batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Objective Clinicians often need to evaluate the treatment response of an individual person and to know that observed change is true improvement or worsening beyond usual week-to-week changes. This paper gives clinicians tools to evaluate individual changes on the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). We compare three different approaches: a descriptive analysis of MCCB test–retest performance with no intervention, a reliable change index (RCI) approach controlling for average practice effects, and a regression approach. Method Data were gathered as part of the MATRICS PASS study (Nuechterlein et al., 2008). A total of 159 people with schizophrenia completed the MCCB at baseline and 4weeks later. Data were analyzed using an RCI and a regression formula establishing confidence intervals. Results The RCI and regression approaches agree within one point when baseline values are close to the sample mean. However, the regression approach offers more accurate limits for expected change at the tails of the distribution of baseline scores. Conclusions Although both approaches have their merits, the regression approach provides the most accurate measure of significant change across the full range of scores. As the RCI does not account for regression to the mean and has confidence limits that remain constant across baseline scores, the RCI approach effectively gives narrower confidence limits around an inaccurately predicted average change value. Further, despite the high test–retest reliability of the MCCB, a change in an individual's score must be relatively large to be confident that it is beyond normal month-to-month variation.
Abstract Manganese (Mn) is an essential element for humans, animals, and plants. In humans and animals the systemic Mn status is regulated by homeostatic mechanisms. The natural presence of Mn and its compounds in the environment is being progressively overridden by anthropogenic enrichment. The main sources of Mn exposure are occupational, including mining, iron/steel making, ferro/silico-Mn alloy and dry alkaline battery production, and welding. Environmental Mn exposure is lower and is usually related to industrial emissions, the use of Mn compounds in agriculture and as fuel additives, and a high Mn content in drinking water. A high content of Mn in milk formula, in total parenteral nutrition solution, and in drugs of abuse, as well as iron deficiency, can also increase the Mn body burden. Besides through increased absorption, systemic Mn overload can derive from impaired biliary excretion due to hepatic insufficiency. The main toxic effects of Mn are on the central nervous system, including impairment of motor and cognitive function. Manganism is a neurological disorder that may occur in response to high inhalation exposures in occupational settings and which is characterized by mood changes and an extrapyramidal syndrome resembling Parkinson disease. Prolonged exposure to lower Mn doses can lead to an increased frequency of the signs of parkinsonism. Effects on the respiratory, reproductive, cardiovascular, hematological, endocrine, and immunological systems are also discussed in this chapter, including genotoxicity and carcinogenicity.
Müller SV, Jarosch von Schweder A, Frank B, Dengler R, Münte TF, Johannes S. The effects of proprioceptive stimulation on cognitive processes in patients after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:115-21. Objective: To investigate the hypothesis that proprioceptive stimulation may be effective in the treatment of brain injury, using neurophysiologic and neuropsychologic measures. Design: Cohort analytic study. Setting: Patients recovering from traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a neurologic rehabilitation hospital were examined. Participants: Eleven patients with TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale score > 3) and 11 healthy control subjects matched for age and education. Interventions: Subjects were examined with the event-related potential (ERP) technique during a computerized choice–reaction-time task, in which they had to discriminate between even and odd digits. There were experimental runs with and without vibratory stimuli applied to the left forearm serving as proprioceptive stimulation. In addition, ERPs were recorded to vibratory stimuli without any additional task. Main Outcome Measures: Outcome measures included latencies and amplitudes of the P300 ERP component and of the late negative component. Results: In the passive vibration condition, both groups showed the same ERP distribution. In the choice–reaction-time task, latencies and amplitudes of the P300 differed between the 2 groups. The patient group showed longer P300 latencies, which were shortened by vibratory stimuli. In contrast, the control subjects were not affected by vibratory stimuli. Conclusion: Our findings support the hypothesis that pathologic cognitive processes after TBI can be improved by proprioceptive stimulation. Muscle vibration has positive effects on pathologically slowed cognitive processes but not in healthy subjects. © 2002 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Delayed memory deficits are common for patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), according to a recent systematic review of meta-analyses (Karr et al., 2014). However, there has been little work to identify different cognitive processes that may be underpinning these delayed memory deficits for mTBI. Frontal cortex is important for delayed memory, and is implicated in the pathophysiology of mTBI; moreover, frontal lobes are typically considered the locus of executive abilities. To further explore these relationships, we sought to partly explain delayed memory deficits after mTBI by examining behavioral indicators of executive function. Results showed that sub-acute as well as chronic mTBI patients performed worse than controls on the delayed memory trial of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (Brandt & Benedict, 2001), recalling approximately 18% and 15% fewer words, respectively. Furthermore, worse delayed memory performance was associated with less use of the cognitive strategy of semantic clustering, and with lower scores for the executive function composite from a standardized neuropsychological battery (NIH EXAMINER; Kramer et al., 2014). In contrast, serial clustering, a memory organizational strategy thought to be less dependent on executive function, did not show strong relationships to clinical status or delayed memory performance. This exploratory work suggests novel hypotheses to be tested in future, confirmatory studies, including that general executive functions and/or semantic clustering will mediate delayed memory deficits following mTBI.
Gold nanoparticles are attractive in catalytic field due to their high activity and selectivity. However, dispersion and sintering resistance have been two of the biggest issues in catalysis for preparation of gold nanoparticles. In this paper, a controlled impregnation method was employed to prepare highly dispersed and thermally stable Au-based catalysts for aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol. The size of hydrotalcites (HTs)-supported Au nanoparticles was 2.8 nm at 300 °C of calcination temperature, which was 3.2 nm when calcination temperature was increased to 600 °C. The mechanism of forming metal nanoparticles was proposed. The high dispersion of Au was ascribed to the directing role of Cu and the interaction between Au (and Pt) and Cu. It was proposed that the thermal stability of Au nanoparticles was due to the simultaneous employment of multiple additional effects. The activity of Au nanoparticles was far higher than those prepared by traditional methods. Furthermore, the PtCu elements in Au nanoparticles were homogeneously distributed. In contrast, they were randomly distributed in Au nanoparticles prepared by the traditional method.
The mass loading of the active materials in most flexible electrodes is relatively low, which greatly impedes their practical application. Here, we report a facile strategy to achieve high mass loading of Na3V2(PO4)3@carbon (NVP@C) supported on carbon cloth (NVP@C-CC) by a two-step coating followed by an annealing treatment and the resultant NVP@C-CC membrane can be used as a binder-free cathode for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). The NVP@C is not only uniformly anchored on the surface of carbon fibers of CC, but also filled between carbon fibers of CC in interconnected three-dimensional (3D) macroporous structure. It is because of the full use of the spaces between carbon fibers of CC that we achieve a high NVP@C mass loading. Thus-obtained NVP@C-CC exhibits excellent cyclability (82.0% capacity retention over 2000 cycles at 20C) and high rate capacity (96.8mAhg−1 at 100C and 69.9mAhg−1 at 200C) for sodium half cells and meanwhile the high mass loading of NVP@C on CC also endows the cell with fairly high energy and powder densities of 396Whkg−1 and 97kWkg−1. Furthermore, it also presents superior cycling stability and rate performance when evaluated as full battery (NaTi2(PO4)3@C as the anode) cathode. This study offers a new strategy for achieving high mass loading of the active materials on flexible supports in flexible energy storage devices.
Magnesium has been inserted electrochemically into manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieves (OMS-5 MnO2) at room temperature. Discharge/charge profiles show that a large amount of Mg, i.e., 0.37Mg/Mn can be inserted electrochemically using 1M Mg(ClO4)2/AN electrolyte when OMS-5 is prepared in presence of acetylene black. X-ray diffraction analysis and discharge/charge profiles verify that a solid state solution reaction takes place upon Mg insertion into the host lattice with concurrent reduction of Mn4+ to Mn2+. However, upon each reduction of Mn by Mg insertion and resultant dissolution into electrolyte, decrease in the active compound occurs consequently. A low intrinsic electronic conductivity of OMS-5 was suggested to play a vital role in Mg insertion into the host.
Layered Na0.5Co0.5Mn0.5O2 material is synthesized through a facile mixed hydroxy-carbonate route using (Co0.5Mn0.5)2(OH)2CO3 precursor and well characterized as a hexagonal layered structure under P63/mmc space group. The lattice parameters and unit cell volume (a = 2.8363 Å, c = 11.3152 Å and V = 78.83 Å3) are calculated by Rietveld refinement analysis. A flaky-bundle morphology is obtained to the layered Na0.5Co0.5Mn0.5O2 material with the hexagonal flake size ∼30 nm. Advanced transmission electron microscopic images are revealed the local structure of the layered Na0.5Co0.5Mn0.5O2 material with contrasting bright dots and faint dark dots corresponding to the Co/Mn and Na atoms. Two oxidation and reduction peaks are occurred in a cyclic voltammetric analysis corresponding to Co3+/Co4+ and Mn3+/Mn4+ redox processes. These reversible processes are attributed to the intercalation/de-intercalation of Na+ ions into the host structure of layered Na0.5Co0.5Mn0.5O2 material. Accordingly, the sodium cell is delivered the initial charge-discharge capacity 53/144 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C, which cycling studies are extended to rate capability test at 1 C, 3 C and 5C. Eventually, the Na-ion full-cell is yielded cathode charge-discharge capacity 55/52 mAh g−1 at 0.212 mA and exhibited as a high voltage cathode for Na-ion batteries.
Waste management processes generally represent a significant loss of material, energy and economic resources, so legislation and financial incentives are being implemented to improve the recovery of these valuable resources whilst reducing contamination levels. Material recovery and waste derived fuels are potentially valuable options being pursued by industry, using mechanical and biological processes incorporating sensor and sorting technologies developed and optimised for recycling plants. In its current state, waste management presents similarities to other industries that could improve their efficiencies using process analytical technology tools. Existing sensor technologies could be used to measure critical waste characteristics, providing data required by existing legislation, potentially aiding waste treatment processes and assisting stakeholders in decision making. Optical technologies offer the most flexible solution to gather real-time information applicable to each of the waste mechanical and biological treatment processes used by industry. In particular, combinations of optical sensors in the visible and the near-infrared range from 800nm to 2500nm of the spectrum, and different mathematical techniques, are able to provide material information and fuel properties with typical performance levels between 80% and 90%. These sensors not only could be used to aid waste processes, but to provide most waste quality indicators required by existing legislation, whilst offering better tools to the stakeholders.
An imidazolium-based polymerized ionic liquid (PIL), poly(1-ethyl-3-vinylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonylimide)) is successfully synthesized via a new three-step process comprising the direct radical polymerization of the 1-vinylimidazole monomer, and subsequent quaternization reaction followed by an anion exchange procedure. Furthermore, polymer electrolytes are prepared by blending as-obtained PIL as the polymer host with an ionic liquid and LiTFSI salt. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that compared with polymer electrolytes containing the PIL host synthesized by the conventional route, polymer electrolytes containing the PIL host obtained by new synthetic process exhibit significantly improved capacity and cycling performance, which is due to higher ionic liquid content.
Binary systems of Population III can evolve to microquasars when one of the stars collapses into a black hole. When the compact object accretes matter at a rate greater than the Eddington rate, powerful jets and winds driven by strong radiation pressure should form. We investigate the structure of the jet-wind system for a model of Population III microquasar on scales beyond the jet-wind formation region. Using relativistic hydrodynamic simulations we find that the ratio of kinetic power between the jet and the disk wind determines the configuration of the system. When the power is dominated by the wind, the jet fills a narrow channel, collimated by the dense outflow. When the jet dominates the power of the system, part of its energy is diverted turning the wind into a quasi-equatorial flow, while the jet widens. From the results of our simulations, we implement semi-analytical calculations of the impact of the quasi-equatorial wind on scales of the order of the size of the binary system. Our results indicate that Population III microquasars might inject gamma rays and relativistic particles into the early intergalactic medium, contributing to its reionization at large distances from the binary system.
Modern neuropathologic methods and molecular biology have lead to increased understanding of neurodegenerative disorders and biologically based classifications of these disorders. The purpose of this review is to discuss neuropathologic methods that are useful in the characterization of neurodegenerative disorders, with emphasis on disorders of late life that present with dementia or movement disorders. A diagnostic algorithm is suggested for neuropathologic evaluation of neurodegenerative disorders. The importance of clinical information is emphasized in arriving at the most precise and meaningful neuropathologic diagnosis.
LiV3O8–polyaniline nanocomposites have been synthesized via chemical oxidative polymerization directed by the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfate. The polyaniline particles are uniformly coated on the LiV3O8 nanorods. The composite with 12 wt.% polyaniline retains a discharge capacity of 204 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles and had better rate capability (175 mAh g−1 at 2 C and 145 mAh g−1 at 4 C) than the bare LiV3O8 electrode in the potential range of 1.5–4.0 V. The polyaniline coating can buffer the dissolution into the LiPF6 electrode that occurs in LiV3O8 during cycling. The charge transfer resistance of the composite electrode was much lower than that of the bare LiV3O8 electrode, indicating that polyaniline coating significantly increases the electrical conductivity between the LiV3O8 nanorods. Polyaniline is a conductive binder which buffers the dissolution of LiV3O8 into the electrolyte and reduces the contact resistance among nanorods, so performance of the composite is significantly improved.
An environmental, economic and highly effective method for carbon fiber hydroxylated-functionalization based on Fenton's reagent treatment is used to improve the electrochemical activity of graphite felt (GF) as the positive electrode in all vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The effect of H2O2 content in Fenton's reagent on the structure and electrochemical properties of GF is investigated. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) indicates that the surface of the treated GF is etched increasingly with the content of H2O2. The Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy shows that the peak intensity of hydroxyl groups on the treated felt is increased with the H2O2 concentration, which is further verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) show that the treated sample exhibits a higher electrochemical activity. A VRFB with the treated GF as electrodes exhibits higher coulombic, voltage and energy efficiency (98.8%, 75.1% and 74.2%) than that with the untreated GF (93.9%, 72.1% and 67.7%) at 60mAcm−2, and this method is even superior when compared with the reported methods.
(1) The objective of this study is to analyze differences in smell–taste capacity between females in extreme weight/eating conditions (EWC) and (2)  to explore the interaction between smell/taste capacity, gastric hormones, eating behavior and body mass index (BMI). The sample comprised 239 females in EWC [64 Anorexia nervosa (AN) and 80 age-matched healthy-weight controls, and 59 obese and 36 age-matched healthy-weight controls]. Smell and taste assessments were performed through “Sniffin’ Sticks” and “Taste Strips,” respectively. The assessment measures included the eating disorders inventory-2, the symptom check list 90-revised, and The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, as well as peptides from the gastrointestinal tract [Ghrelin, peptide YY, cholecystokinin]. Smell capacity was differentially associated across EWC groups. Smell was clearly impaired in obese participants and increased in AN (hyposmia in Obesity was 54.3 and 6.4 % in AN), but taste capacity did not vary across EWC. Ghrelin levels were significantly decreased in obese subjects and were related to smell impairment. EWC individuals showed a distinct smell profile and circulating ghrelin levels compared to controls. Smell capacity and ghrelin may act as moderators of emotional eating and BMI.
Climate has shaped all of human history but has received concerted and sustained scientific attention only in recent decades. The new understanding shows that climate is not unchanging but variable, sometimes abruptly so. This variability results from both natural processes and human interference (largely inadvertent). The associated social and economic impacts are uneven and create winners and losers—among nations, private enterprise, and individuals. This emerging awareness has triggered a growing, often heated, political debate.
Spinel LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 (LMNO) cathode material synthesized by a sol-gel method is modified by different contents of AlF3 through simple chemical deposition. The effects of AlF3 coating on the structural and electrochemical properties of LMNO cathodes are investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It is found that the AlF3 surface modification layers do not change the bulk structure of LMNO. Compared with the pristine sample, the AlF3-coated LMNO materials display enhanced cycling stabilities. Especially, the 1 wt% AlF3-coated LMNO demonstrates the best reversibility, with capacity retention of 93.6% after 50 cycles, much higher than that of the pristine material, 77.6%. EIS and FTIR data illustrate that the improvement of electrochemical performance can be attributed to the suppression of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) growth by AlF3 coating layer. DSC tests show that the AlF3 coating layer also helps in enhancing the thermal stability of LMNO cathode.
Lithium-ion polymer batteries were investigated. These batteries used microporous PVdF filled by the liquid electrolyte as polymer electrolyte. It has been shown that the conductivity only depends on PVdF porosity, as the contribution of the swollen PVdF structure may be neglected. The loss in conductivity induced by the microporous PVdF is limited while the tortuosity is equal to 1. A shut down effect was demonstrated. Thin and flexible batteries based on this polymer electrolyte meet the specifications of GSM application.
Reversible solid oxide cell (ReSOC) systems are being increasingly considered for electrical energy storage, although much work remains before they can be realized, including cell materials development and system design optimization. These systems store electricity by generating a synthetic fuel in electrolysis mode and subsequently recover electricity by electrochemically oxidizing the stored fuel in fuel cell mode. System thermal management is improved by promoting methane synthesis internal to the ReSOC stack. Within this strategy, the cell-stack operating conditions are highly impactful on system performance and optimizing these parameters to suit both operating modes is critical to achieving high roundtrip efficiency. Preliminary analysis shows the thermoneutral voltage to be a useful parameter for analyzing ReSOC systems and the focus of this study is to quantitatively examine how it is affected by ReSOC operating conditions. The results reveal that the thermoneutral voltage is generally reduced by increased pressure, and reductions in temperature, fuel utilization, and hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. Based on the thermodynamic analysis, many different combinations of these operating conditions are expected to promote efficient energy storage. Pressurized systems can achieve high efficiency at higher temperature and fuel utilization, while non-pressurized systems may require lower stack temperature and suffer from reduced energy density.
Preferred c-axis oriented LiCoO2 thin films were prepared on a Si substrate by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The chemical diffusion coefficients, D ˜ Li , of Li in these films were measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiostatic intermittent titration technique (PITT). D ˜ Li was found to be in the range of 10−11 to 10−13 cm2 s−1 depending on Li concentration and on the characterization method used.