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In this paper, we have reported a simple and rapid approach for the large-scale synthesis of β-Co(OH)2 nanoplatelets via the microwave hydrothermal process using potassium hydroxide as mineralizer at 140°C for 3h. Calcining the β-Co(OH)2 nanoplatelets at 350°C for 2h, porous Co3O4 nanoplatelets with a 3D quasi-single-crystal framework were obtained. The process of converting the β-Co(OH)2 nanoplatelets into the Co3O4 nanoplatelets is a self-supported topotactic transformation, which is easily controlled by varying the calcining temperature. The textural characteristics of Co3O4 products have strong positive effects on their electrochemical properties as electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries. The obtained porous Co3O4 nanoplatelets exhibit a low initial irreversible loss (18.1%), ultrahigh capacity, and excellent cyclability. For example, a reversible capacity of 900mAhg−1 can be maintained after 100 cycles.
LiNi y Ti1−y O2 (0.7≤y≤0.95) solid solution has been prepared by a wet process. According to X-ray diffraction analysis, these materials are found to have a rhombohedral layered structure(R 3 ̄ m) and are an isostructure LNiO2. The I(104)/I(003) intensity ratio is increased with Ti concentration, which indicates the cation mixing between transition metal layer and lithium layer is occurred. The LiNi y Ti1−y O2 compounds have well-developed layered structures and a particle size of ∼1μm. The titanium and nickel in the lattice is found to be trivalent and bivalent, respectively. The first discharge capacity of LiNi y Ti1−y O2 is 10–25mAhg−1. These values are inferior to those of LiNi y Ti1−y O2 prepared by a solid-state reaction (30mAhg−1). The low discharge capacities are due to local structural change during the first charge, where transition metal ions in the lithium layer block the diffusion of Li ions.
Considering the lack of lithium resources, sodium- and potassium-ion storage systems possess great potential for large scale energy storage. However, the slow charge storage kinetics of graphite hinders the intercalation of large sodium and potassium ions, leading to low capacity and poor cycling stability. Herein, we report a nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube coated porous carbon derived from the metal-organic framework precursor for boosting the sodium and potassium ion storage. The carbon product tested as anode deliverers a high specific capacity of 320/339 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1 in sodium/potassium ion batteries. Ex-situ X-ray diffraction studies indicate that the dominant charge storage mechanism in the carbon is based on adsorption, rather than intercalation. In addition, kinetics analysis further confirms that the capacitive-controlled capacity is dominant in the carbon electrode. To further illustrate the merits of metal-organic framework derived nanoporous materials, hybrid sodium and potassium ion capacitors are assembled by using the carbon anode and cathode both from metal organic frameworks. A high energy density of 118/126 W h kg−1 can be achieved for sodium/potassium ion capacitors. The present work provides a new strategy to design nanostructured carbons for high-performance metal-ion capacitors based on earth-abundant metals besides lithium.
The Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire is the only instrument designed to assess pain and disability specifically in pregnant or postpartum women with pelvic girdle pain. The objective of this study was the adaptation to the Spanish language and analysis of the psychometric properties of the Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire.
Room-temperature sodium‑sulfur (RT Na-S) battery is a promising candidate for large-scale energy storage applications due to its high theoretical specific energy, low cost, and environmental benefits. Here the effect of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) as an additive in 1.0M NaClO4-ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate (EC/PC, V/V=1/1) electrolyte was verified in RT Na-S battery with a high-surface-area carbon/sulfur composite (YP50F/S) as the cathode. Using 1.0M NaClO4-EC/PC electrolyte containing 5wt% FEC, the YP50F/S electrode can deliver a reversible capacity of up to 1651mAhg−1 at 0.1C. When 5wt% FEC-added electrolyte is used, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the electrode surface clearly indicates a more effective solid electrolyte interface (SEI), a more thorough transformation between S and Na2S, and a more obvious redox reaction between sulfur oxides during the first discharge-charge processes. We further confirm that 5wt% FEC can also be employed for another activated carbon material (XFP01), therefore, our work may provide a new insight for the development of RT Na-S battery.
It has been demonstrated previously that Li may be removed electrochemically from Mn containing oxides beyond the maximum oxidation state of 4+ for Mn in an octahedral oxygen environment. Here we present a comparison of such overcharge behavior in a series of different layered lithium manganese oxides including Li2MnO3, Li x [Mn1− y Li y ]O2, (y ≤0.2), and Li[Ni x Li1/3−2x/3Mn2/3− x/3]O2 (0≤ x ≤0.5). We show that there are two competing mechanisms by which electrochemical extraction of lithium can occur in Mn (4+) systems. In the first Li removal is accompanied by O2− loss (effective removal of Li2O) whilst the second involves oxidation of the non-aqueous electrolyte thus generating H+ ions which exchange for Li+. At 30°C the first mechanism is dominant in all examples studied, whilst at 55°C the proton exchange mechanism becomes more important. At 30°C H+ exchange is more prevalent in Li2MnO3 than in the other two cases. The preference for O loss in the Mn/Ni system may be understood in terms of the ease with which MnO2 will lose oxygen.
The electrochemical behavior of Li/V6O13 cells is investigated at room temperature (22°C) both in liquid electrolyte consisting of oligomeric poly(ethyleneglycol)dimethylether+lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonylimide) and composite electrolytes formed by blending the liquid electrolyte with silica nanoparticles (fumed silica). The addition of fumed silica yields a gel-like electrolyte that demonstrates the desirable property of suppressing lithium dendrite growth due to the rigidity and immobility of the electrolyte structure. The lithium/electrolyte interfacial resistance for composite gel electrolytes is less than that for the corresponding base-liquid electrolyte, and the charge–discharge cycle performance and electrochemical efficiency for the Li/V6O13 cell is significantly improved. The effect of fumed silica surface group on the electrochemical performance is discussed; the native hydrophilic silanol surface group appears better than fumed silica that is modified with a hydrophobic octyl surface moiety.
Three-dimensional (3D) carbon foams (CF) surrounded by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and Co-Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) (CF@Co-Co3O4/CNT) nanocomposites were prepared by a two-step method for stable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The low-cost melamine foams pre-soaked in cobalt nitrate solution were firstly carbonized under nitrogen atmosphere to form 3D CF surrounded by a large number of CNTs and Co NPs (CF@Co/CNT). Subsequently, the CF@Co/CNT was transformed into CF@Co-Co3O4/CNT nanocomposites by calcination in air. Here, Co NPs, CNT and 3D CF all improved the electrical conductivity of CF@Co-Co3O4/CNT nanocomposites. In addition, a large number of uniformly-dispersed small Co3O4 NPs effectively increased Li+ storage capacity of nanocomposites. At the same time, the 3D macroporous carbon frameworks surrounded by CNT could also relieve the volume deformation of Co3O4 NPs to some extent. When it was employed as anode materials for LIBs, CF@Co-Co3O4/CNT nanocomposites exhibited the stable reversible capacities of about 500 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, larger than that of commercial graphite and some other Co-based materials. The two-step preparation method was simple and convenient for large-scale production.
This work coined a one pot synthesis method for the preparation of sandwiched like Mg/Al layered double hydroxide anchored reduced graphene oxide (RGO@MgAl LDH) nanocomposite for supercapacitor electrode. XRD, FTIR and XPS analysis along with FESEM, AFM and TEM confirmed the sandwiched like structure. Morphological analysis revealed that Mg2+/Al 3+ LDH plates are uniformly grown on the surface of reduced graphene oxide nanosheet. Electrochemical characterization of developed nanocomposites, in 1M aqueous KOH, gives rise to a specific capacitance of 1334Fg−1 at a current density of 1Ag−1 in three electrode cell set up. However, in two electrode configuration, a specific capacitance of 1092.5Fg−1 has been achieved with 1M TEABF4 (in acetonitrile) as electrolyte at a current density of 2Ag−1. The cyclic stability test shows about 87% retention of specific capacitance after 10000 consecutive charge–discharge cycles at a steady current density of 5Ag−1 in 2 electrode organic electrolyte system. The energy density of the nanocomposite also shows a high value of 388.26WhKg−1 at a current density of 2Ag−1 and a power density of 3198.48WKg−1 in two electrode organic electrolyte configuration.
Neutral aqueous electrolytes are known to promote corrosion of carbon coated aluminum current collectors used in electrochemical capacitors, limiting their applications on energy storage devices. Alternatively to the standard electrode manufacturing recipe, we have grown multi-walled carbon nanotubes as the active material on modified aluminum foils to avoid the corrosion of the latter in neutral aqueous solutions. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is the fabrication of a binary alloy that is resistant to corrosion in neutral aqueous solutions. In this sense, we modified standard aluminum foil current collectors by coating them with a thin nickel layer, which was converted on nickel-aluminum alloy (Ni x Al, x = 1 & x = 3) during the first heating steps of nanotubes growth on the current collector. This novel aluminum modified current collector is electrically conductive and very resistant to corrosion, which allows applying aluminum-based current collectors on aqueous-based electrochemical capacitors devices. To better investigate the electrochemical performance of carbon-based electrodes in aqueous filled coin cell devices, we performed several electrochemical studies using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Our results show specific electrode capacitance is up to ∼60 F g−1. After 85,000 (re)charge/discharge cycles, the cell operating on 0–1.5 V voltage range, indicate very long lifespan with no significant loss of specific capacitance and energy density. These results are unexpected for aluminum current collectors on supercapacitor or batteries. On the Ragone plot, our aqueous-based electrochemical capacitor is on supercapacitors region with fairly high power and energy densities.
Structure and properties of high molecular weight comb-shaped poly(oxyethylene)s with tri(oxyethylene) segments as side chains (TECs) were evaluated as a polymer solid electrolyte. The weight-average molecular weights of the TECs were in the order of 106, and the contents of the side chain were 5, 11 and 18 mol%. The presence of tri(oxyethylene) side chains decreased the crystallinity of oxyethylene segments, i.e., TECs with higher side chain content showed lower crystallinity. The crystallite size of oxyethylene units in TEC films did not change, but the amorphous phase content became higher by the introduction of tri(oxyethylene) side chains. The crystalline structure in TECs was found to be Form I monoclinic system and a 7/2 helical structure. When LiClO4 was doped in the TECs at the concentration of [Li]/[O]=0.05, TECs with 11 and 18 mol% tri(oxyethylene) segments showed the ionic conductivities in the order of 10−4 S cm−1 at 30°C and 10−3 S cm−1 at 80°C, respectively, which were a class of the highest ionic conductivity reported. TECs doped with the salt formed very elastic self-standing film without crosslinking. Salt-doping at the concentration of [Li]/[O]=0.05 decreased the crystallinity of polymers, but the crystallite sizes were almost equal with those of the non-doped films.
Anxiety disorders are associated with numerous costs and poor quality of life (QOL), and yet are highly treatable. The present study evaluated the relations between putative change processes, anxiety symptom severity, and QOL by employing path analysis to compare two theoretically-derived models of anxious psychopathology in an examination of pre-intervention data from two self-help effectiveness studies. Consistent with expectation, symptom severity predicted QOL in a model derived from cognitive therapy principles, though the model did not provide a good fit to the data. A model derived from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy principles suggested that the impact of experiential avoidance (EA) on QOL was independent of symptom severity and provided a better fit to the data. In fact, the path from anxious symptomatology to QOL became non-significant when EA was allowed to relate to QOL directly. Cognitive fusion strongly predicted anxiety sensitivity which, in turn, significantly predicted symptoms. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed in the context of improving available treatments for anxiety-related disorders.
Publisher Summary The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates medical products throughout their life cycle to help ensure the quality of the product, protection of human subjects in clinical trials, and safety and effectiveness of medical products that are marketed. The FDA regulates these products based on sound science, law, and public health. It is composed of scientists of many disciplines, including physicians, biologists, chemists, pharmacologists, microbiologists, statisticians, consumer safety officers, and epidemiologists. The FDA is further responsible for the review of regulatory submissions, the development and implementation of regulatory policy, research and scientific exchange, product surveillance, and compliance. As a science-based institution, the FDA strives to facilitate the development of new safe and effective medical products, while ensuring the safety of the products and their uses. Following the approval of a product, it performs biennial inspections to assess the firm's compliance with current good manufacturing practice. The FDA evaluates the observations and determines whether further regulatory action is needed. If the deficiencies are severe, it can issue an “intent to revoke” action, and if appropriate corrections are not made, it can revoke the license. The FDA can also fine the sponsor or seek an injunction to stop the marketing of a product.
Hydrogen is mainly produced industrially via steam methane reforming, a multistage process carried out in large plants to minimize energy losses and costs. Here, by exploiting thermal integration in a protonic membrane reformer, the authors produce compressed hydrogen in a single step with high efficiency.
Publisher Summary This chapter presents a research on the radiation effects of fast rise time (FREMP) toward radio fuse. The radio fuses under test are composed of high-frequency module, low-frequency module, and detonation-executing circuit. Its main technical parameters include emitting frequency, demodulation DC voltage, working current, and ignition sensitivity. To evaluate the storage security and working reliability of radio fuse under rigorous electromagnetic pulse (EMP) environment, radiation effects are studied when the sample is radiated by FREMP in different conditions. The electromagnetic field generated by FREMP radiation equipment is vertically polarized and radiates along horizontal direction in test space. Its rise/fall time is about 0.3ns and pulse width is about 4ns. The experiment shows that the FREMP field effect on the tested radio fuse is mainly caused by the electric field coupling to the samples, which can lead to false action for electronic modules and result in a mistaken explosion of executing-device.
We have synthesized 1D nanowires of lithium nickel manganese oxides with two different crystal structures through the chemical oxidation reaction of solid-state precursor LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 under hydrothermal condition. According to X-ray diffraction and elemental analyses, the nanowires obtained by persulfate treatments at 65 and 120°C crystallize with a hexagonal layered and an α-MnO2-type structure, respectively, in which nickel and manganese ions exist in octahedral sites. Electron microscopic analyses reveal that the platelike crystallites of the precursor are changed into nanowires with the diameter of ∼20nm after the persulfate treatment. Thermal and infrared spectroscopic analyses clearly demonstrate that, in comparison with α-MnO2-structured nanowires, the hexagonal layered nanowires contain less water molecules in the lattice, which makes them suitable for the application as electrode materials for lithium secondary batteries. According to electrochemical measurements, the hexagonal layered nanowires show a larger discharge capacity and an excellent cyclability with respect to repeated Li intercalation–disintercalation process. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopic analyses on the samples subjected to electrochemical analysis reveal that the layered structure and 1D morphology of the nanowires are still maintained after the electrochemical cyclings, which is responsible for their excellent electrochemical performances.
Co3O4 nanowires have been successfully synthesized on nickel foam by a hydrothermal method. The morphology of Co3O4 is examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and the phase structure of Co3O4 nanowires is confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The electrochemical capacitance behavior of the Co3O4 nanowires electrode is investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 6moldm−3 KOH solution. The results show that the Co3O4 nanowires have diameters of around 100nm and the lengths up to 1–2μm. The specific capacitance of Co3O4 nanowires is 1019.58Fg−1 at 3.38Ag−1 and 466.06Fg−1 at 33.80Ag−1. The capacitance loss is less than 5% after 1000 charge/discharge cycles at 3.38Ag−1 and with columbic efficiency higher than 98%. The enhancement of pseudocapacitive properties at a higher charging/discharging rate is due to the porous nanostructure and the high utilization of active material.
Algae are becoming increasingly popular as feedstocks for various fine chemicals and fuel intermediates. Cultivation of algae can be environment-friendly as they can fix high amounts of carbon dioxide in the environment, and also remove hazardous pollutants from wastewater. Moreover, algae cultivation presents a high per-hectare oil yield and faster growth rates than terrestrial biomasses. Owing to these advantages, algae are attractive candidates for harnessing energy. Thermochemical conversion techniques are promising as they offer a single-step conversion of algae species into valuable chemicals. In this article, pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction technologies for the conversion of a variety of microalgae and macroalgae to bio-oil and biochemicals are discussed comprehensively. Different pyrolysis strategies such as fast pyrolysis, co-pyrolysis, microwave-assisted pyrolysis, and hydropyrolysis for the production of bio-oil of varying properties are outlined. The effect of catalysts in upgrading the quality of the bio-oil is evaluated. On the hydrothermal liquefaction front, the effects of operating parameters such as temperature, time, pressure, and solvent on the yields of products and the quality of bio-crude are covered in detail. Due emphasis is given to the kinetics of pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction of algae, and different types of models, viz., apparent kinetics and lumped semi-detailed models, are discussed. The complex conversion pathways involved in these two processes are unraveled by presenting plausible reaction mechanisms and discussing the fate of nitrogen present in the algae. Furthermore, this review throws light on various aspects ranging from algae cultivation, the effect of culture conditions on the biochemical composition of algae species to techno-economic and lifecycle assessment of biofuels and chemicals derived from algae via thermochemical technologies. Finally, the challenges involved in the scale-up of thermochemical technologies and the development of detailed kinetic models are presented.
This study simplifies the complicated metric distance method [L.S. Chen, C.H. Cheng, Selecting IS personnel using ranking fuzzy number by metric distance method, Eur. J. Operational Res. 160 (3) 2005 803–820], and proposes an algorithm to modify Chen's Fuzzy TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) [C.T. Chen, Extensions of the TOPSIS for group decision-making under fuzzy environment, Fuzzy Sets Syst., 114 (2000) 1–9]. From experimental verification, Chen directly assigned the fuzzy numbers 1 ˜ and 0 ˜ as fuzzy positive ideal solution (PIS) and negative ideal solution (NIS). Chen's method sometimes violates the basic concepts of traditional TOPSIS. This study thus proposes fuzzy hierarchical TOPSIS, which not only is well suited for evaluating fuzziness and uncertainty problems, but also can provide more objective and accurate criterion weights, while simultaneously avoiding the problem of Chen's Fuzzy TOPSIS. For application and verification, this study presents a numerical example and build a practical supplier selection problem to verify our proposed method and compare it with other methods.
Hierarchically porous anatase TiO2 microparticles are synthesized in supercritical methanol (scMeOH) in the presence of organic surface modifiers such as oleylamine, oleic acid, and poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether/citric acid (PEGME/CA) mixture. Primary TiO2 nanoparticles (5–9 nm) that loosely aggregate to form secondary micron-sized particles (0.2–1.5 μm) are obtained in the presence of PEGME/CA. The surface modifier aids the effective suppression of undesirable crystal growth because their molecules cap the surfaces of growing particles in scMeOH. An ultrathin, conformal and uniform carbon layer with 1–2 nm thickness is then formed on the surface of the TiO2 particles by heat treatment. The carbon-coated TiO2 particles delivers 231 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C after 50 cycles and 85 mAh g−1 at 10 C in a lithium-ion battery cell, 275 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C after 50 cycles, 40 mAh g−1 at 10 C, and high capacity retention of 94% after 450 cycles in a sodium-ion battery cell. The excellent electrochemical performance of the TiO2 particles is attributed to the small crystallite size, continuous electronic network formed by the close contact of individual carbon-coated primary TiO2 particles, and the effective penetration of the mesopores by the electrolytes.
This review summarizes the development, investigation, and optimization of polymorphic lithium cobalt phosphate LiCoPO4. One of the three polymorphs known to date, olivine-type or Pnma-LiCoPO4, shows intriguing electrochemical properties as a high-voltage cathode material, which are of interest for next-generation lithium-ion batteries with higher energy density. Hence, scientists have developed optimization strategies to improve its performance for commercial applications. Herein, a number of procedures for the synthesis of Pnma-LiCoPO4 is presented, including thermodynamic as well as kinetically controlled approaches. The continuous improvement of its electrochemical performance is illustrated, which was realized by the development of solvothermal techniques that allow a precise particle size and morphology control. In the course of these investigations, two new polymorphs, Pna21-LiCoPO4 and Cmcm-LiCoPO4, have been discovered which show different physical and structural properties compared to Pnma-LiCoPO4. Despite their significantly poorer electrochemical performance, these polymorphs allow interesting insights into the variable structure chemistry of transition-metal phosphates, which canalizes in intriguing magnetic and thermal properties. The similarities and differences in the chemical and physical properties of Pnma-LiCoPO4, Pna21-LiCoPO4, and Cmcm-LiCoPO4 are discussed.