batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Air pollution standards and control strategies are based on ambient measurements. For many outdoor air pollutants, individuals are closer to their sources (especially traffic) and there are important indoor sources influencing the relationship between ambient and personal exposures. This paper examines the relationship between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured at central site monitoring stations and personal exposures in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Over a 1-year period, personal exposures to 34 VOCs were measured for 90 volunteers from 30 families living close to one of five central monitoring stations. Simultaneous 24-h indoor, outdoor and central site measurements were also taken. Dual packed thermal desorption tubes and C18 DNPH-coated cartridges were used for sampling VOCs and these were analyzed by GC/MS and HPLC, respectively. A factor analysis of the personal exposure data aided in grouping compounds by the most likely source type: vehicular (BTEX, styrene and 1,3-butadiene), secondary formed or photochemical (most aldehydes), building materials and consumer products (formaldehyde and benzaldehyde), cleaning solvents (tetrachloroethene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane), volatilization from water (chloroform and trichloroethene) and deodorizers (1,4-dichlorobenzene). Mean ambient, indoor and personal concentrations were 7/7/14 μg/m3 for benzene, 1/3/3 for 1,3-butadiene, 6/20/20 for formaldehyde and 3/9/50 for 1,4-dichlorobenzene. Geometric mean (GM) ambient concentrations of trichloroethene and carbon tetrachloride were similar to GM personal exposures. While outdoor and indoor home GM concentrations for most vehicular related compounds (benzene, MTBE, xylenes and styrene) were comparable, the GM personal exposures were twice as high. Indoor concentrations of 1,3-butadiene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, chloroform, formaldehyde, valeraldehyde, propionaldehyde and n-butyraldehyde were comparable to personal exposures. For certain compounds, such as chloroform, aldehydes, toluene, 1,3-butadiene and 1,4-dichlorobenzene, GM personal exposures were more than two times greater than GM ambient measurements.
Anxiety and irritability symptoms frequently co-occur in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study aims to investigate whether irritability and anxiety are uniquely associated with performance on measures of cognitive functioning in children with ADHD and whether these associations hold when accounting for confounding variables. Baseline data was used from a randomised controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety in children with ADHD (N = 219, 8–13 years). Anxiety was assessed using the child- and parent-reported Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale, while irritability was assessed using the parent-reported Affective Reactivity Index. Children completed the National Institutes of Health Toolbox - Cognition Battery. Higher symptoms of anxiety were uniquely associated with performance on the Dimensional Card Change Sort Test (β = −2.75, confidence interval (CI) [−4.97, −.52], p = .02) and the List Sort Working Memory Test (β = −2.57, CI [−4.43, −.70], p = .01), while higher symptoms of irritability were negatively associated with Picture Vocabulary Test (β = −2.00, CI [−3.83, −.16], p = .03). These associations did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. There was little evidence of an association between anxiety or irritability symptoms and cognitive functioning. Frequent co-occurrence of anxiety and irritability suggests clinicians working with children with ADHD should assess co-morbid symptom profiles to inform the provision of optimum care.
ABSTRACT The charge compensation mechanism during cycles was investigated in Fe-containing lithium-rich layered manganese oxides (Li1.26Mn0.52Fe0.22O2), which has a potential to be used as cathode materials for high energy density and low-cost lithium-ion batteries. The capacity of cells with Li1.26Mn0.52Fe0.22O2 cathode in the discharged state was 234mAhg − 1 and the capacity retention was 46% at 30 cycles for the limit voltage from 2.0 to 4.8V. X-ray diffraction measurements and the X-ray Rietveld analysis indicated that a layered rock-salt structure for the discharge states was transformed into a mixture of the layered rock-salt and spinel structure during cycles and that the ratio of the spinel phase became 32% by weight at 30 cycles. The X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and soft-XAS measurements revealed that the valence modification from Mn4+ to Mn2+/3+, Fe4+ to Fe3+, and O2 2− to O2− for the charge-discharge occurred together during cycles. During 30 cycles, the redox reactions of Fe, Mn, and oxide ions gradually became irreversible. Primary cause of above phenomena was that Fe and Mn ions stabilized at Fe3+ and Mn2+ from the surface of the electrode with the structural transformation from the layered rock-salt phase to the spinel phase.
The number of hip fractures and resulting post-surgical outcome are a major public health concern and the incidence is expected to increase significantly. The acute recovery phase after hip fracture surgery in elder patients is often complicated by severe pain, high morphine consumption, perioperative blood loss with subsequent transfusion and delirium. Postoperative continuous-flow cryocompression therapy is suggested to minimize these complications and to attenuate the inflammatory reaction that the traumatic fracture and subsequent surgical trauma encompass. Based on a pilot study in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty for osteoarthritis, it is anticipated that patients treated with continuous-flow cryocompression therapy will have less pain, less morphine consumption and lower decrease of postoperative hemoglobin levels. These factors are associated with a shorter hospital stay and better long-term (functional) outcome.
It is a compelling challenge to both improve ionic conductivity and mechanical properties in polymeric electrolytes, and to accomplish it through a simple processing method. This study reveals that poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polyethylene (PEO-b-PE) possesses a capability for enhancing the multiple performances of PEO-based polymer electrolyte, i.e., it functions as a multi-functional miscible filler for obtaining poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)/lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) having such enhanced performances. In this paper, remarkable enhancements in both ionic conductivity and mechanical properties are presented and analyzed. Investigations on the ion transportation behavior in the polymer electrolytes through optical micrograph, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and dielectric spectrum analyses revealed that the ionic conductivity of a ternary polymer electrolyte, PEO/PEO-b-PE/LiClO4, was enhanced by an order of magnitude with the addition of this copolymer. The results of tensile tests showed the ultimate stress of the ternary polymer electrolyte increased to 7.29MPa, modulus 114.21MPa, and breaking strain 1142.53%, which are 2252%, 688% and 274% higher than that of PEO/LiClO4, respectively. This study highlights that this kind of copolymer is a promising candidate for high performance solid polymer electrolytes in lithium battery applications.
Cement is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world. Its characteristics, physicochemical properties and manufacturing process have long been the object of study. However, at this moment in time, the production of this basic construction material still accounts for 5% of worldwide emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere. Thus, in this age of the ongoing battle against climate change, cement alone has become a key objective to which measures must be applied to mitigate the negative impact of this material on the environment. This article evaluates the sustainability of a cement industry by using one of the most rigorous tools currently in existence – the Composed Method of Financial Accounts (MC3) in its second version V.2.0. The study is based on the analysis of three model plants: (A) a conventional integral plant, (B) a grinding plant, and (C) an integral plant which has introduced the best available techniques or BAT into the manufacturing process. Therefore, the two most common scenarios in today's market (A and B) can be compared with another plant of the same size (C) in which CO2 emissions are reduced thanks to the application of BAT. Lastly, the results are compared in each case study, establishing a diagnosis of weaknesses and opportunities for each production system as well as specific measures for action to be applied to each link in the chain that makes up the production process. Also computed is the amount in tons of CO2 generated in the manufacture of one ton of cement. This value is of great use in the application of other methodologies such as LCA, or in the feedback of the MC3 methodology used here.
The life-cycle of many plant-pathogenic fungi, especially those infecting aerial plant organs, contains several specific developmental stages. If these are sufficiently distinct in their physiology from vegetative hyphal growth, they present potential targets for non-fungitoxic plant protectants. The present review identifies such targets especially in the pre-penetration stages of the infection cycle of Magnaporthe grisea and other fungi infecting from air-borne spores. Examples of non-toxic natural products with activity against spore germination, attachment, appressorium formation, appressorium maturation and penetration of the host surface are given. In contrast, no substances selectively active against in planta growth or sporulation appear to be known. The selective activity of numerous secondary metabolites against specific infection stages without accompanying toxicity against vegetatively growing hyphae indicates a direction for the development of future natural product-derived fungicides which are more easily degraded in the environment and possess fewer non-target effects. Such substances are produced by many saprotrophic and endophytic fungi in pure culture. The paucity of data on the production of biologically active substances in natural situations limits the interpretation of their ecophysiological significance for the producer.
This contribution is based on the presentation given by the authors at the second French–German summer school on electrochemistry and nanotechnology in September 2007. The objective of the article is to describe, by use of examples, the areas of solid-state chemistry and electrochemistry where X-ray absorption spectroscopy can make a special contribution. The case studies that are discussed include the investigation of the microstructure of nanomaterials, the study of electrodes and electrolytes for solid-state battery applications and the location of dopant sites in oxides. The contribution concludes with a look to future developments in the techniques and the implications for the study of problems of materials.
Laser-printed thick-film electrodes (LiCoO2 cathode and carbon anode) are deposited onto metallic current collectors for fabricating Li-ion microbatteries. These microbatteries demonstrate a significantly higher discharge capacity, power and energy densities than those made by sputter-deposited thin-film techniques. This increased performance is attributed to the porous structure of the laser-printed electrodes, which allows improved ionic and electronic transport through the thick electrodes (∼100μm) without a significant increase in internal resistance. These laser-printed electrodes are separated by a laser-cut porous membrane impregnated with a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) in order to build mm-size scale solid-state rechargeable Li-ion microbatteries (LiCoO2/GPE/carbon). The resulting packaged microbatteries exhibit a power density of ∼38mWcm−2 with a discharge capacity of ∼102μAhcm−2 at a high discharge rate of 10mAcm−2. The laser-printed microbatteries also exhibit discharge capacities in excess of 2500μAhcm−2 at a current density of 100μAcm−2. This is over an order of magnitude higher than that observed for sputter-deposited thin-film microbatteries (∼160μAhcm−2).
A conducting polymer of diphenyldithieno[3,2-b;2′,3′-d]thiophene (DPhDTT) was synthesized via potentiodynamic method in dichloromethane (DCM)/acetonitrile (AN) (1:9 (v/v))–NaClO4/LiClO4 (0.1:0.1M) solvent–electrolyte couple. Characterizations of the resulting homopolymer were performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Moreover, the spectroelectrochemical and electrochromic properties of the homopolymer films were investigated. Consequently, P(DPhDTT)/PEDOT device was constructed and their characteristics were examined in detail. A potential range of 0.0–2.0V was found to be suitable for operating the P(DPhDTT)/PEDOT device between yellow and blue colors. The device reveals good open circuit memory and stability.
Polyaniline (PANI) nanofibres are synthesized by interfacial polymerization and their electrochemical performance is evaluated in an aqueous redox supercapacitor constituted as a two-electrode cell. The initial specific capacitance of the cell is 554Fg−1 at a constant current of 1.0Ag−1, but this value rapidly decreases on continuous cycling. In order to improve the cycleability of the supercapacitor, a composite of polyaniline with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is synthesized by in situ chemical polymerization. Its capacitive behaviour is evaluated in a similar cell configuration. A high initial specific capacitance of 606Fg−1 is obtained with good retention on cycling. In both supercapacitors, the effect of charging potential on cycling performances is investigated.
Electrochemical behaviors of milled Si using high energy mechanical milling (HEMM) process are characterized with a degree of amorphization. The amount of amorphous Si increases with milling time, and Si crystallites are embedded in the amorphous Si matrix. Unlike crystallite Si, partially amorphous Si starts to react with Li near 0.32 V. An intermediate LiSi phase is identified at 0.17 V during the first discharge of amorphous Si with Li. The milled Si/graphite (m-Si/G) composite prepared by using the simple HEMM process shows excellent electrochemical performance with a reversible capacity of 800 mAh g−1 at a rate of 0.5 A g−1 when cycled between 0.11 and 2.0 V.
The manufacturing of ceramic materials usually requires sintering at temperatures higher than 1000 °C, which makes it difficult to compound or integrate ceramics with low-melting point metals, glass, or plastics. This is a serious hindrance for upgrading electroceramic components and optical components. Up to now, numerous research works have been made to reduce the sintering temperature for the purpose of reducing energy consumption and implementing innovative functional components through integration with metal or glass materials. The aerosol deposition (AD) method is an unique coating technology, based on collision of solid-state fine ceramic powder with a substrate. This coating method has many advantages such as high deposition ratio, low process temperature, and high adhesion force with a substrate in comparison with that by conventional thin-layer coating technology. During the AD process, submicron ceramics particles are accelerated by gas flow in the nozzle up to a velocity of several hundred m/s and sprayed onto the substrate under vacuuming condition. We found interesting consolidation phenomenon of ceramic in this method over 10 years ago. During collision of fine particles and interaction with substrate, these ceramic particles, not only for oxide materials but also for nonoxide materials, formed thick, dense, and hard ceramic layers at room temperature. No additional heating for solidification of ceramic powder was required. We named this phenomenon “room-temperature impact consolidation (R.T.I.C)”. Same behavior as R.T.I.C. for metal fine particles was also observed. Consolidated ceramic powder with R.T.I.C. via AD method can be called as a high-density binder-less ceramic green. Aerosol deposition is a novel and very attractive coating method for ceramic integration. In this paper, we explain the principle of the AD method and its application to ceramic layer formation for information/communication and energy technology applications.
We studied the temporal–spatial distribution of Common Terns Sterna hirundo along the East Atlantic Flyway. In 2009 and 2010 experienced adults from a colony on the German North Sea coast were tagged with geolocators recording light intensity and saltwater contact. Main objectives were the inter-individual temporal–spatial variation of migration routes and wintering areas, wintering site fidelity, and time spent at sea across the annual cycle. Geolocators had no effects on various traits of breeders, but their reproductive output suffered from egg breakage. This can be avoided by artificially incubating the eggs. Twelve routes of nine individuals were tracked. Transponder readings at the breeding site showed that birds left the colony 4 weeks before starting autumn migration. In spring and autumn, Common Terns stopped over around the Canary Islands. Main wintering distribution was the upwelling seas alongside the West African coast and similar between years, but different among individuals. Three females wintered further north and more offshore than six males. Pair mates wintered at different locations. Spring migration was longer (56 ± 8 days) than autumn migration (37 ± 17 days). During both migration and wintering the terns spent more time on salt water than during breeding and post-breeding. In most individuals saltwater contact was higher during the day than at night, reduced at sunrise and sunset likely due to foraging, and peaked about noon possibly related to resting or thermoregulation. Detailed ecological and behavioral studies of common terns during wintering are needed to clarify the results based on geolocators.
A common problem for thick electrodes in lithium-ion batteries is slow ionic transport. Here, the authors present a particle-alignment method that uses a low magnetic field and show that the lithium diffusion path is improved for an aligned thick graphite electrode, leading to a better rate capability.
Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) have higher rates of obesity compared to children with typical motor development, and, as a result may be at increased risk for developing metabolic syndrome (MetS). The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of MetS and its components among children with and without DCD. This nested case–control study classified 63 children scoring below the 16th percentile on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC-2) as probable DCD (pDCD), and 63 controls, all of whom scored above the 16th percentile. Metabolic syndrome was defined using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Eleven children met the criteria for MetS; 8 (72.3%) with pDCD and 3 (27.3%) controls (p =0.115). Abdominal obesity was found in 39 (30.9%) of children, 29 (46.0%) with pDCD and 10 (15.9%) controls (p <0.01). Serum triglycerides were higher in pDCD compared to controls, 91.9mg/dl (63.1) vs. 67.7mg/dl (33.3) in the control group, p =0.001. Blood pressure was also significantly higher in the pDCD group, mean systolic BP (110 vs. 105mmHg, p =0.01) and mean diastolic BP (69 vs. 65mmHg, p =0.01). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups for other components of MetS. The higher prevalence of abdominal obesity and elevated triglycerides and blood pressure in children with pDCD may put them at risk of meeting all criteria of MetS earlier then their peers.
The muscle-secreted, exercise-induced peptide hormone apelin decreases with aging and sarcopenia, and its repletion in aged mice with recombinant protein improves muscle mass and function.
In this work, we present a new type of three-dimensional (3D) nanohybrid electrode based on microscopic graphene foam loaded nickel−cobalt hydroxides nanoflakes (NixCo2x(OH)6x/graphene foam) synthesized by one-step electrochemical method. This method allows for better structural integration of different electrode component and improves the electrochemical properties in terms of capacitive performance and electrocatalytic activity. When used as binder-free electrode for supercapacitor, the 3D NixCo2x(OH)6x/graphene foam exhibits a high specific capacitance of 703.6 mF cm−2 at a current density of 10mAcm−2 and a good rate capability of 83.8% at 100mAcm−2, and the specific capacitance retention remains 97.5% after 1000 cycles. Furthermore, for electrochemical biosensor application, the NixCo2x(OH)6x/graphene nanohybrid electrode exhibits high selectivity, reproducibility and stability towards the nonenzymatic detection of hydrogen peroxide. These enable it as a multifunctional electrode material for wide spectrum of electrochemical application.
Self-scrolled V2O5@PANI nanoribbons are obtained in one step by oxidative copolymerization of isopolivanadates and a reduced amount of anilinium salts under ambient conditions, without a hydrothermal treatment. The material reveals a unique structure consisted of nanosized V2O5–PANI “true hybrid” areas joined with conductive polymer arms providing electric transport within this hierarchic network additionally nanostructured by self-scrolling. Microporosity of the material provides an enhanced surface area of 60m2/g while the flexible polymer links allow the stable intercalation capacity of about 200mAh/g.
Photovoltaic (PV) system adoption in Germany is mainly driven by a feed-in tariff that guarantees a financial return on investment. To promote adoption in the future absence of this tariff, we explored further motives of homeowners relevant to PV system purchase intention. A sample of 200 homeowners who did not own a PV system participated in an online-survey. Only few homeowners actually planned to adopt a PV system. However, basic willingness to adopt a PV system was high, whereas willingness to pay was low - hinting at a potentially growing market with falling prices. Using path analysis, we show that the subjective norm (i.e. peer behavior and expectations) and the attitude towards PV were strong predictors of purchase intention. Attitude towards PV systems was mainly based on aspirations of social status, autarky, and financial gains, whereas costs, efforts, and risks associated with PV systems were detrimental to attitude. We conclude that to promote further adoption, energy storage systems that increase financial savings and autarky need to be improved and marketed. Furthermore, institutionalized tests of PV systems and labels need to be introduced to reduce risk perceptions among homeowners willing to adopt a PV system.