batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Aqueous rechargeable zinc ion batteries (ARZIBs) is considered one of the most compelling candidates for grid-scale energy storage owing to their cost effectiveness, good safety, eco-friendliness, high output voltage, and high capacity. However, their practical applications are still largely limited by the undesirable cyclability and high-rate capability. Here, we report a discovery that using a small amount (2 vol%) of diethyl ether (Et2O) as the electrolyte additive could largely improve the performance of Zn–MnO2 batteries. The addition of Et2O yielded the first cycle coulombic efficiency of 95.6% at 50 mA/g, a high capacity of 115.9 mAh/g at 5 A/g and 97.7% retention of initial capacity after 4000 cycles, demonstrating an outstanding rate capability and cycling performance among the reported Mn-based zinc ions batteries in mild electrolyte. Ex-situ characterizations revealed that appropriate amount of Et2O molecules could effectively suppress the formation of Zn dendrites on Zn anode, which is the main mechanism for cyclability improvements.
Studies of rock ptarmigan Lagopus mutus in northern latitudes have shown that, in the breeding season, the majority of cocks pair monogamously and defend small territories, whilst in most populations, a small proportion of cocks are polygynous or remain unmated. Little is known, however, on spacing behaviour and habitat use of alpine rock ptarmigan populations occurring at low densities at the southern edge of the species’ range. From 1995 to 1997, we trapped, radio-tracked and observed birds in the Central Italian Alps (elevation 2,000–3,000 m) in order to investigate spacing behaviour and habitat use in alpine landscapes where habitats offering rich food and cover are patchy. Both sexes were selective in their habitat use, and cocks did not establish territories on bare ground, artificial or nutrient rich grasslands or bogs. In the breeding season, cocks had larger home ranges than hens (cocks 99 ± 57 ha, hens 50 ± 25 ha) that overlapped with the ranges of neighbouring cocks and hens. Cocks were monogamous and defended relatively large territories (core areas of home ranges: cocks 37 ± 26 ha, hens 24 ± 12 ha), which corresponded with low spring densities (0.47–2.29 cocks km−2 and 0.35–1.60 pairs km−2). Territory size of individual cocks was negatively correlated with the amount of high quality habitat in the core-area. Our results suggest increased home ranges and large breeding territories in low density alpine rock ptarmigan populations, compared to populations occurring at higher densities in the central and northern alps, and on subarctic and arctic grounds at northern latitudes, confirming the predictions of models on food-based territoriality.
Binary nanocomposites of polypyrrole (PPY) and Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), with varying weight% of MoS2 viz. MP1, MP2, and MP3 corresponding to 12.5, 25, and 50% of MoS2 respectively, were prepared via. in-situ polymerization method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to study the structure and morphology of the prepared nanocomposites. The electrochemical properties were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The nanocomposite electrode material MP2 reached a specific capacitance of 400F/g at the current density 1A/g which was higher than that of pure PPY and the other two nanocomposites viz. MP1and MP3 having different compositions of MoS2 and PPY than that of MP2. It was noteworthy that the maximum capacitance value was obtained only for an optimum dose of MoS2 (MP2 in this case with 25% of MoS2) and any deviation from which ultimately degraded the capacitive performance of the nanocomposite electrode material. This could be attributed to the occurrence of maximum interaction between MoS2 and PPY in the nanocomposite only at a particular concentration of its host materials. The results showed that the specific capacitance of MP2 nanocomposite declined by 7.2% after 5000 cycles. Further, MP2 nanocomposite electrode showed much higher energy density (8.88Wh/kg) as well as power density (2286W/kg) which were higher than that shown by PPY electrode.
In this work, we present a chemical strategy for the synthesis of stable nanostructured polyaniline electrodes for supercapacitor applications. Based on field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis, average nanograined polyaniline electrode diameter was found to be 20–30nm. The specific capacitance reaches a maximum value of 503Fg−1 with a specific energy and a specific power of 96.23Whkg−1 and 8.88kWkg−1, respectively. Additionally, a working toy fan is demonstrated.
The nitroxide radical polymer, poly (4-vinyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-N-oxyl) (PTVE), is a promising cathode material for greener and sustainable rechargeable Li batteries, but exhibits low Li electroactivity due to its poor electronic conductivity. Nanocomposite of PTVE and graphene was herein synthesized via a facile co-deposition method, and investigated with fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron spin resonance spectra, thermogravimetric analysis, cyclic voltammograms and galvanostatic charge–discharge techniques. The as-synthesized PTVE/graphene nanocomposite shows much improved Li electroactivities with a reversible one by one two-electron process redox reaction in the potential limits of 2.5–3.0V and 3.5–3.7V vs Li/Li+, respectively. A high specific capacity of 261mAhg−1 close to the theoretical capacity of PTVE based on the two-electron redox reaction (270mAhg−1) is obtained in the nanocomposite. The nanocomposite also exhibits excellent rate capability (up to 200C) and long cycle life (up to 20,000 cycles) compared with pristine PTVE. The superior electrochemical properties benefit from the intrinsic fast redox reaction of nitroxide radicals with the help of unlimited electron transport via the 3D networks of graphene, as well as the good chemical and structural stabilities of PTVE which are also strengthened by the elastic graphene networks.
Quercetin, an organic antioxidant, has been employed as an additive in lithium-ion cells to enhance the electrochemical performance to enhance the cycle life and the overcharging characteristics of LiPF6/EC + EMC + DMC (1 M) when used as an electrolyte. A LiCoO2/graphite full cell with 0.05% quercetin showed a significant improvement in safety associated with overcharging tolerance and thermal stability, without causing damage in C-rate capability, and even a small improvement in cycle life performance. The quercetin-containing lithium battery showed an improvement in its electrochemical properties with 92% capacity retention after 350 cycles from 2.8 to 4.3 V, at a rate of 1 C; compared to 85% capacity retention for a cell without quercetin operated under the same conditions. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results for the LiCoO2 cathode show that the addition of 0.05% quercetin provides a significant suppression in the impedance of the cell after 60 cycles. The improvement might result from the formation of a passivation microstructure (from quercetin oxidation) on the electrode’s surface. The quercetin-containing batteries provided long term cycling and a high safety performance, making them a viable power source for applications involving electric devices with significant safety requirements.
In this paper, transport and kinetic parameters of lithium-ion batteries are estimated using a rigorous porous electrode theory based model. The rigorous model used in this investigation is reformulated using advanced mathematical techniques. Since batteries and other electrochemical devices are used in hybrid environments, which include devices with time constants less than a second (like supercapacitor), we need to develop parameter estimation codes with computation time less than a second or a few milliseconds. In this investigation, the computation time for parameter estimation measures between 100 and 300ms since a reformulated battery model is devised especially for these purposes. Obtaining the numerical solution for battery model equations is very difficult towards the end of discharge and is usually neglected for parameter estimation purposes. However, in this paper the estimation takes into account the entire discharge data ranging from an initial potential of 4.2V to a cut-off potential of 2.5V. It is found from this investigation that the reformulated lithium-ion battery model is efficient and accurate in estimating parameters.
Multi-yolk-shell SnCo@N-doped carbon nanocages with controllable carbon shell thickness are well fabricated by a novel approach. The multi-yolk-shell SnCo@N-doped carbon nanocages form an enough void volume to compensate the volume expansion of SnCo nanoparticles during Li+ insertion. To optimize the electrochemical properties, SnCo@N-doped carbon nanocages with controllable carbon shell thickness can be tailored by coating polydopamine (PDA) with various thicknesses on CoSn(OH)6 hollow nanocubes in the second step of the synthesis process. Multi-yolk-shell SnCo@N-doped carbon nanocages with the optimized shell thickness exhibit a high initial discharge capacity (1025 mAhg−1) and remarkable cyclic stability (611 mAhg−1 after 100 cycles) as Li-ion batteries anode. This work may open a wonderful way for the rational design of alloy@carbon composites with tailorable structures for next-generation anode nanomaterials in Li-ion battery.
Considering the targets of the Paris agreement, rapid decarbonisation of the power system is needed. In order to study cost-optimal and reliable zero and negative carbon power systems, a power system model of Western Europe for 2050 is developed. Realistic future technology costs, demand levels and generator flexibility constraints are considered. The optimised portfolios are tested for both favourable and unfavourable future weather conditions using results from a global climate model, accounting for the potential impacts of climate change on Europe’s weather. The cost optimal mix for zero or negative carbon power systems consists of firm low-carbon capacity, intermittent renewable energy sources and flexibility capacity. In most scenarios, the amount of low-carbon firm capacity is around 75% of peak load, providing roughly 65% of the electricity demand. Furthermore, it is found that with a high penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources, a high dependence on cross border transmission, batteries and a shift to new types of ancillary services is required to maintain a reliable power system. Despite relatively small changes in the total generation from intermittent renewable energy sources between favourable and unfavourable weather years of 6%, emissions differ up to 70 MtCO2 yr−1 and variable systems costs up to 25%. In a highly interconnected power system with significant flexible capacity in the portfolio and minimal curtailment of intermittent renewables, the potential role of green hydrogen as a means of electricity storage appears to be limited.
The electrochemical properties of the Ti0.17Zr0.08V0.35Cr0.10Ni0.30 alloy electrode were investigated. This alloy has good cycle life at 303 K, 313 K, and even at 323 K, but the discharge capacity decreases gradually at 333 K with increasing cycle number. Both the charge–discharge efficiency and the charge–discharge voltage reduce. The electrochemical impendence spectra indicate that the charge–transfer resistance decreases while the exchange current density increases as temperature increases. The apparent activation energy of the charge–transfer reaction is about 50 kJ mol−1, which is higher than that on the AB5 type alloy electrode.
The thickness change of a commercial pouch type lithium-ion battery with a graphite anode and a LiCoO2 cathode is investigated at multiple scales. The fraction of anode and cathode expansion in the total thickness change of the battery is derived by dilatometry and 1D battery displacement measurements. The LiCoO2 cathode shows a thickness change of 1.8% and the graphite anode expands by 5.2% within the battery's operating range. Both anode and cathode expansion sum up in an overall thickness change of 2.4% of the pouch battery including the nonactive material. The changes in the differential displacement curve of the battery are related to phase transitions in the graphite anode, which correlate with differential potential curves. Furthermore, the thickness change of the battery is investigated by structured-light 3D scanning. Using this contactless technique, the spatial distribution of the thickness change and the impact of the pouch packaging is visualized. The pouch foil shows to have only a small influence on the displacement distribution. In sum, the results of the applied techniques at different scales correlate well and provide a better understanding of the intercalation-induced volumetric changes in lithium-ion batteries.
Building inspections are often in dark, difficult-to-reach spaces. The TechCheck Moisture Meter has a back-lit display, user-adjustable arm, and “hold” feature that facilitate demanding inspections. TechCheck is simple and versatile, with seamless integration of pin and pinless moisture measurement modes and a streamlined user interface. Features include:Pin Mode (5-60% MC wood scale)Scan Mode (0-300 numerical reference scale)Auto shutoff timer to extend battery lifeAlarm that sounds when preselected moisture threshold is reachedRugged constructionSturdy carrying case
Various smart grid control systems have been developed with different architectures. Comparison helps developers identify their strong and weak points. A three-step analysis method is proposed to facilitate the comparison of independently developed control systems. In the first step, a microgrid model is created describing demand and supply patterns of controllable and non-controllable devices (Flex Street). In the second step, a version of Flex Street is used to design a case, with a given control objective and key performance indicators. In the last step, simulations of different control systems are performed and their results are analysed and compared. The Flex Street model describes a diverse set of households based on realistic data. Furthermore, its bottom-up modelling approach makes it a flexible tool for designing cases. Currently, three cases with peak-shaving objectives are developed based on scenarios of the Dutch residential sector, specifying various penetration rates of renewable and controllable devices. The proposed method is demonstrated by comparing IntelliGator and TRIANA, two independently developed control systems, on peak reduction, energy efficiency, savings and abated emissions. Results show that IntelliGator—a real-time approach—is proficient in reducing peak demand, while TRIANA—a planning approach—also levels intermediate demand. Both systems yield benefits (€5–54 per household per year) through reduced transport losses and network investments in the distribution network.
The microstructural degradation of a composite silicon electrode at different stages in its cycle life was investigated in 3D using X-ray nano-computed tomography. A reconstructed volume of 36μm×27μm×26μm from the composite electrode was imaged in its pristine state and after 1, 10 and 100 cycles. Particle fracturing and phase transformation was observed within the electrode with increased cycling. In addition, a distinct, lower X-ray attenuating phase was clearly resolved, which can be associated with surface film formation resulting from electrolyte breakdown and with silicon particle phase transformation. Changes in quantified microstructural properties such as phase volume fraction and particle specific surface area were tracked. Electrode performance loss is associated with loss of active silicon. These imaging results further highlight the capability of high resolution X-ray tomography to investigate the role of electrode microstructure in battery degradation and failure.
A three-dimensional hierarchical sandwich structured Fe3O4@C/Graphene nanocomposite was synthesized with a facile hydrothermal method, followed by carbonization process. The Fe3O4@C/Graphene nanocomposite consists of well-dispersed carbon enwrapped Fe3O4 nanoparticles anchored on graphene layers. The three-dimensional sandwich structure and the wrapping carbon effectively improve the mechanical stability and conductivity of encapsulated Fe3O4. The as-prepared Fe3O4@C/Graphene composite delivers a specific capacity of 1253.3mAhg−1 at the first cycle and 901.5mAhg−1 after 200cycles at 200mAg−1. Even at 1500mAg−1 , the Fe3O4@C/Graphene nanocomposite is able to deliver a discharge capacity of 592.3mAhg−1. The good cycle and rate performance of Fe3O4@C/Graphene anode can be attributed to its micro−/mesoporous structure with large specific surface area, which not only provides more transmission paths and active sites, but also reduces the diffusion impedance in electrolyte to realize fast transport of Li ions.
The structure and electrochemical characteristics of melted composite Ti0.10Zr0.15V0.35Cr0.10Ni0.30 + x% LaNi5 (x =0, 1, 5 and 10) hydrogen storage alloys have been investigated systematically. XRD shows that the matrix phase structure of V-based solid solution phase with a BCC structure and C14 Laves phase with hexagonal structure is not changed after adding LaNi5 alloy. However, the amount of the secondary phase increases with increasing LaNi5 content. Field emission scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM–EDS) shows that the C14 Laves phase contains more Zr and the white lard phase has a composition close to (Zr, Ti)(V, Cr, Ni, La)2. The electrochemical measurements show that the hysteresis effect decreases dramatically with increasing x. The activation performance, the low temperature dischargeability, high rate dischargeability and cyclic stability of composite alloy electrodes increase greatly with increasing x. The maximum discharge capacity first increases as x increases from 0 to 5 and then decreases when x increases further from 5 to 10. The improvement of the electrochemical characteristics caused by adding LaNi5 seems to be related to formation of the secondary phase.
Suitable host structure for lithium insertion and extraction is crucial for lithium-ion batteries. Tungsten trioxides (WO3) are particularly interesting materials for this purpose. In this work, the influences of structure and composition of WO3 on the charge/discharge performances of Li-ion batteries are systematically investigated. Firstly, lithiated tungsten trioxides (Li-WO3) are successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method followed by annealing at different temperatures (200–600°C). It is found that the hexagonal framework collapses and gradually transforms to the monoclinic phase due to the release of NH4 + and NH3 molecules. Unexpectedly, monoclinic WO3 reveals better performances than that of hexagonal WO3. Among all the investigated samples, the lithiated WO3 annealed at 500°C exhibits the highest discharge capacity and cycle performance (703mAhg−1 after 10 cycles). We believe that the Li+ remained in the solid structure of WO3 can lead to a more stable structure. In addition, Li+ could inhibit the oxidation of W5+ during the heat treatment process, which increases the electron conductivity of WO3. Our results indicate that the electrochemical properties of WO3 are strongly related to the residual precursor and crystal structure.
Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium manganese oxide (LMO) are competitive and complementary to each other as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, especially for use in electric vehicles. A multi scale multi-dimensional physic-based model is proposed in this paper to study the thermal behaviour of the two lithium-ion chemistries. The model consists of two sub models, a one dimensional (1D) electrochemical sub model and a two dimensional (2D) thermo-electric sub model, which are coupled and solved concurrently. The 1D model predicts the heat generation rate (Qh) and voltage (V) of the battery cell through different load cycles. The 2D model of the battery cell accounts for temperature distribution and current distribution across the surface of the battery cell. The two cells are examined experimentally through 90 h load cycles including high/low charge/discharge rates. The experimental results are compared with the model results and they are in good agreement. The presented results in this paper verify the cells temperature behaviour at different operating conditions which will lead to the design of a cost effective thermal management system for the battery pack.
Na0.44Mn1-xCoxO2 (x=0, 0.01, 0.08, 0.11, 0.22, 0.33, 0.44) powders are synthesized as positive electrodes for sodium-ion batteries via a thermopolymerization method. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy are used to analyze their crystal structures and particle morphologies. Galvanostatic cell cycling is used to characterize the electrochemical properties. The Co-substitution can change the structure of Na0.44Mn1-xCoxO2 from T-type (x=0) into layered P2-type (x=0.11) or P3-type (x=0.44). For the samples synthesized under our specific conditions, the particle morphology can be used as an indicator of their crystal structures: rod-like (T-type), plate-like (P2-type) and granules (P3-type). P2-type Na0.44Mn0.89Co0.11O2 allows more Na+ intercalation into the inter-layer spacing and results in a high discharge capacity with 220mAhg−1 at 12mAg−1 in initial cycle, 180mAhg−1 after 40 cycles in the voltage range of 2.0-4.2V and a good rate performance of 104mAhg−1 at a rate of 600mAg−1 in the voltage range of 2.0-4.0V.
A range of phase-pure anatase TiO2 (∼5 nm) and Sn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with the formula Ti1-xSnxO2 (where x = 0, 0.06, 0.11 and 0.15) were synthesized using a continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) reactor. Charge/discharge cycling tests were carried out in two different potential ranges of 3 to 1 V and also a wider range of 3 to 0.05 V vs Li/Li+. In the narrower potential range, the undoped TiO2 nanoparticles display superior electrochemical performance to all the Sn-doped titania crystallites. In the wider potential range, the Sn-doped samples perform better than undoped TiO2. The sample with composition Ti0.85Sn0.15O2, shows a capacity of ca. 350 mAh g−1 at an applied constant current of 100 mA g−1 and a capacity of 192.3 mAh g−1 at a current rate of 1500 mA g−1. After 500 charge/discharge cycles (at a high constant current rate of 382 mA g−1), the same nanomaterial anode retains a relatively high specific capacity of 240 mAh g−1. The performance of these nanomaterials is notable, particularly as they are processed into electrodes, directly from the CHFS process (after drying) without any post-synthesis heat-treatment, and they are made without any conductive surface coating.