batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In mice, nonvolatile social cues are detected and analyzed by the accessory olfactory system (AOS). Here we provide a first view of information processing in the AOS with respect to individual chemical cues. 12 sulfated steroids, recently discovered mouse AOS ligands, caused widespread activity among vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs), yet VSN responses clustered into a small number of repeated functional patterns or processing streams. Downstream neurons in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) responded to these ligands with enhanced signal/noise compared to VSNs. Although the dendritic connectivity of AOB mitral cells suggests the capacity for broad integration, most sulfated steroid responses were well-modeled by linear excitatory drive from just one VSN processing stream. However, a substantial minority demonstrated multi-stream integration. Most VSN excitation patterns were also observed in the AOB, but excitation by estradiol sulfate processing streams was rare, suggesting AOB circuit organization is specific to the biological relevance of sensed cues.
Hard carbon is a promising anode candidate for lithium/sodium ion batteries due to the key features of low operation potential and low cost, but its practical utilization is hindered by a challenging issue of poor initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), which has not been understood well and resolved properly. Herein, we report a new in-situ engineering approach to deliberately tune the residual oxygen atoms/defects of hard carbon by controlling the atmosphere of pyrolysis synthesis process and reveal important correlations between the ICE and residual oxygen atoms/defects. When used as an anode in sodium ion battery, the hard carbon electrode with reduced residual oxygen atoms and defects can achieve a high average ICE above 85%, which is considerably higher than the commonly observed ~70% and ~30% ICE values for pristine and acid treated hard carbon electrodes. Encouragingly, a high reversible capacity of 310 mAh g−1 with good cycling stability (93% after 100 cycles) is demonstrated at a current density of 20 mA g−1. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation and experimental results reveal that the trap effects of residual oxygen atoms and defects on Na+ are the key factors that impact the ICE of the hard carbon electrode. When the hard carbon is coupled with Na3V2(PO4)2F3 cathode to form a sodium ion full cell, the battery delivers an impressively high energy density of 239 Wh/kg (based on the active mass of anode and cathode without additives), which is among the best performing sodium ion full cells. This work not only provides an effective approach to engineer the heteroatoms and defects in carbon-based materials but also sheds light on the design principle of practical hard carbon electrodes.
In daily clinical practice, doctors are frequently confronted with the issue whether treatment is necessary when the patient is without (further) seizures, but nevertheless still shows interictal discharges on the EEG. Will these discharges influence cognition temporarily and in time correlated with the discharges or is there a longer-lasting or even cumulative impairment? Which children are most at risk and when? Based on available literature in this field and own research in patients with Benign Epilepsy with Centro-Temporal spikes (BECTS), an inventory has been made of all issues that has to be addressed to answer these crucial questions. Prospective studies in drug naïve children with BECTS (with or without behavioral comorbidity) are highly recommended.
Hasse diagram technique, based on partial ordering is an advantageous method to analyse complex systems of data such as objects characterized by multi-indicator systems. Beside ordered sequences of objects the theory may reveal the impact of each indicator for the set of order relations, which in general is of high interest. A method to measure the impact has already been known for more than 20 years; however, up to now there is no method for a testing as to how far these impacts are considered to be relevant. The actual study presents a first attempt for a testing theory, albeit an extension to statistical testing framework is still open. The testing approach so far is applied to the indicators of gender-equality. It turns out that for the 28 nations (pre-Brexit) of the EU, 2006, in addition to the unified European Union only one indicator can definitely be declared as relevant.
TiN thin films with (200) fibre texture are deposited on Cu substrate at room temperature using reactive magnetron sputtering. They exhibit a discharge capacity of 172μAh cm−2 μm−1 (300 mAh g−1) in a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a Li salt. There is a graded decrease in discharge capacity when cycled between 0.01 and 3.0V. Electron microscopy investigations indicate significant changes in surface morphology of the cycled TiN electrodes in comparison with the as deposited TiN films. From XPS depth profile analysis, it is inferred that Li intercalated TiN films consist of lithium compounds, hydroxyl groups, titanium sub oxides and TiN. Lithium diffusivity and reactivity decrease with increase in depth and the major reaction with lithium takes place at film surface and grain boundaries.
Sociolinguistic research methodology revolves around the Observer's Paradox: the goal is to observe the way people speak and understand language when they are not aware of being observed. Experimental methods may attempt to achieve highly accurate observations of less than natural speech or may attempt to achieve less accurate observations of very naturalistic language use. The inherent tradeoffs are discussed primarily as they relate to the areas of recording techniques, perception studies, and real vs. apparent time studies. Grammaticality judgment and survey technique are also briefly addressed.
Na0.44MnO2 as a potential cathode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) has been widely investigated with longer one-dimension (1D) morphology. In this work, we propose a facile and effective method to hunt for comprehensive performance of tunnel Na0.44MnO2, especially the rate property. The method is based on a fact that the crystal growth direction and sodium ions intercalation de-intercalation direction are consistent (both along c-axis). Therefore, once the long rod-like cathodes break to two or more shorter 1D Na0.44MnO2, the density of more (001) active planes and short diffusion length are both acquired. In addition, the smashed samples with short nano-bars can still be able to accommodate strain during the cycle process and can be favorable for the contact with electrolyte, which could provide good cycle stability. As a consequence, the materials deliver 90.4 mAh g−1 discharge capacity at 10C (78% of 0.1C capacity) and maintains 93.91% capacity after 200 cycles at 5C. The sodium-ion chemical diffusion coefficient has been improved with an order of magnitude by galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test, respectively.
Potential step was applied to Pb–Ca–Sn alloy electrode at various potential and time regimes. No severe corrosion was observed during potential step cycle with cathodic potential under −140mV or over −40mV versus Pb/PbSO4 (3.39M H2SO4), or at constant potential without stepping. On the other hand, the Pb–Ca–Sn alloy was severely corroded during potential step with cathodic potential from −120mV to −60mV and with anodic potential of +40mV or more positive. The corrosion could not be decreased with periodical rest at 0mV, while it could be decreased with periodical reduction at high polarization of, e.g. −160mV. It was found out that the severe corrosion occurs when the oxidation of Pb to PbSO4 and partial reduction of passive film of PbSO4 take turns many times.
The onset of experimental galvanostatic charge/discharge data of Li y FePO4 at low current density and at room temperature is analyzed using a single-particle mathematical model. The model contains only two adjustable parameters, namely one related to solid-state diffusion in the active particle and another one related to the surface resistance of the particle. The analysis reveals that these two parameters depend on the current density in a similar manner, meaning that there exists a correlation between them. An immediate consequence is that the onset of the experimental charge/discharge curves is properly modeled with the particle radius as a unique parameter depending on the current density. Hypotheses are made to shed light on this unusual dependence.
The polyethylene (PE)-supported polymer membranes based on the blended polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) are prepared for gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) of lithium ion battery. The performances of the prepared membranes and the resulting GPEs are investigated by scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear potential sweep, and charge–discharge test. The effect of the ratio of PVDF to CAB on the performance of the prepared membranes is considered. It is found that the GPE based on the blended polymer with PVDF:CAB=2:1 (in weight) has the largest ionic conductivity (2.48×10−3 Scm−1) and shows good compatibility with anode and cathode of lithium ion battery. The LiCoO2/graphite battery using this GPE exhibits superior cyclic stability at room temperature, storage performance at elevated temperature, and rate performance.
Although several studies showed the positive effects of exercise and physical activity on health and well-being for individuals with ID, there is a lack of information about the influence of sport specialization on fitness and health components. Therefore, the aims of this study were to assess: (a) physical fitness of athletes with intellectual disability (ID) compared with individuals included in recreational and leisure activity programs (non-athletic people); (b) contribution of sport specialization on athletes’ fitness; and c) correlation of each fitness variable with subjects’ ID levels. Twenty-two track and field, 19 basketball, and 23 non-athletic adults were recruited. Before and after a 9-month period, all participants performed fitness tests assessing body composition, flexibility (SR), arm muscular strength (HG), lower and upper-body muscular strength and endurance (SUP and PUP), explosive leg power (SLJ), cardiovascular endurance (ST), balance ability (FT), motor coordination (TUGT). The results showed that participants’ weight, BMI and FT were significantly affected by time; SLJ by activity; ST, HG, PUP, SUP, and TUGT by both time and activity. Only track and field athletes increased significantly ST. All athletes improved significantly HG, PUP and SUP, instead non-athletic people decreased significantly SUP (p <0.01). TUGT improved significantly in track and field athletes (p <0.05), and decreased significantly in non-athletic people. ID level was positively correlated to TUGT. Findings of this study showed that physical activity improved fitness in adult athletes with ID, decreasing health risks. Athletes with lower ID obtained higher performance scores in motor coordination test.
Solar energy exploitation is one of the most challenging applications for sustainable energy production. In this work a photoactivated fuel cell was developed, using visible light and the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple for the simultaneous production of electrical energy and oxidation of polluting organics (alcohols) contained in synthetic and real wastewaters. WO3 was selected as a cheap and environmentally friendly photocatalyst more efficient than TiO2 (i) under visible light irradiation and (ii) in the presence of in-situ photodeposited Pd. Pd photodeposition was found to reduce the band gap of bare WO3, thus increasing visible light capture and limiting the occurrence of photogenerated hole/electron recombination. Higher photocatalytic performances were recorded over WO3–Pd compared to TiO2 and bare WO3, despite the low BET superficial area of WO3–Pd (2.34 m2 g−1). Optimal conditions were identified at pH = 2.0 with 2% w/w Pd load. The results also evidenced the influence of the selected sacrificial organics and water matrices. A quantum yield of 84.89% and an energy efficiency of 4.15% were the best results achieved so far for the proposed system. The present photoelectrochemical cell offers a very promising system for electrical energy production by using wastewater from wine manufacturing industry and solar light radiation.
This paper reports a detailed electrochemical investigation of a symmetric carbon-carbon electrochemical device with a potassium bromide (KBr) electrolyte. Below 1.6 V, KBr gives electrochemical double layer behavior. At higher voltages the Br − / Br 3 − redox reaction comes into effect and enhances the energy storage. The redox-enhanced device has a high energy density, excellent stability, as well as high coulombic and energy efficiencies even at 1.9 V. More importantly, the redox contribution can be “triggered” by pre-cycling at 1.9 V, and remains beneficial after switching to 1.6 V. The triggering operation leads to a 22% increase in stored energy with negligible sacrifice of power. The intriguing behavior is accompanied by a series of complex variations including the shifts of electrode potential limits and the shift of potential of zero voltage. The electro-oxidation of the positive electrode and kinetics of the Br − / Br 3 − electrode reactions are proposed to be the main causes for the triggering phenomenon. These findings provide means to improve the design and operation of devices that contain bromine, or other redox species with a comparably high electrode potential.
Metal sulfides hollow structures are advanced materials for energy storage applications of lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. However, constructing hollow metal sulfides with specific features, such as multi-shell and non-spherical shape, still remains great challenge. In this work, we firstly demonstrate the synthesis of CuS double-shell hollow nanocages using Cu2O nanocubes as precursors. The synthesis processes involve the repeated anion exchange reaction with Na2S and the controllable etching using hydrochloric acid. The whole synthesis processes are well revealed and the obtained double-shell CuS is tested as pseudocapacitive electrode material for supercapacitors. As expected, the CuS double-shell hollow nanocages deliver high specific capacitance, good rate performance and excellent cycling stability due to their unique nano-architecture. The present work contributes greatly to the exploration of hollow metal sulfides with complex architecture and non-spherical shape, as well as their promising application in high-performance electrochemical supercapacitors.
Publisher Summary This chapter addresses power supply design issues for analog systems, including op amps, analog multiplexers, ADCs, and DACs taking into account the regulator types most likely to be used. The section, linear IC regulation discusses the topics of some linear voltage regulator basics, pass devices, ±15 V regulator using adjustable voltage ICs, and low dropout regulator architectures. Next, the topics of charge-pump voltage converters, regulated output charge voltage converters, linear post regulator for switching regulators, ground linear and switching regulators, power supply noise reduction and filtering are presented.
Does age constrain the outcome of all language acquisition equally regardless of whether the language is a first or second one? To test this hypothesis, the English grammatical abilities of deaf and hearing adults who either did or did not have linguistic experience (spoken or signed) during early childhood were investigated with two tasks, timed grammatical judgement and untimed sentence to picture matching. Findings showed that adults who acquired a language in early life performed at near-native levels on a second language regardless of whether they were hearing or deaf or whether the early language was spoken or signed. By contrast, deaf adults who experienced little or no accessible language in early life performed poorly. These results indicate that the onset of language acquisition in early human development dramatically alters the capacity to learn language throughout life, independent of the sensory-motor form of the early experience.
Table sugar (sucrose) was used as a new and cheap chelating agent to prepare LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the powder adopts the α-NaFeO2 layered structure with space group R 3 ¯ m . The high value of c/a above 4.97 indicates a well-ordered rhombohedral lattice. The refined degree of cationic mixing of 2.4% remains fixed upon cycling. The fatigue of the material used as a positive electrode of a Li-cell has been investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) as well as the magnetic measurements in the initial, charged and discharged state at low C/10 rate over the 10th first cycles. Small cracks are observed after cycling, despite the low C-rate and the voltage range limited to 3.0–4.2V in which only the Ni is electrochemically active. This fatigue, however, has no sizeable impact on the capacity: the initial capacity ≈150mAhg−1 was retained at the 10th cycle (ca. 97%).
The abundant resource of sodium (Na) makes the Na-ion batteries a promising alternate to the Li-ion batteries in electric energy storage, especially when iron (Fe)-based oxide electrodes are used. Layer-structured NaxFey M 1-yO2 (M for Mn and Ni, etc.), for example, has drawn much attention and is one type of the most attractive cathode materials for the Na-ion batteries. However, the poor cycling performance hinders their applications and the underneath mechanism for their poor performances remains unclear. In this study, the structural transition of NaFeO2 was characterized and the driving forces for the irreversible Fe migration and O oxidation were explored during Na extraction. The Fe migration from the Fe layer to the Na layer was observed for the first time at the atomic scale. The chemical states and coordination environment of the Fe ions within the Na layer were determined. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to understand the Fe migration and O oxidation. These findings provide helpful revelation on constructing the structure and improving the performance of the NaFeO2-structured cathode materials for the Na-ion batteries.
This paper presents a novel strategy, optimized by genetic algorithms, to control stand-alone hybrid renewable electrical systems with hydrogen storage. The strategy optimizes the control of the hybrid system minimizing the total cost throughout its lifetime. The optimized hybrid system can be composed of renewable sources (wind, PV and hydro), batteries, fuel cell, AC generator and electrolyzer. If the renewable sources produce more energy than the one required by the loads, the spare energy can be used either to charge the batteries or to produce H2 in the electrolyzer. The control strategy optimizes how the spare energy is used. If the amount of energy demanded by the loads is higher than the one produced by the renewable sources, the control strategy determines the most economical way to meet the energy deficit. The optimization of the various system control parameters is done using genetic algorithms. This paper explains the strategy developed and shows its application to a PV–diesel–battery–hydrogen system.
The aim of this study is to show the effect of two phosphonate surfactants (PS) on the electrochemical behavior of the negative plate of lead-acid battery in the sulfuric acid medium. The characterization of the electrode interface was investigated at room temperature by a set of electrochemical techniques as linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry (CA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to determine the film layer's morphology deposited on the surface of working electrodes, in the presence and in the absence of the PS. When the PS was added in the acidic solution, hydrogen evolution became higher, the over-potential of hydrogen was shifted to negatives values and the growth of the anodic β-PbO2 was inhibited. SEM imaging with the presence of PS showed reduction in the growth of the anodic β-PbO2 and PbSO4 layers. EIS results indicate the decrease of the conductivity of β-PbO2 film on the lead surface electrode. The result of the CV, show a decrease in the peak related to transition of PbO to Pb demonstrates that lower PbO has been formed underneath the lead sulfate membrane in the presence of low concentration of SP indeed a decrease in the amount of formed PbSO4 on the electrode surface.
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PVDF-CTFE) were evaluated for the development of ionic liquid (IL) - polymer composite bending actuators. The selected guest IL, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, [Emim][TFSI], was incorporated into the different host polymer matrixes in concentrations ranging from 10 to 40 wt%. The IL/polymer composites electrical properties strongly depend on the IL content. The largest bending response was found for the IL/PVDF-TrFE composites with a maximum bending value of ∼3.5 mm using a frequency of 100 mHz at an applied potential difference of 5.0 Vpp. Thus, PVDF-TrFE are attractive candidates for the development of high performance bending actuators.
The electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 was tested at temperatures up to 150°C for micrometric and nanometric size samples. Among the latter, both highly defective samples obtained by direct precipitation and annealed samples were tested. The comparison of voltage composition profiles for these samples coupled to GITT experiments allowed to conclude that defects seem to be the major factor in inducing the solid solution behaviour at room temperature. Good capacity retention is exhibited upon prolonged cycling at 100°C in EC LiBOB electrolyte, also for nanosized samples that still maintain 75% of the initial capacity after 170 cycles. These results prove that the enhanced thermal stability of such electrolytes can be extended to temperatures much higher than those usually tested.
Lithium sulfur battery is one of the most cost-effective alternatives to meet the requirement of high energy density for power sources due to its high energy density and low cost. However, lithium sulfur battery still suffers from a rapid capacity fading and poor rate performance, which are mainly related to the shuttle effect of polysulfides during cycling and the insulating nature of sulfur as well as the reduced product of Li2S or Li2S2. Here, we proposed an iodine-incorporated carbon/sulfur electrode to improve the rate performance of Li-S batteries. The resultant composite electrode exhibits good high-rate charge-discharge capability with a high discharge capacity of 479 mAh/g at 3C after 100 cycles. The excellent rate capability is mainly correlated to the iodine-doped carbon host with improved electronic conductivity, formation of lithium iodide (LiI) served as solid-state electrolyte in electrode during the first discharge process and the dissolution of iodine species into the electrolyte as additive for improving the ionic conductivity. This work offers an innovative, effective and facile method to ameliorate the electrochemical performance of lithium sulfur batteries.