batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The electrical potential in a battery jumps at each electrode-electrolyte interface. We present a model for computing three-dimensional current and potential distributions, which accounts for such internal voltage jumps. Within the framework of the finite volume method we discretize the Laplace and gradient operators such that they account for internal jump boundary conditions. After implementing a simple battery model in OpenFOAM we validate it using an analytical test case, and show its capabilities by simulating the current distribution and discharge curve of a Li‖Bi liquid metal battery.
Carbon-coated Si and Si/B composite powders prepared by hydrocarbon gas (argon+10mol% propylene) pyrolysis were investigated as the anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Carbon-coated silicon anode demonstrated the first discharge and charge capacity as 1568mAhg−1 and 1242mAhg−1, respectively, with good capacity retention for 10 cycles. The capacity fading rate of carbon-coated Si/B composite anode decreased as the amounts of boron increased. In addition, the cycle life of carbon-coated Si/B/graphite composite anode has been significantly improved by using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/NaCMC mixture binders compared to the poly(vinylidene fluoride, PVdF) binder. A reversible capacity of about 550mAhg−1 has been achieved at 0.05mAmg−1 rate and its capacity could be maintained up to 450mAhg−1 at high rate of 0.2mAmg−1 even after 30 cycles. The improvement of the cycling performance is attributed to the lower interfacial resistance due to good electric contact between silicon particles and copper substrate.
The paper studies grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)-hydrogen/battery systems. The storage component capacities and the rule-based operation strategy parameters are simultaneously optimized by the Genetic Algorithm. Three operation strategies for the hydrogen storage, namely conventional operation strategy, peak shaving strategy and hybrid operation strategy, are compared under two scenarios based on the pessimistic and optimistic costs. The results indicate that the hybrid operation strategy, which combines the conventional operation strategy and the peak shaving strategy, is advantageous in achieving higher Net Present Value (NPV) and Self Sufficiency Ratio (SSR). Hydrogen storage is further compared with battery storage. Under the pessimistic cost scenario, hydrogen storage results in poorer performance in both SSR and NPV. While under the optimistic cost scenario, hydrogen storage achieves higher NPV. Moreover, when taking into account the grid power fluctuation, hydrogen storage achieves better performance in all three optimization objectives, which are NPV, SSR and GI (Grid Indicator).
The present paper reports the synthesis of the high capacity NiOOH through oxidization of spherical Ni(OH)2 by utilizing high-density NaClO-NaOH solution. The relationship between the structure and the change in electrochemical behavior during the synthesis process of NiOOH was investigated by means of the tests of FSEM, XRD, CV and galvanostatic discharge method. During most oxidizing time, the increment of NiOOH capacity is in linear relationship with the reaction time and is restrained by surface area and the diffusion of protons in solid phase. The optimal reaction time to synthesize ideal spherical NiOOH is 3h. The appearance of a small platform at 1.2V in discharging process and the cracks detected by FSEM of NiOOH during reaction process are the evidence of complete oxidization of spherical Ni(OH)2.
Cl-doped LiFePO4/C cathode materials were synthesized through a carbothermal reduction route, and the microstructure and electrochemical performances were systematically studied. Cl-doped LiFePO4/C cathode materials presented a high discharge capacity of ∼90mAhg−1 at the rate of 20C (3400mAg−1) at room temperature. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltamperometry indicated the optimized electrochemical reaction and Li+ diffusion in the bulk of LiFePO4 due to Cl-doping. The improved Li+ diffusion capability is attributed to the microstructure modification of LiFePO4 via Cl-doping.
Nuclear power accidents repeatedly reveal that the industry has an incomplete understanding of the complex risks involved in its operation. Through analyzing the investigation of a nuclear power incident in Sweden in 2006, I show how the industry's learning practices shape recurrent normalization of risk regulation after such surprises. Learning is shaped through institutionalized measures of sufficiency and particular “risk objects” (e.g. human factors and safety culture) created through learning from previous events. Subsequent regulatory measures are shaped through improvement scripts associated with these risk objects. These learning practices exclude alternative conceptual perspectives to understand and address safety-critical incidents. Latent risks will therefore produce similar events in the future. The article contributes to the literature on organizational learning, policy making, sensemaking and normalization in complex systems. To improve learning from incidents and regulation in high-hazard industries, social scientists and a wider circle of stakeholders should be included in the regulatory and post-incident examination processes.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within a genetic region including the first two introns of the gene encoding FTO have consistently been shown to be the strongest genetic factors influencing body mass index (BMI). However, this same also contains several regulatory DNA elements that affect the expression of IRX3 and IRX5, which respectively, are located approximately 500 kb and 1.2 Mbp downstream from the BMI-associated FTO locus. Through these affected regulatory elements, genetic variation at the FTO locus influences adipocyte development leading to decreased thermogenesis and increased lipid storage. These findings provide a genomic model for the functional implications of genetic variations at this locus, and also demonstrate the importance of accounting for chromatin–chromatin interactions when constructing hypotheses for the mechanisms of trait and disease-associated common genetic variants. Several consortia have generated genome-wide datasets describing different aspects of chromatin biology which can be utilized to predict functionality and propose biologically relevant descriptions of specific DNA regions. Here, we review some of the publically available data resources on genome function and organization that can be used to gain an overview of genetic regions of interest and to generate testable hypotheses for future studies. We use the BMI- and obesity-associated FTO locus as a subject as it poses an illustrative example on the value of these resources. We find that public databases strongly support long-range interactions between regulatory elements in the FTO locus with the IRXB cluster genes IRX3 and IRX5. Chromatin configuration capture data also support interactions across a large region stretching across from the RPGRIP1L gene, FTO and the IRXB gene cluster.
Polyaniline (PANI)/activated carbon (AC) composites are prepared by in situ emulsion polymerization using dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid (DBSA). DBSA can play a role as both surfactant and dopant in the process of PANI synthesis. The effect of DBSA on the preparation of PANI/AC composites is investigated in this research. For this purpose, the composites are prepared in micellar solutions with various concentrations of DBSA. It is confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Fourier-transform IR (FT-IR) spectroscopy that DBSA actually participates in the PANI doping process. The PANI doped with DBSA (DBSA-PANI) covering the AC surfaces is observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical properties of the composites are studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The composites show different values of specific capacitance, which was found to be a function of DBSA concentration. The composite prepared in 0.045M DBSA solution shows the highest specific capacitance (115.2Fg−1) among the prepared composites. The doping level of DBSA-PANI is increased with the concentration of DBSA in solution.
Sharp gradients of chemical distributions in the nutricline are poorly resolved via conventional sampling techniques. Resolution of the fine structure of chemical distributions in the water column requires the use of in situ procedures. We describe here a high-resolution method for the measurement of nitrite concentrations in the upper 200m of the water column. A long-pathlength Teflon AF-2400 liquid core waveguide provides the low nanomolar detection limits required for observations of nitrite in near-surface waters. Our spectrophotometric elemental analysis system (SEAS) has a two second sampling period. Coupled with an 11cm/s descent rate, SEAS is able to accurately identify the depth of the primary nitrite maximum and provide a detailed inventory for nitrite in the upper ocean.
Organic photovoltaics are an emerging solar power technology which embody properties such as transparency, flexibility, and rapid, roll to roll manufacture, opening the potential for unique niche applications. We report a detailed techno-economic analysis of one such application, namely the photovoltaic greenhouse, and discuss whether the unique properties of the technology can provide advantages over conventional photovoltaics. The potential for spectral selectivity through the choice of OPV materials is evaluated for the case of a photovoltaic greenhouse. The action spectrum of typical greenhouse crops is used to determine the impact on crop growth of blocking different spectral ranges from the crops. Transfer matrix optical modelling is used to assess the efficiency and spectrally resolved transparency of a variety of commercially available semi-conducting polymer materials, in addition to a non-commercial low-band-gap material with absorption outside that required for crop growth. Economic analysis suggests there could be a huge potential for OPV greenhouses if aggressive cost targets can be met. Technical analysis shows that semi-transparent OPV devices may struggle to perform better than opaque crystalline silicon with partial coverage, however, OPV devices using the low-band-gap material PMDPP3T, as well as a high efficiency mid-band-gap polymer PCDTBT, can demonstrate improved performance in comparison to opaque, flexible thin-film modules such as CIGS. These results stress the importance of developing new, highly transparent electrode and interlayer materials, along with high efficiency active layers, if the full potential of this application is going to be realised.
Bifunctional Pt/Ir x (IrO2)10− x (x <10) catalyst for unitized regenerative fuel cell (URFC) has been prepared by depositing Pt on Ir x (IrO2)10− x support which is obtained initially from Adams fusion method. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy show that ultrafine and narrow distributed Pt/Ir3(IrO2)7 nanocomposites are formed. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that among the series of catalysts studied, Pt/Ir3(IrO2)7 catalyst possesses the highest electrochemical surface area (24.74m2 g−1) and the highest activity towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) (21.71mAmg−1 at 0.85V). Meanwhile, considerably high activity towards oxygen evolution reaction (OER) (42.35mAmg−1 at 1.55V) is also observed for Pt/Ir3(IrO2)7 catalyst. Kinetic analyses indicate that ORR on Pt/Ir3(IrO2)7 catalyst follows four-electron mechanism. This work opens a new way to fabricate efficient bifunctional oxygen catalyst for URFC.
This paper proposes a new hybrid degradation model of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) used in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) operating under real conditions. This hybrid method is based on the wavelet analysis, Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). This new degradation model considers the influence of PEMFC load current, relative humidity, temperature, and hydrogen pressure. First, the wavelet analysis is used to decompose the voltage aging waveform of PEMFC into multiple sub-waveforms. Second, the ELM is applied to build the degradation model of each sub-waveform. Then, the overall degradation model of PEMFC is obtained by combining the degradation model of each sub-waveform. Finally, GA is adopted to improve the global optimization of the proposed degradation model. This model is experimentally validated by using actual data from 3 PEMFCs in 3 FCEVs carrying out postal mail delivery missions in the field. The results show that the proposed hybrid method can get higher accuracy than several traditional approaches.
The individual physico-chemical processes in lithium-ion batteries namely solid-state diffusion and charge transfer polarization are difficult to be tracked by impedance spectroscopy due to simultaneous contributions from cathode and anode. A deeper understanding of various polarization processes in lithium-ion batteries is important to enhance storage performance and cycle life. In this context, the polarization processes occurring in cylindrical 18650 cells comprising different cathodes against graphite anode (LiNi0.2Mn0.2Co0.6O2 vs. graphite; LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 vs. graphite; LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 vs. graphite and LiFePO4 vs. graphite) are investigated by deconvolution of impedance spectra across various states of charge. Further, cathodes and anodes are extracted from the investigated 18650-type cells and tested in half-cells against Li-metal as well as in symmetric cell configurations to understand the contribution of cathode and anode to the full cells of various battery chemistries studied. Except for the LiFePO4 vs. graphite cell, the polarization resistance in graphite of other cells are found to be higher than those of the investigated cathodes, proving that the polarization in lithium-ion battery is largely influenced by the graphitic anode. Furthermore, the charge transfer polarization resistance encountered by the cathodes investigated in this work is found to be a strong function of the states of charge.
The lithium-ion battery is one of the most promising technologies for energy storage in many recent and emerging applications. However, the cost of lithium-ion batteries limits their penetration in the public market. Energy input is a significant cost driver for lithium batteries due to both the electrical and thermal energy required in the production process. The drying process requires 45–57% of the energy consumption of the production process according to a model presented in this paper. The model is used as a base for quantifying the energy and temperatures at each step, as replacing electric energy with thermal energy is considered. In Iceland, it is possible to use geothermal steam as a thermal resource in the drying process. The most feasible type of dryer and heating method for lithium batteries would be a tray dryer (batch) using a conduction heating method under vacuum operation. Replacing conventional heat sources with heat from geothermal steam in Iceland, we can lower the energy cost to 0.008USD/Ah from 0.13USD/Ah based on average European energy prices. The energy expenditure after 15 years operation could be close to 2% of total expenditure using this renewable resource, down from 12 to 15% in other European countries. According to our profitability model, the internal rate of return of this project will increase from 11% to 23% by replacing the energy source. The impact on carbon emissions amounts to 393.4–215.1 g/Ah lower releases of CO2 per year, which is only 2–5% of carbon emissions related to battery production using traditional energy sources.
Adverse effects of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on sediment quality at the Bay of Cádiz (SW, Spain) were evaluated by a battery of acute bioassays and chemical contamination. Five sites directly affected by WWTPs effluents and one control site were chosen. Results evidenced clear deterioration of ecological sediment quality parameters and possible effects on aquatic communities towards WWTPs areas. Acute toxicity and chemical contamination varied significantly across the studied sites and differed between winter and summer seasons. The Bay of Cádiz is contaminated by PAHs, metals, detergents (SAS) and pharmaceutical products. Principal Component Analyses indicated metals, SAS and pharmaceutical products as the major environmental stresses. Sea-urchin embryo-larval and microalgae growth rate were the most sensitive bioassays to evaluate resuspension of contaminants (elutriate) from bulk sediment. Amphipods mortality and Microtox® solid phase test bioassays were recommended to evaluate bulk sediment quality. Therefore, the use of multiple-bioassays, sensitive to sediment pollution, may provide complementary information to diagnose environmental factors that can impair aquatic communities. The battery of bioassays is recommended to assess and monitor marine sediments directly affected by a mixture of contaminants released from WWTPs.
The Faradaic and non-Faradaic characteristics of a series of activated carbon particles (used to produce composite carbon–polymer electrodes for redox flow cells) have been determined using aqueous electrolytes (sulfuric acid and sodium polysulfide) at 295K. The particles were mounted as a circular section (ca. 0.80cm2) shallow packed bed of 2.5mm thickness in the direction of electrolyte flow (mean linear flow velocity≈6mms−1). Cyclic voltammetry in deaerated, 1moldm−3 H2SO4 at 295K indicated a specific capacitance in the range of 50–140Fg−1. Linear sweep voltammetry and galvanostatic step studies in an alkaline sodium polysulfide electrolyte (1.8moldm−3 Na2S2.11) have demonstrated marked differences amongst various types of activated carbon. Such differences are highlighted during galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling of half-cell electrodes in the polysulfide electrolyte. The electrochemical characteristics are compared to those based on (N2 adsorption) gas porosimetry measurements.
In this work, a spherical nano core-shell material was constructed by encapsulating Fe3O4 microsphere into conductive polymer-metal composite shell. The Fe3O4 microspheres were fabricated by assembling large amounts of Fe3O4 nano-crystals, which endowed the microspheres with super-paramagnetic property and high saturation magnetization. The polymer-metal composite shell was constructed by inserting Pt nano-particles (NPs) into the conductive polymer polypyrrole (PPy). As size and dispersion of the Pt NPs has an important influence on their surface area and surface energy, it was effective to enlarge the interface area between PPy and Pt NPs, enhance the electron transfer efficiency of PPy/Pt composite shell, and reinforced the shell’s structural stability just by tuning the size and dispersion of Pt NPs. Moreover, core-shell structure of the materials made it convenient to investigate the PPy/Pt shell’s shielding effect on the Fe3O4 core’s magnetic response to external magnetic fields. It was found that the saturation magnetization of Fe3O4/PPy/Pt core-shell material could be reduced by 20.5% by regulating the conductivity of the PPy/Pt shell.
LiCoO2 has α-NaFeO2 structure type and it has been reported that layered cation ordering is preserved during repeated insertion and removal of Li+. We have observed, at a nano-particle scale, cation disorder induced in LiCoO2 after prolonged cycling. LiCoO2 cathode powders with nano-grain sized of 70–300nm were synthesized by a mechano-chemical method. Transmission electron microscopy study of LiCoO2 showed that the initial O3 crystal structure partially transformed to a cubic spinel phase. This spinel phase formation may be responsible for capacity degradation after prolonged cycling of LiCoO2-based rechargeable lithium batteries. Cycle life of small size (70nm) LiCoO2 powder until 200 cycles is better than that of large size (300nm) LiCoO2 powder due to shorter diffusion distance.
Overcoming slow kinetics of cathodic electrochemical reactions is a key factor toward achieving economical and efficient electrocatalysts for practical application of primary Al-air batteries. In this study, a hybrid catalyst with specific surface area and manganese valence controlled α-MnO2 nanotube decorated by silver nanoparticles (Ag/MnO2-3) is successful synthesized. A facile hydrothermal method was used, followed by liquid phase reducing treatment. The Ag/MnO2-3 showed not only superior catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction with more positive onset potential (0.996 V vs. RHE) and comparable half-wave potential (0.870 V vs. RHE) to the commercial Pt/C catalyst but also a higher discharge voltage plateau (∼1.1 V at discharge current density of 50 mA cm−2) with superior stability in the primary Al−air battery test. The high electrocatalytic activity of the Ag/MnO2-3 nanohybrid is attributed to the larger specific surface area of MnO2 nanotubes and its ultrahigh atomic ratios of Mn3+/Mn4+ on the surface. This results in a strong synergistic effect between manganese dioxide nanotube and Ag nanoparticles to inhibit the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. This material is promising for applications in Al-air batteries.
Pasture and afforestation are land-use types of major importance in the tropics, yet, most flux tower studies have been conducted in mature tropical forests. As deforestation in the tropics is expected to continue, it is critical to improve our understanding of alternative land-use types, and the impact of interactions between land use and climate on ecosystem carbon dynamics. Thus, we measured net ecosystem CO2 fluxes of a pasture and an adjacent tropical afforestation (native tree species plantation) in Sardinilla, Panama from 2007 to 2009. The objectives of our paired site study were: (1) to assess seasonal and inter-annual variations in net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) of pasture and afforestation, (2) to identify the environmental controls of net ecosystem CO2 fluxes, and (3) to constrain eddy covariance derived total ecosystem respiration (TER) with chamber-based soil respiration (R Soil) measurements. We observed distinct seasonal variations in NEE that were more pronounced in the pasture compared to the afforestation, reflecting changes in plant and microbial activities. The land conversion from pasture to afforestation increased the potential for carbon uptake by trees vs. grasses throughout most of the year. R Soil contributed about 50% to TER, with only small differences between ecosystems or seasons. Radiation and soil moisture were the main environmental controls of CO2 fluxes while temperature had no effect on NEE. The pasture ecosystem was more strongly affected by soil water limitations during the dry season, probably due to the shallower root system of grasses compared to trees. Thus, it seems likely that predicted increases in precipitation variability will impact seasonal variations of CO2 fluxes in Central Panama, in particular of pasture ecosystems.
Abstract People with synesthesia have a remarkable way of experiencing the world in which numbers may evoke colors, words may trigger tastes, or the silent movement of an object may elicit a sound. In this chapter, we present an overview of the different kinds of synesthesia and the challenges faced in proposing a common explanation (and definition) of such a diverse collection of experiences. We focus specifically on developmental synesthesia, summarizing evidence that the brains of synesthetes have certain functional and structural differences, and discuss theoretical accounts as to how synesthesia might emerge developmentally. These accounts include both a role of a genetic component and environmental influences, where the latter seem to be particularly important for shaping the particular associations. Finally, synesthesia is linked to a distinct pattern of cognitive abilities affecting imagery, memory, and perception.