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Transition metal substituted CaFe2O4-type Li x (M0.1Mn0.9)2O4 (M = Ni, Ti) was synthesized by Na/Li ion exchange method from high-pressure synthesized CaFe2O4-type Na(M0.1Mn0.9)2O4 (M = Ni, Ti). The crystal structures were refined by Rietveld analysis using powder X-ray diffraction data. The electrochemical properties were measured. The initial discharge capacities of Li x (Ni0.1Mn0.9)2O4 and Li x (Ti0.1Mn0.9)2O4 were 119.3 and 122.0 mAh g−1 in the range of 4.8–3.0 V (vs Li/Li+). The capacities of substitutions were 5.29% and 7.68% increased than the value of Li0.81Mn2O4. After 50 charge–discharge cycles, the discharge capacities of Li0.81Mn2O4 and Li x (Ni0.1Mn0.9)2O4 were 5.78% and 11.1% decreased from the initial. The Ni substitution was effective for increasing the discharge voltage, although the effect was decreased with increasing cycle numbers.
In this manuscript are reported the synthesis and physicochemical characterization of low viscosity pyrrolidinium dicyanamide (DCA−) ionic liquids (ILs). Due to their high ionic conductivity, these fluorine-free, molecular solvent-free ILs are excellent candidates to be employed as electrolytes in electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs). Tests of lab-scale prototypes reported herein show that DCA−-based EDLCs display high power at room temperature as well as high cycling stability.
Many one dimensional (1D) conductive nanostructures have been incorporated with silicon to improve the storage performance of the anodes. However, the improvements under this configuration are somehow limited due to the relatively weak structure (electrical) connection between the separated 1D nanostructures and/or current collectors. Here, we have just developed a novel 2D Ni–Si nanosheet network on Ni foam by combined Si film with an interconnected Ni nanosheet network. This unique composite anode possesses large pores in between the nanosheets, high conductive and robust adhesion to the current collector. As a result, it exhibits a high specific capacity of 2038 mAh/g at 840 mA/g after 100 cycles and remarkable cycling stability of 655 mAh/g at 8400 mA/g over 1000 cycles.
Using accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC), the reactivity between six ionic liquids (with and without added LiPF6) and charged electrode materials is compared to the reactivity of standard carbonate-based solvents and electrolytes with the same electrode materials. The charged electrode materials used were Li1Si, Li7Ti4O12 and Li0.45CoO2. The experiments showed that not all ionic liquids are safer than conventional electrolytes/solvents. Of the six ionic liquids tested, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (EMI-FSI) shows the worst safety properties, and is much worse than conventional electrolyte. 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (EMI-TFSI) and 1-propyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (Py13-FSI) show similar reactivity to carbonate-based electrolyte. The three ionic liquids 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (BMMI-TFSI), 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Pp14-TFSI) and N-trimethyl-N-butylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TMBA-TFSI) show similar reactivity and are much safer than the conventional carbonate-based electrolyte. A comparison of the reactivity of ionic liquids with common anions and cations shows that ionic liquids with TFSI− are safer than those with FSI−, and liquids with EMI+ are worse than those with BMMI+, Py13+, Pp14+ and TMBA+.
We report the synthesis and pseudocapacitive studies of a composite film (PANI-ND-MnO2) of polyaniline (PANI) and manganese oxide (MnO2) nanoparticles. To enhance the interaction of MnO2 and PANI, the surfaces of MnO2 nanoparticles were modified by a silane coupling reagent, triethoxysilylmethyl N-substituted aniline (ND42). The composite film was obtained via controlled electro-co-polymerization of aniline and N-substituted aniline grafted on surfaces of MnO2 nanoparticles (ND-MnO2) on a carbon cloth in a electrolyte of 0.5M H2SO4 and 0.6M (NaPO3)6. In comparison to similarly prepared PANI film, the incorporation of MnO2 nanoparticles substantially increases the effective surface area of the film by reducing the size of rod-like PANI aggregates and avoiding the entanglement of these PANI nanorods. Significantly, we observed significant enhancement of specific capacitance in PANI-ND-MnO2 film compared to PANI–MnO2 film prepared in a similar condition, indicating that the presence of the coupling reagent can improve the electrochemical performance of PANI composite film. A symmetric model capacitor has been fabricated by using two PANI-ND-MnO2 nanocomposite films as electrodes. The PANI-ND-MnO2 capacitor showed an average specific capacitance of ∼80Fg−1 and a stable coulombic efficiency of ∼98% over 1000 cycles. The results demonstrated that PANI-ND-MnO2 nanocomposites are promising materials for supercapacitor electrode and the importance of designing and manipulating the interaction between PANI and MnO2 for fundamentally improving capacitive properties.
This is the first report of a hybrid sodium ion capacitor (NIC) with the active materials in both the anode and the cathode being derived entirely from a single precursor: peanut shells, which are a green and highly economical waste globally generated at over 6 million tons per year. The electrodes push the envelope of performance, delivering among the most promising sodiation capacity–rate capability–cycling retention combinations reported in the literature for each materials class. Hence the resultant NIC also offers a state-of-the-art cyclically stable combination of energy and power, not only in respect to previously but also as compared to Li ion capacitors (LICs). The ion adsorption cathode based on Peanut Shell Nanosheet Carbon (PSNC) displays a hierarchically porous architecture, a sheet-like morphology down to 15 nm in thickness, a surface area on par with graphene materials (up to 2396 m2 g−1) and high levels of oxygen doping (up to 13.51 wt%). Scanned from 1.5–4.2 V vs. Na/Na+ PSNC delivers a specific capacity of 161 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 73 mA h g−1 at 25.6 A g−1. A low surface area Peanut Shell Ordered Carbon (PSOC) is employed as an ion intercalation anode. PSOC delivers a total capacity of 315 mA h g−1 with a flat plateau of 181 mA h g−1 occurring below 0.1 V (tested at 0.1 A g−1), and is stable at 10000 cycles (tested at 3.2 A g−1). The assembled NIC operates within a wide temperature range (0–65 °C), yielding at room temperature (by active mass) 201, 76 and 50 W h kg−1 at 285, 8500 and 16500 W kg−1, respectively. At 1.5–3.5 V, the hybrid device achieved 72% capacity retention after 10000 cycles tested at 6.4 A g−1, and 88% after 100000 cycles at 51.2 A g−1.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are the next big thing in the electric transportation market. While much work has been done to detail what economic costs and benefits PHEVs will have on consumers and producers alike, it seems that it is also important to understand what impact PHEVs will have on distribution networks nationwide. This paper finds that the impact of PHEVs on the distribution network can be determined using the following aspects of PHEVs: driving patterns, charging characteristics, charge timing, and vehicle penetration. The impacts that these aspects of PHEVs will have on distribution networks have been measured and calculated by multiple authors in different locations using many different tools that range from analytical techniques to simulations and beyond. While much work has already been completed in this area, there is still much to do. Areas left for improvement and future work will include adding more stochasticity into models as well as computing and analyzing reliability indices with respect to distribution networks.
In some conditions, the multi-phase composition of the hydrogen storage electrode alloy can be reflected on its discharge curve. In this paper, the discharge curves of the Ti–Ni-based hydrogen storage alloys have be analyzed using electrochemical techniques and XRD. We concluded that the appearance of the two discharge plateaus on the discharge curves of the Ti0.5Al0.25Ni0.25 alloy and Ti3Ni1.7M0.3 (M=Ni, Al, Co, Cr) alloys is related to their multi-phase composition and multi-phase hydride formation. The appearance of the first fastigiated plateau is the result of together releasing hydrogen of TiNi and Ti2Ni phases. The secondary flat plateau represents releasing hydrogen process of only the Ti2Ni phase.
Food addiction (FA) is one of the causes of widespread obesity in modern society. It was shown that there is an age-associated increase in incidence rate of FA in adolescents/young adults. The purpose of this study was to analyze food preferences in schoolchildren and university students with FA.
Introduction La vitesse avec laquelle des sujets sains reconnaissent les objets dans des tâches de catégorisation rapide d’objets suggère que la reconnaissance rapide d’objets est basée sur des processus non-conscients. Objectifs L’objectif principal de ce travail est d’approfondir cette étude des processus cognitifs impliqués dans la perception visuelle des objets en s’intéressant aux mécanismes de perception visuelle chez les agnosiques visuels. Méthodes La performance d’un patient présentant un syndrome de Benson avec agnosie visuelle a été comparée à celle de patients présentant une maladie d’Alzheimer sans agnosie visuelle et à des sujets sains, dans des taches de catégorisation d’objets en choix forcé. Deux images étaient présentées à gauche et à droite d’un point de fixation central. Elles contenaient soit une cible (un animal) soit un distracteur (autre objet). Le sujet désignait l’image contenant la cible soit en réponse manuelle soit par une saccade oculaire. Résultats La performance du patient agnosique était très inférieure à celle des sujets contrôles dans le test de dénomination d’objets. Par contre, en catégorisation rapide d’objets elle était de 70 % de réponses correctes. De plus cette performance était atteinte très rapidement, avec des saccades oculaires de l’ordre de 250 ms. Discussion Ces résultats suggèrent qu’un patient agnosique peut catégoriser (donc reconnaître implicitement) des objets qu’il n’identifie pas explicitement. La rapidité de traitement témoigne de processus automatiques. Ce travail a été effectué grâce au soutien d’une bourse des JNLF. Conclusion La catégorisation rapide d’objets semble donc pouvoir s’accomplir sur la base de processus cognitifs préconscients. Des applications pour la rééducation des patients agnosiques peuvent être envisagées.
An electrochemically active nanostructured silver copper fluoride (SCF) perovskite, AgCuF3, was synthesized via a mechanochemical reaction between AgF and CuF2 precursors. Phase composition and electrochemical properties of the SCF perovskites produced under various synthetic parameters were studied. The optimum SCF perovskite sample exhibited an appreciable electrochemical performance through the use of conductive carbon matrix in a primary lithium half cell. A high specific capacity of 270 mAh g−1 was achieved at a cutoff voltage of 2 V with 190 mAh g−1 above 3 V, leading to a total volumetric energy density of 3666 Wh L−1 at >3 V and 4848 Wh L−1 at >2 V.
Fabrication of conductive patterns by selective electroless plating is a widely studied process in recent years for its advantages of lower waste, simpler process, less pollution and lower cost compared to the traditional subtractive process. But the poor adhesion of the as-fabricated patterns is the prior problem of this process, which limits the thickness of the conductive patterns in sub micrometer range and thus degrades the electrical properties of the patterns. Many chemical and physical modifications have been used to increase the chemical bonding or physical interaction between substrates and deposited metal, but the effects are limited, especially after thick metal is deposited. However, increasing the interfacial mechanical anchor is an effective alternative to enhance the adhesion but has often been neglected. In our previous work, we have developed a novel patterning-adsorption-plating (PAP) process to additively fabricate copper patterns on flexible polymer substrates. In this paper, polystyrene (PS) microspheres are added into the ion-adsorption ink as templates to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) porous polysiloxane films. Thereafter, the as-fabricated copper patterns show excellent conductivity competitive to that of bulk copper and good adhesion with a distinct increase of mechanical anchor.
The aluminum rechargeable battery is a desirable device for large-scale energy storage owing to the high capacity derived from the properties of the aluminum metal anode. The development of cathode materials is needed to compose battery systems. However, the design principles of the cathode materials have not been determined. We focus on the high capacity FeS2 cathode materials and investigate the discharge/charge reaction mechanisms in chloroaluminate ionic liquids as the electrolyte at 55°C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements are performed for the discharged and charged samples. S 3p-orbitals are shown to play an important role in the redox reactions from the results of the S and Fe K-edge XANES spectra. As a result of the redox reaction, FeS2 is transformed into low crystalline FeS and amorphous Al2S3, as shown by the XRD and S, Al, and Fe K-edge XANES spectra. This reaction mechanism is different from the reaction observed with lithium ion.
Closed LiO2 batteries consisting of electrolytes derived from molten salt have emerged as attractive energy-storage cells because of their unique oxygen-supply mechanism to form a stable Li2O discharge product without requiring an oxygen-gas-reservoir. However, the formation of stable Li2O discharge product increases the overpotential during the charging process, which compromises the cell performance because of the resulting parasitic reaction. In this study, we demonstrate a potent approach to reversibly operate an oxygen-gas-reservoir-free LiO2 battery by using chemically impregnated nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles as a catalyst on the carbon electrode. The efficient bottom-up process for decorating NiO on a carbon material in binary molten electrolyte enables not only to significantly reduce the loading level of the catalyst but also to enhance the electrochemical performance with preventing the detrimental parasitic reaction in the oxygen-gas-reservoir-free LiO2 cell. In particular, using the in situ gas analysis with electrochemical measurements, the 20 wt% NiO added to the carbon cathode is sufficient to reduce the charging potential without generation of parasitic gas evolution.
The conductivities of an ionic polycrystalline solid lithium iodide (LiI) and covalent, polycrystalline lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP) glass-ceramic material with Al2O3 and Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (0.6BST) additions were investigated. It was determined that blocking and space charge effects coexist in these heterogeneous solids. However, their magnitudes differ from one system to another. The most pronounced blocking effect was evident in the LATP–Al2O3 system, whereas a dominant space charge effect was observed in the LiI–Al2O3 system. The higher dielectric constant of 0.6BST enhanced space charge effect in the LATP–0.6BST system. The space charge effect was also found to be temperature dependent.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design was employed to determine whether acute lorazepam (2mg orally) cognitive side effects would emerge in a differential age-dependent fashion in 15 young (mean age=22years) and 12 older (mean age=64years) subjects. Acute use of lorazepam is frequently the initial treatment choice for convulsive status epilepticus or repetitive seizure clusters. Cognitive assessment was performed during drug and placebo conditions using a computerized battery of cognitive tests. With the exception of performance on the reasoning composite score, significant drug effects were present on all primary cognitive domain measures. However, the only significant drug‐by‐age interaction effect was seen for dual‐task performance. The relationship between test performance and plasma lorazepam concentrations was generally modest and non-significant, suggesting that individual differences in pharmacokinetics are not a major factor contributing to the emergence of cognitive side effects. Despite robust lorazepam effects on multiple measures of neurocognitive function, differential age effects are largely restricted to dual‐task performance. These results indicate that with the exception of dual‐task performance, older individuals in the age range of this study do not appear to be at increased risk for the emergence of cognitive side effects following a single 2‐mg dose of lorazepam.
In this paper it is presented a mathematical analysis of the energy efficiency for the Multiport Power Converter (MPC) used in series and parallel Hybrid Power Source (HPS) architectures type on the plug-in Fuel Cell Vehicles (PFCVs). The aim of the analysis is to provide general conclusions for a wide range of PFCV operating regimes that are chosen for efficient use of the MPC architecture on each particular drive cycle. In relation with FC system of PFCV, the Energy Storage System (ESS) can operate in following regimes: (1) Charge-Sustaining (CS), (2) Charge-Depleting (CD), and (3) Charge-Increasing (CI). Considering the imposed window for the ESS State-Of-Charge (SOC), the MPC can be connected to renewable plug-in Charging Stations (PCSs) to exchange power with Electric Power (EP) system, when it is necessary for both. The Energy Management Unit (EMU) that communicates with the EP system will establish the moments to match the PFCV power demand with supply availability of the EP grid, stabilizing it. The MPC energy efficiency of the PFCVs is studied when the ESS is charged (discharged) from (to) the home/PCS/EP system. The comparative results were shown for both PFCV architectures through the analytical calculation performed and the appropriate Matlab/Simulink® simulations presented.
Coherent hydrous vanadium pentoxide (V2O5·nH2O)–carbon cryogel (CC) nanocomposites were synthesized by electrodeposition of vanadium pentoxide onto the porous carbon scaffold which was derived from resorcinol (R) and formaldehyde (F) organic hydrogels. As-fabricated nanocomposites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), along with EDAX and nitrogen sorption isotherms which suggested vanadium pentoxide incorporated in the pores of carbon cryogels. The nanocomposites showed much improved discharge capacity and better cyclic stability as compared to hydrous vanadium pentoxide films deposited on platinum foil. The discharge capacity of the nanocomposites reached 280mAhg−1 based on the mass of the vandium pentoxide at a current density of 100mAg−1 and it possessed good cycle stability at different discharge rates. The results demonstrated that electrochemical performances, such as specific discharge capacitance and reversibility of the composite electrode, could be greatly enhanced by the introduction of carbon cryogels (CCs) scaffold with three-dimensionally interconnected porous structure in which V2O5·nH2O homogeneously dispersed.
Batteries were designed with the aid of a computer modeling program to study the requirements of the thermal control system for meeting the goals set by the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV). The battery designs were based upon the lithium-ion cell composition designated Gen-2 in the US Department of Energy Advanced Technology Development Program. The worst-case cooling requirement that would occur during prolonged aggressive driving was estimated to be 250W or about 5W per cell for a 48-cell battery. Rapid heating of the battery from a very low startup temperature is more difficult than cooling during driving. A dielectric transformer fluid is superior to air for both heating and cooling the battery. A dedicated refrigeration system for cooling the battery coolant would be helpful in maintaining low temperature during driving. The use of ample insulation would effectively slow the battery temperature rise when parking the vehicle in warm weather. Operating the battery at 10°C during the first several years when the battery has excess power would extend the battery life.
Although children with epilepsy tend to exhibit more reading difficulties than their classmates, no systematic studies have investigated the relationship between these difficulties and epilepsy. As functional neuroimaging studies have implicated both temporal and frontal lobes in the phonological aspect of reading [K.R. Pugh, B.A. Shaywitz, S.E. Shaywitz, et al. Brain 1996;119:1221–38], seizure activity originating in either region could interfere with phonological processing, whereas generalized seizures would not disturb this function as much. To explore this hypothesis, we compared the metaphonological skills of school-aged children with either temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE), or generalized absence seizures (ABS) with those of healthy controls. While the reading ability of all epileptic children was close to 2 years behind expectations, children with TLE did not differ from the controls on phonological tasks. In contrast, children with FLE exhibited significant deficits, whereas children with ABS showed difficulties restricted to phonemic segmentation. The results suggest that FLE and, to a lesser extent, generalized seizures may interfere with phonological processing, whereas TLE may affect other aspects of reading.
A vaginal foreign body is a common cause of consultation in Pediatric Gynecology. We present here a case of a 3 year-old girl who presented with a chief complaint of abdominal pain and who was found to have a battery in the vagina with severe secondary mucosal burns. We present here our management and follow-up. A 3 year-old girl presented to the Emergency Department with a 2 day history of abdominal pain and fever. On the review of systems, she had lost appetite; she had dysuria, did not have nausea and vomiting and did not complain of gynecologic symptoms. Upon examination, she was septic, had a very tender abdomen with guarding and had foul vaginal discharge. An ultrasound was performed to evaluate the appendix. The appendix was normal, but a round, button-battery like foreign body was seen in the vagina. Broad spectrum antibiotics were started and the patient was taken to the Operating Room to perform an Examination Under Anesthesia to remove the battery. Severe vaginal mucosa burns were seen during vaginoscopy and the battery could be removed using an E.N.T forceps through a 3-way scope (Figs. 1 and 2). We used a therapy of intra vaginal silver sulfadiazine and conjugated estrogens after the intervention to enhance vaginal healing. We performed another EUA in follow-up 2 weeks and 6 weeks after the initial intervention to assess the healing. Healing was complete at the 6 weeks examination. A vaginal foreign body can be a cause of abdominal pain in the Emergency Department. Caustic objects like batteries can cause severe burns to the vaginal mucosa. These burns can be effectively treated post intervention with intra vaginal silver sulfadiazine and conjugated estrogens.Fig. 1Cervix and posterior fornixFig. 2Lateral vaginal walls with severe mucosal burns