batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Porous electrodes are considered attractive for potential use as 3D current collectors in Li-ion microbatteries. Carbon foams, in particular, can be coated with a variety of active materials to prepare electrodes which can maximize energy and power density simultaneously. Modeling such electrodes will aid the selection of microstructural parameters (e.g. porosity) required to optimize their electrochemical performance. Here, experimentally-validated Finite Element Methodology (FEM) is used to simulate a 3D Li-ion microbattery featuring a carbon foam electrode coated by layers of LiFePO4 nanoparticles. The electrodes are cycled against Li-metal at various current densities, and the electrochemical data obtained are used to benchmark and parametrize the simulations. By systematic variation of the LiFePO4 coating thickness and homogeneity and the foam substrate, it is revealed that LiFePO4 exhibits a uniform delithiation process and that the electrochemical reactions favor particles closer to the carbon structure, which is due to the poor electrical conductivity of LiFePO4. Therefore, the cell capacity (mAh cm−2) per footprint area can be increased by using lower charging currents, smaller carbon macropore sizes and thicker LiFePO4 coatings. The porous carbon structure provides an excellent template for loadings of LiFePO4 material, which in turn allows using thicker coatings with improved cell performance.
Objectives To systematically review the literature on the nature and course of cognition in late-life schizophrenia (LLS). Methods We conducted a literature search using Medline. Search terms included schizophrenia, cognition, memory, and other cognitive search terms. We limited our search to age 45 and above. All titles or abstracts were read, and relevant papers were reviewed. Only cross-sectional studies with healthy control groups or longitudinal studies of cognition in LLS are presented in this review. Results We identified 23 publications reporting on cross-sectional studies comparing cognition in subjects with LLS and healthy controls, and 19 publications reporting on cognitive changes during longitudinal follow-up. The cross-sectional reports suggest that patients with LLS are most consistently impaired in executive function, visuospatial ability, and verbal fluency. Impairment has less consistently been observed in memory, attention, and working memory. Longitudinal studies suggest that patients with LLS start to decline cognitively around the age of 65, and that this decline may first affect visuospatial abilities. However, most of these studies have been conducted in institutionalized patients, rather than the typical ambulatory population. Other limitations include small sample sizes, short follow-up periods, and lack of comprehensive neuropsychological assessments. Conclusions The existing literature suggests that the nature and course of cognition in LLS is heterogeneous. Larger and longer studies using both comprehensive and specific cognitive assessments are needed to understand the causes and consequences of this heterogeneity.
With a rapid development of various wearable electronics, self-powered system and triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) have attracted increasingly widespread attention. Tremendous efforts have been devoted to seeking effective approaches to increase the triboelectric charge density of friction surfaces and thus further boost the output performance of TENG. Here, we designed a multilayered fiber-based TENG to greatly enhance the charge density by creatively introducing a charge-transport layer and a charge-storage layer in the composite structure. The introduced conductive material and dielectric material could effectively increase the transfer rate and storage depth of triboelectric charges during the triboelectrification process. The short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage of the three-layer structured TENG were distinctively 3.07 times and 2.56 times larger respectively compared with the single-layer structured TENG. The power density of three-layer structured TENG with an effective area of 9 cm2 can reach as high as 0.13 W/m2 under a frequency of 3 Hz. The fabricated TENG can be integrated into a commercial kneepad to harvest versatile biomechanical energy from human motions. Besides, the composite TENG was demonstrated to sustainably drive some small wearable or portable electronics such as electronic watch, commercial thermometer and calculator. This presented work provides an innovative and effective approach to design novel mechanical energy-conversion devices with high performance for practical applications in the field of self-powered wearable system.
Continuous intrathecal Baclofen application (ITB) through an intracorporeal
pump system is widely used in adults and children with spasticity of spinal and supraspinal origin. Currently, about 1200 new ITB pump systems are implanted in Germany each year. ITB is based on an interdisciplinary approach with neurologists, rehabilitation specialists, paediatricians and neurosurgeons. We are presenting the proceedings of a consensus meeting organised by IAB—Interdisciplinary Working Group for Movement Disorders. The ITB pump system consists of the implantable pump with its drug reservoir, the refill port, an additional side port and a flexible catheter. Non-programmable pumps drive the Baclofen flow by the reservoir pressure. Programmable pumps additionally contain a radiofrequency control unit, an electrical pump and a battery. They have major advantages during the dose-finding phase. ITB doses vary widely between 10 and 2000 μg/day. For spinal spasticity, they are typically in the order of 100–300 μg/day. Hereditary spastic paraplegia seems to require particularly low doses, while dystonia and brain injury require particularly high ones. Best effects are documented for tonic paraspasticity of spinal origin and the least effects for phasic muscle hyperactivity disorders of supraspinal origin. Oral antispastics are mainly effective in mild spasticity. Botulinum toxin is most effective in focal spasticity. Myotomies and denervation operations are restricted to selected cases of focal spasticity. Due to its wide-spread distribution within the cerebrospinal fluid, ITB can tackle wide-spread and severe spasticity.
Thin films of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ (LSC) were deposited by flame spray deposition at a deposition temperature of 200°C. The as-deposited LSC films were dense, particle-free and amorphous. Upon annealing above 600°C, the films crystallized into the rhombohedral perovskite LSC phase. For isothermal annealing at higher temperatures parabolic grain growth kinetics occur in parallel to densification of the thin films. Electrochemical measurements on symmetrical cells with LSC films on CGO pellets showed lowest area specific resistance (ASR) of 0.96Ωcm2 at 600°C for films of 38nm in grain size annealed at 700°C. Degradation of the ASR of the LSC films of 3.9% was found after 5 days operation at 550°C in ambient air.
Background This study examined the potential feasibility and utility of trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in youth. Methods Twenty-four participants ages 7–14 with ADHD enrolled in an 8-week open trial of TNS administered nightly during sleep, and were assessed weekly with parent- and physician-completed measures of ADHD symptoms and executive functioning as well as measures of treatment compliance, adverse events, and side effects. Computerized tests of cognitive functioning were administered at baseline and weeks 4 and 8. Results Significant improvements were seen on the ADHD-IV Rating Scale (P < .0001) and parent-completed Conners Global Index (P < .0001), as well as the majority of scales on the parent-completed Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF). Improvements were also noted on the computerized Attention Network Task (ANT) Incongruent Reaction Time (P = .006), suggesting that TNS has positive effects on response inhibition. Conclusions TNS therapy for youth with ADHD appears to be both feasible and without significant risk. Subjective improvements on rating scales and laboratory measures of cognition suggest a potential role for TNS in treating ADHD that merits further investigation. Future research in anticipation of designing definitive controlled efficacy trials should evaluate time to onset of TNS response and durability of treatment effects following TNS discontinuation, as well as validate an effective active sham comparator suitable for blinded studies.
This study focuses on the preparation and characterization of single phase NiO nanoparticles. At first, nickel-o-phthalate complexes as precursor were synthesized through semisolid phase reaction method and then NiO nanoparticles were obtained via a solid-state decomposition procedure of layered coordination nickle-o-phthalate complexes formulated as [Ni(pht)(H2O)2] and [Ni(pht)2]. In addition, the effects of calcination temperature and metal-to-ligand ratio on the particle size and morphology of NiO were investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was applied to determine the thermal behavior of complexes. The crystalline structure of products by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), morphology of particles by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were studied. The composition of as-prepared sample was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra. Analysis of FT-IR spectra confirmed the composition of products. The magnetic property was studied with vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).
A facile and green method is developed to fabricate Fe3O4–Fe nanowires with a large amount of nanoholes directly grown on highly conductive nanofiber arrays. By electrodeposition of Fe clusters on C/TiC nanofiber array, followed by in-situ chemical conversion of Fe to FeC2O4–Fe nanowires and the thermal decomposition of FeC2O4–Fe to Fe3O4–Fe, a Fe3O4–Fe nanocomposite electrode with unique architecture is successfully prepared. The electrode is characterized by means of X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Electrochemical properties of the nanowire arrays electrode as the anode of lithium-ion batteries are examined by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge test. The electrode displayed remarkably high capacity, excellent high rate performance and superior cycling stability. The reversible capacity of the electrode reached 1012 mAh g−1 at 1C and retained to be 500 and 255 mAh g−1 at 10 and 20C, respectively. It can still deliver a specific capacity of 100 mAh g−1 even at 50C (72 s charge–discharge). The electrode also has a satisfactory cycling performance with capacity retention of 93.9% after 100 cycles at 1C. The magnificent performance can be attributed to the distinct configuration resulting from the novel fabrication process.
Tremendous progress has been made in the development of lithium-based rechargeable batteries in recent decades. Discoveries of new electrode materials as well as new storage mechanisms have substantially improved battery performance. In particular, nanomaterials design has emerged as a promising solution to tackle many fundamental problems in conventional battery materials. Here we discuss in detail several key issues in batteries, such as electrode volume change, solid–electrolyte interphase formation, electron and ion transport, and electrode atom/molecule movement, and then analyse the advantages presented by nanomaterials design. In addition, we discuss the challenges caused by using nanomaterials in batteries, including undesired parasitic reactions with electrolytes, low volumetric and areal energy density, and high costs from complex multi-step processing, and their possible solutions.
Rechargeable Na-based battery systems, including Na-ion batteries, room temperature Na–S, Na–O2, Na–CO2, and all-solid-state Na metal batteries, have attracted significant attention due to the high energy density, abundance, low cost, and suitable redox potential of Na metal. However, the Na metal anode faces several challenges, including: (1) the formation of Na dendrites and short circuiting; (2) low Coulombic efficiency (CE) and poor cycling performance; and (3) an infinite volume change due to its hostless nature. Furthermore, the issues associated with Na metal anodes have also been noticed in practical Na metal batteries (NMBs). In recent years, the importance of the Na metal anode has been highlighted and many studies have provided potential solutions to address the issues of its use. This review article focuses on the recent developments of Na metal anodes, including insight into the fundamental understanding of its electrochemical processes, novel characterization methods, approaches for protecting the anode and future perspectives. Our review will accelerate further improvement in the characterization and application of Na metal anodes for next-generation NMB systems.
Passive direct methanol fuel cells have been extensively investigated for the effects of methanol concentration, catalyst loading of electrodes, fuel and oxidant supply modes and long-term operation on their performance. Passive cells to which the reactants, methanol and air, are supplied by natural convection flow without the help of any external devices, have shown very different behavior compared with an actively supplied cell. The optimum methanol concentration and catalyst loading in a passive cell are much higher than those of an active cell. The highest single cell performance was 45mWcm−2 with a 5M methanol feed at room temperature and ambient pressure. Forced air to a passive cell was found to have a negative effect on the performance. In addition, experiments have been conducted to find the parameters that affect the long-term operation of a passive cell.
Si is widely known as a high-capacity alloying anode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, Si is electrochemically inactive in potassium-ion batteries that attract considerable interest as cost-effective alternatives to lithium-ion batteries. Herein, we report that, unlike crystalline Si showing an inert nature toward K ions, amorphous Si is available as an alloying anode material for potassium-ion batteries. Amorphous Si can store 1.1 K ions per Si atom while offering a high capacity of 1049 mA h g−1. The K ions in amorphous Si can diffuse very rapidly. Their diffusivity is almost two orders of magnitude higher than that for Na ions in amorphous Si and is even three times higher than that for Li ions in amorphous Si. The fast K ion transport in amorphous Si is ascribed to the weak electrostatic KSi attraction, fairly high carrier ion concentration, and the formation of isolated Si n (n = 3–5) clusters during the potassiation process. This work suggests that, despite alloying with large K ions, amorphous Si anodes can show high performance in both capacity and rate capability.
The vanadium redox battery (VRB) employs two “electrolyte tanks” that store energy in the form of the two vanadium redox couples and a cell “stack” where the charge/discharge reactions occur. To date, 2M vanadium electrolyte have been successfully used in large demonstration projects for stationary applications. For mobile applications however, higher vanadium concentrations are required to reduce the size and weight of the battery. The main limitation for the vanadium electrolyte concentration and subsequently its energy density in the VRB is the thermal precipitation of the V(V) ion at elevated temperatures. In this paper optimization study of vanadium V(V) supersaturated solutions in terms of concentrations, temperature, and precipitation behavior are reported along with properties such as density and viscosity. It appears that 3.0–3.5M V(V) solutions in 6M total sulfate are sufficiently stable at temperatures up to 30°C, although 2M solutions are still required for operation at higher temperatures of about 40°C.
The porous structure of graphite electrodes was studied by applying impedance spectroscopy methods to symmetric cells. The electrode structure was varied by changing the particle size distribution and particle shape of the graphite powders used to prepare the electrodes. In addition electrode parameters such as electrode loading, thickness, and density were varied in order identify their effect on the porous structure. A clear correlation between the equivalent distributed resistance of the symmetric graphite cells and the porosity of an electrode was identified which is independent from the electrode parameters. This correlation is typical for a given graphite type. It was, however, possible to identify a clear trend with the graphite powder particle size distribution and particle shape. These findings suggest a correlation of the equivalent distributed resistance with the tortuosity of the graphite electrodes. In the case of flaky graphite materials the equivalent distributed resistance increases dramatically with the increase in electrode compaction causing a high tortuosity of the electrode. In the case of bulky or round-shaped graphite materials the equivalent distributed resistance is not much affected by the densification of the electrode which could be explained by smaller electrode tortuosity even at higher electrode density.
Solutions of LiTFSI in organic solvents such as carbonates, do not display the ability to prevent the aluminum corrosion and for this reason cannot be conveniently used as electrolytes in LIBs. However, addition of PYR14TFSI to PC–LiTFSI strongly suppresses the aluminum corrosion process, both at 20 °C and 60 °C. At 60 °C, in a mixture PC–PYR14TFSI–LiTFSI containing 50% of IL, the charge involved in the corrosion process is one order of magnitude lower than that observed in PC–LiTFSI. The suppression of the corrosion process by PYR14TFSI might be related to the reduced solubility of Al(TFSI)3 in PYR14TFSI compared to PC. Al(TFSI)3 is formed on the Al surface in electrolytes containing LiTFSI, and the low solubility of this compound in PYR14TFSI contributes to the formation of a stable protective layer on the Al surface, which in turn reduces the corrosion process. Thanks to their ability to suppress the Al corrosion, PC–PYR14TFSI–LiTFSI mixtures can be conveniently used as electrolytes in LIBs, both at room temperature and 60 °C.
Mitochondrial damage and dysfunction have been reported in airway and quadriceps muscle cells of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We determined the concomitance of mitochondrial dysfunction in these cells in COPD.
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that conversational perspective-taking is a determinant of unfamiliar ambiguous idiom comprehension. We investigated two types of ambiguous idiom, decomposable and nondecomposable expressions, which differ in the degree to which the literal meanings of the individual words contribute to the overall idiomatic meaning. We designed an experiment to assess the relationship between the acquisition of figurative comprehension and conversational perspective-taking. Our sample of children aged 5–7years performed three conversational perspective-taking tasks (language acts, shared/unshared information, and conversational maxims). They then listened to decomposable and nondecomposable idiomatic expressions presented in context before performing a multiple-choice task (figurative, literal, and contextual responses). Results indicated that decomposable idiom comprehension was predicted by conversational perspective-taking scores and language skills, whereas nondecomposable idiom comprehension was predicted solely by language skills. We discuss our findings with respect to verbal and pragmatic skills.
Transition metal oxides, Co3O4, have attracted considerable interest as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high energy densities. It is necessary, however, to resolve the foremost issue regarding the large volume changes during the charge/discharge process. Herein, a novel strategy – edge dislocation modifying special {011} facets (DM011) towards circumventing the issue – is now engineered. The unique formation mechanism of DM011 is presented via stacking fault inducing and topotactic conversion of precursor Co(OH)2. The synergistic effect of edge dislocation and facets is observed, providing a favorable buffer zone, realizing unprecedented electrochemical behavior with high specific capacity, excellent cycling stability, and superior high-rate capability (1142mAhg−1 at 1000mAg−1 after 200 cycles).
Highly graphitized carbon is the most widely utilized anode material for Li-ion secondary batteries because of its high reversibility and reliability. However, it has so far been believed that well graphitized carbon material gives no stable Li charge/discharge performance in a pure propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolyte, since PC decomposes vigorously at the surface of the graphite during the charging process. Surprisingly, we found that a single graphitized carbon fiber revealed a sufficiently stable performance in pure PC containing 1M LiClO4. The initial irreversible charging capacity not only in PC but in an EC-based electrolyte was found strongly dependent on the conductivity homogeneity of the electrode.
Including information on: Hydrogen separation Membrane adsorber device TOC reduction in wastewater Bio-membrane filtration Spacer for filled cell electrodialysis Solid polymer membrane with polyamine Filter module Hydrogen purification module Semi-permeable membrane Salts removal by membrane filtration Separation of low molecular weight fermentation products from complex mixtures Fluid processing module Method of separating glycolipids Improving the purity of quaternary ammonium hydroxides by electrolysis Composite nanofiltratrion and RO membranes Coatings for porous hollow fibres Hydrogen permeable membrane Filtration system Bio-compatible membranes Polymer-based permeable membrane for removal of ions Diagnostic testing process Braid-reinforced hollow-fibre membrane
We investigated the immunohematoxicities of the antiparasitic drug dapsone (DDS) and the antiretroviral drug zidovudine (ZDV, AZT) given alone or in combination in BALB/c mice. DDS is used for prophylaxis and treatment of Pneumocystis carinii infection in AIDS patients. We examined the impact of concurrent administration of these drugs on the immune and hematopoietic systems because DDS causes hematotoxicity and ZDV therapy results in bone marrow toxicity. Daily oral administration of DDS at 25 and 50 mg/kg for 28 days caused a slight anemia, marked methemoglobinemia, reticulocytosis, and a moderate leukopenia (P<0.01 for all parameters) but had no discernible effect on platelet count. In DDS-treated mice, the proliferative response of splenic T cells to concanavalin A was ≥35% higher than that manifested by splenocytes from vehicle-treated control mice. ZDV at 240 and 480 mg/kg was not immunosuppressive but caused low-grade macrocytic anemia, thrombocytosis, and neutropenia; these effects were drug dose-dependent and statistically significant (P<0.01). Concurrent administration of DDS and ZDV augmented the severity of ZDV-mediated macrocytic anemia, and 7 of 12 (58%) mice did not survive treatment with the high doses of DDS and ZDV (50 and 480 mg/kg, respectively). On the other hand, co-administration of ZDV mitigated DDS-induced methemoglobinemia and the DDS-associated elevation in lymphoproliferative response. These data suggest interaction between DDS and ZDV in mice and indicate a need for caution in using DDS as long-term therapy in AIDS patients receiving ZDV.