batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Recently, phosphorus/carbon (P/C) composites as anode materials for lithium or sodium ion batteries have attracted intense attention owing to their high capacity, fast rate capability and long cycle life. However, the preparation methods of P/C composites were usually confined to high-energy mechanical ball milling and vaporization-condensation strategies. In this work, we reported a high-pressure-assisted spraying method to synthesize an unique sandwich-like hybrid of nanosized phosphorus particles and stacked reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (P@GS composites). The P@GS composites presented a superior cycling performance with an initial discharge capacity of 1876mAhg−1 and a reversible capacity of ∼990mAhg−1 after 50 cycles. The remarkable electrochemical performance of P@GS composites could be ascribed to the sandwiched structure and the cooperative effect of phosphorus(high lithium-storage capacity)and reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (stable cyclability). Furthermore, this high-pressure-assisted spraying method was well suitable for the application in production due to its continuity, low cost and simple apparatus. The superiority of the preparation method and the highly reversible lithium storage of P@GS composites offered a promising alternative for lithium-ion battery materials.
Iron deficiency is common in older patients. We investigated whether iron deficiency is an independent risk factor for functional impairment, low muscle function, fatigue, and rehabilitation progress in older hospitalized patients.
Electric anesthesia is the anesthesia, usually general anesthesia, produced by the application of an electrical current. This fascinating issue of the anesthesia history was made possible thanks to the pioneering experiments on electrotherapy and electrophysiology performed by two researchers: the neurologist Guillaume Duchenne (1806-1875) and the biologist Stéphane Leduc (1853-1939). The aim of this study is the review of the dispute between two Italian scientists on the effectiveness of electric anesthesia in the second half of the 19th century. One of the two contenders was Rodolfo Rodolfi (1827-1896), an Italian surgeon and patriot who took part in the First Italian War of Independence of 1848, whereas the other protagonist of the dispute was the positivist Plinio Schivardi (1833-1908), a pupil of Duchenne who brought to Italy his knowledge of electrotherapy, collecting these experiences in the Theoretical Practical Manual of Electrotherapy, the first book on the subject written in Italian.
Owing to the high capacity of the metallic Zn anode and intrinsically safe aqueous electrolyte, aqueous Zn-based batteries are advanced energy storage technology alternatives beyond lithium-ion batteries, providing a cost benefit, high safety, and competitive energy density. There has been a new wave of research interest across the family of Zn batteries, but fundamental understanding of the Zn electrode and its performance improvement still remain inconclusive. Based on the pH value of the electrolyte, Zn-based batteries can be divided into two types, with one adopting alkaline electrolyte and the other mild (including slightly acidic) electrolyte. As the behavior of the Zn electrode in these two distinctive systems is different, their requirements to yield excellent performance are different. In this Review, we present a comprehensive overview of the Zn electrode and its fundamentals in both systems. First, the differences and similarities of the Zn electrode in both systems are outlined. Specific attention is paid to the working principles and technical challenges. Then, Zn electrode issues and recently proposed strategies for each system are summarized and compared. Finally, a perspective on future research directions towards practical applications of aqueous Zn batteries is included.
The specific surface area and pore size of illustrative electrode material is a promising task to achieve better performance of energy storage devices. In this respect, Mg-substituted Ni1-xMgxCo2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) samples were synthesized by cost-effective and facile hydrothermal method. As-prepared samples were evaluated as the electrode material for a battery application. The structural and electrochemical characterization analysis has been carried out systematically. Among different samples, NMC50 (x = 0.5) exhibit highest BET surface area of 61 m2g-1 with a suitable pore volume of 0.3029 cm3g-1 and narrow pore size distribution of 2–10 nm. It is verified that the special features of the NMC50 including uniformity of the surface texture and porosity bring significant effect on the electrochemical performances. Consequently, the excellent specific capacity of 302 mAhg−1 is observed for NMC50 sample at a current density of 1.1 Ag-1 and a remarkable cyclic stability of ∼95% is maintained over 2000 continuous charge-discharge cycles. The improved electrochemical performance of NMC50, undoubtedly makes it worth as an excellent electrode material for high-performance energy storage applications.
As the promising anode material for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), transition metal oxides possess much higher theoretical lithium storage capacities than the commercially used graphite. However, the large volume variation during the lithium insertion/desertion processes and the relatively low electrical conductivity of transition metal oxides usually lead to poor battery performance, impeding their extensive use for LIBs. Here, we report the synthesis of a new type of nanocomposite consisting of Fe3O4 nanocrystals (NCs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which can be used as high-performance LIB anode materials. The nanocomposite is formed by hydrolysis of iron precursors in the presence of poly(acrylic acid)-functionalized CNTs (PAA-CNTs), resulting into Fe3O4 NCs which are firmly and uniformly attached to the CNT surface. When the as-formed nanocomposite is coated with a carbon layer by pyrolysis of the low-cost petroleum pitch, the nanocomposite electrodes exhibit significantly enhanced lithium storage capacities and cyclability. In particular, a reversible lithium storage capacity of 850 mAh g−1 is retained after 100 charge/discharge cycles at a current rate of 0.1C. In comparison, considerably poor battery performance is observed when the CNT- or carbon-free counterpart is used as the LIB anode.
The formation of lithium sulfides as discharge products imparts high specific energy density to lithium sulfur batteries (LSBs), however, the involvement of soluble intermediates in the battery reaction makes it challenging to achieve it reversibly for extended cycles. The precise understanding of phase transitions from the soluble intermediates to solid discharge products would aid in fundamentally resolving practical issues involving the intermediates, and thus allow the realization of long-lived high-energy-density LSBs. Herein, we utilize liquid in situ transmission-electron-microscopy (TEM) to probe detailed liquid–solid reaction processes. It reveals that the surface nature of the host materials of the polysulfides critically influences the growth mechanism of lithium sulfides. It is elucidated that polar hosts induce instantaneous nucleation of lithium sulfides, followed by diffusion-controlled-to-reaction-limited growth kinetics and a crystalline-to-amorphous phase transition. Moreover, it is verified that polysulfides are better immobilized in polar hosts, whereas polysulfide diffusion through nonpolar hosts is evidently observed, leading to the eventual degradation of cells. Based on these findings, an optimal host structure for sulfur is proposed, where the dual walls of polar (inner)/nonpolar (outer) spheres confine the polysulfides. The new cathode exhibits remarkable electrochemical performance, retaining a capacity of 4.3 mA h cm−2 over 400 cycles at a low electrolyte/sulfur ratio of 6.8 ml g−1, which rivals state-of-the-art LSBs. This work contributes the first liquid in situ TEM study of liquid–solid phase evolution for high energy electrode materials.
Novel coronavirus (COVID-19), an ongoing pandemic, is threatening the whole population all over the world including the nations having high or low resource health infrastructure. The number of infection as well as death cases are increasing day by day, and outperforming all the records of previously found infectious diseases. This pandemic is imposing specific pressures on the medical system almost the whole globe. The respiration problem is the main complication that a COVID-19 infected patient faced generally. It is a matter of hope that the recent deployment of small-scale technologies like 3D printer, microcontroller, ventilator, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) are mostly used to resolve the problem associated with medical equipment’s for breathing. This paper aims to overview the existing technologies which are frequently used to support the infected patients for respiration. We described the most recent developed breathing aid devices such as oxygen therapy devices, ventilator, and CPAP throughout the review. A comparative analysis among the developed devices with necessary challenges and possible future directions are also outlined for the proper selection of affordable technologies. It is expected that this paper would be of great help to the experts who would like to contribute in this area.
Pyrolysis and combustion runs at 850°C in a horizontal laboratory furnace were carried out on different parts of a mobile phone (printed circuit board, mobile case and a mixture of both materials). The analyses of the carbon oxides, light hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like PCBs are shown. Regarding semivolatile compounds, phenol, styrene, and its derivatives had the highest yields. In nearly all the runs the same PAHs were identified, naphthalene being the most common component obtained. Combustion of the printed circuit board produced the highest emission factor of PCDD/Fs, possibly due to the high copper content.
A key constituent in developing lithium–air batteries is the oxygen electrode, which facilitates the oxygen reduction reaction during the discharge process and the oxidation reaction of Li2O2 during the charge process. In this article, we report on the electrocatalytic activity of platinum, iridium, and platinum–iridium alloy in an oxygen electrode. The average crystallite size of the previous metal nanoparticles was less than 2nm, which were uniformly dispersed on the surface of chained Ketjenblack powder. Both chronoamperometry analysis and cell testing showed that Pt–Ir/C electrode exhibited superior activity and is the best electrode in this research. The discharge potentials for all three catalysts are similar, ∼2.81V vs. Li/Li+, and the discharge overpotential (∼0.15V) is very low. The charge overpotential for Pt–Ir/C composites was around 0.6V.
In search of new non-carbonaceous anode materials for lithium ion batteries, aluminum has been tested as a possible candidate. In order to examine the intrinsic properties of this metal versus a lithium electrode at 293K, aluminum thin films have been deposited by thermal evaporation and characterized. Capacities of 1000mAh/g have been measured in films with thickness ranging from 0.1 to 1μm. These capacities are probably due to the formation of amorphous Li–Al alloys as indicated by X-ray diffraction analysis and electrochemical measurements. The huge stress induced by volume changes upon cycling has been evidenced by scanning electron microscopy observations. The thinnest samples are the less damaged after the electrochemical tests. Despite a huge loss in capacity due to volume changes in the electrode upon cycling, aluminum appears as a good material as a negative electrode for lithium ion batteries.
A Si-based anode with improved performance can be achieved using high-energy ball-milling as a cheap and easy process to produce Si powders prepared from a coarse-grained material. Ball-milled powders present all the advantages of nanometric Si powders, but not the drawbacks. Milled powders are nanostructured with micrometric agglomerates (median size ∼10 μm), made of submicrometric cold-welded particles with a crystallite size of ∼10 nm. The micrometric particle size provides handling and non-toxicity advantages compared to nanometric powders, as well as four times higher tap density. The nanostructuration is assumed to provide a shortened Li+ diffusion path, a fast Li+ diffusion path along grain boundaries and a smoother phase transition upon cycling. Compared to non-milled 1–5 μm powders, the improved performance of nanostructured milled Si powders is linked to a strong lowering of particle disconnection at each charge, while the irreversibility due to SEI formation remains unchanged. An electrode prepared in acidic conditions with the CMC binder achieves 600 cycles at more than 1170 mA h per gram of the milled Si-based electrode, in an electrolyte containing FEC/VC SEI-forming additives, with a coulombic efficiency above 99%, compared to less than 100 cycles at the same capacity for an electrode containing nanometric Si powder.
Internal resistance and temperature measurements are made for LIR2450 format LiCoO2/graphite 120 mA h coin cells upon abusive discharge conditions. The dynamic contributions of electrical and ionic resistances to joule heat generation are investigated in the earliest stages of battery failure. It is shown that while ohmic, primarily electrical resistances initially dictate the joule heating rates, polarization, primarily ionic resistances become dominant as time progresses. Ionic conductivity and resistance of LiPF6 salt in ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate solvent are examined through concurrent concentration, viscosity, and temperature measurements to elucidate the intricacies of electrolyte polarization. Comparative analysis suggests that upon polarization at high discharge rates, resistance is concentrated in the electrolyte within the cathode region due to rapid depletion of lithium-ions available to facilitate charge transfer. Expected consequences are corroborated in external shorting and nail penetration experiments. The findings are used to predict how a cell would respond if electrical or ionic resistances are exacerbated upon shorting, so as to identify effective thermal runaway mitigation strategies.
Polypyrrole (PPy), as one of the conducting polymers, has emerged as a promising active material for high performance supercapacitor owing to its intrinsic characteristics (e.g. high electrical conductivity and interesting redox properties). It’s attracting more and more attentions with the development of flexible/wearable devices thanks to the great flexibility and ductility of PPy as a polymer. This review presents a comprehensive understanding on synthesis, morphology control, electrochemical performances and solid-state devices of the nanostructured PPy and its nanocomposites. In the past decades, a variety of nanostructures, including one-, two-, and three-dimensional, have been designed and fabricated via different methods, demonstrating a great potential for the application as supercapacitor electrodes. Thereafter, many nanostructured PPy-based supercapacitors with different macroscopic configurations have been presented aiming to achieve better electrochemical performance, and some representative ones, for example, flexible and/or wearable supercapacitors, are summarized in this review. Cycling stability is another critical issue that determines its practicability of the PPy-based devices. Solutions to improve cycling performance and mechanisms behind are also discussed. Last, perspectives for the future development in nanostructured PPy-based supercapacitors are described. This review gives a summary of selected contributions which we hope to provide readers with a better understanding of the fast developing field of PPy-based supercapacitors.
For promoting the development of fuel cells and metal-air batteries, it is imperative to replace rare and expensive precious-metal catalysts with sustainable catalysts composed of earth-abundant elements. Herein, we reported the preparation of polyaniline derived N- and O-enriched high surface area hierarchical porous carbon catalysts that can be regarded as metal-free catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Using perchloric acid (HClO4) as oxidant and pore-forming agent, the N- and O-enriched high surface area hierarchical porous carbon catalysts were fabricated by electrochemical polymerization of aniline, followed by high temperature carbonization of the resulting polyaniline (PANI) precursors. The obtained carbon catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic activity for ORR with high ORR onset potential and high kinetic current density, and good electrochemical stability. These superior electrochemical properties of the N- and O- enriched high surface area hierarchical porous carbon catalysts were closely related to their high surface area and high content of pyridinic nitrogen and graphitic nitrogen.
The Li-ion capacitor (LIC) is composed of a lithium-doped carbon anode and an activated carbon cathode, which is a half Li-ion battery (LIB) and a half electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC). LICs can achieve much more energy density than EDLC without sacrificing the high power performance advantage of capacitors over batteries. LIC pouch cells were assembled using activated carbon (AC) cathode and hard carbon (HC) + stabilized lithium metal power (SLMP®) anode. Different cathode configurations, various SLMP loadings on HC anode, and two types of separators were investigated to achieve the optimal electrochemical performance of the LIC. Firstly, the cathode binders study suggests that the PTFE binder offers improved energy and power performances for LIC in comparison to PVDF. Secondly, the mass ratio of SLMP to HC is at 1:7 to obtain the optimized electrochemical performance for LIC among all the various studied mass ratios between lithium loading amounts and active anode material. Finally, compared to the separator Celgard PP 3501, cellulose based TF40-30 is proven to be a preferred separator for LIC.
Integration of battery electric vehicles (BEV) as load could have an impact on the stability of local grids. With the experiment conducted in a research project, real-time metering data of the charging points was collected, with which the charging process, user behavior and furthermore modeling of default pattern on a working-place charging station park are presented and further discussed in this paper. The simultaneity of load peak from uncontrolled charging processes and from the local load profile could cause local grid bottleneck. A BEV pool model to generate random charging sessions on a workday, which conforms the real behavior in this research case, is proposed. Charging strategies were developed and considered as centralized or decentralized. The simulation shows the influence of delay charging start time and demonstrate the potential of peak load reduction from charging of several BEV and furthermore of a large-scale construction of charging infrastructure.
This paper contains an evaluation of the environmental performance of a comprehensive set of current and future mid-size passenger vehicles. We present a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) based on a novel integrated vehicle simulation framework, which allows for consistency in vehicle parameter settings and consideration of future technological progress. Conventional and hybrid gasoline, diesel and natural gas cars as well as battery and fuel cell electric vehicles (BEV and FCV) are analyzed, taking into account electricity and hydrogen production chains from fossil, nuclear and renewable energy resources. Our results show that a substantial mitigation of climate change can be obtained with electric passenger vehicles, provided that non-fossil energy resources are used for electricity and hydrogen production. However, in terms of other environmental burdens such as acidification, particulate matter formation, and toxicity, BEV may in some cases and FCV are likely to perform worse than modern fossil fueled cars as a consequence of emissions along vehicle and fuel production chains. Therefore, the electrification of road transportation should be accompanied by an integration of life cycle management in vehicle manufacturing chains as well as energy and transport policies in order to counter potential environmental drawbacks.
Two modifications for solar desalination systems are presented. The first modification, using a packed layer that installed in the bottom of the basin to increase the efficiency of the still. A packed layer is formed from glass balls which is considered as simple thermal storage system. The second modification, using rotating shaft installed close to the basin water surface. The target of using the rotating shaft to break the boundary layer of the basin water surface, thus increasing the water vaporization and condensation, the performance of the present solar desalination system may also be increased. The numerical analysis presented the equations of the direct coupling of the selected PV-solar panel, DC-motor and inverter for small PV-system. The characteristics of PV array and the DC-motor are presented for the specific PV–DC power. The performance of the two modified solar stills and the conventional one is compared. Three experiments were carried out using the climate conditions of Cairo site, Egypt. Transient temperatures of the two modified solar stills and the conventional one are measured from sunrise to sunset with the same operating parameters. The energy equations that governed the present solar desalination system are presented. Energy absorbed by glass cover, basin water, packed layer and the required power of the rotating shaft are calculated to obtain the water productivity and efficiency of the present systems. The results show that the two modifications enhanced the performance of the solar desalination system. The efficiency of the modified solar desalination system using packed layer thermal energy storage was increased by 5% at May, 6% at June, and 7.5% at July, while it was increased by 2.5% at May, 5% at June, and 5.5% at July for the modified one using rotating shaft and PV-system.
Patients with schizophrenia consistently perform worse than healthy controls on the antisaccade task in which the subject is required to inhibit a reflexive saccade to a suddenly appearing visual target and look in the opposite direction. To our knowledge there is no research yet showing how patients at ultra high risk (UHR) for developing psychosis perform on the antisaccade task. The aim of the present study was to investigate antisaccade task performance in UHR patients. Patients were eligible for the study when they met criteria for one or more of the following groups: Attenuated symptoms or brief limited intermitted psychotic symptoms or a first-degree family member with a psychotic disorder and reduced functioning or basic symptoms. In 35 UHR patients we assessed antisaccades, neuropsychological test performance and symptomatology. Antisaccade task results were compared with those obtained in 42 age- and intelligence-matched patients with recent-onset schizophrenia and 28 matched healthy controls. Antisaccade error rate was significantly higher in the UHR patients than in the controls. Schizophrenia patients performed worse than the UHR patients and the control subjects. We found a trend towards higher antisaccade error rate at baseline in the UHR patients who later made the transition to psychosis compared to the UHR patients who did not make the transition to psychosis. Poor spatial working memory function was related to increased antisaccade errors in the UHR group. Abnormal antisaccade task performance is also present in patients at UHR for developing psychosis. Subsequent research needs to clarify if increased antisaccade error rate is predictive of a psychotic episode. In UHR patients, poor antisaccade performance may reflect working memory dysfunction.