batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A novel non-aqueous redox flow battery employing tris(1,10-phenanthroline) complexes of iron(II) and cobalt(II) as active species is proposed and investigated for energy storage application. The [Fe(phen)3]2+/3+ and [Co(phen)3]+/2+ (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) redox couples are used as the positive and negative active materials, respectively, in an electrolyte consisting of TEAPF6 and acetonitrile. Electrochemical measurements display that the two redox couples possess a superior and stable potential difference (E°) with a value of 2.1 V vs. Ag/Ag+. The charge–discharge characteristics of the cell show that the charging and discharging current densities have important influences on the battery performance. Stable cycling performance is obtained with low charge–discharge current densities with an electrolyte flow rate of 25 mL min−1. The coulomb, voltage and energy efficiencies achieve up to 80%, 40% and 39%, respectively.
The impedance of the interface between Li metal anodes and solid electrolytes plays an essential role for the power density of solid-state batteries. We have carried out an impedance spectroscopic study on LGPS-type solid electrolytes in contact to metallic lithium over time periods of several hours. The results reveal that in the case of the highly conductive solid electrolytes Li10GeP2S12, Li10SiP2S12 and Li10Si0.3Sn0.7P2S12, the decomposition layer formed at the interface is a mixed ion-electron conductor (mixed conducting interphase = MCI). The resulting chemical diffusion of Li across the MCI causes a continuous decomposition of the solid electrolyte and a continuous growth of the MCI. From the impedance spectra, we obtain values for the ionic and electronic conductivity of the MCI and for the chemical diffusion coefficient of Li in the MCI. Remarkably, we find that the growth of the MCI is much slower than expected from the chemical diffusion coefficient of Li. This indicates that the growth is not diffusion-controlled, but reaction-controlled. In contrast to the MCI-forming electrolytes, the glass-ceramic 0.95 (0.8 Li2S · 0.2 P2S5) · 0.05 LiI forms a long-term stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in contact to metallic lithium.
Aim of this prospective, randomised, controlled clinical trial was to use the modified bass technique (MBT) and a specific brushing sequence to investigate whether two types of instruction methods lead to differences in plaque reduction and whether plaque reduction is related to technique adoption.
Cerebral metastases are a common complication of systemic cancer, and their incidence is set to increase as cancer therapies improve and patients survive longer. In this article, Cavaliere and Schiff review the available therapeutic options for cerebral metastases, and consider the factors that are most likely to influence treatment decisions.
Spent lithium-ion batteries containing lots of strategic resources such as cobalt and lithium are considered as an attractive secondary resource. In this work, an environmentally compatible process based on vacuum pyrolysis, oxalate leaching and precipitation is applied to recover cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries. Oxalate is introduced as leaching reagent meanwhile as precipitant which leaches and precipitates cobalt from LiCoO2 and CoO directly as CoC2O4·2H2O with 1.0M oxalate solution at 80°C and solid/liquid ratio of 50gL−1 for 120min. The reaction efficiency of more than 98% of LiCoO2 can be achieved and cobalt and lithium can also be separated efficiently during the hydrometallurgical process. The combined process is simple and adequate for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries.
Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the measures to reduce structural damage and improve functional outcome of the brain, which depends on various factors. Various stroke risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, and surgical procedures, are a few targeted factors discussed as preventive measures. In the area of traumatic brain injury (TBI), the use of automobile seat belts and airbags, and the use of motorcycle helmets, can help prevent or limit irreversible damage. However, after the primary insult has occurred, strategies, including intensive care procedures, to limit secondary insults and the use of protective strategies to inhibit secondary injury mechanisms may potentially limit damage and improve outcome. Although the location and severity of the primary insult are important factors to determine the impact of the individual injury process, excitotoxicity, calcium-mediated events, free radicals, mitochondrial damage, inflammation, and apoptosis are commonly discussed as possible targets for therapeutic interventions. Pharmacological treatments targeting specific injury cascades, and the use of therapeutic hypothermia, have provided compelling evidence for neuroprotection in preclinical studies. Nevertheless, few agents have been successfully moved to the clinic, and currently no pharmacological treatments have been proven to protect against the detrimental consequences of TBI.
Nanoparticles of the Li–Ti–O precursors have been prepared using a reverse micelle method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that the precursor had an amorphous structure. The average diameter of the amorphous Li–Ti–O particles was approximately 5nm (within a range of ±2nm). X-ray diffraction measurement (XRD) results showed that the conversion of the amorphous precursor to crystalline spinel Li4Ti5O12 occurred upon a heat treatment at 450°C in an atmosphere. This is much lower than that for a standard solid-state reaction of Li2CO3 and TiO2. An interesting result was that the spinel Li4Ti5O12 synthesized at 450°C, with a particle size of 10–20nm, had a good pseudocapacitor performance. The charge/discharge testing indicated that the specific capacity, using the activated material of the spinel Li4Ti5O12 synthesized at 450°C, still remained 91mAhg−1 even at a high charge/discharge rate of 40C after 100 cycles. In comparison, the Li4Ti5O12 particles synthesized at 650°C have been grown to be the size of 50–60nm, which mostly indicated a battery performance with a remaining specific capacity of 116mAhg−1 at a charge/discharge rate of 40C over 100 cycles. The significance in this work disclosed that the nanostructured Li4Ti5O12 prepared as a reverse micelle could be a bridging material between pseudocapacitor and lithium ion battery.
Conductive nanocarbons generally are used as the electronic conductive additives to contact with active materials to generate conductive network for electrodes of commercial Li-ion batteries (LIBs). A typical of LiFePO4 (LFP), which has been widely used as cathode material for LIBs with low electronic conductivity, needs higher quantity of conductive nanocarbons to enhance the performance for cathode electrodes. In this work, we systematically studied three types of conductive nanocarbons and related performances in the LFP electrodes, and classify them as hard/soft-contact conductive carbon (named as H/SCC), respectively, according to their crystallite size, surface graphite-defect, specific surface area and porous structure, in which SCC can generate much larger contact area with active nano-particles of cathode materials than that of HCC. It is found that LFP nanocrystals wrapped in SCC networks perform significantly enhanced both capacity and rate performance than that in HCC. Combined experiments with multiphysics simulation, the mechanism is that LFP nanoparticles embedded in SCC with large contact area enable to generate higher depolarized effects with a relatively uniform current density vector (i s ) and lithium flux vector (N Li ) than that in HCC. This discovery will guide us to how to design LIBs by selective using conductive carbon for high-performance LIBs.
Energetics and kinetics of Li insertion into c-Si and a-Si systems are investigated using the density functional (DFT) theory calculations and kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations. DFT formation energies show the mechanism of phase separation between crystalline silicon and amorphous lithium silicide. Both crystalline and amorphous Si show similar trends in volume expansion and phase transition under lithiation, and kinetics of Li diffusion in bulk silicon (from DFT and KMC) shows a big difference between c-Si and a-Si. The Li migration barrier is 0.6 eV in c-Si, and quickly decreases to 0.4 eV under increasing Li concentration or Si volume expansion. To simulate Li diffusion in amorphous silicon using KMC, we have developed a formulation for environment dependent migration energy barriers of Li in a-Si using a volume dependent function. KMC simulations are performed for Li diffusion in both c-Si and a-Si, and the diffusion coefficient of Li in a-Si is an order of magnitude larger than in c-Si. These studies help to understand mechanisms of lithiation with atomic scale details and elucidate the phase separation between c-Si and lithium silicide.
A copper nanoparticle deposited graphite felt electrode for all vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) is developed and tested. It is found that the copper catalyst enables a significant improvement in the electrochemical kinetics of the V3+/V2+ redox reaction. The battery’s utilization of the electrolyte and energy efficiency are found to be as high as 83.7% and 80.1%, at a current density of 300mAcm−2, which are 53.1% and 17.8% higher than those of the battery without the catalyst. Moreover, the present battery shows a good stability during the cycle test. The results suggest that the inexpensive copper nanoparticle catalyst without tedious preparation process offers a great promise for VRFB application.
Highly graphitic carbon black (GCB) was synthesized by heat-treating commercial carbon black (CB, Vulcan XC-72) at 2800°C. The resulting GCB with a high degree of graphitization was analyzed by X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and was then used as the support material for synthesizing a platinum–GCB (Pt/GCB) hybrid catalyst. This catalyst was obtained through a simple chemical reduction using ethylene glycol as the reducing agent, which is amenable to large-scale production. The results show that the Pt nanoparticles are highly dispersed on the GCB with an average diameter of 3.6nm and a narrow particle size distribution. The electrochemical results obtained using cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) utilizing a rotating disk electrode (RDE) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) show that the Pt/GCB electrocatalyst exhibits higher conductivity, stability, and electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction. The ORR proceeds through a four-electron process and when compared with Pt nanoparticles supported on Vulcan XC-72 (Pt/Vulcan XC-72) prepared under the same conditions, the Pt/GCB exhibits a significant enhancement for the ORR reaction.
Ensuring energy security increasingly requires expanding both yield and resilience of supply through source diversification. In this study, the current energy situation of Nigeria is presented through a detailed literature review. The survey reveals that access to the national grid is limited, and the power delivered to areas classified as urban with grid connection is very unreliable. An initial assessment of the potential utilization of solar based technologies for electricity generation is presented for three strategically located Nigerian cities of Onitsha, Kano and Lagos. These cities are known for their large commercial activities, and their frequent power outages hinder their business and socio-economic development. The solar resources are modeled using synthetic hourly meteorological data for a complete year in typical meteorological year format. On an annual basis, Kano has the largest average daily global horizontal resources (6.08kWhm−2), while these resources are practically equal for Onitsha (4.43kWhm−2) and Lagos (4.42kWhm−2). For dual axis tracking, which maximizes utilization of solar resources, the monthly range of daily average solar insolation for all locations varies between 3.65kWhm−2 and 8.00kWhm−2. A standalone photovoltaic system on a tilted surface is sized to meet a representative household demand based on intuitive and numerical simulation sizing methodologies. These sizing methodologies are general and can be applied to any location. The estimated PV capacity and the corresponding unit cost of electricity ranged from 1.26kWp at 0.206USDkWh−1 to 2.92kWp at 0.502USDkWh−1 for the selected cities. The results show that the unit cost of electricity from the proposed standalone PV systems is lower than that for the widely-utilized diesel generators. It is concluded that standalone PV electricity is technically and economically viable for urban residential application in Nigeria considering the current infrastructure and energy policies.
Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have drawn much attention as a replacement for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their low cost and high safety. However, it is still an open challenge to design stable and high-capacity nanocarbon for efficient intercalation/deintercalation of large K ions. Herein, we report a class of ultra-high pyrrolic/pyridinic-N-doped necklace-like hollow carbon (NHC) material as a novel free-standing anode for enhancing PIBs in terms of their capacity, rate ability and durability. The as-made NHC film features abundant hierarchical micro/meso/macro-pores, a necklace-like hollow structure, ultra-high pyrrolic/pyridinic-N doping and a high specific surface area, which could finally promote the intercalation/deintercalation of K ions, reduce the volume expansion and improve the stability of PIBs. These new characteristics allow the NHC to deliver a high reversible specific capacity of 293.5 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1, outstanding rate property (204.8 mA h g−1 at 2000 mA g−1) and cycling performance (161.3 mA h g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 after 1600 cycles), which represent the best performance for carbon-based non-metal materials for PIB anode. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that pyrrolic and pyridinic-N doping can efficiently change the charge density distribution of carbon and promote the adsorption of K+ on the NHC electrode, which promotes K ion storage.
Seven solvent-free solid polymer electrolytes based on cross-linked polyethers and doped with LiN(CF3SO2)2, were investigated for usage in large-scale rechargeable lithium batteries. They are classified into two categories: one contains five poly(ethyleneoxide-co-propyleneoxide) (poly(EO-co-PO)) network polymers with different degrees of cross-linking and precursor molecular weight and the other includes two polyethers with borate structure having a Lewis acid functionality as an anion trap. The ionic conductivity, direct current characteristics, thermal properties and transference numbers were measured. To evaluate the battery performance for the polymer electrolytes, test cells of the typical Li/solvent-free solid polymer electrolyte/LiCoO2, were fabricated. High discharge performance was obtained for the solvent-free electrolytes made of the less cross-linked poly(EO-co-PO) and for the PEO including borate structure. A 10Wh class lithium battery was entirely fabricated from solid components, and 500 charge–discharge cycles with 100% capacity retention was demonstrated. The present limitations and problems for further improvement of polymer batteries are also discussed.
Bismuth based compounds are uniquely interesting as anode materials in energy storage devices such as rechargeable batteries, owing to their large volumetric capacity and suitable operating potential higher than graphite. How to achieve the high capacity durably and robustly remains an open challenge. To address this issue, here we propose a bio-inspired material engineering of yolk-shell composite that consists of bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) nanowire assembly intimately encapsulated in polypyrrole (PPy) shell. The Bi2S3 yolk features a large void space and a short diffusion distance, while the PPy shell is highly conductive, flexible and resilient, allowing for the free volume variation upon ion uptake and release. When used as anode, the Bi2S3-PPy yolk-shell composite exhibits a superior Li storage cyclability (99% for 500 cycles) and a high rate capability (337mAhg–1 at 10C), outstripping any previous bismuth based materials. This composite also affords a high reversible capacity of 591mAhg−1 and a favorable durability for Na storage. The discrepancy between Li and Na storage may correlate to the larger volume change of Bi alloying with Na (∼250%) against with Li (~110%). This work offers a potential creative approach to engineering efficient electrodes for energy storage applications.
To overcome the limitation of simple empirical cycle life models based on only equivalent circuits, we attempt to couple a conventional empirical capacity loss model with Newman's porous composite electrode model, which contains both electrochemical reaction kinetics and material/charge balances. In addition, an electrolyte depletion function is newly introduced to simulate a sudden capacity drop at the end of cycling, which is frequently observed in real lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). When simulated electrochemical properties are compared with experimental data obtained with 20 Ah-level graphite/LiFePO4 LIB cells, our semi-empirical model is sufficiently accurate to predict a voltage profile having a low standard deviation of 0.0035 V, even at 5C. Additionally, our model can provide broad cycle life color maps under different c-rate and depth-of-discharge operating conditions. Thus, this semi-empirical model with an electrolyte depletion function will be a promising platform to predict long-term cycle lives of large-format LIB cells under various operating conditions.
China is the largest developing country in the world. At present, more and more energy demand gives immense pressure to Chinese government. The inappropriate energy structure must be improved by Chinese government in order to achieve the sustainable development of economy and society. Development and application of renewable energy, such as wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy, etc., have been regarded by the government and the local people in the past 10 years, and more and more actual examples have been established, which are supported by government and plants in China. It is well known that there are abundant wind and solar resources in China. This paper presents the distribution zone and development and application practice status in China. However, a common drawback is existing in the stand-alone wind energy and solar energy generating power system, which is the unpredictable output electric power, and the output power depends on the unpredictable weather and climatic changes. Fortunately, the wind–solar hybrid generation system can partially overcome the problems. The conventional structure and key technology of stand-alone wind–solar hybrid generating system, the current status and outlook of wind–solar hybrid energy system are presented in the paper, for example, the city road lighting system, distributed generation, photovoltaic (PV) water pumping for irrigation, etc. At the end, the policies and laws of China central government and local governments are described, and the development barriers and recommendations are introduced.
Phosphorus is considered as a promising anode for Na-ion battery because of its high theoretical capacity of 2595mAhg−1. In this study, two phosphorus-carbon (P-C) composites with well-controlled compositions and nanostructures of P and C have been developed: P@YP composite with P confined within porous structure of YP-80F carbon and P@CNT with unconfined P deposited on the surface of carbon nanotube. The structure and electrochemical performance of these two composites have been studied to illustrate the effect of nanostructures of both C and P. P@YP composite with appropriate amount of P confined in nanopores can accommodate its large volume change upon sodiation/desodiation and enable a stable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), ensuring an excellent long-term cycling stability with superior capacity retention of 92% after 100 cycles and 46% after 1000 cycles. In contrast, the P@CNT composite with unconfined P nanostructures shows a rapid capacity decay with capacity retention of ~ 40.6% after 100 cycles, most likely due to unstable SEI during cycling, caused by the large volume changes of unconfined P in the P@CNT composite. The well-designed nanostructured P-C composite with P confined within porous structure of carbon is demonstrated to greatly enhance the electrochemical performance, leading to promising long-term cycling stability.
A novel sandwiched gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) was prepared using a facile method as separator solely for rechargeable Lithium–Sulfur batteries. As a result of the strong physical shielding and chemical absorption of GPE, the separator can not only suppress shuttle effect in ether-based electrolyte, but also improve utilization of sulfur significantly resulting in a high capacity. The PVDF layers could absorb ether-based electrolyte largely and then enhance Li+ transfer; the PMMA layer can be utilized to trap the dissolved polysulfides. Lithium–Sulfur batteries with the sandwiched GPE separator shows an encouraging electrochemical performance. A high initial discharge capacity of 1711.8mAhg−1 is obtained, and the capacity retains at 1145.3mAhg−1 after 50 cycles at 200mAg−1, which is higher than that of the cell with the commercial separator. These results indicate that the appropriate GPE separator is more suitable in Lithium−Sulfur batteries applications.
Sodium ion capacitors (SICs) have been considered as a kind of promising devices to achieve both high power and energy density. However, it is still a challenge to achieve high energy output at elevated power delivery due to the poor rate capability of battery-type electrode materials and the kinetic mismatch with capacitor-type electrode materials. In this work, to fabricate SICs, P2-Na0.67Co0.5Mn0.5O2 (P2-NCM) was chosen as the battery-type cathode material, and a typical metal-organic framework (MOF) material, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) derived carbon (ZDC) was utilized as the capacitor-type anode material. Due to the kinetic match and high-rate performance of both electrodes, the ZDC//P2-NCM SICs exhibited an energy output of 18.8 Wh kg−1 at a high power delivery of 12.75 kW kg−1.
In this work, the composites of nitrogen-doped graphene framework and Co3O4 nanoparticles with adjustable morphologies (NG/Co3O4) were fabricated via a surfactant-assisted hydrothermal route for first time. Three different surfactants including triblock copolymer F127, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and sodium dodecyl sulfate are involved in the hybrid-assembly of graphene oxide, o-phthalonitrile and cobalt acetate in water/ethanol. Among the obtained samples, the one using F127 (NG/Co3O4-F127) manifests the most homogeneous distribution of Co3O4 NPs with the size of∼15nm in the macropore-walls formed by NG. As the anode material in lithium ion battery (LIB), NG/Co3O4-F127 exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, which is superior to the other composites and most of the previously reported Co3O4 based anode materials in LIBs.
Loss of appetite is a common complaint in cancer patients. There is still no overall conclusion whether this symptom might be caused by distorted taste/smell function or by tumor byproducts. This knowledge would be important for adequate patient counseling as well as symptom relief. Several studies investigated taste function, but to our knowledge, only one studied olfactory function in cancer patients.