batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the method of residual capacity estimation for lead–acid batteries used in automobiles. First, relation charts for the internal resistances of a battery at various load currents to residual capacity percentages were established, and the relation charts for all load currents were then combined to obtain the corresponding residual capacity by calculating medians. The experimental equipment included lead–acid batteries for automobiles, an electronic loader, an internal resistance tester, and test cables. The experimental procedures were discharging the battery with the electronic loader, using the internal resistance tester to record the internal resistance, voltage, and temperature of the battery, and then transmitting the data to a computer via the test cables for analysis. The experiment obtained nine sets of data, which were recorded in Excel and illustrated using charts. The medians obtained from combining the internal resistance with the residual capacity percentages were used to generate the relation charts for the internal resistances at various load currents to the residual capacity percentages. Finally, 60 Ah was used as the normal capacity to estimate the residual capacity discharging time. Furthermore, a curve-fitting approach for determining the relation equation between internal resistances and capacities was used to replace the table look-up method for residual capacity estimation. The results revealed that the estimation errors after correction were acceptable.
Life-cycle emissions of nitric oxide and sulphurous oxides from various types of electric-power generation systems have been estimated. Emissions from the process of building energy systems, as well as from the mining and transportation of the fuel were accounted for as well as the emissions from power stations. Two types of thermoelectric systems, namely a LNG-fuelled gas-turbine combined cycle and an integrated coal-gasification combined cycle, and four types of renewable energy systems — photovoltaic, hydropower, wind power and ocean thermal energy conversion — were evaluated. The estimated amounts of nitric oxide emitted per generated unit of electricity range from 0.06 to 0.3 g/kWh, while the amounts of suphur oxides range from 0.3 to 0.53 g/kWh. There is a tendency for renewable-energy systems to emit lower amounts of nitric oxide.
Herein, a new and simple electrochemical sensor platform comprising functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (f-MWCNT) decorated with green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNps)-based composite (AgNps/f-MWCNT) has been developed. The in situ green synthesis of AgNps was done using plant extract of Cinnamomum tamala. The sensor platform of AgNps/f-MWCNT was prepared on Indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate (AgNps/f-MWCNT/ITO) for highly sensitive and selective detection of bisphenol A (BPA). The morphological and structural changes of AgNps/f-MWCNT composite have been characterized through XRD, UV–Visible, Raman, FTIR and electron microscopy techniques. This fabricated sensor shows a wide linear range of 3.9 fM–102.4 nM, low limit of detection of 0.38 nM, and high sensitivity of 17.83 μA (log nM)−1 cm−2 [R2 = 0.978], which are found to be more superior as compared to previously reported sensors for BPA detection. The practical application of this sensor has also been successfully carried out in real samples such as tap water, packaged juice, and processed milk with their relative standard deviation and recoveries obtained in the range of 1.32-8.13 and 94–110%, respectively.
Objective The World Health Organization Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI) published its findings on the prognosis of MTBI in 2004. This is an update of that review with a focus on deployed military personnel. Data Sources Relevant literature published between January 2001 and February 2012 listed in MEDLINE and 4 other databases. Study Selection Controlled trials and cohort and case-control studies were selected according to predefined criteria. After 77,914 titles and abstracts were screened, 13 articles were rated eligible for this review and 3 (23%) with a low risk of bias were accepted. Two independent reviewers critically appraised eligible studies using a modification of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network criteria. Data Extraction The reviewers independently extracted data from eligible studies and produced evidence tables. Data Synthesis The evidence was synthesized qualitatively and presented in evidence tables. Our findings are based on 3 studies of U.S. military personnel who were deployed in Iraq or Afghanistan. We found that military personnel with MTBI report posttraumatic stress disorder and postconcussive symptoms. In addition, reporting of postconcussive symptoms differed on the basis of levels of combat stress the individuals experienced. The evidence suggests a slight decline in neurocognitive function after MTBI, but this decline was in the normal range of brain functioning. Conclusions We found limited evidence that combat stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, and postconcussive symptoms affect recovery and prognosis of MTBI in military personnel. Additional high-quality research is needed to fully assess the prognosis of MTBI in military personnel.
Cubic-Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) is regarded as one of the most promising solid electrolytes for the construction of inherently safe, next generation all-solid-state Li batteries. Unfortunately, sintering these materials to full density with controlled grain sizes, mechanical and electrochemical properties relies on energy and equipment intensive processes. In this work, we elucidate key parameters dictating LLZO densification by tracing the compositional and structural changes during processing calcined and ball-milled Al3+ doped LLZO powders. We find that the powders undergo ion (Li+/H+) exchange during room temperature processing, such that on heating, the protonated LLZO lattice collapses and crystallizes to its constituent oxides, leading to reaction driven densification at < 1000 °C, prior to sintering of LLZO grains at higher temperatures. It is shown that small particle sizes and protonation cannot be decoupled, and actually aid densification. We conclude that using fully decomposed nanoparticle mixtures, as obtained by liquid-feed flame spray pyrolysis, provides an ideal approach to use high surface and reaction energy to drive densification, resulting in pressureless sintering of Ga3+ doped LLZO thin films (25 μm) at 1130 °C/0.3 h to ideal microstructures (95 ± 1% density, 1.2 ± 0.2 μm average grain size) normally accessible only by pressure-assisted sintering. Such films offer both high ionic conductivity (1.3 ± 0.1 mS cm−1) and record low ionic area specific resistance (2 Ω cm2).
NaTi2(PO4)3/C porous plates have been successfully synthesized via solvothermal approach with ammonia as inductive agent combined in-situ carbon coating. It reveals that the inductive agent plays a critical role in morphology-controllable fabrication. The morphology, structure, and electrochemical properties of NaTi2(PO4)3/C composites with multilayered plates, single-layered plate, porous multilayered plates all have been investigated, which are prepared by using urea, triethylamine, and ammonia, respectively. Among these samples, NaTi2(PO4)3/C porous multilayered plates with ammonia addition exhibit the best electrochemical properties due to their unique mesoporous structure. NaTi2(PO4)3/C porous multilayered plates deliver an initial specific capacity of 125 and 110 mAh g−1 at 0.1 and 1 C, respectively. Furthermore, NaTi2(PO4)3/C porous multilayered plates show a good rate capability, whose capacity and corresponding capacity retention reach 85 mAh g−1 and 82.4%, respectively, after 120 cycles under the high rate of 10 C. The excellent results indicate that the NaTi2(PO4)3/C porous multilayered plates are a promising electrode candidate for sodium ion battery.
Titania porous layers with a rough surface were synthesized via micro-arc oxidation (MAO) and the effect of the applied voltage and electrolyte concentration on surface structure, and chemical composition of the layers was studied. Morphological and topographical investigations, performed by SEM and AFM, revealed that pore size and surface roughness of the layers increased with the applied voltage and the electrolyte concentration. Based on the XRD and XPS results, the grown layers consisted of anatase and rutile phases with varying fractions depending on growth conditions. It was found that anatase/rutile relative content reached its maximum value at medium applied voltages or electrolyte concentrations. Finally, hydrophilicity of the grown layers was determined using a water contact angle apparatus, and a correlation between measured contact angles and MAO-parameters was suggested. It was observed that the layers synthesized under the applied voltage of 400V in the electrolytes with a concentration of 10gl−1 exhibited the highest hydrophilicity.
Many college women are at risk for pregnancy, and binge drinking college women are often at risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancy. Brief interventions with sustainable outcomes are needed, particularly for college women who are binge drinking, at risk for pregnancy, and at increased risk of alcohol-exposed pregnancy. Two-hundred-twenty-eight women at a Mid-Atlantic urban university at risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancy enrolled in the randomized clinical trial, and 207 completed the 4 month follow-up. The BALANCE intervention used Motivational Interviewing plus feedback to target drinking and contraception behaviors. Main outcome measures included (1) the rate of risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancy, (2) the rate of risk drinking, and (3) the rate of pregnancy risk. At 4-month follow-up, the rate of alcohol-exposed pregnancy risk was significantly lower in the intervention (20.2%) than the control condition (34.9%), (P < .02). Assignment to the intervention condition halved the odds of women remaining at risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancy, while not receiving the intervention doubled the odds of continued alcohol-exposed pregnancy risk (OR = 2.18; 95% CI = 1.16–4.09). A baseline history of blackouts, continued high blood alcohol drinking days at 1 month, and continued risk for pregnancy at 1 month independently contributed to a multivariate model of continued alcohol-exposed pregnancy risk at 4 month follow-up. BALANCE reduced alcohol-exposed pregnancy risk, with similar outcomes to longer interventions. Because early response predicted sustained alcohol-exposed pregnancy risk reduction, those who fail to achieve initial change could be identified for further intervention. The BALANCE intervention could be adopted into existing student health or university alcohol programs. The risks of unintended pregnancy and alcohol-exposed pregnancy among binge drinking women in college merit greater prevention efforts.
The objective of this research is to advice the Municipality of The Hague whether, if and under which conditions, the implementation of an Urban Consolidation Centre (UCC) is possible and desirable. To determine factors that caused the success or failure of UCCs in practice, a survey of 6 cases in Europe is conducted. The cases were selected because of the similarity of the service area of the UCC and the city centre of The Hague or because of the uniqueness of the UCC. To determine the possible success for a UCC in The Hague four scenarios are evaluated. Two major difficulties with implementing the UCC are the allocation of the costs and benefits and the willingness to cooperate of the transportation companies. Both consignees and transportation companies can benefit financially from using the UCC. The UCC operator, however, incurs the costs. The municipality should play a role in bringing the costs and benefits together.
We present the case of a 51-year-old patient with an acute lithium intoxication associated with several cognitive deficits. During the acute phase of intoxication the patient displayed general psychomotor slowing, dysarthric speech, mood changes, and incoherent discourse. Neuropsychological assessment revealed ideomotor apraxia, profound deficits of visuospatial processing, an impairment of memory and of frontal-executive functions. Other cognitive abilities, such as orientation, spontaneous speech, comprehension, naming, reading, writing, and working memory remained intact. An electroencephalogram revealed diffuse slowing with rhythmic trains, whereas MRI showed no cerebral abnormality. Follow-up examinations at 4 and 14 weeks with lithium levels in the normal range showed substantial recovery of memory abilities and executive functions, whereas praxis and visuoperceptual functions remained impaired, despite the fact that lithium was immediately withdrawn after the intoxication became manifest. We conclude that lithium intoxication may be associated with variable behavioural and cognitive impairments, some of them potentially persistent. Different from other case studies our findings suggest that lithium intoxication may cause a combined, multifocal functional impairment of subcortical and cortical neural mechanisms in both hemispheres.
Engineering carbon materials as the bifunctional catalysts for both electrocatalytic oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER) is highly promising for the large-scale commercialization of regenerative fuel cells and rechargeable metal-air batteries. Codoping carbons with heteroatoms can achieve unique electronic structures and show tailored electrocatalytic capabilities by rationally regulating their dopants. Sulfur is one of the most important dopants from both experimental and theoretical perspectives. In this work, a novel, highly efficient and environmentally benign method for sulfur incorporation into carbon framework has been developed facilely on the basis of graphene oxide-polydopamine (GD) hybrids to derive the N, S-codoped mesoporous carbon nanosheets. 16.7at% S can be conjugated to the GD hybrids associated with the S doping efficiency up to 6.1% after 800°C pyrolysis, which is higher than most previous S doping approaches. The resultant N, S-codoped mesoporous carbon nanosheets exhibit superior performance with favorable kinetics and excellent durability as a bifunctional ORR and OER catalyst, which is much better than that of most reported metal-free doped carbon, even transition metal and noble metal catalysts. The high concentrations of multiple dopants, abundant porous architecture and good electron transfer ability are believed to significantly expedite the ORR and OER catalytic processes. In the light of physicochemical versatility and structural tunability of polydopamine (PDA), this work provides a universal platform towards further development of PDA-based carbon materials with heteroatom dopants as the highly efficient electrocatalysts.
Lithium-ion hybrid capacitor is a type of energy storage device that bridge the gap between lithium-ion battery and electrical double layer capacitor. We have developed a facile approach to achieve the pre-lithiation of carbonaceous anode, and then fabricated lithium-ion hybrid capacitors with bifunctional cathode containing capacitor material (activated carbon) and battery material (LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2). The hybrid capacitor with 25 wt.% LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 addition in bifunctional cathode (denoted as LAN25) exhibits excellent rate capability and high energy density. The rate capability of LAN25 is comparable to that with pure AC cathode (denoted as LAC), while the volumetric energy density is 1.36 times higher than the latter one. The continuous galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling tests reveal that the lithium-ion hybrid capacitor remains more than 98% capacity after 20,000 cycles, and nearly 100% coulombic efficiency over entire cycles. The superior performance is ascribed to the synergy effect of the active components in bifunctional cathode and the effective pre-lithiation of hard carbon anode. The present work makes the study of lithium-ion hybrid capacitor easily accessible and broadens roads to hybrid devices with high energy density, high power density and long cycle life.
Polyaniline/mesoporous carbon/MnO2 (PANI/CMK-3/MnO2) ternary nanocomposites with a PANI nanolayer uniformly deposited on the CMK-3/MnO2 particles were synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization. Structure and morphology of the ternary composites were further characterized by TEM, XRD, FTIR and FE-SEM techniques. Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the ternary composite with 12% MnO2 content possessed enhanced specific capacitance of 695Fg−1 and the capacitance retention was 88% after 1000 galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 1.0Ag−1. The incorporation of MnO2 nanoparticles can not only contribute to high capacitance but also stabilize the interaction between the quinoid ring of PANI and the CMK-3/MnO2 particles. The PANI nanolayer in the ternary composite restrains the dissolution of MnO2 nanoparticles in acidic electrolyte so as to enhance their electrochemical utilization. The synergistic effect among three components may result in enhanced specific capacitance and cycling stability of the ternary composites.
Most of the literature on lithium-ion battery cells is concerned with modeling of jellyroll with little attention to properties of shell casing. However, shell casing provides substantial strength and fracture resistance under mechanical loading and therefore must be an important part of modeling of lithium-ion batteries. The paper reports on a comprehensive test program on commercially available empty shell casing of 18650 lithium-ion cylindrical cells. Part of the tests was used to determine plastic and fracture properties from sub-size specimens cut from lateral part of the cans. The other part served to validate plasticity and fracture models under various loading conditions. The associated flow rule was used to simulate plasticity behavior and Modified Mohr-Coulomb (MMC) fracture model was adopted to predict crack initiation and propagation of shell casing. Simulation results confirmed that present plasticity and fracture models could predict global plastic behavior of the cells under different loading conditions. The jellyroll model with volumetric hardening was introduced to compare the performance of empty shell casing, bare jellyroll and complete battery cell. It was shown that in many loading situations, for example, three point bending of the cylindrical cells, the metallic shell casing provides most of mechanical resistance.
Renewable resources gained more attention in the last two decades due to persisting energy demand coupled with decrease in fossil fuel resources and its environmental effect to the earth. In Iraq, the electric power generated is not enough to meet the power demand of domestic and industrial sectors. In this article, a hybrid system was proposed as a renewable resource of power generation for grid connected applications in three cities in Iraq. The proposed system was simulated using MATLAB solver, in which the input parameters for the solver were the meteorological data for the selected locations and the sizes of PV and wind turbines. Results showed that it is possible for Iraq to use the solar and wind energy to generate enough power for some villages in the desert or rural area. It is also possible to use such a system as a black start source of power during total shutdown time. Results also indicated that the preferred location for this system is in Basrah for both solar and wind energy.
RuO2 nanoparticles supported on MnO2 nanorods (denoted as np-RuO2/nr-MnO2) were synthesized via a two-step hydrothermal reaction. SEM and TEM images both illustrated that RuO2 nanoparticles are well dispersed on the surface of MnO2 nanorods in the as-prepared np-RuO2/nr-MnO2 material. Electrochemical results demonstrated that the np-RuO2/nr-MnO2 as oxygen cathode of Li–O2 batteries could maintain a reversible capacity of 500mAhg−1 within 75 cycles at a rate of 50mAg−1, and a higher capacity of 4000mAhg−1 within 20 cycles at a rate as high as 200mAg−1. Moreover, the cell with the np-RuO2/nr-MnO2 catalyst presented much lower voltage polarization (about 0.58V at a rate of 50mAg−1) than that measured with only MnO2 nanorods during charge/discharge processes. The catalytic property of the np-RuO2/nr-MnO2 and MnO2 nanorods were further compared by conducting studies of using rotating disk electrode (RDE), chronoamperommetry and linear sweep voltammetry. The results illustrated that the np-RuO2/nr-MnO2 exhibited excellent bifunctional electrocatalytic activities towards both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Furthermore, in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction was employed to trace evolution of species on the np-RuO2/nr-MnO2 cathode during the discharge processes. In-situ XRD patterns demonstrated the formation process of the discharge products that consisted of mainly Li2O2. Ex-situ SEM images were recorded to investigate the morphology and decomposition of the sphere-like Li2O2, which could be observed clearly after discharge process, while are decomposed almost after charge process. The excellent electrochemical performances of the np-RuO2/nr-MnO2 as cathode of Li–O2 battery could be contributed to the excellent bifunctional electrocatalytic activities for both the ORR and OER, and to the one-dimensional structure which would benefit the diffusion of oxygen and the storage of Li2O2 in the discharge process of Li–O2 battery.
Iron(III) phosphate has been precipitated under supersaturation conditions from equimolecular aqueous solutions of 0.025M Fe(NO3)3·9H2O and K2HPO4, at pH=2.00 and at ambient temperature. The precipitate has been characterised by TG/DTG/DTA and DSC techniques, chemical analysis, IR-spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. A yellowish-white amorphous solid of formula Fe2(HPO4)3·xH2O has been obtained. Alternatively, a pinkish-white amorphous precipitate of formula FePO4·2H2O is obtained under the same conditions from Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidising agent. Although the IR spectra and the thermal behaviour of both compounds are quite different, they crystallise as FePO4 when annealed at 650°C in air.
The separate collection of individual recyclable waste materials is the basis for any recycling process. This produces important advantages, especially in terms of resource savings. This paper investigates the drivers of the separate collection process of recyclable materials (i.e., organic, paper, glass, plastic) and its total in the 103 Italian provinces (NUTS-3), in the years 2004–2011. Results show that the pillars of institutional quality (such as, voice and accountability, rule of law and regulatory quality), value added per capita and participation to ecological associations are important factors for an effective implementation of the waste separation process. In particular, these factors do matter for an effective collection of organic waste, paper, glass and plastic. Furthermore, the analysis shows marked differences among macro-areas (North, Central and Southern Italy). Policy considerations are discussed.