batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A simple and efficient method, based on X-ray radiography, is developed to check the quality (homogeneity of the thickness, presence of defects) of NMC-, LFP- and NMC/LFP-based electrode coating for Li-ion batteries at the scale of several cm2 with a resolution of 20 μm. As a first step, the attenuation coefficient of NMC- and LFP-based coating is experimentally determined according to the Beer–Lambert law. Then, the attenuation coefficient of each active material is estimated from these experimental results and X-ray attenuation databases, which allows establishing an attenuation law for any coating composition. Finally, thanks to this relationship, the thickness can be evaluated in each spot of the film and the defects, such as pinholes or broad edges with gradual decrease of the thickness coating, can be detected. The analysis of NMC-, LFP- and NMC/LFP-based electrodes shows that the coating quality decreases as coating thickness increases and as the nanometric vs. micrometric material content increases in the coating composition. This reveals detrimental aspects of nanomaterials with respect to their use in composite electrode manufactured through conventional slot-die or casting process.
Improved public understanding of the ocean and the importance of sustainable ocean use, or ocean literacy, is essential for achieving global commitments to sustainable development by 2030 and beyond. However, growing human populations (particularly in mega-cities), urbanisation and socio-economic disparity threaten opportunities for people to engage and connect directly with ocean environments. Thus, a major challenge in engaging the whole of society in achieving ocean sustainability by 2030 is to develop strategies to improve societal connections to the ocean. The concept of ocean literacy reflects public understanding of the ocean, but is also an indication of connections to, and attitudes and behaviours towards, the ocean. Improving and progressing global ocean literacy has potential to catalyse the behaviour changes necessary for achieving a sustainable future. As part of the Future Seas project (
Although fatigue is the chronic symptom most commonly experienced by patients with advanced cancer, little research has been done on the associations and correlates of fatigue in this population. The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine whether fatigue scores, as measured by the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F), are associated with age, gender, type of cancer diagnosed, pain, and other cancer-related symptoms measured using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS).
A systematic investigation has been undertaken of anodising behaviour of aluminium in citric acid solutions under changing the current density, electrolyte temperature, concentration and stirring conditions. Porous films of steady-state, controlled and extraordinary large morphologies have been obtained at the formation voltages of 260–450V. The barrier layer thickness, cell and pore diameters appeared to be directly proportional to the formation voltage. For the first time, a porous anodic film with cell diameter of 1.1μm, barrier layer thickness of 0.5μm and pore diameter of 0.23μm was naturally grown on aluminium in 0.125moldm−3 citric acid electrolyte. The selected electrical and electrolytic conditions have been applied to sputter-deposited Ta–Al bilayers. The tantalum underlayer was anodised through the initially grown at 450V porous alumina film with the formation of tantalum oxide ‘columns’ penetrating into the pores and mixing with the outer part of the alumina cell walls. During subsequent constant current reanodising of the Ta–Al bilayers in 0.5moldm−3 H3BO3, the voltage rose up to 1100V, until voltage fluctuations terminated normal oxide growth. The columns thickened uniformly up to 1.42μm with the nmV−1 ratio of 1.3, exhibiting nearly ideal dielectric behaviour up to almost 1000V of the formation voltage. The outer column material is composed mainly of stoichiometric Ta2O5 mixed with small amount of Al2O3, while the innermost column material is tantalum monoxide with little content of boron species. Implications of these findings for the formation of composite dielectrics for high-voltage electrolytic capacitors are discussed.
Publisher Summary About half of the industrial and nonindustrial oil processes have led to an industrial application. Some of them appear very similar, the difference being in the process implementation or in the use of additives often progressively perfected and patented. This chapter describes the different processes that exist on the market. Every process generally comprises of a series of successive treatments: thermal treatment, vacuum distillation, deasphalting, catalytic treatment, and bleaching on clay. For these different processes, the inlet feedstock is waste engine oil, relatively constant in quality if the collection is done correctly. The objective is to obtain base oil divided into fractions of different viscosities to get marketable lubricants after blending with additives. Three cases are considered and sections of the process are described.
Noroviruses are the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks in the United States, some of which are caused by the ingestion of contaminated water. Detection and genotypic characterization of noroviruses is commonly performed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by sequencing. However, sequencing of products amplified from environmental water samples is often hindered by the co-amplification of non-specific cDNA. To overcome this issue, a generic microarray was evaluated to genotype noroviruses by probe hybridization. RT-PCR amplicons are used in a single base extension (SBE) reaction where genotype-specific probes are labeled and then hybridized to an Affymetrix GeneChip® GenFlex™ Tag Array for detection. Using a standardized, multiplex SBE reaction, genotyping of representative strains was accomplished through the identification of genotype-specific patterns of positive hybridization results. Furthermore, the SBE-GenFlex array method was successful in the genotype identification of noroviruses seeded into tap and Ohio River water samples. This study shows the utility of using a microarray to genotype noroviruses in complex environmental matrices.
Large batteries of neuropsychological tests are typically necessary to identify cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and routinely examine multiple cognitive processes, with many tests often yielding more than one measure of interest. This study investigates the feasibility of a partial solution to the problem of multiple comparisons: the use of factor analysis to reduce the number of phenotypic variables and to better understand the underlying cognitive architecture in schizophrenia. Using a principle components analysis followed by a varimax rotation, we identified factor structures for schizophrenic patients (n =99), their unaffected siblings (n =167), and control subjects (n =131), both separately and as a composite group. Exploratory factor analysis of the full sample yielded a 7-factor model that included verbal memory, working memory, visual memory, IQ/speed/fluency, executive function, attention and digit span. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with maximum likelihood estimation revealed that the 7-factor model fit observed data from the three groups adequately. Since we identified a factor structure representative of all groups that reduced 24 original variables to 7 variables of interest, factor analysis was useful in reducing the complexity of large batteries of cognitive measures to more manageable numbers of phenotypic variables. Furthermore, these findings provide the first confirmation that cognitive structure is comparable in family members of schizophrenia patients, as well as in patients themselves and controls.
Considering spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) both have own unique natural performance advantages separately, so we utilize a facile hydrothermal route to fabricate a composite which is synthesized by the spinel LTO grown on the rGO sheets. Electrochemical tests reflect that the small ratio of rGO (about 6.2wt %) plays a key role in the improvement of the original morphology, structure and high rate performance. Compared with the previously published LTO/rGO composite, the newly synthesized LTO/rGO composite delivers a higher reversible special capacity of 196.4mAhg−1 at 1C and even exhibits good cycle stability with 98.1% retention after 100 cycles. What’s more, after cycling 500 times at 20C, the discharge capacity of composite retains 154.5mAhg−1 (96.5% retention), whereas the bare LTO is only 69mAhg−1 (79.7% retention). In addition, the Li4Ti5O12/rGO composite possesses fine high rate performance with the specific discharge capacities of 175.3mAhg−1(at 10C), 167mAhg−1 (at 15C) and 160.1mAhg−1(at 20C). Such electrochemical performance is attributed to its unique structure of conductive rGO sheets with clung Li4Ti5O12 particles.
This paper reviews electrolyte additives used in Li-ion batteries. According to their functions, the additives can be divided into these categories: (1) solid electrolyte interface (SEI) forming improver, (2) cathode protection agent, (3) LiPF6 salt stabilizer, (4) safety protection agent, (5) Li deposition improver, and (6) other agents such as solvation enhancer, Al corrosion inhibitor, and wetting agent. The function and mechanism of each category additives are generally described and discussed.
In recent years, how to properly recycle increasing spent LiFePO4 batteries is becoming an extremely thorny subject, which is related to not only a severe environmental pollution but also a serious waste of valuable resources. Here, for the first time, a sustainable and smart approach is established for manufacturing LiFePO4/C/FeS composites from spent LiFePO4 powders as novel anode materials for alkaline Ni-Fe secondary battery. The LiFePO4/C/FeS composites are prepared via a facile ball milling method by using spent LiFePO4 and commercial FeS as raw materials. When serving as host anode material for Ni-Fe battery, the LiFePO4/C/FeS (40 wt%) composite exhibits attractive anodic performance in alkaline solution, with a high specific discharge capacity of ～232.9 mAh g−1 (639.1 mAh g−1 Fe) at 0.2C, prominent high-rate capabilities (～150.7 mAh g−1 (413.5 mAh g−1 Fe) still retains even at a high rate up to 5C) and excellent cyclic stability (with retention of as high as 75.9% of its highest capacity after 300 cycles at 1C). Meaningfully, our study proposes a sustainable and economical approach to produce advanced anodes for alkaline Ni-Fe secondary batteries, simultaneously providing an attractive and facile way to recycle spent LiFePO4 materials in large scale.
F1F0-ATPase has been identified as an operon directly involved in the tolerance of probiotic bacteria towards a hostile acidic environment encountered in the stomach. Expression of atpD (a key part of the F1F0-ATPase operon) gene of the two putative probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum isolates (Lp9 and Lp91) under different in vitro pH conditions which closely mimic the physiological environment prevalent in the human gut was investigated by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). A battery of housekeeping genes, i.e. gapB, dnaG, gyrA, ldhD, rpoD and 16S rRNA, were evaluated using geNorm 3.4 Excel-based application for normalizing atpD gene expression in Lp9 and Lp91. The most stably expressed genes were found to be gapB, gyrA and ldhD. Although both putative probiotic L. plantarum isolates investigated in this study were able to survive acid stress under in vitro conditions, amongst the two, Lp91 exhibited relatively greater acid tolerance, as revealed by 4.7-fold upregulation of the atpD gene as well as higher log counts at pH 2.5 after 90 min These results clearly demonstrate that expression of the ‘atp’ operon was chiefly instrumental in in vitro survival and tolerance of test cultures at acidic conditions encountered in the stomach.
The galvanostatic growth of porous anodic alumina films during the initial transient stages and starting region of steady state was studied by chronopotentiometry, a suitably modelled mass balance method, a high field kinetic model for ions transport in solid oxide and SEM. The results postulate that the nucleation of pores towards the end of the first transient stage results from recrystallization of rare oxide lattice produced in metal|oxide interface, accommodated with Al lattice, to the surface of initially flat film forming nanocrystallites of denser oxide and crack-like holes nuclei of pores between crystallites. During the second transient stage the successive transformation nuclei→pockets→channel-like pores results from simultaneous continuing production of oxide at a slightly declining rate, gradual localization of charge transfer processes from the flat surface to their bottom, recrystallization of oxide in the barrier layer establishing finally a stable gradient of density rising to electrolyte and conversion of barrier layer from flat to close packed shell shaped units accommodating these changes. The enhanced recrystallisation and density rise towards the pore base and wall surface and the necessity for equilibration of stresses inside each barrier layer unit and between neighbouring units yield hemispherical barrier layer units, self-ordering of porous structure approaching the highest possible 2D hexagonal symmetry in finite surface domains and permanent growth of structure in steady state.
Lithium–sulfur batteries are promising next-generation energy storage devices beyond conventional lithium ion batteries. However, it suffers from rapid capacity fading and poor cyclic stability. Here we report a facile in situ sulfur deposition and chemical oxidative polymerization method for preparing acetylene black/sulfur@polypyrrole (AB/S@PPy) composite as a cathode material for lithium–sulfur batteries. It is demonstrated that PPy is covered uniformly onto the surface of the AB/S composite forming a core–shell structure. In the structure, AB in the matrix and PPy on the surface acts as a combined conductive framework to provide ions and electrons transport pathways, and to inhibit the dissolution or diffusion of polysulfide into the electrolyte. The as-designed AB/S@PPy composite exhibits excellent rate capability and cyclic stability. The initial discharge specific capacity is as high as 1179.4 mAh/g, and remains at 769.3 mAh/g after 80 cycles at 0.2 C. Even at a high rate (0.5 C), a maximum discharge capacity of 811.1 mAh/g is still achieved for the AB/S@PPy composite after activation, and the capacity retention is over 62.5% after 200 cycles.
Layered polysilane (Si6H6) has a graphite-like structure with higher capacity than crystalline silicon. The rate of increase of the thickness of a layered polysilane electrode after 10 charge–discharge cycles was smaller than that for a Si powder electrode, although the layered polysilane electrode has higher capacity. The structural changes of electrochemically lithiated and delithiated layered polysilane at room temperature were studied using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Layered polysilane became amorphous by insertion of lithium to 0V, whereas insertion of lithium into crystalline silicon produces Li15Si4. Layered polysilane maintained an amorphous state during lithium insertion and deinsertion, whereas silicon changed between Li15Si4 and amorphous Li x Si, which explains the smaller volume change of a layered polysilane electrode compared with a Si powder electrode.
The redox behavior of the polypyrrole films in the presence of LiClO4 salt in different solvents like propylene carbonate (PC), N,N-dimetilformamide (DMF), methanol (MetOH), ethanol (EtOH), acetonitrile (ACN) and water was investigated using simultaneous electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and cyclic voltammetry experiments. Both charge and mass changes during redox processes were rationalized in terms of multiple regression considering some solvent parameters and ionic transport characteristics. The electroactivity of PPY modified electrodes increase in the sequence PC<DMF<EtOH<MetOH<ACN<water. Also the mass gains in the sequence PC<water<EtOH<DMF<MetOH<ACN, showing clearly the influence of the solvent physico-chemical nature on the electroactivity and electroneutralization processes.
Cognitive impairment is frequent in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and less common in multiple system atrophy (MSA), but characteristics and progression compared with Parkinson’s disease (PD) need to be properly defined. We evaluated 35 PSP with Richardson’s syndrome (PSP-RS), 30 MSA as well as 65 age-, sex-, and education-matched PD with an extensive clinical and neuropsychological assessment, allowing Level II cognitive diagnosis. Eighteen PSP, 12 MSA and 30 PD had a second evaluation between 12 and 18 months (mean 15 months) after the first assessment. PSP performance at Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), verbal fluencies (phonemic and semantic tasks), Stroop test (Error and Time), Digit Span Sequencing (DSS), incomplete letters of Visual Object and Space Perception (VOSP) and Benton’s Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO) performance were significantly poorer at baseline compared to PD and MSA. Executive, language and visuospatial abilities declined longitudinally in PSP, but not in PD and MSA. After 1.5 year, 16% of PSP converted to dementia. Our study provides evidence that cognitive progression is more severe and rapid in PSP-RS than PD and MSA. Further, we observed that MoCA, verbal fluency (particularly semantic), DSS and Benton’s JLO are valuable tests to detect cognitive progression in PSP-RS and may be proposed as possible biomarker to assess efficacy of disease modification strategies.
The effect of the replacement of the carbonyl oxygen in VEC additive by C(CN)2 in the analogous dicyano ketene vinyl ethylene acetal (DCKVEA) on the electrochemical reduction profile is significant. Yet, the additives were proven, through IR spectroscopy supported by DFT computations, by applying EELS techniques and performing synthesis of a reduction product, to reduce in a similar way. Interestingly, the reduction-induced capacities were found to be quite different and can be explained either by the different properties of the SEI, from lithium carbonate and its malononitrile homologue, or by the different abilities of the two additives to solvate Li+.
We report on an effective approach to speed up the measurement of thermodynamic characterization curves (entropy of reaction ΔrS(x)) of rechargeable batteries, in particular commercial 18650 lithium ion cells. We propose and demonstrate a measurement and data processing protocol that reduces the time required to record entropy profiles from time scales of weeks to time scales of hours – without loss in accuracy. For time consuming studies such as investigations on ageing of battery cells, entropy profile measurements thus become as feasible as conventional electrochemical characterisation techniques like dV/dQ or cyclic voltammetry. We demonstrate this at the examples of two ageing protocols applied to a commercial high power and a commercial high energy cell, respectively: (i) accelerated calendric aging by storing cells at 100% state of charge at 60°C and (ii) continuous cycling with a 1C current at 25°C.
Most of the group communication technologies support real-time multimedia applications such as video conferencing and distributed gaming. These applications require quality-of-service (QoS) aware multicast routing protocol to deliver the same data stream to a predefined group of receivers. Since nodes in wireless networks are severely energy constrained due to finite battery source, hence it is of paramount importance that QoS aware multicast routing protocol be energy efficient. Transmission power control is one of the methods used to save energy. In this method, the nodes dynamically adjust the transmission power so that energy consumption in the tree is minimized. However, reduction in the transmission power increases the number of forwarding nodes in the multicast tree. This negatively impacts the QoS in terms of propagation delay, delay jitter, and packet loss etc. In wireless networks, there is a trade-off between the energy consumption and the QoS guarantees provided by the network. We unify these requirements into a multiobjective framework referred to as Energy Efficient QoS Multicast Routing (E2QoSMR). The goal is to simultaneously optimize the total power consumption and the QoS parameters in the multicast tree. We extend two algorithms based on metaphor of swarm intelligence for finding an energy efficient multicast tree satisfying the QoS guarantees. Extensive simulations have been conducted to validate the correctness and efficiency of the algorithms. The simulation result of the algorithms is compared with the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm, NSGA-III. The experimental results are consolidated by statistical analyses that demonstrate the ability of the algorithms to generate the Pareto optimal solution set.
Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are the most important energy storage devices. Novel methods for directly characterizing the behavior of Li ions during battery operations are highly coveted for understanding the fundamental working principles of the batteries and improving their device performances. In this study, we developed a novel method to visualize the change in Li ion distribution in the electrodes of all-solid-state (ASS) LIBs based on the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry technique with an in situ electrical measurement system. We succeeded in directly visualizing the decrease/increase of Li concentration in the cathode composite electrode during the charging/discharging cycles. Our method paves the way to characterize the fundamental aspects of ASS LIBs for improving device performance, including the evaluation of Li-depleted regions, visualization of the conductive paths and analysis of the causes of device degradation.
Different management options are available for the treatment of colloid cysts. Goals of those procedures are to achieve a complete resection avoiding potential long-term recurrence along with CSF pathways restoration with minimal morbidity and mortality. The two main surgical options are endoscopic resection or direct removal by either transfrontal or transcallosal approach. The efficacy of endoscopic technique to achieve gross total colloid cyst excision has been well documented. In the present study, authors describe a series of 29 patients who underwent surgery by a variation of the standard worldwide implemented endoscopic technique. Using a more anterior approach, it is easier to reach the roof of the cyst, its possible adherences with the tela choroidea, plexus, and the internal cerebral veins. The described approach has shown to be safe, quick, and very effective with a total cyst removal rate of 86.2 %.