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Since the middle of the 20th century, ionizing radiations from radioactive isotopes including 137Cs have been investigated to determine their genotoxic impact on living organisms. The present study was designed to compare the effectiveness of three plant bioassays to assess DNA damage induced by low doses of 137Cs: Vicia-micronucleus test (Vicia-MCN), Tradescantia-micronucleus test (Trad-MCN) and Tradescantia-stamen-hair mutation test (Trad-SH) were used. Vicia faba (broad bean) and Tradescantia clone 4430 (spiderwort) were exposed to 137Cs according to different scenarios: external and internal (contamination) irradiations. Experiments were conducted with various levels of radioactivity in solution or in soil, using solid or liquid 137Cs sources. The three bioassays showed different sensitivities to the treatments. Trad-MCN appeared to be the most sensitive test (significative response from 1.5kBq/200ml after 30h of contamination). Moreover, at comparable doses, internal irradiations led to larger effects for the three bioassays. These bioassays are effective tests for assessing the genotoxic effects of radioactive 137Cs pollution.
The effective use of plant biomass for biofuel and bioproduct production requires a comprehensive glycosyl residue composition analysis to understand the different cell wall polysaccharides present in the different biomass sources. Here we compared four methods side-by-side for their ability to measure the neutral and acidic sugar composition of cell walls from herbaceous, grass, and woody model plants and bioenergy feedstocks.
We report a facile synthetic method to produce the interconnected hollow carbon spheres with various wall-thickness (as low as 9 nm). Instead of synthesizing and dispersing the silica hard templates in advance, we produce the templates in-situ to form the interconnected hollow-sphere structure. This interconnected structure provides a fast and efficient pathway for electron transfer. Meanwhile, decreasing the wall-thickness effectively shortens the distance of ion diffusion, which further promotes the high-rate performances of the interconnected hollow carbon spheres. For supercapacitor applications, at 1 A g−1, the MF-1.1-20 (with 9-nm wall-thickness) electrode demonstrates a high specific capacitance of 208 F g−1 and retains 93% of its initial capacity after 10000 cycles. Under a large current density of 20 A g−1, MF-1.1-20's specific capacity remains 153 F g−1, demonstrating excellent high-rate performances. In another aspect, as the electrode for lithium-sulfur battery, MF-1.1-20/S composite electrode demonstrates high specific capacity of 996 mAh g−1 and 465 mAh g−1 at 0.2C and 10C, respectively. The excellent electrochemical behavior of the interconnected hollow carbon spheres demonstrates their potential for applications in high-rate energy storage devices.
This paper presents a residential hybrid thermal/electrical grid-connected home energy system (HES), including a fuel-cell with combined heat and power and a battery-based energy storage system. The minimum operation cost of this integrated energy system is achieved by proper scheduling of different energy resources, found by applying a new powerful optimization algorithm, the Hyper-Spherical Search (HSS) algorithm, to the system's scheduling problem. This is the first time that HSS is used to face the energy resource dispatch problem. The HSS has been only tested in mathematical problems in the previous study. The optimization procedure generates an efficient look-up table in which the powers generated by different energy resources are determined for all time intervals. The effect of different electricity tariffs for purchasing electricity from the main grid on the operation costs of the system is investigated. Moreover, a battery is properly dispatched in the energy system to decrease the operation costs. A real load demand is used in the simulation. The results of HSS are compared with the harmony search algorithm and the colonial competitive algorithm to show the power and effectiveness of HSS to find the optimal dispatch strategy of energy resources for the first time. This is the first time that HSS is compared with CCA. The results of this paper are expected to contribute to home energy systems and real projects.
Hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders can produce a wide spectrum of neurologic complications both affecting the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system. These manifestations range in severity from coma in acute liver failure and acute pancreatitis, to minor cognitive changes in chronic portosystemic encephalopathy and hepatitis C. Cerebrovascular diseases can complicate hepatitis C infection and inflammatory bowel disease. Demyelinating disorders may co-exist with inflammatory bowel disease. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha drugs may induce demyelination. Ataxia may occur in malabsorption syndromes and in gluten related disorders. Characteristic movement disorders are key features of acquired hepatocerebral degeneration and of Whipple disease. Multiple types of neuropathy can be found in association with hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease and gluten related disorders.
Although lithium sulfur batteries (LSBs) possess extremely high specific capacity and ultrahigh energy density, the low conductivity and severe shuttle effect greatly restrict its practical application. Herein, we report a facile strategy to overcome the problems via a double-layer structure, in which one provides strong chemisorption by functionalized reduced graphene oxide (rGO) while the other confines polysulfides physically through coating a layer of rGO film on the electrode. The strategy not only alleviates the dissolution and diffusion of polysulfides but also inhibits polysulfides from penetrating into anode to some extent and enhances the electrical conductivity of electrode. The LSBs employing double-layer structure electrodes exhibit high initial capacity of 1353mAhg−1 at 0.1C and 78% capacity retention after 100cycles, good cycling stability with only 0.056% capacity decay per cycle at 1C, and remarkable rate capability with 92% reversible capacity retention. The current findings manifest that the double-layer structure can effectively improve the electrochemical performance via the dual synergistic effect of both chemical interaction and physical confinement.
With the advent of the information and related emerging technologies, such as RFID, small size sensors and sensor networks or, more generally, product embedded information devices (PEID), a new generation of products called smart or intelligent products is available in the market. Although various definitions of intelligent products have been proposed, we introduce a new definition of the notion of Intelligent Product inspired by what happens in nature with us as human beings and the way we develop intelligence and knowledge. We see an intelligent product as a product system which contains sensing, memory, data processing, reasoning and communication capabilities at four intelligence levels. This future generations of Intelligent Products will need new Product Data Technologies allowing the seamless interoperability of systems and exchange of not only Static but of Dynamic Product Data as well. Actual standards for PDT cover only lowest intelligence of today’s products. In this context, we try to shape the actual state and a possible future of the Product Data Technologies from a Closed-Loop Product Lifecycle Management (C-L PLM) perspective. Our approach is founded in recent findings of the FP6 IP 507100 project PROMISE and follow-up research work. Standards of the STEP family, covering the product lifecycle to a certain extend (PLCS) as well as MIMOSA and ISO 15926 are discussed together with more recent technologies for the management of ID and sensor data such as EPCglobal, OGC-SWE and relevant PROMISE propositions for standards. Finally, the first efforts towards ontology based semantic standards for product lifecycle management and associated knowledge management and sharing are presented and discussed.
Li–Si interactions are of great interest currently due to the potential use of silicon anodes in Li-ion batteries. As a first step toward eventual nanoscale characterization of lithiation of silicon, here we study the crystalline Li–Si alloys LiSi, Li12Si7, Li7Si3, Li13Si4, Li15Si4, and Li22Si5 using orbital-free density functional theory (OFDFT). The recently proposed Wang–Govind–Carter decomposition (WGCD) and Huang–Carter (HC) kinetic energy density functionals (KEDFs) are used to evaluate the electron kinetic energy. Both KEDFs predict accurate cell lattice vectors, equilibrium volumes, bulk moduli, and ground-state densities when compared to Kohn–Sham density functional theory (KSDFT) benchmarks. Elastic constants and alloy formation energies calculated with the WGCD KEDF also agree reasonably well with KSDFT. Finally, Li atom adsorption energies on the Si(100) − 2 × 1 surface are calculated as a simple initial test of the Li–Si mixing process during lithiation of silicon. The OFDFT adsorption energies again are fairly close to KSDFT values. The results in this work demonstrate the accuracy of the WGCD and HC KEDFs for materials with mixed covalent-metallic character and their considerable transferability under different chemical environments. Because of its quasilinear scaling, coupled with the level of accuracy shown here, OFDFT appears quite promising for large-scale simulation of such materials phenomena.
Highly concentrated LiTFSI - acetonitrile electrolytes have recently been shown to stabilize graphite electrodes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) much better than comparable more dilute systems. Here we revisit this system in order to optimise the salt concentration vs. both graphite and lithium metal electrodes with respect to electrochemical stability. However, we observe an instability regardless of concentration, making lithium metal unsuitable as a counter electrode, and this also affects evaluation of e.g. graphite electrodes. While the highly concentrated electrolytes have much improved electrochemical stabilities, their reductive decomposition below ca. 1.2 V vs. Li+/Li° still makes them less practical vs. graphite electrodes, and the oxidative reaction with Al at ca. 4.1 V vs. Li+/Li° makes them problematic for high voltage LIB cells. The former originates in an insufficiently stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) dissolving and continuously reforming – causing self-discharge, as observed by paused galvanostatic cycling, while the latter is likely caused by aluminium current collector corrosion. Yet, we show that medium voltage LiFePO4 positive electrodes can successfully be used as counter and reference electrodes.
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have received huge attention in the last years as promising porous materials with unrivalled degree of tunability for a wide range of applications including gas storage or separation, catalysis, drug delivery and imaging. The present review appraises the application of MOFs in the field of electrochemistry. From materials for rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells to electrocatalysis or corrosion inhibition, MOFs or MOF-derived materials are gaining momentum in this field. For real breakthroughs, combining their electrochemical properties with appropriate electronic and ionic conductivity will be required.
Electrochemical capacitor (EC) applications have broadened tremendously since EC energy storage devices were introduced in 1978. Then typical applications operated below 10 V at power levels below 1 W. Today many EC applications operate at voltages approaching 1000 V at power levels above 100 kW. This paper briefly reviews EC energy storage technology, shows representative applications using EC storage, and describes engineering approaches to design EC storage systems. Comparisons are made among storage systems designed to meet the same application power requirement but using different commercial electrochemical capacitor products.
ABSTRACT In this work, a crossover model is newly developed to account rigorously for the crossover of vanadium ions through the membrane and resultant side reactions occurring in both positive and negative electrodes. The crossover model is then numerically coupled with previously developed three-dimensional (3-D), transient, thermal VRFB model in which key physicochemical phenomena including the electrochemical reactions, waste heat generation, resultant species and heat transport are all included. Using the comprehensive VRFB model, we investigate the effects of vanadium crossover between the negative and positive electrodes during a single charge/discharge cycle. Numerical simulations successfully capture capacity loss related to vanadium crossover, clearly showing the difference in species distributions due to side reactions. The results show that due to effect of vanadium ion crossover, more charging time and less discharging time have been achieved.
Although spinel Li4Ti5O12 is an attractive anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), it suffers from its poor rate performance. To improve the rate performance, a Li3.9Cu0.1Ti5O12 and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite was fabricated through mixing CNTs with Li3.9Cu0.1Ti5O12 particles. X-ray diffraction combined with Rietveld refinement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurement, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, two-terminal electronic conductivity test and galvanostatic discharge–charge test were employed for the characterizations. The Cu+ substituting negligibly changed the particle size but modified the crystal structure. Consequently, the electronic and Li+ ion conductivities of Li3.9Cu0.1Ti5O12 were respectively increased to 4.0×10−8 S cm−1 and 5.6×10−7 S cm−1, which are at least forty and four times larger than those of the pristine Li4Ti5O12. Through incorporating CNTs, the electrical conduction between the Li3.9Cu0.1Ti5O12 particles was enhanced. As a result of these simultaneous improvements arising from the synergistic effect combining intrinsic improvement by Cu+ substituting and extrinsic enhancement by CNTs compositing, Li3.9Cu0.1Ti5O12/CNTs shows a significantly improved rate performance, which is better than those of Li3.9Cu0.1Ti5O12, Li4Ti5O12/CNTs and Li4Ti5O12. The specific capacity of Li3.9Cu0.1Ti5O12/CNTs at 10C is up to 103 mAh g−1 between 1.0 and 2.5V (vs. Li/Li+), in contrast to those of Li3.9Cu0.1Ti5O12, Li4Ti5O12/CNTs and Li4Ti5O12 to be only 29, 68, 12 mAh g−1 at the same rate. In addition, Li3.9Cu0.1Ti5O12/CNTs exhibits high cyclic stability with capacity retention of 96.3% over 100 cycles. These advanced electrochemical performances may render Li3.9Cu0.1Ti5O12/CNTs a promising candidate for the anodes of high-power LIBs.
Open circuit voltage of vanadium redox flow batteries is carefully calculated using equilibrium thermodynamics. This analysis reveals some terms in the Nernst relation which are usually omitted in literature. Due to the careful thermodynamic treatment, all uncertainties about the form of Nernst relation are removed except for uncertainties in activity coefficients of particular species. Moreover, it is shown (based again on equilibrium thermodynamics) that batteries with anion-exchange membranes follow different Nernst relation than batteries with cation-exchange membranes. The difference is calculated, and it is verified experimentally that the formula for anion-exchange membranes describes experiments with anion-exchange membranes better than the corresponding formula for cation-exchange membranes. In summary, careful thermodynamic calculation of open circuit voltage of vanadium redox flow batteries is presented, and the difference between voltage for anion-exchange and cation-exchange membranes is revealed.
Tubular 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5Li4Mn5O12 has been synthesized by a facile self-templating method starting from tubular β-MnO2. The wall thickness and diameter of 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5Li4Mn5O12 nanotubes are around 200 and 500nm, respectively. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy observations confirm the composite character, where the Li4Mn5O12 nano-domains are integrated with the Li2MnO3 nano-domains. The tubular composite synthesized at 600°C exhibits better electrochemical properties than that synthesized at 700°C due to the higher ratio of LiMn2O4 decomposed from Li4Mn5O12. The tubular composite also exhibits better electrochemical properties than the microsized aggregated particles due to the unique tubular nanostructure with large specific surface, short Li-ion diffusion pathway, and loose stacking of the tubes.
Vanadium oxide nanotubes (VO x -NTs) are prepared by sol–gel method and subsequent hydrothermal treatment using dodecylamines as structure directing templates. After sintering of VO x -NTs in the mixed gas flow of nitrogen and oxygen, we successfully obtain a kind of nanospike shaped vanadium pentoxide free of organic template. The synthesized vanadium pentoxide nanospike (V2O5-NS) is composed of interconnected V2O5 nanocrystals (50–200 nm) and exhibits superior specific capacity and cycling performance (427 mA h g−1 for the first cycle and 218 mA h g−1 after 50 cycles at 50 mA g−1 current density between 1.5 and 4 V versus Li/Li+) when used as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. Besides, V2O5-NS also possesses good rate capability. This novel method adopted in the work is facile and effective for the synthesis of nanostructured vanadium oxide.
The aims of the present study is to examine the relationship between anxiety, trauma perception and mental health. The subjects consisted of 284 university students, aged between 17-28 from the two different universities located in two different cities (Ankara and Aksaray) of Turkey. Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAS) and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised(IES-R) were used. The test battery formed in a mixed way to control the sequence influence in the application process. Then it was given to the participants in their classrooms of the universities. It was found that there are statistically significant relations between the score of the impact of event scale and brief symptom inventory scores. Regardless of what discipline ultimately working we are in, providers in mental health can help the young people who are hurting, and in the influences of some kinds of traumatic life events. The professionals empower the young people's personal growth and can give them psychological support to resolve their hardship through multidisciplinary team.
In order to simplify the template method for the synthesis of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries, a facile template method using plant stalks as bio-templates has been introduced. Based on this method, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel with a significantly improved electrochemical performance has been synthesized using corn stalk as a template. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared pectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) have been used to investigate the phase composition and micro-morphologies of the products. Charge-discharge measurements in lithium cells, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) have been used to study the electrochemical performance of the products. The results indicate that the templated product exhibits higher crystallinity than that of non-templated product. Both of the templated product and the non-templated product are combination of the ordered space group P4332 and the disordered Fd-3m. The specific BET surface area of the templated product is about twice larger than that of the non-templated product. Moreover, the electrochemical performances of the templated product including specific capacity, cycling stability and rate capability are significantly improved as compared with the non-templated product, due to its higher crystallinity, larger Li+ diffusion coefficient and lower charge transfer resistance.
Pyrolysis combined to either thermal cracking or catalytic cracking of municipal solid waste was performed in a laboratory-scale facility consisting of a fixed-bed reactor followed by a tubular cracking reactor. The results showed great potential for the production of syngas. The incorporation of inexpensive and widely available dolomite in the cracking reactor (with a constant feedstock to calcined dolomite ratio of 5:1) favoured the catalytic cracking of the primary pyrolysis products towards H2 and CO in a temperature range of 800–900 °C. More particularly, it was possible at 900 °C to achieve a syngas consisting of more than 80 vol% CO and H2 with a heating value of 16 MJ/Nm3. Additionally, a homogeneous solid fuel was obtained as a solid residue, which can be used to provide additional energy to support the process or as a refuse-derived fuel. Thus, the great potential of this process was demonstrated for turning municipal solid waste into a valuable gas fraction that can be used directly as a fuel or as a source of different value-added products.
In this work, two kinds of composite separators are prepared and used for lithium-ion batteries, which are a PP nonwoven/PVdF-HFP/PMMA blending-type composite separator (CS) and a sandwich-like PP nonwoven/PVdF-HFP composite separator with the introduction of PMMA nanoparticles on the surface (nano-CS). The morphology, electrolyte uptake, ionic conductivity and electrochemical properties of the separators are studied by SEM analysis, impedance measurements, charge–discharge cycle and C-rate tests, respectively. The nano-CS and CS(0.2) exhibit similar properties in electrolyte uptake (212% and 202%, respectively) and porosity (77.9% and 75.3%, respectively). Nonetheless, nano-CS shows enhanced thermal stability and higher ionic conductivity compared with CS(0.2) and commercial PP nonwoven/PVdF-HFP separators. Meanwhile, the LiFePO4/Li half-cell assembled with nano-CS displays the best C-rate capacity and cyclability especially at the high discharge current rate, indicating that the nano-CS separator is a kind of promising candidate for the high-performance lithium-ion batteries.
A novel distributed transient thermal model is proposed to investigate the thermal behavior of nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) batteries under fast-charging processes at constant currents. Based on the method of integral transformation, a series-form solution for the temperature field inside the battery core is obtained that takes account for orthotropic heat conduction, transient heat generation, and convective heat dissipation at surfaces of the battery. The accuracy of the developed theoretical model is confirmed through comparisons with numerical and experimental data for a sample 30 ampere-hour NiMH battery. The comparisons show that even the first term of the series solution fairly predicts the temperature field with the modest numerical cost. The thermal model is also employed to define an efficiency for charging processes. Our calculations confirm that the charging efficiency decreases as the charging current increases.
Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts with applications in fuel cells and metal-air batteries can be tailored to overcome the slow kinetics and to reduce overpotentials of the reaction. In this work, a series of amorphous manganese dioxides are synthesised via a chemical redox synthesis method. Synthesis parameters including molar ratio, the order of adding sequence of reactants, pH, and temperature are found to affect the catalyst’s physical and chemical properties such as morphology, lattice hydration, active surface area, and surface properties. The samples are characterised by SEM, BET, XPS and XRD as well as cyclic voltammetry, rotating disc electrode, and gas diffusion electrode measurements. The results indicated that an optimal catalyst sample can be synthesized by reduction of KMnO4 with Mn(CH3COO)2 in MnO4 −/Mn2+ molar ratio of 2.67 by addition of KMnO4 into Mn(CH3COO)2 at pH 12, 295K. The gas diffusion electrode coated with amorphous manganese dioxide catalyst ink in 10:10:2wt% of MnO2:XC-72R:PTFE with a loading of 2mgcm−2, was shown to support current densities up to 100mAcm−2 with improved performance.