batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Renewable electricity expansion highlights the need for a review of energy storage options. Wind power growth, in particular, is likely to require the support of dedicated fast-start reserve capacity. Moreover, in New Zealand, non-pumped hydroelectricity-based storage has only limited potential to meet seasonal variations of hydro inflows. This constraint has contributed to several ‘dry-year’ events over the last decade. This case study surveys New Zealand electricity sector experts as to the feasibility of meeting reserve capacity needs while reducing carbon emissions through the introduction of pumped hydro and utility-scale batteries by 2025. Most respondents project peak power demand to continue to increase, resulting in new-build centralised (∼150 MW) thermal reserve power sources. Pumped hydro is seen by most as prohibitively costly, but is almost universally viewed as technically capable of providing renewables support and peak power adequacy. Utility-scale batteries are seen as least cost-effective, with very high storage costs per kWh and most likely only to be used in NZ for very high-value applications where there is a strong technical advantage, such as the six-second instantaneous reserve. A price of carbon of around NZ$100/tCO2-e, however, was seen as making these technologies much more competitive, and climate change mitigation was seen as a strong driver of these storage options.
Cobalt sulfide coupled with carbon materials attracts tremendous interest as a promising anode for Li-ion storage. In this paper, hollow Co3S4/C nanoparticles (NPs) with a uniform size of 30 nm homogeneously anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers (denoted as Co3S4/CNF) are prepared by electrospinning method, followed by carbonization and sulfuration process. The free-standing Co3S4/CNF composites are straightly acted as binder- and current collector-free anode for lithium-ion battery, which demonstrate a high reversible capacity of 742 mAh·g−1 at 200 mA·g−1 after 200 cycles and 436 mAh·g−1 at 1 A·g−1 after 500 cycles, respectively. Such superior lithium storage performance of the Co3S4/CNF composites can be ascribed to the synergetic effect of the composites structure, which can effectively facilitate the electron and lithium ion diffusion, restrain the volumetric variation and keep the structure intact.
Nanopyramid-assembled three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical Cu2O stars on F-doped SnO2 coated glass (FTO) substrates have been successfully synthesized using a rapid and facile electrodeposition approach from aqueous solutions near room temperature. Combined X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray-induced Cu LMM Auger studies reveal only Cu2O on the surface of the samples. The Cu2O stars exhibit superior photocurrent performance over Cu2O nanoparticles in photoelectrochemical cell applications. In addition, the photocurrent of the Cu2O samples is due to water splitting.
A microbial fuel cell attracts attention as a system producing electric energy. Until now Wakisaka et al have researched on glucose fuel battery using baker's yeast. The fuel cell consists of anode and cathode parts separated by a cation specific membrane, and electrons are generated by glucose oxidation by yeast in the anode part. The electrons are transferred to the electrode (carbon cloth) from yeast cells by mediators. The constitution of the suitable battery has been examined using commercial baker's yeast. Here Saccharomyces cerevisiae laboratory yeast (BY4741 strain) was used to construct the suitable yeast using genetic recombination technology for the battery in the future, and culture condition of yeast and the suitable battery condition (pH of the anode solution and yeast amount) were examined. As a result the output of the level same as the baker's yeast was obtained, and it was shown that a fall of the pH in the anode affected the output. To clarify the detail of electron generation in yeast cell, the effect of respiratory inhibitors on the electron generation and time courses of glucose consumption and ethanol concentration in the battery were examined. Many electrons were produced at the time of ethanol production (early period of electron generation). Electrons were also produced in the time when ethanol production was not detected (last period of electron generation). These results suggest that electrons are produced in both processes of fermentation and respiratory of yeast.
With increased energy density of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries for powering smart phones and electric vehicles and for their long range use, battery safety becomes more important than ever. This aspect motivated us to develop non-flammable liquid electrolyte that removes the risk of battery fire and explosion, which is urgently needed. Battery energy density and performance however should not be sacrificed to achieve just the safety. Here we report for the first time a rational design of non-flammable carbonate-based organic liquid electrolyte to satisfy safety, energy density and performance simultaneously. Our novel electrolyte, composed of 1 M lithium hexafluorophosphate salt and propylene carbonate and fluorinated linear carbonate co-solvents, at unmeasurable flash point does not fire representing non-flammable safe batteries but permits high-voltage stability to enable high-voltage charge of lithium-rich layered oxide cathode up to 5.0 V, high-energy density of 856 Wh per kg of cathode active mass and stable charge-discharge cycling performance of full-cell with graphite anode, in contrast to rapid performance fade of flammable conventional electrolyte system. The discovery of non-flammable carbonate-based organic liquid electrolyte opens up a new avenue to high-safety and high energy-density lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and advanced energy-storage applications.
The increasingly manifest impacts of global warming have made it a global priority to phase out the use of petrol and diesel as transportation fuels in favour of hydrogen. But the production of hydrogen by most existing technologies entails substantial use of fossil fuels and CO2 emissions; indeed as much as 2.5–5tonnes of carbon is released as CO2 per tonne of hydrogen currently produced by conventional means. Hence the production of hydrogen can be ‘carbon-free’ only if it is generated by employing genuinely carbon-free renewable energy sources. The present review deals with the options, prospects, and challenges associated with this very high-priority area of global concern.
This paper presents simulation and experimental realization of 42V Power Net for automotive auxiliary on-board applications. For energy storage, a pack of supercapacitors is used in parallel with a battery. For simulation, the mathematical models of battery, DC/DC converters and supercapacitors are developed using MATLAB/SIMULINK®. An experimental power test bench has been designed. The 42V Power Net voltage and the load current of supercapacitors are controlled by a microcontroller. Simulation results and experimental ones are presented, compared and analysed.
Carbon materials have been widely used to form air cathodes for non-aqueous sodium-oxygen (NaO2) batteries due to their large specific surface area, high conductivity and low cost. However, the effect of carbon structures at the atomic level remains poorly understood. In this work, a first-principles study is conducted to investigate how representative carbon structures, including graphite (0001) surface, point defects and fractured edge, influence the discharge and charge processes of non-aqueous NaO2 batteries. It is found that the single vacancy (SV) defect has the largest adsorption energy (5.81 eV) to NaO2 molecule among the structures studied, even larger than that of the NaO2 molecule on NaO2 crystal (2.81 eV). Such high adsorption energy is attributed to two factors: the dangling atoms in SV defects decrease the distance from NaO2 molecules, and the attachment through oxygen atoms increases the electrons transfer. The findings suggest that SV defects can act as the nucleation sites for NaO2 in the discharge process, and increasing the number of SV defects can facilitate the uniform formation of small-sized particles. The uniformly distributed discharge products lower the possibility for pore clogging, leading to an increased discharge capacity and improved cyclability for non-aqueous NaO2 batteries.
Ni-rich cathode materials attract ongoing interest due to their high specific capacity (∼200 mAh g−1). However, these materials suffer rapid capacity fading when charged to a high voltage and cycled at elevated temperature. In this study, we propose a facile method to reconstruct the surface structure of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 via Nb modification, which integrates the merits of partial Nb5+ doping in the pristine structure and surface Li3NbO4 coating. The obtained results from Rietveld refinement and high resolution transmission electron microscopy confirm that Nb5+ is partially doped into Li+ sites within the surface lattice. Further ex-situ powder X-ray diffraction and kinetic analysis using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveal that Nb modification stabilizes the layered structure and facilitates the charge transfer process. Owing to the robust surface structure, 1 mol% Nb modified LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 delivers a discharge capacity of 160.9 mAh g−1 with 91% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 3.0–4.5 V, whereas the discharge capacity of the pristine sample drops to 139.6 mAh g−1, corresponding to 78% of its initial value. The presence of Nb5+ in the Li layer exhibits positive effects on stability of layered structure, and the surface Li3NbO4 coating layer increases interfacial stability, which results in superior electrochemical performance.
Nanostructured oxide electrodes are being intensively studied because of their application in energy generation and decontamination. Nanowire (NW) TiO2 electrodes, either rutile or anatase phase, were prepared by chemical bath deposition (CBD) on FTO (F:SnO2) conducting glass substrates using analogous procedures with different precursors. The morphology and crystalline structure of the NWs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy. The as-synthesized NWs are about 2nm in diameter, well-crystallized and are gathered in bundles of about 50nm. The decrease in particle size to the nanometer scale causes a wavenumber shift and broadening of the Raman peaks in comparison to the bulk material as a result of phonon confinement. The cyclic voltammetry of the NW electrodes in combination with spectroelectrochemical measurements and photocurrent action spectra allows us to devise their electronic structure. A significant increase of the band gap energy for NWs with respect to bulk rutile and anatase is revealed. The results also evidence the presence of monoenergetic states in the band gap for both types of NWs whose energy depends significantly on the crystalline phase. Importantly, an exponential trap distribution below the conduction band is evidenced for the anatase NW electrode, while it is absent in the case of rutile NWs. The different electronic structure of these nanomaterials induces changes in their electrochromic properties. More generally, this study illustrates the potentialities of electrochemical measurements in the investigation of the electronic properties of oxides.
Thermal runaway is a well-known safety concern in Li-ion cells. Methods to predict and prevent thermal runaway are critically needed for enhanced safety and performance. While much work has been done on understanding the kinetics of various heat generation processes during thermal runaway, relatively lesser work exists on understanding how heat removal from the cell influences thermal runaway. Through a unified analysis of heat generation and heat removal, this paper derives and experimentally validates a non-dimensional parameter whose value governs whether or not thermal runaway will occur in a Li-ion cell. This parameter is named the Thermal Runaway Number (TRN), and comprises contributions from thermal transport within and outside the cell, as well as the temperature dependence of heat generation rate. Experimental data using a 26650 thermal test cell are in good agreement with the model, and demonstrate the dependence of thermal runaway on various thermal transport and heat generation parameters. This parameter is used to predict the thermal design space in which the cell will or will not experience thermal runaway. By combining all thermal processes contributing to thermal runaway in a single parameter, this work contributes towards a unified understanding of thermal runaway, and provides the fundamental basis for design tools for safe, high-performance Li-ion batteries.
Silicon (Si), with a theoretical capacity of 3579 mAh g−1, is an attractive anode material for Lithium-ion batteries. Currently, nano-sized Si, with a diameter less than 150 nm, is the focus of research efforts. However, the difficulty of obtaining a uniform dispersion and increasing the loading ratio of nano-sized Si remains challenging. In this work, a Lithium-ion battery anode was constructed using micro-sized Si from acid-etching of cast Al-Si alloy scraps. The acquired Si has a unique branched structure, with a diameter of 0.5–1 μm in branches and 5–10 μm in length. Compared to the typical, low-loading ratio of much less than 1 mg cm−2 in nano-sized Si, this micro-sized Si anode has a typical loading ratio of 2 mg cm−2. The branched Si with conventional carbon coating demonstrated an initial discharge (lithiation) capacity of 3153 mAh g−1 at the current rate of 1/16C. Moreover, it maintained a discharge capacity of 1133 mAh g−1 at the 100th cycle, under a current rate of 1/4C. The capacity decay was less than 0.2% per cycle from the 20th to the 100th cycle. The rate performance was also promising, with a discharge capacity of 488 mAh g−1 at the current rate of 1C.
A range of morphology-controlled hematite superstructures, including two-dimensional sheet assembly, microspheres with a vein-like network, hollow urchin with tapered nanorods, and flowers with porous branch-like structures, were obtained from different solvents via the solvothermal approach. The results showed that the variation of the solvent from protic to aprotic facilitated morphological modifications, with the solvent playing a key role in determining the overall architecture of the oxide particles under different polar conditions. A porous microsphere grown from water solvent delivered a reversible capacity of 880mAhg−1 over 60 cycles at 200mAg−1 with good rate stability. Here, the bicontinuous nanoporous structure, with well-developed mesoporosity in the microsphere, reduced the severity of volume changes during the cycling process and stabilized passivation layer growth. The hematite nanostructure grown from water/dimethylformamide solvent exhibited the highest photocurrent density of 190μA/cm−2 vs. Ag/AgCl, which was attributed to the rapid transport of charge carriers in the porous nanostructure. Thus, solvent-mediated synthesis can be used to prepare a range of hematite porous nanostructures for use as an anode in lithium-ion batteries and as a photoanode in photoelectrochemical cells, as well as for water splitting, gas sensors, and catalytic applications.
A major obstacle to the development of commercially successful electric vehicles (EV) or hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) is the lack of a suitably sized battery. Lithium ion batteries are viewed as the solution if only they could be “scaled-up safely”, i.e. if thermal management problems could be overcome so the batteries could be designed and manufactured in much larger sizes than the commercially available near-2-Ah cells. Here, we review a novel thermal management system using phase-change material (PCM). A prototype of this PCM-based system is presently being manufactured. A PCM-based system has never been tested before with lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries and battery packs, although its mode of operation is exceptionally well suited for the cell chemistry of the most common commercially available Li-ion batteries. The thermal management system described here is intended specifically for EV/HEV applications. It has a high potential for providing effective thermal management without introducing moving components. Thereby, the performance of EV/HEV batteries may be improved without complicating the system design and incurring major additional cost, as is the case with “active” cooling systems requiring air or liquid circulation.
Metal contamination is widespread and results from natural geogenic and constantly increasing anthropogenic sources (mainly mining and extraction activities, electroplating, battery and steel manufacturing or metal finishing). Consequently, there is a growing need for methods to detoxify polluted ecosystems. Industrial wastewater, surface water and ground water need to be decontaminated to alleviate the contamination of soils and sediments and, ultimately, the human food chain. In nuclear power plants, radioactive metals are produced; these metals need to be removed from effluents before they are released into the environment, not only for pollution prevention but also for waste minimization. Many physicochemical methods have been developed for metal removal from aqueous solutions, including chemical coagulation, adsorption, extraction, ion exchange and membrane separation; however, these methods are generally not metal selective. Bacteria, because they contain metal transporters, provide a potentially competitive alternative to the current use of expensive and high-volume ion-exchange resins.
Pure and well-crystallized LiMnPO4/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanopowders are synthesized by adding a small amount glucose and graphene oxide simultaneously in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/H2O, under constant atmospheric pressure and at low-temperature (108°C). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the addition of different amounts of graphene oxide can significantly affect the particle size and morphology of LiMnPO4/RGO composites. With small amounts of graphene oxide (1 and 3wt.%), the small LiMnPO4 particles are wrapped in RGO, in a cocoon-like structure. This special morphology can be maintained after a rapid carbon coating treatment at high temperature. Electrochemical studies show that these cocoon-like C-LiMnPO4/G nanocomposites not only have a higher discharge specific capacity, but also show improved high voltage platform and high rate cycle performance. When the added graphene oxide is 3%, the specific capacity of C-LiMnPO4/G nanocomposite is 160.8mAhg−1 at 0.05C, the discharge capacity in the area of more than 4.0V is up to 115 mAhg−1, accounting for 70% of the total discharge capacity. The proposed C-LiMnPO4/G nanocomposites also exhibit an outstanding high rate capability, where the discharge specific capacity at 1C can reach to 99.6mAhg−1 and after 1000 cycles at 5C, it still has 83% of capacity retention.
The objective of this work is to establish the design principles of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC) stack for portable applications. A combination of experiments and numerical simulations were carried out and the results analyzed to enhance understanding of the behavior of this portable PEMFC stack. A three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based methodology was used to predict such as the current and temperature distributions of this portable PEMFC stack. The results show how the baseline operation and original design of this stack impact the local temperature, water content, water transport, and kinetic variables inside the individual cells. The outcome of this work will pursue the development of universal heuristics and dimensionless numbers correlated to portable PEMFC stack design.
As a continuation of the so-called 5L train, Hörmann Vehicle Engineering has developed a lightweight modular chassis on behalf of SBB Cargo, which is suitable for various transport tasks and superstructures. It consists of a lattice girder structure in the center segment and load-optimized head sections. At 5.5 t in its current version, it is considerably lighter than a chassis weighing on average between 8 and 9 t in conventional design. The entire carrying wagon thus weighs 20 % less than conventional wagons. With this new development, increased payloads of up to 75 t can now be transported. For the development, the company transferred approaches from the lightweight structural design of commercial vehicles to railway applications. As part of the modular structure, the vehicle length can be adapted between the head sections by means of middle sections of different lengths. © Hörmann Gruppe
The electrocatalysis of oxygen in alkaline media is a challenging issue, influencing the performance of many electrochemical devices: fuel cells, unitized regenerative fuel cells, electrolyzers and metal-air batteries. This new manuscript proposes the synthesis of graphitic carbon nanofibers obtained by electrospinning with a cobalt-based spinel oxide, Co3O4/CNF. By means of a simple, reproducible and scalable method, a bifunctional catalyst with a promising performance is obtained, being able of carrying out the electrocatalysis of oxygen (oxidation of water, evolution and reduction of oxygen) in a basic solution. The combination of the active species on cobalt oxide (Co2+, Co3+ and Co-Nx), along with active species in the carbon nanofiber (graphitic and pyridinic N), gives rise to a catalyst with a remarkable reversibility (difference between E10 mA/cm2 (evolution) and Ehalf-wave-potential (reduction)): ΔE =795 mV), a low over-potential for the evolution of oxygen (η =416 mV) and 919 mV of oxygen reduction onset potential, very similar to that of a benchmark catalyst, Pt/C.
A novel Na-pillared LiFePO4 with an alluaudite structure is reported and its structure is investigated. The alluaudite-LiFePO4 allowed fast lithium diffusion with stable electrochemical cycling in lithium batteries. ∼0.8 Li+ could be extracted and reinserted reversibly for extended cycles via one-phase reaction in contrast to the well-known two-phase reaction in olivine-LiFePO4.
In operando NPD data of electrodes in lithium-ion batteries reveal unusual LiFePO4 phase evolution after the application of a thermal step and at high current. At low current under ambient conditions the LiFePO4 to FePO4 two-phase reaction occurs during the charge process, however, following a thermal step and at higher current this reaction appears at the end of charge and continues into the next electrochemical step. The same behavior is observed for the FePO4 to LiFePO4 transition, occurring at the end of discharge and continuing into the following electrochemical step. This suggests that the bulk (or the majority of the) electrode transformation is dependent on the battery's history, current, or temperature. Such information concerning the non-equilibrium evolution of an electrode allows a direct link between the electrode's functional mechanism that underpins lithium-ion battery behavior and the real-life operating conditions of the battery, such as variable temperature and current, to be made.