batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We analyze 36 years of global, hourly weather data (1980–2015) to quantify the covariability of solar and wind resources as a function of time and location, over multi-decadal time scales and up to continental length scales. Assuming minimal excess generation, lossless transmission, and no other generation sources, the analysis indicates that wind-heavy or solar-heavy U.S.-scale power generation portfolios could in principle provide ∼80% of recent total annual U.S. electricity demand. However, to reliably meet 100% of total annual electricity demand, seasonal cycles and unpredictable weather events require several weeks’ worth of energy storage and/or the installation of much more capacity of solar and wind power than is routinely necessary to meet peak demand. To obtain ∼80% reliability, solar-heavy wind/solar generation mixes require sufficient energy storage to overcome the daily solar cycle, whereas wind-heavy wind/solar generation mixes require continental-scale transmission to exploit the geographic diversity of wind. Policy and planning aimed at providing a reliable electricity supply must therefore rigorously consider constraints associated with the geophysical variability of the solar and wind resource—even over continental scales.
The cubic NiP2 crystal was prepared by a mechanical milling technique. All-solid-state cells with the NiP2 electrode and the Li2S–P2S5 glass-ceramic electrolyte exhibited high reversible capacity of over 600mAhg−1 for 10 cycles at room temperature. The NiP2 electrode in solid-state cells underwent the conversion process as reported in the cells using a liquid electrolyte. Lithiated nickel phosphides were also prepared by milling. The composites of Li–Ni–P ternary crystal (Li3.4Ni10.6P7 or Li2Ni12P7) and Li3P were obtained and they were used as an electrode with lithium source in an all-solid-state cell. The cell with the electrode was initially charged and then discharged and retained cell capacity of about 600mAhg−1. Nickel phosphides are potential negative electrodes with high capacity in all-solid-state lithium rechargeable batteries with sulfide electrolyte.
A simple electrospinning methodology is described for generating novel fiber configurations of sulfur with the potential of yielding high performance sulfur electrodes for use in lithium-sulfur batteries. The unique fiber morphology derived by electrospinning has the capability of generating flexible sulfur yarns for the first time rendering them a highly attractive platform for small-scale mobile device applications such as textile-batteries. The electrospinning methodology reported herein also allows for the formation of a polymer-sulfur interface which acts as a physical barrier to liquid lithium electrolyte facilitating the reduction of polysulfide dissolution, a primary barrier to the progress of Li-S systems. Such flexible sulfur wire materials when converted into pellet sulfur electrodes, exhibit very stable capacities over 135 cycles with high areal capacities (∼2.5mAhcm−2). Coating the electrodes with an inorganic lithium ion conductor coating results in further improvement of cycling behavior with electrodes of ∼650mAhg−1 capacity and an impressive low fade rate of ∼0.003% fade cycle−1 demonstrating the promise of this unique platform.
Inhalation of respirable crystalline silica (RCS) can cause diseases including silicosis and cancer. Levels of RCS close to an emission source are measured but little is known about the wider ambient exposure from industry emissions or natural sources. The aim of this work is to report the RCS concentrations obtained from a variety of ambient environments using a new mobile respirable (PM4) sampler. A mobile battery powered high flow rate (52 L min−1) sampler was developed and evaluated for particulate aerosol sampling employing foams to select the respirable particle size fraction. Sampling was conducted in the United Kingdom at site boundaries surrounding seven urban construction and demolition and five sand quarry sites. These are compared with data from twelve urban aerosol samples and from repeat measurements from a base line study at a single rural site. The 50% particle size penetration (d50) through the foam was 4.3 μm. Over 85% of predict bias values were with ±10% of the respirable convention, which is based on a log normal curve. Results for RCS from all construction and quarry activities are generally low with a 95 th percentile of 11 μg m−3. Eighty percent of results were less than the health benchmark value of 3 μg m−3 used in some states in America for ambient concentrations. The power cutting of brick and the largest demolition activities gave the highest construction levels. Measured urban background RCS levels were typically below 0.3 μg m−3 and the median RCS level, at a rural background location, was 0.02 μg m−3. These reported ambient RCS concentrations may provide useful baseline values to assess the wider impact of fugitive, RCS containing, dust emissions into the wider environment.
The high capacity of silicon motivates its use as anode material for Li-ion batteries. While such Si-based electrodes are typically processed from aqueous slurries, elemental silicon is highly susceptible to hydrolysis, yielding flammable hydrogen gas as a byproduct. This gassing can present numerous safety and quality concerns for scaling up of the production. In this study we describe a method to quantify the volume of gases generated using the Archimedes principle. We show that the gas volumes are affected by various factors, which include the characteristics of the electrode slurry and attributes (particle size, surface coatings) of the silicon powders. A catalytic effect on gas evolution is observed when a lithiated polycarboxylate binder is present in the solution. On the other hand, negligible gas generation is observed in electrode slurries containing the N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent, which could be considered as an alternative to the water-based processes presently under consideration. Our study can be used as a guide for the development of slurry mixtures that can mitigate the safety concerns associated with the silicon-electrode fabrication process.
Sulfur has a high speciﬁc capacity of 1675 mAh g−1 as lithium battery cathode, but its rapid capacity fading due to polysulﬁdes dissolution presents a signiﬁcant challenge for practical applications. Here we report a novel hierarchical porous honeycomb carbon (HPHC) for lithium-sulfur battery cathode with effective trapping of polysulﬁdes. The HPHC was prepared by a simple template process, and a sulfur-carbon composite based on HPHC was synthesized for lithium-sulfur batteries by a melt-diffusion method. It is found that the elemental sulfur was dispersed inside the three-dimensionally hierarchical pores of HPHC based on the analyses. Electrochemical tests reveal that the sulfur-HPHC composite shows high rate capability and long cycling stability as cathode materials. The sulfur-HPHC composite with sulfur content of 66.3 wt% displays an initial discharge capacity of 923 mAh g−1 and a reversible discharge capacity of 564 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 2C charge-discharge rate. In particular, the sulfur-HPHC composite presents a long term cycling stability up to 300 cycles at 1.5C. The results illustrate that the electrochemical reaction constrained inside the interconnected macro/meso/micropores of HPHC would be the dominant factor for the excellent high rate capability and long cycling stability of the sulfur cathode, and the three-dimensionally honeycomb carbon network would be a promising carbon matrix structure for lithium-sulfur battery cathode.
Maintaining high medication adherence is essential for achieving desired efficacy in clinical trials, especially prevention trials. However, adherence is traditionally measured by self-reports that are subject to reporting biases and measurement error. Recently, electronic medication dispenser devices have been adopted in several HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis prevention studies. These devices are capable of collecting objective, frequent, and timely drug adherence data. The device opening signals generated by such devices are often represented as regularly or irregularly spaced discrete functional data, which are challenging for statistical analysis. In this paper, we focus on clustering the adherence monitoring data from such devices. We first pre-process the raw discrete functional data into smoothed functional data. Parametric mixture models with change-points, as well as several non-parametric and semi-parametric functional clustering approaches, are adapted and applied to the smoothed adherence data. Simulation studies were conducted to evaluate finite sample performances, on the choices of tuning parameters in the pre-processing step as well as the relative performance of different clustering algorithms. We applied these methods to the HIV Prevention Trials Network 069 study for identifying subgroups with distinct adherence behavior over the study period.
We evaluated the efficacy of a vocational training program including behavioral skills training, and a “performance cue system” (i.e., a proprietary iPhone application adapted for the study) to teach targeted social-vocational skills to six young adults with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. In two separate studies, participants were employed to assist in the delivery of a fire safety education program. Participants were asked to wear an inflatable firefighter WalkAround® mascot costume and to perform 63 scripted behaviors in coordination with a fire prevention specialist who was the lead program presenter. In Study 1, three participants were initially exposed to established company training procedures comprised of behavioral skills training components to determine whether they met mastery of the skills. If necessary to reach criteria, participants were then exposed to a performance cue system. In Study 2, three additional participants were provided with the performance cue system alone, and then behavioral skills training if required. A single case, multiple-baseline design across subjects was used to evaluate efficacy of each intervention. Results indicate that 5 of 6 participants reached criterion only after introduction of the cue system while the sixth reached criterion with behavioral skills training alone. The program received high satisfaction ratings from participants, their parents, and consumers. Implications and potential use of the PCS in other employment settings are discussed.
The cycling performance of all-solid-state, scaled-up, 0.6Ah Li/V2O5 polymer battery prototypes, realized within a National Project devoted to development of electric vehicles, is presented and discussed. Poly(ethyleneoxide)–LiN(SO2CF2CF3)2 (PEO–LiBETI) films were used as electrolyte separators. The prototypes, formed by parallel stacking ten single bipolar cells, were assembled by the direct lamination of the components, namely, lithium foil anodes, PEO–LiBETI electrolyte films and composite V2O5-based cathode films. The performance of the Li/PEO–LiBETI/V2O5 prototypes, scaled-up from single cells, was evaluated in terms of specific capacity, energy and cycle life at different discharge current densities. The results have indicated high reproducibility of the manufacturing process and the feasibility to large scale-up the all-solid-state, lithium polymer batteries based on solvent-free prepared PEO–LiBETI electrolyte.
The majority of environmental legislators advise pollution prevention (P2) for reducing the environmental impact of industrial activities. This approach calls for assessing different methods to reduce the final concentration of environmentally harmful species in process effluents; one method is source reduction, e.g. by modifying process conditions to hinder production of pollutants. There are methods for predicting (targeting) furnace CO2, NO x and SO x emissions in an industrial site indirectly and via the level of energy consumed in the process. However, no method exists for targeting process-related emissions when they are not related directly to energy use. In this paper, a method is proposed for achieving this goal. The method combines a model of the process under consideration with a description of the behavior of pollutants beyond battery limits of the process. It is possible with this method to better determine the level of environmental impact of the process in hand. This method, therefore, is a targeting method for planning a retrofit on the process.
Nanoporous tin oxide layers were electrochemically synthesized by a voltage-controlled anodization of the metallic tin electrodeposited on the surface of Cu plate. As-prepared structures consist of number of stacked nanoporous layers separated from each other by thin gaps and the atomic ratio of Sn and O was found to be 1:1. An evolution of morphology of nanoporous tin oxide layer during anodization was investigated in detail. It was found that the oxide layer formed during the initial stage of anodizing is non-porous or exhibits a tiny pores, much smaller than those observed in the inner oxide layer. Under certain conditions (especially at higher anodizing potentials and temperatures), the nanopores in the outer layer widen with time of anodization. On the other hand, nanochannels diameter in the inner oxide layer remain almost constant. The effects of anodizing potential, temperature and electrolyte concentration on structural features of the oxide layer were deeply investigated. It was found that time required for a complete metallic tin oxidation shortens with increasing both anodizing potential and temperature. In addition, the increase in the maximum current density with increasing anodizing potential and temperature was observed. Moreover, the higher temperature, electrolyte concentration and potential applied during anodization, the larger nanochannels and thinner walls of the oxide layer are formed due to the more effective field-assisted dissolution of the oxide at the oxide/electrolyte interface and more vigorous oxygen evolution during anodizing.
Nanoscale transition metal oxides and polyoxometalates attract great attention due to their short diffusion channel distance and reversible redox reaction. However, the inevitable agglomeration, shrinkage and volumetric expansion/shrinkage of nanomaterials seriously affect their electrochemical properties. Here, the 3D heterostructure CoWO4/Co3O4 nanocone arrays are synthesized via a facile and efficient microwave hydrothermal method. The obtained CoWO4/Co3O4 NCAs overcome these shortcomings and achieve high electrochemical performance. The electrochemical behaviors of as-prepared composites are investigated systematically, during which four pairs of redox peaks in cyclic voltammetry curve are observed and discussed in detail. The kinetic analysis of redox reaction is employed to confirm the redox pseudocapacitance mechanism (surface capacitance-dominated process) and intercalation pseudocapacitance mechanism (diffusion-controlled process) of charge storage, suggesting faradaic intercalation process of 3D heterostructure CoWO4/Co3O4 NCAs (22% diffusion contribution at 0.8 mV s−1). The assembled solid-state hybrid supercapacitors further exhibit high energy density (45.6 Wh kg−1) and power density (7500 W kg−1 at 32.8 Wh kg−1) even at a super-high total loading mass of 23.1 mg of active materials. This work provides some meaningful and significant basis and foundation for the study of supercapacitors.
A strategy for enabling highly insulated FeF3 as high performance cathode materials for NIBs is proposed and realized, through constructing metallic Fe and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) double enhancement conducting matrix, wherein both the metallic Fe and active FeF3 are in situ electrochemically generated from one FeF2 grain (as precursor of FeF3) to ensure their desired homogenous and intimate contact. The efficacy of this concept is demonstrated by the superior electrochemical performance of the generated FeF3–Fe–RGO composite including high capacity of 150mAhg−1 at a current density of 50mAg−1, good cycle stability, and high power capability at room temperature, which could be reasonably attributed to homogeneous conductive matrix composed of metallic Fe and RGO in the composite and especially their ideal contact with the active FeF3 component. The strategy is simple yet very effective and also because of its versatility, it may be easily extended to other next generation high-capacity electrode materials while with low electrical conductivity.
A number of previous studies have used working memory components to predict mathematical performance in a variety of ways; however, there is no consideration of the contributions of the subcomponents of visuospatial working memory to this prediction. In this paper we conducted a 2-year follow-up to the data presented in Allen et al. (Q J Exp Psychol 73(2):239–248, 2020b) to ascertain how these subcomponents of visuospatial working memory related to later mathematical performance. 159 children (M age = 115.48 months) completed the maths test for this second wave of the study. Results show a shift from spatial–simultaneous influence to spatial–sequential influence, whilst verbal involvement remained relatively stable. Results are discussed in terms of their potential for education and future research.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can have adverse effects on cognitive functioning, mood, and cardiovascular functioning. OSA brings with it disturbances in sleep architecture, oxygenation, sympathetic nervous system function, and inflammatory processes. It is not clear which of these mechanisms is linked to the decrease in cognitive functioning. This study examined the effect of inflammatory parameters on cognitive dysfunction.
Materials with high ionic conductivity are urgently needed for the development of solid-state lithium batteries. Now, an inorganic solid electrolyte is shown to have an exceptionally high ionic conductivity of 25 mS cm−1, which allows a solid-state battery to deliver 70% of its maximum capacity in just one minute at room temperature.
The mixed former effect of boron and phosphorus is applied to improve chemical stability and electrochemical property of thin film electrolyte based on lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON). This thin film with new composition ‘lithium borophosphate oxynitride (LiBPON)’ is deposited by RF magnetron sputtering with double targets of Li3PO4 and Li3BO4. When boron content is varied by controlling the RF power on Li3PO4 and Li3BO4 targets, boron ions successfully replace the four-coordinated phosphorus. Raman spectra and N 1s XPS spectra of this new electrolyte reveal that three-coordinated nitrogen atoms (PN<P) are dominant in glass network, which distinguishes from LiPON films without the BP mixed former effect. The improved electrochemical properties and chemical stability of LiBPON film endow all-solid-state thin film cells (LiCoO2/LiBPON/Li) excellent cycling performances with the initial capacity of 34.5μAhcm−2 and the cycling efficiency and 95.3% of its initial capacity.
The aim of the study is to provide advanced knowledge on the thermal and combustion hazard profiles of ionic liquids based on an original multiscale combined experimental approach. Experimental tools have been implemented and used to (a) obtain actual measurements of theoretical heats of combustion of imidazolium-based and phosphonium-based ionic liquids by use of a bomb calorimeter; (b) provide access to fundamental flammability properties of these chemicals through the use of Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimeter; and (c) determine actual behaviour of ionic liquids in fire conditions, from learnings obtained by a series of combustion tests performed on 12 ionic liquids by use of the INERIS Fire Propagation Apparatus. Results so far confirm that the combustibility potential as well as the fire behaviour must be assessed on a case by case approach and is often dictated by the chemical structure of ionic liquids. The study also illustrates how the data obtained by our innovative procedure allow for consistent fire safety engineering studies serving the green use of ionic liquids in a contextual way. The work has opened a new perspective of collaborative work towards the development of a dedicated and pertinent methodology aiming at characterizing the comprehensive physicochemical hazard profiles of ionic liquids.
A quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) procedure using a general primer set and three TaqMan®MGB probes was developed for general and genotype-specific detection and quantitation of the genomic M segment of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Standard curves using RNA transcripts homologous to the three probes allowed reproducible quantitative assays with a wide dynamic range (103–1010 TSWV M segment RNA copies/ng of total RNA) and high sensitivity. This protocol was assayed with a battery of TSWV isolates, covering the range of the present known genetic variation, in single and/or mix infections in three plant hosts, as well as in the thrips vector Frankliniella occidentalis. This quantitative detection assay will be a valuable tool for molecular biology and epidemiology studies, diagnosis and disease control.
The present paper aims at discussing the effect of zinc ions in electrolytes on the cycling stability of nickel oxide electrodes for the zinc/nickel single flow battery. It is shown that the presence of zinc in KOH electrolytes decreases the charging voltage to some extent and inhibits changes in the galvanostatic charging curve vs. cycling number as compared to KOH electrolytes with no zinc present. As a result, the discharge capacity of the electrodes basically does not decay even after 500 charge–discharge cycles. The cycling performance of nickel oxide electrodes is enhanced substantially. It is demonstrated that zinc ions in electrolytes may be incorporated into the lattice structure of nickel hydroxides during the cell cycling, forming a composite where the zinc plays a role as an additive and preventing the formation of γ-phase and overcharge.
Electrolyte flow distribution is an important factor that contributes to the performance of the overall efficiency of a redox flow battery system. In the present paper, a comparative study of the hydrodynamics of the serpentine and interdigitated flow fields has been performed. Ex situ experiments were conducted using the two flow fields in conditions typical of flow battery applications. Limited in situ testing has also been conducted. These bring out the surprising result that the pressure drop in the interdigitated flow field is less than that in the serpentine for the same flow rate. Computational fluid dynamics studies show strong under-the-rib convection in the reaction zone exists in both flow fields but with a shorter residence time in case of the interdigitated. It is posited that this may explain the superior electrochemical performance of cells with interdigitated flow fields.