batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The fabrication of miniaturized electrochemical energy storage systems is essential for the development of future electronic devices for Internet of Things applications where connected devices are increasingly deployed in our daily life. On chip micro-supercapacitors are an attractive solution to fulfill the energy requirements of autonomous, smart, maintenance free and miniaturized sensors but they suffer from a limited energy density and poor technological readiness level in spite of high power capabilities and long cycle life. This paper aims at reviewing the current micro-supercapacitor technologies and at defining the guidelines to produce high performance micro-devices with special focus on 3D designs as well as the fabrication of solid state miniaturized devices to solve the packaging issue.
N2O emissions were measured monthly for 1 year using the static chamber method along the littoral and pelagic zones of Meiliang Bay in hyper-eutrophic Taihu Lake. The results indicated that littoral zones were the “hotspots” of N2O emissions (−278∼2101μgN2Om−2 h−1). While the littoral zone accounted for only 5.4% of the area of Meiliang Bay, the N2O emissions from the littoral zones were about 43.6% of total emissions from the bay. The importance of spatial variation on N2O emissions was demonstrated by dividing the lake into four unique zones through cluster analysis. The eulittoral zone was the key area of N2O emissions with an annual 5% trimmed mean 429.5μgN2Om−2 h−1, following by supralittoral (138.8μgN2Om−2 h−1), infralittoral (98.9μgN2Om−2 h−1), and pelagic zones (15.7μg N2Om−2 h−1). Further, N2O emissions showed a seasonal trend. Excessive N2O emissions during algal bloom periods suggested that algae played a significant role in the emission of N2O.
A novel rGO/V2O5 hybrid aerogel composite made up of vanadium pentoxide nanospheres embedded in graphene sheets was synthesized by an easy hydrothermal method. V2O5 with a loading of only 12 wt% in composite played a significant pseudocapacitance role. To obtain better material, an annealing process in a tube furnace was used. The final rGO/V2O5 electrode showed excellent electrochemical performance, achieving a specific capacitance of 384 F g-1 at 0.1 A g−1 and of 197 F g-1 at 2 A g−1. The rGO/V2O5 functioned as the anode and graphene functioned as the cathode in an asymmetric supercapacitor used in an organic electrolyte resulted in a wide potential operating window of 2.5 V and delivered a maximum energy density of 80.4 Wh kg−1 (275 W kg−1) at 0.2 A g−1. In addition, the device possessed acceptable cyclic stability, with only 17.8% loss after 10000 cycles at 2 A g−1. All of these outstanding properties could make the electrode material prepared in this study a promising application material for supercapacitors.
3-Aminobenzanthrone (3-ABA) is the metabolite of the carcinogenic air pollutant 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA). 3-ABA was investigated for its ability to induce cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) in kidney and lung of rats, and for the influence of such induction on DNA adduct formation by 3-ABA and 3-NBA. NQO1 is the enzyme that reduces 3-NBA to N-hydroxy-3-aminobenzanthrone (N-OH-3-ABA) and CYP1A enzymes oxidize 3-ABA to the same intermediate. When activated by cytosolic and and/or microsomal fractions isolated from rat lung, the target organ for 3-NBA carcinogenicity, and kidney, both compounds generated the same DNA-adduct pattern, consisting of five adducts. When pulmonary cytosols isolated from rats that had been treated i.p. with 40mg/kg bw of 3-ABA were incubated with 3-NBA, DNA adduct formation was up to 1.7-fold higher than in incubations with cytosols from control animals. This increase corresponded to an increase in protein level and enzymatic activity of NQO1. In contrast, no induction of NQO1 expression by 3-ABA treatment was found in the kidney. Incubations of 3-ABA with renal and pulmonary microsomes of 3-ABA-treated rats led to an increase of up to a 4.5-fold in DNA-adduct formation relative to controls. The stimulation of DNA-adduct formation correlated with a higher protein expression and activity of CYP1A1 induced by 3-ABA. These results show that by inducing lung and kidney CYP1A1 and NQO1, 3-ABA increases its own enzymatic activation as well as that of the environmental pollutant, 3-NBA, thereby enhancing the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of both compounds.
Energy storage both electrical and thermal is a rapidly emerging field of interest toward the development of more sustainable energy systems. The inherent inefficiencies associate with electrical storage can be partially overcome when thermal storage that collects and storage the waste thermal energy for alternative uses is integrated. Consequently, thermal energy storage systems are an enabling technology that will allow increased energy efficiency of a community, permit load levelling to reduce peak electricity demand. In order to facilitate a technology evaluation, a sizing strategy is developed for a phase change material (PCM) thermal storage system that determines system requirements under given thermal energy capture and recovery cycles. The sizing process utilizes a simplified one-dimensional heat transfer model that estimates melt times for a phase change material thickness without detailed geometry information. This melt time estimate allows the proportion of phase change material to fluid routing materials to be calculated, giving an estimate of material cost for the thermal storage cell to determine economic feasibility. The model is compared to both experimental data and computational fluid dynamics models in order to determine its limitations. Through a specific example of hydrogen based distributed electrical energy mediator system, the utility of the sizing model in determining the estimated cost of thermal energy storage is demonstrated.
Cyclic voltammetry, XPS, RBS and AFM have been combined to study the ageing mechanism of Li intercalation in V2O5 thin films prepared by thermal oxidation of vanadium metal. Multi-cycling tests were performed in 1M LiClO4-PC in the potential range E ∈[3.8, 2.8V] versus Li/Li+, corresponding to the α-to-δ phase transition. XPS and AFM were performed using direct anaerobic and anhydrous transfer. Capacity fading remains inferior to 20% during ∼2500 cycles. XPS shows slight modifications of the oxide composition with a V4+ concentration increasing from ∼5% prior to cycling to ∼16–27% after cycling, due to Li trapped in the oxide film and to the loss of V2O5 active material. The presence of lithium carbonate and lithium-alkyl carbonate species evidences the formation of the so-called SEI layer. AFM evidences the loss of crystalline material by grain exfoliation from the outer V2O5 layer of the oxide film. By further exfoliation, the inner VO2 layer of the oxide film is reached and pits are formed, occupying ∼9–13% of the surface. This de-cohesion at grain boundaries is attributed to the strain generated by repeated lattice distortions. After 3300 cycles, the disappearance of lithium carbonates, whereas Li-alkyl carbonates and/or Li-alkoxides remain on the surface, indicates the dissolution and/or conversion of the SEI layer. After 4500 cycles, the oxide film became very labile and could be stripped away by rinsing to reveal the vanadium metal substrate.
Monitoring and evaluation of programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF) depends on epidemiological assessment using appropriate indicators. Minimum efforts using reliable tests are necessary to guide the programme managers in decision-making. Impact of Mass Drug Administration (MDA) towards filariasis elimination can be assessed by the detection of microfilariae (mf) or parasite DNA (infective), filarial antigens (infected) and antibodies (exposure). It is also important to monitor drug resistance and variation in genetic structure of parasite populations using molecular markers. We developed a method to carry out parasitological, molecular, immunological and genetic analysis from a minimum volume of blood sample (about 150μl) drawn from finger tip of an individual residing in LF endemic area. The method involves separation of sera for immunological assays and isolation of mf of Wuchereria bancrofti from the blood clots for counting, which were then used for W. bancrofti specific PCR, screening for albendazole sensitivity/resistance alleles by AS-PCR, RAPD profiling and ITS 2 PCR for genotyping. A protocol is also suggested for the separation of sera for assays to detect antigen and antibodies and isolation of mf from clots for genetic analysis. The protocol developed has shown potential application in monitoring several immunological, parasitological and molecular parameters from a limited amount of blood sample collected by finger prick, in large-scale operations.
This study reports a novel CuO nanoparticles (NPs) supported on S-doped graphene (CuO/SG) as an electrode material for nonenzymatic glucose detection. The CuO/SG was successfully synthesized by a facile microwave-assisted approach, and CuO/SG composed of ∼13nm of CuO NPs being relatively well-distributed and strongly anchored on SG was obtained. Electrochemical test revealed that the CuO/SG based electrode exhibited a higher electrocatalytic activity toward glucose oxidation than CuO NPs and CuO/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) modified electrodes owing to the synergistic effect between CuO NPs and SG. As a consequence, the CuO/SG based sensor exhibited a rapid response of 2s, a wide linear range of 0.1–10.5mM, a high sensitivity of 1298.6μA·mM−1 ·cm−2, and a low detection limit of 80nM, along with the excellent selectivity, high stability, and good accuracy in real sample analysis, thus leading to a promising candidate for nonenzymatic glucose detection.
Novel cerous phosphate and carbon hybrid coating LiFePO4 cathode material successfully synthesized via liquid-phase precipitation reaction combined with the high temperature solid state method have been studied in lithium ion batteries. LiFePO4 deposited an appropriate amount of cerous phosphate in carbon coating layer shows higher reversible capacity and stable cycle performance compared with the LiFePO4/C. The good conductivity and stability of the hybrid coating layer can be favorable for these properties of LiFePO4, which increase Li+ ion and electronic transport on the surface and into the bulk of LiFePO4 electrode, avoid HF dissolving LiFePO4 in electrolyte, and facilitate the transfer kinetics. LiFePO4/C–CePO4 (1.0 mol%) electrode exhibits a stable cyclability and the highest capacity among all the LiFePO4/C–xCePO4 samples. The initial discharge capacity of LiFePO4/C–CePO4 (1.0 mol%) is 166.1, 161.4, 143.7 and 120.3 mAh g−1 at 1, 2, 5 and 10 C rates, respectively. And the capacity retention remains as high as 77.5% even after 650 cycles at 10 C. In addition, the material shows a higher reversible specific capacity of 100.9 mAh g−1 under lower discharging rate at −20 °C.
Objective We examined the relation between Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (ApoE ε4) genotype and functional connectivity measured by Electroencephalography (EEG) in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and patients with subjective complaints (SC). Methods We included 43 patients with AD (age (SD)=74.2 (4.0), m/f=22/21; 30 of ApoE ε4 carriers) and 21 patients with SC (age (SD)=73.2 (5.2), m/f=13/8; 7 ApoE ε4 carriers) for this study. Resting state EEGs were recorded in all subjects. Synchronisation likelihood (SL) between local cortical areas was compared in the alpha and beta band according to ApoE ε4 status and diagnosis. Results ApoE ε4 carriers had higher SL values in lower and upper alpha band, in both diagnostic groups. In upper alpha band and beta band AD patients had lower SL than patients with SC, was irrespective of ApoE status. Conclusion The effects of AD and ApoE ε4 on functional connectivity are opposite and independent. Significance The observed increase in SL in both AD and patients with SC carrying ApoE ε4 suggests a strong genetic impact of ApoE ε4 on brain function.
The formation process is the final step in lithium-ion cell manufacturing and has a major impact on the performance, the cyclelife and the safety of the cells. To support the formation of a highly permeable and stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), the formation procedure must be well defined. The purpose of this paper is to outline the importance of the constant voltage (CV) charging step during the formation process of lithium-ion cells. Therefore, Li(Ni1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3)02/graphite based lithium-ion cells are charged with and without CV charging step during the formation process and their aging behavior is compared. For a deeper understanding of the aging mechanism, a differential voltage analysis (DVA) as well as several post-mortem analyses, e.g. SEM/EDS analysis and areal capacity determination by half-cell measurements, are performed. A strong correlation of the CV charging step during the formation process and the aging behavior of the cells is concluded. It is concluded that the omission of the CV charging step provokes the formation of an inhomogeneous and porous SEI, leading to accelerated loss of cycleable lithium and graphite anode degradation.
Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) was measured at a temperate cattail marsh using the eddy covariance technique in order to examine the relationships between NEE, weather, and vegetation properties. Analyses of CO2 fluxes for a complete year (May 9, 2005 to May 30, 2006) showed that the marsh wetland was a net CO2 sink for each month from June to September (monthly 24-h averages of −0.1, −5.1, −4.8, and −2.2gCm−2 day−1, respectively) and a source of CO2 to the atmosphere for the remaining fall and winter months. Wintertime (November to April) average NEE was 0.5gCm−2 day−1. The annual cumulative CO2 balance shows a net uptake of 264gCm−2 year−1 by the marsh. Ecosystem respiration (ER) and gross ecosystem production (GEP) were estimated to be 567 and 831gCm−2 year−1, respectively. Respiration rates were associated with a Q 10 value of 2.8. Peak aboveground biomass (average of 1156gm−2) and peak green LAI (average of 3.63) were reached in mid-August. Variations in growing season NEE were well correlated with variations in live biomass (r =0.92) and green LAI (r =0.94).
Biomass wastes or biomass derived hard carbon materials with the advantages of green, as well as economic and high reversible capacity have became the promising anode materials for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Despite this, the poor rate capability hinders their further development. Here, we synthesized lath-shaped hard carbon materials derived from peanut shells by a two-step approach, namely a hydrothermal pretreatment for different treatment time first, and then a carbonized process at 800°C. Morphology and structural characterizations (SEM, XRD and Raman) prove the hydrothermal pretreatment has a great influence on morphology transformation, the layer spacing, as well as the defect concentration which can enhance the adsorption sites of Na+ and shorten the transport route of sodium ions. The PSDHCs-4 (hydrothermal treatment for 4h) electrode can deliver the highest reversible capacity of 256±5 mAh g−1, and show the best capacity retention of 97±2% at the current rate of 0.1 C after 100cycles. More importantly, PSDHCs-4 electrode shows the excellent rate performances with a reversible capacity of 261, 244, 206, 163, 125, and 100 mAh g−1 at the current rates of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 C, respectively. These remarkable electrochemical properties indicate that PSDHCs-4 material should be a promising anode material for SIBs.
Six samples of lead bismuth borate glasses of the composition 40B2O3 + (60-x) PbO2+x Bi2O3; 0 ≤ x ≤ 50 wt% have been fabricated by tradational melt-quenching process and coded as Bi0Pb60 – Bi50Pb10. The amorphous character of the samples was examined by XRD evaluations. FTIR measurements have been performed in the range of 4000-400 cm−1. The optical absorption spectra of the prepared glasses were investigated among 190–1100 nm of UV–Vis spectra wavelength. Optical energy gap ( E g a p o p t i c a l ), Urbach's energy (Eu), refractive index (n), the single-oscillator energy (Eo), the dispersion energy parameter (Ed), and dispersion refractive index (no) were evaluated. Results revealed that ( E g a p o p t i c a l ) and (Eo) decreased with increasing Bi2O3 content, while other parameters increased. In this study, MCNPX Monte Carlo code has been employed to study the radiation shielding efficiency of the fabricated glass specimens at several energies varying from 0.356 to 2.506 MeV. The mass attenuation coefficient values obtained by MCNPX were in well accordance with those obtained by WinXcom program. The results have clarified that the mass attenuation coefficients enhanced with the increase of the concentration of Bi2O3 from 0 to 50 wt%. Achieved results revealed that increase in the concentration of Bi2O3 can lead to a significant improvement in the gamma photons attenuation.
Publisher Summary This chapter analyzes covert video principles, techniques, and unique pinhole lenses and cameras. Covert video cameras and lenses have become commonplace, and although these hidden cameras use small optics, they can produce high-quality video images. Covert video cameras are concealed in common objects or located behind a small hole in an opaque barrier. Cameras are camouflaged in common objects such as lamps and lamp fixtures, table and wall clocks, radios, or books. A very effective covert system uses a camera and lens camouflaged in a ceiling-mounted sprinkler head. Covert video ideally operates so that the offender is not aware of the surveillance. It can be recorded to produce a permanent video recording for later use in confronting, dismissing, or prosecuting the offender. Covert video systems using small lenses, pose unique optical problems as compared to overt systems that use standard lenses. Since the diameter of the front lens that views the scene by necessity must be small in order to be hidden, the lens is designed to be optically fast for collecting and transmitting as much light as possible from the reflected scene to the camera sensor.
Background Understanding how different brain regions interact with one another is at the heart of current endeavors in cognitive and basic neuroscience. Unlike most neuroimaging techniques, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows the establishment of causal relationships in the study of the functional architecture of the human brain. While this tool is increasingly used to probe the functional and causal nature of the associations between brain regions, a comprehensive guide documenting the various existing stimulation protocols is currently lacking, limiting its use. Objective The main objective of the current work is to characterize the various dual-coil TMS protocols used to probe effective connectivity and plasticity within the motor system. In addition, we want to propose a short TMS battery that could be used in clinical and research settings. Method Articles using dual-coil TMS indexed in PubMed and Medline published between 1990 and 2015 were included in the review. Results A wide range of stimulation parameters has been used to probe connectivity and plasticity. However, a few protocols have been shown to produce robust effects, mostly inhibitory in nature. Conclusion Dual-coil TMS offers the distinctive opportunity to investigate effective connectivity and plasticity between different parts of the brain. Sites of stimulation, stimulation intensity, inter-stimulus interval and coil orientation are crucial factors to consider when using this technique. We propose a brief battery of tests that could be used to assess effective brain connectivity in clinical populations.
Mathematical ability is dependent on specific mathematical training but also associated with a range of cognitive factors, including working memory (WM) capacity. Previous studies have shown that WM training leads to improvement in non-trained WM tasks, but the results regarding transfer to mathematics are inconclusive. In the present study, 176 children with WM deficits, aged 7–15 years performed 5 weeks of WM training. During the training period, they were assessed five times with a test of complex WM (the Odd One Out), a test of remembering and following instructions and a test of arithmetic. The improvements were compared to the performance of a control group of 304 typically developing children aged 7–15 years who performed the same transfer tasks at the same time intervals, but without training. The training group improved significantly more than the control group on all three transfer tests (all p < 0.0001), after correction for baseline performance, age and sex. The effect size for mathematics was small and the effect sizes for the WM tasks were moderate to large. The transfer increased linearly with the amount of training time and correlated with the amount of improvement on the trained tasks. These results confirm previous findings of training-induced improvements in non-trained WM tasks including the ability to follow instructions, but extend previous findings by showing improvements also for arithmetic. This is encouraging regarding the potential role of cognitive training for education, but it is desirable to find paradigms that would enhance the effect of the training on mathematics. One of the future challenges for studying training effects is combining large sample sizes with high quality and compliance, to detect relevant but smaller effects of cognitive training.
In recent years, the application of solar energy and energy storage to ship power systems has shown promise as a method for both reducing annual carbon and nitrogen oxide emissions and improving ship energy efficiency in the maritime shipping industry. When a ship navigates at sea, it encounters a constant rocking motion that is affected by both the surrounding sea conditions and the ship’s navigation parameters. This motion increases the uncertainty involved in using solar energy and accelerates the aging of the ship’s energy storage battery to some extent. In this study, a universal mathematical model is established for the power generation by photovoltaic (PV) modules in which both the sea conditions and the ship’s integrated motion, including its basic movement along with the motion caused by rocking, are taken into account. Based on this model, the fluctuation characteristics of a ship’s PV output power are studied and determined using three different simulation scenarios. A binary energy storage scheme based on a decoupled PV output power is proposed in order to both stabilize the small-period PV power fluctuations and slow the aging of the actual battery caused by rocking. In addition, a super-capacitor (SC) configuration is constructed based on a maximum half cycle. Finally, the optimal energy storage capacities for this green ship are compared under both rocking and moving motion. In the case of rocking motion, the SCs are able to achieve an approximately 24.8–35.0% reduction in battery replacement. A shipping route between Shanghai, China and Sydney, Australia is considered to validate the practicality of implementing the proposed method.