batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A biofuel micro trigeneration prototype has been developed to utilise local energy crop oils as fuel in rural areas and developing countries. Straight plant oils (SPOs) only leave behind very little carbon footprint during its simply production process compared to commercial biodiesels in refineries, but the high viscosity of SPOs causes difficulties at engine cold starts, which further results in poor fuel atomisation, compromised engine performance and fast engine deterioration. In this study, a phase change material (PCM) thermal storage is designed to recover and store engine exhaust heat to preheat SPOs at cold starts. High temperature commercial paraffin is selected as the PCM to meet the optimal preheating temperature range of 70–90°C, in terms of the SPO property study. A numerical model of the PCM thermal storage is developed and validated by references. The PCM melting and solidification processes with the consideration of natural convection in liquid zone are simulated in ANSYS-FLUENT to verify the feasibility of the PCM thermal storage as a part of the self-contained biofuel micro trigeneration prototype.
Objective The purpose of the present study was to evaluate both the independent and joint effects of genetic risk and clinical status on neurocognitive functioning in adolescents from a population isolate with an elevated risk for schizophrenia and strong familial aggregation of cases. Method The subjects were 310 non-help seeking, drug-naïve adolescents 14–19 years of age from the Republic of Palau. The sample comprised 98 Genetically High Risk (GHR) adolescents, 54 of whom were symptomatic, and 212 Genetically Low Risk (GLR) adolescents, including 113 Clinically High Risk (CHR) subjects who were symptomatic and 99 normal controls who were non-symptomatic. Neurocognitive testing was conducted after the clinical assessment and included Wechsler Memory Scale tests of logical, visual and working memory, the perceptual organization and processing speed subtests of the WISC-III, CPT-IP measures of sustained attention, and tests of fine and gross neuromotor function. Results GHR adolescents showed impairments in immediate logical memory, verbal working memory, CPT-IP performance, and fine motor skills. The only two cognitive components influenced by the presence of early psychosis symptoms were WISC-III perceptual organization and spatial working memory. Neurocognitive deficits did not increase with increasing levels of psychopathology. We found no significant interactive effects of genetic risk and clinical status on neurocognitive functioning. Conclusions Genetic risk and clinical status exert independent effects on neurocognitive function in HR adolescents, and genetic risk has a broader impact than clinical status. Our results suggest that many of the neurocognitive impairments associated with early psychosis are genetically mediated and can occur in genetically vulnerable individuals regardless of their clinical status. However, visuospatial processing appears to be uniquely disrupted by emerging symptomatology.
Identifying new high-performance enzymes or enzyme complexes to enhance biomass degradation is the key for the development of cost-effective processes for ethanol production. Irpex lacteus is an efficient microorganism for wheat straw pretreatment, yielding easily hydrolysable products with high sugar content. Thus, this fungus was selected to investigate the enzymatic system involved in lignocellulose decay, and its secretome was compared to those from Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pleurotus ostreatus which produced different degradation patterns when growing on wheat straw. Extracellular enzymes were analyzed through 2D-PAGE, nanoLC/MS-MS, and homology searches against public databases.
The inherent high resistance of electrolyte/electrode interface in all-solid-state-lithium-secondary batteries (SSLB) poses a significant hurdle for the SSLB development. The interfacial resistivity between Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) and LiCoO2 is decreased by introducing a thin Nb layer (∼10 nm) at this interface. The interface modification approach using a Nb interlayer dramatically improves the discharge capacity and rate capability of a SSLB.
A planar electrochemical cell developed for operando/in situ neutron diffraction experiments at time-of-flight diffractometers was used to study a structural state of Li x Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) electrodes with different degree of compaction. A two-phase-separated state of the NCA electrodes was observed in the first charge cycle. It was established that stronger compaction of the electrodes partially suppresses the phase separation of the cathode material: reduces a state of charge (SOC) range where two phases coexist, and decreases the difference between structural parameters of the phases. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has revealed a presence of Li2CO3 film at the surface of the NCA material in the amount that is unlikely to affect the NCA behavior during the first charge. It was suggested that the phase-separated state is caused by the morphology of the NCA material. This observation could be expanded to layered cathode materials with similar microstructures.
Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of thermally activated batteries. In thermally activated battery height is determined by the power required of the battery. The same power output can be achieved in a number of case diameters, by using different intercell connections to provide the desired voltage-current parameters. A thermal battery is a low-impedance device; much higher currents than indicated are drawn for shorter periods. Catalyst Research Corporation highlighted the current-life parameters for a wide variety of general-purpose thermal batteries. Catalyst Research Corporation supplies fast activation thermal batteries. These are to meet the needs of applications requiring battery power to fire squibs, electric matches, dimple motors, and explosive bolts, after battery activation. Catalyst Research Corporation thermal batteries are capable of operation at temperatures between -54 and +73°C, at accelerations up to 2500 g lateral, under a shock of up to 200 g and vibration of 30 g, and also at spin rates of 400rev/s.
A facile synthesis of nano-LiMn0.9Fe0.1PO4 particles is attempted by a solvothermal process with ethylene glycol (EG) as solvent. The particle morphology, including plate-like and spindle-like, can be reasonably tuned by anions and feeding sequences of starting materials. FeCl2 and FeSO4 are tried to be starting material of Fe source, respectively. MnCl2, LiOH and H3PO4 are used to be starting materials of Mn, Li and P sources, respectively. P+M+L sequence (that is, LiOH solution is dropwise introduced into the mixture of H3PO4 and transition metal salts) and P+L+M sequence (that is, Mn2+ and Fe2+ mixture was slowly added into the mixture of H3PO4 and LiOH) are investigated to tune the particle morphology. The introduction of SO42− leads to a more uniform morphology of the as-prepared particles compared with those by Cl−1, and P+M+L sequence leads to the particles in smaller size and less agglomeration compared with those by P+L+M sequence. The nano-LiMn0.9Fe0.1PO4 with spindle-like morphology by P+M+L sequence and starting material of FeSO4 exhibits a good reversible discharge capacity of 129.7mAhg−1 at 0.1C.
The goal of this study was to assess coastal marine pollution in the Mar Piccolo and Taranto Gulf (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy) by combining chemical and toxicological data in order to compare and integrate both approaches. Pollutants levels, traditionally, have limited ability to predict adverse effects on living resources. Moreover, in order to provide information on the ecological impact of sediment contamination on aquatic biota Numerical Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) and sediment toxicity bioassays were carefully recommended. In this study ERL (effect range low)/ERM (effect range medium value) and TEL (threshold effect level)/PEL (probable effect level) guidelines have been used. Bioassays were performed with two species of amphipods Gammarus aequicauda and Corophium insidiosum, one species of isopod Idotea baltica and bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae. The TEL/PEL analysis suggested that, especially for stations 1 and 2, sediments in Mar Piccolo should contain acutely toxic concentrations of metals. In particular Hg content, in station 1, was about 17 times PEL value. 96 h LC50 and 48 h EC50 values were estimated for cadmium, copper and mercury in these species using the static acute toxicity test. M. galloprovincialis larvae was more sensitive than other species to all the reference toxicants tested (EC50 determined for cadmium copper and mercury were of 0.59, 0.11 and 0.01 mg/l respectively). Significant differences in sensitivity of species tested to all reference toxicants (ANOVA p < 0.001) were recorded. Bioassays with these species allowed to estimated sediment toxicity from the different studied sites. On the basis of results obtained a good agreement was reported between chemical data and response of the biological endpoints tested.
Electrocatalysis plays a key role in the energy conversion processes central to several renewable energy technologies that have been developed to lessen our reliance on fossil fuels. However, the best electrocatalysts for these processes—which include the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and the redox reactions that enable regenerative liquid-junction photoelectrochemical solar cells—often contain scarce and expensive noble metals, substantially limiting the potential for these technologies to compete with fossil fuels. The considerable challenge is to develop robust electrocatalysts composed exclusively of low-cost, earth-abundant elements that exhibit activity comparable to that of the noble metals. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the development of such high-performance earth-abundant inorganic electrocatalysts (and nanostructures thereof), classifying these materials based on their elemental constituents. We then detail the most critical obstacles facing earth-abundant inorganic electrocatalysts and discuss various strategies for further improving their performance. Lastly, we offer our perspectives on the current directions of earth-abundant inorganic electrocatalyst development and suggest pathways toward achieving performance competitive with their noble metal-containing counterparts.
In the past few decades, extensive research has been conducted to develop operation and control strategy for smart buildings with the purpose of reducing energy consumption. Besides studying on single building, it is envisioned that the next generation buildings can freely connect with one another to share energy and exchange information in the context of smart grid. It was demonstrated that a network of connected buildings (aka building clusters) can significantly reduce primary energy consumption, improve environmental sustainability and building’s resilience capability. However, an analytic tool to determine which type of buildings should form a cluster and what is the impact of building clusters’ heterogeneity based on energy profile to the energy performance of building clusters is missing. To bridge these research gaps, we propose a self-organizing map clustering algorithm to divide multiple buildings to different clusters based on their energy profiles, and a homogeneity index to evaluate the heterogeneity of different building clusters configurations. In addition, a bi-level distributed decision model is developed to study the energy sharing in the building clusters. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed clustering algorithm and decision model, we employ a dataset including monthly energy consumption data for 30 buildings where the data is collected every 15min. It is demonstrated that the proposed decision model can achieve at least 13% cost savings for building clusters. The results show that the heterogeneity of energy profile is an important factor to select battery and renewable energy source for building clusters, and the shared battery and renewable energy are preferred for more heterogeneous building clusters.
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods are used in photovoltaic (PV) systems to continually maximize the PV array output power which generally depends on solar radiation and cell temperature. MPPT methods can be roughly classified into two categories: there are conventional methods, like the Perturbation and Observation (P&O) method and the Incremental Conductance (IncCond) method and advanced methods, such as, fuzzy logic (FL) based MPPT method. This paper presents a survey of these methods in order to analyze, simulate, and evaluate a PV power supply system under varying meteorological conditions. Simulation results, obtained using MATLAB/Simulink, show that static and dynamic performances of fuzzy MPPT controller are better than those of conventional techniques based controller.
A new cheap asymmetric supercapacitor based on activated carbon (AC) and NaMnO2 as electrodes and aqueous Na2SO4 solution as electrolyte was assembled. It shows an energy density of 19.5Whkg−1 at a power density of 130Wkg−1 based on the total mass of the active electrode materials and an excellent cycling behavior. This asymmetric aqueous AC//NaMnO2 capacitor is promising for practical applications due to its low price, easy preparation of NaMnO2 and friendliness to environment.
Objective Clinicians monitor cognitive effects of drugs primarily by asking patients to describe their side effects. We examined the relationship of subjective perception of cognition to mood and objective cognitive performance in healthy volunteers and neurological patients. Methods Three separate experiments used healthy adults treated with lamotrigine (LTG) and topiramate (TPM), adults with epilepsy on LTG or TPM, and patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Correlations were calculated for change scores on and off drugs in the first two experiments and for the single assessment in Experiment 3. Results Across all three experiments, significant correlations were more frequent (χ 2 =259, P ⩽0.000) for mood versus subjective cognitive perception (59%) compared with subjective versus objective cognition (2%) and mood versus objective cognitive performance (2%). Conclusions Subjective perception of cognitive effects is related more to mood than objective performance. Clinicians should be aware of this relationship when assessing patients’ cognitive complaints.
New technical features, the demand for fuel economy, and the potential to reduce production and operational cost are leading to additional and more powerful electrical consumers and making the overall electrical demand in vehicles increase. Vehicle electrical architecture is performing an evolutionary change to improve the efficiency of production, distribution, control and storage of electrical energy in the vehicle. New battery designs with performance patterns designed for the new architectures are needed, and some of the new demands may even exceed the capability of lead/acid batteries. Single and dual battery systems offer a wide variety of applications when combined with intelligent means to keep the batteries in an appropriate operational window. Detection of state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) is essential to help the battery to fulfil its role as a key element for vehicle functionality and safety.
As a multifunctional cathode additive, TiS2 has been used in Li-S batteries to promote sulfur utilization and improve cell cycle life. The improvement of Li-S cell electrochemical performance in the presence of TiS2 has been attributed to the ability of TiS2 in adsorbing polysulfide. To maximize the interaction between polysulfides and TiS2, the 2-dimensional (2D) TiS2 nano-sheets with highly exposed TiS2 surface area has been successfully synthesized by a two-step sonication synthetic procedure. The 2D TiS2 particles are micron size in the basal plane direction and are nano-sized along the c-axis direction. 2D TiS2 nano-sheets may adsorb polysulfides more effectively than the raw TiS2 powder. Li-S cells with 2D TiS2 nano-sheets additive exhibit better discharge rate capability and significantly reduced capacity-fading after a long term cell cycling. This improvement can be partially attributed to the uniform distribution of 2D TiS2 nano-sheets particles within the sulfur cathode matrix, which induces more uniform sulfur and lithium sulfide deposition during the cell charge and discharge.
Three-leg inverters for photovoltaic systems have many disadvantages, especially when the load is unbalanced. These disadvantages are, for example, small utilization of the DC link voltage, the dependency of the modulation factor of the load current and the superposition of a DC component with the output AC voltage. A solution for these problems is the 4-leg inverter. Most papers dealing with 4-leg inverters suggest classic controllers, such as PI controller, for the system. However, the transient performance of the closed-loop system does not become acceptable. On the other hand, adaptive control of 4-leg inverters has not yet been discussed in the literature. This paper proposes pole-placement control strategy, via state feedback, for 4-leg voltage-source inverters to adjust the transient performance of the closed-loop system. In addition, a STR (self-tuner regulator) is introduced to guarantee the adaptive performance of the controller in the presence of time-variant RL loads. Simulation results validate the theoretical results and proposed control strategy.
Starting from the aqueous solution of titanium(IV) oxalate complexes and controlling electrochemical conditions using a cyclic voltammetry (CV) method, the thin layers of TiO2 on platinum were obtained, which after additional heat treatment, at 450°C, were still of amorphous nature. The amorphous state of the samples, containing an admixture of crystalline anatase, was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and by a variety of electrochemical techniques. The new electrochemical procedure allows preparing the oxide with different morphologies. By the comparison with the peroxotitanium route, the oxalate precursor method offers the possibility of the synthesis of amorphous TiO2 at higher temperatures that is the essential key for the cycling stability of the oxide if one is used as an anode material in lithium ion batteries. The results from cycling voltammetry revealed that electrodeposited TiO2 reversibly and fast intercalates lithium ions due to its high internal surface area. Therefore, the nanostructural morphology facilitates lithium ion intercalation which was monitored and confirmed in all electrochemical testing. The specific capacity of the TiO2 approaches the value of 145mAhg−1 at 8C-rate in the best case. From the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements in connection with SEM investigations, it was concluded that Li+ diffusion is the finite space process and its rate is depending on the size of the crystallites building the oxide films. Evaluated values of the D-coefficients are of the order of 10−14 cm2 s−1.
The thermal safety of electric vehicle battery packs is attracting more and more attention. A research is conducted on emergency cooling and overheating control in this paper. The research work coupled with the direct cooling battery thermal management system proposes an open-loop emergency thermal safety management method that sprays refrigerant directly into the battery box to achieve emergency cooling, oxygen suppression, cutting off heat and combustion once the thermal runaway is about to occur. Three typical spray modes, which are continuous spray, fixed-interval intermittent spray, and non-fixed-interval intermittent spray, are analyzed respectively. Studies indicate that the refrigerant spray cooling has an obvious cooling effect, oxygen suppression performance on the high temperature overheating battery. Among them, continuous spray shows a better cooling capacity, but the oxygen suppression performance is inferior to intermittent spray. Intermittent sprays with various spray states have different degrees of influence on cooling, uniformity, and oxygen suppression performance, but a single spray pattern does not optimize the effects upon all aspects. Additionally, vent position also plays an important role in cooling and oxygen suppression characteristics. Therefore, overheating battery emergency refrigerant spray cooling has important reference significance for the design of battery package and thermal safety management system.
Many public services and entertainment industries utilise Mixed Reality (MR) devices to develop highly immersive and interactive applications. However, recent advancements in MR processing has prompted the tourist and events industry to invest and develop commercial applications. The museum environment provides an accessible platform for MR guidance systems by taking advantage of the ergonomic freedom of spatial holographical Head-mounted Displays (HMD). The application of MR systems in museums can enhance the typical visitor experience by amalgamating historical interactive visualisations simultaneously with related physical artefacts and displays. Current approaches in MR guidance research primarily focus on visitor engagement with specific content. This paper describes the design and development of a novel museum guidance system based on the immersion and presence theory. This approach examines the influence of interactivity, spatial mobility, and perceptual awareness of individuals within MR environments. The developmental framework of a prototype MR tour guide program named MuseumEye incorporates the sociological needs, behavioural patterns, and accessibility of the user. This study aims to create an alternative tour guidance system to enhance customer experience and reduce the number of human tour guides in museums. The data gathering procedure examines the functionality of the MuseumEye application in conjunction with pre-existing pharaonic exhibits in a museum environment. This methodology includes a qualitative questionnaire sampling 102 random visitors to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Results of this research study indicate a high rate of positive responses to the MR tour guide system, and the functionality of AR HMD in a museum environment. This outcome reinforces the suitability of the touring system to increase visitor experience in museums, galleries and cultural heritage sites.
Carbonaceous materials are usually used to improve the electrochemical performance of GeO x for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Preparing a material in which GeO x is ultra-dispersed in carbon nanofibers via a simple process has rarely been reported. Here we design and prepare a three-dimensional (3D) composite in which amorphous GeO x is ultra-uniformly distributed in one-dimensional (1D) microporous carbon nanofibers (GeO x -mCNFs) via high energy ball milling combined with carbonization-amorphization reactions. When directly used as a binder-free anode material for LIBs, the as-synthesized GeO x -mCNFs hybrid shows a highly reversible specific capacity, a good rate performance, and an excellent cycling stability (i.e., 621mAhg−1 at 1.2Ag−1 after 300 cycles), which is attributed to the synergistic effects of the ultra-uniform amorphous GeO x , a 1D interconnected carbon nanostructure, and micropores. It is expected that the GeO x -mCNFs hybrid could be utilized as a binder-free anode material in high-current rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.
Incomplete adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) results in virologic failure and resistance. It remains unclear which adherence measure best predicts these outcomes. We compared six patient-reported and objective adherence measures in one ART-naïve cohort in South Africa.