batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Muscle metabolism in horses has been studied mainly by analysis of substances in blood or plasma and muscle biopsy specimens. By using microdialysis, real-time monitoring of the metabolic events in local tissue with a minimum of trauma is possible. There is limited information about muscle metabolism in the early recovery period after anaesthesia in horses and especially in the colic horse. The aims were to evaluate the microdialysis technique as a complement to plasma analysis and to study the concentration changes in lactate, pyruvate, glucose, glycerol, and urea during anaesthesia and in the recovery period in colic horses undergoing abdominal surgery and in healthy horses not subjected to surgery.
Hybrid microgrid systems are an emerging tool for rural electrification due in part to their purported environmental benefits. This study uses Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to compare the environmental impacts of a diesel/PV/wind hybrid microgrid on the island of Koh Jig, Thailand with the electrification alternatives of grid extension and home diesel generators. The impact categories evaluated are: acidification potential (kg SO2 eq), global warming potential (kg CO2 eq), human toxicity potential (kg 1.4 DCB eq), and abiotic resource depletion potential (kg Sb eq). The results show that the microgrid system has the lowest global warming and abiotic resource depletion potentials of all three electrification scenarios. The use phase of the diesel generator and the extraction of copper are shown to significantly contribute to the microgrid's environmental impacts. The relative environmental impacts of the grid extension scenario are found to be proportional to the distance required for grid extension. Across all categories except acidification potential, the impacts from the home diesel generators are the largest. Sensitivity analyses show that maximizing the renewable energy fraction does not necessarily produce a more environmentally sustainable electrification scenario and that the diesel generator provides versatility to the system by allowing power production to be scaled significantly before more technology is needed to meet demand. While the environmental benefits of the microgrid increase as the installation community becomes more isolated, the choice of electrification scenario requires assigning relative importance to each impact category and considering social and economic factors.
TiO2/carbon hollow spheres (TiO2/C-HSs) have been successfully prepared using a template method. During the synthesis procedures, SiO2 spheres were used as template, titanium tert-butoxide and dopamine were used as TiO2 and carbon precursor, respectively. The TiO2/C-HSs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetry (TGA) measurements, and raman spectra analysis. When utilized as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, the TiO2/C-HSs anode can deliver a high specific capacity and remarkable rate performance. The excellent electrochemical performance of TiO2/C-HSs can be ascribed to the hollow sphere structure, the existence of carbon and the large surface area and porous structure.
Current lithium-ion batteries (LiB) have limited usefulness in high temperature applications due to the flammability of the organic electrolyte. Alternatively, solid electrolytes can mitigate safety issues and enable high temperature applications. Here, a new solid-state lithium ion battery design is investigated using LiSICON as the electrolyte. To reduce the interfacial resistance between the solid electrolyte and graphite electrode, an ionic liquid was used as the ionic conductor. N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (PYR13 +FSI−) was used as the ionic liquid due to its high efficiency for lithiation/delithiaion. The cell capacity and efficiency was measured at temperatures from 25°C to 120°C. The lithium salt concentration in the ionic liquid was found to change the electrolyte reduction potential. A stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) was achieved by adjusting the lithium salt concentration in the wetting agent. Impedance spectroscopy was performed to study the cell behavior with different Li salt concentrations at elevated temperature. A carbon anode in a LiSICON cell with 0.75M LiTFSI/PYR13 +FSI− had a capacity of 325mAhg−1 and coulombic efficiency of 99.8% during cycling at 80°C.
The article discusses the issues of improving the collection of traffic information using video cameras and the statistical processing of collected data. The aim of the article was to identify the main patterns of traffic at intersections in traffic congestion and to develop an analysis technique to improve traffic management at intersections. In modern conditions, there is a sharp increase in the number of vehicles, which leads to negative consequences, such as an increase in travel time, additional fuel consumption, increased risk of traffic accidents and others. To solve the problem of improving traffic control at intersections, it is necessary to have a reliable information collection system and apply modern effective methods of processing the collected information. The purpose of this article is to determine the most important traffic characteristics that affect the throughput of intersections. As a criterion for the cross-pass ability of the intersection, the actual number of passing cars during the permission signal of the torch light is taken. Using multivariate regression analysis, a model was developed to predict intersection throughput taking into account the most important traffic characteristics. Analysis of the throughput of intersections using the fuzzy logic method confirmed the correctness of the developed model. In addition, based on the results of processing information collected at 20 intersections and including 597 observations, a methodology was developed for determining the similarity of traffic intersections. This allows us to identify homogeneous types of intersections and to develop typical traffic management techniques in the city, instead of individually managing each node of the city’s transport network individually. The results obtained lead to a significant reduction in costs for the organization of rational traffic flows.
A series of pure solid solution between Li2MO3 and LiNi1/2M1/2O2 (M=Ti, Mn) described as Li5/3Ni1/6Mn5/6-xTixO8/3(0≤x≤5/6) have been successfully prepared. Their hexagonal lattice parameters, a and c, change monotonously with the increase in x value. Tremendous change in their I003/I104 values indicates that Ti substitution causes cation mixing in the solid solution. The shapes in initial charge curve of solid solutions are similar to each other though charge capacities decrease for x≥4/6. On the other hand, initial discharge curve of the as synthesized solid solution are commonly composed of three plateaus which located at high voltage (>3.5V), low voltage and 2.8V plateau. Well separation of high and low voltage plateau is observed for x>4/6 and lower voltage plateau shifts dramatically to lower potential with increasing x value (3/6≤x≤5/6). Detailed analysis of initial charge/discharge and following reversible capacities indicates that peroxide type species in the solid solution play an important role in electrochemical reaction. It was found that the discharge curves of Li5/3Ni1/6Mn2/6Ti3/6O8/3 maintain its original shape after prolonged cycles, even though it is accompanied with capacity loss. Such behavior might be related with migration of metal ion into Li layer during initial charge process and result in rock salt like structure during prolonged cycling.
In this paper, K2FeO4 cathodes were coated with tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) to improve their stability. Analyses involving a scanning electron microscope (SEM), an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) indicated that the K2FeO4 cathodes were successfully coated with the TPP overlayer. Discharge performance tests were conducted after soaking the cathodes in a 10M KOH electrolyte for 0–6h. The discharge properties of the 8wt% TPP coated K2FeO4 cathodes indicated that they were stable, and their discharge capacity increased to 160mAhg−1 from 75mAhg−1 for the uncoated electrodes after soaking in a 10M KOH electrolyte solution for 6h. In addition, adding 5wt% sodium bismuthate (NaBiO3) to the tetraphenylporphyrin coated K2FeO4 electrode can further improve its discharge performance by increasing the discharge capacity from 275mAhg−1 to 316mAhg−1.
The structural properties of LiFePO4 prepared by the hydrothermal route and chemically delithiated have been studied using analytical electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction measurements indicate that the partially delithiated particles include LiFePO4 regions with cross-sections of finite size along the ac-plane, as a result of tilt grain boundary in the bc-plane, and dislocations in other directions. Only the boundary along the bc-plane is accompanied by a disorder over about 2nm on each side of the boundary. The Raman spectrum shows the existence of both LiFePO4 and FePO4 phases in the shell of the particles at a delithiation degree of 50%, which invalidates the core–shell model. This result also invalidates the recent model according to which each particle would be single-domain, i.e. either a LiFePO4 particle or a FePO4 particle. On the other hand, our results, like prior ones, can be understood within the framework of a model similar to the spinodal decomposition of a two-phase system, which is discussed within the framework of morphogenesis of patterns in systems at equilibrium. Both end-members, however, are well crystallized, suggesting a recovery similar to that observed in superplastic alloys, with dynamics that are due to the motion of nucleation fronts and dislocations, and not due to a diffusion phenomenon associated with a concentration gradient.
A new analytical method is proposed to determine the electrochemical impedance of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries (LIRB) from time domain data by wavelet transformation (WT). The WT is a waveform analysis method that can transform data in the time domain to the frequency domain while retaining time information. In this transformation, the frequency domain data are obtained by the convolution integral of a mother wavelet and original time domain data. A complex Morlet mother wavelet (CMMW) is used to obtain the complex number data in the frequency domain. The CMMW is expressed by combining a Gaussian function and sinusoidal term. The theory to select a set of suitable conditions for variables and constants related to the CMMW, i.e., band, scale, and time parameters, is established by determining impedance spectra from wavelet coefficients using input voltage to the equivalent circuit and the output current. The impedance spectrum of LIRB determined by WT agrees well with that measured using a frequency response analyzer.
A number of LCA-based studies have reported on the environmental performance of landfilling of mixed waste, but little is known about the relative contributions of individual waste fractions to the overall impact potentials estimated for the mixed waste. In this paper, an empirical model has been used to estimate the emissions to the environment from landfilling of individual waste fractions. By means of the LCA-model EASEWASTE, the emissions estimated have been used to quantify how much of the overall impact potential for each impact category is to be attributed to the individual waste fractions. Impact potentials are estimated for 1 tonne of mixed waste disposed off in a conventional landfill with bottom liner, leachate collection and treatment and gas collection and utilization for electricity generation. All the environmental aspects are accounted for 100years after disposal and several impact categories have been considered, including standard categories, toxicity-related categories and groundwater contamination. Amongst the standard and toxicity-related categories, the highest potential impact is estimated for human toxicity via soil (HTs; 12 mPE/tonne). This is mostly caused by leaching of heavy metals from ashes (e.g. residues from roads cleaning and vacuum cleaning bags), batteries, paper and metals. On the other hand, substantial net environmental savings are estimated for the categories Global Warming (GW; −31 mPE/tonne) and Eco-Toxicity in water chronic (ETwc; −53 mPE/tonne). These savings are mostly determined by the waste fractions characterized by a high content of biogenic carbon (paper, organics, other combustible waste). These savings are due to emissions from energy generation avoided by landfill gas utilization, and by the storage of biogenic carbon in the landfill due to incomplete waste degradation.
The ultraviolet B (UVB) sunburn model was characterized with a comprehensive battery of quantitative sensory testing (QST). Primary hyperalgesia in UVB-irradiated skin and secondary hyperalgesia in adjacent nonirradiated skin were studied in 22 healthy subjects 24h after irradiation with UVB at 3-fold minimal erythema dose of a skin area 5cm in diameter at the thigh and compared to mirror-image contralateral control areas. The time course of hyperalgesia over 96h was studied in a subgroup of 12 subjects. Within the sunburn area, cold hyperesthesia (P =.01), profound generalized hyperalgesia to heat (P <.001), cold (P <.05), pinprick and pressure (P <.001), and mild dynamic mechanical allodynia (P <.001) were present. The finding of cold hyperalgesia and cold hyperesthesia is new in this model. The sunburn was surrounded by large areas of pinprick hyperalgesia (mean±SEM, 218±32cm2) and a small rim of dynamic mechanical allodynia but no other sensory changes. Although of smaller magnitude, secondary hyperalgesia and dynamic mechanical allodynia adjacent to the UVB-irradiated area were statistically highly significant. Primary and secondary hyperalgesia developed in parallel within hours, peaked after 24–32h, and lasted for more than 96h. These data reveal that the UVB sunburn model activates a broad spectrum of peripheral and central sensitization mechanisms and hence is a useful human surrogate model to be used as a screening tool for target engagement in phases 1 and 2a of drug development.
Hybrid power systems with dc distribution are being considered for commercial marine vessels to comply with new stringent environmental regulations, and to achieve higher fuel economy. In this paper, detailed efficiency analysis of a shipboard dc hybrid power system is carried out. An optimization algorithm is proposed to minimize fuel consumption under various loading conditions. The studied system includes diesel engines, synchronous generator–rectifier units, a full-bridge bidirectional converter, and a Li-Ion battery bank as energy storage. In order to evaluate potential fuel saving provided by such a system, an online optimization strategy for fuel consumption is implemented. An Offshore Support Vessel (OSV) is simulated over different operating modes using the online control strategy. The resulted consumed fuel in the simulation is compared to that of a conventional ac power system, and also a dc power system without energy storage. The results show that while the dc system without energy storage provides noticeable fuel saving compared to the conventional ac system, optimal utilization of the energy storage in the dc system results in twice as much fuel saving.
Ferrate is considered to be a potential cathode material for high-energy batteries, due to its high capacity based on three-electron transfer in electrochemical reactions. In this work, high-purity potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) was synthesized by a direct hypochlorite oxidation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a charge-coupled device (CCD) were used to characterize the structure of the K2FeO4 as well as the channels for intercalation–deintercalation of Li ions. The one-dimension channel was observed in the direction of the a and b axes in the unit cell, with a radius 0.93Å, which is beneficial for Li ion (radius=0.76Å) intercalation and deintercalation in K2FeO4. The experimental super-iron Li ion battery was assembled with 1M LiPF6 organic electrolyte (PC:EC:DMC=1:3:6, v/v), a K2FeO4 cathode, and a metal lithium anode. The electrochemical performance of the K2FeO4 cathode was evaluated by a galvanostatic method and cyclic voltammetry (CV) in the potential range of 4.3–0.5V at room temperature. It was demonstrated that one Li ion intercalates into the lattice of the K2FeO4 cathode along the channels of the a and b axes of the K2FeO4 unit cell, followed by a two-Li ion intercalation of isotropy in the initial discharge process. Amorphization of the K2FeO4 cathode is the main cause of its electrochemical performance decay.
Endodontics is the art of saving teeth by the prevention and treatment of diseases and injuries of the pulp and associated periradicular conditions. To ensure the highest probability of success, it is critical that an accurate diagnosis be made prior to treatment. A systematic process incorporating the information provided by the patient, as well as appropriate diagnostic tests performed by the clinician, combined with the knowledge and experience of the dental practitioner will result in a quick and accurate diagnosis. Only then can a treatment plan best suited to the individual be presented. This article will review the materials and instruments required to perform diagnostic tests for establishing a baseline to an accurate and complete diagnosis.
Reading, an essential life skill in modern society, is typically learned during childhood. Adults who can read show white matter differences compared to adults who never learned to read. Studies have not established whether children who can read show similar white matter differences compared to children who cannot read. We compared 6-year old children who could decode written English words and pseudowords (n = 31; Readers) and 6-year old children who could not decode pseudowords and had a standard score <100 on a task for reading single words (n = 11; Pre-readers). We employed diffusion MRI and tractography to extract fractional anisotropy (FA) along the trajectory of six bilateral intra-hemispheric tracts and two posterior subdivisions of the corpus callosum. Readers demonstrated significantly increased FA within the left anterior segment of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (aSLF-L) and the right uncinate fasciculus (UF-R) compared to Pre-readers. FA in the aSLF-L was significantly correlated with phonological awareness; FA in the UF-R was significantly correlated with language. Correlations in the UF-R but not the aSLF-L remained significant after controlling for reading ability, revealing that UF-R group differences were related to both children’s language and reading abilities. Taken together, these findings demonstrate new evidence showing that individual differences in white matter structure relate to whether children have begun to read.
Reaching 70–80% of primary capacity, lithium-ion batteries must be replaced in electric vehicles. However, they could be reused in other applications such as energy storage stations. In this paper, an economic evaluation of reusage of lithium-ion packs for load leveling in the residential, industrial and photovoltaic power plants sectors have been investigated from subscriber and government aspects. Several repurposed electric vehicle battery packs have been taking into account for different tariffs and scenarios. It is found that utilization of battery can reduce electricity bill for residential consumers by 14.25% based on the current electricity market and 39.75% if the fine of the peak time consumption is tripled. However, the current subsidy rate in the electricity tariffs is the main barrier in terms of the payback period for homeowners. Moreover, it is found that decrease in the battery prices by 2035 as the only factor will not justify usage of repurposed battery in residential sector, furthermore, tariffs must also be regulated. Sensitivity analysis declared that a 20% reduction in the price of battery in residential sector, affects the internal rate of return by 164%. Meanwhile, increasing in the on-peak tariff can fluctuate it by 44%. Reusing electric vehicle batteries could be more profitable in the industrial sector due to the realistic tariff. In addition to the operation cost, government saving is analyzed from the initial cost aspect. Results illustrated that utilization of repurposed battery packs can reduce construction costs of new on-peak thermal power plants by 72.5% and 82% in the residential and industrial sectors, respectively. Finally, the effect of using repurposed lithium-ion battery packs on the emission rates of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants are surveyed. The reused batteries can be employed to achieve sustainable development.
Because of their numerous advantages, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have recently become a focus of research interest for vehicle applications. Li-ion batteries are suitable for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) because of advantages such as their high specific energy, high energy density, and low self-discharge rate in comparison with other secondary batteries. Nevertheless, the commercial availability of Li-ion batteries for vehicle applications has been hindered by issues of safety, cost, charging time, and recycling. One principal limitation of this technology resides in its poor low-temperature performance. Indeed, the effects of low temperature reduce the battery’s available energy and increase its internal impedance. In addition, performance-hampering cell degradation also occurs at low temperatures and throughout the entire life of a Li-ion battery. All of these issues pose major difficulties for cold-climate countries. This paper reviews the effects of cold temperatures on the capacity/power fade of Li-ion battery technology. Extensive attention is paid to the aging mechanisms of Li-ion batteries at cold temperatures. This paper also reviews several battery models found in the literature. Finally, thermal strategies are detailed, along with a discussion of the ideal approach to cold-temperature operation.
Abstract The smart grid infrastructure requires a widespread management and control system that is based on real time measurements and monitoring processes. The improvements of measurement technologies have facilitated smart metering interfaces by integration of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to field devices. The generation and transmission system operators require measurement and monitoring applications to ensure reliability and flexibility of smart grid while distribution system operators need monitoring for planning demand side management and demand response programs. This chapter deals with smart metering technologies and recent developments in the context of automated meter reading (AMR) and especially advanced metering interface (AMI). The smart meters are introduced in detail with their hardware and communication interfaces. The protocols, standards and security issues of AMI systems are presented in this chapter in addition to phasor measurement unit (PMU) applications. The smart monitoring systems have been introduced in terms of components and architectures in the following sections of this chapter.