batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Solid waste management is a challenge for the cities’ authorities in developing countries mainly due to the increasing generation of waste, the burden posed on the municipal budget as a result of the high costs associated to its management, the lack of understanding over a diversity of factors that affect the different stages of waste management and linkages necessary to enable the entire handling system functioning. An analysis of literature on the work done and reported mainly in publications from 2005 to 2011, related to waste management in developing countries, showed that few articles give quantitative information. The analysis was conducted in two of the major scientific journals, Waste Management Journal and Waste Management and Research. The objective of this research was to determine the stakeholders’ action/behavior that have a role in the waste management process and to analyze influential factors on the system, in more than thirty urban areas in 22 developing countries in 4 continents. A combination of methods was used in this study in order to assess the stakeholders and the factors influencing the performance of waste management in the cities. Data was collected from scientific literature, existing data bases, observations made during visits to urban areas, structured interviews with relevant professionals, exercises provided to participants in workshops and a questionnaire applied to stakeholders. Descriptive and inferential statistic methods were used to draw conclusions. The outcomes of the research are a comprehensive list of stakeholders that are relevant in the waste management systems and a set of factors that reveal the most important causes for the systems’ failure. The information provided is very useful when planning, changing or implementing waste management systems in cities.
Carbon emissions from fluvial systems are a key component of local and regional carbon cycles. We used floating chambers to investigate the CO2 flux from stream water to air (fCO2
In light of current climate change challenges, the quantification of Earth’s global carbon (C) cycle is critical for a sustainable future. There is a growing consensus that inland waters may represent a significant carbon dioxide (CO2) source to the atmosphere (Cole et al. 2007; Raymond et al. 2013), and degassing of CO2 from streams and rivers has received significant attention in recent years (e.g., Billett and Moore 2008; Butman and Raymond 2011; Campeau et al. 2014; Hope et al. 2001; Hotchkiss et al. 2015; Jonsson et al. 2007; Richey et al. 2002; Striegl et al. 2012; Teodoru et al. 2015). Despite the increased interest in understanding biogeochemical mechanisms driving fluvial emissions of CO2, the role of old regional groundwater, including its interaction with surface water, has been largely overlooked. Regional groundwater flow is a hydrogeological process by which groundwater moves long distances through deep subsurface pathways beneath surface topographic divides, possibly recharging in one watershed and discharging in another many kilometers away (Tóth 2009; Schaller and Fan 2009; Smerdon et al. 2012; Pacheco 2015), thus creating the potential for long-distance subsurface transport of C between watersheds and ecosystems. However, little is known about CO2 emissions from streams and rivers affected by regional groundwater discharge and the potential effects on C balances of the aquatic and surrounding terrestrial ecosystems.
To understand the effect of nitrogen doping in hard carbon as anode for sodium ion battery, experimental and theoretical study have been done. To also see the size effect along with nitrogen doping, four varieties of carbon spheres are synthesized of two different size ranges viz. micron and nano-sized. Two of these spheres are nitrogen-doped, while the other two are un-doped. Nitrogen doping enhances the electrochemical performance of carbon spheres and increases the active storage sites by enhancing the number of defects and porosity. It further improves electrochemical performance by increasing electrical conductivity and controlling volume expansion. The density functional theory (DFT) study shows significant reduction in expansion associated with sodiation, i.e., from 21.7% to 7.9% because of nitrogen doping. After nitrogen doping, micron and nano-sized carbon spheres show an increase in capacity by 38.6% and 39.5%, respectively. Among these four electrodes, nitrogen-doped nano carbon spheres (NNCS) give the best performance. NNCS shows first reversible capacity of 286 mAh g−1, retains 85% of the capacity till 200 cycles at a current density of 30 mAg−1. This increase in electrical conductivity, defects, porosity, and reduction in volume expansion in nitrogen-doped carbon samples makes them an excellent material for sodium ion batteries.
This paper presents the development of a novel liquid-based microscale fuel cell using non-noble catalysts in an alkaline solution. The developed fuel cell is based on a membraneless structure. The operational complications of a proton exchange membrane lead the development of a fuel cell with the membraneless structure. Non-noble metals with relatively mild catalytic activity, nickel hydroxide and silver oxide, were employed as anode and cathode catalysts to minimize the effect of cross-reactions with the membraneless structure. Along with nickel hydroxide and silver oxide, methanol and hydrogen peroxide were used as a fuel at anode and an oxidant at cathode. With a fuel mixture flow rate of 200μlmin−1, a maximum output power density of 28.73μWcm−2 was achieved. The developed fuel cell features no proton exchange membrane, inexpensive catalysts, and simple planar structure, which enables high design flexibility and easy integration of the microscale fuel cell into actual microfluidic systems and portable applications.
Objective A prior 4-week, proof-of-concept study suggested that adjunctive therapy with armodafinil 200mg/day decreases negative symptoms in patients with clinically stable schizophrenia. This study investigated the efficacy and tolerability of adjunctive armodafinil for treatment of negative symptoms in adults with schizophrenia receiving antipsychotic medications. Methods This parallel-group, 24-week study enrolled adults with schizophrenia who were receiving oral olanzapine, risperidone, or paliperidone for ≥6weeks, and had a Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative symptom subscale score of ≥15. Patients received one of 3 doses of once-daily armodafinil (150mg, 200mg, or 250mg) or placebo. The primary efficacy measure was the change from baseline to final visit in the PANSS negative symptom subscale score. Secondary measures included the PANSS total score, Clinical Global Impression of Severity, Personal and Social Performance Scale, and CNSVitalSigns cognitive battery. Results Of 285 randomized patients, 213 received armodafinil and 72 received placebo. The mean (SD) changes in PANSS negative symptom subscale score were −1.9 (3.8) for armodafinil 150mg (n=70), –2.3 (3.6) for armodafinil 200mg (n=69), –2.0 (3.3) for armodafinil 250mg (n=71), and −2.2 (4.1) for placebo (n=70) (p≥0.70 for each armodafinil group versus placebo). Secondary measures were generally not different between groups. Armodafinil was generally well tolerated, without worsening positive symptoms. Conclusions This study found no benefit of adjunctive armodafinil versus placebo for negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia receiving treatment with olanzapine, risperidone, or paliperidone. Armodafinil was generally well tolerated in these patients.
Spherical lithium-excess high manganese layered oxides, Li1.8[Mn0.7Co0.15Ni0.15]O2.675, were successfully synthesized by carbonate co-precipitation method. To further improve the electrochemical performance of this cathode materials, spherical Li1.8[Mn0.7Co0.15Ni0.15]O2.675 particles were functionally modified with fast Li+-ion conductor Li2SiO3 via a sol-gel method. The structural change features were systematically characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammograms and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that Li2SiO3 coating layer can greatly improves the diffusion rate of Lithium ions at the interface between cathode materials and electrolyte, Li1.8[Mn0.7Co0.15Ni0.15]O2.675@Li2SiO3 composite cathode materials exhibits outstanding rate capability(*), cycle stability and low polarization. This excellent performance is attributes to Li2SiO3 coating layer can prevent electrode from the corrosion of electrolyte and improve the diffusion rate of lithium ion. 1.5wt% Li2SiO3 coating sample shows the highest rate capacity (approximately 250mAhg−1 at 0.1C and 160mAhg−1 at 1C) and stable cyclic performance when cycled between 2.5-4.8V at 25°C.
A new two-step solid-state process was developed for synthesis of a pure phase 4.7V LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4−δ (LMNO) spinel of good electrochemical properties. This process which was based on formation of stable Ni1−x Mn2O4−δ (x ≤0.33) spinel followed by subsequent lithiation, demonstrated the emerging of LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4−δ frame work at temperatures of as low as 350°C. During this lithiation process, migration of metal ions (Ni/Mn) from partially occupied tetrahedral 8a sites (in Ni0.67Mn2O4−δ ) toward octahedral 16d site occurred. The resultant spinel material displayed low irreversible loss, a 97% columbic efficiency and 6% loss in discharge capacity after 100 cycles at 60°C.
No resilience scale has been validated in Spanish patients with fibromyalgia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the 10-item CD-RISC in a sample of Spanish patients with fibromyalgia.
Hexagonal TiNb(PO4)3, a host framework structure, has been synthesized at various temperatures ranging from 200 to 1300 °C and systematically characterized. An optimum synthesis temperature of 1200 °C has been found to be suitable for a cathode material for lithium secondary batteries. The samples synthesized at 1100 and 1200 °C have shown fewer undesirable reaction products than the samples synthesized at 1000 or 1300 °C. Titanium niobium phosphate (TiNb(PO4)3), without any lithium in its structure, was used as a cathode for a lithium secondary battery and intercalation of lithium into the vacant sites of the sample was achieved electrochemically. Of the TiNb(PO4)3 samples studied (1100, 1200 and 1300 °C), the sample synthesized at 1200 °C exhibits a better capacity of 147 mAh/g with a relatively high voltage. The discharge potential of this sample was found to be 2.3 V vs. lithium. In order to maximize cycle life and deliverable capacity, a safe voltage limit for this material has been determined.
The high-redox-potential catalyst laccase, isolated from Aspergillus, was first used as a biocatalyst in the oxidative polymerization of water-soluble conductive polyaniline, and then conductive cotton was prepared by in situ polymerization under the same conditions. The polymerization of aniline was performed in a water dispersion of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) micellar solution with atmospheric oxygen serving as the oxidizing agent. This method is ecologically clean and permits a greater degree of control over the kinetics of the reaction. The conditions for polyaniline synthesis were optimized. Characterizations of the conducting polyaniline and cotton were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, the fabric induction electrostatic tester, and the far-field EMC shielding effectiveness test fixture.
In this paper we report on the synthesis of comb-like copolymers as solid polymer electrolytes (SPE). The synthesis involved anionic polymerization of styrene (St) and 4-vinylanisole (VA) as the followed by grafting of poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP). The comb-like copolymer's structure was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The membranes were made by solvent casting and the morphologies were analyzed by atomic forces microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We observed that a nano and micro phase separation occurs which improves ionic conductivity. The ionic conductivities were determined by AC Impedance, which showed that the SPEs have good conductivities (10−5 Scm−1) at room temperature owing to the negligible values (<10 kJ mol−1) of the activation energies for conductivity. The batteries with these polymers exhibit a capacity of 146 mAh g−1 at C/24, and no evidence of degradation after intense cycling was observed. However, poor cycle life was observed at C/6 and C/3, which is a consequence of several factors. We partially explain that behavior by arguing that whereas PEO lightly “solvates” Li+ thus slowing Li-ion mobility, and PEGMA chains “solvate” Li ions too strongly, trapping and inhibiting their mobility.
Polymer with trimethylene oxide (TMO) units prepared from ring-opening polymerization of an oxetane derivative is a candidate for the matrix of solid polymer electrolytes. We prepare an oxetane derivative with nitrile group, 3-(2-cyanoethoxymethyl)-3-ethyloxetane, CYAMEO. CYAMEO is polymerized by using a cationic initiator system. The structure of the resulted polymer, P(CYAMEO), is confirmed by NMR and FTIR spectroscopic techniques. Inorganic salts, such as lithium salts, can be dissolved in P(CYAMEO) matrix. FTIR and DSC results of P(CYAMEO)-based electrolyte films suggest that lithium ions in the P(CYAMEO) matrix interact with the nitrile side chains, mainly, and not with the oxygen atoms on the main chain of the P(CYAMEO). The conductivity at 30°C for P(CYAMEO)-based electrolyte films, P(CYAME)10(LiX)1, is 19.6μScm−1 (X=LiClO4), 6.59μScm−1 (BF4), 6.54μScm−1 (CF3SO3), and 25.0μScm−1 (N(CF3SO2)2). The rise in temperature from 30°C to 70°C increases their conductivity, about 30–40 times. The conductivity at 70°C for P(CYAMEO)-based electrolyte films is 0.742mScm−1 (X=LiClO4) and 0.703mScm−1 (N(CF3SO2)2). Electrochemical deposition and dissolution of lithium on a nickel plate electrode are observed in the solvent-free three-electrode electrochemical cell with P(CYAMEO)10(LiX)1, (X=ClO4 or N(CF3SO2)2) electrolyte film at 55°C.
Hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) are an important class of porous materials that can be synthesized from aromatic precursors using a one-step “knitting” procedure. This scalable process allows wide synthetic diversity and ease of functionalization. However, pristine HCPs lack electrical conductivity, which limits their potential for electrochemical applications. Supercapacitors are energy storage devices with advantages over conventional batteries such as high power densities, rapid charge speeds, and superior cyclability. In this work, carbonization of functionalized HCPs yields highly conductive and porous materials that can be used as supercapacitor electrodes. Both electric double-layer capacitance (EDLC) and pseudocapacitance (PC) mechanisms are observed. The relative EDLC and PC contributions were quantified for a range of 20 HCP-derived materials, thus allowing a controlled approach to tuning the energy storage properties. The HCP-based carbons show ideal supercapacitor behavior and the best performing material, which shows 63% PC, displays exceptionally high capacitances of up to 374 F g−1, excellent capacitance retention at fast charging speeds, and stability for up to 15,000 charge/discharge cycles.
The effect of temperature in long-term cycle tests was investigated using commercial nickel manganese cobalt oxide 18650-type lithium-ion cells, which were cycled at a current rate of 1C at 25 °C and 50 °C. The cell capacity decreased more rapidly at 50 °C than at 25 °C. Conversely, the internal resistance increased more rapidly at 25 °C than at 50 °C before increasing dramatically after ca. 700 cycles at 50 °C. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy performed after the cycle tests revealed that the increase in ohmic resistance was larger at 50 °C, while the increase in charge-transfer resistance was larger at 25 °C. To elucidate the reasons for the differences in the degradation tendencies at different test temperatures, the electrochemical electrode properties, electrolyte compositions, and electrode materials were analyzed. The half-cell analyses showed that capacity fading was mainly caused by cell imbalances and cathode degradation at both test temperatures. 1H and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that the ohmic resistance increase at 50 °C was mainly due to decomposition of the electrolytes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra indicated that the increase in charge-transfer resistance at 25 °C arose from the generation of high-valence Ni species on the cathode surface. Detailed analyses using hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the existence of such Ni species only at the outermost layer as an amorphous phase. These results indicates that the degradation mechanism depends on temperature, and the appropriate control of temperature is important for prolonging the life of lithium-ion cells with nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode.
Although research in the field of ionic liquids for electrochemical applications has led to a deeper knowledge in their electrochemical properties, doubts in the interpretation of the experimental results are still encountered in the literature due to the poor control of the experimental conditions and/or to the limited number of experiments conducted. In this work, the effect of water and oxygen traces on the cathodic stability window of hydrophobic, air-stable ionic liquids composed of N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium (PYR1A +) cations and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI−) anion, is reported. The extensive investigation performed by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) indicates that the TFSI− anion is cathodically stable if the ionic liquid is pure and dry. The N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ionic liquids investigated showed featureless cathodic linear sweep voltammetry curves before the massive cation decomposition took place at very low potentials.
Main objective of this work is the model-based investigation of the impact of different load scenarios on the estimated useful life of a traction battery. An energy-based battery model is used for simulation of the available energy of the battery. Reduction of the energy storage capability of the battery is considered by an aging model. The aging model consists of a calendar and a cycle aging model. All models are implemented for simulation of present and future lithium-ion technologies. Hence, the range of battery characteristics and the aging behavior can be varied. In 2020 electric vehicles presumably will have reached a significant number and feed-back of electrical power from the vehicle to the power grid can be expected as an implemented ancillary service. Hence the battery's load scenarios comprise different combinations of driving cycles, charging strategies, and peak-shaving. Therefore the impact of these scenarios on battery aging can be identified by means of the model-based investigation of the battery lifetime. The presented battery model considers aging effects and is a useful tool for the design of an electric vehicle, for the dimensioning of a battery system depending on climate and user behavior, as well as for cost calculations.
In this paper, a hybrid triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been developed for simultaneously harvesting the electrostatic energy and mechanical impact energy from water wave. It is comprised of two parts: an interfacial electrification enabled TENG (IE-TENG) and an impact-TENG. The IE-TENG, composed of a fluorinated ethylene propylene thin film and an array of electrodes underneath, is used to harvest electrostatic energy arising from the water-solid interface. The impact-TENG, constructed with nanostructured polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) thin films and elastic wavy electrodes, is used to scavenge the mechanical impact energy from water wave. Under water waves propagating at a speed of 0.5m/s, the short-circuit current of the IE-TENG and impact-TENG can reach 5.1µA and 4.3µA, respectively, which is able to drive nearly 50 LEDs simultaneously. Considering that natural water bodies may contain minerals and salt, the influence of NaCl concentration on the electric output of device has been investigated. Moreover, the hybrid TENG was developed as a self-powered distress signals emitter that may be used for life saving in water landing or swimming in evening. Considering the scalability of this technology, this work demonstrates the great potential of TENG in areas of hydropower harvesting, environmental monitoring and maritime search and rescue.
Silicon (Si) applied for lithium-ion battery anode is of immense prospect due to high theoretical capacity, non-toxic, abundant reserves and low-cost. But the electrode materials, maintaining stable structure during repeated discharge/charge processes, need to be explored, which can realize the long-life. To address this problem, we utilized hollow porous pollen carbon microsphere derived from biomass as hard template to accommodate nano-Si. The hollow porous carbon@nano-Si@graphene sheets (HPC@nano-Si@GS) microspheres with hollow double spherical interlayer and submicron porous structure have been successfully synthesized via a simple and green environment-protecting wet-chemical method. We decorate nano-Si with silane coupling agent which can bind hollow porous pollen and graphene oxide, realizing the strong fixation and protection of nano-Si. Furthermore, the surface submicron mesh pores and HPC microsphere provide enough buffer space to cushion the huge volume expansion for nano-Si, enhancing the cyclic stability. Finally, graphene wrapping on the surface of HPC@nano-Si@GS microspheres can protect nano-Si very well, further stabilizing the composite structure. Nano-Si particles were accommodated in the HPC microsphere with submicron pores and then coated by wrinkled graphene sheets, to form the strong structure with hollow double spherical interlayer. A series of electrochemical tests indicate that prepared HPC@nano-Si@GS microspheres with hollow porous carbon structure exhibit outstanding electrochemical properties.
Right unilateral ultra-brief electroconvulsive therapy (RUL UB ECT) has been shown to be efficacious with minimal cognitive adverse effects in adult patients with major depression. We present the case of a 14-year-old girl with major depressive disorder with catatonic and psychotic features whose symptoms remitted after 12 treatments of RUL UB ECT.
Double perovskites LnBaCoFeO5+δ (Ln = Pr and Nd, PBCF and NBCF) are comparatively investigated as potential cathode materials for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). LnBaCoFeO5+δ materials are chemically compatible with La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3–δ (LSGM) electrolyte at temperatures below 1000 °C. Fe and Co ions in LnBaCoFeO5+δ exist in two oxidation states, 3+ and 4+. Pr ions are found in PBCF mostly as Pr3+. Thermal expansion coefficients (TECs) of PBCF and NBCF are 21.0 × 10−6 and 19.5 × 10−6 K−1, respectively, between 30 and 1000 °C; these are lower than the TECs of undoped LnBaCo2O5+δ . The best electrical conductivity for both materials is observed near 350 °C: 321 and 172 S cm−1 for PBCF and NBCF, respectively. Polarization resistances of PBCF and NBCF cathodes on LSGM electrolyte are 0.049 and 0.062 Ω cm2 at 800 °C, respectively. Maximum power densities of the single-cell with Ni/SDC as anode on a 0.3 mm-thick LSGM electrolyte reach 749 and 669 mW cm−2 for PBCF and NBCF cathodes at 800 °C, respectively. As cathodes for application in IT-SOFCs, the performance of PBCF and NBCF double perovskites is promising.