batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Graphite felts are the most commonly used electrode materials in vanadium redox flow batteries. In the conventional cell design, flat sheets of graphite bipolar plates and porous graphite felts are stacked without any bonding, which requires a certain degree of compression to minimize the contact resistance. Excessive compression of the electrode, however, leads to non-uniform flow distribution and potential occurrence of zones with the retarded flow of electrolyte. This study investigates a wide range of electrode compressions and their effect on the cell performance. The results show that a compression of 25% is the optimal trade-off between contact resistance, homogeneity of flow distribution and pumping losses. Moreover, spatially resolved measurements using a segmented cell are employed to visualize the flow distribution across the electrode in real time. The open circuit voltage after the termination of the cell charge/discharge is converted to the corresponding state of charge (SOC) of the electrolyte, and the difference between the theoretical and experimental state of charge of electrolyte is used to quantify the flow distribution across the electrode. The results show that the optimum conversion of the reactant can be achieved during a single pass at 25% electrode compression. This method of segmentation is simple and scalable to any size of the battery.
The aim of this work is the study of the effectiveness of different parameter estimation techniques for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) under normal operating conditions. The procedure for the estimation of the real time parameters described herein in good approximation meets the requirements posed regarding such techniques, i.e., to obtain data without interrupting the functioning of the fuel cell and to be as simple as possible. In this approach a fuel cell combined with a step-down voltage regulator system was analyzed and the potential relaxation was used to determine PEMFC electrochemical properties. A screening measurement technique was applied using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to elucidate the effect of the different operating conditions on the obtained parameter, hence to validate the developed algorithm. The results show that the operating conditions of the step-down regulator device affect some parameters, but the weak correlations predict that the method can be used in real applications.
Competency is the knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to fulfill the professional role functions of the registered nurse in the perioperative arena. Electrosurgery is used in 85% of all surgical procedures. Safe nursing practice during electrosurgery with careful documentation can contribute to positive patient outcomes. Proper care and handling of electrosurgical equipment is essential to patient and personnel safety. The most effective safety system in electrosurgery is a knowledgeable doctor, nurse, and product support personnel.
During high-rate discharge, there is less utilization of the sealed, valve-regulated lead/acid VRSLA batteries because the secondary current distribution is less uniform and there is less time for ion diffusion. This study investigated the effects of positive plates' material porosity, positive/negative active material ratio, and electrode stacking pressure on cell performance during high-rate discharge. According to the experimental results, the cells with a porosity of 74–76% and positive/negative active material ratio of 1.2–1.5 exhibited the best cell performance. Cells with higher electrode stacking pressure exhibited higher initial capacity and average capacity per cycle with lower capacity loss per cycle.
In this work a detailed investigation of the hysteresis behavior of the open circuit voltage (OCV) in a lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) cathode-based lithium-ion cell is presented. For the first time the hysteresis behavior of the OCV in a LiFePO4 cell is investigated in detail, taking the aging state of the cells into account as a fundamental factor. Tests were carried out in a time window of more than two years on cells in different aging states. The dependency of the major and minor loops of the OCV on temperature, current rate, short-term history and aging are shown and deeply discussed. The results show that the characteristics of the hysteresis of the OCV change completely during battery lifetime, not only concerning the major OCV boundaries but also regarding the single minor loops obtained through partial charge/discharge processes. The paper discusses the results considering different approaches presented in the literature published by date, and addresses the necessity of understanding the physic-chemical behavior of the cell in order to correctly determine the battery state in the application.
In order to investigate the content of hydrated PbO2 and its influence on lead acid batteries cycle life performance, PbO2 films with four typical α-PbO2/β-PbO2 ratios (pure α-PbO2, α-PbO2/β-PbO2 = 0.3, α-PbO2/β-PbO2 = 1, and pure β-PbO2) on gold or graphite substrates were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. The effects of electrodeposition parameters on the morphologies and crystal phases of electrodeposited PbO2 samples were investigated. The hydrated PbO2 contents of the four samples were determined by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. The samples with α-PbO2/β-PbO2 = 1 and 0.3 exhibited the smallest and the highest contents of hydrated PbO2 among the four samples. Samples with almost pure α-PbO2 and pure β-PbO2 exhibited similar amounts of hydrated PbO2. The PbO2 film electrode with initial α-PbO2/β-PbO2 = 1 was still stable after 750 cycles.
Cesium ion (Cs+) has been reported to be an effective electrolyte additive to suppress Li dendrite growth which prevents the application of lithium (Li) metal as an anode for rechargeable Li batteries. In this work, we investigated the effect of Cs+ additive on Li depositions using quantitative in situ 7Li and 133Cs nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with planar symmetric Li cells. It's found that the addition of Cs+ can significantly enhance both the formation of well aligned Li nanorods and reversibility of the Li electrode. In situ 133Cs NMR directly confirms that Cs+ migrates to Li electrode to form a positively charged electrostatic shield during the charging process. Much more electrochemical “active” Li was found in Li films deposited with Cs+ additive, while more electrochemical “dead” and thicker Li rods were identified in Li films deposited without Cs+. Combining the in situ and the previous ex-situ results, a Li deposition model has been proposed to explain these observations.
This review focuses on some of the recent advances on scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) applied to studies of heterogeneous chemical processes and chemical reactivity in materials involved in energy-related applications. The materials that are considered in the present review are mainly noble metals, metal coatings, and metal nanoparticles for electrochemical energy conversion systems such as fuel cells and batteries. In particular, the deposition of metal nanoparticles using SECM probes as well as studies of the chemical reactivity of noble metal nanoparticles for hydrogen evolution and hydrogen oxidation (HER and HOR, respectively), and oxygen evolution and reduction (OER and ORR, respectively) reactions are surveyed. Finally, this review will briefly describe some recent advances on the use of SECM as a novel tool for the investigation of electrocatalytic processes driven by enzymes for uses in biofuel cells.
With the aim of attaining a better understanding of the thermal stabilities of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers with lithium salts, a series of lithium alkyl carbonates, including lithium methyl carbonate (LMC) and lithium ethyl carbonate (LEC), were synthesized as model reference SEI components. The effects of the lithium salts, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) and lithium bis(oxalate) borate (LiBOB), on the thermal stabilities of the lithium alkyl carbonates were then investigated via the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method. It was demonstrated that small and broad exothermic peaks near 100°C for pure lithium alkyl carbonates were drastically increased, likely due to vigorous synergic exothermal reactions between the lithium alkyl carbonates and LiPF6. In contrast, LiBOB did not show increased peaks.
A miniature microbial fuel cell (mini-MFC) is described that utilizes an aerobic culture of Shewanella oneidensis DSP10 as the active electrochemical species in the anode chamber. We find that the maximum aerobic mini-MFC power without the addition of exogenous mediators was 0.40mW, a 33% decrease when compared with an anaerobic DSP10 culture (0.6mW) operating in the mini-MFC. This decrease is most likely due to the presence of dissolved oxygen in the anode chamber that scavenges electrons to form water, thereby reducing the number of electrons donated to the anode. Aerobic power and current density at maximum power using the true surface area of the anode (611cm2) were calculated to be 6.5mWm−2 and 13mAm−2. The power density rises to 2.0Wm−2 and 330Wm−3 when calculated using the cross-sectional area and volume of the device (2cm2, 1.2cm3). The Coulombic efficiency was also reduced from 11 to 5% when using the aerobic versus anaerobic culture. Similar results were found when the external mediator anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) was added to the aerobic culture, resulting in a maximum power of 0.54mW, a 37% drop in power when compared to the anaerobic mediated system.
Na0.44MnO2 has drawn great attention as a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) owing to its unique tunnel-type structure that allows facile Na+ insertion/extraction. We here report the controllable preparation of Na0.44MnO2 nanowires (NMO NWs) through electrospinning and annealing processes and their SIB cathode application to boost the ionic diffusion dynamics and cyclic stability. The well-shaped NMO NWs with diameters of 50–200 nm effectively favour the easy access to electrolyte, facilitate the electrons/Na+ ions transportation, and retard the active materials fracture/pulverization upon prolonged cycling. Consequently, fascinating electrochemical performance in terms of high-rate capability (120.4 mAh g−1 at 0.1C; 31.7 mAh g−1 at 50C) and unprecedentedly long cycling life (89% capacity retention after 3300 cycles) is achieved. Furthermore, the underlying Na-ion storage mechanism and migration kinetics have been pioneeringly elucidated by a combination study of ex-situ structure/valence analyses and first-principles computations. The pseudocapacitive behaviour of NMO NWs electrode is also identified to benefit the high-rate performance. Finally, a pouch-type sodium-ion full battery assembled by the NMO NWs cathode and hard carbon nanofibers anode delivers an admirable energy density of 165.3 Wh kg−1 and an outstanding capacity retention of 88.57% over 200 cycles, showing great prospects.
This paper is the first to consider the role of late-nineteenth century British beauty culturists in establishing the respectability of anti-aging goods and services. It surveys self-published beauty texts, periodical press coverage, and advertisements to ask how female beauty providers positioned their businesses so as to enhance the reputation of their wares. These texts reveal that, by foregrounding the respectability, modernity, and novelty of regenerative techniques, British beauty culturists challenged existing narratives of commercial beautification, shifting feminine regeneration from the realm of vanity to necessity, from a question of moral character to commercial endeavor. However, these discursive strategies, not to mention the use of technology for the purpose of female bodily enhancement, were not welcomed by all. The paper subsequently turns to police court coverage and medical journals that criticized beauty “quacks” for reportedly duping unsuspecting female customers. The pursuit of duplicitous “beauty doctors” by unsatisfied customers and medical publications comes to the fore in a concluding profile of Anna Ruppert, a popular London-based beauty culturist who found herself charged under Ireland’s Pharmaceutical Act in 1893 for selling arsenical compounds. And yet, despite public scrutiny, the British press, consumers, and commercial providers increasingly embraced a more overt beauty culture that would prevail through the interwar period. This paper argues that this was due, in part, to discursive shifts advanced by fin de siècle beauty culturists, who paid the price for these interventions, existing as a liminal group straddling respectability and quackery.
In this paper, we develop a facile UV-derived in-situ dual-reaction to prepare a flexible poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based solid polymer electrolyte (SPE), which is applied for ambient-temperature all-solid-state lithium battery. By modifying the amorphous domain of PEO through cross-linking with tetraglyme (TEGDME) and introducing a rigid linear oligomer of tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) into the matrix, a SPE is obtained with high ionic conductivity (2.7 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 24 °C) and enhanced mechanical strength. The as-prepared SPE shows superior electrochemical properties with decent lithium transference number of 0.56, wide electrochemical stability window above 5 V vs. Li+/Li and low interfacial resistance. By means of galvanostatic cycling studies in Li//Li symmetrical and LiFePO4//Li cells, we further demonstrate that the SPE exhibits excellent cycling performance with minimization of lithium dendrite formation.
A new fire-retardant, diethyl ethyl phosphate (DEEP), was tested as a nonflammable electrolyte solvent for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the DEEP electrolyte has a wide potential window (>5 V), sufficient ionic conductivity (3.5 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C), and electrochemical activity for the 
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted growing attentions as a future generation of cost-effective photovoltaic cells since the first report of about 11% overall light-to-electric energy conversion efficiency by Grätzel et al. in 1991 [1]. The original DSSC used an organic liquid electrolyte, which helped to establish a record conversion efficiency [2, 3], but also brought about a problem of long-term instability due to the leakage and volatilization of the electrolyte. To solve this problem, many attempts have been made to replace the liquid electrolyte by polymer electrolyte [4], hole-transporting materials [5–7], or other solid state ionic conductors [8, 9]. However, the conversion efficiencies of these DSSCs using the solid electrolytes were considerably smaller, obviously due to lower ionic conductivity of the solid electrolytes and imperfect contact at the electrolytes/electrodes interface [10]. To obtain a compromise between the flexible processability and high photoconversion efficiency, a number of studies were devoted to develop gel polymer electrolytes for DSSCs [11], in which organic liquid electrolyte was embedded to help ionic transport. To our understanding, it is possible to construct a stable DSSC with a liquid electrolyte if the liquid electrolyte was thermally and photochemically stable.
Effectively harvesting ambient energy is a key approach for realizing self-powered systems for portable electronics, wireless sensing, implanted devices, security and so on. It is generally desired that adding a power harvester should not add much weight, volume or additional components to the electronics. In this work, a cover-sheet-based (CS) triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is developed based on the protection structure of an electronics, such as a smart phone, for generating power for mobile electronics through conversion of mechanical energy. It consists of a slider and two stators. Each stator comprises of two complementary micro-grating electrodes. At a sliding velocity 1ms−1, the CS-TENG produces an output current of 88.8μA, and a voltage of 2372V. As a thin cover for mobile electronics, under the hand motions, the CS-TENG can light up household light bulbs or directly driving a mobile temperature meter without the use of a battery. In addition, springs are added to make the CS-TENG suitable for scavenging vibration energy from body motion. This study immediately opens the applications of TENG for conventional sensor systems.
In this article, two-dimensional, Co3O4 hexagonal nanodiscs are prepared using a hydrothermal method without surfactants. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been employed to characterize the structural properties. As revealed by the SEM and TEM experiments, the thickness of our as-fabricated Co3O4 hexagonal nanodiscs is about 20 nm, and the pore diameters range from several nanometers to 30 nm. As an anode for lithium-ion batteries, porous Co3O4 nanodiscs exhibit an average discharge voltage of ∼1 V (vs. Li/Li+) and a high specific charge capacity of 1161 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. They also demonstrate excellent rate performance and high Columbic efficiency at various rates. These results indicate that porous Co3O4 nanodiscs are good candidates as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
An urchin-like La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM) perovskite oxide has been synthesized through a co-precipitation method with urea as a precipitator, and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and BET analysis. SEM results show that a micro/nanocomposite with an urchin-like morphology has been obtained. The as-synthesized LSM perovskite oxide has a high specific surface area of 48 m2 g−1. The catalytic activity of the oxide for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in 0.1 M KOH solution has been studied by using a rotating-ring-disk electrode (RRDE). In the ORR test, a maximum cathodic current density of 5.2 mA cm−2 at −1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) with 2500 rpm was obtained, and the ORR mainly favors a direct four-electron pathway. The results of anodic linear scanning voltammograms indicate that the urchin-like LSM perovskite oxide exhibits an encouraging catalytic activity for the OER. All electrochemical measurements suggest that the urchin-like LSM perovskite oxide could be used as a bifunctional catalyst for the ORR and the OER.
Herein, we report on a novel precipitation method to enable LiMnPO4 olivine (LMP) as a cathode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) to reach high capacity at high discharge rates. By confining Mn3(PO4)2 precipitation on surface of a precursor seed of Li3PO4, the size of LMP particles is limited to less than 100nm for a smaller dimension. The cathode material delivers discharge capacities of 145mAhg−1 at 0.1C, 112mAhg−1 at 1C to 62mAhg−1 at 5C (comparable with top three performances [1–3]). Even if precipitation is one of the versatile strategies to prepare the cathode material, it has not been reported that such a first-tier high performance is obtained from LMP prepared by precipitation methods. When compared with LMP particles synthesized by a conventional co-precipitation method, the performances are recognized to be considerably enhanced. Also, the surface-confined precipitation process described in this work does not involve a ball milling step with a conductive agent such as carbon black [1,2,4–10] so that a low cost synthesis is feasible.
A new method has been developed to estimate the charge capacity of LiFePO4. This method does not rely on assembly of active material, carbon and polymer binder composite electrodes, and can be used on nanoparticles with or without carbon coating. Charge capacity is derived from LiFePO4 oxidation by a solution redox mediator, 10-methylphenothiazine, in a bulk electrolysis system. The mediator serves the role of connecting the working electrode with the LiFePO4 particles suspended in the electrolyte. XRD and IR spectroscopy identified the oxidized species as heterosite-FePO4, as in standard coin cell tests. Analyses with 6.8% relative standard deviation were routinely obtained.
State of charge (SOC) estimators with online identified battery model have proven to have high accuracy and better robustness due to the timely adaption of time varying model parameters. In this paper, we show that the common methods for model identification are intrinsically biased if both the current and voltage sensors are corrupted with noises. The uncertainties in battery model further degrade the accuracy and robustness of SOC estimate. To address this problem, this paper proposes a novel technique which integrates the Frisch scheme based bias compensating recursive least squares (FBCRLS) with a SOC observer for enhanced model identification and SOC estimate. The proposed method online estimates the noise statistics and compensates the noise effect so that the model parameters can be extracted without bias. The SOC is further estimated in real time with the online updated and unbiased battery model. Simulation and experimental studies show that the proposed FBCRLS based observer effectively attenuates the bias on model identification caused by noise contamination and as a consequence provides more reliable estimate on SOC. The proposed method is also compared with other existing methods to highlight its superiority in terms of accuracy and convergence speed.
Novel two-dimensional (2D) Fe-doped LiCoPO4 nano-plates with porous structure have been successfully fabricated using NH4CoPO4·H2O nanosheets as templates followed by Fe doping and high temperature annealing. The obtained Fe-doped LiCoPO4 nano-plates exhibit several merits in morphology and crystal structure, including well-crystallized feature, porous structure, numerous interconnected pathway, improved electric conductivity and good structural stabilization. All the advantages endow the nano-plates with enhanced electrochemical performance when they are used as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). In this research, high specific capacity, excellent cyclability and outstanding rate capability in electrochemical energy storage are presented. This synthetic strategy is simple, effective, and could be broadly applied in designed synthesis of other electrode materials for LIBs.
Due to their exciting properties, engineered nanoparticles have obtained substantial attention over the last two decades. As many types of nanoparticles are already used for technical and biomedical applications, the chances that cells in the brain will encounter nanoparticles have strongly increased. To test for potential consequences of an exposure of brain cells to engineered nanoparticles, cell culture models for different types of neural cells are frequently used. In this review article we will discuss experimental strategies and important controls that should be used to investigate the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles for the cell incubation conditions applied as well as for studies on the biocompatibility and the cellular uptake of nanoparticles in neural cells. The main focus of this article will be the interaction of cultured neural cells with iron oxide nanoparticles, but similar considerations are important for studying the consequences of an exposure of other types of cultured cells with other types of nanoparticles. Our article aims to improve the understanding of the special technical challenges of working with nanoparticles on cultured neural cells, to identify potential artifacts and to prevent misinterpretation of data on the potential adverse or beneficial consequences of a treatment of cultured cells with nanoparticles.