batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Physical activity promises to reduce disease-related symptoms and therapy-related side effects in patients suffering from aggressive lymphoma (L) or acute leukemia (AL). For an efficient training program, determination of patients’ physical capacity with a purposive exercise test is crucial. Here, we evaluated the feasibility and suitability of a graded exercise test (GXT) frequently applied in patients suffering from solid tumors by assessing whether patients achieved criteria for maximal exercise testing according to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM).
For many applications such as environmental monitoring in the aftermath of a natural disaster and mountain search-and-rescue, swarms of autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have the potential to provide a highly versatile and often relatively inexpensive sensing platform. Their ability to operate as an ‘eye-in-the-sky’, processing and relaying real-time colour imagery and other sensor readings facilitate the removal of humans from situations which may be considered dull, dangerous or dirty. However, as with manned aircraft they are likely to encounter errors, the most serious of which may require the UAV to land as quickly and safely as possible. Within this paper we therefore present novel work on autonomously identifying Safe Landing Zones (SLZs) which can be utilised upon occurrence of a safety critical event. Safe Landing Zones are detected and subsequently assigned a safety score either solely using multichannel aerial imagery or, whenever practicable by fusing knowledge in the form of Ordnance Survey (OS) map data with such imagery. Given the real-time nature of the problem we subsequently model two SLZ detection options one of which utilises knowledge enabling the UAV to choose an optimal, viable solution. Results are presented based on colour aerial imagery captured during manned flight demonstrating practical potential in the methods discussed.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have antimicrobial properties, which have contributed to their widespread use in consumer products. A current issue regarding nanomaterials is the extent to which existing genotoxicity assays are useful for evaluating the risks associated with their use. In this study, the genotoxicity of 5nm AgNPs was assessed using two standard genotoxicity assays, the Salmonella reverse mutation assay (Ames test) and the in vitro micronucleus assay. Using the preincubation version of the Ames assay, Salmonella strains TA102, TA100, TA1537, TA98, and TA1535 were treated with 0.15–76.8μg/plate of the AgNPs. Toxicity limited the doses that could be assayed to 2.4–38.4μg/plate; no increases in mutant frequency over the vehicle control were found for the concentrations that could be assayed. Human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells were treated with 10–30μg/ml AgNPs, and additional cells were treated with water and 0.73gy X-rays as vehicle and positive controls. Micronucleus frequency was increased by the AgNP treatment in a dose-dependent manner. At a concentration of 30μg/ml (with 45.4% relative population doubling), AgNPs induced a significant, 3.17-fold increase with a net increase of 1.60% in micronucleus frequency over the vehicle control, a weak positive response by our criteria. These results demonstrate that the 5nm AgNP are genotoxic in TK6 cells. Also, the data suggest that the in vitro micronucleus assay may be more appropriate than the Ames test for evaluating the genotoxicity of the AgNPs.
Efficient energy supply is key to reduce industrial greenhouse gas emissions. In the industry, energy is often supplied by on-site utility systems with electricity grid connection. Usually, electricity from the grid is assumed to have annually averaged emission factors when greenhouse gas emissions are calculated. However, emissions from electricity production are in fact time-dependent to match continuously varying demand and supply. These time dependent emissions offer the potential to reduce emissions by temporal shifting of electricity demand in demand-side management. Here, we investigate the impact of time-dependent grid mix emissions for low-carbon utility systems. For this purpose, we present a detailed mixed-integer linear programming model for a low-carbon utility system. Subsequently, we compute time-dependent grid emission factors based on the current mix and based on the marginal technologies. These grid emission factors serve as input to determine and economic and environmental trade-off curves. We show that emissions can be reduced by up to 6% at the same costs by considering time-dependent grid mix emissions, instead of annual average grid emissions. Marginal time-dependent emission factors even allow to reduce emissions by up to 60%. Our work shows that time-dependent grid emissions factors could enable climate-friendly demand-side management leading to significant emission reductions.
Binary metal oxides have great potential as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Three-dimensional flower-like nickel-cobalt oxide (NiCo2O4) nanostructures have been obtained by a simple and cost-effective hydrothermal synthesis followed by annealing at distinct temperatures. The effect of calcination temperature on the structure and the electrochemical behaviour of the nanostructures has also been investigated. Highly porous, hollow and continuous structures of NiCo2O4 quantum dots (NCO-QDs), formed at the calcination temperature of 300 °C, delivered a specific capacitance of 362 F g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A g-1. The good electrochemical behaviour of these nanostructures may be related to their unique, highly porous, integrated nanostructures that provide a good electroactive surface for faradaic redox reactions to occur. Also, an asymmetric-supercapacitor with NCO-QDs as positive electrode and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as negative electrode has been fabricated which exhibits a good charge storage capacity (81 F g-1 at the scan rate of 5 mV s-1) along with very good cycling stability (86% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles). The energy density and power density of the supercapacitor have been checked at a potential window of 2.5 V after 1000 charge-discharge cycles. The device has shown a very good energy density of 69.5 W h kg-1 along with high power density of 2.22 kW kg-1 at a current density of 1.5 A g -1. So, this study suggests that the prepared NCO-QDs are a prospective candidate for fabricating supercapacitor electrodes with good electrochemical performance in an extended potential window.
Spinel lithium manganese oxide was synthesized via co-precipitation. The prepared lithium manganese oxide powder was further heated at 700°C for 15h under pressurized (3bar) oxygen atmosphere. The resultant exhibited a highly crystalline cubic spinel phase with space group Fd3m, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The spinel compound exhibited a slightly smaller lattice constant than a conventional spinel compound, even though the cationic ratio of Li/Mn is the same for both compounds. Chemical titration of the Mn component showed that heat treatment under a 3bar oxygen atmosphere resulted in slightly higher average Mn oxidation state, indicating that the amount of Mn4+ increased after the treatment. The Li1.05Mn1.95O3.99 electrode exhibited improved cycling performance, namely, 96.3% of capacity retention during 100 cycles at elevated temperature (60°C). The details of the structure and electrochemistry of the electrode are discussed.
Solvent-free solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on two different poly(ethylene oxide), PEO Mw 600,000 and 4,000,000 and intercalated clays are reported. The inorganic additives used were lithiated bentonite and the nanocomposite PEO@bentonite with the same polymer used as matrix. SPE films, obtained in the scale of grams by mixing the components in a Brabender-type batch mixer and molding at 130°C, were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, UV–vis spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. During the preparation of the films, the unmodified clay got intercalated in situ. Comparative analysis of ionic conductivity and mechanical properties of the films show that the conductivity increases with the inclusion of fillers, especially for the polymer with low molecular weight. This effect is more pronounced when using PEO@bentonite as additive. Under selected work conditions, avoiding the presence of crystalline lithium complexes, observed effects are mainly centered on the polymer. An explanation, considering the higher affinity between the modified clay and PEO matrix which leads to differences in the micro homogeneity degree between both types of polymer electrolytes is proposed.
Despite the increasing interest in silver nanoparticles toxicity still few works dealt with the hazards of nanosized Ag in soils (either dissolved in pore water or coupled to colloids) although disposal of biosolids in landfills has been reported as the major source of silver nanoparticles in terrestrial environments. Presently, Eisenia fetida was used to assess the toxicity of 5 nm sized PVP-PEI coated silver nanoparticles in soil through the implementation of different exposure media Standard Toxicity Tests (Paper Contact and Artificial Soil –OECD-207- and Reproduction –OECD-222- Tests) together with cellular biomarkers measured in extruded coelomocytes. In order to decipher the mode of action of silver nanoparticles in soil and the uptake routes in earthworms, special attention was given to the Ag accumulation and distribution in tissues. High Ag accumulation rates, weight loss, and mortality due to the disruption of the tegument could be the result of a dermal absorption of Ag ions released from silver nanoparticles (Paper Contact Test). However, autometallography showed metals mainly localized in the digestive tract after Artificial Soil Test, suggesting that Ag uptake occurred mostly through soil ingestion. That is, silver nanoparticles attached to soil colloids seemed to be internalized in earthworms after ingestion of soil and transferred to the digestive gut epithelium where at high doses they have triggered severe effects at different levels of biological complexity.
The relationship between character strengths and vocational interests was tested. In an online study, 197 thirteen to eighteen year-olds completed a questionnaire measuring character strengths and a multi-method measure for interests (questionnaire, nonverbal test, and objective personality tests). The main findings were that intellectual strengths yielded primarily relations with investigative and artistic interests. Social interests demonstrated relations with strengths of transcendence and other-directed strengths and enterprising interests with leadership strengths. The implications of the findings for practice are highlighted.
Working memory (WM) often is impaired in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Such impairment may underlie core deficits in cognition and social functioning. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to enhance WM in both healthy adults and clinical populations, but its efficacy in ASD is unknown. We predicted that bifrontal tDCS would improve WM performances of adults with high-functioning autism during active stimulation compared to sham stimulation and that such enhancement would generalize to an untrained task.
Carbon nanofiber (CNF) composites containing well-dispersed Si nanoparticles and graphene oxide (GO) are synthesized via electrospinning and carbonization of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) precursor as freestanding electrodes of Li ion batteries. We first report the monodispersion of Si nanoparticles in aqueous solution via amino-silane functionalization followed by F ion mediation, prerequisite to excellent electrochemical performance of Si-based anodes. The treated Si nanoparticles are well bonded to the polymer precursor and fully encapsulated within amorphous carbon after carbonization which functions as stress buffer to relieve the volumetric strains generated by Si during charge/discharge cycles. The graphene (G) sheets offer extra conducting media for faster electron/ion charge transfer. The resulting Si/CNF/G electrodes deliver remarkable cyclic performance with a discharge capacity 872mAhg−1 after 50 cycles and 91% capacity retention, along with an excellent high rate capacity 567mAhg−1 at a current density 1.0Ag−1. These values are found among the best according to the comparison with reports on similar Si-based carbon electrode materials.
The power to gas concept is promising for the next generation of electrochemical energy storage and grid stabilization technologies. The fuel produced from electricity-driven fuel production can be an efficient energy carrier for excessive grid power. Here, a reversible solid oxide cell(s) system integrated with methane synthesis (ReSOC-MS) is proposed for the grid stabilization application at Mega Watts class. CH4 can be synthesized at grid surplus conditions and can be a transportation friendly energy carrier. A control strategy is proposed for this combined system, based on the grid state and H2 tank state of the system for the normal solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) mode and solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) mode. Simulation results of these two operational modes demonstrate that the ReSOC-MS can achieve 85.34% power to gas efficiency in SOEC mode and 46.95% gas to power efficiency in SOFC mode. Dynamic simulations of stepping grid state for 5000 s operation show that the power to gas efficiency can be higher than 70%, thereby successfully demonstrating the capability of grid-balancing and methane production.
The ionic conductivity of LiBOB-doped electrolytes containing two silyl solvents, bis[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy] dimethylsilane, 1, and [2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy] trimethylsilane,2, was measured from −10 °C to 50 °C using AC impedance spectroscopy to assess their potential use in commercial Li-ion cells. The effects of salt concentration, solvent composition, and temperature on the conductivity of the electrolytes are reported. In addition, conductivity data were fit using the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) equation to obtain the parameters σ 0, T 0, and E a , which correspond closely to conductivity and viscosity. All the electrolytes produced conductivities above the 1.0 mS cm−1 threshold required for commercial application. The 1:1 (vl) solvent composition possesses the highest conductivity, with the optimal 0.8 M salt-loading yielding the highest σ 25 at 1.99 ± 0.02 mS cm−1.
We evaluated the psychometric characteristics of the Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue subscale in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).
Although electrospun carbon nanofibers (ECNFs) possess excellent conductivity, high surface area and good electrochemical activity toward vanadium redox couples, much surface area of ECNFs was still unutilized because of its poor hydrophilicity. CeO2 nanoparticles as an excellent hydrophilic agent are embedded in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based carbon nanofibers by a simple electrospinning and subsequent carbonization process. The physicochemical characterizations show that the introduction of CeO2 nanoparticles slightly changes the structure and compositions of ECNFs, while the corresponding wettability is greatly improved. It is worth noting that the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of CeO2/ECNFs is more than four times of that for ECNFs. According to the cyclic voltammograms (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) results, the addition of CeO2 improves the electrocatalytic activity toward the negative reaction of vanadium flow battery (VFB) to some extent while has less effect on that toward the positive reaction, the significant improvement in the electrochemical performance of CeO2/ECNFs might be mostly ascribed to the remarkable enhancement in ECSA. In addition, the charge/discharge tests further verify that CeO2/ECNFs with high ECSA could significantly reduces the electrochemical polarization during the discharging process and results in an enhanced discharge capacity and energy efficiency. The accomplishment of this work provides a new concept that it might be more convenient and effective to improve the electrochemical performance of the electrode materials for VFB by increasing their ECSA.
Magnetite (Fe3O4)/carbon core–shell nanotubes have been successfully synthesized by partial reduction of monodispersed hematite (Fe2O3) nanotubes with carbon coating. Fe2O3 is completely converted to Fe3O4 during the reduction process and a thin carbon layer is continuously coated on the surface of Fe3O4 with the nanotube morphology reserved. The Fe3O4/carbon core–shell nanotubes exhibit superior electrochemical properties as anode material for lithium-ion batteries compared with the Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 nanotubes. The Fe3O4/carbon core–shell nanotubes electrode shows a large reversible capacity up to 938 mAh g−1 as well as improved cycling stability and excellent rate capability. The promising anode performance of the Fe3O4/carbon core–shell nanotubes can be attributed to their tubular morphology and continuous carbon coating, which provide improved structural stability and fast charge transport.
Lithium–sulfur batteries have great potential for high energy applications due to their high capacities, low cost and eco-friendliness. However, the particularly rapid capacity decay owing to the dissolution and diffusion of polysulfide intermediate into the electrolyte still hamper their practical applications. And the reported preparation procedures to sulfur based cathode materials are often complex, and hence are rather difficult to produce at large scale. Here, we report a simple mechano-chemical sulfurization methodology in vacuum environment applying ball-milling method combined both the chemical and physical interaction for the one-pot synthesis of edge-sulfurized grapheme nanoplatelets with 3D porous foam structure as cathode materials. The optimal sample of 70%S–GnPs-48h (ball-milled 48h) obtains 13.2wt% sulfur that chemically bonded onto the edge of GnPs. And the assembled batteries exhibit high initial discharge capacities of 1089mAh/g at 0.1C and 950mAh/g at 0.5C, and retain a stable discharge capacity of 776mAh/g after 250 cycles at 0.5C with a high Coulombic efficiency of over 98%. The excellent performance is mainly attributed to the mechano-chemical interaction between sulfur and grapheme nanoplatelets. This definitely triggers the currently extensive research in lithium–sulfur battery area.
The tavorite-type polymorph of LiFeSO4F has recently attracted substantial attention as a positive electrode material for lithium ion batteries. The synthesis of this material is generally considered to rely on a topotactic exchange of water (H2O) for lithium (Li) and fluorine (F) within the structurally similar hydrated iron sulfate precursor (FeSO4·H2O) when reacted with lithium fluoride (LiF). However, there have also been discussions in the literature regarding the possibility of a non-topotactic reaction mechanism between lithium sulfate (Li2SO4) and iron fluoride (FeF2) in tetraethylene glycol (TEG) as reaction medium. In this work, we use in situ X-ray diffraction to continuously follow the formation of LiFeSO4F from the two suggested precursor mixtures in a setup aimed to mimic the conditions of a solvothermal autoclave synthesis. It is demonstrated that LiFeSO4F is formed directly from FeSO4·H2O and LiF, in agreement with the proposed topotactic mechanism. The Li2SO4 and FeF2 precursors, on the other hand, are shown to rapidly transform into FeSO4·H2O and LiF with the water originating from the highly hygroscopic TEG before a subsequent formation of LiFeSO4F is initiated. The results highlight the importance of the FeSO4·H2O precursor in obtaining the tavorite-type LiFeSO4F, as it is observed in both reaction routes.
In this work a parametric cost–benefit analysis concerning the use of distributed generation (DG) technologies for isolated systems, such as in the case of Cyprus is carried out. In particular, the potential market and the different technologies of various DG options are presented and a parametric study is carried out with variations in capital cost of the various candidate DG technologies. The results are compared on a cost–benefit basis and indicate that small gas turbines have higher production costs than internal combustion engines and that wind energy can be a competitive alternative to internal combustion engine (or to a small gas turbine) provided the capital cost is less than 1000 € / kW (with a wind turbine capacity factor of 18%). Fuel cells using hydrogen from natural gas reforming can be a competitive alternative to photovoltaic systems for all the range of capital cost examined. The most expensive option is the use of green hydrogen in fuel cells.
A simple visualization method is developed to enable the imaging of the distribution and agglomeration of ceramic fillers in composite polymer electrolytes by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Solvent-free composite electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), LiBF4 and SiO2 particles are used as examples. The SiO2 particles are stained by a heavy element (Pb) to enhance the imaging contrast between the particles and their surroundings. Modified SiO2 from a silanization reaction where most of the surface OH groups has been replaced by Si-phenyl groups is also used to reduce the Lewis acid–base interactions between the ceramic fillers, the polymer and the Li salt. Although nearly the same particle size and particle distribution are found for SiO2 and modified SiO2 in PEO, the two composite electrolyte systems exhibit remarkably different electrochemical transport properties. The difference can, therefore, be unambiguously attributed to the benefit of Lewis acid–base interactions.
A rapid surge in the research on self-powered bio-electronics is occurring toward the challenge that the state-of-the-art bio-devices require obsolete bulky batteries, which limit device miniaturization and lifespan. Among them, flexible piezoelectric materials that enable mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion, stimulate tremendous attraction to harvest mechanical energy from the motions of human and organs. Here, we report a cost-effective one-step process based on unique two-dimensional mica substrates to fabricate flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters, extending beyond prior art for all-inorganic flexible piezoelectric materials. As an exemplary demonstration, an all-inorganic, large scale, flexible piezoelectric Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 energy harvester is fabricated with an outstanding performance (i.e., open-circuit voltage of 120V, short-circuit current density of 150μAcm−2 and power density of 42.7mWcm−3), which are comparable to those via conventional “grow-transfer” technique from rigid substrates to organic soft ribbons, and are much greater by one to four orders of magnitude than previous reported ones based on piezoelectric nanofibers and organic thick films. In particular. This unique process provides a new perspective to fabricate all-inorganic piezoelectric energy harvesters for battery-free bio-electronics.
Metastable vanadium dioxide/carbon (VO2(B)/C) nanobelts have been successfully synthesized via a facile surfactant-free hydrothermal method using V2O5 and sucrose as reactants. The VO2(B)/C with carbon content of 0.96wt.% shows well-distributed nanobelt morphology with an average width of 120–200nm, thickness of 40–60nm and length of 1–3μm. The nanobelts exhibit preferable electrochemical performances with high initial discharge capacity, good cycling stability and excellent high-rate performance. The initial discharge capacity can reach 218.6mAhg−1, and maintain 152.6mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at 50mAg−1. When the current density increases to 1000mAg−1, the discharge capacity is still as high as 138.2mAhg−1. VO2(B)/C nanobelts would be a promising cathode material for lithium ion batteries.