batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The development of a dynamic thermal battery model for hybrid and electric vehicles is realized. A thermal equivalent circuit model is created which aims to capture and understand the heat propagation from the cells through the entire pack and to the environment using a production vehicle battery pack for model validation. The inclusion of production hardware and the liquid battery thermal management system components into the model considers physical and geometric properties to calculate thermal resistances of components (conduction, convection and radiation) along with their associated heat capacity. Various heat sources/sinks comprise the remaining model elements. Analog equivalent circuit simulations using PSpice are compared to experimental results to validate internal temperature nodes and heat rates measured through various elements, which are then employed to refine the model further. Agreement with experimental results indicates the proposed method allows for a comprehensive real-time battery pack analysis at little computational expense when compared to other types of computer based simulations. Elevated road and ambient conditions in Mesa, Arizona are simulated on a parked vehicle with varying quiescent cooling rates to examine the effect on the diurnal battery temperature for longer term static exposure. A typical daily driving schedule is also simulated and examined.
A battery condition monitor is described that can be integrally mounted within a valve-regulated lead–acid (VRLA) battery. The device continuously monitors battery voltage, temperature and elapsed time. These parameters are processed to identify the status of the battery in terms of charge, discharge or resting modes. The state-of-charge is determined based on voltage and temperature measurements taken during resting periods, when the battery components adequately approach equilibrium conditions. The resulting whole-life record, built from the integration of instantaneous readings, is compared with a simple life model, based on the number and the depth of the discharges performed. Laboratory tests and ongoing field trials indicate that this approach can provide cost-effective and convenient monitoring of VRLA batteries in specific types of application.
DYRK1A is a gene recurrently disrupted in 0.1–0.5% of the ASD population. A growing number of case reports with DYRK1A haploinsufficiency exhibit common phenotypic features including microcephaly, intellectual disability, speech delay, and facial dysmorphisms.
Introduction Over the past decade the developments made in treating people with human immune deficiency virus (HIV) have greatly improved quality of life and life expectancy. However, the nature of asymptomatic HIV-associated minor neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains unclear. In this study we explored the occurrence of neuropsychological and neuroimaging changes in medically and psychiatrically stable HIV-1 infected patients on highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) from two separate age groups. Methods Participants included 20 HIV-1 infected younger (aged 20–40) and 20 HIV-1 older patients (aged 50–75). Comparisons were made with 20 age- and education-matched younger and 22 matched older healthy seronegative males. Participants were stable on treatment and asymptomatic at study onset with undetectable HIV-1 viral loads, and free of medical or psychiatric co-morbidity, alcohol or substance misuse. A detailed neuropsychological assessment was used and volumetric-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) performed to assess grey and white-matter integrity. Results We found significant effects of ageing on memory, grey and white matter measures. Comparison of the HIV-positive and HIV-negative groups did not show significant differences on the neuropsychological tests after Bonferroni correction, and there were no significant age by HIV status interactions. However, we did find reduced grey matter volume on MRI in our HIV-positive participants within the medial and superior frontal gyri. We also found significant ageing effects in fronto-temporal grey and white matter, independent of the effect of HIV. Conclusions The results from this study suggest that HIV-1 disease by itself does not significantly impair cognitive function when patients are otherwise asymptomatic. Nevertheless, the imaging techniques were sensitive enough to detect subtle grey matter changes not normally evident until much later in the disease. If confirmed in a longitudinal study this frontal grey matter change could represent an important biomarker for trials in HIV disease.
A novel kenaf stem-derived porous carbon/nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes/polyaniline (denoted as KSC/NCNTs/PANI) nanocomposite was constructed in this work. Three-dimensional (3D) KSC/NCNTs nanocomposites were firstly constructed through a CVD method. The NCNTs were densely distributed on the channel walls of KSC, which increased both the effective surface area and the active sites greatly. Then, the PANI was grown on the KSC/NCNTs by using in situ chemical oxidation polymerization method. The obtained 3D KSC/NCNTs/PANI nanocomposites were carefully characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectra. The nanocomposites were employed as the electrode materials of supercapacitors owing to their unique advantages originating from both PANI (e.g. interesting electroactivity, high pseudocapacitance, unusual doping/dedoping chemistry) and KSC/NCNTs (e.g. large specific surface area, high porosity, good electrical conductivity), and exhibited a high specific capacitance. At the current density of 0.1Ag−1, the KSC/NCNTs/PANI nanocomposites showed a specific capacitance of 1090Fg−1 with a specific energy density around 97Whkg−1. Moreover, the specific capacitance remained 96.9% after 1000 charging/discharging cycles at a current density of 0.1Ag−1.
Renewable energy sources can offer isolated communities the opportunity to regulate their energy use in a manner that best suits their needs. This paper presents the simulation and thermodynamic evaluation of a stand-alone hybrid power plant exclusively using renewable energy sources and storage technologies for the energy autonomy of a Mediterranean island. The study assumes stand-alone dynamic operation and investigates the sustainable and robust energy independence of the community under consideration, a remote area not connected to a centralized electrical grid. The analysis shows that the evaluated hybrid concentrating solar-wind power plant is a reliable alternative for satisfying the fluctuating electricity demand of the island. The plant achieves stable and controlled autonomous performance using the complementary character of solar and wind energy, combined with energy storage.
The private motor vehicles are significantly important means of transportation in modern lifestyle, however, these also contribute to a large proportion of the total air pollution and primary energy consumption. In order to develop green transportation system, it becomes imperative to use integrated technologies to achieve reduced emissions and utilize renewable energy. Electric vehicles (EVs) have been considered as one of these technologies to transform the traditional vehicle mix. However, the uptake of EV has been debated on factors like cost, performance (autonomous mileage), charging point infrastructure construction, energy saving, policy and end users’ adaptation. Present study investigates the technology feasibility (which usually refer to EVs’ cost, EV charging, supplier’s customer services quality, EV travel performance) and users’ adaptation of EV in Beijing, which is a key driver for the EV uptake into the Beijing transportation system. The relevant data have been collected and analyzed in the form of questionnaire survey around all of these factors. While considering the user perception and satisfaction, safety of charging and energy bills have also been investigated. According to the data analysis, it has been found the policy of ‘No traffic restrictions for EVs’ (the traffic restrictions means for certain date, from Monday to Friday the motor vehicles with the last register number of 1 and 6, 2 and 7, 3 and 8, 4 and 9, 5 and 0, are restricted to travel, respectively), the availability of the charging infrastructure and technical support are the most significant factors affecting the users’ opinions on using EVs.
Li-doped SiO-negative active material (Li x SiO) has been successfully synthesized by chemical method with immersion in Li-organic complex solution obtained by dissolving naphthalene and metallic Li into butyl methyl ether (BME) solvent. The rest potential of resultant Li x SiO electrode drastically shifts to less noble value at the beginning of immersion and tends to be stable at around 0.21V versus Li/Li+, which means the progress of Li-doping into SiO-negative active material. Furthermore, this chemical Li-doping process proceeds by the catalysis function of naphthalene and leads to reduce the irreversible capacity of SiO-negative electrode caused by consumption of Li sources provided from positive electrode.
A fully integrated mass transfer and electrochemical model of a lithium production cell solved using a finite element method is presented. The coupled effect of momentum and mass transfer, kinetics, and electric fields is taken all into account. The turbulent flow resulting from the bubbles generated at the anode is solved based on a k-ϵ
Through a combination of bulk, interface, and interphase effects, water-in-salt electrolytes, employing a high salt concentration, offer a wider electrochemical stability window than traditional dilute aqueous electrolytes. Here we explore chemical stability, conductivity, viscosity, and electrochemical stability of aqueous solutions of bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI) salts as electrolytes for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. We demonstrate that the FSI anion is prone to hydrolysis in this environment. However, the kinetics of the reaction strongly depend on salt concentration and nature of the cation. Interestingly, we find that NaFSI solutions are significantly more stable than LiFSI solutions. Highly-concentrated NaFSI solutions also display a wide electrochemical stability window and high conductivity.
Microporous composite gel polymer electrolyte (CGPE) has been prepared by incorporating the home-made silica aerogel (SAG) particles into the poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) copolymer/LiClO4 matrix. The ionic transport behavior of the electrolyte is studied with various experimental techniques such as AC impedance, X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR) spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), etc. The results reveal that the SAG particles are well dispersed in the electrolytes and incorporate with the other components of the CGPEs. The solid-state 7Li NMR study has confirmed the interactions of lithium ion with SAG, polymer and plasticizers, causing to form the microporous structure and reduce the glass transition temperature and crystallinity, resulting in an increase in ionic conductivity of the CGPE. The best ionic conductivity (1.04×10−2 S/cm at room temperature) is obtained from the composite polymer electrolyte containing 4wt% of SAG, which is approximately four times higher than the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte without the filler.
In view of the abundant resources, low costs and the relatively low reactivity of magnesium, solid-state batteries using this metal are worthy of investigation in comparison with solid-state lithium batteries. For such cells, a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is prepared using polyacrylonitrile, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate and magnesium triflate. The composition of GPE is optimized in view of the minimum liquid components required for gel formation and maximum ionic conductivity. This is achieved by preparing several films with varying concentration of the constituents and measuring their ionic conductivity by AC impedance spectroscopy. Mg/GPE/MnO2 cells are assembled and their discharge behaviour is studied. A capacity value of about 40 mA h per gram of MnO2 is obtained. Cyclic voltammetric experiments demonstrate qualitatively the reversible behaviour of the MnO2 electrode. The Mg/GPE/MnO2 cells are subjected to about 20 charge–discharge cycles with a consistent capacity of about 20 mA h g−1 . Cycle-life data is limited by surface passivation of the magnesium negative electrode and poor rechargeability of the MnO2 positive electrode. At present, the results show that the Mg/GPE/MnO2 cells have an inferior performance in comparison with that of well-developed, lithium-based rechargeable batteries. Further extensive investigations are required to raise the performance of the magnesium-based rechargeable cells to practical levels.
In this paper, we perform Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm for optimizing size of a PV/wind integrated hybrid energy system with battery storage. The proposed methodology is a heuristic approach which uses a stochastic gradient search for the global optimization. In the study, the objective function is the minimization of the hybrid energy system total cost. And the decision variables are PV size, wind turbine rotor swept area and the battery capacity. The optimum result obtained by SA algorithm is compared with our former study’s result. Consequently, it is come up with that the SA algorithm gives better result than the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The case study is realized for a campus area in Turkey.
SnO2 nanoparticle layers were synthesized as electrodes, assembled in lithium half-cells and tested by combining cyclic voltammetry and long-term cycling behavior, supplemented by XPS- and SEM-investigations. The cycling behavior of SnO2 shows characteristic features: large difference between discharging and charging capacity for the first cycles, pronounced negative slope, corresponding to huge degradation of specific capacity and a shallower slope after achieving coulombic efficiency around 100%. The areas under the charge and discharge curves of the voltammograms are assumed to be a measure for the amount of oxidation and reduction, respectively. The integrated reduction and oxidation areas are not equal after the first cycle (58:42). The whole reaction of the cycle can be described as partially reversible. Consequently, residuals remain, not contributing to capacity in the next cycle. However, after achieving coulombic efficiency around 100%, the area ratio becomes 50:50. The goal of XPS investigation is to show the evolution of the phases while crossing specific potentials. It was shown that the SEI is appearing for the first time by crossing the potential of 1 V. This SEI is dominated by lithium carbonate but also consists of a complex mixture of different lithium compounds and other decomposition products of the electrolyte.
Considerable efforts have been devoted to pursue both higher energy density and power density for a number of energy storage devices. Here we report a hierarchical Co x Fe3−x O4 nanoarray which is directly grown on three-dimensional conductive substrates by a facile two-step hydrothermal reaction and a following annealing treatment. This hierarchical structure provides several advantages including a large contact surface area, short ion diffusion path and good charge transport, which are all beneficial for improving the electrochemical performance. As an integrated anode electrode in aqueous electrolyte, it delivers a high discharge capacity of ~2.13mAhcm−2 (or ~304.30mAhg−1) at a scan rate of 1mVs−1, retains at ~1.68mAhcm−2 at 10mVs−1, and preserves ~88% of the initial capacity after 500 cycles. Combining our hierarchical Co3O4@Ni–Co–O nanoarray as the cathode electrode, we assemble a double hierarchical structured aqueous battery, which achieves an energy density and power density of ~2.1mWhcm−2 and 42.8mWcm−2, respectively. It also exhibits good cycling stability with a capacity of ~1.8mAhcm−2 after 500 charge/discharge cycles.
In recent years, although having its origins earlier in the last century in electrochemistry of the double-layer and of H adsorption in the British and Russian literature by Rideal, Butler and Frumkin, and later Parsons, a recognizable subject of electrochemical surface science (ESS) has emerged. This field has advanced on account of development of electrochemical techniques having remarkably high sensitivities and specificities for following surface processes at electrodes, especially single-crystal surfaces, in contact with bulk electrolyte solutions. Such advances have placed ESS at the forefront of modern surface chemistry. This review illustrates this situation by presentation and discussion of some selected examples from the works of the present author and others where results pertaining to coverage by H, anions, surface-oxide films and organics are obtainable at high sensitivities, e.g. by means of linear sweep voltammetry, dc charging transients, coupled quartz-crystal nanogravimetry and in situ FTIR spectroscopy. Finally, the recent development and behaviour of so-called ‘supercapacitors’, based on double-layer capacitance at high-area C materials (2000 m2 g−1), giving rise to capacitances of ∼50–100 F g−1 of the C substrate, is described as an example of applied ESS.
This paper introduces a novel, efficient method for the synthesis of TiOF2, and outlines the mechanisms of TiOF2 on discharge (reduction) and charge (oxidation). Anatase TiO2 is reacted with hydrofluoric acid, HF, to produce TiOF2. The synthesized TiOF2 is crystallized into a cubic perovskite structure with a Pm3m space group, as confirmed by Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction data. The particles show peculiar cubic-shaped secondary particle morphology. Electrochemical investigation indicated that the TiOF2 delivers a high charge capacity 526 mAh g−1. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy are employed to elucidate the reaction process. During lithiation, TiOF2 adopts Li+ ions into the cubic perovskite structure to form LiTiOF2, and the phase separates to LiF and TiO by further lithiation. The formed TiO is oxidized to TiO2 during charging although those oxides are in an amorphous state. The electrochemical reaction seems to be fairly stable, retaining 94.5% of its capacity during 100 cycles, starting from the second cycle. Also, the electrode is suitable for operation at high rates, namely, 400 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1, 345 mAh g−1 at 1.6 A g−1, and 288 mAh g−1 at 3.2 A g−1.
Capturing and utilizing CO2 as carbon feedstock for chemicals, fuels, or polymers is frequently discussed to replace fossil carbon and thereby help mitigate climate change. Emission reductions by Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) depend strongly on the choice of the CO2 source because CO2 sources differ in CO2 concentration and the resulting energy demand for capture. From a climate-change perspective, CO2 should be captured at the CO2 source with the lowest CO2 emissions from capture. However, reported carbon footprints differ widely for CO2 captured, from strongly negative to strongly positive for the same source. The differences are due to methodological ambiguity in the treatment of multifunctionality in current assessment practice. This paper reviews methodological approaches for determining the carbon footprint of captured CO2 as carbon feedstock, and shows why some approaches lead to suboptimal choices of CO2 sources and that increased consistency in life cycle assessment (LCA) studies on CCU is needed. Based on strict application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) standards and guidelines, it is shown that substitution should be applied to avoid suboptimal choices of CO2 sources. The resulting methodological recommendations are applied to estimate the carbon footprint of feedstock CO2 for current CO2 sources in Europe and for future CO2 sources in a scenario for a low carbon economy. For all CO2 sources, the cradle-to-gate footprint of captured CO2 is negative ranging from −0.95 to −0.59 kg CO2 eq. per kg of feedstock CO2 today and from −0.99 to −0.98 kg CO2 eq. in a low carbon economy. The carbon footprints of different CO2 sources differ mainly due to their energy demands. The presented assessment method and the carbon footprints of the CO2 feedstocks CO2 provide the basis for future assessments of carbon capture and utilization processes.
Novelty Seeking (NS) and Harm Avoidance (HA) temperamental traits are related to approaching or avoiding motivational circuits relying on the integrity and functionality of distributed brain areas implicated in arousal and action. The present study verified whether and how macro- and micro-structural variations of basal ganglia are correlated with scores obtained in the NS and HA temperamental scales of the Temperament and Character Inventory by Cloninger. To this aim, 125 healthy adults aged 18–67 years of both sexes completed the Temperament and Character Inventory and underwent a high-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and a diffusion tensor imaging using a 3T scanner. The scores obtained in the temperamental scales were associated with volumes, mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy measures of basal ganglia of both hemispheres separately, by using linear regression analyses. We found increased bilateral caudate and pallidum volumes associated with higher NS scores, as well as increased mean diffusivity in the bilateral putamen associated with higher HA scores. Macro- and micro-structural variations of basal ganglia regions contribute to explain the biological variance associated with NS or HA personality phenotype. The present findings evidencing some brain-temperament relationships highlight the importance of obtaining macro- and micro-structural measures in relation to individual differences.
There are many causes for variation in the responses of the motor apparatus to neural commands. Fast-timescale disturbances occur when muscles fatigue. Slow-timescale disturbances occur when muscles are damaged or when limb dynamics change as a result of development. To maintain performance, motor commands need to adapt. Computing the best adaptation in response to any performance error results in a credit assignment problem: which timescale is responsible for this disturbance? Here we show that a Bayesian solution to this problem accounts for numerous behaviors of animals during both short- and long-term training. Our analysis focused on characteristics of the oculomotor system during learning, including the effects of time passage. However, we suggest that learning and memory in other paradigms, such as reach adaptation, adaptation of visual neurons and retrieval of declarative memories, largely follow similar rules.
The fluid and crystallized (Gf–Gc) intelligence theory has been used extensively to evaluate the influence of cognitive abilities on educational outcomes within cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs. This study evaluated the contribution of fluid and crystallized abilities in the performance of a 1-week instructional process with an old dataset applying a latent curve model. This allowed for the specification of latent learning growth factors that took into account individual differences in the final level of performance and the rate of learning in the instructional project. Fluid abilities (Gf) had a significant impact on the rate of learning, whereas crystallized abilities (Gc) had a significant impact on the final learning performance. There was also a significant indirect effect of Gf onto the final learning performance through Gc. These findings are in accordance with some of the premises posited by the Gf–Gc intelligence model.