batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
There has been intensive concentration and effort on addressing the notorious challenges of Li–S batteries with respect to polysulphide utilization and lithium dendrite inhibition. However, the search for and optimisation of a Li-metal-free full cell design remain relatively premature in terms of the generic synchronous approach to improve the anode/cathode stability while balancing the anode/cathode capacity. We hereby report a parallel interface engineering (PIE) strategy to enhance the full-cell performance of the Li-ion polysulphide battery. Very importantly, this PIE strategy allows the use of a Li-metal-free anode and a LiNO3-free electrolyte. The cell-level improvement is attributable to more efficient and uniform lithium sulphide deposition on the chemically uniform surfaces of the carbon cathode and suppressed growth of dendritic species on the Li–Al alloy anode with an implantable solid–electrolyte interphase. Quantitative electrochemical alloying for anode fabrication allows increased lithium utilization relative to the total anode capacity. The PIE strategy represents a facile approach to address the troublesome issues of Li–S batteries at the full cell level.
The exfoliation of Sn as a result of volume expansion led to the drastic capacity decay in lithium-ion batteries. In this article, the immiscible Sn–Zn coating was successfully prepared by electrodeposition and applied as the anode material in Li-ion batteries. The physical structure and electrochemical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, electron probe microanalysis and charge–discharge test, respectively. The Sn–Zn deposit displayed unique two-layer morphology composed of a Zn flat bottom layer and a Sn dendritic upper layer. The novel Sn–Zn electrodes showed noticeable improvement in cyclability compared to pure Sn film. This improvement was assigned to the characteristic of the two-layer microstructure: the Zn interlayer enhanced the binding strength between Sn dendrites and copper foil; the abundant space among these individual Sn dendrites accommodated the volume expansion during lithiation process. The two-layer Sn–Zn coatings were anticipated as potential anode materials for Li-ion batteries.
A common way to model lithium-ion batteries is to apply equivalent circuit (EC) models. In this work two different EC models are build up and parameterized for a commercial 6.5 Ah high-power lithium-ion cell. Measured impedance spectroscopy data depending on temperature and state of charge (SOC) are used for parameter estimation. The first EC model consists of an ohmic resistor (R), an inductor (L) and three RC-elements (a parallel connection of a capacitor (C) and a resistor). The second EC model consists of one R, one L, two Zarc elements and a Warburg element. The estimated parameters were used to develop two empirical electrical cell models which are able to predict the voltage of the cells depending on current, temperature and SOC. Hereby the internal cell resistance Ri is based on the EC models and a Butler–Volmer adjustment. Both approaches were validated by current profiles, which cover typical automotive applications to prove the model performance at low temperatures and high dynamic operation. An accurate voltage prediction could be realized with both EC models. The second, more complex, model is able to predict cell voltage more precisely, but at the expense of up to four times higher computational effort.
Lithium secondary batteries using LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 films as a cathode material were prepared by pulsed laser deposition on stainless steel substrates. X-ray diffraction and Field-emission Scanning Electron Microscope results show that the film deposited at 750°C exhibits good crystallinity with well-defined grains structure. Charge/discharge behavior of the batteries under a high cutoff voltage of 4.9V vs. Li was highly improved by using Li-rich samples, which exhibits larger specific capacity and higher rate capability. Especially, when the substrate temperature increases to 750°C, the reversible capacity maintains 116.8mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at 0.5C, and the Coulombic efficiency is almost a constant value of 98%. It also exhibits excellent rate capability, as the rates increase to 5 and 10C, and about 95.4% and 92.3% of its initial capacity at 0.2C can be retained.
Energy storages take a key role in electrical energy balancing in our power grid in respect to the increasing utilization of renewable energies. Assessing the effectiveness of energy storages and finding the optimal use under varying load conditions is essential which requires accurate modelling. This study highlights the equivalent circuit modelling approach for different energy storages. The model parameters R, L, C and Ub define the storage system in question allowing us to analyse storage devices under varying load conditions. Technical assessment criteria (efficiency, response time etc.) of energy storages can also be deducted from these models. Energy storages feature non-linear characteristics which are reflected in variable model parameters.
The present work reports on the development of layered-type Li x (Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 (x =1.05 and 1.1) cathodes by a simple ambient temperature redox synthesis followed by post-heat treatments with added lithium source. The intermediate precursor (Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O y ) was synthesized through redox reaction between KMnO4, CoCl2 and NiCl2 in aqueous KOH medium. Synchrotron XANES and ICP measurements were performed to confirm the changes in the oxidation states and successful control in stoichiometric ratio of ternary transition metal oxide (Ni2+ 0.33Co3+ 0.35Mn4+ 0.32O y ) during the redox reaction. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies of post lithiation confirmed the formation of a well-developed layer-type hexagonal phase of α-NaFeO2 with least cation mixing, as observed from the estimated lattice parameters (a =2.858Å and c =14.228Å), integrated intensity ratio (I 003/I 104 =1.79), and c/3a ratio (∼1.659) values. FE-SEM images revealed loosely agglomerated particles with average diameters of 60nm in the intermediate product while the particle-size grows to a few hundred nanometers after lithiation at elevated temperatures. The electrochemical performances in the potential range of 3.0–4.3V vs. Li/Li+ at 14 mAg−1 indicated that reasonable specific capacities and cycle performances are registered for all the prepared cathodes. In particular, the Li1.05(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 composition demonstrated the highest capacity retention value (∼99%) after 50 cycles and better rate performances (104, 91, 76, and 67 mAhg−1) at high current densities (229, 457, 914, and 1429 mAg−1 respectively).
The electrochemical performance and mechanistic effects of incorporating two salts in an ether electrolyte in Li–metal cells were investigated experimentally and via molecular scale modeling. Improvements in efficiency and cycling stability over baseline electrolytes in lithium (Li) versus copper (Cu) cells were directly correlated to the initial Li-nucleation process, as observed via cryogenic-focused ion beam (cryo-FIB) prepared cross sections, which revealed that Li films deposited with the bisalt electrolyte were significantly thinner and denser than those from the baseline. This behavior was further traced back to the initial nucleation process via cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), which shows stark differences in the morphology and conformality of deposited Li as a function of electrolyte chemistry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated that the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed from the bisalt electrolyte primarily consists of larger anion fragments, suggesting that the anion chemistry strongly influences the extent of reduction and resulting surface chemistry. Ab initio DFT-based and force field-based molecular dynamics calculations revealed the complex interplay (positioning, orientation, reactivity, kinetics) between the FSI− and TFSI− anions in the double layer at both electrode–electrolyte interfaces and the ramifications for stabilizing these interfaces. As a result of the unique interphasial chemistry brought by this bisalt system, this electrolyte supports an unprecedented (for an ether-based electrolyte) capacity retention (>88%) after 300 cycles (∼2 months of cycling) in a 4.4 V NMC622-Li cell, and a >30% improvement in capacity retention over baseline after 50 cycles in 4.4 V NMC622-Cu “anode-free” cells. Altogether, these results provide new insight into how the bisalt effect can be leveraged for regulating the timescale, chemistry, and extent of interfacial reactions. When balanced properly, this promotes efficient plating/deplating of Li, and potentially supports widespread implementation of high nickel content NMC cell configurations with limited or no excess lithium.
The paper reports the performance of 50 left- and 26 vascular right-brain-damaged (LBD, RBD) patients in the EC301 Calculation Battery, which explores different aspects of number and calculation processing. All patients underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological testing that also included evaluation for the presence and type of aphasia in LBD patients, and of spatial disorders in RBD patients. LBD were subdivided in three groups: non-aphasic (NA), Broca and Wernicke aphasics. Results indicate that language and calculation disorders can dissociate. The relationship between spatial and calculation disorders in RBD patients is less clear. No significant difference was found between Broca and Wernicke aphasics, nor between NA and RBD patients. In the transcoding tasks (reading or writing to dictation numbers and number words, for instance) syntactic errors were the most frequent type of errors in all groups. They were also present when neither the input nor the required response was in the Arabic code, and a word-by-word strategy could have been used to read the number word or write a spoken number in the orthographic code.
This work presents a technical and economic analysis of a power supply system based on a 5 kW Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) fed with hydrogen produced by the auto-thermal reforming of ethanol. The technical analysis is based on unpublished experimental data obtained from the prototype of an ethanol reformer developed by the Hydrogen Laboratory at Unicamp and by Hytron, which represents the state-of-the-art of this technology in Brazil. The results point out that the cost of the hydrogen produced by the ethanol reformer prototype is lower than the hydrogen prices in the Brazilian market, and that the cost of the electricity produced by that hydrogen in a PEMFC is lower than other alternative sources of energy, except when compared to the electricity available in grid-connected power system in Brazil.
Around the world, 1.1billion people are severely affected by their lack of access to electricity. Other vulnerable communities receive low quality access, or face expensive prices that force them to restrict their consumption because of suboptimal technology choices made by their suppliers, which are sometimes forced by local regulation. Microgrids, properly sized and managed, may represent the best option to overcome these dilemmas, offering a tailor made supply. Today’s standard methodologies to design isolated microgrids optimize the cost of supply as well as the cost of the energy not served with an exogenous per unit value for the lost load. They do not include community’s restrictions, such as willingness-to-pay, consumption level, budget constraints or its particular (endogenous) value of lost load. We developed a novel methodology that offers a range of microgrid designs to an isolated community, where each of them is optimal for a particular consumption pattern and value of lost load, from which the community may choose the one that best suits their needs. For this purpose, a Pareto optimal cost-coverage trade-off was constructed for an isolated community in northern Chile. A three-stage optimization was done: capacity (Genetic Algorithm), operation (robust optimization and mixed integer linear programming) and configuration (DC or AC). Diesel, gas, PV, wind and storages were modeled and 176 designs were found in total. More expensive microgrids (and with a larger electricity coverage) have hybrid mixes (conventional and renewable) and have an almost linear total cost from 298 to 249USD/MWh for ENS from 0% to 28%. Lower quality microgrids are fully renewable, providing a very cheap but unreliable supply. The direct impact of lower-cost/limited supply microgrids offered here is the improvement of the quality of life of millions of vulnerable people, but it requires adjustments in the country’s public policies of electrification programs.
The high operating temperature of the sodium metal chloride battery limits the possible applications of this storage technology. In this study, the performance of a 3.65 kWh (80 Ah, 48 V) battery at temperatures as low as 240 °C is measured and the efficiency at different discharge currents, cycling frequencies and operating temperatures is examined. The total available capacity of a 40 Ah string at 240 °C when discharging with 0.1C is found to be just 1 Ah smaller compared to 275 °C, which is the nominal operating temperature of the battery. However it is shown that low temperatures have a big impact on the charge duration. Starting from 20% SOC (state-of-charge) the duration of charging until the fulfillment of the end-of-charge criterion at 240 °C is 25 h with the quickest charging regime (0.25C, 2.7 V/cell) whereas until 90% SOC 7.6 h are required. At a limited SOC operation window from 20% to 90% the total daily efficiency of the 3.65 kWh battery is higher at 240 °C compared to 275 °C and increases from 69% if one cycle is performed daily with 0.175C discharge current to 81% for two cycles with the same discharge rate.
Nanosize cobalt sulfides were synthesized through a one step chemical reaction method at room temperature. The cobalt sulfide nanopowders were characterized by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical testing. The results revealed that the cobalt sulfide is a semiconductor; the reversible capacity is increased with increasing content of electronic conductors in the active material of electrodes. The as prepared sample with 10wt.% carbon black and 10wt.% polypyrrole (PPy) powder as electronic conductors shows the best electrochemical properties, with a reversible capacity of over 300mAhg−1 based on the total mass of the electrode. Cobalt sulfide nanopowders show promise as cathode active materials for lithium-rechargeable batteries.
In eating disorders (EDs) treatment, outcome measurement has traditionally focused on symptom reduction rather than functioning or quality of life (QoL). Generic QoL measures lack sensitivity for some diagnoses and many not be responsive in eating disorder patients. This article describes the development and validation of a condition-specific QoL measure for adolescents and adults with eating disorders – the Eating Disorders Quality of Life Scale (EDQLS).
Due to their high energy density, lithium-sulfur (Li/S) batteries are among the most promising future power sources to replace modern lithium ion batteries, but low conductivity of sulfur-based cathodes significantly impedes their practical applications. In this study, novel conductive sulfur-rich copolymer/sulfur cathode materials, cp(S-g-PANI)/S (SPAS), are developed by grafting conductive polymer segments onto copolymer backbones to improve cell electrical conductivity and enhance lithium diffusion. In a Li/S cell, newly obtained composites deliver an initial discharge capacity of 1151 mAh gsulfur −1 at a current density of 0.1C. Compared to composites lacking conductive polymer segments in the copolymer backbone, such as cp(S-AS)/S (SAS), SPAS provide better rate performance when current density is increased from 0.1C to 5C and exhibit good cycling stability at 0.5C. High capacity and cycling stability of SPAS as lithium-sulfur battery cathodes are ascribed to a synergetic effect between sufur-rich copolymer and conductive PANI.
The development of high-performance supercapacitors in ionic liquid hold great potential for application in next generation electrochemical energy storage devices, however, it is still facing contradictory requirements between specific capacitance and rate capability. Herein, we developed a facile method for the synthesis of 2D porous carbon nanosheets (PCNSs) from sodium alginate by utilizing an integrated gunpowder chemistry-assisted exfoliation and subsequent KOH activation procedure. The as-prepared PCNSs showed a 2D nanosheets structure and large specific surface area. A symmetric supercapacitor device with ionic liquid as the electrolyte can operate in a wide voltage window of 3.5 V. Importantly, PCNS-3 based device presents a specific capacitance as large as 226.9 F/g at 1 A/ g, superior rate capability (68% of capacitance retention at 50 A/g), outstanding cycling stability (94% of its initial capacitance after 10 000 cycles), and integrated high energy & power densities (65.6 Wh/kg at 43.75 kW/kg). This work provides an alternative way towards 2D porous carbon nanosheets electrode materials with abundant narrow mesopores for rapid mass transfer and ion transport in supercapacitors as well as other nanocarbon-based electrochemical energy storage devices.
The stable cycling performance with a high discharge capacity of ∼190 mAh g−1 in a carbon-hybridized Li2MnSiO4 nanostructured powder has prompted an experimental investigation of the charged/discharged structures using synchrotron-based and laboratory-based X-rays and atomic-pair distribution-function (PDF) analyses. A novel method of in-situ spray pyrolysis of a precursor solution with glucose as a carbon source enabled the successful synthesis of the carbon-hybridized Li2MnSiO4 nanoparticles. The XRD patters of the discharged (lithiated) samples exhibit a long-range ordered structure characteristic of the (β) Li2MnSiO4 crystalline phase (space group Pmn21) which dissipates in the charged (delithiated) samples. However, upon discharging the long-range ordered structure recovers in each cycle. The disordered structure, according to the PDF analysis, is mainly due to local distortions of the MnO4 tetrahedra which show a mean Mn–O nearest neighbor distance shorter than that of the long-range ordered phase. These results corroborate the notion of the smaller Mn3+/Mn4+ ionic radii in the Li extracted phase versus the larger Mn2+ ionic radius in Li inserted phase. Thus Li extraction/insertion drives the fluctuation between the disordered and the long-range ordered structures.
This paper presents a novel data-driven based approach for the estimation of the state of charge (SoC) of multiple types of lithium ion battery (LiB) cells with adaptive extended Kalman filter (AEKF). A modified second-order RC network based battery model is employed for the state estimation. Based on the battery model and experimental data, the SoC variation per mV voltage for different types of battery chemistry is analyzed and the parameters are identified. The AEKF algorithm is then employed to achieve accurate data-driven based SoC estimation, and the multi-parameter, closed loop feedback system is used to achieve robustness. The accuracy and convergence of the proposed approach is analyzed for different types of LiB cells, including convergence behavior of the model with a large initial SoC error. The results show that the proposed approach has good accuracy for different types of LiB cells, especially for C/LFP LiB cell that has a flat open circuit voltage (OCV) curve. The experimental results show good agreement with the estimation results with maximum error being less than 3%.
It is vital to address potential risks to aquatic ecosystems exposed to runoff and leachates from biochar-amended soils, before large scale applications can be considered. So far, there are no established approaches for such an assessment. This study used a battery of bioassays and representative aquatic organisms for assessing the acute toxicity of water-extractable fractions of biochar-amended soil, at reported application rates (80 t ha−1). Biochar-amended aqueous soil extracts contained cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) (Σmetals 96.3 µg l−1) as well as the 16 priority PAHs defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Σ16PAHs 106 ng l−1) at contents in the range of current EU regulations for surface waters. Nevertheless, acute exposure to soil-biochar (SB) extracts resulted in species-specific effects and dose–response patterns. While the bioluminescent marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri was the most sensitive organism to aqueous SB extracts, there were no effects on the growth of the microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. In contrast, up to 20 and 25 % mobility impairment was obtained for the invertebrate Daphnia magna upon exposure to 50 and 100 % SB extract concentrations (respectively). Results suggest that a battery of rapid and cost-effective aquatic bioassays that account for ecological representation can complement analytical characterization of biochar-amended soils and risk assessment approaches for surface and groundwater protection.
Numerous efforts have been made to use metal oxides as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. In this study, we examined layered oxides of the type LiMO2 (M=Co, Ni) and Li2MO3 (M=Mn, Mo, Sn) in lithium cells and found them to be electrochemically active while possessing a high capacity. In general, LiMO2 electrodes provide higher reversible capacities than Li2MO3 electrodes. First-principles theoretical calculations were used as a guide to determine the most favorable reaction pathway from possible insertion (addition) reactions, decomposition reactions, and metal displacement reactions. For example, using in situ X-ray diffraction, LiCoO2 was found to discharge first to CoO and Li2O (decomposition reaction) and thereafter, upon further reduction, to Co metal and additional Li2O (displacement reaction). On charging to 3.0V, only CoO was reformed; the electrode cycled with a reversible capacity of 575mAhg−1; this reaction pathway is in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Objective To clarify the prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) population and determine the relationship between severity of renal dysfunction and risk of RLS as well as the impact of the disorder on mood and sleep disturbance, we conducted a questionnaire survey followed by face-to-face interviews with Japanese CKD patients. Methods We sent a questionnaire battery including demographics items, the National Institutes of Health/International RLS Study Group (IRLSSG) consensus questionnaire, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to eligible CKD patients (n =514) and age- and sex-matched controls (n =535). Structured interviews were performed for the diagnosis of RLS. Results The prevalence of positive RLS in the CKD subjects was significantly higher than that in the controls (3.5% vs. 1.5%, p =0.029). The proportion of renal failure (RF) in CKD subjects with RLS was significantly higher than in those without RLS, and multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of RLS symptoms was associated only with the existence of RF. In addition, the presence of both RLS and CKD was significantly associated with the presence of depression and sleep disturbance. Conclusions The risk of RLS in the CKD population was higher than that in the general population and increased with the progression of renal dysfunction. Additionally, the existence of RLS might play a role in an increased risk for developing depression and sleep disturbance in the CKD population.