batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The smart lens system is considered one of the ultimate wearable electronics platform, with potential applications in visual-guide or health-monitoring system. However, its development has so far been limited by the development of suitable flexible batteries. Conventional flexible battery fabrication relies on laser-based lift-off techniques, which greatly hinder scalability of such batteries. Here, we design and demonstrate the flexible thin film batteries applied to contact lens form-factor, with direct fabrication on polymer substrates and single step low-temperature annealing. The battery utilizes olivine LiFePO4 thin film cathode, fabricated with 90° off-axis sputter deposition. This achieves unique nanoscale microstructure required for electrochemically active LiFePO4 thin films and effectively reduces the annealing temperature of LiFePO4 down to 400 °C for the first time. Equipped with lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) solid electrolyte and lithium metal anodes on polyimide substrates, the battery demonstrates the energy storage capacity of 35 μWh under wet condition. The storage capacity is sufficient to power glucose sensors embedded on the smart lens for up to 11.7 h. In addition, the high energy density of 70 μWh/cm2 flexible batteries may enable a diverse set of micro-scale devices, with scalable and CMOS-compatible fabrication processes.
In recent times, wearable sensors have attracted significant attention in various research fields and industries. The rapid growth of the wearable sensor related research and industry has led to the development of new devices and advanced applications such as bio-integrated devices, wearable health care systems, soft robotics, and electronic skins, among others. Nanocrystals (NCs) are promising building blocks for the design of novel wearable sensors, due to their solution processability and tunable properties. In this paper, an overview of NC synthesis, NC thin film fabrication, and the functionalization of NCs for wearable applications (strain sensors, pressure sensors, and temperature sensors) are provided. The recent development of NC-based strain, pressure, and temperature sensors is reviewed, and a discussion on their strategies and operating principles is presented. Finally, the current limitations of NC-based wearable sensors are discussed, in addition to methods to overcome these limitations.
All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASLBs) employing sulfide solid electrolytes are considered a promising alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from the perspectives of safety and high energy density. From a practical point of view, the development of sheet-type electrodes employing alternative electrode materials by scalable fabrication is of prime importance. While Si has been extensively studied for next-generation LIBs, reports on ASLBs are scarce. Herein, we fabricate sheet-type Si composite electrodes by infiltrating conventional LIB electrodes with solid electrolytes using a homogeneous Li6PS5Cl-ethanol solution. Further, we systematically investigate effects of the particle size (micro- vs. nano-Si) and polymeric binders (polyvinylidene fluoride vs. polyacrylic acid/carboxymethyl cellulose) on the electrochemical performance of ASLBs under varying external pressures (140, 20, and 5 MPa) upon cycling. Owing to intimate ionic contacts enabled by liquefied solid electrolytes, the Li6PS5Cl-infiltrated Si electrodes show higher capacities of over 3000 mA h g−1 at 0.25 mA cm−2 and 30 °C as compared with conventional dry-mixed electrodes. At 20 MPa, the Si electrodes using micro-Si and polyvinylidene fluoride show marginal degradation of performance. The high energy density of 338 W h kg−1 of LiCoO2/Si ASLBs fabricated using the Li6PS5Cl-infiltrated electrodes is demonstrated, highlighting the prospect of high-energy practical ASLBs.
Composites of layered structured Birnessite–MnO2 and tunnel structured Hollandite–MnO2 in presence of acetylene black were synthesized as positive electrode materials for rechargeable Mg-ion batteries. Reversible insertion/extraction of Mg-ion in the host structures was examined in the potential range of −1.8 to 1.0V vs. Ag/Ag+. Results indicated that Mg-ion exchanged Birnessite/acetylene black composite showed the highest discharge capacity (109mAhg−1) at 1st discharge, when compared to other microstructures of Birnessite. Meanwhile, the composite comprising of 65wt% Hol–MnO2 and 35wt% acetylene black showed very high insertion of Mg-ion (0.87Mg/Mn) corresponding to discharge capacity of 475mAhg−1 when tested at 60°C in galvanostatic mode. The layered and tunneled framework of the MnO2 was retained with minor displacive adjustments even after substantial Mg-ion insertion/extraction after several cycles. However, large specific capacity loss was observed after 20 cycles in all of the microstructures probably due to Mg-ion trapping in the host lattice. Furthermore, the effect of the cation (K+) present in the tunnel of Hollandite on Mg-ion diffusion was analyzed as well and it was concluded that tunnel cation could impede the movement of Mg-ion in host structure.
In this study the amount and costs of off-grid PV systems required to electrify Indonesian rural households lacking electricity access are estimated. Due to the Indonesian geography large differences exist among different provinces, therefore this study evaluates the potential and costs of off-grid PV systems for each province as a follow-up of a related study on grid-connected PV systems which we executed in 2012. In this study we calculate cumulative numbers for the nominal power of installed off-grid PV systems, their LCOE and the relative financial benefits compared with diesel generators, which are a common means for electricity generation in remote areas. To determine this potential, a mathematical model has been developed which is based on available data on among others population density, urbanisation ratio, irradiation, electrification ratio and electricity demand. We distinguished between stand-alone and hybrid PV systems. Results show that the costs of off-grid hybrid PV systems with an average LCOE of 0.38USD/kWh are 19% cheaper compared with electricity generation by diesel gensets in most rural parts of Indonesia. Stand-alone PV systems show an average LCOE of 0.76USD/kWh which is 3% cheaper than stand-alone diesel gensets on average. The potential of off-grid PV systems is 969GWh/year, of which 566GWh/year generated by hybrid PV systems and 403GWh/year by stand-alone PV systems.
Mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis were cross-transplanted at South Portugal from a reference site (site 1) to a site more contaminated with hydrocarbon compounds (site 2), and vice versa, in an active biomonitoring (ABM) concept, to assess the biotransformation capacity catalyzed by the mixed function oxygenase (MFO) system. Total alkanes (TAlk), the unresolved complex mixture (UCM), and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (TPAHs) concentration increased respectively 6, 4.4 and 4.2 fold relatively to control, in mussels transplanted from site 1 to 2. In the cross-transplant, a 48, 57 and 62% depuration of TAlk, UCM and TPAHs concentrations occurred by the end of the 3–4th week. Petrogenic and biogenic (marine and terrigenous) sources of AHs, and petrogenic and pyrolitic (biomass and oil/fuel incomplete combustion) sources of PAHs were detected at both sites. CYP450, CYT b5 and NADPH-RED in mussels transplanted from site 1 to 2 were induced from day 0 to 28, with a total increase of 35, 32 and 35%, respectively, while biochemical equilibrium to lesser environmental contamination occurs in mussels transplanted from site 2 to 1. A significant relationship between CYP450 and NADPH-RED was found with TPAH, with distinctive behavior at the two sites. MFO system components increase with exposure time at one site and decreases in the other, reflecting an adaptation to distinct environmental hydrocarbon loads. The ABM strategy proved to be useful to understand the environment real impact on the biochemical responses in mussels’ local populations. In this study, CYP450 and NADPH-RED are a useful biomarker for hydrocarbon exposure.
To explore the relationship of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in one-lung ventilation (OLV) patients and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2).
Diversified electrochemical energy storage systems highly depend on electrode material construction. In this area, single-atom catalysts intentionally incorporated within two-dimensional (2D) matrices (SAs@2D) can offer desirable advantages derived from host–guest interactions with abundant extrinsic defects. Nevertheless, the intrinsic manipulation mechanisms and guiding insights regarding the use of SAs@2D in various energy storage devices have not been comprehensively appraised. Firstly, newly updated synthesis methodologies and structure–activity mechanisms are summarized in this review. Then, cutting-edge applications regarding the use of SAs@2D hybrids in various rechargeable batteries, such as Li–O2, Li–CO2, Li–S, Li–metal, and Zn–air batteries, and the central kinetics amelioration schemes underlying these applications are highlighted in detail for the first time. We argue that the maximally exposed active centers and optimized electronic environments are responsible for enhancing mass transfer throughout the conductive grid, which is indispensable for accelerating the redox kinetics and enhancing energy efficiencies in advanced battery systems. In particular, in-depth mechanisms describing how high-density unsaturated coordination sites can tune the adsorption-nucleation-growth behaviors of intermediates in the framework and how the impressive electronic and structural characteristics of SAs@2D can lower potential energy barriers during redox reactions are fundamentally concentrated on. Finally, challenges and advisory guidelines for further investigations relating to the use of SAs@2D in rechargeable batteries are presented.
Ceramic sheets of Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) with NASICON-related structure have been prepared by tape-casting method. The addition of 60Na2O-10Nb2O5-30P2O5 glass to NVP is demonstrated to enhance markedly the density of the sintered NVP sheet and its electrical conductivity. The best densified NVP sheet with a thickness of a few tens of μm is obtained by sintering tape-casted NVP added with 5 wt% glass at 920 °C, which exhibits a total conductivity of 2.9 × 10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature. A Pt | NVP sheet | Pt cell works as a tiny solid-state battery with a cell potential of 1.7 V, in which NVP acts as both cathode and anode active materials via redox reactions of V4+/V3+ and V3+/V2+ as well as a Na+ ion conducting electrolyte between the two electrode layers.
Di-(3-diaminopropyl)-viologen (DAPV) was used as a foreign molecule within electrolyte during electrodeposition of MnO2 (MnO2–V) for the first time, wherein, higher oxygen evolution rate induced by DAPV showed increase in surface roughness and porosity. The MnO2–V electrode showed a specific capacitance, SC of 229F/g which was about five times higher than MnO2 without DAPV, MnO2–N (48F/g) at the scan rate of 10mV/s. In presence of DAPV, at the MnO2/current collector interface, lower contact resistance was obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement. Finally, diminished electrical conduction and interference of ion diffusion caused by residual MnO2 resulted in decrease of SC with an addition of deposition charges. Sustainable stability for electrochemical supercapacitor electrode was observed in MnO2–V by investigating subsequent charge–discharge cycling.
Pasture established on polluted soil may pose a risk to grazing livestock creating a requirement for mechanical management which may affect biodiversity and expend energy. The risk associated with managing pasture by grazing horses (non-edible livestock) is being assessed in the Guadiamar Valley (SW Spain), where soils are polluted with trace elements following a major pollution incident. Soil pollution does not affect biomass production or floristic composition of pasture, although both variables influence trace element accumulation in herbage. Element concentrations in herbage are below maximum tolerable limits for horses. Faecal analysis showed regulated absorption of essential elements, while non-essential elements seemed preferentially excreted. Elemental content of horse hair did not differ in animals from polluted and control pastures. If pastures are managed by grazing, periodic monitoring is recommended in view of the long-term chronic trace element exposure in these systems.
We demonstrate the synthesis of porous Si in carbon cages (PoSi@CC) via the oxidation of magnesium silicide, coating of carbon layer and subsequent acid washing. Different from the traditional porous Si@C core-shell(PoSi@CS) structure, new structure and morphology of PoSi@CC are obtained, and better electrochemistry performance is expressed. As the anode materials of lithium-ion batteries, the PoSi@CC particles show a capacity of 864 mAhg−1 with 91.7% capacity retention after 100 cycles at the current density of 0.4 Ag−1. When the current density increases to 1.6 and 3.2 Ag−1, the capacity can be maintained at 590, 475 mAhg−1, respectively. The good cycling and rate performance can be attributed to the unique structures of the porous Si in carbon cages. The outer carbon layer can alleviate the pulverization and stabilize solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film, while the enough space in the PoSi@CC particles can buffer the volume change during the charge/discharge process, which may be responsible for the enhanced electrochemical performance.
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), working via its metabolite monomethylfumarate (MMF), acts as a potent antioxidant and immunomodulator in animal models of neurologic disease and in patients with multiple sclerosis. These properties and their translational potential led us to investigate whether DMF/MMF could also protect at-risk and/or dying neurons in models of ischemic stroke in vitro and in vivo. Although the antioxidant effects have been partially addressed, the benefits of DMF immunomodulation after ischemic stroke still need to be explored.
The demand for ‘more energy and less carbon’ is one of the most important challenges facing humanity. Exploring not only more efficient renewable energy systems, but also advanced energy conversion and storage materials is an essential requisite to achieve the task. Since the emergence of alkali-ion rechargeable batteries, the development of cathode materials has been considered as a key factor that improves the overall performance of batteries. In this respect, understanding the underlying science of the factors affecting the properties and performance of cathode materials and how to ameliorate them have made remarkable progress. There have been several reports about factors ranging from the nano- to the micrometer scale, and now it is time to build an infrastructure to design advanced cathode materials with a selective and comprehensive perspective on those factors. In this Review article, we discuss the key factors contributing to the properties and performance of cathode materials with a comprehensive perspective on various alkali-ion transition metal compounds. It covers a wide scope of factors from atomic to microscopic levels as follows: atomic, electronic, crystal and particle structures.
Edible 12 marine species (pelagic fish, demersal fish and shellfish) caught from the Marmara Sea, Black Sea and Aegean Sea. Samples were analysed for content in total mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As). In this study, the metal concentrations of samples and health risks in human were determined by the estimated weekly intake (EWI), hazard index (HI) and target hazard quotients (THQs). The levels of total mercury, cadmium and lead were present in bluefish, sardine, sole higher than maximum levels proposed by European legislation. EWI, HI and THQs through this fish and shellfish consumption were in tolerable limits for both female and male consumer. In contrast, total target hazard quotients (TTHQs) values of female consumers in the 15–24 age range due to consumption of certain pelagic fish species indicated that human health risk might be of concern.
Neutrophils and other phagocytes manufacture O2 − (superoxide) by the one-electron reduction of oxygen at the expense of NADPH. Most of the O2 − reacts with itself to form H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide). From these agents a large number of highly reactive microbicidal oxidants are formed, including HOCl (hypochlorous acid), which is produced by the myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of Cl− by H2O2; OH· (hydroxyl radical), produced by the reduction of H2O2 by Fe++ or Cu+; ONOO− (peroxynitrite), formed by the reaction between O2 − and NO·; and many others. These reactive oxidants are manufactured for the purpose of killing invading microorganisms, but they also inflict damage on nearby tissues, and are thought to be of pathogenic significance in a large number of diseases. Included among these are emphysema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, atherosclerosis, reperfusion injury, malignancy and rheumatoid arthritis.
Alongside battery, polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack has been a promising candidate asa power source for hybrid and electric vehicles. On this application, the dynamic performance of the PEM fuel cell is crucial in ensuring smooth operation of the vehicle. The PEM fuel cell stack should be maintained at its optimum performance while being responsive during real road driving condition which is best represented by legislative driving cycle. The present study is conducted to evaluate the performance of a PEM fuel cell stack for vehicle application subjected to New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) by utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. The studied PEM fuel cell stack comprises 320 cells with 1600 cm2 active catalyst area. The effect of variable inlet following NEDC profile on the PEM fuel cell performance is investigated as well. Several possible scenarios, i.e. steady inlet flows, variable inlet flows at anode, cathode, coolant and combinations of these, are examined and discussed in the light of numerical result. The results reveal that variable inlet flows have considerable effect on the total net power generated, thermal envelope and liquid saturation albeit its marginal effects on the stack performance in term of stack power.
Post-operative infection is a major risk associated with implantable devices. Prior studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of ionic silver as an alternative to antibiotic-based infection prophylaxis and treatment. The focus of this study is on an electrically activated implant system engineered for active release of antimicrobial silver ions. The objective was to evaluate the effects of the cathode design, especially the cathode material, on the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of the system. A modified Kirby-Bauer diffusion technique was used for the antimicrobial efficacy evaluations (24 h testing interval). In phase-1 of the study, a three-way ANOVA (n = 6, α = 0.05) was performed to determine the effects of cathode material (silver, titanium, and stainless steel), cathode surface area and electrode separation distance on the efficacy of the system against Staphylococcus aureus. The results show that within the design space tested, none of these parameters had a statistically significant effect on the antimicrobiality of the system (P > 0.15). Subsequently, one-way ANOVA (n = 6, α = 0.05) was conducted in phase-2 to validate the inference regarding the non-significance of the cathode material to the system efficacy using a broader spectrum of pathogens (methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae and Aspergillus flavus) responsible for osteomyelitis. The results confirmed the lack of statistical difference between efficacies of the three cathode material configurations against all pathogens tested (P > 0.58). Overall, the results demonstrate the ability to alter the cathode material and related design parameters in order to minimize the silver usage in the system without adversely affecting its antimicrobial efficacy.
This paper studies the application of Multi-Task Gaussian Process (MTGP) regression model to enhance the numerical predictions of wind speed. In the proposed method, a Support Vector Regressor (SVR) is first utilized to fuse the predictions from Numerical Weather Predictors (NWP). The purpose of this regressor is to map the numerical predictions at coarse geographical nodes to the desired turbine location. In subsequent analysis, this SVR prediction output is further enhanced by the MTGP regression model. Based on the validation results on the real-world data from large-scale off-shore wind farm, the prediction accuracies of the NWP are significantly improved at both the short-term horizons (1–6 h ahead) and the long-term horizons (7–24 h ahead) by employing the proposed method. More importantly, the short-term prediction accuracy after enhancement is found comparable or even better than the cutting-edge statistical models for short-term extrapolations.
Titanate nanotubes were prepared by hydrothermal treatment of anatase TiO2 with concentrated NaOH solution. In situsynchrotron X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the nanotubes are thermally unstable at temperatures above 360 °C and can transform directly to anatase via a dehydration and recrystallization process. This indicated that the titanate nanotubes possess an orthorhombic lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH)-type layered structure. An aggregate of the as-prepared nanotubes showed an electric conductivity of about 1 × 10−6 S cm−1 at 50 °C in humid atmospheres. The conductivity depended on humidity of the atmosphere and decreased with increasing temperatures, suggesting that the proton conduction in the titanate nanotubes might correlate with the interlayer H3O+ ions.
Binders play a critical role in the mechanical stabilization of electrodes. However, commercial-grade adhesive polyvinylidene fluoride is soluble in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, which is an organic solvent that is both toxic and expensive. Therefore, water-soluble binders have recently been considered as a promising alternative. In this study, an aqueous polymer with an interpenetrating network was introduced as a binder. Poly(acrylic acid), polyvinyl alcohol, and lithiated sulfosuccinic acid precursors were employed for blending through an esterification reaction at a high temperature. This gel-like binder exhibited excellent cycling stability and high coulombic efficiency even at high current densities because of the promotion of ionic conductivity. This ionic polymer was systematically connected with active materials to ameliorate the electrochemical polarization of interfacial resistance. On the basis of these advantages, as well as its low cost, facile manufacturing process, and high performance, this simple method provides a pathway for achieving a commercial-grade high-capacity for Li-ion batteries. The electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C electrodes maintained a specific capacity of 170 mAhg−1 over 200 cycles at first charge, coupled with a coulombic efficiency of approximately 99% reversibility. In brief, an LiFePO4/C cathode with water-based binders demonstrated superior electrochemical performance in a half-cell test. The development of aqueous processing should provide considerable potential for meeting the requirements of next-generation high-power Li-ion batteries.