batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A comparative study on the sodium-ion insertion and extraction of commercially-available multi-wall and single-wall carbon nanotubes is reported. Single-wall carbon nanotubes exhibit charge/discharge capacities of 126 mA h g−1 and multi-wall carbon nanotubes produce a lower capacity of 28 mA h g−1 after 50 cycles at 25 mA g−1. To understand these differences, a combination of X-ray diffraction and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance measurements were performed at various states of sodium insertion and extraction.23Na nuclear magnetic resonance studies, a technique previously rarely used for characterising electrodes from sodium-ion batteries, shows differences in the sodium chemical environment near multi-wall compared to single-wall carbon nanotubes with distinct sodium sites found to be active during sodium insertion and extraction for the carbon nanotubes. Both types of carbon nanotubes show a similar amount of reversible sodium available for insertion/extraction reactions, but multi-wall carbon nanotubes feature half the initial insertion capacity relative to single-wall carbon nanotubes. The electrochemical performance of the carbon nanotube electrodes are discussed in relation to the observed mechanism of sodium insertion.
Background The clinical features of patients with upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) have previously been compared to patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). No data regarding differences between patients with primarysnoring (PS) or patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea without daytime sleepiness (OSAH) are available. We conducted a study to investigate clinical features of UARS, comparing them to those in patients with PS, OSAH, and OSAHS. Methods Retrospective chart analysis of 157 patients with PS, 424 patients with UARS, 562 patients with OSAH, and 1610 patients with OSAHS seen in two sleep disorders clinics between 1996 and 2006. All patients had a diagnostic polysomnography (PSG) and a comprehensive clinical history taken by board-certified sleep specialists. Results PS and UARS patients were significantly younger, less overweight and had lower weight gain during the past 5years. The female-to-male ratio was highest in the UARS group. UARS patients had significantly less stage non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) 1 and NREM 2 and significantly more NREM 3 and NREM 4 sleep than OSAH and OSAHS patients. Arousal indices between PS/UARS and OSAH/OSAHS patients were significantly lower, with no significant difference within these diagnostic categories. Patients with UARS presented the highest degree of subjective impairment. Conclusions UARS patients share some clinical features of patients with OSAHS and PS, although these two groups differ in their presentation of clinical sleepiness. Patients with UARS were most impaired in terms of their daily functioning and perception of sleep quality. This finding could not be corroborated by objective measures.
Herein, we report preparation of a novel ordered mesoporous carbon/reduced tungsten oxide nanocomposite by post-addition into the ordered mesoporous carbon prepared by triconstituent co-assembly method. The as-prepared composite material is characterized using various analysis methods and nitrogen sorption isotherms, which reveal that small mesopores located within pore wall are selectively filled by tungsten oxide and also reduced tungsten oxide crystals with size of 6 nm are uniformly dispersed in the carbon matrix. Hence, our prepared nanocomposite possesses an ordered pore structure optimized for fast electrolyte transport and highly accessible charge storage sites. When applied as supercapacitor electrode, it exhibits a high volumetric capacity (125Fcm−3), an excellent rate capability (79%) and capacitance increase after long-term cycles (113%).
With the integrating sphere device, in situ UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectra were obtained for the deintercalation process of a lithiated petroleum coke electrode. In the lowest frequency region studied the reflectance was found to increase with increasing lithium content, whereas little change was seen in the π–π* transition region. According to a simplified simulation, the spectral changes are thought to be associated mainly with the change of the number of free charge carrier electrons.
In this paper we reported for the first time the electrochemical behavior of thiolate-based solutions (RSMgCl)n-AlCl3/THF (R=4-methyl-benzene, p-isopropylbenzene, 4-methoxybenzene, n=1-2), formed from the reaction between RSMgCl and AlCl3 in THF, as electrolyte for rechargeable magnesium batteries. The solutions were characterized in term of conductivity, anodic stability, and reversibility of magnesium deposition and dissolution. Furthermore, the compatibility of the solutions with Mo6S8 cathode material was verified. Simple preparation, high cycling reversibility, moderate anodic stability, air insensitive character and the reversible electrochemical process of Mg intercalation into Mo6S8 cathode indicate the feasible application as the electrolyte for rechargeable magnesium batteries.
Producing low–cost non–precious metal catalysts in large scales to be used as air–cathodes for efficient oxygen reduction and evolution reactions in Li–O2 batteries is a demanding task. Herein, we report a simple technique for the synthesis of a carbide composite comprising molybdenum and tungsten with a robust nanowire structure. When applied as an air–cathode electrocatalyst in Li–O2 batteries, the nanowire composite delivered high specific discharge capacity with reversibility and cyclability. This work provides a novel approach for tailoring nano–architectures and thereby achieving high–power Li–air batteries.
Many biotelemetry studies seek to detect movement of organisms across reserve boundaries or between adjacent habitat areas. Our objective was to enhance this capability in studies of aquatic organisms that are tagged with acoustic transmitters and tracked by passive data loggers. We installed an experimental shroud on a commercially available telemetry receiver. The shroud was designed to baffle incoming signals from transmitters along one hemisphere of the receiver and therefore more conclusively determine which side of a boundary line that a tagged organism occupies.
Dye-sensitized solar cells are an increasingly promising alternative to conventional silicon solar cells as a method of converting solar energy to electricity and thus providing an effectively inexhaustible energy source. However, the most efficient of these devices currently utilize liquid electrolytes, which suffer from the associated problems of leakage and evaporation. Hence, significant research is currently focused on the development of solid state alternatives. Here we report a new class of solid state electrolyte for these devices, organic ionic plastic crystal electrolytes, that allow relatively rapid diffusion of the redox couple through the matrix, which is critical to the cell performance. A range of different organic ionic plastic crystal materials, utilizing different cation and anion structures, have been investigated and the conductivities, diffusion rates and photovoltaic performance of the electrolytes are reported. The best material, utilizing the dicyanamide anion, achieves efficiencies of more than 5%.
We propose optimization strategies for cooperating households equipped with renewable energy assets and storage devices. We consider two system configurations: In the first configuration, households share access to an energy farm, where electricity is generated from renewable sources and stored in battery banks. In the second configuration, households are equipped with their own renewable energy sources and storage devices, and are allowed to share energy through the grid. The developed optimization model takes into account location and time-varying energy prices as well as energy transfer fees. To design our strategies, we first establish performance bounds, and compare the two configurations in terms of achievable savings and usability of renewable energy. Then, we devise real-time energy management algorithms by incorporating forecasting techniques in the proposed framework. Simulation results show that the proposed strategies outperform existing solutions by up to 10%. It is also shown that cooperative strategies outperform greedy approaches by up to 6.8%.
Supercapacitors (SCs) have high power density and exceptional durability. Progress has been made in their materials and chemistries, while extensive research has been carried out to address challenges of SC management. The potential engineering applications of SCs are being continually explored. This paper presents a review of SC modeling, state estimation, and industrial applications reported in the literature, with the overarching goal to summarize recent research progress and stimulate innovative thoughts for SC control/management. For SC modeling, the state-of-the-art models for electrical, self-discharge, and thermal behaviors are systematically reviewed, where electrochemical, equivalent circuit, intelligent, and fractional-order models for electrical behavior simulation are highlighted. For SC state estimation, methods for State-of-Charge (SOC) estimation and State-of-Health (SOH) monitoring are covered, together with an underlying analysis of aging mechanism and its influencing factors. Finally, a wide range of potential SC applications is summarized. Particularly, co-working with high energy-density devices constitutes hybrid energy storage for renewable energy systems and electric vehicles (EVs), sufficiently reaping synergistic benefits of multiple energy-storage units.
Thin film solar photovoltaic (PV) technology, especially installations based on cadmium-telluride PV cells (CdTe) are expected to play a major role in future expansion of the global installed base of solar power. India's National Solar Mission (JNNSM) is an ambitious program to bootstrap the Indian solar sector. JNNSM seeks to use solar energy to supply India's growing energy needs, help reduce India's reliance on imported fossil fuels, address social issues such as the need to provide access to basic electricity to India's rural population, and jump-start an indigenous solar manufacturing industry. Using a Monte Carlo approach to simulate combinations of future technology, policy, and market scenarios, we estimate the amount of Cd and Te needed for indigenous manufacture of CdTe solar modules using JNNSM targets as a benchmark for new capacity addition. We show that complete indigenous production of CdTe cells using Te recovered from Indian copper refining process is not feasible even if JNNSM were to succeed in its objective of developing indigenous capacity for advanced PV manufacturing technology.
This paper presents the stability evaluation of a Simulation–Stimulation (Sim–Stim) interface that integrates hardware to software to perform Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) studies for testing and developing electrical equipment. Modeling issues of such an interface are discussed and a practical Sim–Stim interface model whose parameters are sampling rate and time delay is developed for the theoretical evaluation of the stability. The developed Sim–Stim interface model is applied to a low power DC system and closed-loop stability of the resulting HIL system is studied analytically in terms of time delay and sampling rate. A prototype of Sim–Stim interface is designed and realized to validate theoretical stability results using HIL simulation.
The inherent chemical stability of NaTi2(PO4)3 in aqueous solutions with higher pH values, and resulting implications for using this material as an anode are explored. Scanning electron microscopy, x-ray powder diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate morphological, structural, and chemical changes for samples exposed to varying basic pHs at 25°C and 70°C. Significant structural degradation and precipitation of a secondary phase were observed in all samples prepared at 70°C along with 25°C samples exposed to more extreme pH solutions. Infrared spectroscopy results indicated a loss of phosphate from the precipitated material, while x-ray diffraction shows that the secondary phases were from the layered sodium titanate family. Cyclic voltammetry of the samples indicated some degree of capacity loss for all of the samples, while some showing features related to the observed secondary phase that has some electrochemical functionality. The implications of these results on the stability of NaTi2(PO4)3 in various electrolyte environments is discussed.
At present, the propulsion system of majority of vehicles on the road still depends upon the combustion of fuels to extract the energy. Combustion is a high-temperature exothermic reaction in which oxygen reacts with the fuel and produces gaseous bi product. The expansion of high-temperature, high-pressure gas inside the engine produces useful work to propel the automobile. Once useful mechanical work is done, harmful gases such as COx and NOx are released into the atmosphere. The major concern bothering the governments globally is climate change and greenhouse effect primarily caused by the emissions of CO2. As a result, the transportation sector is constantly looking for alternative sources of energy to replace the fossil fuel-based engines. At this point of time, Electric Vehicles (EV)/Hybrid EV (HEV) becomes the life savior, since they mainly run or conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy. The power source of the EV is the energy stored as chemical energy in Li-ion battery due to their inherent advantages such as lighter in weight, smaller in size, and low maintenance. Speaking about the Li-ion battery, battery management system (BMS) is an internal part of the battery pack. Therefore, this paper mainly focuses on the development of Simulink models of various battery technology and compare against each other. Also, to estimate the SOC as accurately as possible to balance the cells more efficiently, thereby storing significant amount of energy in the battery pack. This paper initially reviews the different battery packs for the Electric Vehicles (EV)/Hybrid EV (HEV), and later, a battery management system is proposed where the state-of-charge (SoC) is estimated accurately for different battery packs.
In this paper, we propose a novel fabrication for manganese monoxide and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (MnO/rGO), in which microemulsion is introduced to form a 3D architecture consisting of MnO nanoparticles embedded in reduced graphene oxide network. Physical characterizations from SEM, TEM, HRTEM, XPS, Raman, and XRD, indicate that MnO particles of about 230nm are formed and uniformly embedded in rGO. Charge and discharge tests demonstrate that the resulting MnO/rGO exhibits excellent performances as anode of lithium ion battery, delivering a reversible capacity of as high as 776mAhg−1 at 1000mAg−1 after 155 cycles and rate capacity of 306mAhg−1 at 6000mAg−1 when it is evaluated in a half cell with lithium as the counter electrode.
The electrochemical behaviour of a polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based composite polymer electrolyte are studied. The crystallinity of the PEO is suppressed by using a comb-shaped polymer to improve polymer chain mobility. An amorphous comb-shaped polymer, ‘TEC-24’, with a side-chain content of 24mol%, is designed and fine silica powder is dispersed within it to enhance the mechanical properties above the melting point. The composite polymer electrolyte has an ionic conductivity of 1.6×10−4 and 1.6×10−3 Scm−1 at 30 and 90°C, respectively, with an electrochemical stability window close to 5.0V, even at 80°C (versus Li/Li+). The polymer electrolyte is evaluated using CuS as a cathode material and shows better cycle performance than that obtained with a liquid electrolyte.
The synthesis of Si nanoparticles by ultrasonication processing of porous Si powder and a novel method for preparing a high-capacity Si/C composite using this technique is reported. The porous Si powder is prepared by selectively etching the silicide phase of a Ti24Si76 alloy consisting of Si and silicide phases. The particle size of the nanocrystalline Si is determined by the crystallite size of the Si and silicide phases in the alloy powder. Ultrasonication of the porous Si obtained from the mechanically alloyed Ti24Si76 alloy generates nanocrystalline Si particles of size about 5nm. Growth of the Si and silicide phases in the alloy is induced by annealing of the mechanically alloyed sample, with a consequent increase in the size of the Si particles obtained after ultrasonication. Application of the ultrasonication process to the fabrication of Si/C composite anode materials generates nanometer-scale Si particles in situ that are distributed in the matrix. Analysis of the phases obtained and evaluation of the distribution of the nanometer-scale Si particles in the composites via XRD/TEM measurements show that the nanometer-scale Si particles are effectively synthesized and uniformly distributed in the carbon matrix, leading to enhanced electrochemical performance of the Si/C composites.
Most inorganic solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) suffer from incompatibility with oxide cathode materials and instability in ambient air, presenting major barriers for their application in high performance all-solid-state batteries (ASSLBs). Herein, we report a rationally designed halide-based Li3InCl6 SSE with a high ionic conductivity of 1.49 × 10−3 S cm−1 (25 °C). The Li3InCl6 SSE is stable towards oxide cathode materials (e.g., LiCoO2) without any interfacial treatment. By applying the Li3InCl6 SSEs, significantly enhanced electrochemical performances are achieved in terms of capacity and durability. Experimental investigations reveal that the Li3InCl6 can avoid side reactions between the SSEs and the oxide cathode materials and thus effectively improve the Li+ migration across the interface. Moreover, Li3InCl6 is highly stable in ambient air and possesses good ionic conductivity retention after a reheating process, further making it an attractive electrolyte for next-generation ASSLBs.
Traditional air conditioning (AC) faces low energy efficiency and thermal comfort challenges. This study explores the integration of thermal energy storage (TES) containing a phase change material (PCM) with a conventional AC unit (PCM-AC) to meet the challenge. A PCM based TES device was designed and fabricated and an experimental system was established. Comparisons are made between AC and PCM-AC scenarios in terms of spatial temperature changes at the initial transient stage, spatial temperature fluctuations at the steady-state operations, relative humidity, coefficient of performance (COP), energy savings, and emergency ventilation/cooling. A developed model was used to simulate the room temperature fluctuations with and without PCM under the Matlab Simulink environment. The experimental results showed that, compared with the AC, the testing space temperature fluctuation of the PCM-AC was reduced significantly to ∼2.56 °C (compared with 4.31 °C for the AC case); the ON-OFF frequency of the compressor of the PCM-AC was reduced by 27%; the overall COP was increased by 19.05%; and the emergency ventilation/cooling time was prolonged by almost 9 times. The results also showed the potential of the use of PCM-AC to significantly narrow down the relative humidity fluctuations and hence the potential for enhancing the thermal comfort. The simulation results agree well with the experimental data. The economic analysis showed that the electrical cost of the PCM-AC could be reduced by ∼17.82%, leading to a payback period between 1.83 and 3.3 depending on the grade the PCM used and the scale of operations.
A Sn–Co–C composite is prepared by mechanochemical synthesis using tin powder and a cobalt–carbon composite through the pyrolysis of Co (III)-acetylacetonate. The composite is studied as an anode material for Li secondary batteries. The reaction mechanism is investigated using various analytical techniques. Although the composite is initially composed of Co3Sn2 as the major phase and CoSn2 as the minor one, the Co3Sn2 transformed into CoSn2 during the second cycle and remained in this form throughout the following cycles. The Sn–Co–C composite shows an excellent capacity retention of 435mAhg−1 over 100 cycles.
This year's World Filtration Congress (WFC) — The eighth in the series to be held so far — took place in Brighton, UK on 3–7 April 2000. It devoted more than four sessions to membrane technology, covering all major areas of research and development. In last month's issue of Membrane Technology we grouped together three presentations which looked at the way in which membrane technology can be used to treat drinking water, highly contaminated industrial waste-water, and liquid agricultural residues. This article ties together a further three presentations from the conference, which cover nanofiltration and reverse osmosis research.
Metal containing wastes/byproducts of various industries, used consumer goods, and municipal waste are potential pollutants, if not treated properly. They may also be important secondary resources if processed in eco-friendly manner for secured supply of contained metals/materials. Bio-extraction of metals from such resources with microbes such as bacteria, fungi and archaea is being increasingly explored to meet the twin objectives of resource recycling and pollution mitigation. This review focuses on the bio-processing of solid wastes/byproducts of metallurgical and manufacturing industries, chemical/petrochemical plants, electroplating and tanning units, besides sewage sludge and fly ash of municipal incinerators, electronic wastes (e-wastes/PCBs), used batteries, etc. An assessment has been made to quantify the wastes generated and its compositions, microbes used, metal leaching efficiency etc. Processing of certain effluents and wastewaters comprising of metals is also included in brief. Future directions of research are highlighted.
Tracking devices and bio-loggers provide crucial information on the ecology and behaviour of birds in their natural environment. An optimal tracking system should be lightweight, measure three-dimensional locations, enable flexible measurement schemes, transmit data remotely and measure environmental variables and biological parameters of the individual. Giving full consideration to the traits of birds and the constraints of technology, we have developed a GPS tracking system that attempts to achieve most of the aspirations of an optimal tracking system for free ranging birds without the need to recapture them. Here, we describe the design, performance and limitations of the system. We also present measurements on the tracked Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus to show how such a system can generate new opportunities for research at multiple scales. The GPS tracker weighs 12 g and includes a GPS receiver, micro-processor, 4 MB of memory for data storage, solar panel and battery. It has a tri-axial accelerometer to monitor behaviour. To maximize flexibility, it is equipped with a radio transceiver for bi-directional communication with a ground-based antenna network, which enables data to be downloaded and new measurement schemes to be uploaded remotely. The system facilitates a multi-scale approach to studying bird movement, from fine-scale movements (3-s measurement intervals) to long-distance migratory movements (intervals of 20–30 min) of the same individual. We anticipate that flexible tracking systems that enable researchers to optimize their measurement protocols will contribute to revolutionizing research on animal behaviour and ecology in the next decade.