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Continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) have emerged as the standard of care for advanced heart failure patients requiring long-term mechanical circulatory support. Evidence-based clinical management of LVAD-supported patients is becoming increasingly important for optimizing outcomes. In this state-of-art review, we propose key elements in managing patients supported with the new continuous-flow LVADs. Although most of the presented information is largely based on investigator experience during the 1,300-patient HeartMate II clinical trial, many of the discussed principles can be applied to other emerging devices as well. Patient selection, pre-operative preparation, and the timing of LVAD implant are some of the most important elements critical to successful circulatory support and are principles universal to all devices. In addition, proper nutrition management and avoidance of infectious complications can significantly affect morbidity and mortality during LVAD support. Optimizing intraoperative and peri-operative care, and the monitoring and treatment of other organ system dysfunction as it relates to LVAD support, are discussed. A multidisciplinary heart failure team must be organized and charged with providing comprehensive care from initial referral until support is terminated. Preparing for hospital discharge requires detailed education for the patient and family or friends, with provisions for emergencies and routine care. Implantation techniques, troubleshooting device problems, and algorithms for outpatient management, including the diagnosis and treatment of related problems associated with the HeartMate II, are discussed as an example of a specific continuous-flow LVAD. Ongoing trials with other continuous-flow devices may produce additional information in the future for improving clinical management of patients with these devices.
A series of polysulfone-based crosslinked anion exchange membranes (AEMs) with primary diamine-based crosslinkers has been prepared via simple a crosslinking process as low-cost and durable membranes for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). Chloromethylated polysulfone is used as a precursor polymer for crosslinked AEMs (CAPSU-x) with different degrees of crosslinking. Among the developed AEMs, CAPSU-2.5 shows outstanding dimensional stability and anion (Cl−, SO4 2−, and OH−) conductivity. Moreover, CAPSU-2.5 exhibits much lower vanadium ion permeability (2.72 × 10−8 cm2 min−1) than Nafion 115 (2.88 × 10−6 cm2 min−1), which results in an excellent coulombic efficiency of 100%. The chemical and operational stabilities of the membranes have been investigated via ex situ soaking tests in 0.1 M VO2 + solution and in situ operation tests for 100 cycles, respectively. The excellent chemical, physical, and electrochemical properties of the CAPSU-2.5 membrane make it suitable for use in VRFBs.
LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 and LiCoO2 cathode materials were synthesized by using a supercritical water (SCW) method with a metal salt solution in a batch reactor. Stoichiometric LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 was successfully synthesized in a 10-min reaction without calcination, while overlithiated LiCoO2 (Li1.15CoO2) was synthesized using the batch SCW method. The physical properties and electrochemical performances of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 were compared to those of Li1.15CoO2 by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and charge/discharge cycling tests. The XRD pattern of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 was found to be similar to that of Li1.15CoO2, showing clear splitting of the (006)/(102) and (108)/(110) peak pairs as particular characteristics of the layered structure. In addition, both cathode powders showed good crystallinity and phase purity, even though a short reaction time without calcination was applied to the SCW method. The initial specific discharge capacities of the Li1.15CoO2 and LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 powders at a current density of 0.24mA/cm2 in 2.5–4.5V were 149 and 180mAh/g, and their irreversible capacity loss was 20 and 17mAh/g, respectively. The discharge capacities of the Li1.15CoO2 and LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 powders decreased with cycling and remained at 108 and 154mAh/g after 30 cycles, which are 79% and 89% of the initial capacities. Compared to the overlithiated LiCoO2 cathode powders, the LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode powders synthesized by SCW method had better electrochemical performances.
Sequestration of CO2 via biological sinks is a matter of great scientific importance due to the potential lowering of atmospheric CO2. In this study, a custom built incubation chamber was used to cultivate a soil microbial community to instigate chemoautotrophy of a temperate soil. Real-time atmospheric CO2 concentrations were monitored and estimations of total CO2 uptake were made. After careful background flux corrections, 4.52 ± 0.05 g CO2 kg−1 dry soil was sequestered from the chamber atmosphere over 40 h. Using isotopically labelled 13CO2 and GCMS–IRMS, labelled fatty acids were identified after only a short incubation, hence confirming CO2 sequestration for soil. The results of this in vivo study provide the ground work for future studies intending to mimic the in situ environment by providing a reliable method for investigating CO2 uptake by soil microorganisms.
Biotemplates from microbial origin have been used as a new source of inspiration for designing and fabricating novel functional materials. Herein, we reported a novel MnO/C microtubes prepared by using spirogyra, a green algae growing widely in natural water, as the template. Due to the unique filamentous shape and abundant organism of spirogyra, a porous carbon tube with wrinkle surface has been fabricated. The MnO nanoparticles are set and embedded into the porous carbon matrix, which leads to the tube-like MnO/C composite materials. The as-prepared spirogyra-templated MnO/C microtubes exhibit a reversible electrochemical lithium storage capacity as high as 610mAhg⿿1 at 200mAg⿿1 after 60 cycles, and an excellent rate capability of 350mAhg⿿1 at a high current density of 2Ag⿿1. Considering the vast options of natural materials, this green, facile and economic biotemplating method will provide considerable freedom in structural and functional variability which can be extended to other promising high performance anode materials for the future development of novel energy storage materials.
The influence of the capacity ratio of the negative to positive electrode (N/P ratio) on the rate and cycling performances of LiFePO4/graphite lithium-ion batteries was investigated using 2032 coin-type full and three-electrode cells. LiFePO4/graphite coin cells were assembled with N/P ratios of 0.87, 1.03 and 1.20, which were adjusted by varying the mass of the graphite negative electrode. Three-electrode cells were also assembled with similar N/P ratios to understand the potential variations of the positive and negative electrodes. The cycling performances of the coin cells were evaluated by repeating the charge-discharge cycle 5000 times (1 C-rate for the 1st–1000th cycle and 2 C-rate for the 1001st–5000th cycle) at cell voltages of 2.5–4.2 V, during which their rate performances were intermittently evaluated (0.1–10 C-rate). Prior to the charge-discharge cycling test, the highest cell specific capacity was obtained from the lowest N/P ratio of 0.87. The coin cell with the highest N/P ratio of 1.20 exhibited the highest capacity retention of 86.5% at 1 or 2 C-rate in the 5000 cycle test. The results obtained using the three-electrode cells showed that the higher N/P ratio elevated the working potential ranges of the positive and negative electrodes. The lower N/P ratio led to deeper Li-ion intercalation for the negative electrode, lowering the potential of both the positive and negative electrodes. The lower N/P ratio was beneficial for achieving full performances from the initial service, but caused larger capacity fading due to the aging by cycling. The higher N/P ratio rather restricted the performances at the initial service, which was useful to prevent the cycling-derived capacity fading. The lowering of rate performance owing to the charge-discharge cycling, particularly at the high current densities of 5 and 10 C-rates, was enhanced by the decrease in the N/P ratio.
The uses of quinones in Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) has been mainly circumscribed to aqueous solutions (of derivatives with polar groups) despite a larger solubility and wider electrochemical window provided by organic media. The redox mechanism of quinones in protic media is simpler and better known than in aprotic media, where radical species are involved. This paper reports the behaviour of methyl-p-benzoquinone (MBQ) under electrochemical reduction conditions in a LiClO4 CH3CN electrolyte and various working electrodes. We detected the reversible generation of a bright green coating on the working electrode and the subsequent formation of a polymer (the nature of which depends on the presence or absence of oxygen). These coatings prevent the regular redox process of methyl-p-benzoquinone from taking place on the surface of the electrode and is generated regardless of the electrode material used or the presence of O2 in solution. In addition to MBQ, the green passivating layer was also found for less sterically hindered quinones such as p-benzoquinone or 1,4-naphthoquinone, but not for anthraquinone. We have also shown the central role of Li+ in the formation of this green layer. This work provides important guidelines for the final use of quinones in RFBs with organic electrolytes.
The challenges facing high-performance lithium-ion batteries are not only chemical, but also key mechanical problems. Herein, we perform an experiment to investigate the crucial but difficult task of measuring the elastic modulus and total stress evolutions of a bilayer Si-composite electrode during electrochemical processes. Electrode bending deformation is measured in-situ through an optical system. And four mechanical models featuring Li concentration-dependent elastic modulus are used to quantitatively convert curvature into elastic modulus, normal stresses in electrode material and in current collector, and shear stress along interface. Experiments show that the elastic modulus and the three stresses decrease and increase nonlinearly with capacity, respectively, and all demonstrate hysteresis loops during lithiation and delithiation processes. The significant softening of electrode material indicates that the elastic modulus is not linear with Li content. And further discussions show that all the three stresses are significantly affected by elastic modulus, exhibiting a degree of relief similar to material softening. These results guide the mechanical modeling and provide experimental data for mechano-electro-chemical degradation for Si-composite electrode.
Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) hybrids having charged ends provide a highly ion-conductive matrix. Linear- and network-type hybrid polymers with PEO/sulfonamide (SA) salt units were synthesized by the interfacial polycondensation of diamino-PEO and either 1,3-benzenesulfonyl chloride or naphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonyl chloride. These hybrid polymers were produced as homogeneous rubbery solids showing an amorphous phase only. The bulk ionic conductivity of the resulting polymerized hybrid was large, and was similar to the value for the corresponding hybrid oligomer. In particular, the network polymer hybrid of PEO with average molecular weight of 1000 having SA Li salt ends was produced as a self-standing amorphous film. Its ionic conductivity was 2.0×10−6 S cm−1 at 50°C. This value is attributable to the low glass transition temperature and the high degree of dissociation of sulfonamide salts. This network polymer was confirmed to have cation conducting characteristics, since a constant current was observed in dc polarization studies with lithium metal as an active electrode.
A new solution combustion synthesis of layered LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 involving the reactions of LiNO3, Mn(NO3)2, NiNO3, and glycine as starting materials is reported. TG/DTA studies were performed on the gel-precursor and suggest the formation of the layered LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 at low temperatures. The synthesized material was annealed at various temperatures, viz., 250, 400, 600, and 850°C, characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and reveals the formation of single phase crystalline LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 at 850°C. The morphology of the synthesized material has been investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and suggests the formation of sub-micron particles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies on the synthesized LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 powders indicate that the oxidation states of nickel and manganese are +2 and +4, respectively. Electrochemical galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling behavior of Li//LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 cell using 1M LiPF6 in EC/DMC as electrolyte exhibited stable capacities of ∼125mAh/g in the voltage ranges 2.8–4.3V and 3.0–4.6V and is comparable to literature reports using high temperature synthesis route. The capacity remains stable even after 20 cycles. The layered LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 powders synthesized by this novel route have several advantages as compared to its conventional synthesis techniques.
A study is made of the effects of MgO and Al2O3 coatings on the electrical properties of LiCoO2 cathode material on the thermal stability (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)) of the charged cathode, and on the safety characteristics of 18650 Li-ion cells. Powdery active material is coated with Mg or Al alkoxide solutions followed by heat treatment in air at temperatures between 300 and 800°C. The presence of the coating is confirmed by an elemental depth-profile analysis of the powder surface using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Both oxide coatings, especially the Al2O3 coating, substantially improve the charge–discharge voltage characteristics, rate capability, capacity and rate-capability retention on cycling and thermal stability of the LiCoO2 cathode. These beneficial effects are demonstrated in 18650 Li-ion cells.
The evaluation of swallowing disorders currently uses a variety of methods. The most common dichotomy is between instrumental and noninstrumental or clinical examinations. The clinical bedside assessment often is considered the mainstay of dysphagia management. As the first line of assessment, it frequently defines the process and requisites of the task. This article reviews the available methods of noninstrumental bedside swallowing assessment and considers the issues surrounding the use of these approaches today.
Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on different types of batteries available in the market. One of the types is alkaline batteries, the second largest market for use in consumer electronics equipment and recently for electric vehicles such as nickel-cadmium cells. Other types include rechargeable batteries that are called accumulators or secondary batteries, whereas use-once-only piles are termed primary batteries. An electrochemical storage battery has properties determined by cell voltage, current and time constants. The two electrodes delivering or receiving power to or from the outside are called en and ep (negative and positive electrode). Within the battery, ions are transported between the negative and positive electrodes through an electrolyte. The high-temperature batteries are fast and involve reversible chemistry, allowing for high current density without excess heat generation. This battery has molten electrodes and a solid electrolyte, usually of tubular shape and made from ceramic beta-alumna materials. Lithium metal electrode batteries have attracted attention over recent years, owing to the potentially very high energy-density. Its electrode materials are LiCoO2 and LiXC6 (carbon or graphite), respectively, with an electrolyte of lithium hexafluorophosphate dissolved in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimenthyl carbonate. The battery is built from alternating layers of electrode materials, between which the Li-ions oscillate cyclically. Li-ion batteries do not accept overcharge, and a safety device is usually integrated in the design to provide automatic venting in case of emergency. Owing to its high power-density (by weight or volume) and easy charging (topping up is possible without loss of performance), the resulting concept has rapidly penetrated to the high-end portable equipment sector.
This paper presents a new numerical method called the Electricity System Cascading Analysis (ESCA). ESCA is developed based on pinch analysis principles and useful for designing and optimizing non-intermittent power generator (biomass, biogas, natural gas, diesel, etc.) and energy storage for Distributed Energy Generation (DEG) system. DEG system configuration for this case study comprise of solar Photovoltaic (PV), biomass power generator and Sodium Sulfur (NaS) battery system. Application of the technique on isolated community consisting of 100 houses and daily energy demand of 845kWh reveals that the power capacity of the biomass power generator is 39.76kW, NaS battery is 75.8kW, and the energy capacity of NaS battery is 157.01kWh.
This work focuses on the design, fabrication and testing of thermoelectric generator (TEG) devices using dispenser printer. A series-parallel prototype of 50 couples, with 3.5mm×600μm×100μm printed element dimensions, is fabricated on a custom designed polyimide substrate. Se doped mechanically alloyed (MA) Bi2Te3 was used as the n-type material whereas Te doped MA Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 was used as p-type material. The prototype TEG device produces a power output of 33×10− 6 W at 0.75×10− 3 A and 43×10− 3 V for a temperature difference of 20K resulting in a device areal power density of 2.8Wm− 2. To achieve a similar power output in a practical situation, such as from pipes carrying hot fluid an experimental study in forced and natural convection is performed. In forced convection, 33×10− 6 W power output is achieved when the pipe surface temperature is about 373K. While, in natural convection, maximum power up to 8×10− 6 W power is obtained at 373K pipe surface temperature. Forced convection is desired for the system to generate sufficiently high power. In the case of natural convection, we achieved much lower power compared to forced convection. The prototype presented in this work demonstrates the feasibility of deploying a printable and “perpetual” power solution for practical wireless sensor network (WSN) applications.
We report unique in situ conductance results with comparable conductance values in p- and n-doping ranges for a series of poly(3,4-dialkoxythiophenes). The polymers with different lengths of alkyl chain in the side alkoxy groups (1, 3 and 8 carbon atoms) were synthesized electrochemically from acetonitrile solutions of monomers on arrays of Pt microelectrodes or on a two-band Au electrode and studied in acetonitrile solution of 0.1 M TBAPF6. The differences in the height of the conductance responses in the n-doping range as well as in the width of a high conductance window for oxidized polymers were discussed in terms of different conjugation lengths resulting from different lengths of substituents. The results obtained in the p- and n-doping ranges and the STM images of poly(3,4-dioctyloxythiophene) film were compared with those for poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). The electrochemical stability of poly(3,4-dialkoxythiophenes) at different oxidation potentials was studied by in situ UV–Vis spectra recorded during double potential step experiments.
This paper presents the effect of adding indium, a low melting metal on thermal energy storage performance of pentaerythritol in IC engine exhaust gas heat recovery application. Charging and discharging experiments were conducted using pentaerythritol added with 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 wt. % of indium in a shell and tube heat recovery heat exchanger. The experimental results showed reduction in charging and discharging time due to the addition of indium leading to improved thermal energy storage performance of pentaerythritol. The charging efficiency of PE enhanced by 3.5, 6.8 and, 11.2% corresponding to 0.1, 0.5 and, 1.0 wt.% of indium under full load condition. The energy stored by pentaerythritol increased by 6.9, 14.65 and, 25.8% with respect to 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 wt. % of indium. The energy recovered during the discharge period found increased by 5.4, 12.3 and, 18.6% corresponding to 0.1, 0.5 and, 1.0 wt. % of indium.
We demonstrate a new method of modifying the doping front migration process in multilayer structures, enabling the control of migration velocity. The presence of two interfaces in contact with the migration layer strongly affects the migration mechanism. Electrochemical switching of an electrode at one interface may be used to control the chemical doping front migration at the second interface. The process may be used to produce ultralow-cost devices acting as electronic “best use before” labels on food and drink or “use-by” labels on drugs. Control of the migration velocity may be used as a method for weighting storage conditions (i.e. opening of a package during the measurement period increases the migration velocity).
The growing global demands of safe, low-cost and high working voltage energy storage devices trigger strong interests in novel battery concepts beyond state-of-art lithium-ion battery. Herein, a dual-ion battery based on nanostructured Ni3S2/Ni foam@RGO (NSNR) composite anode is developed, utilizing graphite as cathode material and LiPF6-VC-based solvent as electrolyte. The battery operates at high working voltage of 4.2–4.5 V, with superior discharge capacity of ∼90 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1, outstanding rate performance, and long-term cycling stability over 500 cycles with discharge capacity retention of ∼85.6%. Moreover, the composite simultaneously acts as the anode material and the current collector, and the corrosion phenomenon can be greatly reduced compared to metallic Al anode. Thus, this work represents a significant step forward for practical safe, low-cost and high working voltage dual-ion batteries, showing attractive potential for future energy storage application.
Developing high-voltage Li ion batteries (LIBs) is an important trend to meet the requirement of high energy density battery. However, high voltage will cause a series of problems harming the cycle performance of LIBs at the same time. This work is to investigate the effect of inorganic substance Li2SiO3 on the electrochemical performance of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) cathode at high cutoff voltage of 4.6V. XRD result shows that the structure of NCM622 cathode material is not affected by mixing Li2SiO3. However, XPS and EIS tests indicate that Li2SiO3 has an evident influence on suppressing the decomposition of LiPF6 and carbonate solvents at high voltage, reducing interfacial solid film impedance and modifying electrode/electrolyte interface. In addition, Li2SiO3 retards the transition metal dissolution by consuming HF. Therefore, it enhances the electrochemical properties of the NCM622 cathode significantly. The highest discharge capacity increases to 191.7mAhg-1 by mixing Li2SiO3, compared with the value of 180mAhg-1 in the case of NCM622 cathode. The NCM622 electrode mixed with Li2SiO3 also exhibits a better capacity retention of 73.4% after 200 cycles and a high rate capability at 20C with the value of 89mAhg-1, in contrast with 62.2% and 31mAhg-1 attained in the NCM622 cathode.