batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A simple yet effective polyvinyl pyrrolidone/polyaniline (PVP/PANI) co-polymer was synthesized to serve as water-soluble conductive binder for Si anode lithium ion battery (LIB) application, aiming to address its fast capacity fade and poor cycling performance. Multiple spectroscopic tests confirmed co-polymerization of individual component PVP and PANI through intermolecular hydrogen bonding and the composition of co-polymer can be easily tuned. The synthesized co-polymer is capable of greatly advancing electrochemical performance and stability of Si anode compared to conventional binders such as polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and PVP and an optimal composition of PVP and PANI in terms of cell electrochemical performance was demonstrated. More detailed electrochemical and microscopic characterization reveal that considerably reduced impedance, facilitated electron transport and alleviated Si volume expansion buffer of the electrode are attributed to such improvement. Despite these merits brought by employing the co-polymer, it is also implied that a complicated trade-off exists among the electrolyte uptake, electron transport, interface resistance, and charge carriers' diffusion in the electrolyte, which is worth studying in depth in the future.
Experiments were made with negative lead-acid battery electrodes doped with different concentrations of powdered carbon. It turned out that the rate of formation decreased with the rising concentration of carbon added into the active material. During accelerated cycling in the PSoC regime, the cycle life showed a maximum at a concentration of carbon near 1%, whereas at lower or higher concentrations the cycle life was profoundly lower. A marked increase of the active mass resistance with the cycle number was recorded at carbon concentrations above 2%. Orientation experiments showed that compression of the lead-acid laboratory cells caused an increase of the cycle life of the negative electrode in the studied regime.
An accurate battery model is the prerequisite for reliable state estimate of vanadium redox battery (VRB). As the battery model parameters are time varying with operating condition variation and battery aging, the common methods where model parameters are empirical or prescribed offline lacks accuracy and robustness. To address this issue, this paper proposes to use an online adaptive battery model to reproduce the VRB dynamics accurately. The model parameters are online identified with both the recursive least squares (RLS) and the extended Kalman filter (EKF). Performance comparison shows that the RLS is superior with respect to the modeling accuracy, convergence property, and computational complexity. Based on the online identified battery model, an adaptive peak power estimator which incorporates the constraints of voltage limit, SOC limit and design limit of current is proposed to fully exploit the potential of the VRB. Experiments are conducted on a lab-scale VRB system and the proposed peak power estimator is verified with a specifically designed “two-step verification” method. It is shown that different constraints dominate the allowable peak power at different stages of cycling. The influence of prediction time horizon selection on the peak power is also analyzed.
Composite solid polymer electrolytes (CSPEs) consisting of polyethyleneoxide (PEO), LiClO4, organic acids (malonic, maleic, and carboxylic acids), and/or Al2O3 were prepared in acetonitrile. CSPEs were characterized by Brewster Angle Microscopy (BAM), thermal analysis, ac impedance, cyclic voltammetry, and tested for charge–discharge capacity with the Li or LiNi0.5Co0.5O2 electrodes coated on stainless steel (SS). The morphologies of the CSPE films were homogeneous and porous. The differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) results suggested that performance of the CSPE film was highly enhanced by the acid and inorganic additives. The composite membrane doped with organic acids and ceramic showed good conductivity and thermal stability. The ac impedance data, processed by non-linear least square (NLLS) fitting, showed good conducting properties of the composite films. The ionic conductivity of the film consisting of (PEO)8LiClO4:citric acid (99.95:0.05, w/w%) was 3.25×10−4 Scm−1 and 1.81×10−4 Scm−1 at 30°C. The conductivity has further improved to 3.81×10−4 Scm−1 at 20°C by adding 20w/w% Al2O3 filler to the (PEO)8LiClO4 +0.05% carboxylic acid composite. The experimental data for the full cell showed an upper limit voltage window of 4.7V versus Li/Li+ for CSPE at room temperature.
Mixed tin oxides, M2Sn2O7 (M=Y, Nd), with cubic pyrochlore structure were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction and SEM. Galvanostatic cycling versus Li metal in the voltage range, 0.005–1.0V at the current density of 60mAg−1 showed that the first-discharge capacities are 913 and 722mAhg−1 whereas the first-charge capacities are 350 and 265 (±3) mAhg−1, for M=Y and Nd, respectively. The corresponding number of moles of recyclable Li are 3.4 and 3.2 for M=Y and Nd. Crystal structure destruction occurs during the first-discharge leading to the formation of nano-particles of Sn-metal and finally Li4.4Sn in a matrix of Li–M–O. After 50 cycles, both compounds showed a capacity-retention of 89 (±1)% of the 10th cycle reversible capacity. The coulombic efficiency is ∼98%. The average charge and discharge voltages in both compounds are 0.5 and 0.25V, respectively. Cyclic voltammograms complement the galvanostatic results and showed that a good operating voltage range is 0.005–1.0V. The electrodic performances of M2Sn2O7 have been compared with those exhibited by other crystalline ternary tin oxides.
We have incorporated polymer additives such as poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEGDME) and tetra(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (TEGDME) into N-methyl-N-butylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (PYR14TFSI)–LiTFSI mixtures. The resulting PYR14TFSI+LiTFSI+polymer additive ternary electrolyte exhibited relatively high ionic conductivity as well as remarkably low viscosity over a wide temperature range compared to the PYR14TFSI+LiTFSI binary electrolytes. The charge/discharge cyclability of Li/LiFePO4 cells containing the ternary electrolytes was investigated. We found that Li/PYR14TFSI+LiTFSI+PEGDME (or TEGDME)/LiFePO4 cells containing the two different polymer additives showed very similar discharge capacity behavior, with very stable cyclability at room temperature (RT). Li/PYR14TFSI+LiTFSI+TEGDME/LiFePO4 cells can deliver about 127mAh/g of LiFePO4 (74.7% of theoretical capacity) at 0.054mA/cm2 (0.2C rate) at RT and about 108mAh/g of LiFePO4 (63.4% of theoretical capacity) at 0.023mA/cm2 (0.1C rate) at −1°C for the first discharge. The cell exhibited a capacity fading rate of approximately 0.09–0.15% per cycle over 50 cycles at RT. Consequently, the PYR14TFSI+LiTFSI+polymer additive ternary mixture is a promising electrolyte for cells using lithium metal electrodes such as the Li/LiFePO4 cell reported here. These cells showed the capability of operating over a significant temperature range (∼0–∼30°C).
An investigation on the power requirements of ships at berth for implementing Offshore Power Supply (OPS) is presented. It is highlighted that this technology acts as a suitable measure for reducing air pollution in port areas. The study is conducted for Cartagena Port (Spain), analyzing the data port traffic in the period 2010–2016. Accurate predictions of energy consumption of auxiliary engines based on experimental data provided by Port Authority lead to obtain the hourly energy consumption for each kind of vessel. A Monte Carlo procedure is applied to the variability assessment of both the power and the energy demand. The renewable energy resources available at Cartagena area are considered. Solar, onshore and offshore wind resources are assessed for supplying the energy demand. The solar resource reveals as important, but not sufficient; therefore, wind resource deserves a special attention. In particular, FAST/Aerodyn/Hydrodyn codes are used for determining the wind power capacity. The benefits of OPS technology are demonstrated, following the trends observed in the literature. The impact on reduction of Green House Gases (GHG) and other pollutant gases is estimated and the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) is calculated. As a relevant result, more than 10,000 tons of CO2 per year could be reduced. The related policy implications of the presented purpose have been discussed.
A Li4Ti5O12 (LTO)/Ag composite is prepared via a facile electroless deposition (ED) process, and the electrochemical performance is examined for lithium-ion battery application. The nanosized Ag particles (<10nm) are well dispersed on the surface of the nanocrystalline LTO (∼90nm). The LTO/Ag nanocomposite displays an excellent high-rate capacity of 131mAhg−1 at 30C within the voltage range of 1–2.5V (versus Li+/Li). Furthermore, the nanocomposite also exhibits excellent cycle stability, retaining over 98% of its initial capacity after 120 charge/discharge cycles at varying rates.
NASICON-type lithium-vanadium phosphate (Li3V2(PO4)3) based electrodes capable to provide extremely fast lithium transport properties were studied by a combination of structure, morphology and surface characterization methods: X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), laser diffraction particle size distribution (PSD), as well as electrochemical methods: potentiostatic (PITT) and galvanostatic (GITT) intermittent titration techniques, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and constant current chronopotentiometry. Significant differences in the kinetics of reversible lithium intercalation depending on the lithiation stage were found: lithium diffusion coefficients, found from the PITT, GITT and EIS data, demonstrate an abrupt drop by 2–3 orders of magnitude (from 10−9 to 10−12 cm2 s−1) in the 4.3–4.4V potential range vs Li/Li+, which is attributed to the LiV2(PO4)3 ↔V2(PO4)3 phase transition. The electrochemical extraction/insertion of two lithium equivalents can occur at ultra-high rates (up to 320C) from/into structurally more accessible Li2 and Li3 sites, while the de/intercalation of the third lithium equivalent from/into the Li1 position is supposedly hindered kinetically. To analyze the electrochemical data, specially developed theoretical models were used, which take into account geometry and phase configuration of the diffusion space, as well as the properties of the phase boundary interfaces. Morphology and size distribution parameters, essential for mathematical processing of the electrochemical data, were obtained by SEM, PSD and BET methods.
Rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems can make a significant contribution to Europe's energy transition. Realising this potential raises challenges at policy and electricity system planning level. To address this, the authors have developed a geospatially explicit methodology using up-to-date spatial information of the EU building stock to quantify the available rooftop area for PV systems. To do this, it combines satellite-based and statistical data sources with machine learning to provide a reliable assessment of the technical potential for rooftop PV electricity production with a spatial resolution of 100 m across the European Union (EU). It estimates the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) using country-specific parameters and compares it to the latest household electricity prices. The results show that the EU rooftops could potentially produce 680 TWh of solar electricity annually (representing 24.4% of current electricity consumption), two thirds of which at a cost lower than the current residential tariffs. Country aggregated results illustrate existing barriers for cost-effective rooftop systems in countries with low electricity prices and high investment interest rates, as well as provide indications on how to address these.
High energy density and the resolution of safety concerns are of great importance for various energy storage devices. However, conventional lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors comprise of liquid organic electrolytes may catch fire, or even explode, when exposed to undesirable conditions such as high temperatures. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a high-performance fire-retardant organic gel polymer electrolyte via a facile epoxy open-ring polymerization strategy, by using a functional poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer cross-linking a novel flame retardant, with a brominated epoxy resin, tetrabromo bisphenol A, as the matrix, and swelled using an organic liquid electrolyte (lithium salts in propylene carbonate solvents). The poly(ethylene glycol) section of this fire-retardant gel polymer electrolyte guarantees high ionic conductivity, which is recorded to be as high as 1.09 × 10−3 S cm−1; this is comparable to values obtained for organic liquid electrolytes and superior to the ionic conductivity of previously reported organic gel polymer electrolytes. Furthermore, owing to the polymerization of the flame retardant tetrabromo bisphenol A onto the polymer electrolyte matrix framework, rather than direct dissolution of tetrabromo bisphenol A into the electrolyte, our gel polymer electrolyte exhibits extremely safe fire-retardant properties without negative effects on electrochemical performance. Benefiting from this fire-retardant organic gel polymer electrolyte, the fabricated solid-state supercapacitor exhibits a good electrochemical performance, that is, a high specific capacitance of 166.69 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, a large energy density of 42.19 Wh kg−1, and a remarkably flexible performance under bending conditions, which are superior to those for a supercapacitor with a corresponding liquid organic electrolyte. More importantly, the obtained fire-retardant organic gel polymer electrolytes may be useful for the design of advanced next-generation flexible energy devices.
The oxidative stress inducing potential of bifenthrin was evaluated in the blood, lung and kidney homogenates of rats following its repeated dermal application for a period of 30 days. Bifenthrin treated animals showed significant increase in lipid peroxidation after 20 and 30 days of treatment in erythrocytes, lung and kidney. Blood glutathione decreased significantly both after 20 and 30 days of exposure. Superoxide dismutase increased significantly after 20th day of application of bifenthrin followed by significant decrease after 30th day. In lung superoxide dismutase activity decreased non-significantly after 20th day which decreased significantly after 30th day of application. Superoxide dismutase in kidney decreased significantly both after 20th and 30th day of treatment. The activity of glutathione peroxidase significantly decreased in erythrocytes, lung and kidney both after 20 and 30 days of exposure. No significant change in the activity of glutathione–S-transferase was observed after 20th day in blood and a significant decrease was observed after 30th day. Significant increase of glutathione–S-transferase was observed in lung both after 20 and 30 days of treatment where as in kidney significant increase was observed only after 30 days. There was a significant decrease of catalase in erythrocytes, lung and kidney both after 20th and 30th day of application. Non-significant changes were observed in acetylcholinesterase activities in treatment group both after 20th and 30th day. In conclusion bifenthrin treated animals showed alteration in antioxidant enzyme system suggesting its oxidative stress potential.
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are the most interesting option available for reducing CO2 emissions for individual mobility. To achieve better acceptance, BEVs require a high cruising range and good acceleration and recuperation. To meet these requirements, hybrid energy storage systems can be used, which combine high-power (HP) and high-energy (HE) storage units. To date, the coupling of the two energy storage types has been realized passively or actively by using DC/DC converters. In this paper, the corresponding topologies, described in the literature, are presented and reviewed with focus on the usable voltage window of the energy storage types, the utilization of stored energy, the connection to a power train/load, and additionally required power electronics. Besides, reconfigurable topologies on cell level and module level, without the need of additional DC/DC converters, have been investigated in the literature and are also presented and reviewed. We then suggest a new topology class of discrete hybrid energy storage topologies, which combine both research topics. In the proposed topology class, standardized energy storage modules (ESMs) consisting of either HP or HE devices are combined. Each ESM is equipped with switching elements, which can activate, bypass, or disable the module and therefore allow reconfigurations. Four sub-topologies emerge when these ESMs are arranged to form an energy storage system.
Electric vehicles (EVs) have recently attracted considerable attention and so did the development of the battery technologies. Although the battery technology has been significantly advanced, the available batteries do not entirely meet the energy demands of the EV power consumption. One of the key issues is non-monotonic consumption of energy accompanied by frequent changes during the battery discharging process. This is very harmful to the electrochemical process of the battery. A practical solution is to couple the battery with a supercapacitor, which is basically an electrochemical cell with a similar architecture, but with a higher rate capability and better cyclability. In this design, the supercapacitor can provide the excess energy required while the battery fails to do so. In addition to the battery and supercapacitor as the individual units, designing the architecture of the corresponding hybrid system from an electrical engineering point of view is of utmost importance. The present manuscript reviews the recent works devoted to the application of various battery/supercapacitor hybrid systems in EVs.
Well-defined porous Ti2Nb10O29/C microspheres have been synthesized by a one-pot solvothermal method. The as-formed Ti2Nb10O29/C microspheres possess good dispersity and are constructed by interconnected nanoparticles. The unique porous microstructure and modification of conduction carbon can provide large electrode-electrolyte contact areas and improve the Li+ diffusion coefficient and electronic conductivity of Ti2Nb10O29/C microspheres, endowing them with excellent Li+ storage properties. Ti2Nb10O29/C porous microspheres can deliver prominent discharge capacity of 278.7, 239.7, 236.8, 220.5 and 208.1 mAh g−1 at 1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 C, respectively. On the contrary, the discharge capacity of Ti2Nb10O29 porous microspheres can be quickly reduced from 278.6 to 140.5 mAh g−1 (1 vs. 30C). Most importantly, Ti2Nb10O29/C microspheres display good rate capacity, such as 276.8 mAh g−1 at 1 C, 245.6 mAh g−1 at 10 C, 226.7 mAh g−1 at 20 C, and even 217.9 mAh g−1 at 30 C. It is deduced that the excellent rate performance is mainly caused by the pseudocapacitive effect. In addition, the discharge capacity of Ti2Nb10O29/C microspheres is retained to 186.7 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 10 C after 200 cycle, with 89.5% retention of the 1st cycle capacity.
Use of no-flash-point electrolytes (NFEs) containing non-flammable solvent for an amorphous carbon/Li1+x Mn2O4 cell has been studied. We prepared three NFEs: NFE1 was composed of 1M (moldm−3) of LiN[SO2C2F5]2 as supporting electrolyte, and 80vol.% of methyl nonafluorobutyl ether (MFE) and 20vol.% of ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) as solvents; NFE2 was prepared by adding 0.5M of EC (ethylene carbonate) to NFE1; and NFE3 was prepared by adding 0.1M of LiPF6 to NFE2. Charge–discharge performance of Li1+x Mn2O4/Li cells and amorphous carbon/Li cells with NFEs were investigated. The amorphous carbon/Li1+x Mn2O4 18650 cells were fabricated and investigated in terms of rate capability and cycle life. NFE2 showed good rate performance. NFE3 showed the best cycle life among the NFE electrolyte cells, though it had only fair rate performance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were measured to study the effect of EC and LiPF6.
A highly durable SiOC composite anode was prepared for use in lithium secondary batteries. The SiOC composite was synthesized by electrodeposition of SiCl4. The composite anode delivered a discharge capacity of 1045 mA h per gram of Si at the 2000th cycle and 842 mA h per gram of Si even at the 7200th cycle. The reason for the excellent cyclability was investigated by methods including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray analyser (STEM-EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results revealed that the excellent cyclability was achieved by the homogeneous dispersion of SiOx and organic/inorganic compounds at the nanometre scale. The structural uniformity of the SiOC composite is believed to have suppressed the crack formation attributable to the stress resulting from the reaction of silicon with lithium during charge–discharge cycles.
Aliovalently Ce3+-doped Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is firstly synthesized by a sol-gel method using Ce(CH3COOH)3 as the dopant and CH3COOLi/(C4H9O) 4Ti as starting materials. The structure and morphology of Ce3+-doped LTO with various doping level (Li4Ti5-xCexO12; x=0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20) are characterized by XRD, EDX, Raman, XPS, SEM and TEM. Pure phase Ce3+-doped Li4Ti5O12 is obtained when x≤0.10, while CeO2 impurity is observed when x>0.10. The Ce3+-doped LTO with appropriate content of CeO2 impurity shows much improved rate capability and specific capacity compared with the pristine and Ce3+-doped LTO without CeO2 impurity. Particularly, the Li4Ti5-xCexO12 (x=0.15) electrode exhibits the best rate capability and long-term cycling stability among all samples, delivering a capacity of 120.0mAhg−1 at 5C even after 1000 cycles. This work demonstrates that aliovalently Ce3+-doping is an effective approach for enhancing LTO’s rate-performance.
We report here the design of low-cost hierarchical oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER) catalysts that could achieve higher cell efficiency and several times longer cycle life than conventional Pt/C + IrO2 bifunctional catalysts in metal–air batteries (Zn–air and Li–air batteries).
Electrochemical anodisation techniques are regularly used to modify carbon fiber surfaces as a means of improving electrochemical performance. A detailed study of the effects of oxidation (+ 2 V) in alkaline media has been conducted and Raman, XPS and SEM analyses of the modification process have been tallied with the resulting electrochemical properties. The co-application of ultrasound during the oxidative process has also been investigated to determine if the cavitational and mass transport features influence both the physical and chemical nature of the resulting fibers. Marked discrepancies between anodisation with and without ultrasound is evident in the C1s spectra with variations in the relative proportions of the electrogenerated carbon-oxygen functionalities. Mechanisms that could account for the variation in surface species are considered.