batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The power battery thermal management problem in EV (electric vehicle) and HEV (hybrid electric vehicle) has been widely discussed, and EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) is an effective experimental method to test and estimate the status of the battery. Firstly, an electrochemical-based impedance matrix analysis for lithium-ion battery is developed to describe the impedance response of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Then a method, based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement, has been proposed to estimate the internal temperature of power lithium-ion battery by analyzing the phase shift and magnitude of impedance at different ambient temperatures. Respectively, the SoC (state of charge) and temperature have different effects on the impedance characteristics of battery at various frequency ranges in the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experimental study. Also the impedance spectrum affected by SoH (state of health) is discussed in the paper preliminary. Therefore, the excitation frequency selected to estimate the inner temperature is in the frequency range which is significantly influenced by temperature without the SoC and SoH. The intrinsic relationship between the phase shift and temperature is established under the chosen excitation frequency. And the magnitude of impedance related to temperature is studied in the paper. In practical applications, through obtaining the phase shift and magnitude of impedance, the inner temperature estimation could be achieved. Then the verification experiments are conduced to validate the estimate method. Finally, an estimate strategy and an on-line estimation system implementation scheme utilizing battery management system are presented to describe the engineering value.
The green sources of energy are being encouraged to reduce the environmental pollution and combat the global warming of the planet. A target of 12% usage of wind energy only has been agreed by the UNO country members to achieve by 2020. So, the power of the wind is being used to generate electricity both as grid connected and isolated wind-diesel hybrid power plants. This paper performed a pre-feasibility of wind penetration into an existing diesel plant of a village in north eastern part of Saudi Arabia. For simulation purpose, wind speed data from a near by airport and the load data from the village have been used. The hybrid system design tool HOMER has been used to perform the feasibility study. In the present scenario, for wind speed less than 6.0m/s the, the existing diesel power plant is the only feasible solution over the range of fuel prices used in the simulation. The wind diesel hybrid system becomes feasible at a wind speed of 6.0m/s or more and a fuel price of 0.1$/L or more. If the carbon tax is taken into consideration and subsidy is abolished then it is expected that the hybrid system become feasible. The maximum annual capacity shortage did not have any effect on the cost of energy which may be accounted for larger sizes of wind machines and diesel generators. It is recommended that the wind data must be collected at the village at three different heights using a wind mast of 40m for a minimum of one complete year and then the hybrid system must be re-designed.
Multifunctional composites with load carrying and electrical energy storage capability are relevant for diverse applications. Due to often conflicting requirements for improving both functions, extended knowledge of mechanical material properties is crucial. This study analyzes the mechanical properties of a solid polymer electrolyte material for structural battery applications by means of reactive molecular dynamics simulations. Specifically, conditions for improving load carrying capacity are considered. With the aim of determining optimum salt concentration for mechanical performance, we report the findings on the electrolyte salt effects on the polymer's mechanical properties, including hydrostatic failure behavior. The findings indicate a possibility for stiffness improvement above a threshold concentration value, as well as significant differences in isotropic compression and expansion failure behavior. In isotropic expansion and shear, small failure strength and failure strain reduction at increasing salt concentration is observed. In hydrostatic compression no material failure is observed up to 10GPa. As a part of the molecular dynamics potential validation, the observed differences between references and test simulation results for ion transport related properties of a common solid polymer electrolyte have been assessed and discussed.
Extensive experimental research has indicated that active/inactive nanocomposites are promising electrode materials for rechargeable Li-ion batteries. Nanocomposite anode materials allow for capacities between 900 and 4000mAhg−1 whereas graphitic anodes, which are currently being used by industry, allow for a much lower capacity of 372mAhg−1. By treating the active sites (which may be comprised of Si, Sn, Al, or Bi) as nanospheres embedded in an inert matrix, linear elastic fracture mechanics are employed in order to develop design criteria for these alternative battery systems, with respect to fracture that results from the large volume expansions that the active sites undergo upon Li-insertion. In particular, the present study: (i) predicts that smaller active site volume fractions are more stable; (ii) Griffith's criterion is used to estimate the crack radius at which cracking will stop; (iii) based on the ultimate tensile strength of the inactive matrix the critical crack length at which the electrode will fracture is calculated; (iv) a theoretical estimation is made for the size of the active sites that will not allow cracks to develop and hence fracture of the electrode will be prevented. Based on the above analysis, Si active sites allow for a greater anode lifetime and therefore are preferred over Sn, furthermore the formulation can be applied to determine the most appropriate matrix materials.
Anaphylaxis is an acute systemic reaction involving symptoms of an immediate-type allergic reaction that can comprise the whole organism and potentially be fatal [1–3].
Accurate prediction of range of an electric vehicle (EV) is a significant issue and a key market qualifier. EV range forecasting can be made practicable through the application of advanced modelling and estimation techniques. Battery modelling and state-of-charge estimation methods play a vital role in this area. In addition, battery modelling is essential for safe charging/discharging and optimal usage of batteries. Much existing work has been carried out on incumbent Lithium-ion (Li-ion) technologies, but these are reaching their theoretical limits and modern research is also exploring promising next-generation technologies such as Lithium–Sulphur (Li–S). This study reviews and discusses various battery modelling approaches including mathematical models, electrochemical models and electrical equivalent circuit models. After a general survey, the study explores the specific application of battery models in EV battery management systems, where models may have low fidelity to be fast enough to run in real-time applications. Two main categories are considered: reduced-order electrochemical models and equivalent circuit models. The particular challenges associated with Li–S batteries are explored, and it is concluded that the state-of-the-art in battery modelling is not sufficient for this chemistry, and new modelling approaches are needed.
Even though direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) were developed to support power needs, there are still unresolved drawbacks. The main focus of this research is the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which is the most important component of the fuel cell. The MEA consists of a combination of the diffusion layer, the electrode layer and a membrane. Several obstacles may interfere with the functioning of the MEA, including its relatively low anode electro-catalytic activity, methanol crossover and mass transport. In this paper, an overview of the layer and engineering challenges associated with the MEA will be presented in detail. This paper will also discuss the materials while focusing on the current problems, structure layers, morphologies and fabrication methods of MEAs in DMFCs.
The electrochemical performance of smooth and highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes with an amorphous structure prepared by anodization was compared to crystalline anatase TiO2 nanotubes that were formed by post-treatment annealing. The amorphous TiO2 nanotube electrode shows enhanced electrochemical properties vs. the anatase electrode, which was evaluated in terms of discharge capacity, rate capability and cycling performance. The irreversible Li capacity observed in the amorphous TiO2 nanotube was primarily due to the formation of crystalline Li x TiO2, which is an inactive phase. The higher rate capability of the amorphous TiO2 nanotube electrode compared to the anatase electrode can be attributed to better reversibility and higher Li+ diffusivity.
Carbon-supported PdNi catalysts for the ethanol oxidation reaction in alkaline direct ethanol fuel cells are successfully synthesized by the simultaneous reduction method using NaBH4 as reductant. X-ray diffraction characterization confirms the formation of the face-centered cubic crystalline Pd and Ni(OH)2 on the carbon powder for the PdNi/C catalysts. Transmission electron microscopy images show that the metal particles are well-dispersed on the carbon powder, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer results indicate the uniform distribution of Ni around Pd. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses reveal the chemical states of Ni, including metallic Ni, NiO, Ni(OH)2 and NiOOH. Cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry tests demonstrate that the Pd2Ni3/C catalyst exhibits higher activity and stability for the ethanol oxidation reaction in an alkaline medium than does the Pd/C catalyst. Fuel cell performance tests show that the application of Pd2Ni3/C as the anode catalyst of an alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell with an anion-exchange membrane can yield a maximum power density of 90mWcm−2 at 60°C.
Renewable energy (RE) is expected to be the major part of the future energy. Presently, the intermittence and fluctuation of RE lead to the limitation of its penetration. Reversible solid oxide fuel cell (RSOFC) as the energy storage device can effectively store the renewable energy and build a bidirectional connection with natural gas (NG). In this paper, the energy storage strategy was designed to improve the RE penetration and dynamic operation stability in a distributed system coupling wind generators, internal combustion engine, RSOFC and lithium-ion batteries. By compromising the relative deviation of power supply and demand, RE penetration, system efficiency and capacity requirement, the strategy that no more than 36% of the maximum wind power output is directly supplied to users and the other is stored by the combination of battery and reversible solid oxide fuel cell is optimal for the distributed system. In the case, the RE penetration reached 56.9% and the system efficiency reached 55.2%. The maximum relative deviation of power supply and demand is also lower than 4%, which is significantly superior to that in the wind curtailment case.
The male bias in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnoses is well documented. As a result, less is known about the female ASD phenotype. Recent research suggests that conclusions drawn from predominantly male samples may not accurately capture female behavior. In this study, we explore potential sex differences in attention to social stimuli, which is generally reported to be diminished in ASD. Population-based sex differences in attention to faces have been reported, such that typically developing (TD) females attend more to social stimuli (including faces) from infancy through adulthood than TD males. It is yet unknown whether population-based sex differences in the face domain are preserved in ASD.
Ni-based inert phases incorporated Si/graphite composite, prepared by thermal decomposition of a mixture of nickel stearate and Si/graphite composite, was investigated as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The first discharge and charge capacities of this material were 940 and 640mAhg−1, respectively, with 72% of the first cycle coulombic efficiency. Back scattered electron image of the cross section of this material revealed that Ni-based inert phases, i.e., Ni and Ni2Si were finely dispersed in the Si/graphite matrix. Ex situ X-ray diffraction results indicated that those Ni-based inert phases were inactive against lithium, and they are believed to improve the electrical conduction network inside the active material and to alleviate to some extent the mechanical stresses associated with volume changes during cycling.
SOD1 is one of several overexpressed genes in Down's syndrome. In order to dissect genetic causes of the syndrome, hemizygous human wild-type SOD1 transgenic mice were compared to FVB/N non-transgenic controls at 3 months of age in the SHIRPA primary screen of neurologic function as well as in tests of motor activity and coordination. The responsiveness of SOD1/wt transgenic mice to visual and somatosensory stimuli was reduced in placing, pinna, corneal, and toe-pinch tests. In addition, SOD1/wt transgenic mice crossed fewer segments on a stationary beam. On the contrary, there was no intergroup difference for motor activity and anxiety in open-field and emergence tests and for latencies before falling on the stationary beam, coat-hanger, and rotorod. These results indicate mild deficits in sensorimotor responsiveness in a mouse model expressing human SOD1 and that the overexpressed gene may be responsible for some Down symptoms.
Co-laminar electrochemical cells utilize hydrodynamic engineering rather than a physical separator to prevent mixing of reactants. Commonly known as microfluidic fuel cells and batteries, these cells are based on stratified laminar flow of reactants in a microfluidic channel. The objective of the present work is to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of reactant recirculation in co-laminar flow cells with flow-through porous electrodes. Two representative device architectures are fabricated with separate outlets for reactant recirculation in Y-junction and dual-pass configurations. It is found that crossover at the electrodes reduces the open circuit potential of both cells and serves as a useful diagnostic method for assessing the degree of crossover at the outlets. Outlet concentration is monitored at a range of flow rates and indicates that asymmetric splitting of the co-laminar interface can lead to a constant 2% loss of state of charge, while the loss due to diffusion ranges from 0-40%. The dual-pass cell is shown to have greater diffusive loss due to deceleration at the splitting junction but also demonstrates better performance due to its higher convective velocity through the porous electrodes. These effects are observed during a series of discharge operations with recirculating reactants, in which the dual-pass cell results in greater reactant utilization despite its higher crossover rates. Overall, the present results demonstrate reactant recirculation as a useful strategy to combine high reactant utilization and high power density in membraneless co-laminar flow cells.
This paper reviews the existing literature on higher education book publishing, particularly in view of the transformation happening in the book value chain due to content digitization. The paper examines how content digitization has impacted four key aspects of higher education book publishing, namely ‘technological elements of publishing’, ‘publishing economics’, ‘user attitudes and preferences’ and ‘copyright issues’. This review brings into perspective how content digitization affects various stakeholders such as publishers, authors, academicians, libraries, researchers and students. It provides a summary view of how digitization impacts access to higher education books as well as learning processes and outcomes in multiple contexts across regions. The paper systematically examines available evidence on the topic by focussing on a general description of issues pertaining to digitization of higher education books.
This paper describes a systematic methodology (Conceptual Framework) to derive quality standards for organic (anthropogenic) contaminants in sewage sludge added to agricultural land, in the context of revision of EU Sludge Directive 86/278/EEC and the broader Soil Thematic Strategy. The overall objective is to ensure, based on a risk assessment approach, a sustainable use of sludge over a long time horizon. ILSI-Europe’s Conceptual Framework is in essence consistent with the EU Technical Guidance Document (TGD) for Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemicals in the soil compartment, or US-EPA’s Sewage Sludge Use and Disposal Regulations, Part 503 Standards. A ‘checklist’ of different exposure pathways and transfer processes for organic contaminants needs to be considered, and the most sensitive relevant toxicological endpoint and its PNEC need to be identified. The additional complexity specific to deriving Sludge Quality Standards (SQS) is that the toxicity results may need—e.g., for (indirect) human toxicity—to be related back to maximum acceptable soil exposure levels (PECsoil). In turn, the latter need to be back-calculated to the maximum acceptable levels in sewage sludge (PECsludge) at the time of application. Finally, for a sustainable sludge use, the exposure from repeated addition and potential chemical build-up over time (e.g., 100 years) needs to be assessed. The SQS may therefore vary with the (local) sludge application regime, and/or sludge pretreatment processes.
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of well-to-wheel (WTW) primary energy demand and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the operation of conventional and alternative passenger vehicle drivetrains. Results are determined based on a reference vehicle, drivetrain/production process efficiencies, and lifecycle inventory data specific to Switzerland. WTW performance is compared to a gasoline internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV). Both industrialized and novel hydrogen and electricity production pathways are evaluated. A strong case is presented for pluggable electric vehicles (PEVs) due to their high drivetrain efficiency. However, WTW performance strongly depends on the electricity source. A critical electricity mix can be identified which divides optimal drivetrain performance between the EV, ICEV, and plug-in hybrid vehicle. Alternative drivetrain and energy carrier production pathways are also compared by natural resource. Fuel cell vehicle (FCV) performance proves to be on par with PEVs for energy carrier (EC) production via biomass and natural gas resources. However, PEVs outperform FCVs via solar energy EC production pathways. ICE drivetrains using alternative fuels, particularly biogas and CNG, yield remarkable WTW energy and emission reductions as well, indicating that alternative fuels, and not only alternative drivetrains, play an important role in the transition towards low-emission vehicles in Switzerland.
This study of Israeli and American preadolescent children examined characteristics of friendship in 44 children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD) compared to 38 typically developing children (TYP), as they interacted with a close friend Participants were 8–12 years of age (HFASD: Israel, n = 24; USA, n = 20; TYP: Israel, n = 23; USA, n = 15), and were matched on SES, receptive language vocabulary, child age, and gender (each study group included one girl). Multidimensional assessments included: individual behaviors of target children and observed child–friend interactions during construction and drawing scenarios; target child’s and friend’s self-perceived mutual friendship qualities; and mother-reported characteristics (friendship’s duration/frequency; friend’s age/gender/disability status). Overall, children with HFASD displayed a number of differences on individual and dyadic friendship measures. Both age and verbal abilities affected friendship behaviors. Children with HFASD and their friends perceived friendship qualities similarly, suggesting that preadolescents with HFASD have capacities for interpersonal awareness. Between-group similarities also emerged on several complex social behaviors, suggesting that friendship follows a developmental trajectory in autism and may enhance social interaction skills in autism.
Although Benign Childhood Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes (BECTS) has a good prognosis, a few studies have suggested the existence of language disorders relating to the interictal dysfunction of perisylvian language areas. In this study, we focused on language assessment in 16 children aged 6–15 currently affected by BECTS or in remission. An important proportion of children showed moderate or more severe language impairment. The most affected domains were expressive grammar and literacy skills. We found linguistic deficits during the course of epilepsy but also persistent deficits in children in remission, suggesting possible long-term effects. Our results support the hypothesis that BECTS may be associated with impairment to language and suggest the possibility of a direct link between epileptic activity and language development, and the existence of long-term consequences.
Graphene is a promising conductive additive for the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and shows great potential especially with its fast development of the large scale fabrication technology. This work has explored the influence of the incorporation of graphenes prepared by three typical methods on the electrochemical performance of the LiCoO2-based cathode focusing on the choice for the effective graphene as conductive additive for the cathode of LIBs. Through the comparison of the intrinsic characteristics of graphenes and the electrochemical performance of electrodes with graphene, it is found that graphene with low disorder degree and large size is not suitable for LiCoO2 cathodes as conductive additive. Conversely, the graphene with oxygen functional groups, relatively low surface area and proper size displays much better electrochemical performance when it is used as conductive additive. This work also demonstrates the transmission mechanism for different graphenes as conductive additives in the LiCoO2 materials, and further reveals that the conductivity of graphene is not the only factor as conductive additives, surface chemistry and sheet size of the graphene are also essential factors which greatly influence the electrochemical performance of electrode. In addition, when combined with Super P, only 1% graphene is enough to construct an efficient conductive network in the electrode. This study also gives a new sight on the practical application of graphene as conductive additive for high performance LIBs.
Cardiovascular exercise (CVE) has been shown to be protective against cognitive decline in aging and the risk for dementias, including Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). CVE has also been shown to have several beneficial effects on brain pathology and behavioral impairments in mouse models of AD; however, no studies have specifically examined the effects of CVE on cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), which is the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the cerebral vasculature. CAA may be uniquely susceptible to beneficial effects of CVE interventions due to the location and nature of the pathology. Alternatively, CVE may exacerbate CAA pathology, due to added stress on already compromised cerebral vasculature.