batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The effects of regular exercise versus a single bout of exercise on cognition, anxiety, and mood were systematically examined in healthy, sedentary young adults who were genotyped to determine brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) allelic status (i.e., Val–Val or Val66Met polymorphism). Participants were evaluated on novel object recognition (NOR) memory and a battery of mental health surveys before and after engaging in either (a) a 4-week exercise program, with exercise on the final test day, (b) a 4-week exercise program, without exercise on the final test day, (c) a single bout of exercise on the final test day, or (d) remaining sedentary between test days. Exercise enhanced object recognition memory and produced a beneficial decrease in perceived stress, but only in participants who exercised for 4 weeks including the final day of testing. In contrast, a single bout of exercise did not affect recognition memory and resulted in increased perceived stress levels. An additional novel finding was that the improvements on the NOR task were observed exclusively in participants who were homozygous for the BDNF Val allele, indicating that altered activity-dependent release of BDNF in Met allele carriers may attenuate the cognitive benefits of exercise. Importantly, exercise-induced changes in cognition were not correlated with changes in mood/anxiety, suggesting that separate neural systems mediate these effects. These data in humans mirror recent data from our group in rodents. Taken together, these current findings provide new insights into the behavioral and neural mechanisms that mediate the effects of physical exercise on memory and mental health in humans.
Lithium ion battery separators with excellent thermal stability are highly desired to meet the requirements of electric vehicles. Basing on the excellent natures of PMDA-ODA polymide (PI) and processibility of the corresponding precursor solution of polyamic acid (PAA), the porous PI separators were prepared from the PAA precursor via non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) and thermal imidization process. By controlling the NIPS process, the ideal PI separator with high porosity and pore-connectivity was successfully obtained and employed in lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Besides the quite high thermal stability, this PI separator behaved excellent wettability in the liquid electrolyte and high liquid electrolyte uptake. By activated with liquid electrolyte, the ionic conductivity of the PI separator could reach as high as 2.15mS·cm−1. Compared with the cells with the typical PP separators, the cells assembled with the PI separators performed the lower resistance, the higher discharge capacity and the better rate capability. These results suggested that the PAA-NIPS process could be an efficient and applicable route for preparing high performance PI separators.
This prospective study describes disease/treatment, personal characteristics, and social/family contextual variables as risk and resilience factors that predict social competence in pediatric brain tumor survivors (PBTS).
Layered K0.67-xNaxNi0.17Co0.17Mn0.66O2 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) cathodes for potassium-ion batteries were successfully prepared by a co-precipitation method. The influences of Na substitution were studied in detail and it was found that the Na content could change the crystalline structure (from single phase to biphase) and eventually affect the electrochemical properties. The moderate amount of Na could stabilize the layered structure, activate the redox reaction of transition metal ions and further improve the cycling and rate performance. The P3/P2-type K0.37Na0.3Ni0.17Co0.17Mn0.66O2 composite displayed enhanced cyclability with a reversible capacity of 86.1 mAh g−1 and 78.8 mAh g−1 kept after 100 cycles at 20 mA g−1, which was better than the pristine P3-K0.67Ni0.17Co0.17Mn0.66O2 (76.1 mAh g−1 and 65.3 mAh g−1 at the same condition, respectively). In addition, the K0.37Na0.3Ni0.17Co0.17Mn0.66O2 sample delivered a high capacity of 62 mAh g−1 even at 100 mA g−1, much higher than that of K0.67Ni0.17Co0.17Mn0.66O2 (47.8 mAh g−1). These results proved that appropriate metal doping could be a feasible solution to improve the performance of layered ternary cathode for potassium-ion batteries.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses carbon-zinc and carbon-zinc chloride primary batteries. The electrochemical system of the carbon-zinc battery uses a zinc anode and a manganese dioxide cathode and an electrolyte of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride dissolved in water. Various grades of manganese dioxide are used for Leclanché cells. These range from the natural ores used for inexpensive low-rate cells to the synthetically produced or electrolytically prepared grades used in more expensive high-rate cells. Powdered carbon is used in the cathode depolarizing mix, usually in the form of acetylene black, to improve conductivity of the mix and to retain moisture. The standard carbon-zinc dry battery is not designed to be recharged. The basic cell is made in many shapes and sizes, but two general categories exist for round cells, which are available as unit cells or in assembled batteries and fiat cells. The zinc chloride Leclanché cell is a special modification of the carbon-zinc cell. They differ principally in the electrolyte systems used. The electrolyte in a zinc chloride cell contains only zinc chloride, while in a carbon-zinc cell the electrolyte contains a saturated solution of ammonium chloride in addition to zinc chloride. The omission of ammonium chloride improves the electrochemistry of the cells but places greater demands on the cell seal. Because of their ability to operate at high electrode efficiencies, the useful current output of zinc chloride cells is usually higher than that of carbon-zinc, and zinc chloride cells operate at high current drains for a considerably longer time than carbon-zinc cells of the same size.
This study explored whether the structure of negative affect in children is similar to that previously found in adults (S. H. Lovibond & P. F. Lovibond, 1995). A sample of 577 7–14-year-old children completed a 76-item questionnaire designed to measure anxiety, depression, and tension/stress, comprising both exploratory items and the full item content of established measures of childhood anxiety and depression. Exploratory factor analyses indicated that several symptoms that were previously found to be nonspecific in adults also failed to differentiate between anxiety and depression in youth. Further, the core symptoms of depression were shown to be similar to those previously identified in adults. However, the hypothetical constructs of anxiety and tension/stress could not be differentiated. It is possible that these two distinct affective syndromes have not yet emerged in childhood. Alternatively, future refinements of the questionnaire's item content may lead to a more precise assessment of anxiety and tension/stress in children.
Flower-like Ni3P2O8 and flower-like Fe3P2O8·8H2O have been successfully synthesized by a simple chemical precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns reveal an amorphous phase formation of nickel phosphate (Ni3P2O8) and pure monoclinic phase of Fe3P2O8·8H2O. The novel flower-like Ni3P2O8 and flower-like Fe3P2O8·8H2O when used for supercapacitor electrode materials exhibit a high specific capacitance (C m) of 1464F/g and 200F/g at a current density of 0.5A/g, respectively. Eventually, an asymmetric supercapacitor is fabricated using Ni3P2O8 as positive electrode and Fe3P2O8·8H2O as negative electrode. A high specific capacitance of 94F/g is achieved in the high-voltage region of 0 ∼1.6V, and a large energy density of 32.6Wh/kg is delivered at power density of 420W/kg. The findings demonstrate the important and great potential of developing metal phosphate based materials for supercapacitors.
It is well known that cell imbalance can lead to failure of batteries. Prior theoretical modeling has shown that similar failure can occur in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks due to cell imbalance. Central to failure model for SOFC stacks is the abnormal operation of a cell with cell voltage becoming negative. For investigation of SOFC stack failure by simulating abnormal behavior in a single cell test, thin yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte, anode-supported cells were tested at 800°C with hydrogen as fuel and air as oxidant with and without an applied DC bias. When under a DC bias with cell operating under a negative voltage, rapid degradation occurred characterized by increased cell resistance. Visual and microscopic examination revealed that delamination occurred along the electrolyte/anode interface. The present results show that anode-supported SOFC stacks with YSZ electrolyte are prone to catastrophic failure due to internal pressure buildup, provided cell imbalance occurs. The present results also suggest that the greater the number of cells in an SOFC stack, the greater is the propensity to catastrophic failure.
Oxygen reduction is central to electrochemical energy storage in a carbon-neutral energy system, e.g., in fuel cells or metal-air batteries. In this paper we discuss the kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction in acidic media via mean-field modeling of surface adsorbents. We put a special focus on the importance of interactions between adsorbents. Our study is based on detailed ab-initio simulations of thermodynamic and kinetic parameters on the Pt(111) surface. The oxygen dissociation and the hydroperoxyl dissociation pathway are found to determine the overall reaction kinetics and to result in the double Tafel slope on Pt(111).
LiBs pose a very specific threat, given that they contain a high percentage of dangerous heavy metals. From the 4000t of used lithium-ion batteries collected in 2005, 1100t of heavy metals and more than 200t of toxic electrolytes were generated. This is why a lot of attention has been paid to the development of the technology necessary to recover and recycle LiBs in order not only to protect the environment but also to conserve resources. The recovery of major spent cell components is beneficial both in terms of environmental protection and also for the provision of raw materials. The authors of this article carried out a state of the art on the technologies used in the recycling and regeneration of industrial lithium-ion batteries. The main objective of such technologies is to enable the recycling of valuable elements present in the batteries, such as cobalt, nickel and copper, in a way which is both profitable and environmentally friendly. All the technologies used in the manufacture of lithium-ion batteries are constantly changing makes subsequent changes to the research into recycling and recovery technologies necessary. This does not mean merely finding ways to recover the precious metals, but also to recover other materials which may harm the environment, in order to dispose of them appropriately. The discussion of this research clearly reflects that: • There are very few studies on the recovery of metals such as graphite, the electrolyte in spent LIBs, and it is our belief that more research is needed in this area. • The research into the application of microorganisms in the used lithium batteries is few and far between. • It is important to find ways to recover the precious metals and to recover other materials which may harm the environment, in order to dispose of them appropriately.
Depressive disorder is a multifactorial diseases, that one of the typical feature are cognitive impairments. The aim of this study was to determine the total antioxidant status (TAS) in patients with recurrent depressive disorder (rDD) and to define relationship between plasma levels of TAS and the cognitive performance. Design and methods: the study comprised 74 subjects: patients with rDD (n = 45) and healthy subjects (n = 29). Cognitive function assessment was based on: Trail Making Test, The Stroop Test, Verbal Fluency Test and Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Statistically significant differences were found in the intensity of depression symptoms, measured by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) on therapy onset versus the examination results after 8 weeks of treatment (p < 0.001). The level of TAS was substantially higher in patients with rDD (p = 0.01). For rDD patients, elevated TAS levels were associated with worse cognitive test performance. The higher was the concentration of plasma TAS, the greater was the severity of depressive symptoms measured by HDRS before and after pharmacotherapy. (1) Higher concentration of plasma TAS in rDD patients is associated with the severity of depressive symptoms. (2) Elevated levels of plasma TAS are related to impairment of short-term declarative memory, long-term declarative-memory, verbal fluency and working memory.
Graphene, 2D atomic-layer of sp2 carbon, has attracted a great deal of interest for use in solar cells, LEDs, electronic skin, touchscreens, energy storage devices, and microelectronics. This is due to excellent properties of graphene, such as a high theoretical surface area, electrical conductivity, and mechanical strength. The fundamental structure of graphene is also manipulatable, allowing for the formation of an even more extraordinary material, porous graphene. Porous graphene structures can be categorized as microporous, mesoporous, or macroporous depending on the pore size, all with their own unique advantages. These characteristics of graphene, which are further explained in this paper, may be the key to greatly improving a wide range of applications in energy storage systems.
The enhanced cyclability of LiCoO2 coated with MgAl2O4 is described. A TEM examination of the microstructure of the coated particles revealed that the spinel formed a rather uniform coating over the cathode material. XRD data suggested the presence of substitutional oxides on the surface of the cathode particles. R-factor values from XRD studies and galvanostatic cycling studies suggested that a coating level of 1.0wt.% gave an optimal performance in capacity and cyclability. A commercial sample of LiCoO2 coated with 1.0wt.% of spinel registered a five-fold improvement in cyclability. The improved cyclability is attributed to a suppression of the cycle-limiting phase transitions that accompany the charge–discharge processes.
The electrolyte is the weak link when it comes to intrinsic issues of Li metal batteries such as instability of the Li metal interface. Now, a liquid electrolyte consisting of one molecular-designed solvent and one common salt is formulated leading to exceptional high-performance batteries.
Cuprous oxide nanoclusters, microcubes and microparticles were successfully synthesized by a simple co-precipitation method. Phase purity and crystallinity of the samples were studied by using X-ray powder diffraction. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show different morphologies like nanoclusters, microcubes and microparticles. For linear and nonlinear optical measurements, the as-synthesized Cu2O with different morphologies were dispersed in isopropanol solution. The absorption spectrum recorded in the visible regions shows peaks that depend on the morphology of the particles and the peak shifts towards red region as one goes from nanoclusters to microparticles. Simple open-aperture Z-scan technique is used to measure nonlinear optical properties of cuprous oxide at 532 nm, 30 ps excitation at 10 Hz repetition rate. Cuprous oxide nanoclusters show reverse saturable absorption (RSA) behaviour, the microcubes and microparticles at a similar concentration exhibit saturable absorption (SA) type of behaviour at lower peak intensities and exhibit RSA within SA at higher peak intensities. The results show that the transition from SA to RSA can be ascribed to the two-photon absorption (TPA) process.
Electrode materials can display superior electrochemical performances and behavior via the nanoscale design. Here, the low-temperature synthesis of nano-glass ceramics (NGCs) is based on inheriting the network structure of yeast polyphosphate metabolism. The NGCs-3 sample synthesized with a molar ratio of Fe/V = 7:6 is composed of nano-domains of semiconducting oxide glass (Li2O-Na2O-Fe2O3-V2O5-P2O5, LNFVP), nanocrystalline particles (Li9Fe3P8O29, Li0.6V1.67O3.67 and VOPO4), and nanopores connected by interfaces. We have clarified the mixing ion transport mechanism and the electrochemical reactions, and the influences of molar ratio of Fe/V on the structure and electrochemical properties of NGCs. This nanoscale design offers a new possibility improved the electrochemical performances of Li+/Na+ mixed-ion batteries (LNMIBs). The NGCs-3 electrode exhibits a higher discharge capacity (145 mAh g−1) and energy storage density (525 Whkg−1) at 5C, and the capacity retention reaches 70% after 1000 cycles. More importantly, we have established a direct relationship between the electrochemical kinetics and nanostructure of NGC electrode materials.
We applied a thermally stabilized LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2-based cathode active material for lithium-ion batteries, which we had developed by partial substitution of molybdenum for the transition metal, to 0.6 Ah-class single cells. Cycling test of the cell unexpectedly showed capacity retention of 87% after 3000 cycles, which is better than a cell using cathode active material without molybdenum-substitution. Disassembled analyses of the cells cycled for 3000 times definitely demonstrated that no degradation in both the cathodes and anodes of the molybdenum-substituted and non-substituted. However, there was definite potential slippage in both the cells; that of the non-substituted cell was larger than the molybdenum-substituted cell. Analysis showed that very small amount of molybdenum, in the molybdenum-substituted cell, eluted from the cathode and deposited on the surface of the anode. It is speculated that the deposition might suppress the SEI growth on the anode, and restrain the slippage of the operating potentials for the cathode and anode.
We report here the results of the first molecular evolutionary analysis to include members of all 10 extant genera of cercopithecine monkeys. A total of 44 individuals were surveyed for ∼2.2kb of the testis-specific protein, Y-chromosome (TSPY). The TSPY sequences were subjected to parsimony analyses in PAUP 4.0, followed by tree comparison tests designed to assess existing morphological hypotheses of cercopithecine evolution. The results of these tests show that the present Y-chromosome dataset unambiguously supports: (1) monophyly of Macaca, (2) polyphyly of the mangabeys (Cercocebus and Lophocebus), (3) paraphyly of Cercopithecus, and (4) inclusion of Allenopithecus and Miopithecus in the tribe Cercopithecini. A number of unexpected Y-chromosome relationships are also discussed, including a pattern suggesting resurrection of the genus Chlorocebus for the guenons currently identified as Erythrocebus patas, Cercopithecus aethiops, and Cercopithecus lhoesti. Relative rate tests reveal significant difference in the TSPY substitution rate across numerous lineages in the tribe Cercopithecini. Because the rate differences follow no obvious phylogenetic pattern, “local” molecular clocks were not employed and divergence dates were not estimated for this tribe. In contrast, similar analysis of the Papionini reveals rate heterogeneity between a single pair of taxonomic groups: Macaca vs. the “African papionins.” Divergence dates were therefore calculated for the tribe by calibrating TSPY clocks specific to each of these two clades.
The electrochemical oxidation of graphite matrix from the simulative fuel elements for high-temperature gas-cooled reactor was investigated experimentally using NaNO3 solution as an electrolyte. The intercalation and oxidation reactions of graphite were investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry. In addition, the morphological changes of the graphite anodes at predetermined intervals of time during the electro-oxidation process were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The structural transformation of graphite was systematically characterized by different methods. Results showed that the electro-oxidation process induced oxygen-containing groups (i.e., hydroxyl, epoxide, carbonyl/ketone, and carboxyl groups) into the graphite backbone. Electrolytic graphite oxide presented a heterogeneous, indeterminate, and disordered system composed of crystalline and amorphous phases. The structure and microstructure of nuclear graphite, particularly its cracks and defects, primarily determined its destruction pathway during the electrolytic process. The mechanism of graphite lattice destruction could be attributed to the complicated interplay of water electrolysis, anionic intercalation, and gas evolution. The mechanical force caused by gas eruptions among the graphite lattice is the most important and essential factor favoring disintegration.
Individual decision-makers need communications that succinctly describe potential harms and benefits of different options, but policymakers or citizens evaluating a policy are rarely given a balanced and easily understood summary of the potential outcomes of their decision. We review current policy option communication across diverse domains such as taxes, health, climate change, and international trade, followed by reviews of guidance and evidence for communication effectiveness. Our conceptual synthesis identifies four characteristics of policy options that make their communication particularly difficult: heterogeneous impacts on different segments of the population, multiple outcomes, long timescales, and large uncertainties. For communicators that are trying to inform rather than persuade, these complexities reveal a core tension between issue coverage and comprehensibility. We find little empirical evidence for how to communicate policy options effectively. We identify promising current communications, analyze them based on the above synthesis, and suggest priorities for future research. Recognizing the particular challenges of balanced, effective policy option communications could lead to better guidelines and support for policy decision-making.
We study the effects of particle morphology and size on stress generation during Li insertion into Si particles using a fully coupled diffusion-elasticity model implemented in a finite element formulation. The model includes electrochemical reaction kinetics through a Butler–Volmer equation, concentration-dependent material properties, and surface elasticity. Focusing on two idealized geometries (hollow spheres and cylinders), we simulate stresses during Li insertion in Si. These systems describe a wide variety of morphologies that have been fabricated and studied experimentally, including particles, nanowires, nanotubes, and porous solids. We find that stresses generated in solid particles during Li insertion decrease as particle radii decrease from μm-scale, but reach a minimum at about 150nm. Surface stresses then begin to dominate the stress states as the particle size continues to decrease. The minimum occurs at larger radii for hollow particles. We also find that hollow particles experience lower stresses than solid ones, but our results suggest that there is not a significant difference in maximum stress magnitudes for spherical and cylindrical particles. Studying the influence of concentration-dependent elastic moduli we find that while they can significantly influence stress generation for potentiostatic insertion, their role is minimal when surface reaction kinetics are considered.