batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The installation and operation of systems that exploit solar energy through photovoltaic conversion, recently promoted in some European countries by new sell-back tariffs, is a relevant transformation of the territory for various reasons (land use, elimination of the existing vegetation, visual impact on the components of the landscape, microclimate change, glare from the reflection of the direct sunlight). The weak energy intensity of the solar source coupled with the low conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic cells, make the physical dimensions of such systems relevant and, with them, also the environmental, territorial and landscape impacts that basically depend on the physical extent of the system. If it is well known that an incentive to the exploitation of renewable sources is one of the features of the policy of land conservation, including the one of the protected areas, at the same time the concerns of local communities and governments about the environmental, territorial and landscape impacts of this technology are increasing rapidly. Given this picture, this work is intended to clarify the territorial impacts of the ground mounted photovoltaic systems. Later, the paper concentrates on a specific impact, which is the assessment of the risk of glare by reflection of direct sunlight from the surfaces of photovoltaic modules. The methodologies that can be used to assess this impact and the outcomes of an evaluation carried out for a 5000m2 PV system currently designed on a hilly territory in Italy are presented.
Partially sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (sulfonated PPO) with various degrees of sulfonation were prepared. The solutions were mixed with organically modified montmorillonite (MMT) to prepare membranes by solvent casting. By increasing the sulfonation degree up to 40% for membranes without MMT, ion exchange capacity, water uptake and proton conductivity reached 2.59mequiv.g−1, 21% and 0.0182Scm−1, respectively. The Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) analysis of sulfonated membranes revealed absorption bands at 1060 and 1100–1300cm−1 for sulfur–oxygen SO bonds. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the exfoliated structure of clay in polymeric matrices. A sulfonated PPO/MMT membrane with 27% sulfonation and 2.0wt% MMT loading showed a membrane selectivity of approximately 63,500 compared to 40,500 for Nafion® 117, and also a higher power density (125mWcm−2) than Nafion® 117 (108mWcm−2) for single cell DMFC in a 5M methanol feed.
To improve the accuracy of thermal model, optimize the design of heat dissipation system and evaluate online the thermal management system, an online estimation method of key thermal parameters is developed from carefully designed experiments, rather than being taken from the literature or the empirical value. The accurate prediction of heat generation, which is based on a reduced wide-temperature-range electro-thermal coupled model, is presented under easily obtainable alternating current excitation at different temperatures. To circumvent some inherent errors, a combined experimental/computational approach to simultaneously estimate the specific heat capacity and thermal resistance is proposed using quasi step power, with which the identification time is significantly reduced. The identified values of specific heat capacity and thermal resistance are validated with high accuracy. The adaptability validation is carried out under different temperatures and cooling conditions, as well as using different battery chemistries, indicating that the proposed method is generic. The in-situ methodology, thanks to good robustness on the colored noise, is capable of providing a promising candidate for accurate thermal modeling, on-board evaluation of battery thermal safety, and advanced design of thermal management system for electric vehicles.
Using porous electrodes containing redox-active nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) nanoparticles, we construct and test a device for capacitive deionization in a two flow-channel device where the intercalation electrodes are in direct contact with an anion-exchange membrane. Upon reduction of NiHCF, cations intercalate into it and the water in its vicinity is desalinated; at the same time water in the opposing electrode becomes more saline upon oxidation of NiHCF in that electrode. In a cyclic process of charge and discharge, fresh water is continuously produced, alternating between the two channels in sync with the direction of applied current. We present proof-of-principle experiments of this technology for single salt solutions, where we analyze various levels of current and cycle durations. We analyze salt removal rate and energy consumption. In desalination experiments with salt mixtures we find a threefold enhancement for K+ over Na+-adsorption, which shows the potential of NiHCF intercalation electrodes for selective ion separation from mixed ionic solutions.
Background Studies conducted in high-income countries have reported significant cognitive deficits in first on set schizophrenia subjects relative to asymptotic controls, and it has been suggested that the severity of such deficits could be directly related to the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP). It is relevant to conduct similar studies in developing countries, given the supposedly better outcome for schizophrenia patients living in the latter environments. Methods We applied verbal fluency and digit span tests to an epidemiological-based series of patients with first-onset psychoses (n =179) recruited in the city of São Paulo, and compared the findings with those from non-psychotic control subjects randomly selected from the same geographical areas (n =383). Results Psychosis subjects showed lower scores on the three tests relative to controls, with greatest between-group differences for the backward digit span task (p <0.0001). There were no significant differences between subjects with affective and schizophreniform psychosis. Cognitive performance indices were negatively correlated with the severity of negative symptoms, but showed no relation to DUP. Conclusion We found significant cognitive deficits in patients investigated early during the course of psychotic disorders in an environment that is distinct from those where the subjects investigated in previous studies have been drawn from. We found no support to the hypothesis of an association between greater cognitive deficits and a longer DUP.
Heterostructures have broad potential application in energy conversion material and optoelectronic device since of novel interface effect and enhanced electron transport dynamics at heterointerfaces. Herein, we report a heterostructured SnS/SnO2/spherical graphene composite, in which ultrafine SnS/SnO2 nanoparticles with heterostructures are sandwiched between multi-layers of graphene sheets, exhibiting a hollow spherical architecture as a whole. Detailed electrochemical studies indicate that the molar ratio of SnS to SnO2 has great influence on the charge transport efficiency. Theoretical calculation reveals that SnS and SnO2 exhibit different work functions and the Fermi level shift is affected by the SnS/SnO2 molar ratio, thus the hybrid with the ratio close to 1.0 owns the most adsorbed lithium ions, which leads to the highest specific charge-transfer kinetics and lowest ion-diffusion resistance than other samples. Electrochemical tests show that the composite with appropriate composition delivers the best lithium storage rate performance (620 and 312.7 mAh g−1 at 1 C and 10 C). A much stable and high reversible specific capacity of 850 mAh g−1 is obtained after 200 cycles at 0.1 C. The appropriate molar ratio of nano-heterostructures and the novel sandwich hollow spherical composite structure are attributed to the excellent electrochemical performances.
Gas swelling behaviour is a major drawback of batteries that are based on Li4Ti5O12 anode materials and hinders their application. In this article, the morphology and electronic structure changes of Li4Ti5O12 electrodes at ageing and cycling stages are investigated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray absorption near-edge structure and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A simple method that uses an air bag to collect the generated gases was conducted and the gases were then characterised by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results indicate that the charge transformation of Ti ions would aggravate the gas swelling behaviour. The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) films form on the surface of the Li4Ti5O12 particles and become thicker with increasing charge state. The gas components change significantly during the ageing and cycling, indicating the complexity of the gas swelling mechanism.
There is substantial evidence that cognitive therapy is an effective intervention for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Although dynamic psychotherapies have been widely studied and are commonly practiced worldwide, there are few randomized comparisons of cognitive therapy and dynamic therapy for major depressive disorder.
Oncogenic NOTCH1 controls transcriptional activation of the heat shock response in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and uncovers potential biomarkers of sensitivity to HSP90 inhibition.
Statistical models based on data from accelerated aging experiments are used to predict cell life. In this article, we discuss a methodology for estimating the mean cell life with uncertainty bounds that uses both a degradation model (reflecting average cell performance) and an error model (reflecting the measured cell-to-cell variability in performance). Specific forms for the degradation and error models are presented and illustrated with experimental data that were acquired from calendar-life testing of high-power lithium-ion cells as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOEs) Advanced Technology Development program. Monte Carlo simulations, based on the developed models, are used to assess lack-of-fit and develop uncertainty limits for the average cell life. In addition, we discuss the issue of assessing the applicability of degradation models (based on data acquired from cells aged under static conditions) to the degradation of cells aged under more realistic dynamic conditions (e.g., varying temperature).
In this paper, a demand side management control (DSM) acting on the load profile for an isolated hybrid photovoltaic/diesel/battery system for residential application was investigated. This control is a new strategy that compensates the global power flow of a distributed generation system. In fact, using the DSM strategy, the renewable energy can be used effectively to satisfy the demand and reduce the size of the system components. It leads to satisfy customers' continuous requirements to minimize the loss of power supply propability (LPSP), to extend the battery life time minimizing the storage system charge cycle, and to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emission together with the diesel generator operation rate (DGOR). Consequently, the DSM strategy is implemented to ensure the minimum system cost. The DSM algorithm relies on the customer's energy consumption record, the instantaneous available PV energy and the state of charge (SOC) of the battery storage system. This could be achieved through switching between two action modes on the consumption profile: time shifting load mode, amplitude modulation load mode. To prove the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, two scenarios were investigated. The first one describes the system's simulation for two typical days. The second scenario is performed using annual profiles of photovoltaic and load powers. To highlight the benefits of the proposed strategy for the residential hybrid system applications under various conditions, a comparative study between the power management strategies without and with DSM was presented.
Novel Na3MnCO3PO4 (NMCP)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite was successfully synthesized via one-step hydrothermal method. The produced materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetry (TG), galvanostatic charge/discharge test and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Obtained results indicate the formation of ∼25nm NMCP nanoparticles randomly distributed on rGO sheets. As a promising cathode material for Na-ion batteries, the hybrids deliver gravimetric discharge capacities of 98.3mAh per gram of electrode (156.0mAh per gram of NMCP) and 114.0mAh per gram of electrode (180.9mAh per gram of NMCP) at C/30 and C/100 rates, respectively. The obtained gravimetric capacities indicate 39% and 52% improvement at C/30 and C/100 rates, respectively, in comparison with the highest corresponding values reported in the literature. The synergy arising from the formation of fine NMCP nanoparticles and NMCP/rGO hybridization is responsible for the achieved higher capacities.
Owing to their multiple redox couples, titanium–niobium-based oxides are still considered promising candidates for use as anodes for safe, rechargeable lithium ion batteries with high energy and power densities. Titanium–niobium-based oxide electrodes have, however, exhibited relatively poor cycling performance as a result of pulverization. In this study, we report on a simple two-step solid-state reaction route for producing hybrid composites of Ti2Nb10O29 (TNO) anchored on reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and the electrochemical performance of the resulting TNO/RGO composites. Solid-state reactions enable both the formation of TNO and the uniform distribution of RGO in the TNO/RGO composites. The TNO/RGO composites exhibited discharge and charge capacities of 261 and 256 mAh g−1, respectively, with much better cycling performance (182 mAh g−1 after the 50th cycles) and rate capability (165 mAh g−1 at a current density of 500 mA g−1) compared to the pure TNO.
Previous studies have reported a dissociation between social behavioral impairments after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and relatively preserved performances in traditional tasks that investigate cognitive abilities. Theory of mind (ToM) refers to the ability to make inferences about other's mental states and use them to understand and predict others' behavior. We tested a group of 15 patients with severe TBI and 15 matched controls on a series of four verbal and non-verbal ToM tasks: the faux pas test, the first-order and second-order false belief task, the character intention task and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test. Participants with severe TBI were also compared to controls on non-ToM inference tasks of indirect speech act from the Montreal Evaluation of Communication (M.E.C.) Protocol and empathy (Davis Interpersonal Reactivity Index – I.R.I.) and tests for executive functions. Subjects with TBI performed worse than control subjects on all ToM tasks, except the first-order false belief task. The findings converge with previous evidence for ToM deficit in TBI and dissociation between ToM and executive functions. We show that ToM deficit is probably distinct from other aspects of social cognition like empathy and pragmatic communication skills.
Background Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is able to modify cortical excitability and activity in humans. Objective The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of tDCS of the primary sensory cortex (SI) on thermal and mechanical perception, assessed by quantitative sensory testing (QST). Methods The comprehensive QST protocol encompassing thermal and mechanical detection and pain thresholds as devised by the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain (DFNS) was applied to skin areas innervated by the radial and median nerve of 12 healthy subjects, who were examined before and after each tDCS stimulation type. Anodal, cathodal, and sham tDCS was applied at a 1 mA current intensity with the active electrode placed over the left primary sensory cortex (SI) and the reference electrode above the right orbit for 15 minutes. Results After cathodal tDCS cold detection threshold (CDT) significantly increased in the contralateral (P < .01) and ipsilateral hand (P < .05) as compared to baseline condition and sham stimulation, after cathodal stimulation significantly increased warm detection threshold (WDT) was observed in the contralateral hand when compared with the baseline condition (P < .05) but not with sham stimulation. Thermal pain as well as mechanical detection and pain thresholds remained unaltered. Conclusions Cathodal tDCS of the primary sensory cortex significantly reduced the sensitivity to Aδ-fiber-mediated cold sensation, C-fiber-mediated warm sensation was reduced only compared with baseline, whereas Aß-fiber-mediated somatosensory inputs were less affected. Our results correspond with our previous observations of primary motor cortex tDCS effects on QST parameters.
An optimal coordinated operation model of comprehensive energy storage and conversion devices was built by considering interdependency in a multi-vector energy community, to achieve an overall optimum. The model determined the storage size, the operation strategies of energy storage and conversion devices and scenario analysis was further conducted. The proposed sequential method solved the complex mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem by decomposing the multi-energy system into a subsystem of conversion devices and a PV-battery subsystem, which reduced the computation complexity. Firstly, electricity, heat and gas networks were modelled in an integrated manner and with a suitable level of detail for operational purposes. The integrated electrical-hydraulic-thermal-gas flow equations imposed by multi-energy networks were formulated as equality constraints in the optimization. The optimal operation of conversion technologies with increasing net-load variability on the consumer load profiles was determined. Secondly, the design and operation of PV-battery systems was investigated to provide economic incentives for storage owners. The total costs, the self-consumption ratio (SCR), the internal return rate (IRR) of PV-battery systems were calculated. In scenario analysis, interactions between multi-energy network operation limits as well as the impact of energy conversion devices on PV-battery systems were demonstrated. It showed that the option of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) was advantageous without considering PV-battery systems using 2016 financial data. However, considering the profit of PV-battery systems and the declining grid electricity carbon intensity, the option of heat pumps was advantageous and may be a favorable option in the long term.
In this study, a strategy for synthesizing lithium methacrylate (LiMA)-based self-doped gel polymer electrolytes was described and the electrochemical properties were investigated by impedance spectroscopy and linear sweep voltammetry. LiMA was found to dissolve in ethylene carbonate (EC)/diethyl carbonate (DEC) (3/7, v/v) solvent after complexing with boron trifluoride (BF3). This was achieved by lowering the ionic interactions between the methacrylic anion and lithium cation. As a result, gel polymer electrolytes consisting of BF3–LiMA complexes and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate were successfully synthesized by radical polymerization in an EC/DEC liquid electrolyte. The FT-IR and AC impedance measurements revealed that the incorporation of BF3 into the gel polymer electrolytes increases the solubility of LiMA and the ionic conductivity by enhancing the ion disassociations. Despite the self-doped nature of the LiMA salt, an ionic conductivity value of 3.0×10−5 Scm−1 was achieved at 25°C in the gel polymer electrolyte with 49wt% of polymer content. Furthermore, linear sweep voltammetry measurements showed that the electrochemical stability of the gel polymer electrolyte was around 5.0V at 25°C.
The most promising vehicle engine that can overcome the problem of present internal combustion is the hydrogen fuel cell. Fuel cells are devices that change chemical energy directly into electrical energy without combustion. Pure fuel cell vehicles and fuel cell hybrid vehicles (i.e. a combination of fuel cell and battery) as energy sources are studied. Considerations of efficiency, fuel economy, and the characteristics of power output in hybridization of fuel cell vehicle are necessary. In the case of Federal Urban Driving Schedule (FUDS) cycle simulation, hybridization is more efficient than a pure fuel cell vehicle. The reason is that it is possible to capture regenerative braking energy and to operate the fuel cell system within a more efficient range by using battery. Life-cycle cost is largely affected by the fuel cell size, fuel cell cost, and hydrogen cost. When the cost of fuel cell is high, hybridization is profitable, but when the cost of fuel cell is less than 400US$/kW, a pure fuel cell vehicle is more profitable.
Silicon flake powder (Si LeafPowder®, Si-LP) with the thickness and lateral dimension of 100 nm and 3–5 μm, respectively, demonstrated superior cycle performance as a negative electrode in lithium-ion batteries. A multi-folded layered structure with many voids was spontaneously formed in Si-LP composite electrodes by morphology changes of Si-LP sheets in repeated charge and discharge cycles. The multi-folded layered structure accommodated volumetric changes of the Si active material and prevented exfoliation of the active material from the current collector, which led to the superior long-term cyclability of the Si-LP electrode. The main factor for capacity fading in long-term cycling was a gradual loss of conduction pathways between Si-LP sheets due to the accumulation of electrolyte reduction products in the electrode. The film-forming additives, vinylene carbonate and fluoroethylene carbonate, effectively suppressed the electrolyte decomposition and remarkably improved the cycle performance of the Si-LP electrode.
The hen's egg test for micronucleus induction (HET-MN) combines the use of the commonly accepted genetic endpoint “formation of micronuclei” with the well-characterized and complex model of the incubated hen's egg, which enables metabolic activation, elimination and excretion of xenobiotics—including those that are mutagens or promutagens. This assay procedure is in line with demands for animal protection. In three previous publications we presented the scientific rationale and methodological aspects for this assay as well as results for some well-characterized mutagens and promutagens. Here we present the results of new experiments involving further genotoxic and non-genotoxic model substances. Making a comparison with published data we have to date not found any false negatives or false positives in the experiments presented here and in trials published before, thus demonstrating a promising predictivity of genotoxic effects with this assay. We could confirm relevant genotoxicity for the following substances in the HET-MN: acetylamino-fluorene (2-AAF), acrylamide (ACM), cytarabine (AraC), methotrexate (MTX), cadmium chloride (CD), dipotassium monochromate (DPC), and epirubicine (EPI). Negative results were obtained for azorubin (E122), orange G (OG) and starch (STRC). The micronucleus frequencies (MNE II) of the concurrent negative controls were in agreement with the values of the historical negative control (0.87‰±0.87; average±s.d.). This value is based upon the scoring of 556,500 erythrocytes from 445 eggs. In historical positive controls the administration of 0.05mg cyclophosphamide/egg at d8 resulted in an MNE II-frequency of 12.4‰±6.8 (average±s.d.) at d 10.5. This value is based upon the scoring of 249,250 erythrocytes from 223 eggs.