batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this review, we discuss the most recent developments in the field of green binders for batteries and supercapacitors and explain how they could decrease cost and environmental impact, and yet improve the performance of electrochemical energy devices. The different classes of green binders reported to date in the literature are firstly classified according to their processability (the solvent required for electrode manufacturing), chemical composition (F-free), and natural availability (synthetic or bio-derived). The benefits originating from their employment are analysed for different devices. The most popular lithium-ion batteries are thoroughly discussed both from the anode and the cathode side. While high capacity Si-based anodes benefit from enhanced cyclability due to the interaction between the active particles’ surface and the functional groups of, e.g., polysaccharides such as carboxymethyl cellulose and alginate, the transition to water-processable cathodes is certainly more challenging. In particular, strategies to suppress the aluminium corrosion affecting most lithiated transition metal oxides are discussed. Despite the much more limited literature available, the role of the binder is increasingly recognized in the emerging field of lithium–sulphur and sodium-ion batteries, and electrochemical double layer capacitors and, therefore, here discussed as well.
V3S4 nanoparticles anchored on three-dimensional (3D) reduced graphene oxide gel (V3S4-rGO) is successfully fabricated as a novel anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The V3S4 nanoparticles with a size of 200–300 nm are homogeneously and tightly adhered to the surface of graphene nanosheets. The interactions between V3S4 nanoparticles and rGO are examined through density functional theory (DFT) calculations with van der Waals forces considered. The nanoscale V3S4 not only exhibits a high theoretical capacity and a high electric conductivity, but also provides a short pathway for electron transportation and Li+ diffusion. Meanwhile, the 3D porous rGO gel can provide a continuous electric conductive network and also act as buffers for volume expansion during the repeated lithiation/delithiation process. Compared with the previous reported V2O3-rGO hybrid, the resultant V3S4-rGO electrode exhibits a better electrochemical performance with a high reversible specific capacity (873 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.2 C) and a high rate capability (502 mAh g−1 at 5 C and 338.7 mAh g−1 at 10 C) owing to the high content of active V3S4 and its unique nanostructures.
Spinels are not known for their supercapacitive nature. Here, we have explored electrochemically synthesized nanostructured NiCo2O4 spinel thin-film electrode for electrochemical supercapacitors. The nanostructured NiCo2O4 spinel thin film exhibited a high specific capacitance value of 580Fg−1 and an energy density of 32Whkg−1 at the power density of 4kWkg−1, accompanying with good cyclic stability.
This paper reported on a new gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) based on polyethylene (PE) non-woven fabric supported poly(acrylonitrile-vinyl acetate) (P(AN-VAc)/PE) membrane for lithium ion battery use. The preparation and performances of the P(AN-VAc)/PE membrane and its GPE based on 1 M LiPF6 in dimethyl carbonate/diethylene carbonate/ethylene carbonate (1:1:1 in volume) were investigated with a comparison of the unsupported P(AN-VAc) membrane. It is found that the P(AN-VAc)/PE membrane shows better mechanical strength and pore structure for electrolyte uptake than the P(AN-VAc) membrane, and subsequently the GPE based on P(AN-VAc)/PE exhibits higher ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability on cathode than the GPE based on P(AN-VAc). With the support of the non-woven fabric, the ionic conductivity of the GPE at room temperature increases from 1.4 to 3.8 mS cm−1, the oxidation decomposition potential of the GPE on a stainless steel is improved from 5.0 to 5.6 V (vs. Li/Li+). The mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB)/LiMn2O4 battery using P(AN-VAc)/PE as separator retains 94% of its initial discharge capacity after 100 cycles at C/2 rate, showing that the P(AN-VAc)/PE membrane is a possible alternative to the expensive separator for current liquid lithium ion battery.
Germanium-based materials has been considered as a promising anode material for Li-ion batteries due to their high theoretical capacity. Herein, we reported a novel Ge/GeO2-Reduced graphene oxide (GG-RGO) microcubes via one-step recombination using sodium borohydride as reductant, followed by a calcination process in reducing atmosphere. During the recombination, the reduced graphene oxide coated GeO2 nanoparticles self-assemble to form three-dimensional Ge shell/GeO2 core cubic structure. RGO coated construction can relieve volume expansion, provide a large reactive area and reduce distance for lithium diffusion. Meanwhile, two-phase Ge/GeO2 composite nanostructure can effectively increase specific capacity. Benefited from its unique three-dimensional structure, the Ge/GeO2-RGO composites exhibit high reversible capacity (1005 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1), good cycling stability (a high reversible capacity of 933 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles) and rate performance (740 mAh g−1 at 2000 mAh g−1).
By means of density functional theory calculations, we systematically investigated the adsorption and diffusion properties of lithium ions on the armchair and zigzag phosphorene nanoribbons (AC-PNR and ZZ-PNR), in comparison with the pristine phosphorene. It is shown that both AC- and ZZ-PNR have a significantly enhanced Li binding strength but without sacrificing the Li mobility due to the presence of unique edge states. Besides, the ZZ-PNR with the width of 21.5 Å has a moderate working voltage (0.504–0.021 V), high capacity (541 mA h/g) and fast charge/discharge rate, which is more promising to be used as an anode material for LIBs. By contrast, the obvious depravation of the voltage is found in AC-PNR, which is mainly due to its weak stiffness that cannot afford the observed structural deformation during the lithiated process. Thus, it is highly expected to avoid the undesirable structural expansion in AC-PNR. The results presented here provide valuable insights into exploring high performance armchair/zigzag phosphorene nanoribbons for potential Li-ion battery applications.
The lithium/sulfur (Li/S) battery is a promising electrochemical system that has high theoretical capacity of 1675mAhg−1. However, the system suffers from several drawbacks: poor active material conductivity, active material dissolution, and use of the highly reactive lithium metal electrode. This study was aimed at understanding the most important limiting parameters of a Li/S cell. Different sulfur material pre-treatments were experimented to increase the practical capacity, and various morphologies were obtained. But none of these treatments led to improvements in electrochemical performance. Electrolyte additives were also used to increase cell discharge capacity, but again without success. Finally, it was concluded that the cell capacity limitation may be linked to dissolution of sulfur material and to passivation of the positive electrode. As the final discharge products are insulating and poorly soluble, they precipitate and induce passivation of the positive electrode surface, leading to incomplete active material utilization. EIS measurements confirmed this passivation problem.
Mesoporous three-dimensional (3D) TiO2/carbon nanotube conductive hybrid nanostructures can be successfully developed using polyethylene oxide (PEO) to modify the surfaces of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). During the synthesis process, PEO acts as not only “bridges” to connect the TiO2 nanoparticles to the CNT surfaces but also as “hosts” to accommodate and stabilize the in situ generated TiO2 particles. As the electrodes for lithium-ion batteries, such mesoporous 3D TiO2/CNT hybrids, demonstrate high Li storage capacity, superior rate performance and excellent long-term cycling stability. They exhibit a reversible specific capacity of 203 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and a stable capacity retention of 91 mA h g−1 at 8000 mA g−1 (47.6 C) over 100 cycles; they also retain approximately 90% (71 mA h g−1) of their initial discharge capacity after 900 cycles at an extremely high rate of 15,000 mA g−1 (89 C). This facile synthetic strategy to construct mesoporous 3D TiO2/CNT conductive hybrids provides a convenient route that efficiently assembles various inorganic oxide components on the CNTs' surfaces and enables the formation of heterogeneous nanostructures with novel functionalities. In particular, utilizing a conductive 3D CNT network can serve as a promising strategy for developing high-performance electrodes for Li secondary batteries and supercapacitors.
The anatase titania with large fraction of {001} facet on the mesoscopic anatase titania scaffold in the hybrid perovskite solar cells exhibited higher photocurrent and open-circuit voltage. The higher performance with {001}-dominant anatase titania with the fraction of 74% were discussed with the characteristic electron transport properties in addition to the energy levels of trap states and conduction band as compared with those properties of conventional anatase titania scaffold. The resulted higher photocurrent and open-circuit voltage were attributed to the enhancement of the electron injection and suppression of the carrier recombination, respectively, at the titania/perovskite semiconductor interface.
The layered Li1+x (Ni0.425Mn0.425Co0.15)1−xO2 (x =0 and 0.12) materials were prepared by a coprecipitation method. Their structure was investigated using the combination of X-ray and electron diffraction experiments. For both materials (x =0 and 0.12), the electron diffraction patterns revealed an in-plane √3a hex. ×√3a hex. superstructure in agreement with the ordering of the Li+, Ni2+, Ni3+, Mn4+ and Co3+ ions in the transition metal layers. The stoichiometry of these materials was not in agreement with an ideal ordering: the possible presence of point defects or of a domain microstructure was thus discussed. Electron diffraction also revealed that these ordered layers were slightly correlated along the c hex. axis for both materials.
A graphite/TiO2 full cell has been developed as a new safety energy storage system using a highly safety process. The crystal structures of the anatase TiO2 electrode have been investigated with respect to the performance of the electrodes. Due to the large anion intercalation into the graphite positive electrode, the possible charging potential can be raised to around 5.3V against the Li/Li+ electrode, which is a higher charging voltage than lithium-ion batteries (maximum voltage is around 4.3V vs. Li/Li+). In situ XRD measurements have been carried out on both the cathode and anode electrodes of the graphite/TiO2 cell during the charge process to elucidate the intercalation mechanism.
Gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is considered to be a promising electrolyte to realize flexible and safe lithium-based batteries. However, the potential is severely hindered by low ionic conductivity under room temperature, undesirable mechanical property and unstable thermal performance. Herein, these puzzling issues can be effectively settled by constructing a 3D cross-linked network GPE through in-situ polymerization methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA) monomers on electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers. The shape conformable GPE presents a high ionic conductivity (0.33 mS cm−1 at room temperature), extended cycling stability even at high temperature and excellent ability to restrain the growth of the lithium dendrite. Consequently, Li|GPE|LiFePO4 cell shows 134.8 mAh g−1 initial discharge capacity and maintains 78.6% capacity retention after 600 cycles at 2 C under room temperature. More significantly, 112.3 mAh g−1 discharge capacity is still achieved at 2 C and under 50 °C after 300 cycles, which is far more superior than liquid electrolyte with PAN substrate separator. Notably, pouch cells remain working under bending and cutting conditions showing excellent flexibility. The eminent performances provide a promising and alternative way in electrolyte fabrication for lithium-based batteries.
The graphene/carbon nanotube hybrid was designed and implemented by a deoxygenation process for direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase and glucose biosensor. The procedure was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectra, etc. The strategy of structurally engineering one-dimensional carbon nanotube (CNT) and two-dimensional graphene oxide (GO) presented three benefits: (a) a deoxygenation process between GO and acid-CNT was introduced under strongly alkaline condition; (b) GO prevented the irreversible integration of CNT; and (c) CNT hindered the restacking of GO. The RGO interacted with CNT through the van der Waals forces and π–π stacking interaction. The three-dimensional hybrid not only had a high surface area, but also exhibited a good electronic conductivity. A direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase was obtained on the nanohybrid modified electrode which showed good response for glucose sensing. This study would provide a facile and green method for the preparation of nanohybrid for a wide range of applications including biosensing, super capacitor, and transparent electrode.
The fast ionic conducting structure similar to thio-Lithium Super Ionic Conductor (LISICON) phase is synthesized in the Li2S–P2S5 system. The Li2S–P2S5 glass–ceramics with the composition of xLi2S·(100−x)P2S5 (75≤ x ≤80) are prepared by the heat-treatment of mechanically milled amorphous sulfide powders. In the binary Li2S–P2S5 system, 78.3Li2S·21.7P2S5 glass ceramic prepared by mechanical milling and subsequent heat-treatment at 260°C for 3h shows the highest conductivity of 6.3×10−4 Scm−1 at room temperature and the lowest activation energy for conduction of 30.5kJmol−1. The enhancement of conductivity with increasing x up to 78.3 is probably caused by the introduction of interstitial lithium ions at the Li sites which affects the Li ion distribution. The prepared electrolyte exhibits the lithium ion transport number of almost unity and voltage stability of 5V vs. Li at room temperature.
We evaluated (1) thermal and electrochemical stability and (2) ion-dissociation ability of PF6−n (CF3) n − anions by computational method. The thermal stability order by ΔΔE (anion) is PF4(CF3)2 −>PF5(CF3)−>PF3(CF3)3 −>PF6 −. The ion-dissociation ability order by ΔΔE (Li salts) is LiPF3(CF3)3>LiPF4(CF3)2>LiPF5(CF3)>LiPF6. The conductivity of electrolyte solution with LiPF4(CF3)2 (3.9mS/cm) was a little lower than that of LiPF6 (4.4mS/cm) in 0.1mol/l Li salt/PC:DME electrolyte, while the oxidation potential of LiPF4(CF3)2 in PC was higher than that of LiPF6. The LiPF4(CF3)2-cell showed better cycle characteristics than LiPF6-cell.
Electrification is a clear trend for both commercial and military ship development. Shipboard load fluctuations, such as propulsion-load fluctuations and pulse power loads, can significantly affect power system reliability. In order to address this issue, this paper explores a real-time model predictive control based energy management strategy for load fluctuation mitigation in all-electric ships. A battery combined with ultra-capacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is used as a buffer to compensate load fluctuations from the shipboard network. In order to implement the proposed real-time MPC-based energy management strategy on a physical testbed, three special efforts have been made to enable real-time implementation: a specially tailored problem formulation, an efficient optimization algorithm and a multi-core hardware implementation. Given the multi-frequency characteristics of load fluctuations, a filter-based power split strategy is developed as a baseline control to evaluate the proposed MPC. Compared to the filter-based strategy, the experimental results show that the proposed real-time MPC achieves superior performance in terms of enhanced system reliability, improved HESS efficiency, long self-sustained time, and extended battery life. The bus voltage variation and hybrid energy storage losses can be reduced by up to 38% and 65%, respectively.
A sustained decrease in current efficiency (CE) is a commonly observed phenomenon in a zinc/bromine redox flow battery. To circumvent this problem, that is, to improve the CE and system stability of the redox flow battery, a surface active agent (SAA), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate, is introduced as an additive. To investigate the effect of this SAA on the cell performance, polarization testing is performed and the electrode surface is observed after 32 cycles of charge–discharge testing. Adding the SAA facilitates catholyte mixing, leading to an effective reduction of bromine during discharging.
Batteries are expected to play an important role in the transition to decarbonised energy systems by enabling the further penetration of renewable energy technologies while assuring grid stability. However, their hitherto high capital costs is a key barrier for their further deployment. In order to improve their economic viability, batteries could provide several applications offering revenues. The techno-economic evaluation of batteries simultaneously serving several applications has proven to be challenging due to the trade-offs between energy and power applications. Focusing on residential batteries, we develop an optimisation method for designing optimal value propositions and we test it for four different applications both individually and jointly: PV self-consumption, demand load-shifting, avoidance of PV curtailment and demand peak shaving. Our results show that the combination of all applications currently helps batteries to get closer to profitability, from a net present value (NPV) per unit of capital expenditure (CAPEX) of −0.63 ± 0.04 for PV self-consumption only to −0.36 ± 0.10, with the combination of demand peak-shaving and PV self-consumption adding most value (0.21 ± 0.04). We also find that the annual household’s electricity consumption determines the value of energy storage applications. The proposed method allow us to classify storage applications as complementary and substitutive depending on whether their combined application increases their economic attractiveness or not. These results thus offer valuable insight for stakeholders interested in the deployment of energy storage in combination with energy efficiency, heat pumps and electric vehicles such as consumers, utility companies and policy makers.
Hybrid films composed of electropolymerized luminol–flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) adsorbed film modified electrodes have been prepared in aqueous acidic solutions. These films are stable and electrochemically active, and can be produced on glassy carbon, platinum, gold, and transparent semiconductor tin oxide electrodes. The hybrid poly(luminol)/FAD film showed two redox couples. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and cyclic voltammetry were used to study the in situ growth of hybrid poly(luminol)/FAD and poly(luminol) films. The modified electrode was transferred into various aqueous acidic solutions, the two redox couples and the formal potentials of the hybrid films were observed to be pH-dependent. The electrocatalytic oxidation and reduction of NADH and NAD+ by a polyluminol/FAD hybrid film in aqueous solutions with various pH were carried out. The electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH and the reversible electrocatalytic reactions of NADH/NAD+ using a poly(luminol)/FAD hybrid film were found to be active.
Nonaqueous redox flow batteries (NAqRFBs) that utilize redox active organic molecules are an emerging energy storage concept with the possibility of meeting grid storage requirements. Sporadic and uneven advances in molecular discovery and development, however, have stymied efforts to quantify the performance characteristics of nonaqueous redox electrolytes and flow cells. A need exists for archetypal redox couples, with well-defined electrochemical properties, high solubility in relevant electrolytes, and broad availability, to serve as probe molecules. This work investigates the 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (AcNH-TEMPO) redox pair for such an application. We report the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the reduced and oxidized compounds at dilute concentrations for electroanalysis, as well as moderate-to-high concentrations for RFB applications. Changes in conductivity, viscosity, and UV–vis absorbance as a function of state-of-charge are quantified. Cyclic voltammetry investigates the redox potential, reversibility, and diffusion coefficients of dilute solutions, while symmetric flow cell cycling determines the stability of the AcNH-TEMPO redox pair over long experiment times. Finally, single electrolyte flow cell studies demonstrate the utility of this redox couple as a platform chemistry for benchmarking NAqRFB performance.
Mg–Ti–H alloys were synthesized by high energy ball milling from equimolar mixtures of MgH2 +TiH2, MgH2 +Ti and Mg+TiH2 in the presence of 10wt.% Pd. X-ray diffraction analyses combined with Rietveld refinement revealed that after 60h of milling, all as-milled Mg–Ti–H alloys are made of two face-centered-cubic (fcc) phases, with lattice parameters ∼4.47 and ∼4.25Å, in different proportions depending on the composition of the initial mixture. The Mg–Ti–H alloys displayed a similar electrochemical behavior, i.e. their hydrogen discharge capacity was highest during the first cycle and then decreased rapidly with cycling. The maximum discharge capacities of the 60h-milled MgH2 +TiH2, MgH2 +Ti and Mg+TiH2 materials were 300, 443 and 454mAhg−1, respectively. No apparent correlation could be established between the maximum discharge capacity of the Mg–Ti–H materials and the two fcc phase proportion.
The manganese dioxide/zinc cell in an alkaline potassium hydroxide electrolyte is a widely studied system. However, most of this work has focused on additives to manganese dioxide (MnO2) in order to make this cell rechargeable. To the best of my knowledge, no work has been done so far on the discharge–charge mechanism using microscopic techniques. Hence, with an aim to understand the redox mechanism, the MnO2 cathodes are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectrum analysis (EDS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) techniques. The results suggest that the electrode reaction of MnO2 in this electrolyte is potassium (K+) insertion or surface film formation on the surface in addition to the usual protonation i.e. H+ insertion during discharge process.
In spite of their remarkable enhancement in visible light absorption, black TiO2 materials have failed to demonstrate expected photocatalytic activity in visible light due to the presence of a high number of recombination centers. In this report, a new controlled magnesiothermic reduction has been developed to synthesize reduced black TiO2 under a 5% H2/Ar atmosphere. The material possesses an optimum band gap and band position, oxygen vacancies, surface defects, and charge recombination centers and shows significantly improved optical absorption in the visible and infrared region. The synergistic effects enable the black TiO2 material to show an excellent hydrogen production ability in the methanol–water system in the presence of Pt as a co-catalyst. The maximum hydrogen production rates are 43 mmol h−1 g−1 and 440 μmol h−1 g−1, along with remarkable stability under the full solar wavelength range of light and visible light, respectively, and these values are superior to those of previously reported black TiO2 materials.