batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The carbon fiber (CF) provides the possibility for both structural and energy functions in the structural lithium-ion batteries (SLIBs). One of the intractable problems in SLIBs is the low energy density of CF. In order to overcoming the defect of CF, an integrated CF@ pore-ZnO composite is fabricated, by using ZnO nanoparticles (from the metal organic frameworks, MOFs) uniformly coated onto the surface of CF. As an anode material, the CF@ pore-ZnO composite showing a high reversible capacity of 510mAhg−1 was maintained over 300cycles at a current density of 100mAg−1 (3.42 times than that of CF). Furthermore, even at a high current density of 2000mAg−1, the substantial discharge capacity of 395mAhg−1 could be delivered after 1000cycles. These good electrochemical performances in capacity can attributed to the combined superiority of the pore-ZnO with high theoretical specific capacity, desired specific surface areas (porous structure). This work presents a solution to the limitation of capacity in current SLIBs, when using commercial CF as anode materials.
Traditional single-phase electrolytes, which are widely used in current state-of-the-art rechargeable batteries, have difficulties simultaneously fulfilling different chemical/electrochemical requirements of anodes and cathodes. Here, we demonstrate a new class of monolithic heterojunction quasi-solid-state electrolytes (MH-QEs) based on thermodynamically immiscible dual phases. As a proof-of-concept of the MH-QEs, their application to lithium–sulfur batteries is explored. Driven by combined effects of structural uniqueness and thermodynamic immiscibility, the electrode-customized MH-QEs provide exceptional electrochemical performance that lies far beyond those accessible with conventional battery electrolytes.
Owing to unique textural morphologies and definite shorter ionic diffusion paths through nano size pore walls, ordered mesoporous materials have received great attention in energy storage applications. Herein, we report synthesis of ordered mesoporous Co3O4 via uni-directional hexagonal MCM-41 and three dimensional cubic MCM-48 silica templates. The products derived from MCM-41 and MCM-48 designated as M1-Co3O4 and M8-Co3O4 which exhibit nanowire (1D) and honeycomb (3D) morphologies respectively. Further, the materials were evaluated for electrochemical lithium ion storage applications as anodes. Both the mesoporous Co3O4 materials show high initial reversible capacities (75% coulombic efficiency), excellent electrochemical cycling stability and enhanced rate performance. For example, at 1C rate M1-Co3O4 delivers discharge capacity of 1190 mA h g−1 and M8-Co3O4 exhibits 790 mA h g−1 after 100 charge–discharge cycles. Similarly, at 10C after 1000 cycles M8-Co3O4 shows 570 mA h g−1 whereas M1–Co3O4 delivers discharge capacity of ∼500 mA h g−1. Further, electrochemical impedance studies and post-mortem HRTEM analyses support the enhanced electrochemical long-term cycling stability and excellent structural stability. Hence, we believe Co3O4 with ordered mesoporous structure can be potential candidate as anode for lithium ion battery applications.
The hydrogen evolution reaction is known as a parasitic reaction during the zinc electrodeposition from alkaline zincate solutions and is thus responsible for current efficiency losses during the electrolysis. Besides that, the rising hydrogen bubbles may cause an extra convection within a diffusion layer, which leads to an enhanced mass transport of zincate ions to an electrode surface. In this work, the mentioned phenomena were studied experimentally in a flow through electrolyzer and the obtained data were subsequently evaluated by mathematical models. The results prove the indisputable influence of the rising hydrogen bubbles on the additional mixing of the diffusion layer, which partially compensates the drop of the current efficiency of the zinc deposition at higher current flows. Moreover, the results show that the current density ratio (i.e., the ratio of an overall current density to a zinc limiting current density) is not suitable for the description of the zinc deposition, because the hydrogen evolution current density is always involved in the overall current density.
One-dimensional silicon oxycarbide (SiOC)/C composite nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning and subsequent heat treatment. Introducing carbon matrix to SiOC anode material is an efficient way to accommodate the large volume changes during cycling and also increase the amount of free carbon, which is beneficial for improving the reversible capacity. These SiOC/C composite nanofibers form free-standing conductive membranes that can be used directly as battery electrodes without adding carbon black or polymer binder. Results show that after 80 cycles, the discharge capacity of SiOC/C composite nanofiber anodes is 70% higher than that of Si/C nanofiber anodes and more than 1.5 times larger than those of commercial anodes made from graphite. It is, therefore, demonstrated that one-dimensional SiOC/C nanofibers are promising anode material with large capacities and good cycling stability.
This self-directed learning module highlights indications for prosthetic components and prescription formulation for adults with acquired limb deficiency. It is part of the chapter on acquired limb deficiencies in the Self-Directed Physiatrie Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. Advantages and disadvantages of specific components of upper and lower limb prostheses are discussed, and a sample prescription sheet for upper limb devices is included. Recent innovations in terminal devices for upper limb prostheses are reviewed. Special considerations for the adult with acquired multilimb deficiency are also examined. Overall Article Objective: To describe indications for prosthetic components and prescription formulation for adults with acquired limb deficiency.
This study contributes to better understanding the interregional variability in vehicle carbon footprints and presents a case study of China’s electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure promotion plan (EVSE2020). Based on an integrated hybrid life-cycle assessment (LCA) with new regional electricity mixes and the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) model with local inventories, the carbon footprints of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) are calculated for all size segments. For the A-class segment, the most popular size segment, the results show that the carbon footprint of ICEVs is approximately 250.6 gCO2e/km. The BEV carbon footprint under a nationwide electricity mix is 217.6 gCO2e/km and ranges between 104.4 (Yunnan) and 265.7 (Shandong) gCO2e/km. These results can be explained by the proportion of coal in provincial electricity consumption mixes (10% to 90%). Out of the 31 provinces in mainland China, A-class BEVs driven in 26 provinces will reduce life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to ICEVs. In addition, the maximum BEV carbon footprint exceeds the minimum by 79%–121% owing to size segments, which is much higher than that for ICEVs, 59%. The interprovincial variability in vehicle carbon footprints calls for modifications to the interregional priority assignments in the EVSE2020 plan, which currently focuses on air pollution control and economic status. After incorporating explicit considerations of climate mitigation, this study recommends raising the level of priority of three provinces in Central and Southwest China (Sichuan, Chongqing, and Hubei) in the EVSE2020 plan. For provinces with a high share of coal-based electricity, the development of BEVs of small size segments (A00/A0) should be encouraged.
Black phosphorus (BP), obtained from a low-cost abundant raw material with layered structure of puckered sheets, is a promising candidate amond 2D nanomaterials as an anode material for lithium ion batteries. Although black phosphorus owns a high theoretical specific capacity, it shows a large capacity drop after the first cycle, which leads to inferior cycle performance probably caused by the poor electrical conductivity, representing a huge challenge to overcome. Herein, we report the high-performance black phosphorus anode for lithium ion batteries, which is grown on the surface of carbon paper by the efficient vapor deposition approach directly from the red phosphorus. The BP anode delivers a high reversible capacity of 2168.8 mAh g−1 with excellent cycling stability (1677.3 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles) and high capacity retention (75.58%), due to the high crystallinity and good electrical conductivity. Meanwhile, it can maintain high specific capacities of 2111.8, 1569.5, 1387.7 and 1177.5 mAh g−1, at 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the as-prepared BP with excellent electrochemical performances from the novel efficient vapor deposition approach can accelerate the potential applications of black phosphorus as electrodes materials in energy storage devices.
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF):LiPF6 complex membranes as ‘solid’ and ‘wet’ polymer electrolytes are evaluated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) studies show a decrease in crystalline size and crystallinity of the polymer PVDF with increasing LiPF6 concentration. Although PVDF is not an ionomer, acid–base complexation between the PVDF polymer at fluorine sites and the Li ions of the LiPF6 salt is evident from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra. Such interaction is responsible for the reduction in both PVDF crystallinity and sol particle size during solid film formation. As evident from scanning electron micrographs, smaller spherical domains in the dry film are found with increasing lithium salt. Impedance (ac) measurements suggested the ionic conductivity of PVDF:LiPH6 film increases with increasing lithium salt. By comparison, PVDF:LiPH6 solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) wetted with Ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate (EC/PC) shows less dependence of conductivity on salt concentration with a shallow maximum at about 15wt.% salt. The average value is comparable with that of the solvent-free film at 20wt.% LiPF6. This result suggests the existence of dual conduction mechanisms in ‘wet’ SPE via the amorphous PVDF matrix and the EC/PC solution trapped in the swollen region of the PVDF porous network.
Abstract This chapter discusses electrical equipment commissioning before energization. It discusses areas such as precommissioning procedures, commissioning management, and commissioning resources and their responsibilities. The final section provides the procedures for commissioning power transformers, surge arresters, current transformers, voltage transformers, gas insulated systems, protection and control panels. AC distribution panels, DC distribution panels, batteries, and final energization.
The inflammatory response that follows the caustic burns results in fibrosis on the esophageal wall leading to esophageal stricture, dysphagia, and malnutrition. The controversy over the use of corticosteroids warrants alternative therapeutic interventions. We investigated the effect of extracts from St. John’s wort (SJW) with known wound-healing activity on stricture formation in rat esophageal injury models.
Spherical shape Cu–Sn alloy powders with fine size for lithium secondary battery were directly prepared by spray pyrolysis. The mean size and geometric standard deviation of the Cu–Sn alloy powders prepared at a temperature of 1100°C were 0.8μm and 1.2, respectively. The powders prepared at a temperature of 1100°C with low flow rate of carrier gas as 5lmin−1 had main XRD peaks of Cu6Sn5 alloy and copper-rich Cu3Sn alloy phases. Cu and Sn components were well dispersed inside the submicron-sized alloy powders. The discharge capacities of the Cu6Sn5 alloy powders prepared at a flow rate of 5lmin−1 dropped from 485 to 313mAhg−1 by the 20th cycle at a current density of 0.1C. On the other hand, the discharge capacities of the Cu–Sn alloy powder prepared at a flow rate of 20lmin−1 dropped from 498 to 169mAhg−1 by the 20th cycle at a current density of 0.1C.
The dynamics of lithium-ion batteries are complex and are often approximated by models consisting of partial differential equations (PDEs) relating the internal ionic concentrations and potentials. The Pseudo two-dimensional model (P2D) is one model that performs sufficiently accurately under various operating conditions and battery chemistries. Despite its widespread use for prediction, this model is too complex for standard estimation and control applications. This article presents an original algorithm for state-of-charge estimation using the P2D model. Partial differential equations are discretized using implicit stable algorithms and reformulated into a nonlinear state-space model. This discrete, high-dimensional model (consisting of tens to hundreds of states) contains implicit, nonlinear algebraic equations. The uncertainty in the model is characterized by additive Gaussian noise. By exploiting the special structure of the pseudo two-dimensional model, a novel particle filter algorithm that sweeps in time and spatial coordinates independently is developed. This algorithm circumvents the degeneracy problems associated with high-dimensional state estimation and avoids the repetitive solution of implicit equations by defining a ‘tether’ particle. The approach is illustrated through extensive simulations.
In this work, amorphous and mesoporous Co3O4 material is obtained from the calcination of loosely packed Co3O4/Co(OH)2 nanosheets which are synthesized by the formation and disassociation of cobalt–citrate complex reaction. We propose that Co nanoparticles are completely oxidized to form the stable cobalt–citrate complex in the presence of sodium citrate and oxygen, and cobalt–citrate complex disassociates to Co(OH)2 under alkaline conditions. The high surface area and mesoporous texture of granular Co3O4 materials are the consequence of the energetically favored topotactic transformation aspect in the solid-state oxidative reaction. Furthermore, mesoporous Co3O4 material exhibits excellent electrochemical capacitance prosperities, well retention to the discharging capacity in cycle lifetime, and a high specific capacitance of 427 F g−1, indicating its potential application in electrochemical capacitors and further in energy and environmental applications.
Ni(OH)2-based composites are promising electrode materials for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors due to their high theoretical specific capacity and unique nanostructures. Unfortunately, most regular Ni(OH)2-based electrodes can deliver much lower specific capacity in comparison with the theoretical value and exhibit poor rate capability and cycling stability due to the low electrical conductivity and large volume variation. Herein, we present a facile chemical precipitation method to fabricate a hierarchical core-shell nanocomposite of hollow mesoporous carbon spheres enwrapped Ni(OH)2 nanosheets. The Ni(OH)2 nanosheets possess unique small-sized and ultrathin morphology, which endues the resulting nanocomposite with a large specific surface area (481.64 m2 g−1) and good conductivity, thus giving a high specific capacity of 844 C g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 with excellent cycling stability and superior rate capability. Furthermore, a hybrid supercapacitor is constructed which presents a high energy density of 45.84 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 799 W kg−1 and delivers an excellent cycling stability of capacitance retention rate of 91.4% after 10,000 cycles at 10 A g−1, demonstrating potential application for high-performance hybrid supercapacitor.
Diagnosis of tuberculous uveitis (TBU) is often challenging and is usually made after excluding other causes of uveitis. We analysed the characteristics of TBU and variables associated with visual outcome.
A large proportion of patients with HF have cognitive deficits, many in the visual-spatial/constructional (VSC) domain. LVAD therapy provides only small improvement in cognitive deficits. LVAD patients must perform self-care functions related to their devices; however, deficits in the VSC domain may affect LVAD specific duties, such as battery and driveline dressing changes. The purpose of this study was to see if patients with VSC domain deficits have more device related complications. Patients were recruited from clinic. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and the Trail Making Test form A and B were administered along with the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire to each patient. Demographic data and evidence of drive line infections; hospitalizations and death at baseline, 6 and 12 months intervals were collected from electronic medical record. 20 patients were enrolled (17 males), mean age of 62.25 years, mean education 14.1 years. 10% were impaired in immediate memory, 10% in delayed memory, 10% in attention, and 10% in total RBANS score. 35% were impaired in the VSC domain. There was no difference in number of baseline driveline infections, or incidence of new driveline infections, hospitalizations or death during the study period between VSC impaired and non-impaired groups. 40% of LVAD patients had significant impairment in at least one domain, 20% had impairment in more than one domain. We didn’t demonstrate a difference in driveline infections, hospitalizations or death between participants with VSC impairment and those without. While it is important that care providers be aware of cognitive deficits in patients presenting for LVAD implant, the presence of deficits need not limit their candidacy. Rather, creative strategies should be considered to assist such individuals achieve successful outcomes.
The bifidogenic effect of inulin and oligofructose is now well established in various studies, not only in adult participants but also in other age groups. This bifidogenic shift in the composition of the colonic microbiota is likely the basis for the impact of these prebiotic compounds on various parameters of colonic function. Mainly from animal and in vitro studies and also from some human trials, there are indications, for instance, that inulin-type fructans may reduce the production of potentially toxic metabolites and may induce important immune-mediated effects. This review discusses how these changes in the composition and activity of the colonic microbiota may affect gut health in healthy people, including in those who may experience some form of gastrointestinal discomfort.
Usefulness of W substitution for improvement of battery performance of LiMn2O4 cathode was investigated. Small amounts of tungsten were incorporated into LiMn2O4 spinel instead of available Mn. For this purpose, two sources of tungsten (metallic W or WO3) were examined. W concentration and source have significant influence on both morphology and electrochemical behavior of W-substituted LiMn2O4 spinels. W substitution of LiMn2O4 spinel can lead to the formation of uniform spinel particles and improved battery performance. Cyclic voltammetric behaviors of the samples were examined in an aqueous solution, and Li diffusion process was investigated for different cases. The best case was the LiW0.01Mn1.99O4 spinel prepared from metallic W powder, as exhibits excellent rate capability, but better cycleability was observed for the LiW0.01Mn1.99O4 spinel prepared from WO3. This means that because of significant influence of the dopant source, this parameter should be chosen in respect with the desire improvement.
SnOx is considered as a promising anode candidate for lithium-ion batteries, but suffers from the low electrical conductivity and severe volume expansion during cycling. To solve these issues, we develop a simple and facile process of incipient wetness impregnation followed by pyrolysis gel molecules to prepare SnOx/mesoporous carbon nanofiber arrays, SnOx/graphene, SnOx/carbon nanotubes and SnOx/three-dimensionally ordered macroporous carbon materials. Notably, SnOx nanoparticles about 5 nm are prepared by a nonaqueous sol-gel method. We also explore the effect of different morphologies and pore structures of four carbon substrates on the electrochemical performance of the composites. Benefiting from the small size of SnOx nanoparticles and the synergistic effect between SnOx and the different carbon matrix materials, SnOx-Carbon electrode materials display excellent rate capability and cycle stability. SnOx/mesoporous carbon nanofiber arrays exhibits the best rate (522 mA h g−1 at 2000 mA g−1) and cycling performances (1327 mA h g−1 after 200 cycles at 100 mA g−1). The superior electrochemical performance, facile synthesized method and low cost of the Sn-based materials exhibit promising application for SnOx/mesoporous carbon nanofiber arrays as anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. Furthermore, the ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies on this electrode material under different states suggest that the Sn and Li2O could reversibly react to form SnOx during the charging process.
Excellent rate performance of Li4+xTi5O12 (0 < x < 3, LTO) electrodes results from mixed Li site occupancy and facile Li ion exchange at 8a and 16c sites. In this paper, we reveal that inter-particle connectivity within LTO electrodes affects 8a and 16c site occupancies upon discharge and impacts Li ion diffusion. LTO electrodes of the same primary crystal structure but of different grain boundary structures were prepared and they showed significantly different electrochemical performance. LTO electrodes with a percolated 3D structural network and bridged grain boundaries offered balanced 8a-16c occupancy, Li ion exchange at 8a and 16c sites upon discharge, high ionic conductivities, and good rate performance. While LTO electrodes with isolated clusters of particles showed strong rate dependence of 8a-16c occupancy, a lack of Li ion exchange at 8a and 16c sites, large over-potential, and substantial capacity decay upon fast charging. Bridged grain boundaries in LTO secondary particles facilitate apparent solid-solution process during electrochemical cycling by maintaining Li site exchange and thus enhance the rate performance of LTO electrodes.
Open circuit voltage (OCV) profiles of spinel type lithium manganese oxide Li x Mn2O4 (x≤1) have been recorded at several temperatures (243 K≤T≤323 K ) using a single three-electrode glass cell. Deintercalation of Li ions from Li x Mn2O4 has been carried out at low temperature (243K), and then OCV profile has been measured at both the processes of raising and descending temperatures on each state of lithium content (x). Quasi-equilibrium potential profiles above room temperature (298 K≤T), which are results of continuous measurements by first charge, overlap with OCV profiles in the process of raising temperature well. However, around x=0.5, quasi-equilibrium potential profiles and OCV profiles do not overlap at low temperature (T≤278K). This result indicates that the low-temperature phase at x=0.5 in Li x Mn2O4 is very sensitive to temperature change. Temperature dependence of OCV profiles in the process of descending temperature corresponds to a simulation based on assumption that distribution of Li ions is disordered in Li x Mn2O4 (0.5≤x<1).
The precipitation of Pb–0.08% Ca–1.5% Sn alloys with 0.04% Ag or 0.03% Bi additions was studied by resistivity measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The addition of Ag or Bi to the Pb–Ca–Sn ternary alloys suppresses discontinuous precipitation and accelerates the formation of continuous precipitates with high coherency strain. Ag addition has a greater effect on hardening than Bi addition. TEM-energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirmed that the continuous precipitates formed in Ag-supplemented alloys contain Ag in addition to Ca, Sn and Pb elements.