batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We have investigated the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on lithium electrodes in the presence of an ionic liquid electrolyte with a particular focus on the influence of polysulfides present in the electrolyte on the SEI. The electrochemical performance of symmetric cells with lithium electrodes and electrolytes composed of N-Methyl-(n-butyl)pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PYR14-TFSI) and LiTFSI, with and without the addition of polysulfides, were analyzed as well as the chemical composition of the SEI, before and after cycling. The cycling behavior of the symmetrical cells shows that the SEI films are relatively stable in the ionic liquid electrolyte, also in the presence of polysulfides. However, the presence of polysulfides results in a higher SEI layer resistance (RSEI) and a higher activation energy. From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra (XPS), with argon-ion sputtering for depth profiling, we find that the SEI is formed by decomposition products from both cations and anions of the electrolyte. The XPS spectra show that the presence of polysulfides alters the decomposition process of the electrolyte, resulting in a SEI film with different chemical composition and structure, in line with the results from the electrochemical performance.
The widely distributed Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans)
lives in extremely acidic conditions by fixing CO2 and nitrogen, and by obtaining energy from Fe2+ oxidation with either downhill or uphill electron transfer pathway and from reduced sulfur oxidation. A. ferrooxidans exists as different genomovars and its genome size is 2.89–4.18 Mb. The chemotactic movement of A. ferrooxidans is regulated by quorum sensing. A. ferrooxidans shows weak magnetotaxis due to formation of 15–70 nm magnetite magnetosomes with surface functional groups. The room- and low-temperature magnetic features of A. ferrooxidans are different from other magnetotactic bacteria. A. ferrooxidans has potential for removing sulfur from solids and gases, metals recycling from metal-bearing ores, electric wastes and sludge, biochemical production synthesizing, and metal workpiece machining.
Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology have identified which characteristics of a metal structure tend to foster embrittlement in the presence of hydrogen. More significantly, they have also determined that simple changes in processing can modify the structure in a way that may greatly reduce the chances of damage, extending the safe operating lifetime of tubing such as that lining oil wells deep below the surface of the ocean. Their findings are published in a paper co-written by MIT faculty members Michael Demkowicz and Silvija Gradečak, materials science and engineering postdoc Matteo Seita, and John Hanson, a doctoral student in nuclear science and engineering.
Poly[2-(3-thienyl)ethyl acetate] (PTEtAc) was chemically synthesized and transformed to partially hydrolyzed PTEtAc (PTEtAcOH) and poly[2-(3-thienyl)ethanol] (PTEtOH). The influence of the acetoxy and hydroxyl terminal functionalities in the side groups on the electrochemical properties of these polyalkylthiophenes was studied by cyclic voltammetry and in situ FTIR spectroelectrochemistry. The cyclic voltammograms point to a chemically reversible behaviour of the p-doping process for PTEtAc and PTEtAcOH, while for PTEtOH the redox activity of the polymer film is lost during consecutive potential scans. The attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was used to investigate the p-doping of the three different type of thiophene polymer films. In situ FTIR spectra taken at different electrode potentials in a cyclovoltammetric scan display the doping induced changes of the polymer pattern. Important differences in the behaviour of the polymers were observed and interpreted in terms of different film structures.
Supercapacitors are promising alternative energy storage systems due to their relatively fast rate of energy storage and delivery. We describe a simple and scalable method to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) few-layer graphene/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) hybrid nanostructures on industrial grade metal foam foils (nickel foam) via a one-step ambient pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) process. The as-grown few-layer graphene/MWNT nanocarbon foams are in the form of a homogeneous and densely packed hierarchical nanostructures and possess a very large surface area of 743m2 g−1. Symmetrical electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) of 3D hybrid hierarchical few-layer graphene/MWNT nanostructures show a high specific capacitance of 286Fg−1 which leads to an energy density of 39.72Whkg−1 and a superior power density of up to 154.67kWkg−1. Moreover, the capacitance retention of 99.34% after 85000 charge–discharge cycles demonstrates the very high stability of the electrode architectures for supercapacitors. These merits enable the innovative 3D hierarchical few-layer graphene/MWNT foam to serve as high performance EDLC electrodes, resulting in energy storage devices with very high stability and power density.
Summary So far a few case reports about laptops causing burns have been published. Now for the first time, we report on a case, in which notebook-induced thermal injuries placed in a patient’s lap resulted in severe second- and third-degree burns. As a consequence, a partial amputation of the left foot had to be performed. Furthermore, we measured maximum temperatures of 12 popular laptops, which were running full load for 3 h. For this experiment air circulation underneath the device was blocked in order to simulate surrounding conditions, which were present when the patient got injured. Although this setting may be the reason for most of all notebook burns, this kind of test has not been part of any scientific publication until now. Patients with lower extremity sensation, altered consciousness or decreased peripheral sensitivity have a higher risk for thermal injuries.
Development of nitrogen-doped carbon materials with well-defined nanoporous structure is critical due to their versatile applications for the electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. In this work, we report a new and facile strategy for the synthesis of N-doped nanoporous carbon materials (NNC) with adjustable nitrogen content (3.63–5.37%), large surface area (1942m2 g−1), uniform and well-defined nanopores (∼0.85–1nm) and high nanopore volume (0.53–0.88cm3g−1) derived from octa(aminophenyl)silsesquioxane (OAPS). OAPS is miscible with phenolic resol, forming an uniformly distributed and self-templated and cross-linked copolymer of OAPS and resol and NNC materials after carbonization and removal of monodispersed silica domains. The symmetric supercapacitor assembled by the electrodes with OAPS to resol ratio of 95:5 in 1M H2SO4 electrolyte exhibits the high specific capacitance of 230Fg−1 at 1Ag−1 due to the pseudocapacitive contribution of the N-groups, and delivers a high energy density of 5Whkg−1 with a power density of 1445Wkg−1 and high stability with performance loss of less than 5% over 10,000 cycles at 50mVs−1.
Despite varied treatment effects, weight recidivism is common and typically associated with the abandonment of prescribed weight management strategies. Literature suggests that difficulty with weight management is associated with deficits in executive functioning, in particular cognitive flexibility and response inhibition, the neurocognitive processes that are involved in goal-directed behaviours, such as dietary adherence. These processes are overlooked by mainstream weight loss programmes. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of a cognitive remediation-enabled cognitive behaviour therapy (CR-CBT) in addressing the neurocognitive, psychological and behavioural correlates of weight loss. It was hypothesised that CR-CBT would improve cognitive flexibility and response inhibition, reduce binge eating, aid weight loss and improve metabolic health.
The ternary MnFe2O4/graphene/polyaniline (PANI) composite was successfully prepared for the negative electrode in hybrid supercapacitors. The MnFe2O4 particles are synthesized by polymer assisted solution combustion method without any high temperature calcinations. Similarly, the flexible graphene and PANI are prepared by eco-friendly hydrothermal and in situ polymerization method, respectively. The presence of possible functional groups and the existence of individual constituents in the composite were identified through Fourier transform infra-red spectra (FT-IR) and Raman spectra. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) image reveals that the MnFe2O4 particles are dispersed on the flexible graphene sheet and are wrapped by PANI. The ternary composite electrode delivered a specific capacitance of 241 F g−1 at 0.5 mA cm−2, which was 7.5 times higher than MnFe2O4. The calculated b-value elucidates that the charge storage mechanism in the ternary system is based on the capacitive behavior rather than intercalation. The increase in ratio between capacitive and intercalation current with respect to scan rate corroborates that the pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanism is dominant. Further, the fabricated hybrid supercapacitor provides the maximum specific capacitance and energy density of 48.5 F g−1 at 0.5 mA cm−2 and 17 Wh kg−1, respectively. In addition, the hybrid supercapacitor exhibits excellent cyclic stability of up to 5000 successive cycles.
Fourteen typically developing children from 7.9–11.3 years in age were studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify the cerebral loci involved in performance of paced finger tapping by children. Each child performed two bimanual alternating paced finger-tapping tasks. In the first, paced finger tapping was conducted to external 3-Hz pacing provided by a metronome. In the second, the metronome was turned off and finger tapping continued while each child tried to maintain the 3-Hz rhythm by self pacing. Individual and group data were analyzed with statistical parametric mapping techniques that resulted in activation maps for the two tasks. Metronome tapping produced activation of the posterior regions of both superior temporal gyri, both primary sensorimotor cortices, anterodorsomedial cerebellum and supplementary motor area. Self-tapping resulted in recruitment of pre-supplementary motor area and cerebellum in addition to bilateral supplementary motor area and primary sensorimotor cortical activation. Bimanual alternating paced finger tapping performed by children activates a neural network involving primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, and cerebellum. Posterior superior temporal gyrus may be important for encoding auditory information, and presupplementary motor area and midline cerebellum play an important role in self-paced finger tapping.
4V-class olivine C–LiMn1−x Fe x PO4 (x =0 and 0.15) are synthesized by ultrasonic pyrolysis followed by ball milling with AB carbon to evaluate the doping effect of iron. The C–LiMn0.85Fe0.15PO4 shows excellent rate capability having discharge capacity of 150mAhg−1 at 0.5C-rate and 121mAhg−1 at 2C-rate. The capacity retention of the C-LiMn0.85Fe0.15PO4 is 91% after 50 cycles at 55°C whereas C–LiMnPO4 is limited to 87%. The improved electrochemical performance of the C–LiMn0.85Fe0.15PO4 electrode is attributed to the enhanced electrical conductivity caused by tighter binding on the carbon particles with the LiMn0.85Fe0.15PO4 primary particles as well as by the surface coating of carbon on the primary particles.
We assessed the levels of autophagy and mitophagy, that are linked to cancer development and drug resistance, in well differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) and correlated them with clinico-pathological parameters.
Elevated hepatic alanine catabolism is shown to promote hyperglycaemia and reduce skeletal muscle protein synthesis, thereby linking sarcopenia with hyperglycaemia in the context of type 2 diabetes.
Aluminium ion batteries are considered to be a promising development for large-scale energy storage and conversion applications. In this research, a nanosphere-rod-like Co3O4 has been synthesized after the hydrothermal reaction and the subsequent heat treatment process, which is used for the cathode materials of aluminium ion batteries. The working mechanisms of the Co3O4 are deeply investigated. It is found that the electrochemical deposition and dissolution of aluminum occurs on the surface of pure aluminium anode, and the Al3+ cations are intercalated and de-intercalated in the cathode materials during the discharge and charge processes. The battery exhibits a high discharge specific capacity of 490 mAh g−1 at the first cycle, with the current density of 50 mA g−1. Furthermore, the discharge capacity still maintains a high level of 122.1 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at the current density of 200 mA g−1, indicating a good cycle performance. Therefore, the nanosphere-rod-like Co3O4 as the cathode for aluminium ion batteries has a promising potential.
Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es conocer cuáles son las escalas de valoración más usadas para medir las capacidades funcionales y actividades de la vida diaria en personas con enfermedad de Alzheimer y cuales de ellas son las más útiles para la valoración del tratamiento fisioterápico. Hemos realizado diversas búsquedas de artículos en las principales bases de datos. Exponemos las características de los instrumentos de valoración usados en los diferentes estudios analizados. Concluimos que no existe unanimidad en cuanto a la escala más idónea para valorar las capacidades funcionales en la enfermedad de Alzheimer y otras demencias. La elección de una u otra escala dependerá en parte del estado funcional de enfermo y de los objetivos del evaluador. Consideramos que las escalas más indicadas para que el fisioterapeuta evalúe sus intervenciones son aquellas que se centran específicamente en las actividades de la vida diaria básicas.
This paper investigates the optimal locations for refueling stations for electric vehicles. Electric vehicles have been successfully introduced into the market. However, their use seems to be limited to urban transport since recharging facilities are readily available only near home and work. Planning recharging infrastructure for electric vehicles is highly relevant because this will enable longer trips, including inter-state travel which requires multiple battery charges. Among various models to determine optimal locations of recharging stations, a flow refueling location model (FRLM) is considered in this study. It determines locations for recharging stations to maximize the flow that can travel between origin and destination pairs by refueling at built facilities. FRLM is extended by introducing a probabilistic consideration of the travel range which might vary depending on various factors including road conditions. We develop a mixed integer nonlinear programming formulation and propose a Benders-and-Price algorithm by combining the Benders decomposition and column generation to solve the proposed formulation. The proposed algorithm is validated using extensive computational experiments on two transport networks, including a real-life Texas highway network.
The electrochemical properties of nanocomposite Fe2O3–Se thin film prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry and charge/discharge measurements. A large reversible capacity of nanocomposite Fe2O3–Se thin film was found to be around 650mAhg−1. A new couple of reduction and oxidation peaks at 1.4 and 1.8V were observed from cyclic voltammogram for the first time. Our data demonstrated that nanocomposite Fe2O3–Se exhibit larger capacity and better cycle performance than pure Fe2O3. The electrochemical reaction mechanisms of Fe2O3–Se with lithium were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED). The reversible conversions reaction of nanosized metal Fe with Li2Se and Li2O formed after initial discharge process into FeSe and Fe2O3 respectively were revealed.
Crystalline and nano-structures of two novel Pb(II) coordination polymers, [Pb2(2-pyr)4(MeOH)] n (1), {2-Hpyr=2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid} and [Pb(2-quc)2] n (2), {2-Hquc=2-quinolinecarboxylic acid} are synthesized via thermal gradient and sonochemical methods, respectively. X-ray diffraction is used to clarify the structure of the single crystals of the newly synthesized 1 and 2 polymers. The nano-structured polymers are also characterized via X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The thermal stability of both crystalline and nanostructured 1 and 2 coordination polymers is closely investigated via thermal gravimetric (TGA) and differential thermal analyses (DTA), and the results are compared to show the effect of particle size on thermal stability of complexes. The compounds are then heated to 600°C to produce PbO nano-particles. The resulting PbO is characterized through XRD and SEM analyses. Interestingly, PbO nanoparticles with different morphology and size are produced from calcination of the two coordination polymers.
The purpose of study is to determine the level of a allocation of environmental literacy issues in social studies textbooks in elementary school 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th grade Social Studies (SS) textbooks that are published and distributed to schools by the Ministry of National Education in the 2010-2011 educational year in Turkey. For this aim, four social studies textbooks were examined. These textbooks are analyzed in terms of their level of “the environmental literacy issues,” in accordance with Roth's subcategories. In the research the analysis unit is determined as “the environmental literacy”. This analysis unit is divided into four sub-categories as “Environmental Knowledge”, “Cognitive Skills”, “Behavior”, and “Affect”. Content analysis method was used to analyses the textbooks. In other words, qualitative research method was preferred and all the themes of textbooks were studied by use of the content analysis method. Frequencies and percentages were used in the analysis of data. In this study, it is found out that social studies textbooks do not equally contain the components of environmental literacy and that the component of environmental knowledge is included much more than the other environmental literacy components.
A gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) film of poly(methylmethacrylate) and magnesium triflate is studied in view of its potential application in a solid state rechargeable magnesium battery. Experimental data of a.c. impedance and cyclic voltammetric studies of symmetrical cells made of blocking and non-blocking electrodes, and also data of charge/discharge cycles of Mg/GPE/MnO2 cells are reported. The composition of the GPE is optimized in view of a minimum quantity of the liquid components (propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate) required for the gel formation and a maximum conductivity. Specific conductivity (σ) of the GPE of optimum composition is (4.2±0.45)×10−4 S cm−1 at 20°C. The σ values follow the Arrhenius equation and the activation energy for GPE of optimum composition is 0.038 eV. The effects of temperature and ageing on Mg/GPE interface are studied. Discharge capacity of about 90 mAh g−1 of MnO2 is obtained during the discharge of Mg/GPE/MnO2 cells. On repeated charge/discharge cycling of the cell, the discharge capacity decreases to about 70 mAh g−1. The cycle-life is limited by the problems associated with passivation of the Mg surface.
The temperature effect on corrosion behaviors of PbCaSnCe alloy in 4.5M H2SO4 solution was investigated by using potentiodynamic curve, electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), Mott–Schottky plot and photocurrent response methods. It was found that PbCaSnCe alloy was in passive state in sulfuric acid solution, a passive film can be formed on alloy surface. The compositions of passive films formed at 0.9V for 2h under different temperatures were detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the film resistance and the transfer resistance decreased with the increment of the solution temperature. Mott–Schottky analysis and the photocurrent response revealed that the passive film exhibited n-type semi-conductive character, the donor density of the passive film decreased with increasing the solution temperature. Photocurrent response revealed that the photocurrent increased with increasing temperature. XPS results indicated that the PbO2 content in passive films may increase with increasing the solution temperature.
The SHE cell transformation assay has traditionally been conducted with a feeder layer of X-ray irradiated cells to provide growth support to the target cells seeded in low numbers. The need for an X-ray irradiated feeder cell layer necessitates the maintenance of an X-ray machine and the additional step to seed feeder cells prior to plating target cells. This laboratory has previously reported a method allowing target cells to be seeded in conditioned media prepared from the stock culture flasks in lieu of plating them on a feeder layer (Pant et al. [1,2,4]). In order to expand the data base for chemicals tested using this method, we describe in this paper the results obtained testing Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and N-nitroso-N-methylnitroguanidine (MNNG) which are known to give positive responses in the standard SHE cell transformation assay. With freshly prepared conditioned medium (used within 2 weeks of preparation), there was essentially no difference in the number of target cell colonies in the conditioned medium and in the plates with the X-ray irradiated feeder cell layer. The plating efficiencies of the vehicle controls were within the historical range for the standard SHE cell transformation assay. In more than ten experiments the positive control benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] elicited a significant increase in morphological transformation frequency (MTF), with or without X-ray irradiated feeder cells. Compounds, DEHP and MNNG, were tested in the SHE cell transformation assay with and without an X-ray irradiated feeder layer and using a 7-day exposure regimen. The results were comparable between experiments performed using either method. These results demonstrate the feasibility of conducting the SHE cell transformation assay without the use of an X-ray irradiated feeder layer, thereby simplifying the test procedure and assisting the scoring of morphologically transformed colonies.
Crystalline silicon nanostructures are commonly known to exhibit anisotropic expansion behavior during the lithiation that leads to grooving and fracture. Here we report surprisingly relatively uniform volume expansion behavior of large aspect-ratio (∼25), well-patterned, n-type (100) silicon micropillars (∼2 μm diameter) during the initial lithiation. The comparison results with and without atomic layer metal oxides (Al2O3 and TiO2) coatings reveal drastically enhanced solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, higher volume expansion, and increased anisotropy. Square-pillars are found to exhibit nearly twice volume expansion without fracture compared to circular-pillars. Models are invoked to qualitatively address these beneficial or detrimental properties of silicon for lithium ion battery. Our experiments and computer simulations point at the critical relevance of SEI and pristine geometry in regulating volume expansion and failure. ALD-coated ultrathin metal oxides can act as an ion channel gate that helps promote fast Li+ transport into the bulk by changing the surface kinetics, suggesting new ways of designing electrodes for high-performance lithium ion battery applications.
The biodiversity of the marine environment and the associated chemical diversity constitute a practically unlimited source of new active substances in the field of the development of bioactive products. In our study, we have investigated the efficiency of the venom from the Mediterranean jellyfish, Pelagia noctiluca and its fractions for anti-proliferative and anti-cell adhesion to cell–extracellular matrix activities.