batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Herein we report Mo3Nb2O14 possessing a layered open framework structure as potential candidate for Li-ion batteries with conventional liquid electrolyte as well as with a hybrid solid electrolyte (garnet oxide-ionic liquid). The material delivers a discharge capacity of 329 mA h g−1 at 1C rate in a liquid electrolyte-based cell, corresponding to insertion of 8.5 Li. Moreover, it exhibits excellent rate capability (up to 50C rate) and good capacity retention. Considering the high capacity and high rate capabilities of the material we further investigate its performance in presence of garnet based quasi (hybrid) solid electrolyte owing to the attractive features of solid-state batteries. When hybrid solid electrolyte is used, the electrode material delivers an initial discharge capacity of 206 mA h g−1 at high current rate of 1C and exhibits excellent capacity retention of 165 mA h g−1 (80%) at the end of 100 charge-discharge cycles. The ultra-fast Li+ insertion/extraction can be attributed to the three-dimensional channel structure of the Mo3Nb2O14 which allows facile lithium ion transport. Hence, this work supports the idea of revisiting layered type metal oxides as electrodes for developing high energy density and safe lithium ion batteries.
We investigated language functions in 32 members of a four generation family with several members affected by Specific Language Impairment with an extensive language test battery in order to determine the prevalence, overlap, and homogeneity of linguistic deficits within one pedigree. In sum, one fourth of all family members tested fulfilled the criteria of Specific Language Impairment. Despite of some similarities in language abilities, different combinations of language deficits were observed, and individual language profiles varied substantially. Thus, though there is a high prevalence of language deficits in this family which raises the likelihood of a genetic origin of these deficits, and though all affected study participants displayed selective linguistic deficits with normal non-verbal functioning, language testing showed considerable variance in overlap and homogeneity of linguistic deficits. Thus, even in one genetic population, an underlying linguistic disorder manifests itself in different language abilities to a variant degree.
A growing interest exists in the measuring of social adaptive functioning in children with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities (MBID), but valid instruments to measure this construct are lacking. The aim of the present study was to develop such an instrument and to examine it on its discriminate validity. In 141 children aged 8–12 years a new test battery was examined in four groups either with MBID, behaviour problems or both, and typically developing peers. The results show that children with either MBID or behaviour problems or both show more hostile intent attributions, set more internal revenge goals, generate more aggressive and fewer assertive responses, feel more confident in inadequate responses en select fewer assertive responses, than their typically developing peers. Children with MBID are characterized by relying on earlier experiences in encoding information, a small response repertoire, positive evaluation of submissive but not assertive responses, and the selection of aggressive responses. In addition, they have more problems with perspective taking, problem recognition, interpretation in general, inhibition, working memory, and emotion recognition, than their typically developing peers. Further, children with MBID and behaviour problems have more difficulties in social information processing when the information in social situations is more complex. It is concluded that the tasks of the test battery can discriminate between groups, and after further development of the material, can be used to obtain information on the competencies and disabilities in social information processing and social cognitive skills, in order to be able to offer adequate treatment to these children.
A series of chromium nitride films are prepared on stainless steel substrates by pulsed bias arc ion plating (PBAIP) at different N2 flow rate as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The film chemical composition and phase structure are characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The characterization results indicate that the nitrogen content of deposited films varies from 0.28 to 0.50, and the phase structure changes from mixtures of Cr+Cr2N, pure Cr2N through Cr2N+CrN, to pure CrN. The interfacial contact resistance between samples and carbon paper is measured by Wang's method, and a minimum value of 5.8mΩcm2 is obtained under 1.2MPa compaction force. The anticorrosion property is examined by potentiodynamic test in the simulated corrosive circumstance of the PEMFC under 25°C, and the lowest corrosive current density of 5.9×10−7 Acm−2 is obtained at 0.6V (vs. SCE). Stainless steel substrates coated by the film with lowest contact resistance are chosen as the bipolar plates to assemble cells. An average voltage value of 0.62V is achieved at 500mAcm−2, which is close to that of the cell with Ag-plated bipolar plates.
Visions of and narratives about the future energy system influence the actual creation of innovations and are thus accompanying the current energy transition. Particularly in times of change and uncertainty, visions gain crucial relevance: imagining possible futures impacts the current social reality by both creating certain spaces of action and shaping technical artifacts. However, different actors may express divergent visions of the future energy system and its implementation. Looking at a particular innovation site involving multiple stakeholders over an 8-year period, we empirically analyze the collective negotiation process of vision making, its shifting over time, and how visions eventually unfold performativity. Adopting a process perspective, we identify four different phases and the respective functions of visions and visioneering related to the site’s development by exploring the question: Why do certain visions gain importance and eventually lead to substantial changes of the project in process? Qualitative data from documents and interviews analyzed with reference to science and technology studies show the interweaving conditions that influence the visioneering and the linkage to the actual development of material artifacts. Against the backdrop of innovation projects, this paper explores visioneering as an ongoing, transformative and collective process and reveals its moments of (de)stabilization.
In 2003, we developed a new type of lithium ion battery for the light vehicle application, in which 14 cells of 7Ah were integrated into a battery pack. It has the high rate discharge capability up to 5C rate (35A), a energy density of 74Whkg−1, and the low temperature discharge capacity at −5°C more than 90% of that at 25°C. The life cycle test of 100% depth of discharge (DOD) at 35°C showed the capacity fading around 10% after 500 cycles, which confirmed much longer practical life than 2 years. Recently, we have developed a new high power cell. It has the capacity of 5.5Ah, and has the output power density of 3000Wkg−1 at 50% state of charge (SOC) and at 25°C for 5s discharge basis, and the input power density of 2200Wkg−1 at the same conditions. The new cells showed much less increase in direct current resistance (DCR) in both the cycle life test and the storage life test than the cells developed before, which consequently implied much longer calendar life than our previous ones developed in 2000.
Both the April 6, 2009 L’Aquila (Italy) earthquake, and the 2010–2011 Canterbury (New Zealand) earthquake sequence provided unprecedented opportunity to enhance the understanding on earthquake performance of infrastructure systems, and to analyse still-opened issues affecting the post-earthquake assessment and management of infrastructure. This paper provides a succinct and holistic overview on the physical and functional performances of the gas, water, waste water, road and electric networks (this one to a limited extent for the L’Aquila case-study), following the moment magnitude (Mw) 6.3 L’Aquila earthquake, and two main events of the Canterbury earthquake sequence, namely: the Mw 7.1 September 4, 2010 Darfield and the Mw 6.2 February 22, 2011 Christchurch earthquakes. A structured format, based on internationally recognised taxonomies and damage descriptors, is introduced to present the assets and to report on the earthquake-induced physical impacts for both above-ground and underground components. Functional impacts, interdependency issues and resilience attributes observed during the emergency management and recovery phases for the same infrastructure systems are furthermore discussed in the paper. It is envisaged that the data and overview on the seismic performance and management of infrastructure systems presented in the paper can be used to test the effectiveness of existing models and to inform the development of new models for seismic risk assessment and resilience analysis. Also, the structured framework presented within this paper can form the basis for defining specific and standardised survey tools for post-earthquake assessment of infrastructure systems.
Lithium ion cells have been constructed with a stabilised lithium metal powder incorporated in the anode. The powder can be used to compensate for the irreversible capacity of the anode, allowing anode materials with large reversible and irreversible capacities to be used. The powder also enables high capacity, non-lithiated cathode materials to be used in lithium ion cells. The stabilised lithium metal powder is safe to use in dry air, provided reasonable safety precautions are followed.
This investigation revises the impact of the EFIS Program of socio-educational intervention during the transit of young people with social difficulties to the adult life. Using a causal-correlational ex post facto methodology, a test battery has been applied to a sample of 36 educators and 87 young people, now adults, who took part on the Program. The outcomes show a good result of the Program on the social and labor insertion of young people, on an improvement of the degree of existential satisfaction reached and on different basic competences to enjoy a responsible and independent adult life.
The production of functional nanocomposites on the basis of plant matter and minerals is considered. Such nanocomposites are promising as anodes in lithium polymer batteries, as sorbents, and as carbon sources in the synthesis of titanium carbides.
Prototype lithium-ion pouch cells of 5.5Ah have been fabricated with carbon fiber composite anodes, LiCoO2 cathodes, and LiPF6 electrolyte to investigate the overcharge characteristics of these cells at the 1C rate. The cells were made with anode to cathode capacity (A/C) ratios of 1.0 and 1.1. The cells were first examined for charge–discharge characteristics at different rates in order to determine the delivered capacity, specific energy and energy density and rate capability, and to ensure that the cells are suitable for overcharge studies. The current, voltage, and temperature responses during overcharge to 12V were recorded. Maximum temperatures of 65 and 85°C were observed with the cells with A/C equal to 1.1 and 1.0, respectively. The overcharged cells were dissected in an inert atmosphere and their components were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. It is believed that a relatively low amount of heat is generated with carbon fiber composite-based lithium-ion cells and a separator shutdown mechanism is operative in the cell system which prevents fire or explosion during overcharge.
A new crosslinked copolymer electrolyte is prepared with a simply method. The optimal electrolyte presents a maximum conductivity of 1.15 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 60 °C. Especially, this new electrolyte presents an outstanding electrochemical stability not only for a wide electrochemical window (0–5.1 V) but also for a long–term compatibility with the Li metal. Due to electrochemical stability, LiMn0.2Fe0.8PO4 is selected as cathode material cycling between 3 V and 4.25 V. Moreover, a convenient integration method is used in this work to enhance the interfacial contact between cathode and electrolyte. Finally, the all-solid-state battery LiMn0.2Fe0.8PO4/Li shows a maximum capacity of 161.1 mAh g−1 and an excellent capacity retention ratio of 94.5% after 100 cycles. This new crosslinked polymer electrolyte may provide useful insights for introducing high voltage cathode material rather than LiFePO4 only into solid polymer electrolytes system.
The development of highly-flexible fibre batteries based on a conducting polymer and single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is described. Initially, polypyrrole-hexafluorophosphate (PPy/PF6) and SWNTs are tested in lithium cells to ascertain their performance. Based on the results, fibre batteries consisting of a PPy/PF6 cathode and an anode based on SWNTs are fabricated and tested in both a “flooded cell” and ‘dry cell’, arrangement.
The deposition efficiency, porosity and redox behavior of Prussian blue (PB) thin films are investigated. To find better deposition conditions, the PB thin films were deposited on a Pt electrode using a potentiostatic method proposed by Mortimer and Rosseinsky (J. Electroanal. Chem. 151 (1983) 133). The optimal deposition potential was determined to be 0.50 V (vs. Ag|AgCl) by considering the deposition efficiency and the time needed for the deposition. The mass change on the Pt electrode was monitored using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) during the PB deposition. The deposition efficiency was calculated to be about 38% based on the charge consumption of the PB thin film during the reduction at optimal deposition conditions. The porosity of the PB thin film was estimated to be 0.39 for a PB film with a thickness of 1860 Å. During the redox reactions, cations in the electrolytic solutions must be inserted into or extracted out of the PB thin film. The lattice structure of the PB thin film limits its ease of cation insertion. It was found that K+ can move in and out of the PB lattices much more easily than Li+ because the hydrated radii of the K+ ions are smaller than those of the Li+ ions. Nevertheless, reduction of the PB thin film can be carried out partially and irreversibly in solutions containing Li+ or H3O+ alone. However, a mass loss for the thin film was observed.
Mobile cloud computing promises several benefits such as extra battery life and storage, scalability, and reliability. However, there are still challenges that must be addressed in order to enable the ubiquitous deployment and adoption of mobile cloud computing. Some of these challenges include security, privacy and trust, bandwidth and data transfer, data management and synchronization, energy efficiency, and heterogeneity. We present a thorough overview of mobile cloud computing and differentiate it from traditional cloud computing. Also presented here is a generic architecture that evaluates 30 recently proposed mobile cloud computing research architectures (i.e., published since 2010). This is achieved by utilizing a set of assessment criteria. Finally, we discuss future research challenges that require further attention.
Considering quality of life (QOL) after stroke, car driving is one of the most important abilities for returning to the community. In this study, directed attention and sustained attention, which are thought to be crucial for driving, were examined. Identification of specific brain structure abnormalities associated with post-stroke cognitive dysfunction related to driving ability would help in determining fitness for car driving after stroke. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 57 post-stroke patients (51 men; mean age, 63 ± 11 years) who were assessed for attention deficit using a standardized test (the Clinical Assessment for Attention, CAT), which includes a Continuous Performance Test (CPT)-simple version (CPT-SRT), the Behavioral Inattention Test (BIT), and a driving simulator (handle task for dividing attention, and simple and selective reaction times for sustained attention). A statistical non-parametric map (SnPM) that displayed the association between lesion location and cognitive function for car driving was created. From the SnPM analysis, the overlay plots were localized to the right hemisphere during handling the hit task for bilateral sides (left hemisphere damage related to right-side neglect and right hemisphere damage related to left-side neglect) and during simple and selective reaction times (false recognition was related to damage of both hemispheres). A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis confirmed the importance of both hemispheres, especially the right hemisphere, for cognitive function and car driving ability. The present study demonstrated that the right hemisphere has a crucial role for maintaining directed attention and sustained attention, which maintain car driving ability, improving QOL for stroke survivors.
Efficient and non-Pt catalysts are highly desirable for many kinds of electrochemical applications. Herein, we have investigated the free-standing nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes/carbon nanofibers composite (NCNT/CNFs) as an efficient cathode catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The composite with a hierarchical structure is prepared by the pyrolysis of pyridine over flexible electrospun carbon nanofibers film (CNFs) supported with the nano-Fe catalyst. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy characterizations indicated that the curved NCNTs are sparsely, but tightly distributed on CNF surface. The as-prepared composite displayed good catalytic activity for ORR in an alkaline medium, with a favorable four-electron pathway, better long-term stability (94.6% retention after 10000 s), selectivity and resistance to the methanol crossover compared to the powder-form NCNTs and commercial Pt/C catalyst. The improved electrochemical performance of the NCNT/CNFs can be mainly attributed to the pyridinic-N doping and unique three-dimensional network structure. The results indicate that this novel composite can be used as a promising Pt-free ORR electrocatalyst.
Nanoparticles of the layered lithium-rich cathode, Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2, have been synthesized via the two-step hydrothermal reactions combined with calcination process, while carbon spheres were used as templates. In the first hydrothermal step, the carbon spheres templates are obtained, and then the Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 materials are prepared during the second hydrothermal step with addition of 0, 5, 10, 15 wt% as-prepared carbon spheres. Structural and morphological characterizations indicate the well-ordered layer-structured lithium-rich nanomaterials can be obtained with adding proper amount of carbon spheres templates. The electrochemical test demonstrates that the sample added 10 wt% carbon spheres (LNMO-Cs10) exhibits the best performance among all the samples. It delivers the optimal cycling ability, the least voltage decay, and the maximal discharge capacities of 238.7, 219.3, 204.8 and 182.7 mAh g−1 at 1C, 2C, 5C and 10C rates, respectively. EIS test shows that the LNMO-Cs10 material also has the reduced solid-electrolyte-interface resistance and charge transfer resistance. The excellent cycling ability and rate capability are possibly attributed to the better dispersibility of the nanoparticles with adding adequate amount of carbon spheres templates during materials synthesis. It can both guarantee the good contact between electrode and electrolytes and prevent high aggregation of nanoparticles.
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive cerebellar syndrome and multiple-domain cognitive impairments. The cerebellum is known to contribute to distinct functional networks related to higher-level functions. The aims of the present study were to investigate the different sub-components of attention and to analyse possible correlations between attention deficits and specific cerebellar regions in SCA2 patients. To this purpose, 11 SCA2 patients underwent an exhaustive attention battery that evaluated several attention sub-components. The SCA2 group performed below the normal range in tasks assessing selective attention, divided attention, and sustained attention, obtaining negative Z-scores. These results were confirmed by non-parametric Mann–Whitney U tests that showed significant differences between SCA2 and control subjects in the same sub-components of the attention battery, allowing us to speculate on cerebellar involvement when a high cognitive demand is required (i.e., multisensory integration, sequencing, prediction of events, and inhibition of inappropriate response behaviours). The voxel-based morphometry analysis showed a pattern of significantly reduced grey matter volume in specific cerebellar lobules. In particular, the SCA2 patients showed significant grey matter loss in bilateral regions of the anterior cerebellar hemisphere (IV) and in the posterior lobe (VI-IX) and posterior vermis (VI-IX). Statistical analysis found significant correlations between grey matter reductions in the VIIb/VIIIa cerebellar lobules and impairments in Sustained and Divided Attention tasks and between grey matter reduction in the vermal VI lobule and impairment in the Go/NoGo task. For the first time, the study demonstrated the involvement of specific cerebellar lobules in different sub-components of the attention domain, giving further support to the inclusion of the cerebellum within the attention network.
A simple approach to synthesize Co3O4 in mass production by using hexamethylenetetramine (HMT, C6H12N4) as a precipitator via hydrothermal treatment has been developed. The samples were calcinated at different temperatures ranging from 300 to 600°C and characterized by XRD and SEM. The structure became agglomerative and collapsed with an increase in calcination temperature. Evaluation of the electrochemical performance in combination with SEM and BET analysis suggests that there is an optimum calcination temperature for Co3O4. It is found that the retention capacity of well crystallized Co3O4 hollow microspheres has a higher specific surface area at 300°C and is almost above 94% after the 5th cycle at different current densities of 40 and 60mAg−1, which shows good long-life stability and favorable electrochemical behaviors. Using EIS analysis, we demonstrated that lithium-ion conduction inside the SEI layers and charge transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interface became hindered with an increased calcination temperature, which was in good agreement with the electrochemical behaviors of three Co3O4 electrodes. It is proposed that drastic capacity fading and the variation of resistive components (SEI layers and charge transfer) can be influenced by morphologies due to the calcination temperature.
Epileptiform activities can cause transient or permanent deficits that affect the children during development and may be accompanied by neurodevelopmental disorders like specific language impairment.