batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A finite element model is set up and experimental tests are performed to help understand the behavior of a concrete canoe and subsequently optimize its design. First, the performance criteria that must be satisfied to participate at the annual ASCE/Master Builders competition are described. Then, the finite element model and the different loading cases that were studied are presented. Results from these loading cases are discussed and used to optimize the material properties as well as the thickness of the hull and the dimensions of the gunwale and reinforcing ribs. Static and dynamic experimental tests were also conducted to validate the results of the finite element analyses. The results indicate that the main stresses and strains are caused by the static load cases. The additional stresses caused during races are small.
As lithium ion batteries become more common in electric vehicles and other storage applications, concerns about the cost of their namesake material, and its impact on the cost of these batteries, will continue. However, examining the constituent materials of these devices shows that lithium is a relatively small contributor to both the battery mass and manufacturing cost. The use of more expensive lithium precursor materials results in less than 1% increases in the cost of lithium ion cells considered. Similarly, larger fluctuations in the global lithium price (from $0 to $25/kg from a baseline of $7.50 per kg of Li2CO3) do not change the cost of lithium ion cells by more than 10%. While this small cost increase will not have a substantial impact on consumers, it could affect the manufacturers of these lithium ion cells, who already operate with small profit margins.
Does happiness vary with age? The evidence is inconclusive. Some studies show happiness to increase with age (Diener et al. 1999; Argyle 2001). Others hold that the association is U-shaped with either highest depression rates (Mroczek and Christian 1998; Blanchflower and Oswald 2008) or highest happiness levels occurring during middle age (Easterlin 2006). Current studies suffer from two shortcomings. Firstly, they do not control for three confounding time variables: age, period and cohort effects. Secondly, all empirical research lacks a theoretical explanation as to why age affects happiness. The purpose of our analysis is to contribute to closing both of these research gaps. A social investment model frames the dynamics of happiness across the life-span. The empirical test draws on West German panel data that followed individuals from 1984 to 2005. Descriptive analysis shows a cubic age function with the lowest level at middle age. However, hierarchical three-level variance component models (Rabe-Hesketh and Skrondal 2005), find significant differences across pre-war and post-war cohorts, baby boomers and offspring of the baby bust as well as deviations during reunification. Yet, cohort and period effects account for less than 10% of the variance. (Un)happiness in midlife is more strongly determined by gender-specific occasional influences and individual characteristics. Both define objective and subjective returns of professional and personal life investments. These social investment decisions date back to early adulthood and bear a high risk of failure during midlife. Unforeseen consequences and long-term private and professional commitments make it costly to adjust, but at the same time new investments may pay off in a pro-longed future. This dilemma turns many middle-aged people into “frustrated achievers”.
A series of γ-MnO2 with Mn4+ cation vacancy fraction 1.5 < x < 2.3 was prepared via chemical synthesis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed high degree of microtwinning (Tw > 70%) and de Wolff disorder (0.32 < Pr < 0.35) in the prepared samples. Thermal analysis showed four-stage decomposition corresponding to the removal of physical water, chemisorbed water, formation of Mn2O3 and Mn3O4, respectively. The chemical composition and physical properties of the prepared samples were expressed in terms of Ruetschi’s cation vacancy model for MnO2. The discharge behavior in 9 M KOH was governed by homogeneous solid-state reduction wherein protons and electrons were simultaneously inserted into MnO2 lattice. Their electrochemical behavior was also studied by performing cyclic voltammetry in 9 M KOH. An attempt was made to correlate obtained energy density as a function of proton transfer rate during the discharge process.
The present work investigates the use of PbSO4 as a precursor for positive active material (PAM) electrodes. Lead sulphate was prepared by the chemical precipitation of a lead nitrate solution in the presence of sodium sulphate. Tubular electrodes were filled with PbSO4 and oxidized in solutions with different pH. The study is based on X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Thermogravimetry (TG), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The capacity of the different PAM electrodes was also determined. The results show that the pH of the electrolyte affects significantly the average crystallite size, phase composition and PAM capacity.
Titanium oxide (TiO2) nanocorals containing nanopolyps have been synthesized by a cost effective hydrothermal route directly on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated conducting glass substrates. The morphological features and physical properties of TiO2 films were investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy, room temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The surface morphology revealed the formation of TiO2 corals having nanosized (30–40nm) polyps. Further, we have studied its dye sensitized solar cell performance by using Eosin-Y and N3-Dye. The results indicate that the photoconversion efficiency of N3-Dye is 66% compared to that of Eosin-Y. The highest solar energy conversion efficiency of 2.37% was observed for N3-Dye loaded DSSCs.
Porous core–shell CoMn2O4 microspheres of ca. 3–5 μm in diameter were synthesized and served as anode of lithium ion battery. Results demonstrate that the as-synthesized CoMn2O4 materials exhibit excellent electrochemical properties. The CoMn2O4 anode can deliver a large capacity of 1070 mAh g–1 in the first discharge, a reversible capacity of 500 mAh g–1 after 100 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 98.5% at a charge–discharge current density of 200 mA g–1, and a specific capacity of 385 mAh g–1 at a much higher charge-discharge current density of 1600 mA g–1. Synchrotron X–ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) techniques were applied to investigate the conversion reaction mechanism of the CoMn2O4 anode. The X–ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra revealed that, in the first discharge–charge cycle, Co and Mn in CoMn2O4 were reduced to metallic Co and Mn when the electrode was discharged to 0.01 V, while they were oxidized respectively to CoO and MnO when the electrode was charged to 3.0 V. Experiments of both XANES and extended X–ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) revealed that neither valence evolution nor phase transition of the porous core–shell CoMn2O4 microspheres could happen in the discharge plateau from 0.8 to 0.6 V, which demonstrates the formation of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the anode.
The ionic transport of five supported ionic liquid-like phases (SILLPs) based on 1-butyl imidazolium ion covalently attached to a polymeric matrix has been analysed by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using the electrode polarization analysis. The structure of three of the SILLPs contains variable amounts of 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride (BMIM[Cl]) strongly absorbed on the functional polymeric surfaces. The impedance spectra of the SILLPs show different ionic conductivity processes at different regions of the spectra. At higher frequency, the high conductivity observed is associated to the bis-((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide) (NTf2 −) anion mobility. The ionic conductivity of SILLPs is increased up to 3 orders of magnitude in the presence of BMIM[Cl]. In this case, the highest ionic conductivity obtained was 2.56×10−3 S/cm at 30°C and 1.3×10−2 S/cm at 80°C. The experimental results show than the variation of ionic conductivity with the temperature is of VFT type. From the maximum loss tangent the inverse of Debye length has been obtained being 100 times higher when free bulk BMIM[Cl]is absorbed into the polymeric matrix. Finally the electrode polarization analysis overestimates the free ion diffusivity while underestimates the free ion number density.
In this investigation, the synthesis strategy is involved the creation of LiFePO4–Fe2P–C composites with a porous conductive architecture, which includes distinct regions or clusters containing antiferromagnetic LiFePO4 in close proximity to ferromagnetic Fe2P. The microstructure is achieved by using a simple ultra-fast solvent assisted manual grinding method, combined with solid state reaction, which can replace the time-consuming high energy ball milling method. The crystalline structure, morphology, and electrochemical characterization of the synthesised product are investigated systematically. The electrochemical performance is outstanding, especially the high C rate. The composite cathode is found to display specific capacity of 167mAhg−1 at 0.2C and 146mAhg−1 at 5C after 100 cycles, respectively. At the high current density of 1700mAg−1 (10C rate), it exhibits long-term cycling stability, retaining around 96% (131mAhg−1) of its original discharge capacity beyond 1000 cycles, which can meet the requirements of a lithium-ion battery for large-scale power applications. The obtained results have demonstrated that the fabrication of samples with strong and extensive antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interface coupling of LiFePO4/Fe2P provides a versatile strategy toward improving the electrochemical properties of LiFePO4 materials and also opens up a new window for material scientists to further study the new exchange bias phenomenon and its ability to enhance the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery electrode.
Howard Federoff and colleagues have identified a ten-metabolite profile in the blood that can determine with 90% certainty whether a cognitively normal elderly person will go on to develop dementia symptoms in the next 2–3 years. The findings could help with patient selection for clinical trials aimed at preventing dementia.
Facial emotion recognition depends on cortical and subcortical networks. HIV infection of the central nervous system can damage these networks, leading to impaired facial emotion recognition.
The precursors of ZnMn2O4 were synthesized by different methods (the rheological phase reaction method or the mixed solvothermal method). The precursors were heat-treated at a suitable temperature to obtain the expected product (ZnMn2O4). The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of the samples were also investigated. The results show that ZnMn2O4 was synthesized successfully. The particles of ZnMn2O4 were irregular quasi-spheres with sizes of about 50 nm. The ZnMn2O4 nanoparticles synthesized through the mixed solvothermal method were clustered together to form microspheres about 1 μm in diameter. The electrochemical testing results showed that the ZnMn2O4 synthesized through the mixed solvothermal method featured higher reversible capacity and better cycling performance than the sample synthesized by the rheological phase reaction method. The ZnMn2O4 synthesized through the mixed solvothermal method could be a promising anode material for lithium ion battery application.
Theoretical studies on the optimization of Silicon (Si) parameters as the base of betavoltaic battery have been presented using Monte Carlo simulations and the state equations in semiconductor to obtain maximum power. Si with active area of 1cm2 has been considered in p-n junction and Schottky barrier structure to collect the radiation induced-charge from 10mCicm−2 of Nickle-63 (63Ni) Source. The results show that the betavoltaic conversion efficiency in the Si p-n structure is about 2.7 times higher than that in the Ni/Si Schottky barrier structure.
BCL-2 family protein interactions regulate apoptosis, a critical process that maintains tissue homeostasis but can cause a host of human diseases when deregulated. Venetoclax is the first FDA-approved drug to reactivate apoptosis in cancer by selectively targeting an anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family member. The drug’s activity relies on an ‘inhibit the inhibitor’ mechanism, whereby blockade of a key surface groove on BCL-2 disables its capacity to neutralize pro-apoptotic effectors, such as BAX, a chief executioner protein of the apoptotic pathway. A series of physiologic and pharmacologic regulatory sites that mediate the activation or inhibition of BAX have recently been identified, providing blueprints for the development of alternative apoptosis modulators to block pathologic cell survival or avert unwanted cell death by drugging BAX directly.
Three types of spinel-based cathode powders, namely, LiMn2O4, Li1.07Mn1.93O4, and Li1.06Al0.2Mn1.74O4, are examined with rotating ring-disc collection experiments to measure manganese dissolution and capacity losses in lithium-ion cells. The cyclic voltammograms are similar at high scan rates for all three electrodes. Initially, all electrodes rapidly lose capacity during cycling. After about 25 cycles, the electrodes start to exhibit capacity retention, and the performance matches that of the best spinels. The cation-substituted spinel electrodes experience a moderate capacity loss of 0.2% per cycle over 200 cycles, which is half that suffered by a typical spinel electrode (LiMnO4). Manganese (Mn) dissolution from all the spinel-based samples is monitored in situ under various conditions. The ring cathodic currents for the cation-substituted spinel electrodes are similar to those for LiMn2O4, which shows that the Mn dissolution behaviour is the same for all spinel-based cathode powders. The ring currents reach maximum values at the end-of charge (EOC) and end-of discharge (EOD), with the largest peak at EOC. The results suggest that the dissolution of Mn from all spinel-based samples occurs during charge–discharge cycling, especially in a charged state at >4.0V and in a discharged state at <3.1V. In addition, lower ring cathodic currents are observed in the cation-substituted spinel cathodes and this indicates that the rate of dissolution of Mn has decreased in these materials.
In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), nodes depend upon each other for routing and forwarding packets. However, nodes belonging to independent authorities in MANETs may behave selfishly and may not forward packets to save battery and other resources. To stimulate cooperation, nodes are rewarded for their forwarding service. Since nodes spend different cost to forward packets, it is desirable to reimburse nodes according to their cost so that nodes get incentive while the least total payment is charged to the sender. However, to maximize their utility, nodes may tell lie about their cost. This poses the requirement of truthful protocols, which maximizes the utility of nodes only when they declare their true cost. Anderegg and Eidenbenz recently proposed a truthful routing protocol, named ad hoc-VCG. This protocol incurs the route discovery overhead of O ( n 3 ) , where n is the number of nodes in the network. This routing overhead is likely to become prohibitively large as the network size grows. Moreover, it leads to low network performance due to congestion and interference. We present a low-overhead truthful routing protocol for route discovery in MANETs with selfish nodes by applying mechanism design. The protocol, named LOTTO (Low Overhead Truthful rouTing prOtocol), finds a least cost path for data forwarding with a lower routing overhead of O ( n 2 ) . We conduct an extensive simulation study to evaluate the performance of our protocol and compare it with ad hoc-VCG. Simulation results show that our protocol provides a much higher packet delivery ratio, generates much lower overhead and has much lower end-to-end delay.
Lithium-ion batteries utilizing 5V spinel material, Li x Mn1.5Ni0.5O4 have received considerable interest in recent years for their ability to deliver high energy and power densities. In this paper, we report an atomic scale analysis of the surface layer of a core–shell 5V spinel structure where a small amount of the manganese lattice sites have been substituted with cobalt in the shell to reach a stoichiometry of Li x Mn1.18Ni0.55Co0.27O4. Our analyses include electrochemical analysis, atom probe tomography (APT) analysis, kinetic analysis of the interfacial reactions, and high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis. The APT analysis is performed on the material before and after long-term cycling at room temperature to provide insights into the atomic scale phenomena within the surface layer of the electrode material. Our APT data reveals a 25–30 nano-meter (nm) region which forms after cycling. From our analyses, we believe that the outer few nanometers of this region stabilizes the 5V spinel within the chemical environment of the lithium-ion cell such that its structure is not compromised and thereby enables this material to cycle without significant capacity fading.
We report here the first electrochemical polymerization of polypyrrole (PPy) on Au substrates in aqueous solutions containing additives of prepared Au nanoparticles with a diameter of ca. 2nm. Encouragingly, the synthesized PPy films demonstrate novel characteristics due to the effects of Au nanoparticles, which provide a catalytic electroxidation pathway. The prepared PPy shows a stereomorphology, which is distinguishable from the typically granular raspberry morphology of pure PPy, and a rougher surface. The conductivity of PPy is significantly increased (∼10 times), which also reflects on the extremely high oxidation level of 0.36 revealed from the analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The mechanism of the nucleation and growth, and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern were investigated to explain the specific characteristics of PPy films.
Binge eating disorder (BED) is associated with deficient response inhibition. Malfunctioning response inhibition is linked to hypoactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), where excitability could be increased by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Response inhibition can be assessed using an antisaccade task which requires supressing a dominant response (i.e. saccade) towards a newly appearing picture in the visual field. We performed a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept-study in which we combined a food-modified antisaccade task with tDCS in people with BED. We expected task learning and modulatory tDCS effects. Sixteen people were allocated to a 1 mA condition, 15 people to a 2 mA condition. Each participant underwent the food-modified antisaccade task at three measurement points: baseline without stimulation, anodal verum and sham stimulation at the right dlPFC in a crossover design. The error rate and the latencies of correct antisaccades decreased over time. No tDCS effect on the error rate could be observed. Compared to sham stimulation, 2 mA tDCS decreased the latencies of correct antisaccades, whereas 1 mA tDCS increased it. Self-reported binge eating episodes were reduced in the 2 mA condition, while there was no change in the 1 mA condition. Participants demonstrated increased response inhibition capacities by a task learning effect concerning the error rate and latencies of correct antisaccades over time as well as a nonlinear tDCS effect represented by ameliorated latencies in the 2 mA and impaired latencies in the 1 mA condition. The reduction of binge eating episodes might indicate a transfer effect to everyday life. Given that the reduction in binge eating was observed before tDCS administration, this effect could not be the result of neuromodulation. Randomized clinical trials are needed to fully understand this reduction, and to explore the efficacy of a combined antisaccade and tDCS training for BED.
The residential air conditionings (RACs) are widely considered as one of the most important demand response (DR) resources due to the thermal storage characteristics. However, due to the uncertainties of the outdoor environment and the customers’ behaviors, the RACs’ operation states and power consumption are difficult to predicate. Facing this issue, this paper proposes a dynamic control strategy for the RACs to participate in DR program considering these uncertainties. Firstly, a single dynamic RAC model considering the uncertain environment and customer behaviors is developed. On this basis, a dynamic aggregate model of RACs is established with different number of RACs. Then, the dynamic aggregate model is identified by actual operation data. A dynamic rolling control strategy-based temperature set-points for large-scale RACs to participate in DR program is formulated. Moreover, the DR provided by RACs is divided into three levels according to the power reduction, where the corresponding control strategies at each level are proposed. Finally, the proposed models and methods are verified by employing the actual data of the urban residential communities in Changzhou City, China. The simulation results show that the proposed control strategy is accurate and effective.
Celiac disease (CD) is a multisystemic autoimmune inflammation of the intestinal tract induced by wheat gluten and related cereals in HLA-DQ2/8 positive individuals. An essential role in the pathogenesis of CD is played by a fraction of the peptic–tryptic digest of gluten, Frazer's Fraction (FF). Here, we investigate the effects of FF on the integrity of intestinal cells with particular emphasis on brush border membrane (BBM) components, their subsequent trafficking and endocytosis. Caco-2 cells were incubated with FF at different concentrations. Thereafter, several protein and lipid components of treated and untreated cells were analysed at the molecular, functional and cellular levels. The control employed tryptic–peptic digests of ovalbumin. Our results show that FF directly interacts with actin in an alternating manner eliciting substantial alterations in its integrity and extent in the BBM. These alterations lead to an impaired trafficking of SI to the apical membrane and reduction in its enzymatic function. ApN and DPPIV follow a transcytotic pathway and are only partly affected by FF. By contrast, the trafficking of LPH remains unaffected concomitant with its actin-independent trafficking pattern. Finally, the endocytic pathway is substantially blocked in FF-treated cells leading to an accumulation of cholesterol, and sphingolipids in the BBM. We conclude that FF deteriorates the actin cytoskeleton in Caco-2 leading to reduced protein sorting and hampered endocytic events with subsequent alterations in the protein and lipid composition of the BBM. The reduced levels of the disaccharidase SI in the BBM suggest a potential pathomechanism of carbohydrate malabsorption in CD.