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The wax-coated Li powder specimen was effectively synthesized using the drop emulsion technique (DET). The wax layer on the powder was verified by SEM, Focused Ion Beam (FIB), EDX and XPS. The porosity of a sintered wax-coated Li electrode was measured by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and compared with that of a bare, i.e., un-coated Li electrode. The electrochemical behavior of the wax-coated Li powder anode cell was examined by the impedance analysis and cyclic testing methods. The cyclic behavior of the wax-coated Li powder anode with the Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) cathode cell was examined at a constant current density of 0.35mAcm−2 with the cut-off voltages of 1.2–2.0V at 25°C. Over 90% of the initial capacity of the cell remained even after the 300th cycle. The wax-coated Li powder was confirmed to be a stable anode material.
MoS2/RGO/Ni3S2 nanocomposite with a unique nanosheet-on-nanosheet structure was prepared through a hydrothermal process by depositing a MoS2 layer on the upper surface side of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets and Ni3S2 layer on the lower surface sides. Furthermore, this, MoS2/RGO/Ni3S2 nanocomposite was simultaneously loaded on a Ni foam (NF) substrate. During the synthesis process, nickel foam serves not only as a support but also as the Ni source for the composite and a reductant of GO. When used as an electrochemical electrode, as-prepared MoS2/RGO/Ni3S2@NF, it exhibited excellent electrochemical performance with a high capacity of 8.841Fcm−2 at 50mAcm−2, and excellent cyclability, exhibiting capacity retention of 98.4% after 11,000 charge-discharge cycles at the current density of 80mAcm−2.
The aim of the present study was to identify the relationship between progressive neurobehavioural decline and phospho-tau levels (p-tau181) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the brain in transgenic rats expressing human truncated tau protein. Behavioural analyses, as quantified using the NeuroScale scoring method, revealed that the transgenic rats fell into two main groups based on the baseline behavioural functioning: (1) mild neurobehavioural impairment (MNI, score 3.3–26) and (2) severe neurobehavioural impairment (SNI, score 36–44). SNI transgenic rats showed a significant increase in brain sarkosyl insoluble p-tau181 when compared to their MNI counterparts. In order to determine whether CSF phospho-tau reflects the behavioural decline and increase in sarkosyl insoluble tau in the brain, p-tau181 was measured in the CSF in a longitudinal study. The study showed a significant increase in CSF p-tau181 during the progression of the disease from MNI to SNI. Moreover, increased levels of p-tau181 in CSF correlated with an increase in the sarkosyl insoluble p-tau181 levels in the brain. The increase in the CSF level of p-tau181 during progressive behavioural decline suggests that it may represent a useful surrogate biomarker for preclinical drug development and a potential surrogate endpoint for clinical trials of disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer’s disease and related human tauopathies.
Cubic spinel nano-crystalline LiSr x Mn2− x O4 (x =0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) powders are prepared at low temperature by means of a facile gel-polymer thermolysis process by calcining the prepared precursor samples at 340°C to obtain the products. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic analyses confirm that the products consists of nano-crystalline particles with uniform distribution. The effect of calcinations on the crystallinity of the cubic spinel LiSr x Mn2− x O4 powder is examined by differential scanning colorimetric analysis. In order to asses the electrochemical reversibility of the cathode material, cyclic voltametry studies are performed by fabricating button cells with the configuration of carbon/MPPE/LiSr x Mn2− x O4.
A fundamental issue for the advance of self-sustainable electronic systems and remote sensor is the development of energy harvesters able to efficiently convert ambient energy into electrical energy. This paper presents an innovative simply tunable pendulum electromagnetic energy harvester, starting from conceptual design, analysis of the mechanical system and electromagnetic converter, development, and experimental assessment. The proposed system has the peculiar feature of a magnetic spring to enhance the equilibrium whichever the orientation and enabling frequency tuning. A magnetic C-frame gives a constant magnetic field through a gap, which is crossed by the coils fixed to a free end of the pendulum. The prototype, about one cubic decimeter, provides a low frequency and simply tunable modal response, together with a significant output power.
Owing to the enormous demand for data storage and its self-powering potential, resistive random access memory (ReRAM) devices have received much attention. Multilevel memory is advantageous in terms of efficiency and energy saving. In the present work, multilevel resistance has been demonstrated for devices based on individual Cu2S nanowires with two inert (W) electrodes. Up to five levels can be achieved, significantly enhancing the data storage density, by varying the compliance current (C.C.). Compared to previous works on multilevel memory, the present devices exhibit outstanding performances with lower operating voltage (V set<0.6V at I C.C.=1μA), higher on/off ratio (>105) and longer retention time (>103 min). From in-situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, the resistive switching (RS) behavior of Cu2S nanowires under high C.C. (> 1μA) was found to be dominated by Cu ion diffusion inside the Cu2S nanowire. On the other hand, holes and vacant Cu lattice sites control the RS under low C.C. (<800nA). The results of temperature-dependent measurements of resistivity also strongly support the proposed mechanisms. The facile fabrication of Cu2S nanowires with the capability of multilevel switching shall facilitate the realization of high density memristor applications.
Sulfides are one of the most fascinating cathodic candidates for lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). However, low sulfur contents, dissolution of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) into the electrolyte and slow conversion kinetics are key challenges for commercialization of sulfided-based LSBs. Herein, massive active sites are fabricated by creating sulfur vacancies on zinc sulfide (ZnS) dispersed on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (ZnS1-x /rGO) and subsequent in situ oxidation-refilling loading strategy, which allows for 90 wt% sulfur contents. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrocatalytical experiments and density functional theory (DFT) confirm that sulfur vacancies act as efficient adsorption and catalytic conversion sites for LiPSs. The SZnS1-x /rGO cathode exhibits 1168 mAh g−1 capacity and ∼100% Coulombic efficiency with a capacity decay rate of 0.02% per cycle only at 0.5C after 500 cycles, one of the best performance reported up to date. Remarkably, high performances are retained even at 4.5 mg cm−2 areal sulfur loading.
The soil surface is a major natural system that accumulates pollutants and allows researchers to disclose the history and the present state of contamination of an area with toxic pollutants. This conclusion is based on the comparison of genotoxicity of aqueous extracts and DMSO extracts of topsoil from military territories in various locations left behind after the retreat of the Soviet Army from Lithuania, and several sites in the city of Vilnius, characterized by different history and current traffic intensity. The specific character of the soil-surface contamination was shown in a series of Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MN) and stamen-hair mutation (Trad-SHM) bioassays and tests. The most effective ones were the Trad-MN and, unexpectedly, the branched-hair tests. A preliminary result of the study is the somaclonal variation of individual Tradescantia plants revealed by the RAPD method of DNA analysis. A comparison of aqueous extracts and DMSO extracts of the soil showed the permanent character of the mobile forms of genotoxic pollutants in the soil surface, despite the fact that several military territories were already closed 20 years ago.
The possibilities to electrodeposit thick coatings composed of nanoparticles of Sb and Sb2O3 for use as high-capacity anode materials in Li-ion batteries have been investigated. It is demonstrated that the stability of the coatings depends on their Sb2O3 concentrations as well as microstructure. The electrodeposition reactions in electrolytes with different pH and buffer capacities were studied using chronopotentiometry and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements. The obtained deposits, which were characterised with XRD and SEM, were also tested as anode materials in Li-ion batteries. The influence of the pH and buffer capacity of the deposition solution on the composition and particle size of the deposits were studied and it is concluded that depositions from a poorly buffered solution of antimony–tartrate give rise to good anode materials due to the inclusion of precipitated Sb2O3 nanoparticles in the Sb coatings. Depositions under conditions yielding pure Sb coatings give rise to deposits composed of large crystalline particles with poor anode stabilities. The presence of a plateau at about 0.8V versus Li+/Li due to SEI forming reactions and the origin of another plateau at about 0.4V versus Li+/Li seen during the lithiation of thin Sb coatings are also discussed. It is demonstrated that the 0.4V plateau is present for Sb coatings for which the (012) peak is the main peak in the XRD diffractogram.
Silicon-coated carbon has been prepared by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) using silane as the precursor gas. A porous homogeneous layer made of spherical shaped particles was deposited. The average silicon particle diameter varied from 5 to 30nm depending upon deposition conditions. Theoretical calculations have been performed to determine the capacity of graphite/silicon electrodes according to the shape of graphite flakes and to the thickness of the silicon layer. This calculation shows that even a minor amount of silicon is efficient in enhancing the capacity of the composite electrode. The electrochemical performance of carbon/silicon composite electrodes has been investigated by charge/discharge galvanostatic tests and cyclic voltammetry experiments. A small amount of silicon (3.6wt%) leads to an increase of the capacity of the graphite electrode (+27%) without significant impact on the cyclability, thus combining the effect of both materials. Increasing the silicon content (10.7wt%) leads to an initial capacity of 780mAhg−1 but it strongly affects the cycling ability of the composite negative electrode.
This study investigates the advantages and disadvantages of three hybrid drive train configurations: series, parallel, and “through-the-ground” parallel. Power flow simulations are conducted with the MATLAB/Simulink-based software ADVISOR. These simulations are then applied in an application for the UC Davis SAE Formula Hybrid vehicle. ADVISOR performs simulation calculations for vehicle position using a combined backward/forward method. These simulations are used to study how efficiency and agility are affected by the motor, fuel converter, and hybrid configuration. Three different vehicle models are developed to optimize the drive train of a vehicle for three stages of the SAE Formula Hybrid competition: autocross, endurance, and acceleration. Input cycles are created based on rough estimates of track geometry. The output from these ADVISOR simulations is a series of plots of velocity profile and energy storage State of Charge that provide a good estimate of how the Formula Hybrid vehicle will perform on the given course. The most noticeable discrepancy between the input cycle and the actual velocity profile of the vehicle occurs during deceleration. A weighted ranking system is developed to organize the simulation results and to determine the best drive train configuration for the Formula Hybrid vehicle. Results show that the through-the-ground parallel configuration with front-mounted motors achieves an optimal balance of efficiency, simplicity, and cost. ADVISOR is proven to be a useful tool for vehicle power train design for the SAE Formula Hybrid competition. This vehicle model based on ADVISOR simulation is applicable to various studies concerning performance and efficiency of hybrid drive trains.
A novel 3D network single-phase Ni0.9Zn0.1O has been designed and synthesized by calcining a special metal-organic precursor (MOP) (MeO2C3H6, Me=Ni and Zn, the molar ratio of Ni: Zn=9:1) as the self-sacrificing template for the first time. Comparing with NiO or the mixture of NiO and ZnO, the new two-step Li-ion storage mechanism in the 3D network single−phase Ni0.9Zn0.1O has been discovered and verified to be: a reversible conversion reaction between Ni0.9Zn0.1O and Ni-Zn alloy (Ni0.9Zn0.1), and a reversible Li-alloying reaction between Ni-Zn alloy and Ni0.9Zn0.1Li. More remarkably, due to the new mechanism, the anode material shows a low initial discharge platform around ~ 0.5V (vs. Li+/Li). The first discharge voltage is lower than typical transition-metal oxides, which generally have higher initial discharge plateau around 1.0V (vs. Li+/Li). It is shown that the novel 3D network single-phase Ni0.9Zn0.1O has outstanding electrochemical performances, demonstrating discharge capacities (e. g. 1465.3 mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1 and 1055.6mAhg−1 at 800 mAg−1, respectively), excellent capacity retention and superior rate capability (e. g. capacity retention ratio of 92.9% after 150 cycles at 800 mAg−1 current density).
Since 2010 the People’s Republic of China has been engaged in an effort to reform its system of organ transplantation by developing a voluntary organ donation and allocation infrastructure. This has required a shift in the procurement of organs sourced from China’s prison and security apparatus to hospital-based voluntary donors declared dead by neurological and/or circulatory criteria. Chinese officials announced that from January 1, 2015, hospital-based donors would be the sole source of organs. This paper examines the availability, transparency, integrity, and consistency of China’s official transplant data.
Four room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) based on N-methyl-N-methoxyethylpyrrolidinium (PYR12O1 +) and fluorinated sulfonylimides, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI−), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI−), bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide (BETI−) and (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) (nonafluorobutanesulfonyl)imide (IM14 −) anion have been synthesised and intensively investigated from an electrochemical and physico-chemical point of view, including thermal behaviour, viscosity, conductivity and electrochemical stability. The prepared ionic liquids are thermally stable (over 200°C in N2 and over 180°C in O2 atmosphere) and electrochemically stable with electrochemical stability windows on platinum in the range from 4.7V (PYR12O1FSI) to 5.4V (PYR12O1IM14). Conductivity decreases in the series FSI-TFSI-BETI-IM14 according to the viscosity increase. DSC measurements showed no crystallisation down to −150°C for PYR12O1TFSI and PYR12O1IM14.
The fluid-transfer properties of the separator play a critical role in both acid- and alkaline-based batteries. These properties are of particular importance in a lead–acid battery since the sulfuric acid is an active component of the battery reaction; the acid is depleted as the battery discharges. In a flooded lead–acid, the function of the separator to deliver acid is less significant than in a valve-regulated design. This paper discusses some issues with regards to this important interaction.
Norway spruce seedlings apparently showing a relatively higher tolerance to drought can be easily selected using a battery of biomarkers such as water content, chlorophyll, and proline levels in the needles, and could be eventually used as an initial screening method in reforestation programmes.
Construction of advanced cathode materials is highly important for the development of high-performance lithium batteries. Herein, we report a facile polystyrene sphere template-assisted electro-deposition method for the fabrication of porous multilayer V2O5 hollow sphere arrays on graphite paper substrates. The obtained V2O5 arrays consist of interconnected hollow spheres with diameters of ∼500 nm as well as thin walls of 20–30 nm. All pores in the hollow sphere arrays are connected with each other and reach out in all directions forming 3D porous networks. As cathode of lithium batteries, the multilayer V2O5 hollow sphere arrays show a high specific capacity of 293 mAh g−1 at 0.5C and good high-rate cycling stability with a specific capacity of 202 mAh g−1 at 5C after 300 cycles. The enhancement of the electrochemical properties is mainly due to the unique hollow sphere arrays architecture, which provides fast ion/electron transfer path and sufficient contact between active materials and electrolyte, and alleviates the structure degradation during the cycling process.
Porous Co3O4 nanostructured thin films are electrodeposited by controlling the concentration of Co(NO3)2 aqueous solution on nickel sheets, and then sintered at 300°C for 3h. The as-prepared thin films are characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical measurements show that the highly porous Co3O4 thin film with the highest electrochemically active specific surface area (68.64m2 g−1) yields the best electrochemical performance compared with another, less-porous film and with a non-porous film. The highest specific capacity (513mAhg−1 after 50 cycles) is obtained from the thinnest film with Co3O4 loaded at rate of 0.05mgcm−2. The present research demonstrates that electrode morphology is one of the crucial factors that affect the electrochemical properties of electrodes.
This study sought to objectify the distinction between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder in terms of standard tasks measuring verbal and non-verbal cognitive ability, auditory working memory, verbal declarative memory and visual processing speed. Research participants included 103 outpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, 48 with schizoaffective disorder, and 72 non-patients from the community. Schizophrenia patients were impaired on all cognitive measures relative to schizoaffective patients and non-psychiatric participants. Regression-based prediction models revealed that cognitive measures classified schizophrenia patients accurately (91%), but not patients with schizoaffective disorder (35%). In addition, there was no statistical evidence for the unique predictive validity of any specific cognitive task. Patients with schizophrenia were significantly more symptomatic and had greater community support requirements than those with schizoaffective disorder. However, group differences in cognitive performance are insufficient to separate these syndromes of psychotic illness.
In this study, the electrochemical behavior of tiron in aqueous solutions and the influence of pH were investigated. A change of pH mainly produces the following results. In acidic solutions of pH below 4, the electrode reaction of tiron exhibits a simple process at a relatively high potential with a favorable quasi-reversibility. The tiron redox reaction exhibits fast electrode kinetics and a diffusion-controlled process. In solutions of pH above 4, the electrode reaction of tiron tends to be complicated. Thus, acidic aqueous solutions of pH below 4 are favorable for the tiron as active species of a redox flow battery (RFB). Constant-current electrolysis shows that a part of capacity is irreversible and the structure of tiron is changed for the first electrolysis, which may result from an ECE process for the tiron electro-oxidation. Thus, the tiron needs an activation process for the application of a RFB. Average coulombic and energy efficiencies of the tiron/Pb battery are 93 and 82%, respectively, showing that self-discharge is small during the short-term cycling. The preliminary exploration shows that the tiron is electrochemically promising for redox flow battery application.
We demonstrate a novel method to construct a lithium ion transport network in cathode materials by replacing PVDF with lithiated poly(bis(4-carbonyl benzene sulfonyl)imide-co-bis(4-amino benzene sulfonyl)imide) as the binder. The single ion conducting polymer was synthesized via polycondensation of bis(4-carbonyl benzene sulfonyl)imide and bis(4-amino benzene sulfonyl)imide followed by lithium ion exchange. By blending the ionomers with LiFePO4 and acetylene carbon, the ionic network was well constructed, resulting in a maximum use of active cathode material inside the cathode. The membrane of the polymer electrolyte exhibits an ionic conductivity of 0.14 mS cm−1 at room temperature, a high ion transference number of 0.92 and a wide electrochemical window of 4.5 V (vs. Li+/Li). A lithium ion battery assembled with the single ion conducting polymer electrolyte delivers excellent performance at room temperature with various C-rates.
We report here the performance of a metal-based integrated composite membrane electrode assembly (IC-MEA) in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The IC-MEA integrates the multi-functions of a conventional MEA, gas diffusion layer (GDL) and current collector. It was fabricated by impregnating Nafion electrolyte into a sandwiched structure containing expanding-Polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) and porous titanium sheets and subsequently coating with catalyst layer and microporous layer (MPL). While operating with air and 2M methanol under ambient pressure, the IC-MEA in DMFC can yield a maximum power density of 19mWcm−2 at 26°C, higher than a in-house made Nafion 115 MEA under the same working conditions. The IC-MEAs has been successfully applied to planar multi-cell stacks.
The nature, the chemical state and electrocatalytic activity of Ni overlayers electrochemically prepared on a polycrystalline Mo surface were studied by means of X-ray and UV photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS, UPS) and steady state potentiostatic polarization measurements for the H2 evolution reaction in 1M NaOH solution. Upon cathodic polarization, a Ni(OH)2-α phase adlayer is formed by precipitation which is gradually reduced by annealing under UHV (ultra-high vacuum) conditions forming a new Ni–Mo intermetallic phase at temperatures as low as 670K. This was confirmed both by following the Ni 2p core-level shift and the appearance of new features in the UV spectrum thus denoting the modification of the electronic structure of Ni due to the formation of a common strongly hybridised Ni–Mo electronic state. The steady state polarization measurements revealed that sub-monolayer deposition of Ni on the Mo surface (0.8ML) with subsequent heating at 870K results in the threefold enhancement of its electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with respect to the Mo polycrystalline foil and the corresponding increase in its desorption kinetic constants in comparison to both Ni and Mo polycrystalline surfaces. As has been recorded for the first time by UPS, in the case of Ni–Mo, this can be attributed to the downshift of the d-band center of the Ni–Mo intermetallic phase, thus resulting in a weaker bonding strength of Had with respect to its adsorption on the Ni foil.
Prayer is becoming more widely acknowledged as a way to cope with cancer. The goal of this study was to compare differences in use of prayer between breast cancer survivors from different ethnic groups and examine how use of prayer is related to mood and quality of life.