batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The present article proposes an optimal battery system management model in distribution grids for stationary applications. The main purpose of the management model is to maximise the utilisation of distributed renewable energy resources in distribution grids, preventing situations of reverse power flow in the distribution transformer. Secondly, battery management ensures efficient battery utilisation: charging at off-peak prices and discharging at peak prices when possible. This gives the battery system a shorter payback time. Management of the system requires predictions of residual distribution grid demand (i.e. demand minus renewable energy generation) and electricity price curves (e.g. for 24 h in advance). Results of a hypothetical study in Great Britain in 2020 show that the battery can contribute significantly to storing renewable energy surplus in distribution grids while being highly utilised. In a distribution grid with 25 households and an installed 8.9 kW wind turbine, a battery system with rated power of 8.9 kW and battery capacity of 100 kWh can store 7 MWh of 8 MWh wind energy surplus annually. Annual battery utilisation reaches 235 cycles in per unit values, where one unit is a full charge-depleting cycle depth of a new battery (80% of 100 kWh).
Incineration of diesel particulate matter for the regeneration of a mesh-type particulate-filter is achieved using induction heating technique. Heating of the diesel particulates deposited on the mesh-type particulate-filter at around 600°C is investigated. In the case of the particulate filter, stainless-steel mesh-type filters are considered and the influence on filtering efficiency, the engine performance due to back-pressure generation is studied. Theoretical estimation shows that induction heating approach for the regeneration via exhaust gas heating requires high power (>3kW). On the other hand, regeneration of mesh-type particulate-filter using induction heating technique requires a low input power of around 0.5kW in the off-line condition. The proposed mesh-type particulate-filter allowed a filtration efficiency of around 30–40% at lower engine speeds and part loads. Particulate combustion through induction heating at static condition is studied and power required for mesh-type filter and sintered metal filter regeneration during engine operation is estimated theoretically.
Implementations of mini hydro schemes with conventional hydraulic, electrical equipment's and controllers have proven very expensive and uneconomical. Many developing countries that are in need of rural electrification have encountered economical problem when setting up these mini hydro schemes. To address this problem, alternative options and new designs of these equipment's have been explored by many researchers around the world. The application of these new designs would reduce the overall cost of mini hydro development and would help in making it a cost effective technology. These new designs will also help developing countries to provide electricity to rural areas or remote regions where interconnection of transmission line from the electrical grid is uneconomical. The new designs can also be an enabling factor in boosting up electricity generation using a renewable energy source. This paper provides survey of all these alternative options and new designs in the controller, hydraulic turbine and generators that have been implemented in different countries of the world.
Postoperative delirium is prevalent in older patients and associated with worse outcomes. Recent data in animal studies demonstrate increases in inflammatory markers in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) even after aseptic surgery, suggesting that inflammation of the central nervous system may be part of the pathogenesis of postoperative cognitive changes. We investigated the hypothesis that neuroinflammation was an important cause for postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction after major non-cardiac surgery.
In this paper, a series of Li3-xNaxV2(PO4)3 (0≤x≤3) are prepared by a solid state reaction and systematically evaluated as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Structural analysis shows that the phase structure of Li3-xNaxV2(PO4)3 changes along with the evolution of Na content. Charge-discharge tests exhibit that Li3V2(PO4)3 shows the highest initial charge specific capacity as high as 88.3mAhg−1 among all the seven samples, and the reversible capacity is kept at 68.3mAhg−1 after 45 cycles, corresponding to 77.3% of the initial charge capacity. With increasing of Na content in Li3-xNaxV2(PO4)3, the as-obtained sample show poorer lithium storage capability than Li3V2(PO4)3. As a result, Na3V2(PO4)3 shows the inferior cycling performance than other Li3-xNaxV2(PO4)3. It can only deliver a reversible capacity of 20.9mAhg−1 after 45 cycles, corresponding to 45.9% of the initial charge capacity. In-situ X-ray diffraction observations demonstrate that the poor electrochemical property of Na3V2(PO4)3 anode is due to the irreversible structural evolution during charge-discharge process. Therefore, reducing the Na3V2(PO4)3 phase in as-obtained sample is a feasible route to improve the lithium storage capability of Li3-xNaxV2(PO4)3.
Li-rich layered transition metal oxides with the nominal composition of Li1+x [Li0.2Mn α Co β Ni γ ]O2 with 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.7 are synthesized using a high-pressure technique. The chemical compositions are determined using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy and the structure is identified from X-ray diffraction measurements as a mixture of rhombohedral R-3m and cubic Fm-3m phases. Rietveld refinement analysis reveals that the layered to cubic phase ratio increases as x tends towards 0.7, with an almost complete cubic phase present for x ≥ 0.6. Electrochemical charge–discharge experiments performed using coin cells and show capacities of around 200 mAh g−1 for 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4 samples, although the capacity quickly decreases for x ≥ 0.5, which is consistent with the trend towards a predominantly cubic phase. The plateau for oxygen generation, which appears at the 4.4 V threshold, is reduced as x increases.
Four kinds of synthetic graphite coated with silver and nickel for the anodes of lithium secondary batteries were prepared by a gas suspension spray coating method. The electrode coated with silver showed higher charge–discharge capacities due to a Ag–Li alloy, but rate capability decreased at higher charge–discharge rate. This result can be explained by the formation of an artificial Ag oxidation film with higher impedance, this lowered the rate capability at high charge–discharge rate due to its low electrical conductivity. Rate capability is improved, however, by coating nickel and silver together on the surface of synthetic graphite. The nickel which is inactive with oxidation reaction plays an important role as a conducting agent which enhanced the conductivity of the electrode.
Journey-time exposures to particulate air pollution were investigated in Leicester, UK, between January and March 2005. Samples of TSP, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were simultaneously collected using light scattering devices whilst journeys were made by walking an in-car. Over a period of two months, 33 pairs of walking and in-car measurements were collected along two circular routes. Average exposures while walking were seen to be higher than those found in-car for each of the particle fractions: average walking to in-car ratios were 1.2 (± 0.6), 1.5 (± 0.6), 1.3 (± 0.6), and 1.4 (± 0.6) μgm−3 for coarse (TSP–PM10), intermediate (PM10–PM2.5), fine (PM2.5–PM1), and very fine particles (PM1), respectively. Correlations between walking and in-car exposures were seen to be weak for coarse particles (r=0.10, p=0.58), moderate for the intermediate particles (r=0.49, p<0.01) but strong for fine (r=0.89, p<0.01) and very fine (r=0.90, P<0.01) particles. PM10 exposures while walking were on average 70% higher than a nearby roadside fixed-site monitor whilst in-car exposures were 25% higher than the same fixed-site monitor. Particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5μm were seen to be highly correlated between walking and in-car particle exposures and a rural fixed-site monitor about 30km south of Leicester.
In this work, porous MnO/C composites were successfully synthesized via a new ammonia diffusion method, in which the MnO nanoparticles were tightly embedded into a porous carbon matrix. Kapok fibers (KFs) were used as both the bio-template and the renewable carbon source. The KFs-templated MnO/C electrodes exhibited a high reversible specific capacity of 1454mAhg−1 with a high coulombic efficiency, up to 98%, at a current density of 200mAg−1 over 150 cycles. The high reversible capacity of the MnO/C composites could be ascribed to the synergetic effects of several factors including the unique porous microstructure, the small MnO nanoparticle size and the high defective carbon matrix. Due to the small MnO nanoparticles size and a moderate amount of carbon (13.3wt%), the electrodes showed a small voltage polarization (about 0.89V).
One-dimensional (1D) porous FeS2@C nanowires as a high cathode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are synthesized on a large-scale from an organic-inorganic hybrid nanowire precursor. The FeS2@C nanowires not only provide a continuous and fast electron transport pathway, favorable diffusion kinetics, but also provide the protection buffer the volume expansion and effectively prevent the polysulfides from dissolving in the electrolyte during cycling. Attributing to the synergistic advantages of both 1D porous nanostructure and the encapsulation of thin amorphous carbon layers, the FeS2@C nanowires exhibit remarkable lithium storage performance with a high specific capacity of 889 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 521 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1. Moreover, a discharge energy density of 1225 Wh kg−1 is obtained at 2 A g−1 and remains as high as 637 Wh kg−1 after 1000 cycles, which is even higher than the LiCoO2 cathode. The results demonstrate that the potential for applications in LIBs with high power density and long cycling life.
Solar energy conversion systems and daylighting schemes are important building energy strategies to produce clean energy, reduce the peak electrical and cooling demands and save the building electricity expenditures. A semi-transparent photovoltaic (PV) is a building component generating electricity via PV modules and allowing daylight entering into the interior spaces to facilitate daylighting designs. This paper studies the thermal and visual properties, energy performance and financial issue of such solar facades. Data measurements including solar irradiance, daylight illuminance and output power for a semi-transparent PV panel were undertaken. Using the recorded results, essential parameters pertaining to the power generation, thermal and optical characteristics of the PV system were determined. Case studies based on a generic reference office building were conducted to elaborate the energy and cooling requirements, and the cost implications when the PV facades together with the daylight-linked lighting controls were being used. The findings showed that such an integrated system could produce electricity and cut down electric lighting and cooling energy requirements to benefit the environmental, energy and economic aspects.
Schizophrenia is a devastating psychiatric illness with high heritability. Brain structure and function differ, on average, between people with schizophrenia and healthy individuals. As common genetic associations are emerging for both schizophrenia and brain imaging phenotypes, we can now use genome-wide data to investigate genetic overlap. Here we integrated results from common variant studies of schizophrenia (33,636 cases, 43,008 controls) and volumes of several (mainly subcortical) brain structures (11,840 subjects). We did not find evidence of genetic overlap between schizophrenia risk and subcortical volume measures either at the level of common variant genetic architecture or for single genetic markers. These results provide a proof of concept (albeit based on a limited set of structural brain measures) and define a roadmap for future studies investigating the genetic covariance between structural or functional brain phenotypes and risk for psychiatric disorders.
Ethnopharmacological relevance The increasing use of traditional herbal medicines around the world requires more scientific evidence for their putative harmlessness. To this end, a plethora of methods exist, more or less satisfying. In this post-genome era, recent reviews are however scarce, not only on the use of new “omics” methods (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabonomics) for genotoxicity, teratogenicity, and nephrotoxicity assessment, but also on conventional ones. Methods The present work aims (i) to review conventional methods used to assess genotoxicity, teratogenicity and nephrotoxicity of medicinal plants and mushrooms; (ii) to report recent progress in the use of “omics” technologies in this field; (iii) to underline advantages and limitations of promising methods; and lastly (iv) to suggest ways whereby the genotoxicity, teratogenicity, and nephrotoxicity assessment of traditional herbal medicines could be more predictive. Results Literature and safety reports show that structural alerts, in silico and classical in vitro and in vivo predictive methods are often used. The current trend to develop “omics” technologies to assess genotoxicity, teratogenicity and nephrotoxicity is promising but most often relies on methods that are still not standardized and validated. Conclusion Hence, it is critical that toxicologists in industry, regulatory agencies and academic institutions develop a consensus, based on rigorous methods, about the reliability and interpretation of endpoints. It will also be important to regulate the integration of conventional methods for toxicity assessments with new “omics” technologies.
Manheim LM, Halper AS, Cherney L. Patient-reported changes in communication after computer-based script training for aphasia. Objective To evaluate changes in patient-reported communication difficulty after a home-based, computer-delivered intervention designed to improve conversational skills in adults with aphasia. Design Delayed treatment design with baseline, preintervention, postintervention, and follow-up observations. Setting Outpatient rehabilitation. Participants Twenty subjects with chronic aphasia. Interventions Sessions with the speech-language pathologist to develop personally relevant conversational scripts, followed by 9 weeks of intensive home practice using a computer program loaded on a laptop, and weekly monitoring visits with the speech-language pathologist. Main Outcome Measure Communication Difficulty (CD) subscale of the Burden of Stroke Scale (BOSS). Results The intervention resulted in a statistically and clinically significant decrease of 6.79 points (P=.038) in the CD subscale of the BOSS during the intervention, maintained during the follow-up period. Conclusions The findings of this study provide positive albeit preliminary and limited support for the use of a home-based, computer-delivered language intervention program for improving patient-reported communication outcomes in adults with chronic aphasia. Additional research will be required to examine the efficacy and effectiveness of this intervention.
The Ni-rich precursor powders with spherical shape and filled morphologies were prepared by spray pyrolysis from the spray solution with citric acid, ethylene glycol and a drying control chemical additive. The precursor powders with controlled morphologies formed the LiNi0.8Co0.15Mn0.05O2 cathode powders with spherical shape and fine size by solid-state reaction with lithium hydroxide. However, the cathode powders prepared from the spray solution without additives had irregular morphologies and were large in size. The precursor powders with hollow and porous morphologies formed cathode powders with irregular and aggregated morphologies. The composition ratios of the nickel, cobalt and manganese components were maintained in the as-prepared, precursor and cathode powders. The initial discharge capacity of the LiNi0.8Co0.15Mn0.05O2 cathode powders with spherical shape and fine size tested at a temperature of 55°C under a constant current density of 0.5C was 215mAhg−1. The discharge capacity of the LiNi0.8Co0.15Mn0.05O2 cathode powders decreased to 81% of the initial value after 30 cycles.
Highly uniform MoO3 nanoparticles, created using a unique hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) system, were studied as active material for negative electrodes in high-energy lithium ion batteries. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), surface area analysis (BET), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were utilized for powder characterization. Electrodes were fabricated from a slurry of MoO3, acetylene black (AB), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder deposited on copper foil. Electrochemical performance was optimized as a function of pre-annealing temperature and AB:PVDF ratio. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated both water removal and binder decomposition during heat treatment. However, melting binder rich electrodes appeared to redistribute the conductive additive and create a uniform coating that lead to improved durability. An optimized reversible high capacity of ∼1050mAhg−1 was obtained for an electrode fabricated from 70:10:20 active material:AB:PVDF with a 250°C pre-heat treatment.
The electrical properties of pure NiO and NiO:Ag films which are deposited on glass substrate with various dopant concentrations (1wt%, 2wt%, 3wt% and 4wt%) at room temperature and 450 °C annealing temperature will be presented. Further, the structural properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction and the surface morphology of the deposited samples was examined by SEM. The results of the Hall effect showed that all the films were p-type. Hall mobility decreases while both carrier concentration and conductivity increase with the increasing of annealing temperatures and doping percentage, Thus, the behavior of semiconductor, and also the DC conductivity from which the activation energy decreases with the doping concentration increase and transport mechanism of the charge carriers can be estimated.
In this paper, an equivalent electrical circuit of the pneumatics and fluidics in a fuel cell stack is developed. This model combines the simplicity of an electrical circuit and attempts to model the physical phenomenon occurring inside the fuel cell. The effect of variation in temperature and relative humidity on the cell are considered in this model. The compressibility of fuel and oxidant fluids and condensation of water are also accounted for in this model. Therefore, it becomes possible to predict the behavior of the fuel Cell with given changes in various input parameters so that a desired control structure can be formulated for high-end applications of the fuel cell as a subpart of a bigger system, for instance, in hybrid propulsion of vehicles coupled with batteries and supercapacitors. The circuit analysis equations are presented in the following text and are simulated using MATLAB Simulink environment. This model is validated using the experimental data obtained using the Fuel Cell test bench available in Fuel Cell Laboratory, France.
Both cryotherapy and thermal ablation are treatment methods for cervical precancerous lesions in screening programs in resource constrained settings. However, for thermal ablation the World Health Organization stated that there is insufficient data to define a standard treatment protocol. This study used an ex-vivo model to compare the tissue interaction of both cryotherapy and thermal ablation to contribute to a treatment protocol. We used porcine tissue to measure the temperature profile over time at 0, 2, 4 and 6 mm depth. For cryotherapy the standard double freeze method was used, thermal ablation was applied for one cycle of 60 s with 100 °C. Based on literature search we used 4 mm depth as landmark for the depth of precancerous lesions, and -10 °C for cryotherapy and 46 °C for thermal ablation as critical temperature to induce cell necrosis. Cryotherapy achieved the critical temperature for tissue necrosis (-10 °C) in 3 out of 6 experiments at 4 mm depth, median minimum temperature was −9.6 °C (IQR 25–75 -15.8 °C to −4.9 °C). Thermal ablation achieved the critical temperature for tissue necrosis (46 °C) in 3 out of 7 experiments at 4 mm depth, median maximum temperature was 43.1 °C (IQR 25–75 42.3 °C to 49.9 °C). Both treatment modalities achieved tissue necrosis at 4 mm depth in our ex-vivo model. For cryotherapy the double freeze technique should be used. For thermal ablation a single application less than 60 s might not be sufficient and multiple applications should be considered.
This study examined the effects of writing letters of gratitude on three primary qualities of well-being; happiness (positive affect), life-satisfaction (cognitive evaluation), and depression (negative affect). Gratitude was also assessed. Participants included 219 men and women who wrote three letters of gratitude over a 3 week period. A two-way mixed method ANOVA with a between factor (writers vs. non-writers) and within subject factor (time of testing) analysis was conducted. Results indicated that writing letters of gratitude increased participants’ happiness and life satisfaction, while decreasing depressive symptoms. The implications of this approach for intervention are discussed.
We examine the competitiveness of series hybrid compared to fuel cell, parallel hybrid, and regular cars. We use public domain data to determine efficiency, fuel consumption, total costs of ownership and greenhouse gas emissions resulting from drivetrain choices. The series hybrid drivetrain can be seen both as an alternative to petrol, diesel and parallel hybrid cars, as well as an intermediate stage towards fully electric or fuel cell cars. We calculate the fuel consumption and costs of four diesel-fuelled series hybrid, four plug-in hybrid and four fuel cell car configurations, and compared these to three reference cars. We find that series hybrid cars may reduce fuel consumption by 34–47%, but cost €5000–12,000 more. Well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions may be reduced to 89–103g CO2 km−1 compared to reference petrol (163gkm−1) and diesel cars (156gkm−1). Series hybrid cars with wheel motors have lower weight and 7–21% lower fuel consumption than those with central electric motors. The fuel cell car remains uncompetitive even if production costs of fuel cells come down by 90%. Plug-in hybrid cars are competitive when driving large distances on electricity, and/or if cost of batteries come down substantially. Well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions may be reduced to 60–69g CO2 km−1.
Asymmetric supercapacitors provide a promising approach to fabricate capacitive energy storage devices with high energy and power densities. In this work, asymmetric supercapacitors with excellent performance have been fabricated using ternary (Ni, Co)0.85Se on carbon fabric as binder-free positive electrode and porous free-standing graphene film as negative electrode. Owing to their metal-like conductivity (~1.67×106 Sm−1), significant electrochemical activity, and superhydrophilic nature, our nanostructured ternary nickel cobalt selenides result in a much higher areal capacitance (2.33Fcm−2 at 4mAcm−2), better rate performance and cycling stability than their binary selenide equivalents, and other ternary oxides and chalcogenides. Those hybrid supercapacitors can afford impressive areal capacitance and stack capacitance of 529.3mFcm−2 and 6330mFcm−3 at 1mAcm−2, respectively. More impressively, our optimized asymmetric device operating at 1.8V delivers a very high stack energy density of 2.85mWhcm−3 at a stack power density of 10.76mWcm−3, as well as 85% capacitance retention after 10,000 continuous charge–discharge cycles. Even at a high stack power density of 1173mWcm−3, this device still deliveries a stack energy density of 1.19mWhcm−3, superior to most of the reported supercapacitors.