batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The corrosion performance of two crystalline Co–Ni–Pr and Co–Ni–Er alloys (Pr5.5Co58Ni36.5 and Er6.5Co57.5Ni36) in an alkaline solution, like the one used in water electrolysis, was studied and compared with that of a commercially employed binary Co–Ni alloy (Co57Ni43) in order to assess the influence of rare earth elements on its corrosion behaviour. Light electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and quantitative electron probe microanalysis were used to characterize the samples prior to the electrochemical tests. The experiments were carried out in 1M KOH solution at 298K. Potentiodynamic polarization curves and potentiostatic current decay transients revealed that Co–Ni–R alloys significantly improved resistance to corrosion compared with Co–Ni alloys, in spite of their two-phase microstructure, as a direct consequence of the presence of the praseodymium and erbium rare earth metals in the anodic layer formation.
Background Increased prevalence of motor and visual problems has been reported in low birth weight populations, but the association between them is less studied. Aim To examine how visual impairments may be associated with the increased risk of motor problems in low birth weight adolescents. Methods Fifty-one very low birth weight adolescents (VLBW), 56 term small for gestational age (SGA) and 75 term control adolescents, without cerebral palsy, were examined at the age of 14. Motor skills were examined by the Movement Assessment Battery for Children. Visual functions included visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, nystagmus, strabismus, stereoacuity, accommodation, convergence and visual perception (Visual-Motor Integration test). An abnormality score was calculated as the sum of visual impairments. We used odds ratio as an estimate of the relative risk of having motor problems. Results The odds of having motor problems were 10.4 (95% CI: 2.2–49.4) in the VLBW group and 5.1 (95% CI: 1.0–25.8) in the SGA group compared with the control group. The odds of having motor problems in the VLBW group were influenced by all visual variables, and most by visual acuity, when we adjusted for these separately. The greatest reduction in OR was found when adjusting for the abnormality score (adjusted OR: 6.8; 95% CI: 1.3–34.5). In the SGA group the odds of having motor problems were relatively unaffected by the visual variables and the abnormality score. Conclusions Visual impairments influence motor problems in VLBW adolescents, whereas motor problems in SGA adolescents seem to be unaffected by visual impairments.
An open cooling system based on metal hydrides is a promising new technology to reutilize the compression work in a hydrogen pressure tank by generating heat or cold. Our first of its kind system consists of two alternately operating plate reactors, which are filled with around 1.5 kg of Hydralloy C2 ( T i 0.98 Z r 0.02 V 0.41 F e 0.09 C r 0.05 M n 1.46 ) and coupled to a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. In the present study, an extensive performance investigation for a variation of the main influencing parameters is performed: The electrical fuel cell power and the operating temperatures. Overall, it can be observed that in the entire range of various operating conditions, the fuel cell operation is not affected by the alternately operating H2 desorbing reactors. The variation of the electrical fuel cell power between 1.8 and 7.9 kW results in a maximum average cooling power of 807 W at an electrical power of 7 kW, reaching a specific cooling power of 276 W k g M H - 1 . The systems performance decreases with rising ambient temperatures (varied in the range: 24.3–42.3 °C) and decreasing cooling temperatures (varied in the range: 13–25.4 °C) due to increased thermal losses and reduced half-cycle times. Concluding the parameter variations, optimization recommendations are given and the expected performance for an improved system design is derived.
Propylene carbonate organogel containing LiClO4 was formed in the presence of gelator bis-(4-stearoylaminophenyl) methane (BSAPM). The electrochemical behavior and diffusion of ferrocene (Fc) and ferricenium (Fc+) entrapped within the organogel was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The Fc molecules still show redox activity within the organogels in comparison with corresponding solutions of propylene carbonate containing LiClO4. The shape of the cyclic voltammograms of the Fc electrooxidation in organogel was similar to that in corresponding solutions. The results indicated that redox reactions of Fc/Fc+ were a quasi-reversible process of diffusion-controlled single electron transfer in organogels. The diffusion coefficients of Fc and Fc+ in organogels decreased with an increase of the concentration of gelator BSAPM, but increased with an increase of temperature. The temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient in organogels followed classical Arrhenius equation. The activation energy in organogels was found of no difference from that in corresponding solutions.
This paper deals with new tin-based composite β-Sn/(CaSiO3)0.4 negative electrode materials for Li-ion batteries. The nature of the oxide matrix and of dispersed tin particles has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and Mössbauer spectroscopy by both transmission (TMS) and backscattering (CEMS) mode for bulk and interface characterizations. The electrochemical behaviour of the composite has been studied during Li-reaction processes. Electrochemical investigation and Mössbauer data analyses suggest the formation of Li7Sn2 during Li reaction. The reversible mechanism is based on cycling between β-Sn and Li7Sn2. An interface composed of CaSnIVSiO5 and a SnII species between tin particles dispersed in the CaSiO3 matrix is responsible of the irreversible capacity observed in this composite during the first discharge.
Identifying accident precursors using real-time identity information has great potential to improve safety performance in construction industry, which is still suffering from day to day records of accident fatality and injury. Based on the requirements analysis for identifying precursor and the discussion of enabling technology solutions for acquiring and sharing real-time automatic identification information on construction site, this paper proposes an identification system design for proactive accident prevention to improve construction site safety. Firstly, a case study is conducted to analyze the automatic identification requirements for identifying accident precursors in construction site. Results show that it mainly consists of three aspects, namely access control, training and inspection information and operation authority. The system is then designed to fulfill these requirements based on ZigBee enabled wireless sensor network (WSN), radio frequency identification (RFID) technology and an integrated ZigBee RFID sensor network structure. At the same time, an information database is also designed and implemented, which includes 15 tables, 54 queries and several reports and forms. In the end, a demonstration system based on the proposed system design is developed as a proof of concept prototype. The contributions of this study include the requirement analysis and technical design of a real-time identity information tracking solution for proactive accident prevention on construction sites. The technical solution proposed in this paper has a significant importance in improving safety performance on construction sites. Moreover, this study can serve as a reference design for future system integrations where more functions, such as environment monitoring and location tracking, can be added.
Li-rich Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 cathode material is synthesized via a sol-gel method and subsequently surface-modified with ZnO layer by a wet chemical process. The effect of ZnO-coating on the electrochemical performances of Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2@ZnO cells is investigated systematically by the charge/discharge testing, cyclic voltammograms and AC impedance spectroscopy, respectively. In comparison with the bare Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2, Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2@ZnO demonstrates higher rate capability and better cyclability. Analysis from the electrochemical measurements reveals that the remarkably improved performances of the surface-modified composites is mainly ascribed to the smaller charge-transfer resistances, higher lithium diffusion rate and the stable electrolyte/electrode interfacial structure due to the suppression of the electrolyte decomposition. Furthermore, it is interesting that the electrochemical performances of Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2@ZnO might be related with the conductivity and oxygen vacancies of ZnO, which could be modulated via changing defects in ZnO by thermal annealing.
The ultra-low voltage anode, Na2Ti3O7 (NTO) of high specific capacity (177 mAh/g) suffers from low intrinsic electronic conductivity, leading to poor electrochemical performance. Herein, we report the synthesis of carbon-coated Na2Ti3O7 (NTO/C) from indigenously prepared TiO2; where a low-cost organic precursor, resorcinol is used as a carbon source for the first time. Resorcinol derived carbon is beneficial in two ways: (1) increase in electronic conductivity; and (2) promote sodium ion intercalation being electrochemically active. The structural and morphological characterizations are conducted by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques, which confirm the formation of phase pure NTO/C with cuboid-shaped morphology. The carbon coating along with cuboid type morphology together show improved electrochemical performance due to the increase in electronic conductivity and sodium ion diffusivity. The NTO/C shows higher reversible charge capacity of 213 (± 5) mAh/g with 48% capacity retention against 178 (± 5) mAh/g with 24% capacity retention for pristine NTO after 40 cycles. Excellent rate capability is seen for NTO/C; where it shows a stable capacity of 70 (± 5) mAh/g at 2.0 C-rate. The novelty of this present work involves large scale synthesis of carbon-coated Na2Ti3O7 from indigenously prepared TiO2 and low-cost resorcinol as a source of carbon with improved electrochemical performance, which can be used as promising intercalation based anode material for sodium-ion batteries.
For microgrids with high penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) and electric vehicles (EVs), the stochastic charging/discharging of the EVs would result in a large impact on the secure and stable operation of the microgrids. Therefore, the coordinated control between EVs and RESs becomes an important challenge for keeping the microgrid stable. In this paper, a coordinated sectional droop charging control (CSDCC) strategy is proposed for an EV aggregator that participates in the frequency regulation of the microgrids with high penetration RESs. All EVs are controlled as grid-friendly loads, and the CSDCC strategy operates as a virtual synchronous generator by only controlling the charging power of the EVs. Because the discharging of an EV is not required, the CSDCC strategy has no detrimental effects on the EV battery life. The inertia damping characteristic of a synchronous generator is modelled as a virtual inertia factor, which can eliminate charging power vibration, and can improve the system inertia. Finally, the validity of the proposed strategy in enhancing frequency regulation is verified by demonstrating a set of comparative cases.
Fe–P alloys with high phosphorous content have been targeted as promising anode materials because of their high theoretical capacity. However, the synthesis and cycling performance remain great challenges. Hereby FeP y (3 ≤ y ≤ 4) nanoparticles are facilely synthesized through a dry mechanochemical method by reacting iron and red phosphorus powders in an inert atmosphere. The morphology and crystal structure of this material are characterized by SEM and XRD, respectively, while the electrochemical performance is evaluated by a number of different techniques. The 1st and 2nd discharge capacity of FeP y reaches 1984 mAh g−1 and 1486 mAh g−1, respectively, and after 10 cycles at 0.03 mA cm−2 (20 mA g−1, 0.03C), the capacity remains 1089 mAh g−1 with a coulombic efficiency of 97%, much higher than the reported results to date. The cyclability of this material becomes fairly better at a higher current density, but the specific capacity is lower compared to that of the smaller current density. By adding fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) to the electrolyte, the cycling performance of this material was improved. The EIS analysis has also been performed in order to better understand the capacity fade mechanism of FeP y .
A simple method for the synthesis of LiNi1−y Co y O2 with y=0.2–0.3 is developed based on the solid state reaction between LiOH and a mixed oxide precursor, Ni1−y Co y O2, with a high dispersity and a homogeneous distribution of Ni and Co. The precursor is obtained by ordinary processes, comprising dissolution, evaporation drying and thermal decomposition, avoiding the recently reported sophisticated operations and complex equipment, which makes it viable for industrial application. The reproducible good values of the XRD criterial parameters a ̄ , c ̄ , c ̄ / a ̄ and V h lend evidence for a high stoichiometry and low cation disorder of the samples. The VA-grams of the samples with y above 0.15 reveal that the numerous phase transitions of the LiNiO2 base are reduced to only one, whereby the cycling stability of the cathode material is considerably enhanced. The discharged capacity of the cathodes with y from 0.2 to 0.30 and with a loading from 15 to 21mg/cm2 cycled at the C/2 rate (1.2–1.7mA/cm2) between 4.30 and 2.80V varies from 190 to 176mAh/g at the 10th cycle and reaches 160–165mAh/g at the 60th cycle.
To evaluate whether planar 123I-MIBG myocardial scintigraphy predicts risk of death in heart failure (HF) patients up to 5 years after imaging.
Thermal fragility of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a major source of performance decay in graphite anodes, and efforts to overcome the issues offered by extreme environments to Li-ion batteries have had limited success. Here, we demonstrate that the SEI can be extensively reinforced by carrying the formation cycles at elevated temperatures. Under these conditions, decomposition of the ionic liquid present in the electrolyte favored the formation of a thicker and more protective layer. Cells in which the solid electrolyte interphase was cast at 90 °C were significantly less prone to self-discharge when exposed to high temperature, with no obvious damages to the formed SEI. This additional resilience was accomplished at the expense of rate capability, as charge transfer became growingly inefficient in these systems. At slower rates, however, cells that underwent SEI formation at 90 °C presented superior performances, as a result of improved Li+ transport through the SEI, and optimal wetting of graphite by the electrolyte. This work analyzes different graphite hosts and ionic liquids, showing that this effect is more pervasive than anticipated, and offering the unique perspective that, for certain systems, temperature can actually be an asset for passivation.
Developing scalable, simple and low-cost synthesis approach for Si nanoparticles and fabricating Si/carbon composites with specific microstructure to improve the Li storage ability are of great significance for practical application of Si-based Li-ion battery anode. In this report, we employed a facile method to synthesize Si nanoparticles via acid-etching Al-Si alloy powder. The etching process was fully investigated. The as-synthesized Si nanoparticles (⿼10nm) were further embedded into graphene sheets to form a flexible, free-standing paper with ⿿sandwich-like⿿ structure. The Si/graphene paper was directly applied as anode for Li-ion batteries without adding any binder and conductive additive. The graphene sheets not only increase the conductivity of Si material, but also function as a flexible scaffold for strains/stresses release and volume expansion during charge/discharge cycling process, resulting in much higher cycling stability (1500mAhg⿿1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 100mAg⿿1 with Coulombic efficiency >99%) compared to the native Si nanoparticles. It provides a scalable Si nanoparticles synthesis approach and a promising high-performance Si/graphene anode material.
Toward the realization of reliable Li-ion batteries with high performance and safety, component materials such as those of the current collector and negative electrode require further innovation. Sn, one of the most promising negative-electrode materials, can be electrochemically fixed on a substrate without any binder or conductive additive. However, the pulverization of Sn-plated films on substrates caused by large volume changes during Li–Sn reactions is the main reason hindering the practical application of Sn-plated electrodes. In the present study, we developed an electrodeposited three-dimensional (3D) Cu substrate applied to underlayer of the electrode. The effect of substrate geometry on the charge–discharge performance of the Sn electrode was investigated. The 3D-Cu/Sn electrode exhibited superior cycling performance with a reversible capacity of 470 mA h g−1 even at the 300th cycle, whereas the Sn-plated electrode prepared on a typical flat Cu substrate showed a capacity of only 20 mA h g−1. The results demonstrated that the 3D structure played a key role in accommodating volumetric changes in the Sn to suppress electrode disintegration. The developed 3D-Cu substrate will be significantly useful as a current collector for alloy-based active materials.
Non-aqueous redox flow batteries (naRFBs) are promising candidates as high-capacity energy storage devices. Although the wide redox windows associated with the organic solvents used in naRFBs are useful to realize high open circuit voltages, the low solubilities of electrolytes often minimize the energy densities. Strategies have emerged to increase the concentration of active materials employed in naRFBs; however, the dilute conditions typically associated with chronoamperometry and voltammetric experiments are orders of magnitude lower than those found in a working RFB. The electrochemical behavior of non-aqueous electrolytes may differ at high concentrations due to changes in solvation structure, aggregation, solution resistance, and mass transport, which in turn affect the overall cell performance. Accordingly, we studied a series of naRFB systems using ferrocene/TEMPO as a posolyte, and cobaltocenium hexafluorophosphate/N-methylphthalimide as a negolyte, to investigate the effect of concentration on charge-discharge profiles. Cycling studies were performed with four combinations of the above-mentioned catholyte and anolyte materials. Concentration regimes were explored ranging from 10 mM to 1 M depending on the maximum solubility of a given active species. The results indicate that cycling behaviors are concentration dependent. Coulombic efficiencies and voltage efficiencies are calculated for each system. In addition, it was observed that the specific combination of catholyte/anolyte also affects the charge-discharge profiles and that membrane crossover and fouling is a major contributor to performance losses.
This paper concerns energy performance of ETFE (ethylene tetrafluoroethylene) cushion roof integrated photovoltaic/thermal system (CIPV/T system). An experimental set-up composed of a three-layer ETFE cushion roof and amorphous silicon photovoltaic panels (a-Si PV) has been developed to investigate system energy performance. A series of tests from 10:00a.m. to 5:00p.m. were successfully carried out within ambient temperature of around 9°C and 39°C in December 2014 and August 2015, respectively. On the whole, experimental results show that this system operated smoothly and steadily. In this study, typical weather conditions ranging from low solar irradiance in winter to strong solar irradiance in summer were selected to investigate system energy performance, including solar energy utilization and structural parameters of ETFE cushion roof. Solar energy utilization could be evaluated by electricity and temperature which represent photovoltaic and thermal performance, respectively. It is found that average total and net electricity were 54.5Wh and 42.9Wh, indicating that this integration ensures the CIPVT system to be independent on external electricity. Meanwhile, measured air temperature inside ETFE cushion roof was 31.2–67.8°C and it was 16.8–31.0°C higher than ambient air temperature, showing an attractive potential in collecting thermal energy. Moreover, virtual system efficiency in terms of electricity and thermal energy was 25.5% based on average experimental results and an approximate method. This reasonable system efficiency is due to annealing effects of a-Si PV under high temperature conditions. For temperature distribution of ETFE cushion roof, temperatures on top-layer and bottom-layer ETFE foils were significantly lower than that on middle-layer ETFE foil, resulting in less temperature effects on structural behavior of ETFE cushion roof. This study could provide useful observations and explanations for evaluating energy performance of the CIPVT system concerning solar energy utilization.
ABSTRACT The “Norit DLC Supra 30” commercial activated carbon material (NS commercial ACM) has been investigated as a polarized electrode for a hybrid supercapacitor (HS) in aqueous ZnI2 solution. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy have shown that there is considerable increase in response of iodine atoms of the electrochemically adsorbed material as compared to that of the initial material. Thermodynamic functions of the process of the Cx*I formation have been determined; they indicate that the entropy-related contribution to Gibbs free energy dominates there. The drawn theoretical Langmuir isotherm and capacity-voltage characteristic were compared with corresponding experimental ones. One-electron transfers of the process of iodine electrosorption and the reversibility of this process have been experimentally shown. The obtained experimental value of the specific pseudocapacitive discharge (Cf) is equal to 7376Fg−1 at the efficiency of the cycle of 93 %. Practical discharge has the following parameters: specific power (P) is 2.28Wg−1, specific energy (W) is 1426Jg−1, specific capacity (C) is 1254Cg−1. The obtained practical values of specific energy and capacity are equal to 82 % and 87 % of the theoretical values respectively.
The disadvantage in producing the past tense of regular relative to irregular verbs shown by some patients with non-fluent aphasia has been alternatively attributed (a) to the failure of a specific rule-based morphological mechanism, or (b) to a more generalised phonological impairment that penalises regular verbs more than irregular owing to the on-average greater phonological complexity of regular past-tense forms. Guided by the second of these two accounts, the current study was designed to identify more specific aspects of phonological deficit that might be associated with the pattern of irregular>regular past-tense production. Non-fluent aphasic patients (N =8) were tested on past-tense verb production tasks and assessed with regard to the impact of three main manipulations in other word-production tasks: (i) insertion of a delay between stimulus and response in repetition; (ii) presence/number of consonant clusters in a target word in repetition; (iii) position of stress within a bi-syllabic word in repetition and picture naming. The performance of all patients deteriorated in delayed repetition; but the patients with the largest discrepancy between regular and irregular past-tense production showed greater sensitivity to the other two manipulations. The phonological nature of the factors that correlated with verb-inflection performance emphasises the role of a phonological deficit in the observed pattern of irregular>regular.