batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This paper illustrates how font, viewed as a component of a brand's visual equity, can enhance a brand's identity and build its market share. In a two-alternative forced-choice task, brands, covering 10 different product categories, were chosen twice as frequently when they were in an appropriate font relative to when they were not. This finding was replicated with no diminution of the effect even when brand names were highly connotative. In a subsequent small field study, consumers chose chocolates from a box of chocolates having an appropriate font rather than one having an inappropriate font on 75% of occasions. Our study establishes the importance for marketers to adopt a coherent font policy to cover current and possible future brand extensions.
Weak health information systems (HIS) are a critical challenge to reaching the health-related Millennium Development Goals because health systems performance cannot be adequately assessed or monitored where HIS data are incomplete, inaccurate, or untimely. The Population Health Implementation and Training (PHIT) Partnerships were established in five sub-Saharan African countries (Ghana, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Zambia) to catalyze advances in strengthening district health systems. Interventions were tailored to the setting in which activities were planned.
Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) have the advantages of low emissions of carbon dioxide, high power density and high energy density, so they have a great potential to replace fossil fuels. It is well known that Pt with high activity is an ideal catalyst for methanol oxidation in an acidic medium. However, it is an expensive material, and cost of the DMFC containing Pt is prohibitively high and it becomes poisoned by COads which is formed during the methanol oxidation. In this work, for the first time, the preparation of activated carbon(YBC) doped carbon paste electrode (YBCPE) and carbon paste electrode (CPE) were carried out for comparison. The electrochemical properties of YBCPE and CPE were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrodes of Pt/YBCPE and Pt/CPE were prepared by electrodeposition of platinum on YBCPE and CPE, respectively, at a constant potential (−0.1V vs. Ag|AgCl(sat)) in 0.5M H2SO4 containing 3mM H2PtCl6. The behavior of electrodeposition of platinum on YBCPE and CPE was studied through the application of theoretical models, and the morphology of Pt/YBCPE and Pt/CPE were characterized by SEM. The electrochemical activities of these catalysts towards methanol electrooxidation were examined by cyclic voltammetry. The influence of YBC mass percentage in YBCPE on both the electrode activity and long-term stability of electrodes in methanol electrooxidation was studied. It was shown that the addition of activated carbon improved the electrocatalytic activity of Pt catalysts on corresponding YBCPE toward methanol electrooxidation.
The physiological processes of ageing and factors prevalent in the elderly such as comorbidities and polypharmacy often cause loss of appetite in the elderly, which we call anorexia of ageing. Social factors, together with changes in the sensory organs, can be important causes of a reduction in both appetite and ingestion. This review assesses the regulation of appetite in the elderly and the development of anorexia of ageing. It also examines the prevalence of this type of anorexia, its associated comorbidities and mortality rates. We have reviewed 27 studies, with a total of 6208 patients. These reported changes in the secretion and response of both central and peripheral hormones that regulate appetite. Anorexia, very prevalent among hospitalized and institutionalized elderly people, is associated with comorbidity and represents a predictive factor for mortality. No treatment for it has been proved to be effective. The mechanism regulating ingestion in elderly people is complex and difficult to resolve. Comorbidity as a cause or a consequence of anorexia of ageing has become a research field of great interest in geriatrics. A correct nutritional evaluation is a fundamental part of an integrated geriatric assessment.
Canada's ICP Global Technologies has launched its portable solar charger, code named iSun, renewable and portable power charger for all cell phones, mp3 players, PDAs, laptops and other small electronic devices.
Pristine and partially oxidized graphite were lithiated electrochemically and investigated by solid state 7 Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. Both untreated and partially oxidized graphite exhibit three kinds of reversible Li sites, one, at an average position of 43ppm for both stage 1 and 2 intercalation compounds (LiC6 and LiC12) at intermediate and higher lithiation levels, a stage 4 intercalation compound at 3ppm (LiC24), at low Li content, and Li associated with both edge sites and possibly stage 2L at intermediate Li content (at 11–13ppm). The edge site population is enhanced in the partially oxidized graphite. Both treated and untreated graphite undergo reconstructive transitions in which the edge site lithium transforms into stage 1 intercalated lithium at higher levels of lithiation. Changes in both the NMR spectra and in the electrochemical parameters of stages 1, 2 and 4 have been noticed in the first two charge–discharge cycles. We attribute the changes in the NMR spectra and in the electrochemical parameters to graphite structural changes taking place in the first few cycles.
The surface of layered LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 was coated with nano-layer FePO4 by co-precipitation method and followed by heat treatment. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FePO4 coated samples exhibited both improved rate and cycle capacity compared with the pristine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2. The capacity retention after 100 cycles increased from 62.0% to 87.7%. The sample coated with 2wt% FePO4 and treated at 400°C showed the optimum cyclability. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results indicated that the FePO4 coating layer significantly suppressed the increase of charge-transfer resistance (R ct). The activation energy of the charge transfer processes at the electrode/electrolyte interface was reduced by FePO4 coating. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed the FePO4 coating improved the thermal stability of the cathode material.
The effective design of noble-metal-free electrocatalysts is critical for improving the stability and cyclability of Li-air batteries. In this report, CoO/Co nanoparticles are conformally decorated on the surface of CNTs by a facile chemical bath deposition followed by thermal annealing. In a simulated air environment, Li-air battery with the CNTs@CoO/Co electrocatalyst exhibits a dramatic reduction of charge voltage overpotentials (0.39V) and good cycling stability (110 cycles) as compared with that made with bare CNTs. The superior electrochemical performances are ascribed to the prior and strong absorption of LiO2 on the surface of CoO/Co, which can alleviate the formation of side-products, then leading to a decreased overpotential. The synergistic effect between CoO/Co and CNTs can also provide more catalytic sites for the ORR/OER, promoting the formation/decomposition reversibility of Li2O2. These results confirm that the CNTs@CoO/Co electrode can be a promising electrocatalyst for Li-air batteries.
Silicon has been considered as one of the most promising anode materials for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of its ultrahigh theoretical capacity. However, not only its poor cycle stability and low coulombic efficiency, but also the high-cost, complex preparation methods present significant challenges for its commercialization. Hydrogen, an environmentally friendly and sustainable resource, can be used as fuel or reductant. In this study, we propose an effective strategy for the generation of hydrogen subsequent with the recovery of Si products (R-Si). The addition of Si in the initial Al alloy was demonstrated to be critical for the high-yield production of hydrogen via hydrolysis process. Si product was obtained subsequently by acid washing procedure. When the recovered Si was evaluated as anode material in LIBs, a high initial charge capacity of 3073mAh/g at a rate of 150mA/g was obtained. And it also showed excellent initial coulombic efficiency of 86% without any other modification. Furthermore, the R-Si could deliver a reversible capacity of 1735mAh/g at 1.5A/g after 100cycles and have a reversible capacity of 521mAh/g at 6A/g. This work will provide referential significance for the research of hydrogen production with Al alloy and facile synthesis of Si anodes.
A three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) Ni–Sn alloy electrode was prepared by electroplating using a colloidal crystal template consisting of monodisperse polystyrene (PS) latex. Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed that the prepared 3DOM Ni–Sn electrode (thickness: 16μm) had uniform macropores that were 1.0μm in diameter. The feasibility of using this electrode as the anode in an organic electrolyte for lithium batteries was examined. Although the 3DOM Ni–Sn electrode exhibited a discharge capacity of 455mAhg−1, the discharge capacity decreased rapidly after 30 charge–discharge cycles owing to the collapse of the porous structure caused by the volume change during lithiation and delithiation.
Dehydrogenated derivatives of corticosteroids are usually more effective than their precursors in treating diseases. In this study, the toxicity of seven water-miscible ionic liquid and three organic solvents to the biocatalyst Arthrobacter simplex UR016 was tested to evaluate the possibility of biodehydrogenation from 17α-hydroxy-16β-methyl-pregna-4,9(11)-diene-3,20-dione (HMPDD) to 17α-hydroxy-16β-methyl-pregna-1,4,9(11)-triene-3,20-dione (HMPTD) in an ionic liquid-containing system. Although most tested room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) showed higher toxicities to A. simplex UR016 than organic solvents, bacterial growth was promoted in the presence of [EMIM](l)-Lac or [BMIM](l)-Lac at concentrations below 2.5 mmol/l, especially [EMIM](l)-Lac, presented the lowest toxicity to A. simplex. Following immobilization investigations, a conversion ratio of 89.9 % was achieved with a cell biomass of 10 g/l (dry cell weight/reaction mixture volume) in the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified calcium alginate gel bead, a suitable matrix for cell immobilization. Further studies indicated that the conversion ratio can be improved by increasing cell loading to 60 beads per flask (containing 30 ml reaction mixture). Under optimal conditions with a [EMIM](l)-Lac content of 0.3 %, the conversion ratio reached 93.4 %, the highest value ever reported.
An overview of numerical and mathematical modelling-based distributed generation (DG) system optimisation techniques is presented in this review paper. The objective is to compare different aspects of these two broad classes of DG optimisation techniques, explore their applications, and identify potential research directions from reviewed studies. Introductory descriptions of general electrical power system and DG system are first provided, followed by reviews on renewable resource assessment, load demand analysis, model formulation, and optimisation techniques. In renewable resource assessment model review, uncertain solar and wind energy resources are emphasised whereas applications of forecasting models have been highlighted based on their prediction horizons, computational power requirement, and training data intensity. For DG optimisation framework, (solar, wind and tidal) power generator, energy storage and energy balance models are discussed; in optimisation technique section, both numerical and mathematical modelling optimisation methods are reviewed, analysed and criticised with recommendations for their improvements. In overall, this review provides preliminary guidelines, research gaps and recommendations for developing a better and more user-friendly DG energy planning optimisation tool.
All-solid-state zinc–air pouch cells promise high energy-to-cost ratios with inherent safety; however, finding earth-abundant high power/energy cathodes and super-ionic electrolytes remains a fundamental challenge. Here we present realistic zinc–air pouch cells designed by the (101)-facet copper phosphosulfide [CPS(101)] as a cathode as well as anti-freezing chitosan-biocellulosics as super-ionic conductor electrolytes. The proposed CPS(101) exhibits trifunctional activity and stability (>30,000 cycles) towards reversible oxygen reactions and hydrogen evolution reactions, outperforming commercial Pt/C and RuO2. Furthermore, hydroxide super-ion conductors utilizing polymerized chitosan-biocellulosics reveal exceptional conductivity (86.7 mS cm−1 at 25 °C) with high mechanical/chemical robustness. High cell-level energy densities of 460 Wh kgcell–1/1,389 Wh l−1 are normally measured in pouch cells (1 Ah) with a cycle lifespan of 6,000/1,100 cycles at 25 mA cm−2 for 20/70% depths of discharge, and the highest densities we could achieve were 523 Wh kgcell–1/1,609 Wh l−1. Flexible pouch cells operate well at rates of 5–200 mA cm−2 over a broad temperature range of −20 to 80 °C.
The use of renewable energy sources like photovoltaic systems and biomass plantations require land to intercept incoming solar radiation. This implies that the total amount of energy that can be obtained from these sources is limited. Next to this land is also in use for other purposes, of which food production is the most important. The area required for both food and energy supply depends on one hand on the consumption and on the other on the production per m2. Large differences in both production and consumption are observed globally. In this analysis distinction is made in land use requirements in so-called ‘poor’ and ‘rich’ circumstances. It is shown that in poor circumstances there is not enough land to fulfill the needs for food and energy when biomass is used as and energy source. In the rich situation prospects seems to be better, but in that case a large-scale transformation is required of woodlands and forests into intensive energy crop plantations. When PV-systems are used, the land area required for energy is reduced to a large extent. Their large-scale implementation is not possible on the short term due to technical problems. It is concluded that in the near future energy from biomass is the most likely renewable energy source, however, this source cannot fulfill all the energy requirements. For the more distant future energy from PV-systems seems to have the largest potentials, however, implementation requires large changes in present energy infrastructure.
Detecting emotions is very useful in many fields, from health-care to human-computer interaction. In this paper, we propose an iterative user-centered methodology for supporting the development of an emotion detection system based on low-cost sensors. Artificial Intelligence techniques have been adopted for emotion classification. Different kind of Machine Learning classifiers have been experimentally trained on the users’ biometrics data, such as hearth rate, movement and audio. The system has been developed in two iterations and, at the end of each of them, the performance of classifiers (MLP, CNN, LSTM, Bidirectional-LSTM and Decision Tree) has been compared. After the experiment, the SAM questionnaire is proposed to evaluate the user’s affective state when using the system. In the first experiment we gathered data from 47 participants, in the second one an improved version of the system has been trained and validated by 107 people. The emotional analysis conducted at the end of each iteration suggests that reducing the device invasiveness may affect the user perceptions and also improve the classification performance.
Herein, we report the one-pot co-synthesis of a novel water-stable nickel-based metal-organic framework (Ni-MOF) with a Co-MOF, as well as the dual Ni/Co-MOF-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite in the same reaction vessel. Introduction of the two metal precursors along with the organic linker in the same reaction vessel guarantees in situ homogeneously distributed MOF particles in the nanoscale level that cannot be obtained by physical mixing of the MOFs synthesized individually. The Ni/Co-MOF-rGO nanocomposite demonstrates a high specific capacitance of 860 F/g at 1.0 A/g. The asymmetric activated carbon//Ni/Co-MOF-rGO device delivers specific energy of 72.8 Wh/kg at 850 W/kg, and still holds 15.1 Wh/kg under the high specific power of 42.5 kW/kg, as well as a long cycle life (91.6% capacitance retention after 6000 charge-discharge cycles at 1 A/g). Two 1.0 cm2 devices connected in series run a clock for about 2 h, and also sequentially power a blue light emitting diode (LED) for 25 min, then a green LED for 25 min, and finally a red LED for more than 140 min, demonstrating that the nanocomposite is a very promising active material for practical applications.
Acrylic acid nitrile (AAN) is introduced as a novel example out of the large class of vinylene groups containing film-forming additives for lithium-ion batteries. The electrochemical behaviour, especially the electrolyte additive reduction and the associated film formation in the presence of this compound is investigated with the in situ methods of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and electrochemical quartz crystal micro balance (EQCMB). The results clearly point at a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation mechanism, which proceeds via the cathodically induced polymerization of AAN. We suggest that the electro-polymerisation of vinylene groups is a main electrolyte reduction mechanism for a vinylene group containing electrolyte additives. The outstanding filming properties of vinylene compounds such as AAN allow the use of graphitic carbon anodes in PC-based electrolytes even when only 1% of the additive is present in the electrolyte.
Objectives: To investigate the contribution of personality and peritraumatic dissociation in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Victims of road traffic accidents (RTA) were assessed within 2–4 weeks (Time 1) of the accident and again between 4 and 6 months (Time 2). The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and Peritraumatic Dissociation Experience Questionnaire (PDEQ) were administered at Time 1 and posttraumatic stress symptoms were assessed at Time 2. Results: 265 subjects were assessed at both time points, although neuroticism, psychoticism, and peritraumatic dissociation were significantly correlated with posttraumatic symptoms, only the personality dimensions were independent and significant predictors of subsequent PTSD in a logistic regression. Conclusions: Consistent with the literature personality measures, especially neuroticism, is associated with the development of PTSD. However, peritraumatic dissociation was not found to be an independent predictor of PTSD.
Improved primary health care is needed in developing countries to effectively manage the growing burden of hypertension. Our objective was to evaluate hypertension management in Zambian rural primary care clinics using process and outcome indicators to assess the screening, monitoring, treatment and control of high blood pressure.
A nanostructured silicon (Si) electrode has shown great potential as a lithium-ion battery (LIB) anode because it has a charge storage capacity ten times more than that of conventional graphite; however, practical applications of Si-based anodes have been severely hindered due to their poor cyclability and low intrinsic electrical conductivity. Here we develop a novel binder-free Si-based anode through the encapsulation of Si nanoparticles (Si NPs) with carbon cloth and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), where carbon nanotubes (CNTs) rooted from a nickel foam result in a strong connection mechanically and electrically between active materials and current collectors. In the resulting architecture, a dense cellular carbon cloth from carbonization of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) on Si surfaces can improve the electrical conductivity and accommodate the volume change, whereas rGO networks provide additional mechanical strength to maintain the integrity of electrodes. The newly designed nanostructure exhibited a high reversible capacity up to 2700mAhg−1 at 0.05C (130mAg−1) and 70% of capacity retention (up to 1311mAhg−1) at 2.6Ag−1 after 900 cycles.
A longitudinal entomological survey for sandflies was conducted from 1989 to 1991 at a focus of enzootic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Northeast Sinai, Egypt, within the border region monitored by multinational peacekeepers. Standardized sampling with CDC light traps, oiled paper “sticky traps”, and human landing collection was employed to determine monthly trends in species composition, density, sex ratio, and reproductive status of vector sandflies. Each collection method independently defined sandfly seasonality as the period May–November in 1990, and March–October in 1991. Plebotomus papatasi was the only anthropophagic species found and comprised more than 94% of the sandfly population. Two population peaks (May, July) were observed for this species in both survey years. Density of P. papatasi in underground bunkers was higher than outside but inflated by a greater proportion of male flies. During 1990, the proportion of gravid P. papatasi increased progressively during the 5 months period from May to September and averaged 29.5% and 29.7% for interior and exterior collections, respectively. Density of P. papatasi was greater during 1991, but proportions of gravid flies were significantly lower in each survey month and averaged 14.9% and 12.3% for interior and exterior collections, respectively. Seasonal rates of Leishmania-infected P. papatasi averaged 0.8% and 0.9% in 1989 and 1990, but fell to zero in 1991, suggesting an unstable focus of Leishmania major transmission. Proportions of gravid flies may be a valid indicator of the physiological age and epidemiologic importance of the vector sandfly population at this focus. The strong correlation of sticky trap indices to human-landing/biting rates shows that this is an accurate, inexpensive, and no-risk alternative to human bait collections.
Assessment of physical activity needs to improve in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between characteristics of the environment and physical activity. Our study evaluated a method [Block Walk Method (BWM)] for observing physical activity along residential sidewalks and streets. The BWM was utilized in 12 U.S. Census block groups over a three-month period. Examination transportation routes (ETRs), 1,524 m in length, were constructed and examined in each block group. On 6 days, ETRs were traversed by a trained observer for 50 min. Physical activities, street names, and geographical locations (e.g., addresses) were recorded. We found encouraging results for the BWM. The level of agreement between independent observers was >98% for activity type. The number of individuals seen walking, running, or biking did not differ significantly between the days of the week or observation times. The number of individuals observed was correlated with block group characteristics (e.g., percent walking/biking to work) and weather (e.g., temperature). The BWM is an easy to use, economically viable observational approach to obtaining reliable information concerning physical activities performed on residential streets and sidewalks. Its use could help advance our understanding about the environment–physical activity relationship.