batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Nocturnal singing in diurnal birds is poorly described in the literature and is not well understood. Most research has been limited to the documentation of the behavior, with little information regarding the patterns and function of nocturnal song. We used autonomous acoustic recording units and automated detection and classification algorithms to examine the seasonal and nocturnal patterns of song in the Field Sparrow, Spizella pusilla, a diurnal songbird. We used a generalized linear mixed model to investigate the patterns in the probability of recording each of the two song types described for the species (simple and complex) at night from 7938 10-min recordings from 14 different individuals singing in six different grassland patches. We fit different models investigating the influence of date within the season and time period during the night, and compared models using the Bayesian information criterion. Male Field Sparrows sang both simple and complex songs during the early stages of territory settlement and mate acquisition. However, as the breeding season progressed, we detected fewer instances of simple song, while the occurrence of complex song increased, reaching its peak during the height of reproductive activity. The seasonal pattern of simple and complex songs suggests that they may have a similar function at night and during the day, with simple songs used for inter-sexual interactions and complex songs used for intrasexual functions. Consequently, the role and function of nocturnal song may be more important for reproductive activities than previously assumed.
Currently, there is a number of impulse methods for evaluation of cells and batteries internal resistance. This work deals with the analysis and following calculation of diffusion process of cell. The study of the diffusion process is made after the end of the discharge/charging pulse when the electrochemical cells returns to equilibrium state.
Highly dispersed and ultrafine palladium–phosphorus (Pd–P) nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared with a novel phosphorus reduction method. The structural and electronic properties of Pd–P NPs are characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrooxidation of formic acid on Pd–P NPs are investigated by using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and CO-stripping measurements. The physical characterizations indicate the doped P element can enhance the content of Pd0 species in Pd NPs, decrease the particle size and improve the dispersion of Pd–P NPs. The electrochemical measurements show the Pd–P NPs have a better catalytic performance for formic acid electrooxidation than Pd NPs.
We synthesized a hybrid graphene/Co3O4 catalyst by a simple chemical reduction method, and demonstrated that a Li–O2 cell with the hybrid catalyst delivers a highly reversible capacity. We examined the role of the catalyst in Li–O2 batteries and through careful analyses of the reactions in the battery, we found that the reaction path fundamentally changes with the use of catalyst, and propose a mechanism of how the rechargeability is improved in Li–O2 batteries.
Accurately predicting the lifetime of complex, nonlinear systems such as lithium-ion batteries is critical for accelerating technology development. However, diverse aging mechanisms, significant device variability and dynamic operating conditions have remained major challenges. We generate a comprehensive dataset consisting of 124 commercial lithium iron phosphate/graphite cells cycled under fast-charging conditions, with widely varying cycle lives ranging from 150 to 2,300 cycles. Using discharge voltage curves from early cycles yet to exhibit capacity degradation, we apply machine-learning tools to both predict and classify cells by cycle life. Our best models achieve 9.1% test error for quantitatively predicting cycle life using the first 100 cycles (exhibiting a median increase of 0.2% from initial capacity) and 4.9% test error using the first 5 cycles for classifying cycle life into two groups. This work highlights the promise of combining deliberate data generation with data-driven modelling to predict the behaviour of complex dynamical systems.
Current functional capacity (FC) measures for patients with schizophrenia typically involve informant assessments or are in paper and pencil format, requiring in-person administration by a skilled assessor. This approach presents logistic problems and limits the possibilities for remote assessment, an important issue for these patients. This study evaluated the feasibility of using a computer-based assessment battery, including simulations of everyday activities. The battery was compared to in-person standard assessments of cognition and FC with respect to baseline convergence and sensitivity to group differences. The battery, administered on a touch screen computer, included measures of critical everyday activities, including: ATM Banking/Financial Management, Prescriptions Refill via Telephone/Voice Menu System, and Forms Completion (simulating a clinic and patient history form). The sample included 77 older adult patients with schizophrenia and 24 older adult healthy controls that were administered the battery at two time points. The results indicated that the battery was sensitive to group differences in FC. Performance on the battery was also moderately correlated with standard measures of cognitive abilities and showed convergence with standard measures of FC, while demonstrating good test-retest reliability. Our results show that it is feasible to use technology-based assessment protocols with older adults and patients with schizophrenia. The battery overcomes logistic constraints associated with current FC assessment protocols as the battery is computer-based, can be delivered remotely and does not require a healthcare professional for administration.
The present study evaluates the effect of magnesium as an inhibitor on the performance of discharge and hydrogen evolution of lithium anode in alkaline electrolyte with additives. The electrochemical behaviors of lithium and lithium–magnesium alloy are assessed by hydrogen evolution rate, discharge current density, anodic potential, and potentiodynamic polarization. For these conditions, the results show that addition of magnesium to lithium enhances the current efficiency. Addition of 0.07 wt% Mg to lithium has minor effect on discharge current and anodic potential of lithium anode. The chemical composition and the morphology of the anode surfaces were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the slow dissolution of lithium–magnesium alloy generates the formation of LiOH, LiOH·H2O, and Mg(OH)2. After discharge in saturated alkaline electrolyte with additives, the lithium–magnesium surface is less porous than lithium surface. Hydrogen evolution decrease, prompted by adding magnesium to lithium, is related to surface integrity enhanced by Mg(OH)2.
A two-dimensional transient model with considering vanadium ion crossover was presented to examine the influence of asymmetric electrolyte concentrations and operation pressures strategies on the characteristics of capacity decay, vanadium ions crossover and charge-discharge performance of a vanadium redox flow battery during battery cycling. It was indicated that for asymmetric electrolyte operating concentrations, with increasing the initial concentration of positive electrolyte while keeping initial concentration of negative electrolyte unchanged, the discharge capacity decay behavior during battery cycling can be effectively mitigated due to the reason that the imbalance of vanadium ions crossover is alleviated by the increased diffusion flux of VO2+/VO2 + couple from positive to negative side. Also, the overall charge-discharge performance of the battery is greatly improved due to the reduced potential losses of both electrode reactions. Moreover, it was shown that the discharge capacity decay can also be suppressed by increasing the outlet pressure of positive electrode, which is attributed to the reason that the imbalance of vanadium ions crossover can be eliminated with the increased vanadium osmotic convection driven by pressure gradient. However, asymmetric operation pressures showed little impact on batter charge-discharge voltages.
CMK-3, a member of the ordered mesoporous carbon materials, has been considered as one of the most leading electrode materials due to its high conductivity, uniform diameter, an interconnected mesoporous structure with a large pore volume and a highly ordered hexagonal morphology. However, the relatively low specific capacity of CMK-3 can be substantially improved by hybridizing with NiO. Herein, we demonstrate a simple precipitation method followed by a calcination treatment to fabricate ultrathin NiO nanosheets (NiO-NSs) on highly ordered CMK-3 such that the final electrode composite displays a novel nanosheets-mesoporous structure. The as-synthesized electrode composite exhibits excellent electrochemical stability and high rate performance, which can be ascribed to the hybrid structures of NiO-NSs and the conductive mesoporous matrix. The porous ultrathin NiO-NSs and the inner channels of CMK-3 are beneficial for the lithium ion diffusion while the conductive interconnected CMK-3 network is favorable to fast electron transfer. The suggested nanosheet-mesoporous structure provides a promising innovative design for battery electrodes with improved electrochemical performance.
Chlorpyrifos (CP) is one of the organophosphate insecticides most used worldwide today. Although the main target organ for CP is the nervous system triggering predominantly neurotoxic effects, it has suggested other mechanisms of action as cytotoxicity and endocrine disruption. The risk posed by the pesticide metabolites on non-target organisms is increasingly recognized by regulatory agencies and natural resource managers. In the present study, cytotoxicity and estrogenic activity of CP, and its principal metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) have been evaluated by in vitro assays, using two mammalian cell lines (HEK293 and N2a), and a recombinant yeast. Results indicate that TCP is more toxic than CP for the two cell lines assayed, being N2a cells more sensitive to both compounds. Both compounds show a similar estrogenic activity being between 2500 and 3000 times less estrogenic than 17β-estradiol. In order to find new toxicity measurement models, yeasts isolated from marine sediments containing CP residues have been tested against CP and TCP by cell viability assay. Of the 12 yeast strains tested, 6 of them showed certain sensitivity, and a concentration-dependent response to the tested compounds, so they could be considered as future models for toxicity tests, although further investigations and proves are necessary.
Nano-sized FeNbO4 (Nano-FNO) with an average diameter of 120nm is facilely prepared by co-precipitation method. Bulk FeNbO4 (Micro-FNO) as a comparison synthesized by conventional solid-state synthesis has an average grain size of 3–10μm. In the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images, Nano-FNO reveals an ordered single crystal structure, but Mirco-FNO is composed of disordered crystallites with different crystal orientation. Nano-FNO as anode material delivers the initial capacity of 475mAhg−1which is much higher than Micro-FNO electrode of 250mAhg−1.After dozens of charge/discharge cycles, the electrode of Nano-FNO remains the homogeneous combination with active material and conductive carbon, but the microcrystals in Micro-FNO electrode are cracked to small particles. The pulverization of Micro-FNO not only blocks the transfer of Li+ and electrons due to the separation between the active material and conductive carbon, but also results in the falling of active material from the current collector. Compared with the weakened electrochemical performances of Micro-FNO, Nano-FNO remains the excellent capacity after dozens of cycles. The charge transfer resistances of Nano-FNO and Micro-FNO after several cycles are further studied by fitting their electrochemical impedance spectra.
Injuries to the brain promote upregulation of prostaglandins, notably the proinflammatory PGF2α, and overactivation of their cognate G-protein-coupled FP receptor, which could exacerbate neuronal damage. Our study is focused on investigation of the FP receptor as a target for novel neuroprotective drugs in a preclinical animal traumatic brain injury (TBI) model.
Objective: To study the transcallosal dysfunction in terms of cognitive impairment, disturbance of transcallosal motor inhibition (TCI) and morphological involvement in patients with mild multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Thirty-five MS patients with mean EDSS of 2,5 and 30 control subjects were submitted to a neuropsychological test battery testing including attention, language and memory as well as tasks that predominantly assess interhemispheric functions. The transcallosal inhibition was assessed by transcortical magnetic stimulation and lesion loading in MS patients was assessed by T2 weighted and FLAIR magnet resonance imaging (MRI). Results: Patients had only discrete impairment of transcallosal motor inhibition but showed a significantly impaired performance of neuropsychological tasks, especially of those including transcallosal pathways. While the results of neuropsychological examination were highly correlated with EDSS and periventricular lesion load, the TCI showed no relationship. Conclusion: The present data suggest, that (1) periventricular and callosal lesions are reflected by dysfunction of transcallosal interhemispheric pathways and (2) appropriate neuropsychological testing is more capable to detect this transcallosal dysfunction in early states of multiple sclerosis than electrophysiological tests of transcallosal motor inhibition.
What determines the cortical location at which a given functionally specific region will arise in development? We tested the hypothesis that functionally specific regions develop in their characteristic locations because of pre-existing differences in the extrinsic connectivity of that region to the rest of the brain. We exploited the visual word form area (VWFA) as a test case, scanning children with diffusion and functional imaging at age 5, before they learned to read, and at age 8, after they learned to read. We found the VWFA developed functionally in this interval and that its location in a particular child at age 8 could be predicted from that child's connectivity fingerprints (but not functional responses) at age 5. These results suggest that early connectivity instructs the functional development of the VWFA, possibly reflecting a general mechanism of cortical development.
Artificial aqueous samples (eluates, percolates, immersion waters) were obtained from contaminated soils and stabilized industrial wastes. The toxicity and genotoxicity of these aqueous fractions have been evaluated in vivo in the aquatic larvae of the amphibian Xenopus laevis. Four biotests have been applied: a test of subchronic toxicity and three biomakers: (1) measurement of the activity of ethoxyresorufine-o-dealkylase in the liver, (2) detection of DNA adducts in the liver and the blood, and (3) measurement of the rate of micronuclei in the erythrocytes. Biological datas were completed through a chemical analysis. The main conclusions of this study are: • The importance of integrating different toxicity criterias into a biological battery (phenotypic and genotypic criterias). Some aqueous extracts did not seem to be very toxic, whereas their genotoxic effects were rather significant [e.g. the stabilized Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) ashes]. • The importance of coupling together chemical and biological approaches to refine the impact. Actually, some eluates (lixiviation or percolation) coming from polluted soils appeared to be very poorly loaded with pollutants, whereas the toxic and genotoxic impact of these complex matrices were rather noticeable. In addition, when applying the leaching standardized procedure, the hazardous potential of the two analysed soils may be underestimated if the results on percolates and on eluates have been compared. This study highligths the importance of coupling the tools of characterization and preparation of samples to be analysed according to the objectives to be reached.
Mobile sensing accelerates the integration of physical world and virtual space by using the pervasive portable devices with sensing and communication abilities. Since the smart devices are often battery powered, prolonging the network lifetime in mobile sensing becomes very important. Previous works forward packets individually, resulting in a large amount of redundant copies. They therefore consume much energy. We notice that in many applications of mobile opportunistic networks, the sensory data are spatial-temporal correlations. The correlated data can be aggregated in the forwarding process, thus reducing the number of copies and saving energy. Considering this fact, we propose two forwarding schemes by integrating data fusion: Epidemic with Part Fusion (EPF) and Epidemic with Complete Fusion (ECF). The part fusion scheme is responsible for aggregating raw correlated data, and the complete scheme can fuse any type of correlated data (raw or fused data). We give the closed form of the dissemination law of raw data and fused data, respectively. The scaling law theoretically guarantees that the two schemes achieve better tradeoff between mean delivery delay and energy consumption. We evaluate the fusion scheme with synthetical and real traces. The experimental results demonstrate that the EPF can save energy by 55%, and the ECF reduces energy consumption by 80% compared with the non-fusion scheme.
Cyclic voltammetry of a solid polymer solution of a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivative showed different behaviours depending on the nature of the electrolyte anion. A lower potential and current peak for the second redox reaction in the presence of perchlorate revealed a specific interaction between this anion and the TTF dication. This effect also indicates a coupling between the physical diffusion and electron self-exchange during the voltammetric scan. No interaction between the TTF dication and triflimide or TFSI-bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide-anion was observed. This confirms the exceptional softness of this anion and underlines the role that the nature of the electrolyte anion could play on both the ionic and the electronic conductivities of the electrode polymer materials.
BASF has inaugurated a R&D lab and application technology centre for battery materials in Amagasaki, Japan. The 600 m2 facility, located in the Amagasaki Research Incubation Center (ARIC), is BASF's first combined battery materials research and development (R&D) and application technology operation in Asia Pacific. “The new Amagasaki Battery Materials Lab will enable us to extend our successful R&D network with research institutes and the battery manufacturing industry into Japan,” said Dr Peter Schuhmacher, president process research and chemical engineering at BASF. The Amagasaki laboratory will focus on developing electrolytes and electrode materials for high-performance lithium ion batteries. The laboratory will combine organic and inorganic synthesis, analytics and electrochemical testing within one group. This can improve the understanding of how different materials such as electrodes and electrolytes interact with each other in battery applications. The company will also make use of existing BASF teams that are researching chemistry for use in organic photovoltaic cells and electronic materials.
LiFePO4 cathode materials with distinct particle sizes were prepared by a planetary ball-milling method. The effects of particle size on the morphology, thermal stability and electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 cathode materials were investigated. The ball-milling method decreased particle size, thereby reducing the length of diffusion and improving the reversibility of the lithium ion intercalation/deintercalation. It is worth noting that the small particle sample prepared using malonic acid as a carbon source achieved a high capacity of 161mAhg−1 at a 0.1C rate and had a very flat capacity curve during the early 50 cycles. However, the big particle samples (∼400nm) decayed more dramatically in capacity than the small particle size samples (∼200nm) at high current densities. The improvement in electrode performance was mainly due to the fine particles, the small size distribution, and the increase in electronic conductivity as a result of carbon coating. The structure and morphology of the ground LiFePO4 samples were characterized with XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, EDS, and DSC techniques.
Lithium-ion battery systems employed in high power demanding systems such as electric vehicles require a sophisticated monitoring system to ensure safe and reliable operation. Three major states of the battery are of special interest and need to be constantly monitored. These include: battery state of charge (SoC), battery state of health (capacity fade determination, SoH), and state of function (power fade determination, SoF). The second paper concludes the series by presenting a multi-stage online parameter identification technique based on a weighted recursive least quadratic squares parameter estimator to determine the parameters of the proposed battery model from the first paper during operation. A novel mutation based algorithm is developed to determine the nonlinear current dependency of the charge-transfer resistance. The influence of diffusion is determined by an on-line identification technique and verified on several batteries at different operation conditions. This method guarantees a short response time and, together with its fully recursive structure, assures a long-term stable monitoring of the battery parameters. The relative dynamic voltage prediction error of the algorithm is reduced to 2%. The changes of parameters are used to determine the states of the battery. The algorithm is real-time capable and can be implemented on embedded systems.
An experimental method of collecting high-resolution neutron powder diffraction data in a wide angular range on permanently rotating prismatic Li-ion batteries cell, which allows to eliminate a need of complex absorption correction due to highly anisotropic attenuation paths for thermal neutrons in prismatic cells, is proposed. Neutron diffraction data, in quality enabling Rietveld refinement, was collected ex situ at discrete (predefined) cell states-of-charge (SOC = 100% and 0%). Besides this, an in operando neutron powder diffraction study on a permanently rotating prismatic cell is reported, where cell connection to potentiostat was supplied using slip ring electric contact. An excellent agreement between experimental data on prismatic and 18650-type Li-ion cells was noticed. The proposed methodology opens new experimental capabilities for in operando neutron powder diffraction studies on prismatic cells (either commercial or lab based) at different experimental conditions (state-of-charge, charging protocol, current rate, state-of-health, temperature and/or cell chemistry etc).
The present work reports a novel emulsion method for preparation of lithium cobalt oxide based on the micro-precipitation of lithium and cobalt salts in molten stearic acid. The precursors consist of micro-aggregated powders of CoOOH and CH3(CH2)16COOLi whose formation depends on the concentration of stearic acid used in the synthesis. The micro-aggregated of CoOOH and CH3(CH2)16COOLi when calcined at 800°C yielded well-crystalline sub-microns particles of LiCoO2 (R-3m) with a very uniform shape (quasi-hexagonal pellets), a very narrow grain size distribution (d 10=0.31, d 50=3.14, d 90=6.30μm) and high specific surface area (7.4m2 g−1). The long life reversible specific capacity of the mp-LiCoO2 composite electrode subsequently made was 110mAhg−1 for initial deinsertion 165mAhg−1.