batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We report on the synthesis of ordered spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 nanorods (LNMO-NRs) and their application as high-rate cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries. Ordered spinel LNMO-NRs were prepared by a simple self-support template method followed by a solid-state reaction. The as prepared LNMO-NRs displayed uniform one dimensional (1D) nanostructure with the diameters of about 100nm and the lengths around 2–3μm. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy showed that the products existed in pure P4332 phase. When the as-prepared LNMO-NRs were applied as the cathode materials for lithium ion batteries, they exhibited a superior high-rate capability (135mAhg−1 at 1C, 120mAhg−1 at 20C) and a good cyclability (at 20C with a high retention of 90% after 80cycles). The durable high-rate capability was attributed to the one-dimensional nanostructure with the ordered phase that shows fast Li-intercalation kinetics and good structural stability.
Nanostructured α-Fe2O3 was synthesised by a simple molten salt process using FeCl2·4H2O as a starting material and LiNO3–LiOH·H2O–H2O2 as a eutectic mixture at 300°C. To synthesise α-Fe2O3/C composite, both α-Fe2O3 and malic acid were dispersed together in toluene, where malic acid was used as a carbon source. The morphology and microstructure of both compounds were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical testing, including constant current charge–discharge and cyclic voltammetry (CV), was carried out. The α-Fe2O3/C composite anode exhibited much better electrochemical performance than the bare α-Fe2O3. The discharge capacities of the composite were measured to be 2112mAhg−1 at C/2 after 100 cycles and 584mAhg−1 at 20C after 10 cycles. The superior electrochemical performance of α-Fe2O3/C composite can be mainly attributed to the combined effects of the nanostructure, the carbon layering on the α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, and the porous ultra-fine carbon matrix, where the three factors would contribute to provide high electronic conductivity, reduce the traverse time of electrons and lithium-ions, and could also prevent high volume expansion of the anode film during cycling. Our results indicate that the prepared α-Fe2O3/C nanocomposite is a very promising anode material for Li-ion power batteries.
Abstract Hybrid energy systems (HES) combine two or more energy conversion devices for meeting a common energy end use. Isolated hybrid systems are utilized for electrification of remote locations where the extension of grid becomes infeasible due to techno-economic constraints. There are numerous options for energy integration in hybrid systems, as there can be combinations of renewable and conventional generators. A typical example is an integrated diesel generator–photovoltaic–battery system. Diesel generators, photovoltaic modules, and wind turbine driven generators coupled with energy storage in the form of batteries are usually employed in isolated hybrid systems. Series, switched, and parallel modes are the commonly adopted system configurations in hybrid systems. The appropriate design of HESs is essential for its efficient and reliable operation. There have been several approaches to solve the problem of system design. Methodologies range from simple calculation-based procedures to application of detailed mathematical models. For the design and analysis of hybrid systems, an appropriate mathematical model provides a logical equivalent specified by the system characteristics. Design-space methodology offers a set of tools for the identification of the set of all feasible system configurations capable of meeting the given demand conforming to specified levels of reliability. Design-space approach has been illustrated for an integrated diesel generator–photovoltaic–battery bank system.
A structural and electrochemical study of the nickel(II) complexes, [Ni(tacn)2](ClO4)2 (1), [NiLeth](ClO4)2 (2), [NiLox](ClO4)2·H2O (3), [Ni2Ldur](ClO4)4·2H2O (4), [Ni3Ldur(H2O)3](ClO4)6·9H2O (5) and [Ni2Lisomes(H2O)3](ClO4)4·7H2O (6) [tacn = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane, Leth = 1,2-bis(1,4,7-triazacyclonon-1-yl)ethane, Lox = 1,2-bis(1,4,7-triazacyclonon-1-ylmethyl)benzene,
Ldur = 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(1,4,7-triazacyclonon-1-ylmethyl)benzene, Lisomes = 1,2,3-tris(1,4,7-triazacyclonon-1-ylmethyl)benzene] is reported. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography has established that 2 and 6 feature nickel(II) centres in a distorted octahedral geometry, which are sandwiched between pairs of tacn rings. In 6, a second nickel(II) centre coordinates the third tacn ring of Lisomes and three water molecules complete the distorted octahedral coordination sphere. For the sandwiched Ni(II) centres, steric contraints introduced by the ethane and ortho-oriented tacn rings in Lisomes cause significant distortions to the Ni(II) coordination spheres. Cyclic, square-wave and near steady-state voltammetric studies on 1–6 indicate that the sandwiched nickel(II) centres may be reversibly oxidised to the nickel(III) state, with the potential for the nickel(II)/(III) couple showing a dependence on the nature of the tether linking the sandwiching tacn rings. Complex 4 undergoes oxidation in two overlapping one-electron processes [i.e., Ni(II)Ni(II) → Ni(III)Ni(II) → Ni(III)Ni(III)], indicating that the two nickel centres within the complex behave in an essentially independent fashion.
The dissolving of various sulphide cathodic materials in melted halogenides at 460–500°C was investigated. A role of quantitative electrolyte composition on corrosion of cathodes was demonstrated.
Shortly after reading instruction, a region in the ventral occipital temporal cortex (vOTC) of the left hemisphere, the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA), becomes specialized for written words. Its reproducible location across scripts suggests important anatomical constraints, such as specific patterns of connectivity, notably to spoken language areas. Here, we explored the structural connectivity of the emerging VWFA in terms of its specificity relative to other ventral visual regions and its stability throughout the process of reading instruction in ten children studied longitudinally over 2 years. Category-specific regions for words, houses, faces, and tools were identified in the left vOTC of each subject with functional MRI. With diffusion MRI and tractography, we reconstructed the connections of these regions at two time points (mean age ± standard deviation: 6.2 ± 0.3, 7.2 ± 0.4 years). We first showed that the regions for each visual category harbor their own specific connectivity, all of which precede reading instruction and remain stable throughout development. The most specific connections of the VWFA were to the dorsal posterior parietal cortex. We then showed that microstructural changes in these connections correlated with improvements in reading scores over the first year of instruction but not 1 year later in a subsample of eight children (age: 8.4 ± 0.3 years). These results suggest that the VWFA location depends on its connectivity to distant regions, in particular, the left inferior parietal region which may play a crucial role in visual field maps and eye movement dynamics in addition to attentional control in letter-by-letter reading and disambiguation of mirror-letters during the first stages of learning to read.
Radio-tracking is increasingly used to assess key characteristics of population dynamics. Since in many species re-encounter rates are frequently below 1.0 and vary with time and/or life-history stages, known-fate approaches to analyses may not apply. Cormack-Jolly-Seber (CJS) models estimate apparent survival on the basis of individual encounter histories. These models allow for complex re-encounter models and constitute an ideal tool to estimate apparent survival where re-encounter rates vary. However, the implications of radio-tag characteristics and sample size on the precision of survival estimates and the potential to determine temporal variation in survival have rarely been investigated. Here we analyze radio-tracking data from juvenile barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) that were instrumented with four types of transmitters similar in mass but differing in radiated power (n = 560, 132 broods).
By employing an ultrasonic deposition followed by heat treatment, magnetite (Fe3O4)–graphene nanosheet (GN) hybrid anode was synthesized to examine its electrochemical performance in Li-ion battery. The Fe3O4 nanocrystals with an average size of 10nm can be homogeneously incorporated into the GNs to form Fe3O4–GN composites. In comparison with fresh GN anode, the composite anode exhibits high reversible capacity of 753mAh/g at 0.1C, high rate capability (533mAh/g at 5C), and enhanced cyclic performance with high coulombic efficiency. This improvement can be attributed to the fact that since Fe3O4 acts not only as a redox site but also as a spacer, the Fe3O4–GN hybrid creates a three-dimensional architecture that effectively facilitates ionic diffusion, Li-storage, and electronic transport. This result opens an efficient route for synthesis and application of GN hybrid as anode material for Li-ion batteries with superior performance.
A design for the all-copper redox flow battery based on readily available, cost-effective construction materials is presented. The design results in a stack cost of between 70 and 300 $/m2, with the electrolyte costing 60 $/kWh. The area specific resistance of the cell is 1.5 Ω cm2. A maximum round trip energy efficiency of 72% occurs at a current density of 40 mA cm−2, this is similar to values reported for zinc–bromine redox flow batteries. The two major loss processes are attributable to permeation of Cu2+ through the microporous separator at current densities below 50 mA cm−2 and excessive electrode overpotentials at current densities greater than 75 mA cm−2. Two methods to characterise the current efficiency of the electrochemical processes in the cell are reported. A round trip current efficiency of 98% is consistently found when cycling the all-copper battery at a current density of 150 mA cm−2.
The Relationship of Indoor, Outdoor and Personal Air (RIOPA) study was designed to investigate residential indoor, outdoor and personal exposures to several classes of air pollutants, including volatile organic compounds, carbonyls and fine particles (PM2.5). Samples were collected from summer, 1999 to spring, 2001 in Houston (TX), Los Angeles (CA) and Elizabeth (NJ). Indoor, outdoor and personal PM2.5 samples were collected at 212 nonsmoking residences, 162 of which were sampled twice. Some homes were chosen due to close proximity to ambient sources of one or more target analytes, while others were farther from sources. Median indoor, outdoor and personal PM2.5 mass concentrations for these three sites were 14.4, 15.5 and 31.4 μg/m3, respectively. The contributions of ambient (outdoor) and nonambient sources to indoor and personal concentrations were quantified using a single compartment box model with measured air exchange rate and a random component superposition (RCS) statistical model. The median contribution of ambient sources to indoor PM2.5 concentrations using the mass balance approach was estimated to be 56% for all study homes (63%, 52% and 33% for California, New Jersey and Texas study homes, respectively). Reasonable variations in model assumptions alter median ambient contributions by less than 20%. The mean of the distribution of ambient contributions across study homes agreed well for the mass balance and RCS models, but the distribution was somewhat broader when calculated using the mass balance model with measured air exchange rates.
Lithium-ion batteries have become the focus of research interest, thanks to their numerous benefits for vehicle applications. One main limitation of these technologies resides in the battery ageing. The effects of battery ageing limit its performance and occur throughout their whole life, whether the battery is used or not, which is a major drawback on real usage. Furthermore, degradations take place in every condition, but in different proportions as usage and external conditions interact to provoke degradations. The ageing phenomena are highly complicated to characterize due to the factors cross-dependence. This paper reviews various aspects of recent research and developments, from different fields, on lithium-ion battery ageing mechanisms and estimations. In this paper is presented a summary of techniques, models and algorithms used for battery ageing estimation (SOH, RUL), going from a detailed electrochemical approach to statistical methods based on data. In order to present the accuracy of currently used methods, their respective characteristics are discussed. Remaining challenges are deeply detailed, along with a discussion about the ideal method resulting from existing methods.
Recurrent malignant pleural effusions (MPE) are common and associated with significant morbidity in cancer patients. A new pump connecting the pleural cavity and the bladder may have application for the management of recurrent MPE. In a pre-clinical study, we investigated the utility of this pump in healthy pigs.
Publisher Summary This chapter provides an understanding of the real applications for thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites and the relative importance of the various material families and processes involved. It discusses the industrial and economic reality of polymers as compared to traditional materials. The specific mechanical properties take account of the density and consider the performance to density ratio. Polymers are sensitive to a greater or lesser degree to photo-degradation, which can limit their exterior uses. Polymers, like other materials, are sensitive to fatigue. The study presents some examples of fatigue test results according to the logarithm of the number of cycles leading to failure. Designers are directly or indirectly subjected to economical, technical and environmental constraints. Plastics and composites are well positioned to provide solutions. Furthermore, the technical and economic possibilities of processing are outlined. Polymer recycling presents technical and economic difficulties and is less advanced, industrially, than that of metals. The final choice of the design team results from many iterations concerning the functional properties, the environmental constraints, the possibilities to produce the part in the required quantities, and the price.
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a prevalent and clinically relevant side effect of chemotherapy. The symptoms diminish patients’ quality of life and represent a decisive limiting factor for medical therapy. To date, effective treatment options are lacking. Specific exercise interventions have proven promising to target relevant symptoms. We conducted a prospective, four-armed, randomized, controlled trial, to evaluate the effects of sensorimotor training (SMT) and whole-body vibration training (WBV) on patients with CIPN. Participants (N = 40) were randomized to either one of two intervention groups (SMT N = 10 or WBV N = 10) or oncological control group (N = 10) and matched by gender and age with a healthy control (N = 10). The intervention groups exercised twice a week for 6 weeks. Primary endpoint was the reduction of CIPN-related symptoms (improve peripheral deep sensitivity, Achilles tendon reflex (ASR) and patellar tendon reflex (PSR), light-touch perception, sense of position, and lower leg strength). Secondary endpoints were nerve conduction velocity and amplitude, balance control, quality of life, and CIPN-related pain. Patients exercising improved sensory and associated motor symptoms. Significant intergroup differences were found for the tendon reflexes (ASR P = .017 and PSR P = .020), peripheral deep sensitivity (P = .010), and pain (P = .043). Furthermore, tendencies were found regarding the subjective improvement of symptoms (P = .075) and two subscales of the EORTC-QLQ-C30 questionnaire: pain (P = .054) and dyspnea (P = .054). The results for the SMT group were superior regarding the tendon reflexes, and a tendency regarding the subjective report of symptoms, while WBV was superior regarding pain. SMT and WBV behold a large potential to reduce CIPN-related symptoms and can be considered feasible and safe for patients with CIPN (compliance 97.5%, no adverse events).
The state-of-charge (SOC) estimation method currently ignores the measurement error caused by the Battery Management System (BMS). In this paper, the characteristic of LiFePO4 battery is deeply studied to explore the relationship between open-circuit-voltage (OCV) and SOC. By the analysis of the characteristic of the curve, the results show that the curve does not change with the battery aging by the capacity correction. Meanwhile, the feature of the charging voltage curve is also analyzed. It is pointed out that the ohmic internal resistance and capacity can be obtained by the transformation of the charging voltage curve, which reduces the workload of the dual extended kalman filter (DEKF) algorithm. Based on the DEKF algorithm, the SOC under constant current and dynamic discharge conditions are estimated. The results show that the estimation error is within 3%. The influence of battery voltage and current measurement noise on the estimation accuracy of the SOC is then analyzed. It is found that the measurement noise increases the SOC estimation deviation. Finally, the open circuit voltage in measurement equation is replaced by the charging voltage. And a new method of combining DEKF algorithm and charging voltage curve for SOC estimation is proposed. The results of the experiments under constant current and dynamic discharge conditions show that the proposed method can eliminate the measurement noise and ensure the accuracy of SOC estimation.
A population of the green sulfur bacterium Pelodictyon clathratiforme was monitored during the stratification period of Coromina Lake, a freshwater, holomictic pond of the Banyoles lacustrine area (Girona, NE Spain). The chromatographic analysis of this population revealed the presence of a wide variety of both bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) d and BChl c homologues. Isolation of chlorosomes from cultured Pelodictyon cells and their further analysis by steady-state fluorescence indicated that, although both pigment were present in chlorosomes, only BChl c gave rise to an emission signal, suggesting a fast energy transfer from BChl d to BChl c. Likewise, chlorosomes isolated from natural samples were significantly larger (60–70 nm in width and 115–120 nm in length) than those isolated from cells grown in laboratory under optimal light conditions (48±6.8 nm and 100±15.8 nm in width and length, respectively). The potential role of heterogeneous BChl c- and BChl d-containing chlorosomes and the differences in chlorosome size measured are discussed in terms of the severe light limitation (available light intensity <0.1 μmol photons m−2 s−1 at the bacterial plate) under which the population subsisted during the study period.
Intrusion of seawater into coastal aquifers is considered one of the most important processes that degrade water-quality by raising the salinity to levels exceeding acceptable drinking standards. Therefore saltwater intrusion should be prevented or at least controlled to protect groundwater resources. This paper presents a cost-effective method to control seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers. This methodology ADR (Abstraction, Desalination and Recharge) includes; abstraction of saline water and recharge to the aquifer after desalination. A coupled transient density-dependent finite element model is developed for simulation of fluid flow and solute transport and used to simulate seawater intrusion. The simulation model has been integrated with an optimization model to examine three scenarios to control seawater intrusion including; abstraction, recharge and a combination system, ADR. The main objectives of the models are to determine the optimal depths, locations and abstraction/recharge rates for the wells to minimize the total costs for construction and operation as well as salt concentrations in the aquifer. A comparison between the combined system (ADR) and the individual abstraction or recharge system is made in terms of total cost and total salt concentration in the aquifer and the amount of repulsion of seawater achieved. The results show that the proposed ADR system performs significantly better than using abstraction or recharge wells alone as it gives the least cost and least salt concentration in the aquifer. ADR is considered an effective tool to control seawater intrusion and can be applied in areas where there is a risk of seawater intrusion.
This paper presents a modified Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) methodology to solve the problem of energy resources management with high penetration of distributed generation and Electric Vehicles (EVs) with gridable capability (V2G). The objective of the day-ahead scheduling problem in this work is to minimize operation costs, namely energy costs, regarding the management of these resources in the smart grid context. The modifications applied to the PSO aimed to improve its adequacy to solve the mentioned problem. The proposed Application Specific Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (ASMPSO) includes an intelligent mechanism to adjust velocity limits during the search process, as well as self-parameterization of PSO parameters making it more user-independent. It presents better robustness and convergence characteristics compared with the tested PSO variants as well as better constraint handling. This enables its use for addressing real world large-scale problems in much shorter times than the deterministic methods, providing system operators with adequate decision support and achieving efficient resource scheduling, even when a significant number of alternative scenarios should be considered. The paper includes two realistic case studies with different penetration of gridable vehicles (1000 and 2000). The proposed methodology is about 2600 times faster than Mixed-Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) reference technique, reducing the time required from 25h to 36s for the scenario with 2000 vehicles, with about one percent of difference in the objective function cost value.
Polyaniline layers of different morphologies ranging from open and “sponge-like” structures to compact and “pebble-like” surfaces were synthesized from perchlorate solutions and employed as cathode in the galvanic cell with Zn anode and NH4Cl/ZnCl2 electrolyte. Cathodic properties of synthesized layers were investigated by the constant current charging/discharging method in 500 cycles. Specific charge capacities and specific energies obtained form the current–time curves strongly depend on the morphology of investigated layers and discharge conditions. The results unambiguously show that charging/discharging reaction of polyaniline layers is limited to relatively thin layer at polymer/solution boundary. Specific charge capacities are inversely related to both the polymer thickness and the discharge current density. In the limit of zero current densities the specific charge capacity as high as 245Ahkg−1 could be achieved for porous structures of polyaniline layers. Specific capacitance higher than 400Fg−1 obtained at 2mAcm−2 current density makes polyaniline a promising material for the application in electrochemical supercapacitors. The electrochemical behaviour of the layers was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy before and after 500 cycles of charging/discharging experiments. Both, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that some polyaniline layers develop an increased charged transfer resistance at the carbon support/polymer interface during charging/discharging process. The increased charge transfer resistance does not affect the overall specific charge of the layers. The low-frequency capacities in impedance spectra are attributed to charging/discharging of polymer/electrolyte interface and seem to be related to the specific charge capacities obtained by extrapolation to zero current density discharge reaction.