batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Fossil fuel reserves are diminishing rapidly across the world, intensifying the stress on existing reserves day-by-day due to increased demand. Not only that, fossil fuels, presently contributing to 80% of world primary energy, are inflicting enormous impacts on environment. Energy sector has a key role in this regard since energy during its production, distribution and consumption is responsible for producing environmentally harmful substances. There is an urgent need for a quicker switch over of energy systems from conventional to renewables that are sustainable and can meet the present and projected world energy demand. Hydrogen, in the capacity of energy vector and storage medium is expected to be the optimum solution for intermittency and storage of energy produced by renewables. Within the context of Pakistan solar and wind power are two of the most promising renewables. In this article, the current energy consumption for Pakistan is presented and the issue of security of electrical energy supply is discussed. Furthermore, the prospects for a large-scale switch over to renewables are also addressed and the relevant economies and underpinning rationale provided. It has been found that solar energy is a much more economical choice for Pakistan as compared to wind energy-respective costs for solar and wind energy are (US cents/kWh) 20 and 77. This is due to the fact barring the four monsoon months, the average wind speed for the remaining 8 months does not cross an economic threshold. On the contrary, it was found that solar energy has a fairly stable and consistent availability.
SnSbAg0.1-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composite anode materials are synthesised via chemical reduction. The structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of the synthesised materials are characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectrometry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The large surface area, excellent conductivity and mechanical properties of the graphene reduce the agglomeration of alloy particles, buffer the stress of volume change and lower the powdering rate of particles, to enhance the inner transportation of Li+ between the electrodes and the electrolyte. The SnSbAg0.1-10%RGO composite anode materials exhibit a better electrochemical performance and cycle life than other alloy anode composite materials, demonstrating a capacity of 605.1mAhg−1 after 100 cycles and an average capacity attenuation rate of 0.16% from the 2nd cycle to the 100th cycle. The discharge capacity remain 538mAhg−1 after 200 cycles, retaining 74.3% of its capacity compared to the 2nd cycle and therefore exhibiting an excellent electrochemical performance
In order to enhance the electrochemical performance of the high capacity layered oxide cathode with a Ni-rich core and a concentration-gradient shell (NRC-CGS), we use a freeze drying method to coat Al2O3 layer onto the surface of NRC-CGS Li[Ni0.73Co0.12Mn0.15]O2 material. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, charge-discharge measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It is revealed that an amorphous Al2O3 layer of about 5nm in thickness is uniformly formed on the surface of NRC-CGS Li[Ni0.73Co0.12Mn0.15]O2 material by the freeze drying procedure. The freeze drying Al2O3-coated (FD-Al2O3-coated) sample demonstrates similar discharge capacity and significantly enhanced cycling performances, in comparison to the pristine and conventional heating drying Al2O3-coated (HD-Al2O3-coated) samples. The capacity decay rate of FD-Al2O3-coated Li[Ni0.73Co0.12Mn0.15]O2 material is 1.7% after 150 cycles at 55°C, which is 9 and 12 times lower than that of the pristine and HD-Al2O3-coated samples. The superior electrochemical stability of the FD-Al2O3-coated sample is attributed to the synergistic protection of CGS and high-quality Al2O3 coating that effectively protect the active material from electrolyte attack. The freeze drying process provides an effective method to prepare the high performance surface-coated electrode materials.
This paper reports a modeling methodology on the temperature dependence of the discharge behavior of a lithium-ion battery (LIB) in low environmental temperature. The discharge curves from the modeling for the discharge rates ranging from 0.5 C to 5 C under the low environmental temperatures of −20, −10 and 0 °C are compared with the experimental data in order to validate the two-dimensional modeling of the potential and current density distributions on the electrodes of an LIB cell as a function of the discharge time during constant-current discharge. The heat generation rates as a result of electrochemical reactions and ohmic heating are calculated to predict the temperature variations of the LIB as a function of the discharge time. The temperature variations obtained from the modeling agree well with the experimental measurements.
We present a convenient, low-cost strategy to fabricate one-dimensional, vertically oriented nanoporous assembly of SnO2 upon a Cu substrate as a potentially promising anode system for Na-ion batteries application. The major novelty of the fabrication stage resides in anodizing a Sn/Cu bilayer film that is created by a facile cold-rolling procedure amenable to large-scale production. The open, nanoporous morphology of SnO2 facilitates the diffusion of electrolytes to access the SnO2 surface. The high porosity of the SnO2 phase also provides large void space to effectively accommodate the volume expansion/contraction during sodiation/desodiation. As a result, the 1-D nanoporous SnO2 thus assembled on the Cu substrate can be directly used as an effective electrode system for Na-ion storage–without the need for additives, delivering a remarkable capacity of 326 mA h g−1 over 200 cycles at a current rate of 0.2 C.
Self-powered flexible inorganic electronic systems have been demonstrated to be the core of next-generation electronics due to their lightweight, thin, self-sustainable and biocompatible properties, which are applicable to cramped or corrugated surfaces. Many researchers have studied myriad approaches for high performance flexible electronics, e.g. energy harvesters, batteries, high-density memories, large-scale integration (LSI), light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and sensors. Moreover, innovative devices for in vivo biomedical applications have been demonstrated on curvilinear and isolated regions of human bodies for detecting or even treating diseases. This paper reviews recent advances in self-powered flexible inorganic electronics, covering material selection, mechanical design, fabrication method and their all-in-one integration on a single plastic substrate.
The increasing penetration of distributed generations (DGs) in the electrical system is causing a new system transient stability problem since most of DGs are characterized by low inertias and poor inherent damping. Measures such as application of storage unit and wind turbine crowbar protection have been proposed to enhance the transient performance of micro-grid. However, the increase in the number of micro-grid components also leads to changes in system critical clearing time (CCT) under fault conditions. This paper investigates the various features affecting the CCT of a micro-grid in an islanded mode. The result shows the traditional equation cannot be used to calculate the CCT and the wind turbine disconnection is the main reason causing the micro-grid collapse. The DG penetration level and the wind turbine crowbar protection insertion time can have significant impacts on the CCT value, and the CCT can be substantially increased by utilizing battery storage in the micro-grid.
La0.56−y Li0.33TiO3−3y F3y (y =0.017, 0.05) were prepared by a conventional solid-state reaction from a mixture of La2O3, LiCO3, TiO2, and 10% excess LiF. The variation of the lattice parameter with increase of y value in La0.56−y Li0.33TiO3−3y F3y was different from that in conventional lithium-lanthanum-titanate series perovskite oxides, La0.56−y Li0.33+3y TiO3. Bulk Li-ion conductivities of the La0.56−y Li0.33TiO3−3y F3y are higher than those of La0.56-y Li0.33+3y TiO3. Li-ion conductivity of La0.56−y Li0.33TiO3−3y F3y (y =0.017) was 2.30×10−3 Scm−1 at 30°C, which is, to our knowledge, one of the highest Li-ion conductivities in the oxide compounds.
We have used X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) in order to analyze the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer on the graphite anode and the LiCoO2 cathode in a lithium-ion battery. The SEI layers on the electrodes in the propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolyte containing an ethylene sulfite (ES) additive were analyzed based on the different sulfur oxidation states with sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (S K-edge XANES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight–secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF–SIMS). The SEI layer on the graphite anode was mainly consisted of a sulfite-type compound with an inorganic film like Li2SO3 and an organic films like ROSO2Li. Furthermore, it was proven that the SEI layer on the graphite anode contained alkyl sulfide species. We also found that the SEI layer on the LiCoO2 cathode also contained alkyl sulfide species.
Electronic waste (e-waste) is the fastest growing solid waste stream worldwide and mostly ends up in developing countries where residents use primitive methods for recycling. The most infamous e-waste recycling town, Guiyu in Southeast China, has been recycling since the mid-1990s. E-waste contains several harmful chemicals, including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and manganese (Mn). In 2011–12, the e-waste Recycling Exposures and Community Health (e-REACH) Study enrolled 634 pregnant women living in Guiyu and Haojiang, a control site, both in Shantou, China. The women completed a questionnaire and gave maternal blood, cord blood, and maternal urine, which were analyzed for Pb, Cd, Cr, and Mn. Maternal blood Pb, Cd, and Cr concentrations were significantly higher in Guiyu compared to Haojiang. In Guiyu, the geometric mean of Pb concentration in maternal blood was 6.66 µg/dL (range: 1.87–27.09 µg/dL) and was 1.74-fold greater than in Haojiang (95% CI: 1.60, 1.89). In cord blood, Pb concentration was 1.53-fold higher in Guiyu (95% CI: 1.38, 1.68). In maternal urine, Cd (ratio: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.72, 2.69) and Mn (ratio: 2.60, 95% CI: 2.04, 3.31) concentrations were significantly higher in Guiyu in comparison to Haojiang. In conclusion, pregnant women in Guiyu were at risk for increased exposure to heavy metals.
The performances of direct ethanol fuel cells with different anode catalysts, different ethanol concentrations, and at different operating temperatures have been studied. The performance losses of the cell have been separated into individual electrode performance losses with the aid of a reference electrode, ethanol crossover has been quantified, and CO2 and acetic acid production have been measured by titration. It has been shown that the cell performance strongly depends on the anode catalyst, ethanol concentration, and operating temperature. It was found that the cathode and anode exhibit different dependences on ethanol concentration and operating temperature. The performance of the cathode is very sensitive to the rate of ethanol crossover. Product analysis provides insights into the mechanisms of electro-oxidation of ethanol.
In this study, neutral salt spray accelerated corrosion test of copper–aluminium composite under 0–125A DC current was carried out under 5% concentration. The effect of corrosion behaviour on copper–aluminium composite by DC current was carried out by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), weight-loss method and electrochemical analysis. The results show that the current can accelerate the corrosion rate. Meanwhile, the current temperature effect can reduce the corrosion rate. The current caused directional migration of ions resulting in different corrosion products on positive and negative poles of specimen, and the corrosion degree on the positive pole was more serious. The galvanic corrosion mechanism at the copper–aluminium interface is different from the pitting corrosion mechanism far away from the interface, and the latter is more affected by DC current.
A new phase diagram of AB(CD)1/2 system, where A, B, C, and D represent Li2MnO3, LiMO2 (M=Co, Al, Cr, etc.), LiMnO2, and LiM′O2 (M′=Ni, Cu, Fe, etc.), respectively, was developed to express all compositions of solid solutions with layered manganese oxides. The phase diagram satisfied the theoretical manganese oxidation state of +4 over the whole triangle plane of the diagram and was expressed with a new design equation of Li [ M x ( L i 1 / 3 M n 2 / 3 ) y ( M ′ 1 / 2 M n 1 / 2 ) 1 − x − y ] O 2 . Solid solutions whose compositions were randomly chosen from the phase diagram were experimentally prepared using a direct synthetic method and were subjected to the examination of the structural and electrochemical properties. All the synthesized solid solutions had layered structure with maintaining +4 and showed one-step monotonous discharge curve shape without structural transformation during charge/discharge processes.
As a part of our on-going study on silver vanadium phosphorous oxides (Ag x V y O z PO4), we report here the first study of the electrochemical reduction of a low Ag/V ratio silver vanadium phosphorous oxide, Ag0.48VOPO4·1.9H2O. Reminiscent of Ag2VO2PO4 reduction, in situ formation of silver metal nanoparticles along with an associated increase in conductivity were observed after reduction of Ag0.48VOPO4·1.9H2O with 0.37 electron equivalents. However, in contrast to our lithium/Ag2VO2PO4 cells, our lithium/Ag0.48VOPO4·1.9H2O cells displayed an even higher voltage on discharge and a characteristic multi-plateau voltage profile, where vanadium reduction was the first reduction step.
Water-table depths were simulated using a numerical model with information on recharge from the last 48 years under different extraction policies. With this series of groundwater level data, groundwater level probability distribution functions were determined and extraction statistics were estimated by fitting time series models and by using the crossing theory. With this information, it has been possible to calculate the risk of being unable to supply groundwater demand because the results verify that only 67% of the water rights granted are able to be extracted on a sustained basis with a 90% exceedance probability. Furthermore, the results obtained demonstrate that the method is adequate for determining exceedance probabilities of groundwater flow.
Tri(β-chloromethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and cyclohexyl benzene (CHB) had been studied synchronously as the additives of the lithium ion batteries to improve the high temperature and overcharge safety. The study group used the cyclic voltammetry and environment scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) to investigate the oxidize potentials of the TCEP and CHB at normal environment and 150°C and the surface characteristics of the positive electrode of the graphite/LiCoO2(063465) batteries before and after overcharge. The self-extinguishing time (SET) tests were carried out to measure the effect of additives on the electrolyte combustibility. The oven and overcharge tests and other electrochemical testing methods were performed to test the reliability of the protection provided by the TCEP and CHB of the high temperature and overcharge safety and the effect of the additives on the electrochemical performance. The results show that the oxidize potential of the TCEP is about 4.75V and the CHB about 4.6V at normal environment and the oxidize potential of the TCEP drops to 4V and CHB about 4.1V at 150°C; the TCEP has favorable effect on the self-extinguish time of the electrolyte; the surface of the LiCoO2 positive electrode after overcharge formed a layer of CHB polymer; when the content of both additives are over 5wt%, the batteries show improved safety through the oven tests of 150°C and can stand 1.3A (1C) and constant 10V overcharge tests; the adverse effect of TCEP and CHB on cycle performance of battery is relatively small. In sum, the cooperative use of these two additives can improve the safety of lithium ion battery greatly.
The effectiveness of silicon carbide (SiC) nanowires (NW) as electrode material for micro-supercapacitors has been investigated. SiC NWs are grown on a SiC thin film coated with a thin Ni catalyst layer via a chemical vapor deposition route at 950 °C. A specific capacitance in the range of ∼240 μF cm−2 is demonstrated, which is comparable to the values recently reported for planar micro-supercapacitor electrodes. Charge–discharge studies demonstrate the SiC nanowires exhibit exceptional stability, with 95% capacitance retention after 2 × 105 charge/discharge cycles in an environmentally benign, aqueous electrolyte.
Fe2O3-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites were successfully fabricated via a facile microwave-assisted reduction of graphite oxide in Fe2O3 precursor solution using a microwave system, and investigated as anode material for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Their morphologies, structures and electrochemical performance were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. The results show that the RGO addition can enhance the electrochemical performance of Fe2O3-RGO composites. Fe2O3-RGO composite with 30wt.% RGO exhibits a maximum reversible capacity of 289mAhg−1 at a current density of 50mAg−1 after 50 cycles and excellent rate performance due to the synergistic effect between Fe2O3 and RGO. The high capacity, good rate capability and excellent cycle performance of Fe2O3-RGO composites enable them a potential electrode material for SIBs.
A model order reduction method is developed and applied to the solid-phase diffusion problem used in physics-based lithium ion cell models. The reduced order model is in the form of a state space model. Model identification is performed in the frequency-domain using the vector fitting method. The method allows the user to control the order of the model, the frequency band for model identification, and optionally a weight function to give a certain frequency band more weight. The model can be used for spherical and non-spherical particles. For spherical particles, the results from using the reduced order model are compared with those from analytical solutions, and excellent agreement is achieved using 3rd and 5th order models. When the approach is applied to non-spherical particles, the transfer functions need to be calculated numerically. Two methods, step response and complex exponential, are proposed to calculate the required transfer function. While the step response method is more suitable for low frequencies, the exponential method is more accurate for high frequencies.
The surface of LiCoO2 cathodes was coated with various wt.% of Al2O3 derived from methoxyethoxy acetate-alumoxane (MEA-alumoxane) by a mechano-thermal coating procedure, followed by calcination at 723K in air for 10h. The structure and morphology of the surface modified LiCoO2 samples have been characterized with XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM, BET, XPS/ESCA and solid-state 27Al magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR techniques. The Al2O3 coating forms a thin layer on the surface of the core material with an average thickness of 20nm. The corresponding 27Al MAS NMR spectrum basically exhibited the same characteristics as the spectrum for pristine Al2O3 derived from MEA-alumoxane, indicating that the local environment of aluminum atoms was not significantly changed at coating levels below 1wt.%. This provides direct evidence that Al2O3 was on the surface of the core materials. The LiCoO2 coated with 1wt.% Al2O3 sustained continuous cycle stability 13 times longer than pristine LiCoO2. A comparison of the electrochemical impedance behavior of the pristine and coated materials revealed that the failure of pristine cathode performance is associated with an increase in the particle–particle resistance upon continuous cycling. Coating improved the cathode performance by suppressing the characteristic structural phase transitions (hexagonal to monoclinic to hexagonal) that occur in pristine LiCoO2 during the charge–discharge processes.
There is increasing theoretical, clinical and research evidence for the role of perceived travma and personal charactheristics in trauma related psychological problems and disorders. Facing and working through psychosocial trauma is essentially difficult not only for the individuals suffered but also the professionals dealt with them. Strengths serve individuals best not when life is easy but when life is difficult (Park, Peterson & Seligman 2004). During challenging times, helping people to discover their strengths such as optimism, hope, humor, resilience, and meaning takes added importance for mental health professionals. Thus it is found that individuals who use their strengths more have been shown to have higher levels of self-esteem, self-efficacy, vitality, well-being (Linley, et.al., 2010; Govindji, and Linley, 2007) and also to be more effective in their growth (Rashid, 2008) after a traumatic exposure in their daily life. Focussing on strengths can provide the clinician a powerful perspective to understand individuals intact repertoires which can be effectively deal with troubles stimulates a very different discussion. The aim of the present study is to examine the relations between the perceived trauma, post traumatic embitterment disorder and strengtspotting abilities. The strengthspotting scale, post traumatic embitterment self rating scale and Beck anxiety inventory were administered to both in-patients in clinical setting and also health care professionals. The results were discussed in terms of traumatic intervention with positive psychology principals. Suggestions were presented and the need of multidisiplinary work emphasized for future research
As we have seen in earlier chapters, the strength of the ‘analog revival’ came as a surprise to most of the major instrument manufacturers, whose main and much delayed response was simply to reintroduce analog- style front-panel controls to some of their existing digital synthesizer designs. But for those manufacturers who did wish to offer some analogstyle product without the cost and potential unreliability of using genuine analog circuitry, the ‘virtual analog’ synthesizer became the obvious solution.
In this work, we report on star-shaped plasticizers with the various chain lengths of multi-armed oligo(ethylene oxide) in order to prevent the plasticizers from crystallizing and eventually to enhance the ionic conductivity at low temperature. The multi-armed plasticizers are compared with the linear ones in terms of the ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolytes using them. The ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolytes using the linear plasticizer abruptly decreases below 0°C, while the temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolytes based on the multi-armed plasticizers shows a typical Vogel–Tamman–Fülcher (VTF) relationship in the temperature range from −30 to 100°C. Such enhanced ionic conductivity at low temperature is because the multi-armed plasticizers are not crystallizing due to the branches or the multi-arms structure. The multi-armed plasticizers are found to be electrochemically stable up to 5.2V by cyclic voltammetry analysis, which means that they are electrochemically stable enough for the application in the lithium ion batteries.