batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Vitamin D is a neuroactive seco-steroid and its importance to the nervous system is receiving increasing recognition. Since numerous data link vitamin D dysfunctions to various neurological and behavioural disorders, we studied whether genetic ablation of vitamin D receptors (VDR) may be associated with motor impairments in mice subjected to several behavioural tests. The data obtained in the vertical screen and swim tests show that VDR genetic ablation produces severe motor impairment (shorter screen retention and poor swimming) in mutant mice compared to wild-type and heterozygous control animals. These impairments appear to be unrelated to visual, vestibular and activity/emotionality parameters of mice, and are likely associated with disturbed calcium homeostasis. This study confirms the important role of the vitamin D system in motor functions and suggests that animal genetic models targeting the vitamin D/VDR system may be a useful tool to study vitamin D-related motor/behavioural disorders.
Objective: This study examined the plasticity of the central auditory pathway and accompanying cognitive changes in children with learning problems. Methods: Children diagnosed with a learning disability and/or attention deficit disorder worked with commercial auditory processing training software for 8 weeks; control groups consisted of normal-learning and learning-impaired children who did not participate in any remedial programs. Auditory brainstem function was evaluated in response to click and speech stimuli in quiet; cortical responses to speech stimuli were obtained in quiet and noise. Academic achievement and cognitive abilities were assessed with standardized measures. Results: Compared to controls, the trained group improved on measures of auditory processing and exhibited changes in cortical responses in quiet and in noise. In quiet, cortical responses reflected an accelerated maturational pattern; in background noise, cortical responses became more resistant to degradation. Brainstem responses did not change with training. Conclusions: Children with learning problems who practiced with auditory training software exhibited plasticity of neural encoding of speech sounds at the cortical, but not subcortical, level of the auditory pathway. This plasticity was accompanied by improvement in behavioral performance. Significance: This study demonstrates that in learning-impaired children working with commercial auditory processing training programs affects both the perception and the cortical representation of sound.
Vanadium oxide nanotubes were obtained as the main product in a sol–gel reaction followed by hydrothermal treatment from V2O5 precursors and octadecylamine. The tubes consist of concentric shells of highly crystalline vanadium oxide separated by alternation organic amine layers. The vanadium oxide nanotubes are redox-active and can electrochemically insert magnesium reversibly. The electrochemical insertion magnesium properties of vanadium oxide nanotubes were studied by electrochemical impedance (EIS) and cyclic voltammogram.
The combination of emulsion drip combustion at 600 °C and wet ball-milling followed by heat treatment at 500 °C in a N2 + 3% H2 atmosphere was performed for the preparation of LiCoPO4/C nanocomposites. The obtained material consisted of agglomerates of LiCoPO4 primary particles with a geometric mean diameter of 70 nm, which were covered by a thick layer of amorphous carbon. A cell containing the LiCoPO4/C nanocomposites exhibited a discharge capacity of 134 mAh g−1 at a charge-discharge rate of 0.1 C. However, the discharge profile of the LiCoPO4/C nanocomposites had a long tail, which may be due to the limited lithium ion diffusion caused by the thick carbon layer that formed on the LiCoPO4 primary particles. The LiCoPO4/C nanocomposites prepared from a mixture of kerosene and heptane with equal volumes consisted of agglomerates of the primary particles with a geometric mean diameter of 97 nm, which were covered by a thin layer of amorphous carbon with a thickness on the order of 10 nm. Furthermore, they delivered a high energy density of 595 Wh kg−1 at a charge–discharge rate of 0.1 C and exhibited reasonable cyclability, retaining 87% of the initial energy density after 25 cycles.
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a common condition in children affecting motor coordination. This impacts on academic performance, and activities of daily living. Literature surrounding interventions for DCD has focused mostly on physical and occupational therapies. However, it is known that children with DCD present to podiatrists as these children often also have abnormalities in lower limb functioning associated with the condition. This study aimed to determine current knowledge of Australian podiatrists regarding presentation, assessment, and management of children with developmental coordination disorder.
Carbon materials obtained from biomass are on the route to become the anode material for Na Ion Batteries; however, the large irreversible capacity limits their application, while the high synthesis temperature might have a great impact on the process sustainability. In this work, carbon materials derived from Grapefruit peels are proposed as sustainable anode materials for energy storage in Na-Ion batteries. The low temperature carbonization produces highly porous carbon presenting high irreversible capacity for Na intercalation. In order to increase the reversible capacity, a surface functionalization process with Melamine, Urea and Citric acid is proposed. The functionalization processes modify the disorder within the material and add functional groups on the surface leading to the attainment of higher reversible capacity; particularly the Urea functionalized sample possess a much higher reversible capacity and capacity retention at higher C-rates due to a less reactive surface and enhanced Na diffusivity. Thus, the functionalization has an important effect on the transport of sodium inside the pores but also on the increase of the disordered nature which permits stable sodium intercalation capacity, around 180 mA h g−1 after 60 charge/discharge cycles at several C-rates, which is a drastic improvement of the properties of unfunctionalized materials obtained at low carbonization temperature. This strategy fully exploited can lead to new avenues for the reutilization of biomass waste into energy storage applications.
Although IgG oligoclonal bands (OCBs) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are a frequent phenomenon in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, their relationship with grey matter lesions, intrathecal/meningeal inflammation and clinical evolution has not been clarified yet.
The physicochemical properties of the metal-ion battery anodes display a key role in the full behavior and electrochemical performance of energy storage devices. Novel ion battery anode materials (NIBAMs) are attracting a growing attention due to the capacity limitation of the classic graphite anodes, which provide low specific- and rate-capacity, and safety issues. Nevertheless, the electrochemical performance of NIBAMs such as the capacity, cyclability, rate capability, voltage profiles, and safety are strongly dependent on the structural and morphological evolution, phase transformation, ion diffusion, and electrode/electrolyte interface reconstruction during charge–discharge cycling and storage. In-depth understanding of the electrochemical process of NIBAMs is essential for optimizing their preparation and application conditions, and exploring NIBAMs. Traditional electroanalytical methods, such as charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are utilized to research the capacity, resistance, rate capability and cyclability of NIBAMs. Recently, rapid progress and development in hyphenated techniques by coupling with X-ray, electron, scanning probe, optics, neutron, and magnetic techniques have provided extensive insights into the nature of structural evolution and morphological changes of NIBAMs, and electrode/electrolyte interface. In this review, a comprehensive overview of both classical electroanalytical methods and advanced electroanalytical hyphenated techniques for studying the NIBAMs is provided.
The development of efficient, low-cost and stable electrocatalysts as the alternative to platinum for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is of significance for many important electrochemical devices, such as fuel cells and metal–air batteries. Herein we discuss the design and synthesis of a MnxOy/N-C hybrid catalyst that can address both the activity and durability issues caused by the high productivity of peroxide (H2O2) in nitrogen-doped carbon (N-C). The high activity and stability of the MnxOy/N-C-3 catalyst is ascribed to its novel hybrid structure, in which MnxOy is a good catalyst for decomposition of peroxide, while N-C not only catalyses the ORR but also prevents MnxOy agglomeration. RRDE study indicates a typical 4-electron ORR pathway with very low peroxide production (∼1.9%) and considerable stability. In light of the low cost and high earth abundance of Mn, the highly active MnxOy/N-C is a promising candidate to be used as a cathode material in metal–air batteries and alkaline fuel cells.
This paper formulates the reliable routing of electric vehicles in stochastic networks as a multicriteria shortest path problem with travel time and charging cost components. The reliability term is defined as the probability of finishing the trip without running out of charge. The arc travel times are represented as stochastic variables, and arc energy consumption is modeled as a linear function of arc length and arc travel time. The traveler aims to minimize the generalized cost, formulated as a linear function of travel time and charging cost, subject to a minimum reliability threshold, representing the level of risk a traveler is willing to take in favor of routes with lower cost. We propose a solution algorithm based on generalized dynamic programming and show that the optimal solution may include cycles that visit at least one charging station. The properties of the proposed multicriteria shortest path problem are mathematically proved. The simulation results on randomly-generated networks show that cyclic paths are very rare, and that the generalized cost of travel is a monotone increasing function of minimum reliability threshold.
Construction of the Palma de Mallorca Cathedral dates to the beginning of the XIVth century. This cathedral represents an excellent example of the gothic style in Spain despite several modifications due to structural problems. Because of the observed inner structural deformations, special attention was focused on determining the role of the flying buttress by measuring the acting stresses in one of them. The in situ stresses have been experimentally determined using the Hole Drilling technique. This technique allows for the determination of the principal stresses and their directions in the stone masonry. This study presents the applicability of the Hole Drilling technique on flying buttresses as structural elements. In this sense, the paper is a very specific and original case study of rock assemblies.
Spinel LiMn2O4 powders have been successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method directly, which is no any pretreatment and following treatment in the process. The structure and morphology of the powders were studied in detail by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The data reveal that the products have well-defined stable spinel structure, and the particles show distinctive crystal faces with 50–300nm in particle sizes. The electrochemical characteristics of the spinel materials are measured in the coin-type cells in a potential range of 3.2–4.35V versus Li/Li+. The as-synthesized LiMn2O4 delivers reversible capacity of about 121mAhg−1 at a current density of 1/10C. Cycled the cell to 40 cycles, the capacity remains at about 111mAhg−1 at 1/2C.
Low-temperature-sintered MnCo2O4–MnO2 coatings have been prepared on pre-oxidized SUS430 ferritic alloy by slurry coating. The effect of pre-oxidation treatment before slurry coating is then investigated. Microstructural and electrical characterizations show that 25 h of pre-oxidation at 800 °C could significantly improve the oxidation resistance of the coated alloy and effectively inhibit the increase in area-specific electrical resistance during long-term oxidation. These effects can be explained by the interfacial reactions between the coating and the pre-oxidized alloy during sintering and oxidation tests. Furthermore, this study suggests that the dense reaction layer at the coating-alloy interface could be the key to improving the oxidation resistance of metallic interconnects with low-temperature-sintered spinel coatings.
Here we report on a novel substrate, nanopaper, made of cellulose nanofibrils, an earth abundant material. Compared with regular paper substrates, nanopaper shows superior optical properties. We have carried out the first study on the optical properties of nanopaper substrates. Since the size of the nanofibrils is much less than the wavelength of visible light, nanopaper is highly transparent with large light scattering in the forward direction. Successful depositions of transparent and conductive materials including tin-doped indium oxide, carbon nanotubes and silver nanowires have been achieved on nanopaper substrates, opening up a wide range of applications in optoelectronics such as displays, touch screens and interactive paper. We have also successfully demonstrated an organic solar cell on the novel substrate.
A commercial elastomer, Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (HNBR), is used as a binder for Li-ion battery positive and negative electrodes. As the polymer as never been used before as a binder, the aim of this study is to investigate the chemical stability of HNBR with regard to the electrolyte, to show its electrochemical stability, and to demonstrate the application of these elastomers in Li-ion battery electrodes. To ensure insolubility in the electrolyte, HNBR is previously crosslinked and tensile tests are used on these films to evaluate their mechanical properties. The electrochemical stability of this polymer is analysed and validated by cyclic voltammetry. Power and cycling performances of crosslinked HNBR-based electrodes are compared to conventional ones using poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF). It is found that crosslinked HNBR is electrochemically stable in the potential windows studied, i.e. 1–2.2 V and 2.2–4.2 V. When used in positive and negative electrodes, crosslinked HNBR full-cell retains a capacity of 128 mAh.g−1 after 200 cycles, compared to 117 mAh.g−1 for conventional PVdF cells. This makes HNBR a good candidate as a binder for Li-ion batteries.
Due to the relatively slow, diffusion-controlled faradaic reaction mechanisms of conventional LiFePO4 (LFP) materials, which is hard to deliver satisfied capacity for high rate applications. In this work, ultrafine LFP quantum dots (LFP-QDs) co-modified by two types of carbonaceous materials - amorphous carbon and graphitized conductive carbon (graphene) have been successfully synthesized through a novel microreactor strategy. Because of the very limited area constructed by the dual-carbon microreactor for the growth of LFP crystal, it's demension was furthest suppressed to a very small level (~ 6.5nm). Such a designed nano-composite possesses a large specific surface area for charge adsorption and abundant active sites for faradaic reactions, as well as ideal kinetic features for both electron and ion transport, and thus exhibits ultra-fast, surface-reaction-controlled lithium storage behavior, mimicking the pseudocapacitive mechanisms for supercapacitor materials, in terms of extraordinary rate capability (78mAhg−1 at 200C) and remarkable cycling stability (~ 99% over 1000 cycles at 20C). On the other side, due to the quasi-2D structure of the synthesized LFP-QDs composite, which can be used as the basic unit to further fabricate free-standing film, aerogel and fiber electrode without the addition of binder and conductive agent for different practical applications. In addition, to deeper understand its electrochemical behavior, a combined experimental and density functional theoretical (DFT) calculation study is also introduced.
The characteristic features of the electrochemical behaviour of the treated hydrogen-storage alloy TiMn1.6Ni0.4 in an etching solution containing hydrogen fluoride and untreated alloy in alkaline media are investigated. Alloy characteristics such as discharge capacity, high-rate dischargebility and cycle-life are examined. The exchange current density, polarisation resistance and diffusion coefficients are also determined as functions of state-of-charge of the electrodes. The diffusion coefficient is found to be of the same order for the treated and the untreated alloy.
The combination of electric vehicles and renewable energy is taking shape as a potential driver for a future free of fossil fuels. However, the efficient management of the electric vehicle fleet is not exempt from challenges. It calls for the involvement of all actors directly or indirectly related to the energy and transportation sectors, ranging from governments, automakers and transmission system operators, to the ultimate beneficiary of the change: the end-user. An electric vehicle is primarily to be used to satisfy driving needs, and accordingly charging policies must be designed primarily for this purpose. The charging models presented in the technical literature, however, overlook the stochastic nature of driving patterns. Here we introduce an efficient stochastic dynamic programming model to optimally charge an electric vehicle while accounting for the uncertainty inherent to its use. With this aim in mind, driving patterns are described by an inhomogeneous Markov model that is fitted using data collected from the utilization of an electric vehicle. We show that the randomness intrinsic to driving needs has a substantial impact on the charging strategy to be implemented.
Efficient, cost-effective and stable catalysts for cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are highly desirable for both chemical and microbial fuel cells. Nano-materials with three-dimensional (3D) porous materials are gaining popularity recently, because of their large surface areas and numerous active sites. In this work, we prepare a unique self-supporting Pd–Cu bimetallic catalyst with 3D porous structure using a facile double-template fabrication process and evaluate its performance as an ORR catalyst. This catalyst is found to possess an electrochemically active surface area of 80.2m2/gPd, a peak current of 17.4mA/cm2 and an unusual limiting current density of 12mA/cm2. Meanwhile, the fabricated bimetallic catalyst displays a better long-term stability than the state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst. This work provides useful information on the facile preparation of cost-effective cathodic catalysts for chemical or microbial fuel cells in a controllable way.
We demonstrated a novel and convenient synthesis of amino-Ti3C2/polyaniline (N-Ti3C2/PANI) composites as high-performance supercapacitors electrode by chemical bonding between organ-like N-Ti3C2 and PANI chains, which were successfully deposited on FTO-glass substrates by a facile two-steps electrochemical reactions. Owing to effective chemical bonds between PANI chains and N-Ti3C2 layers, and well-defined Ti3C2 layers profiting from organ-like structures, it could afford the rapid pathways for charge/ion transfer and prevent the restacking of Ti3C2 layers. Herein, the effects of the electrochemical time of aniline, morphology, structure and electrochemical properties of organ-like N-Ti3C2/PANI composites were explored. Experimental results show that N-Ti3C2 can act as active sites to combine with the amine nitrogens of PANI chains and promote the growth of aniline monomers on the interlamination and surface of Ti3C2 layers. PANI possesses the good pseudocapacitance behavior which can enhance surface area and interlaminar spacing of the Ti3C2 Mxenes. The N-Ti3C2/PANI composites achieve the maximum area capacitance as high as 228 mF cm−2 at a scan rate of 5mVs−1, and almost 85% capacitance retention is obtained after 1000 charging/discharging cycles. Moreover, the facile synthesis of organ-like N-Ti3C2/PANI composite can provide a convenient and green strategy to prepare promising electrode materials for supercapacitors.
Supercapacitors receive numerous attentions for their high charging/discharging rate and robust cycle life, while vanadium nitride with a wide work potential window and comparable specific capacitance promotes the rapid development of negative materials for supercapacitors. In this paper, we report an in-situ preparation for nanohybrid material of carbon nanosphere@vanadium nitride (CNS@VN) derived from metal-organic framework assembled by chitosan, NH4VO3 and F127. The biomass of chitosan is used as carbon source, amphiphilic block copolymer of F127 is used as guiding agent, and the vanadium-based compound of NH4VO3 is used as precursor. The prepared CNS@VN showed an outstanding specific capacitance as high as 300.4 F/g and the estimated one for VN can reach 1241.3 F/g. Furthermore, a hybrid supercapacitor device of CNS@VN||Co3O4 is assembled by using CNS@VN and Co3O4 as the negative and positive electrode materials. The device exhibits an excellent energy density of 18.8 Wh/Kg at the power density of 800 W/kg and a prior cycle stability of 77.3% retention. This kind of hybrid material with advanced structure architecture and good electrochemical performance may open up a new design thought for negative electrode materials of supercapacitors.
Ultra-stable pseudocapacitive electrodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are increasing in demand as highly sustainable energy storage system with excellent charge transport is important. The establishment of facile, controllable, and scalable synthesis of pseudocapacitive electrode materials is an attractive solution to realize such objectives. Here, we have successfully fabricated mesoporous orthorhombic Nb2O5 nanofibers (m-T-Nb2O5 NFs) by simple single-spinneret electrospinning followed by calcination at 600 °C. As-formed m-T-Nb2O5 NFs exhibit high surface area (23.7 m2 g−1) and a number of mesopores in the vacant sites where organic polymer was once decomposed. Such rationally designed m-T-Nb2O5-NFs allow facile Li ion and electron transport, with pseudocapacitive behavior. Arising from the high surface area coupled with mesopores in-between the Nb2O5 nanograins, it exhibits ultra-long cycle retention (a capacity of ∼160 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1 after 2000 cycles and ∼88 mAh g−1 at 3000 mA g−1 after 5000 cycles) and higher rate capability (∼70 mAh g−1 at 5000 mA g−1). Such cycle retention characteristics of m-T-Nb2O5-NFs are at least 100-fold slower capacity decay compared with previously reported one-dimensional (1D) Nb2O5 nanostructures and even superior or comparable to recently reported Nb2O5-graphene composite materials.
Polyaniline (PANI)–molybdenum trisulfide (MoS3) electrode, prepared by a multi-step procedure, and polyaniline electrode were characterized in non-aqueous electrolyte (0.5 M LiClO4/acetonitrile) by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). The voltammetric charge decreased slightly (20%) upon incorporation of MoS3 in the PANI film electrode. The normalized low frequency capacitance defined as the low frequency capacitance/voltammetric charge ratio is identical for both PANI and PANI–MoS3 electrodes suggesting that MoS3 does not contribute to the capacitance measured. The EQCM data is consistent with mixed transport of anions and cations. Upon oxidation in 0.5 M LiClO4/acetonitrile, a mass change of 43 g/mol is observed for PANI–MoS3 and this suggests that solvent is also involved in addition to ClO4 − ingress and Li+ expulsion.