batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Sub-micron LiCoO2 as a cathode material for lithium rechargeable battery with high rates is easily and economically prepared using eutectic self-mixing method without any artificial mixing procedures of reactants and ultra-miniaturization of products. While the micro-sized LiCoO2 exhibits the discharge capacities of 134.8mAhg−1 at 0.1C and 118.6mAhg−1 at 5.0C, those of the sub-micron LiCoO2 are 137.2mAhg−1 at 0.1C and 131.7mAhg−1 at 5.0C.
Chemically synthesized polyaniline doped with perchlorate ion was used as the electroactive material of the cathode in the construction of bipolar rechargeable batteries based on carbon doped polyethylene (CDPE) as a conductive substrate of the bipolar electrodes. A significant improvement in the originally poor adherence between the polymer foil and electroactive material layer of the anode was achieved by chemical pretreatment (etching) and single-sided metallization of the polymer foil with copper. A thin layer of optalloy was electroplated onto the surface of the copper-coated polymer foil to increase the battery overvoltage. A mixture of 1wt% electrochemically synthesized optalloy, 92wt% electrochemically synthesized zinc powder, 2wt% MgO, 4wt% ZnO and 1wt% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was used as the anode mixture. Then, the electroactive mixture of the anode was coated onto the metallized surface of the CDPE. Graphite powder was used to coat the other side of the CDPE at 90°C at 1tcm−2 pressure This side was coated with a cathode mixture containing 80wt% polyaniline powder, 18wt% graphite powder and 2wt% acetylene black. The battery electrolyte contained 1M Zn(ClO4)2 and 0.5M NH4ClO4 and 1.0×10−4 M Triton X-100 at pH 3.2. Both 3.2V dry and wet bipolar batteries were constructed using a bipolar electrode and tested successfully during 200 charge–discharge cycles. The battery possessed a high capacitance of 130mAhg−1 and close to 100% columbic efficiency. The loss of capacity during charge–discharge cycles for the wet bipolar battery was less than that for the dry bipolar battery. Self-discharge of the dry and wet batteries during a storage time of 30 days was about 0.64% and 0.45% per day, respectively. An artificial neural network (ANN) was used to model the voltage and battery available capacity (BAC) only for the dry bipolar battery at different currents and different times of discharge.
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the structural validity of the 20-item long-term conditions questionnaire (LTCQ) and to explore a potential short-form version of the scale using Rasch analysis.
The performance of all-solid-state lithium sulfur (Li/S) batteries is investigated for some types of conductive materials. The surface area of the conductive material is found to have a greater influence on the battery performance compared with its electronic conductivity. All-solid-state Li/S cells prepared using a positive activated-carbon-based composite electrode exhibit an excellent cycling performance with a reversible capacity of over 1600 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 1.3 mA cm−2 (1C) at 25 °C. Furthermore, the positive composite electrode exhibits a high power density of over 11000 W kg−1 at 50% state of charge.
The electrochemical performance of graphite/lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) cells in N-methoxymethyl-N,N-dimethylethylammonium bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl) imide (MMDMEA-TFSI)-containing electrolytes is significantly enhanced by the formation of a fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC)-derived protective film on an anode during the first cycle. The electrochemical intercalation of MMDMEA cations into the graphene layer is readily visualized by ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, differences in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of graphite electrodes in cells charged with and without FEC in dimethyl carbonate (DMC)/MMDMEA-TFSI are clearly discernible. Conclusively, the presence of FEC in MMDMEA-TFSI-containing electrolytes leads to a remarkable enhancement of discharge capacity retention for graphite/LiCoO2 cells as compared with ethylene carbonate (EC) and vinylene carbonate (VC).
The future of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems as a viable alternative to conventional fossil fuel-based resources seem promising with the rapid decline in the cost over the last decade. Notwithstanding, PV technology is yet to make a meaningful contribution in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) where the need for energy is deemed critical. The reason being that the technology is perceived by policymakers in SSA not to be capable of functioning profitably as an independent economic unit that requires project financing. Regrettably, the widely utilized levelized cost of energy (LCOE) in the literature for PV economic assessment only provides a benchmark to assess grid parity. A detailed economic assessment that includes risks and actual capital financing method is urgently needed to encourage potential investors and foster adoption. In this paper, a generalized economic model is developed to assess the cost-benefit of off-grid PV system. The developed method is demonstrated on a case study of rural Gusau, Nigeria. The results show that the feasibility of the proposed system is highly location dependent. Overall, conclusion is drawn that PV technology is eligible for project financing as it can repay its loan within the stipulated time considering the current infrastructure and energy policies in Nigeria.
To investigate the mechanism of carbon disulfide-induced neuropathy, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The rats in two experimental groups were treated with carbon disulfide by gavage at dosages of 300 and 500 mg/kg/day, respectively, five times per week for 12 weeks. Spinal cords of carbon disulfide-intoxicated rats and their age-matched controls were Triton-extracted and ultracentrifuged to yield a pellet fraction of neurofilament (NF) polymer and a corresponding supernatant fraction. Then, the contents of NF triplet proteins (NF-H, NF-M, NF-L) and two calpain isoforms (m-calpain and μ-calpain) in both fractions were determined by immunoblotting. In the meantime, the mRNA levels of NF-H, NF-M, and NF-L in spinal cords were quantified using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that in the pellet fraction, the contents of three NF subunits in both treated groups decreased significantly except NF-L in low dose group. In the supernatant fraction, the pattern of NFs alteration varied according to dose-levels. Compared to controls, three neurofilmant subunits in the high dose group displayed significant reduction consistently. However, in the low dose group, they remained unaffected. As for calpains, the contents of μ-calpain in both fractions increased significantly regardless of carbon disulfide dose-levels. Meanwhile, m-calpain demonstrated a significant decline in the supernatant fraction, and remained unchangeable in the pellet fraction compared to the control group. Furthermore, the levels of mRNA expression of NF-H, NF-M, and NF-L genes were elevated consistently in CS2-treated groups. These findings suggested that carbon disulfide intoxication was associated with obvious alterations of NFs content in rat spinal cord, which might be involved in the development of carbon disulfide neurotoxicity.
The neuropsychology of anosognosia for memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) was examined in 92 AD patients and 92 case matched individuals for comparison, using three quantitative methods of assessment: Experimenter Rating Scale (ERS), Objective Judgement Discrepancy (OJD) and Subjective-Rating Discrepancy (SRD). The OJD showed significant domain specific correlations with memory functioning as well as a significant correlation with susceptibility to intrusional errors. Memory or executive dysfunction may affect the immediate ability to judge cognitive performance in a domain specific manner (secondary anosognosia). Longer-term awareness of cognitive deficit appears less influenced by impaired basic cognitive functions, than by the decline of metacognitive function (primary anosognosia).
This study reports the onset of the Jahn–Teller distortion in 4V LiMn2O4 thin film electrodes that was investigated using an in situ bending beam method (BBM). The phase transformation during lithium insertion/extraction could be detected using the BBM technique. The phase transformation between the cubic and tetragonal phases was depicted by the larger value of the compressive or tensile differential strain, which is consistent with a well-known phase transformation between those phases in 3V LiMn2O4. The cyclic deflectograms and cyclic voltammograms were obtained simultaneously. The potential ranges responsible for the Jahn–Teller distortion in 4V range, which takes place at the electrode surface, was determined by the charge versus. differential strain (dε/dQ) curve. The onset of the Jahn–Teller distortion was observed at the end of the cathodic scan, and the relaxation of the Jahn–Teller distortion was observed at the beginning of anodic scan. Furthermore, the onset of the Jahn–Teller distortion was found to be dependent on the lithium ion insertion rate, which was controlled by the scan rate.
The classic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) based solid polymer electrolyte suffers from poor ionic conductivity of ambient temperature, low lithium ion transference number and relatively narrow electrochemical window (<4.0V vs. Li+/Li). Herein, the carbonate-linked PEO solid polymer such as poly(diethylene glycol carbonate) (PDEC) and poly(triethylene glycol carbonate) (PTEC) were explored to find out the feasibility of resolving above issues. It was proven that the optimized ionic conductivity of PTEC based electrolyte reached up to 1.12×10−5 Scm−1 at 25°C with a decent lithium ion transference number of 0.39 and a wide electrochemical window about 4.5V vs. Li+/Li. In addition, the PTEC based Li/LiFePO4 cell could be reversibly charged and discharged at 0.05 C-rates at ambient temperature. Moreover, the higher voltage Li/LiFe0.2Mn0.8PO4 cell (cutoff voltage 4.35V) possessed considerable rate capability and excellent cycling performance even at ambient temperature. Therefore, these carbonate-linked PEO electrolytes were demonstrated to be fascinating candidates for the next generation solid state lithium batteries simultaneously with high energy and high safety.
The performance of absorptive glass mat separators in valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries is strongly influenced by the diameter of the fibres from which they are made. Coarser diameter fibres are beneficial for the compressive properties of separators while finer fibres maintain the uniform distribution of the electrolyte. Studies of cell compression and electrolyte stratification are reported using separators manufactured with segregated layers of fine and coarse fibres incorporated into a single sheet. This construction locates the different classes of fibre at their location of maximum effectiveness. Improvements in battery life in both cyclic and float charge applications are recorded, and compared with single layer separators.
Multiple measures of three of the factors (capacity, strategies, and metamemory) hypothesized to cause improvements in memory with age were obtained from 179 children in kindergarten to second grade (younger: ages 5–8) or third and fourth grade (older: ages 8–11) during nine sessions of testing. Confirmatory factor analysis was computed separately for each age group. Results suggested that the fit of the three-factor model was statistically significantly better than a one-factor, general memory model for both age groups. However, the fit indices were borderline, and there was not sufficient evidence for a metamemory factor for younger children. The factors that influence memory performance may differ with age.
The hydrothermal reaction of V2O5, Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, ethylenediamine and H2O in the molar ratio of 1∶1∶3.5∶519 at 180 °C yields black plates of [Ni(en)2][V6O14]. This compound has been characterized structurally, magnetically, electrically, and spectroscopically. The crystal structure consists of novel mixed-valence vanadium oxide layers and interlayer metal coordination complexes. Each of the three VO5 square pyramids share two edges to form a V3O11 group. The V3O11 groups are connected through sharing edges to produce a linear ribbon. Adjacent strips share corners to form a layer structure. The two oxygen atoms from the neighbouring vanadium oxide layers are coordinated to each nickel atom in a trans-fashion, and form a three-dimensional framework structure. An EHT (Extended Hückel
Theory) calculation was performed to analyze the electronic structure, and the electrical resistivity measurements confirmed the expected semiconducting behavior of [Ni(en)2][V6O14].
This paper describes the energy management controller design of a mid-sized vehicle driven by a fuel cell/battery plug-in hybrid powertrain, where an experimentally validated hight temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell model is used. The power management strategy is derived by the application of the Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle, where the control parameter is adapted by using feedback information on the state of charge and total trip length forecast as a function of a moving average of past information about the driving cycle speed. The strategy we propose aims at achieving a real time sub-optimal solution of the control problem which is cast into the minimization of the consumed fuel. The vehicle is also equipped by an auto-thermal reformer and, in order to minimize the hydrogen buffer size, the control algorithm is subject to constraints on the maximum hydrogen buffer level. A comparative analysis of the proposed strategy against the optimal one is conducted and results are reported. The obtained fuel consumptions are also compared to those obtained by the same vehicle, powered by an internal combustion engine and by a plug-in hybrid electric powertrain.
Electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLC) are rapidly emerging as a promising energy storage technology offering extremely large power densities. Despite significant experimental progress, nanoscale operation mechanisms of the EDLCs remain poorly understood and it is difficult to separate processes at multiple time and length scales involved in operation including that of double layer charging and ionic mass transport. Here we explore the functionality of EDLC microporous carbon electrodes using a combination of classical electrochemical measurements and scanning probe microscopy based dilatometry, thus separating individual stages in charge/discharge processes based on strain generation. These methods allowed us to observe two distinct modes of EDLC charging, one fast charging of the double layer unassociated with strain, and another much slower mass transport related charging exhibiting significant sample volume changes. These studies open the pathway for the exploration of electrochemical systems with multiple processes involved in the charge and discharge, and investigation of the kinetics of those processes.
The Sb encapsulated in S and N co-doped three-dimensionally (3D) interconnected macroporous carbon composite (denoted as Sb@S,N-3DPC) has been fabricated by using silica opals as hard template following a carbonization process. The structural and morphological characterizations reveal the uniform 3D-network structure with the Sb nanoparticles embedded homogeneously in the carbon spherical shell. The Sb@S,N-3DPC electrode shows a high reversible capacity of 482mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1, displaying good capacity stability (~93% of the initial discharge capacity after 500 cycles at 100mAg−1). The electrode displays superior rate capability and ultralong cyclability (255mAhg−1 at 2Ag−1after 2000 cycles) and also reveals a good rate capability that maintains 160mAhg−1 at 5Ag−1. The excellent electrochemical performance of the Sb@S,N-3DPC is attributed to the 3D-porous carbon network structure and uniform distribution of Sb nanoparticles in carbon matrix, enhancing the conductivity, holding the structure integrity, and thus improving the cycling performance of the anode material. In addition, sulfur and nitrogen co-doping introduced more defects and active sites to the carbon framework, thereby improving the interfacial adsorption and electrochemical behaviors.
The New Zealand stick insect genus Acanthoxyla Uvarov is extremely unusual among higher taxa of animals in that all known species are obligate parthenogens. We have used a combination of the mitochondrial DNA genes cytochrome oxidase subunits I and II, 28S nuclear ribosomal RNA, and the two single-copy nuclear genes elongation factor 1α and phosphoglucose isomerase to test hypotheses on the role of hybridization in the evolution of this genus. Alleles at the single-copy nuclear loci in three sampled species of Acanthoxyla were resolved by cloning the PCR products. Analysis of multilocus genotypes shows that most sampled individuals of Acanthoxyla possess three alleles at the single-copy nuclear loci, which we have interpreted to indicate triploidy. Because most of the alleles from Acanthoxyla form a monophyletic group, including sets of alleles possessed by the putative triploids, we have inferred that the extant parthenogenetic lineages formed via hybridization between species of Acanthoxyla, at least one of which must have been sexual. More recently, there have been multiple introgression events from the related species Clitarchus hookeri White, although C. hookeri does not appear to be involved with the origin of parthenogenesis in Acanthoxyla. Our study demonstrates the utility of cloning alleles from multiple single-copy nuclear genes for resolving the origins of parthenogenetic lineages.
Hypokinetic gait is a common and very disabling symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the motor cortex has been used with variable effectiveness to treat hypokinesia in PD. Preconditioning rTMS by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may enhance its effectiveness to treat hypokinetic gait in PD. Three-dimensional kinematic gait analysis was performed (1) prior to, (2) immediately after and (3) 30 min after low-frequency rTMS (1 Hz, 900 pulses, 80 % of resting motor threshold) over M1 contralateral to the more affected body side preconditioned by (1) cathodal, (2) anodal or (3) sham tDCS (amperage: 1 mA, duration: 10 min) in ten subjects with PD (7 females, mean age 63 ± 9 years) and ten healthy subjects (four females, mean age 50 ± 11 years). The effects of tDCS-preconditioned rTMS on gait kinematics were assessed by the following parameters: number of steps, step length, stride length, double support time, cadence, swing and stance phases. Our data suggest a bilateral improvement of hypokinetic gait in PD after 1 Hz rTMS over M1 of the more affected body side preceded by anodal tDCS. In contrast, 1 Hz rTMS alone (preceded by sham tDCS) and 1 Hz rTMS preceded by cathodal tDCS were ineffective to improve gait kinematics in PD. In healthy subjects, gait kinematics was unaffected by either intervention. Preconditioning motor cortex rTMS by tDCS is a promising approach to treat hypokinetic gait in PD.
Electrochemical hybrid energy storage devices have been developed and investigated with considerable effort in recent years. The idea is to combine the high specific energy of the battery component together with the high specific power of the capacitor component within one system. We realized laboratory scale electrochemical cells based on a capacitor material (activated carbon) and two battery materials (LiMn2O4 and Li4Ti5O12). We investigate hybrid systems following a serial and a parallel approach with two different mass ratios of battery materials over activated carbon. The investigated systems are compared in terms of Ragone plot and pulse performance. The results clearly show that the parallel hybridization of electrochemical capacitors and lithium-ion batteries is superior to the serial approach. Parallel hybrids provide both, high specific energy and power, and they outperform both the battery and the capacitor for pulsed applications. By contrast the serial hybrid can slightly increase the specific energy with respect to the capacitor but the specific power is comparable to the power of the battery, and it does not provide any benefit with pulsed applications.
This paper presents an adaptive supervisory controller, based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle (PMP), for on-line energy management optimization of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. Using minimum driving information, such as the total trip length and the average cycle speed, the proposed algorithm relies on adaptation of the control parameter from state of charge feedback. The proposed strategy is referred in the paper to as Adaptive-PMP (A-PMP). The new controller is applied to a detailed forward vehicle simulator of the plug-in hybrid Chevrolet Volt manufactured by General Motors, where an experimentally validated LG Chem battery model is used. The strategy we propose aims at achieving a blended trajectory of the state of charge to minimize the consumed fuel, resulting in an overall better performance than the actual Charge Depleting/Charge Sustaining (CD/CS) strategy currently used on-board of the vehicle. A comparative analysis of three strategies, i.e., the optimal one (PMP), the proposed one (A-PMP) and the in-vehicle one (CD/CS), is conducted in simulation which shows that improvement above 20% in fuel consumption may be achieved when the proposed algorithm is used instead of the current on-board strategy.
A promising field of research is developing on flexible conducting textiles. There are many multifunctional applications, such as in wearable electronics, health monitoring, military, or as electrode surfaces in energy conversion and storage systems (supercapacitors, battery and fuel cells). Silver nanoparticle embedded-viscose fabrics produced by an electroless coating method have been demonstrated to give a resistance of 0.26Ωcm−1. A glassy carbon electrode with nano-Ag textile disc attached (Ag-VF/GC) exhibits a selective electro catalytic response towards H2O2 even in the presence of interferences like fructose, sucrose, glutamic acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, uric acid, nitrate, dopamine, and glucose. The modified electrode has shown a sensitivity of 35.97μAmM−1 for hydrogen peroxide, with a detection limit of 13μM across a wide linear range of 20μM to 33mM H2O2. The effects of the fabric morphological changes after sensing of peroxide was further investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and water contact angle studies.
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is a potent trophic factor for midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons, but its in vivo function and signaling mechanisms are not entirely understood. We show that the transcriptional cofactor homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) is required for the TGFβ-mediated survival of mouse DA neurons. The targeted deletion of Hipk2 has no deleterious effect on the neurogenesis of DA neurons, but leads to a selective loss of these neurons that is due to increased apoptosis during programmed cell death. As a consequence, Hipk2−/− mutants show an array of psychomotor abnormalities. The function of HIPK2 depends on its interaction with receptor-regulated Smads to activate TGFβ target genes. In support of this notion, DA neurons from Hipk2−/− mutants fail to survive in the presence of TGFβ3 and Tgfβ3−/− mutants show DA neuron abnormalities similar to those seen in Hipk2−/− mutants. These data underscore the importance of the TGFβ-Smad-HIPK2 pathway in the survival of DA neurons and its potential as a therapeutic target for promoting DA neuron survival during neurodegeneration.