batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Burnham RS, Burnham TR. Effect of hand warming on electrodiagnostic testing results and diagnosis in patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome. Objectives To evaluate the effects of hand warming on electrodiagnostic (EDX) parameters of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Specifically, to evaluate the type and magnitude of change in EDX values; to determine whether warming can change the EDX diagnosis of CTS and, if so, to determine whether specific EDX tests are more vulnerable to the effects of warming. Design Interventional before-after trial. Setting Community EDX laboratory. Participants Consecutive patients (N=33) referred for EDX evaluation of suspected CTS. Intervention Each upper limb was tested at room temperature (average hand temperature, 31.9°C) and retested after 20 minutes of heating pad warming (average hand temperature, 33.5°C). Main Outcome Measures Median and ulnar nerve motor and sensory latency, conduction velocity, and amplitude. Results Warming resulted in significantly faster transcarpal tunnel sensory and motor conduction (6%–10%), reduced median: ulnar sensory latency to digit 4 difference (23%), and reduced sensory nerve and compound motor action potential amplitude (10% and 13%, respectively). The changes resulted in 15% fewer limbs meeting the EDX conduction velocity criteria of CTS and 9% fewer by median: ulnar sensory latency to digit 4 difference. Waveform amplitudes became abnormally low after warming in 12% of limbs. Conclusions Hand warming using a heating pad for 20 minutes increases median nerve transcarpal tunnel conduction velocity and reduces amplitude. These phenomena introduce potential sources of diagnostic error, particularly in borderline cases. Generally, within hand, between nerve, and within nerve comparison techniques are less susceptible to the conduction velocity effects of warming.
To develop an environmentally acceptable refuelling solution for fuel cell-powered unmanned aerial systems (UASs) to operate in remote areas, hydrogen fuel must be produced on-site from renewable energy sources. This paper describes a Matlab-based simulation tool specifically developed to pre-design offgrid hydrogen refuelling systems for UAS applications. The refuelling system comprises a high concentrated PV array (CPV), an electrolyser, a hydrogen buffer tank and a diaphragm hydrogen compressor. Small composite tanks are also included for fast refuelling of the UAV platforms at any time during the year. The novel approach of selecting a CPV power source is justified on the basis of minimizing the system footprint (versus flat plat or low concentration PV), aiming for a containerized remotely deployable UAS offgrid refuelling solution. To validate the simulation tool a number of simulations were performed using experimental data from a prototype offgrid hydrogen refuelling station for UAVs developed by Boeing Research & Technology Europe. Solar irradiation data for a selected location and daily UAS hydrogen demands of between 2.8 and 15.8Nm3 were employed as the primary inputs, in order to calculate a recommended system sizing solution and assess the expected operation of the refuelling system across a given year. The specific energy consumption of the refuelling system obtained from the simulations is between 5.6 and 8.9kWhe per kg of hydrogen delivered to the UAVs, being lower for larger daily hydrogen demands. Increasing the CPV area and electrolyser size in order to supply higher daily hydrogen demands (e.g., above 10Nm3 H2 per day) improves the system operability. However this can imply excessive system size and costs, jeopardizing the techno-economic feasibility of a remotely deployable off-grid refuelling solution.
A new graphene/nickel-iron-hexacyanoferrate (graphene/Ni-Fe-HCF) nanocomposite was constructed and its electrochemical behavior was investigated. First, graphene oxide (GO) was deposited by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique onto stainless steel (SS). Then, it was electrochemically reduced to graphene (ERGO/SS) by applying constant potential at −1.1 V in NaNO3. Finally, Ni-Fe-HCF hybrid was formed onto ERGO/SS from solution containing NiCl2, FeCl3 and K3Fe(CN)6 by chronoamperometry. The surface morphology of constructed electrode was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). SEM indicates the formation of nanoparticles in the range of 20–60nm. Also, crystal structure of nanocomposite was characterized by using X-ray diffraction. The performance of prepared electrode was investigated by various electrochemical methods using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results show that Ni-Fe-HCF hybrid has characteristics of battery-type materials. Ni-Fe-HCF/ERGO nanocomposite has higher capacity (67.77mAhg−1) than ERGO (32.5mAhg−1) or Ni-Fe-HCF (20.97mAhg−1) at 0.5Ag−1. Also, its capacity is higher than that of Ni-HCF/ERGO (44.58mAhg−1) or Fe-HCF/ERGO (44.72mAhg−1) at same current density. In addition, EIS results show Ni-Fe-HCF/ERGO has the lowest charge transfer resistance. Cycle life studies resolve that Ni-Fe-HCF/ERGO shows good stability in 0.5M KNO3 at pH=5.
The availability of computationally powerful and energy-efficient wireless sensing units or WSUs (one or more arranged in the form of a network in the vicinity and/or within a structure of interest) has led to new developments in the field of building and seismic strong motion monitoring. These WSUs can serve several functions. Those of largest earthquake engineering and engineering seismology interest are the recording of ground shaking the building is subjected to, as well as its response, and the capability of running rapid seismic risk analyses on the basis of vulnerability models of the structure, possibly coupled with recorded data. The REAKT project has shed light on a number of prospective applications of the last generation of monitoring devices for seismic risk management of critical structures. These applications refer to real-time and near-real-time risk assessment, that is: earthquake early warning, immediate post-event response evaluations based on recorded shaking, and short-term aftershock risk management for automated building tagging. This paper summarizes these perspectives that, despite still presenting some challenges that may limit readiness to date, have potential for scientific innovation in the field.
LiNi0.5Mn0.4M0.1O2 (M=Li, Mg, Al, Co) compound was prepared by a solid-state reaction, and its structural, morphological and electrochemical properties were characterized by XRD, SEM, charge–discharge tests and EIS. The impacts of alien ion introduction on the structural, morphological and electrochemical properties of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 depend on the dopants. The substitution of Li, Mg, and Co for Mn can enlarge the particle size and improve the crystallinity. LiNi0.5Mn0.4Li0.1O2 and LiNi0.5Mn0.4Co0.1O2 show increased reversible capacities as well as upgraded rate capabilities. LiNi0.5Mn0.4Li0.1O2 exhibits a retentive capacity of about 200mAhg−1 at 50°C.
Determining state-of-charge (SoC) in a battery has been an important subject for the industry for decades. Despite significant efforts in the past focusing on methodologies to accurately estimate SoC in a battery, the fundamental understanding of the SoC issue has not been clear, at least in the industry where testing, control, and operation are concerned. Recently, we have been working on developing reliable techniques to identify capacity loss mechanism in rechargeable lithium batteries and to quantify contributions to capacity loss from different origins. That prompted us to re-visit the SoC issue. Strictly speaking, SoC is a static thermodynamic property of battery chemistry, which should be determined at equilibrium. On the other hand, cell capacity is a quantity of practical interest often determined by kinetics; thus, it is rate dependent. We conducted a few experiments to illustrate the accurate estimate of SoC through proper measurements. We also explained the proper correlation between SoC and rate capacity. A better understanding of the charge and discharge behavior in a battery under different rates in relation to the SoC is therefore derived.
Ni0.5TiOPO4 oxyphosphate anode material was prepared via sol-gel method and coated with sucrose. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system (S.G. P21/c) with a 3D framework providing convenient pathways for sodium ion diffusion and is able to accommodate 1.5 Na+/f.u. on the available sites (theoretical capacity of 256 mAh·g−1). The electrochemical performance of C-coated Ni0.5TiOPO4 (NiTP-C) was investigated for the first time vs. Na+/Na in the potential window 0.2–3 V. The C-coated Ni0.5TiOPO4 electrode material can exhibit an initial discharge capacity of 520 mAh·g−1 at C/10, with a long plateau at 0.75 V in the half cell against metallic Na. The subsequent charge profile clearly differs form that recorded during the discharge revealing an irreversibility in the electrochemical process in the first cycle. Rate capability tests have demonstrated satisfactory performances. The specific capacities delivered at 2C and 5C were 185 mAh·g−1 and 135 mAh·g−1, respectively. In situ diffraction using synchrotron radiation revealed that C-coated Ni0.5TiOPO4 exhibits a conversion mechanism starting from 0.64 V in discharge, and at 0.49 V the compound shows a complete amorphization characterized by the disappearance of the Bragg reflections from crystalline phase.
In this chapter we cover advanced topics related to interpretation of the five primary index scores. We conduct a detailed analysis of the cognitive constructs assessed by each of the indexes, how each is related to intelligence through models of cognitive information processing and neuroscience, and how the various cognitive abilities interact with one another and the executive functions in the service of solving problems in real life. We remind psychologists that while an understanding of the abilities being tapped by the index and subtest scores are fundamental to using this test, these scores must also be placed in the larger context of each child and their “world.” There are a huge number of endogenous factors such as genetics and a host of external factors such as culture and education that impact not only the growth and expression of intelligence, but also performance on intelligence tests.
To investigate the effects of carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene buffers for high capacity anode materials in lithium ion batteries, cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles supported on ball-milled graphite (BMG), were coated on either CNTs or graphene layers, which were reinforced with stainless steel gauze. Morphological buffer changes observed thoroughly by SEM indicated that volumetric expansion occurred in the CuO/BMG electrode containing the CNT buffer was smaller than in the electrode containing graphene as a buffer layer. This led the CuO/BMG–CNT electrode to remain high capacity retention (799mAhg−1) after 30 charge/discharge cycles, whereas the CuO/BMG and CuO/BMG–graphene electrodes showed 540 and 741mAhg−1, respectively. Due to higher volumetric expansion of the graphene buffer, the CuO/BMG–graphene showed large irreversible capacity and resistance, even though it had high initial capacity for lithium ion storage.
Safe and high-energy-density lithium rechargeable batteries are urgently required for vehicle electrification and grid energy storage. All-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) are regarded as a good choice to meet these stringent requirements. However, interfacial instability between Li metal and solid-state sulfide electrolytes (SEs) and lithium dendrite formation are main challenges to be overcome. In this work, molecular layer deposition (MLD) is employed for the first time to develop an inorganic-organic hybrid interlayer (alucone) at the interface between the Li metal and SEs. It is found that the alucone layer can serve as an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). As a result, interfacial reactions between Li and SEs are significantly suppressed by intrinsically blocking electron transfer at the interface. In addition, lithium dendrites are also suppressed. Coupled with a LiCoO2 cathode, ASSLMBs with 30 MLD cycles of alucone on Li metal exhibit a high initial capacity of 120 mAh g−1 and can retain a capacity of 60 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles. This work exemplifies the use of MLD to stabilize the interface between SEs and Li metal for ASSLMBs.
We report results from the first deployment of a buoy-mounted aerosol sampler on the Bermuda Testbed Mooring (BTM) in the Sargasso Sea, in which a time-series of 21 aerosol samples were collected over the period May 5–September 29, 2004. These aerosol samples were analyzed for iron and soluble sodium (as a proxy for sea salt). Also analyzed was a time-series of 22 aerosol samples collected over the same period at the Tudor Hill atmospheric sampling tower on Bermuda. The buoy sampler worked as intended and successfully collected a time-series of aerosol samples, thus demonstrating that moored buoys can be used as oceanic observatories to provide information on the temporal (weekly, monthly and seasonal) variability in the concentration of aerosol iron (and other trace elements) over the surface ocean. The magnitude and time variation of aerosol Fe concentrations calculated from the BTM buoy samples are in close agreement with the corresponding aerosol Fe record from the Tudor Hill tower, which is located approximately 80km northwest of the mooring site. Both the BTM and Tudor Hill samples record periods of high aerosol iron loadings in late June and late July 2004, reflecting the transport of soil dust from North Africa, with the highest concentration of aerosol iron at the BTM site (0.83μgm−3) measured in late June. Concentrations of sea-salt aerosol calculated from the BTM samples are comparable to values measured over the Sargasso Sea and for samples collected at the Tudor Hill tower. Sea-salt aerosols do not appear to impede the collection of mineral aerosols by the buoy-mounted sampler.
Carbon nanomaterials have been frequently used to physically inhibit the lithium polysulfide's shuttle in lithium–sulfur batteries, especially those crumpled structure of graphene. Here, a type of reduced graphene oxide fiber enwrapped nano-sulfur (rGOF@nano-S) hybrids were synthesized by a simple sulfur-containing-ion assisted microwave (MW) synthesis method and then utilized as a sulfur host for lithium–sulfur batteries. The synergistic reactions of MW treatments and sulfur-containing-ion force on the precursor GO nanosheets (NSs) have induced a well-crumpled fibrous structure, and simultaneously uniformly wrapped the nano-S particles in them, which would make the resultant cathodes achieve improved electrochemical performances. The rGOF@nano-S hybrid cathodes showed a high reversible capacity (886 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C rate), a high rate capability (remaining 61% at 2 C rate), and an excellent cycling stability (with a minimal decay rate of 0.04% per cycle over 800 cycles at 1 C), which are highly improved compared to those of the hybrids without MW treatments. In addition, the optimal MW treatment time on rGOF@nano-S hybrid cathodes were also explored to be 2.4 min under 700-W power. This work suggests that MW treatments would be a useful strategy for the preparation of high-performance cathodes for Li–S batteries.
A prevalence-based cost-of-illness study using a societal perspective was conducted to investigate the cost-of-illness in clinically anxious youth aged 8–18 in The Netherlands. Discriminant validity of the cost diary used was obtained by comparing costs of families with an anxious child (n = 118) to costs of families from the general population (n = 41). To examine the convergent validity, bottom-up acquired costs derived from cost diaries were compared to top-down acquired costs obtained from national registrations. Bottom-up acquired costs measured by means of cost diaries amounted to €2,748 per family of a clinically referred anxious child per annum. Societal costs of families with clinically anxious children were almost 21 times as high compared to families from the general population. With respect to convergent validity, total health care costs using the bottom-up approach from clinically anxious children were quite comparable to those of top-down data of anxious children, although costs within the subcategories differed considerably. Clinical anxiety disorders in childhood cost the Dutch society more than 20 million euros a year. Based on results of discriminate and convergent validity, the cost diary seems a valid method in establishing cost-of-illness in childhood anxiety disorders.
A series of LiCoO2/mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) commercial cells cycled at different rates (0.6C, 1.2C, 1.5C, 1.8C, 2.4C and 3.0C) are disassembled and the capacity fade mechanism is proposed by analyzing the structure, morphology and electrochemical performance evolution at the capacity retention of 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%. The capacity deterioration of the commercial cell is mainly caused by the decay of the reversible capacity of LiCoO2 cathode, the irreversible loss of active lithium and the lithium remaining in anode. The proportions of effects by the above three factors are calculated accurately. The consumption of the active lithium leads to a cell imbalance between the anode and the cathode. The electrochemical test results indicate that the capacity fade of the active materials at the low rate is more obvious than that at the high rate. The influence of the active lithium is gradually increscent with the increasing rate. The rate of 1.5C is the optimal value to accelerate the aging of the full cell by comparing the testing results at different capacity retentions in the specific condition of low charge/discharge rate and shallow depth of discharge.
This study presents the preparation of novel cage-like MnO2-Mn2O3 particles that have high surface area and macro-porosity. Carbonaceous (C) spheres were first prepared hydrothermally as templates for a subsequent hydrothermal step of MnO2 shell precipitation. Adjusting the Mn precursor concentration and hydrothermal dwell time resulted in MnO2 shells of different thickness. Following calcination to remove carbon, thinner shells resulted in cage-like structure and a higher degree of Mn2O3 content, while thicker shells produced complete hollow spheres. The cage-like MnO2-Mn2O3 hollow spheres (CMHS) produced a 30% larger specific capacity than that of complete hollow spheres at 0.05Ag−1. On a 100 fold current density increase to 5Ag−1 CMHS had a 49.9% of its initial specific capacitance, and had 77.4% capacitance retention after 2000 cycles at 2Ag−1. Cage-like particles, through their high surface area and macro-porosity, thus afford a promising target structure for supercapacitor materials, and can be prepared as described herein.
A pair of redox flow batteries containing polyoxometalates was tested as part of an ongoing program in stationary energy storage. The iron-containing dimer, (SiFe3W9(OH)3O34)2(OH)3 11−, cycled between (SiFe3W9(OH)3O34)2(OH)3 11−/(SiFe3W9(OH)3O34)2(OH)3 14−and (SiFe3W9(OH)3O34)2(OH)3 17−/(SiFe3W9(OH)3O34)2(OH)3 14− for the positive and negative electrode, respectively. This compound demonstrated a coulombic efficiency of 83% after 20 cycles with an electrochemical yield (measured discharge capacity as a percentage of theoretical capacity) of 55%. Cyclic voltammetry on the Lindqvist ion, cis-V2W4O19 4−, showed quasi-reversible vanadium electrochemistry, but tungsten reduction was mostly irreversible. In a flow cell configuration, cis-V2W4O19 4−had a coulombic efficiency of 45% (for a two-electron process) and an electrochemical yield of 16% after 20 cycles. The poor performance of cis-V2W4O19 4−was attributed primarily to its higher charge density. Collectively, the results showed that both polyoxometalate size and charge density are both important parameters to consider in battery material performance.
Additive-free pellets of Li1-xNi0.5Mn1.5O4 have been prepared for the purpose of performing ionic diffusivity and exchange current density studies. Here we report on the characterization of interfacial charge transfer kinetics and ionic diffusivity of ordered (P4332) and disordered ( F d 3 ¯ m ) Li1-xNi0.5Mn1.5O4 as a function of lithium content at ambient temperature. The exchange current density at the electrode/electrolyte interface is found to be continuously increased with increasing the degree of delithiation for ordered phase (∼0.21–6.5 mA/cm2) at (x = 0.01–0.60), in contrast the disordered phase exhibits gradually decrease of exchange current density in the initial delithiation at the 4 V plateau regime (x = 0.01–0.04) and again monotonously increases (0.65–6.8 mA/cm2) with further delithiation at (x = 0.04–0.60). The ionic diffusivity of ordered and disordered phase is found to be ∼5 × 10−10cm2s−1 and ∼10−9cm2s−1, respectively, and does not vary much with the degree of delithiation. From the obtained results it appears that the chemical diffusivity during electrochemical use is limited by lithium transport, but is fast enough over the entire state-of-charge range to allow charge/discharge of micron-scale particles at practical C-rates.
Using first-principles DFT we systematically investigate the thermodynamic stability and off-stoichiometry in 108 nominal 19-electron half-Heusler (hH) compounds. We demonstrate unambiguously that considering a cation deficiency towards the off-stoichiometric valence balanced, VEC = 18 composition is necessary for explaining the stability of all previously reported nominal VEC = 19 compounds. This is understandable in terms of an energy benefit from valence balance considering the valence of each atom using Zintl chemistry that offsets the energy penalty of forming defects in nearly all cases. Thus, we propose a valence balanced rule to understand the ground state stability of half-Heuslers irrespective of stoichiometry and nominal electron count (8, 18 or 19). Using this generalized rule we (a) predict 16 previously unreported nominal 19-electron XYZ half-Heuslers and (b) rationalize the reports of giant off-stoichiometries in compounds such as Ti(1−x)NiSb which has been known for over 50 years. Of the 16 new compounds predicted here, Ti(1−x)PtSb was synthesized and the half-Heusler phase confirmed through X-ray studies. The flexibility in stoichiometry of the half-Heusler systems to attain a stable valence balanced composition by accommodating large defect concentrations opens up multiple dimensions for discovery of multi-component defective half-Heuslers based on intrinsic and extrinsic defects which compensate for the nominally non-18-electron count of the structure.
A wavelet-transform-based strategy is proposed for the power management of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) with multiple on-board energy sources and energy storage systems including a battery, a fuel cell, and an ultra-capacitor. The proposed wavelet-transform algorithm is capable of identifying the high-frequency transient and real time power demand of the HEV, and allocating power components with different frequency contents to corresponding sources to achieve an optimal power management control algorithm. By using the wavelet decomposition algorithm, a proper combination can be achieved with a properly sized ultra-capacitor dealing with the chaotic high-frequency components of the total power demand, while the fuel cell and battery deal with the low and medium frequency power demand. Thus the system efficiency and life expectancy can be greatly extended. Simulation and experimental results validated the effectiveness of wavelet-transform-based power management algorithm.