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In this paper we describe an accumulative approach to move beyond simple incorporation of conductive carbon nanostructures, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, to improve the performance of metal oxide/hydroxide based electrodes in energy storage applications. In this approach we first synthesize Co–Ni double hydroxides/graphene binary composites through a co-precipitation process. We then assemble these composites into films (∼6 mg cm−2) by integrating with carbon nanotubes that can be used directly as electrodes. Experimental results indicate that the synergistic contributions from nanotubes, graphene and cobalt substitution enabled electrodes with substantially improved energy storage performance metrics. With 50% Co and 50% Ni (i.e. Co0.5Ni0.5(OH)2), the composite exhibited a remarkable maximum specific capacitance of 2360 F g−1 (360 mA h g−1) at 0.5 A g−1 and still maintained a specific capacitance as high as 2030 F g−1 at 20 A g−1 (∼86% retention). More importantly, the double hydroxides exhibited tunable redox behavior that can be controlled by the ratio between cobalt and nickel. These results demonstrate the importance of the rational design of functional composites and the large-scale assembly strategies for fabricating electrodes with improved performance and tunability for energy storage applications.
This paper is concerned with the scientific change of nano-revolution with an aim to discuss and evaluate the scientific progress of nanotechnology in some Asian countries. Nanotechnology is now a science and technology (S&T) priority area for many Asian countries with the governments' efforts to put the results of nanotechnology development to commercialisation. The national policy for nanotechnology is to change the existing technology system and bring about an industrial revolution. Under the pressure of competition, the key to a success would lie in how each country could find the right application to focus on in order to survive through international competitions. This paper reviews specific targeted research activities of nanotechnology in some Asian countries—Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, China, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan. The paper finally recommends policy implications to encourage national innovativeness and effective commercialisation.
LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) is demonstrated as potential cathode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. However, the electrochemical performance of this material is severely inhibited by structural degradation and capacity decay, especially at elevated temperatures. Herein, we try to design an ultra-thin CaF2 coating on the surface of NCM811 and examine the electrochemical performance. Physicochemical characterization results show that a CaF2 layer with a thickness of 5–12nm was successfully attached to the surface of microspheres, without significant changes in structure or morphology. Electrochemical tests indicate that calcium fluoride modified samples especially 3wt% exhibit a surprising cycle capability and rate performance. What's more, Calcium fluoride coating can also improve the high temperature stability of cathode material, sample with 3wt% CaF2-coated shows an initial discharge specific capacity of 149.6mAhg−1 and a capacity loss of 20.32% after 50cycles at 55°C, whereas the pristine material is 150.4mAhg−1 and a severely capacity loss of 40.68%. The cyclic voltammograms (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) tests show that coated samples deliver a smaller potential difference (ΔV) and impedance after cycles, further confirming that CaF2 coating can enhance the electrochemical performance of NCM811 material.
The electrochemical redox kinetics of the CoB alloy electrode was investigated in 6M KOH solution by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) together with cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results show that the reversible electrochemical capacity of CoB alloy electrode is from the reaction Co/Co (OH)2. The EIS reflects the following four steps in the process of Co (OH)2 →Co: the conduction step in the micropores of the electrode, two successive charge transfer steps and the diffusion of OH− away from the electrode, and the process is considered to be under the diffusion control. The EIS obtained from the process of Co→Co (OH)2 only show the responses of the conduction step and two electrochemical steps, and the second charge transfer step Co (OH)ads/Co (OH)2 is regarded as the rate-determining step in the process. However, CVs reveal that the process of Co→Co (OH)2 is entirely under the diffusion control. This inconsistency could be due to the different formation mechanisms of the oxide layer under potentiostatic and potentiodynamic conditions.
Lithium sulfur (Li-S) batteries hold great promising for high-energy-density batteries, but appear rapid capacity fading due to the lack of overall and elaborated design of both sulfur host and interlayer. Herein, we developed a novel two-dimensional (2D) hierarchical yolk-shell heterostructure, constructed by a graphene yolk, 2D void and outer shell of vertically aligned carbon-mediated MoS2 nanosheets (G@void@MoS2/C), as advanced host-interlayer integrated electrode for Li-S batteries. Notably, the 2D void, with a typical thickness of ∼80 nm, provided suitable space for loading and confining nano sulfur, and vertically aligned ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets guaranteed enriched catalytically active sites to effectively promote the transition of soluble polysulfides. The conductive graphene yolk and carbon mediated shell sufficiently accelerated electron transport. Therefore, the integrated electrode of G@void@MoS2/C not only exceptionally confined the sulfur/polysulfides in 2D yolk-shell heterostructures, but also achieved catalytic transition of the residual polysulfides dissolved in electrolyte to solid Li2S2/Li2S, both of which synergistically achieved an extremely low capacity fading rate of 0.05% per cycle over 1000 times at 2 C, outperforming most reported Mo based cathodes and interlayers for Li-S batteries. 2D hierarchical yolk-shell heterostructures developed here may shed new insight on elaborated design of integrated electrodes for Li-S batteries.
The human brain integrates diverse cognitive processes into a coherent whole, shifting fluidly as a function of changing environmental demands. Despite recent progress, the neurobiological mechanisms responsible for this dynamic system-level integration remain poorly understood. Here we investigated the spatial, dynamic, and molecular signatures of system-wide neural activity across a range of cognitive tasks. We found that neuronal activity converged onto a low-dimensional manifold that facilitates the execution of diverse task states. Flow within this attractor space was associated with dissociable cognitive functions, unique patterns of network-level topology, and individual differences in fluid intelligence. The axes of the low-dimensional neurocognitive architecture aligned with regional differences in the density of neuromodulatory receptors, which in turn relate to distinct signatures of network controllability estimated from the structural connectome. These results advance our understanding of functional brain organization by emphasizing the interface between neural activity, neuromodulatory systems, and cognitive function.
A low-cost, thin, flexible, and mechanically robust alkali-ion electrolyte separator is shown to allow fabrication of a safe rechargeable alkali-ion battery with alternative cathode strategies. A Na-ion battery with an insertion host as cathode and a Li-ion battery with a redox flow-through cathode are demonstrated to cycle without significant fade. The separator membrane is a composite of Al2O3 particles and cross-linked ethylene-oxide chains; it can be fabricated at low cost into a large-area thin membrane that blocks dendrites from an alkali-metal anode. To block a soluble ferrocene redox molecule from crossing from the cathode side to the anode in a Li-ion battery with a redox-flow cathode, a thin mixed Li+/electronic-conducting film has been added to the cathode side of the composite separator. An osmosis issue was minimized by balancing concentrations of solutes on the two sides of the separator where the cathode side contains a soluble redox molecule.
Novel pink two-dimensional (2D) cobalt-glycine complex thin sheets (CQU-Chen-Gly-Co-3-1) of vertically aligned nanosheet basic building blocks have been successfully synthesized by direct hydrothermal decomposition of the mixed aqueous solution of glycine (Gly) and cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO3)2 6H2O). Due to their amorphous structure, hierarchical architecture and interconnected porosity, as well as the synergistic effect between their compositions, the as-prepared CQU-Chen-Co-Gly-3-1 thin sheets exhibit excellent pseudocapacitive performance and remarkable cycling stability in an alkaline medium, holding great promise in supercapacitors (SCs). The electrochemical properties were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge measurement (CP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 6.0M KOH solution. The CQU-Chen-Gly-Co-3-1-based electrode exhibited a specific discharge capacity as high as 879.1Cg−1 at 1Ag−1 and even 547.7Cg−1 at a high rate of 20Ag−1 through a voltage range of 0.35V, and average discharge capacitance of 2511.6 and 1564.8Fg−1 at 1 and 20Ag−1, respectively. The materials also exhibited superior charge–discharge stability and maintained 99.5% of its initial capacitance after 2000 continuous charge–discharge cycles at a current density of 10Ag−1. This simple design and facile synthesis provides an effective strategy to construct SCs electrode materials with enhanced battery-type of capacitive performance and shows promising potential for a wide range of applications in energy storage.
The observation of actions performed by another person activates parts of the brain as if the observer were performing that action, referred to as the ‘mirror system’. Very little is currently known about the developmental trajectory of the mirror system and related social cognitive processes. This experimental study sought to explore the modulation of the sensorimotor mu rhythm during action observation using EEG measures, and how these may relate to social cognitive abilities across the lifespan, from late childhood through to old age. Three-hundred and one participants aged 10- to 86-years-old completed an action observation EEG task and three additional explicit measures of social cognition. As predicted, findings show enhanced sensorimotor alpha and beta desynchronization during hand action observation as compared to static hand observation. Overall, our findings indicate that the reactivity of the sensorimotor mu rhythm to the observation of others’ actions increases throughout the lifespan, independently from social cognitive processes.
According to the 2008 US FDA (draft) and 2006 EMEA guidance documents for genotoxic impurities, an impurity that is positive in an in vitro genotoxicity study, in the absence of in vivo genotoxicity or carcinogenicity data, should be treated as genotoxic and typically controlled to 1.5μg/day for chronic use. For p-nitrophenol (PNP), existing study results (i.e., positive in vitro clastogenicity in mammalian cells, no information on its in vivo genotoxicity, and negative with respect to carcinogenicity in a dermal mouse study with no confirmation of systemic exposure) indicated that it should be considered genotoxic and exposure as a drug impurity limited. Therefore, to more completely characterize the genotoxic potential of PNP (consistent with the guidance documents), in vivo mouse micronucleus and dermal pharmacokinetic bridging studies were conducted. In the micronucleus study, PNP was negative, demonstrating that the reported in vitro clastogenicity is not present in vivo. In the pharmacokinetic study, PNP was well absorbed dermally, validating the negative dermal carcinogenicity assessment. These results indicate that PNP should be considered a non-genotoxic impurity and, as a drug impurity, a threshold limit of ⩽4mg/day would be set (per ICH Q3C). This threshold limit is higher than the EPA reference dose (listed in the 2006 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories), so if present at such levels, the specification limits for PNP should be determined on a case-by-case basis, based on risk-benefit.
We investigated sodium/pyrite battery because sodium and pyrite (natural FeS2 ore) were very cheap materials. The sodium/pyrite battery showed high discharge capacity of 630mAhg−1-FeS2 with 50mAg−1-FeS2 at room temperature, which was higher than that of Li ion battery and Na/synthetic FeS2 battery. First discharge curve had one plateau-shaped voltage region of 1.3V, which disappeared and changed to sloping shape after second cycle. The discharge capacity decreased continuously by repeated charge–discharge cycling, and remained 85mAhg−1-FeS2 after 50th cycles.
Nanostructured iron oxides can be promising anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, improvement on the rate capability and/or electrochemical cycling stability of iron oxide anode materials remains a key challenge because of their poor electrical conductivities and large volume expansion during cycling. Herein, the vertically aligned arrays of one-dimensional (1D) iron oxide nanotubes with 5.8 wt% carbon have been fabricated by a novel surfactant-free self-corrosion process and subsequent thermal treatment. The as-fabricated nanotube array electrode delivers a reversible capacity of 932 mAh g−1 after 50 charge−discharge cycles at a current of 0.6 A g−1. The electrode still shows a reversible capacity of 610 mAh g−1 even at a very high rate (8.0 A g−1), demonstrating its prominent rate capability. Furthermore, the nanotube array electrode also exhibits the excellent electrochemical cycling stability with a reversible capacity of 880 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at a current of 4 A g−1. The nanotube array electrode with superior lithium storage performance reveals the promising potential as a high-performance anode for LIBs.
The current study was conducted to test the premise that computer-based intervention that targets auditory temporal processing combined with language exercises (Fast ForWord®) is effective in remediating children with disorders of language and reading. Sixty-five middle school struggling readers were randomly assigned to one of five groups and over a 12-week-period received one of the following interventions: (1) two phases of intervention with Fast ForWord® (FFW, experimental group), (2) two phases of intervention with SuccessMaker (SM, active control group), (3) FFW followed by SM, (4) SM followed by FFW, or (5) no intervention beyond the regular class curriculum (developmental control group). Changes in reading, phonemic awareness, spelling and language skills were assessed via a repeated measures MANOVA. Results indicated significant within-subjects effects (i.e., change for all participants over time), but no between-subject group differences, failing to show that Fast ForWord® resulted in any gains over and above those seen in the other groups.
This article is an extended summary of the report prepared by the Integration of Hygienic and Aseptic Systems sub-group of The European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group (EHEDG). Originally published in March 2006, it is the 34th in the series of EHEDG summaries to be featured in TIFS. The full report prepared by R. Cocker (Chairman), S. Akesson, P.V. Bartels, A. Friis, H. Hoogland, G. Klimmeck, J. Oosterom, L.D. Steenstrup and J. Wilkinson is available from CCFRA at pubs@campden.co.uk. For information about EHEDG and to order papers please visit www.ehedg.org. The production of EHEDG guidelines is supported by the European Commission under the Quality of Life Programme; project HYFOMA (QLK1-CT-2000-01359).
Li-rich materials are considered the most promising for Li-ion battery cathodes, as high capacity can be achieved. However, poor cycling stability is a critical drawback that leads to poor capacity retention. Here a strategy is used to synthesize a large-grain lithium-rich layered oxides to overcome this difficulty without sacrificing rate capability. This material is designed with micron scale grain with a width of about 300nm and length of 1–3μm. This unique structure has a better ability to overcome stress-induced structural collapse caused by Li-ion insertion/extraction and reduce the dissolution of Mn ions, which enable a reversible and stable capacity. As a result, this cathode material delivered a highest discharge capacity of around 308mAhg−1 at a current density of 30mAg−1 with retention of 88.3% (according to the highest discharge capacity) after 100 cycles, 190mAhg−1 at a current density of 300mAg−1 and almost no capacity fading after 100 cycles. Therefore, Lithium-rich material of large-grain structure is a promising cathode candidate in Lithium-ion batteries with high capacity and high cycle stability for application. This strategy of large grain may furthermore open the door to synthesize the other complex architectures for various applications.
The integration of renewable energy sources together with an energy storage system into a distribution network has become essential not only to maintain continuous electricity supply but also to minimise electricity costs. The operational costs of this paradigm depend highly upon the optimal use of battery energy. This paper proposes day-ahead scheduling of the battery energy while considering its degradation costs due to charging-discharging cycles. The degradation costs with respect to the depth of charge are modelled and added to the objective function to determine the actual operational costs of the system. A framework to solve the function is developed in which particle swarm optimisation, the Rainflow algorithm and scenario techniques are integrated. Uncertainties of parameters, modelled by scenario generation and reduced by scenario reduction techniques, are discussed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can reduce the operational costs by around 40% compared to the baseline method. They also reveal that uncertainty in power generation and power demand has no influence on the energy schedule of the battery, but variation in electricity prices has an impact on the outcome. Several pragmatic tests verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Aqueous K-ion batteries (AKIBs) are promising candidates for grid-scale energy storage due to their inherent safety and low cost. However, full AKIBs have not yet been reported due to the limited availability of suitable electrodes and electrolytes. Here we propose an AKIB system consisting of an Fe-substituted Mn-rich Prussian blue KxFeyMn1 − y[Fe(CN)6]w·zH2O cathode, an organic 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide anode and a 22 M KCF3SO3 water-in-salt electrolyte. The cathode achieves 70% capacity retention at 100 C and a lifespan of over 10,000 cycles due to the mitigation of phase transitions by Fe substitution. Meanwhile, the electrolyte can help decrease the dissolution of both electrodes owing to the lack of free water. The AKIB exhibits a high energy density of 80 Wh kg−1 and can operate well at rates of 0.1–20 C and over a wide temperature range (−20 to 60 °C). We believe that our demonstration could pave the way for practical applications of AKIBs for grid-scale energy storage.
The composite of silicon carbonitride (SiCN) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was synthesized by sintering the mixture of polysilylethylenediamine-derived amorphous SiCN and multi-walled CNTs at a temperature of 1,000 °C for 1 h in argon. The as-prepared SiCN–CNTs material, which was used as anode active substance in a lithium ion battery, showed excellent electrochemical performance. Charge–discharge tests showed the SiCN–CNTs anode provided a high initial specific discharge capacity of 1176.6 mA h g−1 and a steady specific discharge capacity of 450–400 mA h g−1 after 30 charge–discharge cycles at 0.2 mA cm−2. Both of the abovementioned values are higher than that of pure polymer-derived SiCN, CNTs, and commercial graphite at the same charge–discharge condition. It was deduced that the CNTs in the composite not only improved the electronic conductivity and offered channels and sites for the immigrating and intercalating of Li+ but also stabilized the structure of the composite.
Pulse thermography was used to experimentally evaluate lithium-ion battery electrode quality. The camera data was processed to improve high frequency capabilities. Lab manufactured electrodes with gross defects, thickness variations, and composition variations were all detectable with this method. A thickness difference of 4μm (4 percent of total) was detectable with the method. Lab electrodes were compared with commercial electrodes with comparable results. Both types of electrodes showed a significant thickness oscillation that has not previously been reported in lithium-ion battery electrodes. The results suggest that pulse thermography can be used as an effective tool for online quality control.
The match between a student’s academic ability and the academic ability of the student’s peers has been found to exert influence on student educational aspirations. Research on this has garnered mixed results with some finding that students whose peers have higher ability are more likely to develop a poor self-concept and lower their academic aspirations and others finding the opposite, that more able peer increase motivation and aspirations overall. While the effects of peer and student ability match on the educational aspirations of elementary and secondary students have received attention in recent years, these effects have largely been neglected in postsecondary education. In this study, I use recent postsecondary student data to see how the difference between the student’s SAT score and the mean institutional SAT affects the likelihood of the student experiencing a decrease in educational aspirations post college entry. Findings indicate that students whose scores are below the mean institutional SAT and who are attending less selective institutions are more likely to experience a decrease in future educational aspirations post college entry than students whose SAT scores are above the mean. However, students attending more selective institutions are protected from this effect, likely because of greater selection in admissions at more selective postsecondary institutions.
Non-porous activated (mesophase carbon microbeads) MCMBs have been prepared by calcinations at 1100 °C and then activated with KOH at 800 °C in a nitrogen flow. This spherical carbon material could store a large number of ions after having been subjected to an “extra” electrochemical activation. It has been used as the negative electrode for asymmetric electrochemical capacitors of MCMB/activated carbon. The charge storage mechanism at the MCMB negative electrode has been investigated by XRD and TEM. The results demonstrate that the intercalation of quaternary alkyl ammonium cations from the electrolytes causes an irreversible expansion of interlayer spaces between adjacent carbon layers, which provides accommodation for subsequent ion adsorption. A series of quaternary alkyl ammonium-based electrolytes have been tested in the capacitors and the effect of the cation has been studied. Spiro-(1,1′)-bipyrrolidinium increases the storage ability most significantly although it is not the lightest quaternary alkyl ammonium cation.