are evaluated by using galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. The powder obtained at 700°C delivers discharge capacity of 160mAhg−1, quite near the theoretical value.
It is generally considered that on relatively homogenous marine soft sediment habitats, such as sand, fish are unlikely to show site attachment. This poses challenges for management and the evaluation of the efficacy of marine protected areas, in which soft sediments often make up more than 70 % of habitats. The blue-spotted flathead is a commercially and recreationally targeted species found on soft sediments in coastal marine waters of south-eastern Australia. There are no published data on its movement patterns. Here, using active acoustic telemetry, we aim to (a) quantify movement and habitat use of blue-spotted flathead, (b) compare area usage to no-take sanctuary zone size and (c) obtain data to aid in the design of a large passive receiver array to be used in long-term comprehensive tracking of soft sediment fish.
Lithium-sulfur battery is considered as one of high performance batteries of the new generation owing to its extremely high theoretical capacity, energy density, good environmental protection and low cost. These features make it of great significance to serve as the next-generation battery especially in electric vehicles and portable devices. However, the practical application of lithium-sulfur battery is still hindered due to some obstacles including the low electrical and ionic conductivity of elemental sulfur, the discharge product Li2S and the “shuttle effect” caused by the dissolved polysulfide species. In this review, the current trends, fundamental studies and developments for lithium-sulfur battery separators including some modified functional and novel battery separators with the customized structure designs are presented and reviewed. The effects of different selections and the resulting properties of the separators affecting the overall lithium-sulfur battery performances are discussed as well. The current research directions and challenges associated with the use of battery separator and the future perspectives for this class of the battery separator are concluded as well.
Electrochemical performance of Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) as positive electrode materials for non-aqueous Na-ion batteries is known to be highly dependent on their synthesis conditions according to the previous researches. Na-rich PBAs, Na x M[Fe(CN)6]·nH2O where M = Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni, are prepared via precipitation method under the same condition. The structure, chemical composition, morphology, valence of the transition metals, and electrochemical property of these samples are comparatively researched. The PBA with Mn shows large reversible capacity of 126 mAh g−1 in 2.0–4.2 V at a current density of 30 mA g−1 and the highest working voltage owning to high redox potential of Mn2+/3+ in MnN6 and Fe2+/3+ in FeC6. While, the PBA with Ni exhibits the best cyclability and rate performance though only 66 mAh g−1 is delivered. The significant differences in electrochemical behaviors of the PBAs originate from the various properties depending on different transition metals.
New types of polymer electrolytes based on agar have been prepared and characterized by impedance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction measurements, UV–vis spectroscopy and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The best ionic conductivity has been obtained for the samples containing a concentration of 50wt.% of acetic acid. As a function of the temperature the ionic conductivity exhibits an Arrhenius behavior increasing from 1.1×10−4 S/cm at room temperature to 9.6×10−4 S/cm at 80°C. All the samples showed more than 70% of transparency in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, a very homogeneous surface and a predominantly amorphous structure. All these characteristics imply that these polymer electrolytes can be applied in electrochromic devices.
AuPt catalyst has a prospective application in a lithium air battery because of its bi-function on catalyzing Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) and Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER). Electrodeposition is an in-situ convenient technology for catalyst preparation without chemical residue. In an acid electrolyte, AuPt alloy catalysts were electrodeposited on carbon paper. The effect of main salt concentration, electrodeposition time and current density were studied by deposit micromorphology observation, structure analyses and composition testing. Catalytic abilities of AuPt alloys were measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in an ionic liquid of EMI-TFSI/Li-TFSI [1- Ethyl - 3- methylimidazolium–bis (trifluoromethanesulphonyl) imide/lithium–bis (trifluoromethanesulphonyl) imide]. The electrochemical behaviors of Au, Pt and AuPt deposits were also measured. An optimized direct-current electrodeposition process of getting high active AuPt catalyst is concluded, which is an aqueous solution containing 6.7∼10mmol·L−1 HAuCl4, 10∼13.3mmol·L−1 H2PtCl6 and 0.5 mol·L−1 H2SO4 as the electrolyte, current density of 20mA·cm−2 and electrodeposition time of 8∼34s. The co-deposition of AuPt alloy is an irregular co-deposition controlled by diffusion, while gold atoms enter the platinum’s crystal lattice in the structure of AuPt alloy. The increase of the concentration of H2PtCl6 in the electrolyte, the extension of the electrodeposition time or the raise of the current density can improve the content of Pt in the deposit. The clusters’ diameters of AuPt catalysts decrease to 150∼250nm by adjusting current densities during electrodeposition.
Background Depression is associated with cognitive impairment and dementia, but whether treatment for depression with antidepressants reduces the risk for cognitive decline is unclear. We assessed the association between antidepressant use and cognitive decline over 6 years. Methods Participants were 3714 adults aged 50 years or more who were enrolled in the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study and had self-reported antidepressant use. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 8-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Cognitive function was assessed at 4 time points (2004, 2006, 2008, 2010) using a validated 27-point scale. Change in cognitive function over the 6-year follow-up period was examined using linear growth models, adjusted for demographics, depressive symptoms, comorbidities, functional limitations, and antidepressant anticholinergic activity load. Results At baseline, cognitive function did not differ significantly between the 445 (12.1%) participants taking antidepressants and those not taking antidepressants (mean, 14.9%; 95% confidence interval, 14.3-15.4 vs mean, 15.1%; 95% confidence interval, 14.9-15.3). During the 6-year follow up period, cognition declined in both users and nonusers of antidepressants, ranging from −1.4 change in mean score in those with high depressive symptoms and taking antidepressants to −0.5 change in mean score in those with high depressive symptoms and not taking antidepressants. In adjusted models, cognition declined in people taking antidepressants at the same rate as those not taking antidepressants. Results remained consistent across different levels of baseline cognitive function, age, and duration of antidepressant use (prolonged vs short-term). Conclusions Antidepressant use did not modify the course of 6-year cognitive change in this nationally representative sample.
A novel electrochemical method is proposed to synthesize nanostructured cobalt electrodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). An array of cobalt nanowires (CoNWs) supported by a nanostructured copper current collector was obtained by the sequential electrodeposition of cobalt and copper into the nanopores of alumina templates and selective etching of alumina. The illustrated method can be implemented with one-side open alumina templates generated by one-step aluminium anodization, thus excluding the application alumina membranes and their coating by sputter metal deposition. The cobalt electrodeposition conditions allow to directly form Co-CoO core-shell nanowires, with metallic cobalt nanowires covered by a thin cobalt oxide film. The direct electrochemical growth of copper nanowires connected to CoNWs ensured high electronic conductivity and specific surface area of the resulting electrode, leading to a low interfacial impedance when used in lithium cell. This nanostructure and the enhanced lithium diffusion enabled by the nanowires morphology contributed to achieve a specific capacity of 1500 mAhg−1 after 200 cycles at 2 Ag-1, and complete restore of the capacity at 2 Ag-1 after cycling at the ultra-high current density of 450 Ag-1. The faradaic and capacitive contributions to charge storage were estimated by the analysis of cyclic voltammetry experiments carried out at different scan rates. Based on this latter analysis, pseudo-capacitive effects appear to play a pivotal role in determining the total recorded capacity. The advantages of the proposed method to sustain the large scale application of nanowires electrodes in lithium batteries are thoroughly discussed.
Progress toward a commercially viable silicon anode for lithium-ion batteries has been impeded by silicon’s rapid capacity fade caused by large volumetric expansion and unstable solid-electrolyte interphases. This study focuses on developing unique coating chemistries to stabilize the surface of silicon (Si) electrodes via molecular layer deposition (MLD), as well as to accommodate volume changes during electrochemical reactions. A new reaction precursor – an aromatic organic diol, hydroquinone – combined with trimethylaluminum, has led to a robust, elastic, conductive surface coating composed of aluminum dioxybenzene. We studied the chemical and physical properties of this surface coating using X-ray absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance, and nanoindentation. The flexibility of the coating enables the accommodation of volumetric changes and maintenance of the mechanical integrity of the Si electrodes. By applying this robust and conductive trimethylaluminum-hydroquinone coating, we demonstrate a Si anode that is reversible and capable of high performance and high rate, achieving over 200 cycles with capacities of nearly 1500mAhg−1. This research elucidates the significance of surface modification for high-energy battery materials with large volume changes, and also provides a platform for a new design of electrode surface coatings, with the aim of achieving durable, high energy density lithium-ion batteries.
The transplantation of porcine islet cells provides a new potential therapy to treat patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Compared to other biomedical technologies, xenotransplantation stands out in terms of its involvement of animals as graft sources, as well as the possible transmission of infectious diseases. As these aspects are especially relevant for potential xenotransplantation recipients, it is important to assess their opinion regarding this technology, in particular in terms of the requirements that should  be met in the informed consent process for  xenotransplantation.
A composite anode materials was prepared that contained tin compounds of Sn6O4(OH)4, SnO2 and Sn3PO4 on the surface of carbonaceous mixture mesophase graphite particles (MGP) and nature graphite (NG). The nanosize tin compounds were electrolessly plated from aqueous solutions onto the carbonaceous mixture. The morphology and structure of tin compounds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that the tin compounds particle size was a crucial factor to improve Sn compounds/Carbon composite anodes for cyclability and reversible capacity. The homogeneous dispersion and smaller particle size of tin compounds was attributed to the additive of NG. As the carbonaceous substrate was C–C mixture carbon, the particle size of Sn compounds was about 20–30nm. However, the particle size was 100–200nm, as the carbon substrate was singular MGP. Electrochemical performance test of the Sn compounds/C–C composite electrode shows the maximum specific charge capacity of 583mAhg−1 at the 5th cycle. The charge capacity retention of Sn compounds/C–C electrode was 85% after 20 cycles. The reversible capacity of Sn compounds/C–C electrode increased 292 and 97mAhg−1 more than pristine (NG+MGP) electrode and Sn compounds/C electrode at the 5th cycle, respectively.
Wireless charging, as opposed to plug-in charging, is an alternative charging method for electric vehicles (EVs) with rechargeable batteries and can be applicable to EVs with fixed routes, such as transit buses. This study adds to the current research of EV wireless charging by utilizing the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to provide a comprehensive framework for comparing the life cycle energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions associated with a stationary wireless charging all-electric bus system to a plug-in charging all-electric bus system. Life cycle inventory analysis of both plug-in and wireless charging hardware was conducted, and battery downsizing, vehicle lightweighting and use-phase energy consumption were modeled. A bus system in Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti area in Michigan is used as the basis for bus system modeling. Results show that the wirelessly charged battery can be downsized to 27–44% of a plug-in charged battery. The associated reduction of 12–16% in bus weight for the wireless buses can induce a reduction of 5.4–7.0% in battery-to-wheel energy consumption. In the base case, the wireless charging system consumes 0.3% less energy and emits 0.5% less greenhouse gases than the plug-in charging system in the total life cycle. To further improve the energy and environmental performance of a wireless charging electric bus system, it is important to focus on key parameters including carbon intensity of the electric grid and wireless charging efficiency. If the wireless charging efficiency is improved to the same level as the assumed plug-in charging efficiency (90%), the difference of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions between the two systems can increase to 6.3%.
Nickel oxide was prepared by anodic deposition in a basic solution comprising nickel chloride, ammonium chloride and ammonia. The influence of ammonia was investigated using galvanostatic reduction techniques and cyclic voltammetry (CV). It was found that the oxidization peak potentials shift positively with decreasing ammonia concentration, while the oxidization peak currents firstly increase with decreasing ammonia concentration and then decrease when the ammonia concentration is lower than 1.67 mol L−1. This is mainly attributed to the fact that the equilibrium concentration of Ni(OH)2(aq) varies with the ammonia concentration. A potential plateau at about 0.75 V was observed in galvanostatic reduction curves for nickel oxide, and the length of the potential plateau in solution with 1.67 mol L−1 ammonia concentration was longer than that in the other solutions, which agreed well with the CV results.
Chinese Singaporean middle-aged women have significantly lower femoral neck bone mineral density and higher lumbar spine bone mineral density than Malays and Indians, after adjustment for age, body mass index, and height.
This work analyses the economical dynamics of an optimized battery degradation management strategy intended for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) with consideration given to low-cost technologies, such as lead-acid batteries. The optimal management algorithm described herein is based on discrete dynamic programming theory (DDP) and was designed for the purpose of PHEV battery degradation management; its operation relies on simulation models using data obtained experimentally on a physical PHEV platform. These tools are first used to define an optimal management strategy according to the economical weights of PHEV battery degradation and the secondary energy carriers spent to manage its deleterious effects. We then conduct a sensitivity study of the proposed optimization process to the fluctuating economic parameters associated with the fuel and energy costs involved in the degradation management process. Results demonstrate the influence of each parameter on the process's response, including daily total operating costs and expected battery lifetime, as well as establish boundaries for useful application of the method; in addition, they provide a case for the relevance of inexpensive battery technologies, such as lead-acid batteries, for economy-centric PHEV applications where battery degradation is a major concern.
Battery life prediction is one of the critical issues that restrict the development of electric vehicles. Among the typical battery life models, the mechanism model focusing on the internal physical or electrochemical processes has a stronger theoretical foundation and greater accuracy. The empirical formula, which relies on the simplified mechanism, has a concise model structure and more flexibility in vehicle applications. However, the internal aging mechanism rarely correlates with the external operating characteristics. Based on the summary of the capacity fading mechanism and the reasoning of the internal kinetics of side reactions during the aging process, a lifetime model of the lithium-ion battery is established in this paper. The solutions to the vital parameters based on the external accelerated life testing results are also presented. The testing sample is a manganese oxide lithium-ion battery of 8 Ah. The validation results indicated that the life model established in this paper can describe the capacity fading law of the lithium-ion battery and the operability and accuracy for vehicle applications.
We present results of a computer-assisted intervention (CAI) study on number skills in kindergarten children. Children with low numeracy skill (n =30) were randomly allocated to two treatment groups. The first group played a computer game (The Number Race) which emphasized numerical comparison and was designed to train number sense, while the other group played a game (Graphogame-Math) which emphasized small sets of exact numerosities by training matching of verbal labels to visual patterns and number symbols. Both groups participated in a daily intervention session for three weeks. Children's performance in verbal counting, number comparison, object counting, arithmetic, and a control task (rapid serial naming) were measured before and after the intervention. Both interventions improved children's skills in number comparison, compared to a group of typically performing children (n =30), but not in other areas of number skills. These findings, together with a review of earlier computer-assisted intervention studies, provide guidance for future work on CAI aiming to boost numeracy development of low performing children.
Objective The H-coils are a new development in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) research, allowing direct stimulation of deeper neuronal pathways than does standard TMS. This study assessed possible health risks, and some cognitive and emotional effects, of two H-coil versions designed to stimulate deep portions of the prefrontal cortex, using several stimulation frequencies. Methods Healthy volunteers (n =32) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: each of two H-coil designs (H1/H2), standard figure-8 coil, and sham-coil control. Subjects were tested in a pre–post design, during three increasing (single pulses, 10Hz, and 20Hz) stimulation sessions, as well as 24–36h after the last stimulation. Results The major finding of the present study is that stimulation with the novel H-coils was well tolerated, with no adverse physical or neurological outcomes. Computerized cognitive tests found no deterioration in cognitive functions, except for a transient short-term effect of the H1-coil on spatial recognition memory on the first day of rTMS (but not in the following treatment days). On the other hand, spatial working memory was transiently improved by the H2-coil treatment. Finally, the questionnaires showed no significant emotional or mood alterations, except for reports on ‘detachment’ experienced by subjects treated with the H1-coil. Conclusions This study provides additional evidence for the feasibility and safety of the two H-coil designs (H1/H2). Significance The H-coils offer a safe new tool with potential for both research and clinical applications for psychiatric and neurological disorders associated with dysfunctions of deep brain regions.
Nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon (NHPC) was prepared by a combination of self-assembly and chemical activation and explored as an electrode materials for supercapacitors. Pore structure analysis showed that the pristine mesopores were basically preserved during activation, while the micropores were generated within the mesopore wall in large quantities. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements showed that the as-prepared NHPC exhibited a high specific capacitance of up to 257.8Fg−1, excellent rate capability and good cycling durability in 6M KOH electrolyte. The enhanced capacitive performance of NHPC can be attributed to the following three points: (1) the generated micropores play a most important role in the formation of electric double layer capacitance; (2) the hierarchical porous structure favors the fast diffusion of the electrolyte; (3) the nitrogen-containing functionalities generate extra pseudocapacitance and improve the wettability of the materials to the KOH electrolyte.
Objective/Background This study aimed to examine the relationship between sleep problems and working memory in children aged 5–13 years with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Patients/Methods Children with ADHD were recruited into a randomized controlled trial from 21 paediatric practices in VIC, Australia. Cross-sectional data for intervention and control children were pooled at 6 months post randomization for the current analyses (n = 189). Children who met the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for ADHD and had a parent-reported moderate/severe sleep problem that fulfilled diagnostic criteria for a behavioural sleep disorder were recruited into the study. Sleep was assessed by detailed parent (Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire) and self-reports (Self-Sleep Report). Working memory was measured using the Working Memory Test Battery for Children (low and very low working memory defined as <25th and <10th percentiles, respectively). Analyses were adjusted for child age and gender, internalizing and externalizing comorbidities, and socio-economic status. Results Self-reported sleep problem severity was associated with poorer working memory; for each standard deviation increase in self-reported sleep problems, working memory scores decreased by −3.8 points (95% confidence interval (CI): −6.7, −0.8; p = 0.01). There was some evidence that self-reported sleep problems were associated with low (p = 0.06) and very low working memory (p = 0.01). There was minimal evidence that parent-reported sleep problems were associated with poorer working memory with the exception of bedtime resistance problems. Conclusions Behavioural sleep problems and working memory are associated in children with ADHD, particularly when sleep is assessed by self-report.