batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Nano-conductive additives in composite electrodes play a significant role in influencing the electrochemical performance of the carbon anode in Li-ion batteries. These additives with a high electronic conductivity lead to the formation of a uniform solid-electrolyte interfacial layer, improved cycle life, and rate capability. In this work, the parameters that lead to such a performance improvement, namely the kinetic and transport properties, are carefully studied with carbon black (CB), carbon nanotubes (CNT) and a mixture of the two as conductive additives in mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) anode. Experimental measurements indicate that the electrochemical reaction rate is controlled by interfacial kinetics up to moderately high C-rate (<6C). Though nano-additives do not affect the solid phase diffusivity, the diffusion of Li-ion is considerably influenced by stages and their coexistence that is revealed through X-ray diffraction of cells at different depths of discharge. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of half-cells cycled at different temperatures, the activation energy for charge transfer reaction and activation energy for SEI layer diffusion are estimated. The results exhibit an improvement in electron transfer and an ionically conducting SEI layer with the use of a mixture of CB and CNT as conductive additives. It is expected that the estimated kinetic and transport parameters and their temperature dependence for the additives under consideration will be of tremendous utility in the thermal, electrochemical, or aging modeling of batteries employing MCMB as anode material.
We report a facile strategy to synthesize a hierarchical core-sheath PANi@MoS2 nanocomposite as an advanced electrode material for high-performance electrochemical capacitor applications. Hierarchical core-sheath PANi@MoS2 nanostructure is prepared in a one-pot synthesis via a hydrothermal redox reaction between ammonium tetrathiomolybdate and polyaniline nanofibers. Structural and morphological characterizations of the as-prepared PANi@MoS2 nanocomposite are investigated by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. The obtained PANi@MoS2 electrode displays a good electrochemical capacitance performance with a specific capacitance of 450Fg−1 under 0.5M H2SO4. More importantly, the core-sheath structure of PANi@MoS2 electrode enhances the structural stability during the electrochemical process and thus improves the electrochemical cycling stability of the electrode significantly, which retains 80% in specific capacitance after 2000 charge/discharge processes.
The re-heating effect for Ni-rich Li[Ni0.7Mn0.3]O2 is investigated because the process is required in surface modification and removal of adhered water molecules. A representative binary Ni-rich Li[Ni0.7Mn0.3]O2 (in which cationic distribution in Li layers is not affected by heteroelements) is selected and synthesized via co-precipitation. The as-synthesized Ni-rich Li[Ni0.7Mn0.3]O2 is re-heated at 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C, so that the resulting structural and electrochemical properties are compared by means of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, time of flight-secondary ion spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, high temperature X-ray diffraction, and electrochemical tests. Raising the re-heating temperature increases the occupancy of Ni2+ in Li layers and accelerates the aggregation of lithium-related compounds such as Li2CO3 and LiOH towards the particle surface. Among the several conditions tested, re-heating at 200 °C results in a negligible change in the crystal structure; specifically, Ni2+ occupation in Li layers, higher capacity with good reversibility upon cycling tests, better rate capability, and thermal properties. Therefore, re-heating of cathode active materials, in particular Ni-rich compositions, should be considered to stabilize both electrode performances and thermal properties.
Carbon-constraint Fe3N nanoparticles (Fe3N@C) with a unique core-shell structure are successfully realized through a facile 2-step process: fabricating Fe@C core-shell nanoparticles by DC arc-discharge method and subsequently converting them into Fe3N@C through chemical nitriding reactions. A series of technological conditions are carried out to manipulate the core components and the shell structure. Owing to the protection of carbon shell, the nanoparticles own clear morphology and fine dispersion without distinct sintering. The Fe3N@C nanoparticles are applied as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries and exhibit high electric capacity in long-term cyclic charge/discharge process. Their excellent performance comes from the electrochemical lithiation/delithiation reactivity of the Fe3N core, while stable nanostructure of the electrodes sustained in the long cycles benefits from the constraint of carbon shell mostly.
Due to the low cost and abundance of multivalent metallic resources (Mg/Al/Zn/Ca), multivalent rechargeable batteries (MRBs) are promising alternatives to Li-ion and Pb-acid batteries for grid-scale stationary energy storage applications. However, the high performance of inorganic electrode materials in Li-ion batteries does not extend to MRBs, because the high charge density of multivalent cations dramatically reduces their diffusivity in the crystal lattice of inorganic materials. To achieve high-performance MRBs, organic electrode materials (OEMs) with abundant structural diversity and high structural tunability offer opportunities. This review presents an overview of the state-of-the-art OEMs in MRBs, including non-aqueous rechargeable Mg/Al/Zn and aqueous rechargeable Mg/Al/Zn/Ca batteries. The advantages, challenges, development, mechanism, structure, and performance of OEMs in MRBs are discussed in detail. To provide a comprehensive and thorough understanding of OEMs in MRBs, the correlation between molecular structure and electrochemical behavior is also summarized and discussed. This review offers insights for the rational structure design and performance optimization of advanced OEMs in MRBs.
This study investigates the relationship between mental-state language and theory of mind in primary school children. The participants were 110 primary school students (mean age=9 years and 7 months; SD =12.7 months). They were evenly divided by gender and belonged to two age groups (8- and 10-year-olds). Linguistic, metacognitive and cognitive measures were used to assess the following competencies: verbal ability, use of mental-state terms, understanding of metacognitive language, understanding of second-order false beliefs, and emotion comprehension. Correlations between children’ use of mental-state language and their performance on theory-of-mind tasks were moderate, whereas correlations between children's comprehension of such language and ToM abilities were high. In addition, regression analyses showed that comprehension of metacognitive language was the variable which best explained children's performance on both false belief tasks and an emotion comprehension test when verbal ability and age were controlled for.
Modern electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) require a reliable battery management system (BMS). The remaining energy and the state-of-energy (SoE) are very important indexes for the embedded BMS used in both EV and HEV applications. As a case study in the embedded BMS, this paper presents the implementation of remaining energy prediction based on the μC/OS-II real time operating system (RTOS). In considering that there are accumulated errors caused by inevitable drift noise of the current or voltage sensors, a model based SoE estimator is developed based on a first-order RC equivalent circuit model. Moreover, the Bayesian learning technique is used for SoE estimation to get accurate and robustness estimation results. Lastly, two different kinds of batteries are carried out under laboratory experiments and real road test to verify the robustness of the proposed SoE estimation approach. The results indicate that the maximum absolute estimation error (MAEE) and the root-mean square error (RMSE) are within 2% and 1% for both LiFePO4 and Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 batteries.
Developmental dyslexia is a language-based learning disability with frequently associated non-linguistic sensory deficits that have been the basis of various perception-based theories. It remains an open question whether the underlying deficit in dyslexia is a low level impairment that causes speech and orthographic perception deficits that in turn impedes higher phonological and reading processes, or a high level impairment that affects both perceptual and reading related skills. We investigated by means of contrast detection thresholds two low-level theories of developmental dyslexia, the magnocellular and the fast temporal processing hypotheses, as well as a more recent suggestion that dyslexics have difficulties in sequential comparison tasks that can be attributed to a higher-order deficit. It was found that dyslexics had significantly higher thresholds only on a sequential, but not a spatial, detection task, and that this impairment was found to be independent of the inter-stimulus interval. We also found that the poor performance of dyslexics on the temporal task was dependent on the size of the required memory trace of the image rather than on the number of images. Our findings do not support the magnocellular theory and challenge the fast temporal deficit hypothesis. We suggest that dyslexics may have a higher order, dual mechanism impairment. We also discuss the clinical implications of our findings.
Examples of work published recently in Dalton Transactions are used to illustrate some emerging themes and trends in the inorganic chemistry of solids at the turn of the millennium. Among the topics surveyed are the synthesis of new classical solids, especially by low temperature methods; organic–inorganic composite lattices, including inclusion compounds; supramolecular organisation and directed synthesis, and new molecular compounds with unusual collective electronic properties, such as superconductivity and magnetism.
Li1+x FePO4 (0≤ x ≤3) as anode material for lithium ion batteries has been studied using ab initio calculations. Results show that large amount of lithium ions can be intercalated into LiFePO4 host. The structure changes continuously when the first two Moles of lithium ions (x ≤2) are intercalated into the LiFePO4 host, accompanied by large volume expansion (37.4% and 25.4% for the first and second Mole). The final product of Li3FePO4 possesses a stable chained structure, which is favorable for storing even more lithium. In the same time, lithium ion diffuses in a three-dimension pathway within the chained structure. The unit cell volume increases only by 4.9% from Li3FePO4 to Li4FePO4, and the chained structure keeps unchanged.
A nontoxic, noncorrosive, and environmentally friendly aqueous zinc-ion battery based on copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) has been recently developed. In this work the effect of the electrolyte (nature and concentration), as well as current rate, on the aging of the positive electrode during the operation of the battery are investigated. By using differential charge curves, it is possible to observe how the reaction equilibrium potential and overpotential are changing during the cycling. In particular, it is possible to see a clear change of the reaction mechanism, identified through the simultaneous appearance of a second redox peak and decrease of the main redox peak upon cycling. Such shift of the reaction path is also accompanied by a decrease of the reversible specific charge of the material. ICP-MS data suggest that such fading of the performances is not related to the dissolution of the active material. The aging is occurring at a shorter number of cycles when the concentration of the electrolyte is higher and when the current rate is lower. A mechanism for the phase transformation is proposed.
Background There is no literature investigating denial of aggression in schizophrenia. Our goal was to study this phenomenon and to determine what deficits are associated with it. Methods 102 inpatients with schizophrenia were divided into three groups: (1) patients with a documented history of violent crime who denied it on extensive interviews (“deniers”); (2) those with such a history who admitted to it; and (3) those without violent crime. Patients were administered a psychometrically validated self-report scale of aggression, the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and a comprehensive neurocognitive battery. They were followed for twelve weeks during which all violent incidents were recorded. Results The deniers were significantly more impaired in executive function, but not in any other cognitive domain. They did not evidence more severe psychotic symptoms or greater lack of insight in their psychosis, but this lack of insight was strongly related to hostility and suspiciousness. Their denial of aggression was also evidenced in a significantly lower self-reported BPAQ aggression score. In the patients who admitted to violent crimes, baseline BPAQ aggression score predicted subsequent aggression; in the deniers, it was negatively related to subsequent aggression. Conclusion Denial of aggression is associated with executive dysfunction which facilitates a misappraisal of the surrounding world as threatening and hostile. For those who admit to crimes, self-reported aggression predicts future aggression. In contrast, in the deniers, the extent of denial is related to future aggression. The denial itself is a marker of greater aggressive tendencies.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are developmental disorders which are thought primarily to affect social functioning. However, there is now a growing body of evidence that unusual sensory processing is at least a concomitant and possibly the cause of many of the behavioural signs and symptoms of ASD. A comprehensive and critical review of the phenomenological, empirical, neuroscientific and theoretical literature pertaining to visual processing in ASD is presented, along with a brief justification of a new theory which may help to explain some of the data, and link it with other current hypotheses about the genetic and neural aetiologies of this enigmatic condition.
Currently developed metal–gas batteries include various metal–CO2 batteries, but in the area of N2-based batteries, only Li–N2 and Na–N2 batteries have been demonstrated. According to Gibbs free energy calculations, an Al–N2 electrochemistry system would possess even higher spontaneity, and metallic Al is safe for storage and transportation. However, an Al–N2 system has not been demonstrated so far. Herein, for the first time, a rechargeable Al–N2 battery system is proposed and demonstrated with an ionic-liquid electrolyte, a graphene-supported Pd (graphene/Pd) catalyst cathode, and a low-cost Al anode. The battery realizes both energy storage and the production of AlN through sucking up a N2 feedstock. AlN can be easily further converted to an NH3-based product, which is essential for the manufacturing of nitrogenous fertilizers and is regarded as an ideal carbon-free energy carrier. In this system, the formation and decomposition of the cathodic AlN product upon cycling are prerequisites for battery rechargeability and cyclability. Remarkably, the battery system exhibits excellent N2 fixation capabilities with an impressive faradaic efficiency (FE) of 51.2%, far outperforming other systems (FE: ∼5%). This work not only demonstrates the first Al–N2 battery system enabling energy conversion, but it also offers a promising alternative method for artificial N2 fixation to the energy-intensive Haber–Bosch process and the low-FE electrochemical N2 reduction reaction in aqueous electrolytes.
A light electric vehicle (LEV) equipped a hybrid power system has been developed in the present work. The hybrid power system consisted of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell and a lithium-ion battery. The former serves the major propulsion power, while the later takes some of the peak power requirement as well as allows regenerative braking. First, major components of the hybrid power system such as a fuel cell stack, a membrane humidifier, a lithium-ion battery pack, a microcontroller, a DC/DC converter, and hydrogen storage canisters (HSCs) are developed and verified. Special attention will be placed on the implementation of the stack-humidifier assembly and the hydrogen storage canister. Then, a breadboard test to assess the efficiency of the hybrid power system is provided. Subsequently, a driving test and demonstration of the hybrid LEV is carried out. Finally, the proportion of power from the fuel cell and the lithium-ion battery is analyzed under various driving conditions such as idle, starting, acceleration, and braking. Results of this work might help directing future studies on the hybrid power system in the most promising way.
New energy materials that act as clean power sources and data science are developing rapidly in the past decades and the advancement of the two research areas have significantly benefited the development of each other. At the meantime, structural information of materials have been obtained and stored in various structure databases, such as the Cambridge Structure Database (CSD) and the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD). Researchers have developed various structure-property relationships of the energy materials, which could be applied to screen the potential suitable materials from structure databases; this has become an efficient route to explore and design new energy materials. In this article, we review recent progresses on the data mining study of new energy materials based on structure databases such as CSD and ICSD, in the context of dye-sensitized solar cells and perovskite solar cells, and also include other energy systems such as water splitting systems, lithium batteries, thermoelectric devices and gas adsorbent materials. The structure descriptors that are more fundamental in the data mining procedure employing the structure-properties relationships are focused; the structural descriptors are complementary to the quantum descriptors and are efficient in the materials design process. We believe that with the successful formulation of more advanced and case-by-case structure-property relationships of energy materials, many new energy materials could be efficiently identified with much lower cost and shorter design period via the data mining process.
Flake-like Co/Al layered double hydroxides (Co/Al LDHs) were synthesized by using a facile and free-template hydrothermal method. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is obtained by a simple, clean and controlled hydrothermal reduction route to convert graphene oxide (GO) to stable graphene solution which avoided reductant. Because of their unique structure, both materials exhibit excellent electrochemical performances, which the maximum specific capacitance of Co/Al LDHs is 1158F/g and rGO is 223.2F/g. An asymmetric capacitor incorporating the LDHs as the positive electrode and the rGO as the negative electrode was fabricated. The experimental results indicate that the optimized asymmetric supercapacitor shows intriguing performances with a maximum specific capacitance of 97.5 F/g and high energy density of 34.7Wh/kg at a cell voltage of 1.6V. A good electrochemical stability with 93% specific capacitance retained was demonstrated after consecutive 2000 cycle numbers. Because of the large mass loading and high energy density, this device after 2000 cycles still drives a red light-emitting-diode (LED). This impressive result presented here may have outstanding potential in commercial applications.
Complex aluminum hydrides have been widely studied as potential hydrogen storage materials but also, for some time now, for electrochemical applications. This review summarizes the crystal structures of alkali and alkaline earth aluminum hydrides and correlates structure properties with physical and chemical properties of the hydride compounds. The crystal structures of the alkali metal aluminum hydrides change significantly during the stepwise dehydrogenation. The general pathway follows a transformation of structures built of isolated [AlH4]− tetrahedra to structures built of isolated [AlH6]3− octahedra. The crystal structure relations in the group of alkaline earth metal aluminum hydrides are much more complicated than those of the alkali metal aluminum hydrides. The structures of the alkaline earth metal aluminum hydrides consist of isolated tetrahedra but the intermediate structures exhibit chains of corner-shared octahedra. The coordination numbers within the alkali metal group increase with cation sizes which goes along with an increase of the decomposition temperatures of the primary hydrides. Alkaline earth metal hydrides have higher coordination numbers but decompose at slightly lower temperatures than their alkali metal counterparts. The decomposition pathways of alkaline metal aluminum hydrides have not been studied in all cases and require future research.
Weight loss in patients with cancer is caused by cancer cachexia and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Recent developments in antiemetic drugs have substantially improved nausea and vomiting, but this intervention did not reduce weight loss and other more severe side effects of chemotherapy, like anorexia, weakness, cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, and pain. This study aimed to investigate the effects of nutrition intervention with a food supplement, during chemotherapy in patients with advanced nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients received individualized nutrition counseling by a registered dietitian and were provided with oral supplements of Texidrofolico® for 90 days. Bodyweight and the mentioned other side effects were evaluated at baseline and after 90 days of intervention. To assess the effects of this dietary supplement, a total of 30 patients were retrospectively enrolled as controls, and the bodyweight and change in side effects of chemotherapy were compared with those observed in 30 Texidrofolico®-treated patients. After 90-day intervention, by oral supplement of Texidrofolico®, the patients, during the course of cytotoxic chemotherapy, showed an improved quality of life and not significant weight and BMI loss respect the control group. Furthermore, the number of patients, treated with Texidrofolico® who maintained or increased their body weight, after 90 days of treatment was significantly higher than in the control group. The effects of treatment with the food supplement have also been studied from a metabolic point of view. It was possible to find that one of the known markers of tumor growth, plasma polyamines, was reduced after the treatment. A possible relationship between these biogenic amines and the folate cycle is discussed. In conclusion, early intensive nutrition intervention with oral supplements of Texidrofolico® during chemotherapy of NSCLC patients prevents weight loss and it is beneficial for their quality of life.