batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Converting solar energy into fuel via photo-assisted water splitting to generate hydrogen or drive CO2 reduction is an attractive scientific and technological goal to address the increasing global demand for energy and to reduce the impact of energy production on climate change. Engineering an efficient, low-cost photocatalyst is necessary to achieve this technological goal. A photocatalyst combines a photosensitiser and an electrocatalyst to capture light and accelerate the chemical reactions in the same device. In this perspective paper, we first describe the recent developments of some families of semiconductors that are attractive candidates for engineering photocatalysts. We then discuss the use of semiconductors as light harvesting agents, combined with a bio-catalyst, synthetic bio-mimetic molecular catalyst or synthetic all-inorganic catalyst, in photocatalytic hybrid systems for water splitting and CO2 reduction. To highlight the advantages of semiconductors for engineering efficient and robust photocatalysts, we compare these systems to examples of homogeneous photocatalytic systems constructed from molecular photosensitisers (dyes). We conclude that all-inorganic catalysts coupled to appropriate semiconductors look more promising for the construction of robust photocatalytic hybrid systems for producing solar fuels.
The treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) usually requires combination therapies, with the critical issue of the emergence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and the possibility of low treatment adherence. Genetic polymorphisms are hypothesized to modulate the pharmacodynamics of psychotropic drugs, representing potential biological markers of ADRs. This study investigated genes involved in the regulation of neuroplasticity (BDNF, ST8SIA2), second messenger cascades (GSK3B, MAPK1, and CREB1), circadian rhythms (RORA), transcription (SP4, ZNF804A), and monoaminergic system (HTR2A and COMT) in the risk of neurological, psychic, autonomic, and other ADRs. Two independent samples of BD patients naturalistically treated were included (COPE-BD n = 147; STEP-BD n = 659). In the COPE-BD 34 SNPs were genotyped, while in the STEP-BD polymorphisms in the selected genes were extracted from the genome-wide dataset. Each ADRs group was categorized as absent-mild or moderate-severe and logistic regression with appropriate covariates was applied to identify possible risk genotypes/alleles. 58.5 and 93.5 % of patients were treated with mood stabilizers, 44.2 and 50.7 % were treated with antipsychotics, and 69.4 and 46.1 % were treated with antidepressants in the COPE-BD and STEP-BD, respectively. Our findings suggested that ST8SIA2 may be associated with psychic ADRs, as shown in the COPE-BD (rs4777989 p = 0.0017) and STEP-BD (rs56027313, rs13379489 and rs10852173). A cluster of RORA SNPs around rs2083074 showed an effect on psychic ADRs in the STEP-BD. Trends supporting the association between HTR2A and autonomic ADRs were found in both samples. Confirmations are needed particularly for ST8SIA2 and RORA since the few available data regarding their role in relation to psychotropic ADRs.
Aerosols are known to influence the climate system in a range of ways; they affect radiation budgets, cloud formation and circulation patterns, and contribute to local biogeochemical cycling and ecology. Despite this recognized role for marine aerosol, however, recent research has emphasized the impact of global climate change on coastal environments rather than the other way around. This occurs in part because most methods for sampling marine aerosol are expensive and studies tend to occur only on specialized marine stations and ocean-crossing research vessels. This project tests a new method for aerosol sampling, specifically designed for use in local studies of coastal environments and costing little to set up. It also reports the results of a pilot study in Alderney (Channel Islands) where changes in both aerosol abundance and aerosol composition, including fractionation effects, were observed using the new method and linked to local meteorological conditions.
This paper presents a comparison between printed circuit boards from computers and mobile phones. Since printed circuits boards are becoming more complex and smaller, the amount of materials is constantly changing. The main objective of this work was to characterize spent printed circuit boards from computers and mobile phones applying mineral processing technique to separate the metal, ceramic, and polymer fractions. The processing was performed by comminution in a hammer mill, followed by particle size analysis, and by magnetic and electrostatic separation. Aqua regia leaching, loss-on-ignition and chemical analysis (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy – ICP-OES) were carried out to determine the composition of printed circuit boards and the metal rich fraction. The composition of the studied mobile phones printed circuit boards (PCB-MP) was 63wt.% metals; 24wt.% ceramics and 13wt.% polymers; and of the printed circuit boards from studied personal computers (PCB-PC) was 45wt.% metals; 27wt.% polymers and ceramics 28wt.% ceramics. The chemical analysis showed that copper concentration in printed circuit boards from personal computers was 20wt.% and in printed circuit boards from mobile phones was 34.5wt.%. According to the characteristics of each type of printed circuit board, the recovery of precious metals may be the main goal of the recycling process of printed circuit boards from personal computers and the recovery of copper should be the main goal of the recycling process of printed circuit boards from mobile phones. Hence, these printed circuit boards would not be mixed prior treatment. The results of this paper show that copper concentration is increasing in mobile phones and remaining constant in personal computers.
Sn-based materials as potential anode materials have triggered significant research interests for lithium storage owing to their high theoretical capacity and low cost. However, the practical applications of Sn-based materials are hindered by low capacity release and fast capacity fading due to large volume expansion and structural pulverization of the electrodes during cycling. Herein, we demonstrate an efficient strategy to alleviate/resolve the above issues by introducing highly conductive inactive metal to alloy with Sn and then loading the Sn-based alloy particles onto two-dimensional (2D) graphene matrix. The graphene supported Fe–Sn nanoalloy composites (FeSn2/FeSn/Fe-rGO) are synthesized via a facile bimetallic metal-organic framework precursor route, in which Sn3[Fe(CN)6]4 nanocubes are grown in-situ on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets, followed by thermal decomposition of the Sn3[Fe(CN)6]4/rGO precursor in an Ar/H2 atmosphere. As a result, the lithium-ion batteries based on FeSn2/FeSn/Fe-rGO composites exhibit outstanding lithium storage performance with a remarkable reversible capacity of 1274 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 200 cycles, a great rate capability of 665 mAh g−1 at 5.0 A g−1, and excellent high-rate cycling stability with a capacity decay of only 0.025% per cycle within 1200 cycles at 2.0 A g−1. The excellent electrochemical performance of FeSn2/FeSn/Fe-rGO can be ascribed to its unique three-order buffer structures: the Fe atoms in FeSn2 and FeSn acting as tough buffer, metal Fe as framework buffer for cubic nanoparticles, and rGO as 2D elastic matrix buffer, which effectively alleviate the volume expansion and structural pulverization of the electrode during lithiation, synergistically enhance the lithium storage performance.
Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) is a very promising cathode material in sodium ion battery for rapidly emerging large-scale energy storage with its classical 3D NASCION structure. However, the cycling life and rate performances are restricted its low electronic conductivity. To overcome these, the double carbon-wrapped Na3V2(PO4)3 composite is firstly designed through rheological phase approach, delivering enhanced electrochemical properties. The unique double carbon layers are composed of uniform amorphous carbons as protecting framework for stabilizing the structure, as well as the graphitized carbon sheets playing the role of conductive network for better electronic conductivity. This double carbon-wrapped Na3V2(PO4)3 composite exhibits a high reversible capacity of 99.8 mAh g−1 over 500 cycles at 1 C (110 mA g−1), yielding the coulombic efficiency of ∼99.8%. Meanwhile, it displays an initial capacity of 73 mAh g−1 at 100 C and remains 55 mAh g−1 at an ultra-rate of 200 C. Even after cycling at 200 C over 12 000 cycles, the Na+-storage capacity of 40 mAh g−1 with a retention of 72.7% is still obtained, highlighting its excellent long cycling life and remarkable rate performances.
Nickel(Ni)-rich lithium transition metal oxides (e.g. LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA), LiNi1−x−y Mn x Co y O2 (x + y < 1) (NMC)) with layered structure are regarded as promising cathode candidates for constructing high energy density lithium ion batteries, so as to promote the market penetration of zero-emission electric vehicles. However, the poor structural and interfacial stability of Ni-rich NMC or NCA still hamper their large-scale applications. This review article mainly summarizes the recent progress achieved in the development of Ni-rich cathode materials, with an aim to provide important clues for future design Ni-rich cathodes and eventually enable their practical applications. Firstly, we introduce the improved method for the synthesis of Ni-rich cathode materials and discuss the relationships between the synthesis method, physicochemical properties, and the electrochemical performances of the cathode materials. Secondly, the insightful understandings on the capacity and voltage fading mechanism as well as the reasons of poor structure stability are comprehensively overviewed. Then, we summarize the main progress regarding to the novel approaches and attempts to prolong the cycling lifetime of Ni-rich materials and safety. Finally, we end up this review by proposing new perspectives and insights to stimulate more revolutionary strategies to boost the practical applications of Ni-rich cathodes.
Reduced graphene oxides have been prepared via controllably thermal and chemical reduction processes. The structure, surface chemistry and electrochemical behaviors of reduced graphene oxides are investigated by Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption, temperature-programmed desorption, Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, as well as charge/discharge measurements. The enhanced reversible capacity of reduced graphene oxides is attributed to specific functionalities rather than to exceptional large specific surface area or structure defect. The contributed capacities at potential higher than 1.5 V and in region of 0.8–1.5 V are attributed dominantly to phenol groups and cyclic edge ether groups, respectively. These findings may be beneficial to the material design of graphene-based anode materials with high energy density.
The escalation of the renewable energy capacity growth rate in remote pastoral Western Australian (WA) off-grid stand-alone power supply (SPS) systems over the last decade was extraordinary. The expansion was encouraged by subsidised renewable energy technologies, enabling components and system installation costs. This research quantifies and explores the changes over time of rated outputs of renewable and conventional energy components, and energy demand in SPS systems in pastoral WA over the last 30 years. This research revealed parallel increases in conventional generation unit output ratings, renewable energy capacity, and energy demand over the past decade. Whilst recent developments are encouraging, there remain many technical, social, economic and regulatory barriers to overcome the small-scale renewable energy SPS system industry in WA. A lack of mandatory standards has resulted in a minority of poor SPS systems and some aggravated owners in regions where reliability and reputation are paramount. After investing many tens of thousands of Australian dollars (AUD) on new capital equipment, minor system integration issues are becoming a frustratingly common cause of system failure for remote SPS system owners.
A new substrate (quasi-3D) combined with both three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) networks for MmNi5-based alloy electrodes was developed. The substrate effect on electrode packing density, porosity, loading capacity, electrode thickness, α (=W s (substrate weight)/W e (electrode weight)) and rate capability has been investigated to compare with conventional foamed nickel (3D) and punching metal (2D). The results showed that thin electrodes with punching metal substrates had better rate capability than those with foamed nickel substrates, while both kinds of the substrates had low packing density. Further results indicated that under the condition of the similar electrode thickness, the electrode using the new developed (quasi-3D) substrate showed better performance than those with punching metal and foamed nickel substrates, and could simultaneously keep high packing density and rate capability. It is suggested that this new developed substrate is more suitable for high power applications in nickel/metal hydride batteries.
Surface temperature measurement of lithium-ion cells provides a limited view of internal physical processes during charging. Using a recently developed non-invasive battery internal temperature sensor, we now demonstrate that anode temperature reflects physically-based dynamics at the anode that were previously obscured by cell-surface measurements. First, using automated segmentation with a maximum-likelihood piecewise-linear statistical model, we show that features in the anode temperature reproducibly coincide with phase transitions into Stages IVd, IV and I of graphitic carbon lithiation at various charging rates. Second, we show that anode temperature peaks around 61% state of charge, intermediate between Stages II and I of the lithiated graphitic carbon. Third, we demonstrate a sharp and sustained increase in anode temperature at variable state of charge above 85%. These findings open the possibility for improved state-of-charge estimation and adaptive charging profiles that safely reduce charging time.
Two time-varying linear state-space representations of the generally accepted physicochemical model (PCM) of a lithium-ion cell are used to estimate local and global states during different charging scenarios. In terms of computational speed and suitability towards recursive state observer models, the solid-phase diffusion in the PCM of an exemplaric MCMB/LiCoO2 lithium-ion cell is derived with the aid of two different numerical reduction methods in the form of a Polynomial Profile and an Eigenfunction Method. As a benchmark, the PCM using the original Duhamel Superposition Integral approximation serves for the comparison of accuracy and computational speed. A modified spatial discretization via the finite volume method improves handling of boundary conditions and guarantees accurate simulation results of the PCM even at a low level of spatial discretization. The Polynomial Profile allows for a significant speed-up in computational time whilst showing a poor prediction accuracy during dynamic load profiles. The Eigenfunction Method shows a comparable accuracy as the benchmark for all load profiles whilst resulting in an even higher computational effort. The two derived observer models incorporate the state-space representation of the reduced PCM applying both the Polynomial and Eigenfunction approach combined with an Extended Kalman Filter algorithm based on a novel initialization algorithm and conservation of lithium mass. The estimation results of both models show robust and quick reduction of the residual errors for both local and global states when considering the applied current and the resulting cell voltage of the benchmark model, as the underlying measurement signal. The carried out state estimation for a 4C constant charge current showed a regression of the cell voltage error to 1 mV within 30 s with an initial SOC error of 42.4% under a standard deviation of 10 mV and including process noise.
Cyclic voltammetry, constant current charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy have been applied to establish the electrochemical characteristics for electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) consisting of the 1M (C2H5)3CH3NBF4 electrolyte in acetonitrile and micro/mesoporous carbon electrodes prepared from Mo2C, noted as C(Mo2C). The N2 sorption (total BET specific surface area (S BET ≤1855m2 g−1), micropore area (S micro ≤1823m2 g−1), total pore volume (V tot ≤1.399m3 g−1) and pore size distribution (average NLDFT pore width d NLDFT ≥0.89nm) values obtained have been correlated with the electrochemical characteristics for EDLCs (region of ideal polarizability (ΔV =3.0V), characteristic time constant (τ R =1.05s), gravimetric capacitance (C m ≤143 F g−1)) dependent strongly on the C(Mo2C) synthesis temperature. High gravimetric energy (35Whkg−1) and gravimetric power (237kWkg−1) values, normalised to the total active mass of both C(Mo2C) electrodes, synthesised at T synt =800°C, have been demonstrated at cell voltage 3.0V and T =20°C.
Aluminum (Al)/air batteries have the potential to be used to produce power to operate cars and other vehicles. These batteries might be important on a long-term interim basis as the world passes through the transition from gasoline cars to hydrogen fuel cell cars. The Al/air battery system can generate enough energy and power for driving ranges and acceleration similar to gasoline powered cars. From our design analysis, it can be seen that the cost of aluminum as an anode can be as low as US$ 1.1/kg as long as the reaction product is recycled. The total fuel efficiency during the cycle process in Al/air electric vehicles (EVs) can be 15% (present stage) or 20% (projected) comparable to that of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEs) (13%). The design battery energy density is 1300Wh/kg (present) or 2000Wh/kg (projected). The cost of battery system chosen to evaluate is US$ 30/kW (present) or US$ 29/kW (projected). Al/air EVs life-cycle analysis was conducted and compared to lead/acid and nickel metal hydride (NiMH) EVs. Only the Al/air EVs can be projected to have a travel range comparable to ICEs. From this analysis, Al/air EVs are the most promising candidates compared to ICEs in terms of travel range, purchase price, fuel cost, and life-cycle cost.
In this work, carbon-coated MnFe2O4 nanoparticle (NP) hollow microspheres are fabricated by a facile emulsion-based assembly method followed by in situ ligand carbonization. Specifically, MnFe2O4 NPs stabilized by oleic acid (OA) are the primary building blocks to assemble hollow microspheres, while the subsequent carbonization of OA ligands leads to the formation of uniform carbon coatings without degrading the ordering of NPs. As anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, such MnFe2O4 NP hollow composite microspheres exhibit significantly improved electrochemical performance in comparison with their solid counterparts and most MnFe2O4-based anodes reported to date, retaining a high reversible capacity of 730mAhg−1 after 300 cycles at a current density of 2Ag−1. Furthermore, even when tested at an ultrahigh rate of 10Ag−1, MnFe2O4 NP hollow microspheres can still deliver a high specific capacity of 433mAhg−1. The superior performance of MnFe2O4 NP hollow microspheres is attributable to their hollow superstructure, close-packed configuration of the constituent NPs, and uniform carbon coatings, which facilitate lithium-ion and electron transport while simultaneously alleviating the drastic volumetric change during cycling. Our work establishes that the optimized MnFe2O4 anode material offers great promise for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.
This article describes how the Kha Ri Gude Literacy Campaign in South Africa utilized an enriched literacy curriculum in enliterating 4.7 million adult learners who, as a result of the legacy of apartheid in South Africa, had little or no education. The article uses a mixed-methods approach—mixing quantitative and qualitative data—to determine what adult learners considered to be important benefits of initial literacy. Moreover, it explores the extent to which these benefits correlated with the developmental intent which aimed, by using MDG/SDG inspired themes, to impact on the social, economic and developmental opportunities that might be afforded by literacy acquisition. The article analyzes the responses obtained from a sample of 485,941 literacy learners to a 24-item instrument which sought to establish learner perceptions of the benefits (or lack thereof) of their participation in the literacy campaign. The high rate of positive responses showed that the majority of the learners perceived the campaign to have benefited them with regard to their feelings of self-confidence, their ability to participate in community matters, increased understandings of health issues, increased involvement in income generation, technological abilities, as well as in increasing their appetite for lifelong learning. The quantitative findings were triangulated with the findings of the learner interviews conducted with learners who had completed the program in the previous two to five years. In addition to focusing on the responses of learners who perceived the campaign to have had positive impacts, further quantitative analyses were conducted on the responses of those learners who gave negative feedback. It is believed that both the positive impact and the non-impactful findings reported in this article will allow for a closer tailoring of literacy programs in order to maximize their developmental potential.
State Grid Corporation of China and China Southern Power Grid Corporation put forward the vision of Smart Grid in 2009. Then China launched the second round of distribution automation system (DAS) project. This paper summarizes the DAS in this round, including the project planning, current development and related technical standard. The development situation and trend of feeder automation (FA) technology are focused. The various realization modes and test verification technology of FA are presented in details. With the integration of distributed generation to distribution grid, the trend of Advanced Distribution Automation (ADA) and other techniques such as optimizing operation and practicability of FA in China are introduced.
We incorporated tin oxide nanostructures into the graphene nanosheet matrix and observed that the phase of tin oxide varies with the morphology. The highest discharge capacity and coulumbic efficiency were obtained for SnO phase of nanoplates morphology. Platelet morphology of tin oxide shows more reversible capacity than the nanoparticle (SnO2 phase) tin oxide. The first discharge capacity obtained for SnO@GNS is 1393 and 950 mAh/g for SnO2@GNS electrode at a current density of 23μA/cm2. A stable capacity of about 1022 and 715 mAh/g was achieved at a current rate of 23μA/cm2 after 40 cycles for SnO@GNS and SnO2@GNS anodes, respectively.
Slit ligand–Robo receptor signaling is needed for developmental angiogenesis in the retina and represents a therapeutic target in ocular neovascular diseases.