batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Objective To investigate sensory and sensorimotor function in violin and viola players with and without neck pain. Design Prospective, cross-sectional study. Setting University laboratory. Participants Convenience sample of violin players with playing-related neck pain (n=22), violinists without neck pain (n=21), and healthy nonmusician comparison subjects (n=21). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Measures include thermal pain thresholds (cold and heat) and pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) over the cervical spine and over a remote region (tibialis anterior muscle). Motor performance tests including reaction times, speed of movement, accuracy, coordination, and tapping speed assessed with a special upper-limb test battery. Results Musicians with neck pain had significantly lower heat and elevated cold pain thresholds as well as lower PPTs over C5-6 (P<.01) and over the tibialis anterior (P<.05). Motor performance tests revealed no differences between the symptomatic and asymptomatic musicians and nonmusician comparison groups (P>.05). Conclusions Violin players with neck pain demonstrated signs of sensory impairment, suggesting that playing-related neck pain may be associated with augmented central pain processing consistent with findings in other neck pain groups. No differences were evident in the motor performance tests. Fine motor skills of violin players may be better assessed in the context of playing their musical instruments before definitive conclusions can be drawn about the presence or not of sensorimotor impairments in this group of musicians with playing-related neck pain.
It is believed that particle cracking resulting from phase transformation is responsible for the poor cycle performance of lithium alloy anodes. Pulverization effects may be reduced by using, (i) smaller active particles; (ii) active particle composites with different potentials for the onset of lithium alloy formation; and (iii) expanded alloys which have undergone a major increase during initial charging. Three alloys of the above types (nano-Sn, AlSi0.1 and Li4.4Sn) were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to determine their electrochemical kinetics and intrinsic resistance during initial lithium insertion-extraction. The electrodes were prepared by sandwiching a disk of active powder between two nickel screens, so that the contact resistance may be determined by EIS and from a d.c. voltage difference across the electrode (trans-electrode voltage). A large increase in contact resistance was found during lithium discharge (extraction) from nano-Li x Sn and Li x AlSi0.1 alloys, compared with the small increase during the initial charge. This result suggest that the matrix materials should have a small coefficient of elasticity to give low stress on expansion of the active alloy, together with a large elastic deformation to compensate for volume reduction. This is contrary to generally accepted argument that the matrix should have a high ductility. EIS results for measurement of intrinsic resistance and reaction kinetics during initial lithium insertion into nano-Sn and AlSi0.1 alloys show that both solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) films formed on particle surfaces, together with particle pulverization, are responsible for the high contact resistance. The electrochemical kinetics of both lithium charge and discharge are controlled by contact resistance at high states of charge.
Chemotherapy can induce cognitive impairment in cancer patients. The main goal of this longitudinal study was to determine the incidence, characteristics, and duration of cognitive dysfunction in patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer.
Electrochemical properties of lithium air secondary battery cells with Pt100−x Ru x (0 ≤ x ≤ 100) electrocatalysts, prepared by the formic acid reduction method and loaded into air electrodes were examined in 1 mol/l LiTFSA/TEGDME electrolyte solution. Among the cells, the one with the Pt10Ru90 (x = 90)/carbon sample showed the largest discharge capacity of 1014 mAh/g and the lowest average charge voltage of 3.74 V. In addition, the x = 90 sample showed comparatively good cycle stability with discharge capacity of over 800 mAh/g at the 8th cycle. As a result, x = 90 was confirmed to be the optimized composition as the electrocatalyst for the air electrode.
The strong desire for a clean and secure energy future has stimulated great interest in searching for low-cost, highly efficient electrocatalysts for regenerative fuel cells and rechargeable metal-air batteries. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) play a paramount role in the operation of these devices, but are notoriously sluggish even with precious metals-based catalysts. Here we report our findings in the development of a bifunctional catalyst based on phosphorus-doped LaFeO3-δ for ORR and OER in alkaline solutions. The remarkable electrocatalytic performance is attributed to larger amount of O2 2−/O− species, trace amount of Fe4+ species, and optimized eg electron filling (≈ 1), benefiting from the doping effect of phosphorus. Both the mass activity and the specific activity are nearly doubled after P-doping. Density functional theory calculations also confirm that the increase in valence state of Fe ions is due mainly to phosphorus doping. These results demonstrate that non-metal element doping is an effective approach to optimizing the electronic configuration, changing valence states of ions, and thus enhancing activities of perovskite electrocatalysts.
Overcharge reaction was studied in detail using 650mAh prismatic hermetically sealed lithium-ion batteries with LiCoO2 cathodes, graphitic carbon anodes and ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate (EC/EMC) electrolytes. Several varieties of gases (CO2, CO, H2, CH4, C2H6 and C2H4) were evolved in the overcharge reaction. The amount of gas increased with the increase in the cell temperature and rose rapidly at the end of the overcharge. In particular, the amount of CO2 gas produced by the oxidation of the electrolyte at the cathode increased markedly. The exothermic oxidation reaction of the electrolyte was accelerated at the temperature above 60°C, causing the cell temperature to increase rapidly thereafter. The heating tests of the overcharged anode samples enclosed in cylindrical cell cases with EC/EMC electrolytes resulted in thermal runaways. In contrast, the overcharged cathodes tested in the same manner showed no thermal runaway. The thermal runaway reaction during overcharge was caused by the violent reaction between the overcharged anode (deposited lithium) and the electrolyte solvent at high temperature that was the result of the rapid exothermic reaction of the delithiated cathode and the electrolyte.
In this article an optimal storage sizing based on technical and economical modeling is presented. A focus is made on wind power producers participating in day-ahead markets for island networks and energy storage using Li-Ion and H2/O2 batteries. The modeling approach is based on power flow models and detailed optimization-oriented techniques. An importance is given to the storage device ageing effects on the overall hybrid system levelized cost of the energy. The results are presented for the special case of renewable power integration in the French islands networks. The analysis obtained after the results shows the importance of this type of modeling tool for decision making during the initial conceptual design level.
Exploring versatile strategies for microstructural evolution and surface modification are of fundamental importance in the development of advanced electrode materials. In this work, we report that electron-beam irradiation is a facile approach to perform surface modification for the ultrathin cross-stacked graphene aerogels loaded with SnO2 quantum dots, resulting in a remarkable modulation on the lithium storage performance. It is found that the as-synthesized SnO2/graphene aerogels composites irradiated at 280 kGy exhibit excellent high reversible lithium storage capacity, good rate capability and cycling stability, which retains a discharge capacity of 703 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles at 0.1 C rate. Microstructure analysis indicates that the enhanced electrochemical properties are mainly attributed to the exfoliation of graphene nanosheets, the increase of amorphization, disorder, defects and the removal of partial oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of graphene nanosheets. The strategy presented here demonstrates that the electron-beam irradiation is a potential strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of graphene-based metal oxides.
A novel process recycling Li from the spent LiFePO4 cathode material has been put forward. The new LiFePO4 sample is synthesized through hydrothermal reaction by using recovered Li3PO4 as Li source and FeSO4·7H2O as Fe source. The morphologies, structure and physicochemical properties of the re-synthesized LiFePO4 cathode material were characterized by Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical measurement. The results showed that the morphology and particle size of re-synthesized LiFePO4 samples become more regular and smaller with the increase of the hydrothermal reaction temperature. Besides, it has been found that the LiFePO4 cathode material synthesized at 200 °C showed excellent electrochemical properties which deliver a high initial capacity of 144.25 mAh/g at the rate of 1 C and high capacity retention of 96.7% after 200 cycles. Therefore, this work provides a new strategy for recovery and recycle of the spent LiFePO4 cathode scraps.
We perform heat transfer analysis of a thermal battery module for a high-power and large-capacity thermal battery system based on a detailed thermal model as well as an effective thermal model. Firstly, the transient thermal behavior of a small scale thermal battery module consisting of 13 stacks of unit cells is investigated by the detailed thermal model that considers every components. We show that the net effect of Joule heating (exothermic) and chemical reaction heat (endothermic) occurring in the unit cell result in different degree of cooling down the thermal battery depending on the operating condition. It is also found that anisotropic heat conduction due to the stacked geometry of the unit cell causes temperature non-uniformity within the thermal battery module. Secondly, we also develop an effective thermal model based on the properly averaged thermophysical properties of constituent materials of unit cells as well as the homogenized heat sources. The effective thermal model is validated by comparing it with the detailed thermal model for the small scale thermal battery module consisting of 13 stacks of unit cells, and it is further extended to the large scale thermal battery module consisting of 54 stacks of unit cells.
Performances of electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) based on an activated carbon electrode with acetonitrile (ACN), propylene carbonate (PC), or a ternary electrolyte, i.e., PC:ethylene carbonate (EC):diethyl carbonate (DEC), at 1moldm−3 of magnesium perchlorate [Mg(ClO4)2] salt have been investigated. The electrochemical responses were studied by impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge–discharge experiments at 25°C in a three-electrode configuration. For a comparative evaluation, lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) salt-based systems were also evaluated. All the observed results showed typical EDLC characteristics within the potential range between 0 and 1V vs. an Ag/Ag+ reference electrode. The Mg-based systems exhibited similar or rather better performances than the corresponding Li-based electrolytes; in particular, the rate capability of Mg-based ACN and PC electrolytes was much better than the corresponding Li-based electrolytes, indicating the high accessibility and utility of activated carbon pores by solvated Mg ions.
This article reports on a one-pot sonochemical approach regarding the synthesis of Mn3O4–SnO2 hybrid nanocomposites. Various analytical techniques were utilized to characterize the crystallinity and morphology of the prepared nanocomposites. The functional properties of Mn3O4–SnO2 hybrid nanocomposite were evaluated using electrochemical techniques (Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance studies (EIS)). A supercapacitor electrode was constructed using the sonochemically synthesized Mn3O4–SnO2 hybrid nanocomposite which showed a specific capacitance (355 F g−1) at a current density (0.5 mA cm−2), and potential range (− 0.1 to + 0.9 V) in 1 M Na2SO4. About 91% specific capacitance was retained after 2000 cycles indicating its high electrochemical stability and capacitance retention.
Mesoporous silica SBA-15 was surface-modified by γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy silane (GPTMS), and novel poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based composite polymer electrolytes (CPE) using the silane-modified SBA-15 (SBA-15-GPTMS) as filler were prepared and characterized. The results of the low-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy indicated that GPTMS has been successfully attached to the surface of SBA-15 with a high degree of mesoscopic hexagonal pore structure. The incorporation of SBA-15-GPTMS in the PEO–LiClO4 matrix effectively reduced the PEO crystallinity and obviously improved the conductivity and electrochemical stability of the CPEs. The CPE with 10wt.% SBA-15-GPTMS provided the highest conductivity among all the tested CPEs, about 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than that of the PEO–LiClO4 matrix below the melting temperature of PEO. The reasons that the CPEs using SBA-15-GPTMS as filler showed higher conductivity than that with SBA-15 were discussed.
Background Dynamic retinoscopy is a common clinical test for assessment of visual function in patients with symptoms related to computer use. It has been suggested that performing dynamic retinoscopy with a fixation target resembling a computer screen may be valuable in the examination of computer users. However, such targets differ in luminance and other characteristics from the printed paper test cards typically used for dynamic retinoscopy. Method To address the effect of varying test targets on dynamic retinoscopy results, this study compared lag of accommodation results from dynamic retinoscopy with three different fixation targets: (a) a printed paper target, (b) a video display terminal, and (c) the PRIO® vision testing device, which is designed to simulate a computer screen. MEM (monocular estimate method) dynamic retinoscopy was performed with the print target and with the PRIO device. Results The difference between results with the different test conditions were generally small, with a statistically significant 0.32 D lower lag found on MEM retinoscopy with the PRIO target (MEM–PRIO) than on MEM retinoscopy with a print target (MEM–PRINT). Mean lag measurements on MEM with a print target and on Nott retinoscopy with the video display terminal (NOTT–VDT) were only 0.04 D different. The 95% limits of agreement for the difference between MEM–PRINT and MEM–PRIO (±0.6 D) was similar to the 95% limits of agreement for the interexaminer reliability of the two procedures (±0.6 D for MEM–PRINT and ±0.7 D for MEM–PRIO). Conclusion There was a small but statistically significant difference in lag of accommodation measured with MEM dynamic retinoscopy on the PRIO testing device when compared to a print card.
In a volcano monitoring application, various geophysical and geochemical sensors generate continuous high-fidelity data, and there is a compelling need for real-time raw data for volcano eruption prediction research. It requires the network to support network synchronized sampling, online configurable sensing and situation awareness, which pose significant challenges on sensing component design. Ideally, the resource usages shall be driven by the environment and node situations, and the data quality is optimized under resource constraints. In this paper, we present our smart sensing component design, including hybrid time synchronization, configurable sensing, and situation awareness. Both design details and evaluation results are presented to show their efficiency. Although the presented design is for a volcano monitoring application, its design philosophy and framework can also apply to other similar applications and platforms.
Composition of renewable power system for stratospheric airships is introduced, curved paving model of solar array is established, the high accuracy calculation method for output power of solar array is proposed, and operation process of renewable power system is simulated. On basis of this, endurance of the stratospheric airship is evaluated, and the influence of some important factors on endurance is analyzed, including wind resistance strategy, photoelectric transformation efficiency of solar array and the specific energy of lithium battery. Simulation results show that, 1) endurance of the stratospheric airship can be improved by adjusting power sequential during day and night with maneuverable wind resistance strategy, for the case in this paper, endurance increases 24.2 h compared with fixed point wind resistance strategy, 2) endurance can be greatly improved in a certain range through increasing photoelectric transformation efficiency of solar array and the specific energy of lithium battery, for cases in this paper, endurance increases 73.5 h and 47.5 h respectively, 3) to realize closed cycle of renewable power system during day and night, attenuation of radiation flux with the change of date must be considered in design of renewable power system, and sufficient redundancy should be designed for solar array.
At present, graphite (LiC6: 372mAhg−1, 840mAhcm−3) is used as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, methods to enhance the energy density, cyclability, initial Coulombic efficiency, and rate capability of lithium-ion batteries are still actively being researched. Here, we report a simple, fast, and novel method for transforming micron-sized Sn and Sb powders into ca. 10nm- and 2–3nm-sized SnSb crystallites by mechanochemical synthesis and electrochemical reactions, respectively. These nanocrystallites are uniformly distributed in an amorphous carbon matrix, resulting in a SnSb/C nanocomposite structure. The fabricated SnSb/C nanocomposite showed excellent electrochemical properties, such as a high energy density (1st charge: 706mAhg−1), long cyclability (ca. 550mAhg−1 over 300 cycles), good initial Coulombic efficiency (ca. 81%), and a fast rate capability (1C: 590mAhg−1, 2C: 550mAhg−1).
We developed a model of economy-wide production systems by incorporating a material balance concept into the standard input–output framework. This inter-industrial process model represents the physical flow of materials throughout the industrial network and thus is able to address the entire process involved with the production of a target product according to its material content. The model, which is based on some physically allowable assumptions, was calibrated using the available input–output coefficients for aggregated processes (sectors). We used detailed data on environmentally hazardous emissions and labour requirements for each sector to analyse the liabilities of substitutable products in terms of different factors, origins, and stages of the inter-industrial process network. To empirically examine the model, we applied it to analyse the production of a popular gasoline-powered vehicle and an electro-powered vehicle.
P2-type Fe/Mn-based oxides are considered as the competitive cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries because of high specific capacity and low material cost. However, it suffers from poor cycling stability and unsatisfactory rate capability. Herein, the lithium-doped Na0.67Li0.1Fe0.4Mn0.5O2 microspheres are successfully synthesized via a three-step method. Benefiting from the synergetic effect of the double modification through the morphology controlling and lithium doping, the Na0.67Li0.1Fe0.4Mn0.5O2 delivers an improved cycling stability and rate performance. Moreover, fluorine is successfully introduced to further improve the electrochemical performance of the Na0.67Li0.1Fe0.4Mn0.5O2. Fluorine doping can boost the stability of the material crystal structure because of the strong electronegativity of fluorine and the stable fluorine-metal bond. Meanwhile, fluorine doping avoids the formation of extra O3 phase by reducing the average valence of transition metals. Most importantly, P2-type 10 mol% F-Na0.67Li0.1Fe0.4Mn0.5O2 shows a high discharge specific capacity of 182.0 mAh g-1 at 20 mA g-1, excellent capacity retention of 90.0% after 50 cycles and outstanding rate performance of 128.7 mAh g−1 at 400 mA g-1. Apparently, such a modification strategy apparently promotes the electrochemical performances of the P2-type Fe/Mn-based oxide and increases the commercial application possibilities of this cathode material in sodium-ion batteries.
GITT (Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique) measurements of LixCoO2/Li half-cell voltages were numerically simulated based on Newman's well established electrochemical pseudo 2D model. The measurements revealed differences in the charge transfer kinetics between charging and discharging, which change with the state of charge of LixCoO2. To properly account for these differences in the simulations, SOC-dependent reaction-rate constant together with SOC-dependent charge transfer coefficients were introduced, which were unambiguously determined from the measured IR drops of the GITT pulses during charging and discharging. Furthermore, the SOC-dependence of the chemical Li-ion diffusion coefficient in LixCoO2 was analyzed by fitting the GITT data within the framework of the pseudo 2D model, as well as by means of classical analysis by Weppner and Huggins [W. Weppner and R. A. Huggins, J. Electrochem. Soc. 124 (1977) 1569]. Improvement of the simulation of GITT measurements using SOC-dependent rate constants and charge transfer coefficients compared to SOC-independent values is demonstrated.
Various ionic liquids (ILs) were prepared via metathesis reaction from two kinds of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl imidazolium ([HEMIm]+) and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-methyl morphorinium ([HEMMor]+) cations and three kinds of tetrafluoroborate ([BF4]−), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([TFSI]−) and hexafluorophosphate ([PF6]−) anions. All the [HEMIm]+ derivatives were in a liquid state at room temperature. In particular, [HEMIm][BF4] and [HEMIm][TFSI] showed no possible melting point from −150°C to 200°C by DSC analysis, and their high thermal stability until 380–400°C was verified by TGA analysis. Also, their stable electrochemical property (electrochemical window of more than 6.0V) and high ionic conductivity (0.002–0.004Scm−1) further confirm that the suggested ILs are potential electrolytes for use in electrochemical devices. Simultaneously, the [HEMMor]+ derivatives have practical value in electrolyte applications because of their easy synthesis procedures, cheap morpholinium cation sources and possibilities of high Li+ mobility by oxygen group in the morpholinium cation. However, [HEMMor]+ derivatives showing high viscosity usually had lower ionic conductivities than [HEMIm]+ derivatives.
Patient compliance is essential to the effectiveness of brace treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. Subjective measurements like questionnaires and inquiries proved to be arguably inaccurate. Although some scholars have applied temperature/force monitors to measuring patient compliance objectively, few studies to date could monitor patient compliance in real time. The objective of this study is to describe and evaluate a compliance real-time monitoring system of the brace usage in AIS patients.