batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Electrolyte decomposition and the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer occur during the initial charge/discharge cycles of carbon in electrolytes used in Li-ion batteries. This paper describes our approach to characterize the formation of SEI layers on various carbonaceous materials by in situ ellipsometry. Five types of carbon samples (carbon films on glass, pyrolyzed photoresist on silicon, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and natural graphite) with specular surfaces were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and in situ ellipsometry/electrochemical studies in ethylene carbonate–dimethyl carbonate containing a lithium salt. Raman spectroscopy showed that the carbons films deposited on glass contain broad overlapping peaks from 900 to 1700cm−1, which is indicative of the highly disordered nature of the carbon films. Changes in the ellipsometric parameters, Δ and ψ, were correlated with the formation of the SEI layer during the initial charge (intercalation) process.
A functional separator comprised of agglomerates of the ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and carbon coating, bonded together with carbon nanotube (CNT) is designed to enhance the electrochemical performance of Lithium/sulfur (Li/S) batteries. The strong interaction between polar Fe3O4 and lithium polysulfides effectively prevents the shuttling effect. Porous carbon coating layer and CNT network are further introduced into Fe3O4 nanoparticles to enlarge the specific surface area of the composite, improve its electronic conductivity, and boost the kinetic reactions. The confinement of polysulfides by Fe3O4 is supported by the results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Specifically, the Li/S cells exhibit an initial discharge capacity as high as 1542 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C, retain a long-term cyclability of 651 mAh g-1 at 1 C after 1000 cycles, and deliver a superior rate capability of 653 mAh g-1 even at 5 C. Notably, the cells with the carbon nanotube/Fe3O4 coated by carbon (CNT/Fe3O4@C) modified separator with high sulfur loading can also exhibit superior cycling performance, deliver a high areal capacity of 4.4 mAh cm-2 over 60 cycles. The present work provides a facile method for making Li/S batteries commercially viable.
Low-temperature preheating of batteries is fundamental to ensure that electric vehicles exhibit excellent performance in all-climate conditions. Direct current for discharge is presented to rapidly preheat batteries due to its simple implementation and high heat generation compared to alternating current. Experimental results reveal that the heating time is significantly reduced while capacity degradation is dramatically increased, with the decreasing discharge heating voltage. A simple fade model to capture battery capacity loss is proposed and accurately demonstrated under direct-current discharge heating. Pareto front for dual crucial yet conflicting objectives, heating time and capacity loss, is obtained using the multi-objective genetic algorithm and the effect of weighting coefficient on heating performance is discussed, thus proposing an optimal internal-heating strategy. The battery is rapidly heated from −30 °C to 2.1 °C within 103 s and the capacity loss is only 1.4% after 500 repeatedly heating, implying substantially no lifetime deterioration. At 0.8 state-of-charge, the heated battery can offer 8.7/32.7 times the discharge/charge power and 62.46 times the discharge energy of the unheated battery, indicating a significant performance boost. The proposed optimal heating method, thanks to short heating time and no substantial lifetime reduction, yields great potential to rapidly boost battery performance in extremely cold conditions.
The efficiency of zinc electrodeposition is of fundamental importance for improving long-term performance of aqueous zinc-ion batteries. In order to improve the efficiency of electrodeposition, as well as morphology and reactivity of the zinc deposit, it is possible to use organic additives in the electrolyte. Here, the effect of branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) as an electrolyte's additive on morphology and kinetics of zinc electrodeposition in 0.5 M of ZnSO4 solution is investigated. The presence of BPEI changes the morphology of the electrodeposited layer from laminated hexagonal large crystals to compact layer without preferential growth morphology. Moreover, we observe that BPEI adsorption on the surface of the substrate suppresses the kinetics of zinc electrodeposition and decreases the grain growth rate, thus favoring the nucleation over the growth. As a result, BPEI ensures a homogeneous distribution of the current densities and can guarantee uniformity of the deposited layer.
An all solid double layer capacitor was assembled by using poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(propylene glycol)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(propylene glycol)-bis(2-aminopropyl ether) blend (PEO-NPPP) and LiClO4 as polymer electrolyte layer and PEO-NPPP–carbon black (CB) as electrode film. High molecular weight PEO and the block copolymer NPPP with molecular mass of 2000Da were employed, which means that the design is safe from the point of view of solvent or plasticizer leakage and thus, a separator is not necessary. Highly conductive with large surface area nanostructured carbon black was dispersed in the polymer blend to produce the electrode composite. The electrolyte and electrode multilayers prepared by spray were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and impedance spectroscopy. The ionic conductivity as a function of temperature was fitted with the Williams–Landel–Ferry equation, which indicates a conductivity mechanism typical of solid polymer electrolyte. AFM images of the nanocomposite electrode showed carbon black particles of approximately 60nm in size well distributed in a semicrystalline and porous polymer blend coating. The solid double layer capacitor with 10wt.% CB was designed with final thickness of approximately 130μm and delivered a capacitance of 17Fg−1 with a cyclability of more than 1000 cycles. These characteristics make possible the construction of a miniature device in complete solid state which will avoid electrolyte leakage and present a performance superior to other similar electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) presented in literature, as assessed in specific capacitance by total carbon mass.
Objective To examine the use and effect of the Battery of Rehabilitation Assessments and Interventions on evidence-based practice (EBP) over 6 years. Design Successive independent samples study. Setting Large rehabilitation system. Participants Successive samples of allied health clinicians (N=372) in 2009 (n=136), 2012 (n=115), and 2015 (n=121). Interventions The Battery of Rehabilitation Assessments and Interventions includes 2 components: (1) a process to synthesize, adapt, and make recommendations about the application of evidence; and (2) a process to implement the recommended practices in 3 levels of care. Main Outcome Measures To assess the effect of the project, surveys on EBP perspectives, use, and barriers were conducted before Battery of Rehabilitation Assessments and Interventions implementation and 3 and 6 years after implementation. Questions about effect of the project on clinical practice were included 3 and 6 years postimplementation. Results Survey data indicate the Battery of Rehabilitation Assessments and Interventions resulted in a significant increase in use of EBPs to make clinical decisions and justify care. As a result of the project, survey participants reported a substantial increase in use of outcome measures in 2012 (74%) and 2015 (91%) and evidence-based interventions in 2012 (62%) and 2015 (82%). In 2012, significant differences (P≤.01) in effect of the Battery of Rehabilitation Assessments and Interventions on practice were identified between therapists who were directly involved in the project and Interventions compared with uninvolved therapists. In 2015, no significant differences existed between involved and uninvolved therapists. Conclusions After 6 years of sustained implementation efforts, the Battery of Rehabilitation Assessments and Interventions expedited the adoption of EBPs throughout a large system of care in rehabilitation.
Vehicle to Grid technologies utilize idle EV battery power as a grid storage tool to meet fluctuating electric power demands. Vehicle to Grid systems are promising substitutes for traditional gas turbine generators, which are relatively inefficient and have high emissions impacts. The purpose of this study is to predict the future net revenue and life cycle emissions savings of Vehicle to Grid technologies for use in ancillary (regulation) services on a regional basis in the United States. In this paper, the emissions savings and net revenue calculations are conducted with respect to five different Independent System Operator/Regional Transmission Organization regions, after which future EV market penetration rates are predicted using an Agent-Based Model designed to account for various uncertainties, including regulation service payments, regulation signal features, and battery degradation. Finally, the concept of Exploratory Modeling and Analysis is used to estimate the future net revenue and emissions savings of integrating Vehicle to Grid technology into the grid, considering the inherent uncertainties of the system. The results indicate that, for a single vehicle, the net revenue of Vehicle to Grid services is highest for the New York region, which is approximately $42,000 per vehicle on average. However, the PJM region has an approximately $97million overall net revenue potential, given the 38,200 Vehicle to Grid-service-available electric vehicles estimated to be on the road in the future in the PJM region, which is the highest among the studied regions.
Previous studies have revealed that attention and inhibition are impaired in individuals with elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety. Virtual reality (VR)-based neuropsychological assessment may be a valid instrument for assessing attention and inhibition given its higher ecological validity when compared to classical tests. However, it is still unclear as to whether a VR assessment can predict depression and anxiety with the same or higher level of effectiveness and adherence as classical neuropsychological measures. The current study examined the effectiveness of a new VR test, Nesplora Aquarium, by testing participants with low (N = 41) and elevated (N = 41) symptoms of depression and anxiety. Participants completed a continuous performance test where they had to respond to stimuli (species of fish) in a virtual aquarium, as well as paper-and-pencil and computerised tests. Participants’ performance in Nesplora Aquarium was positively associated with classic measures of attention and inhibition, and effectively predicted symptoms of depression and anxiety above and beyond traditional cognitive measures such as psychomotor speed and executive functioning, spatial working memory span. Hence, VR is a safe, enjoyable, effective and more ecological alternative for the assessment of attention and inhibition among individuals with elevated anxiety and depression symptoms.
Soft-bodied marine invertebrates comprise a keystone component of ocean ecosystems; however, we know little of their behaviors and physiological responses within their natural habitat. Quantifying ocean conditions and measuring organismal responses to the physical environment is vital to understanding the species or ecosystem-level influences of a changing ocean.
The microporous polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nonwoven separators have been developed by using electrospun nano-fibers with homogeneous diameter of 380 and 250nm. The physical, electrochemical and thermal properties of the PAN nonwovens were characterized. The PAN nonwovens possessed homogeneous pore size distribution with similar pore size to the conventional microporous membrane separator. Moreover, the PAN nonwovens showed higher porosities, lower gurley values and better wettabilities than the conventional polyolefin microporous separator. Cells with the PAN nonwovens showed better cycle lives and higher rate capabilities than that of a cell with conventional one. Any internal short circuit was not observed for the cells with the PAN nonwovens during charge–discharge test. Hot oven tests for the charged cells up to 4.2V have revealed that the PAN nonwoven was thermally stable at 120°C, but showed shrinkage of about 26% isotropically after the test at 150°C for 1h. The Celgard membrane showed uniaxial shrinkage of about 30% along the machine direction at 150°C for 1h.
Bowl-like hollow Co3O4 microspheres are prepared via a simple and low-cost route by thermally treating Co-containing resorcinol-formaldehyde composites gel in air. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope and N2 adsorption-desorption measurements demonstrate that these bowl-like hollow Co3O4 microspheres are composed of hollow inner cavities and outer shell walls (70nm thickness), on which a considerable amount of mesopores centered around 5-17nm size are distributed. When employed as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries, these bowl-like hollow Co3O4 microspheres exhibit extraordinary cycling performance (111% retention after 50 cycles owing to capacity rise), fairly high rate capacity (650 mAh g−1 at 5C) and enhanced lithium storage capacity. Meanwhile, the Na-storage behavior of Co3O4 as an anode material of Na-ion batteries is initially investigated based on such a hollow structure and it exhibits similar feature of discharge/charge profiles and a high initial discharge capacity but relatively moderate capacity retention compared with the Li-storage performance.
The PbO2 and F−-doped PbO2 (F-PbO2) film electrodes have been prepared by an electrodeposition process onto platinum substrate. The changes of their electrochemical activity for oxygen evolution (OE) reaction with accelerated electrolysis time have been studied. The results show that the activity of the electrodes decreases with increasing electrolysis time. This can be attributed to the conductivity variations, which are caused by the decrease of the oxygen vacancy concentration in PbO2 films during OE. The mechanism of the decrease of the oxygen vacancies has been investigated. For F-PbO2 film electrodes, though its electrochemical activity is somewhat lower than that of undoped one, its activity stability is much higher in comparison with that of PbO2. The influence of F− doping on the activity of PbO2 film electrodes has been also discussed.
Lithium iron phosphate–carbon (LiFePO4–C) composites with various amounts of Fe2P are synthesized by ball-milling coupled with microwave heating to serve as cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. LiFePO4–C in which Fe2P is restrained below a critical concentration gives as very high discharge capacity of 165mAhg−1, excellent rate capability (85.4% C/50-rate discharge capacity at 2C) and stable cyclic retention for 250 cycles. Above the critical concentration however, electrochemical performance deterioated. Analysis and debate, based on a comparison of the physical and electrochemical properties among LiFePO4–C composites with the variation of Fe2P, proceeded to the conclusion that below the critical concentration, Fe2P enhanced the conductivity of LiFePO4–C, whereas above the critical concentration, it blocked the one-dimensional Li+ pathways in LiFePO4 and might hinder Li+ movement in LiFePO4. Therefore, in order to obtain a LiFePO4–C composite that enhances electrochemical performance, it is concluded that the amount of Fe2P should be carefully controlled below its critical concentration.
The mobile phone is not just another device; it is with you day and night, and you rely on its capabilities in work and in private. In short, the mobile phone is your companion. As your companion, it should understand your situational and informational needs. How do we increase the friendliness of your mobile phone, in order to fulfil this promise? In this paper, we explore how context awareness can be used for managing the user mobile experience. To this end, we employed a design research approach to integrate context-aware and cloud based services in an Android application. Through a user evaluation and proof-of-concept implementation we show how new technologies can increase the friendliness of your mobile phone. In so doing, we provide evidence that adaptive applications based on user context offer a fertile ground for taking mobile companionship to the next level.
The use of microscale flexible mechanical energy storage devices, instead of traditional electrochemical energy storage devices based on supercapacitors and Li-ion batteries, is highly considered for portable electronics, actuators, and meso-micro scale systems. The selection of resilient and robust building blocks is the first step for high energy-density mechanical energy storage system. Herein, alternative aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene were effectively sandwiched into freestanding sp2 all-carbon hybrids, rendering the excellent loading transfer in the three-dimensional framework. The millimeter-scale aligned CNT/graphene sandwiches could be repeatedly compressed at high strains (ε>90%), with a highest energy absorption density of 237.1kJkg−1, an ultrahigh power density of 10.4kWkg−1, and a remarkable efficiency of 83% during steady operation, providing novel nanocomposites with outstanding mechanical energy storage performance comparable to electrochemical batteries and bridging nanoscopic structures to micro- and mesoscale applications.
Memory for faces and names has increasingly become a focus of cognitive assessment and research in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This paper reviews evidence from cognitive and clinical neuroscience regarding the question of whether AD is associated with a specific deficit in face recognition, face-name association, and retrieval of semantic information and names. Cognitive approaches conceptualizing face recognition and face-name association have revealed that, compared to other types of visual stimuli, faces are “special” because of their complexity and high intraclass similarity, and because their association with proper names is arbitrary and unique. Neuroimaging has revealed that due to this particular status, face perception requires a complex interplay of highly specialized secondary visual areas located in the occipitotemporal cortex with a widely distributed system of cortical areas subserving further task-dependent processing. Our review of clinical research suggests that AD-related deficits in face recognition are primarily due to mnestic rather than perceptual deficits. Memory for previously studied or famous faces is closely related to mediotemporal and temporocortical brain regions subserving episodic and semantic memory in general, suggesting that AD-related impairments in this domain are due to neural degeneration in these areas. Despite limited specificity due to the apparent absence of a “genuine” domain- specific deficit of face memory in AD, testing memory for faces and names is useful in clinical contexts, as it provides highly sensitive indices of episodic and semantic memory performance. Therefore, clinical assessment of face memory can usefully contribute to early detection of memory deficits in prodromal and initial stages of AD, and represents a basis for further attempts at rehabilitation. Further advantages, such as ecological validity, high task comprehensibility and, in the case of novel face learning, independence from premorbid intelligence level, render measures of face recognition valuable for clinical assessment in early AD.
A crucial step towards the large-scale introduction of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in the market is to reduce the cost of its battery systems. Currently, battery cycle- and calendar-life represents one of the greatest uncertainties in the total life-cycle cost of battery systems. The field of battery aging modeling and prognosis has seen progress with respect to model-based and data-driven approaches to describe the aging of battery cells. However, in real world applications cells are interconnected and aging propagates. The propagation of aging from one cell to others exhibits itself in a reduced battery system life. This paper proposes a control-oriented battery pack model that describes the propagation of aging and its effect on the life span of battery systems. The modeling approach is such that it is able to predict pack aging, thermal, and electrical dynamics under actual PHEV operation, and includes consideration of random variability of the cells, electrical topology and thermal management. The modeling approach is based on the interaction between dynamic system models of the electrical and thermal dynamics, and dynamic models of cell aging. The system-level state-of-health (SOH) is assessed based on knowledge of individual cells SOH, pack electrical topology and voltage equalization approach.
Heart rate variability (HRV) is an important biomarker for parasympathetic function and future health outcomes. The present study examined how the structure of regions in a neural network thought to maintain top–down control of parasympathetic function is associated with HRV during both rest and social stress. Participants were 127 young women (90 Black American), who completed a structural MRI scan and the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), during which heart rate was recorded. Regression analyses were used to evaluate associations between cortical thickness in five regions of the Central Autonomic Network (CAN; anterior midcingulate cortex [aMCC], pregenual and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex [pgACC, sgACC], orbitofrontal cortex [OFC], and anterior insula) and high-frequency HRV during rest and stress. Results indicated that cortical thickness in CAN regions did not predict average HRV during rest or stress. Greater cortical thickness in the right pgACC was associated with greater peak HRV reactivity during the TSST, and survived correction for multiple comparisons, but not sensitivity analyses with outliers removed. The positive association between cortical thickness in the pgACC and peak HRV reactivity is consistent with the direction of previous findings from studies that examined tonic HRV in adolescents, but inconsistent with findings in adults, which suggests a possible neurodevelopmental shift in the relation between brain structure and autonomic function with age. Future research on age-related changes in brain structure and autonomic function would allow a more thorough understanding of how brain structure may contribute to parasympathetic function across neurodevelopment.
The slurries comprising LiCoO2 powder, carbon, and polymeric binder are prepared by two different mixing processes, and their rheological properties are compared. In the multi-step process, the solvent is added into solid mixture in stepwise, whereas the total amount at once in the one-step process. The former process gives the slurry that is more suitable for electrode preparation with fluid-like behavior and more uniform dispersion of solid ingredients as compared to those prepared from the letter. In the composite electrode prepared from the former, the LiCoO2 and carbon particles are homogeneously distributed without agglomeration. Indebted to this favorable feature, this electrode exhibits a better electrochemical performance for cyclability and rate capability. It is very likely that the contact resistance and charge transfer resistance for lithiation/de-lithiation are smaller in the former electrode due to the homogeneous distribution of LiCoO2 and carbon particles, which leads to a less significant electrode polarization.