batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Understanding the aging behavior in lithium-ion cells for automotive applications and its underlying physical-chemical degradation processes that lead to a decrease in energy and power density is crucial for the prediction of battery lifetime. Furthermore, the process of parameterization for physical-chemical motivated models with implemented aging mechanisms is a challenging task. In this work, we present a technique to quantify the loss of cyclable lithium and the decrease of electrode capacities. In addition, the inhomogeneous distribution of lithium inside the cell is estimated by introducing a fit factor to describe the vanishing of peaks in the first derivative of the open circuit voltage curve in respect to state of charge. Differential voltage analysis is performed using an algorithm inspired by pattern search. The algorithm uses the idea of superpositioning multiple open circuit voltage curves with individual distribution of losses. A dataset of ten automotive pouch cells with NMC-622 cathode and graphite anode that were cycled with varying load profiles is used for testing and validation of the method. The method reveals significant differences in the aging behavior and state of homogeneity of cells that cannot be obtained by solely analyzing capacity and resistance evolution.
We have investigated the CO2 electroreduction at a Pt–Ru/C-based catalyst using a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in a single cell to realize a methanol-based reversible fuel cell. Cyclic voltammograms were measured under N2 and CO2 atmospheres using the Pt–Ru/C-based MEA. For comparison, the Pt/C-based MEA was used. A typical voltammogram attributed to the Pt electrode has been obtained using Pt/C under an N2 atmosphere, and an extra oxidation peak appeared at 0.60 V vs. DHE under a CO2 atmosphere. This peak has been considered to be caused by the re-oxidation of the CO2 reductant. For the Pt–Ru/C, the re-oxidation peak has been observed at 0.50 V vs. DHE which is more negative than Pt/C. The limiting cathode potential of the cyclic voltammogram was changed from 0.06 to 0.35 V vs. DHE under a CO2 atmosphere, and the magnitude of the re-oxidation peak decreased. To quantitatively analyze the product of the CO2 reduction, a gas chromatograph and methanol- and CO-stripping voltammograms were measured. Based on these results, methanol has been found to be the main product of the CO2 reduction at the Pt–Ru/C. Finally, the methanol yield and coulombic efficiency were calculated resulting in 7.5% and 75% at the Pt–Ru/C, respectively.
Polyethylene-oxide/lithium-aluminate films were deposited by electrophoretic deposition. Films impregnated with lithium iodide formed highly concentrated polymer-in-ceramic solid electrolytes. Solid-state NMR, FIB-SEM tomography with modelling, and EIS studies showed that only a few percent of the interfacial lithium in the sample is capable of inducing a fast ion-migration path in the system. We suggest that despite suppressed crystallinity of PEO confined in ceramics the ion transport in the polymer medium impedes the total conductivity of the composite electrolyte at near-ambient temperatures. After melting of the polymer and its complexes, the interfacial conduction through perpendicular LiAlO2/LiI grain boundaries becomes feasible. This, together with ion transport via molten, confined polymer electrolyte is followed by the increase of the overall conductivity of the composite system.
A PCM-epoxy phase change material composite (polyethylene glycol 1500-epoxy) was developed as heat storage building element for houses with low energy consumption. The PCM component, polyethylene glycol 1500, was integrated in an epoxy matrix, and presents a phase change interval of 34–42°C and an enthalpy of solidification of 103.411kJ/kg. Experiments on solidification were conducted using a Plexiglas test cell filled with the PEG 1500-epoxy nanocomposite material (P15-E) for further implementation of this material in buildings. The forwarded solidification model assumes negligible convection in the liquid region and predicts the time for radial formation of two regions: a mushy-zone and a solid, annular one around the pipe during solidification. The heat transfer during solidification can be also characterized by the time evolution of both liquid and solid radial fronts. The model was analytically solved using Megerlin approximation concerning “solidification with mushy zone”, with the third order condition at the external frontier. The experimental values are in agreement with the calculated theoretical curves.
This paper designs, sizes, builds and tests a stand alone fuel cell hybrid system made up of a fuel cell stack and a battery bank. This system has been sized to supply a typical telecommunication load profile, but moreover, the system can supply other profiles. For this purpose, a modular low cost electronic load bank has been designed and built. This load bank allows the power demand to be chosen by selecting different solid state relays. Moreover, a virtual instrument based on NI Labview® has been designed to select the load power demand from the computer.
We present three studies exploring 2- to 4-year-olds’ imitation on witnessing a model whose questionable tool use choices suggested her untrustworthiness. In Study 1, children observed the model accidentally select a physically optimal tool for a task and then intentionally reject it for one that was functionally nonaffordant. When asked to perform the task for her, children at all ages ignored the model’s intentional cues and selected the optimal tool. Study 2 found that when the model’s nonaffordant tool choice was emphasized by claims about its design, 3-year-olds increased imitation. They also imitated, as did 2-year-olds, when the model selected a suboptimal rather than nonaffordant tool. The 4-year-olds consistently avoided imitation. Study 3 replicated these findings with new tools and participants. Additional measures indicated that knowledge about artifact design predicted children’s tendency to ignore the model. These results shed light on developmental trends in the social and cognitive functions of imitation.
When a known microimbalance affecting multiple genes is detected in a patient with syndromic intellectual disability, it is usually presumed causative for all observed features. Whole exome sequencing (WES) allows questioning this assumption. In this study of three families with children affected by unexplained syndromic intellectual disability, genome-wide copy number and subsequent analyses revealed a de novo maternal 1.1 Mb microdeletion in the 14q32 imprinted region causing a paternal UPD(14)-like phenotype, and two inherited 22q11.21 microduplications of 2.5 or 2.8 Mb. In patient 1 carrying the 14q32 microdeletion, tall stature and renal malformation were unexplained by paternal UPD(14), and there was no altered DLK1 expression or unexpected methylation status. By WES and filtering with a mining tool, a novel FBN1 missense variant was found in patient 1 and his mother, who both showed clinical features of Marfan syndrome by thorough anthropometric assessment, and a novel EYA1 missense variant as a probable cause of the renal malformation in the patient. In patient 2 with the 22q11.21 microduplication syndrome, skin hypo- and hyperpigmentation and two malignancies were only partially explained. By WES, compound heterozygous BLM stop founder mutations were detected causing Bloom syndrome. In male patient 3 carrying a 22q11.21 microduplication inherited from his unaffected father, WES identified a novel missense variant in the OPHN1 X-linked intellectual disability gene inherited from the unaffected mother as a possible additional cause for developmental delay. Thus, WES seems warranted in patients carrying microdeletions or microduplications, who have unexplained clinical features or microimbalances inherited from an unaffected parent.
This paper presents an approach towards realising novel multifunctional polymer composites with combined structural and electric energy storing ability. A series of structural capacitors were made using three thicknesses of DuPont Mylar A thermoplastic PET as a dielectric separator employing carbon fibre/epoxy pre-pregs as structural electrodes. Plasma treatment was used as a route for improved epoxy/PET adhesion. The manufactured materials were mechanically and electrically tested to evaluate their multifunctional efficiency. The multifunctional materials developed show good potential for replacing steel, aluminium and other materials with lower specific mechanical properties but do not match the high specific mechanical and electrical performance of monofunctional composites and capacitors.
We report the first fully compressed Li4Ti5O12 electrode designed by an aqueous process. An adhesive, elastomeric, and lithium ion conductive PEG-based copolymer is used as a binder for the aqueous fabrication thick, flexible, and densely packed Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) electrodes. Self-adherent cathode films exceeding 200μm in thickness and withholding high active mass loadings of 28mg/cm2 deliver 4.2mAh/cm2 at C/2 rate. Structurally defect-free electrodes are fabricated by casting aqueous cathode slurries onto nickel foam, dried, and hard-calendared at 10tons/cm2. As a multifunctional material, the binder is synthesized by the copolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE) in optimal proportions. Furthermore, coordinating the binder with lithium salt is necessary for the electrode to function.
Methacrylic-based thermo-set gel-polymer electrolytes obtained by an easy and reliable free radical photo-polymerisation process demonstrate good behaviour in terms of ionic conductivity, interfacial stability with the Li-metal electrode and cyclability in lithium cells. Though the obtained membranes are flexible, self standing and easy to handle, there is room for improving mechanical strength. In this respect, a novel approach is adopted in this work, in which a cellulose hand-sheet (paper), specifically designed for the specific application, is used as a composite reinforcing agent. To enhance its compatibility with the polymer matrix, cellulose is modified by UV-grafting of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate on it. Excellent mechanical properties are obtained and good overall electrochemical performances are maintained; highlighting that such specific approach would make these hybrid organic, green, cellulose-based composite polymer electrolyte systems a strong contender in the field of thin and flexible Li-based power sources.
The fast ionic conductor Li2AlZr[PO4]3 has been prepared by the solid state reaction method. The formation of the compound is confirmed by XRD and FTIR analysis. The system has been subjected to ac conductivity measurements in the temperature range 523 to 623K with aluminium as blocking electrodes over a frequency range of 42Hz to 5MHz. The conductivity is found to be 1×10−5 Scm−1 at 623K. The activation energy calculated from the Arrhenius plot is 0.83eV. The conductance spectrum reveals a d.c. plateau and a dispersive region that suggest the correlated hopping motion of ions. Thus, the conduction mechanism in Li2AlZr[PO4]3 may be due to the hopping of charge carriers.
It is essential to study post-stroke healthcare utilization trajectories from a stroke patient caregiver dyadic perspective to improve healthcare delivery, practices and eventually improve long-term outcomes for stroke patients. However, literature addressing this area is currently limited. Addressing this gap, our study described the trajectory of healthcare service utilization by stroke patients and associated costs over 1-year post-stroke and examined the association with caregiver identity and clinical stroke factors.
Remarkable success has been achieved in the discovery of ceramic alkali superionic conductors as electrolytes in solid-state batteries; however, obtaining a stable interface between these electrolytes and electrodes is difficult. Only limited studies on the compatibility between electrodes and solid electrolytes have been reported, partially because of the need for expensive instrumentation and special cell designs. Without simple yet powerful tools, these compatibility issues cannot be systematically investigated, thus hindering the generalization of design rules for the integration of solid-state battery components. Herein, we present a methodology that combines density functional theory calculations and simple experimental techniques such as X-ray diffraction, simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis, and electrochemistry to efficiently screen the compatibility of numerous electrode/electrolyte pairs. We systemically distinguish between the electrochemical stability of the solid-state conductor, which is relevant wherever the electrolyte contacts an electron pathway, and the electrochemical stability of the electrode/electrolyte interfaces. For the solid electrolyte, we are able to computationally derive an absolute thermodynamic stability voltage window, which is small for Na3PS4 and Na3PSe4, and a larger voltage window which can be kinetically stabilized. The experimental stability, when measured with reliable techniques, falls between these thermodynamic and kinetic limits. Employing a Na solid-state system as an example, we demonstrate the efficiency of our method by finding the most stable system (NaCrO2|Na3PS4|Na–Sn) within a selected chemical space (more than 20 different combinations of electrodes and electrolytes). Important selection criteria for the cathode, electrolyte, and anode in solid-state batteries are also derived from this study. The current method not only provides an essential guide for integrating all-solid-state battery components but can also significantly accelerate the expansion of the electrolyte/electrode compatibility data.
Previous work in our laboratory has shown that the adsorption of self-assembled molecular layers on a polymer electrolyte surface can make the interface between the electrolyte and a lithium metal electrode more stable and can hinder the growth of the type of passivation layer that inhibits ion movement between the electrode and electrolyte. This work is concerned with the effect that the molecular composition of the adsorbed layer has on interface stability. Several compounds of the form R(CH2CH2O)H have been found to adsorb on the surface of the polymer electrolyte and stabilize the interface. It was found that the R group could be a long, straight hydrocarbon tail capable of forming an ordered self-assembled structure or a branched hydrocarbon or a siloxane with bulky hydrocarbon groups that form a brush-type structure. Molecules of the form ROH and RCOOH, where R was a long, straight-chain hydrocarbon, would adsorb but appeared to have much disorder in their hydrocarbon chains. It is proposed that this disorder results from a low adsorption density that results in regions where the lithium metal can come in direct contact with the polymer electrolyte causing reactions that promote interface destabilization.
DFT calculations of new polymer salt complex NaAsF6·PEO8 have been carried out in its low-temperature (LT) phase for the purpose of understanding the relationship between the structure and ionic transport in this material. Both relaxation at 0K and finite-temperature ab initio molecular dynamics approach up to 273K reproduced the LT structure very well. Nudged elastic band method has been used for estimating the migration barriers for collective migration of cations or anions in PEO tunnel-direction. The migration barriers were 1.25eV per anion and 1.6eV per cation which could explain the lower t + value as reported from experiments. AsF6 − anion exhibits rotational disorder about the three crystallographic directions of which the y-direction is least hindered.
A Li2ZrO3 coating technique was successfully applied to layered lithium transition metal mixed oxide LiNi0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2 to enhance its electrochemical performance using Zr(NO3)4·5H2O and CH3COOLi·2H2O as coating reagents. The existence of Li2ZrO3 coating layer was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Li2ZrO3 shell decreased the exposed area of electrode core to electrolyte, and thus suppressed the dissolution of transition metal and side reaction between them. In addition, coating with Li2ZrO3 improved the ion transportation characteristics. As a result, an enhanced electrochemical performance in terms of discharge capacity, rate performance, and capacity retention were obtained, especially at higher temperature of 50°C. Analysis of electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) showed that the coated material exhibited lower charge transfer resistance (R ct) with less variation during cycling, which indicated the electrode/electrolyte interface of coated material was more favorable and stable for electrochemical reaction.
Life satisfaction can be assessed either globally or with regard to satisfaction with specific domains of life. The latter multidimensional approach presumes science has delineated with confidence the specific domains most relevant to evaluating whether the criteria for a good life have been met. This paper shares results of a qualitative study of the perceived determinants of life satisfaction among 30 high school students who were diverse in terms of mental health; 6–10 participants were classified as complete mental health, vulnerable, symptomatic but content, or troubled at two time points separated by a year. Thematic analyses of transcribed individual interviews suggested eight themes that capture the domains of life adolescents perceive influence their happiness. These themes are compared and contrasted to domains included in existing multi-dimensional measures of youth life satisfaction. The factors likely to be particularly salient to students with different levels of mental health are noted.
Reasonable design and fabrication of free-standing nano-composite architecture is significant for their applications in electrochemical energy storage such as lithium ion batteries (LIBs). In this work, Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated in a well-aligned carbon nanowire array on a 3D Ni-foam is successfully designed and fabricated by using the Co2(OH)2(CO3)2 nanowires as templates and followed by surface glucose polymerization and two step annealing treatment. When used as a free-standing anode in LIBs, the Co3O4 NPs/carbon nanowire composite exhibits an enhanced lithium storage performance with a higher reversible capacity, better cycling stability and rate capability compared with bare Co3O4 nanowires and NPs. This work is valuable for the design of future free-standing electrodes for electrochemical applications.
Although evidence suggests that patients with left hemisphere strokes and non-fluent aphasia who receive 1Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the intact right inferior frontal gyrus experience persistent benefits in naming, it remains unclear whether the effects of rTMS in these patients generalize to other language abilities. We report a subject with chronic non-fluent aphasia who showed stable deficits of elicited propositional speech over the course of 5years, and received 1200 pulses of 1Hz rTMS daily for 10days at a site identified as being optimally responsive to rTMS in this patient. Consistent with prior studies there was improvement in object naming, with a statistically significant improvement in action naming. Improvement was also demonstrated in picture description at 2, 6, and 10months after rTMS with respect to the number of narrative words and nouns, sentence length, and use of closed class words. Compared to his baseline performance, the patient showed significant improvement on the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) subscale for spontaneous speech. These findings suggest that manipulation of the intact contralesional cortex in patients with non-fluent aphasia may result in language benefits that generalize beyond naming to include other aspects of language production.
Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are developed with the use of inflammable solid-state electrolytes to realize higher energy density and improved safety. However, the densification temperature of solid electrolytes via conventional sintering methods is usually high, especially for oxide-type electrolytes. Advanced sintering techniques such as spark plasma sintering have been developed to decrease the heat-treatment temperature and time. Recently, a novel cold sintering process (CSP) has been developed, which offers an alternative route to the densification of many solid-state electrolyte materials below 300 °C. Generally, the CSP involves multi-stage non-equilibrium processes such as dissolution-precipitation under external stress, viscous flow of saturated solutions and diffusion of species. Herein, the CSP application in different solid electrolytes and electrodes are summarized. It is expected that the CSP has great potential in preparing solid-state batteries and solid electrolytes in the future.
Bifenthrin is an insecticide, used extensively on some crops, including corn. Roughly 70 % of all US-grown hops and raspberries are treated with bifenthrin. The current study on bifenthrin was undertaken to investigate the potential alterations in biochemical parameters, induced by sub-acute oral exposure of bifenthrin, in goats. The animals were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (n = 3) received only tap water and served as control, whereas, Group B goats (n = 4) received bifenthrin by gavage (Telstar 10 EC) at the dose rate of 5 mg Kg−1 body weight for 28 consecutive days. Bifenthrin exposed group showed significant alterations in the enzyme biochemical parameters. The activities of erythrocyte cholinesterase and plasma cholinesterase reduced significantly from 7th day and 28th day of bifenthrin exposure, respectively. The activity of plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase increased significantly from the 21st day of bifenthrin exposure. The activity of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase increased significantly from the 14th day of bifenthrin exposure. All these parameters returned to the non-significant levels by 7th day of post-exposure period. Non-significant alterations in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and plasma proteins were also observed. The current study thus reveals that sub-acute oral administration of bifenthrin produces reversible liver damage.
An important minority of school-aged autistic children, often characterized as ‘nonverbal’ or ‘minimally verbal,’ displays little or no spoken language. These children are at risk of being judged ‘low-functioning’ or ‘untestable’ via conventional cognitive testing practices. One neglected avenue for assessing autistic children so situated is to engage current knowledge of autistic cognitive strengths. Our aim was thus to pilot a strength-informed assessment of autistic children whose poor performance on conventional instruments suggests their cognitive potential is very limited.