batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Three Nafion® membranes of similar composition but different thicknesses were operated in a 3-cell 1 kW class all vanadium mixed acid redox flow battery. The influence of current density on the charge/discharge characteristics, coulombic and energy efficiency, capacity fade, operating temperature and pressure drop in the flow circuit will be discussed and correlated to the Nafion® membrane thickness. Material costs associated with the Nafion® membranes, ease of handling the membranes, and performance impacts will also be discussed.
The implementation of the Syrian hamster embryo cell transformation assay (SHE CTA) into test batteries and its relevance in predicting carcinogenicity has been long debated. Despite prevalidation studies to ensure reproducibility and minimise the subjective nature of the assay’s endpoint, an underlying mechanistic and molecular basis supporting morphological transformation (MT) as an indicator of carcinogenesis is still missing. We found that only 20% of benzo(a)pyrene-induced MT clones immortalised suggesting that, alone, the MT phenotype is insufficient for senescence bypass. From a total of 12 B(a)P- immortalised MT lines, inactivating p53 mutations were identified in 30% of clones, and the majority of these were consistent with the potent carcinogen’s mode of action. Expression of p16 was commonly silenced or markedly reduced with extensive promoter methylation observed in 45% of MT clones, while Bmi1 was strongly upregulated in 25% of clones. In instances where secondary events to MT appeared necessary for senescence bypass, as evidenced by a transient cellular crisis, clonal growth correlated with monoallelic deletion of the CDKN2A/B locus. The findings further implicate the importance of p16 and p53 pathways in regulating senescence while providing a molecular evaluation of SHE CTA −derived variant MT clones induced by benzo(a)pyrene.
We report a facile method to topotactically synthesize Na1.25V3O8 nanowires with a novel hierarchical zigzag structure. The unique morphology can provide an increased electrode–electrolyte contact area and better strain accommodation; also the topotactic intercalation method can improve structure integrity and robustness. The as-synthesized material delivers a capacity of 172.5 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1, shows excellent cyclability with a capacity fading of only 0.0138% per cycle at 1 A g−1 for 1000 cycles, and high rate capability as a sodium-ion battery cathode. We propose that the novel morphology as well as intrinsically advantageous structural features can synergistically facilitate the kinetics and stability, resulting in superior electrochemical performance.
Biomass (fallen leaves) was used directly as carbon source to synthesize Ce doped and C coated Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) in alkaline ballmilling medium. The unique porosity structure of fallen leaves and their trace amount of S elements can improve the Li ions migration ability and stability by coating a loose layer consisted of carbon quantum dots and inducing the interaction between S2− and PF6 −. The alkaline medium can transform different species into unified hydrate form leading to the pre-arranged six-coordinate and four-coordinate lithium precursor and perfect crystal structure LTO. The capacity of obtained LTO reaches 169.4 mAh/g, 156.1 mAh/g, 141.5 mAh/g at 0.5 C, 5 C and 10 C, respectively and the capacity can maintain almost 100% even after 300 cycles at 10 C.
Polyisothianaphthene has the smallest bandgap among all conjugated polymers and delivers high electrical conductivity. This study uses polyisothianaphthene as an active material to accept both lithium ions and PF6 − on its cyclic C–S–C bond and benzene ring during the processes of n-doping and p-doping. This study discovers that lithium polysulfide and lithium sulfide are formed during the first electrochemical reaction; however, the impedance, rate performance, and energy density of polyisothianaphthene cells are not affected by those side products. By contrast, an increment of superior rate (10 C) testing is significantly improved by those new sulfur-based solid electrolyte interphase formations compared with transitional anode materials, such as graphite, silicon, and other conjugate polymers. The surface characteristics of the polyisothianaphthene electrode are investigated through in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, in operando Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, the reaction mechanisms of n-doping and p-doping on polyisothianaphthene are discussed. The polyisothianaphthene electrode's acceptance of lithium ions exhibits a specific capacity of 730 mAh g−1 at the second cycle as well as of 106 mAh g−1 when it reacts with PF6 −. The battery performance exhibits a capacity of approximately 92 mAh g−1 in the bipolar mode. The low-bandgap–conjugated polyisothianaphthene is shown to have high reversibility in terms of bipolar electrochemical reactions, which indicates that it can be a promising bipolar organic material for use in lithium ion batteries.
Lithium-ion batteries are a candidate for the energy storage system onboard low-earth-orbit satellites. Cycle life performance under both orbital and terrestrial conditions must be investigated in order to evaluate any inadvertent effects due to the former and the validity of the latter, with a successful comparison allowing for the extension of terrestrial experimental matrices in order to identify the effects of ageing. The orbital performance of Li x Mn2O4-based pouch cells onboard the microsatellite REIMEI was monitored and compared with terrestrial experiments, with the cells found to be unaffected by orbital conditions. A lifetime matrix of different cycling depths-of-discharge (DODs: 0, 20, 40%) and temperatures (25, 45 ° C) was undertaken with periodic reference performance tests. A decrease in both the cell end-of-discharge cycling voltage and capacity was accelerated by both higher temperatures and larger DODs. Impedance spectra measured for all ageing conditions indicated that the increase was small, manifested in a state-of-charge dependent increase of the high-frequency semi-circle and a noticeable increase in the high-frequency real axis intercept. An evaluation of the change of both the resistance and capacity of 3Ah cells led to the development of a potential prognostic state-of-health indicator. The use of elevated temperatures to accelerate cell ageing was validated.
In this paper we report the results about the use of ternary room temperature ionic liquid–lithium salt mixtures as electrolytes for lithium-ion battery systems. Mixtures of N-methyl-N-propyl pyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide, PYR13FSI, and N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethansulfonyl) imide, PYR14TFSI, with lithium hexafluorophosphate, LiPF6 and lithium bis(trifluoromethansulfonyl) imide, LiTFSI, containing 5wt.% of vinylene carbonate (VC) as additive, have been used in combination with a commercial graphite, KS6 TIMCAL. The performance of the graphite electrodes has been considered in term of specific capacity, cycling efficiency and cycling stability. The results clearly show the advantage of the use of ternary mixtures on the performance of the graphite electrode.
The world population depends highly on fossil fuels, particularly for transportation and power generation. This dependency leads to oil price increases because of the depletion of fossil fuels. Burning of fossil fuels also increases greenhouse gas emissions that are greatly responsible for global warming. Thus, electric vehicles (EVs) are considered one of the premium solutions in the land transportation system because they can significantly reduce the dependency on crude oil and minimize transportation-related carbon dioxide emissions along with other pollutants. This study presents an extensive review of the three key areas of EV research, namely, EV charging technologies, the various impacts of EVs, and optimal EV charging station (CS) placement and sizing. Several technical publications related to EV charging technologies are highlighted, and the performance comparison of different EV technologies is discussed. A review of literature on these key areas reveals an increasing interest in these topics in the last decade, with the impacts of EV on the electric power system and the optimal placement and sizing of CS issues widely investigated. By providing an overview of these areas, this study demonstrates the current issues and challenges of widespread deployment of EVs in the market as well as the future research direction in this field. A total of 185 publications are arranged and appended for quick referencing.
The energy density of Li-ion batteries can be improved by storing charge at high voltages through the oxidation of oxide ions in the cathode material. However, oxidation of O2− triggers irreversible structural rearrangements in the bulk and an associated loss of the high voltage plateau, which is replaced by a lower discharge voltage, and a loss of O2 accompanied by densification at the surface. Here we consider various models for oxygen redox that are proposed in the literature and then describe a single unified model involving O2− oxidation to form O2, most of which is trapped in the bulk and the remainder of which evolves from the surface. The model extends the O2 formation and evolution at the surface, which is well known and well characterized, into the electrode particle bulk as caged O2 that can be reversibly reduced and oxidized. This converged understanding enables us to propose practical strategies to avoid oxygen-redox-induced instability and provide potential routes towards more reversible, high energy density Li-ion cathodes.
Numerous efforts have been made to investigate manganese oxides as active materials in the field of energy storage. To further explore the full use of MnO2 for supercapacitor in aqueous electrolyte, a facile two-step hydrothermal method are developed to synthesis T-Nb2O5@MnO2 composites supported by carbon cloth (CC). With the hierarchical nanostructure and rational synergistic effect, CC@T-Nb2O5@MnO2 exhibits a high specific capacitance (319Fg−1 at 0.2Ag−1) and a good cycling stability (85.7% retention after 2000 cycles). An asymmetric supercapacitor with CC@T-Nb2O5@MnO2 nanocomposite as positive electrode and activated graphene oxide as negative electrode yielded an energy density of 31.76Whkg−1 and a maximum power density of 2250Wkg−1. These delightful findings demonstrate CC@T-Nb2O5@MnO2 to be a nice electrode material, and meanwhile provide an idea to design novel structure with synergic mechanism for high-performance supercapacitors.
The paper presents the electrochemical behaviour of aluminium alloy AA1050 in aqueous alkaline media in the pH range 14–8.5. Electrochemical study was applied in order to obtain comprehensive information on the mechanism and kinetics of the process of anodic dissolution of aluminium, supplemented by monitoring of surface topography using an electron microscope. The corrosion rate of AA1050 increases with increasing concentration of hydroxyl ions OH−. Cathodic reaction occurs in the form of two competing processes, oxygen depolarization and hydrogen evolution. During anodic polarization process up to +8V vs Ag|Ag2O, activation control of the electrochemical process is converted to diffusion control upon reaching the potential approx. 0V. Instantaneous impedance spectra in Nyquist projection had at least two time constants: high–frequency loop of capacitive character associated with charge transfer process during anodic dissolution and negative low-frequency capacitance loop. Dynamic processes occurring during anodic dissolution of aluminium alloy can be concluded on the base of instantaneous change of electric parameters. Dynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (DEIS) enables continuous impedance monitoring of non–stationary processes, such as anodic dissolution of aluminium in aqueous alkaline environments.
A new methodology for estimation of the key characteristics of commercial scale Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) at different operating conditions is proposed. The method is based on a set of simplified correlations that allow estimating VRFB rated power, capacity and operation time directly from the geometry of stack and tank without detailed numerical simulation of the battery. The study is focused on investigation of a kilo-watt class VRFB system (5 kW/15kWh) considering a wide range of current densities (40–100 mA cm−2). The proposed simplified approach is validated considering the most representative cases of battery operation strategies related to slow and fast modes. It demonstrated high accuracy for the estimation of rated power and operation time (average error below 3%) as well as stored energy (average error below 6%) compare to results of detailed numerical simulation. As a result, the proposed methodology can be used as a simple tool for development of proper battery usage protocol (a schedule for battery usage), which could allow avoiding over/underestimation of committed battery energy and power during battery operation. In addition, the obtained results can be also used in order to improve the accuracy of techno-economic studies determining the most economically attractive cases for application of VRFB systems.
A solution-based “hot-injection” approach was developed to synthesize amorphous carbon-decorated and graphene-anchored hollow Co9S8 nanoparticles as anode material for Li ion battery application. Such a rationally designed dually-protected structure could effectively accommodate the volume expansion of Co9S8 nanoparticles during Li-cycling. As a result, as-synthesized nanocomposites could be successfully operated under ultrawide temperature window of −20°C–70°C, rendering excellent electrochemical performances, i.e., remarkable reversible capacities of 910mA h g−1 after 100 cycles (at 500mAg−1) and 622mA hg−1 after 200 cycles (at 1000mAg−1) at 70°C. These attributes enable three-dimensional structured Co9S8 nanoparticles to be promising anode materials of advanced Li-ion batteries for large-power applications such as electric vehicles under extreme temperature environments.
Zn-Cu-Al-CO3 layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been successfully synthesized by using the method of constant pH co-precipitation. And it also has been proposed as a novel anodic material in Zinc-Nickel secondary batteries. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the as-prepared sample exhibit that the samples are well crystallized and have hexagon structure. The electrochemical performances of Zn-Al-LDHs and Zn-Cu-Al-LDHs with different Zn/Cu/Al molar ratios are investigated by the measurements such as galvanostatic charge-discharge, cyclic voltammogram and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Comparing with the pure Zn-Al-LDHs, Zn-Cu-Al-LDHs show more stable cycling performance, exhibit better reversibility and display lower charge-transfer resistance. Especially, the Zn-Cu-Al-LDHs with the Zn/Cu/Al molar ratio being 2.8:0.2:1 exhibits the best electrochemical properties than other samples. After 800 cell cycles, the specific discharge capacity of Zn-Cu-Al-LDHs with the Zn/Cu/Al molar ratio of 2.8:0.2:1is 345mAhg−1, while that of pure Zn-Al-LDHs is only 177mA hg−1. Based on these observations, the prepared Zn-Cu-Al-LDHs may be a promising anode active material for Zinc/Nickel secondary batteries.
We measured the electrode performance of Na-birnessite, which is layered manganese dioxide with sodium ions and water in the interlayer, for use in rechargeable lithium batteries. We focused on the effects of water on the electrode performance. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis indicated that the weight loss on heating the material at 100°C corresponded to the removal of surface water with no structural change, while that at 150°C was associated with the removal of lattice water, leading to the layer shrinkage. According to this result, we prepared three kinds of electrode samples with different drying conditions, and examined the effect on the electrode performance. Furthermore, to improve the cyclability, we synthesized samples in which cobalt was substituted for some of the manganese. Even with a large substitution ratio of over 30%, we obtained the same initial capacity as the non-substituted sample, and the cyclability was improved. We assume that the substituted cobalt fixed sodium ions in the interlayer in the form of pillars that stabilized the layer structure.
Core–shell structured hollow SnO2–polypyrrole (PPy) nanocomposites (SnO2@PPy) with excellent electrochemical performance were synthesized using a hydrothermal method followed by an in situ chemical-polymerization route. The thickness of the polymerized amorphous PPy coating covering on the hollow SnO2 microspheres is about 25nm, demonstrated by microscopy images. As an anode in lithium ion batteries, the nanocomposite is capable of retaining a high capacity of 448.4mAhg−1 after 100 cycles with a coulomb efficiency above 97%. Compared to other reported SnO2 anodes, the enhanced cycling stability is attributed to the unique core–shell structure and a possible synergistic effect between the PPy coating layer and the hollow SnO2 spheres. The PPy coating not only prevents the possible pulverization of the hollow SnO2 spheres, but also prevents the SnO2/Sn spheres from aggregating. Furthermore, the hollow space within the SnO2 nanoparticles effectively mitigates the enormous volume change during charge–discharge cycling. Meanwhile, the Li+ diffusion coefficient in the hollow SnO2@PPy (21wt%) core–shell nanocomposite electrode is significantly improved compared to the hollow SnO2 microspheres electrode. Thus, these benefits from the PPy coating and the hollow SnO2 spheres are able to provide a robust architecture for lithium-ion battery anodes.
In the present study aqueous alkali metal chloride electrolytes are investigated as potential candidates for carbon/carbon supercapacitors. High-current capacitance retention is greatly enhanced by using the electrolyte concentrations at the maximum electrical conductivity, i.e. 6M LiCl, 5M NaCl and 2M KCl, in supercapacitor cells working at 1.6 V. The resistance of the symmetric cells is also significantly diminished by using the optimum electrolyte concentrations, with remarkable improvements not only in the equivalent series resistance, but also in the distributed resistance. Both high-rate capacitance and lower resistance are beneficial to increase the energy of supercapacitors working at high discharge rates. The small size of electrosorbed dehydrated chloride ions allows the use of less expensive carbons with narrower micropores instead of strongly activated carbons with larger micropores required for bulkier anions.
A new type of layered nanocomposite synthesized by delaminated MoS2 nanosheets and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) are restacked to produce alternate polymer nanoribbons between layers of MoS2 with an interlayer distance of ∼1.38nm. The unique properties of resulting nanocomposite are investigated by powder XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, and four-probe conductivity measurements. The obtained nanocomposite can be used as a cathode material for a small power rechargeable lithium battery as demonstrated by the electrochemical insertion of lithium into the PEDOT/MoS2 nanocomposite. A significant enhancement in the discharge capacity (100mAhg−1) is observed compared with that (40mAhg−1) for MoS2.
Innovation is closely linked to the development of technology. Hence it is often assumed that when an innovation fails it is the technology that is at fault. While this may be true in many instances, there are occasions when it is not the technology that is at fault, rather, it is managerial and organisational aspects that cause problems and lead to failure. Studies have shown that individuals who take on specific roles can play an important part in avoiding these problems. These roles include the technological gatekeeper, the product champion and the sponsor/coach. In addition to these roles, this paper argues that there is another, namely that of godfather. With this role a highly respected, senior figure within an organisation provides support that is critical in ensuring the project overcomes the hurdles that lie in the path of any major new development. The nature of the godfather role is explored through three case studies. These provide examples of the role and show how it can facilitate the innovation process.
Amphiphilic carbonaceous material (ACM), with nanoscale dispersion in alkaline aqueous solutions, is synthesized from green needle coke. As a special precursor with small particle size, plenty of functional groups and widened d 002 simultaneously, ACM guarantees subsequent ACM-based activated carbons (AACs) with high specific surface area over 3000m2 g−1 as well as well-developed mesoporous structure after KOH activation. Such pore properties enable AACs’ high performances as electrode materials for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). In particular, surface area up to 3347m2 g−1 together with notable mesopore proportion (26.9%) gives sample AAC814 outstanding EDLC behaviors during a series of electrochemical tests including galvanostatic charge/discharge, CV and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrode gets satisfactory gravimetric and volumetric specific capacitance at the current density of 50mAg−1, up to 348Fg−1 and 162Fcm−3, respectively. Furthermore, for the mesoporosity, there is only a slight capacitance reduction for AAC814 as the current density reaches 1000mAg−1, indicating its good rate performance. It is all the ACM's unique characteristics that make AACs a sort of competitive EDLC electrode materials, both in terms of specific capacitance and rate capability.
This work investigated the performance and abuse tolerance of cells protected using the redox shuttle 1,4-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-2,5-di-tert-butylbenzene. The thermal efficiencies were evaluated using isothermal battery calorimetry. Cells containing the overcharge shuttle were observed to reach a steady state value of approximately 3.8 V, with a small variance in direct proportion to the applied current. In all cases the heat output from the cells was measured to reach ∼90% of the total input power. The heat output was also measured using isothermal calorimetry. At higher rates of overcharge, the data shows that the cell containing the shuttle rapidly reaches a steady state voltage, while the temperature increases until a moderately high steady state temperature is reached. The control cell meanwhile rapidly increases in both applied voltage and cell temperature until cell failure. Two cells in series were taken deliberately out of balance individually, then charged as a single pack to observe the time needed to bring the cells into balance with one another.
The Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) ion channel TRPA1 is a key player in pain pathways. Irritant chemicals activate ion channel TRPA1 via covalent modification of N-terminal cysteines. We and others have shown that 15-Deoxy-Δ12, 14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) similarly activates TRPA1 and causes channel-dependent nociception. Paradoxically, 15d-PGJ2 can also be anti-nociceptive in several pain models. Here we hypothesized that activation and subsequent desensitization of TRPA1 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons underlies the anti-nociceptive property of 15d-PGJ2. To investigate this, we utilized a battery of behavioral assays and intracellular Ca2+ imaging in DRG neurons to test if pre-treatment with 15d-PGJ2 inhibited TRPA1 to subsequent stimulation.