batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Two types of ultracapacitor modules have been developed for use as energy-storage devices for 42-V systems in automobiles. The modules show high performance and good reliability in terms of discharge and recharge capability, long-term endurance, and high energy and power. During a 42-V system simulation test of 6-kW power boosting/regenerative braking, the modules demonstrate very good performance. In high-power applications such as 42-V and hybrid vehicle systems, ultracapacitors have many merits compared with batteries, especially with respect to specific power at high rate, thermal stability, charge–discharge efficiency, and cycle-life. Ultracapacitors are also very safe, reliable and environmentally friendly. The cost of ultracapacitors is still high compared with batteries because of the low production scale, but is decreasing very rapidly. It is estimated that the cost of ultracapacitors will decrease to US$ 300 per 42-V module in the near future. Also, the maintenance cost of the ultracapacitor is nearly zero because of its high cycle-life. Therefore, the combined cost of the capacitor and maintenance will be lower than that of batteries in the near future. Overall, comparing performance, price and other parameters of ultracapacitors with batteries, ultracapacitors are the most likely candidate for energy-storage in 42-V systems.
The electrochemistry of superdense ‘LiC2’ prepared by ball-milling has been investigated in EC-DMC solutions 1 M LiClO4. A primary capacity very close to 1115 mAhg−1 per carbon atom was observed during the first deintercalation cycle at constant current. The following intercalation–deintercalation cycles yielded capacity close to the theoretical value of 372 mAhg−1, typical of natural graphite. Electrochemical ac-impedance spectroscopy demonstrates that a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) is formed spontaneously upon immersion of the electrode in the electrolyte. Due to the complex nature of the compound prepared by ball-milling (a mixture of lithium metal, LiC3 and LiC6) the mechanism of the first deintercalation is rather complex. It involves the oxidation of lithium metal at about 22 mV versus Li, followed by the decomposition of the superdense phase LiC3 and of LiC6 at potentials that corresponds to the normal electrochemical lithium deintercalation from LiC6. Lithium metal in ‘LiC2’ easily reacts with nitrogen to yield α-Li3N that irreversibly de-intercalates about 1.8±0.1 lithium before decomposing.
New Li-ion cells are formed by combining a LiFe0.25Mn0.5Co0.25PO4 olivine cathode either with Sn-Fe2O3-C or with Sn-C composite anodes. These active materials exhibit electrochemical properties very attractive in view of practical use, including the higher working voltage of the LiFe0.25Mn0.5Co0.25PO4 cathode with respect to conventional LiFePO4, as well as the remarkable capacity and rate capability of Sn-Fe2O3-C and Sn-C anodes. The stable electrode/electrolyte interfaces, demonstrated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, along with proper mass balancing and anode pre-lithiation, allow stable galvanostatic cycling of the full cells. The two batteries, namely Sn-Fe2O3-C/LiFe0.25Mn0.5Co0.25PO4 and Sn-C/LiFe0.25Mn0.5Co0.25PO4, reversibly operate revealing promising electrochemical features in terms of delivered capacity, working voltage and stability, thus suggesting these electrodes combinations as suitable alternatives for an efficient energy storage.
The electrochemical synthesis of a copolymer electrolyte (PEO-PMMA) into titania nanotubes is described and studied. Compared with the electrochemical systems based on solid electrolytes deposited by top-down techniques, the copolymer/titania nanotube material reveals high electrochemical performance, opening new perspectives for the fabrication of 3D all-solid-state microbatteries.
The proton insertion/deinsertion behavior of γ-MnO2 samples of various oxygen contents and various structural parameters has been studied. The analysis of the voltammograms observed during the discharges and charges of the different samples is presented, and leads to a classification of the samples according to their structural parameters. The proton insertion capacities and the cycling properties of the different samples have been compared and correlated to their structural properties.
TiSnSb shows an excellent behavior as negative electrode for Li-ion batteries. However the role of Ti is still unclear in the mechanism. To better understand the role played by the transition metal on both the mechanism and the performance of TiSnSb, a progressive substitution of Ti by Nb has been achieved. A full study focuses on the electrochemical mechanisms of the Ti1−y Nb y SnSb system with 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 vs Li by combining in situ XRD and Mössbauer, and EXAFS analyses. The electrochemical mechanism is found to be a reversible conversion mechanism: MSnSb + 7Li ↔ Li3Sb + 1/2 Li7Sn2 + M0. The lithium is found to react simultaneously with both Sn and Sb. Nb-rich alloys have been found also to be very promising negative electrode demonstrating the versatility of the MSnSb electrode material family for Li-ion battery application. Using the appropriate electrode formulation, the good cycling life of TiSnSb is not affected by its substitution by Nb.
A physics-based Li-ion battery (LIB) aging model accounting for both lithium plating and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth is presented, and is applied to study the aging behavior of a cell undergoing prolonged cycling at moderate operating conditions. Cell aging is found to be linear in the early stage of cycling but highly nonlinear in the end with rapid capacity drop and resistance rise. The linear aging stage is found to be dominated by SEI growth, while the transition from linear to nonlinear aging is attributed to the sharp rise of lithium plating rate. Lithium plating starts to occur in a narrow portion of the anode near the separator after a certain number of cycles. The onset of lithium plating is attributed to the drop of anode porosity associated with SEI growth, which aggravates the local electrolyte potential gradient in the anode. The presence of lithium metal accelerates the porosity reduction, further promoting lithium plating. This positive feedback leads to exponential increase of lithium plating rate in the late stage of cycling, as well as local pore clogging near the anode/separator interface which in turn leads to a sharp resistance rise.
LiMn2O4 and LiCu x Al y Mn2 − x − y O4 (x =0.50; y =0.05–0.50) powders have been synthesized via sol–gel method for the first time using Margaric acid as chelating agent. The synthesized samples have been used to physical and electrochemical characterization such as thermo gravimetric analysis (TG/DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electrochemical characterization viz., electrochemical galvanostatic cycling studies, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential capacity curves (dQ/dE). XRD patterns of LiMn2O4 and LiCu x Al y Mn2 − x−y O4 confirm high degree of crystallinity with better phase purity of synthesized materials. FESEM images of parent LiMn2O4 depict the most of the particles that are in 0.5μm while LiCu0.5Al0.05Mn1.45O4 powders exhibiting ice-cube surface morphology with good agglomerated less particle size of 50nm. TEM images of spinel LiMn2O4 and LiCu0.5Al0.05Mn1.45O4 corroborate that all the synthesized particles are nano-sized with uniform spherical and cloudy particle morphology. LiMn2O4 samples calcined at 850°C deliver the high discharge capacity of 130mAhg−1 in the first cycle while LiCu0.5Al0.05Mn1.45O4 samples deliver 120mAhg−1 during the first cycle. Inter alia all the dopant compositions investigated, LiCu0.5Al0.05Mn1.45O4 delivers the stable cycling performance of 119 and 115mAhg−1 in the 5th and 10th cycle with low capacity fade of 0.1 and 0.1mAhg−1 cycle−1 corresponding to columbic efficiency of 99 and 99%.
Cobalt–nickel layered double hydroxides (Co x Ni1−x LDHs) were deposited onto stainless steel electrodes by the potentiostatic deposition method at −1.0V vs. Ag/AgCl using various molar ratios of Co(NO3)2 and Ni(NO3)2 in distilled water. Their structure and surface morphology were studied by using X-ray diffraction analysis, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A network of Co x Ni1−x LDH nanosheets was obtained. The nature of the cyclic voltammetry and charge–discharge curves suggested that the Co x Ni1−x LDHs exist in the form of solid solutions. The capacitive characteristics of the Co x Ni1−x LDHs in 1M KOH electrolyte showed that Co0.72Ni0.28 LDHs had the highest specific capacitance value, 2104Fg−1, which is also the highest yet reported value for oxide materials in general.
In the present paper, the composition of several spinel-type λ-MnO2 samples (which absorb lithium ions with a high selectivity in an aqueous solution) is analyzed and the correlation between the composition and the absorption capacity of lithium is investigated experimentally. Then samples of λ-MnO2 with different hydrogen contents are prepared, and each lithium absorption capacity is measured. The results indicate that the absorption capacity of lithium is proportional to the content of hydrogen ions with the ability to ion exchange. Furthermore, it is concluded that the reason for the selective absorption of lithium ions in λ-MnO2 is not based upon the so-called ion sieve effect emphasized conventionally, but is based upon a proper ion exchange reaction which occurs only between lithium and hydrogen ions.
This paper presents data on widespread abnormal accumulations in coal deposits of some rare metal(loid)s (Ge, Ga, Se, Li and REE+Y), which play a key role in energy-efficient technologies and alternative power development. It is shown that enrichment of these metal(loid)s may occur in coal seams in host- and basement-rocks of coal basins at comparable concentrations to those in conventional ores. Genesis of high concentrations of the rare metal(loid)s and their modes of occurrence in coal basins are reviewed. Moreover, utilization prospects of these metal(loid)s as byproduct coal deposits are evaluated. The extraction of these metal(loid) resources during coal exploitation and utilization would not only increase beneficial use of coal deposits themselves but also promote humanity’s further movement on the “green road”.
Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) afford a profound impact on our modern daily life. However, LIBs are approaching the theoretical energy density, due to the inherent limitations of intercalation chemistry; thus, they cannot further satisfy the increasing demands of portable electronics, electric vehicles, and grids. Therefore, battery chemistries beyond LIBs are being widely investigated. Next-generation lithium (Li) batteries, which employ Li metal as the anode and intercalation or conversion materials as the cathode, receive the most intensive interest due to their high energy density and excellent potential for commercialization. Moreover, significant progress has been achieved in Li batteries attributed to the increasing fundamental understanding of the materials and reactions, as well as to technological improvement. This review starts by summarizing the electrolytes for next-generation Li batteries. Key challenges and recent progress in lithium-ion, lithium–sulfur, and lithium–oxygen batteries are then reviewed from the perspective of energy and chemical engineering science. Finally, possible directions for further development in Li batteries are presented. Next-generation Li batteries are expected to promote the sustainable development of human civilization.
Major aspects related to lithium deposition in lithium-ion and lithium metal secondary batteries are reviewed. For lithium-ion batteries with carbonaceous anode, lithium deposition may occur under harsh charging conditions such as overcharging or charging at low temperatures. The major technical solutions include: (1) applying electrochemical models to predict the critical conditions for deposition initiation; (2) preventions by improved battery design and material modification; (3) applying adequate charging protocols to inhibit lithium deposition. For lithium metal secondary batteries, the lithium deposition is the inherent reaction during charging. The major technical solutions include: (1) the use of mechanistic models to elucidate and control dendrite initiation and growth; (2) engineering surface morphology of the lithium deposition to avoid dendrite formation via adjusting the composition and concentration of the electrolyte; (3) controlling battery working conditions. From a survey of the literature, the areas that require further study are proposed; e.g., refining the lithium deposition criteria, developing an effective AC self pre-heating method for low-temperature charging of lithium-ion batteries, and clarifying the role the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays in determining the deposition morphology; to facilitate a refined control of the lithium deposition.
Hydrogen is a promising vector in the decarbonization of energy systems, but more efficient and scalable synthesis is required to enable its widespread deployment. Towards that aim, Serra et al. present a microwave-based approach that allows contactless water electrolysis that can be integrated with hydrocarbon production.
Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems are an emerging technology suitable for large plants, especially, on fresh water basins. We suggest integrating a CAES system to FPV using the pipes, necessary for the buoyancy of the modular raft structure, as a compressed air reservoir. The huge basin thermal inertia allows for an isothermal compression– expansion cycle, which promises high storage efficiency.
The genotoxic potential of two products of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (coded as N-MWCNTs, diameter of 44nm/BET surface area of 69m2/g and MWNT-7, diameter of 70nm/BET surface area of 23m2/g) was evaluated using a battery of genotoxicity assays, comprising a bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, and a mammalian erythrocytes micronucleus test. Neither type exerted mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537, or in Escherichia coli WP2uvrA, in the absence or presence of metabolic activation. The products of MWCNTs did not increase the number of structural chromosomal aberrations either, regardless of metabolic activation, though they increased the number of numerical chromosomal aberrations, one slightly and the other distinctly, in the absence of metabolic activation. In ICR mice, the two products did not affect the proportion of immature erythrocytes, the total proportion of erythrocytes, or the number of micronuclei in immature erythrocytes.
Binder, one of the most important battery components, plays a critical role in lithium–sulfur batteries. Poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF), a commonly used binder in lithium–sulfur batteries, does not have a strong affinity to the intermediate polysulfides, however, leading to fast capacity fading with electrochemical cycling. Herein, copolymers of vinylidene difluoride with other monomers are used as multi-functional binders to enhance the electrochemical performance of lithium–sulfur batteries. Compared to the PVDF, the copolymer, poly(vinylidene difluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TRFE)) binder exhibits higher adhesion strength, less porosity, and stronger chemical interaction with polysulfides, which helps to keep the polysulfides within the cathode region, thereby improving the electrochemical performance of the lithium–sulfur battery. As a result, sulfur electrode with P(VDF-TRFE) binder delivered a high capacity of 801mAhg−1 at 0.2C after 100 cycles, which is nearly 80% higher capacity than the corresponding sulfur cathode with PVDF binder.
The electronic structural changes during lithium-ion intercalation/de-intercalation process of nickel substituted lithium manganese spinel oxides have been investigated by using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra of O K-edges as well as Ni L3-edges and Mn L3-edges. The results of the XANES spectra indicate that the electronic structure of both manganese and oxygen atoms contribute on the redox reaction at 0.06 ≤ x < 1, and only that of nickel atom affect the redox reaction at 1 < x ≤ 1.78 in Li x Ni0.5Mn1.5O4. Thus, the electronic structural change of oxygen atom is also crucial for considering redox reaction at intercalation/de-intercalation process, and the contribution of the oxygen atom on redox reaction differs in various redox cation species.
As the cooling energy demand in buildings is set to increase dramatically in the future, the exploitation of passive solutions like natural ventilation could prove vital in reducing the reliance on mechanical systems. Models that can predict air temperature accurately in naturally ventilated mode are key to understanding the potential of natural ventilation now and in the future. This article presents a simulation based case study of a retrofitted nearly zero energy test-bed university building, in naturally ventilated mode only. The study had three aims: (1) calibration and validation of a whole building energy model, (2) a comparative analysis of occupancy schedules and opening control strategies, and (3) a comparison of researcher and practitioner approaches. Results showed the detailed building model was capable of predicting room level air temperature with a low level of error (0.27 °C ≤ RMSE ≤ 1.50 °C) that was well within the limits of existing calibration standards (MBE ±10%, CVRMSE <20%). The comparative analysis highlighted the need to consider occupancy schedules that have a wide range of diversity, and opening control strategies that reflect the manual and automated relationship in natural ventilation systems. The approach comparison highlighted that both practitioner and researcher approaches to simulating both occupancy schedules and opening control strategies showed similar levels of performance for the application considered. The paper also provides recommendations for those modelling air temperatures and thermal comfort in nearly zero energy buildings.
The electrochemical lithium insertion into a-Si:H thin-film electrodes, CVD-grown on stainless-steel substrates at 100 and 250°C, is studied using chronopotentiometry, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It is shown that the discharge capacity of the films deposited at 250°C is higher than that of the equally thick films deposited at 100°C. For the films deposited at 250°C, the dependence of their discharge capacity on the thickness is found. The increase in the film thickness involves a more drastic decrease of the discharge capacity during the potential cycling; in particular, for the 0.25μm- and 1.35μm-thick films, their discharge capacity at a current density of 0.175mA/cm2 in the 3rd cycle is ∼2 Ah/g; in the 100th cycle, 1.10 and 0.37Ah/g, respectively. An equivalent circuit is suggested for the lithium insertion to the electrodes, which comprises the electrolyte resistance and three RC-chains in series, each chain being a parallel connection of a resistance and a constant-phase element, which relate to charge transfer at the silicon/electrolyte interface, charge transport in the passive film on silicon, and the lithium diffusion into the silicon bulk. With the potential cycling in progress, the most significant changes are observed in the chain relating to the passive film. The Li diffusion coefficient in a-Si:H is estimated as 10−13 cm2/s.
An initial study of a non-precious metal based bifunctional oxygen electrode for use in regenerative fuel cells with alkaline anion exchange membranes is described. Four nanometer size Cu x Mn0.9−x Co2.1O4 samples (x =0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9) were prepared and characterized with XRD, SEM, TEM, and cyclic voltammetry. The Cu x Mn0.9−x Co2.1O4 samples exhibited promising ORR and OER catalytic activities. The gap between ORR half wave potentials of Pt/C and Cu x Mn0.9−x Co2.1O4 in 1M KOH achieved only 50mV. The onset potentials for OER on Cu x Mn0.9−x Co2.1O4 catalysts were more than 100mV more negative than Pt/C in 1M KOH. MEA with Cu x Mn0.9−x Co2.1O4 bifunctional oxygen electrode was prepared with CCM method and applied in a laboratory scale regenerative fuel cell. In fuel cell mode the peak power density was over 80mWcm−2 and in electrolyser mode the onset voltage was about 1.55V. The fuel cell to electrolyser voltage ration at 100mAcm−2 achieved c.a. 31.87%.
The effects of temperatures in the range of −20 °C to 70 °C on the ageing behaviour of cycled Lithium-ion batteries are investigated quantitatively by electrochemical methods and Post-Mortem analysis. Commercial 18650-type high-power cells with a Li x Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2/Li y Mn2O4 blend cathode and graphite/carbon anode were used as test system. The cells were cycled at a rate of 1 C until the discharge capacity falls below 80% of the initial capacity. Interestingly, an Arrhenius plot indicates two different ageing mechanisms for the ranges of −20 °C to 25 °C and 25 °C to 70 °C. Below 25 °C, the ageing rates increase with decreasing temperature, while above 25 °C ageing is accelerated with increasing temperature. The aged 18650 cells are inspected via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), measurements of electrode thickness and X-ray diffraction (XRD) after disassembly to learn more about the chemical reasons of the degradation. The effect of different temperatures on the electrode polarizations are evaluated by assembling electrodes in pouch cells with reference electrode as a model system. We find that the dominating ageing mechanism for T < 25 °C is Lithium plating, while for T > 25 °C the cathodes show degeneration and the anodes will be increasingly covered by SEI layers.
As Europe moves towards renewable energy, hydropower stands out as a renewable technology that can provide supply side flexibility through dispatchable electricity production. Several studies have investigated the flexibility hydropower can provide with a particular focus on the Nordic hydropower resources. Of all European countries, Norway has the largest hydropower resources and storage capacity. However, Norway also has a highly electrified heating sector, which means high electricity demand during winter when reservoirs are low. This paper uses EnergyPLAN to analyse how a shift from individual electric heating to district heating affects the flexibility the Norwegian energy system can provide to Europe. The analysis develops a 2015 reference scenario and two scenarios that introduce district heating based on biomass and heat pumps, respectively. Results show that district heating can decrease the maximum load on dammed hydropower facilities, thus freeing up capacity for potential export. Furthermore, the dammed hydropower facilities are able to balance the electricity demands in all hours of the year. However, the shift to district heating also increases forced export to drain reservoirs as domestic electricity demand is reduced. Also, the amount of import the system is able to handle is decreased under the modelled conditions.