batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The warming of the earth due to green house gas emission is mainly produced by CO2. In Mexico City, 71% of the total harmful emissions is from internal combustion engines of car and buses. Benefits from the use of fuel cells (FCs) in transportation and stationary power generating sectors will achieve satisfactory air quality standards not only in Mexico City but also throughout the country. This paper suggests a scenario for FC technology penetration in Mexico. There are two potential markets for FCs: (i) FC transportation; and (ii) stationary power plant for electrical production. In Mexico City, 3.2 million vehicles are in circulation and represent 19.5% (16.3 million) of the country’s total vehicles, and 9.02 million of natural gas users are a potential market for acquiring stationary power generation by FC systems.
We describe a new wound dressing technology that can actively generate an inorganic germicide agent, in situ, within the wound pad. The technology provides real time control over the quantitative, spatial and temporal delivery of the germicide. The identity of the germicide is hypochlorous acid (HClO). The HClO is produced in a flexible wound pad, made of a composite of thin (micrometer scale) layers of various materials, with different electrochemical properties that enhance HClO production. Active control over the production of HClO is achieved by control of the pH and of the electric potential across the layers. The effectiveness of the Active HClO Pad (AHClOP) concept is demonstrated in a study on sterilization of E. coli in a deep wound contamination simulating gel. The performance of the AHClOP is compared with that of four commercial wound dressings. Results show that the AHClOP can sterilize throughout the gel, while the commercial dressings cannot.
A double layer solid oxide fuel cell (DLSOFC) without using the electrolyte (layer) has been designed by integrating advantages of positive electrode material of lithium ion battery(LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2) and oxygen-permeable membranes material (trace amount cobalt incorporated terbium doped ceria, TDC + Co) based on the semiconductor physics principle. Instead of using an electrolyte layer, the depletion layer between the anode and cathode served as an electronic insulator to block the electrons but to maintain the electrolyte function for ionic transport. Thus the device with two layers can realize the function of SOFC and at the same time avoids the electronic short circuiting problem. Such novel DLFC showed good performance at low temperatures, for instance, a maximum power density of 230 mWcm−2 was achieved at 500 °C. The working principle of the new device is presented.
The utilization of wind energy sources is increasing throughout the world. It is therefore important to develop the protocol for the integration of wind generation system with conventional thermal unit generation system. High wind penetration can lead to high-risk level in power system reliability. In order to maintain the system reliability, wind power dispatch is usually restricted and energy storage is considered for smoothing out the fluctuations. This article proposes a novel methodology that employs fuzzified binary real coded artificial bee colony (BRABC) algorithm for solving multi-objective unit commitment problem (MOUCP) for hybrid generation system. Here three conflicting functions such as fuel cost, emission and reliability level of the system are considered. These functions are formulated as a single objective optimization problem using fuzzy set theory. Also the fuzzy membership design variables are tuned using real coded artificial bee colony (ABC) thereby requirement of expertise for setting these variables are eliminated. The proposed method is validated on different test system and results are compared with the existing literature.
A number of transition-metal borides were studied as anodic materials for neutral aqueous batteries. These borides are shown to have considerably high electrochemical activities in neutral electrolytes. The discharge capacities for TiB2 reach 1,350 mAh g−1 at a constant current density of 50 mA g−1, exceeding those for all the metal electrodes reported so far. Amorphous CoBx can deliver a discharge capacity of >650 mAh g−1, and even simply ball-milled FeBx can also give a discharge capacity of >200 mAh g−1. These results suggest the possible use of boride compounds as a large family of new anodic materials for constructing neutral aqueous batteries with high electrochemical capacity and rate capability.
A description of the preparation and characterization of 25μm diameter modified carbon paste-based Cu2+ ion-selective electrodes are reported. The electrodes have a linear potential response within the 10−3 to 10−6 M range and a 16s response time. A substantial benefit of this new type of ion-selective microelectrode (ISME) is the capability to use them as a dual function tip, in either the amperometric or the potentiometric mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The applications reported also support the usefulness of copper ion-selective carbon paste microelectrodes in SECM potentiometric imaging.
The simultaneous anodic oxidation of Pb2+ and Co2+ in a sulphamate bath containing suspended Co3O4 (or NiCo2O4) particles has been studied as a method for preparing composite oxides in which the particles are dispersed in a matrix consisting of PbO2 and hydrous Co oxides, CoO x with x<2. The (PbO2+CoO x )+Co3O4 composites thus prepared are very rough and their Co concentration, expressed as X Co=N Co/(N Co+N Pb), where N represents the number of atoms, approaches 0.5. As a result, they are more active catalysts in the oxygen evolution reaction than either PbO2+CoO x or PbO2+Co3O4 prepared in the past by our group. For samples prepared in the presence of particles, the potential required to evolve oxygen at a fixed current density varies roughly linearly with X Co, irrespective of the fact that Co is present as Co3O4 or CoO x .
This study aims to measure the psychometric properties of the Das-Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System (D-N CAS) and to determine its clinical utility in a Chinese context. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to examine the construct validity of the Chinese version of the D-N CAS among a group of 567, normally developed children. Test–retest reliability was examined in a random subsample of 30 children at a five-week interval. The clinical discrimination of the D-N CAS was also examined by comparing children with and without ADHD (18 children in each group) and by comparing children with and without Chinese reading disabilities (18 children in each group). The current Chinese sample demonstrated a four-factor solution for cognitive performance among children with normal development: Planning, Attention, Simultaneous processing and Successive processing (χ 2(48)=91.90, p =.000; χ 2/df=1.92, RMSEA=.050, GFI=.966, CFI=.954). Moreover, all subtests of the battery demonstrated acceptable test–retest reliability (r =.72–.90, p <.01) at a five-week interval among the subjects of the small subsample. Children with ADHD performed significantly worse than normal children on the Attention factor (p <.001) and the Planning factor (p <.05) of the D-N CAS, and children with Chinese reading disabilities performed significantly worse than normal children on the Simultaneous processing factor (p <.01), the Successive processing factor (p <.001) and the Planning factor (p <.05) of the D-N CAS. These findings suggested that the current four-factor structure of the D-N CAS was similar to the original factor structure of the test. The latent factor of the D-N CAS was fairly stable across the cultures. Moreover, the D-N CAS can distinguish between children with ADHD or Chinese reading disabilities and normally developed children.
Micrometric TiSnSb is a promising negative electrode material for Li-ion batteries when formulated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder and a mixture of carbon black and carbon nanofibers, and cycled in a fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC)-containing electrolyte. Here, other binder systems were evaluated, polyacrylic acid (PAAH) mixed with CMC, CMC in buffered solution at pH 3 and amylopectin. However CMC showed the better performance in terms of cycle life of the electrode. Whatever the binder, cycle life decreases with increasing the active mass loading, which is attributed to both the precipitation of liquid electrolyte degradation products and to the loss of electrical contacts within the composite electrode and with the current collector as a consequence of the active particles volume variations. Furthermore, calendaring the electrode unfortunately decreases the cycle life. The rate performance was studied as a function of the active mass loading and was shown to be determined by the electrode polarization resistance. Finally, full cells cycling tests with Li1Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 at the positive electrode were done. 60% of the capacity is retained after 200 cycles at the surface capacity of 2.7 mAh cm−2.
The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity for Manganese oxide (MnOx) based nanostructures primarily depend upon their morphology, phase and surface Mn valency. While used in fuel cells or metal air batteries, MnOx undergoes irreversible change with degradation in ORR activity. In the present study, we developed a methodology for electrochemical regeneration of their ORR activity by potentiostatic conditioning. MnOx nanostructures with three different morphologies were grown on N doped graphene (NG) and their ORR activity was measured in alkaline medium by rotating ring disc electrode (RRDE). The catalysts were subjected to two step electrochemical treatment and the ORR activity after each step was monitered by rotating disc electrode (RDE). In the first step, the catalysts were put to 300 electrochemical cycles in the potential window 1.12 to 0.12 V (vs. RHE), and after this step, the ORR onset potential showed negative shift, with decrease in limiting current density. On subsequent potentiaostatic treatment at −0.58 V in O2 atmosphere, partial regeneration of onset potential, electron transfer number (n) and current density were observed. The characteristic redox peaks for MnOx disappeared in the first step and reappeared after the second step. After each step, the catalysts were characterised ex-situ by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It showed that after the first step the decay in ORR activity was due to phase transformation to Mn3O4 with decrease in nominal Mn valency and drastic change in microstructure. Then the activity regeneration after the second step was due to the regeneration of MnOOH phase and Mn valency.
The purposes of this study were to assess cognitive functions in preschool children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and to compare them with matched control children.
Introduction The extralinguistic and paralinguistic aspects of the language refer to higher-order language functions such as lexical-semantic processes, prosody, indirect speech acts or discourse comprehension and production. Studies suggest that these processes are mediated by the Right Hemisphere (RH) and there is also some evidence of RH dysfunctions in schizophrenia. The aim of the paper is to investigate the extralinguistic and paralinguistic processing mediated by Right Hemisphere in schizophrenia patients using a validated and standardized battery of tests. Methods Two groups of participants were examined: a schizophrenia sample (40 participants) and a control group (39 participants). Extralinguistic and paralinguistic processing was assessed in all subjects by the Polish version of the Right Hemisphere Language Battery (RHLB-PL), which measures comprehension of implicit information, naming, understanding humor, inappropriate remarks and comments, explanation and understanding of metaphors, understanding emotional and language prosody and discourse understanding. Results Schizophrenia patients scored significantly lower than controls in subtests measuring comprehension of implicit information, interpretation of humor, explanation of metaphors, inappropriate remarks and comments, discernment of emotional and language prosody and comprehension of discourse. No differences were observed in naming, understanding metaphors or in processing visuo-spatial information. Conclusions Extralinguistic and paralinguistic dysfunctions appear to be present in schizophrenia patients and they suggest that RH processing may be disturbed in that group of patients. As the disturbances of higher-order language processes mediated by the RH may cause serious impairments in the social communication of patients, it is worth evaluating them during clinical examination.
Power allocation is a crucial issue for hybrid energy storage system (HESS) in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). To obtain the best power distribution between the battery and the ultracapacitor, the reinforcement learning (RL)-based real-time power-management strategy is raised. Firstly, a long driving cycle, which includes various speed variations, is chosen, and the power transition probability matrices based on stationary Markov chain are calculated. Then, the RL algorithm is employed to obtain a control strategy aiming at minimizing the energy loss of HESS. To reduce the energy loss further, the power transition probability matrices should be updated according to the new application driving cycle and Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence rate is used to judge when the updating of power management strategy is triggered. The conditions of different forgetting factors and KL divergence rates are discussed to seek the optimal value. A comparison between the RL-based online power management and the rule-based power management shows that the RL-based online power management strategy can lessen the energy loss effectively and the relative decrease of the total energy loss can reach 16.8%. Finally, the strategy is verified in different conditions, such as temperatures, states of health, initials of SoC and driving cycles. The results indicate that not only can the RL-based real-time power-management strategy limit the maximum discharge current and reduce the charging frequency of the battery pack, but also can decrease the energy loss and optimize the system efficiency.
Carbon fiber (CF) and mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) precursors were heat-treated at 700–2800°C, and the electrochemical and physical properties of the carbons were investigated. These carbons are quite different from natural graphite, which has a well-ordered layer planes where intercalation occur and two distinct surface sites, i.e. basal and edge plane sites. In the case of the fibers, intercalation occur by a single plane (circular area) or by two planes, the circular area and the cylindrical edge. For MCMBs, because of its sphere-like structure, this type of carbon is able to intercalate lithium ions more uniformly (i.e. 360°). The effect of additives (B, Ag and Sn) in the two carbon samples (CF and MCMB) on the electrochemical performance was also investigated.
This study systematically reviewed the clinical and psychometric properties of manual function outcome measures for children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) aged 3–18 years. Three electronic databases were searched to identify manual function tools at the ICF-CY body function, activity and participation level used in children with DCD. Study selection and data extraction was conducted by two blind assessors according to the CanChild Outcome Measures Rating Form. Nineteen clinical tests (seven fine hand use tools and 12 handwriting measures), three naturalistic observations and six questionnaires were identified. The fine-motor subdomain of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 and the Functional Strength Measurement, with adequate reliability and validity properties, might be useful for manual function capacity assessment. The Systematic Detection of Writing Problems (SOS) and the Detailed Assessment of Speed of Handwriting (DASH) could be adopted for handwriting assessment, respectively from 6 and 9 years old. Naturalistic observations and questionnaires, whose psychometric properties have been investigated into limited extent, offer an assessment of the daily performances. This review shows that a combination of different tools is needed for a comprehensive assessment of manual function in children with DCD including the three levels of the ICF-CY. Further investigation of psychometric properties of those tools in children with DCD is warranted. Tests validated in other populations should be explored for their applicability for assessing manual function in children with DCD.
Objective To investigate the relationship between physical activity (PA) and cognitive performance in extreme obesity. Methods Seventy-one bariatric surgery candidates (77.5% women) with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 46.9kg/m2 (SD =6.0) and a mean age of 41.4 (SD =11.9) years completed SenseWear Pro2 activity monitoring for seven days. Cognitive functioning was assessed by a computerized test battery including tasks of executive function (Iowa Gambling Task), visuospatial short-term memory (Corsi Block Tapping Test) and verbal short-term memory (Auditory-Verbal Learning Test). Questionnaires assessing eating disturbances and depressive symptoms were administered. Somatic comorbidities were assessed by medical chart review. Results The level of PA was low with mean steps per day within wear time being 7140 (SD =3422). Most patients were categorized as sedentary (31.0%) or low active (26.8%). No significant association between PA estimates and cognitive performance was found. Lower PA was modestly correlated with higher BMI but not with age, somatic comorbidity or depressive symptoms. Moderated regression analyses suggested a significant interaction effect between depression and PA in predicting performance on the Corsi Block Tapping Test. Patients with (29.6%) and without (70.4%) regular binge eating did not differ with respect to PA or cognitive function. Conclusion The findings indicate no association between daily PA and cognitive performance in morbidly obese patients. Future studies should explore the relationship between the variables with regard to dose–response-questions, a broader BMI range and with respect to potential changes after substantial weight loss due to bariatric surgery.
This article focuses on hydrogen energy strategies and discusses the key role of hydrogen as an energy carrier in this century and beyond. Two important empirical relations that describe the effects of fossil fuels on world peace and global unrest are developed. These relations incorporate predicted utilization ratios for hydrogen energy from non-fossil fuels, and are used to investigate whether hydrogen utilization can reduce the negative global effects related to fossil fuel use, eliminate or reduce the possibilities of global energy conflicts, and contribute to achieving world peace and stability. Consequently, the highest levels of global peace and global unrest can be estimated. If hydrogen use from non-fossil fuels increases, for a fixed usage of petroleum, coal and natural gas, the level of global unrest decreases. However, if the utilization ratio of hydrogen energy from non-fossil fuels is lower than 100%, the level of global peace decreases as the symptoms of global unrest increase. Thus, to reduce the causes of global unrest and increase the likelihood of global peace in the future, it is suggested that hydrogen energy be widely and efficiently used as part of sustainable technologies and systems. It is expected that the results of this study will be of use to decision makers and scholars who want to develop and promote the use of hydrogen-based technologies and solve future energy and environment related problems globally.
The authors identified a protective genetic allele associated with lower PU.1 (SPI1) expression in myeloid cells by conducting a genome-wide scan of Alzheimer's disease (AD). PU.1 binds the promoters of AD-associated genes (e.g., CD33, MS4A4A & MS4A6A, TYROBP) and modulates their expression, suggesting it may reduce AD risk by regulating myeloid cell gene expression.
One of the root causes for the limited lifetime or the restricted high power performance of the lead-acid batteries is the corrosion of the positive current collectors. These barriers can be overcome using titanium as an attractive alternative of the lead and the lead alloy grids, due to a combination of excellent mechanical strength, corrosion resistance and great abundance. This article presents a new technological route to simultaneous decrease of the electrode thickness and weight, and a replacement of the classic grids with titanium substrates like tin dioxide coated foil or expanded mesh. The new electrodes are studied electrochemically and physically revealing that the reduction of the electrode thickness promotes the formation of positive electrodes composed of pure beta lead dioxide with high crystallinity. The latter induces an initial partial capacity loss, which can be avoided by lowering the depth of discharge, positive plate oversizing or changes in the paste mixing and curing processes.
This study investigated the presence of, and relationship between tactile dysfunction and upper limb motor function in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) compared to typical developing (TD) children. Participants were 36 children aged 6–12 years. Presence of DCD (n =20) or TD (n =16) was confirmed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, second edition. All children participated in a comprehensive assessment of tactile registration (Semmes Weinstein Monofilaments); tactile spatial perception (Single Point Localisation (SPL) and two-point discrimination (2PD)); haptic perception (Stereognosis); speed of simple everyday manual tasks (Jebsen–Taylor Test of Hand Function (JTTHF)); and handwriting speed and accuracy (Evaluation Tool of Children's Handwriting (ETCH)). Compared to TD children, children with DCD demonstrated poorer localisation of touch in the non-dominant hand (p =0.04), slower speed of alphabet writing (p <0.05) and less legible handwriting (p <0.01), but no difference in speed of simple everyday manual tasks (JTTHF: p >0.05). Regression analysis showed that spatial tactile perception (SPL) predicted handwriting legibility (ETCH: r =0.11) and speed of functional tasks (JTTHF: r =0.33). These results suggest that tactile function, specifically single point localisation, should be a primary tactile assessment employed to determine reasons for upper limb motor difficulties experienced by children with DCD.
New polymer gel electrolytes containing ionic liquids were developed for modern chemical power sources—supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. Ternary systems polymer–ionic liquid–aprotic solvent as well as materials containing also lithium salts (LiClO4 or LiPF6) were prepared by direct, thermally initiated polymerisation. Poly(2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate) PEOEMA was combined with various ionic liquids based on 1-methylimidazole. Only 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate BMIPF6 formed a homogenous and slightly translucent polymer electrolyte, where aprotic solvents—propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonates were used as plasticisers. Materials were studied using the electrochemical and thermogravimetric methods and exhibit high ionic conductivity up to 0.94mScm−1 at 25°C together with high electrochemical stability: the accessible potential window on the glassy carbon was found ca. 4.3V. Prepared non-volatile materials are long-term and thermally stable up to 150°C.