batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Organolead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show great promise as a new large-scale and cost-competitive photovoltaic technology. Power conversion efficiencies over 15% to 19% have been achieved within 18 to 24 months of development, and thus perovskite materials have attracted great attention in photovoltaic research. However, the manufacture of PSCs raises environmental concerns regarding the over-production of raw lead ore, which has harmful health and ecological effects. Herein, we report an environmentally responsible process to fabricate efficient PSCs by reusing car batteries to simultaneously avoid the disposal of toxic battery materials and provide alternative, readily available lead sources for PSCs. Perovskite films, assembled using materials sourced from either recycled battery materials or high-purity commercial reagents, show the same material characteristics (i.e., crystallinity, morphology, optical absorption, and photoluminescence properties) and identical photovoltaic performance (i.e., photovoltaic parameters and resistances of electron recombination), indicating the practical feasibility of recycling car batteries for lead-based PSCs.
MoS2-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites were synthesized via a facile microwave assisted reduction of graphene oxide in MoS2 precursor solution and subsequent annealing in N2/H2 atmosphere at 800°C for 2h. Their morphology, structure and electrochemical performance were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The MoS2-RGO composites with different RGO loadings were applied as anode materials of sodium ion batteries (SIBs) and they exhibit a maximum reversible specific capacity of about 305mAhg−1 at a current density of 100mAg−1 after 50 cycles and excellent rate performance. The results demonstrate that MoS2-RGO could be a potential electrode material for rechargeable SIBs.
Wired and wireless access networks continue to evolve toward higher-capacity, multi-service systems. Recent wireless broadband networks such as 3G LTE and WiMax provide a general-purpose IP platform with over-the-top services at the application layer, which is similar to the design of wired IP platform networks. This paper examines whether wired and wireless access networks are likely to converge on a common architecture, or if not, whether wireless networks are likely to converge on a common wireless architecture. We conclude that the answer to both questions is No. We identify fundamental and persistent differences between wired and wireless networking that will propel wired and wireless access network architectures on divergent evolutionary paths. Whereas we expect wired broadband access networks to continue to evolve toward a common general-purpose platform architecture, we expect wireless networks to remain heterogeneous. The inherent scarcity of radio frequency spectrum emerges as the key reason for this prediction. We examine the implications of divergent evolutionary paths for market structure and regulatory policy.
Microstructural characteristics of passive films on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) lithiated in siloxane-based electrolytes dissolving lithium bis(oxalato) borate (LiBOB) were analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the lithiated HOPG showed island-like deposition on the basal planes and film-like deposition on edge planes. X-ray spectroscopy revealed that the film-like deposition exhibited higher concentrations of Si and O than the island-like deposition. Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy of the siloxane-based electrolyte and the HOPG surface indicated consumption (decomposition) of LiBOB salt and bond breakage between the siloxane backbone and ethylene oxide side chain function groups. Based on FT-IR spectra from the lithiated graphite surface, the assigned function groups in the products included the flexible groups –Si–O– and –C–O–. These flexible function groups are expected to absorb the volumetric changes in graphite particles during lithiating and delithiating in an electrochemical cell, which will prevent continuous decomposition of siloxane electrolyte on the graphite surface.
With respect to cell-to-cell variation in battery packs for electric vehicles (EVs), the estimation of state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of battery systems remains a challenging problem that needs to be solved under the strict computational limitations of battery management system. This paper aims at proposing a stable and accurate SOC/SOH estimation framework for battery pack with multi-cells connected in series with passive balance control. First, the concepts of cell-level and pack-level state definitions, which clearly describe the relationship between the states of the battery cells and those of the battery pack, are introduced. Then a multi time-scale framework for estimating the SOC/SOH of pack is developed. Within the framework, the SOH values (slow dynamics) are estimated with long time interval, while the SOC (fast dynamics) is estimated in real-time. For the framework implementation, nonlinear predictive filter (NPF) is used as the estimation algorithm to provide accurate estimates of SOC and SOH. Finally, experiments are conducted on a battery pack under UDDS driving cycles to validate the performance of the proposed framework. The experimental validation indicates that the SOC and SOH of the battery pack can be accurately estimated using the proposed framework.
Rechargeable lithium-sulfur (Li−S) batteries are a significant energy-storage device owing to their eco-friendliness and high theoretical energy density. However, the shuttle effect of soluble polysulfides as well as the slow redox kinetics constrains the development of Li-S batteries. Herein, carbon nanodots-decorated alveolate N, O, S tridoped hierarchical porous carbon (a-NOSPC) material is synthesized via facile pyrolysis of tobacco stem. The coexistence of micropores, mesopores, and macropore in the hierarchical porous carbon are beneficial for physical accommodating/immobilizing active materials sulfur and rapid charge/ion transfer. Meanwhile, the N, O, S dopants provide rich electrocatalytic active site in chemical binding of polysulfides and their accelerated redox kinetics, thus guaranteeing high utilization on active materials. The resultant a-NOSPC/S cathode with an 2.7 mg cm−2 areal sulfur loading delivers a high reversible areal capacity of 2.90 mAh cm−2 at 0.1 C, maintaining 2.01 mAh cm−2 over 100 cycles, which is obviously superior to the most reported biochar-based electrodes. Our results provide an appealing avenue to the design of multifunctional sulfur host for advanced Li-S batteries.
We report the prevalence of celiac disease (CD) and its relationship with other autoimmune diseases and HLA haplotypes in a Bedouin kindred. Of 175 individuals sampled and typed for autoantibodies and HLA class II genotypes, six (3.4%) members had CD, and an additional 10 (5.7%) members tested positive for autoantibodies to transglutaminase (TgAA+). Several CD/TgAA+ relatives also had islet cell antigen or adrenal autoimmunity. Affected relatives are more closely related than expected from the pedigree relationships of all family members and were more often the offspring of consanguineous marriages. Individuals with CD or TgAA+ were enriched for DRB1*0301-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201, a haplotype previously reported as high risk for CD. There was also an increased frequency of DQB1*0201/DQB1*0201 homozygotes among affected relatives. We found no evidence that DRB1*0701-DQA1*0201-DQB1*0201/DRB1*11-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0301 is a high-risk genotype, consistent with other studies of Arab communities. In addition, a nonparametric linkage analysis of 376 autosomal markers revealed suggestive evidence for linkage on chromosome 12p13 at marker D12S364 (NPL = 2.009, p = 0.0098). There were no other significant results, including the HLA region or any other previously reported regions. This could reflect the reduced power of family-based linkage and association analyses in isolated inbred populations.
Li1+x V3O8 cathode materials for secondary Li batteries are prepared by freeze drying (FD) synthesis from aqueous solutions of NH4VO3 and various Li salts at different pH values. The polyanionic forms of vanadates in the FD products are significantly different from the ones existing in the starting solutions. The degree of VO3 − polymerization is influenced both by co-existing anion and by pH value of the starting solution. The appearance of NH4V3O8 among FD products promotes a faster formation of the crystallochemically similar LiV3O8 during the following solid state metathesis reaction. LiV3O8 powders obtained by the thermal decomposition of various FD precursors at 300–400°C demonstrate rather different micromorphologies and drastically dissimilar electrochemical properties. The best electrochemical performance is exhibited by poorly crystalline but faceted fine particles obtained by the thermal decomposition of nitrate-containing precursor.
This paper reports net concentrations of small ions (NCSI) monitored at 41 sites under overhead high voltage ac power lines in and around an urban environment. The net ionic polarity under power lines was of both signs but mostly positive and NCSI varied widely from 0 to 3300cm−3. Concomitant measurements of the vertical dc electric field at the ground confirmed the presence of a net positive charge above. Approximately, 19% of the sites exhibited relatively high NCSI exceeding 1000cm−3. The mean value of all the sites was 776cm−3. Statistically, the mean for the transmission voltage (220–330kV) line sites was significantly higher than that for the sub-transmission voltage (110–132kV) line sites with means of 905 and 501cm−3, respectively. These values were compared with the mean urban outdoor concentration well away from the lines which was about 400cm−3 and of negative polarity. Overall, NCSI at approximately 76% of the power line sites exceeded the absolute mean urban outdoor value. The dc electric fields under the power lines showed a statistically significant relationship to the measured NCSI, although there was considerable scatter to indicate that electric field measurements do not necessarily reflect NCSI in the air at ground level.
In this paper, the authors investigate a robust Integrated Optimal Design (IOD) devoted to a passive wind turbine system with electrochemical storage bank: this stand alone system is dedicated to rural electrification. The aim of the IOD is to find the optimal combination and sizing among a set of system components that fulfils system requirements with the lowest system Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). The passive wind system associated with the storage bank interacts with wind speed and load cycles. A set of small power passive wind turbines spread on a convenient power range (2–16kW) are obtained through an IOD process at the device level detailed in previous papers. The system cost model is based on data sheets for the wind turbines and related to battery cycles for the storage bank. From the range of wind turbines, a “system level” optimization problem is stated and solved using an exhaustive search. The optimization results are finally exposed and discussed through a sensitivity analysis in order to extract the most robust solution versus environmental data variations among a set of good solutions.
There is conflicting evidence regarding the presence and direction of gender differences in verbal memory capacity in schizophrenia. We examined gender differences in verbal memory performance in schizophrenia and their interactions with repeated assessments and psychiatric symptoms. California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) data were collected from 28 outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia. The CVLT was administered on five occasions, 3 months apart. CVLT data were examined using repeated measures analyses, using maximum likelihood estimates, with Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores at assessments 1–5 as a time-varying covariate. There were significant main effects of time and gender, with scores improving over time, and women performing better than men. There was also a significant time by gender interaction. The BPRS covariate effect was not significant. Results are discussed in terms of implications for gender-informed approaches to rehabilitation treatments.
Porous hollow glass microspheres have many uses, including porosity enhancers for lead-acid batteries. A fast, facile and high yield synthetic method for fabricating porous hollow glass microspheres with diameters around 45–55μm is demonstrated. The process involves shaking commercially available hollow glass microspheres in dilute hydrofluoric acid for 20min. This process yielded two pore morphologies by using different commercially available starting materials; sponge-like submicron pores etched from S38 microspheres, and straight through micron pore etched from K25. Yields were 33% and 40%, respectively. The simplicity of the reported fabrication technique has the potential to be scaled up for large scale production.
Bis(oxlate)borate anion (BOB−) has high reduction potential for 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imdazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIBF4) and forms solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on lithium (Li) metal surface. The addition of BOB− may make possible the use of EMIBF4 for Li metal battery. The electrochemical properties of ionic liquids containing EMIBF4 were analyzed. We investigated the stability of LiBOB/EMIBF4 and LiBF4/EMIBF4 electrolyte for Li metal and the performance of Li/MnO2 batteries with the electrolytes by 1H NMR, ac impedance spectra and the electrochemical method. From the 1H NMR spectra, LiBOB/EMIBF4 was stable for Li metal and LiBF4/EMIBF4 was reduced on the surface of Li metal. The discharge capacity of MnO2 cathode with LiBOB/EMIBF4 was 235mAhg−1. Li metal plating and stripping and Li–Al alloying reaction were reversible in LiBOB/EMIBF4. Charge–discharge reaction of Li–Al alloy in LiBOB/EMIBF4 had a high coulomb efficiency. The coulomb efficiency at 1st cycle was 86% and the efficiency at 5th cycle was up to 94%.
One-dimensional graphene fibers have attracted increasing interests due to their extraordinary mechanical strength, electrical conductivity and flexibility compared with two-dimensional graphene films/papers and three-dimensional foams/hydrogels/aerogels. Here, we developed a scalable non-liquid-crystal spinning process for the production of continuous graphene fibers with tailored structure for high-performance wearable supercapacitors. These fibers possessed surfaces with bark-like fine microstructure and different shaped cross-sections with locally aligned dense pores, depending on the jet stretch ratio ( R ) during spinning. Owing to this unique structure facilitating the access to, and diffusion of electrolyte ions, the specific capacitance reached 279Fg−1 (340Fcm−3) at a current density of 0.2Ag−1 (0.244Acm−3) in 1M H2SO4 when R =1.0. A flexible solid-state fiber supercapacitor assembled from these fibers showed a specific capacitance and energy density of 226Fcm−3 and 7.03mWhcm−3 at 0.244Acm−3, respectively. We further demonstrated the proof-of-concept of wearable energy-storage by sewing three solid-state yarn supercapacitors in series into a textile, which was able to power a light-emitting diode for more than 5min after being charged. This non-liquid-crystal spinning strategy could be extended to the assembly of other two-dimensional nanomaterials into macroscopic fibers for applications in micro-devices, wearable electronics and smart textile.
The utilization of bio-mass waste as valuable materials is of strategic importance to our future. Here, a simple and inexpensive metal-free catalyst was synthesised by employing the bio-waste reed as the single precursor for both carbon (C) and silicon (Si). Interestingly, after the treatment with NH3, the Si element in reed became very active for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. The degree of NH3-treatment has a big effect on its ORR performance. Impressively, the onset potential of the optimized sample reaches up to ~1.00 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode), the half-wave potential is 0.89 V, and it also shows longer term stability for ORR as compared to commercial Pt/C. Moreover, this reed waste derived Si-N-C metal-free catalyst exhibits excellent performance as an air cathode for a Zn-air battery device. The coexistence of Si and N is essential for the high ORR activity. DFT calculation corroborated this conclusion by indicating that the Si-N structure is essential for the high activity. These new findings will not only open an avenue for the rational design of highly active ORR electrocatalysts, but also symbolize an exciting area for sustainable and low-cost materials for advanced clean energy applications.
This paper presents a microcontroller-based, on-line battery state-of-charge (SOC) estimator, and monitoring system for sealed lead–acid batteries, used as back-up power supplies in various applications. The proposed SOC estimation system consists of a combination of the discharge time versus discharge rate data given in manufacturers’ data sheets, and coulometric measurements. Battery SOC monitoring tests have been carried out under both constant and dynamic load conditions, and for alternate charge–discharge cycles of lead–acid batteries of different capacities, and for different operating temperatures. The test results have shown that a very good accuracy in the estimation of available capacity is obtained for various practical operating conditions. Changes in battery characteristics which occur due to ageing are also taken into account by estimating the actual capacity of the battery, and adopting the corresponding recharacterization of the aged lead–acid cells.
By potentiodynamic polarization in saturated aqueous NaNO3 solution, the composite LiFePO4/C was transformed completely to NaFePO4/C composite. The voltammograms of sodiated olivine were successfully recorded at the rate for two order of magnitude higher than reported for the same material in organic electrolyte. A high storage capacity amounting to 118 mAh g−1 at a scan rate of 10 mV s−1 was measured. The diffusion coefficients have been calculated via cyclic voltammetry and faster diffusion of sodium in comparison to lithium was found. This finding was confirmed also with the impedance measurements. The presence of dissolved oxygen in the electrolyte did not disturb the electrochemical behaviour of this composite material.
Refining phenotypes for the study of neuropsychiatric disorders is of paramount importance in neuroscience. Poor phenotype definition provides the greatest obstacle for making progress in disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and autism. Using freely available informatics tools developed by the Consortium for Neuropsychiatric Phenomics (CNP), we provide a framework for defining and refining latent constructs used in neuroscience research and then apply this strategy to review known genetic contributions to memory and intelligence in healthy individuals. This approach can help us begin to build multi-level phenotype models that express the interactions between constructs necessary to understand complex neuropsychiatric diseases. These results are available online through the http://www.phenowiki.org database. Further work needs to be done in order to provide consensus-building applications for the broadly defined constructs used in neuroscience research.
A dynamic model for a stand-alone renewable energy system with hydrogen storage (RESHS) is developed. In this system, surplus energy available from a photovoltaic array and a wind turbine generator is stored in the form of hydrogen, produced via an electrolyzer. When the energy production from the wind turbine and the photovoltaic array is not enough to meet the load demand, the stored hydrogen can then be converted by a fuel cell to produce electricity. In this system, batteries are used as energy buffers or for short time storage. To study the behavior of such a system, a complete model is developed by integrating individual sub-models of the fuel cell, the electrolyzer, the power conditioning units, the hydrogen storage system, and the batteries (used as an energy buffer). The sub-models are valid for transient and steady state analysis as a function of voltage, current, and temperature. A comparison between experimental measurements and simulation results is given. The model is useful for building effective algorithms for the management, control and optimization of stand-alone RESHSs.
A novel tucked flower-like SnS2/Co3O4 structure is synthesized by growing Co3O4 in the gaps between petals of SnS2 microflowers through a facile solution method. In our strategy, the petals of the flowers are curled inwards due to the swelling force resulting from growth of Co3O4, resulting in the encapsulation of Co3O4 with the SnS2 petals forming a coating structure. The SnS2/Co3O4 composite displays greatly improved performance in comparison with pure SnS2. After 100 cycles, an outstanding reversible capacity of ∼715mAhg−1 with negligible capacity fading is achieved at current density of 100mAg−1 for SnS2/Co3O4. What is more, the SnS2/Co3O4 exhibits excellent rate capability, and a reversible capacity of up to ∼530mAhg−1 is obtained, even at a current density as high as 1000mAg−1. The morphology of tucked flower-like petals and the introduction of the secondary structure of Co3O4 are suggested to be responsible for the improved lithium storage capacity of the composite. The as-prepared SnS2/Co3O4 shows promise as a potential anode material for Li-ion batteries due to its simple synthesis method and large capacity.
Growing interest has been focused on the development of lithium salts with fluorine atoms and on their application to electric vehicles. We have investigated the electrolytic properties of lithium tris[3-fluoro-1,2-benzenediolato(2-)-O,O′]phosphate (3-FLTBP) and lithium tris[1,2-benzenediolato(2-)-O,O′]phosphate (LTBP) and the discharge characteristics of prototype Li/V2O5 cells containing ethylene carbonate (EC)-based chain carbonate or EC-based tetrahydrofuran (THF) binary solutions. The introduction of fluorine atoms into a chelatophosphate anion can lead to an increase of conductivity in spite of the enhanced viscosity. Furthermore, we report the coulombic efficiency of the deposition/dissolution cycling for a lithium metal (cycling efficiency of a lithium anode) and the morphology of passivating films formed on a Ni electrode surface in the EC-chain carbonate and the EC–THF binary systems. The addition of a small amount of the 3-FLTBP to EC-based chain carbonate binary solutions containing LiPF6 improves the cycling efficiency. When the cycling efficiency becomes higher, it is found by scanning electron microscope (SEM) that the surface film consists of grains of regular size and that the thickness is relatively thin.