batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Current bottlenecks in cobalt (Co) supply have negatively impacted commercial battery production and inspired the development of cathode materials that are less reliant on Co. However, complete Co elimination is prevented by the lack of fundamental understanding of the impact of Co on cathode capacity and structural stability, as well as the lack of effective substitute components in practice. Here we investigate the roles of Co in purposely designed systems that include both Co-rich and Mn-substituted Co-free cathodes. Our results affirmed that Co plays an undeniable role in fast capacity and/or structural degradation, and found that Co is more destructive than Ni at high potentials, which offers unexpected but encouraging perspectives for Co reduction. Moreover, Mn substitution effectively alleviates the destructive effects of Co and enables a high potential functionality. With these fundamental discoveries, we demonstrated a series of LiNiαMnβXγO2 (X = single or multiple dopants) as a promising candidate for Co-free cathodes.
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is usually associated with specific impairment of memory functions. A reliable assessment of memory function is therefore a crucial element of the presurgical evaluation for epilepsy surgery, especially for temporal lobectomy. To date, intracarotid amobarbital testing remains the gold standard in evaluating memory before planning surgery in patients with refractory TLE, when neuropsychological testing is not contributive. Functional MRI holds great promise as a powerful tool in memory evaluation. Preliminary studies in epileptic patients have shown promising results. In the future, functional MRI will certainly contribute to partially replacing the Wada test or to evaluating the hippocampal memory capacities independently.
The effect of carbon black (acetylene black) as a cathode additive in lithium batteries was studied using electrochemical and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The characteristic discharge curves for various weight percent (wt.%) of carbon black were obtained. The optimum wt.% of carbon black as a compromise between the desire to have active material present and the necessity to have a conduction path through the pores of the electrodes was obtained. It is shown that the behavior of carbon exhibits porosity rather than electronic conductivity. XPS results show that the C 1s peak at 283eV corresponding to acetylene black, decreases during discharge and increases during charge. These results suggest that porosity of the electrode decreases during discharge and increases during charge.
Despite reducing environmental pollution and the excessive consumption of fossil fuels, the number of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) on the road is still low. Why is this so? Why is the mass adoption of BEVs so difficult to realize? One important reason is that the adoption of BEVs is, to a large extent, dependent on the acceptance of private consumers, and their willingness to adopt this mode of transport is insufficient. This study is a systematic overview of peer-reviewed journal articles to identify the reasons for and against consumer intentions to adopt BEVs. A total of 1846 papers were retrieved and after a two-step identification, 40 papers were finally identified and analyzed in detail. The influencing factors were categorized into three main types, namely demographic, situational and psychological, and they were reviewed separately. In addition, the shortcomings and deficiencies in the current studies were also noted.
Oxygen-deficient spinel (LiMn)3O4−z was successfully synthesized by melt-impregnation method. The chemical composition of each spinel sample was carefully analyzed and the value of z was correlated with its discharge capacity at about 3.2V (C 3.2V). The linear relationship between C 3.2V and z was theoretically deduced from the structural consideration of (LiMn)3O4−z .
The processes occurring in the PAN-based gel polymer electrolyte have been in situ investigated by micro-Raman spectroscopy. It is found that in the polarized membrane a stable gradient of both Li cations and perchlorate anions appears: at the anode side of the assembly, the concentration of cations is essentially higher after polarization, while at the cathode side it is visibly lower; in the middle of the membrane concentration of charge carriers remains practically unchanged. While observed gradients are expected in a working electrolyte, an unexpected, and possibly more serious, depletion of the CN groups of the PAN matrix is observed at the anode side during polarization. The nature of this effect may be ascribed to the polymer mobility due to the strong polymer–electrolyte interaction and/or to the polymer degradation caused by internal heating under applied potential.
Microscale Li[Li0.19Ni0.16Co0.08Mn0.57]O2 powders with a high tap density were synthesized using [Ni0.2Co0.1Mn0.7]O x precursor with a unique microstructure via coprecipitation in flowing air. The synthesized Li[Li0.19Ni0.16Co0.08Mn0.57]O2 powders were composed of spherical nanosized primary particles, which results in a high tap density due to the high packing of the spherical primary particles. When used as electrode in a lithium cell, Li[Li0.19Ni0.16Co0.08Mn0.57]O2 exhibits a very high gravimetric capacity of 263mAhg−1 and a volumetric capacity of 956mAhcm−3, as well as an excellent rate capability delivering a discharge capacity of 202mAhg−1 at a 2C-rate. TEM analysis together with SEM observations show that the electrochemical performance of the Li[Li0.19Ni0.16Co0.08Mn0.57]O2 electrode is primarily governed by its microstructure.
The use of membrane proteins as chromatographic stationary phases for the quantitation of biospecific interaction between the proteins and solutes is reviewed. This method is one among the few where a membrane protein is immobilized for repeated analyses of solute binding. To our knowledge, five transmembrane proteins have been immobilized in chromatographic matrices: the glucose and nucleoside transporters from human red blood cells, the photosynthetic reaction center from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from rat brain and a recombinant P-glycoprotein. Proteoliposomes and membrane vesicles have thereby been entrapped in size-exclusion beads, such as Superdex 200, and membrane proteins have been adsorbed on ‘immobilized artificial membrane’ monolayers of lipid analogs grafted to silica beads. Encouragingly, immobilized glucose transporter and P-glycoprotein showed constant interactant affinities for months. Analysis is done in the frontal mode at equilibrium because there is no separation between bound and free ligand. Both the affinity constant, which generally coincides with the corresponding constant determined by use of nonchromatographic methods, and the amount of active binding sites are obtained. The method has been successfully applied to functional analysis of membrane proteins in cells or reconstituted in lipid mono- or bilayers, screening of low-molecular interactants, investigation of protein–protein interaction and studies of effects of physico-chemical parameters on solute–protein interaction. The analyses require sensitive detection of the analyte and matching between amount of binding sites and affinity.
The degradation of Ni-rich LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode material is successfully suppressed via a facile in situ oxidizing-coating method. KMnO4 is used as not only a Mn source but also an oxidant. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) results demonstrate that the structure and morphology of the KMnO4-pretreated sample are the same as the pristine one. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms that the valence state of Mn is +4 and the Ni3+ ions are partly reduced to Ni2+ when the material is doped with Mn4+. Besides, the Mn4+ ions are proved to distribute uniformly on the surface of the materials particles through energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and EDS elemental mapping. And it is confirmed that the concentration of Ni in the outer layer is reduced by the Mn-surface-modification. From the electrochemical characterizations, it is confirmed that the presence of tetravalent Mn at the surface can suppress the capacity fading during charge–discharge cycles, even under elevated temperature and overcharge conditions, and can prevent the material from deterioration during storage in air.
Developing efficient electrocatalysts is extremely desirable to decrease the overall cost of electrochemical devices. It usually lies in interface modification for improving intrinsic activity of active sites, and structural optimization for facilitating mass transport. Herein, we rationally design a series of carbon-based hierarchical architectures as bifunctional electrocatalysts through control pyrolysis of metal−organic frameworks coated layered double hydroxide nanoplatelets. Three kinds of catalysts with hierarchical structures are produced, nanoparticles dispersed on carbonized metal oxide nanosheets, carbon nanotubes vertically grown on carbonized metal oxide nanosheets, and carbon nanosheets vertically grown on carbonized metal oxide nanosheets. Among them, the carbon nanotubes vertically grown on carbonized metal oxide nanosheets electrocatalyst possesses the highest electrochemical surface area, lowest charge-transfer resistance, and the fast mass transfer rate, owing to its unique hierarchical porous structure. These properties lead to excellent catalytic activities for oxygen reduction/evolution reactions in terms of half-wave potential (835 mV) and low overpotential (280 mV), which make it a significant electrocatalyst for zinc-air batteries with respectable discharge-charge performance, peak power density (235 mW cm−2), specific capacitance (875 mAh g−1) and better stability than precious metal catalysts.
We investigate on the technological potential and issues of non-woven separator as an alternative to conventional separator in terms of various evaluation points. Thus, optimal evaluation systems for new nonwoven polyacrylonitrile (PAN) separator are proposed to compare with commercialized polyethylene (PE) separator, and corresponding stacking-type pouch batteries are used as an evaluation tool. Cell performance, electrochemical stability, and thermal stability for both separators are compared. Based on the comparison results, each separator’s effects are discussed in detail. In comparison to PE separator, the non-woven separator exhibits distinct advantage in microporous structure, leading to superior reliability of cell. Based on the understanding of non-woven separator, cell performances of the separator at different charge/discharge conditions are discussed in terms of ion transport of the separator and AC impedance of the cell. Moreover, the problems of nonwoven separator to be solved are clearly stated through the phenomenological analyses. The overall evaluation results indicate that the non-woven PAN separator has many advantages over the PE separator, which, in turn, contribute to superior cell performances. Therefore, the PAN nonwoven membrane can be the most promising candidate for separators of the next generation of lithium-ion battery if the problems to be stated will be solved.
The corrosion tests with AISI-type 316L and 310S stainless steels are carried out to understand the abnormal corrosion behaviour observed in a molten 52 m/o Li2CO3–48 m/o Na2CO3 salt in the temperature range of 520°C to 580°C, particularly in the presence of CO2 and O2. Two experimental methods, namely, an out-of-cell test and an electrochemical method, were employed to analyze the corrosion behaviour with varying gas composition as well as temperature. The samples tested in the temperature range of 520°C to 580°C suffer more corrosion attack than those tested in the temperature range of 600°C to 650°C. Optical microscope analysis of samples from out-of-cell tests for 100 h show that the surfaces of the samples, regardless of the type of stainless-steel, were corroded severely by pitting when the temperature is below 580°C. Samples tested above 600°C, however, do not suffer significant corrosion attack. This is also confirmed by potentiodynamic results. The polarization curves of 316L stainless-steel samples measured above 600°C exhibit the typical active–passive behaviour, but the passive region disappears when the temperature is below 580°C. This is attributed to the formation of a porous LiFe5O8 passive film. By contrast, the formation of a LiFeO2 passive film, dense enough to provide protection, is observed with increasing temperature over 600°C. It is also found that the partial pressure of CO2 affects markedly the corrosion rate, but the partial pressure of O2 does not.
Due to the recent focus on concussion in sports, a number of tests have been developed to diagnose and manage concussion. While each test measures different brain functions, no single test has been shown to quickly and reliably assess concussion in all cases. In addition, most of the current concussion tests have not been validated by scientific investigation. This review identifies the pros and cons of the most commonly used noninvasive tests for concussion in order to provide a more complete picture of the resources that are available for concussion testing. The potential utility of research tools such as the head impact telemetry system, advanced magnetic resonance imaging protocols, and biomarkers are discussed in the context of the currently employed tools.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic, multifactorial disease and a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly population in the Western Hemisphere. Among the two major subtypes of AMD, the prevalence of the nonneovascular (dry) type is approximately 85–90% and the neovascular (wet) type is 10–15%. Healthy lifestyle and nutritional supplements of anti-oxidative micronutrients have been shown to delay the progression of dry AMD and lower the risk of development of wet AMD, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections have been shown to improve visual acuity for wet AMD patients. However, to date, there is no approved treatment for geographic atrophy (GA), a debilitating late stage of dry AMD. Thus, this represents a large unmet need in this patient population. This review focuses on the current management and treatment of nonneovascular AMD, the drugs and devices that have been under investigation for the treatment of GA, and the latest clinical trial results. A few therapeutic options have shown initial promising clinical trial results, but failed to show efficacy in larger trials, while others are awaiting future clinical trial results and long-term follow-up to evaluate safety and efficacy.
Synthesis of polymers containing disulfide bonds in the main chain by electrochemical polymerization of 1,10-decanedithiol (DEDT) in dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) was investigated. The resulting poly(DEDT) was also investigated under constant current electrolysis. It is observed that the number-average molar mass (M n) of the polymer increases as a function of time (i.e. as a function of the Faradaic charge passing through the circuit), as opposed to what was observed in acetonitorile (CH3CN). These results are attributed to the solubility of the product, poly(DEDT) of the reaction in CH2Cl2, while it is insoluble in CH3CN. In the polymerization of DEDT in CH2Cl2, the relation between the M n of the polymer and Faradaic charge showed the features of a stepwise polymerization process (which proceeds by the stepwise reaction between the functional groups of the reactants). The cleavage of the disulfide bond in the polymer was found to take place mainly at the anode via an oxidation process. By the addition of benzylmercaptan (BzSH), the molar mass of the polymer could be regulated. The benzylthiyl group derived from BzSH could be introduced at the polymer chain end.
A simple and inexpensive route is developed to synthesis the Sb thin film sandwiched between the reduced graphene oxide and the Ni foam (RGO-SbTF-Ni) by a galvanic replacement reaction along with a pulse electrophoretic deposition route. As a binder-free anode material for lithium ion batteries, the RGO-SbTF-Ni exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 872.9mAhg−1 and an enhanced coulombic efficiency of 66.0% at a current density of 100mAg−1 in the first cycle. In addition, a substantial discharge capacity of 424.1mAhg−1 can be retained even after 50 repeated cycles. The enhanced performances of the designed binder-free anode material can be attributed to the novel hierarchical sandwich laminated structure with an excellent electrical contact, and the synergistic effect between the Sb thin film with high specific capacity and flexible RGO with good buffer effect to alleviate the strain caused by the large volume change.
To improve the cycling performance of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 at 55°C, a thin Ni3(PO4) layer was homogeneously coated onto the cathode particle via simple ball milling. The morphology of the Ni3(PO4)2-coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 particle was characterized using SEM and TEM analysis, and the coating thickness was found to be approximately 10–20nm. The Ni3(PO4)2-coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cell showed improved lithium intercalation stability and rate capability especially at high C rates. This improved cycling performance was ascribed to the presence of Ni3(PO4)2 on the LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 particle, which protected the cathode from chemical attack by HF and thus suppressed an increase in charge transfer resistance. Transmission electron microscopy of extensively cycled particles confirmed that the particle surface of the Ni3(PO4)2-coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 remained almost undamaged, whereas pristine particles were severely serrated. The stabilization of the host structure by Ni3(PO4)2 coating was also verified using X-ray diffraction.
The fundamental challenge of the 21st century that mankind has to face is definitely energy supply, its storage and conversion in a way that necessarily protects the environment. For 250 years, the tremendous development of humanity has been founded on the harnessing of fossil fuels (coal, crude oil then natural gas) as primary energy due to their high energy density values and the easiness of access. However, this global pattern of energy supply and use is unsustainable. Global warming and finite fossil-fuel supplies call for a radical change in the energy mix to favour renewable energy sources. Without being exhaustive, we tackle in this article the tricky energy question and associated environmental issues as personally perceived. The eminent role of electric energy produced from decarbonized sources in a future sustainable economy is particularly highlighted as well as the issues of its needed storage. The possible and foreseen hindrances of electrochemical energy storage devices, focusing on the lithium-ion technology, are presented in parallel with the possible pathways to make such a technology greener in synergy with the rise of a biomass-based industry.
In a fuel cell vehicle, a direct current boost converter (DCC) is required to link a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell system (FCS) and lithium battery packages. The DCC is installed to regulate the output power of the FCS, and can be controlled in different ways, via current, voltage, or power modes. Interactions between a DCC and FCS have attracted growing interests in recent years, because they affect dynamic and stable performances of the entire system. This paper outlines a simulation study on interactions between high-frequency switching operations of a DCC and internal states of an FCS based on a multiscale model. Results are as follows. (1) High-frequency switching operations have a major influence on the cathode overpotential, voltage ohmic loss and water transport through the membrane, whereas the influence on the partial pressures of gas species inside the stack is slight. (2) The FCS is more stable in the case of membrane dehydration than in that of water flooding. DCC's control mode has a greater influence on the FCS when water flooding occurs than membrane dehydration. The power control mode is the most unstable of the three, whereas the current control mode is the most stable.
The primary capacity of heat treated manganese dioxide in Li/MnO2 batteries is directly related to the numerous physical properties which characterize this material. A statistical model is employed to isolate the influence of material structure, composition and morphology on the electrochemical performance at the discharge rates 2, 5, 10 and 20mAg−1. Among the most influential parameters are the pyrolusite content, Mn(IV) percentage, cation vacancy fraction and surface area. Some of the materials investigated show higher specific capacities than literature materials, with further improvement to the performance of these materials anticipated through the intelligent selection of heat treated manganese dioxide which exhibit the ideal properties outlined in this study.
Pure titanium foil cannot be directly as the substrate for the bipolar lead-acid battery due to its surface oxidized into titanium dioxide in the cell cycle. The poor electronic conductivity of titanium dioxide will increase substrate's ohmic resistance and can affect the cell's electrochemical performances. In this paper, titanium foil's surface is coated with a lay of partial reduction titanium dioxide (TiO2−x ) which has excellent chemical stability and high electronic conductivity by means of sol–gel method. Through XRD, SEM and four-probe test, it shows that the modified titanium's surface has the most superior crystal structure and morphology and the highest electronic conductivity in the sintering temperature of 800 °C. We subsequently assemble bipolar lead-acid batteries with Ti coated by TiO2−x as the substrate material. The batteries are discovered that when charged and discharged in 3.5 V–4.84 V at 0.5C the voltage between the charge and discharge voltage platform is 0.3 V, and the initial discharge specific capacity can reach 80 mAh g−1. When the current rate is up to 1C and 2C, the initial discharge specific capacity is 70 mAh g−1and 60 mAh g−1. After 100 cycles, the initial specific capacity only decreases 12.5%.
This paper presents the 2005 global inventory of anthropogenic emissions to the atmosphere component of the work that was prepared by UNEP and AMAP as a contribution to the UNEP report Global Atmospheric Mercury Assessment: Sources, Emissions and Transport (UNEP Chemicals Branch, 2008). It describes the methodology applied to compile emissions data on the two main components of the inventory – the ‘by-product’ emissions and the ‘intentional use’ emissions – and to geospatially distribute these emissions estimates to produce a gridded dataset for use by modelers, and the results of this work. It also presents some initial results of work to develop (simplified) scenario emissions inventories for 2020 that can be used to investigate the possible implications of actions to reduce mercury emissions at the global scale.