batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
ZnMoO4·0.8H2O nanorods as anode materials for lithium ion batteries are obtained through facile aqueous solution method. The electrochemical properties of ZnMoO4·0.8H2O have been investigated for the first time with the mixture of sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose and polyacrylic acid (CMC/PAA) as binder. The experiments show that the CMC/PAA binder significantly improves the cycling performance and rate capability of ZnMoO4·0.8H2O compared with the conventional polyvinylidene-fluoride (PVDF) and CMC. The electrode of ZnMoO4·0.8H2O with CMC/PAA displays a stable reversible discharge capacity of 479mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1, a capacity fading rate of 0.7% per cycle to the second cycle and a higher initial coulombic efficiency of 89%. A capacity of 435mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1 can recover after 50cycles even following the discharge/charge process with the high current density of 500mAg−1. In addition, the CMC/PAA binder lowers Ohmic resistance and increase the lithium diffusion coefficient. All these advantages highlight the application of CMC/PAA binder used in ZnMoO4·0.8H2O.
This paper highlights the potentialities of a very simple electrochemical set-up for studying the electrodeposition of thin film in real time by in situ XANES measurements. This study focuses on birnessite, a promising non-toxic manganese oxide for various applications. The main originality of this device comes from its window used as a counter electrode allowing the electrodeposition on large surfaces (some cm2), exactly like in a classical electrochemical cell. The quality of the in situ XANES measurements is comparable to that of ex situ measurements demonstrating the real interest of this continuous flow electrochemical cell for characterising compounds during electrochemical measurements. Moreover, the electrodeposited thin films are similar to those obtained in a classical electrochemical cell, as illustrated by the ex situ characterizations (XANES, XRD and SEM). Thus, this promising set-up will allow the studies of numerous materials in the future.
Abastract A borate-group functionalized carbon nanotube (Borate-CNT) catalyst is developed to enhance the performance and long term durability of the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). To prepare for the –Borate-CNT catalyst, carboxylic acid groups (COOHs) adopted onto acidified CNT (CA-CNT) are simply co-treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and boric acid (H3BO3). As a result, the COOHs are transformed into borate groups. The transformation is verified by XPS analysis, showing the increase in oxygen content and the creation of boron-oxygen bonds. The active sites and catalytic activity of Borate-CNT are increased more than those of the catalysts formed by the single treatment of NaOH and CA-NCT or H3BO3 and CA-CNT. This is due to the increase of active sites by the formation of oxygen abundant borate groups and the different electronegativity between the boron and oxygen elements promotes the attraction and subsequent reaction o f vanadium ions. The voltage and energy efficiencies (VE and EE) of the VRFB using Borate-CNT catalyst are better than those of VRFBs using no catalyst or CA-CNT catalyst – even at 200 mA cm−2 – and the efficiencies of Borate-CNT VRFB are well maintained until 300 cycles, whereas the efficiencies of the no catalyst VRFB are considerably decreased (17% and 16% decreases of the initial values in VE and EE). In addition, Borate-CNT shows the effect of protection by suppressing the chemical aging of carbon felt from toxic acidic electrolyte.
Since large numbers of lithium-ion batteries are composed in pack and the batteries are complex electrochemical devices, their monitoring and safety concerns are key issues for the applications of battery technology. An accurate estimation of battery remaining capacity is crucial for optimization of the vehicle control, preventing battery from over-charging and over-discharging and ensuring the safety during its service life. The remaining capacity estimation of a battery includes the estimation of state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-energy (SOE). In this work, a probability based adaptive estimator is presented to obtain accurate and reliable estimation results for both SOC and SOE. For the SOC estimation, an n ordered RC equivalent circuit model is employed by combining an electrochemical model to obtain more accurate voltage prediction results. For the SOE estimation, a sliding window neural network model is proposed to investigate the relationship between the terminal voltage and the model inputs. To verify the accuracy and robustness of the proposed model and estimation algorithm, experiments under different dynamic operation current profiles are performed on the commercial 1665130-type lithium-ion batteries. The results illustrate that accurate and robust estimation can be obtained by the proposed method.
Low income households living in the rural areas suffer from energy poverty and lack of human and economic development. Currently, many governments of less developed countries are committed in improving access to electricity. The same commitment should be adapted globally as part of human right because providing electricity access to low-income households improves health and education, generates income, increases productivity, reduces inequality, and enhances the quality of life. Rural electrification is a complicated issue because of user affordability, rural inaccessibility and remoteness, low population densities and dispersed households, low project profitability, fiscal deficit, scarcity of energy resources, population growth, lack of professionalism, and over-dependence on subsidies. The demand for electrification cannot be accomplished because of the increasing gap between rural electrification rate and population growth. Therefore, this review aims to study various decentralized household-sized energy technologies available in rural areas, such as battery, diesel generator, pedal generator, pico hydro, photovoltaic (PV) solar home system, and wind. Preference for one of the options depends on energy-source availability, economic feasibility, rural economic development, disposal of residues, nature of end-user application, and government programs and policies. Pico hydro is the preferred electricity generation source in most rural households, followed by wind, PV, and diesel generators. This paper concurs that households in rural areas will be able to afford for electricity access if the payment schedule of the electrification cost is extended and interest rates and taxes, if any, are dropped.
The promotion and deployment of storage technologies in autonomous and grid-connected systems plays a relevant part in the massive integration of renewable power sources required for the worldwide development of a sustainable society. In this regard, analyzing the behavior of electrochemical storage devices such as lead-acid batteries installed on hybrid energy systems and microgrids in terms of their lifetime and economic profitability is an important research topic. Since renewable generation is characterized by its random nature, lead-acid batteries typically work under stress conditions, which directly influence their lifetime in a negative way by increasing the net present cost. Due to the fast growing of renewable sources as a consequence of governmental policies and incentives, the number of manufacturers to be considered worldwide is becoming really high, so that optimization techniques such as genetic algorithms (GAs) are frequently used in order to consider the performance of a high number of manufacturers of wind turbines, photovoltaic panels and lead-acid batteries subject to the environmental conditions of the location under analysis to determine a cost-effective design. In this paper, GA method combined with weighted Ah ageing model is improved by including expert experiences by means of stress factors and the categorization of operating conditions, as a new contribution to earlier studies. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by analyzing a hybrid energy system to be installed in Zaragoza, Spain, resulting in a near-optimal design in a reduced computational time compared to the enumerative optimization method.
As-prepared anatase TiO2 with different particle sizes are heated in a lithium hydroxide solution to form Li–Ti–O precursors by using hydrothermal method. Spherical Li4Ti5O12 powders with different particle sizes are obtained by calcining the precursors at 800 °C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates that elevated hydrothermal reaction temperature and higher concentration of lithium hydroxide solution eliminate the content of impurity in the final product. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows the obtained powders have regular spherical morphology. The obtained Li4Ti5O12 with particle size of about 0.5 μm exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, and the initial discharge capacity reaches 165 mAh g−1 at 35 mA g−1 (0.2 C) and more than 97% of the initial capacity is retained after 70 cycles.
A new approach for the development of lithium and proton conducting electrolyte membrane is here reported and discussed. Basically, the lithium polymer electrolyte is prepared by swelling a PVdF “precursor membrane” with a LiPF6 solution in EC–PC. Similarly, the proton polymer electrolytes are obtained by swelling a ceramic-added composite PVdF-based membrane in a H3PO4 aqueous solution. The results, even if in a preliminary stage, confirm that the membrane technology used for lithium can be extended to the proton case. The PVdF-based, acid-swelled membranes show high values of ionic conductivity and good thermal properties and thus, they appear of interest for practical applications, e.g. fuel cells.
It is widely accepted that people with Down syndrome are more likely than the general population to develop Alzheimer's dementia as they age. However, the diagnosis can be problematic in this population for a number of reasons. These include: the large intra-individual variability in cognitive functioning, the different diagnostic and methodological procedures used in the field and the difficulty in obtaining baseline levels of cognitive functioning in this population with which to assess cognitive and behavioral change. Recent researchers have begun to suggest ways around these difficulties. This review explores these recent developments and provides recommendations which may aid clinicians in their attempts to diagnose Alzheimer's dementia in the early stages in the Down syndrome population.
Toxicology (single dose, range-finding, repeat dose and genotoxicity) data available in 34 Investigator’s Brochures used to support First-In-Man clinical trials over a 10 year period have been evaluated to give an insight into the types of study designs used and how these have changed over the period analysed (1997–2006). Study packages had single dose toxicity studies in the rodent (although there has been a recent trend to reduce the number of these studies), range-finding toxicity studies in the rodent and non-rodent (with only small numbers of the latter used) and key 2–4week repeat dose toxicity studies in rodent (usually rat) and non-rodent (both dog and monkey). The majority of the latter studies established No Observed Adverse Effect Levels, showed the rodent to be generally less sensitive to target organ toxicity than the non-rodent and showed the liver and then the kidney to be the most common target organs. Genotoxicity assessment included 2 in vitro assays (a reverse mutation bacteria and either a chromosome aberration or mouse lymphoma assay) and commonly, an in vivo rodent bone marrow micronucleus test. Considerations for general toxicology and genotoxicity study designs are discussed along with the use of appropriate information to help set the clinical starting dose.
In this work, we present the design, construction, and experimental results of a prototype latent heat thermal energy storage system. The prototype consists of a thermal storage tank with 100 kg of the aluminum-silicon eutectic as a phase change material, a valved thermosyphon that controls heat flow from the thermal storage tank to the power block, and thermoelectric generators for conversion of heat to electricity. We tested the prototype over four simulated days, where each day consisted of four phases of operation: charging, discharging, simultaneous charging and discharging, and storage. Our results show three major conclusions. First, the thermal energy storage system was able to receive and distribute heat with small temperature gradients – less than 5 °C throughout the thermal storage tank. Second, the valved thermosyphon was able to effectively control heat transfer, demonstrating an on/off thermal conductance ratio of 430. Third, the interfaces between subsystems had small temperature drops: of the ∼ 560 °C temperature drop from the thermal storage tank to the heat rejection system, ∼ 525 °C occurred across the power block. This work overcomes the challenges of integrating previously-developed subsystems together, providing a proof-of-concept of this system.
Like the Great Masters of centuries ago, the video shooter today provides a unique window on the world, a proscenium arch through which we expose, compose, and exclude what is not essential to the story. It is through this portal and upon this stage that we as shooters apply our sweat and the many rudiments of good storytelling craft.
Progress with sealed Ni–Zn cells in the period 1996–1998 is reviewed. No dramatic improvements stemming from R&D on cells were observed. Presently, the cells of Energy Research (ERC) seem to be the best and most widely used.
Postoperative encephalopathy with choreoathetosis is a serious neurologic complication of childhood cardiac surgery. An inadequate understanding of the long-term outcome has limited family counseling and the institution of intervention strategies. Our objective was to define the long-term neurologic, cognitive, and behavioral outcome in this group of patients. By retrospective review we identified all cases of choreoathetosis in our cardiac intensive care unit from 1986 through 1995. During this decade we described a sudden transient increase in postoperative choreoathetosis that disappeared as we modified treatment strategies in perioperative care. These children underwent a comprehensive battery of neurologic, cognitive, and behavioral tests to determine in detail their long-term outcome. Of the 36 cases identified of which three were deceased, four were abroad, and eight were lost to follow-up, 21 families were approached, and 15 of the 21 (71%) consented to testing. We found pervasive deficits in memory, attention, and language, with a median full-scale IQ of 67 (range = 40-122), as well as in motor function, including persistent dyskinesia in seven of 15 (47%). The pervasive and enduring cognitive and motor deficits in survivors of postoperative choreoathetosis caution for guarded predictions of outcome and highlight the need for careful neurologic and cognitive evaluation in all children with choreoathetosis after open heart surgery.
We describe the preparation and the electrochemical properties of Li2M x Mn4−x O8, spinel-structured compounds. The results demonstrate that these materials may operate as high-voltage cathodes in new concept lithium-ion batteries. An example of these batteries has been fabricated and successfully tested.
Self-supported porous carbon nanofibers (CNFs) network has been prepared by electrospinning technology assisted with template method. The as-prepared material is rich in sub-nanoscale pores and nitrogen and oxygen functional groups, which can serve as a fast conductive network with abundant electrochemical active sites and greatly facilitates the transport of electrons and ions. When the porous CNFs network is used as an electrode for supercapacitor in a three electrode system, it displays a high capacitance of 233.1F/g at 0.2A/g, and a capacitance of 130.2F/g even at 14A/g. It maintains a capacitance of 154.0F/g with 90.17% retention after 4000 cycles at 2A/g. Moreover, the assembled symmetric supercapacitor not only exhibits excellent rate capability and cycle performance, but also delivers an energy density of 4.17Wh/kg and a power density of 2500W/kg. The experimental results demonstrate that the prepared N, O co-doped carbon nanofibers with rich sub-nanoscale pores are a promising electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors.
The solid salts of the ferrate anion might offer significant advantages over conventional materials used as cathodes because of the three electron transfer associated with the reduction of Fe(VI) to Fe(III). In the present study, we try to improve the performance of the electrochemically synthesized barium ferrate cathode using non-stoichiometric binary titanium oxides: titanium monoxide (TiOx) and Magnѐli phases (TinO2n-1) addition performed throughout fabrication of plastic bonded cathode. It is shown that the addition of conductive Magnѐli phase materials into active material improves the performance of a cathode in terms of specific capacity, reversibility, and more positive equilibrium potential compared to BaFeO4 − based cathodes. It is believed that Magnѐli phase material enhances connectivity of the active BaFeO4 material and acts as reinforcement to the active mass thereby aiding retention of feature and porosity during cycling improving the reaction kinetics of the electrode. Also, our preliminary results demonstrate that the porous plastic bonded thin foil electrodes based on electrochemically synthesized barium ferrate can be considered in spiral wound battery geometry for higher rate capability.
Nanocrystalline TiO2 (anatase) was synthesized successfully by the direct conversion of TiO2-sol at 85°C. The as-prepared TiO2 at 85°C were calcined at different temperatures and time in order to optimize the system with best electrochemical performance. The particle sizes of the synthesized materials were found to be in the range of 15–20nm as revealed by the HR-TEM studies. Commercial TiO2 anatase (micron size) was also studied for its Li-insertion and deinsertion properties in order to compare with the nanocrystalline TiO2. The full cell studies were performed with LiCoO2 cathode with the best performing nano-TiO2 as anode. The specific capacity of the nanocrystalline TiO2 synthesized at 500°C/2h in a half-cell configuration was 169mAhg−1 while for the cell with LiCoO2 cathode, it was 95mAhg−1 in the 2V region. The specific reversible capacity and the cycling performance of the synthesized nano-TiO2 anode in full cell configuration across LiCoO2 cathode are superior to that reported in the literature. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed a larger peak separation for the micro-TiO2 than the nano-TiO2, clearly indicating the influence of nano-particle size on the electrochemical performance.
Thin film, Sn, Cu–Sn and Sn–Zr–(O) anodes for microbatteries are deposited on a copper substrate by radio frequency (rf)-magnetron sputtering at room temperature. Charge–discharge characteristics are compared. It appears that the alloying of Sn with Cu or Zr improves the cycling performance. The best cycling efficiency is obtained when Sn is alloyed with Zr. The effects of alloying elements on the electrochemical properties on the thin film are discussed.
Many herders in the Tibetan Plateau still inherit the traditional lifestyle, including living in tents and burning yak dung for fuel. This short correspondence reports a pilot study on indoor air quality in the nomadic tents in the Nam Co region, inland Tibetan Plateau. The results showed very high concentrations of total suspended particles (TSP), averaging at 4.45 mg m−3 during the cooking/heating period (with daily value of 3.16 mg m−3). Elevated concentrations of toxic element Cd, As and Pb were also found within the tents, averaging 3.16 μg m−3, 35.00 μg m−3, and 81.39 μg m−3 for a day, respectively, which were not only far higher than those of WHO indoor air quality guidelines, but also more than 104–106 times higher than the outdoor air level in the Nam Co area. The study raises serious concerns over the health of Tibetan herders following their long-term exposure to the tent air.
It must be noticed that renewable energy resources operation with battery is the best method of electrical load cost provision. In this regard, integrated natural gas (NG) network with power system is utilized in this paper in order to increase system reliability and reduce pressure of power generators. In fact, NG is considered as clean and available fuel in order to support power system. It is possible to connect power system and gas network by Joint Unit (JU). JUs include Natural gas-fired distributed power generators (NGDG) and Power to Gas (PtG) units. In this paper, gas-fired turbine fuel supply process is prioritized. That is, desired gas is supplied by gas wells of gas network piping entry; PtG unit will supply NGDG gas as long as electricity cost is low. After optimal scheduling, By applying mixed integrated linear programming (MILP) for integrated system and two essential factors (power not supplied and gas not supplied), system operation under load and resources fluctuation studied. Finally, appropriate location and optimum capacity of new distributed energy resources for power system or compressor for gas network are selected. 24-Bus power system with renewable resources of Photovoltaic (PV) ،Wind Turbine (WT), battery energy storage, with 7- node natural gas network and two gas wells integration are selected as studied case for time range of 24 h in order to analyze process numerically.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) consume both gasoline and grid electricity. The corresponding temporal energy consumption and emission trends are valuable to investigate in order to fully understand the environmental benefits. The 24-h energy consumption and emission profile depends on different vehicle designs, driving, and charging scenarios. This study assesses the potential energy impact of PHEVs by considering different charging scenarios defined by different charging power levels, locations, and charging time. The region selected for the study is the South Coast Air Basin of California. Driving behaviors are derived from the National Household Travel Survey 2009 (NHTS 2009) and vehicle parameters are based on realistic assumptions consistent with projected vehicle deployments. Results show that the reduction in petroleum consumption is significant compared to standard gasoline vehicles and the ability to operate on electricity alone is crucial to cold start emission reduction. The benefit of higher power charging on petroleum consumption is small. Delayed and average charging are better than immediate charging for home, and non-home charging increases peak grid loads.
We investigated 793 bird combs [645 chickens and 148 fighting cocks (Shamo)] to determine the prevalence of dermatophytes and their related fungal species. The targeted fungal species were recovered from 195 of the 793 examined birds (24.6 %). Prevalence ratios were compared in temperate (the mainland) and subtropical (Nansei Islands) areas, genders, strains, breeding scale (individual and farm), and housing system (in cage and free ranging). The frequency of the fungal species in the mainland, males, fighting cocks, breeding scale by individual nursing, and free-range housing system exhibited significantly higher positive ratios than that in the other groups. A total of 224 dermatophytes and related species were isolated, including 101 Arthroderma (Ar.) multifidum, 83 Aphanoascus (Ap.) terreus, five Uncinocarpus queenslandicus, two U. reesii, two Ap. pinarensis, one Amauroascus kuehnii, one Ar. simii, one Gymnoascus petalosporus, one Microsporum gallinae, and 28 Chrysosporium-like (Chrysosporium spp.) isolates, which were identified using internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal RNA gene sequences. The predominant fungal species in the mainland was Ap. terreus and that in the Nansei Islands was Ar. multifidum. Pathogenic fungal species to humans and animals were limited to M. gallinae and Ar. simii, which corresponded to 0.025 % of the isolates in this study.