batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This article presents the design, process of construction, content and validation of the Socioemotional Well-Being Index. This index is a composite indicator of subjective well-being, and has been designed with the aim of providing a measurement device for the sociological analysis of the subjective components of quality of life and social quality. Two spheres of knowledge have been combined in its construction: research in social indicators, the recent development of which has been oriented toward the elaboration of composite indicators, and the theoretical content developed in recent decades by the sociology of emotions. As a composite indicator, the index presented in this article offers a hierarchical and multidimensional alternative to the univariate scales measuring happiness and satisfaction most often used in social research. In addition, in comparison to measures of subjective well-being grounded in cognitive evaluations, this index is based on the evaluation of a series of emotional states recently experienced by individuals. The conceptual definition of socioemotional well-being is based on Thomas Kemper’s social interactional theory of emotions and Randall Collins’ theory of interaction ritual chains. A “4 factor, 10 variable” solution has been obtained by applying common factor analysis to the data of the European Social Survey, 2006.
Titanium niobium oxide (TiNb2O7) with a monoclinic layered structure has been synthesized by a solid state reaction method as an anode candidate for Li-ion batteries. The TiNb2O7 electrode shows a lithium storage capacity of 281 mAh g−1with an initial coulombic efficiency as high as 93% at a current density of 30 mA g−1 (ca. 0.1C). The average lithium insertion voltage is about 1.64 V vs.Li/Li+ at a voltage range of 0.8–3.0 V. The electrodes exhibit small voltage hysteresis (c.a. 0.1 V at 30 mA g−1) and good capacity retention. Such superior electrochemical performance of TiNb2O7 makes it one of the most promising anode materials to replace spinel Li4Ti5O12 for applications in hybrid vehicles and large scale stationary Li-ion batteries. In addition, we demonstrate crystal structures of TiNb2O7 and lithiated TiNb2O7 using advanced spherical-aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), to picture the lattice sites occupied by the Li, Ti, Nb and O atoms at atomic-scale. Possible lithiation/delithiation processes and reaction mechanisms are revealed in consistence with first-principles prediction.
Soft drink and confectionary induced demineralisation of dental enamel has increased sharply over the last decade and has replaced dental caries, as the number one reason for tooth decay in younger people. The tooth demineralisation process is sometimes called erosion, which is defined as the chemical dissolution of dental enamel without bacterial involvement. During erosion, calcium and phosphor are dissolved from the enamel which eventually leads to a collapse of the enamel surface structure and loss of the outermost enamel layers. The enamel erosion process caused by a large number of conventional soft drinks may be reduced by understanding the physical and chemical processes during the demineralisation process and by using this knowledge in the design of new complex functional soft drinks. A key factor for this seems to be to understand the early stages of enamel demineralisation at the tooth-soft drink interface as at this stage the demineralisation process was assumed to be reversible by remineralisation. Nevertheless, early stages of enamel demineralisation were not accessible for investigation until recently due to a lack of suitable technology. This review paper discusses recent progress to explore the early stages of soft drink induced enamel demineralisation using nanoanalytical/nanomechanical approaches, such as scanning probe microscopy and nanoindentation. The results of the in vitro and in situ studies lead to a design recipe of a new functional soft drink, which may exhibit substantially lower erosion effects than conventional soft drinks.
Purpose Quantification of eye irritancy has been a problem for both the consumer product industry and ophthalmic researchers because of the need to predict the toxic potential of preparations that may come into contact with the ocular surface. The Draize rabbit eye test has been used for 60 years in attempts to predict human ocular irritancy based on topical instillation of the potential irritant and subjective scoring of ocular inflammation by direct visualization of the rabbit eye. The inadequacies of the Draize test have led to efforts in several laboratories to develop alternatives. Methods We propose an alternative to the Draize eye irritation test, using human hemoglobin rather than bovine hemoglobin and studying the protein denaturation induced by potential irritants. Among the factors that affect eye irritation, protein denaturation has been reported as one of the most important factors that can result in corneal opacity. Human protein denaturation was measured as indicative of eye irritation. Results We studied different known irritant and non-irritant compounds to establish the predictability of the method. The compounds considered as irritants in vivo had the greatest effect in terms of decreased human hemoglobin absorbance. Conclusions The proposed method is able to easily differentiate between irritant and non-irritants products in an easy manner. The method is easy, rapid, economical, and provides enough information about the potential eye irritant action of different surfactants.
Electropolymerization of polyaniline (Pani) was carried out on different high surface area carbon substrates: carbon fiber and reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC™). Due to the different morphology of the RVC™ substrate, a modification of a well established aniline electrodeposition methodology is proposed. The electrical and morphological characteristics of the resulting Pani films were strongly affected by the chosen substrate and are analyzed, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, in terms of the current penetration profile within the RVC™ electrode. For the films grown on RVC™ the voltammetric waves were wider, the charge-transfer resistance was higher and the morphology more compact.
Cerebral infarct is a common disease of older adults, which could increase the risk for cognitive impairment and dementia. Electroencephalogram (EEG) characteristics were analyzed to investigate the applied value in the assessment of cognitive impairment of the cerebral infarct patients. One hundred ten subjects with cerebral infarcts (including 65 cases of cognitive impairment patients (CI-CI) and 45 cases of cognitive normality patients (CI-NC)) and 110 normal health persons (NC) were recruited between July 2009 and March 2011 at the Department of Neurology. All of the patients were analyzed by EEG within 1 day they were hospitalized. The EEG analysis results were compared with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale (assessed within 2 weeks) with the methods of correlation analysis, clustering analysis, and concordance analysis. The results indicated that CI-CI patients had significantly lower EEG beta power (0.832 ± 0.203 mcV2) relative to the CI-NC group (1.493 ± 0.271 mcV2, P < 0.01) or NC group (1.565 ± 0.345 mcV2, P < 0.01). Significant negative correlation between the beta power and infarct size (as well as infarct number) was discovered (r = −0.88881 and −0.66498, respectively, both P < 0.001). There was a good concordance between K-means clustering algorithm calculating the beta power and MoCA scoring (Kappa = 0.851, P < 0.001). The preliminary findings suggest that the recognition techniques of EEG hold considerable promise for the assessment of cognitive impairment post cerebral infarcts within 2 weeks and which related to the size of infarcts and number of infarcts.
Here, by utilizing the special interaction between metal Cu and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), we have successfully realized the in situ growth of Cu2Se on the surface of CNTs and then fabricated a series of Cu2Se/CNT hybrid materials. Due to the high degree of homogeneously dispersed molecular CNTs inside the Cu2Se matrix, a record-high thermoelectric figure of merit zT of 2.4 at 1000 K has been achieved.
This is the first report about a spinel manganese oxide that serves as a high capacity positive electrode material for the sodium ion battery. By electrochemically extracting Li from a monoclinic layered Li2MnO3, we prepared Li2−x MnO3 (x = 1.6-1.8) of which the Li-extracted domain has a cubic spinel structure. The reversible discharge and charge capacity of Li2−x MnO3 versus the Na negative electrode initially exceeded 200mA·h·g−1, suggesting that close to one molar equivalent of Na is inserted in and extracted from the formula unit, Li2−x MnO3. The electrode retains the capacity of 160mA·h·g−1 after 50 cycles. On the other hand, the Li2−x MnO3 electrode versus the Li negative electrode significantly degrades upon cycling. The ex-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses revealed that the spinel domain of Li2−x MnO3 retains its crystallographic structure during the Na insertion and extraction, although the crystal significantly loses its periodicity when Na is inserted. A numerical simulation of the SR-XRD profile suggests that the Na-inserted Li2−x MnO3 has the periodicity of only one to two unit cells while retaining the spinel structure. XAS revealed that the reversible capacity is found to be dominated by the redox between Mn(III) and Mn(IV) and the Mn-Mn distance significantly loses its correlation upon Na-insertion, which is consistent with the broad SR-XRD profile.
In pursuit to find stable economic anode for aqueous lithium-ion batteries, tavorite structured LiFePO4OH hydroxyphosphate has been investigated in aqueous battery for the first time. First, the target compound is tested with organic electrolyte, giving the highest reported discharge capacity of 140 mAh g−1 with an Fe3+/Fe2+ redox potential of 2.6 V with excellent reversibility. LiFePO4OH is found to work as a promising anode in aqueous electrolyte with capacity ∼153 mAh g−1 (at 0.42 V vs. Ag/AgCl) with good cycling stability. An all-phosphate LiFePO4 | LiFePO4OH aqueous full cell has been fabricated having the first cycle capacity of 120 mAh g−1 (energy density ∼ 97 Wh kg−1). Tavorite LiFePO4OH forms an economic potential anode for aqueous Li-ion batteries.
A metallic manganese coating was successfully electrodeposited from an aqueous solution containing manganese sulfate and ammonium sulfate at low temperature, and then converted to manganese oxide by anodic oxidation at room temperature. The morphology and pseudocapacitive performance of the obtained oxide were evaluated by SEM, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscope. The results show that the manganese oxide is amorphous and porous, which exhibits a near-rectangular CV curve with broad quasi-reversible redox peaks, and a specific capacitance of 214Fg−1 at a CV scan rate of 5mVs−1. After heat-treatment, the oxide shows a much more symmetrical and rectangular CV curve, better high-rate capability but a lower specific capacitance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals that heat-treatment on this material can lead to a lower reaction resistance but a higher diffusion resistance and diffusion time constant.
In the present work, a Pd catalyst supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is successfully synthesized and its property as the anode material for borohydride oxidation is investigated. Compared with other carbon-supported Pd catalysts, the Pd/MWCNT catalyst exhibits improved polarization properties due to its smaller Pd particles dispersing homogeneously on carbon nanotubes. The hydrogen evolution behavior on the Pd/activated carbon sample is found to be very sensitive to the concentrations of NaOH and NaBH4 in the solution. On the other hand, borohydride oxidation on Pd/carbon black and Pd/MWCNT displays reaction mechanisms near the 4e stoichiometry. It is thus supposed that the primary direct borohydride oxidation on Pd may be a 4e reaction. The simultaneous electro-oxidation of adsorbed hydrogen occurs conditionally, depending on its relative activity with the direct oxidation of BH4 −.
Ultra-thin porous ZnO nanosheets with high regularity were obtained by electrodeposition followed by annealing. The nanosheets were first electrodeposited by controlling the concentration of potassium acetate (KAc) in nitrate electrolyte. The effects of KAc concentration on the electrochemical behavior, the composition and morphology of samples were further discussed. It was indicated that the as-deposited nanosheets were a mixture of ZnO and zinc acetate hydroxide hydrate (ZAHH). After annealing at 450°C for 30min, ZnO/ZAHH nanosheets with smooth surfaces were converted to pure ZnO nanosheets with porous structure, which were oblong in shape, ultra-thin (about 20nm in thickness) and constructed with well-distributed single-layer ZnO nanoparticles with the size of 30–60nm. As preliminary application in quantum dots-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs), porous ZnO nanosheets were co-sensitized with CdS and CdSe QDs and the QDSCs based on porous ZnO nanosheets deposited for 15min achieved a high efficiency of 2.67%.
Real-world institutions dealing with social dilemma situations are based on mechanisms that are rarely implemented without flaw. Usually real-world mechanisms are noisy and imprecise, that is, which we call ‘fuzzy’. We therefore conducted a novel type of voluntary contributions experiment where we test a mechanism by varying its fuzziness. We focus on a range of fuzzy mechanisms we call ‘meritocratic matching’. These mechanisms generalize the mechanism of ‘contribution-based competitive grouping’, and their basic function is to group players based on their contribution choices—i.e. high contributors with high contributors, and low contributors with low contributors. Theory predicts the following efficiency-equality tradeoff as a function of the mechanism’s inherent fuzziness: high levels of fuzziness should lead to maximal inefficiency, but perfect equality; decreasing fuzziness is predicted to improve efficiency, but at the cost of growing inequality. The main finding of our experimental investigation is that, contrary to tradeoff predictions, less fuzziness increases both efficiency and equality. In fact, these unambiguous welfare gains are partially realized already at levels where the mechanism is too fuzzy for any high-efficiency outcome to even be a Nash equilibrium.
Sexuality and intimacy in residential aged care (RAC) are receiving increased research attention. In this article, porneia refers to access to sex workers, as well as online pornography, and masturbation by residents in RAC. Sex work is legal and regulated in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Current methods for deriving thermal inertia from spacecraft observations of planetary brightness temperature generally assume that surface properties are uniform for any given observation or co-located set of observations. As a result of this assumption and the nonlinear relationship between temperature and thermal inertia, sub-pixel horizontal heterogeneity may yield different apparent thermal inertia at different times of day or seasons. We examine the effects of horizontal heterogeneity on Mars by modeling the thermal behavior of various idealized mixed surfaces containing differing proportions of either dust, sand, duricrust, and rock or slope facets at different angles and azimuths. Latitudinal effects on mixed-surface thermal behavior are also investigated. We find large (several 100 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2) diurnal and seasonal variations in apparent thermal inertia even for small (∼10%) admixtures of materials with moderately contrasting thermal properties or slope angles. Together with similar results for layered surfaces [Mellon, M.T., Putzig, N.E., 2007. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXVIII. Abstract 2184], this work shows that the effects of heterogeneity on the thermal behavior of the martian surface are substantial and may be expected to result in large variations in apparent thermal inertia as derived from spacecraft instruments. While our results caution against the over-interpretation of thermal inertia taken from median or average maps or derived from single temperature measurements, they also suggest the possibility of using a suite of apparent thermal inertia values derived from single observations over a range of times of day and seasons to constrain the heterogeneity of the martian surface.
The lithium–sulfur system is one of the most promising next generation battery systems, as elemental sulfur is cheap, abundant and has a high theoretical specific capacity. Although much research is conducted on complex sulfur/carbon composites and architectures, it is difficult to compare the performance of the cathodes to one another. Factors, such as different electrolyte composition and cell components strongly affect the cyclability of the battery. Here, we show the importance of optimizing “standard” conditions to allow for fair performance comparison of different carbon blacks. Our optimal electrolyte-to-sulfur ratio is 11 μL mgsulfur −1 and high concentrations of LiNO3 (>0.6 M) are needed because nitrate is consumed continuously during cycling. Utilizing these standard conditions, we tested the cycling behavior of four types of cathodes with individual carbon blacks having different specific surface areas, namely Printex-A, Super C65, Printex XE-2 and Ketjenblack EC-600JD. Both the specific capacity and polysulfide adsorption capability clearly correlate with the surface area of the carbon being used. High specific capacities (>1000 mAh gsulfur −1 at C/5) are achieved with high surface area carbons. We also demonstrate that a simple cathode using Ketjenblack EC-600JD as the conductive matrix material can well compete with those having complex architectures or additives.
This paper investigates whether glass wearable devices can be used to authenticate end-users, both to grant access (one-time) and to maintain access (continuous), in a hands-free way. We do so by designing and implementing Gauth, a system that enables users to authenticate with a service simply by issuing a voice command, while facing the computer terminal they are going to use to access the service. To achieve this goal, we create a physical communication channel from the terminal to the glass device using machine readable visual codes, say, QR codes, and utilize the device’s network adapter to communicate directly with a service. More importantly, we continuously authenticate the user accessing the terminal, exploiting the fact that a user operating a terminal is most likely facing it most of the time. We periodically issue authentication challenges, which are displayed as a QR code on the terminal. This causes the glass device to re-authenticate the user with an appropriate response. We thoroughly evaluate Gauth to determine the technical limits of our approach. We show that even with the relatively low-resolution camera of the Google Glass prototype, QR codes can be consistently processed correctly with an average accuracy of ≈ 88%, and continuous authentication, while strenuous to the battery, is feasible. Finally, we perform a small-scale user study involving students to demonstrate the benefits of our approach. We found that authentication using Gauth takes on average 1.63 s, while using username/password credentials takes 3.85 s and varies greatly depending on the computer-literacy level of the user.
In this paper, we design a novel gel polymer electrolyte (GPE), based on polyethylene (PE) supported poly(butyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile-styrene) (P(BMA-AN-St)) terpolymer reinforced by doping 10wt.% nano-SiO2, to be possible application in high voltage lithium ion battery. The physical characterization indicates that P(BMA-AN-St)/SiO2/PE membrane has multi-layered and cross-linked network structure with the pore diameter of about 1μm, leading to the highest electrolyte uptake ability of 257% compared with the value of 118% for PE support. Electrochemical performance exhibits that the corresponding GPE presents highest ionic conductivity of 1.9×10−3 Scm−1 at room temperature and the improved oxidative stability from 4.2V (PE support saturated with liquid electrolyte) to 5.2V (vs. Li/Li+). Thus, the high voltage cathode LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 using nano-SiO2 doped GPE presents excellent cyclic stability and rate performance, which retains 93.0% of its initial discharge capacity after 150 cycles at 0.2C rate and keeps 95.0% discharge capacity at 2C rate of that at 0.1C rate, while PE support saturated with liquid electrolyte has 87.9% capacity retention after 150 cycles and with the rate capacity value of 86.8% at the same rate test condition.
Mammalian cell division is thought to be driven by sequential activation of several Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk), mainly Cdk4, Cdk6, Cdk2 and Cdk1. Since mice lacking Cdk4, Cdk6 or Cdk2 are viable, it has been proposed that they play compensatory roles. We report here that mice lacking Cdk4 and Cdk2 complete embryonic development to die shortly thereafter presumably due to heart failure. However, conditional ablation of Cdk2 in adult mice lacking Cdk4 does not result in obvious abnormalities. Moreover, these double mutant mice recover normally after partial hepatectomy. In culture, Cdk4 −/−;Cdk2 −/−embryonic fibroblasts become immortal, display robust pRb phosphorylation and have normal S phase kinetics. These observations indicate that Cdk4 and Cdk2 are dispensable for the mammalian cell cycle and for adult homeostasis.
We demonstrate the synthesis of Ag-NiO core-shell nanoparticle arrays via a one-step solution-immersion process and subsequent RF-sputtering technique. The Ag nanoparticle arrays on copper substrate are firstly prepared by a displacement reaction at mild temperature of 303K. Then, a NiO layer is deposited onto the surface of the Ag nanoparticles via RF-sputtering technique. When evaluated as an anode for lithium-ion batteries, the Ag-NiO core-shell electrode shows higher capacity and better cycling performance than the planar NiO electrode. The in-situ synthesized Ag nanoparticles can enhance the interfacial strength between the active material and substrate, andimprove the electrical conductivity of the electrode, which may be responsible for the enhanced performance.