batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The self-discharge mechanism during storage in open-circuit states of a Ni–MH battery using a Mg2Ni-type hydrogen storage alloy anode was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The loss of discharge capacity for this battery can be ascribed to two causes: (i) desorption of hydrogen from the Mg1.95Y0.05Ni0.92Al0.08 hydride anode; and (ii) anode surface degradation resulting from oxidation of the magnesium alloy in the electrolyte. At the higher open-circuit voltages (OCV), the former was mainly responsible for a high self-discharge rate, while the latter might dominate the loss of capacity at the lower OCV. XRD results confirmed that Mg(OH)2 formed on the magnesium alloy anode after storage in an open-circuit condition for 20 days.
Background Anterior Cruciate Ligament injury is a serious injury, which mainly occurs in pivoting sports and the risk is higher in women. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate to what extent women return to their previous sports activity after an ACL reconstruction. Another purpose was to characterize those who successfully return and those who do not. Materials and Methods Sixty-four women, who had undergone ACL surgery using a hamstring graft, were evaluated three to six months after surgery with a battery of strength tests and self-assessment scales. The women answered, on average 26 months after surgery, a web-based questionnaire with questions about if and to what extent they had succeeded in returning to their previous physical activity. Results Thirty women (47%) reported that they had returned to their previous physical activity level. They also increased their level of activity after returning. Those women who returned had a higher hamstrings limb symmetry index (LSI), a higher goal for their future physical activity, a higher current physical activity level and scored higher on all five dimensions of the Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Conclusions Women who successfully returned to their pre-injury sports activity, had, in the early postoperative tests a higher physical activity, a higher goal for their future physical activity, lower pain and symptoms, better knee function, a higher knee related quality of life and a higher LSI compared with those women that did not return. Level of evidence II, prognostic study.
Higher performance is expected in electronic devices that utilize metal oxide semiconductors in vertical architecture owing to the direct and effective electron transport. Producing anatase phase vertical TiO2 nanowires on conductive substrate has been challenging. Herein we demonstrate for the first time not only the facile fabrication of vertical arrays of anatase TiO2 nanowires, but also fabricating the wires by using electrospinning method. Firstly aligned nanofiberous TiO2 ribbons were produced by electrospinning and then erected to vertical nanowires after the post-treatment. As-produced vertical ceramic TiO2 nanowires possessed the area of 0.2 cm2 with wire diameter of 90 ± 30 nm, and height up to 27 μm. This approach can be a better alternative to the currently available methods like hydrothermal synthesis and template assisted fabrication as the diameter, height of the wires, and spacing between the wires can be effectively controlled by this method. With vertical nanowires of anatase phase TiO2 as photoelectrode in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC), the solar-to-current conversion efficiency (η), short circuit current (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), and fill factor (FF) were measured as 2.87% and 5.71 mA cm−2, 0.782 V, 64.2% respectively.
Cardiovascular disease is an important cause of disability in activities of daily living (ADL) through its effect on physical functioning. However, it is unclear whether subclinical vascular abnormalities and rate of change in subclinical vascular abnormalities is also associated with an impaired physical ability and with ADL disability. In a longitudinal study, 490 middle-aged and older persons were included. Physical ability was measured using the Short Physical Performance Battery and ADL disability using a questionnaire on self-reported basic and instrumental ADL. Subclinical vascular abnormalities were measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV) and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT, in men only). Longitudinal associations between baseline markers of subclinical vascular abnormalities, their rate of change, and change in physical ability or ADL disability were assessed using generalized estimation equation models. After adjustment for confounders, higher baseline PWV, change in PWV, baseline CIMT (in men) and change in CIMT (in men) were associated with a higher rate of change in physical ability (regression coefficients 0.035, 95% CI [0.018; 0.052]; 0.047, 95% CI [0.024; 0.069]; 0.214, 95% CI [0.070; 0.358] and 0.148, 95% CI [0.019; 0.277], respectively). No relations were found for change in ADL disability. In subjects with incident cardiovascular disease, higher change in PWV was associated with a higher rate of change in ADL disability (regression coefficient 0.054, 95% CI [0.001; 0.106]). The present study showed that subclinical vascular abnormalities and rate of change were associated with higher rate of change in physical ability. The association between (change in) subclinical vascular abnormalities and ADL disability tended to be stronger in persons with incident and prevalent cardiovascular disease. These data may suggest that ADL decline is more a direct effect of experienced clinically manifest vascular events rather than the effect of progression of subclinical vascular abnormalities.
Evidence in healthy human subjects has suggested that angry faces may be enhanced during spatial processing, perhaps even “popping-out” of a crowd. These contentions have remained controversial, but two recent reports in patients suffering from unilateral spatial neglect have lent some support to these views, suggesting that emotional faces capture attention more efficiently than neutral stimuli in the neglected field. Here, we investigate this phenomenon in a patient suffering from severe Balint's syndrome and consequent simultanagnosia. Using a visual search paradigm, we studied differences in the detection of angry, happy and neutral faces, as well as non-emotional stimuli. Results revealed that emotionally expressive faces, in particular anger, were detected more efficiently than other stimuli. These findings corroborate claims that facial expressions of emotion constitute a specific category of stimuli that attract attention more effectively, and are processed prior to attentional engagement.
This work describes a new method of chemical reduction of p-doped polypyrrole (Ppy) to make a graphite/Ppy lithium-ion battery. Several reducing agents are analysed (sodium hydrosulfite (Na2S2O4), sodium hydrogensulfite (Na2S2O5), hydroxymethanesulfinic acid monosodium salt (HOCH2SOONa), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), formamidinesulfinic acid (H2NCNHSO2H), stannous chloride (SnCl2) and hydrazine (N2H4)), obtaining the best results when reducing a Ppy electrode with sodium borohydride (NaBH4): at least 85% of the polymer electrode can be reduced without significant degradation. To verify the feasibility of the reduction method two lithium-ion batteries with a Ppy cathode have been assembled using different ways (4.5cm×1.9cm electrodes having similar active electrode material (mgcm−2) values and thicknesses to commercial inorganic oxide electrodes). In one of them the doped Ppy electrode is previously electrochemically reduced, applying consecutive potentials steps before the cell assembling; it would be accurate and easy at laboratory scale, but from an industrial point of view it is complicated and not viable. In the second battery the doped Ppy electrode is chemically reduced resulting in a similar charge–discharge characteristic to the electrochemically reduced one. Therefore, the chemical reduction method can be a step forward for using Ppy as cathode in lithium-ion batteries at industry level.
Silica nanoparticles doped aqueous electrolytes have been prepared and implemented for the first time in rechargeable hybrid aqueous battery systems (ReHABs). The batteries were assembled from a cathode containing LiMn2O4 – a lithium intercalation compound, a zinc metal foil anode and a sulfate electrolyte containing Zn2+ and Li+ ions. Silica nanoparticles were doped into the liquid electrolyte with the initial aim to create a silica containing gel electrolyte. However, the 5% and 10% SiO2 doped electrolytes were viscous and could be easily absorbed in the Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) separator and the whole system (doped electrolyte+AGM) immobilized after a few minutes. The AGM loaded with silica doped electrolytes remained wet after storage for weeks under ambient condition thanks to the water retention ability of nanoscale silica particles. The doped silica nanoparticles restrained deposition of zinc dendritic crystals, and reduced float charge current and self-discharge. The ReHABs assembled from the silica nanoparticles doped electrolytes provided high specific discharge capacity, up to 140mAh (gLiMn2O4)− 1 at 0.2C, and the cyclability of such systems was significantly enhanced compared to the ReHABs assembled from conventional electrolytes. X-ray Diffraction revealed that the anode of the batteries using SiO2 doped electrolytes were protected since only the XRD peaks of Zn were detected after the batteries were running 700 cycles of charge and discharge.
Objective The child and adolescent first-episode psychosis study (CAFEPS) is a multicenter, two-year, longitudinal project aiming to evaluate different clinical, neuropsychological, neuroimaging, biochemical, immunological, and genetic variables and treatment and prognostic factors in these patients. This paper describes the methods and rationale behind the study and the general characteristics of the sample. Method At six different centers, from March 2003 through November 2005, we consecutively recruited 110 patients, ages 9–17 years, who presented with a first psychotic episode. Controls were recruited from the same geographic areas and were matched for gender and age. Results Patients had lower socioeconomic status (SES) (p =0.018) and parental years of education (p <0.001) than controls. The percentage of patients recruited increased with age (p <0.001) and there was a higher percentage of males (p <0.001). The total mean PANSS score was 89.03±20.1, the positive score 23.8±6.5 and the negative score 20.02±8.8. There were no significant differences between the genders with respect to age, parental years of education, SES, or scores in premorbid adjustment or general functioning. There were statistically significant positive correlations between age and positive symptoms and between all PANSS subscales and the Disability Assessment Schedule, and negative correlations between positive symptoms and global functioning. Diagnoses after the baseline evaluation were: psychotic disorder not otherwise specified (NOS) 35.5%, schizophreniform disorder 24.5%, mood disorder with psychotic symptoms 22.7%, schizophrenia 10%, schizoaffective disorder 2.7%, and other psychotic disorders 4.5%. Patients had worse premorbid adjustment (p <0.001) and global functioning (p <0.001) than controls after controlling for SES. Conclusions Infancy and adolescence adjustment and global functioning are lower in children and adolescents with psychotic disorders than in controls, severity of symptoms are related to general disability, and the most frequent diagnoses are psychotic disorders NOS.
Few pharmacological intervention studies have examined the impact of medication on social cognition, particularly emotion perception. The goal of this randomized, double-blind study is to compare the effects of several second generation antipsychotics and a first generation antipsychotic, perphenazine, on emotion perception in individuals with schizophrenia. Patients were assigned to receive treatment with olanzapine, queitapine fumarate, risperidone, ziprasidone or perphenazine for up to 18months. Eight hundred and seventy three patients completed an emotion perception test immediately prior to randomization and after 2months of treatment. We also examined baseline predictors of emotion perception change. Most treatments were associated with a small, non-statistically significant improvement in emotion perception at two months, although they did not differ from one another. Greater improvement in emotion perception at 2months was significantly predicted by lower baseline emotion perception and higher baseline neurocognitive functioning, and marginally predicted by less time on an antipsychotic.
For the elderly and chronic patients with cardiovascular disease who live alone, it is necessary to constantly monitor their physiological parameters, especially the electrocardiogram (ECG), to effectively prevent and control their health condition and even to provide urgent treatment or care while an emergency such as the abnormal variation of heart rate (HR) occurs. In this paper, a wireless in-home physiological monitoring system, based on multi-hop relay communications, which can ubiquitously and continuously monitor the patient's ECG at any time or any place at home without space limit and the “dead spot” due to the extended communication coverage by multi-hop wireless connectivity, is proposed. The system consists of a mobile-care device, which is responsible for capturing and wirelessly sending the patient's ECG data, a wireless multi-hop relay network (WMHRN) that is in charge of relaying the data sent by the former, and a residential gateway (RG), which is responsible for gathering and uploading the received ECG data to the remote care server through the Internet to carry out the patient's health condition monitoring and the management of pathological data. However, in order to assure that the ECG data can be effectively and timely forwarded, from the mobile-care device to the RG through the WMHRN, to meet the healthcare quality of service (H-QoS) demand for reliable and real-time end-to-end ECG transmission, the analysis of WMHRN latency in data-forwarding stage and the deployment consideration of wireless relay nodes are investigated in detail in this work. Moreover, an emergency alert service using short message service (SMS), based on the detection of abnormal variation of HR, is also used in the RG to further enhance the healthcare service quality. A prototype of this system has been developed and implemented. Finally, the experimental results are presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed system.
Transition-age patients with history of a pediatric brain tumor are at significant risk for difficulties transitioning to adulthood. We review current transition models and the potential role of neuropsychology in the transition process for adolescent and young adult brain tumor survivors.
This study reports the electrochemical characterization of non-stoichiometric LiMn2O4 spinels (commercial and home-made via the sol–gel route) covered by poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (pEDOT) chemically grown on the oxide particle surface and of spinels without polymer covering for use in lithium-ion batteries. The results demonstrate that the pEDOT covered spinels can be suitable electrode materials without addition of conducting carbon, and that they display a slightly higher stability upon cycling than the corresponding spinels without pEDOT covering, indicating a moderate barrier effect of pEDOT which protects the inorganic particles from degradation.
Kimchi is a traditional Korean food fermented from a variety of vegetables. We elucidated the microbial community structure of five commercially produced kimchis made from Chinese cabbage by examining culture-independent 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Most of the clones (347 out of 348) belonged to lactic acid bacteria and included several species of the genera Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Weissella. Weissella koreensis was found in all the samples and predominated in three of them (42.6–82%). Leuconostoc gelidum, Leuconostoc gasicomitatum and Lactobacillus sakei were common in the remaining kimchi clone libraries (>34%). The composition of bacterial phylotypes in kimchi varied between samples. Our approach revealed different community structures from those reported in previous culture-dependent studies based on phenotypic identification methods. The culture-independent method used here proved to be efficient and accurate and showed that the bacterial communities in kimchi differ from those in other fermented vegetable foods.
In application, lithium-ion pouch-format cells undergo expansion during cycling. To prevent contact loss between battery pack components and delamination and deformation during battery operation, compressive pressure is applied to cells in automotive battery modules/packs by way of rigid cell housing within the modules. In this paper, the impact of such compressive pressure on battery degradation is studied. Samples of commercial, 15Ah LiNiMnCoO2/Graphite electrode pouch-type cells were cycled 1200 times under atmospheric, 5psi and 15psi compressive loads. After 1200 cycles, the capacity fade for 0, 5 and 15psi loads was11.0%, 8.8% and 8.4%, respectively; the corresponding power fade was found to be 7.5%, 39% and 18%, respectively, indicating power fade peaks between 0 and 15psi. This contrasting behaviour is related to the wettability increase and separator creep within the cell after compressive load is applied. The opposing capacity fade and power fade results require consideration from automotive battery engineers at the design stage of modules and packs. In addition to capacity fade and power fade results, the study identified the evolution of compressive pressures over multiple cycles, showing that pressure increases with cycling.
Two-dimensional MnOx nanomembranes prepared by electron beam evaporation are rolled up into three-dimensional hybrid micro/nano-tubes by strain release. The material is characterized with Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry and used as the cathode catalysts for lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries. The Li–O2 battery using such curly MnOx nanomembranes as the cathode delivers a specific discharge capacity of 4610 mAh g C −1 at a current density of 70 mA g C −1 which is higher than that of carbon black. Moreover, the MnOx nanomembrane electrode gains improved stability, being capable of cycling 112 times at a current density of 200 mA g C −1 . The encouraging performance is ascribed to the unique superiorities of nanomembranes and those inner oxygen vacancies, indicating that nanomembranes are promising materials for Li–O2 batteries.
Adaptationists explain the evolution of religion from the cooperative effects of religious commitments, but which cooperation problem does religion evolve to solve? I focus on a class of symmetrical coordination problems for which there are two pure Nash equilibriums: (1) ALL COOPERATE, which is efficient but relies on full cooperation; (2) ALL DEFECT, which is inefficient but pays regardless of what others choose. Formal and experimental studies reveal that for such risky coordination problems, only the defection equilibrium is evolutionarily stable. The following makes sense of otherwise puzzling properties of religious cognition and cultures as features of cooperative designs that evolve to stabilise such risky exchange. The model is interesting because it explains lingering puzzles in the data on religion, and better integrates evolutionary theories of religion with recent, well-motivated models of cooperative niche construction.
Through the PO43− groups regularly arranged on its sugar-phosphate backbone, DNA is used to direct the growth of a network structure of ultrasmall FePO4 nanoparticles on double-wall carbon nanotubes. The resulting structure has achieved nearly 100% theoretical storage capacity for the FePO4 active component as a cathode in lithium-ion batteries.
Vinyl ethylene sulfite (VES) is studied as a new additive in propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolyte for lithium ion batteries. The electrochemical results show that the artificial graphite material exhibits excellent electrochemical performance in a PC-based electrolyte with the addition of the proper amount of VES. According to our spectroscopic results, VES is reduced to ROSO2Li (R=C4H6), Li2SO3 and butadiene (C4H6) through an electrochemical process which precedes the decomposition of PC. Furthermore, some of the Li2SO3 could be further reduced to Li2S and Li2O. All of these products are proven to be components of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer.
The effects of bismuth addition less than 0.05wt% on the electrochemical properties of lead–calcium–tin–aluminum alloys were investigated in detail. Passivation and corrosion phenomena were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectra, linear sweep voltammetry. The effect of bismuth on oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution were also discussed. The experimental results show that the addition of bismuth leads to the decreases of the hydrogen overpotential and increase of the hydrogen evolution rate. Oxygen evolution rate increases with the increase of content of bismuth. The measurements of cyclic voltammetry suggested that bismuth may promote the formation of lead dioxide. A key result was that the presence of bismuth might have beneficial effect on the formation of Pb(II).
In this article, the Paul-Painlevé approach which is a new important technique that has been discovered recently and gives surprise results is used to achieve the optical soliton solutions of the thin-film ferro-electric materials equation. The obtained results which haven’t been achieved before by using any other methods can be considered as a benchmark against the numerical solutions achieved by any numerical method.
Dispatchable energy storage is necessary to enable renewable-based power systems that have zero or very low carbon emissions. The inherent degradation behaviour of electrochemical energy storage (EES) is a major concern for both EES operational decisions and EES economic assessments. Here, we propose a decision framework that addresses the intertemporal trade-offs in terms of EES degradation by deriving, implementing and optimizing two metrics: the marginal benefit of usage and the average benefit of usage. These metrics are independent of the capital cost of the EES system, and, as such, separate the value of EES use from the initial cost, which provides a different perspective on storage valuation and operation. Our framework is proved to produce the optimal solution for EES life-cycle profit maximization. We show that the proposed framework offers effective ways to assess the economic values of EES, to make investment decisions for various applications and to inform related subsidy policies.