batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Development of high-energy lithium-based batteries that are safe remains a challenge due to the non-uniform lithium electrodeposition during repeated charge and discharge cycles. We report on the effectiveness of lithium bromide (LiBr) salt additives in a common liquid electrolyte (i.e. propylene carbonate (PC)) on the stability of lithium electrodeposition. From galvanostatic cycling measurements, we find that the presence of LiBr in PC provides more than 20-fold enhancement in cell lifetime over the control LiTFSI/PC electrolyte. Batteries containing 30 mol% LiBr additive in the electrolytes are able to cycle stably for at least 1.8 months with no observations of cell failure. From galvanostatic polarization measurements, an electrolyte containing 30 mol% LiBr shows a maximum improvement in lifetime. The formation of uneven lithium electrodeposits is significantly suppressed by the Br-containing SEI layers, evidenced by impedance spectra, post-mortem SEM and XPS analyses. The study also concludes that good solubility of halogenated salts is not necessary for achieving the observed improvements in cell lifetime.
In attempt to realistically assess the high-capacity feature of emerging lithium-air batteries, a model is developed for predicting the theoretical capacity of non-aqueous lithium-air batteries. Unlike previous models that were formulated by assuming that the active materials and electrolyte are perfectly balanced according to the electrochemical reaction, the present model takes account of the fraction of the reaction products (Li2O2 and Li2O), the utilization of the onboard lithium metal, the utilization of the void volume of the porous cathode, and the onboard excess electrolyte. Results show that the gravimetric capacity increases from 1033 to 1334mAh/g when the reaction product varies from pure Li2O2 to pure Li2O. It is further demonstrated that the capacity declines drastically from 1080 to 307mAh/g when the case of full utilization of the onboard lithium is altered to that only 10% of the metal is utilized. Similarly, the capacity declines from 1080 to 144mAh/g when the case of full occupation of the cathode void volume by the reaction products is varied to that only 10% of the void volume is occupied. In general, the theoretical gravimetric capacity of typical non-aqueous lithium-air batteries falls in the range of 380–450mAh/g, which is about 10–12% of the gravimetric capacity calculated based on the energy density of the lithium metal. The present model also facilitates the study of the effects of different parameters on the mass and volume change of non-aqueous lithium-air batteries.
The control of PHEVs (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles) strictly depends on the management of the battery SOC (State of Charge) over a given trip. Indeed this key vehicle parameter affects the vehicle autonomy and its evolution may be enhanced by a proper match with further “external” variables, such as the availability of recharge stations and their characteristic speed for battery recharging. In this paper we propose an easily implementable control strategy, that is intrinsically robust with respect to the variation of used SOC over a trip and is based only on a preliminary knowledge of the target distance. Its use is experimentally demonstrated on a prototype PHEV to accomplish a defined target SOC at the end of the trip. A vehicle model has also been validated, in comparison with previously gathered experimental data, and then applied to analyze the control strategy behavior by varying input data such as trip distance, speed over time and target SOC. Results show that the target SOC may be obtained within an error in the range of 2%, allowing for a potential fuel economy increase up to 8.2% if compared with a baseline PHEV strategy. However fuel economy increase definitely depends on key trip characteristics such as speed profile, duration, distance, etc.
In the PV system with storage batteries, as a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) device is used to enhance battery charging, the enhancement must be greater than the internal loss of the device itself, or there will be no net gain at all. To evaluate the MPPT device benefits under different climate, the theoretical calculation models have been constructed. By simulation, a comparative study between two types of PV charge controllers with and without a MPPT device under different atmospheric conditions was presented. The comparison was made by means of the energy production obtained from the PV generator of each system. The climatic conditons of Beijing and Guangzhou in China have been regarded. From the results obtained it can be concluded that the effectiveness of the MPPT device in Guangzhou is not very obvious, however the MPPT device did greatly enhance the output in Beijing in the winter.
Lead dioxide electrodeposition from methanesulfonic media and physicochemical properties of the resulting oxide were studied in this work to improve anodic process at PbO2/Pb2+ electrode of flow battery. The presence of methanesulfonate ions in the electrodeposition solution causes only a quantitative difference in the PbO2 electrodeposition process without apparently changing the reaction mechanism. In methanesulfonic media PbO2 electrodeposition rate is higher than in nitrate solutions. Current efficiency of PbO2 formation depends on electrode potential (or deposition current density), electrolyte composition (concentration of Pb2+ and methanesulfonate ions), hydrodynamic conditions, pH and temperature of the solution. It is important to note that thick PbO2 coatings (up to 2mm) with good mechanical properties and adhesion to the substrate can be deposited in a wide range of current density (2–100mAcm−2).
Specific metabolic underpinnings of androgen receptor (AR)-driven growth in prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa) are largely undefined, hindering the development of strategies to leverage the metabolic dependencies of this disease when hormonal manipulations fail. Here we show that the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), a critical metabolic conduit linking cytosolic and mitochondrial metabolism, is transcriptionally regulated by AR. Experimental MPC inhibition restricts proliferation and metabolic outputs of the citric acid cycle (TCA) including lipogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation in AR-driven PCa models. Mechanistically, metabolic disruption resulting from MPC inhibition activates the eIF2α/ATF4 integrated stress response (ISR). ISR signalling prevents cell cycle progression while coordinating salvage efforts, chiefly enhancing glutamine assimilation into the TCA, to regain metabolic homeostasis. We confirm that MPC function is operant in PCa tumours in vivo using isotopomeric metabolic flux analysis. In turn, we apply a clinically viable small molecule targeting the MPC, MSDC0160, to pre-clinical PCa models and find that MPC inhibition suppresses tumour growth in hormone-responsive and castrate-resistant conditions. Collectively, our findings characterize the MPC as a tractable therapeutic target in AR-driven prostate tumours.
As the wind power capacity increases, the effect of wind power fluctuations on the system stability becomes more significant. Despite its high costs, utilizing energy storage resources such as batteries is inevitable in the smoothing process of wind power fluctuations. In a wind power plant, the place where batteries are located has considerable direct effect on their required capacity and thus on the initial investment cost. Therefore, in this paper a suitable configuration which significantly reduces the batteries investment cost is proposed and then the wind power fluctuation of a large wind power plant connected to a smart distribution grid is smoothed. Additionally, existing configurations for installing batteries in large wind power plants are investigated. The proposed configuration utilizes smart parks as aggregated storage resources in load side and an aggregated battery energy storage system with limited capacity in plant side as well. Therefore, in addition to accurate smoothing of wind power fluctuations, the energy storage investment cost is reduced significantly utilizing the proposed configuration. Simulation studies in MATLAB software package are carried out to verify the performance of the proposed approach.
Electrochemical behavior of carbon black (CB) additives in 1 M LiPF6 EC/DEC (3:7 vol.) electrolyte in the operation potential range of positive electrodes in Li-ion cells was investigated. Various carbon blacks display noticeable electrochemical activity towards PF 6 − intercalation and electrolyte oxidation at potentials >4.0 V vs. Li/Li+. In situ X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and ex situ scanning electron microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that repetitive intercalation/deintercalation of PF 6 − anions leads to structural alteration and degradation of carbon black nanoparticles. The mechanism of these interfacial processes on CB electrodes and their implications for electrochemical performance of high-voltage Li-ion electrodes during long-term cycling is evaluated.
Proton conducting membranes based on impregnating cellulose acetate (CA) supports with mixtures of the organic ionic plastic crystal (OIPC) choline dihydrogen phosphate and various acids – 18mol% H3PO4, 4mol% HN(Tf)2 and 4, 8 and 12mol% TfOH are discussed. These membranes showed high thermal stability and high ionic conductivity especially in the temperature range of interest (around 110°C). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) results showed significant H+ reduction currents, particularly at temperatures above the plastic crystal phase transition. Fuel cell assemblies incorporating the membranes containing 18mol% H3PO4 and 4mol% HN(Tf)2/[Choline][DHP] were also tested. Although the efficiencies were not high, likely due to the cell configuration and the proton conducting material itself being far from optimized, the conductivity and electrochemical properties suggest that further developments of this type of membrane material would be promising.
The self-assembled (SA) film of 2-mercapto-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole on the cathodic (McMT) was prepared on iron surface. The film was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrochemical polarization, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that McMT molecules formed a stable film on iron surface, which effectively protected iron from corrosion. The protection efficiency of the McMT self-assembled film was then calculated. The highest protection efficiency of McMT on the iron surface was ∼95.0%. Quantum chemical calculations and molecular simulations were further applied to reveal the adsorption structure and explain the experimental results.
A thin, flexible, and safe composite polymer electrolyte membrane composed of lithium ion conductive nanofiber framework and polymer electrolyte matrix is demonstrated as an innovative solid-state electrolyte for potential use in high-performance rechargeable all-solid-state lithium ion battery. Due to this unique structural integrity, the composite solid polymer electrolyte indicates excellent mechanical stability, remarkable improvements in the ion conductivity (approximately 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature) and the lithium ion transference number (approximately 0.5), and the significant battery performance in terms of good charge-discharge cycling behavior and moderate rate capability. Finally, a high-voltage multi-stacked battery with the solid polymer composite electrolytes is developed and can readily produce a doubled cell potential of 6.8 V, promising future batteries operated at high-voltage with high energy densities.
A facile template-free in situ self-activation approach for the multiple active components synergistically driven porous carbon was presented via a feasible annealing process. The biomass-derived carbon without additional activation reagents was fabricated using K-rich pomelo peel (PP) as the carbon source, which possesses a high electric conductivity where abundant functional hetero-metal atoms are doped into the carbon framework that playing the role of catalytic graphitization. The K+ that exists within the biomass can induce self-activation during pyrolysis apart from the activating gases during the pyrolysis process. The resulting electrocatalyst of PP-850 (PP was pyrolyzed at 850 °C in an N2 atmosphere) with abundant heteroatoms possesses a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.81% as the counter electrode (CE) of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) compared with the CEs calcinated at other temperatures and a similar PCE with Pt counterpart (8.24%) based on the liquid I3 −/I− electrolyte. The better electrocatalytic performance is attributed to the synergistic effect between self-activation and the co-doping of nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus all together in a carbon matrix. Due to the feasibility of large-scale production, rich heteroatom doping, the PP-derived carbon, which simplifies the procedure and decreases the cost, has a potential application for an alternative electrocatalyst for high-performance photovoltaic devices.
Production of commodities and industrial products typically declines in relative terms as countries get richer. Does this mean that economic growth will become dematerialized and take place without being accompanied by a rise in the use of materials? Do we see signs of this already happening? We look at the production of cement and thirteen minerals 1960–2019 and find no evidence of dematerialization. Production of cement and eight minerals has grown more rapidly than world GDP and that of three minerals more rapidly than world population. Extraction of most minerals has accelerated rather than stagnated since the turn of the century.
In this paper, we report unique Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 (NCM) materials produced using aerosol based liquid to solid conversion in different reactor configurations and using different atomization methods jointly termed Reactive Spray Technology (RST). A series of experiments was performed at different RST synthesis conditions suitable for large scale manufacturing to produce NCM powders with particle size ranging from 1 to ∼10 μm, varying degree of particle porosity and excellent compositional purity. The electrochemical testing in Li-ion cells indicates that NCM materials made via RST have high initial discharge capacity and good first cycle efficiency. NCM materials with small particle size and substantial intra-particle porosity show improved power rate performance at high discharge rates compared to larger particle size NCM. This was attributed to shorter diffusion length in the solid phase, increased electrochemically active surface area and high active phase accessibility due to the combined effect of smaller particle size and internal porosity. Specific capacity of small-particle NCM made by RST method was 167 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and 137 mAh g−1 at 10 C, which compares favorably to 160 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and 97 mAh g−1 at 10 C for NCM made by co-precipitation method having 10 μm average particle diameter.
In this paper, we studied the influence of different cations on redox behavior of I− and I3 − by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It was demonstrated that increasing cation size tends to give rise to higher reductive activity of I− and lower diffusion coefficient of I3 − in these cations, alkylimidazolium, [Na⊂15-C-5]+ and [K⊂18-C-6]+. Moreover, we measured the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) with electrolyte containing [K⊂18-C-6]I or 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (DMPII). It was found that dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) with [K⊂18-C-6]I give a little higher short-circuit photocurrent density and a little lower fill factor than DSCs with DMPII.
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) offer a promising alternative energy technology, but suffer from low power densities which hinder their practical applicability. In order to improve anodic power density, we deposited carbon nanostructures (CNSs) on an otherwise plain stainless steel mesh (SS-M) anode. Using a flame synthesis method that did not require pretreatment of SS-M substrates, we were able to produce these novel CNS-enhanced SS-M (CNS-M) anodes quickly (in a matter of minutes) and inexpensively, without the added costs of chemical pretreatments. During fed batch experiments with biomass from anaerobic digesters in single-chamber MFCs, the median power densities (based on the projected anodic surface area) were 2.9mWm−2 and 187mWm−2 for MFCs with SS-M and CNS-M anodes, respectively. The addition of CNSs to a plain SS-M anode via flame deposition therefore resulted in a 60-fold increase in the median power production. The combination of CNSs and metallic current collectors holds considerable promise for power production in MFCs.
This paper considers the modern level of technique, research, and application of “plasma focus” facilities in the countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. A description of the available facilities is presented in the paper. Investigation results of plasma foci: discharge in the plasma focus, dynamics of a plasma sheath, generation of electron and ion beams, neutrons, soft X-ray radiation, and bremsstrahlung are presented. Examples of plasma foci application for material processing, radiography, neutronography, generation of short-lived isotopes, and medicine are discussed.
One of the most discussed topics in battery research is the state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) determination of traction batteries. Unfortunately, neither is directly measurable and both must be derived from sensor signals using model-based algorithms. These signals can be noisy and erroneous, leading to an inaccurate estimate and, hence, to a limitation of usable battery capacity. A popular approach tackling these difficulties is the dual extended Kalman filter (DEKF). It consists of two extended Kalman filters (EKFs), that synchronously estimate both the battery states and parameters. An analysis of the reliability of the DEKF estimation against realistically fading battery parameters is still a widely discussed subject. This work investigates the DEKF performance from a high-level perspective, involving different load dynamics and SOH stages. A numerical optimization-based approach for the crucial filter parameterization is employed. We show that the DEKF partly improves the accuracy of the SOC estimation compared to the simple EKF over battery lifetime within the operational limits of an automotive application. However, capacity and internal resistance estimation becomes unreliable and partly diverges from the reference under constant and realistic load scenarios coupled with advanced degradation. As a consequence, a downstream use of both parameters in a SOC or SOH estimation is hampered over the battery lifetime. Extensions are needed to improve reliability and enable employment in real-world applications.
In an optical burst switching (OBS) network, the blocking time, representing the time interval during which the channel is occupied for a given class of incoming burst, is a key metric for performance evaluation and traffic shaping. In this paper, we study a horizon-based single-channel multi-class OBS node, for which the multiple traffic classes are differentiated using different offset time of each class. By assuming Poisson burst arrivals and phase-type distributed burst lengths and using the theory of Multi-layer stochastic fluid model, we obtain the Erlangian approximation for the finite time probability of the blocking time for a given class of burst in an OBS node. We further propose an explicit algorithm and procedure to calculate the Erlangian approximation. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the accuracy and the speed of convergence of the proposed method.
Due to an ageing demographic and rapid increase of cognitive impairment and dementia, combined with potential disease-modifying drugs and other interventions in the pipeline, there is a need for the development of accurate, accessible and efficient cognitive screening instruments, focused on early-stage detection of neurodegenerative disorders.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses early immunotoxicity regulations and recent immunotoxicity guidelines as the regulatory aspects of immunotoxicity evaluation. Before requiring for nonclinical immunotoxicity testing, it must be clearly established which hazards related to immunotoxic effects have been identified, what are their incidences, and what are their severity degrees. Overall immunotoxic effects are relatively common and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Hypersensitivity reactions are the most frequent immunotoxic effects and some are life-threatening. Autoimmune reactions, although probably rare, can result in massive epidemics with significant mortality as demonstrated by the Spanish toxic oil syndrome. Another issue is the acceptability of risk. Although there is no widely accepted definition of what an acceptable toxic risk is, immunotoxic effects can result in severe complications so that many immunotoxic effects can be considered as unacceptable risks. Recently released regulations in immunotoxicology will have and already have had a major impact on the development of immunotoxicology.
Hybridizing a fuel cell with an energy storage unit (battery or supercapacitor) combines the advantages of each device to deliver a system with high efficiency, low emissions, and extended operation compared to a purely fuel cell or battery/supercapacitor system. However, the benefits of such a system can only be realised if the system is properly designed and sized, based on the technologies available and the application involved. In this work we present a sizing-design methodology for hybridisation of a fuel cell with a battery or supercapacitor for applications with a cyclic load profile with two discrete power levels. As an example of the method's application, the design process for selecting the energy storage technology, sizing it for the application, and determining the fuel load/range limitations, is given for an unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV). A system level mass and energy balance shows that hydrogen and oxygen storage systems dominate the mass and volume of the energy system and consequently dictate the size and maximum mission duration of a UUV.
Musculoskeletal disorders are the leading cause of sickness absence and disability pension in Norway. There is strong evidence that long-term sickness absence due to musculoskeletal disorders are associated with a reduced probability of return to work (RTW). A way to meet the economic and resource-demanding challenges related to individual follow-up of this group is to identify and treat those individuals with a high risk of prolonged sickness. The overall purposes of this project are 1) to determine the most accurate screening tool to identify people at a high risk of prolonged sickness absence due to an musculoskeletal disorder, and 2) to investigate severity of musculoskeletal health, health-related quality-of-life, health care utilization, and costs across different risk profiles in people on sick leave due to a musculoskeletal disorder.