batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A kind of graphene nanosheets (GNSs) supported hollow composite of Pt and CoSn(OH)6 electro-catalyst (H-Pt&CoSn(OH)6/GNSs) is prepared using cobalt metal nanoparticles as sacrificial templates. Transmission electron microscope measurements show that GNSs supported H-Pt&CoSn(OH)6 nanospheres are coreless with a uniform particle size of 11nm. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the H-Pt&CoSn(OH)6/GNSs electro-catalyst exhibits enhanced electro-catalytic performance for methanol oxidation compared with solid Pt&CoSn(OH)6/GNSs, and Pt/GNSs catalysts.
The electrochemical performances of layered niobium oxide materials were investigated for the first time as novel anode active materials for the sodium-ion battery. The layered niobate with the formula KNb3O8 was synthesized by a solid-state reaction and has been evaluated as an anode electrode by a cyclic voltammetry technique and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. The crystal structure of KNb3O8 contains the NbO6 octahedral units and potassium alkali-metal ions interlayer to form the layered structure. KNb3O8 has a redox reaction around 1 V vs. Na/Na+ and has a reversible capacity of 104 mAh/g corresponding to the 1.7 Na+ insertion/extraction in the KNb3O8 structure. The Nb K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) shows that the Nb oxidation state is converted from Nb5+ to Nb4+ during the Na+ insertion stage, and reversibly recovered to Nb5+ during the Na+ extraction stage. This is the first report that the layered niobate of KNb3O8 reversibly reacts with Na+ at the potential around 1 V vs. Na/Na+ via the Nb5+/4+ redox reaction.
Unmanned aerial vehicles are an emerging technology that can provide a superior option in obtaining remote data with less time, lower cost as well as higher safety compared to piloted aerial vehicles. Although promising, the performance of propulsion systems in unmanned aerial vehicles still needs to be significantly improved to meet the requirement for executing increasingly difficult missions. Due to the higher efficiency and better reliability comparing to conventional combustion engines, electrical systems with no greenhouse gas emission and low noise and vibration attract much more attention. Among them, fuel cells, as an advanced power generation technology, are regarded as alternative power sources in electrical systems because they offer higher energy density to extend the duration of flight. For the same energy capacity, the weight of fuel cells is 3.5 times lower than that of lithium-ion batteries, resulting in much preferable specific energy. This review article provides a general description of the working principle of fuel cells and the category of unmanned aerial vehicles, introduces two types of propulsion systems that involve fuel cells, i.e., pure fuel cell system and hybrid system, describes the design methods and simulation cases, as well as summarizes the practical flight tests.
Mesoporous TiO2 with well-distributed RuO2 catalysts is considered in this paper as a carbon-free cathode material replacement. Benefiting from the highly-porous TiO2 support structure and high catalytic activity of RuO2, the Li–O2 cells with composite RuO2/mesoporous TiO2 cathodes show low charge potentials with a high cell capacity. The stability of the TiO2 materials was verified by investigating stable cell performance as well as through structural and chemical characterization via X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This study demonstrates the possibility of achieving high energy at the cell level, free of carbon instability.
Autism is a complex neurobiological disorder that is part of a group of disorders known as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Today, one in 150 individuals is diagnosed with autism. Lack of social interaction and problems with communication are the main characteristics displayed by children with ASD. The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is a communication system where children exchange visual symbols as a form of communication. The visual symbols are laminated pictures stored in a binder. We have designed, developed and are currently testing a software application, called PixTalk which works on any Windows Mobile Smart-phone. Teachers and caregivers can access a web site and select from an online library the images to be downloaded on to the Smart-phone. Children can browse and select images to express their intentions, desires, and emotions using PixTalk. Case study results indicate that PixTalk can be used as part of ongoing therapy.
The influence of annealed treatment on the microstructure and the cyclic stability for La–Mg–Ni alloys are systematically investigated by FESEM-EDX, XRD, PCT and electrochemical measurements. It is demonstrated that Ni and La are almost evenly dispersed, but Mg is nonuniform distribution in these alloys. Rietveld analysis results illustrate that the alloys mainly consist of LaNi5, Pr5Co19-type, Ce2Ni7-type and PuNi3-type phases. The mass fraction of each phase in these alloys varies after annealed. The 3d annealed alloy shows the better hydriding/dehydridng capacity and electrochemical cyclic stability. As annealed time is continually prolonged, the hydrogen storage capacity slightly increases, but the electrochemical discharge capacity decreases. Estimating from the pressure-composition isotheral curves, it is considered that the hydriding of these alloys is governed by two processes: the initial process can be expressed by the hydriding of the phases with stacking of [LaMgNi4] and [LaNi5] slabs and the second is controlled by LaNi5 phase.
Publisher Summary This chapter lists the topics described in the book “International Review of Research in Mental Retardation,” such as agenesis of corpus callosum, autonomy seeking, avoidant coping, Denver developmental screening test, and others.
GL2011 is a naturally occurring thiol compound and a series of thiol compounds have been
proposed as radioprotectors. Radioprotective efficacy of a triple intraperitoneal dose of GL2011 of 100 mg/kg body weight of Wistar rats, 30 min prior to and 3 and 6 h following irradiation (6.7 Gy) was evaluated. Four groups of animals were used, vehicle-treated non-irradiated (VN), GL2011-treated and irradiated (GI), GL2011-treated and non-irradiated (GN) and vehicle-treated and irradiated (VI) (n = 30 per group). The radioprotective efficacy of GL2011 was determined by measuring 28-day survival and intestinal crypt cell survival. Neuroprotection in terms of behaviour was evaluated using the behavioural observational battery, open field test and elevated plus maze paradigm. An RNA microarray was carried out in order to show differences at the RNA level between VI and VN groups. Brain protein changes were identified using a gel-based proteomics method and major brain receptor complex levels were determined by blue-native gels followed by immunoblotting. 28-Day survival rate in VI was 30 %, in GI survival was 93 %, survival of VN and GN was 100 %. Jejunal crypt cell survival was significantly enhanced in GI. Protein-level changes of peroxiredoxin-5, Mn-superoxide dismutase 2, voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1, septin 5 and dopamine D2 receptor complex levels were paralleling radiation damage and protection. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that GL2011 improves survival rates and jejunal crypt survival, provides partial neuroprotection at the behavioural level and modulates proteins known to be involved in protection against oxidative stress-mediated cell damage.
LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM) cathode material can be charged to different potentials. When using the standard salt LiPF6, elevated cut-off potentials during charge lead to increased capacity and energy density during discharge, but reduce the cycle life dramatically. Metal dissolution is promoted by acids, like HF, derived from deterioration of the electrolyte salt. To exclude the influence of HF, as alternative to LiPF6, the less hydrolysis sensitive LiBF4 and the fluorine-free conducting salt LiClO4 were investigated. To determine the metal dissolution behavior, NCM electrodes were stored in 1M EC/DMC (1/1, by wt.) electrolyte containing different salts for 28 days at different states of charge. The measurement of the metal ion content in the electrolyte was carried out by the inductively coupled plasma/optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) technique. Constant current cycling experiments were performed with different charge cut-off potentials. In contrast to LiPF6, LiBF4 showed suppressed metal dissolution and superior cycling performance with low capacity fading even at high cut-off potentials (4.6V vs. Li/Li+). At lower cut-off potentials, metal dissolution, as well as capacity fading, is rather low for LiClO4 but escalates at potentials above 4.4V vs. Li/Li+.
The electrochemical behaviour of Sn electrodes in lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB)-based electrolyte Li-ion cells is studied by using a carbon-free electrodeposited Sn electrode and a nano-structured Sn–C composite electrode. Cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic cycling tests, and potentiostatic impedance spectroscopy demonstrate that the presence of carbon promotes the decomposition of the LiBOB-based electrolyte starting at a voltage value of around 1.75V vs. Li/Li+. The LiBOB electrolyte decomposition is probably associated with the formation of a high electrode–electrolyte interphase impedance which limits the rate capability. A reduction of the overall impedance and an increase of the electrode rate capability can be achieved by using a pre-treated (pre-lithiated) Sn–C electrode. It is shown that the pre-treatment also reduces the irreversible capacity of the Sn–C electrode and allows to successfully assemble full Li-ion cells.
State of health (SOH) of batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles can be observed using some battery parameters. Based on a resistance–capacitance circuit model of the battery and data obtained from abundant experiments, it was observed that the diffusion capacitance shows great correlation with SOH of a lithium-ion battery. However, accurate measurement of this diffusion capacitance in real time in an electric or hybrid electric vehicle is not practical. In this paper, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is employed to estimate the battery model parameters including the diffusion capacitance in real time using measurement of current and voltage of the battery. The battery SOH can then be determined using the identified diffusion capacitance. Temperature influence is also considered to improve the robustness and precision of SOH estimation results. Experimental results on various batteries further verified the proposed method.
Interpenetrating polymer networks including polyethylene oxide, polybutadiene and poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) were studied by cyclic voltammetry, potential steps and current steps in LiClO4 propylene carbonate solutions. The chronoamperometric results show a current maximum after reduction at high cathodic potentials. At the maximum the oxidation occurs under chemical kinetic control the current being a function, described by the reaction kinetics, of the electrolyte concentration and working temperature. Despite the good results, the involved charge is not constant when the variables are changed, as required for sensing conditions. Chronopotentiometric results allow a perfect control of this charge and the electrode potential or the consumed electrical energy sense, at any time of the reaction, the electrolyte concentration.
As a promising energy-storage device, the hybrid lithium-ion capacitor coupling with both a large energy density battery-type anode and a high power density capacitor-type cathode is attracting great attention. For the sake of improving the energy density of hybrid lithium-ion capacitor, the free-standing anodes with good electrochemical performance are essential. Herein, we design an effective electrospinning strategy to prepare free-standing MnS/Co4S3/Ni3S2/Ni/C-nanofibers (TMSs/Ni/C-NFs) film and firstly use it as a binder-free anode for hybrid lithium-ion capacitor. We find that the carbon nanofibers can availably prevent MnS/Co4S3/Ni3S2/Ni nanoparticles from aggregation as well as significantly improve the electrochemical performance. Therefore, the binder-free TMSs/Ni/C-NFs membrane displays an ultra-high reversible capacity of 1246.9 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, excellent rate capability (398 mAh g−1 at 2000 mA g−1), and long-term cyclic endurance. Besides, we further assemble the hybrid lithium-ion capacitor, which exhibits a high energy density of 182.0 Wh kg−1 at 121.1 W kg−1 (19.0 Wh kg−1 at 3512.5 W kg−1) and remarkable cycle life.
Most electrochemical models fail to accurately simulate lithium-ion battery behaviors at high C-rates (generally above 2C) and thus limit lithium-ion battery usage in many of today's applications, including electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. To address this issue, the non-uniform concentration distribution effects that occur within the electrodes at higher C-rates must be included in the electrochemical model. The essential modifications to the model must incorporate solid-phase diffusion, liquid-phase diffusion, and reaction polarization. This paper develops an electrochemical model that considers high C-rate performance and assesses the model's performance for LiCoO2 batteries with charge/discharge rates up to 4C, and LiFePO4 batteries up to 5C.
Previous diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies confirmed the vulnerability of frontal callosal fibers to normal aging. The present study extended this examination systematically to other prefrontal white matter regions. Structural magnetic resonance imaging and DTI datasets were acquired from 69 healthy subjects aged 22–84 years. The prefrontal white matter was parcellated into several anatomical sub-regions: medial and lateral orbitofrontal white matter, dorsolateral prefrontal white matter, and medial prefrontal white matter, using reliable DTI-tractography protocols. Tract-specific characteristics were calculated using Matlab. Regression models were used to determine the relationship between age and structural integrity of white matter tracts. The results of our study demonstrate regional age-related changes in the prefrontal white matter tracts of the human brain. This study was cross-sectional and therefore additional longitudinal studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Graphene-based materials have shown great potential in various fields across physics, chemistry, biology, and electronics, due to their unique electronic properties, facile synthesis, and ease of functionalization. In this review, we summarize the significant advances in tailored graphene systems for the recently developed unconventional energy conversion and storage devices reported by our group and others, namely focused on their tunable and controllable preparation and remarkable applications in new types of supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries, photovoltaic cells, and other emerging generators. This featured article also highlights the working principles and outlines the problems hindering the practical applications of graphene-based materials in these energy-related devices. Future research trends towards new methodologies in the design and synthesis of graphene-based systems with unique properties for emerging energy storage and energy conversion devices are also proposed.
In this study, the fabrication and characterization of the thin layer of SnSe self-assembled were investigated by control of the preparation parameters. SnSe binary nanoparticles semiconductor were prepared using chemical solution deposition technique. The deposition time and temperature and the solution concentration that govern the evolution of the configuration films and optical band gap in chemical deposition processes was explored. We benefited from Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry with 2 MeV 4He ions to determine the depth profile of the elements in tin selenide. UV–visible spectroscopy was used for energy band gap determination. Also, the nanostructured and the morphologies of the thin films were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. We were able to achieve a broad optical band gap ranging from 5.82 to 3.06 eV of SnSe thin films appropriate for solar cell and photovoltaic applications.
Ni-rich layered oxides (LiNi1-xMxO2, M = Co, Mn, Al, etc., x < 0.5) are demonstrated as practical cathode materials for high-energy and high-power lithium ion batteries. However, various synthetic factors affect the degree of the structural ordering of layered LiNi1-xMxO2 oxides and their electrochemical lithium storage performances. Herein, we intentionally evaluate the transition metal precursor effects on manipulating the structural ordering and associated electrochemical performances of the Ni-rich LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathode material. The transition metal precursor in a special phase of carbonate hydroxide hydrate, i.e., Ni0.8Co0.2(CO3)1-a(OH)2a·bH2O together with a tridimensional network structure is demonstrated as the desirable precursor as compared with different contrasts. The resulting LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathode material shows significantly enhanced ordered layered structure and reveals remarkable high-rate capability along with excellent cycling stability. The LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathodes can deliver 195, 148 and 128 mAh g−1 at 0.1, 1 and 5 C rates (1 C = 200 mA g−1) and retain 95% of the initial discharge capacity after 100 electrochemical cycles at 1 C and 72% after 500 cycles at 5 C, respectively. This work sheds lights on understanding transition metal precursor effects on the synthetic control and maximizing electrochemical performances of Ni-rich layered cathode materials for high-rate lithium ion batteries.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the simulation and laboratory activities, and combination of them as a teaching tool on the students’ attitudes towards computer. The quasi-experimental design was used. Control group I in which the real laboratory activities were used, to the control group II in which simulation activities were used and to the experimental group in which both simulation and laboratory activities were used together. Computer Attitude Test (CAT) was used as measurement tool. According the ANCOVA results, using computer simulations indicate a significant effect on students’ attitudes towards computer.
A strong asymmetric rate behavior between lithiation and delithiation has been observed in amorphous Si (a-Si) anode in the form of thin films, but not in other geometries, such as Si nanospheres. This work investigated the rate behavior of the two geometries through numerical simulations. The results reveal that the rate behavior is affected by the geometry and the constraint of the electrode, the chemo-mechanical coupling, and the prior process. A substrate-constrained film has a relatively low surface/volume ratio and a constant surface area. Its lithiation has a great tendency to be hindered by surface limitation. The chemo-mechanical coupling also plays an important role. The stress profiles differ in the two geometries but both affect the lithiation process more than the delithiation process. The overall delithiation capacity is affected very little by the chemo-mechanical coupling. In cyclic loading, the delithiation capacity is reduced at the same rate as the lithiation capacity because of the low initial state of charge in the electrode. The asymmetric rate behavior was absent under cyclic loading. On the other hand, a slow charging process resulted in a better retained delithiation capacity and an asymmetric rate behavior at higher rates.
In this work, the effect of ZnO precipitation on the electrochemical cycling stability of Zn–air batteries was systematically investigated. The results suggest that sustained electrical rechargeability can be achieved by simply appropriately choosing the amount of Zn metal anode, such that the amount of zincate ions released into the electrolyte upon full discharge of the anode is below the supersaturated solubility limit. For example, there was almost no capacity fading up to 50 cycles when the anode was designed such that the amount of zincate ions released into the electrolyte was a bit less than the chemical solubility limit of ZnO in KOH solution. Despite its limited energy density, the results presented in this study provide an important direction to the future work on electrically rechargeable Zn–air batteries.
A study has been carried out on trace elemental composition of atmospheric aerosols (PM10) over a 1-year period i.e. from October 2001 to September 2002 at a semi-arid urban site, Tirupati, southern peninsular India. The samples were collected on paliflex filters with a frequency once a week using Mini-Partisol air sampler equipped with PM10 inlet. Aerosol loaded filters were extracted by the hot extraction method and the elemental concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Detection limits were found to be in a sub-ppt range and the precision about <5% RSD with comparable levels of accuracy. ICP-MS results are in good agreement with the certified data (<20% RSD). Elemental composition of PM10 showed a higher contribution of Fe followed by Mn and the lowest contribution of Be. Multivariate receptor model results (PC matrix) demonstrated that the trace elemental components of atmospheric aerosol were largely contributed from crustal material and road dust (69.41%), followed by metallurgical and other industrial processes (11.76%) and fuel oil combustion (6.52%). Regression models suggested the significant impact of meteorological factors on elemental concentration, which ranged between 14% and 53.6%. ANOVA results showed a clear trend of atmospheric levels of elements with variation in climatological conditions.
For the assessment of genotoxic effects of cosmetic ingredients, a number of well-established and regulatory accepted in vitro assays are in place. A caveat to the use of these assays is their relatively low specificity and high rate of false or misleading positive results. Due to the 7th amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive ban on in vivo genotoxicity testing for cosmetics that was enacted March 2009, it is no longer possible to conduct follow-up in vivo genotoxicity tests for cosmetic ingredients positive in in vitro genotoxicity tests to further assess the relevance of the in vitro findings. COLIPA, the European Cosmetics Association, has initiated a research programme to improve existing and develop new in vitro methods. A COLIPA workshop was held in Brussels in April 2008 to analyse the best possible use of available methods and approaches to enable a sound assessment of the genotoxic hazard of cosmetic ingredients. Common approaches of cosmetic companies are described, with recommendations for evaluating in vitro genotoxins using non-animal approaches. A weight of evidence approach was employed to set up a decision-tree for the integration of alternative methods into tiered testing strategies.