batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Objective To assess psychometric properties of the improved Work Disability Functional Assessment Battery (WD-FAB 2.0). Design Longitudinal study. Setting Community. Participants Three samples of working-age (21-66) adults (N=1006): (1) unable to work because of a physical condition (n=375); (2) unable to work because of a mental health condition (n=296); (3) general United States working age sample (n=335). Intervention NA. Main Outcome Measures All samples completed the WD-FAB 2.0; the second administration came 5 days after the first. Construct validity was examined by convergent and divergent correlational analysis using legacy measures. Test-retest reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC3,1). Standard error of the mean (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC90) were calculated to measure scale precision and sensitivity. Results Physical function ICCs ranged from 0.69 to 0.77 in the general sample, and 0.66 to 0.86 in the disability sample. Mental health function scales ICCs ranged from 0.62 to 0.73 in the general sample, and 0.74 to 0.76 in the disability sample. SEMs for all scales indicated good discrimination; those for the physical function scales were generally lower than those for the mental health scales. MDC90 values ranged from 3.41 to 10.55. Correlations between all WD-FAB 2.0 scales and legacy measures were in the expected direction. Conclusions The study provides substantial support for the reliability and construct validity of the WD-FAB 2.0 among 3 diverse samples. Although initially developed for use within the Social Security Administration (SSA), these results suggest that the WD-FAB 2.0 could be used for assessment and measurement of work-related physical and mental health function in other contexts as well.
This study presents an evaluation of structural changes resulting from cycling modified copper/nickel LiMn2O4 spinels at 263K. In situ synchrotron XRD shows that cycling LiMn2O4 at 263K resulted in the formation of mixed cubic and tetragonal phases with a consequent lower capacity. The differential capacitance profile normally exhibiting two peaks at 298K is modified, showing only one oxidation peak at 263K in the 4V region. The changes observed are attributed to interactions between Jahn–Teller active Mn3+ species and Li+ ions. These changes are not observed once copper/nickel modified spinels are being evaluated, because of the decrease in Mn3+ population. All the observed changes are fully reversible once the material is cycled back at 298K.
In order to increase the recovery and utilization efficiency of regenerative braking energy, this paper explores the energy transfer and distribution strategy of hybrid energy storage system with battery and ultracapacitor. The detailed loss and recovery of energy flow path are analyzed based on the driving/regenerative process of dual supply electric vehicle. Considering the charge-discharge loss of ultracapacitor and battery as well as DC/DC converter loss, a distribution strategy of comprehensive efficiency optimum is proposed for power allocation to maximize energy recovery and utilization efficiency. The quantitative formulas suitable for HESS are deduced to evaluate the regenerative energy recovery rate. Through comparing different power allocation strategies and regenerative braking strategies, it is verified that the proposed allocation strategy can improve the comprehensive energy utilization efficiency of energy storage system.
Non-destructive testing is essential in the inspection of alteration, repair and new construction in construction industry. Researchers are exploring the performance of non-destructive testing method using spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) in concrete structures. The method consists of the generation, measurement and processing of dispersive surface waves. In SASW test, the surface of the media under consideration is subject to an impact using, for example, a 12-mm steel ball, to generate surface wave energy at various frequencies. Two vertical accelerometer receivers detect the energy transmitted through the testing media. By recording signals in digitized form using a data acquisition system and processing them, surface wave velocity can be obtained using a dispersion curve. This study is to focus on understanding of the applicability and limitations of the SASW method in a high strength concrete. This study is also to characterize the material property of early age high strength concrete emphasizing compressive strength using non-destructive testing methods. Three high strength concrete slabs of 600, 850 and 1100kg/cm2 compressive strengths were prepared together with cylinders from same batches. Cylinder tests were performed at the ages of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after pouring concrete. Using the impact-echo method, the compression wave velocities were obtained based on different high strength concrete ages and compressive strengths. The equation to obtain the compressive strengths of high strength concrete has been developed using the obtained compression wave velocities (f′c=1.083V p−3816.1143). Using the method, the equation has also been developed to obtain the compressive strengths of high strength concrete based on the surface wave velocities (f′c=0.253V p+16.271). This study can be utilized in examining structural elements of high strength concrete structures and be applied in the integrity analysis of high strength concrete structures with a finite thickness.
Objectives To use physical and anthropometric parameters to predict playing status in junior Australian Football. Design Cross-sectional observational. Methods Participants were recruited from the under 18 competition within the West Australian Football League and classified into two groups; elite (state representative; n =50; 17.9±0.5 y; 184.8±6.9cm; 80.6±9.4kg) and sub-elite (non-state representative; n =50; 17.8±0.6y; 179.8±5.4cm; 74.4±7.9kg). Both groups completed physical/anthropometric tests inclusive of a 5m, 10m and 20m sprint, an agility test, stationary vertical jump, dynamic dominant and non-dominant foot vertical jump, 20m multistage fitness test, standing height and body mass. A multivariate analysis of variance was used to test the main effect of ‘status’ on the physical/anthropometric parameters, whilst logistic regression models were used to predict playing status using the physical/anthropometric parameters. Results On average, the elite group were taller, heavier, had a greater stationary vertical jump, dynamic dominant and non-dominant foot vertical jump and higher maximal aerobic capacity as measured by the multistage fitness test (p <0.05). The combination of standing height, dynamic vertical jump non-dominant foot and the 20m multistage fitness test were the strongest predictors of status (Akaike's Information Criterion=96.35). Conclusions Despite mean differences in a number of parameters, the combination of standing height, dynamic vertical jump non-dominant foot and the multistage fitness test were the strongest predictors of status and thus important tests for initially identifying potential talent in junior Australian Football.
This paper is particularly concerned with the elementary reactions and transport processes that are responsible for Li-ion battery performance. The model generally follows the widely practiced approach developed by Newman and co-workers (e.g., Doyle et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 140 (1993) 1526 [1]). However, there are significant departures, especially in modeling electrochemical charge transfer. The present approach introduces systems of microscopically reversible reactions, including both heterogeneous thermal reactions and electrochemical charge-transfer reactions. All reaction rates are evaluated in elementary form, providing a powerful alternative to a Butler–Volmer formalism for the charge-transfer reactions. The paper is particularly concerned with the influence of non-ideal thermodynamics for evaluating reversible potentials as well as charge-transfer rates. The theory and modeling approach establishes a framework for extending chemistry models to incorporate detailed reaction mechanisms that represent multiple competitive reaction pathways.
Thin film batteries based on solid electrolytes having a garnet-structure like Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) are considered as one option for safer batteries with increased power density. In this work we show the deposition of Ta- and Al-substituted LLZ thin films on stainless steel substrates by r.f. magnetron sputtering. The thin films were characterized by XRD, SEM and time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to determine crystal structure, morphology and element distribution. The substrate temperature was identified to be one important parameter for the formation of cubic garnet-structured LLZ thin films. LLZ formation starts at around 650 °C. Single phase cubic thin films were obtained at substrate temperatures of 700 °C and higher. At these temperatures an interlayer is formed. Combination of SEM, ToF-SIMS and XRD indicated that this layer consists of γ-LiAlO2. The combined total ionic conductivity of the γ-LiAlO2 interlayer and the LLZ thin film (perpendicular to the plane) was determined to be 2.0 × 10−9 S cm−1 for the sample deposited at 700 °C. In-plane measurements showed a room temperature conductivity of 1.2 × 10−4 S cm−1 with an activation energy of 0.47 eV for the LLZ thin film.
BaTiO3/TiO2 heterostructure nanotube arrays were fabricated by in situ hydrothermal method using TiO2 nanotubes as both template and reactant. The BaTiO3/TiO2 heterostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Compared with pure TiO2 nanotube arrays, the BaTiO3/TiO2 heterostructures exhibited enhanced photocurrent under UV light irradiation. The electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) showed that the impedance arc radius of BaTiO3/TiO2 heterostructures was much smaller, indicating an improved charge carrier separation ability was achieved. In addition, the BaTiO3/TiO2 heterostructure nanotube arrays displayed a higher photocatalytic activity for methylene blue degradation.
Silicon carbide (SiC) has emerged as an enabling material for biomedical microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS) due to its unique combination of electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties combined with its compatibility with Si micromachining techniques. This chapter reviews the development of SiC as a key structural material in bioMEMS-based devices. The chapter includes a short introductory tutorial on MEMS-based micromachining techniques as background for the benefit of readers not familiar with MEMS fabrication in general and/or SiC MEMS in specific. Also included is a review of bio-relevant SiC nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) that, while still in its infancy, is proving to be among the best material for NEMS devices.
Potatoes starch (PS), a natural polymer obtainable from non-edible sources, is for the first time evaluated as alternative water-processable binder for Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) electrodes. Morphological and electrochemical properties of activated carbon (AC)-based electrodes are investigated and compared to those achieved with the state-of-the-art aqueous binder (CMC, i.e. Na-carboxymethyl cellulose). The obtained results suggest substantial benefits of PS, in particular regarding the electrode fabrication process. As a matter of fact, owing to its amylopectin content (moderately branched polysaccharide), PS displays only minimal shrinkage upon drying, resulting on rather homogeneous electrodes not presenting the dramatic surface cracking observed with CMC. Furthermore, owing to the smaller volume of water required for the processing, much higher active material loading per area unit can be achieved. This is reflected on improvements of up to 60% in terms of areal capacitance.
A (Fe2.5Ti0.5)1.04O4–graphene nanocomposite was prepared by using a gas/liquid interfacial synthesis approach. The as-prepared nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The transmission electron microscopy characterization results indicate that (Fe2.5Ti0.5)1.04O4 nanoparticles were successfully deposited onto the surfaces of graphene sheets during the gas/liquid interfacial reaction process. The electrochemical performances were evaluated by using coin-type cells versus metallic lithium. The (Fe2.5Ti0.5)1.04O4–graphene nanocomposite exhibited a high reversible specific capacity of 1048mAhg−1 after 60 cycles at a specific current of 300mAg−1 and good rate capability, even at a high specific current of 2000mAg−1, the reversible specific capacity was still as high as 480mAhg−1. Most importantly of all, the (Fe2.5Ti0.5)1.04O4–graphene nanocomposite also showed excellent cyclic stability (1113mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at the specific current of 300mAg−1). These results indicate that the (Fe2.5Ti0.5)1.04O4–graphene nanocomposite is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
Ni(OH)2/AC/CNT composite has been prepared via a green rapid microwave assisted method in an ethylene glycol medium. Scanning electron microscopy images show that Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles, activated carbon spheres and nanotubes constructed a three-dimensional (3-D) connected network, which lead to a high specific capacitance 1038Fg−1 at current density of 1Ag−1. Based on Ni(OH)2/AC/CNT composite as positive electrode material and activated carbon as negative electrode material, an asymmetric supercapacitor of AC//Ni(OH)2/AC/CNT was fabricated. The unit supercapacitor demonstrates excellent electrochemical performances using non-woven fabric as separator and 6M KOH as electrolyte within 1.6V operation window. The maximum specific capacitance of 82.1Fg−1 is achieved at 0.5Ag−1 and the energy density can reach up to 32.3Whkg−1 at power density of 504.8Wkg−1. Furthermore, 83.5% capacitance retention is obtained after 1000 charge-discharge cycles. These results indicate that the AC//Ni(OH)2/AC/CNT supercapacitor is promising to be applied in a practical device for energy storage devices.
Purpose The pattern of executive dysfunction reported in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) resembles that of patients with cluster B personality disorders. This study examined whether executive dysfunction and maladaptive behavior reported in patients with JME are related. Method Sixty patients with drug-refractory JME were administered tests of intellect, memory, and executive dysfunction. Anxiety, depression, personality traits, impact of epilepsy, and perceived cognitive effects of antiepileptic drugs were measured. Results Half of the cohort exhibited moderate to severe anxiety symptoms. The patients performed most poorly on naming ability and inhibition switching. Duration of epilepsy exacerbated poor performance on inhibition switching. Females presented with pathological scores for neurotic and introvert traits and males for introvert traits. Abnormal personality traits and psychiatric disorders were associated with worse intellectual and executive functioning. People with extreme Eysenck Personality Scale — Brief Version (EPQ-BV) scores demonstrated the greatest level of executive impairment. Furthermore, the same degree of dysfunction was not seen in any individual with unremarkable EPQ-BV scores. Conclusion This study indicates that specific patterns of executive dysfunction are related to maladaptive behavior in JME. Distinct behavioral patterns may be used to identify functional and anatomical differences between people with JME and for stratification to enable gene discovery.
The term “psychological well-being” is used in reference to husbandry with animals in human care settings such as research, agriculture, and zoos. This article seeks to clarify and conceptualize the term based upon two approaches that draw from several bodies of literature: the experimental analysis of behavior, experimental psychology, animal welfare and husbandry, farm animal behavior, zoo husbandry, and ethology. One approach focuses on the presence of problem behavior such as stereotypies, depressive-like behavior, and aggression, and emphasizes the conditions under which aberrant behavior in animals under human care occurs. The second approach examines what might be considered wellness by emphasizing opportunities to engage with its environment, or the absence of such opportunities, even if problematic behavior is not exhibited. Here, access to an interactive environment is relatively limited so opportunities for operant (voluntary) behavior could be considered. Designing for operant behavior provides opportunities for variability in both behavior and outcomes. Operant behavior also provides control over the environment, a characteristic that has been a core assumption of well-being. The importance of interactions with one’s environment is especially evident in observations that animals prefer opportunities to work for items necessary for sustenance, such as food, over having them delivered freely. These considerations raise the importance of operant behavior to psychological well-being, especially as benefits to animals under human care.
Uniform α-Fe2O3 submicron-sized flowers have been synthesized by a simple hydrothermal process conducted at 160°C for 24h. The crystalline structure and morphology of the as-synthesized powder have been characterized by using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results revealed that the highly crystalline α-Fe2O3 submicro-flowers were composed of nanospheres with an average size of 20–30nm. The electrochemical performance as anode material for lithium-ion batteries was further evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and by electrochemical impedance and charge–discharge measurements. It was demonstrated that the material could provide an initial reversible capacity of 959.6mAh/g at a current density of 20mA/g over the voltage range from 0.01 to 3.0V. The capacity retention upon the 50th cycle was 44.4 and 35.9% at 60 and 100mA/g, respectively. The superior electrochemical performance may be resulted from the high surface area and the small and uniform grain size.
A series of novel electrolytes based on the terpolymer host, poly(epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene oxide-co-allyl glycidyl ether) with lithium perchlorate and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide have been prepared and characterized by conductivity measurements, cyclic voltammetry at a gold microelectrode and thermal analysis. Electrolyte compositions, represented as p(EEO-AGE)LiX(wt%), were produced with lithium salt compositions between 0.5 and 53wt% (where wt% indicates amount of lithium salt present in the epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene oxide-co-allyl glycidyl host matrix). The guest salt and host polymer were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and cast to produce thin, free-standing electrolyte films. The p(EEO-AGE)LiX(wt%) (X=ClO4 and TFSI) electrolytes showed encouraging levels of ionic conductivity and acceptable thermal stability. Electrolytes based on this host polymer were obtained as completely amorphous films with good mechanical properties.
In this study, soluble lead/methanesulfonic acid flow cells comprising a 3-D honeycomb-shaped positive electrode sandwiched between two planar negative electrodes are tested under galvanostatic cycling. Two types of materials are used for the honeycomb: homemade vitreous carbon/carbon composite and graphite. The cells comprising the C/C composite substrate shows a poor cyclability with coulombic and energy efficiencies below 80% and 50%, respectively, as well as a very limited lifetime. After a few tens of cycles, the cells cannot be discharged any longer due to the emergence of overvoltages associated with the passivation of the positive electrode in the discharged states. Using the graphite-based electrode, the cyclability is considerably improved: efficiencies of 95% in charge and 75% in energy are obtained, a hundred of cycles can be achieved and no passivation is observed. The cycle life of the cell is, however, limited by lead dendrite-like formation at the negative plates. Finally, this study shows that the incorporation of fluoride ions into the electrolyte improves greatly the adhesion of PbO2 on the positive electrode surface upon cycling.
Three-dimensional (3D) interwoven nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs)/CoxNi1-x-layered double hydroxides (CoxNi1-x-LDHs) ultrathin nanosheets on Ni foam have been rationally designed via the combination of chemical vapor deposition and electrochemical deposition approaches. The CoxNi1-x-LDHs nanosheets are uniformly distributed on the N-CNTs, which can not only serve as the stable frame to improve the specific surface area, but also can enhance the conductivity. The Ni foam/N-CNTs/Co0.5Ni0.5-LDHs nanosheets electrode displays a remarkable maximum capacitance (2170Fg−1 at 1Ag−1 and 1.62Fcm−2 at 1mAcm−2), excellent rate capability (80.9% specific capacitance retention at 20Ag−1 and 75.8% areal capacitance retention at 30mAcm−2) and good cycling stability. First-principles calculations further reveal that the Co doping can effectively reduce the band gap of Ni(OH)2 and increase the conductivity. This work demonstrates a facile synthesis strategy of 3D hierarchical Ni foam/N-CNTs/CoxNi1-x-LDHs nanosheets electrode with remarkable electrochemical properties, which can be used in energy storage and conversion.
Decreasing particle size ensures a good accessibility for LiFePO4 to reach theoretical capacity and achieve high cycling rates owing to the improved Li-ion diffusion coefficient. In this paper, the size of LiFePO4 particle is successfully controlled hydrothermally through adjusting the size and morphology of its precursor precipitate via high shear mixer (HSM) without involving any environmentally toxic surfactants. It is indicated that the LiFePO4/C particles synthesized by HSM at the stirring rate of 1.3×104 rpm exhibit a reduced particle size of ∼220nm and an enlarged surface area of 15.6m2·g−1, which perform a high Li-ions diffusion coefficient of 1.43×10−13 cm2·s−1. The LiFePO4/C nanoparticles exhibit large discharge capacity of 160.1mAh·g−1 at 0.1C and even high rate capacity of 90.8mAh·g−1 at 20C. This work suggests that adjusting the size and morphology of the precursor precipitates is an effective way to quicken the nucleation and crystal growth, so that to obtain fine particles with high specific surface area and high crystalline purity.
A lithium-ion cell under discharge generates thermal energy (Q) through five different internal parameters or modes: the electrolyte resistance (R s), anode resistance (R a), cathode resistance (R c), and entropy changes in the cathode (ΔS c), and the anode (ΔS a). This work demonstrates a set of tools to measure/quantify the heat generated by each parameter separately during discharge. These five sources are not dependent upon each other; they are dependent on the state of charge and the environmental temperature (T env). The Q generated by each mode varies with degree of discharge and T env. R s generates most of the Q in the −10 °C to 40 °C range; R c becomes significant at T env <20 °C. Constant current discharge does not cause a monotonic increase in anode and cathode temperatures (T a and T c), due to the direction of change in ΔS c and ΔS a. Negative change in ΔS a for the carbon anode cools it, causing the T a to level off and even decrease with increased discharge. ΔS c for lithium manganese oxide cathode is positive at some SoC and negative at others, preventing a monotonic increase in T c. Measuring the five Qs separately opens the opportunity to study thermal-runaway from the perspective of the anode, cathode and electrolyte.