batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Accelerometry has been used to identify behaviours through the quantification of body posture and motion for a range of species moving in different media. This technique has not been applied to flight behaviours to the same degree, having only been used to distinguish flapping from soaring flight, even though identifying the type of soaring flight could provide important insights into the factors underlying movement paths in soaring birds. This may be due to the complexities of interpreting acceleration data, as movement in the aerial environment may be influenced by phenomena such as centripetal acceleration (pulling-g). This study used high-resolution movement data on the flight of free-living Andean condors (Vultur gryphus) and a captive Eurasian griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) to examine the influence of gravitational, dynamic and centripetal acceleration in different flight types. Flight behaviour was categorised as thermal soaring, slope soaring, gliding and flapping, using changes in altitude and heading from magnetometry data. We examined the ability of the k-nearest neighbour (KNN) algorithm to distinguish between these behaviours using acceleration data alone.
The layered-layered-spinel composite cathode materials Li x Mn4/6Ni1/6Co1/6O(1.75+0.5x) with different content of Li2O have been synthesized by the two-step co-precipitation method and evaluated in lithium cells. Powder X-ray diffraction provides the evidence that the structures of Li x Mn4/6Ni1/6Co1/6O(1.75+0.5x) composite transform from ‘layered-layered’ to ‘layered-layered-spinel’ as the content of Li2O decreasing. Electrochemical charge/discharge profiles suggest that Li1.3Mn4/6Ni1/6Co1/6O2.4 electrode with low content of Li2O delivers a large initial discharge capacity which is about 305.3 mAh·g−1, and that the discharge capacities of Li1.3Mn4/6Ni1/6Co1/6O2.4 electrode change little at the first three cycles, because of that a considerable amount of spinel phase in electrode facilitating Li ions diffusion. Nevertheless, the discharge capacities of Li1.4Mn4/6Ni1/6Co1/6O2.45 and Li1.5Mn4/6Ni1/6Co1/6O2.5 electrode in the first three cycles gradually rise as cycles continuing, which is expected to be that Li ions diffusion paths are not fully opened. The irreversible electrochemical reaction that Li2O component separates from Li2MnO3 to form MnO2 happens at the first charge at 4.7V, and the structure of layered Li2MnO3 component converts into the spinel component during continuously cycles. The Li x Mn4/6Ni1/6Co1/6O(1.75+0.5x) composites also display good cycling performance and rate performance. The capacity retention of Li x Mn4/6Ni1/6Co1/6O(1.75+0.5x) composites exceeds 100%, and its coulombic efficiency is greater than 98% after 50 cycles. We conclude that electrochemical performances of Li x Mn4/6Ni1/6Co1/6O(1.75+0.5x) composites are improved by using the two-step co-precipitation preparation method, especially in terms of large discharge capacity of Li1.3Mn4/6Ni1/6Co1/6O2.4 composite due to the appearance of spinel components.
The discovery of facile Li transport in disordered, Li-excess rocksalt materials has opened a vast new chemical space for the development of high energy density, low cost Li-ion cathodes. We develop a strategy for obtaining optimized compositions within this class of materials, exhibiting high capacity and energy density as well as good reversibility, by using a combination of low-valence transition metal redox and a high-valence redox active charge compensator, as well as fluorine substitution for oxygen. Furthermore, we identify a new constraint on high-performance compositions by demonstrating the necessity of excess Li capacity as a means of counteracting high-voltage tetrahedral Li formation, Li-binding by fluorine and the associated irreversibility. Specifically, we demonstrate that 10–12% of Li capacity is lost due to tetrahedral Li formation, and 0.4–0.8 Li per F dopant is made inaccessible at moderate voltages due to Li–F binding. We demonstrate the success of this strategy by realizing a series of high-performance disordered oxyfluoride cathode materials based on Mn2+/4+ and V4+/5+ redox.
The composition of household waste in Greenland was investigated for the first time. About 2tonnes of household waste was sampled as every 7th bag collected during 1week along the scheduled collection routes in Sisimiut, the second largest town in Greenland with about 5400 inhabitants. The collection bags were sorted manually into 10 material fractions. The household waste composition consisted primarily of biowaste (43%) and the combustible fraction (30%), including anything combustible that did not belong to other clean fractions as paper, cardboard and plastic. Paper (8%) (dominated by magazine type paper) and glass (7%) were other important material fractions of the household waste. The remaining approximately 10% constituted of steel (1.5%), aluminum (0.5%), plastic (2.4%), wood (1.0%), non-combustible waste (1.8%) and household hazardous waste (1.2%). The high content of biowaste and the low content of paper make Greenlandic waste much different from Danish household waste. The moisture content, calorific value and chemical composition (55 elements, of which 22 were below detection limits) were determined for each material fraction. These characteristics were similar to what has been found for material fractions in Danish household waste. The chemical composition and the calorific value of the plastic fraction revealed that this fraction was not clean but contained a lot of biowaste. The established waste composition is useful in assessing alternative waste management schemes for household waste in Greenland.
Obesity and diabetes are known risk factors for the development of physical disability among older adults. With the number of seniors with these conditions rising worldwide, the prevention and treatment of physical disability in these persons have become a major public health challenge. Sarcopenia, the progressive loss of muscle mass and strength, has been identified as a common pathway associated with the initial onset and progression of physical disability among older adults. A growing body of evidence suggests that metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity and diabetes accelerates the progression of sarcopenia, and subsequently functional decline in older adults. The focus of this brief review is on the contributions of obesity and diabetes in accelerating sarcopenia and functional decline among older adults. We also briefly discuss the underexplored interaction between obesity and diabetes that may further accelerate sarcopenia and place obese older adults with diabetes at particularly high risk of disability. Finally, we review findings from studies that have specifically tested the efficacy of lifestyle-based interventions in maintaining the functional status of older persons with obesity and/or diabetes.
Four square centimeter carbon–carbon supercapacitor cells were assembled with Al current collectors in organic electrolyte. Different treatments of the Al current collectors were made in order to increase the supercapacitor performances. A sol–gel deposit of a conducting carbonaceous material led to the best results. On the basis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, the differences observed with the previous treatments were assumed to be linked to the modification of the Al/active material interface. The cell using sol–gel treated current collector presented an activated carbon specific capacitance of 100F/g and a series resistance of 0.8Ωcm2 in acetonitrile 1M NEt4BF4, that are characteristics compatible with high power applications.
A poly(ether urethane) (PEUR)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/SiO2 based nanocomposite polymer is prepared and employed in the construction of high efficiency all-solid-state dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells. The introduction of low-molecular weight PEUR prepolymer into PEO electrolyte has greatly enhance the electrolyte performance by both improving the interfacial contact properties of electrode/electrolyte and decreasing the PEO crystallization, which were confirmed by XRD and SEM characteristics. The effects of polymer composition, nano SiO2 content on the ionic conductivity and I3 − ions diffusion of polymer-blend electrolyte are investigated. The optimized composition yields an energy conversion efficiency of 3.71% under irradiation by white light (100mWcm−2).
The lithium storage capabilities of ultra-fine rutile TiO2 nanoparticles have been studied. Ultra-fine rutile TiO2 nanoparticles with only several nanometers in size have been prepared by a modified wet-chemical method with a high yield. Unexpectedly, the rutile TiO2 nanoparticles with 3nm in size exhibit superior lithium storage properties. Specifically, they show long term cycling stability upon extended cycling for at least 300 cycles with a capacity loss of only 0.17% per cycle, and good rate capability up to a 30C rate. The excellent reversible lithium storage capabilities could be attributed to the ultra-fine size giving rise to a very short diffusion path, and the relatively large surface area which provides more sites for lithium insertion.
Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) often experience difficulties in handwriting. The current study examined the relationships between three motor assessments and the spatial and temporal consistency of handwriting. Twelve children with probable DCD and 29 children from 7 to 12 years who were typically developing wrote the lowercase letters “e” and “l” in cursive and printed forms repetitively on a digitizing tablet. Three behavioral assessments, including the Beery–Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI), the Minnesota Handwriting Assessment (MHA) and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC), were administered. Children with probable DCD had low scores on the VMI, MABC and MHA and showed high temporal, not spatial, variability in the letter-writing task. Their MABC scores related to temporal consistency in all handwriting conditions, and the Legibility scores in their MHA correlated with temporal consistency in cursive “e” and printed “l”. It appears that children with probable DCD have prominent difficulties on the temporal aspect of handwriting. While the MHA is a good product-oriented assessment for measuring handwriting deficits, the MABC shows promise as a good assessment for capturing the temporal process of handwriting in children with DCD.
Group-15 elements phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth offer the prospect of serving as functional alloying elements for developing high-capacity alloy anodes for sodium-ion batteries (NIBs). Here we obtain concentration-dependent electrochemical properties of sodium (Na) alloys with group-15 elements using first principles calculations. Since Na intercalation in these alloys is accompanied by a substantial volume expansion that can lead to mechanical failure and loss of capacity, we have also obtained a full set of concentration-dependent elastic properties for a single crystal as well as a polycrystalline microstructure. We find that sodiation of these alloys results in their significant elastic softening by as large as 60%. In contrast to the group-14 alloys that are also being explored as anodes of NIBs, the elastic softening in group-15 alloys varies in a non-monotonic manner with Na concentration, and more importantly, the maximum degradation of elastic properties does not necessarily occur at full sodiation. Our results provide crucial insights into the electrochemical and mechanical response of these alloys to Na intercalation, thus contributing to the design of failure-resistant architectures of high capacity NIBs.
1,3,2-Dioxathiolane-2,2-dioxide (DTD) was investigated as co-solvent for PC based electrolytes in combination with a graphite electrode. An amount of 10wt% of DTD in PC was used to form an effective and stable SEI on graphite during the first cycle. The decomposition of DTD takes place before PC co-intercalation may happen, thus preventing the exfoliation of graphite. Additionally, the electrolyte, 1M LiBF4 in PC:DTD (9:1, by wt.) was proven to be compatible with NCM electrodes. Raman spectra confirmed that LiBF4 completely dissociates into ions in PC:DTD (9:1, by wt.). The electrolyte shows better conductivities in comparison to other LiBF4 based electrolytes and good rate capability up to 5C on graphite. Therefore, LiBF4 can be used as an alternative lithium salt in lithium-ion batteries, in combination with PC based electrolytes.
Sodium (Na)-ion batteries offer an attractive option for low cost large scale energy storage due to the earth abundance of Na. SnO2 is considered as a high capacity anode for Na-ion batteries with a theoretical capacity of 1378mAh/g. However, several limitations, such as large volume expansion with cycling, slow kinetics and low electrical conductance, have severely limited its performance. In this article, we demonstrate an anode consisting of a SnO2 nanocrystal layer grown on hierarchical microfibers of carbon cloth (CC) with extra surface coating to addresses the above challenges associated with SnO2 anodes. The soft nature of CC and the nanocrystal structure of SnO2 layers can effectively accommodate the volume change associated with the sodiation process. In addition, the effect from an extra coating layer of carbon (C/SnO2/CC) and Al2O3 (Al2O3/SnO2/CC) have been explored and the results showed that the extra coating layer can further enhance the performance of SnO2 anode. The C/SnO2/CC core–shell structure anode achieved a 501mAh/g and a 144mAh/g capacity at 0.1C and 30C charge/discharge rate, respectively. Meanwhile, a 375mAh/g specific capacity after 100 deep cycles with an 80% retention is achieved by Al2O3/SnO2/CC anode. The designed surface-coating/nanocrystal-active-material-layer/conductive-soft-platform core–shell system paves the way to high performance Na-ion batteries.
Kesterite solar cells are low-cost alternatives for photovoltaics, based only on abundant metals, but they exhibit limited voltages. A new wide-gap kesterite solar cell provides a much higher voltage at a good efficiency.
This article describes the fabrication and characterization of a silicon based micro direct methanol fuel cell using a Nafion ionomer membrane integrated into a perforated silicon plate. The focus of this work is to provide a platform for micro- and nanostructuring of a combined current collector and catalytic electrode. AC impedance spectroscopy is utilized alongside IV characterization to determine the influence of the plate perforation geometries on the cell performance. It is found that higher ratios of perforation increases peak power density, with the highest achieved being 2.5 mW cm−2 at a perforation ratio of 40.3%. The presented fuel cells also show a high volumetric peak power density of 2 mW cm−3 in light of the small system volume of 480 μL, while being fully self contained and passively feed.
Collagen type II–induced arthritis is a CD4+ T-cell–dependent chronic inflammation in susceptible DBA/1 mice and represents an animal model of human rheumatoid arthritis. We found that development of this condition, and even established disease, are inhibited by an agonistic anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibody. Anti-4-1BB suppressed serum antibodies to collagen type II and CD4+ T-cell recall responses to collagen type II. Crosslinking of 4-1BB evoked an antigen-specific, active suppression mechanism that differed from the results of blocking the interaction between 4-1BB and its ligand, 4-1BBL. Anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibodies induced massive, antigen-dependent clonal expansion of CD11c+CD8+ T cells and accumulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in CD11b+ monocytes and CD11c+ dendritic cells. Both anti-interferon-γ and 1-methyltryptophan, a pharmacological inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, reversed the anti-4-1BB effect. We conclude that the suppression of collagen-induced arthritis was caused by an expansion of new CD11c+CD8+ T cells, and that interferon-γ produced by these cells suppresses antigen-specific CD4+ T cells through an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase–dependent mechanism.
The role played by the substitution of Mn on the electrochemical behaviour of Li3V2(PO4)3 has been investigated. Independently of the synthesis route, the Mn doping improves the electrochemical features with respect to the undoped samples. Different reasons can be taken into consideration to explain the electrochemical enhancement. In the sol–gel synthesis the capacity slightly enhances due to the Mn substitution on both the V sites, within the solubility limit x =0.124 in Li3V2−x Mn x (PO4)3. In the solid state synthesis the significant capacity enhancement is preferentially due to the microstructural features of the crystallites and to the LiMnPO4 phase formation.
There is a growing body of data to support the notion that GABAB receptors may be a therapeutic target for anxiety disorders. However, the application of GABAB receptor agonists in anxiety research and psychiatry is hampered by side effects that include motor in-coordination and hypothermia. Recently the GABAB receptor positive modulator GS39783 was shown to be anxiolytic in rodent models, but was devoid of accompanying side effects characteristic of full agonists. However, it is important to test whether such anxiolytic effects generalise to another chemical class of GABAB receptor positive modulators. We therefore aimed to investigate the anxiolytic and side-effect profile of CGP7930, the first-reported GABAB receptor positive modulator, in rodent models of anxiety, motor coordination and hypothermia. CGP7930 (3–300mg/kg) showed a modest, compared to the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide (10mg/kg), dose-dependent anxiolytic profile in the mouse stress-induced hyperthermia (100mg/kg), staircase (100 and 300mg/kg) and elevated zero maze tests (3–100mg/kg), but did not have any anxiolytic effects in the rat elevated plus maze. Similar to GS39783, CGP7930 also demonstrated a greatly reduced side-effect profile in comparison to the GABAB receptor full agonist baclofen in the mouse rotarod and traction wire tests and did not induce hypothermia. Although the effects of CGP7930 were modest, these results represent a second, structurally distinct, class of GABAB positive modulators showing anxiolytic activity. As such, these data support the premise that GABAB receptor positive modulation represents a novel therapeutic strategy for the development of anxiolytic drugs with a superior side-effect profile. The generation of more potent compounds is now warranted.
Electrodeposition and heat-treatment was attempted to directly obtain a Sn–Cu alloy anode with fine grain of crystals for lithium ion batteries. The preparation of Sn–Cu alloy anode started with pulsed electrochemically depositing tin on the substrate of copper foil collector, and a protection coating layer of copper was plated on the surface of deposited Sn. An alloy of tin and copper was formed when heated. The energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the copper and tin were partially alloyed to form Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn after annealing. The SEM analysis showed the uncoated electrode is cracked after a cycle and the copper coated electrode was not cracked after 50 cycles. The Cu-coated electrode presented the first cycle coulomb efficiency reaching 95% and good cycleability.
Alkaline SPE was obtained from a blend of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and poly(epichlorohydrin) (PECH), PVA–PECH, by a solution-cast technique. The PVA host polymer is blended with PECH polymer to provide a polymer electrolyte with improved chemical and mechanical properties. The ionic conductivity of the PVA–PECH polymer electrolytes is between 10−2 and 10−3 Scm−1 at room temperature when the blend ratio is varied from 1:0.2 to 1:1. The PVA–PECH polymer was characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, stress–strain test, cyclic voltammetry, and a.c. impedance spectroscopy. It is found that the polymer electrolytes exhibit good mechanical strength and excellent chemical stability. The electrochemical performance of solid-state Zn–air batteries with various types of the blended polymer electrolyte films is examined by a galvanostatic discharge method.
The food production and processing value chain is under pressure from all sides—increasing demand driven by a growing and more affluent population; dwindling resources caused by urbanization, land erosion, pollution and competing agriculture such as biofuels; and increasing constraints on production methods driven by consumers and regulators demanding higher quality, reduced chemical use, and most of all environmentally beneficial practices ‘from farm to fork’. This pressure can only be addressed by developing efficient and sustainable agricultural practices that are harmonized throughout the value chain, so that renewable resources can be exploited without damaging the environment. Bridges must, therefore, be built between the diverse areas within the food production and processing value chain, including bridges between different stages of production, between currently unlinked agronomic practices, and between the different levels and areas of research to achieve joined-up thinking within the industry, so that the wider impact of different technologies, practices and materials on productivity and sustainability is understood at the local, regional, national and global scales. In this article, we consider the challenges at different stages and levels of the value chain and how new technologies and strategies could be used to build bridges and achieve more sustainable food/feed production in the future.
The electrochemical behaviour of pure and Co-doped Ni(OH)2 powders is investigated under potentiodynamic cycling conditions. Evolution of some β-Ni(OH)2 physical properties as a function of the oxidation state is followed by ex situ Surface Enhanced μ-Raman Spectroscopy and in situ Ellipsometry. Effects related to the first and second reduction steps, as well as to the sweeping rate, are qualitatively studied. When compared to the results that have been recently obtained under galvanostatic conditions [S. Deabate, F. Henn, Electrochim. Acta 50 (2005) 2823], the present work confirms that the second reduction process is strongly associated to the occurrence of a reduced phase, i.e. NiO2H2−ɛ , with 0< ɛ <∼0.3, at the surface of the active mass grains. This reduced phase exhibits spectroscopic features very similar to the initial hydroxide which is known to be highly insulating in regards to both electrons and protons transfer.
Electric vehicles are becoming a more popular form of transportation, however their limited range has proven problematic. Battery-exchange stations allow the vehicles to swap batteries during their trip, but if a vehicle arrives at a station without a full battery available it may have to wait an extended period of time to get one. The vehicles can be routed so that they avoid stations without available batteries or to keep batteries available for other vehicles that need them in the future. The batteries can also be reserved during the routing process so that each vehicle is ensured the battery it plans to use is available. This paper provides a method of online routing of electric vehicles and making battery reservations that minimizes the average delay of the all vehicles by occasionally detouring them to the benefit of future ones. The system is modeled as a Markov chance-decision process and the optimal policy is approximated using the approximate dynamic programming technique of temporal differencing with linear models. The solution algorithm provides a quick way for vehicles to be routed using onboard vehicle software connected to a central computer. Computational results for the algorithm are provided using data on the Arizona highway network.