batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Iron-based aqueous batteries, such as the iron-air and nickel-iron chemistries, are limited by passivation and hydrogen evolution at the iron anode, especially at high current densities. In this paper, strategies to minimise these issues are investigated with iron electrodes composed of 20–50 nm Fe2O3 nanoparticles produced by the Adams and Oxalate methods. The strategies include ball milling the Fe2O3 with Ketjenblack carbon to improve conductivity, addition of bismuth sulphide to the electrode and 1-octanethiol to the electrolyte, and addition of potassium carbonate as a pore-forming agent. The ratio of Fe/C in the electrode and the 1-octanethiol additive have the greatest impact on the electrode capacity. The Fe/C ratio should be below 2.0 to ensure conductivity of the discharged electrode. The presence of 1-octanethiol can protect the electrodes from passivation during discharge; at very high 2C discharge rates adding 1-octanethiol increases the electrode specific capacity from 17 to 171 mAh/gFe. The synthesis method and use of pore former do not have a significant effect on the capacity. In all electrodes, the Fe2O3 nanoparticles are in the same crystalline phase after cycling and do not undergo significant crystal growth and passivation, demonstrating the stability and suitability of these materials for iron-based batteries.
In order to improve the safety of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), composite separators were developed using two typical metal hydroxides, aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). The composite separators were prepared by adding ceramic coating layers comprising one of the chosen metal hydroxides and a poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) binder to polyethylene (PE) separators. Both the metal hydroxide-composite separators exhibited promising fire-retardant properties, which resulted in a significant self-extinguishing time (SET) reduction and also helped to suppress any thermal dimensional changes in the PE separators that may occur at high temperatures. Due to the hydrophilic properties of metal hydroxides, unit cells employing the composite separators achieved significant improvements in rate capability that were closely associated with their improved wettability for liquid electrolytes. The electrochemical stability of the Mg(OH)2-composite separators was verified to be comparable to that of PE separators; however, the Al(OH)3-composite separators were electrochemically unstable over the same voltage range. This highlights the highly improved capacity retention of the developed unit cells that employ Mg(OH)2-composite separators.
In this report, using atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique, TiO2 layer with different thickness is conformally deposited on the surface of MoO3 nanobelts for enhanced-performance anode. Impressively, the MoO3@85-TiO2 (85 cycles coating) nanobelts anode shows its best comprehensive value: The initial Coulombic efficiency (CE) dramatically increases from 44% to 73% compared to bare MoO3 electrode; It also delivers highest initial specific capacity of 1153.7 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, which is superior to the uncoated MoO3 (427.3 mAh g−1). Additionally, MoO3@85-TiO2 nanobelts show a remarkable long-life stability from initial 913.6 to 935.8 mAh g−1 after 400 charge-discharge cycles at 400 mA g−1. The advanced TEM characterizations reveal that the TiO2 layer can experience a transition from amorphous into crystalline Li2Ti2O4 with cubic structure (a = 8.375 Å) during cycling, which are acted as an efficient lithium ion conductor. Furthermore, the quantified mechanical properties demonstrate a remarkable decrease in the bending elastic modulus of MoO3@85-TiO2 nanobelts compared to that of pristine MoO3. Therefore, the boosted electrochemical performance can be attributed to efficient lithium ions transportation across the moderate conductor layer and robust mechanical integrity that the large volume variation. These results advance the understanding in the coating regulated materials for enhanced-performance LIBs.
In this work the diagnosis control of the complex impedance of selected perovskite compounds versus artificial neural network model optimized with the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is performed as detection of aging and degradation of materials usually requires destructive testing. The artificial neural network optimized by the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm used in this work allows us to monitor the materials (LaNd) SrMnCrO3 in a non-destructive manner. This intelligent control is done by calculating the complex impedance which reveals reliable information on the phenomenon of transport in materials. The method overcomes the problem of the lack of a mathematical expression between the input parameters (temperature, doping, and frequency) and the necessary parameters for computing the impedance (bulk resistance, grain boundary resistance, and the two parameters of the constant phase element impedance A0 and P). The robustness and performance of the artificial neural network model was verified by introducing additional noise and by using the root mean square error and the R-square.
Here two types of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) microspheres with different pore conditions are prepared through a facile two-step method. Initially, nickel manganese carbonate microspheres are obtained through a solvothermal reaction, and then they are heated with different lithium sources to obtain the two products. Scanning electron microscopy images clearly disclose that the two types of microspheres are respectively covered with dense tinier pores and sparse larger pores while both of their interiors are constituted by nanoparticles in similar size. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption analyses indicate that their maximum pore diameters are 2.2 nm and 3.5 nm. As cathodes of lithium ion batteries, the LNMO microspheres equipped with larger pores exhibit much more excellent electrochemical performance especially in terms of rate performance, achieving a discharge capacity of 101.7 mAh g−1 even at 50C, while their counterparts only receive 14.3 mAh g−1 coupled with severe polarization. And the capacities of them respectively maintain at 102.9 and 67 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 20C. Their distinct performance is suggested due to both the pore parameter and its related surface area.
Mass storage media are becoming increasingly common due to the spread of smartphones to which new technologies are applied. Correspondingly, the amount of data collected from digital crime has considerably increased. Previously, if an investigator did not properly conduct the initial response, valuable evidence would be lost. Thus, collection of digital evidence within a short time frame is required. Further, in searches using data from the smartphones to gather evidence, evidence must be collected and analyzed quickly. Therefore, in this paper, a method is proposed for rapidly collecting data at a crime scene based on the type of criminal charge. Once implemented, our method can collect data by accounting for each feature of the software, providing rapid results through a pattern search. There is also a range of options available with parallel routines. Single or multiple options can be utilized depending on the investigator’s requirements.
Lithium plating on conventional graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries is typically considered an undesirable side reaction, a safety hazard or a degradation mechanism. However, lithium plating and stripping allow for efficient energy storage, and therefore various new porous anode designs with tailored surface coatings and electrolyte systems have been proposed to achieve reversible Li plating and stripping. Unfortunately, these material designs often rely on highly porous plating scaffolds with an overall lower volumetric energy and power density than conventional graphite anodes. Herein, a novel anode design is presented which leverages the good volumetric performance of industrial graphite anodes and further enhances their capacity by allowing for a reversible Li plating on their surface. The latter is achieve by conformally coating them with a nanoscale lithiophilic Si coating. As a result, excellent volumetric energy densities of 656 mA h cm−3 and gravimetric capacities of 551 mA h g−1 are achieved, which are a clear improvement compared to the commercial graphite anode (app. 570 mA h cm−3 and 360 mA h g−1 respectively). Moreover, by carefully balancing the thickness of the Si layer and the plating capacity, a capacity retention close to 100% is achieved after 200 cycles in half cells. Overall, this approach leverages the advances in industrial graphite anode manufacturing while at the same time embracing the additional capacity offered by reversible plating and stripping of Li metal, resulting in full cells energy densities of 474 W h kg−1 and 912 W h L−1, which is a step forward compared to previous Li metal and graphite anodes.
Horace Richard Crane (1907–2007) was born and educated in California. His childhood was full of activities that helped him become an outstanding experimental physicist. As a graduate student at the California Institute of Technology (1930–1934), he had the good fortune to work with Charles C. Lauritsen (1892–1968) just as he introduced accelerator-based nuclear physics to Caltech. They shared the euphoric excitement of opening up a new field with simple, ingenious apparatus and experiments. This work prepared Crane for his career at the University of Michigan (1935–1973) where in the 1950s, after making the first measurement of the electron’s magnetic moment, he devised the g−2 technique and made the first measurement of the anomaly in the electron’s magnetic moment. A man of direct, almost laconic style, he made lasting contributions to the exposition of physics to the general public and to its teaching in high schools, community colleges, four-year colleges, and universities. I tell how he became a physicist and describe some of his early achievements.
Mesoporous carbon (MPC) with uniform inner mesopore structure and high specific surface area prepared by an MgO-templated method has been employed for a substrate of MnO2/C composite. The MnO2/C composite was synthesized by anodic or cathodic electrodeposition of MnO2 from MnSO4 or KMnO4 precursor, respectively, on the MPC substrate. The XRD patterns of the composite confirmed that MnO2 was effectively deposited on the substrate under both anodic and cathodic electrodeposition processes. From the SEM images, sheet-like MnO2 was deposited by anodic deposition (a-MnO2/C) while needle-like MnO2 deposition was observed for the cathodic deposition (c-MnO2/C). The voltammetric experiments showed that the capacitive behavior of the composite depended on the preparation method. The difference in the specific capacitance between a-MnO2/C and c-MnO2/C is considered to be mainly due to the shape of MnO2 deposited on the MPC substrate. The electrochemical capacitance of c-MnO2/C was much higher than that of the substrate carbon. The observed capacitance increase in c-MnO2/C was attributed to the pseudo-capacitance of MnO2 that utilized effectively in controlled pore structure of MPC. The composite electrode, prepared by the cathodic deposition (c-MnO2/C), showed high specific capacitance and good durability for constant-current charge–discharge cycling.
Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a key metric to understand the impact of stroke from patients’ perspective. Yet HRQoL is not readily measured in clinical practice. This study aims to investigate the extent to which clinical outcomes during admission predict HRQoL at 3 months and 1 year post-stroke.
The trade-off between high proton conductivity and low vanadium ion permeability needs to be overcome urgently for membrane in vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). A series of fluorine-containing branched sulfonated polyimide membranes with ionic cross-linking (c-FbSPI) and different degrees of sulfonation (40–70%) are prepared through polycondensation by introducing –CF3 group, branched structure and ionic cross-linking. The c-FbSPI membranes have much lower vanadium ion permeabilities (0.36–3.87 ✕ 10−7 cm2 min−1) and higher proton selectivities (0.89–4.20 ✕ 105 S min cm−3) comparing with Nafion 115 membrane, respectively. Besides, c-FbSPI membranes have outstanding chemical stabilities when immersing in strong acidic and oxidizing solution for 38 days. The VRFB with selected c-FbSPI-60 membrane shows lower self-discharge speed and higher charge-discharge capacity and energy comparing to those with Nafion 115 membrane. During 300-time cyclical charge-discharge measurement, the VRFB assembled with c-FbSPI-60 membrane shows higher coulombic efficiency (97–99.5%), energy efficiency (68.2–75.1%) and capacity retention (50.5–55.1%) compared with the VRFB using Nafion 115 membrane at 80–60 mA cm−2. This work provides a new approach for preparing high cost-performance aromatic polymer membrane, which is significant for accelerating the industrialization process of VRFB.
Electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) is made in aqueous sulfuric acid and neutralized or ion exchanged with aqueous lithium hydroxide before use in Li batteries. Solid state Li NMR studies show that Li is present on surface and vacancy sites and migrates into Mn (III) related sites after heat treatment to remove water. During heat treatment the MnO2 rearranges from ramsdellite/pyrolusite intergrowth EMD to a defect pyrolusite heat-treated manganese dioxide (HEMD). EMD exhaustively treated with lithium hydroxide solution has 40–50% of the protons in EMD exchanged for Li ions to produce a structurally unchanged γ-MnO2. Li magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR reveals that this lithiated material contains lithium in cation vacancy and Mn (III) related sites in the MnO2 lattice in addition to ionic Li on the surface. During heat treatment, the vacancy lithium content prevents the ramsdellite to pyrolusite rearrangement in HEMD formation. Instead, an ordered ramsdellite/pyrolusite intergrowth of lithiated manganese dioxide (LiMD) is formed with an approximate composition of 50% ramsdellite and 50% pyrolusite. Li MAS NMR of LiMD shows Li resonances near 280 and 560ppm, consistent with Li transition from surface and cation vacancy sites into the ramsdellite lattice. LiMD discharged against lithium shows two processes, one near 3.1V, the other about 2.8V. Li MAS NMR studies show the initial reduction results a lithium resonance near 560ppm associated with Li near a mixed valence Mn (III/IV) environment followed by appearance of a resonance near 100ppm consistent with a Li environment near Mn (III). TEM studies of the reduced material show initial expansion of the ramsdellite lattice accompanied by a loss in crystallinity in the 3.1V discharge process followed by disappearance of the pyrolusite content via conversion to ramsdellite in the second discharge process.
A shutdown-functionalized nonwoven separator (SFNS) with improved thermal and electrochemical stabilities is prepared by a simple dip coating method for use in lithium-ion battery (LiB) applications. The SFNS shows thermal stability at 200 °C, while providing shutdown functionality at approximately 140 °C, similar to commercial porous polyethylene separators. The surface-coated polymer prevents leakage current problems and in addition, shows air permeability values similar to that of bare nonwoven separators, while maintaining a thickness of about 20 μm, which is a desired attribute of effective separators for LiBs. The SFNS also shows increased electrolyte uptake and higher conductivity, compared to a bare polyethylene separator. Therefore, a cell with the SFNS exhibits higher discharge capacity and better cycle property than that with a porous polyethylene separator. These results suggest that SFNS is an effective separator for high-performance LiBs.
With growing demand of electricity and continuously receding the natural resource have made inevitable look toward renewable energy resource. Moreover, the photovoltaic technology is advance and emerging technology. This paper discuss the feasibility of grid connected Roof-top/Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system for the electrification of consumption wise three different residential households with incorporating feed in tariffs/ net metering process along with Tariff of day (ToD) tariff regulation in the New Delhi, India. HOMER has been used to carry out the techno-economic evaluation of grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system. The simulation indicates that the cost of energy (COE)) and Net Present Cost (NPC) become 0 at around 1.8kW and 3.4kW for low and middle slab household. Moreover, high slab demand households required large infrastructure and greater capital to obtain effective results. The results clearly identify that feed in tariff/net metering and time of day (ToD) tariff regulation are majorly impact on low and middle slab households rather than high slab households. It has been observed that COE is continuously decreased with capacity addition as well as linearly increase with battery storage independent of power consumption. It concluded that grid connected solar PV system without battery storage is both technically and economically viable option for decentralized roof-top/BIPV application. This study also takes into account the possible scenario of carbon emission reduction.
Background Methods used to evaluate subjective effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) have relied on self-report about discrete aspects of memory. Although objective deficits are demonstrable, patients generally report improved memory after ECT. Patients have not been asked to evaluate the global impact of ECT on mood or memory. This study was undertaken to compare patients' evaluations of ECT outcomes using direct questioning about global impact compared with standard methods. Methods A prospective, naturalistic study was conducted in seven hospitals. Patients completed clinical and neurocognitive assessments before ECT, including the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), the Autobiographical Memory Interview-Short Form, and a novel interview assessing expectations about the impact of ECT on mood and memory (Global Self-Evaluation-Mood [GSE-Md], GSE-memory [GSE-My]). Follow-ups were conducted one and 24 weeks after ECT, and the GSE-Md and GSE-My evaluated perceived global impact at these time points. Results Patients reported marked improvement after ECT on the CFQ, a traditional instrument assessing specific cognitive complaints. CFQ and depression severity scores were strongly correlated. On the GSE-My, patients reported a deleterious memory effect both one and 24 weeks after ECT. GSE-My, but not CFQ, scores were associated with treatment technique and long-term retrograde amnesia. Conclusions Characterization of patients' experience of cognitive side effects after ECT differs markedly depending on assessment method. Direct questioning about global impact revealed more negative views and associations with objective indices of cognitive impairment. This represents the first report of concordance between subjective and objective measures of the effects of ECT on memory.
According to the semantic hub hypothesis, a supramodal semantic hub is equally needed to deal with verbal and extraverbal “surface” representations. Damage to the supramodal hub is thought to underlie the crossmodal impairment observed in selective semantic deficits. In the present paper, we provide evidence supporting an alternative view: we hold that semantic impairment is not equal across domains but affects verbal behavior disproportionately. We investigated our hypothesis by manipulating the verbal load in an object decision task. Two pathological groups showing different levels of semantic impairment were enrolled together with their normal controls. The severe group included 10 subjects with semantic dementia and the mild group 10 subjects with Alzheimer’s disease. In keeping with our hypothesis, when shifting from the low verbal load to the high verbal load condition, brain-damaged individuals, as compared to controls, showed a disproportionate impairment as a function of the severity of their semantic deficit.
Heterostructures of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanostructured silicon were synthesized on quartz substrates using a simple 2 step liquid injection chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approach. The CVD conditions and the process parameters were modified to engineer droplets and thin film morphologies of silicon on the CNTs. The combined influence of these Si morphologies on the electrochemical performance was then studied. Structural analyses conducted on the heterostructures using XRD and Raman spectroscopy indicated the existence of nanocrystalline and amorphous phases of silicon. Cycling performance of these heterostructures exhibit very high specific discharge capacities in excess of 2300mAh/g accompanied by a low irreversible loss (10%) for a loading density of ∼2–3mg/cm2 demonstrating the use of these heterostructures as next generation lithium-ion anodes.
This work reports on nanoparticle-stacked Li4Ti5O12-TiO2 nanowire arrays (SLTO) as anode for lithium and sodium ion battery (NIB). Our finding shows that the pseudocapacitive effect partly contributes to the performance for the NIBs based on the SLTO electrode due to a large size volume of Na+ ions. More importantly, the SLTO nanowires constituting of the nanoparticles efficiently shorten ion diffusion length, thereafter accelerate ion insertion/extraction reaction and improve the rate capability. For the SLTO electrode, a specific capacity of 199.7 mAh g−1 can be achieved in the LIBs at a current rate of 0.75 C (voltage range of 1.0–3.0 V) and a specific capacity of 94.2 mAh g−1 is obtained in the NIBs at a high current rate of 15 C (voltage range of 0.5–2.5 V). Most importantly, the sodium ion full battery based on SLTO as anode and Na3V2(PO4)3 as cathode materials shows stable cycling performance with tiny capacity degradation (90.1 mAh g−1) after 200 cycles at a current rate of 4 C (voltage range of 1.0–4.0 V), simultaneously possessing a high energy density of 136.5 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 312 W kg−1.
Sodium secondary batteries are attracting considerably renewed interest as new battery systems owing to the high and uniform abundance and cost advantages of Na. However, their performance is still far from optimal as compared to the well-developed Li-ion technology. Herein, Na secondary batteries with unprecedented rate capability and a long life has been achieved by using a highly concentrated bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide anion (FSA–)-based ionic liquid electrolyte (3.3 mol dm−3 Na[FSA]) and a Na2FeP2O7 positive electrode, in a targeted operating temperature range from room to intermediate. Nearly full discharge capacity is obtained at 4000 mA g−1, and 79% of the capacity is retained at a discharge rate as high as 20000 mA g−1 at 363 K. Stable cycling (>300 cycles) with satisfactory coulombic efficiency (>99.5%) is found at an intermediate rate (100 mA g−1) over 298–363 K. A high-rate cycling test (1000 mA g−1) at 363 K reveals that the cell could retain 93% of its initial capacity after 1500 cycles.
This paper challenges the widespread belief that FDI generally has a positive impact on economic growth in developing countries. It addresses the limitations of the existing literature and re-examines the FDI-led growth hypothesis for 28 developing countries using cointegration techniques on a country-by-country basis. The paper finds that in the vast majority of countries, there exists neither a long-term nor a short-term effect of FDI on growth; in fact, there is not a single country where a positive unidirectional long-term effect from FDI to GDP is found. Furthermore, our results indicate that there is no clear association between the growth impact of FDI and the level of per capita income, the level of education, the degree of openness and the level of financial market development in developing countries.