batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Sleep disturbances and cognitive impairments are both frequent across psychotic disorders, with debilitating effects on functioning and quality of life. This study aims to investigate if sleep disturbances are related to cognitive impairments in schizophrenia spectrum (SCZ) and bipolar disorders (BD), if this relationship varies between different sleep disturbances (insomnia, hypersomnia or delayed sleep phase (DSP)) and lastly, if this relationship differs between clinical groups and healthy controls (HC). We included 797 patients (SCZ = 457, BD = 340) from the Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT) study in Norway. Sleep disturbances were based on items from the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms—Clinician rated scale (IDS-C). Their relationship with several cognitive domains was tested using separate ANCOVAs. A three-way between-groups ANOVA was conducted to test if the relationship with cognitive impairments varies between different sleep disturbances. These analyses revealed significantly poorer processing speed and inhibition in those with any sleep disturbance versus those without, also after adjusting for several covariates. The relationship between sleep disturbances and cognition was similar across SCZ and BD, and there were significant effects of insomnia and hypersomnia on both processing speed and inhibition. No association between sleep disturbances and cognition was found in HC. Sleep disturbances contribute to cognitive impairments in psychotic disorders. Processing speed and inhibition is poorer in patients with sleep disturbances. Impairments in these domains are related to insomnia and hypersomnia. These findings suggest that treating sleep disturbances is important to protect cognitive functioning, alongside cognitive remediation in psychotic disorders.
This paper reports on the dependence of physical–chemical and electrical properties of ionic liquids formed by N-alkyl-N-alkylpiperidinum cations and bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl)imide anions with respect to the length of the cation aliphatic side chain. The thermal stability as well as the density and conductivity were seen to decrease with the alkyl chain length, independently on the cation ring. The ionic conduction, in agreement with the DSC results, is correlated with the viscosity that is found to increase with the main aliphatic chain length. The alkyl chain length influences the cathodic electrochemical stability whereas no relevant difference was detected in the anodic stability. The evolution of the melting point, density and viscosity, detected for the cation having the hexyl side chain, points towards some nanoscale separation, e.g., a segregation of the long aliphatic chains into nanoscale apolar domains that are embedded into three-dimensional charged matrices generated by the anions and the charged piperidinium heads. The existence of such structural heterogeneities, predicted also by other authors, was proposed on the basis of previous Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) measurements.
Layered structure LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathode material for lithium-ion batteries was synthesized by sintering the precursor, which was obtained from the corresponding metal acetate solution via a spray-drying method. The structure, morphology and reaction mechanism of the powders were characterized by means of XRD, SEM and TG-DTA. The electrochemical properties of the LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathode were also investigated by using a coin-type cell containing Li metal as the anode in a potential range of 3.0–4.3V. Upon sintering the spray-dried powders at 750°C for 24h, the LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 particles obtained are fine, narrowly distributed and well crystallized. As a result, the synthesized LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 has excellent electrochemical properties. The simple synthesis procedure is time and energy saving, and thus is promising for commercial application.
This paper presents research and development on room temperature sodium-sulfur battery in the last decade. The review focuses on their electrochemical performance and recent trends in tailoring the electrode materials and electrolytes to enhance their performance by the researchers worldwide. Room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries seem to provide low-cost option for grid-scale energy storage and other electrochemical applications. The challenges encountered by these batteries are highlighted and remedies are also suggested in this review.
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program borehole CORK (Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kit) observatories provide long-term access to hydrothermal fluids circulating within the basaltic crust (basement), providing invaluable opportunities to study the deep biosphere. We describe the design and application parameters of the GeoMICROBE instrumented sled, an autonomous sensor and fluid sampling system. The GeoMICROBE system couples with CORK fluid delivery lines to draw large volumes of fluids from crustal aquifers to the seafloor. These fluids pass a series of in-line sensors and an in situ filtration and collection system. GeoMICROBE's major components include a primary valve manifold system, a positive displacement primary pump, sensors (e.g., fluid flow rate, temperature, dissolved O2, electrochemistry-voltammetry analyzer), a 48-port in situ filtration and fluid collection system, computerized controller, seven 24V–40A batteries and wet-mateable (ODI) communications with submersibles. This constantly evolving system has been successfully connected to IODP Hole 1301A on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Also described here is a mobile pumping system (MPS), which possesses many of the same components as the GeoMICROBE (e.g., pump, sensors, controller), but is directly powered and controlled in real time via submersible operations; the MPS has been employed repeatedly to collect pristine basement fluids for a variety of geochemical and microbial studies.
The recent revision of the classification of the epilepsies released by the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology (2005–2009) has been a major development in the field. Papers in this section of the special issue explore the relevance of other techniques to examine, categorize, and classify cognitive and behavioral comorbidities in epilepsy. In this review, we investigate the applicability of graph theory to understand the impact of epilepsy on cognition compared with controls and, then, the patterns of cognitive development in normally developing children which would set the stage for prospective comparisons of children with epilepsy and controls. The overall goal is to examine the potential utility of this analytic tool and approach to conceptualize the cognitive comorbidities in epilepsy. Given that the major cognitive domains representing cognitive function are interdependent, the associations between neuropsychological abilities underlying these domains can be referred to as a cognitive network. Therefore, the architecture of this cognitive network can be quantified and assessed using graph theory methods, rendering a novel approach to the characterization of cognitive status. We first provide fundamental information about graph theory procedures, followed by application of these techniques to cross-sectional analysis of neuropsychological data in children with epilepsy compared with that of controls, concluding with prospective analysis of neuropsychological development in younger and older healthy controls. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “The new approach to classification: Rethinking cognition and behavior in epilepsy”.
Vine-like polyaniline (PANI) nanostructures were prepared using electrochemical polymerization on activated carbon nanofibers (ACNF) in order to use as a supercapacitor. Electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based nanofibers were firstly carbonized and physically activated to increase the specific surface area. The PANI formed a vine-like shape and well-contacted with the surface of ACNF. The remarkably improved electrochemical performances of PANI-deposited ACNF electrode were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge test, and electrochemical impedance analysis. The current area of the PANI-ACNF electrode is higher than that of ACNF electrode in CV curves and the specific capacitance of the PANI-ACNF was 832Fg−1 which is much higher than 353Fg−1 of ACNF at a current density of 1Ag−1 in galvanostatic charge/discharge analysis. During galvanostatic charge/discharge test of 1000 cycles at 1Ag−1, the PANI-ACNF sample keeps its specific capacitance up to the value of 765Fg−1 (92% retention). Also, the PANI nanostructure on the ACNF substrate achieved a rapid doping/dedoping process between the surface of electrode and electrolyte ions in comparison with ACNF electrode.
Inorganic transition metal dichalcogenide nanostructures are interesting for several biomedical applications such as coating for medical devices (e.g. endodontic files, catheter stents) and reinforcement of scaffolds for tissue engineering. However, their impact on human blood is unknown. A unique nanomaterial surface-engineering chemical methodology was used to fabricate functional polyacidic polyCOOH inorganic nanotubes of tungsten disulfide towards covalent binding of any desired molecule/organic species via chemical activation/reactivity of this former polyCOOH shell. The impact of these nanotubes on hemolysis, platelet aggregation and blood coagulation has been assessed using spectrophotometric measurement, light transmission aggregometry and thrombin generation assays. The functionalized nanotubes do not induce hemolysis but decrease platelet aggregation and induce coagulation through intrinsic pathway activation. The functional nanotubes were found to be more thrombogenic than the non-functional ones, suggesting lower hemocompatibility and increased thrombotic risk with functionalized tungsten disulfide nanotubes. These functionalized nanotubes should be used with caution in blood-contacting devices.
A stationary and a transient two-dimensional models, based on the universal conservation laws and coupled with electrochemical reactions, are firstly applied to describe a single thermally-regenerative ammonia-based flow battery (TR-AFB), and emphasis is placed on studying the effects of reactant concentrations, physical properties of the electrolyte, flow rates and geometric parameters of flow channels on the battery performance. The model includes several experimental parameters measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) and Tafel plot. The results indicate that increasing NH3 concentration has a decisive effect on the improvement of power production and is beneficial to use higher Cu2+ concentrations, but the endurance of membrane and self-discharge need to be considered at the same time. It is also suggested that appropriately reducing the initial Cu(NH3)4 2+ concentration can promote power and energy densities and mitigate cyclical fluctuation. The relation between the energy and power densities is given, and the models are validated by some experimental data.
This work studied the formation and growth of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) under the assumption that the formation of an SEI layer is associated with the nucleation and growth of disk-like islands at the interface between an active material and nonaqueous electrolyte solution (NES). The supersaturation of NES favors the nucleation of the islands via lowering the Gibbs free energy with the contribution of interfacial energy and mismatch strain enegy to the nucleation process. Using a modified Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner model, the growth of the disk-like islands is analyzed. Explicit kinetic estimation for the change of the density and mean dimension of the islands as well as the degree of supersaturation of NES with time is obtained. The degree of supersaturation at time t is found to be proportional to the square root of time.
Carbonaceous aerosol concentrations were determined for total suspended particle samples collected from Muztagh Ata Mountain in western China from December 2003 to February 2006. Elemental carbon (EC) varied from 0.004 to 0.174 μg m−3 (average = 0.055 μg m−3) while organic carbon (OC) ranged from 0.12 to 2.17 μg m−3 and carbonate carbon (CC) from below detection to 3.57 μg m−3. Overall, EC was the least abundant fraction of carbonaceous species, and the EC concentrations approached those in some remote polar areas, possibly representing a regional background. Low EC and OC concentrations occurred in winter and spring while high CC in spring and summer was presumably due to dust from the Taklimakan desert, China. OC/EC ratios averaged 10.0, and strong correlations between OC and EC in spring–winter suggest their cycles are coupled, but lower correlations in summer–autumn suggest influences from biogenic OC emissions and secondary OC formation. Trajectory analyses indicate that air transported from outside of China brings ∼0.05 μg m−3 EC, ∼0.42 μg m−3 OC, and ∼0.10 μg m−3 CC to the site, with higher levels coming from inside China. The observed EC was within the range of loadings estimated from a glacial ice core, and implications of EC-induced warming for regional climate and glacial ice dynamics are discussed.
Aluminium-based battery technologies have been widely regarded as one of the most attractive options to drastically improve, and possibly replace, existing battery systems—mainly due to the possibility of achieving very high energy density with low cost. Many reports have demonstrated primary or rechargeable Al-based battery chemistries in both aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes. However, the practical realization of these battery chemistries has been difficult over a long period of time (170 years). In fact, no Al-based battery has been shown with the required stability or touted energy density. Typically, the performance of Al-based batteries is overstated in the literature due to imprecise considerations that do not fairly evaluate practically achievable energy densities. Here we provide accurate calculations of the practically achievable cell-level capacity and energy density for Al-based cells (focusing on recent literature showing ‘high’ performance) and use the results to critically assess their future deployment.
In this research, we investigated the potential application of vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC) and ethylene carbonate (EC) as solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film-forming additive in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI)-bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl) imide (TFSI)-LiTFSI ionic liquid electrolyte (IL). The electrochemical performance of natural graphite (NG7) was studied in LiTFSI/EMI-TFSI containing different weight percent of EC/VEC via cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS), and galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles. Temperature effect on the discharge/charge performance of NG7 electrode in the researched IL electrolyte was also discussed.
The accurate State of Charge (SOC) estimation in a Li-ion battery requires a suitable model of the cell behavior. In this work an enhanced closed loop estimator based on Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is proposed, considering a precise model of the cell dynamics valid for different current profiles and SOCs, and a complete model of the Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) which takes into account the hysteresis influence. The employed model and proposed estimator are validated with experimental results obtained from the response of a 40Ah NMC Li-ion cell to several current profiles. These tests include current pulses, FUDS driving cycles, residential lift profiles, and specially designed profiles which demand an accurate modeling of the transitions between OCV boundaries. In each case, it is demonstrated that the enhanced model can reduce the estimation error nearly by half compared to an estimator ignoring the hysteresis effect. Furthermore, the good performance of the cell dynamics model allows an accurate and stable estimation over different conditions.
Publisher Summary This chapter explains in detail various thermoplastic resins, which are any synthetic material that can be molded when hot but becomes hard on cooling. Polyethylene is a broad family with versatile properties that depend on the three main polymerization processes used. Metallocene catalysis polymerization is the most recent technique, growing fast to produce a consistent, uniform distribution of molecular weight resulting in enhanced toughness, impact and puncture strengths, better cold behavior and optical properties. The copolymer blocks present a good balance between rigidity and impact strength that depends on the importance of the blocks and their distribution. Chlorinated polyethylenes present a good set of properties for a highly flexible material. The study reports general assessments of behaviour after prolonged immersion in a range of chemicals at room temperature for given grades, which are not representative of all the chlorinated polyethylenes because of the variation of the chemical resistance when the chlorine content varies and the broad possibilities for formulating the compounds: stabilizers, modifying agents, fillers and so on. These general indications should be verified by consultation with the producer of the selected grades and by tests under operating conditions.
NaAlH4 is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity of 1985mAhg−1. However, the practical application of NaAlH4 anode is hindered by its low charge reversibility and poor cycle performance. To improve the Li-storage performance of NaAlH4 anode, the regeneration and degradation mechanism of NaAlH4 have been revealed in this work. Firstly, the results show that decreasing the crystalline size would result in the direct regeneration of NaAlH4 from Na and Al without any intermediate phases (such as LiNa2AlH6), which dramatically enhances the reversibility of NaAlH4 anode. Secondly, a new cycle degradation mechanism is demonstrated that NaAlH4 would decompose above 1.42V during the charge process, which leads to a rapid degradation of cycle capacity. Therefore, the reversible capacity of NaAlH4 anode after 20 cycles could be significantly increased from 89mAhg−1 to 456mAhg−1 by decreasing the cut-off voltage from 3V to 1V, showing an improved cycle stability.
The President's Advanced Energy Initiative (AEI), launched in 2006, addresses the challenges of energy supply and demand facing our Nation by supporting research and development of advanced technologies for transportation and stationary power generation. The AEI portfolio includes clean coal, nuclear and renewable energy technologies (solar and wind) for stationary power generation and advanced battery technologies, cellulosic ethanol as a fuel and hydrogen fuel cells for transportation. These research and development programs are underpinned by comprehensive life-cycle analysis efforts using models such as Hydrogen Analysis (H2A) and Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) to enable a better understanding of the characteristics and trade-offs associated with advanced energy options and to help decision makers choose viable pathways for clean, reliable and affordable energy.
This article provides a lifetime and performance study for a novel multi-cell lithium-ion storage system, named self-reconfigurable battery. In such a battery the load of each cell can be optimized due to a power control unit connected to the cell. An iterative algorithm is developed to outline the influence of the novel battery architecture on the aging trend of each cell and thus on the battery life. In order to quantify this lifetime enhancement, a semi-empirical aging model, which involves both cycling and calendar aging factors, is established and coupled afterwards to the electrical battery model. To improve the model accuracy, the aging behavior spread within a multi-cell battery is assumed to fit a normal distribution whose parameters are identified based on experimental aging tests. A lifetime study is conducted for both the novel hardware topology and the conventional topology using a realistic power profile and an optimal balancing strategy. The simulation results proof the aging benefit of the self-reconfigurable topology and show a lifetime enhancement of more than 16%. This improvement yields to a performance enhancement with respect to energy throughput of 16.8% compared to the conventional storage system.
A systematic comparison of LMP prepared by solid-state reaction (SSR) and polyol methods was carried out through detailed analyses that included: X-ray and neutron powder diffractions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrochemical characterization. The LMP synthesized by the two different methods had a similar amount of Li/Mn cation mixing, ca. 4–5%. The polyol method provided a flower-like morphology to the LMP particles, in the form of platelet of which growth direction is parallel to the bc-plane. The LMP prepared by the polyol method was further optimized by carbon composite using two different kinds of carbon sources: Shawinigan acetylene black (AB) and Super-P Li carbon black (SP). With the smallest crystallite size and a homogeneous carbon particle network, the LMP processed with SP delivered better cathode performance than both the AB – mixed LMP and that prepared by the SSR method. AC-impedance spectroscopy of the LMP composite with SP showed an abrupt increase in impedance after 50% delithiation. Because of this difficulty of charging, the capacity of the LMP composite with SP was strongly influenced by the upper cut-off voltage used.
This paper is focused on characterising small waste electric and electronic equipment, specifically small household appliances, from two different points of views: disassembly properties and material identification. The sample for this characterisation was obtained from a selective collection campaign organised in Castellón de la Plana (Spain). A total amount of 833.7kg (749 units) of small waste electric and electronic equipment was collected, of which 23.3% by weight and 22.4% by units belonged to the subcategory household equipment. This subcategory, composed of appliances such as vacuum cleaners, toasters, sandwich makers, hand blenders, juicers, coffee makers, hairdryers, scales, irons and heaters, was first disassembled in order to analyse different aspects of the disassembly process for each equipment type: type of joints, ease of identification of materials, ease of access to joints for extracting components, ease of separation of components from the whole, uniformity of tools needed for the disassembly process and possibility of reassembly after disassembly. Results show that the most common joints used in these equipment types are snap-fits and screws, although some permanent joints have also been identified. Next, the material composition of each component of each appliance belonging to each equipment type was identified visually and with additional mechanical trials and testing. It can be observed that plastic and electric/electronic components are present in all the equipment types analysed and are also the material fractions that appear with higher percentages in the material composition: 41.1wt% and 39.1wt% for the plastic fraction and electric/electronic components, respectively. The most common plastics are: polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC), while the most common electric/electronic components are: cable, plug and printed circuit boards. Results also show that disassembly properties and material characterisation vary widely from one equipment type to another.