batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The influence of selected carbonate species on LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) surface for all-solid-state lithium-ion battery (ASSB) with a sulfide based solid electrolyte was studied for its electrochemical properties, structural stabilities, and surface characteristics. The rated discharge performance improved with the reduction of the carbonate concentration on the NCA surface due to the decrease of the interface resistance. The species and coordination of the adsorbed carbonates on the NCA surface were analyzed by diffuse reflectance Fourier transformed infrared (DRIFT) spectroscopy. The coordination of the adsorbed carbonate anion was determined based on the degree of splitting of the ν 3(CO) stretching vibrations. It is found that the surface carbonate species exists in an unidentate coordination on the surface. They react with the sulfide electrolyte to form an irreversible passivation layer. This layer obstructs the charge transfer process at the cathode/electrolyte interface, and results in the rise of the interface resistance and drop of the rated discharge capability.
Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge and implications for future research in the cognitive and psychiatric disorder. Effective strategies for managing cognitive dysfunction (CD) have led to trials with pharmacologic agents and cognitive rehabilitation. In multiple sclerosis (MS), CD typically consists of domain-specific deficits. CD can have a dramatic impact on several aspects of quality of life, independently of the degree of physical disability, affecting the ability to maintain employment, daily living activities, and social life. Cognitive impairment can limit the capacity of the patient to benefit from inpatient rehabilitation. Impaired attention and reduced information processing speed may represent a sensitive indicator of incipient CD. CD in MS encompasses all disease stages and clinical phenotypes. There are modest correlations between the presence or degree of CD and disease duration, disability level as mea­sured on the expanded disability status scale (EDSS), and disease course. Psychiatric disorders are dedicated to depression, because it is the most frequent problem in MS patients. Depression in MS is associated with the risk of suicide. Euphoria is characterized by a persistently cheerful mood and overly optimistic state of mental and physical well-being despite significant neurologic disability. Pseudobulbar affect, also known as emotional lability, is characterized by frequent and inappropriate episodes of crying, laughing or both.
Objectives To compare acute cognitive effects following bouts of standing (STAND), cycling (CYCLE) and walking (WALK) to a sit-only (SIT) condition. Design Randomized cross-over full-factorial study. Methods Nine overweight (BMI=29±3kg/m2) adults (30±15years; 7 females, 2 males) completed four conditions (SIT, STAND, WALK and CYCLE) across a 6h period with a 7days washout period between conditions. SIT consisted of uninterrupted sitting. Experimental conditions included intermittent bouts of standing (STAND), cycling (CYCLE) and walking (WALK). A cognitive performance battery (Cogstate) was completed twice in a seated position following bouts of standing and light-intensity physical activity. Mixed-effects models compared between-condition differences in standardized score (z-score), accuracy (%), and speed (log10ms). Results Cognitive performance z-score and accuracy measures were higher during STAND, CYCLE and WALK (P <0.05) conditions compared to the SIT condition. CYCLE was better than other experimental conditions. Conclusions Compared to uninterrupted sitting, short bouts of standing or light-intensity cycling and walking may improve acute cognitive performance.
A gel polymer electrolyte is prepared by soaking a polymer-coated separator in electrolyte solution that contains an inorganic additive. The porous polymer coated on the separator is gelled by soaking in an electrolyte solution to encapsulate a larger amount of electrolyte solution. By using the gel polymer electrolyte, lithium-metal–polymer cells composed of a lithium anode and V2O5 cathode are assembled and their cycling performances are evaluated. The effect of an inorganic additive (AlI3) on the cycling performance of Li/V2O5 polymer cells is investigated. The addition of AlI3 to the gel polymer electrolyte reduces the interfacial resistance and thus the cells exhibit a less capacity fading and better high rate performance.
The electrochemical oxidation of p-fluoroanisole (p-FA) in the solvent acetonitrile leads to oligomers and polymers of poly(paraphenylene) type. The electropolymerization process involves coupling reactions of the cation radicals intermediates. The obtained polymers are separated according to their chain length by selective precipitation in cyclohexane and ether. The corresponding structures are characterized by NMR, MS, FTIR, UV and XR diffraction. A preliminary physical study shows that the polymers are photoluminescent with a maximum emission in the near infrared.
The performance of microbial fuel cells in terms of current production and waste removal depends on microbial electron transfer catalyzed by functional communities. Active energy harvesting using tunable electrical circuits in this study dramatically increased microbial fuel cell performance compared with passive harvesting using resistors. Operated under four different conditions under either high power or high current, active harvesting increased power output by up to 240%, current output by 45%, and Coulombic efficiency by 141%. Moreover, the dynamic harvesting created a selective pressure on the anodic biofilm and greatly shaped the microbial community and function. It promoted the enrichment of electroactive bacteria with higher efficiency of electron transfer and thereby improved reactor performance. Using both marker gene sequencing and metagenomics tools, the study revealed distinct clusters of microbial community on the anodic biofilm under different harvesting conditions, and the abundance of known electroactive bacteria Geobacter more than tripled in active harvesting condition. Similar trends were discovered in the increased abundance of c-type cytochrome genes associated with extracellular electron transfer. Statistical analysis showed strong positive correlations between the abundance of functional genes and electrochemical performance of reactors. Compared with 16S rRNA marker gene methods that only examine the general microbial community structure, metagenomics used here revealed more accurate structure information as well as the functions of microbial community.
The purpose of the present study was to establish a short paradigm for the examination of classical aversive conditioning processes for application in patients with anxiety disorders. We measured behavioral, autonomic and neural correlates of the paradigm in healthy subjects, applying functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and measurement of skin conductance. Therefore, neutral visual stimuli were paired with an unpleasant white noise as unconditioned stimulus. Twenty healthy subjects performed three experimental phases of learning: familiarization, acquisition and extinction. Subjective ratings of valence and arousal after each phase of conditioning as well as skin conductance measurement indicated successful conditioning. During acquisition, fMRI results showed increased activation for the conditioned stimulus (CS+unpaired) when compared with the non-conditioned stimulus (CS−) in the right amygdala, the insulae, the anterior cingulate cortex and the parahippocampal gyrus, all regions known to be involved in emotional processing. In addition, a linearly decreasing activation in the right amygdala/hippocampus for the CS− across the acquisition phase was found. There were no significant differences between CS+ and CS− during extinction. In conclusion, the applicability of this paradigm for the evaluation of neural correlates in conditioning and extinction processes has been proven. Thus, we present a promising paradigm for the examination of the fear-circuit in patients with anxiety disorders and additionally effects of cognitive-behavioral interventions.
Although being crucial for developing high capacity and long lasting lithium-sulfur batteries, the discharge chemistry of the sulfur electrode is debated. In this study we examine a three electrode system with a glassy carbon working electrode immersed in electrolyte solution containing elemental sulfur as reactant and 1,3-dioxolane:1,2-dimethoxyethane with bis-triflourmethansulfonimid lithium salt electrolyte. We present essential new quantitative insights into the reaction steps occurring at the sulfur electrode of a lithium-sulfur battery during discharge. The conducted sequence of electrochemical experiments allow to study the complex phenomena with classical electrochemical methods of cyclic voltametry, open circuit potential measurements and discharge. Our experimental analysis at different states of charge reveals the important role of chemical disproportionation to cell relaxation. The reduction reactions, their reversibility and the electrode performance strongly depend on the chemical equilibrium between the polysulfides. These results allow to formulate surround experimentally validated non-formal reaction kinetic models. These give detailed information of the complex interaction of chemical and electrochemical reactions.
Hollow micro-/nano-structured materials are now playing an important role in cutting edge innovations for energy conversion and storage technologies such as solar cells, fuel cells, lithium ion batteries and super capacitors. These materials show great promise in addressing growing environmental concerns for cleaner power sources at a time of increasing global demand for energy. In this perspective, we show that complex multi-shelled micro-/nano-materials show significant material advantages in many applications over conventional simple hollow structures. We also summarize the vast array of synthetic strategies used to create multi-shelled hollow structures, and discuss the possible application of these novel materials for power generation and storage. Finally, the emergent challenges and future developments of multi-shelled hollow structures are further discussed.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia are both conditions that are characterized by impairments in social and non-social cognition, yet commonalities in the magnitude and domains of cognitive deficits across these two conditions remain unclear. This study examined neurocognitive and social-cognitive functioning in 47 outpatients with schizophrenia, 43 verbal adults with ASD, and 24 healthy volunteers. A comprehensive neuropsychological battery assessing processing speed, attention, memory, and problem-solving domains was administered along with a social-cognitive battery of emotion processing. Results demonstrated large and significant impairments in emotion processing and neurocognition relative to healthy individuals in participants with autism (d =−.97 and −1.71, respectively) and schizophrenia (d =−.65 and −1.48, respectively). No significant differences were observed between those with ASD and schizophrenia on any cognitive domain assessed, and the areas of greatest impairment were identical across both disorders and included slowness in speed of processing and an inability to understand emotions. These findings indicate a high degree of similarity in the cognitive challenges experienced by verbal adults with autism and schizophrenia, and the potential need for trans-diagnostic remediation approaches to enhance cognition in these conditions.
N-allyl-N-methylpiperidinium bis(trifuoromethansulfonyl)imide (PP13*TFSI) ionic liquid was adopted as a solute replacing partial of lithium salt in a concentrated propylene carbonate (PC) electrolyte. Varying the concentration of PP13*TFSI ionic liquid can change the electrolyte solution structure and thus optimize the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the graphite anode. The number of PC molecules coordinated with lithium ion is significantly altered and this results in a change of the SEI mechanism at the electrode/electrolyte interface. At an optimum molar ratio of 2:1 between LiTFSI and PP13*TFSI, the first coulombic efficiency and the cycling capability of the graphite anode are significantly improved. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) verified the SEI mechanism change from two-electron reduction to one-electron reduction in the presence of PP13*TFSI ionic liquid. SEM and TEM observations reveal a thin, homogenous and compact SEI film formed on the graphite surface in the 3 mol L−1 LiTFSI+PP13*TFSI(2:1)/PC concentrated electrolyte.
High capacity silicon and alternative current collectors are being evaluated as a viable approach to increase the energy density of lithium ion batteries. Presently, silicon is deposited onto lightweight single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) current collectors by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) to form Si-SWCNT free-standing anodes. The electrode morphology is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy, and the electrochemical performance is studied for each CVD method at silicon weight loadings between 25% and 70%. Results demonstrate that PECVD fabricated Si-SWCNT anodes outperform LPCVD fabricated anodes, with electrode extraction capacities as high as 2500 mAh g−1. When only the Si mass is considered, PECVD-Si-SWCNT anodes have up to 2x higher extraction capacities than LPCVD-Si-SWCNT anodes at low Si loadings. The highest Si-only extraction capacity measured was 3780 mAh g−1. Full cells were demonstrated to have stable cycling for 100 cycles. Postmortem analysis (via SEM and Raman) reveals that PECVD-Si-SWCNT anodes undergo more significant morphological and crystallographic changes during cycling than LPCVD-Si-SWCNT anodes. This work demonstrates that the choice of CVD method for Si deposition onto SWCNT current collectors greatly impacts the resulting electrode morphology, which, in turn, affects the electrochemical performance.
The technique of electrochemical in-situ dilatometry is applied to study the intercalation induced macroscopic expansion of electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. A full cell setup is used to investigate the expansion under real conditions. This method enables in-situ measurement of expansion under defined pressure, using conventional electrodes, separators and electrolytes. To understand the influence of the microstructure, the swelling behavior of different LiNi1/3 Mn1/3 Co1/3 O2 (NMC) positive electrodes and graphite negative electrodes is measured and systematically analyzed. A theoretical approach for assessment of reversible electrode displacement in a full cell is developed, by using a low number of material specific input parameters. Electrochemical in-situ dilatometry is able to show differences in irreversible dilation depending on electrode design and therefore it is a powerful technique for stability and lifetime assessment.
The electrochemical behavior of nanopolyaniline (nPANI) particles dispersed as a stable phase in HCl and H2SO4 solutions on a gold electrode was studied and compared using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry methods. The electrochemical results showed two irreversible-redox conversions within the polyaniline structure which are controlled by the adsorption and diffusion mechanism of nPANI particles. The total numbers of redox active sites per nPANI particle were determined using CV and chronoamperometry methods. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was used to describe the adsorption process, and the corresponding adsorption parameters (θ max and ΔG ads) were calculated. The quantum chemical calculations and Monte Carlo simulation demonstrated that polyaniline as a macro molecule enables to replace water and acid molecules from the surface upon its adsorption to the gold substrate. The surface analysis of the electrode using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrated the adsorption of nPANI particles. Moreover, both experimental and simulation results confirmed that the adsorption of nPANI-HCl particles is higher than nPANI-H2SO4 particles.
A first principles investigation is performed to study the structural and electrochemical properties of four polymorphs of the Li2FeSiO4 orthosilicate family (Pmn2 1, Pmnb, P2 1 /n and Pbn2 1), to predict the effect of the transition metal composition. Our results show that the inclusion of Mn and Ni cations helps to stabilize the layered structures, but the polymorphs with a 3D cation network arrangement (P2 1 /n and Pbn2 1) still have comparable energetic stability. We also show that the decrease of the cationic repulsion with the extraction of Li (found for these polymorphs during the discharge process) reduces the voltage step between the first and second Li extraction processes. The effect of multiple interactions between Li and the transition metals is examined, and the implications of multicomponent structures to improve the design of battery cathode are also addressed.
Non-substituted γ-MnO2 and γ-Mn1−y A y O2−δ (A=Co, Al) compounds synthesized by the electrochemical–hydrothermal route have been studied as active electrode materials for aqueous electrochemical supercapacitors. Advantage of the Mn to Co or Al substitution was taken in order to increase the surface area of γ-Mn1−y A y O2−δ materials, thus leading to enhanced supercapacitive behavior. The effect of the surface area on the specific capacitance value and its origin, i.e. double layer or faradic, is discussed.
A simple boron-containing molecule, tripropyl borate (TPB), is used as an electrolyte additive to stabilize the interface between spinel lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) and carbonate-based electrolyte under elevated temperature. Electrochemical measurements indicate that the cyclic stability of LiMn2O4 electrode can be significantly improved by TPB. The capacity retention of LiMn2O4 at 1C after 200 cycles under 55°C is improved from 47% to 74% by adding 3% TPB into a standard electrolyte (1.0molL−1 LiPF6-EC/EMC/DEC (3/5/2, in weight)). Most importantly, the self-discharge of LiMn2O4 under 55°C, which takes place dramatically in the standard electrolyte, is effectively suppressed in 3% TPB-containing electrolyte. Theoretical calculations and physical characterizations demonstrate that a protective cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) film is formed on LiMn2O4 from the preferential oxidation of TPB, which suppresses the oxidation decomposition of the standard electrolyte. Due to the incorporation of boron, the CEI film formed from TPB is beneficial to the rate capability of LiMn2O4.
General Electric (GE) is supplying its ecomagination-certified solar energy modules and water filtration technology to an initiative launched by US-based Dynoil LLC that aims to increase the availability of clean drinking water in rural areas of India and in other developing countries of South-East Asia and Africa.
The storage of fluctuating energy production is a major challenge on the pathway to a fully renewable electricity supply. This paper investigates the impact of the storage technology Power-to-Gas (PtG) in the implementation of the Energiewende. A detailed cost optimisation model based on data from an existing system in an actual German region describes the optimal composition and application of energy supply technologies. The electricity demand of the region can be covered with 100% renewable energy (RE) at a levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) of 11ct/kWhel. A 100% RE supply is possible with or without PtG. However, long-term energy storage system such as PtG reduce the LCOE of the energy system significantly. We conclude that the capital expenditures (CAPEX) of PtG must at least reach values below 2500€/kWel to compete with short-term solutions such as Li-ion batteries. Beside PtG this investigation identifies several system components with extensive impact on LCOE and demand of long-term energy storage, such as Power to Heat (PtH), wind turbine technology and hydropower. The combination of such influences increases the impact of each of them on the LCOE. Several energy system components can positively influence the implementation of the Energiewende, PtG is one of them.
There is an intensive research effort in suppressing the first-cycle lithium loss in lithium-ion batteries. Now, a cathode prelithiation method with nanocomposites of conversion materials is demonstrated to compensate the initial lithium loss and improve the battery performance.
MnO2-based nanomaterials as the supercapacitor electrodes usually suffer from the poor electrical conductivity and electrochemical stability due to large volume expansion during the charge/discharge processes. In this study, the developed capacitance performance and improved long-term cycling stability of MnO2-based electrodes were obtained through designing MnO2-Ni(OH)2 three dimensional (3D) porous hierarchical hybrid nanocomposites (MN-NF/AB) grown on the nickel foam by the aid of conductive adhesive consisting of PVDF-acetylene black (AB) seed layer via a one-step scalable hydrothermal route. The unique 3D ridge-like nanostructures with the features of porous, interconnected active nanosheets and vertically growing on the 3D nickel foam exhibit a high areal capacity (4.86Ccm−2) and areal capacitance (10.15Fcm−2) at 4mAcm−2 in a three-electrode system, which can effectively eliminate the volume expansion-induced pulverization phenomenon for MnO2-based electrode materials, resulting in enhanced cycling stability. Furthermore, the assembled product-soft package of asymmetric supercapacitors (MN-NF/AB//active carbon) can have excellent energy storage capacity (3.62mWhcm−3 at 11mWcm−3) and a long-term cycling stability (86% of capacitance retention at 50mAcm−2 after 10000 cycles).
A high-temperature rechargeable oxide battery (ROB) comprises a regenerative solid oxide cell (SOC) and oxygen-ion storage that consists of a porous Fe2O3 base redox material. This material possesses good redox kinetics, a high oxygen-ion storage capacity, and an acceptable long-term stability. Yet, observations demonstrate degradation effects such as particle coarsening and an outward diffusion of iron leading to layer formation during operation of the ROB at 800°C. To clarify the influence of the material composition on degradation, various oxides were added as a stabilizing scaffold for the Fe2O3 base material. Pressed samples of the binary mixtures were sintered in air at 900°C and subsequently redox-treated up to 20 times under conditions that simulate those present in an actual ROB (800°C, Ar–2%H2 or Ar–7%H2O–2%H2). Afterwards, the degradation properties were analyzed by laser microscopy and the phase composition was measured using X-ray diffraction. Results indicate that the addition of yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) or pure zirconia (ZrO2) can suppress structural degradation thus maintaining reaction kinetics. In contrast, the use of yttria (Y2O3) does not significantly mitigate degradation phenomena. Consequently, storage components consisting of 8YSZ and Fe2O3 were employed in an ROB test, resulting in more than 200 cycles with a current density of 150mA/cm2 and cycle durations of up to 70min.