batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
To investigate whether changes in serum lipids are associated with cognitive performance in first episode psychosis (FEP) patients during their first year of antipsychotic drug treatment. One hundred and thirty-two antipsychotic-treated FEP patients were included through the TOP study along with 83 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC). Information regarding cognitive performance, psychotic symptoms, lifestyle, body mass index, serum lipids [total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides] and antipsychotic treatment was obtained at baseline and after 1 year. The cognitive test battery is comprised of assessments for verbal learning, processing speed, working memory, verbal fluency, and inhibition. Mixed-effects models were used to study the relationship between changes over time in serum lipids and cognitive domains, controlling for potential confounders. There was a significant group by HDL interaction effect for verbal learning (F = 11.12, p = 0.001), where an increase in HDL levels was associated with improvement in verbal learning in FEP patients but not in HC. Practice effects, lifestyle, and psychotic symptoms did not significantly affect this relationship. Antipsychotic-treated FEP patients who increased in HDL levels during the first year of follow-up exhibited better verbal learning capacity. Further investigations are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment mononeuropathy of the upper extremity. The previous systematic review of the diagnostic tests for CTS was outdated. The objective of this study was to compile and appraise the evidence on the accuracy of sensory and motor tests used for the diagnosis of CTS.
The spherical nonstoichiometric Ni(OH) x (x =2.03–2.10), as a new positive electrode material for Ni/MH batteries, are synthesized by spherical β-Ni(OH)2 surface modified with chemically oxidized NiOOH nanoparticles. The average nickel oxidation state, microstructure and morphology of the spherical nonstoichiometric Ni(OH) x are investigated by complexometric titration, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scamming electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is demonstrated that the NiOOH with a flaky-like morphology are dispersed randomly on the surface of the spherical β-Ni(OH)2. The effect of NiOOH on the electrochemical performance of spherical nonstoichiometric Ni(OH) x is studied by galvanostatic charge–discharge experiments and cyclic voltammetry. Compared with the spherical β-Ni(OH)2, the spherical nonstoichiometric Ni(OH) x (x =2.05) has an enhanced discharge capacity (300mAhg−1 at 0.2C), higher discharge potential plateau and superior cycle stability. The existence of chemically oxidized NiOOH nanoparticles in the nickel electrode contributes great effect on the improvement of electrochemical performance.
In this paper, we report a one-step and additive-free route for synthesizing hierarchical rutile TiO2 with mesocrystalline structure. The rutile TiO2 architecture constructed by oriented tiny nanorod subunits (around 5nm in diameter) have nano/submicro hierarchical structures, nanoporous nature, a relatively large surface area and high tapped density. When the hierarchical rutile TiO2 was studied as anode material for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), they exhibited a high reversible capacity of more than 250mAhg−1 within a voltage window of 1–3V, superior rate capability and very good cycling stability with 220mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1Ag−1. It’s notable that the hierarchical rutile TiO2 exhibited superior Li-ion storage properties under deep cycling conditions (0.01-3.0V), a stable capacity of 346mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1Ag−1 could be remained. The hierarchical TiO2 also displayed a large reversible capacity of more than 255mAhg−1 (average value) at 0.05Ag−1 and good cycling performance for Na-ion insertion. These results, in combination with high volumetric storage capacity, render hierarchical rutile TiO2 a promising anode material for rechargeable batteries.
Although a substance use disorder (SUD) is traditionally associated with psycho–bio-social impairments, recent investigations among persons with schizophrenia (Sz) generated divergent results. Certain persons with Sz+SUD might in fact present better social and cognitive functioning than persons with Sz without SUD. This meta-analysis was conducted to verify this counterintuitive possibility and to determine whether factors such as substance type, severity or nature of psychotic symptoms and age of the patients help discriminate these subgroups. Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria and data from 1807 persons with schizophrenia, with or without comorbid SUD, were available for analyses. As a group, persons with Sz+SUD did not obtain significantly higher scores at a Global Cognitive Index than persons with Sz without SUD, although they were better at the Trail Making Task and the speed processing domain. Secondary analyses showed the importance of considering intermediate factors, particularly the preferred substance used and the mean age. While consumption of alcohol was associated with a global cognitive scores similar to that of persons with Sz without an SUD and lower working memory capacities, preferential use of cannabis was instead associated with higher scores for problem solving and reasoning and visual memory. Age was inversely related to the size of the effects. It is concluded that previous mixed results obtained with cognitive evaluations of persons with Sz+SUD might reflect the heterogeneity of participants and that subgroups of patients might be defined on the basis of intermediate factors.
The paper gives an introduction to this Special Issue and corresponding book ‘Electrochemical Micro- and Nano-System Technologies’ (Elsevier). Interdisciplinary aspects are demonstrated by microgalvanics, engineering, electrochemical materials science, electroanalysis and biology. Moreover, the continuous scaling down to molecular systems is described. Experimental parameters like topography, current densities, field strengths and hydrodynamics are characterised in double logarithmic plots. Types of reactions and materials properties determine the possibility of localisation and production rate. The EMT-number is introduced to differentiate maskless processes: delocalising 2D conditions (EMT>1) can be distinguished from localising 3D processes (EMT≪1). Nanoscopic localisation can be achieved using microelectrode arrays or micromechanical devices. Microscopic local elements play an important role in unwanted corrosion or intended structuring like phosphating. Examples of technical EMST applications are given and, for the case of phosphating, characterised in a flow-diagram and the Pourbaix-diagram.
When we put a frame around the world, we are making a conscious decision to exclude what is not helpful to our story. Proper lighting craft mestoryans applying the same principle.
Non-thermal plasma (NTP) has been introduced over the past several years as a promising method for nitrogen oxide (NO x ) removal. The intent, when using NTP, is to selectively transfer input electrical energy to the electrons, and to not expend this in heating the entire gas stream, which generates free radicals through collisions, and promotes the desired chemical changes in the exhaust gases. The generated active species react with the pollutant molecules and decompose them. This paper reviews and summarizes relevant literature regarding various aspects of the application of NTP technology on NO x removal from exhaust gases. A comprehensive description of available scientific literature on NO x removal using NTP technology is presented, including various types of NTP, e.g. dielectric barrier discharge, corona discharge and electron beam. Furthermore, the combination of NTP with catalyst and adsorbent for better NO x removal efficiency is presented in detail. The removal of NO x from both simulated gases and real diesel engines is also considered in this review paper. As NTP is a new technique and is not yet commercialized, there is a need for more studies to be performed in this field.
Measuring the thickness change of lithium-ion cells is a reliable method to detect the intercalation stages of the electrodes, thickness increase during cycling and lithium plating. In this study, we introduce an innovative method to measure the thickness change of a pouch cell at multiple positions during operation. Using this technique, we disclose a local overshoot in the thickness change during fast charging near the current collector tabs at 25°C, which significantly increases at 17°C and is not detectable at 40°C. As the cells show a better cycling stability at higher temperatures, the observed overshoot in thickness increase can be attributed to a failure mechanism. Opening the cells after cycling revealed that the anode was covered by a thick surface layer, so the failure mechanism is estimated to be lithium plating.
In this paper, the problem of scheduling deferrable appliances and energy resources of a smart home (SH) is studied. The SH has a variety of sources that include photovoltaic (PV) panels, diesel generator (DG), and plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) as an energy storage, and also it can transact power with the local distribution company (DISCO). Herein, the appliances of the SH are categorized into non-deferrable and deferrable appliances, and also the deferrable appliances are divided into two groups with hour-scale and day-scale deferrable features. The challenges of the problem include modeling the economic and technical constraints of sources and appliances and addressing the variability and uncertainties concerned with the power of PV panels that make the problem a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP), time-varying (dynamic), and stochastic optimization problem. In this study, a multi-time scale stochastic model predictive control (MPC) and a combination of genetic algorithm (GA) and linear programming (GA-LP) are applied to address the above mentioned issues and solve the problem. The numerical study demonstrates the competence of multi-time scale approach in the stochastic MPC, and also the proficiency of proposed approach for hour-scale and day-scale deferrable appliances scheduling.
Although wildfires are important in many forested ecosystems, increasing suburbanization necessitates management with prescribed fires. The physiological responses of overstory trees to prescribed fire has received little study and may differ from typical wildfires due to the lower intensity and timing of prescribed fire in the dormant season. Trees may be negatively affected by prescribed fires if injury occurs, or positively affected due to reduced competition from understory vegetation and release of nutrients from partially consumed litter. We estimated sap flow and photosynthetic parameters before a late-March prescribed fire and throughout the growing season in burned and unburned pitch pine (Pinus rigida L.) sites in the New Jersey Pinelands to determine how water use and photosynthetic capacity were affected. Water use was similar between sites before the fire but 27 % lower in burned trees immediately following the fire. After about a month, water use in the burned site was 11–25 % higher than pines from the unburned site and these differences lasted into the summer. Photosynthetic capacity remained similar between sites but instantaneous intrinsic water use efficiency increased by 22 % and maximum Rubisco carboxylation rate (Vcmax) was over three times greater in the summer compared to the pre-fire period in the burned site, whereas the unburned site exhibited similar Vcmax and intrinsic water use efficiencies between pre-fire and summer measurements. These differences in physiology suggest that the prescribed fire altered the amount of water and nutrients that pines had access to and led to increased water use and water use efficiency; both of which are important in this water- and nutrient-limited ecosystem.
In this study, we have investigated the application of the non-precious β-PbO2/MWNTs nanocomposites, which were developed via a simple wet-chemistry procedure, toward electrochemical oxidation of lignin. Structural characterization of the synthesized electrocatalysts was performed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and BET surface area analysis. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and chronoamperometry (ChA) measurements were carried out to evaluate and compare the performance of different electrocatalysts toward lignin oxidation. The 33.3 wt% β-PbO2 nanocomposite possessed the highest electro-catalytic activity and stability for depolymerization of lignin. Several oxidation products such as vanillin and methyl salicylate were also identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GS-MS) analysis. The enhanced electrochemical surfaces areas of the low-cost β-PbO2/MWNTs electrocatalyst combined with its good stabilities offer a promising route for developing an energy-efficient lignin depolymerization process.
In this study, the electrochemical and anodic behaviors of MnO2/Pb anodes in electrowinning process were investigated. An accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) method was applied to fabricate MnO2/Pb nanocomposites. The electrochemical properties of the produced anodes were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, electrowinning tests, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that the ARB-process is an appropriate method to develop MnO2/Pb anodes. The produced anodes (Pb–0.5%MnO2-10pass samples) showed a 102% increase in current density compared to pure lead anode. The results of electrowinning tests revealed that Pb–0.5%MnO2-10pass samples had the best anodic performance with a significantly lower corrosion rate, product and electrolyte contamination, slime formation, energy consumption, and a higher current efficiency and consequently, a higher Zn deposition in cathode.
Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is one of the most important processes in energy conversion and conservation such as in fuel cells, metal–air batteries and water-splitting devices. In this work, hierarchical porous N-doped graphene foams (HPGFs) functioned by a transition metal were successfully prepared using silica nanoparticles as a template. The introduction of a silica template and a transition metal provided HPGFs with a large specific surface area (918.7m2/g) and abundant active sites. By selecting proper nitrogen precursors (cyanamide, melamine and urea), HPGFs exhibit excellent ORR catalytic activity in 0.1M KOH with a high onset potential of 1.03V and a limiting current of ∼9mAcm−2, even better than that of commercial Pt/C catalysts at the same loading. Surprisingly, they show superior catalytic activity in an acidic medium with an onset potential of 0.81V and a limiting current reaching ∼10mAcm−2. Furthermore, the catalysts deliver good methanol tolerance and excellent long term durability after 5000 cycles of accelerated durability tests in both acidic and alkaline solutions, much better than that of a commercial Pt/C catalyst. Very inspiring cell performance was observed with HPGF-1 catalyst upon integration into a zinc–air battery. Our study presents an experimental realization of rationally designing a highly efficient ORR electrocatalyst for electrochemical energy conversion systems particular to fuel cells and metal–air batteries.
Layered oxy-fluoride LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2−z F z (0≤ z ≤0.06) cathode materials have been synthesized by a low temperature (450°C) fluorination with NH4F of the corresponding LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 oxides that were synthesized by hydroxide co-precipitation method. The effect of fluorine content on the structure and electrochemical performance of the LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2−z F z has been extensively studied. The XRD results reveal that LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2−z F z (0≤ z ≤0.06) has typical hexagonal structure without impurity. The composition analysis and XPS verify fluorine incorporation in the particle. The electrochemical results indicate that the initial discharge capacity slightly decreases with increasing the content of fluorine. However, cycling performance and rate capability are improved by the fluorine substitution. In addition, after stored at 90°C for 5h in fully charged state, fluorine substituted materials exhibit better cycling performance than pristine materials. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that fluorine substitution can reduce the charge transfer resistance. Overall, fluorine substitution has a positive effect on the electrochemical performance of layered LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2.
Self-discharging characteristics of negative electrodes with different carbon materials have been investigated by monitoring the open circuit potential (OCP), the capacity loss and the ac impedance change during the storage at different temperatures. The OCP change with the storage time reflected state-of-charge (SOC), which depended on both the carbon material and the storage temperature. Higher specific surface area of the material and higher storage temperature lead to higher self-discharging rate. The activation energy for self-discharging was estimated from the temperature dependence of the self-discharging rate. Although small difference was observed among the materials, the value of the activation energy suggests that the self-discharging reaction at each electrode is controlled by a diffusion process. Changes in the interfacial resistance with the storage time reflected the growth of so-called Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) at carbon surface. The rate of SEI formation at lower temperature does not depend on the carbon material, but at higher storage temperature the rate on spherical graphite was much higher than those on the other carbon materials.
Micron spherical Sn doping Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.8O2 cathode materials are synthesized via a carbonate co-precipitation method. The crystal structure and morphology of the pristine and Sn-doping samples are characterized by a joint X-ray diffraction (XRD) Rietveld refinement method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is proved that Sn successfully doped into the aimed materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results demonstrate that the chemical state of Sn is +4. Appropriate doping contents of Sn are beneficial to improve the electrochemical performance, including the capacities and cycling stability. The sample with 1.0mol% Sn delivers high initial discharge capacities and improved rate performance (212.6mAh/g at 0.2C and 137.8mAh/g at 5C, respectively). The capacity retention is 96.2% after 50 cycles at 0.2C. It is very stable for the doped sample with 2.0mol% Sn after 160 cycles at 0.2C, the capacity retention is 98.5%. The discharge capacity decreases markedly with the Sn contents increase to 3.0mol%, since Sn4+ can not participate in electrochemical reaction. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results demonstrate that the charge transfer resistance of the samples with 1.0-2.0mol% Sn-doping decreases obviously. It reveals that doping with appropriate Sn substitution not only improves the structure stability, but also increases the conductivity, therefore improves their rate capability and cycling stability.
Residual water (H2O) presents in nonaqueous electrolytes has been widely regarded as a detrimental factor for lithium (Li) batteries. This is because H2O is highly reactive with the commonly used LiPF6 salt leading to the formation of HF which subsequently corrodes battery materials. In this work, we demonstrate that a controlled trace-amount of H2O (25–50ppm) can be an effective electrolyte additive for achieving dendrite-free Li metal deposition in LiPF6-based electrolytes, while avoid detrimental effects. Detailed analyses revealed that the trace amount of HF derived from the decomposition reaction of LiPF6 with H2O is electrochemically reduced during the initial Li deposition process to form a uniform and dense LiF-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the surface of the substrate. This LiF-rich SEI layer leads to a uniform distribution of the electric field on the substrate surface thereby enabling uniform and dendrite-free Li deposition. Meanwhile, the detrimental effect of HF on the other cell components is diminished due to the consumption of the HF in the LiF formation process. Microscopic analysis reveals that the as-deposited, dendrite-free Li films exhibit a self-aligned and highly-compact Li nanorod structure which is consistent with a vivid blue color due to structural coloration. These findings clearly demonstrate a novel approach to control the nucleation and grow processes of Li metal films using a well-controlled, trace-amount of H2O, as well as illuminate the effect of H2O on other electrodeposition processes.
Two kinds of Co3O4 samples with micro/nano-structure as high capacity anode materials for Lithium-ion Batteries are synthesized by a facile method. The structure, composition and surface morphology are analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), respectively. The XRD data indicates that the two Co3O4 materials are crystalline, single-phase without any impurity phase; the size of spheres and cubes are estimated to be 2 μm and the nanoparticles are around 100 nm. The cyclic voltammetry and discharge/charge measurements are carried out to detect the electrochemical properties. The results demonstrate that the two Co3O4 electrodes with micro/nano-structure exhibit low initial irreversible capacity and superior cycling performance. The two Co3O4 materials with micro/nano-structure are confirmed to combine the advantages of the micro-materials and nano-materials for LIBs. Moreover, the Co3O4 spheres (s-Co3O4) exhibit more superior cycling performance than that of Co3O4 cubes (c-Co3O4) due to the larger void volume in spheres than that in cubes structure.
We have been developing lithium-ion batteries for electric power storage and have chosen cell chemistries having a high energy density and long life. The cell chemistry consisted of a positive electrode containing a lithium–manganese spinel or a mixture of it with a layered-manganese-based material, and a negative electrode containing a hard carbon. The 8Ah-class cells consisting of these cell chemistries showed that their extrapolated lives were long enough to withstand a cycling load for 10 years of use. A comparison of the cycle life data with the storage life data suggested the possibility to separate the capacity fading caused only by the storage and that only by the cycling, which is expected to be the basis of a prediction method for the calendar life. However, much work still needs to be done to achieve it. We also manufactured two types of 100Ah-class cells as an experiment based on the results for the 8Ah-class cells. They showed specific energies of 100Whkg−1 and 106Whkg−1.