batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have been slow to diffuse on the international as well as the Swedish market. Previous studies have indicated situational factors such as economic factors, size and performance to be of major importance for vehicle purchasers in their choice of vehicle. In this paper, the authors explore a consumer centric total cost of ownership (TCO) model to investigate the possible discrepancy between purchase price and the TCO between internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and BEVs. The creation and testing of the TCO model reveals that computation could be a challenging task for consumers due to bounded access of relevant data and the prediction of future conditions. The application of the model to the vehicle sample found that BEVs could be cheaper compared to ICEVs and HEVs. The findings in this paper could prove to be of importance for policy and marketing alike in designing the most appropriate business models and information campaigns based on consumer conditions in order to further promoting the diffusion of BEVs in society.
In this paper, freestanding one-dimensional MnO2 nanoflakes are successful prepared through a simple hydrothermal reaction by using the carbon shell of TiC/C core/shell arrays as the sacrificial template. Its structure and morphology are characterized by X-ray diffractometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer and transmission electron microscopy. Results show that the thickness of the carbon shell decreased but also remained and the ultrathin MnO2 nanoflakes with thickness less than 5 nm uniformly grow on the surfaces of the TiC/C nanowire to form a core/double shell structure after the hydrothermal reaction. The electrochemical performance of the as-prepared electrode is evaluated by cyclic voltammetrys, galvanostatic charging-discharging tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and high capacities, excellent rate capabilities and exemplary cycling performance is obtained. The as-prepared electrode shows a high specific capacitance of 598.8 F g−1 and 85.8% of its initial capacitance is retained after 10,000 cycles at a high discharge current density of 10 A g−1, suggesting that this structure has a promising future as high-performance supercapacitor electrode.
The electrochemical behavior of partially oxidized graphite electrodes coated with 50Å thick Au, Cu, In, Pb or Sn layers has been studied by slow scan rate cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has also been applied to Cu- and Sn-coated electrodes in order to study the effect of the metal coating on the interfacial intercalation/deintercalation kinetics. The results demonstrate that certain metallic layers produce remarkable improvements of intercalation kinetics of graphite electrodes by reducing the charge-transfer and the solid–electrolyte interface (SEI) resistance making this type of surface modification attractive for the development of high rate anodes for lithium-ion batteries.
The 70Li2S·30P2S5 glass–ceramic showed high ion conductivity of 1.5 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature. The 75Li2S·25P2S5 glass showed ion conductivity of 5.0 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature and high chemical stability. All-solid-state C/LiCoO2 cells using those materials as solid electrolytes were assembled. Their cell performance were compared. The cell using the 70Li2S·30P2S5 glass–ceramic showed superior rate performance to the cell using the 75Li2S·25P2S5 glass. On the other hand, the cell using the 75Li2S·25P2S5 glass showed superior cycle performance to the cell using the 70Li2S·30P2S5 glass–ceramic. It was suggested that solid electrolytes in all-solid-state batteries preferably had both high ion conductivity and high chemical stability.
Doubly doped LiMn1.99−y Li y M0.01O4 (M=Al3+, Ni2+, Cr3+, Co3+; y =0.01 and 0.06) spinels have been synthesized by the sucrose-aided combustion method. Combined TG/DTA and XRD studies have shown that stoichiometric single-phase spinels are formed after annealing of the samples at 700°C for 1h. The samples obtained are nanocrystalline materials having a narrow size-distribution and a coherent domain size between 40 and 60nm, depending on the amount of fuel (sucrose) used in the synthesis. The influence of the Li-excess, the type of M n+-dopant cation and the amount of fuel used in the synthesis on the electrochemical behavior of the spinels in a Li-cell at room and at elevated temperature (55°C) has been studied. At 25°C all the spinels synthesized have a good capacity retention after 100 cycles, QRt-100>92%. At 55°C the increase of the Li-excess improves the cycling performances. Rate capability studies show that the spinels retain >90% of their capacity even at 5C rate. The synergic effect of the Li-excess and the particle size on the electrochemical properties of the spinels as cathode material has been settled. The LiMn1.93Li0.06M0.01O4, (M=Al3+, Ni2+) spinels, with cyclabilities >99.9% by cycle at both 25 and 55°C, and high rate capabilities, are the ones that show the best electrochemical properties.
Passivation behavior of type 304 stainless steel in a non-aqueous alkyl carbonate solution containing LiPF6 salt was studied using electrochemical polarization, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time of flight-secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS). Cathodic polarization to 0V vs. Li/Li+ resulted in most but not complete reduction of the air-formed film from oxides to metal on the stainless steel, as confirmed by XPS. For complete elimination of the air-formed film, the surface of the stainless steel was scratched under anodic polarization conditions. At 3V vs. Li/Li+ where an anodic current peak appeared, only an indistinct layer was recognized on the newly scratched surface, according to ToF-SIMS analysis. Above 4V vs. Li/Li+, substantial passive films were formed, which were composed of oxides and fluorides of iron and chromium. The origin of oxide was due to water contained in the non-aqueous alkyl carbonate solution, and that of fluorides were the result of the decomposition of electrolytic salt, LiPF6, especially at higher potential. The resultant passive films were stable in the non-aqueous alkyl carbonate solution containing LiPF6 salt.
In order to better analyze and to explain the electrochemical and physical behavior during both charge and discharge of a manganese dioxide based ECs, an original electrochemical model is developed in this paper. The 1D model is an adaptation of the transmission line model (TLM), taking into account the cation diffusion in the solid oxide. A linear relation between redox potential and oxidation state is used and leads to a physical relation between its slope and the pseudo capacitance of the material, confirmed by an experimental investigation of cyclic voltammograms. The model can be applied for any metal oxide pseudo-capacitive material.
The thermal stability of 1M LiPF6, LiClO4, LiN(SO2CF2CF3)2 (LiBETI) and LiPF3(CF2CF3)3 (LiFAP) solutions in mixtures of ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate in the temperature range 40–350°C was studied by ARC and DSC. NMR was used to analyze the reaction products at different reaction stages. The least thermally stable are LiClO4 solutions. LiPF3(CF2CF3)3 solutions showed higher thermal stability than LiPF6 solutions. The highest thermal stability was found for LiN(SO2CF2CF3)2 solutions. Studies by DSC and pressure measurements during ARC experiments with LiPF6 and LiFAP solutions detected an endothermic reaction, which occurs before a number of exothermic reactions as the temperature increases. Fluoride ions are formed and react with the alkyl carbonate molecules both as bases and as nucleophiles.
Here we demonstrate a high performance multifunctional thin primer film made from sandwich structured ultrathin carbon nanotube (CNT) networks and carbon nanotube-epoxy nanocomposite. For this, percolation enhanced CNT-epoxy nanocomposites were fabricated by mixing CNTs with two extremely different length/diameter aspect ratios followed by a unique convective coating process assembling SWNTs into ultrathin, uniform and large-scale film on hydrophobic CNT-epoxy substrates without any pretreatment of the surface. This multifunctional-sandwiched film exhibits relatively low surface roughness, high conductivities, excellent adherence to both polymers and metals, and tunable high EMI-shielding effectiveness of 32.54 dB in the range of 8.2–12.4 GHz (X-band). These results open the pathway to design multifunctional primer thin films that can be used for fabricating hybrid thermal management systems, EMI shielding film and structurally integrated sensors.
To examine the association between parental body mass index (BMI) and their offspring’s body composition, physical fitness and lifestyle factors (that is, sedentary time, physical activity and diet).
A uniform carbon coated LiFe0.15Mn0.85PO4 (LFMP/C) cathode material is synthesized by a surfactant-assisted, highly reproducible and energy-saving solid state method using a bimetallic oxalate (Fe0.15Mn0.85C2O4) precursor. The obtained LiFe0.15Mn0.85PO4/C composite is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum, elemental analysis (EA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The experimental results demonstrate that the oleic acid as a surfactant, for the scale preparation of LFMP, plays a critical role in controlling size of the obtained composite. The LiFe0.15Mn0.85PO4/C exhibits high specific capacity and good rate performance. It delivers initial discharge capacities of 156.5, 142.5, 129.0 and 103.0 mAh g−1 at 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1C, respectively. Moreover, it shows good cycle stability at both room temperature (25 °C, 89% and 88% capacity retention after 250 and 500 cycles at 0.5 and 1C rates, respectively) and elevated temperature (55 °C, 80% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 0.5C rate). The significantly improved rate and cycling capability of the LiFe0.15Mn0.85PO4/C is attributed to the uniform carbon coating layer on the primary particles, the conductive network provided by the carbon between the LiMn0.15Fe0.85PO4/C particles and the sufficient pores formed in the LiFe0.15Mn0.85PO4/C aggregates.
All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) have various problems associated with their usage that are normally not encountered in conventional lithium-ion batteries. Stress on interfaces between solid electrolytes and active materials is one of the key issues because the active materials change their volume during charging/discharging. In this work, first, we reveal that garnet-type solid electrolytes, Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZT), prepared by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique, exhibit a residual tensile stress of more than 100 MPa in the direction of the SPS pressure. Then, the influence of the strain on ionic conduction is investigated in detail. It is demonstrated that the strain causes no change in the bulk resistance, while the grain boundary resistance increases in both the pre-exponential factor and the activation energy. The results suggest the importance of the strength of grain boundaries (including interfaces) for the practical application of ASSBs.
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by germline mutations in the APC gene. Patients with FAP have multiple extraintestinal manifestations that follow a genotype-phenotype pattern; however, few data exist characterizing their cognitive abilities. Given the role of the APC protein in development of the central nervous system, we hypothesized that patients with FAP would show differences in cognitive functioning compared to controls.
Two dimensional (2D) layered MoS2/graphene and MoS2/XC-72 composites are synthesized by a facile aqueous reduction and heat treatment in N2, and characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and HRTEM. It is found that the 2D MoS2 nanosheets with ∼6 layers are well dispersed on the crumpled graphene surface and the curved layered MoS2 with ∼10 layers coated on XC-72 carbon. Due to the outstanding properties of graphene and the synergistic interaction between 2D MoS2 and graphene nanosheets, the 2D MoS2/graphene composite exhibits a very high reversible capacity of 1060 mAh g−1 with excellent cycle stability and significantly enhanced rate capability compared with pristine MoS2 and the MoS2/XC-72 composite. The synthesis presented in this work can also be the blueprint for the facile production of the 2D MoS2/graphene composite on a relatively large scale.
The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on cathepsin L expression was investigated in human glioblastoma cells (U87MG). Our results demonstrate the transcriptional upregulation of cathepsin L expression by VEGF. Transient transfection of U87MG cells with VEGF expression vector significantly increased cathepsin L activity. These results were further corroborated by a parallel increase in the mRNA levels and promoter activity of cathepsin L by VEGF. By deletion analysis, we identified a 47 base pair VEGF response element (VRE) in human cathepsin L promoter. Site directed mutagenesis studies demonstrated that both SP-1 and AP-4 motifs present in this region contribute to VEGF responsiveness. These results prove for the first time that over-expression of VEGF in human glioblastoma cells induces cathepsin L expression at the transcriptional level. This mechanism could be involved in the enhanced tumorogenic potential of these cells.
While hopelessness has been widely observed in schizophrenia and its clinical significance accepted, research has been equivocal regarding its relationship to symptoms and neurocognition. One possible reason for this is that different domains of hope have differential relationships to outcome. To explore this possibility, two aspects of hope, expectations of the future and motivation to persist were assessed along with neurocognition, personality, symptoms and social function among 52 persons in a post acute phase of schizophrenia. Multiple regressions revealed that neuroticism, verbal memory and income were each uniquely related to expectations of the future, accounting for almost one half of the variance (F=14.3, p<0.0001). By contrast, neuroticism and social isolation were uniquely related to motivational hope (F=13.6, p<0.0001), accounting for 35% of the variance. Positive and negative symptoms were unrelated to either form of hopelessness. Implications for research, and the development of interventions are discussed.
We investigated effects of delithiation on crystal, electronic structure, thermodynamic stability and physical property of Li x Ni0.5Mn0.5O2 by using a chemical delithiation treatment with ammonium peroxodisulfate, and compared the results with those of electrochemical delithiation. X-ray diffraction and thermodynamic data indicated that there was no phase transition in the samples after the chemical delithiation treatment within the lithium range of 0.50≤ x ≤1.00. From the ICP measurements and potentiometric titration, it was found that the chemical treatment successfully remove Li from the structure without any elution of Ni and Mn, but it accompanied O2 removal at an initial process of the delithiation, i.e. 0.80≤ x ≤1.00. Crystal and electronic structure analyses also suggested such a O2 removal at the lithium content range in the chemical delithiation method, although the estimated structure changes below x =0.80 showed similar tendencies to those by the electrochemical delithiation.
Restricted and repetitive behaviors are defining features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Under revised diagnostic criteria for ASD, this behavioral domain now includes atypical responses to sensory stimuli. To date, little is known about the neural circuitry underlying these features of ASD early in life.
Summary The recent decline in Mexico’s maquiladora sector provides an opportunity to reassess the sustainability of basing national economic competitiveness on low wages. 1 For a discussion of the some of the causes and consequences of this recent downturn in the sector, see Sargent and Matthews (2002). 1 Focusing on human capital as an important component of equitable growth, the authors argue that models of its development which consider market factors alone are inadequate. Combining their own case study with a review of other studies over the past 20 years, the authors propose a “management-centered” (as opposed to a “market-centered”) model of human capital development as a basis for discussing the relative merits of in-bond industrial programs and considering measures to improve levels of human capital.
We herein propose an atlas of 32 sentence-related areas based on a 3-step method combining the analysis of activation and asymmetry during multiple language tasks with hierarchical clustering of resting-state connectivity and graph analyses. 144 healthy right-handers performed fMRI runs based on language production, reading and listening, both with sentences and lists of over-learned words. Sentence minus word-list BOLD contrast and left-minus-right BOLD asymmetry for each task were computed in pairs of homotopic regions of interest (hROIs) from the AICHA atlas. Thirty-two hROIs were identified that were conjointly activated and leftward asymmetrical in each of the three language contrasts. Analysis of resting-state temporal correlations of BOLD variations between these 32 hROIs allowed the segregation of a core network, SENT_CORE including 18 hROIs. Resting-state graph analysis applied to SENT_CORE hROIs revealed that the pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus and the superior temporal sulcus were hubs based on their degree centrality (DC), betweenness, and participation values corresponding to epicentres of sentence processing. Positive correlations between DC and BOLD activation values for SENT_CORE hROIs were observed across individuals and across regions regardless of the task: the more a SENT_CORE area is connected at rest the stronger it is activated during sentence processing. DC measurements in SENT_CORE may thus be a valuable index for the evaluation of inter-individual variations in language areas functional activity in relation to anatomical or clinical patterns in large populations. SENSAAS (SENtence Supramodal Areas AtlaS), comprising the 32 supramodal sentence areas, including SENT_CORE network, can be downloaded at http://www.gin.cnrs.fr/en/tools/.
The porous graphene functionalized black phosphorus composite (PG-BP) was successfully synthesized via strong coherent coupling between porous graphene surface plasmons and anisotropic black phosphorus localized surface plasmons by the method of penetration of infrared ray using infrared drying. And it was used to fabricate a novel high-sensitive electrochemical sensor for determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in daily use and biological samples. The PG-BP had been characterized by infrared spectroscopy, Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer, indicating that PG-BP with the large specific surface area and good electrical conductivity was successfully prepared. In addition, electrochemical properties of the modified materials are comparably explored by means of impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammograms. Under the optimal conditions, BPA was determined quantitatively using differential pulse voltammetry. The results showed that the BPA detection current has a good linear relationship in the range of 4.3×10−8–5.5×10−5 mol/L with a detection limit of 7.8×10−9 mol/L (S/N=3). Results from the present work illustrate the prominent performance of PG-BP as a sensing channel for BPA sensor application and the huge potential of PG-BP as an electrode material.
The optical, electronic, and electrochemical properties of thin films of the electroactive polymer, poly(3-butylthiophene) (P3BT), were studied in a lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte. Upon extraction of n electrons per polymer formula unit, anions are taken up to balance the charge, forming a polymer cation salt, (P3BT) mn+(PF6 −) mn (m is the number of formula units in the polymer chain), whose state of charge (SOC) varies with n. An in situ ac impedance method was developed to determine the electronic conductivity of the polymer at different states of charge. On oxidation of the insulating neutral P3BT polymer, the conductivity increased by eight orders of magnitude. The electrochemical potential, electronic conductivity, and optical spectrum at each state of charge were correlated, producing a color index of these primary characteristics. This allowed determination of the potential and state of charge as a function of location in transparent polymer films during propagation of an oxidation front across the film and during passage of steady-state currents through the polymer film.
A facile approach to the fabrication of nanoporous structure-tuned nonwoven composite separators is demonstrated for application in high-safety/high-rate lithium-ion batteries. This strategy is based on the construction of silica (SiO2) colloidal particle-assisted nanoporous structure in a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) nonwoven substrate. The nanoparticle arrangement arising from evaporation-induced self-assembly of SiO2 colloidal particles allows the evolution of the unusual nanoporous structure, i.e. well-connected interstitial voids formed between close-packed SiO2 particles adhered by styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) binders. Meanwhile, the PET nonwoven serves as a mechanical support that contributes to suppressing thermal shrinkage of the nonwoven composite separator. The aforementioned structural novelty of the nonwoven composite separator plays a key role in providing the separator with advantageous characteristics (specifically, good electrolyte wettability, high ionic conductivity, and benign compatibility with electrodes), which leads to the better cell performance than a commercialized polyethylene (PE) separator.
Two dimensional (2D) porous nanostructures are of great interest due to their high surface area and rich edge sites, which are favorable for a wide variety of applications. In this communication, well-defined porous Co3O4 nanosheets (PCNSs) are successfully fabricated using graphene oxide as sacrificial template. The 2D structure and porous nature effectively provide more exposed active sites for electrochemical reaction and facilitate easier ion transportation across the sheets. As a result, the as-prepared PCNSs exhibit remarkable lithium storage performance, showing high reversible capacity of 1380 mAh g−1 even after 240 discharge/charge cycles at a current density of 500 mA g−1 and good rate capability (606 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1). Moreover, it also shows a good electrocatalytic activity for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction with an overpotential of 368 mV for driving the current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH and a small Tafel slope of 59 mV dec−1.
Solar energy is one of the most efficient, clean and affordable energy alternatives available today. With the current concerns about global warming and ever increasing energy rates, countries are seriously looking for domestic and industrial usage of solar energy. In the present study, a detail review of the application of solar energy for refrigeration systems has been carried out. The utilization of solar energy for refrigeration systems would help in improvement of energy economics, energy consumption and energy efficiency. The review focuses especially on solar panel, desiccant fluid for icemaker and its components. The study also includes thermodynamic equation and material for making component of refrigeration to improve the coefficient of performance. Study around the economic evaluation and solar performance coefficient in the type of refrigerator, modeling and simulation, mathematical equation of heat transfer and type of absorption used are other topics that could be considered.