batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The electrochemistry of non-aqueous lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries on both reduction and oxidation was investigated using carbon black and single-walled nanotube (SWNT) microcavity electrodes. Two oxidative peaks were observed on oxidation (charge). The first peak at 3.0–3.7 V vs. Li/Li+ was limited in storable charge (∼8 × 103 C cm−3). The oxidation potential of this first peak was independent of Li2O2 thickness (as measured by total charge on reduction) and assigned to interfacial Li2O2, lying between the bulk of the Li2O2 and the carbon surface. A second peak between 4.0 and 4.6+ V showed significant discharge product thickness dependence on oxidation potential and was assigned to bulk Li2O2, away from the carbon surface. On reduction (discharge), deposition of the interfacial Li2O2 showed a significant overpotential indicated by the ratio of interfacial/bulk Li2O2 formed at varying reduction potentials. SWNT were shown to effectively decrease the Li–O2 average charge overpotential for a given charge by increasing the electrode surface area available for formation of interfacial discharge products.
Non-intrusive monitoring of the state-of-charge (SOC) of lead-acid batteries by the use of wire wound coils is described. Coils were attached to the outside case of the battery, adjacent to the negative end plate, and excited using ac current of frequency in the range of 1–40kHz. The change in inductance of the coils was monitored during battery cycling, as the metallic content of the electrode changed. Following correction for temperature changes, the technique is capable of estimating the SOC of a battery to an accuracy of ±10%. The inductance profiles that were obtained changed shape as the batteries aged and also with the exciting frequency. The origins of these changes are discussed.
Piping inside fuel and ballast tanks on US Navy ships requires periodic inspection and maintenance. However, because the cost to open and enter tanks for inspection is considerable the Navy has extended scheduled in-tank inspections by up to 12 years. This has reduced maintenance costs but has increased the risk that piping corrosion goes undetected. This has led to some unexpected piping failures and in a few cases has resulted in oil spills. To prevent these pipe failures the US Navy is evaluating technologies that can enable rapid and inexpensive periodic condition assessment of piping that is inside of fuel and ballast tanks. Pipe failures were investigated to determine the exact nature of the failures and the ship systems most affected. Then a detailed technical performance requirements list was developed on which to base a review of remote inspection equipment capability. Commercially available technologies were identified and candidates selected for laboratory evaluation. The technologies presently undergoing evaluation include those that involve the insertion of sensor(s) into the pipe from outside of the tank as well as non-invasive techniques that use externally placed sensors from outside of the tank. This paper provides an overview of the problem definition, the performance specifications and a description of some potential technology solutions. The capabilities and limitations of each of the technologies under investigation are presented along with some preliminary performance testing results.
Bangladesh has already been known as the country of power crisis. Although the country's electricity generation capacity is 4275MW, around 3000–3500MW of electricity can be generated against the demand of more than 5000MW. The country's power is being generated mostly with conventional fuel (82% indigenous natural gas, 9% imported oil, 5% coal) and renewable sources (4% hydropower and solar). But recently a remarkable decline of the indigenous gas takes place, which rapidly aggravates electricity generation. Dhaka, the capital as well as prime city of the country with its nearly 14 million populations faces the worst situation due to the shortfall of electricity. Around 1000–1200MW of electricity is supplied to Dhaka Megacity, while the existing demand is nearly 2000MW. As a result frequent load shedding takes place and most of the service sectors in the city are interrupted, which has recently created immense dissatisfaction among the city-dwellers. Given the city's power crisis and geophysical situations, applications of either stand-alone or grid connected PV systems would be very effective and pragmatic for power supplement. The conservative calculation of bright roof-tops from the Quickbird Scene 2006 of Dhaka city indicates that the city offers 10.554km2 of bright roof-tops within the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) ward area (134.282km2). The application of stand-alone PV systems with 75Wp solar modules can generate nearly 1000MW of electrical power, which can substantially meet the city's power demand.
Alkali lignins and its degradation products in the soda papermaking black liquor (SPBL) are renewable resource with the highest natural carbon content. In this work we convert SPBL into the high-performance carbon-based nanocomposite anodes. The unique functional groups of lignin biomass induce spontaneous formation of graphene-like carbon sheet (GCS) in-situ doped SiC/S. The lamellar GCS/Fe3O4 nanocomposite (GCS/FO-NC) is facilely prepared via one-step in-situ thermo-chemical method at 700°C, in which donut shaped Fe3O4 nanoparticles with superlattices and inner surface are homogeneously embedded in the interlayer of GCS and are also anchored on its surface. The GCS/FO-NC anode exhibits a ultrahigh first discharge specific capacity of 3829mAhg−1 at 50mAg−1 in a coin-type Li ion battery, which is more than 4 times the theoretical capacity (924mAhg−1) of Fe3O4 and 5 times that of the graphene anode (744mAh. g−1). Even at a high current density (1000mAg−1), it still exhibits a high reversible capacity (750mAhg−1) after 1400 discharge/charge cycles. More importantly, the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand of SPBL is up to 83.4% during the synthesis process, which reduce its load to environment and synthetic cost of carbon-based nanocomposite anodes.
Sensor networks are increasingly being used for applications which require fast processing of data, such as multimedia processing and collaboration among sensors to relay observed data to a base station (BS). Distributed computing can be used on a sensor network to reduce the completion time of a task (an application) and distribute the energy consumption equitably across all sensors, so that certain sensors do not die out faster than the others. The distribution of task modules to sensors should consider not only the time and energy savings, but must also improve reliability of the entire task execution. We formulate the above as an optimization problem, and use the A ∗ algorithm with improvements to determine an optimal static allocation of modules among a set of sensors. We also suggest a faster algorithm, called the greedy A ∗ algorithm, if a sub-optimal solution is sufficient. Both algorithms have been simulated, and the results have been compared in terms of energy savings, decrease in completion time of the task, and the deviation of the sub-optimal solution from the optimal one. The sub-optimal solution required 8%–35% less computation, at the cost of 2.5%–15% deviation from the optimal solution in terms of average energy spent per sensor node. Both the A ∗ and greedy A ∗ algorithms have been shown to distribute energy consumption more uniformly across sensors than centralized execution. The greedy A ∗ algorithm is found to be scalable, as the number of evaluations in determining the allocation increases linearly with the number of sensors.
P-Type cuprous oxide (Cu2O) photoelectrodes prepared by the thermal oxidation of Cu foils exhibited open-circuit voltages in excess of 800 mV in nonaqueous regenerative photoelectrochemical cells. In contact with the decamethylcobaltocene+/0 (Me10CoCp2+/0) redox couple, cuprous oxide yielded open-circuit voltage, Voc, values of 820 mV and short-circuit current density, Jsc, values of 3.1 mA cm−2 under simulated air mass 1.5 illumination. The energy-conversion efficiency of 1.5% was limited by solution absorption and optical reflection losses that reduced the short-circuit photocurrent density. Spectral response measurements demonstrated that the internal quantum yield approached unity in the 400–500 nm spectral range, but poor red response, attributable to bulk recombination, lowered the overall efficiency of the cell. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy indicated that the photoelectrodes had a high-quality cuprous oxide surface, and revealed no observable photocorrosion during operation in the nonaqueous electrolyte. The semiconductor/liquid junctions thus provide a noninvasive method to investigate the energy-conversion properties of cuprous oxide without the confounding factors of deleterious surface reactions.
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are receiving intense interest because their promise for low-cost and high-energy electrochemical storage exceeds that of Li-ion batteries. Fully-lithiated lithium sulfide (Li2S) is more desirable than sulfur as a high capacity cathode material because it allows the use of a variety of lithium-free anode materials. Widespread application of Li2S is hindered by severe drawbacks associated with the solubility of the intermediate charge products, and the insulating nature of Li2S. Here, we report the feasibility of utilizing Li2S with a dual-phase electrolyte separated by a lithium super ionic conductor (LISICON). With this cell architecture that enables an efficient utilization of micro-sized Li2S, the Li–S battery yields high specific capacity, Coulombic efficiency, cycling stability, and no self-discharge. A Li-ion sulfur battery with an aluminium or graphite anode is demonstrated as well in our initial proof-of-concept study.
In the present study, we mapped the spatio-temporal dynamics of cortical responses to ipsilateral median nerve stimulation using intracerebral recordings (stereo-EEG) in 38 drug-resistant epileptic patients. Furthermore, we compared the pattern of responsiveness obtained in the same leads across ipsilateral and contralateral stimulations. Ipsilateral responses were found mostly confined to SII and posterior insula, while no activity was found in ipsilateral SI. By examining the temporal profiles of activation, ipsilateral SII showed a prominent tonic pattern, while contralateral SII exhibited both phasic and tonic responses. Beyond the localization of the active cortical nodes, these data contributed to identify the cortico-cortical connections carrying the somatosensory information to the ipsilateral hemisphere, with a major role of transcallosal projections from contralateral SII. In light of previous literature and of its localization, the functional role possibly covered by long lasting discharge in SII and insular cortex is also discussed. Overall, the presence of tonic activities was neglected so far due to the impossibility to identify deep sources along with a resolved description of their time course. The use of stereo-EEG, instead, allows one to achieve a four-dimensional characterization, complementing the classical view about the somatosensory system organization.
Abstract Nanotechnology is one of the ways of improving many properties of materials, including physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological, which can be useful for various applications in biomedical, textile, aerospace, manufacturing, cosmetics, oil, defense, agricultural, and electronics industries. Nevertheless, nanotechnology products, or nanomaterials (e.g., nanotubes, nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanowires, nanocomposites, and nanofilms), can be unsafe to human health because of the way they are manipulated and treated at near atomic scale. Since these nanomaterials are produced with mainly new manufacturing techniques and have various sizes, shapes, and surface energies, they may also create some uncertainties because of the lack of specific rules and regulations governing their manufacture and manipulation. This study provides a detailed report on the safety and ethics of nanotechnology and related ethical, social, philosophical, environmental, biological, and other legal issues. The information provided here can be very useful for training and protecting scientists, engineers, students, policymakers, and regulators working in the nanotechnology and related technologies.
Valve-regulated lead–acid (VRLA) batteries are characterized by relatively poor performance in cyclic applications of the order of two hundred to three hundred 100% depth-of-discharge (DoD) cycles. Failure is due to sulfation of the negative plate and softening of the positive active-material. It is felt that this failure mode arises from abnormally high levels of oxygen recombination that arise due to decreases in separator saturation levels as VRLA batteries age. Charging algorithms have been developed to address this changing condition throughout life. The key step is the finish of charge where, traditionally, low currents and low overcharge limits have been employed with poor results. It has been found that using high finishing currents in an alternating charge–rest algorithm results in proper recharge of the negative plate without creating unacceptable temperature increases. This has resulted in deep-discharge lifetimes of 800 to 1000 cycles, particularly when using a charging algorithm employing only partial recharges (97–100% return) interspersed with full conditioning recharges every 10th cycle. With such minimal average overcharge levels, deep-cycle lifetimes approaching 1000 cycles have been achieved without experiencing failure due to massive grid corrosion.
Standard photovoltaic battery systems based on AC or DC architectures require power electronics and controllers, including inverters, MPP tracker, and battery charger. Here we investigate an alternative system design based on the parallel connection of a photovoltaic module with battery cells without any intermediate voltage conversion. This approach, for which we use the term passive hybridization, is based on matching the solar cell's and battery cell's respective current/voltage behavior. A battery with flat discharge characteristics can allow to pin the solar cell to its maximum power point (MPP) independently of the external power consumption. At the same time, upon battery full charge, voltage increase will drive the solar cell towards zero current and therefore self-prevent battery overcharge. We present a modeling and simulation analysis of passively hybridizing a 5 kWp PV system with a 5 kWh LFP/graphite lithium-ion battery. Dynamic simulations with 1-min time resolution are carried out for three exemplary summer and winter days using historic weather data and a synthetic single-family household consumer profile. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the system. The passive hybrid allows for high self-sufficiencies of 84.6% in summer and 25.3% in winter, which are only slightly lower than those of a standard system.
Verbal trait disorders encompass a wide range of conditions and are marked by deficits in five domains that impair a person’s ability to communicate: speech, language, reading, spelling, and writing. Nonword repetition is a robust endophenotype for verbal trait disorders that is sensitive to cognitive processes critical to verbal development, including auditory processing, phonological working memory, and motor planning and programming. In the present study, we present a six-generation extended pedigree with a history of verbal trait disorders. Using genome-wide multipoint variance component linkage analysis of nonword repetition, we identified a region spanning chromosome 13q14–q21 with LOD = 4.45 between 52 and 55 cM, spanning approximately 5.5 Mb on chromosome 13. This region overlaps with SLI3, a locus implicated in reading disability in families with a history of specific language impairment. Our study of a large multigenerational family with verbal trait disorders further implicates the SLI3 region in verbal trait disorders. Future studies will further refine the specific causal genetic factors in this locus on chromosome 13q that contribute to language traits.
A novel lithium insertion material of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 was reported for advanced lithium-ion batteries. LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 (R 3 m; a=2.862(2)Å and c=14.227(8)Å in hexagonal setting) shows about 200mAhg−1 of rechargeable capacity with rate capability as high as 1.6Ag−1 between voltages of 2.5 and 4.6V. Preliminary cycle tests of a Li/LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 cell were also carried out for 30 cycles and shows that loss of rechargeable capacity was negligible. Thermal behavior of fully charged LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 was examined by differential scanning calorimetry and shown that the exothermic reaction of □0.88Li0.12Co1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 with electrolyte is much milder than that of □NiO2 or □CoO2. From these results we have discussed whether or not this material can be used for advanced lithium-ion batteries.
xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiMnO2 (x = 0.39, 0.48, 0.57, 0.74) composites with a layered structure of C2/m symmetry are firstly synthesized with the assistance of the pyrolysis of in situ formed lithium stearate, which can partially reduce the electrochemically inactive Li2MnO3. The obtained composites used as cathode material of Li-ion battery exhibit excellent electrochemical property such as high reversible capacity (>210 mAh g−1) and good rate performance with an initial charge/discharge profile similar to the Li-rich solid solution materials in the range of 2.0–4.8 V. Among those obtained composites, 0.57Li2MnO3·0.43LiMnO2 has the best cyclic and rate performance, because it contains enough Li2MnO3 to stabilize the structure of LiMnO2 and has a suitable average valence state of Mn to balance the reversible capacity and Jahn–Teller effect. The present findings indicate that the pyrolysis of in situ formed lithium stearate on Li2MnO3 particle surfaces is a simple and effective way to obtain Mn-based layered Li-rich composite cathode materials of Li-ion battery with good cyclic and rate performance.
Tin oxide (SnO2) is regarded as a promising anode material for both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its large theoretical capacity. However, poor electrical conductivity and the weak cyclability resulted from dramatic volume expansion upon cycling process still hinder its practical application. Herein, we report a facile two-step hydrothermal route to encapsulate core–shell structured carbon nanotube (CNT)@SnO2 composite in a graphene coating with novel three-dimensional (3D) porous framework architecture (CNT@SnO2@G) as anode for both LIBs and SIBs. The resultant CNT@SnO2@G electrode suggests outstanding lithium and sodium storage performance with large specific capacity, remarkable cycling stability and excellent rate capability. For LIBs, it delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 1400mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1, improved reversible capacity of 947mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at 100mAg−1, and enhanced rate capability of 281mAhg−1 at 3000mAg−1. In addition, sodium storage testing suggests that a high discharge capacity of 323mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at 25mAg−1 was achieved. The present unique structural design associated with the remarkable lithium and sodium storage performance ensures CNT@SnO2@G as an advanced anode material for rechargeable LIBs and SIBs.
This paper examines the present status of hydrogen energy and looks at different approaches for technological advances. Some of the new developments in the progress of the recent directions of world hydrogen production and utilization are reported. The aim of this article is to inform the reader of hydrogen technology, economics, environmental impact, special system applications, hydrogen energy status around the world at the end of the 20 century as well as hydrogen organizations, associations, projects, periodicals and conferences.
Renewable energy is a cornerstone of German climate change policies. Germany has adopted particularly ambitious renewable energy targets, and is now implementing an Energiewende – a transition to a nuclear-free and low-carbon energy system. The transition could be eased through European cooperation. This article investigates the economic, political, environmental and technological factors that act as drivers and barriers to renewable energy cooperation between Germany and Norway. The article finds that German actors see Norwegian electricity as a means for enhancing the stability of their electricity system as Germany shifts to a greater reliance on renewables. In Norway the picture is more mixed. Norwegian state-owned electricity producers and grid operators are interested in cooperation largely out of profit motives, but expect Germany to create a favorable environment for investors. Energy-intensive industries and consumers on the other hand, are afraid that more electricity cooperation with Germany will raise electricity prices. The Norwegian environmental movement is split on the issue. Parts of the movement see renewable energy cooperation as an important step towards a European low-carbon energy future. Nature and outdoor organizations, however, argue that new renewable energy infrastructure, including pumped-storage hydropower, will result in major environmental impacts. If cooperation is to be achieved, these economic and environmental concerns will have to be taken seriously.
Optogenetics is an invasive neuromodulation technology involving the use of light to control the activity of individual neurons. Even though optogenetics is a relatively new neuromodulation tool whose various implications have not yet been scrutinized, it has already been approved for its first clinical trials in humans. As optogenetics is being intensively investigated in animal models with the aim of developing novel brain stimulation treatments for various neurological and psychiatric disorders, it appears crucial to consider both the opportunities and dangers such therapies may offer. In this review, we focus on the memory-modifying potential of optogenetics, investigating what it is capable of and how it differs from other memory modification technologies (MMTs). We then outline the safety challenges that need to be addressed before optogenetics can be used in humans. Finally, we re-examine crucial neuroethical concerns expressed in regard to other MMTs in the light of optogenetics and address those that appear to be unique to the memory-modifying potential of optogenetic technology.
Poorer motor development is reported in infants with iron deficiency (ID). The role of timing, duration and severity is unclear. We assessed relations between ID timing, duration, and severity and gross motor scores, neurological integrity, and motor behavior quality at 9 months.
Differentiating between early-onset bipolar disorder (BD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be difficult. Memory problems are commonly reported in BD, and forgetfulness is among the diagnostic criteria for ADHD. We compared children and adolescents with BD (n = 23), ADHD combined type (ADHD-C; n = 26), BD + ADHD-C (n = 15), and 68 healthy controls on memory tests (Digit span, Children’s Verbal Learning Test-II). Further analyses were performed on subgroups of BD (BD-I, BD-II/BD-NOS, with and without previous psychotic symptoms). All clinical groups demonstrated some problems with free recall, but the BD subgroup with a history of psychotic symptoms had a more pervasive problem that also included recognition and semantic clustering. The ADHD-C groups demonstrated the lowest performance on working memory. These data suggest that children and adolescents with BD and previously psychotic symptoms may have inefficient encoding of verbal material, whereas memory problems in ADHD-C appear more characterized by impaired free recall.