batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Today, many electric utilities are changing their pricing structures to address the rapidly-growing market for residential photovoltaic (PV) and electricity storage technologies. Little is known about how the new utility pricing structures will affect the adoption rates of these technologies, as well as the ability of utilities to prevent widespread grid defection. We present a system dynamics model that predicts the retail price of electricity and the adoption rates of residential solar photovoltaic and energy storage systems. Simulations are run from the present day to the year 2050 using three different utility business models: net metering, wholesale compensation, and demand charge. Validation results, initialized with historical data for three different cities, agree well with expert forecasts for the retail price of electricity. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to investigate the likelihood of a “utility death spiral”, which is a catastrophic loss of business due to widespread grid-defection. Results indicate that a utility death spiral requires a perfect storm of high intrinsic adoption rates, rising utility costs, and favorable customer financials. Interestingly, the model indicates that pricing structures that reduce distributed generation compensation support grid defection, whereas pricing structures that reward distributed generation (such as net metering) also reduce grid defection and the risk of a death spiral.
Silicon suboxide is currently considered as a unique candidate for lithium ion batteries anode materials due to its considerable capacity. However, no adequate information exists about the role of oxygen content on its performance. To this aim, we used density functional theory to create silicon suboxide matrices of various Si:O ratios and investigated the role of oxygen content on the structural, dynamic, electronic properties and lithiation behavior of the matrices. Our study demonstrates that the O atoms interact strongly with the inserted Li atoms resulting in a disintegration of the host matrix. We found that higher concentration of oxygen atoms in the mixture reduces its relative expansion upon lithiation, which is a desirable quality for anode materials. It helps in preventing crack formation and pulverization due to large fluctuations in volume. Our study also demonstrates that a higher oxygen content increases the lithium storage capacity of the anode. However, it can also cause the formation of stable complexes like lithium silicates that might result into reversible capacity loss as indicated by the voltage–composition curves. The study provides valuable insights into the role of oxygen in moderating the interaction of lithium in silicon suboxide mixture in microscopic details.
A new class of polymer electrolytes (PEs) based on an electrospun polymer membrane incorporating a room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) has been prepared and evaluated for suitability in lithium cells. The electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) P(VdF-HFP) membrane is activated with a 0.5M solution of LiTFSI in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (BMITFSI) or a 0.5M solution of LiBF4 in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIBF4). The resulting PEs have an ionic conductivity of 2.3×10−3 Scm−1 at 25°C and anodic stability at >4.5V versus Li+/Li, making them suitable for practical applications in lithium cells. A Li/LiFePO4 cell with a PE based on BMITFSI delivers high discharge capacities when evaluated at 25°C at the 0.1C rate (149mAhg−1) and the 0.5C rate (132mAhg−1). A very stable cycle performance is also exhibited at these low current densities. The properties decrease at the higher, 1C rate, when operated at 25°C. Nevertheless, improved properties are obtained at a moderately elevated temperature of operation, i.e. 40°C. This is attributed to enhanced conductivity of the electrolyte and faster reaction kinetics at higher temperatures. At 40°C, a reversible capacity of 140mAhg−1 is obtained at the 1C rate.
Subsurface defects and local compositional changes that occurred in graphite anodes subjected to cyclic voltammetry tests (vs. Li/Li+, using an electrolyte consisting of 1M LiClO4 in a 1:1 volumetric mixture of ethylene carbonate and 1,2-dimethoxy ethane) were investigated using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Cross-sections of anodes prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) milling indicated that graphite layers adjacent to solid electrolyte (SEI)/graphite interface exhibited partial delamination due to the formation of interlayer cracks. The SEI layer formed on the graphite surface consisted of Li2CO3 that was identified by {110} and {002} crystallographic planes. Lithium compounds, LiC6, Li2CO3 and Li2O, were observed on the surfaces of separated graphite layers. Deposition of these co-intercalation compounds near the crack tip caused partial closure of propagating graphite cracks during electrochemical cycling, and possibly reduced the crack growth rate. Graphite fibres that were observed to bridge crack faces likely provided an additional mechanism for the retardation of crack propagation.
Fluorine compounds have high discharge voltage due to its highly ionic metal-ligand bonds. In them, perovskite-type metal trifluorides with corner sharing matrix have large bottlenecks of diffusion pathways for intercalants. Iron trifluoride composites (FeF3-C) prepared by planetary ball milling with carbon showed reversible charge/discharge behavior not only for Li, but also for Na anodes. X-ray diffraction and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy were applied to characterize the electrochemical properties of FeF3 vs. Li and Na anodes. The cathode performances of the other commercially available transition metal trifluorides such as MF3 (M=Ti, V, Mn, Co) have been also investigated.
We report on a novel design of a piezoelectric nanogenerator that is monolithically integrated onto an elastic spring by growing ZnO nanowire arrays on the surface of the spring. Under a cyclic compressive force applied to the spring, the nanogenerator produced a stable AC output voltage and current, which are linearly responding to the applied weight on the spring. By conjunction of the experimental data with finite element simulation, we show that the output open-circuit voltage of the nanogenerator can serve as an active sensor for a self-powered weight measurement system. By active sensor we mean that the sensor automatically gives an electric output signal without applying an external power source, which can be used to directly quantify the mechanical triggering applied onto the nanogenerator.
Internal modified-mesoporous SiO2 using ionic liquid (IL-MPSi) as one of the additives has been prepared and added to the poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based solid electrolytes for improving the ionic conductivity. In this study, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMImBF4) has been used as an ionic liquid. The conductivity was significantly improved by the addition of IL-MPSi, to be more than 10−5 Scm−1 at room temperature and at the filler contents of 15wt.%, in the solid state. From the combination of dc polarization and ac impedance measurement for lithium cells, it was revealed that the addition of IL-MPSi increased the Li+ transference number (t +), because the EMImBF4 used in this study possesses higher t + (approximately 0.5) than the PEO-salt simple mixture. This means that the MPSi domains can act as “bypass” for transport of carrier ions to the PEO matrix through the inside IL phase.
Background Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is the most frequent and clinically important form of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. CAN is associated with increased frequency of other microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study, we evaluated the prevalence diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and peripheral neuropathy, and measured gastric emptying time and bladder emptying time in type 2 diabetic patients with varying degrees of CAN. Patients and Methods Fifty-three patients with DM complicated by CAN (30 women and 23 men; mean age, 58.8±9.15 years; duration of diabetes, 13.9±7.7 years) were included in this study. The patients were grouped according to the degree of CAN as early, definite, and severe CAN. Results There were significant differences regarding the prevalence of nephropathy, retinopathy, and peripheral neuropathy diagnosed by EMG among those groups (P<.05). However, there was no significant difference regarding the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy diagnosed by neurological examination (P>.05), and scintigraphic measurements of gastric and bladder emptying time were comparable among the groups (P>.05). Conclusion The prevalence of other diabetic microvascular complications increase as the severity of CAN increases in patients with type 2 DM. This study emphasizes the need for an early screening for peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients with CAN, especially with severe involvement.
A series of cobalt-carbon nanotube (CNT) composites is synthesized by direct ball-milling of Co and CNT powders with different Co/CNT weight ratios. The microstructure, morphology and chemical state of the ball-milled Co-CNT composites are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is found that metallic Co nanoparticles of 50–100nm in size are highly dispersed on the inactive CNT matrix after ball-milling. The electrochemical performance of Co-CNT composites as negative electrode material of alkaline rechargeable batteries is investigated by galvanostatic charge–discharge, linear polarization and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. The results show that the Co-CNT composite (weight ratio 5/1, BM 10h) displays the optimized electrochemical performance, including discharge capacity and cycle stability. The reversible faradaic reaction between Co and Co(OH)2 is dominant for ball-milled Co-CNT composites.
Community-based programs for assessing and mitigating environmental risks represent a challenge to participants because each brings a different level of understanding of the issues affecting the community. These programs often require the collaboration of several community sectors, such as community leaders, local governments and researchers. Once the primary concerns, community vulnerabilities and assets are identified, participants plan on how to address immediate actions, rank known risks, collect information to support decision making, set priorities and determine an evaluation process to assess the success of the actions taken. The evaluation process allows the community to develop new action plans based on the results obtained from earlier actions. Tracking the success of the community actions may be as simple as a visual/tangible result (e.g., cleaning a park) or as complex as the collection of specific measurements to track the reduction of toxic pollutants or to determine the presence of a specific contaminant. Recognizing that communities may need to perform measurements to meet their goals, this paper provides an overview of the available measurement methods for several chemicals and biologicals in relevant environmental samples to a community setting. The measurement methods are organized into several categories according to their level of complexity, estimated cost and sources. Community project technical advisors are encouraged to examine the objective(s) of the community to be addressed by a measurement collection effort and the level of confidence that needed for the data to make appropriate decisions. The tables provide a starting point for determining which measurement method may be appropriate for specific community needs.
TCP suffers dramatically when implemented within wireless multi-hop ad-hoc networks due to its specific characteristics (e.g. mobility and being battery dependant). Being battery operated, ad-hoc network nodes have to be energy conservative. Many researches investigated the performance of TCP in terms of throughput and/or energy consumption. Energy consumption studies, however, were only partial. This paper introduces complete, detailed measurements of TCP’s energy consumption resulting from both communication and computational energy costs. Our measurements are realized using a hybrid approach, combining simulations and realistic test-bed configuration. Our study is conducted taking into account different TCP variants facing various data loss situations within the network. The obtained results show the impact of TCP’s congestion control algorithm on TCP’s energy cost.
Wireless, battery-powered camera networks are becoming of increasing interest for surveillance and monitoring applications. The computational power of these platforms is often limited in order to reduce energy consumption. In addition, many embedded processors do not have floating point support in hardware. Among the visual tasks that a visual sensor node may be required to perform, motion analysis is one of the most basic and relevant. Events of interest are usually characterized by the presence of moving objects or persons. Knowledge of the direction of motion and velocity of a moving body may be used to take actions such as sending an alarm or triggering other camera nodes in the network. We present a fast algorithm for identifying moving areas in an image. The algorithm is efficient and amenable to implementation in fixed point arithmetic. Once the moving blobs in an image have been precisely localized, the average velocity vector can be computed using a small number of floating point operations. Our procedure starts by determining an initial labeling of image blocks based on local differential analysis. Then, belief propagation is used to impose spatial coherence and to resolve aperture effect inherent in texture less areas. A detailed analysis of the computational cost of the algorithm and of the provisions that must be taken in order to avoid overflow with 32-bit words is included.
Electropolymerizations (EPs) of thiophene (Th), 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and the mixed monomers of Th and EDOT in 0.05M Et4NClO4/propylene carbonate (PC) solution were performed to prepare polymer films as potential cathode materials in lithium ion battery. The incorporation of EDOT units into pure polythiophene (PTh) chain leads to large alternations on the experimental conditions of EPs and the properties of the resulting polymer films. Onset potential of the EPs was reduced with the participation of EDOT component. The resulting polymers, PTh, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and poly(thiophene-co-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PTh–EDOT) were then served as cathode materials to test their capabilities to transport lithium ion in 1.0M LiPF6/ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate solution. With the inherent EDOT unit, PEDOT and PTh–EDOT have better charge capacity, stability and response rate than pure PTh. Among the copolymers, PTh–EDOT (1/1) even shows better stability than pure PEDOT homopolymer, advantage of using EDOT as copolymer component is thus evaluated.
Ab initio electronic-structure calculations are performed using density functional theory (DFT) with polarized basis set (LanL2DZ and 6-311G++) within the spin polarized generalized gradient approximation for lithium intercalated graphite. Initially different benzene-Li+ model clusters are optimized on the basis of their total energy at room temperature. These model clusters are used to calculate the optimized structure of lithium intercalated graphite clusters. The resultant optimized structures are used to calculate dipole moment, ionization potential (IP), electron affinity (EA), binding energy (BE) and vibrational spectra (IR and Raman). For an idea of the band gap of the clusters in the ground state, the HOMO-LUMO gap (ΔEg) has been calculated. To compare the electron transfer ability of different clusters, chemical potential (μ), hardness (η) and their ratio
As a key component of flow batteries, the flow field is to distribute electrolytes and to apply/collect electric current to/from cells. The critical issue of the flow field design is how to minimize the mass transport polarization at a minimum pressure drop. In this work a three-dimensional numerical model is proposed and applied to the study of flow field designs for a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The performance of three VRFBs with no flow field and with serpentine and parallel flow fields is numerically tested. Results show that when a flow field is included a reduction in overpotentials depends not only on whether a flow field can ensure a more even distribution of electrolytes over the electrode surface, but also on whether the flow field can facilitate the transport of electrolytes from the flow field towards the membrane, improving the distribution uniformity in the through-plane direction. It is also shown that the pumping power varies with the selection of flow fields at a given flow rate. To assess the suitability of flow fields, a power-based efficiency, which takes account of both the cell performance and pumping power, is defined and calculated for different flow fields at different electrolyte flow rates. Results indicate that there is an optimal flow rate for each type of flow field at which the maximum efficiency can be achieved. As the cell with the serpentine flow field at the optimal flow rate shows the highest energy-based efficiency and round-trip efficiency (RTE), this type of flow field appears to be more suitable for VRFBs than the parallel flow field does.
It is difficult to model the behavior of the battery pack accurately due to the electrochemical characteristics variations among cells of a battery pack. As a result, accurate state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) estimation for the battery pack is a case provocation. The estimation process poses more challenges after substantial battery aging. This paper tries to estimate the SOC of a Li-ion battery pack for an electrical vehicle using improved extended Kalman filter (IEKF) which benefits from considering aging phenomenon in the electrical model of cells. In order to assemble a battery pack, we find cells with similar electrochemical characteristics. Model adaptive algorithm is applied on the corresponding cells of a string to minimize cell-to-cell variation's effect. During the operation, the values of electrical model of each cell are updated by the same algorithm to compensate aging effects on SOC estimation error. The mean value of updated cell's model is used for a single unit cell model of the pack used at IEKF to achieve more accurate SOC estimation. The algorithm's fast response and low computational burden, makes on-board estimation practical. The experimental results reveal that the proposed approach's SOC and voltage estimation errors do not exceed 1.5%.
Flow batteries with vanadium and iron redox couples as the electroactive species are employed to investigate the transport behavior of vanadium ions in the presence of an electric field. It is shown that the electric field accelerated the positive-to-negative and reduced the negative-to-positive transport of vanadium ions in the charging process and affected the vanadium ion transport in the opposite way during discharge. In addition, a method is designed to differentiate the concentration-gradient-driven vanadium ion diffusion and electric-field-driven vanadium ion migration. A simplified mathematical model is established to simulate the vanadium ion transport in real charge–discharge operation of the flow battery. The concentration gradient diffusion coefficients and electric-migration coefficients of V2+, V3+, VO2+, and VO2 + across a NAFION® membrane are obtained by fitting the experimental data.
We present first-principles energy calculations and a cluster expansion model of the ionic ordering in LixNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1), one of the proposed high-energy density next-generation Li-ion cathode materials. The developed model predicts an intricate relationship between the preferred Li-vacancy ordering and the Ni/Mn configuration, which explains the difference in intermediate ground states between ordered (P4332) and disordered (Fdm) Ni/Mn configuration. The phase sequence as a function of lithiation as well as the voltage profile are well matched with experimental results. Understanding of the inherent chemical interactions and their impact on the performance of an energy storage material is essential when designing and optimizing Li-ion electrode materials.
Energy recovery systems (ERSs) for internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) are reviewed in the context of fuel efficiency improvement and retrofit capabilities. The paper presents technical knowledge on the potential benefits that retrofitted ERSs may achieve in carbon emissions reduction. A first distinction of ERSs is made between the sources of the energy and further sub-divided on the technique to harvest and store the energy. A critical evaluation is performed on the associated characteristics such as weight, size and cost. Finally, the paper summarizes the ERSs technologies under a number of common criteria, and finds out, that the most effective ERSs in terms of fuel efficiency are the ones more difficult to retrofit. Further research is suggested to investigate the trade-off between fuel consumption reduction and investment cost of the system.
The current research tried to investigate the differences in the strategies and Coping Reactions in relation to the Control Source among individuals.In this correlational research, 70 Epilepsy Patients were selected randomly and invited by the East Azerbaijan Epilepsy Association to the central building. Then the Router s’ Control Source test and Billing and Mousse s’ Coping Reaction questionnaire were distributed among them.A significant relationship was found between the Control Source and each of the Coping Reaction s’ different variables (cognitive, inhibitory and behavioral) among the Epilepsy Patients (p<0.05). Moreover, the Control Source can significantly predict each of these three Coping Reactions.The results of this study confirm the hypotheses that claim the existence of a relationship between the psychological variables(Control Source)and Coping strategy. Moreover, these results can be beneficial to those researchers that are trying to find some patterns based on the prevention and treatment of behavioral and psychological disorders.
The C957T polymorphism in the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene and the Val158Met polymorphism in the Catechol-O-Methyl-Transferase (COMT) gene affect dopamine transmission and have been found to be associated with schizophrenia. Since DRD2 in mice and the COMT gene in humans modulate working memory, we examined the relationship and possible interaction of both polymorphisms to working memory performance in 188 healthy adults. Subjects having the DRD2 C/C allele showed the poorest performance in a word serial position test. Moreover, the effect of the C957T genotype was strengthened when interaction with the COMT Val158Met polymorphism was included in the analysis. We propose that an interaction of the DRD2 C957T and COMT Val158Met may be involved in the generation of some working memory deficits in schizophrenia.