batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Nanostructured platinum prepared by the chemical reduction of hexachloroplatinic acid dissolved in aqueous domains of the liquid crystalline phases of oligoethylene oxide surfactants, was examined as an electrocatalyst for the electrooxidation of formic acid. The electrocatalytic properties of the catalyst combining highly specific surface areas and a periodic mesoporous nanostructure were accessed in sulfuric acid solution containing 0.5 mol dm−3 formic acid using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry. The electrocatalytic activity of the material at 60°C, is characterised by a mass activity of 8.6 A g−1 and a specific surface area activity of 26 μA cm−2 at 0.376 V (vs. RHE). The resistance to CO poisoning was found to depend upon electrode potential. At hydrogen adsorption potentials, the material is easily poisoned, while the material shows high resistance to CO poisoning at potentials positive of the hydrogen region. These facts suggest that the decomposition of HCOOH on the mesoporous platinum is likely to proceed through a dual-path mechanism and the high surface area material is a potential electocatalyst towards the electrooxidation of small organic molecules.
Background Despite the upsurge of research regarding cognitive impairment in schizophrenia we still lack adequate understanding of the executive functioning of patients in symptomatic remission. Moreover, the cognitive functioning of patients in partial remission has not been studied previously although they comprise a significant proportion of schizophrenia patients. The current study therefore examined the executive functioning of patients in full symptomatic remission and for the first time assessed two sub-groups of patients in partial remission. Methods Executive functioning of five groups was compared; symptomatic patients, patients in positive symptomatic remission, negative symptomatic remission, full symptomatic remission (SP, PSR, NSR, and FSR; N=101) and healthy controls (N=37). Results A graded cognitive profile was evident between the groups. SP patients exhibited widespread executive dysfunction while the performance of FSR patients was comparable to that of the healthy controls. Both PSR and NSR patients had working memory deficits, with PSR patients showing additional deficits in cognitive planning. Conclusions The findings are encouraging, tentatively suggesting intact executive functioning among patients in full symptomatic remission. The graded cognitive profile of the patient groups strengthens earlier findings indicating the significant role of negative symptoms in determining executive dysfunction in schizophrenia. The findings point toward potential targets for therapeutic efforts and emphasize the need for further research of sub-groups of schizophrenia patients in partial remission.
The effects that various electrolyte solvents and electrolyte additives had on both LaPO4-coated LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2 and uncoated LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2/graphite pouch cells were studied using automated storage, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, gas production and long-term cycling experiments. Storage experiments showed that the voltage drop during storage at 4.3 or 4.4 V for both coated and uncoated cells was very similar for the same electrolyte choice. At 4.5 V or above, the LaPO4-coated cells had a significantly smaller voltage drop than the uncoated cells except when fluorinated electrolytes were used. Automated charge discharge cycling/impedance spectroscopy testing of cells held at 4.5 V for 24 h every cycle showed that all cells containing ethylene carbonate:ethyl methyl carbonate electrolyte or sulfolane:ethyl methyl carbonate electrolyte exhibited severe capacity fade. By contrast, cells containing fluorinated electrolytes had the best capacity retention and smallest impedance growth during these aggressive cycling/hold tests. Long-term cycling experiments to 4.5 V confirmed that cells containing fluorinated electrolyte had the best cycling performance in the uncoated LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2/graphite cells while cells containing sulfolane:ethyl methyl carbonate electrolyte had the best cycling performance in coated LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2/graphite cells.
The Li0.98Al0.02FePO4/C (2.0wt.%) mix-doped composite had been synthesized by adding aluminum stearate to the react precursors through solid-state reaction. The mix-doping method does not affect the olivine structure of the cathode but greatly improves its kinetics in terms of capacity delivery, cycle life and rate capability. Such an enhancement of the electrochemical properties has been ascribed to the increase of intra- and inter-crystal electronic conductivity and the reduction of the particle size, these two effects being promoted by the co-existence of the lattice doping element (Al3+) and the non-lattice doping element (C). Overcharge test indicates that this composite has excellent safety performances.
The ability of RHD patients to use context under conditions of increased processing demands was examined. Subjects monitored for words in auditorily presented sentences of three context types-normal, semantically anomalous, and random, at three rates of speech —normal, 70% compressed (Experiment 1) and 60% compressed (Experiment 2). Effects of semantics and syntax were found for the RHD and normal groups under the normal rate of speech condition. Using compressed rates of speech, the effect of syntax disappeared, but the effect of semantics remained. Importantly, and contrary to expectations, the RHD group was similar to normals in continuing to demonstrate an effect of semantic context under conditions of increased processing demands. Results are discussed relative to contemporary theories of laterality, based on studies with normals, that suggest that the involvement of the left versus right hemisphere in context use may depend upon the type of contextual information being processed.
Niobium and vanadium oxides nanocomposites are synthesized using a facile sol–gel process, and characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction results show that the nanocomposites are composed of Nb2O5 and its solid solutions. Such nanocomposites exhibit both significantly improved rate and cycling stability. At a current density of 1Ag−1, the nanocomposites deliver more than three times of capacity than pure Nb2O5, and remain ~95% of its initial capacity after 50 cycles. Possible synergistic mechanism between the constituent components of the nanocomposites is also proposed.
Hydrogen diffusion coefficients (D) were evaluated in a LaNi4.7Al0.3 metal hydride electrode as a function of depth of discharge (DoD) using a newly developed electrochemical method which describes more precisely the practical diffusion behavior. It was found that the hydrogen diffusion coefficient in this electrode increases with increasing DoD at ambient temperature, and for this electrode at 50% DoD, the hydrogen diffusion coefficient increases with increase in temperature, and the activation energy for hydrogen diffusion is 37.3kJmol−1.
Mesoporous titanium dioxide sub-microspheres (MS TiO2) have been prepared by a facile one-step hydrothermal synthesis method with the existence of 1-carboxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid ([HOOCEMIM][Cl](IL)). The [HOOCEMIM][Cl](IL) used in the experiment played a crucial role in triggering self-assembly of primary TiO2 nanoparticles. The obtained MS TiO2 material has an excellent porous structure with a large pore volume of 0.792cm3 g−1 and a large specific surface area of 291.08m2 g−1. This unique structure can realize effective contact between host material and lithium polysulfide intermediates, thus promote the adsorption performance chemically. In addition, the 3D mesoporous structure can physically confine the intermediate products to the electrode and also accommodate the volume expansion of sulfur upon cycling. The MS TiO2 and sulfur (MS TiO2-S) composite cathode exhibited superior rate capacity and long term cycling stability than that of the commercial TiO2 and sulfur (C TiO2-S) composite cathode, displaying a very low capacity decay rate of 0.07% per cycle over 300 cycles. Even when the sulfur content of the MS TiO2-S composite is up to 84wt.%, the capacity decay rate still remains at a relatively low level.
Objective Associations between subjective status and health are still relatively unexplored. This study aimed at testing whether subjective status is uniquely confounded by psychosocial factors compared to objective status, and what factors that may predict subjective status. Design A cross-sectional analysis of a population-based, random sample of 795 middle-aged men and women from the southeast of Sweden. Questionnaires included subjective status, objective measures of socioeconomic status, life satisfaction, and a battery of psychosocial factors. Associations were controlled for effects of age and sex. Results Both subjective status and occupation were significantly associated with self-rated health also after control for psychosocial factors. Stepwise regression showed that subjective status was significantly influenced by self-rated economy, education, life satisfaction, self-esteem, trust, perceived control, and mastery. Conclusion The association between subjective status and self-rated health does not seem to be uniquely confounded by psychosocial factors. Both resource-based measures and psychological dimensions seem to influence subjective status ratings. Comparative studies are required to study whether predictors of subjective status vary between countries with different socio-political profiles.
Lithium sulfide (Li2S) is one of the promising positive electrode materials for next-generation rechargeable lithium batteries. To improve the electrochemical performance of electronically resistive Li2S, a Fe-doped Li2S-based positive electrode material (Li8FeS5) has been recently designed and found to exhibit excellent discharge capacity close to 800 mAh g−1. In the present study, we investigate the structural and dynamic behavior of Li8FeS5 during charge–discharge cycling. In Li8FeS5, Fe ions are incorporated into the Li2S framework structure. The Li2S-based structure is found to transform to an amorphous phase during the charge process. The delithiation-induced amorphization is associated with the formation of S-S polysulfide bonds, indicating charge compensation by S ions. The crystalline to non-crystalline structural transformation is reversible, but Li ions are extracted from the material via a two-phase reaction, although they are inserted via a single-phase process. These results indicate that the delithiation/lithiation mechanism is neither a topotactic extraction/insertion nor a conversion-type reaction. Moreover, the activation energies for Li ion diffusion in the pristine, delithiated, and lithiated materials are estimated to be in the 0.30–0.37 eV range, which corresponds to the energy barriers for local hopping of Li ions along the Li sublattice in the Li2S framework.
Polymer chain orientation in tensile-stretched poly(ethylene oxide)–lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate polymer electrolytes are investigated with polarized infrared spectroscopy as a function of the degree of strain and salt composition (ether oxygen atom to lithium ion ratios of 20:1, 15:1, and 10:1). The 1359 and 1352cm−1 bands are used to probe the crystalline PEO and P(EO)3LiCF3SO3 domains, respectively, allowing a direct comparison of chain orientation for the two phases. Two-dimensional correlation FT-IR spectroscopy indicates that the two crystalline domains align at the same rate as the polymer electrolytes are stretched. Quantitative measurements of polymer chain orientation obtained through dichroic infrared spectroscopy show that chain orientation predominantly occurs between strain values of 150% and 250%, regardless of salt composition investigated. There are few changes in chain orientation for either phase when the films are further elongated to a strain of 300%; however, the PEO domains are slightly more oriented at the high strain values. The spectroscopic data are consistent with stretching-induced melt-recrystallization of the unoriented crystalline domains in the solution-cast polymer films. Stretching the films pulls polymer chains from the crystalline domains, which subsequently recrystallize with the polymer helices parallel to the stretch direction. If lithium ion conduction in crystalline polymer electrolytes is viewed as consisting of two major components (facile intra-chain lithium ion conduction and slow helix-to-helix inter-grain hopping), then alignment of the polymer helices will affect the ion conduction pathways for these materials by reducing the number of inter-grain hops required to migrate through the polymer electrolyte.
Although marketers increasingly rely upon cause-related marketing strategies to increase sales, controversy exists regarding whether a retailer should partner with causes offering high or low fit levels with its core business practices. The present investigation extends prior research by examining how retailer–cause fit affects consumer evaluations of retailers’ cause-related marketing strategies. The results indicate that the effects of retailer–cause fit are moderated by consumer perceptions of the retailer's motive for engaging in cause-related marketing (Study 1), by the affinity that consumers hold for the social cause component of the campaign (Study 2), as well as by the interactive effects associated with the two moderators (Study 3).
Recent developments demonstrated the feasibility of functionalized nanoporous Au (NPG) for application in catalysis. This work employed a variety of seeding strategies aimed at facilitating the synthesis of ultra-high density or nearly continuous cluster network on glassy carbon (GC) surfaces of quality and structure achievable on metal substrates only. The NPG synthetic process involving electrodeposition of AuxAg(1−x) alloy and its subsequent de-alloying was performed on seeds generated by electrodeposition (Cu, Ag) and electroless (Pd, Au) approaches. The outcome of the densification process was assessed by electrochemical characterization and scanning electron microscopy. While some improvement was observed on Cu and Ag seeds, significantly higher nucleation density was obtained on Au-seeded GC surfaces where the deposit featured most typical de-alloying behavior leading to highest surface area evolution. The best overall quality of NPG film manifested by high density networks of overlapping, uniform, and very small clusters nearing structural continuity was achieved on Pd-seeded GC samples.
Non-aqueous redox flow batteries, because of larger operating voltage, have attracted considerable attention for high-density energy storage applications. However, the study of the anolyte is rather limited compared with the catholyte due to the labile properties of redox mediators at low potentials. Here, we report a new strategy that exploits high concentration organic lithium metal solution as a robust and energetic anolyte. The solution formed by dissolving metallic lithium with biphenyl (BP) in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) presents a redox potential of 0.39 V versus Li/Li+, and a concentration up to 2 M. When coupled with a redox-targeted LiFePO4 catholyte system, the constructed redox flow lithium battery full cell delivers a cell voltage of 3.0 V and presents reasonably good cycling performance.
Supercapacitors are promising energy storage devices due to their high life cycle and high power density. However, supercapacitors also known as Electric Double Layer Capacitor (EDLCs) are affected by high leakage or self discharge. The leakage is mainly dominated by redox reactions at the electrode surface through which electrons cross the double layer. Experiments have shown that a very thin blocking layer coating on the electrodes improves the energy storage capability by reducing the leakage, but it reduces the specific capacitance. The detrimental effect of the blocking layer on the capacitance requires the study of the blocking layer thickness' impact on the performance of the supercapacitor. In this work we have developed a mathematical model to study such effects. The model is a combination of simple quantum mechanical and electrochemical phenomena that occur during the self-discharge process. Using the developed model, a computational method was applied to simulate the discharge profile and specific energy in devices with various thicknesses in the blocking layer. The simulation approach can be used to study supercapacitor performances for practical applications.
Nanosized rutile TiO2 has been prepared by sol–gel chemistry from a glycerol-modified titanium precursor in the presence of an anionic surfactant. The sample has been characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen sorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and electrochemical tests. Nanosized rutile TiO2 has been electrochemically investigated using two potential windows: 1.2–3V and 1–3V. It exhibits excellent high rates capabilities and good cycling stability.
We investigated the relationship between material-specific memory performance elicited during the Wada test, or intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP), and classic neuropsychological assessment in 89 surgical candidates with refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). The neuropsychological battery included measures of simple and complex verbal and visual memory, whereas the IAP material consisted of verbal and dually encodable stimuli. Neuropsychological testing revealed that reduced verbal memory performance was associated with left-sided MTLE, whereas visual memory tasks revealed no differences between patients with left-sided and right-sided MTLE. During IAP, memory performance was worse with the ipsilesional hemisphere, regardless of lesion side. Most importantly, performance on verbal memory tests was significantly, but moderately, correlated with left hemispheric IAP performance, indicating that memory tasks using verbal material are a valid marker of left hemispheric integrity in left language-dominant MTLE patients and significantly predict left hemispheric memory performance during IAP. In contrast, performance on classic visual memory tests is unrelated to right hemispheric IAP performance, suggesting that the currently used visual memory stimuli do not reflect right hemispheric sensitivity.
The aim of this study is to investigate the associations between post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) severity and reactive astrogliosis (RA) extent on normalized 18F-THK-5351 positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging in amyloid-negative patients with first-ever stroke.
A ternary cobalt ferrite/graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite (CGP) is designed and fabricated via a facile two-step approach: cobalt ferrite nanoparticles dispersed on graphene sheets are achieved by a hydrothermal method, followed by coating with polyaniline (PANI) through in situ polymerization process. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the specific capacitance of the resulting ternary hybrid (CGP) is up to 1133.3 F g−1 at a scan rate of 1 mV s−1 and 767.7 F g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 using a three-electrode system, while 716.4 F g−1 at a scan rate of 1 mV s−1 and 392.3 F g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 using a two-electrode system, which are significantly higher than those of pure CoFe2O4, graphene and PANI, or binary CoFe2O4/graphene, CoFe2O4/PANI and graphene/PANI hybrids. In addition, over 96% of the initial capacitance can be retained after repeating test for 5000 cycles, demonstrating a high cycling stability. The extraordinary electrochemical performance of the ternary CGP nanocomposite can be attributed to its well-designed nanostructure and the synergistic effects of the individual components.
Graphene-MnO2 based supercapacitors with excellent power and energy density make them potentially promising candidates for future energy storage systems. However, it is still a challenge to develop a simple, inexpensive and scalable method to fabricate such capacitors. Here, a low cost “dip and dry” processes were used to fabricate hierarchical graphene/MnO2 nanostructured sponges with high performance as hybrid supercapacitor electrodes. Commercial sponges were chose as skeletons to construct homogeneous three-dimensional interconnected macro-network RGO composite, which can be operated even under a high scan rate of 200V/s and own outstanding cycle performance with ∼10% degradation after 10,000 cycles at a charge–discharge specific current of 10A/g. Sponge@RGO@MnO2 based supercapacitors also retain ∼90% of its capacitance after 10,000 cycles under a scan rate of 10V/s. The maximum E and highest P of sponge@RGO based device are 2.08Wh/kg and 94kW/kg, respectively, at the operate voltage of 0.8V and the maximum E of 8.34Wh/kg and highest P of 47kW/kg are achieved based on the sponge@RGO@MnO2 at the operate voltage of 0.8V. The high specific capacitance, wide operation range, good energy and power density, excellent cycling stability, facile preparation process, and low cost of as-fabricated supercapacitors could make them as promising devices for commercial production.
Hydrogen holds a prominent role as renewable energy carrier of the future due to its high gravimetric energy density. However, the most urgent technological challenge—especially concerning mobile applications in fuel cell vehicles—is the development of appropriate hydrogen storage options. In this context, metal hydrides are promising candidates in terms of development potential and increasing storage density. Our research outlines the so-far neglected influence of raw material prices on the decision which metal hydride is to date the most capable option to pursue. Using scenario analysis, we picture the impact of possible price developments depending on diffusion speed of fuel cell technologies into the automotive market, further applications of the corresponding raw materials, and other external influence factors. The main practical implication of our approach consists in enhancing the understanding of constantly changing market conditions—in our case scarcity and prices of the needed raw materials—and their impact on technology assessment in an early stage of the innovation process. In a superior context, our results in terms of metal hydrides can be adapted to other technologies and thus contribute to design a general model illustrating the influence of raw material prices on the development of energy technologies.
A potential negative electrode material Co3O4@rGO is synthesized via a facile reflux condensation route. The electrochemical performances of Co3O4@rGO composite for alkaline rechargeable Ni/Co batteries have been systemically investigated for the first time. The reduced-graphene can remarkably enhance the electrochemical activity of Co3O4 materials, leading to a notable improvement of discharge capacity, cycle stability and rate capability. Interestingly, the maximum discharge capacity of Co3O4@rGO-20 (additive amount of GO is 20 mg) electrode can reach 511.4 mAh g−1 with the capacity retention of 89.1% after 100 cycles at a discharge current of 100 mA g−1. A properly electrochemical reaction mechanism of Co3O4@rGO electrode is also constructed in detail.