batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A new lithium salt containing C5O5 2−, lithium bis[croconato]borate (LBCB), and its novel derivative, lithium [croconato salicylato]borate (LCSB) were synthesized and characterized. The thermal characteristics of them and lithium bis[salicylato(2-)]-borate (LBSB) were examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The thermal decomposition in Ar begins at 250, 328, and 350°C for LBCB, LCSB, and LBSB, respectively. The order of the stability toward oxidation of these organoborates is LBCB>LCSB>LBSB, which differs from the thermal stability. The cyclic voltammetry study shows that the LiBCB and LCSB solutions in PC are stable up to 5.5 and 4.8V versus Li+/Li, respectively. They are moderately soluble in common organic solvents, being 0.14, 0.16, and 1.4moldm−3 at 20°C in EC+DME (molar ratio 1:1) for LBCB, LCSB, and LBSB, respectively. Ionic dissociation properties of LBCB and its derivatives were examined by conductivity measurements in PC, PC+DME, EC+DME, PC+THF, EC+THF (molar ratio 1:1) solutions. The conductivity values of the 0.10moldm−3 LBCB electrolyte in PC, PC+DME, EC+DME, PC+THF, EC+THF solutions are higher than those of LCSB and LBSB electrolytes. It means that LBCB has the higher dissociation ability in those solutions.
Glassy and glassy-crystalline silver ion conductors of the AgI–Ag2O–P2O5 system have been studied by FTIR-PAS and Micro Raman spectroscopies in conjunction with X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found out that materials with lower (≤60mol%) AgI contents are fully amorphous, while those with higher contents of AgI (>70mol%) contain crystalline grains of β/γ-AgI embedded in the glassy matrix. Annealing of the glasses at 105°C and/or 145°C resulted in an increase in the formation of a yet unidentified crystalline phase dispersed in the glass. From the spectroscopic studies it was found that PO4 3− units existed as separated species in the glass network or precipitated crystalline phases regardless the thermal treatment of the material. Vibrations of PO4 3− units appeared to be affected by the total concentration of AgI and microstructure. The spectroscopic methods were also used to study crystallization process in the glassy samples.
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) derives health-based guidance values called minimal risk levels (MRLs) to assist with assessment of risks posed by exposures to hazardous chemicals. From the total of 326 MRLs currently posted on ATSDR’s web site (www.atsdr.cdc.gov), 14 and 5 MRLs are based on reproductive and endocrine endpoints, respectively. The paper also describes the ranking of effects into less serious and serious categories according to ATSDR’s Guidance for Developing Toxicological Profiles, endpoints used for the MRLs derivation, and the use of uncertainty factors.
Ge is considered a promising anode candidate for Li-ion batteries (LIBs); however, its practical applicability is hindered by the relatively slow Li-ion diffusion owing to the stiffness of the diamond-like structure. Inspired by little difference in electronegativity between Ge and P, we have designed a novel layered GeP anode for LIBs, which can be readily synthesized using a mechano-chemical method and a subsequent low-temperature annealing. In particular, GeP demonstrates the best performances among all Ge-based anode materials studied, attributed to its fast Li-ion diffusion compared to Ge counterpart and a unique Li-storage mechanism that involves intercalation, conversion, and alloying, as confirmed by XRD, TEM, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy. Specially, the initial layered crystal structure of GeP can be reconstructed during charging due to its low formation energy, thus offering remarkable reversibility during cycling. Further, this study implies that the formation energy of crystal structures could be an important parameter for strategic design of large-capacity anode materials for LIBs.
Li-rich layered oxide Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 is synthesized by combustion reaction using alcohol as both solvent and fuel. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show that the oxide synthesized at 800 °C exhibits perfect crystallinity and lattice ordering, and has particle sizes of 50–150 nm. The layered oxide delivers an initial discharge capacity of 290.1 mAh g−1 at a current density of 20 mA g−1 after activation, and exhibits improved rate capability with high discharge capacities of 238.6 and 165.0 mAh g−1 at current densities of 200 and 2000 mA g−1 in the voltage range of 2.0–4.8 V, respectively. Low Li-ion diffusion coefficient of 1.07 × 10−14−1.01 × 10−16 cm2 s−1 is calculated by galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) during the initial discharge process, indicating that the improved rate capability is mainly attributed to the small particle sizes of the Li-rich oxide.
Los marcapasos, para generar los impulsos eléctricos y alimentar sus circuitos, precisan de una fuente de energía, que en la actualidad es una pila de litio-yodo, de capacidad limitada aunque su carga sea tres veces mayor por unidad de volumen que la disponible en las baterías empleadas hace 30 años. A continuación se exponen aspectos técnicos básicos cuyo conocimiento es necesario para obtener un bajo consumo de energía y de este modo prolongar la vida útil de los generadores. La programación de la energía del impulso permite reducir el consumo, por lo que es fundamental obtener un óptimo umbral de estimulación, que en gran parte depende de la interfase electrodo-endocardio. También se revisan los automatismos de respuesta en frecuencia, detección y reducción de la estimulación ventricular innecesaria, así como la digitalización de las señales intracardiacas.
The effect of various alkaline metal ions on electrochemical behavior of lead electrode in sulfuric acid solution has been investigated. It was found that “the specific anodic oxidation peak” appears at the cathodic scan in cyclic voltammogram of lead electrode in sulfuric acid solution containing Li2SO4, K2SO4, Na2SO4, Rb2SO4, or Cs2SO4. The height of the specific anodic oxidation peak varies with the alkaline sulfate in the solution; K2SO4 >> Na2SO4 > Cs2SO4 > Rb2SO4 > Li2SO4. It should be note that alkaline ions exist in lead sulfate formed on lead electrode in sulfuric acid solution containing potassium sulfate when the electrode was immersed in the solution at the rest potential for more than 1 h.
The present paper compares the performance of an n/p-type polymer supercapacitor based on n- and p-doped poly(3-methylthiophene) (pMeT) and of a hybrid supercapacitor, based on p-doped pMeT as positive electrode and activated carbon as negative, with that of a double-layer activated carbon supercapacitor (DLCSs), which is representative of the current state of supercapacitor technology. The data on the n/p-type supercapacitor demonstrate that this device is not fully competitive with the DLCSs because of its lower discharge capacity, although all the charge is delivered at high potentials and this makes it suitable for high-voltage applications. The data on the hybrid supercapacitor demonstrate that this device outperforms DLCSs, delivering higher average and maximum specific powers and significantly higher specific energy in the potential region above 1.0V.
Objective Although the relationship between religious practice and health is well established, the relationship between spirituality and health is not as well studied. The objective of this study was to ascertain whether participation in the mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program was associated with increases in mindfulness and spirituality, and to examine the associations between mindfulness, spirituality, and medical and psychological symptoms. Methods Forty-four participants in the University of Massachusetts Medical School's MBSR program were assessed preprogram and postprogram on trait (Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale) and state (Toronto Mindfulness Scale) mindfulness, spirituality (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Spiritual Well-Being Scale), psychological distress, and reported medical symptoms. Participants also kept a log of daily home mindfulness practice. Mean changes in scores were computed, and relationships between changes in variables were examined using mixed-model linear regression. Results There were significant improvements in spirituality, state and trait mindfulness, psychological distress, and reported medical symptoms. Increases in both state and trait mindfulness were associated with increases in spirituality. Increases in trait mindfulness and spirituality were associated with decreases in psychological distress and reported medical symptoms. Changes in both trait and state mindfulness were independently associated with changes in spirituality, but only changes in trait mindfulness and spirituality were associated with reductions in psychological distress and reported medical symptoms. No association was found between outcomes and home mindfulness practice. Conclusions Participation in the MBSR program appears to be associated with improvements in trait and state mindfulness, psychological distress, and medical symptoms. Improvements in trait mindfulness and spirituality appear, in turn, to be associated with improvements in psychological and medical symptoms.
As substantial progress has been made in improving the performance of anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) over the last decade, the durability of AEMFCs has become the most critical requirement to deploy competitive energy conversion systems. Because of different operating environments from proton exchange membrane fuel cells, several AEMFC-specific component degradations have been identified as the limiting factors influencing the AEMFC durability. In this article, AEMFC durability protocol, the current status of AEMFC durability, and performance degradation mechanisms are reported based on the discussion during the US Department of Energy (DOE) Anion Exchange Membrane Workshop at Dallas, Texas, May 2019. With additional recent progress, we provide our perspectives on current technical challenges and future action to develop long-lasting AEMFCs.
The poor high-rate dischargeability of negative electrode materials (hydrogen storage alloys) has hindered applications of nickel metal hydride batteries in high-power fields, new-energy vehicles, power tools, military devices, etc. In this work, a new strategy is developed to improve the high-rate performance of hydrogen storage alloys by coating MoS2 nanosheets on alloy surfaces. The capacity retention rate of the composite electrode reaches 50.5% at a discharge current density of 3000 mA g−1, which is 2.7 times that of bare alloy (18.4%). The density functional theory simulations indicate that such an outstanding performance is derived from adjustments of ion concentrations at the electrode/electrolyte interface by MoS2 nanosheets: (1) the higher OH− concentration facilitates the electrochemical reaction of MHads + OH− − e− → M + H2O; and (2) the lower H+ concentration leads to a large gradient between the electrode/electrolyte interface and interior of alloys, which is beneficial for the diffusion of atomic hydrogen during the discharging process.
Incorporation of ionic liquid functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles in low conducting, 0.6 M lithium salt doped N-methyl-N-butylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Pyr14TFSI) ionic liquid electrolyte is found to not only suppress crystallinity but also significantly improve both ionic conductivity and lithium transference number in the electrolyte. The Li/LiMn2O4 cell with the best conducting ionanofluid electrolyte delivers a discharge capacity of about 131 mAh g−1 at 25 °C at a current density of 24 mAg−1, much higher than that obtained in conventional 0.2 M Li salt dissociated Pyr14TFSI electrolyte (87 mAh g−1). Excellent rate performance with outstanding capacity retention of the cell as compared to the conventional one indicate superior electrode-electrolyte interfacial compatibility, which further establishes great application potentiality of this optimized newly developed electrolyte for safer lithium metal batteries.
The mechanisms and efficiency of charge transport in lithium peroxide (Li2O2) are key factors in understanding the performance of non-aqueous Li–air batteries. Towards revealing these mechanisms, here we use first-principles calculations to predict the concentrations and mobilities of charge carriers and intrinsic defects in Li2O2 as a function of cell voltage. Our calculations reveal that changes in the charge state of O2 dimers controls the defect chemistry and conductivity of Li2O2. Negative lithium vacancies (missing Li+) and small hole polarons are identified as the dominant charge carriers. The electronic conductivity associated with polaron hopping (5 × 10−20 S cm−1) is comparable to the ionic conductivity arising from the migration of Li-ions (4 × 10−19 S cm−1), suggesting that charge transport in Li2O2 occurs through a mixture of ionic and polaronic contributions. These data indicate that the bulk regions of crystalline Li2O2 are insulating, with appreciable charge transport occurring only at moderately high charging potentials that drive partial delithiation. The implications of limited charge transport on discharge and recharge mechanisms are discussed, and a two-stage charging process linking charge transport, discharge product morphology, and overpotentials is described. We conclude that achieving both high discharge capacities and efficient charging will depend upon access to alternative mechanisms that bypass bulk charge transport. More generally, we describe how the presence of a species that can change charge state – e.g., O2 dimers in alkaline metal-based peroxides – may impact rechargeability in metal–air batteries.
The development of novel electrical systems for low emission vehicles demands batteries with specific cycling performance, especially under partial state of charge (PSOC) conditions. Moreover, according to the powertrain design, battery high power capability is demanded or this function can be assumed by a supercapacitor or a flywheel. This paper deals with the development of AGM and gel valve-regulated lead–acid batteries for advanced automotive applications. AGM VRLA battery development was based on previous work for short autonomy high power UPS applications and on active material formulations with specific additives to improve battery life under high rate partial state of charge cycling conditions. The 18Ah batteries showed excellent high rate capability (9kW 10s discharge peaks and 4kW 5s regenerative charge acceptance at 60% state of charge) and 110,000 power assist microcycles at 60% SOC and 2.5% DOD were fulfilled. Moreover, as preliminary work in the development of a cost-effective and reliable gel battery to be used in combination of a supercapacitor in a 42V mild-hybrid powertrain, VRLA batteries with conventional gel formulations have been tested according to novel automotive cycling profiles, mainly moderate cycling under partial state of charge conditions and simulating load management in a stop and start working profile.
Fungal Cerrena maxima laccase cross-linked on graphite catalysed the reaction of direct (in the absence of any mediators) bioelectrocatalytic reduction of O2 starting from 0.74V versus Ag/AgCl, pH 5. Efficiency and stability of direct bioelectrocatalysis by the cross-linked laccase was enhanced by coupling laccase to carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), consistently with the increased surface concentration of the laccase molecules properly orientated for the direct electron transfer (ET) reaction within the charged CNP–laccase nanocomposite matrix. Bioelectrocatalytic activity of the laccase electrode was totally inhibited by CN−, while Cl− anions reversibly shifted the onset of bioelectrocatalysis to 0.53V, in accordance with the different degree of inhibition of internal ET between the T1 and T2/T3 Cu centres of the laccase, which allowed the bioelectrocatalytic reduction of O2 also in the presence of Cl−. The laccase CNP biocathode have been used for the construction of a hybrid biobattery based on the Zn anode and O2 biocathode, providing the maximum power density of 0.16mWcm−2 at the cell voltage of 0.5V, pH 5, and 0.1mWcm−2 in the presence of chloride.
The goal of this work is to develop a numerical model for the vibration of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) battery packs to enable probabilistic forced response simulations for the effects of variations. There are two important types of variations that affect their structural response significantly: the prestress that is applied when joining the cells within a pack; and the small, random structural property discrepancies among the cells of a battery pack. The main contributions of this work are summarized as follows. In order to account for these two important variations, a new parametric reduced order model (PROM) formulation is derived by employing three key observations: (1) the stiffness matrix can be parameterized for different levels of prestress, (2) the mode shapes of a battery pack with cell-to-cell variation can be represented as a linear combination of the mode shapes of the nominal system, and (3) the frame holding each cell has vibratory motion. A numerical example of an academic battery pack with pouch cells is presented to demonstrate that the PROM captures the effects of both prestress and structural variation on battery packs. The PROM is validated numerically by comparing full-order finite element models (FEMs) of the same systems.
SnO2 is considered as a high capacity anode material for lithium ion batteries. However, the poor cycling stability has seriously hindered its practical applications. In this work, we designed and prepared Al2O3/SnO2/CNTs composites by uniformly and conformally depositing SnO2 and Al2O3 on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via a simple two-step atomic layer deposition (ALD) process. The thicknesses of SnO2 and Al2O3 were precisely controlled by tuning the number of ALD-cycle to optimize the cycling performance of Al2O3/SnO2/CNTs electrodes. The ultrathin SnO2 layer with a thickness of approximate 2.8 nm on CNTs exhibits a high capacity and an enhanced cycling stability due to the buffering effect of CNTs and limited SnO2 crystallization after the first step deposition. On this basis, Al2O3/SnO2/CNTs electrodes exhibit a significantly improved cycling stability, rate capability and Coulombic efficiency due to surface stability and the structural integrity brought by Al2O3 passivation after the second step deposition. Especially, 10-Al2O3/SnO2/CNTs electrode deliveries a discharge capacity of 581.6 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 and capacity retention is 90.85% against 2nd cycle after 200 charge-discharge cycles. We believe that this work provides an effective way for the design of high performance anode materials in advanced batteries.
For hydrogen generation from an aqueous alkaline NaBH4 solution, Co-B catalyst was prepared by the chemical reduction method using NaBH4 as a reduction chemical. To design a hydrogen generator, hydrogen generation rate was measured using the Co-B catalyst as a function of solution temperature, amount of catalyst loading, NaBH4 concentration, and NaOH (a base-stabilizer) concentration. Activation energy for the hydrogen generation reaction was measured to be 64.87kJmol−1. Compared to Ru catalysts previously used, the low-cost Co-B catalyst exhibited comparable activity for the hydrogen generation reaction. Using the hydrogen generation system employing the Co-B catalyst, a 2W polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack was operated and successfully powered a cellular phone.
In patients with HIV/AIDS, chronic pain is common and analgesics pose serious risks. Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) provide an alternative. This study evaluated feasibility and impact of a CBT-based pain management program in three public primary care clinics for HIV patients. The program included a workbook and 12-weeks of group CBT sessions. HIV-positive patients with chronic moderate to severe pain were invited to participate in the program and were assessed at enrollment, 6, 12, and 24 weeks. Despite only moderate group attendance, program enrollment was associated with significant improvements in pain intensity, pain-related functioning, anxiety and acceptance, and mental health. At 24 weeks, effect sizes for pain outcomes were −0.83 for pain intensity and −0.43 for functioning. The pattern of change in outcomes was consistent with predictions based on cognitive-behavioral theory. Effects were observed at all clinics. Adding CBT-based pain management into primary care may provide important benefits for patients with HIV/AIDS.
Layered structure cathode materials LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn(1/3)−xAlxO2 (x=0.0, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06) are prepared by the sol-gel method by adding citric acid as chelating agent. The physical, electrical and magnetic properties of the synthesized materials are systematically discussed using the structural (XRD, FESEM with EDS and FT-IR), impedance (LCR) and electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the synthesized samples possessed the α-NaFeO2 structure of the space group, R 3 ¯ m , with no evidence of any impurities. The peak intensity ratio I(104)/I(003) increased with Al concentration, which indicated the cation mixing between transition metal layer and lithium layer. The field effect scanning electron microscopy showed the particle size distribution in the range of 230–250nm and EDS has been analysed for elemental mapping. The local structure is investigated by vibrational spectroscopy in FT-IR study. The impedance studies are characterized by complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) in the frequency range from 42Hz to 1MHz at room temperature (30°C). The dielectric properties are analyzed in the framework of complex dielectric permittivity and formalism of the complex electric modulus. For these samples, the ESR analysis of magnetic measurements, the degree of cation mixing, is estimated to be Ni2+(3b)=2.75%.
Energy storage using batteries is accepted as one of the most important and efficient ways of stabilising electricity networks and there are a variety of different battery chemistries that may be used. Lead batteries are very well established both for automotive and industrial applications and have been successfully applied for utility energy storage but there are a range of competing technologies including Li-ion, sodium-sulfur and flow batteries that are used for energy storage. The technology for lead batteries and how they can be better adapted for energy storage applications is described. Lead batteries are capable of long cycle and calendar lives and have been developed in recent years to have much longer cycle lives compared to 20 years ago in conditions where the battery is not routinely returned to a fully charged condition. Li-ion batteries have advantages in terms of energy density and specific energy but this is less important for static installations. The other technical features of Li-ion and other types of battery are discussed in relation to lead batteries. A selection of larger lead battery energy storage installations are analysed and lessons learned identified. Lead is the most efficiently recycled commodity metal and lead batteries are the only battery energy storage system that is almost completely recycled, with over 99% of lead batteries being collected and recycled in Europe and USA. The sustainability of lead batteries is compared with other chemistries.