batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Early ocean experience is a critical time period that affects juvenile salmonid survival. Understanding juvenile salmonid behavior in nearshore marine environments and how oceanic conditions (such as dynamic river plume habitats) affect salmonid migration will contribute to salmonid survival studies and conservation and management efforts. Relatively few studies have been conducted on juvenile salmonid behavior as they migrate out the mouth of the Columbia River and some studies suggest that juvenile salmonids typically migrate north immediately upon entry into the ocean from the Columbia River. We present findings from a study that used acoustic telemetry to determine the migratory direction, residence time, and travel rate of juvenile salmonids as they left the Columbia River and entered the marine environment.
The functionalized carbon nanotube electrode was fabricated by electrodeposition of 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid sodium (Nq) on single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). This electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the results showed that Nq can rapidly and effectively be deposited on the surface of SWNT film with high stability. The electrochemical properties of functionalized SWNT/GCE with Nq (SWNT–Nq/GCE) were studied using cyclic voltammetry, double step potential chronoamperometry and differential pulse voltammetry methods. The results indicated that SWNT could improve the electrochemical behavior of Nq and greatly enhances its redox peak currents. The SWNT–Nq/GCE exhibited a pair of well-defined redox peaks. The experimental results also demonstrated that the Nq deposited species on SWNT could catalyze cysteamine oxidation and SWNT–Nq exhibited a high performance with lowering the overpotential by more than 710mV. The effect of pH value, number of scans and Nq concentration were investigated on the electrochemical behavior of cysteamine. The selectivity of the reaction has been assessed with no interference from tyrosine, lysine, methionine, tryptophan, alanine and glutathione. The presented method has highly selectivity for voltammetric detection of cysteamine in the dynamic range from 5.0×10−6 M to 2.7×10−4 M and with a detection of limit (3σ) 3.0×10−6 M.
Phase change materials are promising for thermal energy storage yet their practical potential is challenging to assess. Here, using an analogy with batteries, Woods et al. use the thermal rate capability and Ragone plots to evaluate trade-offs in energy storage density and power density in thermal storage devices.
The enthalpy and entropy changes in a commercial lithium-ion cell were studied by using potentiometric measurements. The experiments were done on the full cell and individually on its electrode materials, LiFePO4 and artificial graphite. The graphite electrode entropy change follows the amount of intercalated lithium, whereas the LFP electrode entropy change is independent of the lithium content. The full cell entropy change behavior can be concluded to originate from the graphite electrode. For the states of charge between 30 and 75%, the full cell entropy change is positive in the discharge direction, causing the cell to absorb heat. Thus when low discharge currents are used, this entropy effect dominates over the irreversible, heat producing losses, and as a result the cell cools down. In the charge direction the entropy change has the same absolute value but is negative in sign. Because of this, the cell produces extra heat in addition to the irreversible heat production, and thus warms up. These phenomena were confirmed in a calorimetric experiment. The thermal behavior results can be utilized in designing the battery pack cooling system and in choosing favorable states of charge for the battery cycling.
LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (LNCM) with a well-ordered layered structure, confirmed by X-ray diffraction, was synthesized by the chemical-wet synthesis incorporated with (i) a pulse microwave-assisted heating of LNCM precursors and (ii) a carbon coating technique. The microwave irradiation periods (i.e., 5–20min) and amount of carbon additive (i.e., glucose content: 0.1–0.75%) served as key factors in modifying as-prepared LNCM powders. The electrochemical performance of as-prepared LNCM cathodes was well characterized by cyclic voltammetry and charge–discharge cycling at 0.1–5C. Both appropriate microwave heating and carbon coating significantly improve discharge capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability of LNCM cathodes. This improved performance can be attributed to the facts that an appropriate microwave heating of LNCM precursors induces low cation mixing of the layered lattices and the carbon coating enables the creation of outer circuit of charge-transfer pathway, preventing cathode corrosion from direct contact to the electrolyte. The C-coated LNCM cathode shows the increased capacity retention from 70.2 to 93.3% after 50 cycles at 1C. On the basis of the experimental results, both the microwave heating and the carbon coating provide a feasible potential way to improve the electrochemical performance of LNCM cathode, benefiting the development of Li-ion batteries.
We report the performance of symmetrical electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) fabricated with graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) electrodes, and plastic crystal based flexible gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) film. The GPE, comprising the solution of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) in a plastic crystal succinonitrile (SN) entrapped in poly (vinylidinefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP), shows suitability as separator/electrolyte in EDLCs due to its excellent electrochemical properties including high ionic conductivity (∼1.97×10−3 Scm−1 a 20°C). The GO and r-GO electrodes exhibit supercapacitive properties with the SN-based GPE as evidenced from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge analyses. The residual oxygen functionalities associated with GO-electrodes provide additional pseudo-capacitance resulting in higher specific capacitance and specific energy (∼66Fg−1 and 18Whkg−1, respectively) as compared to r-GO electrodes (specific capacitance ∼60Fg−1 and specific energy ∼15.6Whkg−1). High knee frequency fk (∼38Hz), low response time ∼τ0 (∼166.5ms) and high pulse power P0 (∼32.9kWkg−1), observed from EIS studies, indicate the high rate capability of GO-electrodes-based EDLCs. About three fold increase in fk and three times decrease in τ0 indicates a substantially higher rate performance of r-GO-based EDLCs with respect to GO-based cell. The high rate capability of GO/r-GO electrodes in combination with SN-based GPEs is further confirmed from the rectangular CV shapes up to scan rates of 5Vs−1 for GO and 10Vs−1 for r-GO electrodes. The r-GO based EDLC offers higher specific power (∼54.9kWkg−1) as compared to that of GO-based EDLC (∼33.3kWkg−1), as observed from charge-discaharge studies. Both EDLCs show stable capacitive performance up to ∼11000-13500 charge-discharge cycles.
There is an intensive search for high-performance cathode materials for rechargeable batteries. Here the authors report that oxyfluorides with partial spinel-like cation order, made from earth-abundant elements, display both exceptionally high energy and power.
Temperature rise is one of the main problems of battery applications. Thus, preventing the temperature rise in lead–acid batteries is an important research topic. In the present study, the effect of Lewis number on temperature rise is investigated. Moreover, effects of the cell–length (CL), the maximum activated area ( A max ) and the newly defined parameter of maximum dimensionless volume ( A max L ) on Lewis number are studied. The governing energy equation is non–dimensionalized due to saving cost and time. A typical lead–acid cell, taken from literature, is simulated using finite volume method. The results demonstrate that Lewis number has inverse relation with temperature rise. However, the parameters of CL, A max and A max L have direct impact on Lewis number. In this research, the aspect of battery design is presented in which the problem of temperature rise is overcome. In fact, the temperature rise can be restricted by changing some parameters due to modification of Lewis number.
To overcome the structural instability of polyaniline (PANI) due to repeated volumetric swelling and shrinking during charge/discharge process, the LDH/PANI composite was designed and prepared via the assembly of organic PANI and 2D host nanosheets from the MgFe layered double hydroxide (MgFe-LDH) through incorporation of PANI between the nanosheets gap using in situ polymerization. Owing to the combined advantages of conducting PANI and 2D nanosheets, the LDH/PANI composite exhibited excellent supercapacitive performance, including low resistance, high specific capacitance, good charge/discharge stability and long-term cycling life, which greatly improved faradaic redox reaction and mass transfer. As electrode material for supercapacitors, the LDH/PANI composite showed a maximum specific capacitance of 592.5 F·g−1 at a current density of 2 A·g−1, and achieved remarkable capacitance retentions of 87% after 500 cycles. The LDH/PANI material may be a potential economical alternative electrode material for supercapacitors.
A soft matter solid electrolyte was prepared by polymerizing a monomer trimethylolpropane trimethylacrylate (TMPTMA) using in situ thermal polymerization into a non-ionic plastic crystal electrolyte, which is consisted of 5mol% lithium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonimide dissolved in succinonitrile (SN). X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and conductivity measurements are used to investigate the structural and electrochemical performance of the polymer electrolyte films. It exhibits high ionic conductivities, wide electrochemical window and excellent mechanical strength. The solid electrolyte with 7.5wt% TMPTMA displays a high initial discharge capacity of 160.3mAhg−1 at 0.1C when combined with a LiFePO4 cathode and excellent capacity retention. With their beneficial properties, the polymer electrolytes are considered to have significant potential applications for lithium ion batteries.
A method of electrochemical oxidation and dispersion of tin electrodes under alternating pulse current was proposed as a novel approach for the synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles suitable as an alternative anode for lithium ion batteries. The electrochemically obtained, non-hydrated SnO2 nanopowder was crystalline, having a tetragonal lattice and an average crystallite size of about 11–16 nm. When used as anode in lithium ion batteries, the material delivered around 680 mAh g−1 reversible capacity with 66 % capacity retention over more than 60 cycles.
Processes taking place at the metallic nickel electrode in basic solutions at potentials negative of −500mV vs. SCE were investigated. Two kinds of the electrodes were examined: freshly deposited and subjected to previous polarisation at potentials positive to −500 mV where the irreversible phase transition between various forms of Ni(II) compounds takes place (“aged” Ni electrode). Oxidation of fresh Ni electrodes is accompanied by a mass increase smaller than that expected for usually proposed products of Ni oxidation: Ni(OH)2 and NiO. Adsorbed species, i.e., H 2 O ads / OH ads - participate in generation of Ni(II) compounds. Obtained results indicate the existence of bulk hydrogen absorption in fresh Ni electrode at sufficiently negative potentials. This process is the prevailing one for “aged” Ni electrode below −500mV vs. SCE.
Recently, increasing attention has been devoted to the study of the role of visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM) in environmental learning and spatial navigation. The present research was aimed at investigating the role of VSWM in map learning using a map drawing paradigm. In the first study, a dual task methodology was used. Results showed that map drawing was selectively impaired by a spatial tapping task that was executed during the map learning phase, hence supporting the hypothesis that VSWM plays an essential role in learning from maps. In the second study, using a correlational methodology, it was shown that performance in simultaneous VSWM tasks, but not in sequential VSWM tasks, predicted map drawing skills. These skills “in turn” correlated with map learning abilities. Finally, in the third study, we replicated the results of the second study, by using a different map. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to find evidence that the simultaneous aspects of VSWM play a fundamental role in learning from maps.
Magnetite (Fe3O4)/expanded graphite (EG) composite material is prepared through the oxidation progress of ferrocene–graphite intercalation compound in acetone solution. The reactions occur in this system and lead to in-situ synthesis of the composite with nanosized magnetite and expanded graphite. Due to the lithium insertion/extraction experiment, the Fe3O4/EG composite material shows high reversible capacities (ca. 720 mA h g−1 at 120 mA g−1 charge current) and excellent rate performances (ca. 630 mA h g−1 at 600 mA g−1, 420 mA h g−1 at 6000 mA g−1 and 360 mA h g−1 at 9000 mA g−1charge current). Owning to the strong interaction between Fe3O4 and EG from in-situ synthesis, it is demonstrated that these properties of this novel Fe3O4/EG composite material will be an idea candidate for the negative electrode material of high-current lithium ion battery.
Performance and degradation of a Li-ion battery reflect the transport and kinetics of related species within the battery's electrode microstructures. The variational multi-scale principle is adapted to a Li-ion battery system in order to improve the predictions of battery performance by including multi-scale and multiphysics phenomena among the particle aggregates in the electrode; this physics cannot be addressed by conventional homogenized approaches. The developed model is verified through the direct numerical solutions and compared with the conventional pseudo-2D (P2D) model method. The developed model has revealed more dynamic battery behaviors related to the variation of the microstructure—such as particle shape, tortuosity, and material composition—while the corresponding result from P2D shows a monotonous change within different structures.
The rapid development of smart electronics has enabled their applications into such fields as portable instruments, wearable electronic devices, implantable medical devices and even assistive biomedical devices. As a result, power requirements of these devices continuously increase to such a degree that currently used batteries can not meet. Recently the heat and mechanical energy available in human daily activities have received increasing attention by researchers as alternatives. This paper looks into the physical mechanisms, materials and devices involved in possible energy harvesting from human motion. Heat and mechanical energy available in human daily activities are summarized to give an overview of the potential of energy harvesting from human motion. In addition, different energy transducing principles are discussed. Moreover, various proposed or demonstrated energy harvesting prototypes related to human motion are reviewed and discussed with respect to their working principles, device structures, implementations and performances. Finally, trends, challenges, applications and future developments of energy harvesting from human motion are discussed.
Publisher Summary Data sheets are often the sole source of information about the capability and characteristics of a product. This chapter reviews the RF transistor and amplifier module parameters from maximum ratings to functional characteristics. The section is divided into five basic parts. The first part gives an overview of the D.C. specifications, power transistors, low power transistors, power modules, and linear modules. Comments are made in the chapter about critical specifications, value determination, and their significance. It presents a brief description of the procedures used to obtain impedance data and thermal data along with the elaboration of the importance of test circuits. Background information is provided in the chapter to help the reader understand low noise considerations and linearity requirements. World-class data sheets in the next few years will tend to provide more and more information about the characteristics of the RF device; information that will be directly applicable to the engineer in using the device.
This text describes the production of polycrystalline titanium dioxide layers by anodic spark deposition (ASD). These deposits show an interesting electrochemical and electrocatalytic behaviour. A reversible electrochemical transformation of the crystalline phases could be proved. Furthermore, the TiO2-layers were used as electrode material for the cathodic reduction of molecular oxygen. In this process, cyclic voltammetry was employed, and the reduction of oxygen was successfully examined in dependence on surface-determining parameters such as layer thickness and pH value.
Effects of quantum confinement, focusing on upconversion and downconversion photoluminescence and reverse saturable absorption, on MoS2 quantum dots produced by nanosecond UV laser ablations is not widely reported. The effect of wavelength and pulse energy of ablating laser on the size, colloidal stability, upconversion and downconversion photoluminescence and non-linear properties of MoS2 quantum dots (QDs) are reported here. MoS2 QDs are grown by pulsed laser ablation (PLA) from bulk MoS2 pellets in deionized (DI) water with UV (355 nm), visible (532 nm) and IR (1064 nm) laser beams from a nanosecond Nd-YAG laser source and ablation is repeated with varying pulse energy. The target MoS2 pellet prepared for ablation was sintered at 800 °C in nitrogen ambience for 8 h. Hexagonal structure of MoS2 pellet is confirmed by XRD and Raman spectroscopy before and after sintering. The exfoliated MoS2 QDs dispersion show appreciable photon upconversion (UPC) and down conversion (DC) photoluminescence (PL). The downconversion PL emission shows multiple peaks. QDs size is found to vary with the wavelength of the ablating laser beam. The mean particle size, measured by dynamic light scattering measurements and TEM analysis, is in the range of 2–30 nm. Absorbance measurement shows high energy peaks around 5.88 eV (211 nm) with shoulder peak at 3.79 eV (327 nm) corresponding to MoS2 QDs. MoS2 QDs dispersion show moderate dispersion stability as per zeta potential analysis. Raman analysis of spin coated few layer MoS2 QDs shows characteristic in-plane (E1 2g) and out-of-plane (A1g) vibrational modes of MoS2. Nonlinear optical studies of colloidal MoS2 show reverse saturable absorption (RSA) due to two photon absorption (TPA) process.
Pioneering approaches are needed to accelerate universal access to electricity while simultaneously transitioning to reliable, sustainable and affordable energy systems. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the challenges lie in attracting the private sector to complement public investments. Here, we present an integrated ‘low-hanging-fruit’ approach aimed at boosting private investment and speeding up the deployment of renewable energy systems in SSA. We analyse the potential of existing energy infrastructure, where a significant upfront investment has already been made, to be exploited for electricity generation. We develop a comprehensive methodology to identify and select suitable locations in SSA and estimate their potential for exploitation. These locations have been further analysed in terms of power capacity potential, electricity output, investments needed and population to be benefited. This strategy to attract additional finance can easily be reproduced, engaging private investors while simultaneously helping to achieve the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals on energy.
The oxygen reduction reaction, catalysed by platinum, is a crucial process in the operation of fuel cells, but the mechanistic pathways through which it occurs remain a matter for debate. Here, the authors use in situ Raman spectroscopy to identify key intermediates for this reaction at different atomically flat platinum surfaces, shedding light on the mechanism.
Equilibria between Al3+ and the polyelectrolyte polyacrylic acid (PAA) were studied in 0.1 M NaCl medium at 25 °C (M = mol dm−3). The measurements were performed as precise potentiometric titrations in which OH− was in most cases generated coulometrically. The total concentration of Al(III) and PAA varied within the limits 6.23 × 10−5–2.01 × 10−4 M and 7.20 × 10−4–1.12 × 10−3 M, resp., with a 4–18 fold excess of ligand. The value of − log{[H+]/mol dm−3} varied between 3 and 5–7, the upper limit set by drifting EMF potentials caused by the onset of a precipitation reaction. The constant capacitance model was utilized to model the experimental data. With the objective of finding a model as simple as possible that gives an acceptable fit to data, the two species AlPAA2+ and Al(OH)2PAA are postulated. The polyelectrolyte effect resulting in pH-dependent formation constants is demonstrated. Furthermore a comparison between the stability constant of the 1:1 complexes of Al3+ with acrylate− and PAA−, respectively, shows the logK value of the latter to be five units higher and is ascribed to particular properties of the polyelectrolyte.
In this work, derivatives of thiophene and pyrrole where the two electropolymerizable units are linked with the phenyl derivatives have been studied. First, the monomers were studied to elucidate their polymerization mode. Even with extended conjugated structures, the oxidized monomer remains reactive enough to lead to polymerization and, irrespective of the monomer chosen, reticulated structures are always obtained. In such materials, the conducting chains (polypyrrole, or regioregular poly(pyrrole/bithiophene)) are connected through conjugated spacers. Secondly, the polymers in their oxidized and reduced state were characterized by IR spectroscopy. Results show that the electronic interactions between the chains and the conjugated spacers are modulated by the oxidation state of the polymer. These results suggest that such conjugated spacers can be used to promote interchain electronic connections in conducting polymers.
A high-fidelity two-dimensional axial symmetrical multi-physics model is described in this paper as an effort to simulate the cycle performance of a recently discovered solid oxide metal-air redox battery (SOMARB). The model collectively considers mass transport, charge transfer and chemical redox cycle kinetics occurring across the components of the battery, and is validated by experimental data obtained from independent research. In particular, the redox kinetics at the energy storage unit is well represented by Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov (JMAK) and Shrinking Core models. The results explicitly show that the reduction of Fe3O4 during the charging cycle limits the overall performance. Distributions of electrode potential, overpotential, Nernst potential, and H2/H2O-concentration across various components of the battery are also systematically investigated.