batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In order to optimize the electrolyte system of lithium difluoro (oxalato) borate (LiDFOB)-ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC)/ethylene carbonate (EC)/adiponitrile (ADN) to overcome the drawback of low discharge capacity at room temperature and the easily decomposition of ADN under lower potential, three sulfur-containing solvents, ethylene sulfite (ES), dimethyl sulfite (DMS) and sulfolane (SL) are introduced. AC impedances, cycling performance, cyclic voltammetry tests as well as compatibilities between electrolytes and positive/negative electrodes are evaluated, respectively. Both of the solution systems of 0.7 M LiDFOB-EMC/ES/ADN (49: 49: 2, vol. % ratio) and 0.7 M LiDFOB-EMC/SL/ADN (65.3: 32.7: 2, vol. % ratio) are recommended as alternative electrolytes for 5 V high-voltage lithium ion batteries, benefitting from the synergistic effect between LiDFOB salt and sulfur-containing solvents. Besides, the effect on the performance of sulfur-containing solvents on the positive and negative electrodes is studied by theoretical calculation. This paper provides a promising candidate for improving the electrochemical performance of the battery by optimization of electrolyte formula, especially by a combination of lithium salt and solvent mixture.
Energy is supplied in the form of electricity, heat or fuels and an energy supply system must guarantee sustainable energy supplies, production and distribution of energy. Such system based on renewable energy can be utilized as integrated renewable energy system (IRES), which can satisfy the energy needs of an area in appropriate and sustainable manner. For renewable energy based rural electrification of remote areas, the IRES can be modeled and optimized for meeting the energy needs. For the purpose, the Jaunpur block of Uttaranchal state of India has been selected as remote area. On the basis of field data, the resource potential and energy demand has been estimated. The total load is 808MWh/yr and total available resources are 807MWh/yr, whereas %age contribution of each resources are MHP 15.88% (128166), solar 2.77% (22363), wind 1.89% (15251) and biomass energy 79.46% (641384) kWh/yr. The model has been optimized using LINDO software 6.10 version. The results indicated that the optimized model has been found to the best choice for meeting the energy needs of the area. Renewable energy sources can contribute to the total energy demands as 16.81% (115465), solar 2.27% (15588), wind 1.78% (12201) and biomass energy 79.14% (543546) kWh/yr for the fulfillment of 687 MWh/yr at the 15% reduced level of 808 MWh/yr load. The results further indicated that optimized IRES can provide a feasible solution in terms of energy fulfillments in the range of EPDF from 1.0 to 0.75 because below 0.75 EPDF (0.50–0.25) the deficit start and so that model becomes non-feasible solution. The EPDF is electric power delivery factor and also called optimizing power factor and is maximum equal to 1. The paper reports the results of optimization of IRES models of the study area of Zone 4 of Jaunpur block of Uttaranchal state.
The idea of Hox genes and their work was developed in the studies of classical model animals belonging to the lineages of Ecdysozoa (Drosophila, Tribolium, Caenorhabditis) and Deuterostomia (mouse, chicken, Xenopus, and zebrafish). Subsequently the list of objects was continued by Spiralia (mollusks, polychaetes, brachiopods, rotiferans) and expanded every year by animals with complicated phylogenetic positions or interesting developmental programs. To date, a sufficient set of data has been accumulated to search for ancestral, i.e., constant, features in representatives of different taxa, based on similarities and dissimilarities in the usage of Hox genes to try to reconstruct UrBilateria—a common ancestor of bilateral animals.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder that is associated with impaired attention, memory and executive function. However, the mechanisms underlying such dysfunction are unclear. To determine the influence of sleep fragmentation and hypoxia, this study examined the effect of sleep fragmentation and hypoxia on cognition in OSA, while controlling for potentially confounding variables including sleepiness, age and premorbid intelligence.
Battery storage is generally considered an effective means for reducing the intermittency of electricity generated by solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, currently it remains unclear when and under which conditions battery storage can be profitably operated in residential PV systems without policy support. Based on a review of previous studies that have examined the economics of integrated PV-battery systems, in this paper we devise a simulation model that investigates the economic viability of battery storage for residential PV in Germany under eight different electricity price scenarios from 2013 to 2022. In contrast to previous forward-looking studies, we assume that no premium is paid for solar photovoltaic power and/or self-consumed electricity. Additionally, we run the model with a large number of different PV and storage capacities to determine the economically optimal configuration in terms of system size. We find that already in 2013 investments in storage solutions were economically viable for small PV systems. Given the assumptions of our model, the optimal size of both residential PV systems and battery storage rises significantly in the future. Higher electricity retail prices, lower electricity wholesale prices or limited access to the electricity wholesale market add to the profitability of storage. We conclude that additional policy incentives to foster investments in battery storage for residential PV in Germany will only be necessary in the short run. At the same time, the impending profitability of integrated PV-storage systems is likely to further spur the ongoing trend toward distributed electricity generation with major implications for the electricity sector.
This paper presents a comparison between different battery energy storage systems (ESS) suitable for an urban electric bus. The investigation starts from a daily energy consumption analysis of a bus route in term of batteries state of charge (SOC). Specifically, three different ESS configurations are modelled basing on experimental data: LiFePO4 battery pack, LiFePO4 battery coupled with PEM fuel cell stack and a hybrid battery system composed by LiFePO4 and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). Moreover, authors provide an evaluation about the battery life through the application of the rainflow-counting algorithm on the yearly SOC trends of each system. As result, the proposed analysis highlights the favorable effect on the ESS due to the introduction of VRFB in the system. The improvements are found both on the net daily operating hours (one hour longer than the conventional case) and on the life expectancy of the LiFePO4 battery (over 9 years, with a gain factor of 5). The obtained results can be considered as a starting point for a wider study focused both on the ESS sizing and on the routes planning of a city buses fleet.
Batteries, with a limited capacity, have dominated the power supply of portable devices for decades. Recently, the emergence of new types of highly efficient miniaturized power generators like micro fuel cells has opened up alternatives for continuous operation on the basis of unlimited fuel feeding. This work addresses for the first time the development of a full ceramic micro solid oxide fuel cell fabricated in silicon technology. This full-ceramic device represents a new generation of miniaturized power generators able to operate at high temperatures, and therefore able to work with a hydrocarbon fuel supply. Dense yttria-stabilized zirconia free-standing large-area membranes on micromachined silicon were used as the electrolyte. Thin-film porous electrodes of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ and gadolinia-doped ceria were employed as cathode and anode materials, respectively. The electrochemical performance of all the components was evaluated by partial characterization using symmetrical cells, yielding excellent performance for the electrolyte (area specific resistance of 0.15 Ω cm2 at temperatures as low as 450 °C) and the electrodes (area specific resistance of the cathode and anode below 0.3 Ω cm2 at 700 °C). A micro solid oxide fuel cell with an active area of 2 mm2 and less than 1 micrometer in thickness was characterized under fuel cell conditions, using hydrogen as a fuel and air as an oxidant. A maximum power density of 100 mW cm−2 and 2 mW per single membrane was generated at 750 °C, having an open circuit voltage of 1.05 V. Impedance spectroscopy of the all-ceramic membrane showed a total area-specific resistance of ∼3.5 Ω cm2.
Several strains of bacteria unusually highly resistant to mercury were isolated from seawater and marine sediment samples and identified by 16S rDNA sequencing and were also characterized by a battery of biochemical and morphological tests. The bacterial isolates were identified to belong to the genera Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Brevibacterium and Bacillus. Many of the chosen isolates were tested for growth in the presence of different heavy metals and a variety of xenobiotics. Growth curves of all six bacteria highly resistant to mercury examined for growth at different concentrations of Hg exhibited prolonged lag phase, during which time necessary physiological adaptations to toxic milieu were undergone. All the strains tested for antibiotic resistance showed little to no effect of antibiotics on their normal growth. Results of this study demonstrate the occurrence of diverse groups of marine prokaryotes capable of high tolerance to mercury with a potential to degrade a variety of toxic heavy metals and xenobiotics.
The negative electrode performance of the electroplated Al film electrode in the LiCl saturated AlCl3–1-ethyl-3-methylimizadolium chloride (EMIC)+SOCl2 melt as the electrolyte for use in non-flammable lithium secondary batteries was evaluated. In the cyclic voltammogram of the electroplated Al film electrode in the melt, the oxidation and reduction waves corresponding to the electrochemical insertion/extraction reactions of the Li+ ion were observed at 0–0.80V vs. Li+/Li, which suggested that the electroplated Al film electrode operated well in the electrolyte. The almost flat potential profiles at about 0.40V vs. Li+/Li on discharging were shown. The discharge capacity and charge–discharge efficiency was 236mAhg−1 and 79.2% for the 1st cycle and it maintained 232mAhg−1 and 77.9% after the 10th cycle. In addition, the initial charge–discharge efficiencies of the electroplated Al film electrode were higher than that of carbon electrodes. The main cathodic polarization reaction was the insertion of Li+ ions, and side reactions hardly occurred due to the decomposition reaction of the melt because the Li content corresponding to the electricity was almost totally inserted into the film after charging.
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most common single-gene disorders affecting fine and visual-motor skills. This case–control study investigated motor timing as a possible related performance deficit in children with NF1. A visual-motor reaction time (VRT) test was administered in 20 NF1 children (mean age 9 years 7 months) and 20 age- and gender-matched typically developing (TD) children. Copying and tracing performance were evaluated using the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI). Children with NF1 responded with an increased reaction time (RT) to temporally predictive stimuli compared to TD children, whereas RT at unpredictive stimuli did not differ between groups. Motor timing indexed by the RT decrease at predictive stimuli significantly associated with the Beery VMI copy and tracing outcomes. Deficient motor timing as an actual symptom may add to further research on the pathogenesis of NF1-associated motor impairment and the development of more effective treatment.
During the last 25 years, the author has designed, constructed, studied and promoted solar oven, hybrid solar/electric oven, solar oven cum drier, solar cooker cum water heater and solar still. In different parts of the world, solar cookers have been made, studied, patented, however, their real uses are very limited due to many reasons—unstable climate, economic, cultural, social and single use, etc. In order to overcome part of the problems mainly the last one, author has recently designed one hybrid food processor (multi-purposes device) and studied various technical and practical aspects. It has been used for cooking, heating/pasteurizing water (to inactivate microbes) and distillation of small quantity of water (to remove different minerals) and drying domestic products (fruits, vegetables and condiments/herbs, etc.). For more than three years of use, author has found this to be a useful device, mainly from convenience, fuel saving, economic and also from ecological point of view. This device can be used at any time and for different uses but with the reduced consumption of conventional fuel.
A detailed market survey in Kenya has assessed the performance of currently available domestic lighting systems, for example, kerosene ‘hurricane` lamps and (generally poorly constructed) solar lanterns, against end-user expectations. Following this survey, the UK Government's Department for International Development approved a project to design and develop an affordable, reliable and efficient solar lantern, which would provide improved lighting to rural households. This paper provides an overview of the end-user requirements, and corresponding lantern design features. The suitability of three commercially available alternative battery technologies, viz., nickel−metal-hydride, nickel−cadmium, and valve-regulated lead−acid (VRLA), for use in this PV application are discussed. Finally, improvements to the VRLA batteries are proposed, which would further enhance their cycle-life and reduce the energy cost per cycle.
Co–B alloys were synthesized via a chemical reduction method, and adopted as anode materials for alkaline secondary batteries. The structural evolutions and the electrochemical behaviors of the as-prepared Co–B alloys with increasing heat-treating temperatures were analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge–discharge test. It is found that the Co–B alloys treated at various temperatures show high reversibility. And the electrochemical activities were found to be dependent on the structural evolutions of the Co–B alloys. The amorphous Co–B alloy treated at 50°C achieves an excellent discharge capacity of 304mAh/g in the first cycle, while the Co–B alloy treated at 500°C shows superior cyclicity.
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) not only differ for the time of onset of cognitive deficits but also present variability in affected functions which are relevant in understanding underlying pathology. Cognitive performance of two global cognitive screening scales, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), as well as of a neuropsychological test battery, was evaluated in 18 DLB and 21 PDD patients. Feasibility for each cognitive test was investigated. Both MMSE and MoCA are feasible assessments in PDD and DLB patients. MoCA was more sensitive in discriminating groups as higher number of DLB patients showed pathological performances on the Digit Span Forward subitem (p = 0.049). The Stroop test in PDD and the Trail Making Tests—A and B, and the Benton’s judgment of line orientation tests in both groups were considered not feasible. Among feasible cognitive tests in at least one group, Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test copy (p = 0.013) and semantic fluency (p = 0.038) are sensitive in discriminating DLB from PDD cognitive profile. Trail Making Tests—A and B, the Benton’s judgment of line orientation and the Stroop tests are not feasible for assessing patients with frank dementia. Longitudinal studies should not include those tasks to reduce the risk of missing data once disease progresses and dementia develops. DLB patients present more severe and widespread cognitive dysfunction than PDD, particularly in attentive, visuospatial, and language domains.
We present a perspective on the use of potential-dependent broadband multiplex vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy (hereafter SFG) to study electrochemical systems. In SFG, a broadband mid-infrared (IR) pulse is combined with a narrowband visible pulse, generating a pulse at the sum frequency, which contains a spectrum that, due to the principles of nonlinear optics, originates solely from the electrified interface. Our SFG spectrometer can obtain one hundred or more spectra during a routine cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement. We used SFG to study a model for a Li-ion battery anode and a low-overpotential CO2 reduction reactor based on a room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL). SFG spectra from these complex systems were difficult to interpret, in part due to the organic electrolytes that have a forest of infrared vibrational transitions. Here we discuss a rubric for experimental measurement and interpretation with such systems. We describe the electrified interface, or double layer, as consisting of the electrode surface, a region of adsorbed molecules and an outer diffuse electric double layer. We combined resonant SFG, where the IR pulses were tuned to vibrational transitions of adsorbates, with nonresonant SFG where the IR pulses were tuned away from all vibrational transitions. The former provides information about chemistry on the electrode surface and the latter about the potential-dependent response of the double layer. We show how this rubric can be used to understand solid-electrolyte interphase formation on a model for the Li-ion electrode, and how low-overpotential CO2 reduction on Ag is controlled by potential-driven structural transitions of the RTIL electrolyte.
There is evidence that adults with temporal lobe epilepsy present executive impairments. However, there is limited information in children, especially when using a comprehensive neuropsychologic battery. We aimed to: 1) investigate the presence and severity of executive dysfunctions in children with temporal lobe epilepsy, and 2) determine the implications of clinical variables (including etiology) in the occurrence and severity of executive dysfunction, using eight paradigms. Thirty-one children with temporal lobe epilepsy were evaluated and compared with 21 age-matched controls. Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy had significantly worse performance than controls. Intragroup analysis indicated that patients with symptomatic epilepsy were more impaired than those with cryptogenic epilepsy. In the former group, patients with mesial lesions performed worse than those with lateral lesions. Regarding the severity of executive dysfunction, 83.87% manifested severe to moderate executive impairment. Early age of onset, longer duration of epilepsy, and use of polytherapy were correlated with worse executive dysfunction. These findings indicated the presence of frontal lobe dysfunction in children with temporal lobe epilepsy, with worse performance in those with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, early onset, longer duration of disease, and use of polytherapy. Our study corroborates the hypothesis that temporal lobe epileptogenic activity affects the extratemporal regions that mediate attentional and executive functions.
Efforts to assist older adults with cognitive deficits can take one of three paths: law, education or marketing. Legal protections have proved insufficient. Government educational efforts are typically dryly factual and likely to go unheeded. With the growing size of the older adult market, the independent efforts of both for-profit and social marketers to develop products and services that can help this population remain functionally healthy and independent are likely to be successful. Both governments and insurance companies should be motivated to help subsidize these entrepreneurial efforts given the considerably higher costs of caring for the elderly in an institution.
Axonal maturation and myelination are essential processes for establishing an efficient neuronal signaling network. We found that nardilysin (N-arginine dibasic convertase, also known as Nrd1 and NRDc), a metalloendopeptidase enhancer of protein ectodomain shedding, is a critical regulator of these processes. Nrd1−/− mice had smaller brains and a thin cerebral cortex, in which there were less myelinated fibers with thinner myelin sheaths and smaller axon diameters. We also found hypomyelination in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of Nrd1−/− mice. Neuron-specific overexpression of NRDc induced hypermyelination, indicating that the level of neuronal NRDc regulates myelin thickness. Consistent with these findings, Nrd1−/− mice had impaired motor activities and cognitive deficits. Furthermore, NRDc enhanced ectodomain shedding of neuregulin1 (NRG1), which is a master regulator of myelination in the PNS. On the basis of these data, we propose that NRDc regulates axonal maturation and myelination in the CNS and PNS, in part, through the modulation of NRG1 shedding.
A simple approach is proposed to prepare C-SiO2 composites as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. In this novel approach, nano-sized silica is soaked in sucrose solution and then heat treated at 900°C under nitrogen atmosphere. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that SiO2 is embedded in amorphous carbon matrix. The electrochemical test results indicate that the electrochemical performance of the C-SiO2 composites relates to the SiO2 content of the composite. The C-SiO2 composite with 50.1% SiO2 shows the best reversible lithium storage performance. It delivers an initial discharge capacity of 536mAhg−1 and good cyclability with the capacity of above 500mAhg−1 at 50th cycle. Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) indicates that the carbon layer coated on SiO2 particles can diminish interfacial impedance, which leads to its good electrochemical performance.
We investigated the formation of LiMn2O4 phases by calcinating a stoichiometric mixture of Li2CO3 and various manganese compounds with high temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) technique to understand the influence of starting materials on the electrochemical performance. XRD measurements were carried out during heating processes from room temperature to 700°C. In case of Li2CO3/electrolytic manganese dioxide and Li2CO3/MnCO3 mixtures used as starting materials, Li0.33MnO2 phase and low crystalline phase, respectively, appeared as intermediate products during heating process followed by the crystallization into the spinel. HT-XRD observation confirmed that the LiMn2O4 phase was directly formed from starting Li2CO3/Mn2O3 and Li2CO3/Mn3O4 mixtures. The reactivity of the mixture, meant by the lower reaction temperature between Li and Mn compounds and the faster evolution of Li–Mn–O phase, depended on manganese compounds. The purity and stoichiometry of spinel type LiMn2O4 was not achieved only by the higher reactivity. From these results, the dependence of reversible capacities and cycleability of synthesized LiMn2O4s on the formation process which varied with the starting materials was discussed.