batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A phase 2 proof-of-mechanism trial shows that a κ-opioid receptor antagonist improves reward-related functioning in the brain and a clinical measure of anhedonia in patients with mood and anxiety disorders, serving as a model for implementing the ‘fast-fail’ approach to psychiatric treatment development.
Ultraviolet (UV) electroluminescence (EL) of n-ZnO:Al (AZO)/i-layer/n-GaN heterojunctions with different intrinsic layers has been obtained. Rectifying behavior and EL spectra of the heterojunctions are investigated at room temperature. Under positive voltage, a dominant UV emission peak around ∼370nm is observed for both AZO/i-ZnO/n-GaN and AZO/i-MgO/n-GaN heterojunctions. Nevertheless, the UV emission peak intensity of AZO/i-MgO/n-GaN heterojunction is much stronger than that of AZO/i-ZnO/n-GaN heterojunction at the same voltage. The threshold voltage of AZO/i-MgO/n-GaN heterostructured device is as low as 2.3V. The difference of EL spectra and the emission mechanism in these devices are discussed.
Zn defective ZnCo2O4 nanorods, made of nanoparticles in the size range 10–20 nm, rearranged in tubular superstructures are investigated as lithium ion battery anode material. They are prepared by a step-wise synthetic procedure, consisting of a co-precipitation with a chelating agent assisted by a dispersing agent, autoclave treatment and subsequent calcination. Zn vacancies are, then, introduced by an alkaline etching procedure. An extensive structural and morphological characterization is performed by thermogravimetry coupled with differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, surface area measurements, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The defective ZnCo2O4 nanorods-based anode exhibits a high specific capacity, i.e. 1398.8 mAh g−1, at the current density of 0.4 A g−1. The reversible charge/discharge lingers between 1140/1135.0 mAh g−1 and 1058.8/1051.4 mAh g−1, at the 200th cycle, with a high stability as indicated by CEs between 99.7% and 98.7%. A large average capacity is reinstated after cycling at high rates.
The toxic effects of norfloxacin (NOR) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) on the microalga Scenedesmus obliquus were assessed in terms of growth rate, concentration of chlorophyll a, activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-dealkylases (EROD), glutathione s-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and total malondialdehyde content (MDA). The 96 h EC50 was 38.49 and 11.12 mg/l for NOR and BHA, respectively. Growth of S. obliquus was affected slightly under low concentrations of BHA (<4 mg/l) and NOR (<15 mg/l) over the 96 h exposure period. With the increasing concentrations of these two compounds, growth of S. oblique decreased significantly. Growth inhibition was 82.4% at 60.0 mg/l for NOR and 60.6% at 16.0 mg/l for BHA after 96 h. A similar trend was also observed for chlorophyll a. NOR and BHA affected Phase I and Phase II enzyme activities differently. Upon exposure to NOR, EROD was induced at concentration <15.0 mg/l and depressed at concentrations >30 mg/l significantly. CAT and GST exhibited similar trends during the exposure period. Compared to controls, MDA content only showed high induction at high concentrations of NOR (>30 mg/l). However, EROD activity did not display any change compared to control responses during BHA exposure, whereas GST showed significant induction for all concentrations over the exposure period. CAT activity showed induction at low concentration and depression at high concentration. MDA content increased with the rise of BHA during the exposure period. These types of assays, revealing toxic effects of NOR and BHA to phototrophs, could be employed to assess the potential risks of these xenobiotics to aquatic ecological systems.
The output voltage of a galvanic cell can be increased by insertion of two pairs of anodes and cathodes into a single volume of an electrolyte. The anode from the first pair and the cathode from the second pair are galvanically connected using external wire conductor. Two cells connected through such short circuit performed as separate units when their spatial separation was sufficient. The output voltage of thus modified cell increased above the thermodynamic potential of a single cell, with the increased distance of the second pair, and finally reached double the value of the output voltage of a single cell after exceeding a characteristic parameter, the saturation distance. Further properties of the system are described on the example of a modified Daniell cell including tests of diverse types of electrolytes and other experimental conditions. The general nature of the principles was confirmed in an experiment with the Leclanché cell and linear character of the multiplication of the corresponding output voltage was confirmed with 2, 3 and 4 galvanically short-circuited cells. All these results lead to the conclusion that this concept is valuable for all types of chemical energy sources (employing an electrolyte) – galvanic cells, batteries, (bio)fuel and microbial cells.
In order to investigate the influence of the biphenyl (BH) as a polymerizable electrolyte additive on the properties of Al-plastic film lithium-ion batteries, we examined the electrochemical properties of batteries which containing different amounts of BH. The main analysis tools were overcharge tests, linear sweep voltammetry, cycling tests, rate capability, thermal stability, AC impedance, etc. The results showed that the BH can electrochemically polymerize at the overcharge potential of 4.5–5.5V to form a layer on the cathode surface, the internal resistance was increased rapidly after the electrode covered with the black electro-polymerization production, and the internal short-circuit was occurred with enough polymerization product, all of these caused to low overcharge current and good overcharge performance, meanwhile, the overcharge performance was increased with the increasing of BH content. However, the cycling performance was deteriorated with an increase in BH content, but not seriously, so the content of additive is ought to be adjusted to practical need in production.
This paper presents the latest comprehensive literature review of AC and DC microgrid (MG) systems in connection with distributed generation (DG) units using renewable energy sources (RESs), energy storage systems (ESS) and loads. A survey on the alternative DG units' configurations in the low voltage AC (LVAC) and DC (LVDC) distribution networks with several applications of microgrid systems in the viewpoint of the current and the future consumer equipments energy market is extensively discussed. Based on the economical, technical and environmental benefits of the renewable energy related DG units, a thorough comparison between the two types of microgrid systems is provided. The paper also investigates the feasibility, control and energy management strategies of the two microgrid systems relying on the most current research works. Finally, the generalized relay tripping currents are derived and the protection strategies in microgrid systems are addressed in detail. From this literature survey, it can be revealed that the AC and DC microgrid systems with multiconverter devices are intrinsically potential for the future energy systems to achieve reliability, efficiency and quality power supply.
The effect of anions, PF6 − and ClO4 −, on the oxidation decomposition mechanism of electrolyte solvent ethylene carbonate (EC) for lithium ion battery has been investigated by using density functional theory at B3LYP/6-311++G(d) level, in both gas phase (dielectric constant ɛ = 1) and solvent (dielectric constant ɛ = 20.5). It is found that the presence of PF6 − and ClO4 − anions significantly reduces EC oxidation stability and changes the order of the oxidation decomposition paths. The primary oxidation decomposition products of EC, EC–PF6 − and EC–ClO4 − are CO2 and acetaldehyde radical. The formation of CO is highly improbable in the decomposition reaction of EC with and without PF6 − or ClO4 −.
The zinc/bromine flow battery is considered as one of the most suitable candidates for the large-scale electrical energy storage attributed to its nature of high energy density and low cost. However, the relatively low power density determined by the working current density of 20 mA cm−2 limits its performance and application. The relatively low working current density is caused by the insufficient electrochemical activity of positive electrode and the high internal resistance of cell. The formation of Brads is the rate-determined step to the positive electrode reaction. Thus the activated carbon with the specific surface area of 2314 m2 g−1, compared with the carbon felt, is a much more suitable and competitive choice. The activated carbon coated membrane is first designed to decrease the internal resistance. Demonstrated by the cycle voltammetry, AC impedance and polarization distribution investigations, both the positive electrode overpotential and the cell internal resistance decrease obviously attributed to the high electrochemical activity layer closing to the membrane. Thus the energy efficiency of 75% is achieved at charge–discharge current density of 40 mA cm−2, which means a nearly two-fold increase in power density.
There are still more than 30% of the Tibetan administrative villages without power, and about 40% farmers there are suffering from a serious shortage of firewood. Tibet is abundant in the deposits of hydropower, geothermal, and solar energy. The practical ways to solve the universal service of Tibetan rural energy are researched in the paper. We find that there are two main objectives of the universal access to energy in Tibetan rural areas. One is to meet the demand of electricity consumption and daily energy consumption of the farmers and herdsmen without power, initially solve energy poverty, realize the equitable access to energy, and ensure the early access to modern civilization. The other is to guarantee the provision of energy required in Tibet's rural economic development and urbanization. Their accomplishment depends on the responsibilities’ definition and implementation in the universal service of energy by the central and local governments, and on the establishment of a universal service mechanism of energy. The conflict between the need of energy development in the agricultural and pastoral areas of Tibet and its insufficient financial resources cannot be solved without the support and assistance from the central government and other developed provinces in China.
The electrochemical characteristics of Mg and several Mg–Ni alloys were studied as alternatives to anode materials for secondary Li batteries. Li was alloyed and dealloyed reversibly with Mg at very low voltage region (below 100 mV vs. Li/Li+), and the initial capacity obtained was approximately 3070 mA h/g. Alloys of Mg50Ni50, Mg67Ni33 and Mg75Ni25 were prepared by mechanical alloying and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Mg50Ni50 and Mg67Ni33 were found amorphous and crystalline, respectively, while Mg75Ni25 was a mixture of Mg and Mg2Ni phases. Electrochemical tests with these Mg–Ni alloys demonstrated that only Mg75Ni25 reacted significantly with Li at room temperature while Mg67Ni33 reacted with Li at high temperature. Mg75Ni25 showed enhanced cycle performance compared to that of pure Mg.
The micromorphology characteristics of carbon host materials play an important role in stabilizing the structure and restricting the polysulphides in lithium-sulfur batteries. In our work, four kinds of biomass carbon materials derived from mushroom have been synthesized by a facile activation method using H3PO4, K2CO3, KOH and ZnCl2 as activators and the correlation between micromorphology characteristics and electrochemical properties in these biomass carbon materials have been systematically investigated. The electrochemical performance of lithium sulfur batteries is highly dependent on pore size, pore volume and surface area of activated carbon matrixes. The H3PO4-, K2CO3-, KOH- and ZnCl2- activated carbon materials exhibit the fluffy, dense, anomalous and molten morphologies, respectively, which induce the initial discharge capacities of 1357, 943, 1013 and 860mAhg−1 in their S/C composites; and their capacity retentions at 0.1C are 54%, 37%, 38% and 35% after experiencing 100 cycles, respectively. These may be attributed to the combination effects of surface area and pore size/volume in their carbon matrixes. Our study show that activator can effectively tailor pore size, pore volume and surface area of biomass carbon host materials and thus improve electrochemical performance of S/C composites for lithium sulfur batteries.
Current–voltage relations of a single intercalation battery electrode particle were modeled with the step current, step voltage, linear sweep voltage, and sinusoidal current signals. A solid solution with constant diffusivity, a solid solution with variable diffusivity, and a phase transformation material were considered for their thermodynamic and kinetic evaluations based on the regular solution model and the generalized Poisson–Nernst–Planck equations. The numerical simulation results were compared with known, small-signal solutions and experimental data throughout the article.
Nanostructured silicon (Si) is a promising candidate for use in lithium ion batteries. In this work, one-dimensional SiO2 was obtained using linear polyethyleneimine (LPEI) as a biomimetic template/scaffold/catalyst, which was subsequently employed to fabricate nanostructured Si with a size of less than 10nm in a SiO2 matrix using a solid–solid magnesiothermic reaction at a relatively low temperature of 500°C. This procedure proved to be cost-effective and high-yielding and generated a product that could withstand a significant Si volume change during lithium insertion/extraction by combining the advantages of Si nanostructures with the buffer effect of the SiO2 matrix. In this manner, excellent cycling stability and a discharge capacity of more than 900mAh/g were observed after 50 cycles. This work expands the structure-derived applications of bioinspired/biomimetic silica.
The paper reports a novel nano-structured Cu2O/porous carbon (PC) composite and its application as an anode material for lithium ion batteries. The architecture and the electrochemical performance of the as-prepared composite are investigated through structure characterization and galvanostatic charge/discharge test. Cu2O nanoparticles are well-distributed in the pore channels owing to the nanoscale confinement effect apart from the edges of PC matrix. The composite exhibits a high reversible capacity of 884.4 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles, especially an excellent rate capability of 600.8 mA h g−1 when cycled at the current density of 1000 mA g−1. The outstanding lithium storage properties may be attributed to the designed embedment structure of the composite. The nano-sized Cu2O loaded in the PC promotes the reaction of lithiation/delithiation owing to the large contact area and short lithium ion diffusion distance. Additionally, PC with highly-developed porous structure is capable of accommodating large volume expansion of Cu2O and preventing the aggregation of particles upon continuous cycling.
The charge/discharge characteristics of metal (Cu or Ag) and carbon co-coating spherical porous Li4Ti5O12 are investigated in this paper. And the Li4Ti5O12/C-Ag presents the highest reversible capacity of 189.0 mAh g−1 among the four samples of Li4Ti5O12, Li4Ti5O12/C, Li4Ti5O12/C-Cu and Li4Ti5O12/C-Ag. Furthermore, the charge/discharge tests of the Li4Ti5O12/C-Ag electrode without conductive carbon show low initial reversible capacity of 17.6 mAh g−1 during charge-discharged at 0.1C (1C = 170 mA), suggesting that the conductive carbon is necessary for this kind of active material. The result also shows that a higher reversible capacity of about 110 mAh g−1 can be obtained by decreasing the discharging current density to 0.005C. Based on the low bulk electronic conductivity of Li4Ti5O12 can be improved by lithium insertion, an improved charge-discharge method is developed by discharging the Li4Ti5O12/C-Ag electrode at 0.005C for 20 h to improve its electronic conductivity and further discharge at 0.1C to shorten the discharge time.
We used recently developed, low-powered, TrackTag™ GPS loggers to track the movements of female loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) at the largest breeding population in the Mediterranean (Zakynthos, Greece). Three turtles were tracked for a total of 73 days in May and June 2006, during which time 3753 GPS locations were obtained after filtering outliers (51 per day per turtle). The diving behaviour of these three turtles and three others was also monitored using time–depth recorders (TDR). The GPS data revealed that all three turtles spent most of their time in shallow water (< 4 m sea bed depth) very close to the shore (< 200 m), primarily ranging along an 18.5 km section of coastline. These observations were corroborated by TDR data acquired from all six turtles and frequent first-hand sightings of turtles close to shore during the breeding period. Comparison with random crawl movement models indicated that two of the tracked turtles moved with a similar non-random pattern, suggesting common biophysical processes might be driving their movements. The movement and depth data that we collected both suggest that existing legislation to safeguard sea turtles within this protected region may not include the most critical habitats for female loggerhead sea turtles during the breeding period. Our study demonstrated the feasibility of using GPS tracking to investigate fine-scale movements of a marine vertebrate, illustrating the value of GPS tracking for wildlife conservation management.
This paper presents long-term field test results of lithium-polymer and advanced lead-acid battery systems for consumer load management. The battery systems aimed to minimize electricity bills of an industrial consumer by shifting its load to lower priced time-zones and regulating its peak. Annual and daily peak reduction effects and operating revenues are examined under a time-of-use tariff and battery promotional incentive. Capacity degradations of the batteries are calculated to estimate the actual lifetime. Based on actually earned revenue during the field test and predicted service life for the each type of the batteries, total expected revenue per unit installation capacity is estimated and compared with investment cost per capacity to perform the economics of the tested battery systems for consumer load. This analysis found that the profitability cannot be assured under the considered time-of-use pricing alone but can be expected when adequate incentive is provided. It is also revealed that the batteries in real use conditions lose their capacity considerably quicker than suggested by manufacturers. Therefore, it is recommended to consider actual fading pattern of the battery for accurate economic evaluation at the design stage and to reflect the battery degrading cost into the charge-discharge scheduling model to optimize operating revenue.
Spherical Li[Ni0.4Co0.2Mn(0.4−x)Mg x ]O2−y F y (x =0, 0.04, y =0, 0.08) with phase-pure and well-ordered layered structure have been synthesized by heat-treatment of spherical [Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4−x Mg x ]3O4 precursors with LiOH·H2O and LiF salts. The average particle size of the powders was about 10–15μm and the size distribution was quite narrow due to the homogeneity of the metal carbonate, [Ni0.4Co0.2Mn(0.4−x)Mg x ]CO3 (x =0, 0.04) precursors. Although the Li[Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.36Mg0.04]O1.92F0.08 delivered somewhat slightly lower initial discharge capacity, however, the capacity retention, interfacial resistance, and thermal stability were greatly enhanced comparing to the Li[Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4]O2 and Li[Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.36Mg0.04]O2.
We studied the relationship between the structure of aromatic compounds and the overcharge protection effect, using cyclohexylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, and toluene as the overcharge protection agents. Cyclohexylbenzene proved to be the most effective overcharge protection agent among these aromatic compounds. The effect is enhanced using a higher concentration of cyclohexylbenzene and elevated temperatures. The reaction product of cyclohexylbenzene was analyzed using field desorption mass spectrometry to elucidate its reaction mechanism. The results suggested that some of the overcharge reaction products of CHB were more reactive than that of IPB, which is consistent with the better suppressing effect on overcharging of the active material in the positive electrode.
Porous ZnO nanosheets are grown directly on copper substrates by a chemical bath deposition technique followed by a heat treatment. The materials are characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Their electrochemical properties as anodes of lithium ion batteries are examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic discharge–charge tests. The results show that porous ZnO nanosheets exhibit higher reversible capacities and better cyclabilities than those of commercial ZnO powders. When cycled at 0.05Ag−1, these nanosheets deliver initial discharge and charge capacities of 1120 and 750mAhg−1, and at 0.5Ag−1, they keeps stable capacities of 400mAhg−1 up to 100 cycles, in addition, they also exhibit good rate capabilities. It is believed that the porous sheet nanostructure plays an important role in the electrochemical performance.
Sn nanopillar arrays embedded between graphene sheets were assembled using a conventional film deposition and annealing process. The as-formed three-dimensional (3D) multilayered nanostructure was directly used as an anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries without adding any polymer binder and carbon black. Electrochemical measurements showed very high reversible capacity and excellent cycling performance at a current density as high as 5 A g−1. These results demonstrated that nanocomposite materials with highly functional 1D and 2D components can be synthesized by employing conventional top-down manufacturing methods and self-assembly principles.
A novel 2D carbon allotrope-Graphtetrayne (GTY), features four acetylene linkages between the pairs of benzene rings to form 30-C hexagons was synthesized by a facile synthesized route of Sonagashira cross-coupling reaction of hexaethynylbenzene and diiodobutadiyne. This all-carbon material shows a distinct structural feature, rich triple bonds and super large cavities structures, which not only has high chemical activity, but also show the high stability. GTY displays excellent semiconductor property of conductivity of 3 × 10–4 S/m at room temperature. GTY films were controlled grown on surface of copper with large areas and controlled thickness, as an efficient Li storage material for the fabrication of high-performance Li-ion batteries. The measured maximum Li storage capacity of GTY reached as high as 947mAh/g, this is due to high chemical activity and super large porous for high efficient ion transport.