batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Solvent-free polymer electrolyte blends of the amphiphilic polyethoxide (I) and the polytetrahydrofuran copolymer (II) with LiClO4 or LiClO4/LiBF4 mixture have been prepared. In II A is either CH2 (IIC1) or CH2C(CH2)CH2 (IID4), dc measurements using Li electrodes on the cells (Li| I/II-Li salt|Li) demonstrate a ‘self-tracking’ process over ca. 24h during which time conductivities increase from ca. 10−6 to 10−3 Scm−1 at 25 and 30°C. The dc results are supported by ac impedance measurements using indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes in which the complexes undergo transitions at ca. 90°C to give a conductivity after cooling of 6×10−4 Scm−1 at 20°C with low temperature dependence. Structural analysis and molecular dynamics modelling indicate that the cations occupy unimpeded helices of I and anions are located in the interhelical spaces. Mechanisms of ‘tracking’ involving shear-induced orientation of polymer I by polymer II and the redistribution of ions between I and II following imposition of the field are proposed.
The purpose of this paper is, on the one hand, to set up management models of different elements of a self-sufficient hybrid electrical system adapted to the potentials of our isolated West African rural areas of the network, and on the other hand to set up an energy management system able to dynamically find an energy consumption policy while taking into account services requested by users, load various constraints and energy source availability. The management strategy aims to adapt the energy consumed by consumption sources to that supplied by the renewable production sources of the system. It is based on the shift, interruption, reduction, or increase of the power requested from one or several controllable consumption sources of the system. The suggested strategy which is based on the flexibility of consumption sources has made it possible to significantly reduce the lost energy that accounts for a significant gain from an economic point of view. It improves the use of the energy produced by modifying the charge profile. Proposed strategy privileges the functioning of the critical charges.
The stable carbon isotope ratios of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) emitted by traffic related sources are presented. Six sets of samples were collected in the greater Toronto area at locations heavily impacted by engine exhaust, fuel losses and fuel evaporation. Furthermore, two series of measurements were made in a suburban area. The stable isotope ratios of alkanes and arenes in the emission studies are on average −27.7±1.7‰ (relative to Vienna Peedee belemnite, VPDB), fully compatible with the average composition of crude oils. On average alkenes are enriched by 2‰ in 13C relative to alkanes and arenes. The differences between measurements at locations impacted predominantly by specific source types, e.g. tailpipe emissions, fuel evaporation, and losses, seldom are statistically significant and only occasionally exceed 2‰. Ethyne emitted from engine exhaust is enriched in 13C by several tens of per mil relative to other NMHC studied. The ambient measurements at a suburban location in the greater Toronto area showed that the ambient stable carbon isotope ratios are close to the source composition, but not completely identical. On average ambient NMHC are enriched in 13C relative to the average of the sources by a few per mil. Furthermore, for most NMHC the ambient measurements exhibit a higher overall variability than the source compositions. The small, but nevertheless often significant differences between source composition and ambient observations can be explained by the isotope fractionation associated with the reaction of NMHC with OH-radicals; the most important atmospheric loss process for NMHC. Overall the results demonstrate that for the metropolitan region the variability of the stable carbon isotope ratios of NMHC emitted from traffic related sources is small.
This study reports the preparation of iridium-decorated graphene (Ir-G) as an electrode material for an all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) by synchronously reducing graphite oxide (GO) and iridium chloride hydrate (IrCl3·3H2O). X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to characterize the physicochemical properties of Ir-G. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to measure the electrochemical behaviors of the Ir-G for the VRB system. In addition, this study investigated and compared the electrochemical behaviors of graphene with those of Vulcan XC-72. The Ir nanoparticles were exclusively deposited on graphene surface with high uniformity and a mean size of 3nm. The CV results reveal that Ir-G possesses a highly electrocatalytic activity and reversibility among all samples. In addition, the redox current densities of Ir-G are approximately four times higher than those of XC-72. The large electrolyte-accessible surface area and intense affinity of Ir/vanadium-oxygen ions that facilitate electronic and ionic transport contribute to these improvements. Therefore, this study proposes a synchronous reduction method for preparing an Ir-G electrode that exhibits excellent electrocatalytic performance, thereby demonstrating significant improvements in VRB applications.
Meachen S-J, Hanks RA, Millis SR, Rapport LJ. The reliability and validity of the Brief Symptom Inventory−18 in persons with traumatic brain injury. Objective To investigate the psychometric properties of the Brief Symptom Inventory−18 (BSI-18) among persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design Inception cohort design with cross-sectional follow-up of 6 months to 15 years. Setting Rehabilitation hospital. Participants Adults (N=257) with moderate to severe TBI (81 inpatients and 176 follow-up participants, analyzed separately). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The BSI-18 is a brief screen of psychologic distress with a Global Severity Index (GSI), and 3 clinical subscales: somatization, anxiety, and depression. Results Internal consistency of the GSI was high in both follow-up participants (α=.91) and inpatients (α=.84), whereas estimates for the somatization, anxiety, and depression subscales were more variable (α range, .61–.84). As would be expected for a measure of affective state, retest reliability estimates were only moderate. The BSI-18 GSI correlated with multiple measures of psychosocial adjustment. After accounting for demographics, injury severity, inpatient functional status, years since injury, and various psychosocial factors, the BSI-18 showed incremental validity in predicting concurrent functional, psychosocial, and psychologic status. Conclusions The BSI-18 GSI had excellent reliability and validity among inpatients and follow-up participants. Modest reliability estimates may place an upper bound on the validity of the BSI-18 clinical subscales in inpatient TBI populations.
The electrochemical polymerization of the 3,3″-di[(S)-(+)-2-methylbutyl]-2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene (DMBTT) monomer was carried out potentiodynamically on indium tin oxide (ITO), Pt or glassy carbon (GC) electrodes in anhydrous CH3CN with TBAPF6 as supporting electrolyte. Films with good adhesion were obtained for all the tested substrates and they were characterized by various analytical techniques including UV–Vis–NIR absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The most outstanding properties of the electrochemically synthesized polymer were compared with those of the same polymer obtained by a chemical method. The film obtained on ITO displayed a reversible electrochromic behavior under potential switching between −0.50 and +1.00V vs. SCE.
Li2Ti6O13 has been prepared from Na2Ti6O13 by Li ion exchange in molten LiNO3 at 325°C. Chemical analysis and powder X-ray diffraction study of the reaction product respectively indicate that total Na/Li exchange takes place and the Ti–O framework of the Na2Ti6O13 parent structure is kept under those experimental conditions. Therefore, Li2Ti6O13 has been obtained with the mentioned parent structure. An important change is that particle size is decreased significantly which is favoring lithium insertion. Electrochemical study shows that Li2Ti6O13 inserts ca. 5 Li per formula unit in the voltage range 1.5–1.0V vs. Li+/Li, yielding a specific discharge capacity of 250mAhg−1 under equilibrium conditions. Insertion occurs at an average equilibrium voltage of 1.5V which is observed for oxides and titanates where Ti(IV)/Ti(III) is the active redox couple. However, a capacity loss of ca. 30% is observed due to a phase transformation occurring during the first discharge. After the first redox cycle a high reversible capacity is obtained (ca. 160mAhg−1 at C/12) and retained upon cycling. Taking into consideration these results, we propose Li2Ti6O13 as an interesting material to be further investigated as the anode of lithium ion batteries.
Li6Zr2O7 crystallizes in a framework structure with Li occupying 1D channels in three distinguishable square–pyramidal sites. Rao et al. have reported a factor 100 increase in Li+ conductivity at 300°C by substitution of Ta(V) for Zr(IV). We demonstrate here that a similar enhancement in Li-ion conductivity can also be achieved by incorporation of interstitial Li in the formula unit Li6+x Zr2−x M x O7 (M=Y or In). Insertion of x =0.15 Li in the form of Li6+x Zr2−x M x O7 can be obtained by simple solid state synthesis. In order to know the limit of Li insertion into Li6Zr2O7, we demonstrated electrochemical insertion into Li6+x Zr1.5Ti0.5O7 of excess Li to at least x ≈0.17 at room temperature. The Lithium activation energy was 0.63eV for Li6.15Zr1.85Y0.15O7.
Psychotherapy research studies, which balance the pursuit of knowledge with the provision of treatment, can place unique demands on clinicians, patients, and research staff. However, the literature on ethical considerations in psychotherapy trials is minimal. The current paper depicts CBT community standards of practice in the context of two NIMH-funded treatment trials of major depression, both involving CBT and medication. We describe issues that arose; discuss the ethical considerations involved; and describe our course of action, along with our rationale.
In recent years, there has been an increasing need for rechargeable energy-storage devices of many kinds. There are some applications for which energy density is important, whereas for others rate capability (high-power density) and prolonged durability are essential. Batteries address the need for high energy density, while electrochemical capacitors, so called, supercapacitors, can be relevant for the high power density purpose. In between these two kinds of devices, it is possible to develop hybrid systems which possess intermediate properties between supercapacitors and batteries, and which contain both a capacitive or pseudocapacitive electrode and a battery type electrode. With a good selection of electrodes, it is possible to achieve high-rate capability and durability, and also enhanced specific energy density compare to standard supercapacitors. This paper describes the development and study of Li-ion-based hybrid capacitor based on a carbon-based capacitive negative electrode, LiMn2O4 spinel as positive electrode and aqueous solutions with Li2SO4 salt as the electrolyte (pH = 7.5). Here, we demonstrate full hybrid devices as a proof of concept.
Magnesium-based rechargeable batteries might be an interesting future alternative to lithium-based batteries since magnesium compounds are highly abundant in the earth and are environmental friendly. In this work, we have prepared polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) films containing two different magnesium salts, which is magnesium triflate, Mg(CF3SO3)2 and magnesium perchlorate, Mg(ClO4)2 using solution casting technique. The ionic conductivity of both gel polymer electrolyte systems was evaluated using a.c impedance spectroscopy. Results show that at room temperature, GPE-Mg(CF3SO3)2 system exhibits the highest conductivity value at 1.27×10−3 S cm−1 for the film containing 20wt.% of Mg(CF3SO3)2 salt, while the highest conductivity value for the GPE-Mg(ClO4)2 system is 3.13×10−3 S cm−1 for the film containing 15wt.% of Mg(ClO4)2 salt. The conductivity-temperature studies of both GPE systems follow the Arrhenius behavior. The activation energies for ionic conduction were determined to be in the range of 0.18–0.26eV. The transport numbers of magnesium ions in both GPE systems were evaluated using the combination of a.c impedance spectroscopy and d.c polarization techniques. The results obtained indicate that the charge carriers in the GPE films for both systems are predominantly due to ions.
The lack of availability of skilled providers in low- and middle- income countries is considered to be an important barrier to achieving reductions in maternal and child mortality. However, there is limited research on programs increasing the availability of skilled birth attendants in developing countries. We study the implementation of the Nigeria Midwives Service Scheme, a government program that recruited and deployed nearly 2,500 midwives to rural primary health care facilities across Nigeria in 2010. An outcome evaluation carried out by this team found only a modest impact on the use of antenatal care and no measurable impact on skilled birth attendance. This paper draws on perspectives of policymakers, program midwives, and community residents to understand why the program failed to have the desired impact.
Whether people have insight into their face recognition ability has been intensely debated in recent studies using self-report measures. Although some studies showed people’s good insight, other studies found the opposite. The discrepancy might be caused by the difference in the questionnaire used and/or the bias induced using an extreme group such as suspected prosopagnosics. To resolve this issue, we examined the relationship between the two representative self-report face recognition questionnaires (Survey, N = 855) and then the extent to which the questionnaires differ in their relationship with face recognition performance (Experiment, N = 180) in normal populations, which do not include predetermined extreme groups. We found a very strong correlation (r = 0.82), a dominant principal component (explains > 90% of the variance), and comparable reliability between the questionnaires. Although these results suggest a strong common factor underlying them, the residual variance is not negligible (33%). Indeed, the follow-up experiment showed that both questionnaires have significant but moderate correlations with actual face recognition performance, and that the correlation was stronger for the Kennerknecht’s questionnaire (r =  − 0.38) than for the PI20 (r =  − 0.23). These findings not only suggest people’s modest insight into their face recognition ability, but also urge researchers and clinicians to carefully assess whether a questionnaire is suitable for estimating an individual’s face recognition ability.
The aims of this study were to clarify if patients with Unverricht–Lundborg disease (ULD) have adequate cognitive functioning and to delineate their neuropsychological profile. We evaluated 20 patients with ULD and 20 healthy, matched controls. Mean age of the patients was 35years, and mean duration of disease, 22years. Patients underwent a neuropsychological battery exploring intelligence, executive functions, visuospatial and verbal memory, depression, and anxiety. Eleven of 20 subjects with ULD had mild to moderate cognitive impairment. Compared with controls, patients with ULD had lower scores on all short-term memory and executive function tasks. Linear regression analysis disclosed significant associations between impaired performance on some memory tests and duration of disease and between severity of myoclonus and performance on most executive function tests. In conclusion, most patients with ULD seem to be impaired with respect to cognitive abilities. Longitudinal prospective studies are needed to confirm and further expand our findings.
ZnO is one of the promising anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity (978 mAh g−1) and abundant geology reserves. However, the volume variation (about 221%) during de/lithiation and poor conductivity restrict its development. To relieve the volume variation, we build a flexible sponge film, which is composed of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and N-doped porous carbon (NPC) anchored by ~3nm ZnO quantum dots (ZnO-QDs), namely ZnO@NPCF. The ZnO-QDs is derived from zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) in situ. To improve the electronic conductivity, a 3D conductive network is constructed through the pyrolysis treatment. In addition, the robust SWCNT network enables the formation of self-supporting electrodes without binder and metal collector for lithium ion battery. Taking advantages of this unique structure, the ZnO@NPCF-20 exhibits a stable cycling performance over 1000cycles at a current density of 1A g−1 with a small decay of 0.0217% per cycle. Moreover, the ZnO@NPCF-20 electrode with a high mass loading of 2.2mgcm−2 can maintain a stable areal capacity of about 1 mAh cm−2 after 350cycles at a current density of 400mAg−1, which demonstrates the promising potential for LIBs electrode.
Nickel hydroxide films were coprecipitated with the additives Cd(OH)2, Co(OH)2, and Zn(OH)2 by galvanostatic electrodeposition process. The effects of the Cd(OH)2, Co(OH)2, and Zn(OH)2 additions on electrode properties such as charge–discharge, reversibility of the electrode reaction, espectroelectrochemical behavior, superficial morphology by atomic force microscopy (AFM) images, were studied. An anomalous coprecipitation of Zn(OH)2 was observed. The different concentration of zinc nitrate on the solution affects the amount of zinc hydroxide found on the film; this behavior must be attributed to the differences on the solubility products (K ps) of the nickel and zinc hydroxides and also to the remarkable zinc amphoteric character. All additives studied displaced the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) to more positive values, and reduced the difference between the oxidation and reduction peaks (Ni(II)/Ni(III)), leading to an augmentation of the process reversibility. However, a significant loss on the electrode efficiency was observed for composite films with zinc. Lithium hydroxide solution as electrolyte showed an augmentation of the difference between the peak potential for the oxidation process and the oxygen evolution reaction, and also increased the reversibility of the redox nickel process. AFM images showed similar superficial morphologies for nickel hydroxide films and films with cobalt; on the other hand, films containing cadmium and zinc showed an inhomogeneous morphology. Nickel hydroxide film shows a differentiated spectroelectrochemical behavior when compared with composite films.
Spherical Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 with a layered structure has been successfully prepared using the spherical precursor Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3OOH at temperature of 600°C. This synthesis temperature is remarkably lower than those of the spherical Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 powders synthesized using Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3(OH)2 or Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3CO3. The compounds were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD analysis shows that the Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3OOH powder has a P3 structure and the Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3(OH)2 powder has a T1 structure. Charge and discharge tests show that the Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 cathode prepared at 600°C for 24h has an initial discharge capacity as high as 148mAhg−1. The synthesized powder shows a reversible capacity of 142mAhg−1 a specific current of 0.2C rate in the range of 3.0V to 4.3V up to 50 cycles with no noticeable capacity-fading.
Rapidly growing interest and demand for wearable electronics require the development of flexible and lightweight all-solid-state batteries as power sources that guarantee high performance and safety with the absence of the risk of fire or explosion that can occur with traditional liquid electrolyte systems. Herein, we successfully fabricate new flexible all-solid-state microbatteries integrating a solid electrolyte film of lithium boron oxynitride (LiBON) on a flexible substrate using sophisticated thin-film fabrication technology. The new microbattery of Li/LiBON/LiCoO2 exhibits excellent mechanical integrity even under severe bending and twisting test conditions, enabling the realization of flexible microbatteries. The microbatteries demonstrate superior electrochemical cycling stability relative to conventional batteries, delivering an outstanding capacity retention of 90% on the 1000th cycle. Furthermore, operation at various temperatures from −10 °C to +60 °C and fast charging within 3–6 min are achieved. With various types of flexible substrates, the microbatteries can provide diverse opportunities for flexible and wearable electronics.
A porous zinc anode is successfully fabricated using a simple, scalable method for use in Rechargeable Hybrid Aqueous Battery (ReHAB) systems. The porous anode provides a higher surface area (2X), roughness, and wettability than the planar one. These properties allow for better contact between the anode surface and the electrolyte, increasing the cycling performance when used in the ReHAB system. ReHABs with the porous anode show an improvement in initial discharge capacity (34%) at 1C, capacity retention after 300 cycles at 1C, rate performance at various C-rates, and float charge current (a 94% decrease). This decrease in float charge current corresponds to the lower levels of gas generated from detrimental side reactions during battery operation. The enhancements in the rate performance as well as minimized gas evolution in both small (1.13 cm2 in 1.15 mAh coin-cell) and large (9 cm2 in 7 mAh big battery) show the promising potential of the porous anode for use in large-scale battery applications. Based on the findings from various characterization techniques, suppression in dendrite growth and side reactions on the porous anode surface during battery operations have been the main reason for the improvement in ReHAB cycling performance.
Hierarchically structured microspheres consisting of carbon coated porous silicon have been prepared by a spray drying assisted magnesiothermic reduction using gelatin as carbon precursor and SiO2 as silicon source. Gelatin is deposited on the surface of SiO2 nanospheres during spray drying, which plays also as binder in assembling SiO2 nanospheres to form the microspheres. After the magnesiothermic reduction, gelatin is carbonized and deposited in-situ on the surface of nanospheres and porous silicon nanospheres wrapped with a carbon layer are derived. The thickness of carbon coating and the porosity of obtained Si/C composite nanospheres can be modified by tuning the content of gelatin in the suspension. Two desired purposes, i.e. downsizing of Si particles and in-situ carbon coating of the nanoparticles have been achieved by this preparation. The resulted Si/C composite microspheres show superior electrochemical performance and high structure stability as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. An initial reversible capacity of 1638 mAh g−1 and excellent capacity retention of 523 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles can be achieved at a current density of 200 mA g−1. The formation mechanism of the hierarchically structured microspheres and the variation of porosity for the individual Si nanospheres have been investigated and discussed in details.