batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Depending on the actual battery temperature, electrical power demands in general have a varying impact on the life span of a battery. As electrical energy provided by the battery is needed to temper it, the question arises at which temperature which amount of energy optimally should be utilized for tempering. Therefore, the objective function that has to be optimized contains both the goal to maximize life expectancy and to minimize the amount of energy used for obtaining the first goal. In this paper, Pontryagin's maximum principle is used to derive a causal control strategy from such an objective function. The derivation of the causal strategy includes the determination of major factors that rule the optimal solution calculated with the maximum principle. The optimization is calculated offline on a desktop computer for all possible vehicle parameters and major factors. For the practical implementation in the vehicle, it is sufficient to have the values of the major factors determined only roughly in advance and the offline calculation results available. This feature sidesteps the drawback of several optimization strategies that require the exact knowledge of the future power demand. The resulting strategy's application is not limited to batteries in electric vehicles.
Li3V(2−2x/3)Mg x (PO4)3/C (x =0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45) composites have been synthesized by the sol–gel assisted solid state method, using adipic acid C6H10O4 (hexanedioic acid) as carbon source. The particle size of the composites is ∼1μm. During the pyrolysis process, Li3V(2−2x/3)Mg x (PO4)3/C network structure is formed. The effect of Mg2+ doped on the electrochemical properties of Li3V2(PO4)3/C positive materials has been studied. Li3V1.8Mg0.30(PO4)3/C as the cathode materials of Li-ion batteries, the retention rate of discharge capacity is 91.4% (1C) after 100 cycles. Compared with Li3V2(PO4)3/C, Li3V(2−2x/3)Mg x (PO4)3/C composites have shown enhanced capacity and retention rate capability. The long-term cycles and ex situ XRD tests disclose that Li3V1.8Mg0.30(PO4)3 exhibits higher structural stability than the undoped system.
Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) show promise to help renewable energy sources integration onto the grid. These systems are expected to last for a decade or more, but the actual battery degradation under different real world conditions is still largely unknown. In this paper we analyze 3 years of usage of a lithium titanate BESS installed and in operation on an island power system in Hawai'i. The BESS was found to be operational 90% of the time and stored a cumulative 1.5 GWh of energy, which represents more than 5000 equivalent full cycles on the cells. This paper presents a statistical analysis of the BESS usage, develops a representative duty cycle, and provides an initial estimate of BESS degradation. The battery duty cycle was characterized based on 5 parameters: pulses duration, pulses intensity (current), SOC swing range, SOC event ramp rate, and temperature.
In this paper, we report a facile process to synthesize hollow MoS2 microspheres/amorphous carbon composites (MACCs) by hydrothermal method and their improved electrochemical performance in Lithium ion batteries (LIBs). The composites prepared are characterized by XRD, SEM, HRTEM and EDS. MoS2 nanosheets are uniformly grow on the surface of amorphous carbon. The interlayer-distance of the adjacent MoS2 nanosheets in the composites is about 0.64nm. As an electrode material for the LIBs, hollow MoS2 MACCs exhibit excellent cyclic stability with 1147mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1 after 100 cycles, which displays more prominent performance than that of the hollow MoS2 microspheres. Moreover, the reversible capacity for the hollow MoS2 MACCs can be still maintain at 876mAhg−1 at 1000mAg−1. The enhanced electrochemical performance of hollow MoS2 MACCs could be attributed to their unique hollow structure, large specific surface area, the increased interlayer-distance and the synergistic effects between hollow MoS2 microspheres and amorphous carbon.
Although previous studies of Gillespie syndrome have systematically reported a generalized delay of cognitive development (mental retardation or oligophrenia), psychometric data to substantiate this view are strikingly absent. In the present study two first degree relatives (mother and daughter) with Gillespie syndrome were neuropsychologically investigated. Aside from a marked asymmetry in the Wechsler-IQ profile, consisting of significantly better results on the verbal [Verbal IQ (VIQ)] than on the nonverbal part [Performance IQ (PIQ)] of the test, cognitive and behavioral assessments revealed a pattern of abnormalities that closely resembles the “cerebellar cognitive and affective syndrome” (CeCAS) (Schmahmann and Sherman, 1998). Aside from prefrontal dysexecutive dysfunctions such as disturbed cognitive planning and set-shifting, parietal lobe involvement was reflected by impaired visuo-spatial memory and visuo-spatial disorganization in constructional tasks. Within the linguistic domain involvement of the prefrontal and temporal language regions was indicated by impaired letter fluency, incidences of agrammatism, apraxia of speech and disrupted language dynamics. With regard to mood and behavior, a number of personality and affective characteristics were found that are typically associated with prefrontal lobe damage and dysfunction of limbic related regions in the cingulate and parahippocampal gyri. Disinhibited symptoms characterized behavior and affect of the mother while the daughter displayed a variety of inhibited symptoms. As a result, behavioral and cognitive findings in these patients do not support the prevailing view of a global mental retardation as a cardinal feature of Gillespie syndrome but primarily reflect cerebellar induced neurobehavioral dysfunctions following disruption of the cerebrocerebellar anatomical circuitry.
This guidance describes how the FDA evaluates patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments used as effectiveness endpoints in clinical trials. It also describes our current thinking on how sponsors can develop and use study results measured by PRO instruments to support claims in approved product labeling (see appendix point 1). It does not address the use of PRO instruments for purposes beyond evaluation of claims made about a drug or medical product in its labeling. By explicitly addressing the review issues identified in this guidance, sponsors can increase the efficiency of their endpoint discussions with the FDA during the product development process, streamline the FDA's review of PRO endpoint adequacy, and provide optimal information about the patient's perspective of treatment benefit at the time of product approval.
In this work, a hydrogel battery is designed, constructed, and tested. It is housed in a single glass container fitted with ports for filling, purging, and the electrical current collectors. The anode, cathode, and separator are all suspended in agar gel to maintain separation of the active components while allowing the exhausted battery chemicals to be removed with a syringe and new chemicals to be layered to restore potential. The active anode material consists of mMole quantities of hydrazine, while the active cathode material consists of mMole quantities of lithium perchlorate. The anode and cathode are suspended in an agar hydrogel with an acetylene black (AB) conductive additive separated by an NaCl (1.5 M) agar hydrogel. The battery was discharged across 10 MΩ resistors using current collectors of inconel wire or carbon rods, which yield comparable discharge curves. Peak closed circuit voltage (CCV), energy, and energy density from batteries constructed with 2, 4, 6, and 8 mMole anode and cathode maintain a positive trend.
In rural areas, people die at their early ages because of lack of proper facilities and infrastructure for monitoring patient’s health at the right time. Therefore, the design and development of a Remote Patient Monitoring System (RPMS) has a lot of significance in the scientific community and industry for the last few years. Nowadays, researchers give importance to wearable low cost RPMS which measure the body parameters in real time by using non invasive methods. This paper attempts to comprehensively review the current status of research and development of RPMS which measures physiological parameters continuously and sends the data to the healthcare professionals wirelessly in real time. The aim of this survey is to provide a reference for researchers and developers in this area to give direction for future research improvements.
Wind generating systems use doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) to achieve high conversion efficiency and to reduce the installation cost. The paper proposes and analyzes a simple DFIG-based wind generation system in which the excitation power is obtained from a photovoltaic (PV) panel and battery. The proposed scheme is suitable for small wind power systems for which a complex field orientation control is not justified. It can be used for stand-alone operation and also grid-tied operation. The rotor of the DFIG is applied with a quasi-sine wave instead of a sine wave. The operation and harmonic characteristics of the scheme are established using analysis, simulation, and experimentation. The details of the control circuit are given along with the experimental waveforms of voltages and currents and frequency spectra. The total harmonic distortion in the output current is found to be around 8%.
Investigations have been undertaken at two integrated steelworks in the UK to characterise airborne organic micro-pollutants and to assess the contribution of iron ore sintering and coke making operations on the air quality. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), namely benzene, toluene and p-xylene, were measured continuously within the boundary of a coking plant using for the first time differential optical absorption spectrometry (DOAS) between 2004 and 2006. Concentrations were obtained along two monitoring paths surrounding the coke plant and the average benzene concentration measured along both paths over the campaign was 28μgm−3. Highest benzene concentrations were associated with winds downwind of the coke oven batteries. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air were measured during 27 consecutive days in 2005 at three different locations on an integrated steelworks. PAH profiles were determined for each sampling point and compared to coke oven and sinter plant emission profiles showing an impact from the steelworks. The mean benzo [a] pyrene concentration determined in the immediate vicinity of the coke ovens downwind from the battery was 19ngm−3, whereas for the two other sites average benzo [a] pyrene concentrations were much lower (around 1ngm−3). Data were analysed using principal components analysis (PCA) and results showed that coke making and iron ore sintering were responsible for most of the variation in the PAH concentrations in the vicinity of the investigated plant.
The Internet of Things (IoT) could be described as the pervasive and global network which aids and provides a system for the monitoring and control of the physical world through the collection, processing and analysis of generated data by IoT sensor devices. It is projected that by 2020 the number of connected devices is estimated to grow exponentially to 50 billion. The main drivers for this growth are our everyday devices such as cars, refrigerators, fans, lights, mobile phones and other operational technologies including the manufacturing infrastructures which are now becoming connected systems across the world. It is apparent that security will pose a fundamental enabling factor for the successful deployment and use of most IoT applications and in particular secure routing among IoT sensor nodes thus, mechanisms need to be designed to provide secure routing communications for devices enabled by the IoT technology. This survey analyzes existing routing protocols and mechanisms to secure routing communications in IoT, as well as the open research issues. We further analyze how existing approaches ensure secure routing in IoT, their weaknesses, threats to secure routing in IoT and the open challenges and strategies for future research work for a better secure IoT routing.
The use of subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics in food-producing animals has been linked to antibiotic resistant infections in humans. Although this practice has been banned in Europe, the U.S. regulatory authorities have been slow to act. This paper discusses the regulatory hurdles and ethical dilemmas of banning this practice within the context of the risk analysis model (risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication). Specific issues include unethical use of scientific uncertainty during the risk assessment phase, the rejection of the precautionary principle leading to ineffective risk management, and the criticality of risk communication to build consensus and force action. The underlying root cause is a conflict of values (Type I ethical problem) among key stakeholders, which is examined in depth along with an ethical analysis using public health ethical values.
The anodic corrosion of Pb–0.10wt.% Ca–0.88wt.% Sn alloy and Pb–0.10wt.% Ca–0.88wt.% Sn–0.048wt.% Ce alloy in 4.5M H2SO4 at 20°C was studied using cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, ac voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results show that the cerium added to Pb–Ca–Sn alloy inhibits the growth of the anodic corrosion layer and reduces the resistivity of the anodic Pb(II) film.
The role of indicators to measure trends in every area of interest is increasing. Especially in the field of politics and sociology, where modeling based on multiple indicators typically is difficult, multi-indicator systems call for attention. Multi-indicator systems are most often the first step to derive a ranking indicator. Correspondingly there is a high interest in how to transform multi-indicator systems into a one-dimensional metric scale. The scientific discipline of decision support systems provides many well-known techniques, classical examples are PROMETHEE, ELECTRE, DEA or the simple TOPSIS. The mathematical technique is pretty sophisticated, therefore the simplest variant, namely the weighted sum of indicators plays its role too, just because of its simplicity and transparency. Although the need of a derivation of a one-dimensional scale is evident, we argue that there is an interim step, between the multi-indicator system and the ranking index, provided by simple elements of partial order theory. This interim step bears useful information too and in this paper we show how and which useful additional information can be derived. We derive for example a bias-free sensitivity study, where the indicator “chronic and sustained human flight” turns out to be the most important indicator within the multi-indicator system of 12 indicators, which are the basis of the Failed State Index.
We studied the electronic and structural properties of electron-deficient anthraquinone (AQ) derivatives, Me4N4AQ and TCNAQ, and investigated their charge-discharge properties in lithium ion batteries along with those of AQ. Cyclic voltammogram, X-ray structure analysis and theoretical calculations revealed that these three acceptors have different features, such as different electron-accepting properties with different reduction processes and lithium coordination abilities, and different packing arrangements with different intermolecular interactions. These differences greatly affect the charge-discharge properties of lithium ion batteries that use these compounds as cathode materials. Among these compounds, Me4N4AQ showed a high charge/discharge voltage (2.9–2.5 V) with high cyclability (>65% of the theoretical capacity after 30 cycles; no decrease after 15 cycles). These results provide insight into more in-depth design principles for lithium ion batteries using AQ derivatives as cathodic materials.
The layered LiMO2 (M = Ni, Co and Mn) materials LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 and LiNi0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2 are synthesized by rheological phase method. Sb2O3-modified phases are further obtained by mechanical ball milling treatment. The structure and morphology of the bare and modified samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Charge/discharge tests indicate that the modified phases all improve cycling stability, rate capability and thermal safety. Careful comparison of the charge/discharge profiles reveals that the serious polarization increment in cycling is suppressed in the Sb2O3-modified LiMO2 electrodes. AC impedance shows that Sb2O3/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 electrode has smaller R ct and R f value. Further analysis proves that Sb2O3 hinders the reaction between electrolyte and cathode during charge/discharge process and helps to stabilize the SEI. Other experiments prove that using Sb2O3-coated separator can achieve similar positive effect on layered LiMO2 cathode.
To examine formation of LiF at the surface of LiCoO2, 7Li and 19F double-resonance NMR was applied to LiCoO2 electrode samples without any charge/discharge cycles. The two-dimensional (2D) 7Li–19F heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) experiment using cross polarization (CP) shows a large cross peak at (7Li, 19F)=(ca. 3ppm, ca. −145ppm) for the sample without charge/discharge cycles. Since the magnetization build-up curve during 19F to 7Li CP shows a characteristic dipolar oscillation observed in pure LiF, the observed cross peak was assigned to LiF formed in the LiCoO2 electrode. For LiF in the LiCoO2 electrode, not only the apparent chemical shift differences from those of pure LiF (ca. −1ppm, −203ppm), but also the significant reduction of the spin-lattice relaxation times (T 1 and T 1ρ ) were observed. These anomalies are ascribed to the paramagnetic effects. Creation of certain paramagnetic species in associate with the LiF formation on LiCoO2 or the LiF formation at paramagnetic sites at the surface of LiCoO2 was invoked.
Carboxymethyl chitosan (C-chitosan) is investigated as a new water soluble binder for Si anode of Li-ion batteries. The Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveal that the strong hydrogen bonding is formed between the hydroxylated Si surface and the polar groups (–OH, –COOH and –NH2) of C-chitosan. The Si/C-chitosan anode (Si:carbon black:C-chitosan = 62:30:8 in weight ratio) exhibits a high first discharge capacity (4270 mAh g−1) with a first coulombic efficiency of 89%, and maintains a capacity of 950 mAh g−1 at the current density of 500 mA g−1 over 50 cycles.
To further advance a world powered by hydrogen, it is essential to take advantage of the environmental benefits of using surplus industrial hydrogen to energy conversion. In this paper, the integration of this renewable source in a hydrogen supply chain has been analysed with the following considerations, (1) the techno-economic modeling is applied over the 2020–2050 period, at a regional scale comprising the north of Spain, covering the main sources of surplus hydrogen in the region, (2) the supply chain feeds fuel cell devices powering stationary and mobile applications and, thereby stablishing the quality standards for the upcycled hydrogen and, (3) a mixed-integer programming model (MILP) is formulated to predict the optimal integration of surplus hydrogen. The advantages of this research are twofold, (i) on the one hand, it provides the methodology for the optimal use of surplus hydrogen gases promoting the shift to a Circular Economy and, (ii) on the other hand, it contributes to the penetration of renewable energies in the form of low cost fuel cell devices to power stationary and mobile applications. The results show that the combination of all the infrastructure elements into the mathematical formulation yields optimal solutions with a plan for the gradual infrastructure investments over time required for the transition towards a sustainable future energy mix that includes hydrogen. Thus, this work contributes to improving the environmental and economic sustainability of hydrogen supply chains of upcycling industrial surplus hydrogen.
Thermoelectric devices convert heat flows into electricity. Researchers recently demonstrated that thermoelectric materials can be produced in good quality by 3D printing, enabling a low-cost production process in the near future.
A novel cathode material, lithium decavanadate Li6V10O28 with a large tunnel within the framework structure for lithium ion battery has been prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and annealing dehydration treatment. The structure and electrochemical properties of the sample have been investigated. The novel material shows good reversibility for Li+ insertion/extraction and long cycle life. High discharge capacity (132mAh/g) is obtained at 0.2mA/cm2 discharge current and potential range between 2.0 and 4.2V versus Li+/Li. AC impedance of the Li/Li6V10O28 cell reveals that the cathode process is controlled mainly by Li+ diffusion in the active material. The novel material would be a promising cathode material for Li-ion batteries.
N-doped hollow carbon nanospheres (NHCS) with mesoporous carbon shells is selected as nanoreactors and encapsulated with few-layered MoS2 nanosheets to monitor its electrochemical properties and structural conversion in long-term cycling. Mesoporous walls of NHCS can facilitate electrolyte penetration and provide conductive shells for superior mass diffusion and charge transfer. When serving as SIB anodes, MoS2@NHCS has a capacity value of 371 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1 with a capacity retention of 94.9% after 100 cycles which is higher than powder form MoS2 and is among the highest values of earlier reported MoS2 electrodes. The origin of gradual capacity decay of MoS2@NHCS anodes in-between 50 to 150 cycles has been investigated. Transmission electron microscopy and ex-situ X-ray diffraction have shown significant morphology change of space-confined MoS2 and the production of MoO3 together with oxygen-deficient MoOx after continuous charge/discharge test. After long-term cycle test of MoS2@NHCS, the ratios of Mo6+ and Mo5+ increased significantly with the decreasing of Mo4+ ratio, while the sulfur from MoS2 transformed from S2− to SO4 2−. This work highlight the phase transformation and composition change of MoS2 for MoS2-based anode in long-duration charge/discharge tests.
KEYWORDS Wireless communication, Bluetooth, hearing protection, safety, wearable, inverted-F antenna
A fast charge with ohmic drop compensation method is carried out on commercial lithium-ion cells to address performance losses. High charging rates are used with an extended constant current period thanks to a higher limit voltage based on the ohmic-drop compensation principle. Ageing effects are characterized on cells charged with fast-charging with ODC as well as with the standard Constant Current–Constant Voltage (CC-CV) at the begin of life and at the end of life. During fast charge with ODC, the cells are degraded by cycling due to both the high temperature increases and the high cell voltage reached at the end of the CC stage. X-ray tomography and post mortem analysis reveal jelly-roll deformations and delaminations of the graphite electrode leading to loss of active materials. The degradation of the graphite electrode as well as the liquid electrolyte components is identified leading to loss of lithium inventory.