batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Research to identify client factors that impact treatment outcome has found that deficits in metacognitive abilities and weaker therapeutic alliance are both associated with poorer treatment outcomes for schizophrenia. However, it is unknown if metacognition and therapeutic alliance are related in any way, in particular, if metacognitive abilities predict therapeutic alliance. This study explored whether differing capacities for mastery, a domain of metacognition that involves the ability to use knowledge about mental states to respond to psychological challenges, predicted client perceptions of therapeutic alliance assessed by the Working Alliance Inventory — Short Form (WAI-S). Participants were 63 adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder enrolled in a 6-month program of cognitive behavioral or supportive therapy, placed into a high, intermediate or minimal mastery group as measured by the Metacognitive Assessment Scale (MAS). Repeated measures ANOVA found group effects for the total WAI-S score, with the high and intermediate mastery groups having better alliance scores than the minimal mastery group. The group effects approached significance when neurocognition was controlled for. Results suggest that greater capacity for mastery predict stronger therapeutic alliance, but do not predict its development over time.
The generation of Ti (Ⅲ) ions in Li2ZnTi3O8 has been induced by a one-step carbothermal reduction reaction, in which reducing ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) is used as the carbon precursor with a calcination at 500 °C for carbonization. In addition to promoting the electronic conductivity of Li2ZnTi3O8, the presence of Ti (Ⅲ) ions also facilitates the transport of Li-ions in Li2ZnTi3O8 because of their greater ion radius and lower valence compared with the Ti (Ⅳ) ions, which could cause the Li2ZnTi3O8 lattice expansion and/or distortion. The XRD, HRTEM and CVs characterizations show that the bulk structure and the electrochemical reactions of Li2ZnTi3O8 have not been significantly altered by the carbothermal processing. Since the content of residual carbon in Ti (Ⅲ) self-doped Li2ZnTi3O8 (ca. 0.59 wt%) is negligible, its superior electrochemical properties than the pristine Li2ZnTi3O8 treated in air should be attributed to the decreased resistances and the reduced electrode polarization resulted from the introduction of Ti (Ⅲ) ions.
We describe here for the first time, our recent success in developing an ambient temperature Li+ conducting solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) using the concept of polymer alloying upon blending two thermoplastic polymers such as poly(vinylidene) fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVdF–HFP-copolymer) and poly(N-vinylcarbazole), PVK and achieved the room temperature electrolytic conductivity (σ i) of 0.7×10−3 S/cm for a typical composition of PVdF–HFP copolymer/PVK blend mixed with EC/LiBF4 molar composition. The ionic transference number of 0.49 was deduced from combined ac-impedance and dc polarization method. High-resolution optical microscopic examination revealed the disappearance of characteristic highly porous surface structure of PVdF–HFP matrix upon blending with PVK leading to the formation of resultant PVdF–HFP/PVK blend polymer alloy. The electrochemical stability of the polymer electrolyte membrane thus obtained was found to be stable up to ∼4.7V versus Li/Li+. The new hybrid alloy polymer electrolyte membrane was found to exhibit good interfacial properties against lithium metal and thus, it was found to aid the room temperature operation as electrolytic membrane cum separator in all-solid state rechargeable lithium polymer test cell, LiCo0.8Ni0.2O2/SPE/Li.
In order to overcome the capacity fading of LiMn2O4 cathode lithium–ion batteries (LIBs) cycled at elevated temperature, methylene methanedisulfonate (MMDS) is newly evaluated as an electrolyte additive. With the addition of 0.5 wt.% MMDS into the electrolyte (1.0M LiPF6-EC/DMC/EMC), the capacity retention of the LiMn2O4/Li cell cycled at 55°C is significantly increased from 51.6% to 72.8% after 200 cycles, showing the promising prospect in the electrolyte. In addition, the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrate that a thin and good conductive film can be formed on the LiMn2O4 surface ascribed to MMDS additive, which resulting the suppression of the electrolyte oxidized decomposition, the improvement of SEI conductivity and a good ability of Li+ migration.
Sulfur shows totally opposite faces in environmental and energy issues. Sulfur containing gases, H2S and SO2, are dominant air pollutants, while sulfur plays as the clean energy carrier for Li-Sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Herein, through confining the gaseous comproportionation reaction in water, between H2S and SO2 that normally produces uncontrollable aggregates, we develop a completely clean approach to convert the air pollutants into water-dispersed sulfur nanoparticle (WDS). The WDS is contaminant-free, size-controllable, and more promisingly solution processable, and is thus ideal for achieving solution hybridization with other materials for various applications. As a typical example, an aqueously fabricated WDS/carbon nanotube composite delivers the theoretical capacity of sulfur at 0.5Ag−1, and a capacity of ~750 mAh g−1 even at a high current density of 5.0Ag−1. In addition to the normal use of sulfur as cathode, a new-concept WDS/carbon interlayer with a low sulfur content has been designed to inhibit the shuttling of polysulfides, greatly improving the cycling performance of the Li-S battery. The proposed approach gives a good example to turning pollutants into clean energy carriers by green chemistry.
In this paper a proton exchange membrane micro fuel cell (PEMFC) with a passive air breathing cathode and microstructured flow fields is studied comprehensively using a numerical model and experimental characterization. The design of the flow field structures is directly dependent on the fabrication technology. An optimization of structure dimensions is possible within the design space. A model is presented, which describes the influence of the aspect ratio of the channel width and the rib width of the micro flow field for a structure were no gas diffusion layers are incorporated. The fuel cell performance is limited by electrical losses in the electrode layer for large channel widths and by reactant transport for small channel widths.
The research on lithium–oxygen batteries faces a number of issues ranging from design problems to elementary reaction kinetics. Depending on solvent, lithium salt and electrode materials several chemical reaction pathways of lithium and oxygen have been proposed. Oxygen solubility and transport are among the most pressing issues that limit the battery performance. In this work purging oxygen through an electrolyte soaked gas diffusion layer (GDL) was investigated as a possible route towards improving the availability of oxygen to the cell reaction. Additionally based on the findings, a method to estimating the absorption constant of oxygen into the electrolyte is proposed.
The synthesis of Li2PdCl4 and Li3Fe(CN)6 precursors, and the preparation of the first lithium Z-IOPE material obtained by reacting these precursors with poly(ethylene glycol)600 (PEG600) is reported. This new material has been obtained through a sol⇒gel and gel⇒plastic transition. FIR and MIR spectroscopy studies, Raman laser and UV–vis investigations and detailed compositional data allowed us to propose a structural hypothesis and to detect the interactions between ions and the coordinating segments of the host network. It has been concluded that: (1) this compound is a mixed inorganic–organic network in which clusters formed by palladium and iron complexes are bonded together by PEG bridges; (2) the conformation of polyether chains in the bulk material is of the TGT (T=trans, G=gauche) type. The conductivity of the proposed [FexPdy(CN)zClv(C2nH4n+2On+1)Lil] is ≈5.3×10−5 S cm−1 at 35.1°C.
Ionically conducting materials based on a poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL)/siloxane organic/inorganic host framework doped with magnesium triflate (Mg(CF3SO3)2) were synthesized by the sol–gel process. In this matrix short PCL chains are covalently bonded to the siliceous network via urethane linkages. In this study the salt content of samples was identified using the conventional notation n, where n indicates the number of (C(O)(CH2)5O) PCL repeat units per Mg2+ ion. Xerogels with compositions ranging from n =∞ to 1 were prepared. The only composition studied that was not entirely amorphous was that prepared with n =1. Xerogels with n ≥7 are thermally stable up to at least 200°C. The composition with the highest conductivity of the series is that with n =34 (5.9×10−9 and 9.8×10−7 Scm−1 at 24 and 104°C, respectively).
A modeling approach for battery as an Electrical Energy Storage System is proposed in this paper. The model aims to predict non-linear power delivery dynamics, given charge and discharge demand as a controllable input, not only in normal operating range of batteries, but also in extreme cases such as battery over-charging. In order to achieve that, the model is composed of separated voltage and current models. Several non-linear models, including Hammerstein model, non-linear open-circuit voltage characteristics, and Takacs hysteresis model are combined in the voltage and the current model, respectively. The state of charge of the battery can also be estimated in a recursive optimization fashion by the model. The parameterization and estimation methods of the model are described and also demonstrated on experimental data from a lithium iron phosphate ( LiFePO 4 ) cell. The experiment validation shows excellent agreement between measured and simulated voltage and current signals provided by the model during both normal operating and over-charging conditions. The contribution of this paper is given by the unique combination of data-based models used to capture linear dynamics, static non-linearity, and non-linear hysteresis effects in a single dynamic voltage/current model to simulate and predict the non-linear dynamic behavior of a battery as an energy storage/delivery system.
The electrochemical behavior of an all solid-state Li/Li x MnO2 polymer cell was evaluated by using three kinds of polymer-electrolytes in the composite positive electrodes. The discharge-rate capability and cycle life was significantly improved by using low-molecular weight polymer-electrolyte. It was confirmed that the improvement is due to the smaller charge transfer resistance between a polymer-electrolyte/cathode material interface, and the compatibility of polymer-electrolyte toward the cathode material is much more direct than the ionic conductivity of the polymer-electrolyte in the effects on its rate capability and cyclability.
An experimental study on hydrogen and oxygen evolution was carried out in a sealed zinc–nickel oxide battery. The effects of flowing electrolyte on gas evolution were quantitatively evaluated. The results show that both the hydrogen and oxygen evolution are suppressed by making the electrolyte flow on a regular cycle. This is due to increased cell polarization in the non-flowing case attributed to the concentration boundary layer of zinc (zincate) ion near the anode surfaces. Though the Coulombic efficiency in the flowing case was higher than that in the non-flowing case, the fraction of gas evolution against Coulombic loss was the same for both the cases. When deeply discharging the cell, more hydrogen is evolved in the flowing case than in the non-flowing case.
The electrochemical performance of battery-type electrode materials is limited by their diffusive charge storage mechanism in supercapacitors, leading to sluggish electrode kinetics and capacity loss. In this article, we present an electrostatic-induced strategy and rational structural design as a feasible solution to solve this problem. Chemically exfoliated single-layer MoS2 with negative charges is used as the substrate for the confined growth of Ni(OH)2. The electrostatic attraction between MoS2 and Ni2+ results in homogeneous distribution of Ni2+ and subsequent formation of ultrasmall Ni(OH)2 crystallites (∼5.5 nm). Due to the smaller size of Ni(OH)2 and synergetic effect between the components, the graphene coated Ni(OH)2/MoS2 heterostructure (G-Ni(OH)2/MoS2) exhibits a capacity as high as 890 C g−1 at 2 mV s−1, close to the theoretical capacity of Ni(OH)2. Moreover, the rapid capacitive surface charge is found to account for 34% of the total charges, ensuring excellent high-rate and cycling performances. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, G-Ni(OH)2/MoS2 is assembled into an asymmetric hybrid supercapacitors (AHSC) with active graphene as the counter electrode. The AHSC shows a power density of 3500 W kg−1 at 13 Wh kg−1 and stable cycling performance up to 4000 cycles.
Exposure to violence strongly predicts violent behavior. However, not all individuals who are exposed to violence engage in violent behavior. Personality is one factor that influences the translation from exposure to violence to engagement in violent behavior. Previous research in adolescents showed that psychopathy (a personality disorder) mediated the relationship between exposure to violence and violent behavior. However, this research has not: been conducted in adults, despite evidence of instability in exposure to violence and psychopathy across the lifespan; examined the specificity of this relationship to different expressions of psychopathy, such as subcomponent Factors and primary/secondary subtypes; and, considered other environmental experiences that may impact this relationship. In two samples of adults (community [N = 232] and prison [N = 313]), psychopathy affected the relationship between exposure to violence and violence (community indirect effect = 0.03, SE = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.004, 0.07; prison indirect effect = 0.14, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.25). These effects appeared to be related more strongly to the impulsive-antisocial traits of psychopathy and the secondary (high-anxious) subtype of psychopathy. Results were robust against demographic and other environmental experiences. Ultimately, our findings indicate that psychopathy is an important factor affecting the link between exposure to violence and violent behavior.
Single-atom electrocatalysts (SAECs) have gained tremendous attention due to their unique active sites and strong metal–substrate interactions. However, the current synthesis of SAECs mostly relies on costly precursors and rigid synthetic conditions and often results in very low content of single-site metal atoms. Herein, we report an efficient synthesis method to prepare metal–nitrogen–carbon SAECs based on formamide condensation and carbonization, featuring a cost-effective general methodology for the mass production of SAECs with high loading of atomically dispersed metal sites. The products with metal inclusion were termed as formamide-converted metal–nitrogen–carbon (shortened as f-MNC) materials. Seven types of single-metallic f-MNC (Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn, Mo and Ir), two bi-metallic (ZnFe and ZnCo) and one tri-metallic (ZnFeCo) SAECs were synthesized to demonstrate the generality of the methodology developed. Remarkably, these f-MNC SAECs can be coated onto various supports with an ultrathin layer as pyrolysis-free electrocatalysts, among which the carbon nanotube-supported f-FeNC and f-NiNC SAECs showed high performance for the O2 reduction reaction (ORR) and the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), respectively. Furthermore, the pyrolysis products of supported f-MNC can still render isolated metallic sites with excellent activity, as exemplified by the bi-metallic f-FeCoNC SAEC, which exhibited outstanding ORR performance in both alkaline and acid electrolytes by delivering ∼70 and ∼20 mV higher half-wave potentials than that of commercial 20 wt% Pt/C, respectively. This work offers a feasible approach to design and manufacture SAECs with tuneable atomic metal components and high density of single-site metal loading, and thus may accelerate the deployment of SAECs for various energy technology applications.
Increasing evidence suggests that systemic inflammation is associated with many pathophysiological processes including frailty in older adults. We evaluated the relationships between white blood cell subtypes, geriatric assessment, and frailty syndrome and in particular, how they correlate with individual frailty criteria (involuntary loss of weight, low energy or exhaustion, slow mobility, muscle weakness, and low physical activity) in frail older women. There was a significant and positive correlation between the frailty score and neutrophil count, but a significantly negative correlation was found when this score was compared to the lymphocyte count. These associations were significant only for two frailty criteria: poor muscular strength and low physical activity. Further investigation into the role of white blood cell subtypes in ageing and its associated adverse outcomes in older adults is warranted, in particular in the loss of muscular strength and for poor physical activity.
The necessity of developing low-cobalt cathode oxides for lithium-ion batteries is increasingly apparent. The most popular strategy followed thus far in addressing this issue has been the development of LiNiO2-like, Ni-rich, layered LiMO2 (M = Ni, Mn, Co; NMC) oxides with low Mn and Co contents, e.g., NMC-811. However, safety, cycle-life, and even cost could remain critical barriers to the success of such cathode materials. Herein an alternative to LiNiO2-based, low-cobalt cathodes is suggested based on modifications to the prototypical cobalt-free, layered oxide, LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2.
Déjà vu aura is a well-known phenomenon experienced by some patients with epilepsy. This study sought to explore the relationship between verbal memory and the experience of déjà vu or other types of mnemestic auras in 42 individuals with intractable seizures and 42 age- and education-matched patient controls. Verbal memory was assessed with indices of learning, long delay recall, and recognition from the California Verbal Learning Test. Results indicated that auras of any type were not associated with memory performance on the California Verbal Learning Test. As expected, age and education were related to verbal memory performance. Mnemestic auras were associated with clinical indices of illness, suggesting that the presence of these auras may be regarded as a risk factor for greater chronicity and severity in epilepsy.
A smooth, free-standing and flexible graphene oxide paper was produced using a vacuum filtration technique. This graphene oxide paper was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The charge–discharge characteristics of the graphene oxide paper have been investigated from 1 V to 4.5 V at a constant 0.01 mA cm−2 with an ECC–Air test cell. The electrochemical impedance of the graphene oxide paper has been measured to investigate the difference in the resistance of the cell before and after an electrochemical cycling test. The Li–air cell with a graphene oxide flexible paper cathode exhibited a 612 mAh g−1 discharge capacity and a 555 mAh g−1 charge capacity after 10 cycles. This study demonstrated that graphene oxide paper might be a good alternative cathode material for Li–O2 batteries in the future.
In the present work di-urethane cross-linked poly(oxyethylene) (POE)/siloxane hybrids (di-urethanesils) incorporating magnesium triflate (Mg(CF3SO3)2) with 100≥ n ≥2 (where n, composition, is the molar ratio of oxyethylene repeat units per Mg2+ ion) have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy to elucidate the Mg2+/POE, Mg2+/urethane, Mg2+/CF3SO3 − and hydrogen bonding interactions. The Mg2+ ions bond to POE chains and to the carbonyl oxygen atoms of the urethane linkages over the whole range of salt content studied. A crystalline POE/Mg(CF3SO3)2 complex of unknown stoichiometry is formed at n =5. “Free” and weakly coordinated CF3SO3 − ions are present in all the materials examined. Contact ion pairs emerge at n ≤20 and higher ionic aggregates appear at n ≤5.
Cr, Fe and Si were added to improve the performance of olivine LiCoPO4 in cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. A substituted-LiCoPO4 in a half cell delivered a reversible capacity of 125 mAh/g at C/3 rate, with no capacity loss after over 100 cycles at 25 °C. The well-known capacity fade of LiCoPO4-based cathodes was almost completely eliminated by substituting Cr, Fe and Si.
MnO/C core–shell nanorods were synthesized by an in situ reduction method using MnO2 nanowires as precursor and block copolymer F127 as carbon source. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated that a thin carbon layer was coated on the surfaces of the individual MnO nanorods. The electrochemical properties were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge techniques. The as-prepared MnO/C core–shell nanorods exhibit a higher specific capacity than MnO microparticles as anode material for lithium ion batteries.
Electrochemical impedance measurements of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) in energy storage systems (ESS) were performed. Square-current electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (SC-EIS), which is a simple and cost-effective approach to measure impedance, was chosen to investigate a large-scale LIB system. Harmonics calculated by Fourier transform from a square waveform were used to determine the impedance. On the basis of a simple electrochemical reaction involving the ferri/ferro-cyanide redox couple and the LIB, the accuracy of the impedance measurement was found to depend on both the signal-to-noise ratio of the power spectra of the harmonics as well as the attenuation rate of the “measured value of impedance” and the “theoretical spectra value” from Fourier series. The accuracy was improved by adjusting the input waveform to be close to an ideal square waveform from Fourier series. The accuracy was further improved by the combined use of a simple moving average and an overall average. The impedance from a degraded square waveform generated by a cost-effective power controller was able to be determined by increasing the measurement time, which aided averaging. By designing the input signal to be close to an ideal square waveform from Fourier series, kilowatt-class LIB modules/cubicles in an ESS was able to be measured. Moreover, a degraded LIB module in an ESS was able to be detected using EIS, which highlights the utility of this technique for in situ impedance measurements of large-scale LIB systems.
In order to examine bubble evolution and discuss the effects of bubbles effect on the performance of microfluidic fuel cells, two 1.2-mm-depth microfluidic fuel cells employing 0.1-M H2O2 dissolved in 0.1-M NaOH solution and 0.05-M H2SO4 solution as fuel and oxidant, respectively, with transparent lids having width of 1.0mm and 0.5mm, are fabricated in the present study for both cell performance measurement and flow visualization. The results show that the present cells operating at either a higher volumetric flow or a smaller microchannel width yield both better performance and more violent bubble growth. The bubble growth rate, Q g, in a given microfluidic fuel cell is almost the same at different regions of that cell at a given volumetric flow rate, i.e. 10−5 cm3 s−1 and 5×10−5 cm3 s−1, respectively, for cells having widths of 0.5mm and 1.0mm at Q l =0.05mLmin−1, and slightly increases at higher volumetric flow rates. Furthermore, the present study reports approximately constant values of Q g/C d A at various volumetric flow rates, which are 2×10−2 and 5×10−2 cm3 s−1 A−1, respectively, for cells having channel widths of 0.5mm and 1.0mm. In addition, the 0.5-mm-wide cell has higher cell output and performs more tortuous polarization curve.