batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This paper describes the Washington Group project to test a short battery of disability questions developed for national censuses. The study used an unusually structured cognitive test protocol and was administered to a total of 1,290 respondents selected from convenience samples in fifteen countries in Central and South America, Asia and Africa. The test protocol consisted of the six core disability questions followed by questions designed to illustrate: (1) whether core questions were administered with relative ease; (2) how core questions were interpreted by respondents; (3) the factors considered by respondents when forming answers to core questions; and (4) the degree of consistency between responses to core questions and a set of more detailed functioning questions. Additionally, demographic and general health sections allowed for an examination of comparability, specifically, whether test questions performed consistently across all respondents, or if nationality, education, gender or socio-economic status impacted the ways in which respondents interpreted or considered each core question.
The Managing Emotions branch of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT-ME) was included within the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) as the measure of social cognition, although limited research has examined its associations with psychosocial functioning in people with schizophrenia or other severe mental illnesses. This secondary analysis with 107 participants examined what the MSCEIT-ME contributes to our understanding of functioning in this population, and whether it uniquely predicts psychosocial functioning after controlling for performance on the other MCCB tests and negative symptoms. Performance on the MSCEIT-ME was significantly correlated with all three MCCP factors (processing speed, attention/working memory, learning) within schizophrenia-schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and other mixed diagnoses groups. Better performance on MSCEIT-ME was associated with better psychosocial functioning on the Quality of Life Scale (QLS) in the schizophrenia-schizoaffective disorder group, but not in the bipolar or other mixed diagnoses groups. In addition, in the schizophrenia-schizoaffective disorder group, after controlling for demographic characteristics in stepwise multiple regression analyses, MSCEIT-ME was the only significant predictor of the QLS total score and the QLS interpersonal relations and intrapsychic foundations subscales, with none of the MCCB factors entering any of the regression models. The MSCEIT-ME may reflect a unique aspect of social cognition that is related to impaired psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia and is not tapped by the other cognitive tests on the MCCB. Further research on the MSCEIT-ME could provide unique insights into the social functioning problems in schizophrenia.
Enhanced lithium-ion storage performance of carbon nanofiber networks decorating with uniformly dispersed Cr2O3 quantum nanodots (∼4nm) totally embedded within them were fabricated via a facile electrospinning method. The composite networks were directly employed as free-standing anode materials for Li ion batteries, which exhibited high specific capacity and stable cyclic performance (527mAhg−1 in the 100th cycle). The outstanding electrochemical properties of carbon nanofiber networks could be ascribed to the existence of multifunctional Cr2O3 quantum nanodots and the synergistic effect between the Cr2O3 quantum nanodots and carbon. On one hand, Cr2O3 with high theoretical capacity can improve the specific capacity of composites. On the other hand, the embedded Cr2O3 quantum nanodots can effectively promote the defects concentration of carbon nanofibers, resulting in extra lithium-ion storage sites in carbon fiber. In addition, the carbon nanofibers can provide sufficient room to accommodate the huge volume changes of Cr2O3 quantum nanodots during cycling, and also enhance the electronic conductivity and ion diffusion rate as well as granting a good free-standing matrix.
Aging characteristics of electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) comprising high surface area carbon electrodes with organic electrolyte solutions have been examined under high-voltage (high cell-potential) and high-temperature cycling conditions. The influences of the electrolyte components on decreasing the capacitance were investigated for cells using different electrolyte compositions. The use of acetonitrile (AN) as the electrolyte solvent in the cell led to higher cycling capacitance than those using alkyl carbonate solvents, such as propylene carbonate or ethylene carbonate mixed with dimethyl carbonate, under moderate cycling conditions. However, when the cycling was done with a higher operating voltage (>3.5V), significant capacitance degradation was observed for the cells using AN-based electrolytes. The EDLC cells using carbonate-based electrolytes showed moderate degradation behavior even at higher operating voltages. With respect to the electrolytic salt, cells using LiBF4 generally showed lower durability than cells using tetraethylammonium salt, TEABF4, especially at high operating voltages (>3.5V). The mechanism of the decreasing capacitance with repeated cycle is discussed.
Mobile phone users have to deal with limited battery lifetime through a reciprocal process we call human–battery interaction. We conducted three user studies in order to understand human–battery interaction and discover the problems in existing designs that prevent users from effectively dealing with the limited battery lifetime. The studies include a large-scale international survey, two long-term field trials including quantitative battery logging and qualitative inquiries, and structured interviews with twenty additional mobile phone users. We evaluated various aspects of human–battery interaction, including charging behavior, battery indicators, user interfaces for power-saving settings, user knowledge, and user reaction. We find that mobile phone users can be categorized into two types regarding human–battery interaction and often have inadequate knowledge regarding phone power characteristics. We provide qualitative and quantitative evidence that problems in state-of-the-art user interfaces have led to under-utilized power-saving settings, under-utilized battery energy, and dissatisfied users. Our findings provide insights into improving mobile phone design for users to effectively deal with the limited battery lifetime. Our work is the first to systematically address human–battery interaction on mobile phones and is complementary to the extensive research on energy-efficient design for a longer battery lifetime.
Tin oxide (SnO2) based materials are considered promising anodes for high-energy lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, significant challenges including low initial coulombic efficiency, poor cycling stability and low rate capability are still hindering their practical applications. Effectively constructing a conductive material structure plays a vital role in improving the electrochemical performance of tin based composite anodes for LIBs. In this work, we utilize carbon nanotube-graphene nanosheet with 3D conductive framework to fabricate a SnO2/carbon nanotube-graphene nanosheet (SnO2/CNT-GN) aerogel composite, in which a small amount of carbon nanotube is introduced to increase the electronic transportation by interconnecting the independent porous graphene structure. In addition, the synergistic interplay between high mechanical property of CNT and flexibility of graphene significantly enhance the stability of SnO2/CNT-GN composite. As a result, the SnO2/CNT-GN composite exhibit a very decent cycling stability, retaining a stable specific capacity of 809mAhg−1 (87% capacity retention) after 100 cycles at 0.2Ag−1, as well as an excellent rate capability, delivering 787mAhg−1 even at a high current density of 5Ag−1.
Fe3O4 has long been regarded as one of the most promising anode materials for lithium ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity, low cost, and nontoxic properties. Here, we report a facile hydrothermal way to perform carbonization of poly (ST-AN) (PSA) to obtain a PSA-Fe3O4@C3Dmesoporousmicrosphere. (*) Its electrochemical performance as an anode material was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge experiments. The PSA-Fe3O4@C electrode delivers a capacity of 1130mAhg−1 at 0.5C, in contrast to that of the CA (Citric Acid)-Fe3O4@C (1111mAhg−1) and Fe3O4 (817mAhg−1). The improvements can be attributed to the unique composition and microstructure that endow the electrode with large contact area between material and electrolyte, short diffusion path for lithium ions transportation in the active material, low electron transfer resistance from a current collector to the active material, and large buffering space for volume change during charging/discharging process.
In battery applications, every electrical connection of battery cells is important because it influences functionality, efficiency, and safety. Increased contact resistances generate more heat at the affected terminals and if contact resistances of parallel-connected battery cells differ the current divides unequally. Amongst different techniques, detachable connections are easy to handle and have advantages for service, repair and recycling. Usually, detachable electrical connections are based on the functional principle of press contacts. So, press contacts are frequently used for consumer batteries in electronic devices, for pouch battery cells in scientific tests, and for large battery cells with screw connections. This paper focusses on the electrical contact resistance of press contacts for battery cells. A novel measuring method to assess the contact resistance itself is presented. Common terminal and connector metals for battery cells and the dependence of their contact resistances on the contact pressure, surface roughness, and contact area are investigated and compared with welding techniques. Only if these dependencies are considered, contact resistances as low as for welded connections are achieved. Furthermore, due to its hard passivating Al203 surface film, aluminum contacts need a certain surface roughness. The obtained results can serve for modeling and development of battery assemblies.
A flexible, free-standing, and light-weight LiMnTiO4/MWCNT electrode has been prepared by vacuum filtration method for the first time. The as-prepared flexible LiMnTiO4/MWCNT electrode possesses a three-dimensional braiding structure in which LiMnTiO4 particles are well embedded in the twining CNT networks. The novel LiMnTiO4/MWCNT electrodes show tensile strength of 1.34 MPa and 2.04 MPa, when the percentages of MWCNTs reach to 30% and 50%, respectively. This novel flexible electrode exhibits a superior electrochemical property, especially at rate capability and cycling stability. The LiMnTiO4/MWCNT electrode can deliver capacity of 161 mAh g−1 (86.4% retention) after 50 cycles at 0.5C rate. Since the high conductivity from MWCNT networks, the LiMnTiO4/MWCNT electrode can still maintain a capacity of 77 mAh g−1 at 5C rate, which is much higher than that of the conventional electrode fabricated by slurry casting method on Al foil. The features of free-standing, light-weight, and excellent electrochemical performance indicate the potential of using the LiMnTiO4/MWCNT cathode in new-generation flexible lithium ion batteries.
Biofuel cells provide a versatile means to generate electrical power from environmentally friendly biomass or biofuels. Immobilization technology has played an important role in the design of biofuel cells. This review addresses recent advances in immobilization technology applied to assembling biofuel cells. After identifying the advantages and problems of biofuel cells, the immobilization technology, which offers a sustainable and effective solution for biofuel cell design, is thoroughly presented: (i) A brief introduction to immobilization methods, including adsorption, covalent binding and entrapment, is first presented. (ii) The immobilization structure and nanostructures are emphasized, which strongly influence mass and electron transfer, including zero, one, two, and three dimensional nanostructures are then discussed. (iii) The immobilization materials, which are considered as a critical factor in immobilization technology, including polymer, carbon, oxide and metallic nanomaterials, sol–gel based materials and particularly composite materials, are reviewed to conclude. The interesting issues related to the future of biofuel cell design are also highlighted, for example, the 3D electrode assembly using low dimensional structures as a future challenge, biofuel cells within logic systems as a new aspect, crystalline mesoporous carbon with high enzyme loading as a future desired material, and composite materials with multiple functions and structures as a hot area of work.
We report the formation of MgCoSiO4 materials by a high-temperature solid-state reaction, a molten salt method and a mixed solvothermal approach. The preparation process had a profound effect on the morphology and particle size of the materials. Mesoporous MgCoSiO4 was obtained for the first time by the non-surfactant mixed solvothermal approach. The electrochemical intercalation of bivalent Mg2+ cations into MgCoSiO4 as an electroactive species for rechargeable magnesium batteries was further investigated. Preliminary electrochemical data indicated that mesoporous MgCoSiO4 had a higher peak current, a larger discharge capacity and a higher flat plateau compared with the corresponding bulk materials.
This paper describes homogeneous triblock copolymer/Nafion blend membranes, which facilitate proton conduction in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) at intermediate temperatures. The interaction between the two polymer components is investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy. The blend membranes show higher proton conductivity than recast Nafion under partially anhydrous conditions. Protons can be transported with the assistance of ether chain under such conditions at elevated temperature. In addition, the membranes exhibit more favourable methanol permeability and selectivity. This kind of blend membrane shows somewhat better performance in DMFC compared to bare recast Nafion at intermediate temperature (≥120 °C). This work is a first attempt in our group to design membrane materials with enhanced proton conductivity under conditions typical of intermediate temperature DMFCs.
Objective To investigate relations between EEG measures and performance on tests of global cognition, memory, language and executive functioning. Methods Twenty-two controls, 18 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 16 with probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD) underwent neuropsychological and EEG investigations. We used the following EEG measures: theta relative power during eyes closed, alpha reactivity during memory activation (i.e. the percentual decrease in alpha power as compared to eyes closed) and alpha coherence during eyes closed and memory activation. Results Theta relative power was increased in AD patients as compared with controls (p <0.001) and MCI patients (p <0.01) and related to decreased performance in all cognitive domains. Alpha reactivity was decreased in AD patients as compared with controls (p <0.005) and related to decreased performance on tests of global cognition, memory and executive functioning. Alpha coherence did not differ between groups and was unrelated to cognition. Conclusions EEG power measures were associated with decreased performance on tests of global cognition, memory, language and executive functioning, while coherence measures were not. Significance The EEG yielded several power measures related to cognitive functions. These EEG power measures might prove useful in prospective studies aimed at predicting longitudinal cognitive decline and dementia.
A unique new design of a chip integrated fuel cell accumulator is presented. The system combines an electrolyser and a self-breathing polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell with integrated palladium hydrogen storage on a silicon substrate. Outstanding advantages of this assembly are the fuel cell with integrated hydrogen storage, the possibility of refuelling it by electrolysis and the opportunity of simply refilling the electrolyte by adding water. By applying an electrical current, wiring the palladium hydrogen storage as cathode and the counter-electrode as anode, the electrolyser produces hydrogen at the palladium surface and oxygen at the electrolyser cell anode. The generated hydrogen is absorbed by the palladium electrode and the hydrogen storage is refilled consequently enabling the fuel cell to function.
In general, a relatively large part of the PbSO4 of lead-acid battery electrode discharge products can be seen as particles at the end of the discharge and thus their reduction, on the negative electrode, or oxidation, on the positive electrode, must involve the dissolution of the Pb2+. In this paper, the processes occurring on flat negative electrodes during the galvanostatic charge transients are studied in detail, especially in relation to where and how much the PbSO4 and Pb2+ are reduced. The understanding of these processes is fundamental for the understanding of any pulse charging process. Thus, it is shown for a single discharge/charge cycle, that during the charging process a disruption of the PbSO4 film, giving rise to a continuous glued non-disrupted film and to a disrupted film attached by surface tension forces to the electrode surface can occur. Further, it is shown that the amount of disruption depends on the charging current conditions and it decreases with decreasing charging currents. It is also demonstrated that the reduction of the Pb2+ dissolved from the disrupted particles takes place simultaneously to the reduction of the non-disrupted glued part of the film. On the basis of these facts, it is finally shown, for the case of multiple discharge/charge cycles, how the charge associated with the disrupted film changes with cycling and why and how it is possible to determine the amount disrupted PbSO4 film formed.
In this paper the optimal design of an Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) with the goal of minimizing the lifecycle cost, while taking into account environmental emissions, is presented. Different energy sources such as renewable energy technology based and diesel generation are considered, with realistic inputs on their physical, operating and economic characteristics. In order to address the “range anxiety”, concern of EV owners regarding the distance the vehicle can travel, the design of an EVCS along highways, as an isolated microgrid, is studied. In another study, the EVCS is assumed to be connected to the grid as a smart energy hub. The charging demand of the EVCS is estimated considering real drive data. Analysis is also carried out to compare the economics of a grid-connected EVCS with an isolated EVCS and the optimal break-even distance for the grid connected EVCS to be a viable option, is determined.
This paper investigates the determinants of skyscraper height. First a simple model is provided where potential developers desire not only profits but also social status. In equilibrium, height is a function of both the costs and benefits of construction and the heights of surrounding buildings. Using data from New York City, I empirically estimate skyscraper height over the 20th century. Via spatial regressions, I find evidence for height competition, which increases during boom times. In addition, I provide estimates of which buildings are economically “too tall” and by how many floors.
Coupling an energy storage to a photovoltaic (PV) system not only increases the self-consumption but also solves the over-voltage issues if the cycling of the storage is properly controlled. Whatever the application the storage is used for, the primary concern of the system owner is to maximize the profits. Therefore, this paper addresses an energy management system for a PV system coupled with battery energy storage, which maximizes the daily economic benefits while curtailing the power injection to the grid in such a way that helps to mitigate over-voltage problems caused by reverse power flow. A time dependent grid feed-in limit is proposed achieve this objective. The daily operational cost that includes the energy cost and the battery degradation cost is considered as the objective function. The non-linear constrained optimization problem is solved using dynamic programming. The analyses are made to investigate the economic benefits of charging the battery from the grid. It is found that there is a possibility for these systems for participating in load-levelling if batteries are charged from the PV system. In order for that to be feasible, the peak-hour sell-back price for the energy from storage should be higher than the off-peak utility electricity price.
This study proposes a cooperative multi-agent system for managing the energy of a stand-alone microgrid. The multi-agent system learns to control the components of the microgrid so as this to achieve its purposes and operate effectively, by means of a distributed, collaborative reinforcement learning method in continuous actions-states space. Stand-alone microgrids present challenges regarding guaranteeing electricity supply and increasing the reliability of the system under the uncertainties introduced by the renewable power sources and the stochastic demand of the consumers. In this article we consider a microgrid that consists of power production, power consumption and power storage units: the power production group includes a Photovoltaic source, a fuel cell and a diesel generator; the power consumption group includes an electrolyzer unit, a desalination plant and a variable electrical load that represent the power consumption of a building; the power storage group includes only the Battery bank. We conjecture that a distributed multi-agent system presents specific advantages to control the microgrid components which operate in a continuous states and actions space: For this purpose we propose the use of fuzzy Q-Learning methods for agents representing microgrid components to act as independent learners, while sharing state variables to coordinate their behavior. Experimental results highlight both the effectiveness of individual agents to control system components, as well as the effectiveness of the multi-agent system to guarantee electricity supply and increase the reliability of the microgrid.
To test the feasibility of DMFC systems in preliminary stages of the design process the design engineer can make use of heuristic models identifying the opportunity of DMFC systems in a specific application. In general these models are to generic and have a low accuracy. To improve the accuracy a second-order model is proposed in this paper. The second-order model consists of an evolutionary algorithm written in Mathematica, which selects a component-set satisfying the fuel-cell systems’ performance requirements, places the components in 3D space and optimizes for volume. The results are presented as a 3D draft proposal together with a feasibility metric. To test the algorithm the design of DMFC system applied in the MP3 player is evaluated. The results show that volume and costs are an issue for the feasibility of the fuel-cell power-system applied in the MP3 player. The generated designs and the algorithm are evaluated and recommendations are given.