batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A new colorimetric method for determining the color of a printed sample using electrophotography is presented. As a trade-off solution between colorimeter and spectrophotometer, this method aims to increase accuracy with respect to the colorimeter and simplify the system with respect to the spectrophotometer. The method is based on estimation of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. This was performed by interpolating over the measured values of the spectral power radiation of proposed LED sources. Six LED sources were used, with dominant wavelengths at 400 nm, 457 nm, 517 nm, 572 nm, 632 nm and 700 nm at the transmitting side. On the receiving side there is a wideband detector in charge of recording the optical power at the above-mentioned wavelengths. Colorimetric capabilities of the proposed method were compared with spectrophotometric results, and good match was achieved. Reflectance spectrums obtained by the proposed method for printed samples doesn’t deviate significantly from those recorded by a commercial spectrophotometer. Also, the calculations of color differences don’t deviate from the tolerance threshold.
Wide scale use of the newly emergent VRLA (valve-regulated lead-acid) battery in telecommunication applications and the subsequent problems encountered early in their deployment history spurred intense efforts to improve the design as a continuous endeavor. After implementing improvements to battery placement and containment design to prevent the sudden onset of thermal runaway, the focus of the development work has been on cell internals. These include improved grid and strap alloys, superior AGM (absorbent glass mat) separator that retains compression in the cell, use of beneficial additives to the active materials and the need to avoid contaminants that promote detrimental side reactions. These improvements are now resulting in a vastly superior VRLA experience in the telecommunication applications. To further improve the reliability demanded by today's communication and internet environment VRLA battery installations should include continuous cell/module and system monitoring similar to that incorporated in competing advanced battery systems under development.
All-solid-state batteries are proposed to have ultimate safety and higher power and energy densities over conventional lithium ion batteries with liquid electrolytes. The Li ion conductivity and interfacial resistance between electrolyte and electrodes are the major bottleneck of the development of all-solid-state batteries for practical uses. Here, we reported a novel composite electrolyte which is composed of uniform distributed Li ion conducting Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) fillers in PEO/LiClO4 matrix. The EO:Li+ ratio of 15:1 is being used to achieve lower interfacial resistance between electrolyte and electrodes through the melting process. The composite electrolyte is fabricated by simple solution casting method, which is more advantageous comparing with high temperature sintering or sol-gel method used in the fabrication of ceramic electrolytes. The composite electrolyte exhibits good Li ion conductivity of 4.8×10−4 Scm−1 at 60°C and excellent interfacial stability against Li metal. The all-solid-state lithium battery using this composite electrolyte shows a specific capacity of 140mAhg−1 and an unprecedentedly high capacity retention of 83% after 500 cycles at 60°C and the rate of 1C. It is concluded that good electrode/electrolyte interfacial stability and contact as well as fast Li ion conductivity obtained by the addition of active garnet particulates to PEO/LiClO4 matrix are essential criteria for good charge/discharge performance of all-solid-state lithium batteries.
By means of three specific applications to electrochemical science, this paper demonstrates the usefulness of the net-benefit principle and Bayesian (posterior) probabilities in deciding whether equipment in an electrochemical laboratory or plant should be repaired or replaced.
Two types of structure- and morphology-controlled spinel Li[Ni0.5Mn1.5]O4 (LNMO) are prepared and systematically investigated as 5V, high-rate, and long-life cathode materials for rechargeable Li-ion batteries. The octahedral LNMO particles (1μm or 1–5μm mixed sizes) are prepared through a heat-treatment at 850°C after a hydrothermal reaction, and their performance is compared with that of one-dimensional LNMO nanorods (100–200nm and 1–3μm in diameter and length, respectively), which are synthesized via a two-step method consisting of a hydrothermal reaction followed by solid-state Li and Ni implantation. They show high single crystallinities with an ordered (P4332) and disordered (Fd-3 m) phase for the nanorods and octahedral particles, respectively. Rietveld refinement of X-ray and neutron diffraction, FT-IR, SEM, and TEM are employed to study their phases and microstructures. Galvanostatic studies reveal that overall battery performances of the octahedral LNMO particles are superior to those of the LNMO nanorods. In particular, the disordered octahedral LNMO particles that are composed of mixed particle sizes ranging from of 1 to 5μm show not only the best rate capability and specific discharge capacity but also an excellent cycle stability with a capacity retention of 89% (corresponding to specific discharge capacity of 105mAhg−1) at a 10C cycling rate, even after 1000 cycles. This remarkable performance is attributed to the structural stability, while the highest electrode tap density (1.59gcm−3) in combination with efficient packing resulted in the coexistence of various particle sizes that can provide a shortened pathway for lithium ions between particles.
This paper focuses on the need to contextualise and to address the neglected occupational health and safety rights of workers in the informal economy. Informal economy workers constitute the majority of workers in most countries and the number of informally employed, unprotected and low-income workers is increasing rapidly in both developing as well as developed countries. National and international policies have not acknowledged the linkages between poverty, employment, working conditions, living environment and health inequities. Information on the scale of the problem and the health impact of worsening informal working conditions is still limited. However, the occupational health and safety hazards they face are often added to those of poor living environments, poor nutrition and unsatisfactory housing. They are not covered by social protection or comprehensive health care and besides work-related injury and disease, they are commonly affected by poverty-related diseases. The authors argue that the current context of workers’ health differs in many aspects from the past. Therefore, conventional occupational health and safety mechanisms, such as norms and good practices enforcement are insufficient to address the challenges that informal work and poor living environments poses for workers and their families. Given the nature of globalisation and urbanisation, an integrated rights-based approach of determinants at various levels and a more people-centred empowerment perspective is needed. Informal workers’ representation, organisation, participation is important for ensuring the right to health of workers in the informal economy. Social mobilisation may prove critical as it did in the past.
The Asian battery industry will undergo significant change over the next decade as it adapts to the enormous economic and technological pressures of our rapidly changing world. Europe and North America in recent years have seen significant rationalisation in battery manufacturing capacity and ownership for a variety of reasons. Into the future, Asia will be no exception, but the rate and magnitude of change may conceivably be greater than that already experienced elsewhere. Rationalisation in battery manufacturing plants will occur as a result of the establishment of super plants to manufacture batteries in order to improve the economies of scale and to facilitate the heavy investment in new capital and equipment that will be required to supply the newer technology battery types. The impact of 42V automotive systems and valve-regulated lead–acid (VRLA) batteries will be influential on this scenario. It is expected that China, Japan, South Korea, and Thailand will feature heavily in the future Asian battery scene at the expense of some established countries and producers. The current state of the battery industry in Asia, factors driving change in Asia, and the likely implications for those companies that are currently manufacturing batteries in Asia or considering a future role in Asia within the coming decade are examined in this paper.
Single-crystalline TiOF2 nanocubes with edge length of around 200–300nm have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions using titanium (IV) isopropoxide (TIP) as titanium source, HF as etchant. The corresponding hollow TiO2 nanocages with dominantly exposed {001} crystal planes can be easily obtained by calcinating TiOF2 nanocubes under air atmosphere. It is also found that the presence of acetic acid not only being chemical modifier of TIP to lower its reactivity at relatively acid environment, but also gives rise to a uniform hollow TiO2 nanocages which play the crucial role in hollow formation. The TiOF2 electrode presented here exhibits much excellent electrochemical performance. The initial high specific capacity of TiOF2 can be up to 1045mAhg−1 at a rate of 30mAg−1. The specific discharge capacity is 510mAhg−1 after 40 cycles.
Mobile electronic products have recently become very popular because of their portable convenience and versatile functions. The personal digital assistant (PDA) can even access the Internet. However, there is still plenty of room for improvement in the PDA interface. This research proposes a systematic approach to analyze, generate and evaluate a PDA integrated menu–icon interface design for the DigitHub Company based on customer requirements. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) is incorporated with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to identify and categorize functional PDA menus and their corresponding icons. We evaluate the importance of each of the different functional menus and categories. We generate five PDA menu–icon interface design alternatives that meet the proposed design guidelines, and we evaluate each for their respective feasibilities. The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method is applied to measure the overall operating performance of the five PDA menu–icon interface design alternatives. The evaluation results show that the preferred design is option PDA5, a hierarchical and separated menu–icon layout style that features a two-layer menu structure. We expect that the proposed development procedure for the generation and evaluation of PDA menu–icon design alternatives based on customer requirements will be of interest to interface designers who wish to focus on mobile products. Relevance to industry This paper proposes an integrated procedure for designing PDA menu–icon interfaces. Our methodology should help in the creation and optimization of screen layouts for mobile phones, global positioning system (GPS) navigation devices, digital cameras and related screen interfaces.
The redox activity of tavorite LiFeSO4F coated with poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), i.e. PEDOT, is investigated by means of several spectroscopic techniques. The electronic changes and iron-ligand redox features of this LiFeSO4F-PEDOT composite are probed upon delithiation through X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The PEDOT coating, which is necessary here to obtain enough electrical conductivity for the electrochemical reactions of LiFeSO4F to occur, is electrochemically stable within the voltage window employed for cell cycling. Although the electronic configuration of PEDOT shows also some changes in correspondence of its reduced and oxidized forms after electrochemical conditioning in Li half-cells, its p-type doping is fully retained between 2.7 and 4.1 V with respect to Li+/Li during the first few cycles. An increased iron-ligand interaction is observed in LixFeSO4F during electrochemical lithium extraction, which appears to be a general trend for polyanionic insertion compounds. This finding is crucial for a deeper understanding of a series of oxidation phenomena in Li-ion battery cathode materials and helps paving the way to the exploration of new energy storage materials with improved electrochemical performances.
Chagas disease incidence has sharply declined over the last decade. Long-term disease control will, however, require extensive, longitudinal surveillance systems capable of detecting (and dealing with) reinvasion-reinfestation of insecticide-treated dwellings by non-domiciliated triatomines. Sound surveillance design calls for reliable data on vector ecology, and these data must cover different spatial scales. We conducted a multi-scale assessment of ecological and evolutionary trends in members of the tribe Rhodniini, including (i) a macroscale analysis of Rhodniini species richness and composition patterns across the Americas, and (ii) a detailed, mesoscale case-study of ecological and behavioural trends in Rhodnius neglectus and R. nasutus. Our macroscale overview provides some comprehensive insights about key mechanisms/processes probably underlying ecological and genetic diversification in the Rhodniini. These insights translate into a series of testable hypotheses about current species distributions and their likely causes. At the landscape scale, we used geometric morphometrics to identify dubious specimens as either R. neglectus or R. nasutus (two near-sibling species), and studied palm tree populations of these two vector taxa in five geographical areas. The data suggest that deforestation and the associated loss of habitat and host diversity might increase the frequency of vector–human contact (and perhaps Trypanosoma cruzi infection rates in vectors). Surveillance in central-northeastern Brazil should prioritise deforested landscapes where large palm trees (e.g., Attalea, Mauritia, Copernicia, Acrocomia or Syagrus) occur near houses. We anticipate that, by helping define the distribution patterns and ecological preferences of each species, multi-scale research will significantly strengthen vector surveillance systems across Latin America.
A direct approach for the synthesis and coating of advanced nanocomposite negative electrodes via a single-step process at low temperature is presented. Metal-oxide/PVdF nanocomposites are obtained in one step by electrospray pyrolysis of precursor solutions containing dissolved metal salts together with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as binder. In this way, small oxide nanoparticles are generated and dispersed in situ in the binder creating nanocomposite structures, while being coated at once as thin electrode layers on stainless steel coin cell cans. The intimate contact between the nanoparticles and the binder favours enhanced adhesion of the materials in the overall electrode structure and adequate electrochemical performances are obtained without any conductive additive. Three nanocomposite oxide/PVdF materials (i.e. SnO2, CoO and Fe2O3) are reported here as preliminary examples of negative electrodes. The results show that this approach is suitable, not only for the fabrication of nanocomposite electrodes for Li-ion batteries, but also for other novel applications.
A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network competent of autonomous actions. No infrastructure is required for nodes to communicate with each other in the network. MANET operates without centralized administration. The nodes are self configuring, independent, quickly deployable. Nodes are movable since topology is very vibrant and they have restricted energy and computing resources. Routing protocols should incorporate QoS metrics in route finding and maintenance, to support end-to-end QoS. General AODV routing faces problems like long route, time delay, mobility and many other while routing. The nodes low in energy level will not be in a position to complete the routing. The QoS parameters like throughput, PDR and delay are affected directly. The proposed Energy based AODV protocol (EN-AODV) announces energy and based on nodes sending and receiving rates and the sizes of the data to be transmitted it justifies whether its energy level is maintained or decreased. It calculates the energy levels of the nodes before they are selected for routing path. A threshold value is defined and nodes are considered for routing only if its energy level is above this threshold value. The work is implemented and simulated on NS-2. The simulation results have shown an increase in PDR, decrease in delay and throughput is maintained. The proposed EN-AODV provides more consistent and reliable data transfer compared to general AODV.
Despite the increased interest in the effects of omega-3 supplementation on childrens’ learning and behaviour, there are a lack of controlled studies of this kind that have utilised a typically developing population. This study investigated the effects of omega-3 supplementation in 450 children aged 8–10 years old from a mainstream school population, using a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Participants were supplemented with either active supplements (containing docosahexaenoic acid, DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) or a placebo for 16 weeks. Cheek cell fatty acid levels were recorded pre- and post-supplementation and a range of cognitive tests and parent and teacher questionnaires were used as outcome measures. After supplementation, changes in the relationship between omega-6 and omega-3 were significant in the active group. Despite the wide range of cognitive and behavioural outcome measures employed, only three significant differences between groups were found after 16 weeks, one of which was in favour of the placebo condition. Exploring the associations between changes in fatty acid levels and changes in test and questionnaire scores also produced equivocal results. These findings are discussed in relation to previous findings with clinical populations and future implications for research.
Our paper highlights the role of supercapacitors in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the current response to the worldwide demand for a clean and low fuel-consuming transport. The main strategies for increasing the specific energy of supercapacitors, which are electrochemical energy storage/conversion systems of high-specific power, are discussed, with the focus on electrode material, electrolyte and electrode/electrolyte interface properties. Particular emphasis is given to the use of ionic liquids (IL), which are attracting much attention as green and solvent-free electrolytes, and to the development of high-voltage, IL-based hybrid supercapacitor with high surface area carbon negative electrode and poly(3-methylthiophene) positive. Based on the results of laboratory cells featuring N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonylimide) ILs, the specific energies of hybrid supercapacitor modules are evaluated and compared to those expected for double-layer carbon supercapacitors displaying the same ILs.
At BMW AG in Munich high-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are being developed as an auxiliary power unit (APU) for high-class car conveniences. Their design requires simulation of their thermo-electrochemical behaviour in all the conditions that may occur during operation (i.e. heat-up to about 600°C, start-up to operating temperature, energy-delivering and cool-down). A global thermo-electrochemical model was developed for the whole system and a three-dimensional geometry code was performed using MATLAB programming language. The problems in developing SOFCs are now so many and so different that a very flexible code is necessary. Thus, the code was not only designed in order to simulate each of the operating conditions, but also to test different stack configurations, materials, etc. In every event, the code produces a time-dependent profile of temperatures, currents, electrical and thermal power density, gases concentrations for the whole system. The heat-up and start-up simulations allow: (1) to evaluate the time the cell stack needs to reach operating temperature from an initial temperature distribution, (2) to check the steepest temperature gradients occurring in the ceramic layers (which result in material stresses) and (3) to obtain important information about the pre-operating strategy. Simulation of energy-delivering gives a detailed profile of the temperatures, currents, power density, and allows to define the guidelines in system-controlling. Simulation of cooling-down gives important advises about insulation designing. The aim of this work is to build up a tool to clearly individuate the best designing criteria and operating strategy during the development and the engineering of a SOFC system.
A cycle testing procedure is proposed which carries out charge and discharge in a partial state of charge (PSOC) with some testing levels such as an averaged state of charge, temperature, etc. The PSOC cycle test with this procedure was carried out for a commercial lithium-ion cell for about 20,000cycles, and the testing procedure and test results are discussed. The features of the degradation due to PSOC cycle test in the tested lithium-ion cell were clarified as follows. The degradation during the PSOC cycle test was greater at higher environmental temperature. The degradation was greatest at a high average SOC, and smallest at SOC=50%. The degradation increased again at a low average SOC. In the test results for 2 years with 20,000 PSOC cycles, which converted to 2200cycles of full-capacity charge and discharge, capacity degradation was 32% even at the greatest degradation at 318K and 8% or less at 278K. The proposed testing procedure is useful for evaluating a cell used on partial charge and discharge cycles.
The disposal/recycling of plastic materials are one of the biggest challenges of 21st century. Some studies have been reported in recent past on recycling of thermoplastics via three-dimensional (3D) printing as a novel technique under primary and secondary recycling. But hitherto no work has been reported on use of recycled/virgin thermoplastics for use as energy storage devices (ESD). In this paper an effort has been made to develop in house ESD in form of dry cell by printing with low cost fused deposition modeling (FDM) based commercial open source 3D printer. The feed stock filament of FDM has been prepared by twin screw extrusion (TSE) comprising of advanced composite materials (thermoplastic: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) matrix, reinforced with different proportions of chemicals/salts namely: MnO2, ZnCl2, NH4Cl and graphite), which has been used to print dry cell for energy storage applications. The commercial dry cell consists of four zones/sections and feed stock filaments for three zones have been prepared separately on TSE (with different proportions of ABS and reinforcement of chemical/salts) and fourth zone (of Zn metal) has been casted with conventional sand casting route. Finally, all four zones have been assembled in series to develop fully functional prototype of ESD. This study highlights that with the proposed methodology, dry cell comprising of minimum 40% by weight recycled thermoplastics can be prepared successfully having voltage potential at par with commercial dry cell. Another major advantage of using this novel route is that the ESD prepared is more thermally stable (confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis) and can operate up to 95 °C temperature. Along with this the ESD so prepared has better rheological, mechanical properties (tensile, surface hardness) ensuring it to be useable under severe loading conditions. The results are also supported by photomicrographs.