batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This paper presents dynamic behavior and simulation results in a stand-alone hybrid power generation system of wind turbine, microturbine, solar array and battery storage. The hybrid system consists of a 195kW wind turbine, an 85kW solar array; a 230kW microturbine and a 2.14kAh lead acid battery pack optimized based on economic analysis using genetic algorithm (GA). At first, a developed Lyapunov model reference adaptive feedback linearization method accompanied by an indirect space vector control is applied for extraction of maximum energy from a variable speed wind power generation system. Then, a fuzzy logic controller is designed for the mentioned purpose and its performance is compared with the proposed adaptive controller. For meeting more load demands, the solar array is integrated with the wind turbine. In addition, the microturbine and the battery storage are combined with the wind and solar power generation system as a backup to satisfy the load demand under all conditions. A supervisory controller is designed in order to manage energy between the maximum energy captured from the wind turbine/solar arrays, and consumed energies of the load, dump load, battery state of charge (SOC), and generated energy by the microturbine. Dynamic modeling and simulation are accomplished using MATLAB Simulink™ 7.2.
Co–S samples were synthesized by different methods and investigated as the negative materials for alkaline rechargeable batteries. The phase structure of the samples was characterized by XRD. Electrochemical measurements showed that the Co–S electrodes prepared by physical mixture displayed high discharge capacities and excellent cycle stability, while the CoS compound electrodes displayed poor discharge capacities. The reaction mechanism and the reasons for the differences of the Co–S electrodes were investigated. It is found that the reversible reaction between Co and Co(OH)2 is dominant for all the Co–S electrodes. The various existence forms of sulfur result in distinct utilization of Co in the samples, leading to quite different electrochemical properties.
Background and aim Little is known about the relationship between neurocognitive performance and functional outcome before the onset of frank psychosis. This longitudinal study aimed to investigate neurocognitive predictors of poor functional outcome in a group identified as ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis between two and 13years prior. Method Individuals (N =230) identified as UHR for psychosis at the PACE Clinic in Melbourne completed assessment of psychopathology, functioning and neurocognition at baseline and follow-up. The mean length of follow-up was 7.26years (SD 3.05). Results Forty-one individuals with the poorest functional outcome were identified. Only 48.8% of this group had transitioned to psychosis. Poor functional outcome was associated with reduced performance at baseline in the specific neurocognitive domains of verbal learning and memory, processing speed and attention, and verbal fluency, but not global cognitive impairment. Reduced performance on a verbal story recall task, in combination with higher negative symptoms at baseline, was the best predictor of later poor outcome. Baseline positive psychotic symptoms and GAF scores were not associated with later poor outcome. Discussion To date, this is the longest follow-up study of an UHR sample. Poor functional outcome was associated with specific neurocognitive decrements, regardless of transition to psychosis. The detection of individuals with poor functioning at follow-up, against a background of previously identified risk factors for psychotic disorder, may yield a valid group in which to study biomarkers and treatment of schizophrenia.
We present a design for a near-ultraviolet (NUV) imaging instrument which may be flown on a range of available platforms, including high-altitude balloons, nanosatellites, or space missions. Although all current UV space missions adopt a Ritchey-Chrétien telescope design, this requires aspheric optics, making the optical system complex, expensive and challenging for manufacturing and alignment. An all-spherical configuration is a cost-effective and simple solution. We have aimed for a small payload which may be launched by different platforms and we have designed a compact, light-weight payload which will withstand all launch loads. No other UV payloads have been previously reported with an all-spherical optical design for imaging in the NUV domain and a weight below 2 kg. Our main science goal is focused on bright UV sources not accessible by the more sensitive large space UV missions.
One of the main diagnostic features of individuals with autism spectrum disorders is nonverbal behaviour difficulties during naturalistic social interactions. The ‘Interactional Heterogeneity Hypothesis’ of ASD proposes that the degree to which individuals share a common ground substantially influences their ability to achieve smooth social interactions.
Publisher Summary This purpose of this chapter is to discuss the major components of a typical remotely operated system (ROV) system alongwith everyday underwater tasks ROVs perform. An ROV is basically a robot which has the ability to move under its own power. The ROV system, is one of the simplest robotic designs, complex assignments can be accomplished with a variety of closed-loop aids to navigation. Designing efficient and cost-effective systems with the user in mind is critical to the success of the product and ultimately the mission. all components of an ROV system should be rated to the maximum operating depth of the underwater environment anticipated, including safety factors. Careful consideration should be given during the design phase of any ROV system to avoid over-engineering the vehicle.
In situ probing of surface species and incipient phases is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of chemical and energy transformation processes. Here we report Ag nanoparticles coated with a thin-film SiO2 shell that demonstrate excellent thermal robustness and chemical stability for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) study of solid oxide fuel cell materials under in situ conditions (at ∼400 °C).
We identified a PSEN1 (presenilin 1) mutation carrier from the world’s largest autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease kindred, who did not develop mild cognitive impairment until her seventies, three decades after the expected age of clinical onset. The individual had two copies of the APOE3 Christchurch (R136S) mutation, unusually high brain amyloid levels and limited tau and neurodegenerative measurements. Our findings have implications for the role of APOE in the pathogenesis, treatment and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease.
Pure, nano-sized LiFePO4 and carbon-coated LiFePO4 (LiFePO4/C) positive electrode (cathode) materials are synthesized by a mechanical activation process that consists of high-energy ball milling and firing steps. The influence of the processing parameters such as firing temperature, firing time and ball-milling time on the structure, particle size, morphology and electrochemical performance of the active material is investigated. An increase in firing temperature causes a pronounced growth in particle size, especially above 600°C. A firing time longer than 10h at 600°C results in particle agglomeration; whereas, a ball milling time longer than 15h does not further reduce the particle size. The electrochemical properties also vary considerably depending on these parameters and the highest initial discharge capacity is obtained with a LiFePO4/C sample prepared by ball milling for 15h and firing for 10h at 600°C. Comparison of the cyclic voltammograms of LiFePO4 and LiFePO4/C shows enhanced reaction kinetics and reversibility for the carbon-coated sample. Good cycle performance is exhibited by LiFePO4/C in lithium batteries cycled at room temperature. At the high current density of 2C, an initial discharge capacity of 125mAhg−1 (73.5% of theoretical capacity) is obtained with a low capacity fading of 0.18% per cycle over 55 cycles.
The utilization of oxygen redox is a promising way of designing high-energy cathode materials for batteries. Here, Tarascon and colleagues report a class of Li-rich layered sulfides and unravel the potential of sulfur redox.
Evaluating a battery fuel gauge (BFG) algorithm is a challenging problem due to the fact that there are no reliable mathematical models to represent the complex features of a Li-ion battery, such as hysteresis and relaxation effects, temperature effects on parameters, aging, power fade (PF), and capacity fade (CF) with respect to the chemical composition of the battery. The existing literature is largely focused on developing different BFG strategies and BFG validation has received little attention. In this paper, using hardware in the loop (HIL) data collected form three Li-ion batteries at nine different temperatures ranging from −20 °C to 40 °C, we demonstrate detailed validation results of a battery fuel gauge (BFG) algorithm. The BFG validation is based on three different BFG validation metrics; we provide implementation details of these three BFG evaluation metrics by proposing three different BFG validation load profiles that satisfy varying levels of user requirements.
While Si is an effective negative electrode material for Li-ion batteries, crystalline Si has been shown to be unsuitable for Na and Mg storage due, in particular, to insufficient binding strength. It has recently been reported that Si nanowires could be synthesized with high-concentration (several atomic %) and dispersed Al doping. Here we show based on density functional theory calculations that Al doping significantly improves the energetics for Na and Mg insertion, specifically, making it thermodynamically favored versus vacuum reference states. For high Al concentrations, the energy of Mg in Al-doped Si approaches the cohesive energy of Mg. However, the migration barriers for the diffusion of Li (0.57–0.70 eV), Na (1.07–1.19 eV) and Mg (0.97–1.18 eV) in Al-doped Si are found to remain about as high as in pure Si, likely preventing effective electrochemical sodiation and magnesiation.
Sodium vanadium fluorophosphate, NaVPO4F, a cathode material for hybrid lithium ion batteries has been synthesized via a modified sol–gel method followed by heat treatment. The vanadium (Ш) gel precursor as the reaction intermediate phase can be facilely prepared in ethanol under ambient conditions, and this synthesis considerably simplifies the conventional high-temperature fabrication of VPO4. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate a phase transition of NaVPO4F from the monoclinic crystal to the tetragonal symmetry structure. Meanwhile, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show the obvious spatial rearrangements on the morphology of samples. The hybrid lithium ion batteries based on the tetragonal NaVPO4F exhibit an even discharge plateau at 3.6V vs. Li in the limited voltage range of 3.0–4.2V, and the discharge capacity retention is up to 98.7% after 100 cycles at C/4 rate. With voltage excursion to 3.0–4.5V, the initial charge and discharge deliver the reversible storage capacity of 117.3 and 106.8mAhg−1, respectively. Furthermore, the prepared NaVPO4F has a capacity retention of 83% after 100th cycle at 2C rate. The electrochemical properties reveal the reversible mixed alkali ion (Li+, Na+) insertion reactions for this fluorophosphate material.
In this work, a facile and potentially scalable self-template synthesis of bi-component ZnO/ZnFe2O4/N-doped C micro-polyhedrons with hierarchical hollow structure (ZZFO-C) is presented. These are obtained through calcination of a single bi-metallic metal-organic framework (MOF) precursor (ZIF-ZnFe, molar ratio of 3:1). The resulting material shows a high surface area and is constituted by the organized assembly of numerous nanoparticles sub-unit (with size in the range of 20nm). By tuning the annealing conditions, porous ZnO/ZnFe2O4 (ZZFO) micro-polyhedrons are obtained. The ZZFO-C composite materials are studied as anodes for LIBs exhibiting remarkable energy storage performance, such as, large reversible capacity (ca. 1000mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at 200mAg−1), excellent rate capability and cycling stability. After high-rate capacity testing (1000 cycles at 2.0Ag−1), ZZFO-C shows an excellent reversible capacity of 620mAhg−1. The excellent performance of ZZFO-C arises from its unique hierarchical hollow structure and the synergy between the two active components and the N-doped carbon matrix. The electrochemical reaction mechanism and structure phase changes upon the initial lithiation are identified via in situ X-ray diffraction studies.
The electrochemical behavior and deposition morphology of Pb2+ was investigated in the Room Temperature Ionic Liquid (RTIL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide ([C2mim][NTf2]) containing the salt Pb(NTf2)2. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) experiments were found to result in a range of electrochemical responses depending on the working electrode material being used, with both Pt and Pb based electrodes showing the highest current and lowest overpotential for deposition, respectively. Pb was found to undergo a single diffusion controlled reduction process at a coulombic efficiency of 95 % on a Pt working electrode. The deposition of Pb was found to follow a 3 dimensional progressive nucleation mechanism, regardless of the substrate material or the temperature during the experiment. During the deposition, the diffusion coefficient of Pb2+ was found to be 1.3×10−7 cm2.s−1 by chronoamperometric analysis. Finally, the resulting morphologies of the Pb metal deposits were found to be heavily dependent on the deposition substrate, ranging from pyramids of 3μm in diameter on Pt, to fine sub-micron interwoven needles on glassy carbon. Interestingly, the potential of deposition appeared to make little difference to the resulting morphology on Cu substrates. Finally, to demonstrate the cycling ability of the Pb metal surfaces, Pb was cycled on Pb electrodes 200 times, showing that the resulting Pb films were compact and non-dendritic in nature. It is concluded that [C2mim][NTf2] containing Pb(NTf2)2 shows many favourable cycling characteristics.
Biomedical transducers participation in advanced diagnostic, therapeutic, and monitoring systems is continuously enhanced by the contribution of the advancements in electronic devices, equipment and automation, material sciences and signal and image processing, to register temperature, pressure, concentration of chemical molecules (gases, electrolytes, metabolites, and drugs), position, level, torque, velocity and acceleration, flow (blood, air), electrical activities of body systems (EMG, EEG, and ECG), among other variables. New and more efficient transducer technologies, which include the use of nanomaterials, fiber-optic, wireless and MEMS technologies, can contribute to greater safety, accuracy, and reliability of the use of medical transducers. In addition, new technologies tend to be low power and low cost, compared to conventional ones.
Clark and Wells’ (1995) model of social phobia proposes that there are three types of maladaptive self-beliefs responsible for persistent social anxiety (high standard, conditional, and unconditional beliefs). Although these beliefs are theoretically important, there currently is not a validated measure of these beliefs in the social anxiety literature. Hence, the Self-Beliefs Related to Social Anxiety (SBSA) Scale was developed (Wong & Moulds, 2010a) and its psychometric properties were examined in the current study using a non-clinical sample (N = 600). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses ultimately indicated that a correlated three-factor solution optimally summarized the data with the three factors corresponding to the three belief types. The SBSA and its three subscales demonstrated good internal consistency and test-retest reliability, as well as convergent and divergent validity. The SBSA thus appears to have good psychometric properties and is appropriate for use in non-clinical samples. The potential applications of the SBSA and avenues for future research are discussed.
A detailed time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) analysis of the lithium de-/intercalation in thin films of the insertion cathode material lithium cobalt oxide is presented. The LiCoO2 (LCO) thin films are deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering at 600 °C, having a (003) preferred orientation after the deposition. The thin electrode films are cycled with liquid electrolyte against lithium metal, showing 80–86% extractable capacities. After disassembling the cells, the depth resolved elemental distribution in the LCO is investigated by ToF-SIMS and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy. Both techniques show a stepwise lithium distribution in charged state, leading to a lithium depleted layer close to the surface. In combination with the electrochemical results, the qualitative comparison of the different lithium depth profiles yields a reversible lithium extraction in the depleted area below the stability limit for bulk materials of LCO. For bulk LCO, a phase change normally occurs when the lithium concentration in LixCoO2 is lower than x = 0.5. As a possible cause for the inhibition of the phase change, the preferred orientation and thus pinning of the crystal structure of the film by the substrate is proposed.
Defects play an important role in the degradation processes of hybrid halide perovskite absorbers, impeding their application for solar cells. Among all defects, halide anion and organic cation vacancies are ubiquitous, promoting ion diffusion and leading to thin-film decomposition at surfaces and grain boundaries. Here, we employ fluoride to simultaneously passivate both anion and cation vacancies, by taking advantage of the extremely high electronegativity of fluoride. We obtain a power conversion efficiency of 21.46% (and a certified 21.3%-efficient cell) in a device based on the caesium, methylammonium (MA) and formamidinium (FA) triple-cation perovskite (Cs0.05FA0.54MA0.41)Pb(I0.98Br0.02)3 treated with sodium fluoride. The device retains 90% of its original power conversion efficiency after 1,000 h of operation at the maximum power point. With the help of first-principles density functional theory calculations, we argue that the fluoride ions suppress the formation of halide anion and organic cation vacancies, through a unique strengthening of the chemical bonds with the surrounding lead and organic cations.
Rechargeable aqueous metal-ion batteries are very promising as alternative energy storage devices during the post-lithium-ion era because of their green and safe inherent features. Among the different aqueous metal-ion batteries, aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have recently been studied extensively due to their unique and outstanding benefits that hold promise for large-scale power storage systems. However, zinc anode problems in ZIBs, such as zinc dendrites and side reactions, severely shorten the ZIB's cycle lifetime, thus restricting their practical application. Here, we sum up in detail the recent progress on general strategies to suppress zinc dendrites and zinc anode side reactions based on advanced materials and structure design, including the modification of the planar zinc electrode surface layer, internal structural optimization of the zinc bulk electrode, modification of the electrolyte and construction of the multifunctional separator. The various functional materials, structures and battery efficiencies are discussed. Finally, the challenges for ZIBs are identified in the production of functional zinc anodes.
Neuropsychological investigations have consistently shown that frontal cortices are relevant in processing temporal and sequential features of actions. However, one of the main theoretical issues that has been discussed in the last 25 years is whether these brain areas store some abstract representations of actions or, conversely, act upon action representations stored within other posterior associative cortices. We administered to 19 patients with frontal lobe lesions and 19 normal controls, script sequencing and generating tasks concerning actions, natural events and “époques” (ordered events such as the days of the week). The main findings from frontal lobe patients were a generalised sequencing deficit concerning actions and natural phenomena (and not what we labelled “époques”) with almost intact ability to verbally generate, from the long-term memory, scripts' sequences. These findings are discussed within two of the main theoretical frameworks on frontal lobes: the “processing” perspective of the Supervisory Attentional System, SAS (Norman and Shallice, 1986) and the “representational” one represented by the Structure Event Complex (SEC) theory (Grafman, 2002).
An influence of the open-circuit standing time after oxidation of the lead electrode was investigated for understanding charge acceptance of the negative electrode of a lead-acid battery. It was confirmed by a potentiostatic transient experiment that charge acceptance of the lead electrode heavily depended on the standing time before charging, and charge acceptance decreased if the standing time was longer. This tendency was conspicuous at the initial period of the reduction process in particular. When the behavior of the lead electrode surface during the open-circuit standing after oxidation was observed by in situ electrochemical atomic force microscope (EC-AFM), it was found that some lead sulfate crystals gradually grow with time to bigger crystals having a smooth surface, retaining basically its morphology of previous one. We have concluded that the standing time dependence of the charge acceptance is caused by this behavior of the crystals. Also, it was confirmed that charge acceptance of a valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery with different standing times can be explained by result of the potentiostatic transient test and the EC-AFM observation.
There is a broad application prospect for smart grid about aqueous rechargeable sodium-ion battery. In order to improve its electrochemical performance, a hybrid cationic aqueous-based rechargeable battery system based on the nanostructural Na0.44MnO2 and metallic zinc foil as the positive and negative electrodes respectively is built up. Nano rod-like Na0.44MnO2 is synthesized by sol-gel method followed by calcination at 850 °C for 9 h, and various characterization techniques including the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to investigate the structure and morphology of the as-prepared material. The cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and self-discharge measurements are performed at the same time. The results show that the battery delivers a very high initial discharge capacity of 186.2 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C-rate in the range of 0.5–2.0 V, and it exhibits a discharge capacity of 113.3 mAh g−1 at high current density of 4 C-rate, indicative of excellent rate capability.