batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The imminent exhaustion of fossil energy resources and the increasing demand for energy were the motives for those reasonable in Sudan to put into practice an energy policy based on rational use of energy; and on exploitation of new, and renewable energy sources. After 1980, as the supply of conventional energy has not been able to follow the tremendous increase of the production demand in rural areas of Sudan, a renewed interest for the application of wind energy has shown in many places. Therefore, the Sudanese government began to pay more attention to wind energy utilisation in rural areas. Because the wind energy resource in many rural areas is sufficient for attractive application of wind pumps, and as fuel is insufficient, the wind pumps will be spread on a rather large scale in the near future. Wind is a form of renewable energy, which is always in a non-steady state due to the wide temporal and spatial variations of wind velocity. A number of years worth of data concerning wind speed in Sudan have been compiled, evaluated and presented in this article. The need for the provision of new data stations in order to enable a complete and reliable assessment of the overall wind power potential of the country is identified and specific locations suggested. This paper presents the background and ideas of the development of the concept as well as the main results, and experience gained during ongoing project up to now. In Sudan, various designs of wind machines for water pumping have been developed and some designs are presently manufactured commercially. Results suggest that wind power would be more profitably used for local-and small-scale applications especially for remote rural areas. It is concluded that Sudan is blessed with abundant wind energy.
Renewable energy (RE) resources have enormous potential and can meet the present world energy demand by using the locally available RE resources. One of the most promising RE technologies is photovoltaic (PV) technology. This paper presents a review of the available literature covering the various types of up and coming PV modules based on generation of solar cell and their applications in terms of electrical as well thermal outputs. The review covers detailed description and thermal model of PV and hybrid photovoltaic thermal (HPVT) systems, using water and air as the working fluid. Numerical model analysis and qualitative evaluation of thermal and electrical output in terms of an overall thermal energy and exergy has been carried out. Based on the thorough review, it is clear that PVT modules are very promising devices and there exists a lot of scope to further improve their performances particularly if integrated to roof top. Appropriate recommendations are made which will aid PVT systems to improve their overall thermal and electrical efficiency and reducing their cost, making them more competitive in the present market.
This paper presents in-situ spatiotemporal measurements of the electrolyte phase potential within an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) negative electrode as envisaged for use in an aqueous hybrid battery for grid-scale energy storage. The ultra-thick electrodes used in these batteries to reduce non-functional material costs require sufficiently fast through-plane mass and charge transport to attain suitable charging and discharging rates. To better evaluate the through-plane transport, we have developed an electrode scaffold (ES) for making in situ electrolyte potential distribution measurements at discrete known distances across the thickness of an uninterrupted EDLC negative electrode. Using finite difference methods, we calculate local current, volumetric charging current and charge storage distributions from the spatiotemporal electrolyte potential measurements. These potential distributions provide insight into complex phenomena that cannot be directly observed using other existing methods. Herein, we use the distributions to identify areas of the electrode that are underutilized, assess the effects of various parameters on the cumulative charge storage distribution, and evaluate an effectiveness factor for charge storage in EDLC electrodes.
There is a great deal of interest in functional materials containing magnetite (Fe3O4) due to their several advanced applications (e.g. lithium–ion batteries, wastewater treatment and drug delivery) of these materials. Recently, the ability of magnetic composite materials to operate as reliable strain sensors has attracted particular attention because of their unique mechanical and magnetic properties. Polyester polymer composites reinforced with magnetite Fe3O4 micro- and nano-particles have been prepared at different particle loading levels, presenting magnetic properties. Nanoindentation technique is performed in order to study the local mechanical behavior of composites, taking into account stiffness correction after the creep deformation stage. In order to evaluate the effect of Fe3O4 particles on bulk mechanical response, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) is used. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polyester filled with nanoparticles has shifted to higher temperature, as shown from the DMTA, in comparison with the composites filled with microparticles. The low concentration of particles in the micro-composites displayed enhanced reduced modulus, hardness and shear storage modulus, compared with that of pure polyester and nano-composites. Magnetic flux density–strain experiments confirmed the good strain sensitivity of the above materials.
The model presented considers the dissolution of a trivalent metal in three consecutive steps involving two adsorbed intermediates. If mass transport effects are negligible, it is possible to construct equivalent circuits in which adsorption-related elements are doubled compared to the case of a single adsorbate. In the case where mass transport affects the dissolution, the Faradaic admittance can be evaluated as a fraction of two power series and no simple equivalent circuit can be constructed from conventional circuit elements. Depending on the mechanism assumed, the low-frequency behavior can be either similar to a Warburg impedance or different fundamentally. The impedance of aluminum dissolution is discussed in the case of insignificant mass transport. The Langmuir isotherm is supposed to hold for intermediate adsorption, and only anodic partial reactions are accounted for. It has been concluded that the second step is rate-determined and that solvent takes part in the desorption of the product only. An empirical correlation was found between the dipole moment of the solvent used and the ratio of the rate constants of non-rate determining steps.
Silicon microwires as anodes for Li-ion batteries may show good cycling performance over 100 cycles as anodes for Lithium ion batteries without significant capacity losses. The life time of the anode, however, strongly depends on the way the battery is charged. Overcharging or undercharging may have severe negative consequences. This paper studies with the study of the operational voltage range of Si microwire anodes and its dependence on the dimensions of the wires. Cyclic voltammetry is used to identify the potentials for the different lithiation/delithiation events, while a modified cyclic voltammetry technique is used to study the dynamics of those processes. Specially prepared anodes with Si wires of different lengths and widths were used for the study.
This study comprised two phases and evaluated the effects of levetiracetam (LEV), as an add-on treatment, on cognitive function and quality of life (QOL) in patients with refractory partial seizures. The short-term phase employed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design including an 8-week baseline period, 4-week titration interval, and 12-week period at the maximum LEV dose (1500mg twice daily). The long-term phase was an open-label study in which the maximum LEV dose was administered for another 24 weeks. Neuropsychological tests and the 31-item Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-31) inventory were administered at baseline, at the end of the short-term phase, and at the end of the long-term phase. Twenty-four eligible patients entered into the final phase. After short-term LEV treatment, performance time on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and Delayed Logic Memory significantly improved for the patient group, but not the control group. Subscale scores on the QOLIE-31, including scores on Cognitive Functioning and Social Function, also improved only for the LEV group. At the end of the long-term phase, these improvements were maintained, and both groups performed better in more areas, as measured by the Trail Making Test, WCST, and Delayed Visual Memory in the neuropsychological battery and the QOLIE-31 subscales Overall QOL and Health Status. Thus, as an adjunctive therapy, LEV did not negatively affect and, in a way, improved cognitive function and QOL in patients with medically refractory partial seizures. Some of these improvements may be maintained during long-term treatment.
The effect of tris(methoxy diethylene glycol) borate (TMDGB) on the coordination structure between ethylene carbonate (EC) solvents with high permittivity and ClO4 − anions has been investigated by using a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of FT-IR analyses manifested that the boron atom of TMDGB anion receptor forms the complex with ClO4 − anions. Even though Lewis acid–base interaction between the TMDGB anion receptor and ClO4 − anions in the electrolyte solution lead to the prominent enhancement of both the dissociation degree of lithium salts and the lithium ion transference number, the ionic conductivity of the EC-based electrolyte solution decreased due to the trap of ClO4 − anions by introducing the TMDGB anion receptor. The electrochemical stability of gel polymer electrolyte based on semi-interpenetrating network (IPN) structure with tris(pentafluoro phenyl) borane (TPFPB) or TMDGB anion receptor was obviously improved.
The effects on two earthworm species of a gradient of metal contamination in soil collected close to a 50-year-old lead recycling factory were investigated in mesocosms filled with soil sampled at three distances from the factory (10, 30 and 60 m). After 5 weeks of exposure, earthworm litter consumption and weight change were measured. Burrow systems were analysed using X-ray tomography, and water infiltration was measured. No significant differences in earthworm weight or activity were observed between mesocosms filled with soil from 30 and 60 m. In contrast, both earthworm species significantly lost weight and burrowed less in the soil sampled at 10 m. In the cores filled with the soil collected at 10-m distance, Aporrectodea caliginosa avoided the highly contaminated first layer (0–5 cm) and burrowed deeper whereas Lumbricus terrestris burrowed relatively more in this layer. We assume that these different reactions are associated with their ecological types. Epi-anecic earthworms forage litter at the soil surface, whereas endogeic earthworms are geophagous and thus are able to forage deeper. This was further corroborated by the bioaccumulation factors measured for each species: for L. terrestris, BAF values for Pb and Cd only decreased slightly in the 10-m soil correlating with their overall reduced activity. However, BAF values for A. caliginosa were 20-fold lower compared to those observed in soil from 30 and 60 m. These modifications in burrowing behaviour in the 10-m mesocosms resulted in a significant and marked decrease in water infiltration rates but only for L. terrestris.
The adverse health effects of fine particulate matter (PM < 2.5 μm in diameter [PM2.5]) air pollution are well-documented. There is a growing body of evidence that high-efficiency particulate arrestance (HEPA) filtration can reduce indoor PM2.5 concentrations and deliver some health benefits via the reduction of exposure to PM. However, few studies have tested the ability of portable air filtration systems to lower overall personal-level PM2.5 exposures. The Reducing Air Pollution in Detroit Intervention Study (RAPIDS) was designed to evaluate cardiovascular health benefits and personal PM2.5 exposure reductions via indoor portable air filtration systems among senior citizens in Detroit, Michigan. We evaluated the utility of two commercially available high-efficiency (HE: true-HEPA) and low-efficiency (LE: HEPA-type) indoor air filtration to reduce indoor PM2.5 concentrations and personal PM2.5 exposures for 40 participants in a double-blinded randomized crossover intervention. Each participant was subjected to three intervention scenarios: HE, LE, or no filter (control) of three consecutive days each, during which personal, indoor, and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were measured daily. For mean indoor PM2.5 concentrations, we observed 60 and 52% reductions using HE and LE filters, respectively, relative to no filtration. Personal PM2.5 exposures were reduced by 53 and 31% using HE and LE filters, respectively, when compared with the control scenario. To our knowledge, this is the first indoor air filtration intervention study to examine the effectiveness of both HE and LE filters in reducing personal PM2.5 exposures.
Bosch plans to incorporate its operating units SB LiMotive Germany GmbH and Cobasys LLC, producers of lithium-ion traction batteries, into a wholly owned subsidiary under the new name of Robert Bosch Battery Systems. This follows the disbanding of its joint venture with Samsung in September. Bosch says that it has also taken on all existing battery system projects, with Samsung SDI as the cell supplier. The company will also be able to use cells from other manufacturers. The Fiat 500e, which was recently unveiled at the Los Angeles Auto Show and will go into series production in 2013, is the first all-electric vehicle with a Bosch battery pack. Bosch and Samsung will still give each other access to the patents. Bosch will, therefore, still be able to develop and produce more efficient lithium-ion battery systems, following increased demand for electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids over the next few years. The company plans to cooperate with specialist partners from industry and higher education to establish research and development work on high-performance battery cells in Germany, and to set up a European specialist and supplier network. Bosch has reorganised its Li-ion battery manufacturing businesses.
Fuel cell systems, especially those fed with hydrogen, have reached considerable performance targets in laboratory conditions with constant loads and conservative environmental conditions. However, a check of the potential of such systems in real conditions is necessary, particularly in terms of varying electrical and thermal loads and of more severe climatic conditions. To determine the state of the art of such technology and to develop systems capable of supporting future national energy scenarios within the PNR-FISR project, “Polymeric electrolytes and ceramic fuel cells: demonstration of systems and development of new materials,” the development of fuel cell systems ranging from 1 to 5kW of power and based on either solid polymer (PEMFC) or solid oxide (SOFC) technology are in progress. In this paper, the demonstration of a pre-commercial PEMFC system fed with hydrogen and developed in cooperation with NUVERA is described. The system has been developed in order to determine its limits and capacity in relation to start-up time, response time, consumption, efficiency, reliability, etc. It has currently reached 1000 working hours of continuous performance with variable loads that simulate those of a typical residential dwelling.
A new type of CoO nanoparticles encapsulated by graphitable hollow carbon sphere (GHCS) composite material was synthesized. The core–shell structure CoO/GHCS composite shows the improved cyclability as an anodic material in Li-ion battery. The core–shell composite containing 50wt% CoO exhibits a reversible capacity of 584mAhg−1 at a constant current density of 100mAg−1 between 0 and 3.0V (vs. Li+/Li), and remains a capacity retention of 95% after 50th cycle. The improvement could be attributed to that the GHCS with a good electronic conductivity and high surface severs as dispersing medium to prevent CoO nanoparticles from aggregating, and provide the enough space to buffer the volume change during the Li-ion insertion and extraction reactions in CoO nanoparticles.
A flexible lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4)/multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite electrode was produced by casting a slurry-containing powdered LiMn2O4 on a previously prepared MWCNT paper. The structure of this new LiMn2O4/MWCNT composite electrode was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction patterns. Furthermore, the surfaces of these electrodes were coated with gold–palladium alloy using an RF magnetron sputtering technique to prevent Mn dissolution. To investigate the electrochemical performance of this flexible LiMn2O4/MWCNT composite electrode, a bare-LiMn2O4 electrode was prepared. The discharge capacity of the produced LiMn2O4/MWCNT nanocomposite electrode was cyclically tested, and the charge transfer resistance of the electrodes was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Consequently, the Au–Pd-coated LiMn2O4/MWCNT had a 120 mAh g−1 discharge capacity and 90 % capacity retention after 100 cycles.
Conventional lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries suffer from severe capacity fade and self-discharge attributed to sulfur dissolution and polysulfide diffusion. Here we present a porous cathode architecture which suppresses the loss of active material and self-discharge behavior in Li–S systems. 3D sulfur–nickel foam cathodes (SNF cathodes) have porous, electrically conductive Ni foam substrates as bifunctional current collectors. It was found that these cathodes have a stable cycle life with a high discharge capacity retention rate of 92% after 50 cycles. Moreover, the SNF cathodes reduce the self-discharge and retain 85% of their original capacities after resting for two months. The porous architecture of Ni foam accommodates the active material and traps polysulfides in the cathode region during cycling and battery storage, effectively reducing the loss of active material and capacity. In addition, it provides an excellent internal electron transport network by ensuring intimate contact between the active material and Ni foam, resulting in low internal impedance and improved capacities. The study demonstrates that the 3D Ni foam is an attractive bifunctional current collector for Li–S batteries.
Computer simulation is an increasingly popular tool for determining the most suitable hybrid energy system type, design and control for an isolated community or a cluster of villages. This paper presents the development of the optimum control algorithm based on combined dispatch strategies, to achieve the optimal cost of battery incorporated hybrid energy system for electricity generation, during a period of time by solving the mathematical model, which was developed in Part I of this tri-series paper. The main purpose of the control system proposed here is to reduce, as much as possible, the participation of the diesel generator in the electricity generation process, taking the maximum advantage of the renewable energy resources available. The overall load dispatch scenario is controlled by the availability of renewable power, total system load demand, diesel generator operational constraints and the proper management of the battery bank. The incorporation of a battery bank makes the control operation more practical and relatively easier.
Li2MnSiO4/C nanocomposites were prepared by a combination of spray pyrolysis and ball milling followed by annealing, employing sucrose as the carbon source. The effect of the concentration of sucrose solution on the physical and electrochemical properties of Li2MnSiO4/C nanocomposites was investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the peaks of the Li2MnSiO4/C nanocomposites were indexed to the orthorhombic structure of the Pmn21 space group. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy verified that the Li2MnSiO4/C nanocomposites finally obtained from 0.1molL−1 sucrose solution were agglomerates of Li2MnSiO4 primary particles less than 100nm in size, and that there are thin carbon layers partially formed on the surface of these agglomerates. A Li2MnSiO4/C nanocomposite electrode with 5wt.% acetylene black was used as a cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries, and electrochemical measurement was carried out using Li|1M LiPF6 in EC:DMC=1:1| Li2MnSiO4/C cells at room and elevated temperatures. The Li2MnSiO4/C nanocomposite electrodes delivered first-discharge capacities of 184mAhg−1 at 0.05C and 115mAhg−1 at 1C. Moreover, it exhibited a first-discharge capacity of 225mAhg−1 at 0.05C and 60°C.
Scalable interconversion between chemical and electrical energy requires compact, selective and highly efficient reversible electrochemical cells. Now, protonic electrochemical cells with tailored catalysts and ceramic architecture are shown to operate reversibly with high performance and to be integrable with catalytic CO2 conversion.
Gel polymer electrolyte containing cadmium perchlorate was prepared by polymerisation of methylmethacrylate with a solution containing Cd perchlorate in propylene carbonate (PC). Electric conductivity, fundamental electrochemical properties and Cd electrodeposition were investigated. The deposition of Cd was fairly homogenous.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was introduced as a non-invasive tool for the investigation of the motor cortex. The repetitive application (rTMS), causing longer lasting effects, was used to study the influence on a variety of cerebral functions. High-frequency (>1 Hz) rTMS is known to depolarize neurons under the stimulating coil and to indirectly affect areas being connected and related to emotion and behavior. Researchers found selective cognitive improvement after high-frequency (HF) stimulation specifically over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). This article provides a systematic review of HF-rTMS studies (1999–2009) stimulating over the prefrontal cortex of patients suffering from psychiatric/neurological diseases or healthy volunteers, where the effects on cognitive functions were measured. The cognitive effect was analyzed with regard to the impact of clinical status (patients/healthy volunteers) and stimulation type (verum/sham). RTMS at 10, 15 or 20 Hz, applied over the left DLPFC, within a range of 10–15 successive sessions and an individual motor threshold of 80–110%, is most likely to cause significant cognitive improvement. In comparison, patients tend to reach a greater improvement than healthy participants. Limitations concern the absence of healthy groups in clinical studies and partly the absence of sham groups. Thus, future investigations are needed to assess cognitive rTMS effects in different psychiatric disorders versus healthy subjects using an extended standardized neuropsychological test battery. Since the pathophysiological and neurobiological basis of cognitive improvement with rTMS remains unclear, additional studies including genetics, experimental neurophysiology and functional brain imaging are necessary to explore stimulation-related functional changes in the brain.