batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A module with 11 thin film battery (TFB) stacks was fabricated to investigate its internal resistance and charging characteristics to a real capacitor with 150μF. Each cell consisted of thin layers of LiCoO2, LiPON and Li on a ceramic substrate, and each layer was deposited by radio frequency (RF)+direct current (DC) hybrid magnetron sputtering, RF reactive sputtering, and thermal evaporation, respectively. In order to increase the effective surface area of the TFB in a limited small volume, 11 cells were stacked and connected in parallel. By designing the thermal switch with a heating source, its capacitor charging performance was well maintained, even at temperatures below −30°C, as well as at room temperature. Charging to greater than 4V was completed within 0.06sec at room temperature and within 0.13s at −30°C due to the heat-up process. A novel battery system consisting of the TFB module with a thermal switch and a heating source proved to be a promising substitute for the ampoule type reserve battery in small sized electrical fuses, even at very low temperatures.
To demonstrate the concept of rechargeable polymer electrolyte bipolar lithium batteries, laboratory-type bipolar Li/pyrite 3-cell batteries were fabricated and tested. The unoptimized 5V, 10cm2 3-cell battery had a capacity of 30–40mAh with 100% Faradaic efficiency. The long-term projection for a prototype sealed bipolar Li/composite polymer electrolyte/pyrite (Li/CPE/FeS2) battery, with a 45μm-thick cathode is 250Wh/kg specific energy. The performances of monopolar and bipolar battery designs are compared.
The poly(o-anisidine)–sulfuric acid–glucose oxidase (POA–H2SO4–GOx) electrode has been investigated in the present work. Platinum electrode was used for the synthesis of poly (o-anisidine)–sulfuric acid (POA–H2SO4) film using galvanostatic method with 0.2 M o-anisidine, 1.0 M H2SO4 solution, 1.0 pH and 2 mA/cm2 applied current density. The synthesized film was characterized using electrochemical technique, conductivity measurement, UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. GOX was immobilized on synthesized POA–H2SO4 film by cross-linking via glutaraldehyde in phosphate and acetate buffer. The Michaelis–Menten constant (
Since the first demonstration by Clark and Lyons that an enzyme could be integrated into an electrode to form a biosensor, the developments of such electrochemical devices have made considerable progress [1–3]. The advantages associated with these devices are their high selectivity and simple use in complex media as well as the possibility of developing compact and portable analyzers. Several conducting polymers such as polypyrole, poly(N-methylpyrole), polyaniline, poly(o-anisidine), poly(o-toluidine), etc. have been used to immobilize desired enzymes (glucose oxidase, urease, cholesterol oxidase, etc.) using physical adsorption and entrapment techniques [4–9]. Polyaniline and its derivatives are considered to be an attractive class of polymer because this conducting material exhibits two redox couples in the right potential range to facilitate an enzyme–polymer charge transfer. Besides, polyaniline has shown variety of applications such as in rechargeable batteries, electrocatalysis, electrochromic displays, gas separation, and biosensors. However, the role of structural and mechanical behavior of polyaniline and its derivatives for their applications to biosensor is yet to be explored.
Fuel cell powered hybrid electric vehicles (FC-HEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (FC-PHEV) are being addressed by the automotive industry as improved and more sustainable alternative technologies relatively to conventional vehicles. Nevertheless, hybrid propulsion raises new challenges in designing the vehicle powertrain. This study highlights the significance of the driving conditions and the conflict between the optimization of investment cost, efficiency and life cycle impact (LCA) in powertrain design optimization of these kinds of vehicles. A single-objective (minimization of cost, fuel or LCA CO2eq) and multi-objective genetic algorithms (minimization of the couples cost and fuel, cost and LCA CO2eq, fuel and LCA CO2eq), linked with the vehicle simulation software ADVISOR, are used to optimize the design of powertrain components. The main outcomes of the research are as follows. The optimization of LCA CO2eq emissions and cost are conflicting as well as cost and energy use, what can be observed in the Pareto solutions. The fuel and LCA CO2eq emissions optimization are coupled for pure hybrids but not for plug-in hybrid configurations, due to the electricity consumption. Fuel cell buses can reduce the energy consumption by 58%, and emit 67% less LCA CO2eq than the conventional diesel bus, and achieve compensatory payback of 0.620$/km (depending on the hydrogen price). The FC-PHEV configuration shows more potential for achieving higher operation efficiencies, but the FC-HEV shows to have lower life cycle impact and lower cost in general.
Electric thrusters are finding increasing usage worldwide in spacecraft applications. Significant progress has been made in recent years in the modeling and performance of thermionic hollow cathodes used in flight thrusters, such as Hall and ion thrusters, or other types of plasma sources, such as for technological plasmas. The recent progress is surveyed in this paper through the discussion of six areas: hollow cathode modeling and simulation, low-current hollow cathodes, high-current hollow cathodes, heaterless hollow cathodes, new thermionic insert materials, and plasma oscillations. This includes descriptions of hollow cathode designs capable of < 1 A to over 300 A, advances in electron emitter and heating/starting technologies, and modeling and simulation of the plasma properties, thermal behavior and instabilities in the discharge. Advances in the understanding and technology in these areas and challenges that still need to be addressed and solved are discussed.
Proton and lithium-ion conducting biodegradable solid polymer electrolytes were prepared using blends of poly(styrene sulphonic acid) (PSSA) and starch for supercapacitor applications. The ionic conductivities have been calculated using the bulk impedance obtained through impedance spectroscopy with varying blend ratio and plasticizer. Glycerol as plasticizer improved the film formation property, while lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) as dopant enhanced the conductivity. The maximum conductivity has been found to be 5.7 × 10−3 Scm−1 at room temperature for 80/20 (PSSA/starch) blend ratio. The dielectric studies showed relaxation peaks indicating proton and Li+ conduction in the plasticized polymer blend matrix and dielectric modulus also exhibited a long tail feature indicating good capacitance. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms showed two peaks and decreased with varying blend ratio and plasticizer. A carbon–carbon supercapacitor was fabricated using suitable electrolyte, and its electrochemical characteristics using cyclic voltammetry, AC impedance and galvanostatic charge–discharge were studied. Supercapacitor showed a fairly good specific capacitance of 115 Fg−1 at 10 mV s−1.
Johns Manville is bringing previously shutdown microfibre capacity back online this April in order to better serve market demand.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the spread of tau pathology throughout the cerebral cortex. This spreading pattern was thought to be fairly consistent across individuals, although recent work has demonstrated substantial variability in the population with AD. Using tau-positron emission tomography scans from 1,612 individuals, we identified 4 distinct spatiotemporal trajectories of tau pathology, ranging in prevalence from 18 to 33%. We replicated previously described limbic-predominant and medial temporal lobe-sparing patterns, while also discovering posterior and lateral temporal patterns resembling atypical clinical variants of AD. These ‘subtypes’ were stable during longitudinal follow-up and were replicated in a separate sample using a different radiotracer. The subtypes presented with distinct demographic and cognitive profiles and differing longitudinal outcomes. Additionally, network diffusion models implied that pathology originates and spreads through distinct corticolimbic networks in the different subtypes. Together, our results suggest that variation in tau pathology is common and systematic, perhaps warranting a re-examination of the notion of ‘typical AD’ and a revisiting of tau pathological staging.
Dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) was measured in coastal Atlantic seawater and in the Mediterranean Sea. The Atlantic measurements were performed during September 1999 at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station, situated on the Irish west coast. The measurements in the Mediterranean Sea were made along a 6000km cruise path from 14 July to 9 August 2000 in the framework of the Med-Oceanor project. Total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations in air were continuously measured with a 5min time resolution using an automated mercury analyser (Tekran 2537A) during both expeditions. Paired TGM and DGM samples from all campaigns showed that the surface water was supersaturated with elemental mercury. The mercury evasion was estimated using a gas exchange model (J. Geophys. Res. 97 (1992) 7373), which uses salinity, wind speed and water temperature as independent parameters. The predicted average mercury evasion from the coastal Atlantic water was 2.7ngm−2 h−1 implying that the concentration of TGM in the Atlantic air is enhanced by mercury evasion from the sea. Measurements in different regions of the Mediterranean Sea showed spatial variations in DGM concentrations. The highest DGM concentration (∼90pgl−1) was observed at a location in the Strait of Sicily (37°16N 11°52E). The mercury evasion in the eastern sector of the Mediterranean Sea (area: 32–36°N, 17–28°E) was generally higher (7.9ngm−2 h−1) than that observed in the Tyrrhenian Sea (4.2ngm−2 h−1) or in the western sector (2.5ngm−2 h−1) (areas: 38–42°N, 8–13°E and 38–41°N, 7–8°E, respectively). Estimations of mercury evasion were also made at Mediterranean coastal sites using a dynamic chamber technique. In addition, a newly developed method making continuous in situ DGM measurements possible was tested.
A porous spherical aggregation of Li4Mn5O12 nanorods with the particle size of 3μm is prepared by oxidizing LiMn2O4 powder with (NH4)2S2O8 under hydrothermal conditions. The result displays that concentration of (NH4)2S2O8 plays a key role in forming the porous spherical aggregation and the optimal concentration of oxidant is found to be 1.5molL−1. The mechanism for the formation of the porous spherical aggregation is proposed. The electrochemical capacitance performance is tested by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge/discharge. The porous spherical aggregation exhibits a good electrochemical performance. It could deliver 375Fg−1 within potential range 0–1.4V at a scan rate of 5mVs−1 in 1molL−1 Li2SO4 and the value is cut down to less than 0.024Fg−1 per cycling period in 1000 cycles.
Univariate statistical analyses have limited strength when employed in low-dose toxicogenomic studies, due to diminished magnitudes and frequencies of gene expression responses, compounded by high data dimensionality. Analysis using co-regulated gene sets and a multivariate statistical test based upon ranks of expression were explored as means to improve statistical confidence and biological insight at low-doses. Sixteen gene regulatory groups were selected in order to investigate murine hepatic gene expression changes following low-dose oral exposure to the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (IPR). Gene sets in this focussed analysis included well-defined gene batteries and synexpression groups with co-regulated responses to toxin exposures and linkage of chronic responses to adverse outcomes. Significant changes of target gene expression within Nfkb, Stat3 and 5′ terminal oligopryrimidine (5′TOP) batteries, as well as the acute phase and angiogenesis synexpression groups, were detected at IPR doses 100-fold lower than doses producing significant individual gene expression values. IPR-induced changes in these target gene groups were confirmed using a similar analysis of rat toxicogenomic data from published IPR-induced cardiotoxicity studies. Cumulative expression differences within gene sets were useful as aggregated metrics for benchmark dose calculations. The results supported the conclusion that toxicologically-relevant, co-regulated genes provide an effective means to reduce microarray dimensionality, thereby providing substantial statistical and interpretive power for quantitative analysis of low-dose, toxin-induced gene expression changes.
The high solubility of polysulfides in the electrolyte, together with the resulting poor cycling performance, is one of the main obstacles to the industrial production and use of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. We have developed a novel hybrid and dense separator coating that greatly improves the cycling and rate performance of the battery. The coating is fabricated by mono-dispersed Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) nanospheres uniformly embedded in graphene layers. In this hybrid dense coating, the LTO nanospheres have a high chemical affinity for polysulfides and an excellent ionic conductivity to produce highly efficient ionic conductive channels, while the graphene layers play twin roles as a physical barrier for polysulfides and an upper current collector. The unique hybridization guarantees a very dense coating that does not significantly add the volume of the battery and meanwhile achieves an ideal combination of an effective barrier for polysulfide diffusion with a fast ion transport. For a normal coating, a loose and very thick structure is needed to meet these requirements. Cells using a pure sulfur electrode with the dense coating separator show an ultra-high rate performance (709mAhg−1 at 2C and 1408mAhg−1 at 0.1C) and an excellent cycling performance (697mAhg−1 after 500 cycles at 1C with 85.7% capacity retention). The easy achieving of such excellent performance indicates the possibility of producing an industrially practical Li-S battery.
We present implementation details and analyze convergence of a two-grid solver forming the core of the fully automatic hp-adaptive strategy for elliptic problems. The solver delivers a solution for a fine grid obtained from an arbitrary coarse hp-grid by a global hp-refinement. The classical V-cycle algorithm combines an overlapping block Jacobi smoother with optimal relaxation, and a direct solve on the coarse grid. A simple theoretical analysis is illustrated with extensive numerical experimentation.
Hindbrain rhombomeres in general are differentially specified molecularly by unique combinations of Hox genes with other developmental genes. Rhombomere 1 displays special features, including absence of Hox gene expression. It lies within the hindbrain range of the Engrailed genes (En1, En2), controlled by the isthmic organizer via diffusion of FGF8. It is limited rostrally by the isthmus territory, and caudally by rhombomere 2. It is double the normal size of any other rhombomere. Its dorsal part generates the cerebellar hemispheres and its ventral part gives rise to several populations, such as some raphe nuclei, the interpeduncular nucleus, the rhabdoid nucleus, anterior, dorsal, ventral and posterodorsal tegmental nuclei, the cholinergic pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei, rostral parts of the hindbrain reticular formation, the locus coeruleus, and part of the lateral lemniscal and paralemniscal nuclei, among other formations. Some of these populations migrate tangentially before reaching their final positions. The morphogen Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is normally released from the local floor plate and underlying notochord. In the present report we explore, first, whether Shh is required in the specification of these r1 populations, and, second, its possible role in the guidance of tangentially migrating neurons that approach the midline. Our results indicate that when Shh function is altered selectively in a conditional mutant mouse strain, most populations normally generated in the medial basal plate of r1 are completely absent. Moreover, the relocation of some neurons that normally originate in the alar plate and migrate tangentially into the medial basal plate is variously altered. In contrast, neurons that migrate radially (or first tangentially and then radially) into the lateral basal plate were not significantly affected.
The electrochemical properties and crystal structure of LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 treated with supersonic waves in an aqueous Ni-containing solution were investigated by performing charge–discharge tests, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), iodometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), powder neutron diffraction and synchrotron powder XRD. The charge–discharge curve of LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 versus Li/Li+ has plateaus at 4.1 and 4.7V. The 4.1V versus Li/Li+ plateau due to the oxidation of Mn3+/4+ was reduced by the supersonic treatment. During the charge–discharge cycling test at 25°C, the supersonic treatment increased the discharge capacity of the 50th cycle. Rietveld analysis of the neutron diffraction patterns revealed that the Ni occupancy of the 4b site in LiMn1.5Mn0.5O4, which is mainly occupied by Ni, was increased by the supersonic treatment. This result suggests that Ni2+ is partially substituted for Mn3+/4+ during the supersonic treatment.
Microstructural changes in LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode material after charge/discharge cycles were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss-spectroscopy. The microstructure on the surface of the cycled primary particles of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 changed from an ordered rock-salt structure into a metal monoxide-type rock-salt structure, and this was accompanied by reduction of the oxidation states of the transition metal ions, especially the Mn4+ ions. It should be noted that the (0001) surface of the primary particles remained intact after the cycling test. These results indicate that the degradation mechanism of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 is different from that of other LiNiO2-based cathode materials previously reported. Tailoring the transition metal ion content ratios is expected to give LiNi1−x−y Co x Mn y O2 various levels of surface stability.
A singularly perturbed phase field model used to model lithium-ion batteries including chemical and elastic effects is considered. The underlying energy is given by Iε[u,c]:=∫Ω1εf(c)+ε‖∇c‖2+1εC(e(u)-ce0):(e(u)-ce0)dx,
The lithium-ion battery is a fundamental tool in modern technology and the intertwined challenge of harnessing renewable energy, with applications extending from mobile phones to hybrid cars. In recognition of this importance, the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Goodenough, Whittingham, and Yoshino for their pioneering works in the development of lithium-ion batteries [42]. Motivated by the eminence of lithium-ion batteries, we study a mathematical model that underlies their capacity. A prominent performance limitation of lithium-ion batteries is their short life-cycle resulting from the electrochemical processes governing the battery which induce phase transitions. Elaborating on this, during the process of charging, lithium-ions intercalate into the host structure of the cathode. This intercalation is not homogeneous and undergoes phase separation, that is, lithium-ions form areas of high concentration and low concentration with sharp phase transitions between these regions. These phase transitions induce a strain on the host material which, ultimately, leads to its degradation. Damage of the cathode’s host material leads to a decrease in battery performance and limited life-cycle (see [8, 21], and references therein).
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, a peroxisomal disorder, is the most prevalent inherited leukodystrophy. Boys with the childhood cerebral form of the disease present with progressive neurological dysfunction, visual loss and adrenal insufficiency. Stem cell transplantation arrests the neurological progression of the disease when performed early. The multidisciplinary clinical and stem cell transplantation program developed at the Mayo Clinic is described.
Nanostructured transition metal oxides have attracted considerable attentions for both high-capacity and high-rate, but great challenges remain to utilize them. In order to overcome these challenges, hierarchical three-dimensional CoMoO4/polypyrrole core-shell nanowire (NW) arrays on flexible and conductive carbon cloth (CC) have been successfully constructed through a facile two-step solution-based approach. The hybrid NWs electrode as a binder-free lithium ion batteries (LIBs) anode material exhibits a reversible capacity of around 1400–1450 mAh g−1 at a low current density of 100 mA g−1. The specific capacity retains at 753 mAh g−1 while featuring an excellent cycling properties with a capacity of 764 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles under the current rate of 1200 mA g−1. Furthermore, full batteries have been fabricated and demonstrated characteristics of outstanding electrical stability and superior power output characteristics, which represents an efficient way for practical implementation.
In this article, a gain scheduling approach is proposed to control the electrolyte flow rate for a VRB system. The flow rate is regulated to ensure that the open circuit voltage difference before and after cell stack tracks a given reference trajectory. The nonlinear process model is linearised around three different operating points with different state of charge. A set of PI controllers have been designed based on the linearised process model for both charging and discharging. To improve the control performance, a feedforward controller is designed to compensate the effect of current fluctuations. Simulation studies have been conducted under different operating conditions to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach.
Carbon-coating of sub-μm SiO particles (dmax = 0.36 μm, d50 = 0.69 μm) by a fluidized-bed chemical-vapor-deposition process has produced unique nano-porous SiO/C secondary particles within which the SiO primary particles are “glued” together by carbon to form a network that possesses randomly distributed pores with sizes in the nano-meter range and a bulk porosity of >30%. Upon lithiation/delithiation cycling in an organic Li-ion electrolyte, the electrode made of the SiO/C particles exhibited reduced polarization, smaller irreversible electrode expansion, and remarkably enhanced cycling performance, as compared with that of pristine SiO particles. The reduced electrode expansion exhibited by the SiO/C electrode can be attributed to the combination of diluted SiO content and presence of pre-set voids, which could partially accommodate volume expansion arising from lithiation of the SiO primary particles. These effects render the SiO/C electrode structurally more robust than the SiO electrode against volumetric variations upon cycling.