batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Nickel hydroxide with a unique α/β mixed phase structure is synthesized by partially substituting Al3+ for Ni2+ with chemical coprecipitation method. The physical properties of the synthesized Al-substituted α/β-nickel hydroxide are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry analysis (TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and tap density testing. The results show that the Al-substituted α/β-nickel hydroxide exhibits an irregular shape and contains many intercalated water molecules. In particular, the tap density of the Al-substituted α/β-nickel hydroxide reaches 2.02gcm−3, which is significantly higher than that of α-nickel hydroxide. The electrochemical performances of the prepared samples are characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and charge/discharge tests. The results demonstrate that the Al-substituted α/β-nickel hydroxide has much higher electrochemical activity, better electrochemical reversibility, lower electrochemical reaction impedance, and higher discharge voltage than the pure β-nickel hydroxide. The specific discharge capacity of the Al-substituted α/β-nickel hydroxide maintains to be 325.4mAhg−1 (or 657.3mAhcm−3) after 100cycles at a charging/discharging current density of 200mAg−1 under ambient temperature.
The general or spontaneous motor activity of animals is a useful parameter in chronobiology. Modified motion detectors can be used to monitor locomotor activity rhythms. We modified a commercial microwave-based detection device and validated the device by recording circadian and ultradian rhythms.
The post-gel strains of two light-polymerized resin composites having similar chemical composition, Filtek P60 and Filtek Z250, was assessed by strain-gauge analysis at the ex vivo level. The restoratives were tested in cavity factor 5 during light-polymerization and water-soaking for 24 h. Strain-gauge signals were digitalized by a data acquisition system and were displayed in a computer by corresponding software at a sample rate of 20 Hz. The strain data were used to compare post-gel strains, polymerization velocity, and total volumetric change of both materials. Evaluation of microleakage and scanning electron microscopy was also undertaken to elucidate effects of post-gel strains at the tooth-restorative interface. Microstrains of Filtek Z250 were lower than those of Filtek P60 and the differences between post-gel strains at several different time intervals were significant (P < 0.009). There was a correlation between polymerization velocity and total volumetric change. Microleakage evaluation and scanning electron microscopy did not reveal any signs of debonding at the interface for both materials. We conclude that the similarity in chemical composition of light-polymerized resin composites is not a determinant for post-gel strains. The tooth-restorative interface can withstand high post-gel strains arising from polymerization of resin composites.
TiO2 is a good alternative anode material for lithium-ion battery application because of its incomparable high structural stability and safety during the charge/discharge cycles. However, the low intrinsic conductivity of TiO2 has been a limiting factor affecting its cycling and rate capability performance. Here in this work, we present Co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles based anode with good reversibility, cycling stability and rate capability performance for its envisaged application in lithium-ion battery. The Co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with different Co concentrations (3%, 5%, and 7%) are synthesized using simple and economic biomediated green approach, wherein TiCl4 and Co precursors are allowed to react in Bengal gram bean extract containing biomolecules which act as natural capping agents to control the size of nanoparticles. Among the pure TiO2 and different Co-doped TiO2 samples, the 7% Co-doped TiO2 anode show the highest capacity of 167 mAh g−1 (88.3%) after 100 cycles at the 0.5C current density. The Co-doped TiO2 shows higher and stable coulombic efficiency up to 100 GCD cycles indicating good reversibility. Based on the results, it is expected that the Co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles might be contributing to the enhanced electronic conductivity providing an efficient pathway for fast electron transfer.
Novel vertically self-standing Ni@Co3O4 web-like nanofiber arrays (Ni@Co-WNFs) were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method. The Co3O4 nanofibers were grown on a macroporous nickel foam skeleton and intertwined together as a special web structure containing both micropores and mesopores. This self-standing and carbon free binder bifunctional electrocatalyst was directly used as a cathode for rechargeable Li-O2 batteries. These Li-O2 batteries containing Ni@Co-WNFs cathode exhibited enormously enhanced performance in that a rare high specific capacity of 17118mAhg−1 at a current of 0.1mAcm−2 was demonstrated. Furthermore, this was shown over 128 and 61 stable cycles with the capacity limited to 500 and 1000mAhg−1. The enhanced electrochemical performance is believed to be related to the extraordinary structure and outstanding catalytic activity of the Ni@Co-WNFs cathode, indicating that it is a promising electrode material for Li-O2 batteries.
For sure, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are becoming an ultimate part of next generation mobile networks. They are a master piece for Ubiquitous computing. Indeed, they sustain development of numerous paradigms/ technologies such as distributed ambient intelligence, context-awareness and future mobile networking (e.g., B4G and 5G). Battery life remains one of the crucial problems to handle. In this article we propose an infrastructure-based topology using mobile ferries (mobile micro-base stations). In real life, a ferry could be robot, bus, tram, train or any other engine scrutinizing periodically a given area. Yet, message ferries are moving along concentric annulus and may collect data generated by the static sensors (could be classic sensors, smart meters, wearable devices, etc.) randomly distributed on given area. Next, transmissions are performed in a ferry-to-ferry forwarding scheme till arriving at the sink. Considered ferries could sense themselves data and therefore behave as mobile sensors allowing better awareness on the area state [1–3]. Our scheme could also assist Machine-to-Machine communications to increase the network lifetime, with potentially some cognitive-radio capabilities and opportunistic detection and access. Our proposal can easily be integrated in a smart-city for better interaction and green communications. Next, we present a queueing model (queues with finite capacity) to handle the generated traffic and to analyze the behavior of mobile ferries. We provided a close-form expression for both end-to-end throughput and end-to-end delay. The main objective of this work is to improve the energy efficiency of the cognitive sensors by asking cognitive sensors to not care about forwarding data of each other except for urgent data, this latter point is out of the scope of the paper. These static sensors will only care about data sensing, which will reduce their individual energy consumption.
The characteristics of carbonyl compounds emissions were investigated on a direct injection, turbocharged diesel engine fueled with pure biodiesel derived from soybean oil. The gas-phase carbonyls were collected by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-coated silica cartridges from diluted exhaust and analyzed by HPLC with UV detector. A commercial standard mixture including 14 carbonyl compounds was used for quantitative analysis. The experimental results indicate that biodiesel-fueled engine almost has triple carbonyls emissions of diesel-fueled engine. The weighted carbonyls emission of 8-mode test cycle of biodiesel is 90.8mg(kWh)−1 and that of diesel is 30.7mg(kWh)−1. The formaldehyde is the most abundant compound of carbonyls for both biodiesel and diesel, taking part for 46.2% and 62.7% respectively. The next most significant compounds are acetaldehyde, acrolein and acetone for both fuels. The engine fueled with biodiesel emits a comparatively high content of propionaldehyde and methacrolein. Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel, has lower specific reactivity (SR) caused by carbonyls compared with diesel. When fueled with biodiesel, carbonyl compounds make more contribution to total hydrocarbon emission.
Nanocomposites for the anodes of lithium-polymer batteries are produced from plant materials and elementary nanoparticles.
Poly(3,4-dialkoxythiophene) films with different length of alkyl chain (1,3 and 8 carbon atoms) were obtained on Pt and ITO electrodes from the monomer solutions in acetonitrile by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The properties of the resulting films were studied by electrochemical methods, UV–Vis, FTIR and NMR spectra. The CVs were correlated with differential cyclic voltabsorptograms (DCVA) recorded at the absorption maxima to explain the shape of the voltammograms of the polymers studied, dependent on the alkyl-chain length in alkoxy group. The presence of the zones of different crystallinity in the polymer film was postulated. Significant influence of the type of the solvent on asymmetry of the cyclic voltammograms for the polymer doping–undoping has been discussed in terms of the solvent interaction with radical cation (polaron) delocalized on the alkoxy side groups. The polaron delocalization was proved by 1H-NMR spectra. Appearance of infrared activated vibrations (IRAVs) in the range 1500–600 cm−1 and a characteristic electronic band at 3300 cm−1 at the polarization potential +0.25 V versus Ag/Ag+ and their gradual changes upon further polymer oxidation were interpreted in terms of evolution of different charge carriers in lightly and heavily doped polymer.
At present in Uzbekistan are used more then 900 thousand passenger cars and annual surge its in atmosphere poisoning gas forms more, than 20 tons. Herewith disperses them several hundred of a thousands of the tons organic fuel. The research is connected with increasing of ecological safety of the transport facilities, saving resource fuel and searching for of the ways in their realization (Novikov Y, Beknazov R. Environmental the guard. Tashkent 1992; 295. [1]]. The priority direction is a creation ecological clean transport facilities, for example, cars with hybrid drive and electric cars (Stone J. (1998). Electric motor with oil cooling in hybrid drive of the car. Auto industry overseas (Eureka transfers technology). No. 1, pp. 5–7. [2]]. The technological model of the car is offered with hybrid drive with built-in in hub wheel the electric motor. The main source to electric powers of the car serves the storage battery. The charger for storage battery is internal combustion engine connected with generator of the direct current. In addition in car are installed micro turbine, working from pair of the high pressure and silicon photovoltaic converter (PV system) evenly located on surface of the roof, front and back hoods. They are also connected with storage battery. Herewith traditional lamps of the illumination are replaced on electroluminescent radiators.
A battery management system needs to have an accurate inline estimation of SOC for each individual cell in the battery pack. This estimation process poses challenges after substantial battery aging. This article presents a novel method based on model adaptive extended Kalman filter (MAEKF) to estimate SOC for Li-ion batteries. Sensitivity analysis of the electrical model verifies that the accuracy of SOC estimated by EKF is sensitive to resistors used in the cell's electrical model. In order to get the best estimation, values of resistors are obtained in an optimization process in the MAEKF. This method uses the fact of two sudden changes in the cell's voltage derivative with respect to time while discharging current is constant. These two points are assumed as reference points in which their SOC can be determined from cell's chemistry. The optimization algorithm uses the derivative of the cell's measured terminal voltage to allocate SOC of 92% and 15% for two reference points in the V cell equation and updates cell's electrical model. The algorithm's process is fast and computationally inexpensive, making on-board estimation practical. The obtained results demonstrate that by using this method the estimated SOC error for aged Li-ion cells does not exceed 4%.
The effects of cathode catalyst layer (CCL) thickness on the detrimental effect of methanol cross-over in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) under various operating conditions are studied. Three membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) with different CCL thicknesses but identical catalyst loading and identical anode catalyst layer are used. The results show that, when a thicker CCL, approximately twice the thickness of the base case, is used, the fuel cell performance increases significantly. The increase in performance with a thicker CCL is attributed to the oxidation of the methanol crossed-over in part of the catalyst layer and leaving the rest of the catalyst layer free from methanol contamination, leading to mitigations of the effects of mixed potentials. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) show that the charge transfer resistance for the fuel cell with twice the thickness of CCL is 30% lower compared to that for the base case, indicating that the active catalyst area available for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is indeed greater. The results of the electrochemical active surface areas (ECA) show that without methanol contamination, the ECA of the thicker CCL is actually lower, indicating that the better performance and the lower charge transfer resistance are not caused by a higher original ECA, but a higher active area for ORR. A much thicker CCL, about 5 times of that for the base case, is also used and the cell performance is also higher than that for the base case. The experimental results show that there exists an optimum cathode catalyst layer thickness and the thickness of cathode catalyst layer has a significant effect on DMFC performance.
A LiFePO4/C composite was synthesized by a simple solid-state reaction method using stearic acid as reductive agent and carbon source and nano-sized FePO4·2H2O as precursor which was prepared from intermediate Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O using industrial FeSO4·7H2O and industrial NH4H2PO4 at a low cost. The structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), galvanostatic charge–discharge tests, cyclic voltammogram (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicate that the LiFePO4/C has an olivine-type structure with nano-size and exhibits excellent electrochemical properties. The discharge capacities are 159mAhg−1, 148mAhg−1 and 113mAhg−1 at 0.1C, 1C and 10C, respectively. Furthermore, the capacity retention rate is higher than 99% after 100cycles at 1C and 10C. The excellent electrochemical performances of LiFePO4/C composite should be attributed to spherical nanoparticles as well as less impurity in FePO4·2H2O precursor.
Simultaneously achieving a high conductivity and a good volume-change accommodation for sulfur cathode in lithium‑sulfur batteries is highly required. Herein, we present a unique porous sulfur composite consisting of a porous sulfur particle coating with conductive hydrogel polypyrrole, which is prepared through a templated method. The pores inside the sulfur particles offer a good buffering space for the volume expansion of sulfur upon lithiation; while the external polypyrrole coating improves the conductivity and suppress the transfer of polysulfides. The porous sulfur@polypyrrole composite exhibits a capacity of about 900 mAh g−1 after cycling for 100 times at 0.12C, along with a good Coulombic efficiency around 99.9%, which is much better than the polypyrrole-coated non-porous sulfur particles and pure sulfur particles. When cycled for 500 times, the capacity fading rate is as low as 0.09% per cycle. After three rounds of rate-performance measurements, the capacity retention of the sulfur@polypyrrole at different rates remain above 97%. The density functional theory calculations and electrochemical impedance spectra demonstrate a polysulfide-adsorptive and a stable electric transportation surface of the sulfur@polypyrrole composite, respectively.
Although non-aqueous Li-ion batteries possess significantly higher energy density than their aqueous counterparts, the latter can be more feasible for grid-scale applications when cost, safety and cycle life are taken into consideration. Moreover, aqueous Zn-ion batteries have an energy storage advantage over alkali-based batteries as they can employ Zn metal as the negative electrode, dramatically increasing energy density. However, their development is plagued by a limited choice of positive electrodes, which often show poor rate capability and inadequate cycle life. Here we report a vanadium oxide bronze pillared by interlayer Zn2+ ions and water (Zn0.25V2O5⋅nH2O), as the positive electrode for a Zn cell. A reversible Zn2+ ion (de)intercalation storage process at fast rates, with more than one Zn2+ per formula unit (a capacity up to 300 mAh g−1), is characterized. The Zn cell offers an energy density of ∼450 Wh l−1 and exhibits a capacity retention of more than 80% over 1,000 cycles, with no dendrite formation at the Zn electrode.
A gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is prepared from polymethylmethacrylate interpenetrating polymer network, benzoyl peroxide, and 1.1 M LiPF6/EC-DEC (1:1 vol.%). The LiCoO2/graphite cells are prepared and their electrochemical properties were evaluated at various current densities and temperatures. The viscosity of the precursor containing 5 vol.% curable mixture is around 4.6 mPa s. The ionic conductivity of the GPE at 20°C is around 5.8×10−3 S cm−1. The GPE has good electrochemical stability up to 4.8 V vs. Li/Li+. The capacity of the cell at 1.0C rate is 82% of the discharge capacity at 0.2C rate. The capacity of the cell at −10°C is 86% of the discharge capacity at 20°C. Discharge capacity of the cell with GPE is stable with charge-discharge cycling.
Changes in attitudes towards how animals are housed in agriculture are currently under question in the public eye—particularly for laying hens. Many arguments from the rights and utilitarian viewpoints have been made for changing environmental conditions and managerial practices for animals in an effort to respect the interests of the animal and better their welfare. Yet, these arguments have been based upon belief systems that were developed from information that can be collected by human perception only. Technological advancements can facilitate animal welfare assessment by providing humans with new information about what the animal perceives. Yet, little has been discussed surrounding the thought process behind which technologies are conceived, how they are developed, and why they are implemented. Here, using the laying hen as a model, we turn to the philosophy of technology to address what role technological advancements may have in our capacity to understand animals, how technology can affect their welfare, and what role technology may play in furthering animal welfare assessment.
In order to overcome the capacity fading of LiCoO2/graphite Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) cycled in the voltage range of 3.0–4.5 V (vs. Li/Li+), methylene methanedisulfonate (MMDS) is newly evaluated as an electrolyte additive. The linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) indicate that MMDS has a lower oxidation potential in the mixed solvents of ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and participates in the formation process of the cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) film. With the addition of 0.5 wt.% MMDS into the electrolyte, the capacity retention of the LiCoO2/graphite cells cycled in 3.0–4.5 V is significantly increased from 32.0% to 69.6% after 150 cycles, and the rate capacity is also improved compared with the cells without MMDS additive in the electrolyte, showing the promising prospect in the electrolyte. In addition, the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrate that the enhanced electrochemical performances of the cells can be ascribed to the modification of components of cathodes surface layer in the presence of MMDS, which resulting the suppression of the electrolyte oxidized decomposition and the improvement of CEI conductivity.
The Pechini process to produce LiMn2O4 powder is modified such that precursors are pre-ignited in open air followed by calcining in the range of 600°C–800°C for 4 h. The molar ratio (R) of ethylene glycol (EG) to citric acid (CA) is 0, 1, 2 or 4. The effect of EG content on powder characteristics and electrochemical performance is evaluated. With increasing R, the homogeneity and the specific surface area of the powder are increased. Lithium is evaporated during ignition (and/or the charring reaction) and calcination because of the inhomogeneous mixing and exothermic heat of decomposition of polymer. Samples calcined at 800°C for 4 h yield maximum specific capacity for both charge and discharge (130.7 and 126.7 mA h g−1). The cycleability of the powder increases with increasing R. The effect of the EG content on the homogeneity is discussed.
In March 2007 the BMW Group has launched the micro-hybrid functions brake energy regeneration (BER) and automatic start and stop function (ASSF). Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries in absorbent glass mat (AGM) technology are applied in vehicles with micro-hybrid power system (MHPS). In both part I and part II of this publication vehicles with MHPS and AGM batteries are subject to a field operational test (FOT). Test vehicles with conventional power system (CPS) and flooded batteries were used as a reference. In the FOT sample batteries were mounted several times and electrically tested in the laboratory intermediately. Vehicle- and battery-related diagnosis data were read out for each test run and were matched with laboratory data in a data base. The FOT data were analyzed by the use of two-dimensional, nonparametric kernel estimation for clear data presentation. The data show that capacity loss in the MHPS is comparable to the CPS. However, the influence of mileage performance, which cannot be separated, suggests that battery stress is enhanced in the MHPS although a battery refresh function is applied. Anyway, the FOT demonstrates the unsuitability of flooded batteries for the MHPS because of high early capacity loss due to acid stratification and because of vanishing cranking performance due to increasing internal resistance. Furthermore, the lack of dynamic charge acceptance for high energy regeneration efficiency is illustrated. Under the presented FOT conditions charge acceptance of lead-acid (LA) batteries decreases to less than one third for about half of the sample batteries compared to new battery condition. In part II of this publication FOT data are presented by multiple regression analysis (Schaeck et al., submitted for publication [1]).