batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In the third part of this work the effects of the sulphuric acid concentration on the positive plate discharge capacity, impedance and oxygen overvoltage are discussed. It has been found that the full discharge capacity of the positive plate is available down to electrolyte concentrations of 3moll−1 (s.g. 1.18gml−1). At further acid dilution, capacity of the positive plate declines, keeping the utilization of the sulphuric acid about 50%. Decreasing the acid concentration, the oxygen overvoltage decreases with a factor of 12–18mVM−1, excluding the effect of the equilibrium potential of the oxygen electrode as a function of pH. The capacitance of the electrical double layer decrease linearly with the dilution of the sulphuric acid suggesting strong adsorption effects. This suggestion has been confirmed from the measurements of potential of the zero charge of the positive plate, which increases from 1.11 to 1.34V vs. Ag/Ag2SO4 in the region 1.11–4.60M H2SO4. From the measurement of the time constant of the electronic transfer through the gel part of the lead dioxide (T gel) as a function of the acid concentration and the applied potential, a change in the mechanism of the lead dioxide hydration has been estimated—below 1M H2SO4 T gel increases sharply, showing sharp increases of the extent of the hydration. The dilution of the electrolyte increases substantially the value of average double layer current in the beginning of the charge. During the pulse overcharge at the employed frequency of 1Hz, the average double layer current is equal to the pulse amplitude, suggesting that the maximal efficiency of the pulse charge is reached.
Cadmium is a neurotoxic heavy metal and is considered endocrine disruptor. In this work, we investigate the effects of cadmium on the 24 h changes of aspartate, glutamate, and glutamine content in the pituitary. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were treated with 25 or 50 mg/l of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in the drinking water for 30 days. Metal exposure with the lowest dose induced the disappearance of the nocturnal peak of anterior pituitary amino acid content, and the appearance of a peak of glutamine concentration during the resting phase of the photoperiod. After exposure to 50 mg/l of CdCl2, the peaks of anterior pituitary amino acid content at 12:00 and 00:00 h disappeared, and two minimal values at these same hours and a peak at 08:00 h appeared. In the posterior pituitary, cadmium treatment with the lowest dose induced the appearance of a peak of aspartate and glutamate concentration at 12:00 h, and the disappearance of the peak of glutamine content at 16:00 h. After exposure to 50 mg/l of CdCl2 aspartate and glutamate daily pattern presented two maximal values between 00:00 and 04:00 h, and the metal abolished glutamine daily pattern. These results suggest that cadmium disrupted aspartate, glutamate, and glutamine daily pattern in the pituitary.
Silicon is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its enormous theoretical energy density. Fracture during electrochemical cycling has limited the practical viability of silicon electrodes, but recent studies indicate that fracture can be prevented by taking advantage of lithiation-induced plasticity. In this paper, we provide experimental insight into the nature of plasticity in amorphous Li x Si thin films. To do so, we vary the rate of lithiation of amorphous silicon thin films and simultaneously measure stresses. An increase in the rate of lithiation results in a corresponding increase in the flow stress. These observations indicate that rate-sensitive plasticity occurs in a-Li x Si electrodes at room temperature and at charging rates typically used in lithium-ion batteries. Using a simple mechanical model, we extract material parameters from our experiments, finding a good fit to a power law relationship between the plastic strain rate and the stress. These observations provide insight into the unusual ability of a-Li x Si to flow plastically, but fracture in a brittle manner. Moreover, the results have direct ramifications concerning the rate-capabilities of silicon electrodes: faster charging rates (i.e., strain rates) result in larger stresses and hence larger driving forces for fracture.
This case report addresses assessment and treatment considerations for a patient suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the context of mild traumatic brain injury and ongoing pain. Management of this case is based on the application of evidence-based therapy, and of cognitive behaviour therapy, for PTSD reduction. Assessment and treatment approaches recognize that delivery of treatment requires modification to allow exposure therapy for individuals who are partially amnesic of their traumatic experience. Further, administering exposure and cognitive therapy for patients with cognitive impairment requires specific means of treatment delivery to allow adequate compliance with therapy tasks. This case highlights that evidence-based approaches can be usefully applied to complex presentations but they may require modifications that recognize obstacles associated with comorbid conditions.
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are highly attractive for future generations of portable electronics and electric vehicles due to their high energy density and potentially low cost. In the past decades, various novel electrodes and electrolytes have been tested to improve Li–S battery performance. However, these designs on electrodes and electrolytes have not fully addressed the problem of low cycling stability of Li–S batteries. Here, we show the role of the separator in the capacity decay of the Li–S battery, namely that it can accommodate a large amount of polysulfides inside which then precipitates as a thick layer of inactive S-related species. Using a thin conductive coating on the separator to prevent the formation of the inactive S-related species layer, we show that the specific capacity and cycling stability of the Li–S battery are both improved significantly compared to the battery with a pristine separator. Combining this separator design with a monodisperse sulfur nanoparticle cathode, we show Li–S batteries with a life of over 500 cycles with an initial specific capacity of 1350 mA h g−1 at C/2 and a cycle decay as low as 0.09% per cycle.
Objective To evaluate the importance of the distance between stimulation electrodes, in various montages, on the ability to induce sustained cortical excitability changes using transcranial direct and random noise stimulation. Methods Twelve healthy subjects participated in four different experimental conditions. The stimulation electrode was always placed over the primary motor cortex; the reference electrode was placed at the contralateral orbit or at the ipsilateral/contralateral arm. MEPs were recorded in order to measure changes in cortical excitability over time. Results The distance between the two electrodes correlates negatively with the duration and magnitude of induced after-effects. Conclusions In particular when using extracephalic reference electrodes with transcranial electric stimulation techniques, the stimulation intensity has to be adapted to account for interelectrode distance. Significance Electrode distance plays a critical role in the induction for stimulation after-effects in tDCS and tRNS studies, and must be taken into account in future studies and also when making comparisons with the published literature.
Rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) appear to be a promising candidate for large-scale energy storage system because of the abundance and inherent safety of the zinc negative electrode. Despite these benefits, huge polarization caused by the intercalation of multivalent charge carrier Zn2+ into the cathodic hosts remains a long-standing challenge impeding the development of high-performance ZIBs. Herein, we demonstrate the viability of the V2O5 nanorods constructed 3D porous architectures (3D-NRAs-V2O5) as cathode for ZIBs. Notably, the 3D-NRAs-V2O5 can be scaled up to kilo-gram production based on a simple sol-gel reaction followed by an annealing process. The synergic contributions from the 3D porous framework and layered structures of the 3D-NRAs-V2O5 lead a more facile Zn2+ ions (de)intercalation storage process. Consequently, it offers high reversible capacity of 336 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 50 mA g−1 and exhibits excellent long-term cyclic stability with a capacity retention of 85% over 5000 cycles at a high current density of 10 A g−1. Furthermore, the use of various ex-situ characterization techniques and first-principles calculations has successfully unravelled the Zn2+ ions storage mechanism of the 3D-NRAs-V2O5. Besides the excellent electrochemical performance of the 3D-NRAs-V2O5, it can also be easily scaled up based on the simple synthetic protocol, which shows great potential to be practically used for the next-generation large-scale energy storage applications.
Microbial fuel cells can directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy, but significant energy losses result from the use of O2 as the cathode. Microbial batteries (MBs) replace conventional O2 cathodes with solid-state cathodes that can be re-oxidized under favorable conditions, enabling more efficient energy recovery. Previously, we demonstrated proof-of-concept for MBs with a silver oxide cathode. The high cost of silver and energy required for re-oxidation make this material impractical. In this work, we evaluate Prussian Blue (PB), a hexacyano-Fe complex material, as a low-cost solid-state cathode in a single-chamber, membrane-free MB. Microbial oxidation of organic matter at the anode drives the reduction of PB. Reduced PB is re-oxidized by exposure to air. MBs equipped with a PB electrode efficiently transfer charge to PB (85% charge transfer), achieving net energy recovery efficiencies of 18–33%, with no loss of capacity over 20 cycles of operation. The operating potential for the PB electrode creates a trade-off: increasing the PB electrode potential improves the efficiency of energy recovery, but more material is required to maintain power output and ensure efficient oxidation of organic matter. Operation is otherwise straightforward: energy is only required to move reduced PB into the air then back to the MB. We conclude that PB is a promising cathode material for single-chamber, membrane-free MBs.
Detection of ultraviolet (UV) light is usually based on the photoconductivity effect of semiconductors. Here, we demonstrate the application of a photoelectrochemical cell (PECC) as a self-powered UV-photodetector for detecting the UV light. It is based on the photovoltaic effect of PECCs. By connecting a PECC to an ammeter, the intensity of UV light have been quantiﬁed using the output short-circuit photocurrent (I sc) of the PECC without a power source. This self-powered UV-photodetector exhibits a high photoresponse sensitivity of 269,850%, a rise time of 0.08s and a decay time of 0.03s for J sc signal. The fast time response, high photosensitivity, and good photosensitivity linearity combined with low-cost, environment-friendly, as well as the facile manufacturing process, make this new type of UV-photodetector suitable for practical applications.
This paper describes the mathematical modelling, analysis and simulation of a novel hybrid powertrain used in a scooter. The primary feature of the proposed hybrid powertrain is the use of a split power-system that consists of a one-degree-of-freedom (dof) planetary gear-train (PGT) and a two-dof PGT to combine the power of two sources, a gasoline engine and an electric motor. Detailed component level models for the hybrid electric scooter are established using the Matlab/Simulink environment. A simple rule-based power control strategy is then established with the primary objective to optimize the fuel economy of the hybrid electric scooter. The performance of the proposed hybrid powertrain is studied using the developed model under four driving cycles. The simulation results verify the operational capabilities of the proposed hybrid system and show both the engine and the electric motor work in an optimal state under various operating conditions.
A series of LiMnxFey(V▯)1-x-yPO4 samples have been synthesized as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The structure and electrochemical performance of the samples are investigated systematically. All the modified samples show improved performance compared to the pristine LiMnPO4. Moreover, the four LiMnxFey(V▯)1-x-yPO4 samples (x=1/3, y=1/3; x=0.5, y=0.2; x=0.5, y=0.3 and x=0.5, y=0.4) exhibit enhanced electrochemical properties than LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4. Among them, LiMn1/3Fe1/3(V▯)1/3PO4 delivers the highest initial capacity of 161 mAh·g−1 at 0.05C and still retains 143 mAh·g−1 after 50 cycles at 0.5C with capacity retention of 98.6%. In addition, the calcination temperature is important for V3+ doping into the olivine structure, and our results clearly indicate that the sample calcined at 600°C performs better electrochemical performance than that at 500°C.
In the on going quest towards lithium-battery chemistries beyond the lithium-ion technology, the lithium–sulfur system is emerging as one of the most promising candidates. The major outstanding challenge on the route to commercialization is controlling the so-called polysulfide shuttle, which is responsible for the poor cycling efficiency of the current generation of lithium–sulfur batteries. However, the mechanistic understanding of the reactions underlying the polysulfide shuttle is still incomplete. Here we report the direct observation of lithium polysulfides in a lithium–sulfur cell during operation by means of operando X-ray diffraction. We identify signatures of polysulfides adsorbed on the surface of a glass-fibre separator and monitor their evolution during cycling. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the adsorption of the polysulfides onto SiO2 can be harnessed for buffering the polysulfide redox shuttle. The use of fumed silica as an electrolyte additive therefore significantly improves the specific charge and Coulombic efficiency of lithium–sulfur batteries.
Monitoring of battery systems is of critical importance for guaranteeing safe and reliable operation of electric vehicles (EVs). Fault diagnosis is responsible for discovering multifarious faults at both pack and cell levels, and accordingly alerting drivers. This paper proposes an in-situ voltage fault diagnosis method based on the modified Shannon entropy, which is capable of predicting the voltage fault in time through monitoring battery voltage during vehicular operations. A vast quantity of real-time voltage monitoring data was collected in the Service and Management Center for Electric Vehicles (SMC-EV) in Beijing, and used to verify the effectiveness of the presented diagnosis method. The validation results show that the proposed method can accurately forecast both the time and location of voltage fault within battery packs. Furthermore, a security management strategy is devised on the basis of the Z-score approach, and the abnormity coefficient is set to make real-time evaluation of voltage abnormity.
In this paper, an integrated model of a PV-AF (Photovoltaic-Active Filter) and PV-SPE (Photovoltaic-Solid Polymer Electrolyte) system using PSCAD/EMTDC software is explained in detail. The PV-AF system, a combination of a converter system for grid-connection including active filter function and the PV system, has already been introduced in several papers. The main concept of the PV-AF system issues from “harmonics”. Conventional methods to reduce or compensate for harmonics, such as a passive filter, have some limitations. By adapting an active filter as a harmonic compensation method, however, those limitations have been overcome. In the case of a utility connected system, the photovoltaic power generation system essentially needs an inverter system. The SPE cell is a certain type of fuel cell which can produce highly pure hydrogen (about 99.99%) much as the same method with which electrolysis of water has been developed in the 1980s. Nowadays, the PV-SPE system has been focused on as a replacement of existing hydrogen production technology. This technology emits large amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Applying harmonics currents may result in some bad effects such as aging and depletion of the SPE cell. To prevent the above mentioned problems and to have a stable production of hydrogen, a combined system (PV-AF-SPE system) is proposed, and its operational characteristics and advantages are analyzed in detail.
Electronic devices show an ever-increasing power demand and thus, require innovative concepts for power supply. For a wide range of power and energy capacity, membrane fuel cells are an attractive alternative to conventional batteries. The main advantages are &#x02022; the flexibility with respect to power and capacity achievable with different devices for energy conversion and energy storage, &#x02022; the long lifetime and long service life, &#x02022; the good ecological balance, &#x02022; very low self-discharge. Therefore, the development of fuel cell systems for portable electronic devices is an attractive, although also a challenging, goal. The fuel for a membrane fuel cell might be hydrogen from a hydride storage system or methanol/water as a liquid alternative. The main differences between the two systems are &#x02022; the much higher power density for hydrogen fuel cells, &#x02022; the higher energy density per weight for the liquid fuel, &#x02022; safety aspects and infrastructure for fuel supply for hydride materials. For different applications, different system designs are required. High power cells are required for portable computers, low power methanol fuel cells required for mobile phones in hybrid systems with batteries and micro-fuel cells are required, e.g. for hand held PCs in the sub-Watt range. All these technologies are currently under development. Performance data and results of simulations and experimental investigations will be presented.
Lithium iron silicates (Li2FeSiO4) are promising materials for use as cathodes because they may theoretically allow a two-electron exchange per formula unit. However, the high operating voltage (4.8V vs. Li+/Li) may promote unwanted side-reactions between the cathode and electrolyte, causing serious capacity fading during cycling. In this report, Li2FeSiO4/C materials coated with AlPO4 nanosheets are successfully prepared to improve the electrochemical performance of the lithium iron silicates. The structure and morphology of the samples are characterized using XRD, SEM and TEM analysis. Compared with the pristine sample that has not been modified, the 2wt.% AlPO4-coated sample exhibits enhanced rate capability and cycling performance, especially at elevated-temperature. Additionally, the AlPO4 coating layer suppresses the stress of the volume change and prevents separation of the carbon layer from the host material during cycling.
Fly ash that was enriched with lead (Pb), formed as an intermediate in waste lead-acid battery (WLAB) smelting, was recycled by the hydro-electrometallurgy. Characterization of fly ash thereof indicated that the Pb was in the forms of PbSO4 (anglesite) and Pb2OSO4 (lanarkite). Nitric acid and sodium hydroxide were firstly used to study the leaching of the fly ash sample, which was affected by leachant dosage and solid-to-liquid ratio (S/L). At an S/L of 60gL−1, the leachability of Pb was 43% and 67% in 2M acidic and basic solutions, respectively, based on an average 70wt% of Pb in the original fly ash. Anglesite was completely soluble in NaOH and lanarkite was mildly soluble in HNO3. Pb was recovered from the pregnant leach solution within an electrolytic cell constructed with graphite or RuO2/IrO2-coated titanium (Ti-DSA) anodes and a stainless steel cathode. Properties of anodes deposited with lead dioxides were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry. The optimized parameters of electrowinning were 2M NaOH leachant, a current density of 0.75Adm−2 and an electrolytic process duration of 120min, which yielded a Pb removal of higher than 99% and a specific energy consumption of 0.57Whg−1. This process constitutes an eco-friendly and economic alternative to the presently utilized secondary pyrometallurgy for treating lead-containing fly ash.
The accuracy of Peukert's equation for battery capacity lessens under dynamic loading and varying temperature conditions. Previous attempts by others endeavor to overcome the current shortfall; however, many still neglect the inclusion of a temperature dependency. This paper investigates the feasibility of Peukert's equation for practical automotive situations and expands upon the equation in order to include both variable current and temperature effects. The method proposed captures these requirements based on the theory that a battery contains a relative maximum absolute capacity, different from manufacturer 20-h specifications, and the specific discharge conditions determine the rate at which to remove this capacity. Experimental methods presented in the paper provide an economical testing procedure capable of producing the required coefficients in order to build a high-level, yet accurate state of charge prediction model. Finally, this work utilizes automotive grade lithium-based batteries for realistic outcomes in the electrified vehicle realm.
The paper presents results of the tribotechnical and acoustic characteristics of copper-based frictional composite materials depending on the composite structure and content of metallic (tin, iron) and carbon (coke, graphite) additives in the composition. Changes in the studied characteristics are most pronounced under dry friction conditions. The introduction of the additives leads to reduced friction components of noise to 56 dB. In the boundary friction mode, the greatest effect of introduced target additives on the acoustic characteristics does not exceed 11 dB relative to the material without additives. For a composite based on 12% tin bronze, an increase in the graphite content from 10 to 30 vol % results in a 5 dB noise reduction.
This article presents the results of studies of the electrolyte flow configuration in a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The flow structure is formed by a system of inlet and outlet channels and of porous collectors of the battery. This configuration is considered as a hydrodynamic circuit. The theoretical models, which were used to simulate the flow behaviour, are based on conservation laws of mass and of electric charge. The electrolyte flow was analysed on the basis of three theoretical models: total flow, depending on the electric current; flow distribution in the inlet/outlet channel system; flow distribution in a half-cell. For the test battery a capacity availability was calculated and measured in a wide range of the flow rate and of the electric current. The flow distribution in the porous collector was calculated and the efficiency by the different flow configurations in the half-cells was measured. The parameters and the configuration of the electrolyte inlet/outlet channels were optimized to obtain the uniform distribution of the electrolyte flow to each half-cell.
Metal-doped carbon xerogels (M-DCXs, M=Co, Fe, and Ni) have been obtained by a cost-effective sol–gel method using metal nitrates as catalyst, followed by solvent exchange and then dried in ambient conditions before carbonization procedure. It is found that the existence of metals could also lead to 2 dimensional (2D) channel-like nanostructure caused by layered deposits of graphite during the carbonization procedure. The performance of M-DCXs for electric double-layer capacitors is proved to be associated with their nanostructure. As a result, the as-prepared Co-DCX can make full use of the 2D channel-like nanostructure of ordered graphite and 3D connectivity of mesoporous structure of carbon xerogel, and thus, exhibits the highest capacitance of 84Fg−1. At the same time, Co-DCX also shows a stable long-term cycling behavior with less than 2% loss of capacitance after 2000 cycles.