batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Research on extremely efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts to promote both the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics is of paramount importance for the advanced rechargeable Zinc-air battery. Herein, a cost-effective and scalable strategy is proposed for the synthesis of FeCo alloy nanoparticles embedded in the nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes-grafted nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon nanofibers (FeCo-NSCNF@NCNT). The newly obtained catalyst with three-dimensional (3D) interconnected network architecture demonstrates high ORR and OER catalytic activities as evidenced by the high half-wave potential for the ORR and a low overpotential for the OER, which can be comparable to the commercially available well-known precious metal catalysts. With the catalyst employed as the air electrode of an assembled Zinc-air battery, narrow charge-discharge voltage gap and superb cycling stability (over 100 h) at the current density of 10 mA cm−2 can be obtained, signifying the promising application in the next generation of rechargeable metal-air batteries.
In this study, poly(ether ether ketone) is first chloromethylated to improve the solubility and is later used for nonwoven membrane fabrication by electrospinning. Finally, the chloromethyl group was converted to the ethyl ether group and dibenzyl ether group in a hot alkaline solution. The abundant polar groups endow the membrane with excellent wettability, reducing the contact angle to 0°. The polymer matrix is crosslinked by dibenzyl ether group, endowing the membrane with excellent stability (insolubility in many solvents, and ultra-low swelling in the electrolyte at 80 °C) and good anti-shrinkage property (0% at 180 °C). The electrospinning-fabricated membrane remains stable until 4.812 V (vs. Li+/Li), meeting the requirement for use in lithium ion batteries. The interwoven structure of the nonwoven membrane effectively gives rise to the high electrolyte uptake of 215.8%. The ionic conductivity of the electrolyte-swelled electrospinning-fabricated membrane is 51% higher than that of the electrolyte-swelled Celgard membrane. As a result, the lithium ion battery with this nonwoven membrane exhibits an enhanced rate performance (up to 42.5% higher than the lithium ion battery with a PP separator) and satisfactory cycling performance.
Rationally designed electrode materials with high capacity, excellent stability, and good rate capability are essential for high-performance energy storage systems. This study reported the design of nickel-iron layered double hydroxides nanosheets and reduced graphene oxide composites (NiFe-LDHs/rGO composites) for high-capacity LIB electrode. The NiFe-LDHs/rGO composites were prepared by adsorption of Ni2+ and Fe3+ ions onto the graphene oxide (GO) surface, co-deposition of NiFe-LDHs nanosheets from the adsorbed ions in alkaline solution, and reduction of GO into rGO. In the composites, a large interlayer spacing of 7.55 Å and proper adsorption energy for Li+ ion (−4.36 eV) in NiFe-LDHs nanosheets greatly facilitate the reversible transport and storage of abundant Li+ ions. Meanwhile, the outer rGO wrappings offer a highly conductive matrix as efficient electron pathways. With these advantages, the NiFe-LDHs/rGO composites demonstrated a good cyclic stability with 602.8 mAh g−1 capacity remained over 80 charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 500 mA g−1. Thus, our studies offer a low-cost NiFe-LDHs/rGO material for high-performance LIBs.
Prefrontal cortex can be flexibly engaged in many different tasks. Yang et al. trained an artificial neural network to solve 20 cognitive tasks. Functionally specialized modules and compositional representations emerged in the network after training.
Motorized instruments and profound sedation are invaluable to the practice of equine dentistry. They do, however, present multiple safety challenges. It is essential to understand and mitigate these hazards for the welfare of veterinarians, assistants, and patients. This manuscript explains effective and safe restraint and positioning of the horse for dentistry. It also makes practical recommendations that will help protect the operator and assistants from electrocution, hearing damage, pulmonary illness, and ocular insults.
The electrochemical insertion of lithium in the ramsdellite polymorph of titanium dioxide, TiO2 (R), is studied by electrochemical methods. At room temperature the maximal Li uptake under constant current densities of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0mAcm−2 is 0.85, 0.8 and 0.7 Li/Ti, respectively. Between 2.3 and 1.3V versus lithium, the specific capacity achieved is as high as 285Ahkg−1 at 0.5mAcm−2. This corresponds to 85% of the maximum theoretical capacity (336Ahkg−1), which may be reached by incorporation of one lithium per titanium under equilibrium conditions.
A hybrid solar energy system consisting of a molecular solar thermal energy storage system (MOST) combined with a solar water heating system (SWH) is presented. The MOST chemical energy storage system is based on norbornadiene–quadricyclane derivatives allowing for conversion of solar energy into stored chemical energy at up to 103 kJ mol−1 (396 kJ kg−1). It is demonstrated that 1.1% of incoming solar energy can be stored in the chemical system without significantly compromising the efficiency of the solar water heating system, leading to efficiencies of combined solar water heating and solar energy storage of up to 80%. Moreover, prospects for future improvement and possible applications are discussed.
Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of muscle mass and muscular functioning. Although sarcopenia prevalence is highly variable in the literature, pre-chemotherapy sarcopenia prevalence was not well studied in newly diagnosed cancer patients. In this context, the present study aims to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia and its related factors in this population.
The development of new materials for hybrid supercapacitors requires the adequate combination of pseudocapacitance and electrical double layer capacitance, morphology, high surface area and low mass density of electrodes. In this work, we have explored a simple and low cost composite based on incorporation of titanium dioxide/single walled carbon nanotube complex during polymerization of hollow nanotubes of polypyrrole. The resulting composite is characterized by superior electrical properties (high conductivity) and improved electrochemical response. The optimization in the relative concentration of components of ternary composite results in a capacitance of 282 Fg−1 and specific energy density in order of 1.0 Wh kg−1 which is a result of synergistic interaction of components during polymerization of polymeric hollow nanotubes and core/shell structures of SWCNTs/polypyrrole decorated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
β-FeOOH thin film was prepared on the surface of a foamed Ni substrate by liquid phase deposition (LPD) method with a chemical equilibrium reaction between metal-fluoro complex and oxyhydroxide to make a low-cost and environmentally friendly positive electrode for high-power batteries. The new film electrode, with a thickness of 316nm, was found out to give a large discharge capacity of 260mAhg−1 at 0.05C rate even without an electro-conductive material. Furthermore, the electrode also showed good discharge performance with the retention of 69.9% at 10–0.05C current rate, which means a promising positive active material for high-power use.
Protic ionic liquids (PILs) have been recently proposed as a new class of electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). So far, PILs-based electrolytes have been used in combination with several battery materials, but never with carbonaceous anodes. Since graphite is the state-of-the-art anode in LIBs, the use of PILs-based electrolyte in combination with this material appears of particular importance. In this work we showed, for the first time, that PILs-based electrolytes can be successfully used also in combination with graphite. Even if the lithium intercalation and deintercalation process of these electrode materials occur outside the ESW of PILs, the addition of film-forming additive makes possible the formation of a stable SEI and, consequently, the use of PILs-based electrolytes. The results of this study indicate that the performance of graphite electrode in PILs-based electrolytes is comparable, and even slightly higher, than that observed in AIL-based electrolytes.
Heteroatom-doped carbon materials (HDCMs) have been widely studied as some of the most prominent material candidates for use in a wide range of applications, such as batteries, supercapacitors (SCs), and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Over the past few years, various metal-free heteroatom-doped carbon composites have been developed via integrating different heteroatoms into carbon with different nanostructures, from single-atom doping (N, P, B, S, etc.) to multiple heteroatom doping (N/P/S, N/S/B, etc.). For the first time, this review comprehensively analyzes the relevant features of HDCMs used in batteries, SCs, and the ORR, and provides guidance for the design of more efficient materials. By controlling the content and types of heteroatom-containing reagents, not only the physical and chemical properties of the material can be adjusted, but also the specific surface area and pore volume can be increased via controlling the morphology, thereby enhancing the electrochemical performance of the material. Subsequently, this review summarizes the developments and the history of HDCMs, including synthesis methods, the relationship between doping (doping position and content) and performance, reaction mechanisms, and evaluations of systems. In addition, the important role of oxygen doping is raised and discussed, to remind researchers not to ignore the role of oxygen in improving material properties. Finally, future developments and challenges relating to key technologies in this thriving field are also discussed in this report.
A new material, LiRu2O4, has been synthesized by ion-exchange reaction from NaRu2O4 that has been prepared by solid state reaction at 950 °C under Ar flow. The crystal structure of LiRu2O4, isostructural with the parent NaRu2O4, has been refined by an X-ray Rietveld method (Pnma, a = 9.13940(5) Å, b = 2.80070(9) Å, c = 11.0017(1) Å, Z = 4, R p = 5.30%, wR p = 6.73%, χ 2 = 0.41, 23 °C). The structure belongs to CaFe2O4-type, where double chains of edge-sharing octahedral RuO6 share the corners with neighboring double chains and form tunnels in between them parallel to the shortest b-axis so that the one-dimensional Li array is placed inside each of the tunnels. Detailed structural analysis indicates that the tunnel inside has more than enough space to be filled with the Li atoms. The electrochemical tests of LiRu2O4 demonstrates a reversible Li intercalation reaction at 3.2–3.5 V vs. Li/Li+ with a capacity of ∼80 mAhg−1. The material exhibits excellent high-rate characteristics (93% capacity retention at 10C/1C) as well as high capacity retention with cycles (99% at 50 cycles).
Reliability of lithium-ion (Li-ion) rechargeable batteries used in implantable medical devices has been recognized as of high importance from a broad range of stakeholders, including medical device manufacturers, regulatory agencies, physicians, and patients. To ensure Li-ion batteries in these devices operate reliably, it is important to be able to assess the capacity of Li-ion battery and predict the remaining useful life (RUL) throughout the whole life-time. This paper presents an integrated method for the capacity estimation and RUL prediction of Li-ion battery used in implantable medical devices. A state projection scheme from the author’s previous study is used for the capacity estimation. Then, based on the capacity estimates, the Gauss–Hermite particle filter technique is used to project the capacity fade to the end-of-service (EOS) value (or the failure limit) for the RUL prediction. Results of 10years’ continuous cycling test on Li-ion prismatic cells in the lab suggest that the proposed method achieves good accuracy in the capacity estimation and captures the uncertainty in the RUL prediction. Post-explant weekly cycling data obtained from field cells with 4–7 implant years further verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in the capacity estimation.
A simple semi-empirical master curve concept, describing the rate capability of porous insertion electrodes for lithium-ion batteries, is proposed. The model is based on the evaluation of the time constants of lithium diffusion in the liquid electrolyte and the solid active material. This theoretical approach is successfully verified by comprehensive experimental investigations of the rate capability of a large number of porous insertion electrodes with various active materials and design parameters. It turns out, that the rate capability of all investigated electrodes follows a simple master curve governed by the time constant of the rate limiting process. We demonstrate that the master curve concept can be used to determine optimum design criteria meeting specific requirements in terms of maximum gravimetric capacity for a desired rate capability. The model further reveals practical limits of the electrode design, attesting the empirically well-known and inevitable tradeoff between energy and power density.
In the global literature on HIV/AIDS, much attention has been paid to the role of gender inequalities in facilitating the transmission of HIV. For women, gender inequality may be manifested in sexual coercion, reduced negotiating power and partnering with older men, all practices that heighten risk for HIV. Less attention, however, has been paid to how men's relationship behaviors may place them at risk for HIV. Using six culturally specific psychometric scales developed in South Africa, this study examined men's and women's gender role and relationship norms, attitudes and beliefs in the context of ongoing partnerships. These measures were then examined in relation to four sexual risk behaviors: frequency of condom use (with primary or secondary partners) and number of partners (last 3 months and lifetime). Participants were 101 male and 199 female young adults aged, 18–24, recruited from a secondary school in northern KwaZulu/Natal province. Associations between gender and relationship scale scores and sexual risk outcomes yielded both expected and contradictory findings. For men, more frequent condom use was associated with higher levels of partner attachment (hyper-romanticism) but also with stronger approval of relationship violence and dominant behavior. In contrast, for women, more frequent condom use was correlated with a lower endorsement of relationship violence. Men with lower relationship power scores had fewer sexual partners in the preceding 3 months, while women with more egalitarian sexual scripts reported more sexual partners, as did those with higher hyper-romanticism scores. In logistic regression analysis, more egalitarian relationship norms among men were predictive of less consistent condom use, as were higher relationship power scores for women. These findings are discussed in relation to previous research on gender, heterosexual interactions and masculinity in this area, as well as the implications for HIV prevention programs.
Cyclic carbonates were synthesized by the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides (epichlorohydrin, propene oxide, and styrene oxide), and carbamates were synthesized by reaction of alkyl or aryl amines, CO2, and n-butyl bromide. Solvents and cocatalysts/promoters like N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and quaternary ammonium salts, which are usually essential with conventional catalyst systems, could be avoided with the use of adenine-modified Ti-SBA-15 catalysts. The catalysts were reused in several recycle experiments. The structural and textural properties of the catalysts were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 adsorption, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and diffuse reflectance ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis DRS) techniques. Acid–base properties of the solid catalysts were investigated by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of NH3 and CO2 and DRIFTIR spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine and CO2 techniques. The studies reveal that the Ti4+ ions increase catalytic activity by enhancing the adsorption of the epoxide and alkyl or aryl amine substrates. CO2 molecules are activated at the basic nitrogen groups of adenine. Increasing the surface concentrations of either CO2 (by anchoring basic molecules like adenine or increasing the partial pressure of CO2) or epoxides and alkyl or aryl amines (by increasing the concentration of Lewis acidic Ti4+ ions) enhances the catalytic activity. CO2 molecules activated at the covalently anchored adenine sites react with epoxide/amines adsorbed on the silica surface to form carbonates/carbamates.
Anhydrous proton-conducting inorganic–organic hybrid membranes were prepared by sol–gel process with tetramethoxysilane/methyl-trimethoxysilane/trimethylphosphate and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide [EMI][TFSI] ionic liquid as precursors. These hybrid membranes were studied with respect to their structural, thermal, proton conductivity, and hydrogen permeability properties. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and 31P, 1H, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements have shown good chemical stability, and complexation of PO(OCH3)3 with [EMI][TFSI] ionic liquid in the studied hybrid membranes. Thermal analysis including TG and DTA confirmed that the membranes were thermally stable up to 330°C. Thermal stability of the hybrid membranes was significantly enhanced by the presence of inorganic SiO2 framework and high stability of [TFSI] anion. The effect of [EMI][TFSI] ionic liquid addition on the microstructure of the membranes was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) micrographs and no phase separation at the surfaces of the prepared membranes was observed and also homogeneous distribution of all elements was confirmed. Proton conductivity of all the prepared membranes was measured from −20°C to 150°C, and high conductivity of 5.4×10−3 S/cm was obtained for 40wt% [EMI][TFSI] doped 40TMOS–50MTMOS–10PO(OCH3)3 (mol%) hybrid membrane, at 150°C under anhydrous conditions. The hydrogen permeability was found to decrease from 1.61×10−11 to 1.39×10−12 mol/cmsPa for 40wt% [EMI][TFSI] doped hybrid membrane as the temperature increases from 20°C to 150°C. For 40wt% [EMI][TFSI] doped hybrid membrane, membrane electrode assemblies were prepared and a maximum power density value of 0.22mW/cm2 at 0.47mA/cm2 as well as a current density of 0.76mA/cm2 were obtained at 150°C under non-humidified conditions when utilized in a H2/O2 fuel cell.
Synthesis of nickel sulfide (NiS2) impregnated on natural phosphate NP (NP) via a simple co-precipitation ultrasonic-assisted method was reported in this study for elimination of a toxic anionic dye (Indigo carmine), different NiS2-doped NP photocatalysts containing different doping ratios were also tested, characterization techniques were employed to identify NiS2/NP structure (XRD), functional groups (FTIR) and morphology (SEM/EDAX). The characterization results showed successful impregnation of nickel sulfide nanoparticles onto natural phosphate. The material exhibited efficient photocatalytic performance under visible light irradiation for the removal of Indigo Carmin dye reaching 99% at doping ratios of 10 to 1 and 10 to 2. A possible photocatalytic mechanism was proposed to understand the photocatalytic behavior of NiS2/NP. The prepared catalyst appeared to have good adequacy with the kinetic model proposed by Langmuir–Hinshelwood, it also showed excellent reusability.
Evaluation of the environmental impact caused by construction materials frequently presents such obstacles as the mismatch between the construction project location and where the LCA database was made, lack of transparency, and/or the unsuitability of the data to the building project conditions, thereby making it necessary to establish a state-of-the-art review for researchers in order to facilitate selection between the wide variety of databases available. A review of existent LCA databases containing data for building materials has been performed. A list of features and criteria for their evaluation is developed, and subsequently applied in order to compare the various databases. Their methodology, documentation, data quality and comprehensiveness are thereby analysed. Despite the existence of a considerable number of databases, only a few contain data on construction materials. Some projects have been abandoned and several more can be considered incomplete. However, GaBi Database and Ecoinvent stand out for their integrity, usability and dedicated resources. A starting point in the selection of an LCA database for construction materials is provided. With all the information gathered herein, researchers are equipped to make a well-founded choice, and the selection process is certainly improved.
The aim of the work is the recovery by thermal treatment of manganese and zinc from a mixture of zinc–carbon and alkaline spent batteries, due to the different phase change temperatures of the metals. Activated charcoal, as a reductant of the zinc-bearing phases to metallic Zn, was added to the mixture that was heated in different atmospheres (air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide) at different temperatures and residence times. Characterization of the mixture and of the residues of thermal treatment was carried out by chemical analysis, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction and allowed to understand the mechanisms of reduction of zinc and to interpret the formation of different compounds during the process. Results show that recovery of 99% of Zn (grade 96%) at 1200 °C and 97% of Zn (grade 99%) at 1000 °C, are achieved in N2 at 30 min residence time. Recovery of Mn at 1200 °C and 30 min residence time was around 90–100% (90% grade). These products are suitable, after refining, for production of new batteries or higher value-added products. The residue of the treatment, enriched in manganese oxide, could be used in the production of iron–manganese alloys.
Atomic-level understanding of the active sites and transformation mechanisms under realistic working conditions is a prerequisite for rational design of high-performance photocatalysts. Here, by using correlated scanning fluorescence X-ray microscopy and environmental transmission electron microscopy at atmospheric pressure, in operando, we directly observe that the (110) facet of a single Cu2O photocatalyst particle is photocatalytically active for CO2 reduction to methanol while the (100) facet is inert. The oxidation state of the active sites changes from Cu(