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Alternative reality (XR) tools are becoming more commonplace in the realm of architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC); however, these digitally immersive technologies vary greatly in their degree of virtuality and individual capabilities. While many studies detail the performance of one specific XR technology for a particular use case, little work exists comparing numerous modern XR technologies in a side-by-side manner for a single use case. In this work, we construct four equal-fidelity, alternative reality environments for the application of spacecraft habitat design evaluation, starting with a baseline habitat mockup constructed in physical reality (PR). Three digital environments—augmented reality, hybrid reality (HR), and virtual reality—were modeled after the PR environment and developed in parallel. The implementation of each environment was carefully documented, along with relative strengths and weaknesses associated with both development and use. Additionally, we have developed a novel HR implementation that includes realistic and intuitive haptics, hand tracking, a fully virtual audiovisual scene, and responsive habitat elements, all wirelessly synched with a game engine and spatially synched with the PR environment. In sum, this work serves as a resource for those considering XR technologies for any variety of applications, particularly in AEC disciplines.
Multi-input converters, used to integrate different renewable energy sources, accommodate a range of sources and pools to their advantage such that the energy source is diversified to enhance utilization and reliability of the renewable source. The literature reports the development of several front-end DC–DC converters that could interface the sources. The topologies were classified based on the energy conversion stages, namely, DC–DC boost converter and voltage source inverter, and the kinds of controllers that control the circuit to ensure stabilization of load and input voltage, maintain component tolerance and system ageing. This is a comprehensive study of mapping the progress of diverse inverter topologies from the recent literature. Advantages, disadvantages, and limitations are given in this critical literature survey, along with the basic operating principles of several topologies.
Na3V2(PO4)3/C/TiO2 (NVP/C/TiO2) composite nanofibers with core/shell nanostructure are prepared by coaxial electrospinning plus heat treatment method. The physical and electrochemical performances of NVP/C/TiO2 nanofibers are investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electrochemical tests. The results show that the composite nanofibers are made of TiO2/C nanoparticles shell and Na3V2(PO4)3/C nanofibers core with embedded TiO2/C nanoparticles. NVP/C/TiO2 nanofibers exhibite much better electrochemical performance than both TiO2/C and Na3V2(PO4)3/C nanofibers prepared by coaxial electrospinning method. The core-shelled NVP/C/TiO2 nanofibers delivere a reversible capacity of 196.1 mAh g−1 at 0.2C (35.6 mA g−1) in the voltage of 0.01–3.0 V (vs.Na+/Na), which is higher than the theoretical capacity of 178 mAh g−1 for Na3V2(PO4)3 and that of TiO2/C composite. NVP/C/TiO2 also displays excellent cycle stability and rate capability. Even at a high rate of 20C, it can still release a high reversible charge capacity of 109 mAh g−1 and retain a capacity of more than 70 mAh g−1 after 1500 cycles. The special microstructure and synergetic effects of Na3V2(PO4)3, conductive carbon and ultrafine TiO2 are responsible for the excellent electrochemical performance. This facile strategy exhibits superiority in fabricating core-shell nanostructured composite nanofibers as promising electrode materials for energy storage devices.
Solid state lithium ion batteries have high potential for future energy storage since they promise high energy density and safety, latter being related to the mechanical properties of the materials. For example the micro-battery, being one application of the solid state batteries, requires a thin solid electrolyte, which renders especially anisotropic behavior of the materials’ properties important. In particular, Li1+xAlxTi2-x (PO4)3 (LATP) is a promising solid electrolyte material that possesses a rhombohedral crystal structure that might lead to such anisotropic mechanical properties. In current work a nanoindentation test is combined with EBSD technique to correlate elastic modulus and hardness of LATP to the crystal orientation. Furthermore, calculations based on the Vlassak-Nix and easy-slip models are adopted to verify the anisotropic mechanical properties. Overall, the experimentally derived elastic modulus and hardness of LATP show similar trends. The experimentally derived indentation modulus agrees well with the prediction of the Vlassak-Nix model. The normalization of the experimentally derived hardness and the hardness ratio from the easy-slip model reveal comparable trends. This work aids a deepening of the understanding of the mechanical properties of LATP electrolyte and provides a basis for further improvement of the Vlassak-Nix and easy-slip models in the application to rhombohedral materials.
The first report on lithium nanoparticles synthesized experimentally is presented. The nanoparticles were obtained using the extract of Opuntia ficus-indica through “green synthesis”. The optical, structural and vibrational properties were studied through optical absorption, TEM microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The particles show a size of approximately 5nm. The absorption bands were found at 315 and 415nm in the samples after the synthesis of the nanoparticles. One Raman band was detected at around 280cm−1. Several levels of approximation of the density functional theory and the Hartree–Fock method on the structural and vibrational study of the lithium clusters (Li n , n =2–18) are incorporated. A radial breathing mode (RMB) type Raman mode was found for the case Li n (n >3) in the predicted Raman spectrum. This mode shows the highest relative intensity for each case, and a shift to lower wavenumbers when the amount of atoms in the cluster increases.
Stonybrook Purification, a spinout of New York's Stony Brook University, has closed the first tranche of a US$4.1 million Series A investment led by Battery Ventures.
Advances in acoustic telemetry technology have led to an improved understanding of the spatial ecology of many freshwater and marine fish species. Understanding the performance of acoustic receivers is necessary to distinguish between tagged fish that may have been present but not detected and from those fish that were absent from the area. In this study, two stationary acoustic transmitters were deployed 250 m apart within each of four acoustic receiver lines each containing at least 10 receivers (i.e., eight acoustic transmitters) located in Saginaw Bay and central Lake Huron for nearly 2 years to determine whether the probability of detecting an acoustic transmission varied as a function of time (i.e., season), location, and distance between acoustic transmitter and receiver. Distances between acoustic transmitters and receivers ranged from 200 m to >10 km in each line. The daily observed probability of detecting an acoustic transmission was used in simulation models to estimate the probability of detecting a moving acoustic transmitter on a line of receivers.
AlSb is a group III–V compound semiconductor material that is conventionally grown by high temperature processes such as Czochralski and Bridgman methods. Development of a method to synthesize AlSb at room temperature will be more economical to help modulate the electronic properties. In this investigation, a pulsed potential electrodeposition method using a room temperature molten salt system (aluminum trichloride, AlCl3/1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride, EMIC) with an addition of SbCl3 is discussed. The potential pulse parameters were established by carrying out cyclic voltammetry at different concentrations of SbCl3 and with varying molar ratios of AlCl3/EMIC. Stoichiometric AlSb deposits were obtained from an acidic AlCl3/EMIC (1.5:1 molar ratio) melt containing 4×10−3 mol/l of SbCl3 onto an ordered TiO2 nanotubular template. The AlSb compound was predominantly amorphous in as-deposited condition and annealing at 350°C for 2h in argon transformed into crystalline phase. The AlSb deposit showed a high resistivity in the order of 109 Ω-cm and a defect concentration of 1016 cm−3 which was attributed to presence of carbon. The deposits obtained from a basic melt (0.67:1 molar ratio of AlCl3/EMIC) were enriched with antimony.
In order to explore one truly green and environment-friendly gel polymer electrolyte (GPE), the natural biopolymer of lignin is firstly all over the world used as matrix to prepare GPE. The electrolyte membrane based on lignin can be easily fabricated just with lignin, liquid electrolyte and distilled water. Through comprehensive investigation of obtained GPE, it is found that the liquid electrolyte uptake reaches up to 230 wt.%; before 100 °C, GPE does not lose any weight and is thermal stable; at room temperature the ion conductivity is 3.73 mS cm−1; the amazing property of lithium ion transference number is high up to 0.85; GPE expresses complete electrochemical stability before 7.5 V and favorable compatibility with lithium anode; the outstanding cell performance of C-rate and cycle capacity. All these remarkably excellent performances endow lignin with application potential in GPE used in lithium ion batteries (LIBs) with higher performances.
The electrochemical performance of LiGa y Co1−y O2 electrodes, y =0.005 and 0.1, was studied. Charge/discharge curves in galvanostatic condition were obtained for a series of voltages ranging from 4.35 to 4.7V. Samples were previously characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and conductivity measurements. Comparison of data obtained for LiGa y Co1−y O2 and the pristine oxide LiCoO2 is provided. Ga doping at 0.5mol% drastically reduces the electrode capacity fading when charges at 4.35 or 4.5V are applied, while Ga doping at 10mol% spoils the Ga-doped oxides electrochemical response, even at a cut-off limit of 4.35V. These positive and negative effects were attributed to changes in both the electronic conductivity and local structure of LiCoO2, induced by substitution of Co for Ga and cationic disorder. For y =0.005, a slight distortion in the LiCoO2 local structure occurs, and formation of states in the band gap that the raise oxide electronic conductivity is observed, explaining the electrochemical improvement in LiGa y Co1−y O2. In contrast, hybridization with oxygen occurs when y =0.1, opening LiCoO2 band gap and making LiGa y Co1−y O2 an insulator and a cationic disorder material that leads to poor electrochemical performance. Finally, XAS results show that Ga doping does not change the LiCoO2 charge transfer mechanisms, where oxygen is reduced during lithium extraction.
Herein, a poly(vinylidene fluoride)-Polymethylmethacrylate-poly(lithium methacrylate) (PVDF-PMMA-PMALi) ternary composite binder is adopted for fabricating graphite porous electrode for the first time. The graphite anode with the optimized composite binder exhibits enhanced ionic conductivity, increased flexibility of the binder matrix and significantly improved electrochemical properties compared to that with pure PVDF binder. At a very high discharge rate of 50C, the graphite electrode with ternary binder still retains ca. 96.2% of its capacity while the electrode based on PVDF binder only delivers 16.2%. Additionally, high reversible capacity retentions are obtained to be 86.6, 50.1 and 21.9% of its reversible capacity at 0.1C at the same charge/discharge rates of 1C, 2C and 5C, respectively. These results enable us to get deep insight into the rational design of blended binder with interior synergistic effect for high-rate and long-life Li-ion battery anodes.
In this study, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was modified with poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (PEGME) using borane–tetrahydrofuran (BH3/THF) complex. Molecular weights of both PVA and PEGME were varied prior to reaction. Boron containing comb-branched copolymers were produced and abbreviated as PVA1PEGMEX and PVA2PEGMEX. Then polymer electrolytes were successfully prepared by doping of the host matrix with CF3SO3Li at several stoichiomeric ratios with respect to EO to Li. The materials were characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 11B NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The ionic conductivity of these novel polymer electrolytes were studied by dielectric-impedance spectroscopy. Li-ion conductivity of these polymer electrolytes depends on the length of the side units as well as the doping ratio. Such electrolytes possess satisfactory ambient temperature ionic conductivity (>10−4 Scm−1). Cyclic voltammetry results illustrated that the electrochemical stability domain extends over 4V.
LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 has been synthesized by an ultrasonic-assisted sol–gel method. The precursor is heat treated at a series of temperatures from 650°C to 1000°C. The structure and physical–chemical properties of the as-prepared powder are investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) thermal gravimetric and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests in detail. As temperature goes up, the particle size increases, the reactivity of the material in 4V region becomes more obvious, the structure of the samples become more stable and it behaves optimal electrochemical properties as the material is heat treated at 850°C. When it is used as cathode active material in a lithium battery, it delivers high initial capacity of 134.5mAhg−1 (corresponding to 91.7% of the theoretical capacity), and high rate discharge capability, e.g., 133.4, 120.6, 111.4, 103.2 and 99.3mAhg−1 as discharged at 0.5, 1, 5, 10 and 15C (1C=148mAg−1)-rates, respectively. It also shows satisfactory capacity retention even at high rate of 5C, which is about 99.83% of the capacity retention per cycle.
VS2 nanosheets electrode material was successfully synthesized by the hydrothermal method, and the electrode material (C-Fe/PANI) based on the carbonization of Fe cations adsorbed onto polyaniline (PANI) was directly synthesized on a nickel foam (current collector) by pyrolysis of the iron-PANI mixture coated on nickel foam in a tube furnace under the N2 atmosphere. The structural and morphological characterization of the as-synthesized electrode materials was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical behavior of each working electrode was analyzed in a three-electrode cell configuration using 6 M KOH electrolyte, and thereafter, a hybrid (asymmetric) device was successfully fabricated using VS2 nanosheets as the positive electrode and C-Fe/PANI as a negative electrode. The fabricated VS2//C-Fe/PANI asymmetric device was found to perform at a high applied potential difference of 1.7 V in 6 M KOH. At a current density of 2 A g−1, this device exhibited high energy and power densities of 27.8 Wh kg−1 and 2991.5 W kg−1 respectively. In addition, a VS2//C-Fe/PANI device showed excellent cycling stability with 95% capacity retention over 10,000 galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 5 A g−1.
SiOx-based electrodes have shown great potential as lithium ion battery anodes because of their high specific capacity. Nonetheless, synthesis of SiOx-based anodes in an industrially adaptable scale still remains as a great challenge. Herein, we adopt a highly efficient colloidal route to enable scalable and high yield synthesis of core-shell SiOx/C composite. The prepared SiOx/C composite presents a well-distributed nanostructure composing of SiOx nanoparticles coated with a thinner carbon layer. The electrode delivers a stable reversible capacity of ca. 820 mAh g−1 over 100 cycles, and exhibits excellent rate capability. The nano-scale feature of SiOx and the coating carbon layer ensure the excellent electrochemical performance of SiOx/C. The approach is facile, mild and mass-productive, which can be adopted for tunable large-scale production of high-capacity SiOx/C composite anode.
Separation of the main metals contained in spent Li-ion batteries has been investigated using a treatment route consisting of the following steps: manual dismantling, acid leaching, precipitation with NH4OH and liquid–liquid extraction using Cyanex 272 [bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid] as the extractant agent. Aluminium, cobalt, lead and lithium were the main metal species identified in the residue. Lead was found solely in the anode of the battery, so this metal can be separated manually from the other metal species, which were found to predominate in the cathode. The following operational variables were investigated in the acid leaching step: temperature, solid/liquid ratio, H2SO4 concentration and H2O2 concentration which was used as the oxidizing agent. Around 55% of aluminium, 80% of cobalt and 95% of lithium were leached from the cathode when leaching solutions with H2O2 were carried out. In the precipitation step, NH4OH was added to the leach liquor to raise the pH and aluminium was partially separated from cobalt and lithium at pH 5. After filtration, the aqueous solution was submitted to a purification step by liquid–liquid extraction with Cyanex 272 and around 85% of cobalt was separated.
Air-based flow batteries have triggered huge interests as promising large-scale energy storage devices due to their high energy density and extremely low cost. However, the sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) lower their energy conversion efficiencies. Herein, we in situ grow amorphous NiSx-FeOy particles on sulfur doped carbon fiber paper (termed as NiSx-FeOy/SCFP) as practical self-supported oxygen electrode through a simple and economic synthesis route. Benefiting from the synergetic effects of amorphous NiSx-FeOy and SCFP, NiSx-FeOy/SCFP possesses massively accessible active sites, enhanced electrons and reactants transfer, and stable integrated structure, exhibiting a low overpotential (0.37 V) at 10 mA cm−2 for OER, a positive half-wave potential for ORR and a small potential gap (0.82 V). Zinc air flow battery assembled with newly developed NiSx-FeOy/SCFP shows a coulombic efficiency of 100% and a voltage efficiency of 50% at the charge-discharge current of 10 mA cm−2, and vigorously operates 110 h without performance decay, showing highly catalytic activity and super cycling stability, which are among the best performance ever reported. We believe that this work will open up new ways for fabricating practical oxygen electrode for metal air based batteries applications.
Physical security involves applying resources to the task of protecting our physical, human, and intellectual property assets from plunder, theft, or exploitation. Looking back to its historical roots, there is a clear line of development from the science and art of warfare. In particular, technologies that can improve the efficiency and affordability of physical security have largely come from military and defense research and development.
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have been investigated as a promising renewable energy source, although harvesting energy from MFCs is not a simple task because of their low terminal voltage and output power. For an energy harvesting system (EHS) for MFC, controlling the MFC's operating point to track the maximum power point (MPP) is essential to maximize the harvested energy, but it requires a complex control system that consumes significant amount of energy. Although this control power is a critical factor because of its substantial impact on overall efficiency, it has been largely neglected. Furthermore, the transient of MFC reactor has not been taken into consideration enough for MPPT algorithms even though it could significantly affect the operation of such algorithms. In this paper, a net power positive EHS for MFC is proposed, which has a microcontroller that tracks the MPP using a novel power estimation method considering the dynamics of MFC reactor. The proposed EHS uses only a fraction of the harvested MFC power and was able to operate at a steady-state MPP without any external power. The experimental results show that the overall efficiency of the proposed system at MPP is 59.4% with a microcontroller power consumption of 8.67 μW.
LiCoPO4, a high voltage cathode material, was synthesized by supercritical solvothermal method at 400°C for 4min of reaction time. The synthesized plate like particles showed 50–200nm in width, 100–300nm in length and side length from 5 to 15nm. The single phase of pristine particles was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis; the morphology and size were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The use of oleylamine played a vital role in designing the plate like morphology. The electrochemical property was investigated for carbon coated plate like LiCoPO4 cathode by galvanostatic charge–discharge method. The carbon coated LiCoPO4 particles exhibited 130mAhg−1 for the first cycle and 98mAhg−1 for the 10th cycle. The capacity fade was observed with cycle performance and rate performance was also investigated.
The electrochemistry of lithium is investigated in a number of electrolytes that consist of a lithium salt dissolved in a combined ionic liquid-organic diluent medium. We find that ethylene carbonate and vinylene carbonate improve electrochemical behaviour, while toluene and tetrahydrofuran are less promising.We also present insights into the electrode passivation caused by these diluents in an ionic liquid electrolyte during lithium cycling. We observe that during lithium cycling those electrolytes with carbonate based diluents are the most able to utilise their previously reported improved lithium ion diffusivities. Conversely, tetrahydrofuran, the most promising diluent of those studied in terms of its known ability to increase lithium ion diffusivity is found not to be as advantageous as a diluent. It appears that the poor electrochemical interfacial properties of the tetrahydrofuran electrolyte prevented the realisation of the benefits of the high solution lithium ion diffusivity.
Featured with superior structural stability and highest redox potential, the olivine LiCoPO4 parades itself as a conceit battery-type material. To deploy its foot in the field of hybrid supercapacitors a series of LiCoPO4 with three contrasting morphologies were achieved. The evolution of morphology from clustered microspheres to elongated rods and multifaceted submicronic particles has an appreciative effect on the particle size and electrochemical properties. Endowed with distinct qualities such as high crystallinity, and multifaceted morphology, LiCoPO4 prepared at alkaline pH provides a superior specific capacity of 381 C g−1 (1060 F g−1) at 1 mV s−1 and a maximum discharge specific capacity of 253 C g−1 (631 F g−1) at 0.6 mA cm−2. The fabricated hybrid supercapacitor using prepared LiCoPO4 at the pH-12 condition as a battery type positive electrode and Fe2O3 as the negative electrode provides a grander energy density of 18 Wh kg−1 at an enhanced power density of 443 W kg−1 with a sustained cyclic performance for about 5000 cycles.