batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The authors evaluate the possibilities of modifying the chemical characteristics of refuse-derived fuels (RDF) that are processed from residual household waste 1 Residual household waste is the mixed waste that is collected after source separation. 1 by mechanical operations to achieve and assure quality targets for relevant chemical concentrations, especially for heavy metals and chlorine. Quality assurance in the production of RDF demands that, together with an enrichment of the calorific value, highly toxic waste components are selectively separated and concentrated in a small stream to produce high yields of a relatively low polluted fuel. Based on the method of material flow analysis, a process evaluation is developed that considers the aspect of minimizing hazardous chemicals along with classical process data such as yield and product quality. Data on specific concentration of hazardous chemicals in waste components and their distribution in residual household waste as well as the results from large-scale test runs using different separation techniques demonstrate that mechanical operations alone are insufficient for separating hazardous chemicals. In the test runs, chemical compounds such as chlorine, cadmium and lead were often concentrated in the product. Even using optimized techniques, the ability to reduce hazards in the product is limited due to the distribution of the element concentration in the various components of the waste stream.
The structural and electrochemical properties of manganese dioxide with 3×3 tunnels bearing the crystallographic structure of the mineral todorokite were investigated for use as a new cathode material for zinc ion cells. The large 3×3 tunnel of todorokite facilitates fast Zn2+ diffusion to the inner region of a particle compared to the conventional medium-sized 2×2 tunnels of cryptomelane. Todorokite was synthesized by the hydrothermal treatment of layered Na-birnessite in a concentrated Mg-containing solution according to a known method. In electrochemical studies, a promising discharge capacity of 108mAh/g at C/2 and a good rate performance were observed in the potential range of 0.7V–2.0V. Structural and morphological analyses of the discharged and charged electrodes indicate that a reversible intercalation of zinc ions into the tunnel occurs during the discharge–charge process.
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae are an increasing problem in human medicine and an emerging problem in the veterinary field. Our study, therefore, focused on assessing the prevalence of β-lactamases isolated from swine. Sixty-six Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), 33 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis), 26 Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumoniae) and 130 Escherichia coli (E. coli) pig isolates collected from 1999–2006 were screened for β-lactam resistance by the disk diffusion test (DDT) and micro-broth dilution. Among the isolates, five E. coli and five K. pneumoniae exhibited reduced susceptibility to the cephalosporins tested. PCR, plasmid profiling and Southern blot hybridization showed the presence of multiple β-lactamases in these isolates of animal origin. Hybridization patterns of the DHA-1 specific probe indicated that dissemination of DHA-1 related β-lactamases could be attributed to plasmids of one common size among the enteric microbes of animal origin. To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the first identification of SHV-28 and DHA-1 from microbes of animal origin.
The open-circuit voltage (OCV) of a battery, as a crucial characteristic parameter, is widely used in many aspects of battery technology, such as electrode material mechanism analysis, battery performance/state estimation and working process management. However, the applications of OCV are severely limited due to the need for a long rest time for full relaxation. In this paper, a rapid OCV prediction method is proposed to predict the final static OCV in a few minutes using linear regression techniques, based on a new mathematical model developed from an improvement on a second-order resistance–capacitance (RC) model. As the improvement, an important discovery is demonstrated by experimental investigation and data analysis: the relaxation time (i.e., time constant) of the diffusion circuit of the second-order RC model is not a fixed constant, unlike an intrinsic value for a given material, but an apparent linear function of the open-circuit time. This improvement enables the new model to track the actual relaxation process very well. The accuracy and the rapidity of the new model and proposed method are validated with working-condition experimental data on battery cells with different cathodes, and the results of OCV prediction are very accurate (errors below 1 mV in 20 min).
Germanium holds great potential as an anode material for lithium ion batteries due to its large theoretical energy density and excellent intrinsic properties related to its kinetics associated with lithium and electrons. However, the problem related to the tremendous volume change of Ge during cycling is the dominant obstacle for its practical use. The previous research has focused on the improvement in mechanics associated with lithium without consideration of the kinetics. In this study, we demonstrate that the configuration engineering of the Ge electrode enables the improvement in kinetics as well as favorable mechanics. Two types of Ge inverse opal structures with porous walls and dense walls were prepared using a confined convective assembly method and by adjusting Ge deposition parameters in a chemical vapor deposition system. The Ge inverse opal electrode with porous walls shows much improved electrochemical performances, especially cycle performance and rate capability, than the electrode with dense walls. These improvements are attributed to a large free surface, which offers a facile strain relaxation pathway and a large lithium flux from the electrolyte to the active material.
A dynamic plug flow reactor model for a single cell VRB system is developed based on material balance, and the Nernst equation is employed to calculate cell voltage with consideration of activation and concentration overpotentials. Simulation studies were conducted under various conditions to investigate the effects of several key operation variables including electrolyte flow rate, upper SOC limit and input current magnitude on the cell charging performance. The results show that all three variables have a great impact on performance, particularly on the possibility of gassing during charging at high SOCs or inadequate flow rates. Simulations were also carried out to study the effects of electrolyte imbalance during long term charging and discharging cycling. The results show the minimum electrolyte flow rate needed for operation within a particular SOC range in order to avoid gassing side reactions during charging. The model also allows scheduling of partial electrolyte remixing operations to restore capacity and also avoid possible gassing side reactions during charging. Simulation results also suggest the proper placement for cell voltage monitoring and highlight potential problems associated with setting the upper charging cut-off limit based on the inlet SOC calculated from the open-circuit cell voltage measurement.
We report the preparation of LiFePO4/C electrode materials by thermal treating the hydrothermal LiFePO4/C precursors in a reductive atmosphere from windward aerobic decomposition of glucose. XRD and ESEM characterization indicate that the procedure produces well carbon coated single-phase orthorhombic LiFePO4 with small and evenly distributed particle-sizes. Comparing with the typical Ar/H2 reductive atmosphere, samples from this procedure host larger initial discharge capacity (147.9 vs. 129.8mAhg−1) and excellent reversibility with a capacity reservation of 96.9% after 50 cycles at 0.1C.
The oxidation of thiourea by ferrate(V) (Fe(V)) has been studied as a function of pH in alkaline solution by a premix pulse radiolysis technique. The rate law for the oxidation of thiourea by Fe(V) was obtained as −d[Fe(V)]/dt=k 0{[H+]/([H+]+K5)}[Fe(V)][TU] where k0=4.40±0.08×105 M −1 s −1, pK5=10.1. The predominant reaction is between the protonated Fe(V) species, HFeO4 2− and thiourea. Thiourea reacts approximately 103 times faster with Fe(V) than it does with Fe(VI). The higher reactivity of Fe(V) with thiourea indicates that the oxidation by Fe(VI) may be enhanced in the presence of an appropriate one-electron reducing agent.
The rare earth elements (REEs) were classified as critical raw materials for Europe for their economic relevance and the supply risk. Currently, most of REE production is concentrated in the Chinese area and it is used for the production of many technologies including: fluorescent lamps, fluid catalytic cracking catalysts and permanent magnets. At the end of their life, these products can cause management problems, mainly due to the hazardous component presence. Nevertheless, this critical issue is combined with the significant content of REEs, which makes them a potential resource of secondary raw materials. In this regard, the literature reports many processes for the waste exploitation, but the effective sustainability is often neglected. In this context, the present paper took into account three processes, one for each mentioned waste, to assess both the environmental and the economic aspects. The obtained results were allocated on the basis of metals market price proving an advantage for most of the elements, compared to the primary production. Following the paper evaluation, the fulfillment of the circular economy approach could reduce up to 200 times the impact in the climate change category and up to 70 times the cost due to the REE mining.
Lithium-ion battery fast charging issues have become a main bottleneck of large-scale deployment of electric vehicles. This paper develops a polarization based charging time and temperature rise optimization strategy for lithium-ion batteries. An enhanced thermal behavior model is introduced to improve the solution accuracy at high charging current, in which the relationship between polarization voltage and charge current is addressed. Genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to search for the optimal charging current trajectories. The effects of weighting coefficients of charging time and temperature rise on battery charging performance are discussed. The charging time of the optimized charging protocol is reduced by 50%, and the associated temperature rise is almost identical, compared to 1/3C constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging. Aging experiments demonstrate that the proposed charging method has a similar capacity retention ratio to that of 0.5CC-CV charging after 700 cycles, thereby accomplishing a good balance between charging speed and lifetime.
Three types of low-carbon vehicle technologies in China are reviewed. Potential effects are listed for those integrated energy-saving technologies for conventional vehicles. Low carbon transitions, including alternative vehicle power train systems and fuels, are discussed on their development status and trends, including life cycle primary fossil energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of each pathway. To further support the low-carbon vehicle technologies development, integrated policies should seek to: (1) employ those integrated energy-saving technologies, (2) apply hybrid electric technology, (3) commercialize electric vehicles through battery technology innovation, (4) support fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen technology R&D for future potential applications, (5) boost the R&D of second generation biofuel technology, and (6) conduct further research on applying low-carbon technologies including CO2 capture and storage technology to coal-based transportation solutions. Citation Ou, X., and X. Zhang, 2010: The status quo and development trend of low-carbon vehicle technologies in China. Adv. Clim. Change Res., 1, doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2010.00034.
Poor crystallined α-MnO2 grown on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by reducing KMnO4 in ethanol are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Telle (BET) surface area measurement, which indicate that MWCNTs are wrapped up by poor crystalline MnO2 and BET areas of the composites maintain the same level of 200m2 g−1 as the content of MWCNTs in the range of 0–30%. The electrochemical performances of the MnO2/MWCNTs composites as electrode materials for supercapacitor are evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurement in 1M Na2SO4 solution. At a scan rate of 5mVs−1, rectangular shapes could only be observed for the composites with higher MWCNTs contents. The effect of additional conductive agent KS6 on the electrochemical behavior of the composites is also studied. With a fixed carbon content of 25% (MWCNTs included), MnO2 with 20% MWCNTs and 5% KS6 has the highest specific capacitance, excellent cyclability and best rate capability, which gives the specific capacitance of 179Fg−1 at a scan rate of 5mVs−1, and remains 114.6Fg−1 at 100mVs−1.
Battery energy storage is becoming a viable economic option for standalone solar power systems in the Levant region. The lead battery is one of the most important current options in solar energy storage systems. Batteries are subject to many factors, during its operation that causes batteries' de-gradation and impacting its shelf life. This paper presents features of the cycle recovery charging (CRC) method in refreshing and settling utilized lead batteries that have been utilized as a part of home solar energy storage systems. Experimental tests were performed on the utilized gel - lead battery (12 V 97 Ah C/5 h solar battery). The findings of these experiments show that this new recovery charging method that established important improvements in terms of charging realization. The foregoing improvements contributed to increasing the shelf life of the battery, capacity recovery, maintaining the cell stability and refreshing the batteries.
Porous Li3V2(PO4)3/C (LVP/C) cathode materials have been synthesized via a sol–gel-combustion method. The porous LVP/C shows stable and extremely high rate capacity, owing to the special porous structure and the nano-sized particle. In the potential range of 3.0–4.3V, discharge capacities of 122, 114, 108 and 88mAhg−1 can be delivered at high rates of 10, 20, 40 and 60C after 100 cycles, respectively. In the potential range of 3.0–4.8V, the corresponding discharge capacities are 145, 129, 122, 114 and 103mAhg−1 after 500 cycles at 10, 20, 40, 60 and 100C, which is the highest level for LVP so far.
We analyzed the relation of several synchrony markers in the electroencephalogram (EEG) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) severity as measured by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. The study sample consisted of 79 subjects diagnosed with probable AD. All subjects were participants in the PRODEM-Austria study. Following a homogeneous protocol, the EEG was recorded both in resting state and during a cognitive task. We employed quadratic least squares regression to describe the relation between MMSE and the EEG markers. Factor analysis was used for estimating a potentially lower number of unobserved synchrony factors. These common factors were then related to MMSE scores as well. Most markers displayed an initial increase of EEG synchrony with MMSE scores from 26 to 21 or 20, and a decrease below. This effect was most prominent during the cognitive task and may be owed to cerebral compensatory mechanisms. Factor analysis provided interesting insights in the synchrony structures and the first common factors were related to MMSE scores with coefficients of determination up to 0.433. We conclude that several of the proposed EEG markers are related to AD severity for the overall sample with a wide dispersion for individual subjects. Part of these fluctuations may be owed to fluctuations and day-to-day variability associated with MMSE measurements. Our study provides a systematic analysis of EEG synchrony based on a large and homogeneous sample. The results indicate that the individual markers capture different aspects of EEG synchrony and may reflect cerebral compensatory mechanisms in the early stages of AD.
Passive serotherapy can confer immediate protection against microbial infection, but methods to rapidly generate human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are not yet available. We have developed an improved method for Epstein-Barr virus transformation of human B cells. We used this method to analyze the memory repertoire of a patient who recovered from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection and to isolate monoclonal antibodies specific for different viral proteins, including 35 antibodies with in vitro neutralizing activity ranging from 10−8M to 10−11M. One such antibody confers protection in vivo in a mouse model of SARS-CoV infection. These results show that it is possible to interrogate the memory repertoire of immune donors to rapidly and efficiently isolate neutralizing antibodies that have been selected in the course of natural infection.
Prospective, double-blind, randomized trials comparing atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs) to typical APDs, such as haloperidol, indicate that atypical APDs provide a modest benefit to cognitive function in schizophrenia. However, the validity of this inference has been contested by suggestions that the cognitive improvements observed with atypical APDs reflect practice effects associated with repeated testing on the same neuropsychological instruments, or an avoidance of a deleterious effect of haloperidol on cognitive function that might be dose related. These alternate hypotheses were assessed by meta-analyses that 1) examined the relationship between cognitive change and dose of haloperidol within the control arms of prospective atypical vs. typical APD clinical trials; and 2) compared the magnitude of change observed within the haloperidol arms of these studies to estimated practice effects for several commonly used neuropsychological measures. The results indicate that overall cognitive performance improves while on haloperidol. Studies that used a low dose of haloperidol (<10 mg) did not yield larger effect sizes for overall cognitive function or specific neuropsychological measures than studies that used a high dose (>10 mg), although doses greater than 24 mg appear to have deleterious effects. For two of the six neuropsychological tests examined (digit symbol substitution and verbal fluency) the magnitude of change observed was significantly less than practice effects. The results indicate that although haloperidol may cause deleterious effects at very high doses, or in specific cognitive domains, these effects are not likely to explain the broader range of cognitive improvements observed with atypical APDs.
Thermal stability of charged LiCoO2 cathodes with various surface areas of active material is investigated in order to quantify the effect of LiCoO2 surface area on thermal stability of cathode. Thermogravimetric analyses and calorimetry have been conducted on charged cathodes with different active material surface areas. Besides reduced thermal stability, high surface area also changes the active material decomposition reaction and induces side reactions with additives. Thermal analyses of LiCoO2 delithiated chemically without any additives or with a single additive have been conducted to elaborate the effect of particle size on side reactions. Stability of cathode–electrolyte system has been investigated by accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC). Arrhenius activation energy of cathode decomposition has been calculated as function of conversion at different surface area of active material.
The understanding of factors influencing the performance of catalysts in the air cathode of a rechargeable lithium-oxygen battery, including overpotentials for oxygen reduction/evolution and discharge capacity, is essential for exploration of its ultimate application. This report describes new findings of an investigation of PdCu nanoalloys as cathode catalysts. Alloying Pd with oxophilic base metals such as Cu leads to reduction of the overpotentials and increase of the discharge capacity. The nanoalloy structures depend on the bimetallic composition, with an atomic ratio near 50:50 featuring mixed bcc and fcc structures. The discharge potential exhibits a maximum while the charge potential display a minimum in the range of 20–50% Cu, closer to 25% Cu, both of which correspond to a maximum reduction of the discharge-charge overpotentials. The discharge capacity displays a gradual increase with Cu%. This type of catalytic synergy is believed to be associated with a combination of ensemble and ligand effects. In particular, the activation of oxygen on Pd sites and oxygen oxophilicity at the alloyed Cu sites in the catalyst may have played an important role in effectively activating oxygen and maneuvering surface superoxide/peroxide species. These findings have implications for the design of multifunctional cathode catalysts in rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries.
This paper reports the anode properties of Sn powder in all-solid-state lithium batteries. Although poor cycling performance is a critical problem for high capacity anodes in the conventional lithium ion batteries with liquid electrolytes, stable charge-discharge cycles have been revealed in all-solid-state lithium batteries; capacity of 600 mAh g−1 is maintained for over 100 cycles. Furthermore, the composite of Sn and solid electrolyte is spontaneously densified after charge-discharge cycling. Consequently, the intimate contact between Sn and solid electrolyte is maintained for the measurement, which contribute to the stable cycle performance of Sn anode in an all-solid-state cell. These results demonstrate that the use of Sn anode is more likely for the all-solid-state batteries rather than the conventional lithium ion batteries using liquid electrolytes.
Lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries provide low mass and energy dense solutions necessary for space exploration, but thermal related safety concerns impede the utilization of Li-ion technology for human applications. Experimental characterization of thermal runaway energy release with accelerated rate calorimetry supports safer thermal management systems. ‘Standard’ accelerated rate calorimetry setup provides means to measure the addition of energy exhibited through the body of a Li-ion cell. This study considers the total energy generated during thermal runaway as distributions between cell body and hot gases via inclusion of a unique secondary enclosure inside the calorimeter; this closed system not only contains the cell body and gaseous species, but also captures energy release associated with rapid heat transfer to the system unobserved by measurements taken on the cell body. Experiments include Boston Power Swing 5300, Samsung 18650-26F and MoliCel 18650-J Li-ion cells at varied states-of-charge. An inverse relationship between state-of-charge and onset temperature is observed. Energy contained in the cell body and gaseous species are successfully characterized; gaseous energy is minimal. Significant additional energy is measured with the heating of the secondary enclosure. Improved calorimeter apparatus including a secondary enclosure provides essential capability to measuring total energy release distributions during thermal runaway.