batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The photovoltaic (PV) panels currently existed on market are laminated plate structures, which are composed of two stiff glass skins and a soft interlayer. Some panels are installed on the buildings and integrated as the components of the structures, such as wall and roof. In different locations, the installations of PV panels are different and the boundary conditions are not always simply supported. In this paper, the bending behaviour of PV panels with various boundary conditions is analysed and the influence of boundary condition is studied carefully. The Kirchhoff theory is adopted to build governing equations of PV panels under static force. A Rayleigh-Rita method is modified to solve the governing equations and calculate the static deformation and stress. Different boundary conditions usually require different assumptions of the deflection function, but a modified general function is developed in here to solve that problem. A theoretical solution is derived out and used to do the numerical calculation. The bending experiments of PV panels with two boundary conditions are used to verify the accuracy of the proposed solutions. Finally, the influence of different boundary condition is stated by comparing the numerical results and some guides for the PV panel installation are proposed.
In epilepsy fit, lost of consciousness of patients is very dangerous according to happening places and situations and it is necessary to detect and inform to related person. But the existing systems are expensive, difficult to install. It also does not always detect it. In this research, in order to reduce an unexpected accident, it is proposed that the dangerous state detection system can detect the epilepsy fit at any time in daily life. It uses acceleration sensor system for fit detection. It is cheap and portable so, it can be installed easily to human body.
As a kind of supercapacitors, pseudocapacitors have attracted wide attention in recent years. The capacitance of the electrochemical capacitors based on pseudocapacitance arises mainly from redox reactions between electrolytes and active materials. These materials usually have several oxidation states for oxidation and reduction. Many research teams have focused on the development of an alternative material for electrochemical capacitors. Many transition metal oxides have been shown to be suitable as electrode materials of electrochemical capacitors. Among them, vanadium based materials are being developed for this purpose. Vanadium based materials are known as one of the best active materials for high power/energy density electrochemical capacitors due to its outstanding specific capacitance and long cycle life, high conductivity and good electrochemical reversibility. There are different kinds of synthetic methods such as sol-gel hydrothermal/solvothermal method, template method, electrospinning method, atomic layer deposition, and electrodeposition method that have been successfully applied to prepare vanadium based electrode materials. In our review, we give an overall summary and evaluation of the recent progress in the research of vanadium based materials for electrochemical capacitors that include synthesis methods, the electrochemical performances of the electrode materials and the devices.
As an attractive supercapacitor material, MnO2 greatly suffers poor conductivity and unsatisfied stability. In this work, double-shelled poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and MnO2 decorated Ni nanotube arrays (NTAs) are successfully synthesized by a simple electrodeposition strategy, endowing the hybrid with remarkably improved conductivity and prolonged durability. As a self-supported electrode, the resulting PEDOT@MnO2@NiNTAs exhibits outstanding electrochemical properties, including high mass capacitance (based on MnO2 mass, 442.85 F g−1 at 2.5 A g−1) and excellent cycling stability (80.37% capacitance retention after 15000 cycles). Furthermore, when assembling an asymmetric supercapacitor with the PEDOT@MnO2@NiNTAs and activated carbon (AC), the device affords a voltage window up to 1.7 V and delivers a large volumetric capacitance (1.47 F cm−3 at 4 mA cm−3) and high energy density (0.59 mWh cm−3 at power density of 84.96 mW cm−3), indicating its great potential in practical supercapacitor applications.
Electrodeposition and electrodissolution reactions of the Pb2+/Pb electrode were studied on a glassy carbon rotating disk electrode in aqueous solutions of CH3SO3H and Pb(CH3SO3)2. The electrolytic parameters, kinematic viscosity and ionic conductivity, were determined with various concentrations of CH3SO3H and Pb(CH3SO3)2. The diffusion coefficient of Pb2+ in this electrolyte prepared with CH3SO3H was determined by the Levich Equation. Both the concentrations of CH3SO3H and Pb(CH3SO3)2 were found responsible for the equilibrium potential shifts and exchange current density variations. The electrochemical processes at the Pb2+/Pb electrode were identified as being under mixed ohmic-diffusion control. The electrolyte conductivity and the ionic activity of Pb2+ were recognized as important parameters for designing the soluble lead redox flow cells. During constant current charge–discharge measurement, the specific capacity of the Pb2+/Pb electrode was about 253 mAh g−1Pb, about 98 % of the theoretical value. The impurity elements Fe, Ba, Al, and Zn in the Pb2+ electrolytes prepared with recycled lead exhibited insignificant influences on the Pb2+/Pb reactions. It is reasonable to believe that the recycled lead can be applied in soluble lead redox flow batteries, and the cost may be further reduced with recycled lead because expensive impurity-control processes seemed to be avoidable.
End-of-dose motor fluctuations are regarded as one of the core troublesome symptoms by patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Treatment of levodopa (l-dopa)-induced motor fluctuations is still an unmet medical need. l-dopa is the gold standard in the treatment of motor PD symptoms; notwithstanding, a wide range of adjunct therapies are currently available for the treatment of end-of-dose motor fluctuations. Additionally, device-aided therapies, such as deep brain stimulation, l-dopa-carbidopa intestinal gel infusion, and on-demand injection or continuous apomorphine infusion, may be considered when oral treatments are not sufficient to control motor fluctuations. In spite of the several evidence-based reviews and guidelines available, there is no agreement on which add-on therapy should be started first or its optimal timing. Equally challenging is the choice and timing between device-aided therapies. Herein, we propose a general overview of oral and device-aided treatments for PD patients with end-of-dose motor fluctuations, offering two possible algorithms that can guide clinicians during the therapeutic decision process.
Ammonia, as a significant chemical for fertilizer production and also a promising energy carrier, is mainly produced through the traditional energy-intensive Haber–Bosch process. Recently, the electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (NRR) for ammonia synthesis has received tremendous attention with the merits of energy saving and environmental friendliness. To date, the development of the NRR process is primarily hindered by the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), whereas the corresponding strategies for inhibiting this undesired side reaction to achieve high NRR selectivity are still quite limited. Furthermore, for such a complex reaction involving three gas–liquid–solid phases and proton/electron transfer, it is also rather meaningful to decouple and summarize the current strategies for suppressing H2 evolution in terms of NRR mechanisms, kinetics, thermodynamics, and electrocatalyst design in detail. Herein, on the basis of the NRR mechanisms, we systematically summarize the recent strategies to inhibit the HER for a highly selective electrocatalytic NRR, focusing on limiting the proton- and electron-transfer kinetics, shifting the chemical equilibrium, and designing the electrocatalysts. Additionally, insights into boosting the NRR selectivity and efficiency for practical applications are also presented in detail with regard to the determination of ammonia, the activation of the N2 molecule, the regulation of the gas–liquid–solid three-phase interface, the coupled NRR with value-added oxidation reactions, and the development of flow cell reactors.
This work describes miniature formic acid fuel cell batteries, which are built based on a Nafion® membrane and thin metal foils. The intrinsic advantages of formic acid fuel allow for a very simple design of the fuel cell, and the volume of the complete system, including fuel reservoir, can be as small as 11mm3. This work examines the effect of membrane thicknesses and fuel concentrations on the cell performance. The optimized cell performance is obtained with N117 membrane and 12M fuel. Peak power density of the optimized cell is 112mWcm−2. Life tests are conducted at various conditions using 6μL of fuel. An energy density of 70WhL−1 with 40% fuel utilization rate is observed when 12M formic acid is used at 0.5V.
There is inconsistent evidence for a clear pattern of association between ‘camouflaging’ (strategies used to mask and/or compensate for autism characteristics during social interactions) and mental health.
Although welding is an industrial process with well-known health effects, the effects of heavy metal exposure on the respiratory system during welding are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the correlation between blood lead and cadmium levels, and respiratory function among welders. The study investigates 207 male subjects who applied to Occupational Disease Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. These subjects were categorized into three groups: one, non-smoker office workers; and two exposed, non-smoker groups (n = 96) that comprised welders who had history of metal fume exposure for less and more than 4 h a day. Lung function test was performed on all groups. Correlations between blood cadmium and lead levels and lung function test were evaluated statistically. Forced vital capacity (FVC) % and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) % increased, and FEV1/FVC ratio decreased in welders who were exposed to metal fumes for less than 4 h a day (p < 0.0001). The group that was exposed for more than 4 h/day had increased FVC % and decreased FEV1 % and FEV1/FVC ratio (p < 0.0001). Blood cadmium and lead levels were high in both the exposed groups (p < 0.0001). Welders who were exposed for more than 4 h/day had significantly decreased FVC %, FEV1 %, FEV1/FVC ratio, and peak expiratory flow (PEF) values (p < 0.0001). All lung function parameters (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF) decreased in subjects with high blood cadmium levels (p < 0.0001). This study clearly shows the increased working hours of exposure to welding fumes and severity of metal exposure correlate with impaired lung functions.
Cu(II)-exchanged fuller's earth was prepared by ion-exchanging Ca2+ ions which are present within the interlayer of fuller's earth with Cu(II)ions by the solution-phase ion-exchange process. Pyrrole was introduced into Cu(II)-exchanged fuller's earth to spontaneously polymerize to within the interlayer to result in a nanocomposite of Cu(I)–polypyrrole–fuller's earth where both Cu(I) and polypyrrole occupy within the interlayer spaces of fuller's earth. The nanomaterial [Cu(I)–PPY–FE] has been fully characterized with X-ray diffraction studies, FTIR spectroscopy, DC polarisation test with both blocking stainless steel and non-blocking copper electrodes. The material is found to be a mixed conductor whose ionic mobility is 1.5 times faster than electronic mobility. DC polarisation studies also clearly revealed that the mobile ionic species in this material to be cuprous ions. AC impedance studies have been carried out with blocking stainless steel electrodes at different applied potentials. The necessary theoretical background to explain AC impedance results is also provided and the results obtained agree very well with the corresponding data obtained by other mutually independent methods. The electronic conductivities are around 3.0×10−4 Scm−1 and the ionic conductivities are around 9.0×10−3 Scm−1. The material may find applications in semi-fuel cells such as air–metal batteries.
The electrochemical oxidation of organic electrolytes was investigated using microelectrodes. The electrolytes we used were LiClO4/(EC+DEC) and LiPF6/(EC+DEC) which are widely employed in lithium ion batteries. We measured the oxidation current by the potential step method (the potential is maintained until the current becomes constant) at potentials ranging from 4.5 to 5.5V versus Li/Li+. The current density–potential relationship of the oxidation of 1M LiClO4/(EC+DEC) electrolyte on the carbon microelectrode shows good reproducibility and roughly fits exponential lines. We obtained a similar relationship regardless of the material and size of the microelectrodes. Therefore, the electrochemical oxidation of organic electrolytes can be compared using this method. The different oxidation behavior of LiPF6 salt and LiClO4 salt electrolyte suggests that the salt anions may initiate the electrolyte oxidation.
The ionic conductivity and rheological properties of clay filled nanocomposite electrolytes are reported. These electrolytes, which have potential use in lithium-ion batteries, consist of lithium-exchanged hectorite, a 2:1 layered smectite clay, dispersed in ethylene carbonate (EC) or a mixture of EC+polyethylene glycol di-methyl ether (PEG-dm, 250MW). All samples exhibit elastic, gel-like characteristics and room temperature conductivities of order 0.1mS/cm. A maximum in conductivity is observed at about 25wt.% clay concentration. A maximum in hectorite basal layer spacing is also observed in the same concentration range, suggesting a direct correlation between conductivity and layer spacing. The elastic modulus and yield stress increase by two orders of magnitude and the conductivity increases by one order of magnitude with increase in hectorite concentration from 5 to 25%, which indicates the significant influence of hectorite content in determining the characteristics of these single-ion conductors. The solvent composition plays a secondary role in this regard, with addition of PEG-dm to the base EC+hectorite electrolyte producing moderate improvement in conductivity. Similarly, the addition of PEG-dm to EC+hectorite affects an increase by only a factor of three in the elastic modulus and yield stress of the electrolyte.
To establish highly soluble single redox couple for non-aqueous flow batteries, N-(α-ferrocenyl)ethylphthalimide (α-FcEtPI) is derived from a promising single redox couple, N-ferrocenylphthalimide (FcPI), by inserting an α-methyl group between the ferrocenyl and phthalimide moieties. The resulting material (α-FcEtPI) shows the maximum solubility of 0.81 M in 1.0 M tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBABF4) in 1,3-dioxolane at 25 °C. This notable increase in solubility (versus 0.3 M for FcPI) is attributed to the disruptive effect of the α-methyl group on molecular packing in a solid state. α-FcEtPI exhibits two stable redox reactions at E 1/2 = 0.01 V and −1.97 V (vs. Fc/Fc+), thus functioning as a single redox couple with working voltage (E wk) of 1.98 V. Considering the solubility and working voltage, the theoretical energy density of α-FcEtPI is calculated as 21.06 W h L−1 (versus 7.8 W h L−1 for FcPI). The cell data of 0.6 M α-FcEtPI in 1 M TBABF4 in 1,3-dioxolane electrolytes, indicates remarkably high Coulombic efficiency (97.8%) and excellent cycle retention.
The cellulose hydrolysis kinetics during batch enzymatic saccharification are typified by a rapid initial rate that subsequently decays, resulting in incomplete conversion. Previous studies suggest that changes associated with the solution, substrate, or enzymes may be responsible. In this work, kinetic experiments were conducted to determine the relative magnitude of these effects. Pretreated corn stover (PCS) was used as a lignocellulosic substrate likely to be found in a commercial saccharification process, while Avicel and Kraft lignin were used to create model substrates. Glucose inhibition was observed by spiking the reaction slurry with glucose during initial-rate experiments. Increasing the glucose concentration from 7 to 48 g/L reduced the cellulose conversion rate by 94%. When product sugars were removed using ultrafiltration with a 10 kDa membrane, the glucose-based conversion increased by 9.5%. Reductions in substrate reactivity with conversion were compared directly by saccharifying PCS and Avicel substrates that had been pre-reacted to different conversions. Reaction of substrate with a pre-conversion of 40% resulted in about 40% reduction in the initial rate of saccharification, relative to fresh substrate with identical cellulose concentration. Overall, glucose inhibition and reduced substrate reactivity appear to be dominant factors, whereas minimal reductions of enzyme activity were observed.
Li2FeP2O7 powders are synthesized via solid state method by using different lithium sources (LiH2PO4, Li2CO3, LiOH and LiF). The solid state reaction mechanism of the Li2FeP2O7 is investigated by using TG-DSC and XRD analysis. The effects of different Li-sources on the structure, morphology and electrochemical performances of Li2FeP2O7 are investigated. The results indicate that the optimum synthesis temperature is about 650°C. LiH2PO4 is the most appropriate choice among them for synthesis of Li2FeP2O7. The Li2FeP2O7 synthesized by using LiH2PO4 as lithium source exhibits the best electrochemical properties, delivering an initial discharge capacity of 110.3, 98.2 and 80.0mAhg−1 at the rates of 0.025C, 0.1C and 1C, respectively. Furthermore, after various discharge rates, a discharge capacity of 101.6mAhg−1 at 0.025C can be still achieved, and the capacity retention is about 92.1% after 110 cycles.
Membrane-less fuel cell possesses such advantages as simplified design and lower cost. In this paper, a membrane-less direct alcohol fuel cell is constructed by using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) supported Pd and ternary PdSnNi composites as the anode catalysts and Fe/C-PANI composite, produced by direct pyrolysis of Fe-doped polyaniline precursor, as the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst. The alcohols investigated in the present study are methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol and sec-butanol. The cathode catalyst Fe/C-PANI is electrochemically inactive to oxidation of the alcohols. The performance of the cell with various alcohols in 1 mol L−1 NaOH solution on either Pd/MWCNT or PdSnNi/MWCNT catalyst has been evaluated. In any case, the performance of the cell using the anode catalyst PdSnNi/MWCNT is considerably better than Pd/MWCNT. For the PdSnNi/MWCNT, the maximum power densities of the cell using methanol (0.5 mol L−1), ethanol (0.5 mol L−1), n-propanol (0.5 mol L−1), iso-propanol (0.5 mol L−1), n-butanol (0.2 mol L−1), iso-butanol (0.2 mol L−1) and sec-butanol (0.2 mol L−1) are 0.34, 1.03, 1.07, 0.44, 0.50, 0.31 and 0.15 mW cm−2, respectively.
Herein is presented a new composite material consisting of nanostructured Mn silicate hollow spheres enclosed in a matrix of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), synthesized via a facile and low-cost hydrothermal method. The hollow structure provides free space to accommodate the volume expansion occurring upon lithiation, while the rGO facilitates the electron transport, thus enhancing the lithiation kinetics. Remarkably, the composite provides a continuously increasing reversible capacity up to ca. 1300 mAh g−1 after 350 cycles. This increase in capacity is ascribed in part to the steadily rising fraction of Mn2+/Mn3+ being oxidized to Mn4+ as well as the reversible formation of the solid electrolyte interphase. The particle morphology, in fact, remains unaltered, as evidenced by ex situ scanning electron microscopy – even after 350 cycles. Additionally, the implementation of manganese as transition metal for the reversible conversion reaction appears advantageous with regard to the overall electrochemical performance and the relatively lower lithiation potential.
A composite electrode with unique hetero-structure arrays was prepared by integration of Ni-Co-based mixed oxide NiCoO2 into 3D graphene supported by nickel foam (NiCoO2@rGO/NF). NiCoO2 arrays were directly grown on 3D graphene without any binder through a hydrothermal method. Further, the NiCoO2 arrays were composed of NiCoO2 nanowires on the surface of NiCoO2 ultrathin nanoflakes (nanoflakes@nanowires). Due to the unique hetero-structure arrays of NiCoO2 and the synergetic effect of NiCoO2/graphene, NiCoO2@rGO/NF shows higher specific capacitance of 1970 F g−1 than pure NiCoO2/NF (1569 F g−1). The capacitance retention of 102% (1732 F g−1) is maintained after 2500 cycles for NiCoO2@rGO/NF, while the NiCoO2/NF is only 61%. Furthermore, the effect of different hydrothermal time on the morphologies and capacitive performance of NiCoO2@rGO/NF was also investigated. The optimum hydrothermal time may be 6 h; the corresponding NiCoO2@rGO/NF-6h shows the highest capacitance and best rate capability. Therefore, the reasonable combination of nanowires and nanoflakes can further enhance capacitance of NiCoO2. The asymmetric supercapacitor prepared by NiCoO2@rGO/NF and graphene/NF exhibits a maximum energy density of 42.3 Wh kg−1 at power density of 0.4 kW kg−1. This work also shows that NiCoO2@rGO/NF with hetero-structure arrays has great promise in supercapacitor with high energy density.
The electrochemical performance of polymer lithium-ion batteries was studied as a function of the hexafluoro propylene (HFP) content in the PVDF–HFP copolymers used as electrode binders and separator membranes. The HFP content in electrode binders was found to have a significant impact on the cycle life performance at elevated temperatures. Best results were achieved with a 5% HFP level, where good cycle life was demonstrated at 60°C, combined with good rate capabilities and low temperature performance. In contrast to electrode binders, the HFP content in separator membranes was found to have no significant impact on cell performance.
The real applications of Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode material for sodium batteries have been hindered by low-cost and facile synthesis method. Herein, we report a facile self-combustion method to synthesize Na3V2(PO4)3 nanoparticles coated with carbon shell (NVP/C). Using as the cathode, the NVP/C is capable of delivering the initial discharge and charge capacities of 100.72 and 111.3mAhg−1 at the current of 0.1C in a voltage of 2.5–3.8V, and the capacity retention of the sample is approximately 95% of its initial specific capacity after 50th cycles. The first-principles simulation results show that the Na ions migration route prefers between two adjacent tetrahedral sites with the vacancy-hopping mechanism in a curved way, with the lowest activation energy of 0.292eV. The diffusion coefficients DNa + at room temperature was also calculated as higher as 2.38×10−9 cm2 s−1. The results suggest great potential of self-combustion synthesized NVP/C as cathode materials for Na-ion batteries.