batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
As population ageing means that dementia is becoming more prevalent, it is increasingly important that clinicians from all types of practice are familiar with assessing patients who have possible cognitive impairment. The diagnosis of the syndrome of dementia remains a clinical process, supplemented by relevant investigations including cognitive testing. This paper reviews some of the more commonly used tools for assessing cognition, behaviour and overall functioning in patients with possible or established dementia. Several categories of instruments are considered, including brief screening tests, neuropsychological test batteries, scales for behavioural and psychiatric symptoms, and functional and global assessments. It is recommended that clinicians familiarise themselves with a small number of scales that can be readily employed in everyday practice.
Dendritic growth of lithium during galvanostatic electrodeposition is modeled. The time-dependent concentration distribution near the lithium surface is computed by numerically solving the transport equation inside the diffusion boundary layer. The dendrite propagation rate, i.e., the dendrite tip current density, is calculated by analyzing the various overpotentials that develop at the dendrite tip and at the flat electrode surface. The surface overpotential at the dendrite tip due to its radius of curvature is also incorporated in the model; however, for typical dendrite tip radii, it is shown that this surface overpotential is very small. The dendrite tip propagation rate predicted by the model agrees reasonably well with experimental data from the literature. For dendritic growth under pure activation control, a simplified analytical expression for the tip current density is derived. The analytical expression shows that dendritic growth is suppressed in systems that exhibit a lower charge transfer coefficient.
The electrochemical properties of the anodic films formed on PbCaSnCe and PbCaSn alloys at 0.9V (versus Hg/Hg2SO4 electrode) in 4.5mol/L sulfuric acid solution were investigated by linear sweeping voltammetry (LSV), ac voltammetry (ACV), electrochemical spectroscopy impedance (EIS), capacitance measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technology. Based on Mott–Schottky analysis, the effect of cerium on the semiconductor properties of anodic film is discussed as well in this paper. The experimental data shows that cerium can significantly decrease the impedance of the anodic film on PbCaSn alloy, and can improve the corrosion resistance of the alloy. It can be inferred from the capacitance measurement result that the passive film should be an n-type semiconductor. The addition of cerium can decrease the slope of M–S plot, which indicates the increasing of defect density in the film, and this can contribute to improve the conductivity of the anodic film on PbCaSn alloy. XPS results shows that the anodic film formed on PbCaSnCe alloy is consisted of PbO1+x (0< x <1) and PbSO4, while for the anodic film formed on PbCaSn alloy, PbO and PbSO4 are the major component. Considering the better conductivity of PbO1+x (0< x <1) than that of PbO, it is concluded that PbCaSnCe may serve as the candidate of the new grid material for maintenance-free lead acid battery.
Autism is generally accepted as the most genetic of all the developmental neuropsychiatric syndromes. However, despite more than several decades of genetic study, the etiology of autism remains unknown, largely due to the genetic and phenotypic diversity, or heterogeneity, of this disorder, and the lack of biologically based classification systems. At the same time, in the neuroimaging literature, the body of research identifying candidate neural systems underlying aspects of autistic impairment has grown considerably, fueled by the advent of technologies such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Yet the findings from these neuroimaging studies have not been incorporated to inform the collection of samples for genetic studies of autism, which are predominantly based on a diagnosis of the disorder. This article presents a review of the genetics of autism and describes the genetic approaches that have been applied, including the phenotypic strategies that have been used to address heterogeneity and optimize the power of these genetic studies. With the increasing recognition that there may be different “autisms” (Geschwind and Levitt, 2007) with unique neural mechanisms, it is argued that neural systems research, using technologies such as fMRI, currently allows for the identification of more biologically informative phenotypes for genetic studies of autism and is positioned to identify informative neuroimaging markers for “neurogenetic” studies of the disorder. To illustrate this, we describe several candidate neural systems for the social communication impairment seen in autism, and the characteristic behavioral and physiological manifestations associated with these that could be incorporated into phenotypic assessments.
Graphite anodes in commercialized lithium ion batteries are meeting the bottleneck for future high-performance electronic devices. Strategies has been applied to improve the cycle and rate capacity of the anode active materials. Herein, a two-step hydrothermal approach is presented to synthesize TiO2@MoS2/C as enhanced anodic electrode. The TiO2@MoS2/C electrode delivers a satisfying cycle performance of 643.4mAh/g on average at a current of 100mA/g upon 100 cycles. The comparison study shows that TiO2@MoS2/C are superior to its individual part when assembled into batteries. The result also demonstrates that the support from TiO2 nanosheet arrays is essential to achieve both improved cycle and rate performance. Without TiO2 scaffold as an intermediate, MoS2/C is not able to firmly attach to Ti substrate and tends to be exfoliated upon cycling. Besides, the presence of carbon remarkably improves the poor conductivity of TiO2 and MoS2, which is beneficial to elevate rate capacity at high currents.
The requirements for stack monitoring devices are becoming more strict as the fuel cell and battery technologies reach an advanced stage of development and move towards commercialisation. Different applications put restraints on such devices when it comes to cost, weight and size. No commercial products can meet the requirements with respect to both cost and performance. Individual cell voltage measurements are crucial to protect the fuel cell stack and ensure maximum stack lifetime. Different concepts for measuring individual cell voltages in large fuel cell stacks or battery stacks and their potential accuracy are discussed. A novel low cost, lightweight and compact multiplexer circuit was implemented based on a resistor–diode circuit. Based on this circuit a prototype 80-channel multiplexer device was built and tested on a fuel cell stack with satisfactory speed and accuracy.
Herein reported is a fundamentally new strategy for reviving rechargeable lithium (Li) metal batteries and enabling the emergence of next-generation safe batteries featuring a graphene-supported Li metal anode, including the highly promising Li–sulfur, Li–air, and Li–graphene cells with exceptionally high energy or power densities. All the Li metal anode-based batteries suffer from a high propensity to form Li dendrites (tree-like structures) at the anode upon repeated discharges/charges. A dendrite could eventually penetrate through the separator to reach the cathode, causing internal short-circuiting and even explosion, the main reason for the battery industry to abandon rechargeable lithium metal batteries in the early 1990s. By implementing graphene sheets to increase the anode surface areas, one can significantly reduce the anode current density, thereby dramatically prolonging the dendrite initiation time and decreasing the growth rate of a dendrite, if ever initiated, possibly by a factor of up to 1010 and 105, respectively.
In the current work, a computational model of a microfluidic fuel cell with flow-through porous electrodes is developed and validated with experimental data based on vanadium redox electrolyte as fuel and oxidant. The model is the first of its kind for this innovative fuel cell design. The coupled problem of fluid flow, mass transport and electrochemical kinetics is solved from first principles using a commercial multiphysics code. The performance characteristics of the fuel cell based on polarization curves, single pass efficiency, fuel utilization and power density are predicted and theoretical maxima are established. Fuel and oxidant flow rate and its effect on cell performance is considered and an optimal operating point with respect to both efficiency and power output is identified for a given flow rate. The results help elucidate the interplay of kinetics and mass transport effects in influencing porous electrode polarization characteristics. The performance and electrode polarization at the mass transfer limit are also detailed. The results form a basis for determining parameter variations and design modifications to improve performance and fuel utilization. The validated model is expected to become a useful design tool for development and optimization of fuel cells and electrochemical sensors incorporating microfluidic flow-through porous electrodes.
The Mongolian steppe zone comprises a major part of East Asian grasslands. The objective of this study was to separately evaluate the quantitative dependencies of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R eco) on the environmental variables of temperature, moisture, radiation, and plant biomass in a semi-arid grassland ecosystem. We determined GPP and R eco using transparent and opaque closed chambers in a grassland dominated by Poaceae species in central Mongolia during five periods: July 2004, May 2005, July 2005, September 2005, and June 2006. Values of GPP were linearly related to live aboveground biomass (AGB) enclosed by the chamber. The amount of GPP per unit ground area differed among the study periods, whereas GPP normalized by the amount of AGB did not differ significantly among the periods, suggesting that plant production per unit green biomass did not depend on the phenological stage. GPP/AGB fit well a rectangular hyperbolic light–response curve for all the study periods. When the air and soil were dry, considerable reduction in GPP was observed. The GPP/AGB ratio was also expressed as individual functions of air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and volumetric soil water content. R eco was exponentially related to the soil temperature and the relationship was modified by soil moisture. The amount of R eco and its temperature sensitivity (Q 10) declined with decreasing soil moisture. Sharp increases of R eco after rainfall events were observed. The values of R eco, even including the rain-induced pulses, were expressed well as a bivariate function of soil temperature and soil moisture near the soil surface.
The electrochemical performance of spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) nanoparticles synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis with an average diameter of approximately 20–30 nm is reported in this manuscript and compared with that of micro-sized LTO particles (1–2 μm) formed by a thermal post-treatment of the nanoparticles. The significantly advanced high rate capability of nano-sized LTO is evidenced by the results from the galvanostatic tests with applied current densities of up to 17.5 A g−1, corresponding to a full (dis-)charge of the cell within less than 40 s. For nano-sized LTO, specific capacities of 115 and 70 mAh g−1 were obtained for applied rates of 10 C and 100 C, respectively, thus confirming the essential influence of particle size of lithium titanate on its high rate capability and practical power density. Moreover, a capacity retention of around 94.8% was observed after 1000 cycles at 10 C, presenting LTO nanoparticles synthesized by FSP as highly promising anode material for high power lithium-ion battery applications.
Synthesis of a nanostructured pure phase nickel sulfide in a single step is a challenge. In this work, a new method for direct synthesis of uniform NiS–SiO2 submicrospheres was developed by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Colloidal silica was used as a sacrificial template to create the porous structure. After silica removal, hollow, porous pure phase NiS nanospheres were obtained. The product was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm. The results confirmed the formation of single phase millerite NiS porous nanospheres with a high surface area of 312 m2 g−1. The NiS spheres were tested as cathode for lithium batteries. A discharge capacity of 340 mAh g−1 with good capacity retention during multiple cycles was obtained.
Background Social cognition is a complex phenomenon involving several distinct processes. Numerous studies have shown that individuals with schizophrenia are largely impaired on this domain of cognition. However, most have focused on a single aspect of social cognition, namely “theory of mind” and/or included patients with long standing illness. Objective The main objective of the present study was to identify social cognition deficits in first episode of schizophrenia spectrum psychosis using a case control design and a comprehensive assessment that allowed the exploration of several dimensions of this phenomenon. Subjects 36 patients with a first episode of psychosis and 25 healthy controls participated in this study. Material Measures of social cognition included the Hinting Task and the Four Factor Test of Social Intelligence. Results Significant group differences were found on both tasks, but the Four Factor Test of Social Intelligence revealed a stronger group effect and the effects observed remained significant once IQ was covaried. Social cognition did not show any correlations with level of symptoms. Conclusion Social cognition deficits are present during the first episode of psychosis. These impairments do not seem to be a consequence of group differences in overall intellectual functioning and are likely to be state-independent.
Cognitive functioning has consistently found to predict subjective well-being (SWB), but it remains unclear why this relationship exists. Several potential explanations for this relationship have been offered in the literature, one of which is that a third variable accounts for this relationship. The current study examines this hypothesis by testing need for cognition (NfC), self-rated health, physical activity, cognitive activity, emotional stability, and conscientiousness as mediators of the relationship between cognitive ability (g) and indices of well-being. Data were drawn from the Virginia Cognitive Aging Project, a study of community-dwelling adults aged 18–99 (N = 4354). A composite variable representing cognition was created using measures of episodic memory, perceptual speed, reasoning ability, and spatial visualization. SWB was conceptualized as life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect; the three facets of SWB were treated as separate outcomes. Results indicate that NfC, self-rated health, emotional stability, and conscientiousness partially mediate the relationship between cognition and all facets of SWB. Neither physical activity nor cognitive activity mediated the relationship between cognition and SWB. The results of this study support the hypothesis that the cognition-SWB relationship can partially be explained by third variables and provide insight into the personality and individual difference characteristics that underlie this relationship.
Long-term cycling performance of 60 Ampere-hour (Ah) LiFePO4/graphite batteries has been investigated at different temperatures. It is found that single cells and series connected modules cycled in proper thermal environment exhibit superior cycling stability over those cycled at both ends of operation temperature. This paper presents a comprehensive technique to identify capacity fade mechanisms of different thermal aging paths, including galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) analysis, electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) analysis, and dQ/dV peak curves. The direct correlation between thermal conditions and the side reactions degree of the batteries provides an effective methodology to analyze the reason of capacity fade and to prolong the cycle life of LiFePO4/graphite batteries. Finally, the effects under different aging stages on the degradation elements are also examined.
We compare four common data collection techniques to elicit preferences: the rating of items, the ranking of items, the partitioning of a given amount of points among items, and a reduced form of the technique for comparing items in pairs. University students were randomly assigned a questionnaire employing one of the four techniques. All questionnaires incorporated the same collection of items. The data collected with the four techniques were converted into analogous preference matrices, and analyzed with the Bradley–Terry model. The techniques were evaluated with respect to the fit to the model, the precision and reliability of the item estimates, and the consistency among the produced item sequences. The rating, ranking and budget partitioning techniques performed similarly, whereas the reduced pair comparisons technique performed a little worse. The item sequence produced by the rating technique was very close to the sequence obtained averaging over the three other techniques.
This paper reports on Si core/C shell nanofibers as an anode material for Li-ion batteries. The Si core/C shell nanofibers are synthesized using co-axial electrospinning of Si nanoparticles in styrene-co-acrylonitrile core solution and poly(acrylonitrile) shell solution combined with subsequent thermal treatments. The microstructure and elemental composition of the nanofibers are systematically examined using FE-SEM, TEM and WAXD for confirmation of the crystalline Si core/turbostratic C shell structure. In situ observation of contact-lithiation of the Si core/C shell nanofibers is carried out to investigate their mechanical durability during the electrochemical reactions. The electrochemical performances of the nanofibers as an anode are characterized by galvanostatic charge–discharge test. Due to simple processing but a well-developed core/shell structure and good electrochemical performance, the Si core/C shell nanofibers fabricated in this study offer the potential to develop enhanced Si/C nanostructured composite anodes.
Soil pollution due to the activities of industrial parks, is becoming an increasingly serious issue, particularly throughout China. Therefore, it is essential to explore the soil pollution characteristics and its ecotoxicological effects on model species, such as higher plant species, in typical industrial areas. In this study, concentrations of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined in the soil collected from 10 sampling sites at a chemical industry park in Nanjing, China. The pollution index was used to assess the heavy metal pollution level of soils, while the hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk index (RI) were calculated to assess the human health risk of soil PAHs. In addition, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was used as the model species to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of polluted soil in pot experiments. Results showed that the content of heavy metals and PAHs varied greatly in soil samples, among which the heavy metal pollution at S1, S2 and S3 was the most serious. The health risk assessment of PAHs indicated that non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic values for all soil samples were below the threshold levels. Statistical analysis of the correlation between contaminated soil and toxic effects in wheat found that the significance values of regression equations were all less than 0.05 for chlorophyll content, peroxidase (POD) and amylase (AMS) activity. This indicates that the chlorophyll content, POD and AMS activity in wheat leaves could be suitable biomarkers for evaluation of the combined toxicity of multiple pollutants. This study provides a reference for future research on the risk assessment of soil containing multiple pollutants from industrial chemical parks.
This manuscript reports on the development of lithium-ion battery electrodes based on natural cellulose as the binder. In particular, the cellulose binder is dissolved into fully recyclable ionic liquid to make volatile solvent-free slurries, which are coated on typical battery current collectors. Finally, the ionic liquid solvent is removed by a phase inversion process using water as the co-solvent. In such a way, electrodes can be prepared without using polluting volatile organic compounds. Full lithium-ion cells were made using graphite (SLP30) and carbon coated lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) as active materials and 1M LiPF6 in EC-DEC (3:7wt. ratio) based electrolyte. The lithium ion cells showed a stable specific capacity of 123mAh per gram of LiFePO4 at room temperature. This promising result shows that natural cellulose dissolved in a non-volatile ionic liquid can be used to manufacture battery electrodes thus providing new greener opportunities for the lithium-ion battery technology.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular systematics of wasp and polydnavirus (PDVs) genomes and their coevolution. Polydnaviruses are integrated, inherited DNA viral endosymbionts of parasitoid wasps found within some lineages of Braconidae and Ichneumonidae that attack caterpillars (larval Lepidoptera). Due to their chromosomal integration and mode of inheritance, phylogenomic relationships among the PDVs are closely tied to phylogenetic relationships among the host wasps that carry them. We have inferred that PDVs must have at least three independent ancient origins in the wasps: bracoviruses (BVs) from ancestral nudiviruses associated with braconid wasps, ichnoviruses, and “banchoviruses” from still unidentified progenitor viruses and associated with unrelated families of Ichneumonidae. Phylogenetic studies of the BV-carrying lineage of braconid wasps are now guiding comparative studies of BV genomes and advancing our understanding of the roles that BV genes may play in the evolution of wasp/caterpillar parasitic relationships.
Machining of Inconel 718 at higher cutting speeds is expected to provide some relief from the machining difficulties. Therefore, to understand the material behavior at higher cutting speeds, this paper presents an analytical model that predicts specific shearing energy of the work material in shear zone. It considers formation of shear bands that occur at higher cutting speeds during machining, along with the elaborate evaluation of the effect of strain, strain rate, and temperature dependence of the shear flow stress using Johnson–Cook equation. The model also considers the ‘size-effect’ in machining in terms of occurrence of ‘ploughing forces’ during machining. The theoretical results show that the shear band spacing in chip formation increases linearly with an increase in the feedrate and is of the order of 0.2–0.9mm depending upon the processing conditions. The model shows excellent agreement with the experimental values with an error between 0.5% and 7% for various parametric conditions.
Biopsychosocial factors above and beyond pathoanatomical changes likely contribute to the severity of chronic low back pain. A pro-nociceptive endogenous pain modulatory balance (↓inhibition and ↑facilitation) may be an important contributor to chronic low back pain severity and physical function; however, additional research is needed to address this possibility. The objective of this study was to determine whether quantitative sensory tests of endogenous pain inhibition and facilitation prospectively predict movement-evoked pain and cLBP severity self-reported on a validated questionnaire.