batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The increasing share of fluctuating renewable energy generation in the energy system increases the need for flexibility options. Building energy systems (BES) with their corresponding thermal energy storages (TES) can be one option for supplying flexibility. To use this option efficiently, a framework to quantify the flexibility of the BES is necessary. It is found that the flexibility of a BES can hardly be described with one single flexibility indicator. Therefore, this paper develops a method to analyze the flexibility of BES in terms of time, power and energy. Different influencing factors are considered, like the heat generator and the thermal storage size. Additionally, the option to aggregate the different flexibility measures on a city district level is addressed. This is necessary as single buildings have a minor impact on higher level energy systems. Finally, a comparison to other flexibility options like battery storage is discussed.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease associated with increased generation of reactive oxidant species and disturbed antioxidant defenses. NRF2 is the master transcription factor that regulates the expression of Phase II antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes. Disruption of NRF2 augments oxidative stress and inflammation in a mouse model of asthma, suggesting a protective role for NRF2 in the lungs in vivo. Yet, little is known about the regulation and function of NRF2 in human asthmatics. Using segmental allergen challenge, a well-established experimental model of IgE-mediated asthma exacerbation in human atopic asthmatics, we investigated the effects of a specific allergen and the modulatory role of vitamin E on NRF2 and a NRF2-target gene, superoxide dismutase, in alveolar macrophages recovered from the airways at 24h after allergen instillation in vivo. Allergen-provoked airway inflammation in sensitive asthmatics caused a profound inhibition of macrophage NRF2 activity and superoxide dismutase, rendering them incapable of responding to the NRF2 inducers. Prolonged treatment with high doses of the antioxidant vitamin E lessened this allergen-induced drop in alveolar macrophage NRF2. These results are the first to demonstrate that NRF2 expression in human asthmatics is compromised upon allergen challenge but can be rescued by vitamin E in vivo.
Lithium difluoroborate (LiDFOB), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFBOP) and lithium difluorophosphate (LiPF2O2) are investigated as electrolyte additives to alleviate the severe cycle capacity fading of spinel LiMn2O4 cathode of lithium-ion batteries, especially at elevated temperatures. Compared with that of the routine electrolyte, the capacity retention is significantly improved at both room temperature and 55 °C by adding LiBOB and LiDFOB as electrolyte additives. Moreover, surface layer formation processes on the LiMn2O4 electrode in the presence of the LiBOB, LiDFOB, LiDFBOP and LiPF2O2 are investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction. According to the analysis results, BOB− anions from LiBOB or LiDFOB bond with the dissolved Mn2+ to form an insoluble and stable surface layer on the LiMn2O4 surface, which is beneficial to the suppression of the LiMn2O4 dissolution and electrolyte decomposition, and eventually to the improvement of the cycling performance at elevated temperatures.
The technical and practical suitability of lead-acid batteries for applications in vehicles with electrical drivetrains (battery-powered or hybrid electric) has been experimentally investigated in a variety of testing programmes. Under the direction and funding support of the Commission of the European Community, since early 1990s, the R&D Organisation EUCAR, a collaborative partnership of most European car manufacturers, has been conducting battery technological assessment projects, through bench tests carried out by different independent laboratories throughout Europe, using agreed test procedures. In this framework, ENEA acted as independent testing institute and tested, among others, three high power lead-acid batteries of various technologies (flat plate electrodes and spiral wound) for EV and HEV applications. In addition, different battery sizes and operating conditions have been tested at ENEA in a separate collaboration with ALTRA-IRISBUS. This paper intends to trace technological and performance improvements of high power lead-acid battery technology through the analysis of experimental data during parameter and life cycle tests, including the effects of battery sizes, charge/discharge profiles and testing procedures, with special emphasis on the reduction of the internal resistance and the variation of peak power and cycle life.
We have characterized LiNaSO4 crystals doped with rare earth (RE) (Er3+ and Yb3+) to give new insights about their structural properties relations. The samples were analyzed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and differential thermal analysis. The non-centrosymmetry was confirmed second-harmonic generation. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and emission experiments confirmed the nominal concentrations of the REs. Crystallographic data and two empirical models were employed to understand the structural modifications by substitution of the Na site which reduces, monotonically, the non-linear optical coefficients and the temperature of the phase transition in these crystals.
Elevated copeptin, a vasopressin marker, is linked to metabolic disease, and obese rats with low-vasopressin concentration had a decreased risk of liver steatosis. We here investigated the association between copeptin and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and possible differences in copeptin concentration between ethnicities.
Rapid growth in energy consumption is one of the major challenges for the development of the data center industry. Cooling equipment accounts for roughly 40% of energy consumption in a typical data center. Free air cooling (FAC) is a method for substantial energy savings in cooling, and it is increasingly being implemented in data centers. However, this cooling approach may cause reliability risks for the telecom equipment due to the increased temperature range and often the removal of the humidity control in FAC implementation. This paper overviews the potential reliability risks from FAC, and then presents a prognostics and health management (PHM) to evaluate and mitigate these risks. This prognostics-based approach can provide early warnings of failures to schedule maintenance and thus reduce unscheduled data center downtime. This approach also enables FAC implementation in existing data centers that were not initially designed with this cooling regime.
Birnessite-type manganese dioxide (MnO2) is coated uniformly on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by employing a spontaneous direct redox reaction between the CNTs and permanganate ions (MnO4 −). The initial specific capacitance of the MnO2/CNT nanocomposite in an organic electrolyte at a large current density of 1Ag−1 is 250Fg−1. This is equivalent to 139mAhg−1 based on the total weight of the electrode material that includes the electroactive material, conducting agent and binder. The specific capacitance of the MnO2 in the MnO2/CNT nanocomposite is as high as 580Fg−1 (320mAhg−1), indicating excellent electrochemical utilization of the MnO2. The addition of CNTs as a conducting agent improves the high-rate capability of the MnO2/CNT nanocomposite considerably. The in situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) shows improvement in the structural and electrochemical reversibility of the MnO2/CNT nanocomposite after heat-treatment.
Efforts and challenges when synthesizing, characterizing and testing conjugated porous polymers (CPPs) in fields related to energy storage, conversion and production are reviewed from the author's perspective. The current state-of-the-art of such materials from synthesis and morphological control to applications that encompass gas and energy storage, catalysis and hydrogen production is reviewed. Contrary to classical π-conjugated polymers, special emphasis is given to the morphological aspects of CPPs and the control of surface area, porosity and pore volume and the implications of those properties in the aforementioned applications.
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting motor and sensory systems. This study aimed to investigate the presence and perceptual consequences of auditory neuropathy (AN) in affected individuals and examine the use of personal-FM systems to ameliorate the resulting communication difficulties. Ten individuals with FRDA underwent a battery of auditory function tests and their results were compared with a cohort of matched controls. Friedreich ataxia subjects were then fit with personal FM-listening devices and evaluated over a 6 week period. Basic auditory processing was affected with each FRDA individual showing poorer temporal processing and figure/ground discrimination than their matched control. Speech perception in the presence of background noise was also impaired, with FRDA listeners typically able to access only around 50% of the information available to their normal peers. The use of personal FM-listening devices did however, dramatically improve their ability to hear and communicate in everyday listening situations.
A high-performance capacitor battery AC/λ-MnO2 based on Na-ion insertion-deinsertion into λ-MnO2 in 1moldm−3 Na2SO4 solution is successfully demonstrated. A simple acid leaching technique is used to produce λ-MnO2 by treating LiMn2O4 with H2SO4. X-ray power diffraction and inductively coupled plasma analysis provide supporting evidences for the extraction of Li+ from the LiMn2O4, and the particle morphology of λ-MnO2 is studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. A high specific capacity of 390.7mAhg−1 is obtained for the λ-MnO2 electrode at a current density of 13.6mAg−1 with a nearly 100% efficiency. The capacitor battery AC/λ-MnO2 can operate at a cell voltage as high as 2.2V, and it exhibits a specific energy of 19.7WhKg−1 at a high power density of 3500WKg−1 and a high energy density of 71.7WhKg−1 at a low power density of 403WKg−1. It has potentials to be used as an energy storage device for the integration of solar and wind power into the electrical power grid.
Mid to low frequency impedance for a cathode in a lithium ion battery (LIB), which is affected by lithium-ion diffusion into active materials, was investigated. We had earlier suggested that charge-transfer and diffusion impedances are attributed to a particle size distribution for a commercially available LIB, and we designed an equivalent circuit in which two series circuits of charge-transfer resistance and Warburg impedance were connected in parallel. Here, to validate the design of the equivalent circuit, the secondary-particle size distribution of the LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathode in a lab-made LIB, in which the secondary-particles were controlled into wide and narrow distribution by sieving, was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The equivalent circuit was designed in which series circuits of charge-transfer resistance and Warburg impedance were connected in parallel. Dependency of impedance response on the number of parallels of the series circuits was evaluated for the cathodes using different secondary-particle size distributions of the active material. Additionally, the tendency of change in the charge-transfer resistance and the limiting capacitance was discussed from the standpoint of secondary-particle size distribution. The results confirm the effectiveness of the designed equivalent circuit which reflects the secondary-particle size distribution of cathode active materials.
This study assesses the viability of photovoltaic (PV) technology in northern latitudes as a part of energy supply system for remote nomadic camps of indigenous communities involved in reindeer husbandry. Two boundary locations were analyzed: southern Yakutia, Russia, 56°41′N; and the northernmost area in Norway, Finnmark, 68°51′N. Sixteen scenarios were simulated based on energy consumption, light sources and electric load schedules. The results show that PV-based systems are beneficial under a variety of economic conditions and fuel prices when compared to systems solely fuel-based. Incandescent lights, which are currently common for such settlements, should be replaced with LED lighting to enable easier PV system portability by reindeer sled. For areas with significant numbers of minimal solar flux days partial load scheduling is necessary for economically viable systems. The simulations showed that the specific weight of the system (excluding support structure) measured as the system total weight to the number of camp residents ratio can be reduced by a factor of two for optimized loads to 5.8 kg/person for a low energy-intensive camps and 11.0 kg/person for a high energy intensive camps.
Objectives Memory and executive deficits are important cognitive markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Moreover, in the past decade, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers have been increasingly utilized in clinical practice. Both cognitive and CSF markers can be used to differentiate between AD patients and healthy seniors with high diagnostic accuracy. However, the extent to which performance on specific mnemonic or executive tasks enables reliable estimations of the concentrations of different CSF markers and their ratios remains unclear. Methods To address the above issues, we examined the association between neuropsychological data and CSF biomarkers in 51 AD patients using hierarchical multiple regression analyses. In the first step of these analyses, age, education and sex were entered as predictors to control for possible confounding effects. In the second step, data from a neuropsychological test battery assessing episodic memory, semantic memory and executive functioning were included to determine whether these variables significantly increased (compared to step 1) the explained variance in Aβ42 concentration, p-tau concentration, t-tau concentration, Aβ42/t-tau ratio, and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. Results The different models explained 52% of the variance in Aβ42/t-tau ratio, 27% of the variance in Aβ42 concentration, and 28% of the variance in t-tau concentration. In particular, Aβ42/t-tau ratio was associated with verbal recognition and code shifting, with Aβ42 being related to verbal recognition and t-tau being related to code shifting. By contrast, the inclusion of neuropsychological data did not allow reliable estimations of Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio or p-tau concentration. Conclusion Our results showed that strong associations exist between the cognitive key symptoms of AD and the concentrations and ratios of specific CSF markers. In addition, we revealed a specific combination of neuropsychological tests that may facilitate reliable estimations of CSF concentrations, thereby providing important diagnostic information for non-invasive early AD detection.
A series of vanadium ion blocking sulfonated polyimide (SPI) membranes with various non-sulfonated diamines were prepared for vanadium redox battery (VRB) applications. FT-IR spectrum verifies the successful synthesis of SPIs, FSEM images illustrate that the membrane surface facing the negative electrode is more intact than that facing the positive electrode. The properties of SPI membranes such as water uptake, ion exchange capacity, thermal stability, proton conductivity and vanadium ion permeability can be adjusted by the species and the structure of non-sulfonated diamine. All SPI membranes show over one or two order of magnitude lower permeability of vanadium ion (0.48 - 2.36×10−7 cm2 min−1) than currently used Nafion 117 membrane (17.10×10−7 cm2 min−1). Vanadium redox static batteries with SPI membranes exhibit lower self-discharge rate, higher coulombic efficiency (97% - 99%) compared with Nafion 117 (94%) at 30mAcm−2. Meanwhile, as-prepared SPI membranes are durable in 0.1molL−1 VO2 + +3.0molL−1 H2SO4 solutions at 40°C. All results show that SPI membranes are promising proton conductive membranes for VRB applications, among which the SPI (BAPP) has the best VRB performance.
Flow batteries are a promising grid-storage technology that is scalable, inherently flexible in power/energy ratio, and potentially low cost in comparison to conventional or “static” battery architectures. Recent advances in flow chemistries are enabling significantly higher energy density flow electrodes. When the same battery chemistry can arguably be used in either a flow or static electrode design, the relative merits of either design choice become of interest. Here, we analyze the costs of the electrochemically active stack for both architectures under the constraint of constant energy efficiency and charge and discharge rates, using as case studies the aqueous vanadium-redox chemistry, widely used in conventional flow batteries, and aqueous lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP)/lithium-titanium-phosphate (LTP) suspensions, an example of a higher energy density suspension-based electrode. It is found that although flow batteries always have a cost advantage ($ kWh−1) at the stack level modeled, the advantage is a strong function of flow electrode energy density. For the LFP/LTP case, the cost advantages decreases from ∼50% to ∼10% over experimentally reasonable ranges of suspension loading. Such results are important input for design choices when both battery architectures are viable options.
The cavity microelectrode (CME) technique was used to screen carbide-derived carbons (CDC) and carbon onions and investigate their electrochemical performance for electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLC) in an H2SO4 electrolyte. The results show that the CME is very effective in terms of screening large numbers of powder samples rapidly, reliably, and efficiently, compared with conventional based electrochemical techniques using large surface electrodes. The results obtained from CME for CDC agree well with the conventional technique. High rate response was obtained with carbon onions because of their high graphitization degree. Therefore, the CME technique could also differentiate microstructure variation in powder materials, especially under high scan rate (as high as 10V/s). These results show that, though the CME cannot completely replace conventional methods for electrochemical characterization of EDLCs, it is a complementary tool that can be used to quickly evaluate the performance of materials (combinatorial electrochemistry study) and highlight possible trends to explore using conventional techniques.
Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. Ocean temperatures determine climate and wind patterns that affect life on land. Freshwater in lakes and rivers covers less than 1%. Its contamination seriously damages ecosystems. The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is defined as a world-wide network of smart interconnected underwater objects that enables to monitor vast unexplored water areas. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how to benefit from the IoUT to learn from, exploit and preserve the natural underwater resources. In this paper, the IoUT is introduced and its main differences with respect to the Internet of Things (IoT) are outlined. Furthermore, the proposed IoUT architecture is described. Important application scenarios that illustrate the interaction of IoUT components have been proposed. Critical challenges have been identified and addressed.
The longitudinal characterisation of Huntington's disease (HD) mouse lines is essential for the understanding of the differential developmental time course, nature and severity of phenotype progression over time. This overview outlines detailed behavioural, neuropathological and gene expression studies in four HD mouse lines: R6/1, YAC128, HdhQ92 and HdhQ150 and outlines their relevance to human HD. The review describes the similarities and differences between the models at the behavioural, anatomical and genetic levels of pathology and how these phenotypes interact in the development of disease in the lines. The HdhQ150 mouse demonstrates the most similarities to the functional deficits observed in human HD. The neuropathological profile with early cortical development of intense aggregate/inclusion pathology in the YAC128 mouse suggests that this line most resembles the development of inclusion pathology in the human disease. The gene expression analyses of the mouse lines find significant similarities between each of the lines and human HD, which converge as the mice age. In the YAC128 and HdhQ92 mouse lines some severe functional deficits are progressive whilst others are not, despite the concomitant ongoing development of neuropathological and gene expression changes. We suggest that the YAC128 and R6/1 lines may be more representative of the juvenile form of HD. The suitability of the different mouse models studied here for different types of pre-clinical therapeutic trials is discussed.
When a person is concurrently interacting with different systems, the amount of cognitive resources required (cognitive load) could be too high and might prevent some tasks from being completed. When such human multitasking involves safety-critical tasks, such as in an airplane, a spacecraft, or a car, failure to devote sufficient attention to the different tasks could have serious consequences. For example, using a GPS with high cognitive load while driving might take the attention away for too long from the safety-critical task of driving the car. To study this problem, we define an executable formal model of human attention and multitasking in Real-Time Maude. It includes a description of the human working memory and the cognitive processes involved in the interaction with a device. Our framework enables us to analyze human multitasking through simulation, reachability analysis, and LTL and timed CTL model checking, and we show how a number of prototypical multitasking problems can be analyzed in Real-Time Maude. We illustrate our modeling and analysis framework by studying: (i) the interaction with a GPS navigation system while driving, (ii) some typical scenarios involving human errors in air traffic control (ATC), and (iii) a medical operator setting multiple infusion pumps simultaneously. We apply model checking to show that in some cases the cognitive load of the navigation system could cause the driver to keep the focus away from driving for too long, and that working memory overload and distraction may cause an air traffic controller or a medical operator to make critical mistakes.