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For the electrolyte of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), lithium difluorobis(oxalato) phosphate (Li-PF2C4O8) salt supports high surface stability of the positive electrode of LiCoO2, even under a high potential of 4.4 V vs. Li/Li+ for high-energy density. By adding a small amount of Li-PF2C4O8 into the electrolyte, the cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) of LiCoO2 is clearly modified in the early stage of the 1st cycle. The role of Li-PF2C4O8 in electrolytes is systematically studied to investigate the effect of Li-PF2C4O8 on the electrochemical performance of CEI. It is found that 5 wt.% of Li-PF2C4O8 salts in the electrolyte leads to performance improvements, showing 153.5 mAh g−1 in the 400th cycle, whereas LiCoO2 without Li-PF2C4O8 exhibited a poor capacity of 17.4 mAh g−1 at the same cycle. The derived CEI is generated from Li-PF2C4O8 because it has a large number of phosphate species of the salt. The CEI is investigated in depth using systematic analyses involving the electrochemical method and surface analyses.
This paper describes the electrosynthesis, characterization and electrocatalytic properties towards oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of four layered double hydroxides (LDHs) containing cobalt or nickel as divalent cation and aluminum or iron as trivalent metal. The electrochemical behaviour of the LDH modified electrodes was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and the LDHs were characterized by XRD and SEM/EDS. Two materials, i.e., platinum and glassy carbon (GC), were investigated as electrode supports recording polarization and chronopotentiometric curves, with a rotating disk electrode in alkaline solutions. LDHs containing iron exhibited higher activity for OER and all the materials showed a good stability and durability in alkaline media. When GC was used as electrode support the performances of the OER catalysts resulted to be even better than those exhibited by the same LDHs electrodeposited on Pt.
For the first time, functional data analysis (FDA) was used to assess the effects of different treatments on Protection Denomination of Origin Aloreña de Málaga table olive fermentations, focusing on the evolution of yeast population. The analysis of fermentation by a conventional approach led to scarce information. However, the transformation of microbial (and also physicochemical) data into smooth curves allowed the application of a new battery of statistical tools for the analysis of fermentations (functional pointwise estimation of the averages and standard deviations, maximum, minimum, first and second derivatives, functional regression, and functional F and t-tests). FDA showed that all the treatments assayed led to similar trends in yeast population while changes in pH and titratable acidity profiles led to several significant differences. Therefore, FDA represents a promising and valuable tool for studying table olive fermentations and for food microbiology in general.
Oxygenated fuels such as alcohols and ethers have the potential to provide reliable sources, and environmentally friendly fuel to world's increasing future energy demands. Oxygenated fuels have a promised future since are renewable and produced from several sources, also can be produced locally. The first objective of this paper is to systematically review of oxygenated fuels including alcohol and ether regarding the production, environmental impacts and potential using as octane booster of gasoline that used in spark ignition SI) engine. Another objective of this paper is to review the effects of oxygenated fuels on performances and emissions characteristics of spark ignition engine. Alcohol and ether burn very cleanly than regular gasoline and produce lesser carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Mainly the ether fuels (methyl tertiary butyl ether MTBE and Dimethyl Ether DME) are used as additives at low blending ratio to enhance the octane number and oxygen content of gasoline. Furthermore, alcohols and ethers have significant impacts on the environment, greenhouse gas and human health. In addition to this, application of oxygenated fuel on SI engines can decrease environmental pollution, strengthen agricultural economy and decrease gasoline fuel requirements. The increase in engine performance could be attained with an increased compression ratio along with the use of alcohol fuels which have a higher-octane value. Overall, oxygenated fuels have been found to be a very promising alternative fuel for SI engines, capable of providing high thermal efficiency, and lower NOx levels.
The need to identify lithium ion battery anodes consisting of new materials that display high energy density and good cycling stability has interested the research on reversible so-called conversion reaction between lithium and molybdenum oxides such as ternary metal oxide (Li2Mo4O13). Polycrystalline Li2Mo4O13 was synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction route and explored as new potential anode material for secondary lithium ion battery applications vs. Li+/Li in half-cell mode. The electrochemical performance of the Li2Mo4O13 electrode was studied by cyclic voltammograms and galvanostatic discharge-charge cycling under different rates. In the working voltage between 2.5 V and 0.1 V, Li2Mo4O13 shows a high first charge capacity of 1062 mAh g−1 at current rate of C/10 (24 Li react with 10 h) and a superior rate capability with capacity retention of 1008, 842, 713 and 640 mAh g−1 under current rates of C/10, C/5, C/3 and C/2 (24Li react with in 2 h), respectively. Further, the cycling performance was evaluated at C/3 rate (424 mA g−1) and after 100 cycles a reversible capacity of 550 mAh g−1 was obtained with columbic efficiency of ∼100%. Ex-situ XRD studies confirmed that the electrochemical reaction involves insertion of 5Li/f.u vs. Li+/Li during discharge to 1.3 V and the crystal structure was retained when charged to 2.5 V. Below 0.8 V, conversion reaction occurs leading to amorphization of the phase. When discharged to 0.1 V, Mo+6 is reduced to Mo0 state on the basis of the conversion reaction.
A novel network LiFePO4/C composite was prepared by mixing precursor solution with carbon aerogel (CA) via a simple solution impregnation method, characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS and electrochemical analysis. The results revealed that the LiFePO4 nanowire forming on the ektexine of CA intertwined with LiFePO4/CA particles and formed a special web structure. The initial discharge capacity was improved to be 139.3 mAh g−1 at 10 C and the capacity retention is near 100% after 50 cycles. The web structure could improve electron transport and electrochemical activity effectively.
The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ (PedsQL™) is a child self-report and parent proxy-report instrument designed to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in healthy and ill children and adolescents. It has been translated into over 70 international languages and proposed as a valid and reliable pediatric HRQOL measure. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Korean translation of the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales.
Silicon and titanium carbide (TiC) nanocomposites were synthesized using a high-energy ball-milling technique. X-ray diffraction analyses show that the nanocomposite consists of amorphous silicon and nanocrystalline titanium carbide. The electrochemically inactive TiC working as a buffer matrix successfully prevents Si from cracking/crumbling during the charging/discharging process. The nanocomposite containing 40mol% silicon obtained after milling for 4h exhibits a stable capacity of ∼380mAhg−1, suggesting its promising nature in anode materials for the lithium ion battery.
This work gives a short overview of recent electrochemical techniques that are employed to grow tin nanowires. After a brief description about patterning and templating methods, a novel protocol based on the formation of tin nanowires which are electrochemically grown on titania nanotube guide layers will be presented.
Al-substituted α-nickel hydroxide is modified by coating with pure β-nickel hydroxide in an attempt to improve its cycling performance. The crystal structure and morphology of the prepared samples are examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical performances of the bare and the β-nickel hydroxide coated Al-substituted α-nickel hydroxides are characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and charge/discharge tests. The results show that a β-nickel hydroxide coating on Al-substituted α-nickel hydroxide decreases the charge-transfer resistance and increases the specific discharge capacity. In particular, the enhancement of the capacity retention of β-nickel hydroxide coated Al-substituted α-nickel hydroxide is significant, maintaining 92.5% of the maximum capacity after 100 cycles at a charge/discharge rate of 0.5 C, whereas that of bare Al-substituted α-nickel hydroxide is only 53.6%.
Copper nitrate hydrate (Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O) exhibits superior high lithium storage capacity (2285 mAh g−1) as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The structural transformation and lithium storage mechanism of Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O are thoroughly studied by various advanced analytical techniques. It is found that the lithium storage process of Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O is associated with a quasi-reversible electrochemical conversion reaction. During the discharge process, the electrochemical reaction of Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O with lithium results in the formation of Cu, LiNO3, Li3N, Li2O and H2O. In the reverse charge process, Cu(NO3)2 can be generated by a conversion reaction. As a result, Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O shows the reversible charge capacities of 1632.1 mAh g−1 in 0.0–3.4 V and 689.1 mAh g−1 in 1.0–3.4 V, respectively.
Li1−z Ni1+z F y O2−y (0≤y≤0.2) and Li1−z (Mg x Ni1−x )1+z O2 (0<x≤0.15) were synthesized by partially substituting oxide anions with F− and Ni cations with Mg2+, respectively. The heavily fluoridated samples showed a high degree of cation disorder resulting from the increase in Ni2+ nickel ions at the Li sites. The linear dependence of z on the c h/a h ratio (based on Rougier's work Rougier, Gravereau, Delmas, J. Electrochem. Soc. 143 (1996) 1168) was used to estimate the extent of cation disorder in the layered structure. For lithium magnesium nickel oxides, the substitution has resulted in some oxygen non-stoichiometry. A simple argument based on the z values suggests increasing presence of Mg2+ cations in the Li layer at high degress of Mg substitution. Elemental analysis confirmed the increase in lithium deficiencies with increasing amounts of substituents in the layered structure.
To improve the charge–discharge cycle durability of a TiV2.1Ni0.3 alloy negative electrode with a discharge capacity of ∼470mAhg−1, the vanadium constituent was partially substituted with chromium. The TiV2.1−x Cr x Ni0.3 (x =0.1–0.4) alloys, which were prepared by arc-melting, were composed of two phases, similar to the TiV2.1Ni0.3 alloy. Each constituent was distributed in both phases, and the V and Cr content in the primary phase was higher than that in the secondary phase, although the Ti and Ni content was higher in the secondary phase. The maximum discharge capacity for the TiV2.1−x Cr x Ni0.3 (x =0.1–0.4) negative electrodes showed a slight decrease as the x value increased, and their cycle durability was significantly improved due to the effective suppression of the dissolution of V. In particular, the loss of discharge capacity per cycle for the TiV1.7Cr0.4Ni0.3 negative electrode was about one-tenth that for the TiV2.1Ni0.3 negative electrode. The high-rate dischargeability (HRD) was also greatly improved by increasing the Cr content. At 200mAg−1 the variations of the HRD and the charge transfer resistance (R ct) with the Cr content were similar, while at 400mAg−1 the change in the HRD at a lower Cr content was markedly different from the change in R ct. Moreover, at a lower Cr content the potential at a 50% degree of discharge stagnated at specific discharge currents over 200mAg−1. These results strongly suggest that hydrogen diffusion in the primary phase served as the main hydrogen reservoir.
Polyaniline/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (PANI/CMC) nanorods have been synthesized via in-situ oxidation polymerization of aniline in the presence of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as a polymerization template. The structure and morphology of the nanorods are characterized by TEM, FE-SEM and XRD. The size and shape of the composite nanorods are uniform with a diameter of 100 nm. Their electrochemical properties are also investigated using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurement. The specific capacitance of PANI/CMC nanorods prepared with 20 wt% CMC can be as high as 451.25 F g−1. Its capacitance remains higher than 300 F g−1 after 1000 cycles at a current density of 1 A g−1. These novel nanorods are desirable for applications in supercapacitor devides.
Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/α-MnOOH coaxial nanocable (MMCNC) films are successfully fabricated by a simple and low-cost electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process. The as-prepared MMCNC films exhibit three-dimensional (3D) nanoporous network structure. A possible mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of the MMCNC films. Electrochemical test results show that the films exhibit superior capacitive behaviors and cycle stability in 0.1 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution. The thickness, mass loading and capacitive performance of the MMCNC films can be easily and continuously tuned by varying the deposition time. A relatively high mass specific capacitance of 327 F g−1 is obtained from the films with relatively low mass loading of 0.05 mg cm−2, while, a relatively high areal capacitance of 0.2 F cm−2 is achieved when the mass loading was increased to 1.38 mg cm−2. The superior capacitive performances can be attributed to the unique structure advantages of the MMCNC films. On one hand, the one-dimensional (1D) coaxial nanocable structure works, with MWCNT core serving as high electronic conductive frame and α-MnOOH sheath providing high pseudocapacitance. On the other hand, the 3D nanoporous network structure can facilitate fast ions transportation.
Nanoscopic confinement of a cation coordinated polymer in the channels of organo-modified montmorillonite clay results in substantial improvement in conductivity, cation transport and stability properties required for energy storage/conversion devices. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms composite formation as evidenced by: (i) intercalation of PEO8–LiClO4 into the clay channels for clay loading ≥7.5wt.% and (ii) partial intercalation/exfoliation for a lower clay loading (≤5wt.%). Transmission electron microscopy analysis corroborates these findings as indicated by an enhancement in clay gallery width from 6 to 9Å for 20wt.% clay providing evidence for intercalation at higher clay loadings. Energy dispersive X-ray dot-mapping images confirm the homogeneous distribution of clay in nanocomposites. Thermal analysis indicates a strong dependence of thermodynamic parameters, e.g., glass transition (T g), crystalline melting (T m), melting enthalpy, glass transition width (ΔT g), and thermal relaxation strength (ΔC p), on clay concentration. These observations agree well with changes in electrical properties on nanocomposite formation. Substantial enhancement in ambient conductivity (∼208 times) occurs in a nanocomposite film (2wt.% clay) relative to a clay-free film. The temperature dependence of conductivity obeys Arrhenius behaviour below T m and the VTF (Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher) relationship above T m. The ionic transport number (∼99.9%) confirms ionic charge transport with a cation contribution ( t L i + ) ∼ 0.5 for 2wt.% clay. It represents an increase by ∼65% in comparison with PEO8–LiClO4. Improvement in voltage and thermal stability is also observed with the nanocomposites.
Vertical operation of a passive DMFC employing a porous carbon plate, PCP, with different resistances for fluid flow and bubble point pressure was investigated to clarify the properties required for the PCP for vertical operation. Moreover, the cell performance was investigated under different solution head pressures within 22mm height and was discussed based on the methanol transport through the PCP. In contrast to the horizontal orientation, the static pressure of the liquid as a function of its height on the vertical axis h along the PCP surface, in the vertical orientation, enhanced the convective methanol flux through the PCP and affected the DMFC performance depending on the properties of the PCP and the methanol concentration used. The effect of the solution head pressure on the DMFC performance in the vertical orientation could be controlled by using PCP with high bubble point pressures. The DMFC could attain stable performance under both horizontal and vertical cell orientations and different solution head pressures even with 100% methanol by using a PCP with the proper resistance for the methanol transport and bubble point pressure. A thin PCP of 0.5mm thickness with the proper resistance enabled the vertical operation producing a constant power density over 40mW/cm2 using 100% methanol at 0.25V.
Abstaining from tobacco smoking is likely to lower the risk of respiratory infections and pneumonia. Unfortunately, quitting smoking is not easy. Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are emerging as an attractive long-term alternative nicotine source to conventional cigarettes and are being adopted by smokers who wish to reduce or quit cigarette consumption. Also, given that the propylene glycol in EC aerosols is a potent bactericidal agent, switching from smoking to regular vaping is likely to produce additional lung health benefits. Here, we critically address some of the concerns arising from regular EC use in relation to lung health, including respiratory infections and pneumonia. In conclusion, smokers who quit by switching to regular ECs use can reduce risk and reverse harm from tobacco smoking. Innovation in the e-vapour category is likely not only to further minimise residual health risks, but also to maximise health benefits.
Publisher Summary This chapter explores the provisional nature of hypotheses, meaning that there is nothing permanent, nothing final, about any hypothesis. In view of the fact that a hypothesis is central to any scientific investigation, theoretical or experimental, it is necessary to study hypotheses in more detail. But without hypotheses, there is no meaning or purpose to scientific investigation. Another way of saying this is that the hypothesis impels scientific investigation. There is a seeming exception to the above statement—namely, investigations in the classificatory sciences, such as zoology and botany. The uses of hypotheses are widespread and their varieties are large. Hypothesizing is part of human thought experiencing in daily lives. But to produce a hypothesis of the stature of the laws of motion is an extraordinary event, even among great scientists.
Three different kinds of hierarchical MoS2 microspheres are successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal route, and their morphology, thermal stability and electrochemical performance in thermal battery are characterized. The flower-like porous MoS2 microsphere with good crystallinity consists of MoS2 nano-sheets with thickness of about 10 nm. Its evolution process is proposed, and includes three stages: a nucleus growth process following the principle of Ostwald ripening, MoS2 nano-sheets growth and self-assembly. The dependence of the macroscopic electrochemical properties on the microscopic structure and morphology is discussed. Since the MoS2 with flower-like porous microsphere structure presents less weight loss, higher decomposition temperature, outstanding thermal stability and excellent compatibility with electrolyte, it performs longer discharge time and larger capacity when used as the cathode in the thermal battery, compared to MoS2 with other structures, FeS2 or CoS2. The possible discharge mechanism of MoS2 is proposed, and it can be divided into three steps, which are the generation of intercalation compounds containing lithium ions (LiXMoS2), desulfurization generating low-valent intercalation compound and reduction from low-valent intercalation compound to Mo, respectively.
The interactions of organic additives with active powders are investigated and are found to have great influence on the determination of the mixing process for preparing electrode slurries with good dispersion and electrochemical properties of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) electrodes. Based on the analyses of zeta potential, sedimentation, and rheology, it is shown that LiFePO4 prefers to interact with styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) relative to other organic additives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC), and thus shows preferential adsorption by SBR, whereas SBR has much lower efficiency than SCMC in dispersing LiFePO4. Therefore, for SCMC to interact with and disperse LiFePO4 before the interaction of LiFePO4 with SBR, it is suggested to mix SCMC with LiFePO4 prior to the addition of SBR during the slurry preparation process. For the electrode prepared via the suggested process, i.e., the sequenced adding process in which SCMC is mixed with active powders prior to the addition of SBR, a much better electrochemical performance is obtained than that of the one prepared via the process referred as the simultaneous adding process, in which mixing of SCMC and SBR with active powders in simultaneous.
This study refers to two chemical leaching systems for the base and precious metals extraction from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs); sulfuric acid with hydrogen peroxide have been used for the first group of metals, meantime thiourea with the ferric ion in sulfuric acid medium were employed for the second one. The cementation process with zinc, copper and iron metal powders was attempted for solutions purification. The effects of hydrogen peroxide volume in rapport with sulfuric acid concentration and temperature were evaluated for oxidative leaching process. 2M H2SO4 (98% w/v), 5% H2O2, 25°C, 1/10 S/L ratio and 200rpm were founded as optimal conditions for Cu extraction. Thiourea acid leaching process, performed on the solid filtrate obtained after three oxidative leaching steps, was carried out with 20g/L of CS(NH2)2, 6g/L of Fe3+, 0.5M H2SO4, The cross-leaching method was applied by reusing of thiourea liquid suspension and immersing 5g/L of this reagent for each other experiment material of leaching. This procedure has lead to the doubling and, respectively, tripling, of gold and silver concentrations into solution. These results reveal a very efficient, promising and environmental friendly method for WPCBs processing.
Fuel cell system is an advanced power system for the future that is sustainable, clean and environmental friendly. The importance of fuel cell as the future power system is discussed in the light of future fossil fuel depletion, impending international law on green house gases control and the national renewable energy policy. The modern development of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) for the last 20 years is then briefly reviewed and the current status of international and national research and development of this type of are established. The review also discuss the remaining research and development issues that still need to be resolved before these fuel cells are available for commercial application. The main thrust in PEMFC research and development is to lower the cost of the fuel cell by reduction in membrane and electrocatalyst costs. Although Europe, USA, Canada and Japan are leading fuel cell research and development as commercialization, it is not too late for Malaysia to master this technology and to apply it to niche markets in the future.