batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Our purpose was to determine visual and cognitive predictors for older drivers’ failure to stop at stop signs. 1425 drivers aged between ages 67 and 87 residing in Salisbury Maryland were enrolled in a longitudinal study of driving. At baseline, the participants were administered a battery of vision and cognition tests, and demographic and health questionnaires. Five days of driving data were collected with a Driving Monitoring System (DMS), which obtained data on stop signs encountered and failure to stop at stop signs. Driving data were also collected 1 year later (round two). The outcome, number of times a participant failed to stop at a stop sign at round two, was modeled using vision and cognitive variables as predictors. A negative binomial regression model was used to model the failure rate. Of the 1241 who returned for round two, 1167 drivers had adequate driving data for analyses and 52 did not encounter a stop sign. In the remaining 1115, 15.8% failed at least once to stop at stop signs, and 7.1% failed to stop more than once. Rural drivers had 1.7 times the likelihood of not stopping compared to urban drivers. Amongst the urban participants, the number of points missing in the bilateral visual field was significantly associated with a lower failure rate. In this cohort, older drivers residing in rural areas were less likely to stop at stop-sign intersections than those in urban areas. It is possible that rural drivers frequent areas with less traffic and better visibility, and may be more likely to take the calculated risk of not stopping. In this cohort failure to stop at stop signs was not explained by poor vision or cognition. Conversely in urban areas, those who have visual field loss appear to be more cautious at stop signs.
In the present work, we have demonstrated the rapid synthesis of Ag dendrites on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) wrapped CuCo2O4 nanoflowers (CNT-CuCo2O4@Ag) by using a two-step chemical approach. The as-synthesized CNT-CuCo2O4@Ag is used as an electrode for supercapattery application. Individually, CNT-CuCo2O4@Ag electrode shows the exceptional capacity of 590 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. This capacity is 1.8 and 1.6 times those of the pure CuCo2O4 and CNT-CuCo2O4 nanoflower-based electrodes, respectively. Furthermore, an all-solid-state asymmetric supercapattery (ASC), CNT-CuCo2O4@Ag//AC, has been fabricated using the CNT-CuCo2O4@Ag nanoflowers as the positive electrode and a thermocol-derived activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode. Interestingly, the ASC device delivers an ultrahigh energy density of 91 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 0.42 kW kg−1; even at the high power density of 18 kW kg−1, the ASC device still maintains an energy density of 50 Wh kg−1. The ASC device also exhibits excellent cyclic stability by showing 98% of capacity retention over 20,000 cycles at a high current density of 10 A g−1. This rapid in situ synthesis strategy for Ag dendrite growth and CNT wrapping is also applicable to other metal oxides and metal sulphides with porous nanostructures containing NH3 molecules.
A new type of all-solid-state lithium-ion rechargeable batteries composed of LiMn2O4 positive and V2O5 negative electrodes were developed and their electrochemical characteristics were investigated for the first time. Both amorphous thin-filmed electrodes as well as a lithium phosphorus oxynitride electrolyte (Lipon) were deposited on a substrate by using a rf-magnetron sputtering method. The present rocking-chair type battery showed good charge and discharge characteristics with a typical charge and discharge capacities of about 18μAh/cm2 between 3.5 and 0.3V. This battery revealed a remarkable forming process which means that the charge and discharge capacities dramatically increase with the cycle number in its early stages. The battery also showed a good charge–discharge operation in vacuum which is one of the advantageous properties expected for the solid-state devices.
The smart grid (SG) as a research area is advancing dealing with a wider range of topics such as power systems, energy generation and telecommunication. The conventional utility grid is used to operate in a passive mode absorbing energy from the substations and delivering it to the customers. This approach is well developed but the needs of the state-of-the-art technology require a bidirectional flow of power and data. Nevertheless, smart grid systems provide more flexible, reliable, sustainable, secure and two-way communication service. Especially, integration of renewable energy sources, electrical vehicles and distributed generations (DG) into network can be achieved in an efficient way in smart grid systems. Moreover, control and monitoring capabilities, automatic configuration of the grid, and active involvement of consumers in energy production extend the importance of smart grids. All these positive aspects of smart grids have been attained by integration of power electronics and telecommunication technologies with the grid. This study deals with contributions of power electronics to SG in the context of generation, conversion, distribution, and control of power. The recent power electronic devices and systems adapted to SG are also introduced in detail with several power control methods. Moreover, the renewable energy sources (RESs), which are an extensively studied topic of power engineering and their integration to smart grid, are also surveyed in terms of DG units, control and management features. Thus, a particular section is dedicated to RES utilization in SG covering almost all aspects of a monotype and hybrid energy plants. Finally, the survey is carried on by reviewing the most recent and comprehensive articles to highlight the importance of power electronics in a logical way in the smart grids for readers.
For hybrid electric vehicle traction applications, energy storage devices with high power density and energy efficiency are required. A primary attribute of supercapacitors is that they retain their high power density and energy efficiency even at −30°C, the lowest temperature at which unassisted starting must be provided to customers. More abuse-tolerant electrolytes are preferred to the high-conductivity acetonitrile-based systems commonly employed. Propylene carbonate based electrolytes are a promising alternative. In this work, we compare the electrochemical performance of two high-power density electrical double layer supercapacitors employing acetonitrile and propylene carbonate as solvents. From this study, we are able to elucidate phenomena that control the resistance of supercapacitor at lower temperatures, and quantify the difference in performance associated with the two electrolytes.
A positive electrode material for lithium ion battery applications was successfully synthesized using microwave irradiation. This microwave synthesis has several merits such as homogeneity of final product and much shorter reaction time compared to conventional synthetic methods. We synthesized spherical [Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4](OH)2 as a precursor by a co-precipitation method. The pelletized mixture of the precursor and lithium hydroxide was calcined under different reaction times and temperatures by applying 1200W of microwave irradiation at 2.45GHz. We determined the optimum conditions of microwave synthesis for positive electrode materials. The powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical testing. The capacity, its retention, and thermal stability of Li[Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4]O2 synthesized by the microwave synthesis were comparable to the Li[Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4]O2 prepared by the high temperature calcination method.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients likely use attentional strategies to compensate for their gait deficits, which increases the cognitive challenge of walking. The interplay between cognitive functions and gait can be investigated by evaluating the subject’s attendance to a secondary task during walking. We hypothesized that the ability to attend to a secondary task decreases during challenging walking conditions in PD, particularly during freezing of gait (FOG)-episodes. Twenty-nine PD patients and 14 age-matched controls performed a simple reaction task that involved squeezing a ball as fast as possible in response to an auditory stimulus. Participants performed this reaction task during four conditions: (1) walking at preferred speed; (2) walking with short steps at preferred speed; (3) walking with short steps, as rapidly as possible; (4) making rapid full turns. We used surface electromyography to determine reaction times, and a pressure sensor located within the ball to determine movement onset. Reaction times of PD patients were slower (on average by 42 ms) compared to controls, regardless of the walking task. In both groups, reaction times were significantly longer during the turning condition compared to all other conditions. FOG-episodes were most often seen during the turning condition. In PD patients, reaction times were significantly longer during FOG-episodes compared to trials without FOG. Our results suggest that turning requires more attentional resources than other walking tasks. The observation of delayed reaction times during FOG-episodes compared to trials without FOG suggests that freezers use additional resources to overcome their FOG-episodes.
A model for H2O2 formation, transport, and reaction in PEMFCs is established for the first time. Profiles of oxygen and H2O2 concentration inside the fuel cell are simulated using the agglomerate model for the electrode. The predicted concentration of H2O2 shows the same trend as experimental data under different conditions, but the level was only of the same magnitude. Low humidity, high temperature, and high oxygen/hydrogen partial pressures were found to increase the concentration of H2O2. An increase in membrane thickness or metal ion contaminant level reduces the concentration of H2O2 in the membrane. Lowering the oxygen permeability in the ionomer is the most important and effective method to reduce the formation of H2O2. The simulation results also show little change in H2O2 concentration while operating the fuel cell above 0.6V. Anodes designed with considerable thickness, high catalyst loadings and active areas can also help to suppress H2O2 formation. Finally, recommendations are made to mitigate the effects of H2O2 and prolong membrane lifetimes.
In times of severe shortage of fossil fuels new strategies have to be developed to assure future mobility. Fuel cell driven automotives with hydrogen as an energy carrier is one alternative discussed for the substitution of gasoline in the long term. Both the generation as well as the storage of hydrogen are technical challenges which have to be solved before hydrogen technology can be a real alternative for mobile applications. This perspective paper highlights the state-of-the art in the field of hydrogen storage, especially in solids, including the technical limitations. New potential research fields are discussed which may contribute to future energy supply in niche applications.
Quantum dot sensitized solar cell (QDSSC) has been considered as a promising candidate for the low-cost third-generation photovoltaics due to the unique optoelectronic properties of quantum dot light absorbers. Over the past years, QDSSCs have witnessed tremendous progress with a rapid rising of the power conversion efficiency from sub-5% in 2010 to 11.6% in 2016. Herein, we present a comprehensively review on the recent progresses in QDSSCs with an emphasis on the design and fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured electrodes for efficient photoanodes and counter electrodes (CEs). By increasing QD loading at photoanode and catalyst loading at CEs, enlarging solid-liquid interface to reduce charge transfer resistance, facilitating charger transport and mass transfer, and enhancing the light harvesting, 3D nanostructured electrodes have demonstrated their promising potentials for the construction of efficient photoanodes and CEs. Together with the efforts on the surface engineering to inhibit the interfacial charge recombination and the exploration of efficient quantum dot absorbers and electrolytes, such 3D nanostructured photoanodes and CEs will open up great opportunities to achieve high-performance QDSSCs with industrially appealing PCEs and stability for practical applications.
Fingolimod is a sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator and an immune modulator in use as a treatment for the remitting-relapsing form of multiple sclerosis. Hait et al. show that the active form of fingolimod can inhibit neuronal class I histone deacetylases (HDACs), modulate gene expression in the brain and facilitate memory extinction. The authors also show spatial and associative memory deficits in mutant mice lacking the enzyme necessary for formation of the active form of fingolimod.
In this work, we investigate Tin (Sn) as a high capacity Li+ host material and perform an ex situ study with X-ray microtomography characterizing in three-dimensions (3D) Sn particle deformation during the crucial first cycles of lithiation/delithiation. We combine in-house algorithms with commercial software to develop 3D visualizations and measurements showing radial particle fracture, non-uniform lithiation of Sn particles, and a link between the global change in image intensity and loss of capacity. Particle size dependent “effective” volume expansion between 200% and 450% was measured during lithiation, and effective volume reductions of 50% were measured during delithiation. Relationships between the gray scale intensity change, volumetric expansion and particle size during the first cycle are also illustrated.
Background We sought to determine if a representative group of young chronic patients with schizophrenia would demonstrate selective impairments in set shifting processes of the CANTAB Intra-dimensional/extra-dimensional (IDED) task. We predicted that patients would have prominent difficulties with Compound Discrimination (C_D) (stage of the task in which irrelevant stimuli are introduced) and Extra-Dimensional Shifting (EDS) (stage of the task in which a new stimulus dimension must be attended) on the basis of the results of cortical hypodopaminergic states in subhuman primates (for C_D) and effects of dorsolateral prefrontal cortical lesions on set shifting and prior results in schizophrenia (for EDS). Methods We administered the IDED to 36 patients and 26 healthy controls. Additionally, we administered the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), another test of set shifting, and a Continuous Performance Test (CPT) type task of attention to patients with schizophrenia in order to investigate which cognitive components accounted for performance difficulties at different stages of the IDED task. Results Patients had selective difficulties on C_D and EDS stages of the task. In schizophrenic patients early stages of the task involving the introduction and establishment of attentional set were correlated to CPT performance, while later set shifting stages were correlated with WCST categories attained. Conclusion We found evidence that patients with schizophrenia were susceptible to introduction of unreinforced irrelevant stimuli at the C_D stage, such that the previously rewarded target stimuli no longer held hegemony as a representation. This type of processing failure may reflect difficulties in stabilizing a representation and is consistent with effects of prefrontal hypodopaminergia in primates. Secondly, “survivors” of this stage experienced marked difficulties on EDS-stage, suggestive of classic prefrontal failures.
Publisher Summary To begin a system-level design, a clear understanding of what the final software design must accomplish is essential. The source of this information is the system requirements document, which contains the required functions, timing, communications needs, and priorities. If the requirements document does not contain these answers, it is up to the designer to obtain this information. The answer may come through asking questions of the department that generated the document, such as Marketing. This chapter explains the actual software design process. This chapter uses a top-down approach to design and deals primarily with the top level of the design. This level of design is referred to as the system level. At this level, the general organization of the software will be developed, including definition of the tasks, layout of the communications, determination of the overall system timing, and the high-level definition of the priority structure.
The remarkable thermal stability of LiFePO4 and its charged counterpart, FePO4, have been instrumental in its commercialization as a lithium-ion battery cathode material. Despite the similarity in composition and structure, and despite the high thermal stability of the parent compound, LiMnPO4, we find that the delithiated phase Li y MnPO4 (which contains a small amount of residual lithium), is relatively unstable and reactive toward a lithium-ion electrolyte. The onset temperature for heat evolution in the presence of 1M LiPF6 in 1:1 ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate is around 150°C, and the total evolved heat is 884Jg−1, comparable to that produced under similar conditions by charged LiCoO2 electrodes.
Improved public understanding of the ocean and the importance of sustainable ocean use, or ocean literacy, is essential for achieving global commitments to sustainable development by 2030 and beyond. However, growing human populations (particularly in mega-cities), urbanisation and socio-economic disparity threaten opportunities for people to engage and connect directly with ocean environments. Thus, a major challenge in engaging the whole of society in achieving ocean sustainability by 2030 is to develop strategies to improve societal connections to the ocean. The concept of ocean literacy reflects public understanding of the ocean, but is also an indication of connections to, and attitudes and behaviours towards, the ocean. Improving and progressing global ocean literacy has potential to catalyse the behaviour changes necessary for achieving a sustainable future. As part of the Future Seas project (https://futureseas2030.org/), this paper aims to synthesise knowledge and perspectives on ocean literacy from a range of disciplines, including but not exclusive to marine biology, socio-ecology, philosophy, technology, psychology, oceanography and human health. Using examples from the literature, we outline the potential for positive change towards a sustainable future based on knowledge that already exists. We focus on four drivers that can influence and improve ocean literacy and societal connections to the ocean: (1) education, (2) cultural connections, (3) technological developments, and (4) knowledge exchange and science-policy interconnections. We explore how each driver plays a role in improving perceptions of the ocean to engender more widespread societal support for effective ocean management and conservation. In doing so, we develop an ocean literacy toolkit, a practical resource for enhancing ocean connections across a broad range of contexts worldwide.
Reversible oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER) electrodes with non-precious metal catalysts are essential for the larger scale development of rechargeable metal–air batteries and regenerative fuel cells. Here, an investigation of the catalyst layer morphology is presented with respect to the bifunctional ORR/OER activity and durability of MnO2–LaCoO3 catalyst in 6 M KOH. Graphene, N-doped graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), alone and in combination, were studied as catalyst layer support. The graphene and N-doped graphene microsheets were prepared by ionic liquid-assisted electrochemical exfoliation of graphite. It was found that the hybrid support composed of graphene and MWCNT (1:1 wt) generated up to an order of magnitude higher ORR and OER current densities for MnO2–LaCoO3, compared to either graphene or MWCNT supports individually. The 3D scaffold-like architecture of the graphene microsheets and MWCNT pillars enhances the catalyst layer utilization efficiency and also improves the catalyst anchoring. The latter effects, together with the lower rates of carbon corrosion in the OER region and peroxide generation in the ORR region on the graphene-based supports compared to the reference Vulcan XC-72, contribute to the improved activity of the hybrid catalyst layer as demonstrated using accelerated potential deep cycle experiments.
Epilepsy is associated with sleep disturbance, but little is known about how early this relationship develops and how it affects neuropsychological functioning. This study documented the frequency and types of sleep problems and examined how sleep problems are associated with seizures and neuropsychological functioning in 332 children following their first recognized seizure (ages 6–14) and in 225 sibling controls. Formal neuropsychological batteries were administered to all subjects. Sleep was measured using the Sleep Behavior Questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist. Sleep problems were more frequent in the seizure sample relative to siblings and previously published norms; bedtime difficulties, daytime somnolence, and parasomnias were the most frequently occurring sleep problems. In the seizure group, sleep problems were related to seizure parameters and to neuropsychological functioning. Seizure patients with significant sleep problems had worse neuropsychological functioning on all measures. Findings demonstrate the significant impact of sleep disturbance on children with newly recognized seizures.
We report results of an experimental study with Dutch agrammatic aphasics that investigated their ability to interpret pronominal elements in transitive clauses and Exceptional Case Marking constructions (ECM). Using the obtained experimental results as a tool, we distinguish between three competing linguistic theories that aim at determining principles responsible for pronoun distribution: Government and Binding (Chomsky, 1981), Reflexivity (Reinhart & Reuland, 1993), and Primitives of Binding (Reuland, 2001). The obtained results are inconsistent with Government and Binding, but consistent with the latter two theories. We further show that the Primitives of Binding framework most naturally explains our results. Our proposal is based on the different performance demonstrated by patients in transitive clauses and ECM constructions, in combination with the often-made claim in the literature regarding the limitation of processing resources in this population (e.g., Haarmann & Kolk, 1991, 1994; Zurif, Swinney, Prather, Solomon, & Bushell, 1993, among others).
A fundamental understanding of the water balance of a fuel cell during operation is crucial for improving the cell performance and durability. The humidification in the anode or cathode has an important effect on the flow characteristics and cell efficiency. Three-dimensional steady mathematical model based on the electrochemical, current distribution, fluid motion continuity equation, momentum and energy equation, boundary layer theory has been developed to simulate PEMFC with interdigitated flow field using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Effects on the current density and temperature differences have been simulated and analyzed respectively, when the humidification in the anode or cathode is from 0% to 100% respectively. The numerical results show that the humidification strongly influences the current density and temperature difference so as to affect the cell efficiency. Under the same operation conditions and low humidification conditions, anode humidification can better enhance the performance of the battery and improve the extent of PEM humidification.