batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Neurofeedback (NF) is a non-pharmacological treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that is targeting self-regulation, is efficacious when standard protocols are used and induces partly specific neurophysiological changes in the inhibitory network. However, its effects on reward processing, which is also considered an important aspect of ADHD and has been linked to neurophysiological deficits, remain unknown. Children with ADHD (N = 15, mean age 11.8, SD 1.52) were randomly assigned to either slow cortical potential NF (n = 8) or EMG biofeedback control training (n = 7) and received 20 sessions of training under comparable conditions. Learning was defined as the slope of successful training runs across all transfer sessions. Whole brain analysis, region-of-interest analysis of anticipatory ventral striatal (VS) activation, and analysis of behavioral data were performed. Clinically, the NF group improved more than the EMG group. Whole brain analysis indicated increased activation in the left superior frontal gyrus in the control group only, and in medial prefrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal gyrus (DLPFC) after treatment across all groups. Only successful learners of self-regulation (n = 8) showed increased left inferior frontal gyrus and DLPFC activation after treatment. Left VS activation was increased after treatment and showed a significant time*medication-status interaction. Specific treatment effects were found in left frontal regions for the control treatment and successful learners. Also, unmedicated participants, irrespective of treatment type or successful learning, showed treatment-induced improvement in reward processing. The results suggest no prominent specific effect of NF on reward processing. However, cautious interpretation is warranted due to the small sample.
In this paper, a small-scale standalone wind energy conversion system composed of a squirrel-cage induction generator, a buck converter and a current-source inverter is proposed, as an attractive renewable energy solution for off-grid communities. Geared squirrel-cage induction generators are well-known for their robustness, simplicity, light weight and low cost. Current-source inverters, even though mainly used in medium-voltage, high power applications, and proposed for megawatt-level grid-connected wind energy conversion systems, offer potential benefits in small-scale off-grid wind energy conversion systems that are yet to be investigated and evaluated against those of commonly-used voltage-source inverters. In the proposed system, the generator's shaft speed is controlled by a buck converter to extract maximum available wind power in normal mode of operation, and the wind power is dumped when it is not possible to absorb maximum available power by the storage system and the load. A novel scheme for integration of a battery energy storage system is proposed and an effective power management algorithm is employed to maintain the supply-demand power balance through direct control of dc-link current. A systematic approach for the dc-link inductor design is presented. The feasibility of the proposed system and its performance under variable wind and load conditions are analyzed and demonstrated through simulation.
Photorewritable conducting polyaniline (PAn) image was successfully obtained by the photopolymerization of aniline derivatives with Flemion polyelectrolyte composite film containing Ru(bpy)3 2+ and TiO2. The image can be erased and regenerated by consecutive photoreduction and photooxidation via photoinduced electron transfer for TiO2 and Ru(bpy)3 2+ in the polyelectrolyte composite film, respectively. These photoinduced reactions were considerably affected by the deaeration condition for the reaction solution. When the photooxidation and photoreduction were carried out in the reaction solution deaerated with O2 and N2, respectively, good reversibility was obtained on the present system. However, the decomposition of the PAn was observed by excessive photooxidation in the acidic aqueous solution due to the hydrolysis of the PAn. In order to prevent the PAn decomposition, photoredox reaction of the PAn polyelectrolyte composite film was investigated in dichloroethane containing CF3COOH and MeOH. Consequently, improvement of photoreduction efficiency, as well as inhibition for the decomposition reaction of the PAn polyelectrolyte composite film was obtained.
We present the vibrational features of MnO2, Li0.33MnO2, Li x CoO2 and Li x Mn2O4 used as positive electrode materials in lithium batteries. Raman and FTIR spectroscopies yield a reliable description of lattice when either crystalline disorder or phase transition due to Li insertion is expected. The local arrangement in the γ-MnO2 structure is investigated as a function of the pyrolusite intergrowth rate. The phase evolution in Li x CoO2 and Li x Mn2O4 is studied as a function of the degree of deintercalation.
In this paper we have investigated the design of a multi-tier architecture for sensor networks that includes higher-powered relay nodes, and a mobile data collector (MDC). We have presented a new Integer Linear Program to determine a placement scheme for the relay nodes that (i) ensures that each sensor node can communicate with at least one relay node, using as few relay nodes as possible, and (ii) computes a “shortest length” trajectory of the MDC. We have also investigated, using a new heuristic for the Traveling Salesman Problem with Neighborhood (TSPN), the possibility of further reducing the MDC trajectory length by finding, for each relay node, a suitable point in its neighborhood to be visited by the MDC, while guaranteeing some feasible network lifetime.
Effects of DC magnetic field in the range of 0–180 mT on the properties of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4 NPs) synthesized by pulse laser ablation method in distilled water has been investigated. Ablation was carried out in the presence of permanent magnets with variable strengths. Significant blue shift in excitonic absorption peaks of produced nanoparticles show that with increasing the magnetic field strength during the ablation process, size of nanoparticles was decreased noticeably. This result was confirmed by SEM and TEM images. XRD pattern show that with applying external magnetic field we may have crystalline structure nanoparticles while in the absence of external magnetic field, only amorphous phase of Co nanoparticles was produced. FTIR spectra present the metal oxygen vibration at 614 and 668 cm−1, revealed octahedral and tetrahedral site of cobalt oxide system. In overall it can be concluded that external magnetic field is a strong tool to control the properties of laser ablation produced ferromagnetic nanoparticles.
A hairy graphite is synthesized through a modified chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, in which 2,3-dipicolinic acid and Ni(NO3)2 are employed as the carbon source and the catalyst precursor, respectively. Under Ar/H2 (95:5) reducing atmosphere at 900°C, Ni(NO3)2 is reduced to nickel nanoparticles and 2,3-dipicolinic acid is pyrolyzed into carbon fragments. With the catalysis of nickel nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are in-situ grown on the graphite surface through realignment of the carbon fragments. The hairy pattern of geometry of the graphite@CNT composite not only improves the mechanics and conductivity of the electrode, but also has more room to accommodate the volume change of the graphite particle upon prolonged electrochemical cycles. A superb rate performance and prolonged cycle life are obtained. The simple and effective strategy for integration of graphite with in-situ grown CNTs is very useful for boosting its electrochemical properties.
Vanadium flow battery (VFB) holds great promise for use in large scale energy storage applications. However, one major issue that limits the battery performance is the energy storage capacity loss due to insufficient use of electrolyte. The battery structure design is flexible and acceptable to solve the issue. Based on the mass transport limitation of the conventional rectangular vanadium flow battery (RFB), a novel circular vanadium flow battery (CFB) was firstly proposed in the research. Without increasing pump consumption, the new structure of CFB is effective to achieve mass transport enhancement and concentration polarization reduction. The charge–discharge test confirmed the performance advantage of CFB, presenting a significant increment of 10.52% at 40 mA cm−2 and 30.46% at 160 mA cm−2 in the utilization of electrolyte and improved energy storage capacity by 12.56% at 40 mA cm−2 and a 2.55 times of that for RFB at 160 mA cm−2. The performance advantage of CFB becomes exceptionally evident at high current densities.
An inner coating method is developed to synthesize electrode materials for lithium ion batteries. Different from other conventional coating methods, the inner coating method employs one-dimensional (1D) conductive materials to form a three-dimensional (3D) electronic conductive and mechanical network, which can not only improve electronic and ionic conductivity, increase the reactive area, but it also accommodates volume changes associated with active materials. The concept of our inner coating method is demonstrated via the synthesis of MnO2@CNT microspheres, which uses CNT as the inner coating material. The reversible capacity increases significantly from 528.0 mAh g−1 for the MnO2 (without inner coating) to 1097.3 mAh g−1 for the MnO2@CNT (with inner coating). Cycling stability is also greatly improved via inner coating technique. This method can be extended to the synthesis of other high capacity electrode materials, which will promote the development of next-generation lithium-ion batteries.
Electrical energy storage (EES) is crucial in energy industry from generation to consumption. It can help to balance the difference between generation and consumption, which can improve the stability and safety of power grid. Share of renewable energy generation and low emission energy utilization at consumption side can grow up via the development of EES technology, which could reduce the emission of Greenhouse gas in the whole energy chain. Nowadays, the usage of EES are becoming broader not only in normal environment but also in some harsh environment such as underground, space and very cold climate, which brings new challenges from energy storage element (cell) technology to system packaging technology. This paper reviewed the available energy storage technologies, and their special requirements and applications in harsh environment. More attentions were paid to the usage of EES in cold climate application both for transportation such as electric vehicles (EV), and stationary application including large/small scale energy storage located in cold area, where stable discharge/charge at temperature lower than −20 °C are required. Finally, a comprehensive review of the current technology from cell level to package was presented, and possible directions for R&D in the future to widen the operation temperature range of battery were proposed.
Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are the rate-controlling and/or energy-intensive reactions of numerous energy conversion and storage devices. It is a great challenge to attain a high catalytic efficiency with a single electrocatalyst towards these reactions simultaneously. Herein, a porous carbon was prepared by pyrolysis of chitin with the assistance of CoCl2 and ZnCl2 and a subsequent sulfurization process, which resulted in uniform loading of Co, N and S elements. The porous and modified carbon exhibited high catalytic performance towards ORR, OER and HER. Furthermore, the catalyst was used as air electrode to construct Zn-air batteries, which showed a power of 142 mW cm−2 and discharging and charging voltages of 1.3 V and 1.74 V at 1 mA cm−2 after 100 cycles, respectively. When used as both the anode and cathode for water splitting, the voltage to achieve a 10 mA cm−2 electrolysis current was 1.58 V which was stable over 75 h of operation. The performance enhancement is attributed to the etching effect which generates defects in both carbonaceous matrix and the Co9S8 crystallites during the sulfurization, as well as the doping of S and N elements which creates multiple active sites.
The amount of waste produced and the control of separate collection are crucial issues for the planning of a territorial Integrated Waste Management System, enabling the allocation of each sorted waste fraction to the proper treatment and recycling processes. The present study focuses on assessing indicators of different waste management systems in areas characterized by different territorial conditions. The investigated case study concerns the municipalities of Emilia Romagna (northern Italy), which present a rather uniform socioeconomic situation, but a variety of geographic, urban and waste management characteristics. A survey of waste generation and collection rates was carried out, and correlated with the different territorial conditions, classifying the municipalities according to altitude and population density. The best environmental performances, in terms of high separate collection rate, were found on average in rural areas in the plain, while the lowest waste generation was associated with rural hill towns.
In the USA, GS Carbon Corporation of New York, has acquired several patent-pending technologies, which involve the synthesis of speciality, metal-doped catalysts made out of carbon aerogel and other nanostructured composites, from Aerogel Composite Inc (ACI), based in Bloomfield, Connecticut.
The physico-chemical properties of poly (1-pyrenemethyl methacrylate) (PPy) are presented with respect to its use as a binder in a Si composite anode for Li-ion batteries. PPy thin-films on Si(100) wafer and Cu model electrodes are shown to exhibit superior adhesion as compared to conventional polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF) binder. Electrochemical testing of the model bi-layer PPy/Si(100) electrodes in a standard organic carbonate electrolyte reveal higher electrolyte reduction current and an overall irreversible cathodic charge consumption during initial cycling versus the uncoated Si electrode. The PPy thin-film is also shown to impede lithiation of the underlying Si. XAS, AFM, TGA and ATR-FTIR analysis indicated that PPy binder is both chemically and electrochemically stable in the cycling potential range however significant swelling is observed due to a selective uptake of diethyl carbonate (DEC) from the electrolyte. The increased concentration of DEC and depletion of ethylene carbonate (EC) at the Si/PPy interface leads to continuous decomposition of the electrolyte and results in non-passivating behavior of the Si(100)/PPy electrode as compared to pristine silicon. Consequently, PPy binder improves the mechanical integrity of composite Si anodes but it influences mass transport at the Si(100)/PPy interface and alters electrochemical response of silicon during cycling in an adverse manner.
Concurrent neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) involving sub-tetanic low frequency and tetanic high frequency which targets aerobic and muscular fitness is a potential alternative to conventional exercise in cancer rehabilitation. However, its safety and feasibility in patients with advanced cancer are unknown. The aim of this feasibility study was to determine safety and feasibility and evaluate changes in functional and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) outcomes in individuals with advanced cancer and poor performance status after concurrent NMES. These results should help inform the design of future studies.
Hexagonal Na3Zr2PO4(SiO4)2 is a well-known fast Na+ conductor commonly referred to as NASICON. The low cost and wide availability of sodium invites exploration of Na+-insertion cathodes with the hexagonal NASICON framework structure. Here we report a low-temperature synthesis of NaFe2PO4(SO4)2 with the same host framework as NASICON and its performance as the cathode of a Na/Na1+xFe2PO4(SO4)2 cell operating on the Fe3+/Fe2+ redox couple. The cell provides a single-phase reaction having a capacity approaching 100 mA h g−1 at 0.1C after 50 cycles over the voltage range 2 ≤ V ≤ 4 V with a coulomb efficiency approaching 100%. An increase in capacity with cycling is the result of aging of an unoptimized electrode morphology.
We have investigated a hybrid power train for ship crane operations, using a lithium-ion battery in conjunction with diesel gensets for auxiliary power generation, as an alternative to a conventional power train using only gensets. We have simulated crane operations in port using both solutions, in order to quantify the potential economic gains of using hybrid power generation. This study is based on a real open-hatch dry bulk vessel of 50,000dwt, which is compared with a corresponding newbuilding ship with hybrid auxiliary power generation. We have modelled the complete auxiliary power system, including diesel generators, lithium-ion batteries, cranes and ship hotel consumers. We have developed a novel hybrid control strategy that has the potential to reduce the minimal size and thereby cost of batteries for hybrid ships. Our results indicate that the hybrid solution will lead to about 30% reduced fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions while operating cranes, which amounts to annual savings of $110,000, with $450,000 savings over three years of operation, as well as reduced capital costs compared to the conventional power generation system.
In this work, K2Ti6O13 nanorods have been synthesized and evaluated as potassium-ion battery anode material. A reversible capacity of 95.7mAhg−1 at 0.01Ag−1 is obtained by this K2Ti6O13 nanorods electrode, and its robust structure survives after long cycling. Our result suggests that a solid–solution storage mechanism occurs to the K2Ti6O13 anode and the partial reversible redox reaction of Ti4+/Ti3+ contributes to the reversible capacity. The superior cycling stability of K2Ti6O13 nanorods electrode makes it a competitive KIBs anode for application on large-scale energy storage systems.
This review covers work published in the calendar year 2018. The synthesis and reaction chemistry of five-membered heterocycles containing two oxygen atoms, two sulfur atoms, or an oxygen and a sulfur is reviewed.
In this study a modified solid state synthesis (auto-ignition method) is used to form nanosized spinel type material LiMg0.05Ni0.45Mn1.5O4. This material presents a high voltage plateau at 4.75V vs. Li/Li+. Structural and electrochemical characterisations have been performed using a wide range of techniques (TEM, neutron diffraction, galvanostatic measurements, and impedance spectroscopy). Besides, in situ XAS has been performed to monitor the evolution of Ni and Mn oxidation state during Li intercalation. The material presents an ordered cubic spinel structure, good capacity retention upon cycling (131mAhg−1 at C/10 and 117mAhg−1 at 1C) and good electronic conductivity (10−6 Scm−1 at RT). The simultaneous presence of Mn3+/Mn4+ in the structure has been investigated and explained by inclusion of disordered nanodomains in the structure.
The electrochemically interfacial stability between Ni foam and organic electrolyte is studied under Ar and O2 atmospheres, respectively. The potential of Ni foam cycled under Ar atmosphere does not reach 3.8V vs. Li/Li+, and is finally stabilized at ∼3.4V vs. Li/Li+. This phenomenon is the result of the electrolyte's continuous decomposition, which produces a thick layer of particles (0.8–1.2μm) covered on Ni foam surface. Ni foam under O2 atmosphere can be successfully cycled between 2.0 and 4.5V vs. Li/Li+ although there exist some precipitations on the surface, which originate from the electrolyte decomposition occurring at 4.2V vs. Li/Li+ in the initial charge. For the cycling between 2.0 and 4.0V vs. Li/Li+, Ni foam surface almost keeps intact. Our results reveal that O2 atmosphere significantly improves the electrochemical stability between Ni foam and electrolyte and thus enables Ni foam to work as current collector in rechargeable lithium-air battery.
This paper aims at giving an idea of the contributions to the study of corrosion phenomena ensured by the practice of localized electrochemical techniques. For many corrosion phenomena high resolution is required. This is due to the fact that a huge amount of relevant information about electrochemical processes can be examined at a microscale. The present work is focused both on theoretical and practical aspects of these modern localized electrochemical techniques. In particular Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP) and Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique (SVET) will be discussed in detail. Concerning theoretical aspects, this paper summarizes in some fundamental equations the main operating principles behind the two different techniques. The basics of the two equipments are explained in simple terms with the aid of some pictures. Experimental data are also reported, in order to better understand the working principles of these devices and their potential. The novelty of the data obtained with these tools will be highlighted by the discussion of the theoretical principles and the explanation of several examples.
The present investigation is based on the results of a directionally solidified (DS) Sn–9 wt%Zn–2 wt%Cu alloy, including primary/secondary/tertiary dendrite arm spacings of the Sn-rich matrix, the morphologies of the eutectic mixture and the corresponding interphase spacing, the nature and proportion of the Cu–Zn intermetallic compound (IMC). The main purpose is to establish interrelations of these microstructure features with experimental solidification thermal parameters, such as cooling rates and growth rates (v), macrosegregation and hardness. Such interrelations are interesting for both industry and academy since they represent a tool permitting the preprogramming of final properties based on the design of the microstructure. In the case of Sn–Zn–Cu alloys, hardly anything is known about the combined effects of the length scale of the microstructure and fraction and distribution of the primary IMC on hardness. The alloy microstructure is composed of a β-Sn dendritic region, surrounded by a eutectic mixture of α-Zn and β-Sn phases and the γ-Cu5Zn8 IMC. The eutectic interphase spacing varies in the range 1.2–3.6 μm, with the α-Zn phase having a globular morphology for v > 0.5 mm/s and a needle-like morphology for v < 0.3 mm/s. A modified Hall–Petch-type experimental expression relating hardness to the interphase spacing is proposed.
This paper presents fabrication and testing results of three-dimensional carbon anodes for lithium-ion batteries, which are fabricated through the pyrolysis of lithographically patterned epoxy resins. This technique, known as Carbon-MEMS, provides great flexibility and an unprecedented dimensional control in shaping carbon microstructures. Variations in the pattern density and in the pyrolysis conditions result in anodes with different specific and gravimetric capacities, with a three to six times increase in specific capacity with respect to the current thin-film battery technology. Newly designed cross-shaped Carbon-MEMS arrays have a much higher mechanical robustness (as given by their moment of inertia) than the traditionally used cylindrical posts, but the gravimetric analysis suggests that new designs with thinner features are required for better carbon utilization. Pyrolysis at higher temperatures and slower ramping up schedules reduces the irreversible capacity of the carbon electrodes. We also analyze the addition of Meso-Carbon Micro-Beads (MCMB) particles on the reversible and irreversible capacities of new three-dimensional, hybrid electrodes. This combination results in a slight increase in reversible capacity and a big increase in the irreversible capacity of the carbon electrodes, mostly due to the non-complete attachment of the MCMB particles.