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A composite of graphite and graphene oxide is synthesized and used as a high capacity and binder-free anode material directly in lithium-ion batteries for the first time. The scanning and transmission electron microscope analyses of the composite show the graphite particles and conductive additive are homogeneously distributed on the graphene oxide surface. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy result indicates that the oxygen containing groups of graphene oxide have been partially reduced during the first discharge process. Electrochemical tests reveal that this composite has more than 690 mA h g−1 reversible capacity at the rate of 0.5 C (1 C = 372 mA g−1), simultaneously with excellent cycle performance and rate capability.
Animal epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that cholesterol is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Nevertheless, the relation of cholesterol to mild cognitive impairment (MCI), influence of APOE genotype and its changes in lifespan is controversial. We investigated the potential impact of plasma total cholesterol (TC) on development of MCI and AD in the interdisciplinary longitudinal study on adult development and aging, a representative birth cohort (born 1930–1932), examined in 1993/1994 (VT1), 1997/1998 (VT2), and 2005/2007 (VT3). Of 500 participants at baseline, 381 survived and were examined at VT3. After exclusion of participants with lifetime prevalence of major psychiatric diseases or mild cognitive disorder due to a medical condition, 222 participants were included in the analysis. At VT3, 82 participants had MCI, 22 participants had AD, and 118 were in good health. Participants with MCI and AD at VT3 evidenced higher TC levels at VT1 than those who were healthy. Higher TC levels at baseline were associated with an increased risk for cognitive disorders at VT3 (highest vs. lowest quartile: OR 2.64, 95 % CI 1.12–6.23, p < 0.05). Over the 14 year follow-up, TC levels declined in those with MCI and AD, but remained stable in those who remained healthy. These findings were not modified by APOE genotype or use of cholesterol-lowering medications. Our findings demonstrate that higher TC levels are observed long before the clinical manifestation of MCI and AD in patients without psychiatric or somatic comorbidities and are independent of APOE genotype.
We have prepared vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) film electrodes for bioelectrocatalytic dioxygen reduction. The electrodes were prepared by a CNT-transfer technique attaching the as-grown VACNTs to an ITO electrode with a conductive CNT/epoxy glue. The VACNTs greatly enhance the active electrode area as shown by the substantial current increase of the slow electroreduction of hydrogen peroxide as well as the increase of the efficiency of the oxidation and reduction of the water-insoluble redox probe t-butylferrocene. Several methods for immobilisation of the multicopper enzyme laccase, both with and without mediator, were evaluated. Very high non-mediated catalytic dioxygen reduction current was measured using VACNTs functionalised with 1-pyrenesulfonic acid. The VACNT electrodes were successfully applied as cathode in a zinc–oxygen battery, reaching a power density of 275μWcm−2 at 1.5V with pyrene-functionalised VACNTs and 115μWcm−2 at 0.9V with syringaldazine as a mediator in oxygen saturated buffer.
Here we report an ‘injection’ strategy to introduce transportable Li-ion in the metallic Li free sulfur-graphite (S-G) pouch type full cell, which could alleviate the safety issues from Li dendrites. A novel process with organolithium reagent is used to reduce S to Li2S rapidly during assembling the pouch type full cell. The sublimation property of the side product enables the in-situ injection in the pouch type cell, which will not introduce impurities. In addition, this ‘injection’ strategy avoids the drawbacks from the instability of the Li2S to moisture, which could largely reduce the production cost and improve the practical energy density of the cell. The injected Li2S-G battery shows quite stable cyclability with a capacity of 640 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C rate. This in-situ ‘injection’ method provides an effective and practical way to produce Li metal free sulfur Li-ion battery with alleviated safety issues.
Lithium cobalt oxide powders have been successfully prepared by a molten-salt synthesis (MSS) method using a eutectic mixture of LiCl and Li2CO3 salts. The physico-chemical properties of the lithium cobalt oxide powders are investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle-size analysis and charge–discharge cycling. A lower temperature and a shorter time (∼700°C and 1h) in the Li:Co=7 system are sufficient to prepare single-phase HT-LiCoO2 powders by the MSS method, compared with the solid-state reaction method. Charge–discharge tests show that the lithium cobalt oxide prepared at 800°C has an initial discharge capacity as high as 140mAhg−1, and 100mAhg−1 after 40 cycles. The dependence of the synthetic conditions of HT-LiCoO2 on the reaction temperature, time and amount of flux with respect to starting oxides is extensively investigated.
Hydrogen absorption reaction into a metal was presented from the mechanistic and kinetic point of view. It is a complex process, usually accompanied by hydrogen UPD and hydrogen evolution. Influence of the hydrogen formed at positive overpotentials in solution, influence of the quantity of hydrogen absorbed and related diffusion limitations, presence of the hydrogen UPD in parallel with the OPD adsorption and absorption reactions, and the nature of the kinetic limitations were analyzed. Possibilities and limitations of the determination of the mechanism and its kinetic parameters were discussed.
The etiologic factors underlying schizophrenia have been conceptualized as reflecting two largely genetic components — those unique to schizophrenia and those representing vulnerability to neurodevelopmental deviation in general. The Developmental Instability (DI) approach suggests that the latter can be indexed by minor physical anomalies (MPAs), which assess early prenatal growth abnormalities, and fluctuating anatomic asymmetries (FA), which reflects later deviations. Individuals with schizophrenia (N =19) had elevated scores on both measures as compared to healthy controls (N =23). Further, MPAs and FA were very highly correlated in the sample of individuals with schizophrenia but not in controls. In order to identify neuroanatomic variation linked with the unique factor, we conducted gray matter Voxel Based Morphometry analyses of group membership, with and without treating a composite measure of DI (based on FA, and MPAs) as a covariate. When DI was treated as a covariate, many more gray matter regions were found to statistically differ as a function of diagnosis. These results support the DI approach and suggest that the unique etiologic factors associated with schizophrenia lead to widespread gray matter volume reductions.
In order to evaluate the anode contribution to the lithium-ion battery self-discharge, three electrode coin cells composed of metallic lithium as reference and counter electrode, organic liquid electrolyte and graphite composite working electrode were constructed as test cells. They were first cycled for a dozen cycles and then stored in the full lithiated state of graphite, at 70°C for periods from 1 to 8 days. The capacity loss was determined during the first delithiation following storage. The latter was found composed of two terms, a reversible and an irreversible one, where the relative amounts are storage time dependants. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to investigate the changes in the cell interfacial characteristics. A model involving the formation of an absorbed electron-ion–electrolyte complex on the graphite surface is proposed as the mechanism of the reversible and irreversible capacity losses. It is also suggested that precipitation/dissolution reactions are taking place at the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Precipitation occurs with insoluble inorganic species such as, LiF and Li2CO3, whereas dissolution may concern the organic and/or polymer part of the SEI. The continuous growth of the inorganic (and most resistive) part of the SEI with the subsequent electrode isolation is proposed as the major mechanism of the electrode end of life.
Metallic lithium is a promising anode material whose application in rechargeable batteries has been limited by complicated chemical and morphological changes during cycling. These problems can be addressed by the introduction of protective coatings that help to improve the interphasial properties of these electrodes. In this study we used a dip-coating method to generate protective Fp-silane-derived coatings by direct reaction with the surface of metallic lithium. The effect of these coatings has been investigated by comparing the electrochemical performance of coated vs. uncoated electrodes through galvanostatic cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A cycle life enhancement of up to 500% of that of uncoated lithium was observed. Additionally, we observed a trade-off between the value of the obtained stable capacity and the cycle life, which depended on the type of organic substituent on the silane moiety. These results imply that application-tailored protective coatings might, in the near future, enable the efficient use of metallic lithium electrodes in rechargeable batteries.
Despite the intensive focuses on developing Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) derived catalysts, the direct utilization of PBAs for electrochemical water splitting to produce oxygen and especially hydrogen sources has rarely been reported, because of lacking effective strategies to improve the active site density and electrical transport of PBAs. Herein, we resolve such challenges by constructing the cubic NiCo-PBA bricks assembled 2D nanowalls on Ni foam (NF) through a Ni(OH)2 nanosheet confined template technique. A great amount of sites are generated along the borders of brick subunits, and the 2D feature supplies downscaled charge diffusion path and high accessible surface area. Therefore, NiCo-PBA/NF exhibits impressive water electrolysis activities, with low overpotentials of 200 and 62 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction, respectively. Moreover, the NiCo-PBA/NF coupled two-electrode system achieves a low cell potential of 1.49 V at 10 mA cm−2 for overall water splitting, which is even better than the noble metal based IrO2-Pt/C system. This contribution sheds light on boosting the catalytic activity of PBAs and metal-organic frameworks toward water splitting, sensors, and other energy-related applications.
The performance of a single-cell direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) using carbon nanotube-supported Pt–Ru (Pt–Ru/CNT) as an anode catalyst has been investigated. In this study, the Pt–Ru/CNT electrocatalyst was successfully synthesized using a modified polyol approach with a controlled composition very close to 20wt.%Pt–10wt.%Ru, and the anode was prepared by coating Pt–Ru/CNT electrocatalyst on a wet-proof carbon cloth substrate with a metal loading of about 4mgcm−2. A commercial gas diffusion electrode (GDE) with a platinum black loading of 4mgcm−2 obtained from E-TEK was employed as the cathode. The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was fabricated using Nafion® 117 membrane and the single-cell DMFC was assembled with graphite endplates as current collectors. Experiments were carried out at moderate low temperatures using 1M CH3OH aqueous solution and pure oxygen as reactants. Excellent cell performance was observed. The tested cell significantly outperformed a comparison cell using a commercial anode coated with carbon-supported Pt–Ru (Pt–Ru/C) electrocatalyst of similar composition and loading. High conductivity of carbon nanotube, good catalyst morphology and suitable catalyst composition of the prepared Pt–Ru/CNT electrocatalyst are considered to be some of the key factors leading to enhanced cell performance.
Developmental dyscalculia (DD) is a disability that impacts math learning and skill acquisition in school-age children. Here we investigate arithmetic problem solving deficits in young children with DD using univariate and multivariate analysis of fMRI data. During fMRI scanning, 17 children with DD (ages 7–9, grades 2 and 3) and 17 IQ- and reading ability-matched typically developing (TD) children performed complex and simple addition problems which differed only in arithmetic complexity. While the TD group showed strong modulation of brain responses with increasing arithmetic complexity, children with DD failed to show such modulation. Children with DD showed significantly reduced activation compared to TD children in the intraparietal sulcus, superior parietal lobule, supramarginal gyrus and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in relation to arithmetic complexity. Critically, multivariate representational similarity revealed that brain response patterns to complex and simple problems were less differentiated in the DD group in bilateral anterior IPS, independent of overall differences in signal level. Taken together, these results show that children with DD not only under-activate key brain regions implicated in mathematical cognition, but they also fail to generate distinct neural responses and representations for different arithmetic problems. Our findings provide novel insights into the neural basis of DD.
Every year, the number of discarded electro-electronic products is increasing. For this reason recycling is needed, to avoid wasting non-renewable natural resources. The objective of this work is to study the recycling of materials from parallel wire cable through unit operations of mineral processing. Parallel wire cables are basically composed of polymer and copper. The following unit operations were tested: grinding, size classification, dense medium separation, electrostatic separation, scrubbing, panning, and elutriation. It was observed that the operations used obtained copper and PVC concentrates with a low degree of cross contamination. It was concluded that total liberation of the materials was accomplished after grinding to less than 3mm, using a cage mill. Separation using panning and elutriation presented the best results in terms of recovery and cross contamination.
SrF2-coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials with improved cycling performance over 2.5–4.6V were investigated. The structural and electrochemical properties of the materials were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), charge–discharge tests and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS). The results showed that the crystalline SrF2 with about 10–50nm particle size is uniformly coated on the surface of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 particles. As the coating amount increased from 0.0 to 2.0mol%, the initial capacity and rate capability of the coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 decreased slightly owing to the increase of the charge-transfer resistance; however, the cycling stability was improved by suppressing the increase of the resistance during cycling. 4.0mol% SrF2-coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 showed remarkable decrease of the initial capacity. 2.0mol% coated sample exhibited the best electrochemical performance. It presented an initial discharge capacity of 165.7mAhg−1, and a capacity retention of 86.9% after 50 cycles at 4.6V cut-off cycling.
Debates regarding the nature of self-enhancement versus accurate self-assessment have been active among psychologists for decades. More recently, researchers have become interested in the panculturality of self-enhancement. Some researchers argue that self-enhancement is universal and present within all cultures. Others declare self-enhancement to be a Western tendency, with self-diminishment being the norm among East Asians. Importantly, the majority of such studies have not compared self-perceptions against objective external criteria, especially those with East Asians. Furthermore, the link between narcissism and self-enhancement has been largely overlooked within Korean samples. To address such gaps, we utilized scores on an objective test as a criterion to investigate the accuracy of Koreans’ self-assessments of performance, as well as how individual differences in narcissism are related to such assessments. A sample of Korean students (N = 146; 71 women) completed self-report measures of narcissism and self-esteem, and took a listening comprehension quiz. Estimated and actual scores were collected and used to compute self-enhancement scores. Results demonstrated that Koreans’ self-perceptions of performance on the quiz were quite accurate. As has been found in Western cultures, narcissism was related to self-enhancement.
Herein we report that organic compounds comprising planar C6 ring structures and carboxylate groups can function as an excellent anode material for sodium-organic batteries. Systematic comparisons of different electrode materials including the multi-ring aromatic compounds with or without carboxylate groups are carried out, the Na insertion mechanism is proposed, and the factors determining the capacity and potential plateaus are also elucidated by experimental and theoretical analyses.
In this paper, we present a technique to recognize the position of sensors on the human body. Automatic on-body device localization ensures correctness and accuracy of measurements in health and medical monitoring systems. In addition, it provides opportunities to improve the performance and usability of ubiquitous devices. Our technique uses accelerometers to capture motion data to estimate the location of the device on the user’s body, using mixed supervised and unsupervised time series analysis methods. We have evaluated our technique with extensive experiments on 25 subjects. On average, our technique achieves 89% accuracy in estimating the location of devices on the body. In order to study the feasibility of classification of left limbs from right limbs (e.g., left arm vs. right arm), we performed an analysis, based on which no meaningful classification was observed. Personalized ultraviolet monitoring and wireless transmission power control comprise two immediate applications of our on-body device localization approach. Such applications, along with their corresponding feasibility studies, are discussed.
A complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatible process for fabricating on-chip microbatteries based on nanostructures has been developed by growing manganese dioxide nanowires on silicon dioxide (SiO2)/silicon (Si) substrate as a cathode material for lithium rechargeable batteries. High aspect-ratio anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template integrated on SiO2/Si substrates can be exploited for fabrication of a vertical array of nanowires having high surface area. The electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) nanowires are galvanostatically synthesized by direct current (dc) electrodeposition. The microstructure of these nanowire arrays is investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Their electrochemical tests show that the discharge capacity of about 150mAhg−1 is maintained during a few cycles at the high discharge/charge rate of 300mAg−1.
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Authors due to the following errors reported in the paper which were not identified at an earlier stage: 1.The title of the article is not suitable and needs to be modified. 2. The processing effect of Fig.14 needs further improvement, i.e. the top right corner of the figure still contains noise information. 3. Fig.11 and Fig.15 need correction. The authors would like to apologize for the scientific errors on their part.
A novel non-porous separator that possesses an outstanding lithium transference number (0.92) and effectively suppresses lithium dendrite formation upon lithium deposition is developed. The separator is made of triblock copolymer poly(styrene-block-isoprene-block-sulfonated isoprene) bearing pendant lithium sulfonates and, while taking up only 30 wt% liquid electrolyte (1 M Lithium hexafluorophosphate in ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate (v/v/v = 4/3/3)), it allows a high ion conductivity of 10−4 S cm−1. With good mechanical strength and processing feasibility, the new non-porous separator is shown to enable dendrite-free lithium electro-deposition and stripping with flat overpotential profiles upon prolonged galvanostatic cycling of the lithium symmetrical cells in the carbonate-based electrolyte.
A potential cathode material for lithium ion batteries has been developed using a boron polyanion substituted lithium iron manganese phosphate, LiFe0.4Mn0.6(PO4)1−x(BO3)x (x=0 to 0.03). Without any external carbon source, the material has been synthesized by solid-state reaction using ball-mill and was subsequently characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurement. The LiFe0.4Mn0.6(PO4)1−x(BO3)x samples show a single-phase crystalline nature with X-ray diffraction analysis, and enhanced discharge capacity at various C-rates as compared to that of pure LiFe0.4Mn0.6PO4. Among several LiFe0.4Mn0.6(PO4)1−x(BO3)x samples, LiFe0.4Mn0.6(PO4)0.995(BO3)0.005 demonstrated the best cycleability, exhibiting an initial discharge capacity of 159.4mAhg−1 at 0.1C and 113mAhg−1 at 3C. LiFe0.4Mn0.6(PO4)1−x(BO3)x demonstrates enhanced electrochemical properties with excellent reversible cycling via boron polyanion substitution.
Dielectric ceramic capacitors are fundamental energy storage components in advanced electronics and electric power systems owing to their high power density and ultrafast charge and discharge rate. However, simultaneously achieving high energy storage density, high efficiency and excellent temperature stability has been a huge challenge for the practical capacitor applications of dielectric ceramics. These concerns have been addressed herein in relaxor ferroelectric grain core–shell structured 0.87BaTiO3–0.13Bi(Zn2/3(Nb0.85Ta0.15)1/3)O3@SiO2 multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) via our multiscale optimization strategy from atomic scale, to grain scale to device scale designs to increase the breakdown field strength and decrease the leakage current, which generates superior energy storage performance with a giant discharge energy density of 18.24 J cm−3, ultrahigh efficiency over 94.5%, and excellent temperature stability (<10%, 25 to 190 °C) and cycling stability. Compared with the 0.87BaTiO3–0.13Bi(Zn2/3(Nb0.85Ta0.15)1/3)O3 MLCC counterpart without SiO2 coating, the discharge energy density was enhanced by 80%. The multiscale optimization strategy should be a universal approach to improve the overall energy storage performance in dielectric ceramic multilayer capacitors.
Thin films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with heteropolyacids have been grown electrochemically and by a vapour transport method onto carbon paper supports, both methods employing 12-molybdophosphoric acid and 10-molybdo-2-vanadophosphoric acid as dopants. Coatings deposited potentiodynamically at 100mVs−1 from mixed 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and 12-molybdophosphoric acid or 10-molybdo-2-vanadophosphoric acid gave electrodes stable beyond 1000 voltammetric cycles in aqueous sulfuric acid; vapour grown electrode coatings degraded during cyclic voltammetry.