batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Large-format Li-ion batteries are essential for vehicle and grid energy storage. Today, scale-up of Li-ion cells has not maximized the potential of available battery materials, leading to much lower energy density than their coin cell benchmarks. In this work, a 3D computational methodology based on physical and electrochemical principles underlying Li-ion cells is developed for the design of large cells. We show a significant increase in the cell's usable energy density by minimizing voltage losses and maximizing the utilization of active materials in a large cell. Specifically, a class of designs using multiple current-collecting tabs are presented to minimize in-plane electron transport losses through long electrodes, thereby achieving nearly the same energy density in large-capacity cells as would be expected from battery materials used. We also develop a quantitative relation between the current density non-uniformity in a large-format cell and the cell's usable energy density, for the first time, in the literature.
The growing attention to environmental sustainability of transport systems made necessary to investigate the possibility of energy optimization even in sectors typically characterised by an already high level of sustainability, as in particular the railway system. One of the most promising opportunity is the optimization of the braking energy recovery, which has been already considered in tramway systems, while it is traditionally overlooked for high-speed railway systems. In this research work, the authors have developed two simulation models able to reproduce the behavior of high-speed trains when entering in a railway node, and to analyze the impact of regenerative braking in DC railway systems, including usage of energy storage systems. These models, developed respectively in the Matlab-Simscape environment and in the open source Modelica language, have been experimentally validated considering an Italian high-speed train. After validation, the authors have performed a feasibility analysis considering the use of stationary and on-board storage systems, also by taking into account capital costs of the investment and annual energy saving, to evaluate cost-effectiveness of the different solutions. The analysis has shown the possibility to improve the efficiency of high-speed railway systems, by improving braking energy recovery through the installation of such storage systems.
Electrodeposition of copper by pulsating overpotential (PO) regime in the hydrogen co-deposition range was examined by the determination of the average current efficiency of hydrogen evolution and by microscopic analysis of the morphology of the formed deposits. The techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy were used for the structural analysis of the copper deposits. Honeycomb-like electrodes were formed with an amplitude overpotential of 1000mV, a pause of 10ms, and deposition pulses of 3, 5, 10 and 20ms. Holes formed by attached hydrogen bubbles were surrounded by dendrites (for deposition pulses of 3 and 5ms) or agglomerates of copper grains (for 10 and 20ms). In an interval of deposition pulses between 3 and 10ms, the length of deposition pulse did not affect the size, number and depth of holes. The change of morphology of copper formed around holes was discussed by the effect of quantity of evolved hydrogen on effectiveness of stirring of solution in the near-electrode layer. The application of square-wave PO with the shorter deposition pulses enabled energy savings in the production of such copper electrodes. For example, the applied deposition pulse of 3ms enabled energy saving of about 15% in relation to the copper electrode obtained with a deposition pulse of 10ms (for the unchanged number, size and depth of holes).
Animals need adaptive strategies to cope with seasonal changes in prey availability to survive and reproduce, which can include migrating, prey-switching, or reducing metabolic needs. Human settlements can disrupt spatiotemporal patterning in resource availability, which can affect animals’ foraging success, particularly for juveniles who are behaviorally developing and learning efficient foraging skills. Here, we investigate behavioral responses of juvenile striated caracaras, a near-threatened scavenging falconid, to seasonally migratory seabird prey and a farm settlement on Saunders Island, Falklands. We deployed accelerometer–GPS dataloggers (n = 27) to measure seasonal differences in daily and hourly vectorial dynamic body acceleration (VeDBA; an activity index measured in gravitational g) and space use, and investigated seasonal variation in body mass of the tagged subset and an additional 65 caracaras.
Li2FeSiO4 nanoparticles are successfully synthesized via hydrothermal approach, with the hydrothermal process monitored in detail. Structural characterizations by XRD, FTIR, SEM and HRTEM measurements reveal that the Li2FeSiO4 nanoparticles have a high crystalline degree and monodisperse nanoparticle shape with a size around of 50–200nm. To further improve the electronic conductivity, the Li2FeSiO4 nanoparticles are coated by a carbon layer using in suit polymerization of dopamine. Moreover, the effect of carbon content for electrochemical performance of Li2FeSiO4/C is systemically investigated, and as a result, the composite with a ratio of Li2FeSiO4 and dopamine of 3:1 demonstrate the best electrochemical performance with a discharge specific capacity of 148mAhg−1 at a rate of 0.1C at room temperature. Furthermore, the electrochemical performance of Li2FeSiO4/C at high temperature of 55°C is also investigated, and it also exhibits a good performance with a discharge specific capacity of 240mAhg−1at a current rate of 0.2C.
The anticipated significant use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for energy storage applications in electric grid modernization and vehicle electrification shall generate a large quantity of solid waste that could become potential environmental hazards and waste natural resources. Recycling of the major components from spent LIBs is, therefore, considered desirable to prevent environmental pollution and to recycle valuable metals. This study reports on the application of ultrasonic-assisted technology to the leaching of cobalt and lithium from the cathode active materials of spent LIBs. Three acids were tested for the leaching process: two inorganic acids (H2SO4 and HCl) and one organic acid (citric acid, C6H8O7·H2O). The results show that the leaching of Co and Li is more efficient with citric acid than with the two inorganic acids. More than 96% Co and nearly 100% Li were recovered from spent LIBs. The optimal leaching conditions were 0.5 M citric acid with 0.55 M H2O2, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 25 g L−1, a temperature of 60 °C, leaching time of 5 h, and ultrasonic power of 90 W. The high leaching efficiency is mainly ascribed to the unique cavitation action of the ultrasonic waves. This ultrasonic-assisted leaching process with organic acid is not only effective but also environmentally friendly.
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have attracted considerable attention as a promising alternative to current state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), however, their practical use remains elusive, which becomes more serious upon application to flexible/wearable electronics. Here, we demonstrate a new class of nanomat Li–S batteries based on all-fibrous cathode–separator assemblies and conductive nonwoven-reinforced Li metal anodes as an unprecedented strategy toward ultrahigh energy density and mechanical flexibility. Sulfur cathodes, which are fibrous mixtures of sulfur-deposited multi-walled carbon nanotubes and single-walled carbon nanotubes, are monolithically integrated with bi-layered (pristine cellulose nanofiber (CNF)–anionic CNF) paper separators, resulting in metallic foil current collector-free, all-fibrous cathode–separator assemblies. The cathode–separator assemblies, driven by their all-fibrous structure (contributing to three-dimensional bi-continuous electron/ion conduction pathways) and anionic CNFs (suppressing the shuttle effect via electrostatic repulsion), improve redox kinetics, cyclability and flexibility. Nickel-/copper-plated conductive poly(ethylene terephthalate) nonwovens are physically embedded into Li foils to fabricate reinforced Li metal anodes with dimensional/electrochemical superiority. Driven by the structural uniqueness and chemical functionalities, the nanomat Li–S cells provide exceptional improvements in electrochemical performance (the (cell-based) gravimetric/volumetric energy density = 457 W h kgcell−1/565 W h Lcell−1 and the cycling performance (over 500 cycles) under 110% capacity excess of the Li metal anode) and mechanical deformability (they even can be crumpled).
Estimates of atmospheric emissions of lead from anthropogenic sources in China from 1990 to 2009 are presented with the information on emissions of both total lead and its spatial distribution in regions. The total emissions during the period 1990–2009 are nearly 200 000 tons. Motor vehicle gasoline combustion was the largest source of anthropogenic emissions. The estimated release of 117 800 t of lead represented 60% of the total emissions. Substantial decline occurred in 2001, when the total emissions were about 81% less than the 2000 value. The reduced lead content of motor vehicle gasoline is the primary reason for the decreased in lead emissions in 2001. After leaded gasoline was phased out, coal combustion became the principal source of emissions. Based on data on emissions from 2005 through 2009, the emissions are concentrated in eastern and central China due to the high level of coal consumption and non-ferrous metal smelting. The five provinces with the largest amounts of lead emissions are Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan and Jiangsu. These five regions produced nearly 40% of the total.
Opportunistic networks are multi-hop ad hoc networks in which nodes opportunistically exploit any pair-wise contact to share and forward content, without requiring any pre-existing Internet infrastructure. Opportunistic networks tolerate partitions, long disconnections, and topology instability in general. In this challenging environment, leveraging users’ mobility represents the most effective way to deliver content to interested users. In this paper we propose a context- and social-aware middleware that autonomically learns context and social information on the users of the network, and that uses this information in order to predict users’ future movements. In order to evaluate the proposed middleware on a realistic scenario, we have designed and implemented a context- and social-aware content sharing service, exploiting the functionality of the middleware. Both the middleware and the content sharing service have been integrated with an existing data-centric architecture (the Haggle architecture) for opportunistic networks. Finally, we have validated the proposed content sharing application on a small-scale testbed and, on a larger scale, we have investigated the advantages provided by context- and social-aware sharing strategies by means of extensive simulations. The main result of this paper is the definition and implementation of a context- and social-aware middleware able to share context information with all the interested components improving the efficiency and performances of services and protocols in opportunistic networks. With respect to content sharing strategies that do not exploit context and social information, we have obtained up to 200% improvements in terms of hit rate (probability that users receive the content they request) and 99% reduction in resource consumption in terms of traffic generated on the network.
Integration of the photoelectrochemical cells and redox flow batteries (RFBs) is conceptualized as solar redox flow cells (SRFCs). The SRFC opens an opportunity for simultaneous electrochemical conversion and storage of solar energy in a single device. This work proposes a SRFC which integrates stable hematite (α-Fe2O3) photoanode with a near-neutral organic-inorganic RFB using organic and low-cost redox pair anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonate disodium (AQDS) on the negative side and iodide/iodine ( I − / I 2 ) redox couple on the positive side. The AQDS/iodide RFB exhibited a stable battery cycling with a cell voltage of ~0.8 V, a high coulombic efficiency of 99.2% and a peak power density of 0.22 W⋅cm−2. The hematite yielded a stable performance in contact with iodide/iodine solution with pH 5.5, despite known stability issues for pH < 7. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to elucidate the main semiconductor/electrolyte charge transfer mechanisms and rates and energy level alignment of hematite with redox pair voltages. Finally, to photocharge the AQDS/iodide SRFC unbiasedly, a tandem system was used which includes hematite photoelectrode connected in series with a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The tandem photoelectrode provided 1.6 V of photovoltage that is sufficient to fully charge the RFB.
The knowledge of nonlinear monotonic correlation between State-of-Charge (SoC) and open-circuit voltage (OCV) is necessary for an accurate battery state estimation in battery management systems. Among the main factors influencing the OCV behavior of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are aging, temperature and previous history of the battery. In order to develop an accurate OCV-based SoC estimator, it is necessary that the OCV behavior of the LIBs is sufficiently investigated and understood. In this study, the impact of the mentioned factors on OCV of LIBs at different aging states using various active materials (C/NMC, C/LFP, LTO/NMC) is investigated over a wide temperature range (from −20 °C to +45 °C) comprehensively. It is shown that temperature and aging of the battery influence the battery's relaxation behavior significantly where a linear dependence between the required relaxation time and the temperature can be assumed. Moreover, the required relaxation time increases with decreasing SoC and temperature. Furthermore, we state that for individual LIB, the OCV and the OCV hysteresis change over the battery lifetime. Based on the obtained results a simplified OCV model considering temperature correction term and aging of the battery is proposed.
Accurate diagnosis of lithium ion battery state-of-health (SOH) is of significant value for many applications, to improve performance, extend life and increase safety. However, in-situ or in-operando diagnosis of SOH often requires robust models. There are many models available however these often require expensive-to-measure ex-situ parameters and/or contain unmeasurable parameters that were fitted/assumed. In this work, we have developed a new empirically parameterised physics-informed equivalent circuit model. Its modular construction and low-cost parametrisation requirements allow end users to parameterise cells quickly and easily. The model is accurate to 19.6 mV for dynamic loads without any global fitting/optimisation, only that of the individual elements. The consequences of various degradation mechanisms are simulated, and the impact of a degraded cell on pack performance is explored, validated by comparison with experiment. Results show that an aged cell in a parallel pack does not have a noticeable effect on the available capacity of other cells in the pack. The model shows that cells perform better when electrodes are more porous towards the separator and have a uniform particle size distribution, validated by comparison with published data. The model is provided with this publication for readers to use.
Six sub-micro-crystalline alloy powders (Sn–Sb, Sn–Ag, Sb–Ag, and Sn–Sb–Ag alloys), where all constituents are able to alloy reversibly with Li and which are therefore characterized by large theoretical Li storage capacities, have been synthesized by chemical precipitation with NaBH4, and their composite electrodes have been electrochemically tested by constant current cycling and cyclic voltammetry. Sn/SnSb and SnSb showed the best performance, with stable capacities of 600 and 500mAhg−1, respectively, for more than 30 cycles. All of the materials exhibit large irreversible capacities in the first cycle, which are also often found for other metallic–intermetallic systems. Since, however, first cycle efficiencies of 89–95% can be achieved with electroplated thin Sn films, this is not an intrinsic problem of Sn or Sn-containing compounds, and it is not the trapping of Li in any of the many lithiated Sn phases that should be the main reason for the large irreversible capacities of the composite electrodes, but rather other factors, such as oxide impurities and especially contact problems in the composite electrode.
Rechargeable zinc ion battery is considered as one of the most potential energy storage devices for large-scale energy storage system due to its safety, low-cost, high capacity and nontoxicity. However, only a few cathode materials have been studied for rechargeable zinc ion batteries. Here, we firstly report manganese sesquioxide (Mn2O3) with Mn(III) state as cathode material for rechargeable zinc ion battery. The α-Mn2O3 cathode displays a reversible capacity of 148mAhg−1, which is relatively high among all the reported cathode materials for ZIB. The cathode also exhibits good rate capability and excellent cycling stability with a long cycle life up to 2000 times. The ion storage mechanism of α-Mn2O3 in zinc ion battery was also revealed. The pristine α-Mn2O3 undergoes a reversible phase transition from bixbyite structure to layered-type zinc birnessite during the electrochemical zinc ion insertion and extraction. The results not only benefit for the practical application of rechargeable zinc ion battery, but also broaden the horizons of understanding the electrochemical behavior and mechanism of rechargeable zinc ion batteries.
Developing flexible, lightweight and sustainable power sources is an important route to provide electricity for portable electronics. Here, we demonstrate a high-performance double-layer–stacked triboelectric textile (DTET) for harvesting human motion energy. Both the Ni-coated polyester conductive textile and the silicone rubber were adopted as effective triboelectric materials. A high output open-circuit voltage of 540V and a short-circuit current of 140µA can be obtained from the DTET with the size of 5 ×5cm2, corresponding to a high peak surface power density of 0.892mW/cm2 at a load resistance of 10 MΩ. The output peak signal of the DTET can be used as a trigger signal of a movement sensor to design movement monitoring equipment. With only the energy harvested from walking, running or flapping, the DTET can directly light up 100 light-emitting diodes (LEDs) connected serially, and drive portable electronics, such as competition timer, digital clock and electronic calculator, which indicate the potential and broad application prospects in biological health monitoring, outdoor exploration, troop marching and portable electronics.
Step potential electrochemical spectroscopy (SPECS) has been developed as an electrochemical method for application to electrochemical capacitors, in this case for an activated carbon electrode in 0.5M H2SO4. The method involves the application of a sequence of small potential steps over the potential window used by the electrode under study, followed by a relatively long rest time after each potential step. Modelling of the SPECS data has been used to extract the contributions made by electrical double layer charge storage and diffusional (redox) processes to the total electrode performance. Outcomes from the application of this approach highlight the dominant charge storage mechanisms at both high and low cycle rates, as well as allow differentiation of ‘capacitor-like’ or ‘battery-like’ electrode behaviour. The SPECS data has also been analysed so as to enable calculation of voltammograms at different scan rates for the electrode system. Finally, electrode performance data has also been presented and discussed.
The deterioration in air quality is a challenging problem worldwide. There is a need to raise awareness among the people and support informed decision making. Over the years, citizen science activities have been implemented for environmental monitoring and raising awareness but most of such works are contributory in nature, i.e. task design, planning and analysis are performed by professional researchers and citizens act as participants. Our objective is to demonstrate that citizen science can be used as a ‘tool’ to enhance public understanding of air pollution by engaging communities and local stakeholders. We present a co-creation based citizen science approach which incorporates the ideas of inclusion, where citizens are involved in most of the steps of the scientific process; collaboration, where the citizen scientists define research problems and methodologies, and reciprocation, where citizen scientists share their observations through storytelling. We integrate the use of interactive air quality quizzes, offline questionnaires and low-cost air quality monitoring sensors. The results show that such methods can generate insightful data which can assist in understanding people’s perception and exposure levels at a fine-grained level. It was also observed that community engagement in air quality monitoring can enhance partnerships between the community and research fraternity.
Several graphite-based electrodes are investigated for vanadium flow battery applications. These materials are characterized both as-received and after chemical or electrochemical treatments in order to vary the content of oxygen functional groups on the electrode surface. The surface properties of the samples are investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electrochemical performance is evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements in a three electrode half-cell. The chemical treatment with HNO3 causes a cleaning of the electrode surface from adsorbed oxygen species or labile bonded functional groups in highly graphitic samples. Whereas, carbonaceous materials characterized by smaller graphitic domains or a higher degree of amorphous carbon show an increase of oxygen functional groups upon chemical and electrochemical pre-treatments. In both cases, an increase of oxygen species content on the surface above 5% causes a decrease of electrochemical performance for the redox battery determined by an increase of ohmic and charge transfer resistance.
Dimensional stabilities of Si-Graphite-PVDF composite electrodes were investigated with respect to heat treatment temperature using in situ swelling measurement during cycling and direct observation of the cycled Si electrodes. In situ measurements of the electrode thickness revealed that volume expansion of Si composite electrodes using PVDF binder was suppressed by the simple annealing of the electrode at elevated temperature. Direct observations of the cycled Si composite electrodes after 50 cycles clearly showed that the adhesion of Si-graphite-PVDF composite layer to the current collector was highly dependent on the heat treatment temperature. These results showed that heat treatment of Si composite electrode with PVDF binder played an important role of enhancing the cohesion between Si and other components in the electrode as well as the adhesion of coated Si-graphite-PVDF composite layer to the current collector, thereby suppressing volume expansion of the electrode and improving the cycle performance of the Si composite electrode.
The energy output of aqueous batteries is largely limited by the narrow voltage window of their electrolytes. Now, a hydrate melt consisting of lithium salts is shown to expand such voltage windows, leading to a high-energy aqueous battery.