batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Monodispersed mesoporous lithium titanate was synthesized by combining sol–gel and solvothermal process. The role of solvothermally treating amorphous TiO2 precursors could produce mesoporous anatase beads with the incorporation of Li2O. Calcination helps the diffusion between TiO2 and Li2O, leading to mesoporous lithium titanate. The crystalline structure and morphological observation of the as-synthesized mesoporous Li4Ti5O12 were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The mesoporous structure could be directly observed through the N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm. It was demonstrated that the electrochemical performance was significantly improved by the mesoporous structure. The mesoporous lithium titanate exhibited a stable capacity of 160mAhg−1 at 0.5C. Besides, the reversible capacity at 5C remained over half of that at 0.5C. The superior C-rate performance should be associated with the mesoporous structure, facilitating lithium transportation ability during cycling.
This paper reports a facile approach to prepare FePO4 microspheres with carbon nanotube embedded (FePO4/CNT) by a hydrothermal process, from which LiFePO4/CNT microspheres were further obtained by chemical lithiation. The preparation procedure is simple, well reproducible, and easy to be scaled up. In addition to the desirable spherical morphology that leads to high tap density, these microspheres contain uniform and well-connected CNT networks, which remarkably enhances their electronic conductivity. Meanwhile, these materials develop a large amount of nanopores during the synthesis, giving rise to both large surface area and good electrolyte infiltration. The LiFePO4/CNT material displays both excellent volumetric Li storage properties at high current rates (>155mAhcm−3 at 5C), and stable charge/discharge cyclability (>90% capacity retention after 1000 charge/discharge cycles). The LiFePO4/CNT microspheres are rather promising for high-power lithium ion batteries, and such an approach can be extended to prepare other high-performance electrode materials.
A novel electrode material, modified activated carbon aerogel, produced by grafting a vinyltrimethoxysilane (vtmos) functional group on the surface of activated carbon aerogel (ACA), has been developed for high-energy storage in electric double layer capacitor (EDLC). Surface modification with surfactant vtmos enhances the hydrophobicity of ACA and its affinity to propylene carbonate (PC) solvent, which improves the wettability of ACA in a PC-based electrolyte solution, resulting in not only a lower resistance to the transport of electrolyte ions within ACA micropores but also more accessible surface area for the formation of an electric double layer, and accordingly, higher specific capacitance and energy density.
A core/shell structure of polypyrrole (PPy) and multi walled carbon tube (MWCNT) composite is proposed. The PPy is introduced to the surface of MWCNT by an in situ polymerization of pyrrole with FeCl3 as the oxidizing agent. The structures of the PPy–MWCNT composites are analyzed by Raman spectra. The surface area of the PPy–MWCNT composite increases with the increase of the PPy content in the composite. Adversely, the conductivity of the S/PPy–MWCNT decreases. The MWCNT provides the high electronic conductive network. Meanwhile, the PPy with high surface area ensures an uniform dispersion of the sulfur. As a result, S/PPy–MWCNT with 25wt.% PPy shows the discharge capacity of 725.8mAhg−1 after 100cycles.
In this work, the triphenylamine derivatives with the different electron donating/with-drawing groups, such as 4-(diphenylamino)benzonitrile (TPA-CN), 4-methyltriphenylamine (TPA-CH3) and 4-methoxytriphenylamine (TPA-OCH3) were successfully synthesized, and the corresponding polymers were then prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization. The chemical structure, morphology and charge-discharge performance of the prepared polymers as the cathodes were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cycling voltammograms (CV) and galvanostatic charge-diacharge testing, respectively. The results showed that the different electronic effect groups affected obviously the redox potential of polytriphenylamine, in which the electron with-drawing group improved the potential plateaus of the polytriphenylamine, while the electron donating groups generally led to the opposite results. And specially, the introduction of CN group as the electron with-drawing group into polytriphenyamine obviously improved the potential plateaus of the lithium ion battery from 3.6V of PTPAn to 3.8V of PTPA-CN. The explored work would provide a valuable reference for preparing the organic cathode materials with the high redox potential by the molecular design method.
Publisher Summary This chapter reveals that the backup electrical power and power-line conditions are an essential consideration in any video security system. Uninterrupted power supply (UPS) equipment is available and is used for all strategic video security and safety equipment. The proper power line filtering and conditioning saves time and money and increases security. There is a choice of alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) power in the form of power line, power converters, batteries, and solar panels for powering all equipment necessary for any video security application. Distribution and ground loop problems should not be attacked with “black magic” fixes because these solutions tend to be temporary and often create other chronic problems. A thoughtful examination of each demanding element in the system and its effect on the overall distribution network is far more valuable than a dozen quick fixes. Improper grounding and shielding of power and signal lines are major causes of noise interference in sensitive electronic equipment.
Publisher Summary Protection of the environment from pollution caused by wastes is a matter of increasing concern. It can be a technically complex exercise because the variety of waste is extremely wide. The volumes may be large, and the levels permissible for release may be very low. Waste treatment prior to disposal may introduce phase changes, which result in quite different pollution control considerations. The two different, but related, considerations in waste disposal are hazard control and loss prevention in the treatment and disposal operations, and the control of environmental hazards. The measures necessary with solid wastes may differ, particularly if they are heterogeneous in nature and disposed of on land.
The long-standing issue of Li-dendrite formation and growth during repeated plating or stripping processes prevents the practical application of Li-metal anodes for high-specific-energy batteries. Here we develop an approach to control dendrite growth by coating the separator with functionalized nanocarbon (FNC) with immobilized Li ions. During cycling, the Li dendrites grow toward each other simultaneously from both the FNC layer on the separator and the Li-metal anode; when the dendrites meet, the growth changes direction: rather than penetrating the separator, a dense Li layer is formed between the separator and the Li anode. This controlled growth alleviates the solid electrolyte interphase formation, reduces the decomposition of the electrolyte, and improves the cyclability of the Li-metal cell. In a Li/LiFePO4 coin cell with three different electrolytes, we show that this approach enables a long stable cycle life (>800 cycles with 80% retention of the initial capacity) and improved efficiency (>97%). Our method offers promise for application in practical Li-metal batteries, and it may also be useful for tackling dendrite issues for other metals.
The global demand for energy is currently growing beyond the limits of installable generation capacity. To meet future energy demands efficiently, energy security and reliability must be improved and alternative energy sources must be investigated aggressively. An effective energy solution should be able to address long-term issues by utilizing alternative and renewable energy sources. Of the many available renewable sources of energy, solar energy is clearly a promising option as it is extensively available. Solar power, especially as it reaches more competitive levels with other energy sources in terms of cost, may serve to sustain the lives of millions of underprivileged people in developing countries. Furthermore, solar energy devices can benefit the environment and economy of developing countries. This paper illustrates the need for the utilization of alternative energy sources, evaluates the global scenario of installed generation systems, reviews technologies underlying various solar powered devices, and discusses several applications and challenges in this area. In addition, this paper addresses the costs of deployment, maintenance, and operation, as well as economic policies that promote installation of solar energy systems.
While cognitive impairments are prevalent in first-episode psychosis, the course of these deficits is not fully understood. Most deficits appear to remain stable, however there is uncertainty regarding the trajectory of specific cognitive domains after illness onset. This study investigates the longitudinal course of cognitive deficits four years after a first-episode of psychosis and the relationship of performance with clinical course and response to treatment. Twenty three individuals with psychotic illness, matched with 21 healthy volunteers, were assessed using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery at illness onset and 4years later. We also investigated the relationship between cognitive deficits and quality of life and clinical indices. Verbal learning and two measures of processing speed had marked poorer trajectory over four years compared to the remaining cognitive domains. Processing speed performance was found to contribute to the cognitive deficits in psychosis. Poorer clinical outcome was associated with greater deficits at illness onset in reasoning and problem solving and social cognition. Cognitive deficits did not predict quality of life at follow-up, nor did diagnosis subtype differentiate cognitive performance. In conclusion, an initial psychotic episode may be associated with an additional cost on verbal learning and two measures of processing speed over a time spanning at least four years. Moreover, processing speed, which has been manipulated through intervention in previous studies, may represent a viable therapeutic target. Finally, cognition at illness onset may have a predictive capability of illness course.
Abstracts The tourist sectors in South China Sea, Malaysia (SCSM) completely depend on diesel generators for 24h power supply. The emissions from diesel based power plants are environmentally risky for tourist spots. In this research article, a multi-optimal combination of stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) for a large resort center located in SCSM has been proposed with detailed operational performance analysis. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software is used for economic and technical analysis of the system. The estimated peak and average load per day for the resort are 1185kW and 13,048kW respectively. The best optimized stand-alone hybrid energy system comprises of PV, wind, diesel generator, converter and battery. The optimized system resulted in net present cost (NPC) of $17.15 million, cost of energy (COE) of $0.279/kWh, renewable fraction (RF) of 41.6%, and CO2 of 2,571,131kg/year. Whereas, the diesel only system takes NPC of $21.09 million, COE of $0.343/kWh and CO2 of 5,432,244kg/year. The diesel only system has higher NPC, COE and CO2 emission than optimized HRES. The designed and analyzed HRES model might be applicable to any tourist locations and decentralized places in SCSM and around the world having similar climate conditions.
The electrochemical reduction of oxygen on various catalysts was studied using the thin-layer rotating disk electrode (RDE) method. High-surface-area carbon was modified with an anthraquinone derivative and gold nanoparticles. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and cationic polyelectrolyte (FAA) were used as binders in the preparation of thin-film electrodes. Our primary goal was to find a good electrocatalyst for the two-electron reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. All electrochemical measurements were carried out in 0.1M KOH. Cyclic voltammetry was used in order to characterise the surface processes of the modified electrodes in O2-free electrolyte. The RDE results revealed that the carbon-supported gold nanoparticles are active catalysts for the four-electron reduction of oxygen in alkaline solution. Anthraquinone-modified high-area carbon catalyses the two-electron reduction at low overpotentials, which is advantageous for hydrogen peroxide production. In addition, the polymer electrolyte fuel cell technology was used for the generation of hydrogen peroxide. The cell was equipped with a bipolar membrane which consisted of commercial Nafion 117 as a cation-exchange layer and FT-FAA as an anion-exchange layer. The bipolar membranes were prepared by a hot pressing method. Use of the FAA ionomer as a binder for the anthraquinone-modified carbon catalyst resulted in production of hydrogen peroxide.
1 M LiPF6 dissolved in oligo(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether with a molecular weight 500 g mol−1 was investigated as a new electrolyte (OEGDME500, 1 M LiPF6) for metal deposition and battery applications. At 25 °C a conductivity of 0.48 × 10−3 S cm−1 was obtained and at 85 °C, 3.78 × 10−3 S cm−1. The apparent activation barrier for ionic transport was evaluated to be 30.7 kJ mol−1. OEGDME500, 1 M LiPF6 allows operating temperature above 100 °C with very attractive conductivity. The electrolyte shows excellent performance at negative and positive potentials. With this investigation, we report experimental results obtained with aluminum electrodes using this electrolyte. At low current densities lithium ion reduction and re-oxidation can be achieved on aluminum electrodes at potentials about 280 mV more positive than on lithium electrodes. In situ X-ray diffraction measurements collected during electrochemical lithium deposition on aluminum electrodes show that the shift to positive potentials is due to the negative Gibbs free energy change of the Li–Al alloy formation reaction.
High quality freestanding polyselenophene (PSe) films with conductivity as high as 2.8×10−1 Scm−1 were electrochemically deposited on stainless steel electrode from distilled boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE) containing 20mmoll−1 selenophene. As-formed polymer films were homogenous and flexible, and could be easily cut into various desired shapes. Meanwhile, PSe films prepared in this medium showed good redox activity and high thermal stability in comparison with polythiophene and its derivative, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case for the preparation of PSe films with high quality.
The redox flow battery (RFB) is one of the most promising large-scale energy storage technologies that offer a potential solution to the intermittency of renewable sources such as wind and solar. The prerequisite for widespread utilization of RFBs is low capital cost. In this work, an iron-cadmium redox flow battery (Fe/Cd RFB) with a premixed iron and cadmium solution is developed and tested. It is demonstrated that the coulombic efficiency and energy efficiency of the Fe/Cd RFB reach 98.7% and 80.2% at 120 mA cm−2, respectively. The Fe/Cd RFB exhibits stable efficiencies with capacity retention of 99.87% per cycle during the cycle test. Moreover, the Fe/Cd RFB is estimated to have a low capital cost of $108 kWh−1 for 8-h energy storage. Intrinsically low-cost active materials, high cell performance and excellent capacity retention equip the Fe/Cd RFB to be a promising solution for large-scale energy storage systems.
Nano-sized SnSb:Fe, SnSb:Co and SnSb:Ni intermetallic alloys were synthesized from metal chlorides via reductive co-precipitation method using NaBH4 as reducing agent to improve the electrochemical performance of lithium ion batteries. Phase composition and particle morphology of the compounds were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermal properties of the compounds were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The electrochemical performance of the alloys has been evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic cycling (GC) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Among all, SnSb:Co alloy exhibits high specific capacity retention of 580mAhg−1 with high coulombic efficiency of 98%, at a current density of 60mAg−1 in the potential range, 0.005–1.5V. An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies was carried at various charge-discharge voltages and its fitted resistance and capacitance values are discussed.
Cathode materials with low-cost, environment-friendly, high energy density are critical for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Here, the effects of Fe doping on the structure of LiMnPO4 (LMP) are investigated by neutron powder diffraction (NPD). The prepared LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4/carbon (LMFP/C) shows a higher specific capacity of 90 mAh g-1 at a current density of 1 C, which is about 5 times of that of LiMnPO4/C. It also shows excellent cycling performance for 1000 cycles. The improved electrochemical performance is ascribed to the higher octahedral distortion of (Mn, Fe)O6 and an easiness for Li diffusion due to much less anisotropic ellipsoids for Li in LMFP. We further fabricated a flexible LIB with LMFP/C cathode and an in-situ polymerized electrolyte, which exhibits excellent flexibility and cyclability. The cell shows no obvious performance degradation after bending for 300 times. Moreover, a flexible triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) was coupled with the flexible cell to form a wearable self-charging power pack. The TENG can harvest mechanical energy and convert it into electrical form, charge the battery to supply energy for a flexible electrochromic membrane. The open circuit voltage (V OC) of the flexible LIB increases from 3.32 V to 3.51 V in about 20 min through daily human motion.
This research assesses the potential of a preemptive battery replacement strategy designed to curtail the escalation of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) operating costs when approaching terminal degradation conditions. These long-term repercussions materialize whilst an optimal plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) active component degradation management process is applied over an extended length of time. The proposed methodology leverages a lithium-ion battery pack, a hydrogen-fueled polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and plug-in grid recharge capabilities to achieve an economically-optimal Markov chain-generated 100-mile extended autonomy scenario during the entirety of a PHEV's useful lifecycle. Proposed results demonstrate the long-term transitional response of the optimal process when burdened with decreasing component performance. A marked shift between battery and fuel energy priority is observed during late stages of component degradation. This delayed evolution suggests the feasibility of a preemptive component replacement strategy whose potential is analyzed according to performance and economic metrics.
This paper studies the impact of China’s new energy policies on expected changes and volatility in new energy stock prices. Considering different kinds of policies (energy legislation, binding targets for new energies, economic incentives and technological research and development) and several new energy indexes (China’s new energy sector and the solar, wind, nuclear and lithium battery subsectors), we used a regression model with a GARCH specification and dummy variables to differentiate policy pre- and post-announcement effects on expected returns and volatility. Our evidence indicates that pre- and post-announcement energy legislation policies dampened price volatility in all subsector indexes and that economic incentives had a positive policy announcement effect on all subsector index prices. Other new energy policies had no significant impact on either the mean or the volatility of the new energy assets. The potential implications for policy makers and investors are discussed.
The International Society of Electrochemistry offers a number of awards; further details are available on the ISE website: http://www.ise-online.org/awards/. All award winners will be announced at the Annual Meeting following the nomination/application deadline which is provided on the web site of the Society.The Electrochimica Acta Gold Medal may be awarded every two years to the person judged to have made the most significant contribution to electrochemistry in recent years.Next award: 2010.Nominations: from 01February to 01 May, 2010Chair of the Award Committee: Sergio Trasatti.
Tin dioxide- and antimony-doped tin dioxide thin films were prepared by using a sol–gel technique. Films are homogeneous in composition and morphology and show a remarkable decrease in the grain size (a few nanometers) and resistivity with doped antimony. Films were tested as potential anodes in lithium-ion batteries. The best electrochemical performance was obtained from the Li/“5% Sb”SnO2, which provides more than 250mAh/g during 75 cycles, meanwhile the Li/SnO2 cell capacity fades after a few cycles. Good electrochemical behavior of the doped systems by rapport to the non-doped ones are discussed in terms of their mechanical and electronic properties.
The discharge capacity and storage characteristics of Ag/LiCoO2 and Cu/LiCoO2 cells are studied. The discharge capacity of the Ag/LiCoO2 cell is better than that of the Cu/LiCoO2 cell. The Ag/LiCoO2 cell gives a maximum discharge capacity of 190mAhg−1. The structure of lithium cobalt oxide changes from trigonal to monoclinic (a=4.61Å, b=2.81Å, c=4.80Å, β=122.6°) system as the content of lithium is decreased. The Ag/LiCoO2 cell shows good storage properties, there is little decrease in discharge capacity after 7 days at room temperature.
Six new dimethyl N-arylamino(2-pyrrolyl)methylphosphonates 2a–f were synthesized by the modified aza-Pudovik reaction. Their ecotoxicological impact using battery of bioassay was assessed using Microtox and Ostracodtoxit tests as well as phytotoxicity towards two plants, dicotyledonous radish (Raphanus sativus) and monocotyledonous oat (Avena sativa) following the OECD 208 Guideline. Ecotoxicological properties of compounds 2a–f in aspect of acute and chronic toxicity were evaluated using Heterocypris incongruens and Aliivibrio fisheri tests. The obtained results showed that tested aminophosphonates 2a–f have moderate-to-high phyto- and ecotoxicological impact. They are toxic for both plants but more toxic against dicotyledonous. The investigated compounds showed important ecotoxicity against Heterocypris incongruens crustaceans and Aliivibrio fisheri bacteria. It was found that the substituents of the phenyl ring plays a key role in the degree of toxicity. Results showed that investigated compounds are ecologically toxic and that any of their application should be implemented with care.
Handball is a physical contact sport that includes frequent overhead throwing, and this combination leads to a high rate of shoulder injuries. Several factors have been associated with shoulder injuries in overhead athletes, but strong scientific evidence is lacking for most suggested risk factors. We therefore designed the Karolinska Handball Study (KHAST) with the aim to identify risk factors for shoulder injuries in adolescent male and female elite handball players studying at handball-profiled secondary schools in Sweden. Secondary objectives are to investigate whether shoulder function changes during the competition season and whether the physical profile of the players changes during their time in secondary school.