batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
To further investigate the neural substrates of lexical and conceptual knowledge of actions, we administered a battery of six tasks to 226 brain-damaged patients with widely distributed lesions in the left and right cerebral hemispheres. The tasks probed lexical and conceptual knowledge of actions in a variety of verbal and non-verbal ways, including naming, word-picture matching, attribute judgments involving both words and pictures, and associative comparisons involving both words and pictures. Of the 226 patients who were studied, 61 failed one or more of the six tasks, with four patients being impaired on the entire battery, and varied numbers of patients being impaired on varied combinations of tasks. Overall, the 61 patients manifested a complex array of associations and dissociations across the six tasks. The lesion sites of 147 of the 226 patients were also investigated, using formal methods for lesion-deficit statistical mapping and power analysis of lesion overlap maps. Significant effects for all six tasks were found in the following left-hemisphere regions: the inferior frontal gyrus; the ventral precentral gyrus, extending superiorly into what are likely to be hand-related primary motor and premotor areas; and the anterior insula. In addition, significant effects for 4–5 tasks were found in not only the regions just mentioned, but also in several other left-hemisphere areas: the ventral postcentral gyrus; the supramarginal gyrus; and the posterior middle temporal gyrus. These results converge with previous research on the neural underpinnings of action words and concepts. However, the current study goes considerably beyond most previous investigations by providing extensive behavioral and lesion data for an unusually large and diverse sample of brain-damaged patients, and by incorporating multiple measures of verb comprehension. Regarding theoretical implications, the study provides new support for the Embodied Cognition Framework, which maintains that conceptual knowledge is grounded in sensorimotor systems.
Weighing lysimeters are the standard method for directly measuring evapotranspiration (ET). This paper discusses the construction, installation, and performance of two (1.52 m × 1.52 m × 2.13-m deep) repacked weighing lysimeters for measuring ET of corn and soybean in West Central Nebraska. The cost of constructing and installing each lysimeter was approximately US $12,500, which could vary depending on the availability and cost of equipment and labor. The resolution of the lysimeters was 0.0001 mV V−1, which was limited by the data processing and storage resolution of the datalogger. This resolution was equivalent to 0.064 and 0.078 mm of ET for the north and south lysimeters, respectively. Since the percent measurement error decreases with the magnitude of the ET measured, this resolution is adequate for measuring ET for daily and longer periods, but not for shorter time steps. This resolution would result in measurement errors of less than 5% for measuring ET values of ≥3 mm, but the percent error rapidly increases for lower ET values. The resolution of the lysimeters could potentially be improved by choosing a datalogger that could process and store data with a higher resolution than the one used in this study.
Porous carbon-mediated nanocrystallite anatase TiO2 composites are synthesized successfully via a simple dilatory hydrolysis-calcination method. The structural and morphological characterizations reveal that carbon-mediated TiO2 with a carbon content of 9.9 wt % (C2-TiO2) shows a combination of mesoporous and macroporous structures with a pore volume of 0.20 cm3 g−1 and surface area of 40.3 m2 g−1. Notably, C2-TiO2 delivered enhanced electrochemical performances of a high charge capacity of 259 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C and a high rate performance of 110 mA h g−1 after 150 cycles, even at 1 C. A significant decrease is also observed in the electrochemical impedance of the carbon-mediated samples, which explains superior electrochemical performance. Compared with the bare anatase TiO2 (B-TiO2), improved sodium storage capabilities of carbon-mediated samples are attributed to the participation of carbon to form a symbiotic structure with TiO2, which not only increases pore volume of the samples but serves as highly conductive network to provide a Na+ diffusion path during the insertion/de-insertion of sodium ions. All of these encouraging results suggest that carbon-mediated TiO2 has a great potential for improving sodium insertion capabilities with a facile and low-cost synthesis process.
Safety issues related to lithium-ion batteries are a driving force in the search for new energy storage systems. Lithium-ion capacitors are becoming recognised as promising devices to address the question of safety. These products are a combination of lithium-ion batteries and electric double-layer capacitors in terms of energy and power density. The aim of this work is to assess lithium-ion capacitor safety under over-charge and under-discharge processes for pouch and prismatic cells. In the course of performing abuse tests, no evidence was found of severe hazard (explosion, fire or flame, rupture or major leakage). Quantitative external parameters (thickness, resistance and mass) and electro-thermal measurements showed an increase of swelling and internal resistance, which caused a decrease of capacity and energy efficiency in all cases. The ultrasound characterization technique confirmed that there were irreversible physical modifications of the materials under abuse conditions on prismatic cells, which could not be seen with the commonly used magnitudes (U, I, T). This technique was also used for the identification of the start of cell degradation. In post-mortem analysis, were observed different degradation phenomena such as melting of the separator and delamination in the electrodes.
The increasingly cross-disciplinary worldwide activity on materials research culminates every year in the MRS Fall Meetings. Symposium organizers from around the world have created a program that addresses leading-edge research and captures the extraordinary progress in materials science and technology, featuring an exciting mix of well-established and popular topics. The technical cores of the meeting, fifty symposia, are clustered into: Information Processing and Sensing; Nanoscience and Technology; Energy and the Environment; Materials Across the Scales; and Health and Biological Materials. Tutorials will be offered in several technical areas. The international exhibit will showcase products and services of interest to the materials community, and several special events will highlight science outreach.
The distributed energy resources (DER) comprise several technologies, such as diesel engines, micro turbines, fuel cells, photovoltaic, small wind turbines, etc. The coordinated operation and control of DER together with controllable loads and storage devices, such as flywheels, energy capacitors and batteries are central to the concept of MicroGrid (MG). MG can operate interconnected to the main distribution grid, or in an islanded mode. This paper reviews the researches and studies on MG technology. The operation of MG and the MG in the market environment are also described in the paper.
We demonstrate, in three different rechargeable lithium-ion cells, the existence of an intrinsic relationship between a cell's internal temperature and a readily measurable electrical parameter, namely the phase shift between an applied sinusoidal current and the resulting voltage. The temperature range examined spanned from −20 to 66°C. The optimum single frequency for the phase measurement is in the 40–100Hz range, allowing for a measurement time of much less than a second; the phase shift in this range depends predominantly on temperature, and is almost completely independent of the state-of-charge. Literature reports suggest that the observed dependence of the phase shift on temperature arises from the ionic conduction of the so-called solid-electrolyte-interphase layer between the graphite anode and the electrolyte. A meter measuring the phase shift across this interphase is analogous to a thermometer reporting the temperature, thereby providing feedback for rapid corrections of any operating conditions that might lead to the catastrophic destruction of the cell. This level of monitoring and control is distinctly different from the present safety-enabling mechanisms: typically positive thermal coefficient ceramics/plastics, or “shutdown” separators based on polyethylene that act to often permanently shut down current flow through the cell.
Sodium-conducting solvent-free polymer electrolytes based on commercially available and inexpensive materials poly(oxyethylene), POE, and three different sodium salts (NaI, NaCF3SO3 and NaClO4) were prepared and exhaustively characterized. In order to minimize the environmental impact related to conventional film processing based on casting, a combination of lyophilization and hot-pressing was successfully applied. Contrary to film-casting, this new approach led to very homogeneous and pore-free films. This study suggests the obtained polymer electrolyte films as a promising route to enhance not only ionic conductivity but also mechanical properties. Furthermore, a preliminary work on salt blends hosted by POE shows that they strongly decrease melting point and crystallinity of the polymer electrolytes and paves the way for enhanced sodium-conducting materials.
Polymerization from neutral red can be performed in acidic and weakly basic aqueous solution and two types of stable and electrochemically active films can be produced. The film can be produced on glassy carbon, platinum, gold, and transparent semiconductor tin oxide electrodes. A two-layer modified electrode containing organic and inorganic films can also be prepared via poly(neutral red) and cobalt hexacyanoferrate films; the cobalt(II) hexacyanoferrate film is electrocatalytically active for the oxidation of NADH in 0.1 M RbNO3 aqueous solution and the electrocatalytic oxidation current develops from the anodic peak of the redox couple. The electrocatalytic reduction of BrO3 − and IO3 − directly by poly(neutral red) in a strong acidic aqueous solution shows that the electrocatalytic reduction activity is obviously pH dependent in a pH range from 1.0 to 4.0. The iodic electrocatalytic oxidation current appears when I− is produced from the electrocatalytic reduction of IO3 − by poly(neutral red). The catalytic decomposition of H2O2 into H2O and O2 by I− can be initiated via the electrocatalytic reduction of IO3 −. The electrocatalytic reaction was also performed using the rotating ring-disk electrode method. The polymer film also shows activity towards the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen and nitrite in aqueous solution. The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique and cyclic voltammetry were used to study the in situ growth of poly(neutral red) film. The polymer films were obtained and transferred to various solutions between pH 0.5 and 14. The formal potential plotted against pH has a slope −66 mV/pH.
Liquid methanol, as an excellent electrochemical energy source, is suitable for developing Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) and is highly promising as a future power solution for the transportation industry. The overall efficiency of such DMFCs is primarily decided by the optimization of the operating conditions. This can be accomplished using high-quality sensors that precisely detect and measure the methanol concentration responsible for DMFCs׳ efficiency. Lately, several sensing methods are developed for accurate determination of methanol concentration. This paper provides a panoramic overview featuring diversified sensors exploited for methanol content assessments. Based on sensors׳ operational criteria, physical and electrochemical classifications are made to demonstrate their notable advantages and disadvantages. The introduction of sensor-less schemes in controlling methanol concentration is emphasized. Past advancements, present challenges and future trends in achieving superior DMFC sensors are underscored. Additionally, the significance of nanomaterials in creating DMFC electrodes is scrutinized.
All non-aqueous lithium battery electrolytes are Lewis bases that interact with cations. Unlike water, they do not interact with anions. The result is a high degree of ion pairing and the formation of triplets and higher aggregates. This decreases the conductivity and the lithium ion transference, and results in polarization losses in batteries. Approaches that have been used to increase ion dissociation in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based electrolytes are the use of salts with low lattice energy, the addition of polar plasticizers to the polymer, and the addition of cation complexing agents such as crown ethers or cryptands. Complexing of the anions is a more promising approach, since it should increase both ion dissociation and the lithium transference. At Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) we have synthesized two new families of neutral anion complexing agents, each based on Lewis acid centers. One is based on electron deficient nitrogen sites on substituted aza-ethers, wherein the hydrogen on the nitrogen is replaced by electron withdrawing groups such as CF3SO3–. The other is based on electron deficient boron sites on borane or borate compounds with various fluorinated aryl or alkyl groups. Some of the borane-based anion receptors can promote the dissolution of LiF in several solvents. Several of these compounds, when added in equivalent amounts, produce 1.2 M LiF solutions in DME, an increase in solubility of LiF by six orders of magnitude. Some of these LiF electrolytes have conductivities as high as 6×10−3 S cm−1. The LiF electrolytes with borane anion acceptors in PC:EC:DEC solvents have excellent electrochemical stability. This has been demonstrated in small Li/LiMn2O4 cells.
The Cogstate Brief Battery (CBB) is a computerized cognitive assessment that can be completed in clinic or at home.
In this work, a series of metal oxide double-layer nanospheres (DLNs), such as Mn2O3, Co3O4, NiO, NiCo2O4, and MnCo2O4 have been successfully synthesized through a general template method. The layers of nanospheres were assembled by different nanostructure units and the removing of the SiO2 template formed a void of several ten nanometers between the double layers, resulting large specific surface areas for them. The energy storage performances of the as-prepared double-layer nanospheres were further investigated in lithium ion battery and supercapacitor systems. Based on their unique nanostructures, the double-layer nanospheres exhibit excellent electrochemical performance with long cycle stability and high specific capacities or capacitances. The best of these, DLNs-NiCo2O4 can deliver a reversible capacity of 1107mAhg−1 at 0.25C after 200 cycles in lithium ion battery system, and shows a capacitance of 1088Fg−1 with capacitance loss of less than 3% at 5Ag−1 after 5000 cycles in supercapacitors.
We report the synthesis of unsupported and carbon-supported, mixed phase, rhodium sulfide, using both a hydrogen sulfide source and a solid sulfur source. Samples with several different distributions of rhodium sulfide phases (Rh2S3, Rh17S15, RhS2 and metallic Rh) were obtained by varying the temperature and exposure time to H2S or sulfur to rhodium ratio when using solid sulfur. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the unsupported rhodium sulfide compounds studied using Raman spectroscopy to link Raman spectra to catalyst phases. The electrocatalytic activity of the rhodium sulfide compounds for hydrogen evolution and oxidation was measured using rotating disk electrode measurements in acidic conditions to simulate use in a flow cell. The most active phases for hydrogen evolution were found to be Rh3S4 and Rh17S15 (−0.34V vs. Ag/AgCl required for 20mA/cm2), while Rh2S3 and RhS2 phases were relatively inactive (−0.46V vs. Ag/AgCl required for 20mA/cm2 using RhS2/C). The hydrogen oxidation activity of all rhodium sulfide phases is significantly lower than the hydrogen evolution activity and is not associated with conductivity limitations.
Hydrogen electrosorption into Pd-rich (>70% at. Pd in the bulk) Pd–Pt and Pd–Au alloys has been studied in acidic solutions (0.5MH2SO4) using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The influence of temperature (in the range between 283 and 328K), electrode potential and alloy bulk composition on hydrogen electrosorption properties is presented. It has been found that with increasing temperature the maximum amount of absorbed hydrogen decreases and the potential of absorbed hydrogen oxidation peak and the potential of the α–β phase transition are shifted negatively. Pd alloying with Pt or Au results in lower potential of absorbed hydrogen oxidation peak and lower maximum amount of absorbed hydrogen. The region of the α–β phase transition for Pd–Pt alloys is placed at lower potentials as compared to pure Pd indicating lower thermodynamic stability of the β-phase. In the case of Pd–Au alloys the phase transition region is placed at higher potentials indicating higher thermodynamic stability of the β-phase. The values of time needed for electrode saturation with hydrogen and its removal decrease with increasing temperature and increasing bulk content of the alloying metals. The results have confirmed earlier suggestions that in the presence of both α- and β-phases of absorbed hydrogen the slow process of the phase transition controls the rate of the overall electrosorption process in thin Pd-based electrodes. The amounts of electrosorbed hydrogen for α- and β-phase boundaries, i.e. α max and β min, have been determined from the integration of the initial parts of current–time responses in hydrogen absorption and desorption processes.
With lithium being the capacity determining species in lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells, the local quantification is of enormous importance for understanding of the cell performance. The investigation of the lithium distribution in LIB full cells is performed with two different cell types, T-cells of the Swagelok® type and pouch bag cells with lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide and mesocarbon microbead graphite as the active materials as well as a lithium hexafluorophosphate based organic carbonate solvent electrolyte. The lithium content of/at the individual components of the cells is analyzed for different states of charge (SOCs) by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and the lithium distribution as well as the loss of active lithium within the cells is calculated after cycling. With increasing the SOC, the lithium contents decrease in the cathodes and simultaneously increase in the anodes. The temperature increase shows a clear shift of the lithium content in the direction of the anode for the T-cells. The comparison of the C-rate influence shows that the lower the C-rate, the more the lithium content on the electrodes is shifted into the direction of the anode.
The rational structure design and strong interfacial bonding are crucially desired for high performance zinc oxide (ZnO)/carbon composite electrodes. In this context, micro-nano secondary structure design and strong dopamine coating strategies are adopted for the fabrication of flower-like ZnO/carbon (ZnO@C nanoflowers) composite electrodes. The results show the ZnO@C nanoflowers (2–6 μm) are assembled by hierarchical ZnO nanosheets (∼27 nm) and continuous carbon framework. The micro-nano secondary architecture can facilitate the penetration of electrolyte, shorten lithium ions diffusion length, and hinder the aggregation of the nanosheets. Moreover, the strong chemical interaction between ZnO and coating carbon layer via C-Zn bond improves structure stability as well as the electronic conductivity. As a synergistic result, when evaluated as lithium ion batteries (LIBs) anode, the ZnO@C nanoflower electrodes show high reversible capacity of ca. 1200 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 80 cycles. As well as good long-cycling stability (638 and 420 mA h g−1 at 1 and 5 A g−1 after 500 cycles, respectively) and excellent rate capability. Therefore, this rational design of ZnO@C nanoflowers electrode is a promising anode for high-performance LIBs.
With the widespread use of wearable electronics, the flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting devices have been extensively studied to efficiently convert the physical motion of the human body into electrical energy. The major obstacles for realizing a flexible piezoelectric generator include the insufficient output power generation and the poor efficiency at the low-frequency regime. Here, we demonstrate a curved piezoelectric generator favorable for wearable applications, generating a high output power. The curved structure plays a key role to improve the power generation, by effectively distributing the applied force across the piezoelectric layer, as well as to allow operation at the low frequency vibration range. Accordingly, this generator produces ~120V of peak output voltage and ~700µA of peak output current during a cycle. Furthermore, our generator can operate at low frequencies below 50Hz, generating ~55V of output voltage and 250µA of output current at 35Hz, and it even works at frequencies as low as 1Hz. With this generator, we successfully lit up 476 commercial LED bulbs. In addition, we experimentally demonstrate the possibility that the generator can be used in shoes, watches, and clothes as a power source. Our results will provide a framework to enhance the output power of conventional piezoelectric generators, and open a new avenue for realization of self-powered systems, such as wearable electronic devices.
Four transects including sixteen stations were established in the Fugong mangrove (117°54′-117°55′E, 24°22′-24°24′N) of the Jiulong River Estuary, Fujian, China. Besides geochemical characterization and estimation of bacterial abundances, the distribution of α- and β-glucosidase activity was studied to explore the degradation of carbohydrates which can be expected to occur in high quantities in mangrove systems. The distribution pattern of microbial α-glucosidase and β-glucosidase activities was investigated using a fluorogenic model substrate (FMS) technique in order to allow better understanding of in situ enzyme activities, as well as their relation to bacterial biomass, metabolic activity and environmental factors in mangrove sediments. The results showed that the enzyme activities of α-glucosidase (10.83~100.86 µmol g-1 h-1) and β-glucosidase (39.60~222.75 µmol g-1 h-1) varied among the different stations, and the enzyme activities of β-glucosidase were higher than those of α-glucosidase at all stations. The extracellular enzyme activities were positively related to organic C, organic matter and bacterial abundance. In addition, the use of the FMS technique to measure extracellular enzyme activities of mangrove sediments could help us to evaluate their catabolic behavior in situ and so lead to a better understanding of the bacterial role in material cycle of mangrove swamp ecosystems.