batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The thermally-induced structural transformation of layered hydrogen trititanate (H2Ti3O7) to TiO2(B) has been systematically studied by means of in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) over a wide temperature range from 170 to 450°C. Our data indicate a structural transition realized via continuous loss of interlayer water, which results in a series of non-stoichiometric hydrogen titanate compounds (3TiO2·δH2O). Electrochemical analysis of hydrogen titanates for lithium-ion intercalation shows that reversible specific capacity increases as calcination temperature increases, whereas cycling stability decreases during the continuous dehydration process.
Nuclear and renewable energy are considered two of the most important technologies towards decarbonization though it is not clear how their adoption relates to national emission reductions. Sovacool et al. look at data from 123 countries to examine emission reductions associated with nuclear- or renewable energy-focused strategies.
Energy is a vital input for social and economic development of any nation. With increasing agricultural and industrial activities in the country, the demand for energy is also increasing. Formulation of an energy model will help in the proper allocation of widely available renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, bioenergy and small hydropower in meeting the future energy demand in India. During the last decade several new concepts of energy planning and management such as decentralized planning, energy conservation through improved technologies, waste recycling, integrated energy planning, introduction of renewable energy sources and energy forecasting have emerged. In this paper an attempt has been made to understand and review the various emerging issues related to the energy modeling. The different types of models such as energy planning models, energy supply–demand models, forecasting models, renewable energy models, emission reduction models, optimization models have been reviewed and presented. Also, models based on neural network and fuzzy theory have been reviewed and discussed. The review paper on energy modeling will help the energy planners, researchers and policy makers widely.
Nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials have been attracted increasing research interests in lithium-O2 and Zinc-O2 batteries, ultracapacitors and fuel cells. Herein, nitrogen-doped graphitic carboncages (N-GCs) have been prepared by mesoporous Fe2O3 as a catalyst and lysine as a nitrogen doped carbon source. Due to the catalysis of Fe2O3, the N-GCs have a high graphitization degree at a low temperature, which is detected by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectrometer. Simultaneously, the heteroatom nitrogen is in-situ doped into carbon network. Therefore, the excellent electrocatalysis performance for oxygen reduction reaction is expected. The electrochemical measurement indicates that The N-GCs for oxygen reduction reaction in O2-saturated 0.1molL−1 KOH show a four-electron transfer process and exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity (E ORR =-0.05V vs. Ag/AgCl) and good stability (i/i 0 =90% at -0.35V after 4000 s with a rotation rate of 1600rpm).
We developed highly promising solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on a novel cross-linker containing star-shaped phosphazene with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) branches with very high ionic conductivity (7.6 × 10−4 S cm−1), improved mechanical stability, and good electrochemical stability for all-solid-state lithium batteries. In particular, allyl groups were introduced at the ends of the cross-linker in order to overcome the easy self-polymerization of existing cross-linking acrylate end groups. A novel semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) SPE was prepared by in-situ radical polymerization of a precursor solution containing lithium salt, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether as a plasticizer, and a mixture of pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) and a synthesized hexakis(allyloxy)cyclotriphosphazene (thiol-ene PAL) as the cross-linker. Batteries employing LiFePO4 as the cathode, lithium foil as the anode, and the SPE thin film as the electrolyte were assembled and tested. At ambient temperature, the initial discharge capacity was 147 mAh/g at 0.1 °C and 132 mAh/g at 0.5 °C, and 97% of the capacity was retained at the 100th cycle. All-solid-state pouch-package lithium cells assembled with the SPEs exhibited stable electrochemical performance, even under a severely wrinkled state. These outstanding properties of SPEs based on thiol-ene PAL demonstrate feasibility for practical battery applications with improved reliability and safety.
The electrochemical property of Keggin type hetero polyoxomolybdate K3[PMo12O40] (KPM) as the cathode electrode material for lithium battery was examined. KPM showed charge–discharge performance in the potential region from 4.2V to 1.5V with capacity of over 200mAhg−1. From the result of the ex situ XRD measurement, it is presumed that the electrochemical reaction of KPM proceeds via the lithium (de-)intercalation. The cycle performance of KPM is largely dependent on the charge–discharge potential range. The capacity fade caused by deep discharging seems to be concerned to the 〈 to ® isomerization of KPM.
A single lithium-ion polyelectrolyte composite membrane was designed and prepared. It consisted of lithiated Nafion®, propylene carbonate (PC) and mesoporous hollow silica spheres (MHSi). SEM and TEM analysis illustrated that the MHSi disperse uniformly in the membrane. The thermal stability of the composite membrane was tested using TGA which showed that the decomposition temperature is as high as 400°C. The maximum PC absorbability was 127% and caused a 23.1% volume change. The transference number of the membrane was 0.94, which is very close to unity. The MHSi and PC in the membrane synergistically contributed to the lithium-ion conductivity of 2.29×10−4 Scm−1 at 25°C. In addition, Li/LiFePO4 half-cells employing the subject prepared membrane without addition of any other lithium salt demonstrated acceptable performance. This new type of polymer membrane may find acceptable application in high energy lithium-ion batteries in the near future.
Electrification systems based on renewable energy have proven suitable for providing electricity autonomously to rural communities. Among the technical options available, wind systems are increasingly getting attention. In the northern mountains of Peru, at 3800m.a.s.l., three community wind electrification projects have been implemented. The technical solutions used in each project are different: wind vs. hybrid photovoltaic-wind systems; individual equipment vs. microgrids. This study aims to describe, evaluate and compare these three small-scale community wind electrification projects. The evaluation of the three projects was carried out by comparing previous and present scenario; attention has been focused on project design and technical aspects, socio-economic impacts and sustainability and management model. These three examples shed light on both the advantages and disadvantages of different technological options as well as on appropriate community-level management models.
Self-discharge behavior of layered lithium-rich oxide as cathode of lithium ion battery in a carbonated-based electrolyte is understood, and a simple boron-containing compound, trimethyl borate (TMB), is used as an electrolyte additive to suppress this self-discharge. It is found that layered lithium-rich oxide charged under 4.8 V in additive-free electrolyte suffers severe self-discharge and TMB is an effective electrolyte additive for self-discharge suppression. Physical characterizations from XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS and ICP-MS demonstrate that the crystal structure of the layered lithium-rich oxide collapses due to the chemical interaction between the charged oxide and electrolyte. When TMB is applied, the structural integrity of the oxide is maintained due to the protective cathode film generated from the preferential oxidation of TMB.
A new unsymmetrical lithium salt, lithium [3-fluoro-1,2-benzenediolato(2-)-o,o′ oxalato]borate (FLBDOB), is synthesized and characterized. The thermal characteristics of FLBDOB and its counterparts lithium bis[3-fluoro-1,2-benzenediolato(2-)-o,o]borate (FLBBB) and lithium bis[oxalate]borate (LBOB) are examined and compared by thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The thermal decomposition of these salts in air is found to begin at 302, 262 and 256°C for LBOB, FLBDOB and FLBBB, respectively. The order of the stability toward oxidation of these organoborates is LBOB>FLBDOB>FLBBB, which is in the same order of the thermal stability. The cyclic voltammetry study shows that the FLBDOB solution in PC is stable up to 4.0V versus Li+/Li. It is soluble in common organic solvents such as propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), and tetrahydrofuran (THF). Ionic dissociation properties of FLBDOB and the counterparts in PC, PC+THF, PC+DME, EC+DME, EC+THF (molar ratio 1:1) solutions are also examined by conductivity measurements. The conductivity values of the 0.10moldm−3 FLBDOB electrolyte in PC, PC+THF, PC+DME, EC+DME, EC+THF solutions are higher than those of FLBBB, but lower than those of LBOB electrolytes.
SnO2 nanoflowers and nanorods have been synthesized by the hydrothermal method without using any capping agent. Both types of SnO2 nanostructures are selected as a support of Pt catalyst for methanol and ethanol electrooxidation. The synthesized SnO2 nanostructures and SnO2 supported platinum (Pt/SnO2) catalysts are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and high resolution transmission electron microscope. The electrocatalytic properties of the Pt/SnO2 and Pt/C catalysts for methanol and ethanol oxidation have been investigated systematically by typical electrochemical methods. The influence of SnO2 morphology on its electrocatalytic activity is comparatively investigated. The Pt/SnO2 flower-shaped catalyst shows higher electrocatalytic activity and better long-term cycle stability compared with other electrocatalysts owing to the multidimensional active sites and radial channels of liquid diffusion.
Spatial and temporal changes in phosphorus (P) distribution, partitioning and mobility in the benthic cyanobacterial mat (CBM) were evaluated using sequential chemical fractionation. Total P (TP) content was extremely low, ranging from 0.025 to 0.1 mg g−1 DW. Exchangeable and loosely bound P, which we consider to be mainly associated with extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), constituted the most significant proportion of TP (up to 52%, 55 μg g−1 DW), followed by P associated with the authigenic apatites (up to 35% of TP or 18 μg g−1 DW). While we found virtually no exchange of P with the ambient environment, our results show that the partitioning of P forms within CBM is dependent on spatial and temporal fluctuations of physico-chemical parameters, mainly pH and dissolved oxygen. A conspicuous diurnal increase in the reactive, exchangeable and loosely bound P in the top CBM layers was observed. This observation has important ecological implications, as CBM microorganisms therefore have an increased possibility for P “luxury” uptake during the night. This hypothesis is further supported by the fact that P in the organic fraction rises by as much as 53% in the upper layers during the night, indicating some form of cellular uptake. The P-binding potential of EPS also has ecological or biogeochemical consequences and should be considered in stoichiometrical studies where it represents potential danger for great overestimates of cellular P values or the nutritional status of cells.
The radon risk-coefficient, determined from long-term epidemiology studies of 11 groups of uranium and hardrock miners, is given in terms of exposure to airborne radon progeny, not lung dose, which must be computed using breathing rates and the airborne radioactivity as a function of particle size in the mine atmosphere. Aerosol measurements relevant to this issue are reviewed: in diesel-powered mines the range of activity median diameters is between 75 and 175nm (GSD=2), and these aerosols are expected to be hydrophobic and not double in size in the respiratory tract as is often assumed. However, since much of the exposure occurred in mines powered electrically or with compressed air, and few activity size distribution measurements have been made in such mines, it appears that further experimental work is needed to characterize the properties of aerosols to be expected in the working environments of the mines under consideration.
Pulse-heating techniques have been developed in the last 30 years to overcome difficulties of steady-state experiments in the high temperature range. In these methods the specimen is pulse-heated to high temperatures in short times (typically less than 1s) using Joule heating and the various experimental quantities are measured with millesecond to microsecond time resolution. Many thermophysical properties are measurable with these methods, including heat capacity, melting point and enthalpy of fusion. In the high temperature range (above 1000K) these absolute techniques provide accurate calorimetric data and have been used to characterize different materials taking advantage of the possibility to determine several properties in a single experiment of subsecond duration. The state-of-the-art of pulse calorimetry is reviewed making reference to the apparatus developed at the Istituto di Metrologia “G. Colonnetti” (IMGC, Torino, Italy), with a particular emphasis on the characterization of some reference materials (molybdenum, tungsten and platinum) in the temperature range 1000–3600K.
In this research, two methods, the STPA and Bowtie, were applied to realize a hazard identification on pipeline transportation, more precisely a condensate pipeline, in SKIKDA region. This identification was followed by a comparison of the results obtained previously, with respect to some aspects; we compared all hazards identified by both methods and classified them into categories, also comparing consequences and losses; we also compared the different steps of each method used. The study performed allows us to determine the main differences using the STPA and Bowtie methods for hazard identification on pipeline transport and highlights a complementary while using them in order to identify in a more exhaustive way the hazards associated with the system being studied. Their combination may be more useful for a thorough hazard identification.
This study demonstrates a facile and effective approach to prepare nitrogen/phosphorus co-doped nonporous carbon nanofibers (N/P-NPCNFs) through the electrospinning of the polyacrylonitrile and phosphoric acid precursor solutions and subsequent thermal treatment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses show that the contents of phosphorus and pyrrol-like nitrogen in N/P-NPCNFs can be tuned by controlling the amount of phosphoric acid. The maximum specific capacitance of 224.9 F g−1 is achieved at 0.5 A g−1 in 1 M H2SO4. Furthermore, the specific capacitance could still remain 155.5 F g−1 at 30 A g−1 with a high capacitance retention ratio of 70%. It is worth noting that no capacitance loss is observed over 8000 charge/discharge cycles, clearly demonstrating a robust long-term stability. The excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to the synergetic effect of nitrogen and phosphorus functionalities.
Nanocomposites composed of SnO2 and CuO were prepared by hydrothermal method. The microstructures of obtained SnO2–CuO powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption–desorption test. The results show that the nanocomposites exhibited coral-like nanostructure, and the average crystalline size of SnO2 was 12 nm. The specific surface area of the four samples, SnO2–0.2CuO, SnO2–0.5CuO, SnO2–1.0CuO and SnO2–2.0CuO are 72.97, 58.77, 49.72 and 54.95 m2/g, respectively. The gas-sensing performance of the four samples to ethanol, formaldehyde and H2S was studied. The sensor of SnO2–0.5CuO exhibited high response to hydrogen sulfide (4173 to 10 ppm H2S, where ppm represent 10−6), and low response to ethanol and formaldehyde. The good selectivity exhibited that the SnO2–0.5CuO nanocomposite can be a promising candidate for highly sensitive and selective gas-sensing material to H2S.
The high overpotentials of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in the air cathode are still big challenge to be overcome for the high performance non-aqueous lithium-air batteries (LABs), especially in ambient air. In this paper, dandelion-like NiCo2O4 hollow microspheres are prepared through a simple self-assembled hydrothermal process as cathode catalyst. The assembled LABs show relative high discharge potential in different oxygen partial pressure, and can deliver a reversible capacity of 8019mAh·g−1 at the current density of 300mA·g−1 with stable cycle performance for at least 40 times in ambient air. The excellent performance of NiCo2O4 cathode can be attributed to the dandelion hollow structure, together with the abundant oxygen vacancies, which would enhance the ORR and OER process. The study confirms the feasibility of dandelion-like NiCo2O4 hollow spheres as efficient cathode for the LABs in ambient air.
One of the challenges associated with silicon as an anode material for Li-ion batteries is the formation of an unstable solid-electrolyte interphase which, forms continuously while consuming lithium and other components; and consequently contributes to irreversible capacity. To elucidate some of the details of the formation and subsequent dissolution of species formed during lithiation of silicon anodes we have produced thin film silicon electrodes and analyzed them during lithiation and delithiation using an electrochemical quartz microbalance with in-situ dissipation (EQCM-D). Measurements were conducted on electrodes with silicon alone and silicon with a silicon dioxide coating, and in EC:EMC and EC:DEC:FEC based electrolytes. Mass loss during lithiation was observed in both solvents systems when an oxide layer was present on the surface of the electrode. Solid state and solution NMR measurements indicate that the formation and dissolution of Li2O is the most likely cause of mass loss.
Objective An automated cognitive neurophysiological test is presented that characterizes how an individual was affected by a drug or treatment. The test calculates sub-scores for working memory task performance, cortical activation, and alertness, and combines the sub-scores into an overall score. Methods The test was applied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of alcohol, caffeine, diphenhydramine, and sleep deprivation in 16 healthy adults. Results The between- and within-day variability of the sub-scores and overall scores for placebo were all near zero, suggesting that the scores are stable. All treatments affected the overall score, while differential effects on sub-scores highlighted the added value of EEG measures. Conclusions The test is sensitive to relatively mild alterations in cognitive function. Its automation makes it suitable for use in large-scale clinical trials. Significance By combining task performance with EEG brain function measures, the test may prove to have better sensitivity and specificity in detecting changes due to drugs or other treatments than comparable neuropsychological test batteries that do not directly measure brain function signals.
Trauma/retrieval patients are often in shock and hypothermic. Treatment of such patients usually involves restoring their blood volume with transfusion of blood (stored at 2°C – 6°C) and/or crystalloids or colloids (stored at ambient temperature). Rapid infusion of these cold fluids can worsen or even induce hypothermia in these patients. Warming of intravenous fluids at accident sites has traditionally been difficult due to a lack of suitable portable fluid warmers that are not dependent on mains electrical or battery power. If latent heat, the heat released when a liquid solidifies (an inherently temperature limiting process) can warm intravenous fluids, portable devices without a reliance on electrical energy could be used to reduce the incidence of hypothermia in trauma patients.
Anatase titanium dioxide is a promising negative electrode material for Li-ion batteries. However, the low intrinsic electrical conductivity and poor cycling performance have limited its application. In this work, titanium dioxide flakes have been synthesized through a simple spreading method that is easily scalable. The calcined titanium dioxide flakes exhibit larger reversible charge/discharge capacity, better rate capability and excellent cycling stability compared to anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The larger surface area of the flakes leads to a larger electrode/electrolyte contact area, shorter solid state path lengths for both Li-ion and electron transport, which results in the better rate capability. The cycling performance was significantly improved by the porous structure of the calcined titanium dioxide flakes. Strategies for improving the volumetric energy density of the flakes are also discussed.
The potential for electric vehicles to obtain income from energy supplied to a commercial building together with revenue accruing from specific ancillary service markets in the UK is evaluated in this work. A hybrid time-series/probabilistic simulation environment using real-world data is described, which is applied in the analysis of electricity trading with vehicle-to-grid to vehicles, buildings and markets. Key parameters are found to be the electric vehicle electricity sale price, battery degradation cost and infrastructure costs. Three vehicle-to-grid scenarios are evaluated using pool vehicle trip data, market pricing index data and half-hourly electricity demand for a commercial building. Results show that provision of energy to the wholesale electricity market with additional income from the capacity market results in the greatest projected return on investment, producing an individual vehicle net present value of ∼£8400. This is over 10years for a vehicle supplying energy three times per week to the half-hour day-ahead market and includes the cost of installing the vehicle-to-grid infrastructure. The analysis also shows that net income generation is strongly dependent upon battery degradation costs associated with vehicle-to-grid cycling.
Na-ion battery is playing an important role as a low-cost alternative power source to Li-ion battery. Developing novel carbonaceous anode materials is highly demanded for high performance and environmental benignity. We report, for the first time, the graphene sheets covalently bonded with sulfur atoms as Na-ion battery anode material with a large reversible capacity of 291mAhg−1 and an outstanding rate capability with 127 and 83mAhg−1 at 2.0 and 5.0Ag−1 (charging/discharging in 3.8 and 1min, respectively), and a long cycling stability as well. Both experiment and density functional theory calculation proves that the superior performance is mainly attributed to the unique nanoporous structure stemmed from the chemically S doping. This material holds great promise in future application of low cost, high-performance Na-ion batteries.