batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Mounting evidence supports that cadmium, a toxic metal found in tobacco, air and food, is a cardiovascular risk factor. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review of epidemiologic studies evaluating the association between cadmium exposure and cardiovascular disease. Twelve studies were identified. Overall, the pooled relative risks (95 % confidence interval) for cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease were: 1.36 (95 % CI: 1.11, 1.66), 1.30 (95 % CI: 1.12, 1.52), 1.18 (95 % CI: 0.86, 1.59), and 1.49 (95 % CI: 1.15, 1.92), respectively. The pooled relative risks for cardiovascular disease in men, women and never smokers were 1.29 (1.12, 1.48), 1.20 (0.92, 1.56) and 1.27 (0.97, 1.67), respectively. Together with experimental evidence, our review supports the association between cadmium exposure and cardiovascular disease, especially for coronary heart disease. The number of studies with stroke, heart failure (HF) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) endpoints was small. More studies, especially studies evaluating incident endpoints, are needed.
The role of a SnO2-samarium doped ceria (SDC) additional anode layer in a direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) with SDC-(Li0.67Na0.33)2CO3 composite electrolyte and lithiated NiO-SDC-(Li0.67Na0.33)2CO3 composite cathode is investigated and compared with a NiO-SDC extra anode layer. Catalytic grown carbon fiber mixed with (Li0.67Na0.33)2CO3 is used as a fuel. At 750 °C, the maximum power outputs of 192 and 143 mW cm−2 are obtained by the cells with SnO2-SDC and NiO-SDC layers, respectively. In the SnO2-SDC layer, the reduction of SnO2 and the oxidation of Sn happen simultaneously during the cell operation, and the Sn/SnO2 redox cycle provides an additional route for fuel conversion. The formation of an insulating dense interlayer between the anode and electrolyte layers, which usually happens in DCFCs with metal anodes, is avoided in the cell with the SnO2-SDC layer, and the stability of the cell is improved consequently.
The interfacial phenomena between graphite (mesocarbon-microbeads (MCMB)) electrode and organic electrolyte solution were analyzed by in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The influence of lithium salts (anion species), LiPF6, LiBF4, and LiClO4, on the interfacial reaction, including lithium intercalation into graphite, was investigated in EC+DMC solutions. In situ AFM observation disclosed that morphological changes are quite different from one another depending on the kind of lithium salt (anion). A large expansion of MCMB particle was observed particularly in LiPF6/EC+DMC. An expansion of MCMB particle started above 1.0V versus Li/Li+ and this expansion seemed to be caused by the decomposition of ternary graphite intercalation compound (GIC) (Cn Li(sol) y ), because the expansion remained after de-intercalation of lithium. IRAS spectra of each electrolyte solution showed different behaviors and different reduction products of solvents. double modulation FTIR (DMFTIR) spectra on graphite electrode, which emphasize the surface species, indicated relatively small changes after cathodic polarization. Therefore, the observed morphological changes were caused mainly by the expansion of graphene layers and not by the precipitation of reduction products.
Two latent chemical cross-linked precursors: (1) oligo-organophosphazene with propionitrile and iodo-(ethylene oxide-co-propylene oxide) and (2) oligo-organosiloxane grafting oligo-ethylene oxide and propylene oxide dimethylamine are synthesized to form all-solid-state polymer electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cells employing in situ quaterization reaction. This novel electrolyte shows about 6.79×10−7 cm2 s−1 of the apparent diffusion coefficient of triiodide. The disintegrating temperature of 181°C demonstrates good thermal stability of the solid-state electrolyte. Proper amount of 7nm SiO2 modified with 3-triethoxysilylpropyl oligo(oxyethylene-co-oxypropylene) monomethyl urethane is added to the electrolyte and the photocurrent conversion efficiency reaches 2.66% compared with that of 1.81% with no additive.
Wind and photovoltaic generation systems possess fluctuating output power due to intermittency in wind speed and solar irradiance which needs to be smoothed before supplying power to the grid for a proper operation. Several power smoothing methods are developed in recent years for wind and photovoltaic systems. This paper presents an extensive review of the output power smoothing methods considering the use of the energy storage system (ESS). In general, the smoothing of fluctuating power is carried out with an ESS such as a battery energy storage system, fuel cell/electrolyzer, superconducting magnetic energy storage, flywheel energy storage system, energy capacitor system as well as without any energy storage system. As the installation and maintenance cost of ESS-based smoothing methods are high, the existing approaches of power smoothing can be broadly categorized into with and without ESS. This paper discusses the merits and demerits of the existing research in power smoothing approaches and proposes key future directions. Moreover, a comparative study of some well-known smoothing techniques is presented for a simple power system with wind, Photovoltaics and batteries.
In this work we present a very simple preparation procedure of a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based crosslinked polymer electrolyte (XPE) for application in sodium-ion batteries (NIBs). The polymer electrolyte, containing NaClO4 as Na+ source, is prepared by rapid, energy saving, solvent-free photopolymerization technique, in a single step. Thermal, mechanical, morphological and electrochemical properties of the resulting XPE are thoroughly investigated. The highly ionic conducting (>1 mS cm−1 at 25 °C) polymer electrolyte is used in a lab-scale sodium cell with nanostructured TiO2 working electrode. The obtained results in terms of ambient temperature cycling behaviour (stable specific capacity of about 250 mAh g−1 at 0.1 mA cm−2 and overall remarkable stability, for a quasi-solid state Na polymer cell, upon very long term cycling exceeding 1000 reversible cycles at 0.5 mA cm−2 corresponding to > 5000 h of continuous operation) demonstrate the promising prospects of this novel XPE to be implemented in the next-generation NIBs conceived for large-scale energy storage systems, such as those connected to photovoltaic and wind factories.
Interest in developing more flexible fencing technology to improve pasture and rangeland management is increasing. The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of a new virtual fencing product and measure impact on behavior, thus potentially allowing positive development of virtual fence systems. The Boviguard (Agrifence, Henderson Products Ltd., Gloucester, UK) invisible fence is now commercially available, consisting of cow collars, a battery-based transformer, and an induction cable laid on the ground or buried in the ground. As the Boviguard collar comes close to the induction cable, a warning sound is triggered and if the animal continues to move closer, an electrical stimulus is triggered. We tested this novel system on 10 cows wearing global positioning system (GPS) collars to pinpoint location and activity sensors to gather behavioral data. Two separate exclusion zones were created consecutively in different areas of a test field, with alternate periods of control, with no fence activity, and virtual fence activation. The system successfully prevented the animals from crossing the virtual fence line. No changes in general activity or lying behavior were found. There were significant changes in the pattern of use of the rest of the field area when the fencing system was activated. When only the unactivated cable was left on the ground in a final control period, the visual cue alone deterred animals from entering the exclusion area. The trial showed the effectiveness of a collar-based electrical stimuli system. This approach to virtual fencing could provide solutions for management systems where moving fences frequently is required, such as for strip grazing, nature conservation management of specific areas and habitats, and grazers of land where physical fences are not preferred or feasible.
The genus Penicillium is one of the largest and widely distributed fungal genera described to date. As a result, its taxonomic classification and species discrimination within this genus has become complicated. In this study, 52 isolates that belonged to the Penicillum genus and other related genera were characterized using two DNA-based methods: (i) analysis of the nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacers in ribosomal DNA and (ii) analysis of DNA fingerprints that were generated by polymerase chain reactions with specific primers for enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) and repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) sequences, and BOX elements. Using both methods, Penicillium species were discriminated from other fungal genera. Furthermore, Penicillium species that include strains which are used as biocontrol agents, such as P. glabrum, P. purpurogenum, and P. oxalicum, could be distinguished from other Penicillium species using these techniques. Based on our findings, we propose that a polyphasic approach that includes analysis of the nucleotide sequences of ribosomal DNA and detecting the presence of highly conserved, repeated nucleotide sequences can be used to determine the genetic relationships between different Penicillium species. Furthermore, we propose that our results can be used as a start point to develop a strategy to monitor the environmental presence of particular strains of Penicillium species when they are used as biocontrol agents.
The morphology, mineralogy, and magnetic properties of technogenic magnetic particles (TMPs) were analysed in four kinds of industrial dust produced during high temperature technological processes of different branches of industry (lignite and hard coal burning, cement production, coke production). The study was carried out by means of magnetic susceptibility measurement, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and thermomagnetic analysis. To assess the total content of the magnetic fraction in bulk dust samples, mass specific magnetic susceptibility (χ) was measured and then a physical separation of magnetic particles (mostly of technogenic origin) was conducted. The dusts revealed high diversity of the χ value, which was dependent on the magnetic particles’ concentration and mineralogical composition. Significant differences in the magnetic mineralogy of dusts coming from different branches of industry were observed. In fly ashes from coal combustion, spherical forms (typical ferromagnetic spherules) of magnetite, magnesioferrite, and maghemite were mostly observed. In dusts after lignite combustion a higher content of antiferromagnetic hematite and maghemite was observed due to the lower temperature of lignite combustion. In cement dusts a large variety of iron minerals were observed including magnetite, maghemite, hematite, ferrites, and goethite. The characteristic mineral forms for cement dusts were Ca-ferrites and co-occurrence of calcite, anhydrite, gypsum, and bassanite with a magnetic mineral fraction. The magnetic fraction produced by the coke industry was mostly in the form of tightly compacted aggregates with well-formed crystal structures where ferromagnetic pyrrhotite was characteristic feature. The TMPs could be distinctive for pollution source identification and serve as a tracer of dust origin and (if found in topsoil) identification of soil pollution sources.
Background Only a minority of infants are exclusively breastfed for the recommended 6 months postpartum. Breast-feeding self-efficacy is a mother's confidence in her ability to breastfeed and is predictive of breastfeeding behaviors. The Prenatal Breast-feeding Self-efficacy Scale (PBSES) was developed among English-speaking mothers to measure breastfeeding self-efficacy before delivery. Objectives To translate the PBSES into Spanish and assess its psychometric properties. Design Reliability and validity assessment. Setting A public hospital in Yecla, Spain. Participants A convenience sample of 234 pregnant women in their third trimester of pregnancy. Methods The PBSES was translated into Spanish using forward and back translation. A battery of self-administered questionnaires was completed by participants, including a questionnaire on sociodemographic variables, breastfeeding experience and intention, as well as the Spanish version of the PBSES. Also, data on exclusive breastfeeding at discharge were collected from hospital database. Dimensional structure, internal consistency and construct validity of the Spanish version of PBSES were assessed. Results Confirmatory factor analysis suggested the presence of one construct, self-efficacy, with four dimensions or latent variables. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was 0.91. Response patterns based on decision to breastfeed during pregnancy provided evidence of construct validity. In addition, the scores of the Spanish version of the PBSES significantly predicted exclusive breastfeeding at discharge. Conclusions The Spanish version of PBSES shows evidences of reliability, and contrasting group and predictive validity. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated marginal fit and further studies are needed to provide new evidence on the structure of the scale. The Spanish version of the PBSES can be considered a reliable measure and shows validity evidences.
The electrolyte additive 2-(pentafluorophenyl)-tetrafluoro-1,3,2-benzodioxaborole (PFPTFBB, 1) was found to have a reversible redox potential at 4.43V vs. Li+/Li. This compound can function as an overcharge protection additive as well as anion receptor for lithium-ion batteries. It has drawn a great deal of interest from industry, but its use in relatively large quantities is limited by the production challenges of tetrafluorocatechol (TFC, 3), which is the key starting chemical for the synthesis of PFPTFBB. As part of a continuous effort in our research toward improving the safety of lithium-ion batteries, we have performed the synthesis of TFC and optimized its synthesis process. The X-ray single-crystal structures of TFC and the intermediate product 5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro-1,4-benzodioxane (4) during the process of PFPTFBB synthesis are reported for the first time. Also presented is the lithium ion cell performance of PFPTFBB as redox shuttle in various electrolyte systems.
ABSTRACT This paper was addressed on studying the electrolyte for electrochemical double layer capacitors with relatively high ionic conductivity and high electrochemical stability for low temperature application. The data of systematical analysis of the electrochemical characteristics of EDLC have been presented using spiro-(1,1′)-bipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (SBP-BF4) with 1.5molL−1 (M) in a variety of solvent compositions including propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), while the mixture solvents are PC+DMC (1:1 in volume) and PC+DMC+EC (1:1:1 in volume). The physical properties and electrochemical performance of SBP-BF4 in all solvent compositions are investigated. It is found that the binary solvent electrolyte systems exhibited better characteristics in electrochemical performance than single and ternary solvent system in low temperature. The capacitance of the binary solvent electrolyte systems could reach about 117.3Fg−1 at 20°C and 92.3Fg−1 at −50°C, which were higher than that of single and ternary solvent system. The energy density and power density of EDLCs based on binary solvents systems are can reach 29.6Whkg−1 and 12.5kWkg−1, respectively.
Polypyrrole (PPy)/silver vanadium oxide (SVO) composite cathode materials were synthesized by polymerizing pyrrole onto the surface of pure SVO particles. Electrochemical characterization was carried out by performing galvanostatic discharge, pulse discharge and ac-impedance experiments. The composite electrode exhibited better performance than pristine SVO in all the experiments. The composite electrodes yielded a higher discharge capacity and a better pulse discharge capability when compared to the pristine SVO electrode. The pulse discharge and ac-impedance studies indicated that PPy forms an effective conductive network on the SVO surface and thereby reduces the particle-to-particle contact resistance and facilitates the interfacial charge transfer kinetics. To determine the thermal stability of the composite cathode, galvanostatic discharge and ac-impedance experiments were performed at different temperatures. The capacity increased with temperature due to enhanced charge transfer kinetics and low mass transfer limitations. The peak capacity was obtained at 60°C, after which the performance degraded with any further increase in temperature.
Many efforts are being done to commercialize silicon (Si) as a high energy application anode for Li-ion batteries. However, still improvements are required at various levels from structural modification to fabrication process for commercializing Si as single anode material. In the present study, we report high improvement in the electrochemical performance of Si by shielding its surface with nano TiO2 particles. A layer of TiO2 nano particles is deposited on the surface of carbon coated nano Si by hydrothermal process to prevent the volume expansion during charge-discharge process. The sample is designated as Si/C–TiO2. The composite shows discharge capacity of 781 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles which was much higher than the capacity of pristine Si (23 mAh g−1) and carbon coated Si (Si/C) (215 mAh g−1) after 200 cycles. The Si/C–TiO2 composite has also shown higher capacity at all current rates from 100 mA g−1 to 2 A g−1 and a stable cycle life up to 200 cycles. The work also provides the morphological and structural study of electrodes after charge-discharge cycles conducted by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photon spectroscopy techniques.
The gas-diffusion-electrode used in a Li–air cell has been studied in a unique homemade electrochemical cell. Three major obstacles for the development of a feasible Li–air system were discussed with a focus on the development of a functional gas-diffusion-electrode in non-aqueous electrolytes and the way of avoiding the passivation of gas-diffusion-electrodes caused by the deposition of the reduction products. It is the first time that the importance of establishing the 3-phase electrochemical interface in non-aqueous electrolyte is demonstrated by creating air-diffusion paths and an air saturated portion for an air cathode. A model mechanism of electrode passivation by the reaction products was also proposed. Lithium oxides formed during O2 reduction tend to block small pores, preventing them from further utilization in the electrochemical reaction. On the other hand, lithium oxides would accumulate inside the large pores during the reduction until the density of oxides becomes high enough to choke-off the mass transfer. Carbon materials with a high surface area associated with larger pores should be selected to make the gas-diffusion-electrode for Li–air battery. For the first time, a near linear relationship between the capacity of GDE in a non-aqueous electrolyte and the average pore diameter was demonstrated, which could be used to estimate the capacity of the GDE quantitatively.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique was used to describe behavior of AB5-type hydrogen storage alloy. Impedance investigations were performed during cyclic voltammetry measurement and charge/discharge cycles. The comprehensive interpretation of instantaneous impedance spectra obtained in potentiostatic mode allowed further to interpret impedance results in galvanostatic mode. Proposed methodology enabled to trace electrical parameters as a function of state of charge (SOC) and depth of discharge (DOD).
Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the prefrontal cortex has repeatedly been shown to improve working memory. As patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are characterized by both underactivation of the prefrontal cortex and deficits in working memory that correlate with clinical symptoms, it is hypothesized that the modulation of prefrontal activity with tDCS in patients with ADHD increases performance in working memory and reduces symptoms of ADHD. To test this hypothesis, fifteen adolescents with ADHD (12–16 years old, three girls and 12 boys) were treated according to the randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled, crossover design with either 1 mA anodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or with the sham protocol 5 days each with a 2 weeks pause between these conditions. Anodal tDCS caused a significant reduction in clinical symptoms of inattention and impulsivity in adolescents with ADHD compared to sham stimulation. The clinical effects were supported by a significant reduction in inattention and hyperactivity in a standardized working memory test (QbTest). The described effects were more pronounced 7 days after the end of stimulation, a fact which emphasizes the long-lasting clinical and neuropsychological changes after tDCS. This study provides the first evidence that tDCS may reduce symptoms of ADHD and improve neuropsychological functioning in adolescents and points on the potential of tDCS as a form of treatment for ADHD.
We compared basic and social cognition in individuals with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. 199 individuals with schizophrenia and 73 with schizoaffective disorder were compared on measures of executive function, verbal and nonverbal memory, and processing speed, as well as two measures of social cognition, the Hinting Task and the Bell Lysaker Emotion Recognition Task. The samples did not differ significantly on the basic cognitive measures, however individuals with schizoaffective disorder performed significantly better than those with schizophrenia on the Hinting Task, a measure of Theory of Mind. Results provide limited support for a taxonomic distinction between the two disorders.
In this work, we fabricated an all-solid-state nano lithium battery MnFe2O4/graphene–Li2O–Li to understand the electrochemical Li-storage mechanism and performance of MnFe2O4 using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique. We found that single-crystalline MnFe2O4 is converted into polycrystalline Li2O/Mn/Fe with large volume expansion upon discharge and subsequently into polycrystalline MnO/Fe3O4 with volume shrinkage upon charge. Reversible conversion between MnO/Fe3O4 and Li2O/Mn/Fe occurs during the following cycles with small volume changes. We also found that both MnO/Fe3O4 and Li2O/Mn/Fe can be tightly confined by graphene despite the volume change and particle pulverization, and that free space that buffers the volume changes still exists even at deep lithiation state. In situ TEM characterization also indicates that graphene is a good conductor for both Li ion and electrons. The combined conducting, buffering and confining effects of graphene revealed by in situ TEM characterization can well explain the role it plays in improving the electrochemical properties of MnFe2O4.