batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Biosocial models are preeminent in the study of schizophrenia, yet there has been little empirical testing of these models. Objective This study provided the first test of a biosocial causal model of functional outcome in schizophrenia, using neurocognition, social cognition, social competence and social support as predictors of both global and specific domains of functional outcome. Method The design used baseline variables to predict both concurrent functional status and prospective 12-month functional outcome. Subjects were recruited upon admission to outpatient community-based psychosocial rehabilitation programs shown in previous studies to be effective in improving functional outcomes. 139 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder participated in the study; 100 participants completed the 12-month assessments. Face-to-face interviews assessed neurocognitive functioning (with five neuropsychological measures), social cognition (as perception of emotion), social competence, social support, and functional outcome which consisted of items covering the domains of social, independent living, and work functioning. Results Path analysis modeling showed that the proposed biosocial models had strong fit with the data, for both concurrent and 12-month global functional outcomes, with fit indices ranging from .95 to .98. The model explained 21% of the variance in concurrent global functional outcome, and 14% of the variance in 12-month prospective outcome. Conclusions The support for this model was strong, and it has implications for understanding the causal factors related to functional outcome, as well as for intervention strategies for improving functional outcomes in schizophrenia.
In the present paper, a ten 10cm2 direct ethylene glycol fuel-cell (DEGFC) stack based on a nanoporous proton-conducting membrane (NP-PCM) is used to study the electro-oxidation of ethylene glycol (EG) in acid medium under initial and steady-state conditions, and under the operating conditions of electrochemical titration. Ethylene glycol (EG) has a theoretical capacity 17% higher than that of methanol in terms of Ahml−1 (4.8 and 4, respectively); this is especially important for portable electronic applications. EG (bp 198°C) is also a safer fuel for direct-oxidation fuel-cell (DOFC) applications than is methanol. A maximal power of 12W (at 0.3Vcell−1) at 80°C has been achieved for a DEGFC fresh stack fed with 0.5M EG/1.7M triflic acid solution at ambient dry air pressure. The formation of oxidation by-products – glycolic and oxalic acids (most likely in parallel reactions) – has been proven by ion-chromatography analysis. On continuous feed of EG in order to maintain a concentration of about 0.5M, the concentration of intermediates reached a maximum after about two fuel (EG) turnovers. After discharging without feeding the stack with EG, there was no further accumulation of these acids and their concentration decreased to almost zero. This is clear evidence that EG is a real fuel that can be converted completely to CO2.
A sol–gel route has been used to synthesize close-packed SnO2 nanocrystals anchored on amorphous silica as a potential anode material for lithium-ion battery. The materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FT-IR, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electrochemical techniques. The electrochemical performance of the SnO2/silica composites shows higher capacity and good cycle stability compared with that of the bare SnO2 electrode. It is believed that the good performance as a stable anode material originates from the unique structure of the close-packed nanocrystalline assemblies and the amorphous porous silica as inactive material to mediate the massive volume expansion and contraction of SnO2 during lithiation and delithiation processes. It has been proved for the first time that the close-packed architecture of SnO2 nanocrystals ensure adequate amount of active component for the lithium storage, resulting in a reasonable lithium storage capability for the present system. On the other hand, the crystalline/amorphous interactions should be one of the most fundamental factors to improve the electrochemical stability of the SnO2/silica hybrid electrode.
The electrochemical and corrosion behavior of pure zinc and Zn–0.5Ni alloy in strong alkaline solution (7M KOH) was investigated by Tafel plot, potentiodynamic, potentiostatic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods, and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Measurements were conducted under different experimental conditions. The results of both Tafel plot extrapolation and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements exhibited the same trend, which the cathodic and anodic processes on the alloy surface are less significant compared with those on the pure zinc. The results revealed that, the shift in steady state of open-circuit potential (E corr) to more negative potential in the case of the studied alloy compared with that of pure zinc has a positive effect on both charge efficiency and self-discharge. The anodic potentiodynamic measurements demonstrated that the polarization curves exhibited active/passive transition. The active dissolution of both pure zinc and its alloy increases with increasing temperature and scan rate. The activation energy (E a) value of active region and peak current (I AI) of the two studied electrodes in the investigated alkaline solution is calculated and compared. In the case of alloy, the results obtained at certain positive potential (+425mV vs. SCE), exhibited high current density indicating that the most passive layer was destroyed. This indicates that the addition of small amount from Ni to Zn promotes the electrochemical reaction (in the passive region), acting as so-called self catalysis. Accordingly, one can conclude that, the electrochemical behavior of the investigated alloy in strong alkaline solution contributes to suppression of hydrogen gas evolution and increases the corrosion resistance. In addition, reactivation of the alloy surface takes place in the passive region.
A facile synthesis of novel 3D porous V2O5 hierarchical microspheres has been developed, based on an additive-free solvothermal method and subsequent calcination. Due to their unique structure, these V2O5 microspheres display a very stable capacity retention of 130 mA h g−1 over 100 cycles at a current rate of 0.5 C, and show excellent rate capability with a capacity of 105 mA h g−1 even at the 30 C rate. The good electrochemical performance suggests that this unique hierarchical V2O5 material could be a promising candidate as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.
Core–shell-structured nano-capsules consisting of Mo–Ni nano-particle as core and onion-like carbon shell are synthesized using arc-discharge method followed by an air-annealing process. The XRD patterns have ascertained the formation of nickel metal with different planes in fcc and hcp form with the formation of MoO2, MoNi4, and NiMoO4 phases. The BET surface area values gradually decreased with greater encapsulation of nickel whereas the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) values have been calculated as quite higher. Electrocatalytic activity has been evaluated in HER and OER during water electrolysis for PEM water electrolyzer. These materials have been proved as far better candidate in cyclic voltammograms than those of pure carbon hollow spheres.
Piezoelectric nanogenerators have attracted much attention in the past decade. In this study, the development of piezoelectric nanogenerators and their progress toward high power generation is discussed. The characteristics and application range of numerous types of piezoelectric nanogenerators are also considered. In addition, several strategies that may improve the performance of piezoelectric nanogenerators are summarized. Here, we compare the open circuit voltages and short circuit currents of various piezoelectric nanogenerators under different factors, and the current problems of piezoelectric nanogenerators are also discussed. Finally, the future prospects and directions of piezoelectric nanogenerators are predicted. Future studies should be focused on the production of high-performance materials, the establishment of working principle and simulation model, the integration of nanogenerator, and the design of the energy harvesting circuit. Hence, it is emergency to search for functional materials with high piezoelectricity and further improve the electromechanical properties of existing piezoelectric materials. Moreover, further research is needed to increase the stability and flexibility of composite materials, to develop wearable and embedded flexible functional devices based on the biocompatibility of inorganic nanoparticles, and to supply power for microelectronic systems.
Large numbers of households in rural areas in Bangladesh have no access to electricity. Providing these households with electricity by extending the country’s already overloaded grids is neither an economically nor a technically feasible option. Rural electrification strategies therefore, by necessity, need to rely on stand-alone generation systems. One of these is solar home systems (SHS) and the SHS program developed and implemented in Bangladesh has been highly successful, with very large numbers of rural households now participating in the program. What makes the program’s success most remarkable is the fact that it targets households with very low incomes using a purely market-based approach. Those participating in the program pay the full, unsubsidised cost of their SHS using a micro-credit loan facility and are charged high interest rates. Understanding the reasons behind the success of the Bangladeshi program therefore holds potentially valuable lessons for SHS programs being implemented in other developing countries. A comprehensive qualitative and quantitative survey was used to find those factors perceived by program stakeholders as being most critical to the program’s success to date and the factors considered most likely to impact on its future success. The two primary reasons for the program’s success were perceived to be its strong focus on meeting householders’ needs and on its ability to make the solar home systems as affordable as possible. The continued success of the program was considered likely to be determined by a variety of factors, including the ability of program implementers to control increases in the cost of SHS, to maintain the quality of SHS and components and to increase program loan recovery rates, the degree to which the program is integrated into national, energy policy, and the degree to which local banks become involved in the program.
The mesoporous ZnxCo3-xO4 fibers with average diameter are of 389.3nm and length up to 21.5μm are synthesized by a facile hydrothermal process combined with a subsequent thermal treatment. The results show that they are composed of interconnected nanocrystals that can provide a continuous charge transport pathway and very stable structure. In addition, the formed abundant penetrating mesopores can both shorten the ion diffusion length and provide high surface area contacted with electrolyte. When evaluated as anode material in lithium-ion batteries, it can deliver a capacity of 1132mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1 after 100 cycles.
To enhance the electrochemical performance, a conventional activated carbon supercapacitor is modified by adopting potassium-polyacrylate (PAAK) electrolyte additive on a glass fiber separator and by fabricating the activated carbon electrode on nickel foam instead of on conventional nickel foil as a current collector. The glass fiber separator plays the role of self-supporting PAAK-KOH hydrogel electrolyte with superior ionic conductivity. Moreover, the adoption of nickel foam strengthens the close contact between the active material and the current collector, reducing the interfacial resistance between electrode and electrolyte. As a result, the combination of glass fiber separator and nickel foam substrate can contribute to a great increase in the specific capacitance, to a value of over 200 F g−1, and to an enhancement of the high-rate capability of activated carbon supercapacitors.
We report here the charge storage capability of two different crystallographic structures of MnO2; tunnel and alkaline layered Na-MnO2 as a potential non-carbon based, high working potential electrode for supercapacitor applications. A hydrothermal route was used to prepare both materials. Further, XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, BET surface area analyzer and XPS techniques were used to characterize the physic-chemical property of the material. An electrochemical property of both materials was tested by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) tests in aqueous based electrolyte; alkaline and neutral. Then, the material was used to fabricate asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) by employing the manganese based materials as an anode and commercial activated carbon (AC) as a cathode. Charge storage capabilities of both ASCs were then evaluated using CV and GCD tests. From the analysis, alkaline layered Na-MnO2//AC exhibits excellent electrochemical performance and its ASC could deliver energy density (Es) of 82Wh/kg in 1M of Na2SO4, which is comparable with previously obtained by manganese based ASC.
Fuel cell or hydrogen systems offer the potential for clean, reliable and on-site energy generation. This article review current literature with the objective of identifying the latest development in membrane and bipolar plates for the conventional fuel cell and unitized regenerative fuel cell (URFC). The result shows that the choice of both the bipolar plates and the catalysts for URFC electrodes is a delicate task, for bipolar plate the corrosion in the oxygen side will be the major problem and for the electrodes a very good candidate for fuel cell mode will not function well in the electrolyser mode and therefore it is suggested that a compromise should be considered. It is recommended that aluminum, titanium or for best results titanium with a gold-coated layer is a suitable candidate as the bipolar plate and Pt/IrO X or Pt/Ru is suitable for an oxygen side catalyst in the URFC. For the conventional fuel cell the task is more easer because the corrosion problem is no more effective and thus the main goals for most of the studies was to concentrate on bipolar plate cost reduction, increase electrical conduction and reducing the platinum loading rate for catalyst.
Electrochemical behavior of platinum in LiCl and LiCl-(1-3) wt% Li2O melts at 650°C was studied by cyclic voltammetry in the context of its use as anode in the direct electrochemical reduction of solid uranium oxide to uranium metal. By CV measurements with graphite and platinum (anodic polarization) and tungsten (cathodic polarization) working electrodes, the decomposition potential of LiCl and electrochemical potential of the reaction Pt+2LiCl → PtCl2 +2Li were determined as 3.46V and 3.14V respectively. Three anodic reactions viz. (i) formation of Li2PtO3, (ii) oxygen evolution and (iii) platinum dissolution were found to occur on the platinum electrode in Li2O containing LiCl melts. The Li2PtO3 formation was found to be a fast reaction with diffusion coefficient of O2− ions in the melt as 4.53×10−7cm2/s. Oxygen evolution showed very high current densities when compared to that of the surface area limiting Li2PtO3 formation. The platinum electrode surface was corroded by formation of Li2PtO3 when the electrode was polarized for a longer period of time in the melt. The results of the study indicated that LiCl-2wt.% Li2O melt could be the optimum electrolyte composition in the electro-reduction of uranium oxide with platinum anode.
The contribution introduces a new theory explaining the capacity increase that is often observed in early stages of life of lithium-ion batteries. This reversible and SOC-depending capacity rise is explained by the passive electrode effect in this work. The theory assumes a slow, compensating flow of active lithium between the passive and the active part of the anode, where the passive part represents the geometric excess anode with respect to the cathode. The theory is validated using a systematic test of 50 cylindrical 8 Ah LiFePO4|Graphite battery cells analyzed during cyclic and calendaric aging. The cyclic aging has been performed symmetrically at 40 °C cell temperature, varying current rates and DODs. The calendar aging is executed at three temperatures and up to four SOCs. The aging is dominated by capacity fade while the increase of internal resistance is hardly influenced. Surprisingly shallow cycling between 45 and 55% SOC shows stronger aging than aging at higher DOD and tests at 4 C exhibit less aging than aging at lower C-rates. Aging mechanisms at 60 °C seem to deviate from those at 40 °C or lower. The data of this aging matrix is used for further destructive and non-destructive characterization in future contributions.
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology for use in fuel cell vehicles and other applications has been intensively developed in recent decades. Besides the fuel cell stack, air and fuel control and thermal and water management are major challenges in the development of the fuel cell for vehicle applications. The air supply system can have a major impact on overall system efficiency. In this paper a fuel cell system model for optimizing system operating conditions was developed which includes the transient dynamics of the air system with varying back pressure. Compared to the conventional fixed back pressure operation, the optimal operation discussed in this paper can achieve higher system efficiency over the full load range. Finally, the model is applied as part of a dynamic forward-looking vehicle model of a load-following direct hydrogen fuel cell vehicle to explore the energy economy optimization potential of fuel cell vehicles.
The thermal stability of different electrolytes—LiPF6, LiPF3(C2F5)3 (LiFAP), LiFAP solutions containing 5% vinylene carbonate, and LiFAP solutions containing 1% Li bisalicylato borate—in a mixture of (2:1:2 v/v/v) EC, DEC and DMC is investigated. The results of a comprehensive study of the thermal behavior of these solutions in contact with Li metal and lithiated graphite electrodes (synthetic flakes) using both accelerating rate (ARC) and differential scanning (DSC) calorimetry, are reported herein. The surface films formed at room temperature on Li and lithiated graphite surfaces in all the solutions studied are not stable at elevated temperatures. The main exothermic reactions of the solution thermal decomposition in contact with Li metal occur at temperatures lower than the Li melting point (180 °C). The highest onset (at 165 °C) for the thermal decomposition in the presence of Li, was observed for solutions containing both LiFAP and VC. LiPF6 solutions showed the lowest onset for thermal reaction (at 132 °C).
Asymmetric aqueous electrochemical capacitors with energy densities as high as 22Whkg−1, power densities of 11kWkg−1 and a cell voltage of 2V were fabricated using cost effective, high surface carbon derived from coal tar pitch and manganese dioxide. The narrow pore size distribution of the activated carbon (mean pore size ∼0.8nm) resulted in strong electroadsorption of protons making them suitable for use as negative electrodes. Amorphous manganese dioxide anodes were synthesized by chemical precipitation method with high specific capacitance (300Fg−1) in aqueous electrolytes containing bivalent cations. The fabricated capacitors demonstrated excellent cyclability with no signs of capacitance fading even after 1000 cycles.
A number of tests and test batteries are available for the prediction of older driver safety, but many of these have not been validated against standardized driving outcome measures. The aim of this study was to evaluate a series of previously described screening tests in terms of their ability to predict the potential for safe and unsafe driving. Participants included 79 community-dwelling older drivers (M =72.16 years, SD =5.46; range 65–88 years; 57 males and 22 females) who completed a previously validated multi-disciplinary driving assessment, a hazard perception test, a hazard change detection test and a battery of vision and cognitive tests. Participants also completed a standardized on-road driving assessment. The multi-disciplinary test battery had the highest predictive ability with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 73%, followed by the hazard perception test which demonstrated a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 61%. These findings suggest that a relatively simple and practical battery of tests from a range of domains has the capacity to predict safe and unsafe driving in older adults.
Polymer electrolytes, which comprise a novel comb-like copolymer and an alkali metal salt, were successfully prepared and discussed using differential scanning calorimeter, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, atom force microscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The novel comb-like copolymer is capable of forming donor:acceptor type bonds with alkali metal ions. The complex system with a mixture of fumed silica or propylene carbonate was studied also. Such electrolytes possess satisfactory ambient temperature ionic conductivity (up to 10−4 Scm−1) and good mechanical strength. The Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher-like behavior of conductivity implies the coupling of the charge carriers with the segmental motion of the polymer chains.
Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) has been used to investigate the chemical, electronic and structural nature of Co3O4 nanocrystals grown on single nitrogen-doped graphene sheets through spatially resolved X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and chemical imaging. It has been found that Co3O4 nanocrystals grown on N-doped graphene were partially reduced via Co3+(Oh) to Co2+(Oh), and the reduction varies spatially on and among individual Co3O4 nanocrystal-graphene sheets. Nitrogen sites on graphene have been shown to be major and important anchoring sites for Co3O4 nanocrystals in addition to the carbon and possibly oxygen sites. Macroscopic XANES of Co L-edge and K-edge were also measured to confirm the localized STXM result that Co3+ was partly reduced in the hybrid material. These insights should account for the superior performance of the covalently coupled Co3O4/graphene hybrid in energy related applications.
Antimony is being extensively investigated as anode material for sodium ion batteries (SIBs) due to its appropriate sodium insertion potentials, flat charge-discharge plateau and high sodium storage capacity. However, it suffers from unsatisfied cycling stability originated from the huge volume change during cycling. Herein, hollow NiSb spheres confined by three-dimensional interconnected carbon matrix (NiSb⊂3DCM) are prepared by a cross-linking reaction between Ni2+ and alginate and a galvanic replacement reaction. Benefiting from its the hollow, porous structure and mechanical buffer provided by Ni and carbon coating, NiSb⊂3DCM electrode can deliver a stable capacity of 366 mAh g−1 with 94.3% capacity retention rate after 400 cycles operated at 1 A g−1, which is the best cycling performance reported so far for Sb-based alloy anodes.
Stable nitroxyl radical polymers, such as poly (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy-4-yl methacrylate) (PTMA), are known to be effective as cathode active materials for lithium rechargeable batteries. A water-based slurry was used to prepare PTMA composite electrodes, enabling successful production of homogeneous electrodes. This improved utilization of active material and enabled us to obtain specific capacities almost equal to the theoretical value (111mAhg−1). Lithium half cells were fabricated using these electrodes and using graphite as the anode active material, and their cycling stability, temperature dependence, rate capability and self-discharge rate were measured in detail. Although they showed 24% irreversible capacity on the first cycle, the capacity stabilized after the second cycle.