batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A secondary analysis was performed on preliminary data from an ongoing cross-cultural study on assortative pairing. Independently sampled pairs of opposite-sex romantic partners and of same-sex friends rated themselves and each other on Life History (LH) strategy and mate value. Data were collected in local bars, clubs, coffeehouses, and other public places from three different cultures: Tucson, Arizona; Hermosillo, Sonora; and San José, Costa Rica. The present analysis found that slow LH individuals assortatively pair with both sexual and social partners more strongly than fast LH individuals. We interpret this phenomenon as representing (1) an adaptation for preserving coadapted genomes in slow LH strategists to maintain high copying fidelity genetic replication while producing a lower number of offspring in stable, predictable, and controllable environments and (2) a bet-hedging adaptation in fast LH strategists, favoring the genetic diversification of a higher number of offspring in unstable, unpredictable, and uncontrollable environments.
Hollow Microspheres of hydroxyapatite-polymer composite can be used as carriers in drug delivery and fillers in tissue engineering. Based on the concept of soft chemistry, a battery of technique is available in the literature to synthesize hollow microspheres, however, an economically viable synthesis route, having good control over the microarchitect and easy to be scaled up, is yet to be developed. Polymer matrix mediated synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles is known to synthesize nanoparticles with controlled morphology and dimensions. It is termed as biomimetic synthesis. Integrating the biomimetic synthesis of nano-particles and spray drying techniques, a novel process of producing hydroxyapatite-polymer composite hollow microspheres is briefly discussed here.
Cross-cultural survey research rests upon the assumption that if survey features are kept constant, data will remain comparable across languages, cultures and countries. Yet translating concepts across languages, cultures and political contexts is complicated by linguistic, cultural, normative or institutional discrepancies. Such discrepancies are particularly relevant for complex political concepts such as democracy, where the literature on political support has revealed significant cross-cultural differences in people’s attitudes toward democracy. Recognizing that language, culture and other socio-political variables affect survey results has often been equated with giving up on comparative research and many survey researchers have consequently chosen to simply ignore the issue of comparability and measurement equivalence across languages, cultures and countries. This paper contributes to the debate, using a distributional semantic lexicon, which is a statistical model measuring co-occurrence statistics in large text data. The method is motivated by structuralist meaning theory, stating that words with similar meanings tend to occur in similar contexts, and that contexts shape and define the meanings of words. Compared to other methodological approaches aimed at identifying and measuring cross-cultural discrepancies, this approach enables us to systematically analyze how the concept of democracy is used in its natural habitat. Collecting geo-tagged language data from news and social online source documents this paper descriptively explores varieties in meanings of democracy across a substantial number of languages and countries, and maps ways in which democracy is used among online populations and regions worldwide.
Doped polyaniline (PANI) was obtained by the polymerization of aniline, using chemical oxidative polymerization in the presence of ammonium peroxydisulfate [(NH4)2S2O8]. The doped PANI was dedoped by ammonia solution. The electrospinning method was applied to solutions involving PANI–PVA, PANI–PVA–AgNO3, where PV A=poly(vinyl alcohol) and PANI=polyaniline. Micro to nanofibers were obtained in the cases of PANI–PVA and PANI–PVA–AgNO3. The SEM technique was used to investigate the morphology of the accumulated fibers or particles on the Al surface collector. Thermal analysis performed on PANI–PVA composite fibers indicated an endothermic peak at 280–420 °C, accompanied by 90% weight loss. The presence of Ag in the case of Ag containing composite fibers was confirmed by EDAX.
To seek the promising candidate for 5 V electrolytes, fluorine-free lithium bis(oxalato)borat (LiBOB) is chosen as the lithium salt, γ-butyrolactone (GBL) as well as sulfolane (SL) with the property of stability against oxidative decomposition is chosen as supporting electrolyte solvents, and linear diethyl carbonate (DMC) is chosen as the third supporting electrolyte solvent to lower viscosity. After systematical analytical studies, it indicates that SL solvent is the main and key reason for the improvement of electrochemical performance, which not only improves the stability of electrolyte system against oxidative decomposition, but also decreases the electrode polarization resistance. More than that, 1.0molL−1 LiBOB–SL/GBL/DMC electrolyte shows good compatibilities with both intercalation hosts as LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode and carbonaceous anode. It suggests that this novel electrolyte would be an alternative electrolyte for 5 V high-voltage rechargeable lithium-ion batteries based upon LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode.
Carbon-supported Co(OH)2 and Ni(OH)2 catalysts are prepared to examine the mechanism of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on hydroxide catalysts. ORR via the 4-electron transfer pathway on a hydroxide undergoes oxidation of hydroxide by O2 to form oxyhydroxide, followed by electrochemical reaction of oxyhydroxide to regain hydroxide. β-Ni(OH)2 has the same crystal structure and lattice parameters as β-Co(OH)2, but it exhibits a poorer catalytic activity toward ORR than β-Co(OH)2 at a low temperature. The poor catalytic activity of Ni(OH)2/C can be attributed to the difficulty in Ni(OH)2 oxidation and the slow kinetics of NiOOH electroreduction to Ni(OH)2. The catalytic activity of the Ni(OH)2/C catalyst is significantly improved through elevating the operation temperature because Ni(OH)2 oxidation to NiOOH and NiOOH electroreduction are improved at a high temperature. A model of ORR via the 4-electron transfer pathway on transition metal hydroxides is suggested and discussed.
Dumbbell-like microsphere carbonate precursors including multi-transition metal components (Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3CO3) assembled with nano-building blocks were synthesized by urea-assisted solvo/hydrothermal method, and layered cathode materials (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2) were subsequently prepared using the similarly shaped carbonate precursors for Li-ion batteries. For the synthesis of hierarchical microsphere structures, the partial addition of viscous organic solvent (e.g. ethylene glycol) in aqueous solution played a crucial role, not only in suppressing the sudden particle growth but also in regulating the directional crystallization of carbonate particles on the surface. The dumbbell-like LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 assembled with nanocubes prepared via the urea-assisted solvo/hydrothermal method exhibited better electrochemical characteristics, such as initial discharge capacity, cyclic performance, and rate-capability as a cathode material of Li-ion batteries, compared with the LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 materials prepared via the conventional co-precipitation method.
This study aimed to explore the combined influence of age and cognitive control on the behavioural and electrophysiological indicators of local, restart and mixing costs. Two groups of middle-aged (49–60y.o., N =40) and older (61–80y.o., N =40) adults were split according to their overall z-score in a composite of six neuropsychological measures of executive function. All participants performed a task-cueing version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) adapted for measuring event-related potentials, whereby tonal cues instructed to switch or repeat the task rule. A single-task condition with identical sensory and motor response demands was used to aid interpretation of behavioural and brain responses to cues and target events. Working memory updating of stimulus–response mappings, as putatively indexed by local switch costs and cue-locked P3 activity (350–460msec post-cue onset), was preserved in both older and low control adults. In turn, low control adults showed larger restart costs and enhanced cue-locked P2 amplitudes (190–250msec) in the task-switching condition only, suggesting lesser preparatory control in the presence of interference. Low control adults showed comparatively larger mixing costs and smaller cue-locked fronto-central slow negativities (500–700msec), suggesting an inefficient online maintenance of task-set information over time. In contrast, target-locked brain responses were mostly sensitive to age-related effects, with older adults showing two well-known effects: (1) an “anterior shift” in target P3 activity (350–460msec), and (2) an attenuation of fronto-central slow negativities in single-task and task-switching conditions, respectively. The additive association found between age and cognitive control for different behavioural indexes of task-switch costs suggests a differential influence of these factors upon two successive information processing stages: individual differences in cognitive control mainly influenced the neural indexes of preparatory task-set activation and maintenance, whereas age-related effects influenced the neural indexes of target response selection and task execution.
Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are advanced near-bottom platforms that can be used for magnetometric analysis of the seafloor. However, the vehicle itself can cause interference with the magnetic measurements, which need to be corrected. Here, we derive a functional relation between the magnetic measurements and AUV's heading that is based on the composition and causes of an AUV's near-bottom magnetic anomaly. We set up a method to correct tri-axial magnetometer interference caused by the AUV. Magnetic induction intensity is removed using magnetic data collected during the spinning of the AUV. Connatural magnetic field of the AUV is collected and subtracted by using portable magnetometer. The method performs very well during QianlongII AUV experimental tests performed on land and in lake. The method also corrects magnetic data by an autonomous benthic explorer (ABE) AUV and yields good results. The effects of main components of QianlongII AUV on the magnetic measurement results are analyzed and make sure dominating interference produced by the batteries. That is mitigated using a probe extension pole. Furthermore, excellent survey data and satisfactory correction results are obtained during the AUV sea trials. This verifies the efficacy of the proposed method for correcting tri-axial magnetometer interference caused by AUV.
Mixed silicon–graphite composites have been prepared by means of mechanical milling process. Their micro-heterogeneous structure is considered responsible for electrode failures. A fingerprint of this process is seen by cycling the carbonaceous component of the composite in an electrolyte containing small amount of propylene–carbonate (PC). Local voltage drops close to 0V (versus Li metal) resulted in local electrode mechanical deterioration. In the presence of silicon particles such local disorders would lead to a loose interparticle contact (zones called dead spots). Deterioration pattern of the mixed composite electrode may be considered as a set of ‘dead spots’ spreading across the electrode as the cycling proceeds. Hence, a careful optimization is necessary in order to fabricate composite electrode giving minimum local disorders and having satisfactory cycling performance.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a disabling disease associated with profound functional impairment. Cognitive deficits, increasingly recognised as a core feature of MDD, reduce educational, occupational and social outcomes, and impair quality of life and functionality. Unlike cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS), cognitive impairments in depression have been under diagnosed and are poorly understood. Consensus has yet to be reached regarding the nature of these deficits, their appropriate assessment and treatment options. It is unclear whether existing treatments have an impact on cognitive deficits. Here, we conduct a thorough and extensive review of recent published work on this unmet clinical need (2014–2018). We evaluate the validity of available assessment tools, and examine the evidence for efficacy of current and novel pharmacological therapies. From our analysis, we have established that cognitive deficits are indeed widespread in MDD patients. The THINC-it tool, a recently validated and sensitive cognitive assessment instrument, shows promise for earlier detection of cognitive impairment associated with MDD and could easily be applied in clinical practice. Several potential novel therapies are emerging. Methodological inconsistencies and small underpowered studies, however, have led to conflicting results and inconclusive evidence. Our recommendations include: development of a standardised neurocognitive test battery for MDD, improving clinical trial design, investigating sex differences, and patient stratification. These changes should support the development of improved therapeutic strategies for cognitive dysfunction in MDD patients, as well as facilitate their use in clinical practice.
The business case for residential photovoltaic (PV) systems in combination with battery storage systems (BSSs) is thriving in Germany. Next to an increasing spread between electricity prices and feed-in tariffs (FITs), the adoption of PV BSSs is fostered by a preference for higher self-sufficiency and a federal investment incentive for PV BSSs. Such an incentive subsidizes BSSs on the promise of facilitating PV grid integration. However, so far a comprehensive analysis of implications of self-sufficiency desire and investment incentive for PV BSS sizing and operation and their grid integration is missing. To enable the key stakeholders – PV BSS investors, distribution network operators and policy makers – to derive a better understanding of the underlying interdependencies between these drivers and the corresponding sizing and operation of PV BSSs, an optimization model is developed. The model includes all relevant cash flows for the business case of PV BSSs, e.g. surcharges on PV self-consumption, and an approach for adopting preferences for self-sufficiency. A case study-based analysis shows that the desire for self-sufficiency and the BSS investment incentive lead to larger PV systems. From a PV grid integration perspective, a grid-supporting BSS operation is contradicted by larger system sizes fostered by the investment incentive and self-sufficiency desires. Imposing stricter feed-in limits and adjusting the residential PV support mechanism entail chances to enable larger PV systems sizes while also limiting their grid impact.
A polyiodide complex has been newly obtained during the cathodic oxidation of iodide ions (I−) in the presence of propylene carbonate (PC). This complex demonstrates features of both ionicity and hydrophobicity. The properties and structure of this complex were investigated and discussed in the light of electrochemical investigations, instrumental analyses, and theoretical calculations using quantum chemistry. The oxygen atom of the CO bond in PC was considered to play an essential role in forming this complex, and a large dipole moment structure between I2 and PC was suggested by the theoretical calculations. This PC/I2 structure was considered to play an essential role in enhancing the dissolution rate of I2 films on a cathode and in accelerating the cathodic oxidation of I−. A model for the structure of this complex is demonstrated. A zinc/iodine redox flow battery of an aqueous-based single electrolyte-type was examined as an application of this complex to a battery without a cation-exchange membrane. Over 90% Coulombic efficiency was observed through charge and discharge cycles.
In this work we analyzed the cathodic reactions of an important ionic liquid (IL) based electrolyte solution, namely lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI)/N-methyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium (BMP) TFSI. In situ FTIR spectroscopy was used for the analysis of gaseous products of the electrochemical decomposition of this IL solution during cathodic polarization of lithium metal and graphite electrodes. The main volatile product of the reductive decomposition of the anion in these BMPTFSI solutions is trifluoromethane. BMP cations decompose to mixtures of tertiary amines and hydrocarbons. The composition of the products is influenced by the nature of the anode material. Graphite possesses a catalytic activity in the electroreduction process of BMP cations which occurs along with their intercalation into the graphite structure. The liquid phase after cathodic polarization of graphite electrodes was analyzed by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy coupled with FTIR spectroscopy. 15N NMR and FTIR spectra revealed an increase in the Li cations content in the electrolyte solution, as a result of BMP cations decomposition during repeated cycling of graphite electrodes.
Background This paper examines the potential impact of recruitment source differences in schizophrenia research by comparing the neuropsychological performance of volunteers from the NISAD Schizophrenia Research Register with recently published schizophrenia normative data for the Repeatable Battery for Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Methods The Register sample comprised 285 volunteers with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Their RBANS performance was compared with US data from 575 predominantly outpatient-recruited schizophrenia patients. Results The Register sample displayed impairments in immediate and delayed memory, but near-normal language, attention and visuospatial-constructional performance (mean RBANS total score=88.72, SD=16.35). By contrast, health service-recruited schizophrenia patients displayed impairments on all RBANS scales (mean RBANS total score=70.54, SD=14.80). Within the Register sample, volunteers with low levels of current functioning had immediate and delayed memory performance comparable to the US schizophrenia sample. Gender and school completion status were also associated with different RBANS profiles. Conclusions These findings reinforce the notion that a severity/functioning gradient exists across schizophrenia recruitment sources, which has important implications for research design and generalizability. Memory impairments have emerged as a central feature of schizophrenia.
Hybrid electric vehicles are growing in popularity and significance in our marketplace as gasoline prices continue to rise. Consumers are also increasingly aware of their carbon “footprint” and seek ways of lowering their carbon dioxide output. Plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles appear to be the next wave in helping transition from a gasoline-based transportation infrastructure to an electric-grid-sourced mode, though most plug-in scenarios ultimately rely on having the electric utilities converted from fossil sources to renewable generation in the long run. At present, one of the key advantages of plug-in hybrid/electric vehicles is that they can be charged at home, at night, when lower off-peak rates could apply. The present analysis considers a further advancement: the impact of daytime recharging using solar arrays located at commuters’ work sites. This would convert large parking areas into solar recharge stations for commuters. The solar power would be large enough to supply many commuters’ needs. The implications for electric car design in relation to commuter range are discussed in detail.
Abstract Nanodiamond (ND) has appeared as a subject of tremendous research interest in recent years due to unique structural features and combination of unique properties. The synthesis strategies, chemistry, and structure of ND have been discussed in this chapter. When reinforced into polymers, this carbon nanomaterial may remarkably improve the properties of polymer matrix even at low loading level. Preparation routes for polymer/ND composite (in-situ polymerization, melt mixing, and solution processing) have also been conversed in this regard. Moreover, the essential characteristics such as thermal, mechanical, electrical, and other physical properties of polymer/ND composite are focused. This chapter also covers potentially important polymer/ND hybrids and their applications in number of growing technologies including defense, electronics, and energy storage devices and systems. Toward the end, this chapter elaborates current challenges associated with this exciting class of nanocomposite.
Tin and tin oxide-based electrodes are promising high-capacity anodes for lithium-ion batteries. However, poor capacity retention is the major issue with these materials due to the large volumetric expansion that occurs when lithium is alloyed with tin during lithiation and delithiation process. Here, a method to prepare a low-cost, scalable carbon and tin(II) oxide composite anode is reported. The composite material was prepared by ball milling of carbon recovered from used tire powders with 25 wt% tin(II) oxide to form lithium-ion battery anode. With the impact of energy from the ball milling, tin oxide powders were uniformly distributed inside the pores of waste-tire-derived carbon. During lithiation and delithiation, the carbon matrix can effectively absorb the volume expansion caused by tin, thereby minimizing pulverization and capacity fade of the electrodes. The as-synthesized anode yielded a capacity of 690 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at a current density of 40 mA g−1 with a stable battery performance.
Black women are generally regarded as being less prone to the development of osteoporosis. This study reports a similar prevalence of morphometric vertebral fractures in black (9.1 %) and white (5.0 %) South African women. Clinical risk factors and bone strength parameters contributed differently to fracture risk in the two ethnic cohorts.
This work reports the mechanical strength and ionic conductivity of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based polymer gel electrolytes that are modified with interpenetrating networks. A series of poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (PEGDMA) polymers with different numbers of repeating ethylene oxide units is utilized as the network former. The mechanical strength of the electrolytes is estimated from their stress–strain curves. To assess ionic distribution in the gel electrolytes, an analysis is made of the infrared absorption bands of the symmetric stretching modes of SO3 in triflate anions that are incorporated as the lithium salt. The local viscosity around charge-carrying ions is estimated by means of the fluorescence depolarization method. Introduction of a PEGDMA network, in particular by modifying with lower molecular weight PEGDMA, is effective for increasing the mechanical strength of PMMA-based gel electrolytes. This feature can be explained by a cross-linking effect provided by the network former. In addition, the PEGDMA modification leads to an increase in ionic conductivity due to enhancement in both the free-ion fraction and the ionic mobility. This favorable feature probably results from the introduction of the ethylene oxide unit (as PEGDMA) which has a high donor number for Li+ ions and high chain flexibility. Consequently, the use of higher molecular weight PEGDMA is advantageous for conductivity enhancement.