batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Rethinking economy requires rethinking the relationship between economics and its object. The economy is a recent product of socio-technical practice, including the practice of academic economics. Previously, the term “economy” referred to ways of managing resources and exercising power. In the mid-twentieth century, it became an object of power and knowledge. Rival metrological projects brought the economy into being. The development of the modern electricity industry illustrates the kind of work involved. It required new technical processes, new forms of distribution, addressing, and monitoring, new forms of calculation that were simultaneously electrical, chemical, economic, and social. Analyses of how the economic is embedded in social ties or in cultural meanings cannot understand these intersecting projects. The projects that form the economy involve the work of economics. Economic knowledge does not represent the economy from some place outside. It participates in making sites where its facts can survive. The case of an economic research project on property rights in Peru illustrates how this happens. Economic facts were established in a world that was organized, through specific projects, such as the property titling programs of Hernando de Soto, to enable economic knowledge to be made. There is no simple divide between a virtual world of economic theory and a real world outside it. Every economic project involves multiple arrangements of the simulated and that to which it refers.
A novel copolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile-butyl acrylate) [P(MMA-AN-BA)], was designed for high-safety and high voltage lithium ion battery in this paper. The copolymer was synthesized by emulsion polymerization, the corresponding membrane was prepared through phase inversion method and the gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) were obtained by immersing the membranes into 1M LiPF6 liquid electrolyte. The performances of the copolymer, the membranes and its GPEs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, mechanical stability, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyzer, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and charge/discharge test. The results show that the copolymer is obtained through opening the double bonds CC of its monomers. The mechanical strength and thermal stability of PE separator are promoted by coating the developed copolymer. The PE-supported and copolymer coated membranes exhibit homogeneous and interconnected pore structure, which helps to present the highest ionic conductivity of 1.70×10−3 Scm−1 for the corresponding GPE at room temperature. The GPE is electrochemically stable up 5V, and shows the acceptable cyclic and rate performance when used in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode. The high performance of GPE assures the practical application of high voltage cathode in lithium ion battery.
The article compiles and analyses sample data for toxic components removed from waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE) from more than 30 recycling companies in Switzerland over the past ten years. According to European and Swiss legislation, toxic components like batteries, capacitors and printed wiring boards have to be removed from WEEE. The control bodies of the Swiss take back schemes have been monitoring the activities of WEEE recyclers in Switzerland for about 15years. All recyclers have to provide annual mass balance data for every year of operation. From this data, percentage shares of removed batteries and capacitors are calculated in relation to the amount of each respective WEEE category treated. A rationale is developed, why such an indicator should not be calculated for printed wiring boards. The distributions of these de-pollution indicators are analysed and their suitability for defining lower threshold values and benchmarks for the depollution of WEEE is discussed. Recommendations for benchmarks and threshold values for the removal of capacitors and batteries are given.
Cubic and star-shaped CaSnO3 particles with a perovskite structure were synthesized successfully using a simple hydrothermal method at a low temperature of 140 °C. The structure and morphology of the CaSnO3 powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of the CaSnO3 as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries were tested by constant current discharge/charge and cyclic voltammetry. The large irreversible capacity in the initial cycle was similar to that of tin oxide, due to the decomposition of tin oxide into metallic tin and Li2O, followed by a reversible Li–Sn formation. The reversible capacity of the cubic CaSnO3 was 382 mAh g−1 in the first cycle and was maintained at 365 mAh g−1 in the following cycles. The cubic CaSnO3 particles had a higher reversible capacity than the star-shaped CaSnO3 particles and retained a capacity of about 365 mAh g−1 after 60 cycles as well as good cycle stability, showing potential as attractive anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. It is found that the particle shape had a marked effect on electrochemical performance.
A new asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was fabricated using flower like α-Bi2O3as negative and bio-waste derived activated carbon (AC) as positive electrodes with Li2SO4as electrolyte. Here, the fabricated ASC was operated over the potential range of 0-1.6V and evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvano static charge-discharge (GCD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cycle life. Further to improve the performance of ASC, KI was used as electrolyte redox additive with pristine (Li2SO4) electrolyte due to their possible redox reactions of iodine ions. Remarkably, a nearly threefold improved specific capacitance and energy density of 99.5 F g−1and 35.4 Wh kg−1respectively was achieved by adding of KI into Li2SO4 electrolyte, while it was only 29 F g−1and 10.2 Wh kg−1for pristine (Li2SO4) electrolyte used ASC at 1.5mAcm−2.
The growing use of mass customization necessitates an understanding of consumers' evaluations of mass customization platforms. We hypothesize that consumers' objective and subjective knowledge of the customized product moderate the influence of idiosyncratically evaluated (i.e., personalizable) attributes on satisfaction with a customization platform. Consistent with our theoretical framework, results from three experiments show that offering greater variety in idiosyncratically evaluated attribute options increases consumers' satisfaction to a greater extent for: (1) novices than experts (2) consumers with more subjective knowledge, and (3) miscalibrated consumers whose subjective knowledge does not match their objective knowledge, than calibrated consumers whose subjective and objective knowledge match.
Combining experimental and computational techniques can provide a better understanding of surface film formation processes that occur in the lithium-ion battery. In this paper, we show that this joint approach can provide a mechanistic understanding of the effect of oxygen in the reduction of propylene carbonate (PC). We perform FTIR analysis, inside a glove box, after conducting linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) from an open-circuit voltage (OCV) to selected potential regions; subtraction between two successive IR spectra has been made to identify the reduction products formed within each potential range. FTIR analysis in the potential range from OCV to −0.1 V, in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, confirm the formation of solvated Li2CO3 and (PC)2LiOC(O)OCH(CH3)CH2OLi(PC) due to PC reduction. Our experimental results and DFT calculations suggest that in the potential range from OCV to 1.6 V, PC, in the presence of O2, can easily decompose by the superoxide ion through a nucleophilic attack at the ethereal carbon atom.
The microcrystalline flaked graphites SFG6 and SFG44 were evaluated with regard to their compatibility with propylene carbonate (PC) by in situ Raman microscopy and postmortem scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study. PC is employed as electrolyte component in lithium-ion batteries. However, when used with certain types of graphitic materials, exfoliation occurs. To compare the effects of exfoliation, the first lithium insertion properties of these graphitic materials were measured with in situ Raman microscopy. Lithium half-cells containing either 1M LiClO4 1:1 (w/w) ethylene carbonate (EC):dimethyl carbonate (DMC) or 1:1 (w/w) EC:PC were investigated. The commencement of the exfoliation process was detected in SFG44 EC:PC by the appearance of a shoulder band at 1597cm−1 on the G-band (1584cm−1) below 0.9V versus Li/Li+. The band (assigned as the exfoliation or E-band) at higher wavenumbers (1597cm−1) corresponded to solvated lithium ions intercalated into graphite. The in situ Raman spectra of SFG6 in EC:DMC or EC:PC and SFG44 in EC:DMC did not show the E-band and instead displayed regular lithium intercalation spectra. In situ Raman microscopy and SEM were further employed to study the exfoliation process observed for SFG44 in 1:1 (w/w) EC:PC, when the potential was held under steady-state conditions at 0.8, 0.6 and 0.3V, respectively. A blue-shift in the E-band from 1597 to 1607cm−1 was observed as the potential was lowered. SEM images showed dissimilar degrees of exfoliation at these three potentials.
Advanced paternal age (APA) is a risk factor for several neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism and schizophrenia. The potential mechanisms conferring this risk are poorly understood. Here, we show that the personality traits schizotypy and neuroticism correlated with paternal age in healthy subjects (N = 677). Paternal age was further positively associated with gray matter volume (VBM, N = 342) in the right prefrontal and the right medial temporal cortex. The integrity of fiber tracts (DTI, N = 222) connecting these two areas correlated positively with paternal age. Genome-wide methylation analysis in humans showed differential methylation in APA individuals, linking APA to epigenetic mechanisms. A corresponding phenotype was obtained in our rat model. APA rats displayed social-communication deficits and emitted fewer pro-social ultrasonic vocalizations compared to controls. They further showed repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, together with higher anxiety during early development. At the neurobiological level, microRNAs miR-132 and miR-134 were both differentially regulated in rats and humans depending on APA. This study demonstrates associations between APA and social behaviors across species. They might be driven by changes in the expression of microRNAs and/or epigenetic changes regulating neuronal plasticity, leading to brain morphological changes and fronto-hippocampal connectivity, a network which has been implicated in social interaction.
Nickel–aluminum layered double hydroxide/carbon (Ni–Al LDH/C) composites have been fabricated using a mixed solution of {Al(NO3)3·9H2O and H3BO3} as fluoride scavengers in the liquid phase deposition (LPD) process. The amount of divalent Ni2+ substituted by trivalent Al3+ within the lattice of α-Ni(OH)2 was controlled by the concentration of Al(NO3)3·9H2O solution. X-ray diffraction studies reveal pure phase Ni–Al LDH, isostructural and isomorphic to α-Ni(OH)2 with higher interlayer distance. The electrochemical properties of the cathode materials containing 0, 8.6, 13.8, 17.8, 21.3 and 23.4 Al% were evaluated by the means of charge–discharge and cyclic voltammetry measurements. The overall comparison indicates that Ni–Al LDH/C composites have higher electrochemical performance than pure α-Ni(OH)2/C composite. The cathode with 17.8 Al% exhibits the best performance at 1C compared to other Al3+ contents; a much lower voltage plateau, well separated from the oxygen evolution at the end of the charging as well as a single flat and high discharge plateau with a discharge capacity of 376.9mAhgcomp −1. Short term durability test for 80 cycles showed that the electrode containing 13.8 Al% has the highest discharge rate at 2C. The range of Al substitution 13.8–17.8 Al% provides a good electrochemical response.
A criterion has been found for determination of the factor limiting the discharge of the lead dioxide plate. When on discharge with moderate currents, an arrest or a shoulder appears between 1.0 and 0.7 V (vs. Hg/HgSO4 electrode) in the potential transient, then the charging potential transient features a peak at the beginning of the curve. The capacity is limited by the interface. The life cycle of the battery is short. This phenomenon is known as PCL effect. When a broad maximum occurs in the potential transient on charge, this indicates that the electrode capacity is limited by zones of high resistance in positive active mass (PAM) near the interface. The capacity is determined by the lead dioxide active mass. It has been established that the life of the positive plate is proportional to the current density during the initial charge stage. A sol–gel–crystal mechanism of the charge processes is proposed to explain this effect of fast charge on electrode life. The high rate of the electrochemical reaction leads to high oversaturations of the Pb(OH)4 sol and to fast formation of gel–crystal PbO(OH)2/PbO2 particles, which not only form new agglomerates tightly connected to the PAM skeleton, but also fill in and improve the contacts between the agglomerates. The latter process has the effect of “welding” of the PAM skeleton. Moreover, the higher concentration of the Pb(OH)4 sol affects the macro- and microstructure of the PAM, which in turn has an influence on the electrochemical reaction. Impedance measurements have evidenced different values of the electron transfer resistance in electrodes charged at high and low currents.
A novel strategy for the development of high energy density supercapacitors (SC) is explored. The new devices contain two electrolytes that are different in nature, an aqueous electrolyte in one half-cell and an ionic liquid in the other. These systems, referred to as biliquid SCs, make it possible to combine the best electrode/electrolyte in terms of individual electrode capacitance and cathodic/anodic stability limits. Furthermore, other asymmetries that combine different electrodes, electrolytes and storage mechanisms can be incorporated. Synchronous cyclic chronopotenciometry was used to monitor the performance of these novel complex systems. It is expected that this approach will help scientists working in this field to develop new devices that overcome the energy density limitations of current SCs, thereby extending the scope of their application.
Bullying and peer victimization are stressful experiences for youth, and are associated with increased risk for psychopathology. Physiological differences in the body’s stress response system may help us to understand vulnerability for depressive symptoms among youth involved with bullying. The current study examined both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity using skin conductance (SCL) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) at a neutral baseline and during Cyberball, a stressful social exclusion paradigm. Participants consisted of 175 youth in grades 6–11 (mean age 13.6 years, 51% girls). Multilevel modeling was used to examine changes in both positive and negative affect, and physiological stress reactivity over time. Logistic regression was used to examine the associations between bullying, victimization, and RSA on depressive symptoms. Peer victimization was negatively associated with resting RSA. Bullying others was negatively associated with SCL during Cyberball. Additionally, RSA reactivity during acute stress moderated the link between victimization and depressive symptoms. Victimization was more strongly associated with depressive symptoms when youth also demonstrated blunted RSA reactivity. These results suggest that both victimized youth and those who bully others have differences in their autonomic responses to acute stress. Individual differences in stress physiology may help us to understand vulnerability and resilience to depressive symptoms in the context of bullying and victimization.
Supercapacitors (SCs) are attracting considerable research interest as high-performance energy storage devices that can contribute to the rapid growth of low-power electronics (e.g., wearable, portable electronic devices) and high-power military applications (e.g., guided missile techniques and highly sensitive naval warheads). The performance of SCs can be assessed in terms of the electrochemical properties determined through a combination between the electrode and the electrolyte materials. Likewise, the charge storage capacities of SCs can be affected significantly by selection of such materials (e.g., via surface redox mechanisms). Enormous efforts have thus been put to make them more competitive with existing options for energy storage such as rechargeable batteries. This article reviews recent advances in SC technology with respect to charge storage mechanisms, electrode materials, electrolytes (e.g., particularly paper/fiber-like 3D porous structures), and their practical applications. The challenges and opportunities associated with the commercialization of SCs are also discussed.
A modification of the conventional Damascene metallization process is described whereby selective removal of the thin wetting/seed layer from the sidewalls and free surfaces enables selective nucleation and bottom-up electrodeposition of metals and alloys in recessed surface features. The process is demonstrated by filling sub-micrometer trenches with electrodeposited Ni. A conventional PVD Cu seed layer is etched to remove Cu from the sidewalls and free surface while leaving a continuous Cu wetting layer intact on the trench bottom. The underlying non-wetting barrier layer provides a conductive path for electrodeposition from contacts on the perimeter of the work piece to the trench bottom. The robustness of the bottom-up Ni electrodeposition process is greatly increased by the addition of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) to the plating bath. The additive hinders spurious nucleation of Ni on residual Cu patches that may remain on the free surface.
Nanocrystalline Li[Li0.26Ni0.11Mn0.63]O2 were easily prepared by using Ni0.15Mn0.85(OH)2 and Li2CO3 as precursors and KCl as melt-salt for the high capacity materials of Li-ion storage. The obtained nanoparticles showed same morphology of polygonal shape and the particle size distribution increased with increasing sinter temperature. The Li[Li0.26Ni0.11Mn0.63]O2 electrode sintered at 800°C for 12h exhibits a reversible capacity of more than 300 mAh g−1 at 0.1C rate between 2V and 4.8V and the capacity retention remains 86% and 90% after 90 cycles at the rate of 0.5C and 1C, respectively. These superior electrochemical performances are discussed in detail and ascribed to the low dimension and well-crystallized particles. The low dimension provides a short diffusion path and fast transport channels for the lithium ion insertion/extraction reactions and the well-crystallized structure restrains the elimination of oxide ion vacancies and metal ions rearrangement during charge–discharge cycling.
Indium tin oxide (ITO) nanowires array was used as current collector and building block for polyaniline based supercapacitor. Thin polyaniline coating was deposited on the nanowires and resulted in the formation of polyaniline ITO coaxial nanowires. This hybrid heterostructure design improved the specific capacitance, rate capability, and cycling stability of the supercapacitor electrode. Good conductivity harnessed by these directly grown ITO nanowires is useful to improve the charge transport during the charge discharge processes which were confirmed by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement. Electrochemical test in 1M H2SO4 at 4Ag−1 delivered specific capacitance as high as 738Fg−1. In addition, sub-micron size of the intercoaxial nanowires spacing ensures the fast penetration of electrolyte ions which resulted in the superior rate capability (98% capacitance retention when applied current was varied from 4 to 25Ag−1). The capacitance retention is significantly higher as compared to other polyaniline composite electrodes and it is one of the best reported performances to date for polyaniline based supercapacitor electrodes. This work illustrates a promising platform that can be adopted for other redox nanocomposite materials while reaping the benefit as low cost and binder free electrode material for supercapacitor application.
Mn3O4/graphene nanocomposites were synthesized by mixing graphene suspension in ethylene glycol with MnO2 organosol, followed by subsequent ultrasonication processing and heat treatment. The as-prepared product consists of nanosized Mn3O4 particles homogeneously distributed on graphene nanosheets, which has been confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Atomic force microscope analysis further identified the distribution of dense Mn3O4 nanoparticles on graphene nanosheets. When used as electrode materials in supercapacitors, Mn3O4/graphene nanocomposites exhibited a high specific capacitance of 175Fg−1 in 1M Na2SO4 electrolyte and 256Fg−1 in 6M KOH electrolyte, respectively. The enhanced supercapacitance of Mn3O4/graphene nanocomposites could be ascribed to both electrochemical contributions of Mn3O4 nanoparticles, functional groups attached to graphene nanosheets, and significantly increased specific surface area.
Chelonian sea turtles use their lung as a buoyancy organ and as the major oxygen store when diving, and hence, buoyancy regulation and oxygen consumption can be expected to interact. The buoyancy of seven juvenile loggerhead turtles, Caretta caretta, was determined by measuring directly their underwater weight (M uw) while they were resting on a freely suspended weighing platform at a depth of 80 cm. Underwater weight was recorded continuously for 2 days for each turtle, followed by another 2 days measurements during which the turtles carried lead weights attached to their carapace, and finally, a last day of measurement after the weights had been removed. Total duration of resting dives (t r), buoyancy (F B), total resulting force acting on the resting turtle (F res) and body volumes were derived from the M uw data. Turtles were slightly negatively buoyant when resting (F res=−0.2943 to −0.981 N kg−1) and M uw increased significantly throughout each apnoeic period, meaning that the turtles progressively lost buoyancy. Pulmonary gas loss was calculated from the rate at which buoyancy decreased, which was significantly slower during the first half of the dive than during the second half of the dive. Resting oxygen consumption rates (V O2 ) were calculated from these data assuming that the pulmonary gas loss represents oxygen consumption from the lung. The V O2 obtained in this way (1.69–4.86 ml O2 min−1) corresponded well with other published and V O2 measured previously on loggerhead turtles in the same facility. Using oxygen from the lung affects buoyancy and may have impacts on the diving behaviour.