batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In schizophrenia, neurocognition, social cognition and functional outcome are all inter-related, with social cognition mediating the impact that impaired neurocognition has on functional outcome. Less clear is the nature of the relationship between neurocognition, social cognition and functional outcome in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. 137 CHR participants completed a neurocognitive test battery, a battery of social cognition tasks and the Social Functioning Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that all social cognition tasks were reliable and valid measures of the latent variable. The path from neurocognition to functioning was statistically significant (standardized coefficient β =0.22, p <0.01). The path from social cognition to functioning was also statistically significant (β =0.27, p <0.05). In the mediation model the bootstrapping estimate revealed a nonsignificant indirect effect that was the association of social cognition with neurocognition and with functional outcome (β =0.20, 95% CI=−0.07 to 0.52, p =0.11). However, social cognition was significantly associated with neurocognition (β =0.80, p <0.001) and the path from neurocognition to functioning was no longer significant as soon as the mediator (social cognition) was entered into the mediation model (β =0.02, p =0.92). All of the model fit indices were very good. Unlike what has been observed with psychotic patients, social cognition does not seem to mediate the pathway from neurocognition to functional outcome when assessed with a measure of social attainment in individuals at CHR for psychosis.
Luminescence emission from rare earth (REE) ions doped materials are being of interest since can be employed as scintillators, catalysts, battery and magnetic materials, etc. We herein report on the preliminary results obtained from the cathodoluminescence (CL) properties of undoped LaAlO3 (LAO) and LaAlO3: REE3+ (REE=Dy3+, Pr3+ and Eu3+) samples synthesized by a sol-gel process based on the Pechini's method with a spray-drying technique. The samples, previously characterized by means of Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis Spectrometry, display CL spectra with well-defined peaks that could specifically be associated with the LAO structure (in the range of 300–450nm) and point defects (from 450 to 800nm) spectral regions. The observed wavebands are as follows: (i) 480 and 570 from the Dy-doped LAO correspond respectively to 4F9/2→6H15/2 and 4F9/2→6H13/2 transitions, (ii) 490–638 from the Pr-doped LAO is linked to 3P0→3H4, 1D2→3H4 transitions and (iii) 590 and 620 where the dopant Eu3+ gives rise to 5D0→7F1 and 5D0→7F2 transitions and (iv) a UV-blue broad band is associated with NBHOC in undoped LAO. Such emissions are due to the presence of the 4f electrons of rare earth ions that are shielded by the outer 5s and 5p electrons, the intra-4f emission spectra of REE that induce sharp and narrow wavebands.
Virtually, all military land vehicle systems use a lead–acid battery to initiate an engine start. The maintainability of these batteries and as a consequence, system readiness, has suffered from a lack of understanding of the reasons for battery failure. Often, the term most commonly heard for explaining the performance degradation of lead–acid batteries is the word, sulfation. Sulfation is a residual term that came into existence during the early days of lead–acid battery development. The usage is part of the legend that persists as a means for interpreting and justifying the eventual performance deterioration and failure of lead–acid batteries. The usage of this term is confined to the greater user community and, over time, has encouraged a myriad of remedies for solving sulfation problems. One can avoid the connotations associated with the all-inclusive word, sulfation by visualizing the general “sulfation” effect in terms of specific mechanistic models. Also, the mechanistic models are essential for properly understanding the operation and making proper use this battery system. It is evident that the better the model, the better the level of understanding.
The Engaged Living Scale (ELS) is a measure of the process of engaged living, defined by Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as the evaluation and performance of valued life activities. This 16-item measure was recently created and has been validated in middle-aged and chronic pain samples. The aim of the present study was to validate the ELS-16 in a young-adult sample and additionally to develop a shorter ELS. This study was conducted using different samples of Portuguese young-adult college students. The dimensionality of the ELS-16 (which was translated to Portuguese from the original Dutch) was tested through a CFA. The adequacy of the shorter ELS (ELS-9) was also tested through a CFA. The scales’ internal reliability and other psychometric qualities were additionally analysed. Results from the CFA suggested that the model benefits from the establishment of correlations between pairs of error terms of items with similar contents. These results led to the decision to shorten the measure by excluding the item of each pair with the lowest communalities. The ELS-9 was then created and its CFA results revealed good to excellent adjustment values and goodness-of-fit indices. Results also showed that the ELS-16 and the ELS-9 present adequate to good psychometric properties. The present study thus shows that these instruments seem to be reliable measures of engaged living and to perform adequately in young-adult college students, with the ELS-9 being a new contribution to health research and allowing faster administrations.
While addressing the question of Al3+ ion intercalation/deintercalation in MoO3, we unravel that Al3+ ion preferentially intercalates in MoO3 in certain aqueous electrolytes. The Al3+ ion electrochemistry in MoO3 shows stark contrasting characteristics in different aqueous electrolytes. Although very high initial Al3+ ion storage capacity of 680 mAhg−1 is observed, a stable discharge capacity of approximately 170 mAhg−1 is attained after 20th cycle over the measured time (350th cycle) at a specific current of 2.5 Ag-1 (5 mA cm−2) in AlCl3 aqueous electrolyte. AlCl3 aqueous electrolyte exhibits superior benefits than Al2(SO4)3 and Al(NO3)3 aqueous electrolytes in terms of offering higher Al3+ ion storage capacity, long-term stability, capacity retention and minimized polarization.
A poly(ethylene glycol) 400 (PEG400) matrix doped with different amounts of a fluorinated Fe2O3-based nanofiller (LiFI) featuring a Li+-functionalised surface gives rise to nanocomposite polymer electrolytes (nCPEs) that demonstrate single-ion conduction. A family of nCPEs with general formula [PEG400/(LiFI)y] and y=nFe/nPEG400 ranging from 0 to 8.15 are prepared; they are characterized by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), High-Resolution Thermogravimetric Analysis (HR-TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier-transform vibrational spectroscopy in both the medium (MIR) and far (FIR) infrared. The Li+ transference number, tLi+,is determined and Broadband Electrical Spectroscopy (BES) is used to elucidate the electrical response of the materials in terms of polarization and relaxation events. The combination of the information obtained by all the aforementioned techniques enables us to present a possible conduction mechanism for these nCPEs single-ion conducting systems.
Redox Flow Battery (RFB) systems are promising technologies for the multi-hour electrical energy storage that will be necessary for on-demand electricity supply based on wind and solar power. Deriving maximum value from a RFB requires optimisation of both the system design and its operation. In this work three novel algebraic modelling approaches are introduced to represent RFB operation more accurately while maintaining quick optimisation times. First the typical linear programming (LP) optimisation problem is re-posed in terms of current-density rather than power, allowing voltaic losses to be expressed as a quadratic function (QP). Secondly, it is then shown that the current-density framework supports a novel constraint for the avoidance of high cell voltage that may damage the stack. Thirdly, for the first time a binary variable (MIQP) to describe active/idle states is introduced. This allows coulombic leakage and pumping losses to be modelled as fixed terms without constantly draining the RFB, and it allows for the optimisation of pump rating in a VRFB. In a day-ahead energy management case study, it is found that the QP optimisation predicts an additional 19% annual revenue when compared to the LP optimisation. This capture of the true flexibility of the RFB operation allows its full value to be assessed, and therefore advances the case for their deployment within the energy system. Furthermore, the formulations developed are not only applicable to RFBs but to the scheduling of other battery systems, particularly Li–ion, and balance of plant optimisation, such as the sizing of inverters and climate control systems in the context of parasitic losses.
To understand the deterioration of cycle performance and energy efficiency related with non-aqueous rechargeable Li–air batteries, a micro–macro homogeneous model has been developed to include the practical feature of Li2CO3 formation which occurs by electrolyte degradation during battery cycling. The discharge products can limit the cyclability and passivate the porous-cathode surface. A modelling study of cycling behaviour and cell performance for Li–air batteries in a non-aqueous electrolyte is presented which includes the influence of electrolyte solution degradation. The cycle performance deterioration measured in term of retention of discharge capacity on cycling was predicted from the developed model which includes the effect of irreversible Li2CO3 discharge product. A good agreement between this cell cycling simulation and porous-electrode experiment data is obtained, thus creating a more reliable model for a rechargeable Li–air battery in non-aqueous electrolyte. The cell cycling simulation and porous-electrode experiment indicate that there has been gradual decrease for retention of discharge capacity in a number of battery cycles due to the effect of irreversible formation of the Li2CO3 discharge product. The termination of the cell discharge is not from the pore blockage by the repeated depositing of discharge products as there are some available pores at the end of each discharge cycle.
Here we analyze gray matter indices before and after completing a challenging adaptive cognitive training program based on the n-back task. The considered gray matter indices were cortical thickness (CT) and cortical surface area (CSA). Twenty-eight young women (age range 17–22 years) completed 24 training sessions over the course of 3 months (12 weeks, 24 sessions), showing expected performance improvements. CT and CSA values for the training group were compared with those of a matched control group. Statistical analyses were computed using a ROI framework defined by brain areas distinguished by their genetic underpinning. The interaction between group and time was analyzed. Middle temporal, ventral frontal, inferior parietal cortices, and pars opercularis were the regions where the training group showed conservation of gray matter with respect to the control group. These regions support working memory, resistance to interference, and inhibition. Furthermore, an interaction with baseline intelligence differences showed that the expected decreasing trend at the biological level for individuals showing relatively low intelligence levels at baseline was attenuated by the completed training.
We report the preparation of Li0.33MnO2 nanorods from γ-MnO2 nanorods reacted with LiNO3 by a low temperature solid-state reaction method. The Li0.33MnO2 nanorods tend to be oriented along the b-axis, and show an improved rate capability and cycling performance as positive electrode for lithium battery. It delivers a discharge capacity of 199 and 129mAh/g at the current rate of 0.1C (20mA/g) and 2C, respectively, and keeps 92% of initial capacity over 100 cycles. Li0.33MnO2 nanorods reduce both the electrode bulk resistance and charge-transfer resistance for lithium-ion intercalation. The advantage of nanorods results from good electrical conduction, appropriate length of nanorod and small volume expansion from appropriate orientations of tunnels structure.
A facile and potentially scalable synthesis route to obtain SnO2–carbon composites was developed. SnO2 nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of two types of graphitic carbon: (a) commercial porous graphite (HG) and (b) graphitic carbon nanostructures. The synthesis procedure consists of two simple steps: (i) room temperature formation/deposition of SnO2 nanocrystals and (ii) thermal treatment at 350 °C  to generate SnO2 nanoparticles (size ~3.5 nm) over the carbon surface. The electrochemical performance of the graphitic carbons and the SnO2–carbon composites as anode materials in Li-ion rechargeable batteries was investigated. In all cases, tape casting electrode fabrication allowed almost full active material utilization. Good cyclabilities were achieved, with HG and HG–SnO2 showing capacities of 356 and 545 mAh g−1, respectively after 50 cycles.
A polymerized ionic liquid was prepared using 1,3-dibromopropane reacted with 2-methylimidazole, via a two-step synthetic process. Molecular weight analysis via gel permeation chromatography indicated a M n of 32,600g/mol. An anion exchange is performed to replace the bromide anion of poly(1-propyl-2-methylimidazolium bromide) with bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI). Chemical analysis results closely matched expected results. This polymer was then dissolved in acetonitrile with LiTFSI or Mg(ClO4)2 at a ratio of 1 metal cation (Li or Mg) to 3 imidazolium cations. Ionic conductivity measurements indicate ionic conductivity at room temperature of 0.4mS/cm for the Li/polymer mixture and 0.15mS/cm for the Mg/polymer mixture. Electrochemical measurements indicate that this polymer does allow for the reversible intercalation of the Li+ and Mg2+ cations into graphite.
Three kinds of morphology precursors were synthesized by three different hydrothermal assisted coprecipitation methods and calcined to obtain the nanoscale cathode materials Li2MnO3·LiMO2 (M = Mn, Co, Ni) for lithium ion battery. The difference in dispersed ions, solvothermal solvents and calcination for precursors may lead to different nucleation kinetics, and further lead to different morphologies for precursors. Interestingly, the precursors form the battery cathode materials with similar morphologies in different crystallographic directions. In addition, a theoretical simulation has been carried out to confirm that lithium ions migrate activation barrier is the lowest along the b-axis, while the hexagonal sheet precursor may prefer to form a material with its (010) crystal face preferential exposure. The theoretical results can further guide to prepare high performance Li2MnO3·LiMO2 cathode materials for lithium ion batteries.
Interactions of the electrolyte with the bismuth fluoride nanocomposite positive electrode lead to capacity loss. When lithiated, the BiF3 positive electrode is highly reactive with ethylene carbonate (EC) and other cyclic organic carbonates used for forming effective solid-electrolyte interphases (SEIs) on carbonaceous negative electrodes. This reactivity poses problems for the development of a Li-ion cell. The aim of this work was to formulate electrolytes that could enable the functionality of BiF3 nanocomposite positive electrodes while also maintaining stability at the negative electrode/electrolyte interface. Adiponitrile (ADN) has been put forth as a compatible bulk solvent for the electrolyte, and a number of additives have been examined including cyclic organic carbonates, cyclic organic sulfur-containing compounds, and ethyl isocyanate. Along with an exceptional fundamental stability in the neat solvent, preliminary results demonstrated improved performance of BiF3 nanocomposite positive electrodes in Li-ion compatible ADN-based electrolytes.
Monoclinic/hexagonal mixed-phase LiMnBO3/C composites have been prepared by the impregnation-precipitation method using ketjen black (KB) with 3D conductive network as both template and conductive framework. The synthesized products are characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen sorption and electrochemical tests. Morphology studied by SEM and nitrogen sorption shows that LiMnBO3 particles are embedded in the nanostructured carbon networks. The LiMnBO3/C electrodes deliver an initial discharge specific capacity of 150, 137, 121 and 85 mAh g−1 at C/20, C/10, C/5 and C/2 rate, respectively. Although the capacity for the LiMnBO3/C electrode decreases considerably with increasing rate, stable cycling performance is obtained for all the four rates.
A hydroxide co-precipitation method is used to synthesize transition metal hydroxide (Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3(OH)2), which is the precursor for layer-structured LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2. The optimum pH range for the preparation of Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3(OH)2 using a continuous stirred-tank reactor is calculated by taking into account the underlying chemical equilibria. The entire growth process of the Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3(OH)2 particles is investigated by monitoring the structure, morphology, particle size distribution, and tap density as a function of the reaction time. The results confirm that the co-precipitation reaction in the presence of ammonia started with the formation of crystal nuclei and (001) plane dominated nanosheets. The reaction ended with spherical and dense hydroxide precursors. The crystal growth mechanism was interpreted during the co-precipitation process, which involved the quick nucleation of primary particles followed by its slow aggregation and crystallization. The electrochemical properties of the final cathode materials with different morphologies are also studied. The results show that the electrochemical performances of the final LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 are strongly affected by the hierarchical structure of Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3(OH)2.
This paper is an overview of the progress recently achieved in our laboratory in the development and application of four in situ methods; namely X-ray diffraction (both synchrotron-based and standard), Raman microscopy, differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), and infrared spectroscopy. We show representative results on graphite electrodes for each method as an illustration, in particular (i) the influence of the lithium intercalation and graphite exfoliation on the shift of the (002)-reflection of graphite, (ii) Raman single point and mapping measurements of graphite surface, (iii) gas evolution during solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on graphite electrodes, and (iv) the development of infrared spectra during the SEI formation in γ-butyrolactone based electrolytes.
A SnO2–RuO2 composite thin film has very high potential for a hybrid of battery and supercapacitor since SnO2–RuO2 system might show battery and supercapacitor characteristics simultaneously. A SnO2–RuO2 composite thin film prepared by a magnetron direct current (dc) co-sputtering method in order to investigate a feasibility of monolithic thin film hybrid battery. The as-deposited SnO2–RuO2 composite thin film showed crystalline peaks in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and Auger electron spectrometry (AES) analysis were conducted to identify the composition of the as-deposited film. The SnO2–RuO2 composite thin film as an anode film for secondary battery demonstrated the first discharge capacity of 400μAh/cm2 μm. The discharge curve of the SnRuO composite thin film did not exhibit the 0.8–1.0 plateau characteristic of SnO2. For SnRuO composite thin film electrode, a plateau at around 1.2V was observed in the first cycle only. A degree of capacity fade of the SnO2–RuO2 composite thin film was almost same to that of the SnO2 thin film, while the capacity of the SnO2–RuO2 thin film was larger than that of the pure SnO2. In the mean time, the SnO2–RuO2 composite thin film as an electrode for supercapacitor exhibited a specific capacitance of 62.2mF/cm2 μm. These results suggested that the SnO2–RuO2 thin film could be used for thin film supercapacitor as well as thin film battery. Furthermore, this composite thin film holds promise for fabrication of monolithic thin film high power hybrid battery based on micro-processes.
The impact of the electrolyte additives methyl phenyl carbonate, ethyl phenyl carbonate, and diphenyl carbonate was evaluated in Li[Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33]O2/graphite pouch cells with or without 2% vinylene carbonate. Experiments included high precision coulometry, automated storage, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on symmetric cells and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis, electrochemical studies during the first charge and impedance spectroscopy on symmetric cells indicated that phenyl carbonates act as solid electrolyte interphase modifiers rather than formers. High precision coulometry showed that cells containing 1–4 wt% methyl phenyl carbonate, ethyl phenyl carbonate or diphenyl carbonate had similar coulombic efficiencies and charge-endpoint capacity slippage as cells filled with 2 wt% vinylene carbonate. Impedance spectroscopy showed that cells containing phenyl carbonates have substantially lower impedance than cells filled with 2 wt% vinylene carbonate and produced minimal volumes of gas during cell use. Results presented in the report show that phenyl carbonates are competitive additives for 4.2 V class cells and should lead to good cycle life, low polarization and low gas evolution during normal use. Phenyl carbonates can also be used as gas-producing safety agents (to trip pressure activated disconnects) in combination with vinylene carbonate in cylindrical or prismatic cells without adverse effects.
In 1994, Stanford University's Exposure Research Group (ERG) conducted its first pilot study to collect micro-level activity time series (MLATS) data for young children. The pilot study involved videotaping four children of farm workers in the Salinas Valley of California and converting their videotaped activities to valuable text files of contact behavior using video-translation techniques. These MLATS are especially useful for describing intermittent dermal (i.e., second-by-second account of surfaces and objects contacted) and non-dietary ingestion (second-by-second account of objects or hands placed in the mouth) contact behavior. Second-by-second records of children contact behavior are amenable to quantitative and statistical analysis and allow for more accurate model estimates of human exposure and dose to environmental contaminants. Activity patterns data for modeling inhalation exposure (i.e., accounts of microenvironments visited) can also be extracted from the MLATS data. Since the pilot study, ERG has collected an immense MLATS data set for 92 children using more developed and refined videotaping and video-translation methodologies. This paper describes all aspects required for the collection of MLATS including: subject recruitment techniques, videotaping and video-translation processes, and potential data analysis. This paper also describes the quality assurance steps employed for these new MLATS projects, including: training, data management, and the application of interobserver and intraobserver agreement during video translation. The discussion of these issues and ERG's experiences in dealing with them can assist other groups in the conduct of research that employs these more quantitative techniques.