batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Li-ion transfer at the interface between a non-graphitizable carbon electrode and a solid polymer electrolyte was studied by AC impedance spectroscopy. Non-graphitizable carbon prepared at 2273K was used as a working electrode. After potential cycling between 0 and 3.0V, Nyquist plots gave a semi-circle at 3.0V versus Li/Li+. At this potential, no Li-ion insertion and extraction occurred, and therefore the semi-circle is due to surface film resistance. At potentials below 0.9V, impedance spectra gave two semi-circles. The semi-circle in the lower frequency region can be assigned to the charge transfer resistance due to Li-ion transfer at the non-graphitizable carbon electrode/polymer electrolyte interface. The temperature-dependence of the resistance showed Arrhenius-type behavior and gave activation energy of about 70kJmol−1 regardless of the electrolyte used, indicating that a high activation barrier exists at the non-graphitizable carbon electrode/electrolyte interface for Li-ion transfer. Non-graphitizable carbon heat-treated in air at 773K gave lower activation energy for interfacial Li-ion transfer than pristine carbon. However, the activation energy for interfacial Li-ion transfer in the polymer electrolyte was still large compared to that obtained in the liquid electrolyte. These results suggest that a high energy barrier of activation for interfacial Li-ion transfer exists at the interface between the electrode and solid polymer electrolyte.
Na3V2(PO4)3 is considered as one of the most promising cathode materials for SIB, electrodes through exploiting unconventional and relatively expensive vanadium salts or carbon sources. For the latter, the obtained superior rate performance is generally obtained at relatively high content of the carbon additives. A carbon-coated sodium ion containing vanadium phosphate, Na3V2(PO4)3, is prepared by a simple sequentially-processed method. The sequentially-processed method is potential for mass-production and preparation of other high-quality vanadium-based electrode materials. A special dissolution sequence leads to an un-precipitated solution, which is used to produce an amorphous-state precursor. The carbon mass fraction of sequentially-processed Na3V2(PO4)3 is estimated to be less than 2% measured by thermo-gravimetric analyzer. Electrochemical performance of sequentially-processed Na3V2(PO4)3 is examined as cathode material for aprotic sodium ion battery. The sequentially-processed Na3V2(PO4)3 delivers 113 mA h g−1 with a flat voltage plateau at 3.4 V vs sodium metal. The simple sequentially-processed method also endows excellent rate capacity and cyclability to sequentially-processed Na3V2(PO4)3 at the voltage window of 2.8–3.8 V. We further investigate cyclic and rate performance of sequentially-processed Na3V2(PO4)3 as a high-capacity cathode material with a widened voltage window of 1–4 V vs Na+/Na. A capacity of more than 210 mA h g−1 can be delivered with appearance of another additional voltage plateau at 1.6 V but the capacity quickly fades away after dozens of cycles. The result validates the potential of Na3V2(PO4)3 in reaching high cathode capacity (> 200 mA h g−1) and also calls for new structure design to better accommodate the intercalation of sodium ions and new binder materials that can tolerate a larger degree of electrode expansion.
Postural control and motor coordination are essential components of normal athletic activity. Tasks involving balance and coordination are used to determine neurological function in sports-related concussion. Determining normative values for these tasks is therefore essential to provide sports medicine professionals with a frame of reference with which to interpret clinical measures obtained from players suspected of sustaining a concussion. One hundred and seventytwo healthy subjects (16–37 yrs) performed three timed tests: Tandem Gait (TG); Finger-to-Nose (FTN); Single-Leg-Stance (SLS) on firm and foam surfaces. Unadjusted geometric means (±SD) for each measure were averaged across three trials. Time to complete TG was 11.2±1.2s. FTN for the dominant and non-dominant arm were 2.9±1.1s and 3.0±1.2s, respectively. SLS values for dominant and non-dominant leg were 20.4±3.0s (firm), 3.4±1.6s (foam), and 21.0±2.9s (firm), 3.3±1.6s (foam), respectively. For TG, there was an order effect (P <.001) but no age, sex or BMI effects. FTN demonstrated a dominant arm preference (P <.001), sex (P =.006), BMI (P =.043) and order effects (P <.001). SLS demonstrated an order effect on the firm surface (P =.009) and an order (P <.001) and BMI (P =.001) effect on foam. Intra-rater reliability, as measured by ICC (3,3), demonstrated that TG and FTN had excellent reliability compared to SLS. FTN and TG should continue to be used in test batteries to determine neurological function in sports-related concussion.
Diffusion behaviors and reaction kinetics are factors limiting the rate capacity of lithium ion batteries (LIB), particularly in automotive applications. In order to gain a better understanding of the rate-limiting factors of LIBS, a fractional circuit model is constructed and two feedback loops are added to the impedance diagnosis flowchart in this paper. The fractional impedance model is constructed for a commercially available automotive LIB, featured by low internal resistance, long diffusion lengths, and large interfacial areas. Impedance data collected are then used to quantitatively analyze the charge transfer reaction, the status of the solid electrolyte layer (SEI), and the lithium diffusion behavior at different state of charges (SOCs) of 7.5%∼93.0% based on the constructed model and the calculated characteristics frequencies of the corresponding physiochemical processes. The results indicate that both charge transfer resistance and diffusion resistance increased dramatically with decreased SOC values when SOC ≤ 26.5 % . These results suggest that automotive LIBs should not operate at low SOCs of less than 20.0 % or depth of discharging higher than 80.0 % . Finally, calculations of anode and cathode Warburg impedance percentages offer a simple and quick way to evaluate lithium diffusion abilities through insertion/de-insertion electrodes.
In this paper, graphene oxide (GO) is integrated on commercial polypropylene separator by tape casting method and sandwiched between a sulfur cathode and the separator as a shuttle inhibitor of the Li-S battery. The issues of lithium polysulfides dissolution and shuttle effect are inhibited distinctly, and significant improvements not only in the active material utilization but also in capacity retention are observed. What's more, the improvement mechanism is studied in detail. The results demonstrate that the sulfur and polysulfide species in separator and electrolyte for the cell with GO-coating separator are much less than that with the pristine separator. The GO membrane still maintains three-dimensional porous and flexible structure with a few lithium polysulfides and Li2S2/Li2S nanoparticles anchored on the surface and inter-layers of GO sheets after long cycles. And the active materials are significantly localized within the cathode structure after GO-coating. In addition, less sulfate species, lithium salts, polysulfides and other insoluble species are identified on the cathode and separator after long-term cycling.
The sustainability index is an adaptive, multicriteria and novel technique that is used to compare different energy storage systems for their sustainability. This innovative concept utilizes both qualitative and quantitative results to measure sustainability through an index based approach. This report aims to compare three different energy storage options for an intermittent renewable energy source. The three energy storage options are lead acid batteries, lithium polymer batteries and fuel cell systems, that are selected due to their availability and the geographical constrain of using other energy storage options. The renewable energy source used is solar photovoltaic (PV). Several technical, economic and environmental factors have been discussed elaborately which would help us to evaluate the merits of the energy storage system for long term storage. Finally, a novel sustainability index has been proposed which quantifies the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the factors discussed, and thus helps us choose the ideal energy storage system for our scenario. A weighted sum approach is used to quantify each factor according to their importance. After a detailed analysis of the three energy storage systems through the sustainability index approach, the most feasible energy storage option was found to be fuel cell systems which can provide a long term energy storage option and also environmental friendly.
Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek is a plant commonly used in folklore medicine in the management of gastric diseases in South America. This study explores the effects of a supratherapeutic dose of aqueous and ethanol extracts of M. ilicifolia (1360 mg/kg) on fertility and neurobehavioral status in male and pregnant rats. A battery of sensory-motor developmental endpoints was carried out to assess impairments on pups of dams orally treated with the aqueous extract of M. ilicifolia during the organogenesis period of pregnancy (GD 9 through GD 14). The neuromotor maturation reflexes and physical developments of the offspring were not significantly different between the groups (p < 0.05). Also, the hippocampal morphology revealed no indices of cell loss in the CA1, CA2, CA3 and CA4 areas. As second protocol, some fertility aspects were investigated in young post pubertal male Wistar rats treated with the ethanol extract for 30 days. The semen quality and testicular tissue morphology of male rats treated with the ethanol extract of M. ilicifolia remained unaffected upon treatment. Thus, the results indicate that the high-dose of M. ilicifolia extracts have no neurotoxic potential on offspring and seem not to affect the sperm quality of male rats.
ECT is bedeviled by lack of agreed objective seizure descriptors. A traditional descriptor is seizure length. However, the identification of seizure end-point remains problematic. For half a century, the seizure end-point was identified by visual observation of limb movement. Impediments to the visual method are many, and include that administered muscle relaxant may greatly suppress movements, and one limb may continue to move, unnoticed. With advances in technology, electromyography (EMG) and electroencephalography (EEG) suggested solutions. The EMG method included placing a cuff around the arm to prevent arterial dispersion of the depolarizing agent to one arm. In practice this was cumbersome, and The Royal College of Psychiatrists' Special Committee on ECT eventually described the technique as unreliable [1]. The EEG method is also beset by difficulties. Even experienced encephalographers with the benefit of multichannel EEGs are unable to locate the end-points in 10–20% of cases [2]. Further, “seizure morphology” varies with ECT technique. For example, the “seizure intensity” of low dose unilateral differs from high dose bilateral ECT [3], and EEG ictal features change over the course of treatment [4]. McCall [5] recently stated that the seizure morphology which predicts clinical outcome is yet to be characterized, and that “EEG seizures” are frequently less useful than the observation of clonic movements. In short, objective physiological measurements are yet to be universally accepted and effective in clinical practice, and visual observation continues to be the default option. Reports have described the use of accelerometers in monitoring limb movements [6,7]. More recently, publications have described the use of iPhone accelerometers to monitor the tremor of Parkinson's disease [8] and trunk sway [9] and even earthquake tremors. Is it possible an accelerometer attached in the midline (or each limb) could give a useful, objective description of induced seizures?
A new unsymmetrical lithium salt containing F−, C6O2F4 2− [dianion of tetrafluoro-1,2-benzenediol], lithium difluoro[tetrafluoro-1,2-benzenediolato(2-)-O,O′]borate (4FLDFBDB) is synthesized and characterized. The thermal characteristics of it, and its derivatives, lithium difluoro[3-fluoro-1,2-benzene-diolato(2-)-O,O′]borate (FLDFBDB), and lithium difluoro[1,2-benzene-diolato(2-)-O,O′]borate (LDFBDB) are examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The thermal decomposition in air begins at 170°C, 185°C, and 230°C for 4FLDFBDB, FLDFBDB, and LDFBDB respectively. The order of the stability toward oxidation of these organoborates is 4FLDFBDB>FLDFBDB>LDFBDB. The cyclic voltammetry study shows that the 4FLDFBDB solution in propylene carbonate (PC) is stable up to 4.2V versus Li+/Li. They are soluble in common organic solvents. Ionic dissociation properties of 4FLDFBDB and its derivatives are examined by conductivity measurements in PC, PC+ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), PC+dimethyl ether (DME), PC+ethylene carbonate (EC)+EMC. The conductivity values of the 0.10moldm−3 4FLDFBDB electrolyte in these solutions are higher than those of FLDFBDB and LDFBDB electrolytes.
It is well-known that some surface modifiers or additives can effectively improve the electrode properties of Li-storage materials. But, some of them may be harmful to the finished battery. The coupling and the interaction between the cathode, separator, electrolyte and anode should be considered when selecting the additives. One example was presented in this work. The electrochemistry of LiFe0.4Mn0.6PO4/C+Ag composite lithium ion battery cathode has been investigated. It was found from the results that the Ag additive can effectively improve the high-rate discharge-ability of LiFe0.4Mn0.6PO4/C composite cathodes and increase the reversibility. But the further intensive investigation has revealed that Ag is not suitable to use as the additive in cathode materials if the operation voltage of cathode electrode is more than 3.7V vs. Li/Li+.
Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by numerous diverse signs and symptoms. Individuals with prominent, persistent, and idiopathic negative symptoms are thought to encompass a distinct subtype of schizophrenia. Previous work, including studies involving neuropsychological evaluations, has supported this position. The present study sought to further examine whether deficit patients are cognitively distinct from non-deficit patients with schizophrenia. A comprehensive neurocognitive battery including tests of verbal memory, vigilance, processing speed, reasoning, and working memory was administered to 657 patients with schizophrenia. Of these, 144 (22 %) patients were classified as deficit patients using a proxy identification method based on severity, persistence over time, and possible secondary sources (e.g., depression) of negative symptoms. Deficit patients with schizophrenia performed worse on all tests of cognition relative to non-deficit patients. These patients were characterized by a generalized cognitive impairment on the order of about 0.4 standard deviations below that of non-deficit patients. However, when comparing deficit patients to non-deficit patients who also present with negative symptoms, albeit not enduring or primary, no group differences in cognitive performance were found. Furthermore, a discriminant function analysis classifying patients into deficit/non-deficit groups based on cognitive scores demonstrated only 62.3 % accuracy, meaning over one-third of individuals were misclassified. The deficit subtype of schizophrenia is not markedly distinct from non-deficit schizophrenia in terms of neurocognitive performance. While deficit patients tend to have poorer performance on cognitive tests, the magnitude of this effect is relatively modest, translating to over 70 % overlap in scores between groups.
Battery and fuel cell simulations commonly assume that electrodes are macro-homogeneous and isotropic. These simulations have been used to successfully model performance, but give little insight into predicting failure. In Li-ion battery electrodes, it is understood that local tortuosity impacts charging rates, which may cause increased degradation. This report describes a novel approach to quantifying tortuosity based on a heat transfer analogy applied to X-ray microscopy data of a commercially available LiFePO4 electrode. This combination of X-ray imaging and image-based simulation reveals the microscopic performance of the electrode; notably, the tortuosity was observed to vary significantly depending on the direction considered, which suggests that tortuosity might best be quantified using vectors rather than scalars.
To systematically review the association between knee abduction kinematics and kinetics during weight-bearing activities at baseline and the risk of future anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury.
LaNi0.9Ru0.1O3 as cathode catalyst for a direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC) was synthesized and investigated for the first time. The electrochemical experiments indicated that perovskite-type oxide LaNi0.9Ru0.1O3 exhibited higher electrochemical performance compared with LaNiO3, which suggested incorporation of element Ru into LaNiO3 could further improve the catalytic ability for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline solution. LaNi0.9Ru0.1O3 catalyst was found to have good tolerance of BH4 −. Meanwhile the maximum power density of 171mWcm−2 was obtained at 65°C without using any precious ion exchange membrane. A life test indicated that the DBFC displayed no significant degradation for about 70h testing. The electrochemical data suggested that LaNi0.9Ru0.1O3, which provided a simple way to construct DBFCs without using any ion exchange membrane, might be promising cathode catalyst with high performance and low cost for DBFCs.
A novel boric acid ester monomer with polymerizable acryloyl group has been designed and synthesized. It is expected that the Lewis acidic nature of this monomer prefers interaction with salts in electrolyte solutions and in polymer gel electrolytes. When the boric acid ester monomer was added to various electrolyte solutions, both of the solubility of salts and ionic conductivity of the solutions were increased considerably. The boric acid ester monomer was polymerized to fix it to the matrix polymer of gel electrolytes. The ionic conductivities of the gel electrolytes increased as compared to those without the boric acid ester monomer. The conductivity enhancement effect was greater for the polymer gel electrolytes than for the electrolyte solutions.
Nowadays, bidirectional power transfer is a necessity for Vehicle-to-Grid technology. Making accurate and fast SOC estimation more crucial than ever by battery management systems. Striving to establish the optimal strategy for real-time SOC estimation on-board of an electric vehicle for the newly established V2G technology, this paper presents a detailed and critical comparative study of the unscented Kalman filter and artificial neural network. Unlike most conventional comparative studies in literature, this paper presents a critical view of the design and implementation processes of each strategy. All the design aspects are addressed and critically compared including predesign and design requirements. Their accuracy and sensitivity to the erroneous initial SOC values, alongside their tolerance to unpredicted operational conditions, are investigated using different load scenarios typically encountered by the V2G environment. Furthermore, a hybrid nonlinear least square algorithm is presented for battery internal parameter identification, needed for UKF. The experimental results indicate that UKF presents the best overall performance and compromise between accuracy, robustness, computational power and required resources; 91% fewer data were required than the ANN, robustness against erroneous initial SOC for up to 100% deviation, and more accurate under fast changing current and unpredictable conditions; 1.5% compared to 3%.
Solid oxide fuel cell combined heat and power (CHP) is a promising technology to serve electricity and heat demands. In order to analyse the potential of the technology, a detailed techno-economic energy-cost minimisation model of a micro-CHP system is developed drawing on steady-state and dynamic SOFC stack models and power converter design. This model is applied it to identify minimum costs and optimum stack capacities under various current density change constraints. Firstly, a characterisation of the system electrical efficiency is developed through the combination of stack efficiency profiles and power converter efficiency profiles. Optimisation model constraints are then developed, including a limitation in the change of current density (Acm−2) per minute in the stack. The optimisation model is then presented and further expanded to account for the inability of a stack to respond instantaneously to load changes, resulting in a penalty function being applied to the objective function proportional to the size of load changes being serviced by the stack. Finally, the optimisation model is applied to examine the relative importance, in terms of minimum cost and optimum stack maximum electrical power output capacity, of the limitation on rate of current density change for a UK residential micro-CHP application. It is found that constraints on the rate of change in current density are not an important design parameter from an economic perspective.
Al-air batteries are generally fabricated by rigid and heavyweight materials such as metal or plastic, meanwhile a bulky electrolyte solution either in static or circulation is requisite to ensure their steady operation. Therefore, they are less suitable for powering flexible and portable devices with lower power demand, such as wearable electronics, point-of-care test assays, RFID tags, etc. This work develops a flexible and lightweight Al-air battery with much less electrolyte storage, which is totally fabricated on a cellulose paper. The Al foil anode is embedded inside the paper substrate during paper-making process, while the air-breathing cathode is deposited onto the paper surface using an oxygen reduction ink. Despite its simple structure and low cost, this flexible Al-air battery can deliver a satisfactory power density of 19 mW cm−2 with alkaline electrolyte, and its operation lifespan is as long as 58 h with only 25 mg Al when saline electrolyte is employed. The corresponding Al specific capacity is as high as 2338 mA h g−1. In addition, this battery exhibits an excellent flexibility when facing different bending angles from 60 to 180° and multiple bending times greater than 1000. Furthermore, a flexible current or voltage output can be easily obtained by scaling up or stacking the present flexible Al-air battery, respectively, and the corresponding stacking efficiency is as high as 94%. In the future, non-metal oxygen catalyst will be employed to improve its environmental friendliness, and hot-pressing will be adopted to further increase its robustness to external deformation.
A novel three-dimensional lead(II) coordination polymer, [Pb3(dmp)2Cl6]n, was prepared by reacting lead(II) chloride with 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline in a fast and facile process. The complex was fully characterized on the basis of its 1H and 13C NMR, IR, and UV spectra and elemental and thermal analyses. The molecular structure of the compound was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and its photoluminescence properties were investigated. The single-crystal X-ray data showed that the compound crystallized in the triclinic crystal system in the space group Pī̄. The complex was utilized as a precursor for the preparation of PbO nanoparticles by direct thermal decomposition at 600 °C in air. The prepared PbO nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction and a band gap of ca. 3.76 eV was determined from the UV–Vis absorption spectrum. A strong blue emission, centered at 466 nm, was observed in the photoluminescence spectrum of PbO nanoparticles and that related to oxygen vacancies in PbO.