batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Organic compounds have recently received considerable attention as active materials in redox flow batteries (RFBs) due to their good electrochemical reversibility, high theoretical energy densities, and promise for low cost production. Until now, organic active material candidates for aqueous RFBs have been limited to the quinone family, a set of aromatic-derived organic molecules, distinguished by an even number of ketone (RC(O)R′) groups. This work aims to elucidate and optimize the electrochemical behavior of quinoxaline, an organic molecule consisting of fused benzene and pyrazine rings, in aqueous electrolytes. More than 30 electrolytes are screened by cyclic voltammetry, and the five most promising electrolytes are investigated further using rotating disk voltammetry. Electrochemical behavior of quinoxaline shows pH dependent thermodynamics and reaction mechanisms, while chloride-containing supporting electrolytes greatly enhance solubility. This study sheds light on the promising characteristics of quinoxaline as a low potential compound for aqueous RFBs; quinoxaline has a redox potential of E°≈−0.02V vs. RHE, is soluble up to ∼4.5M in water, exhibits a two-electron transfer capability, and possesses a low molecular weight (130.15gmol−1), resulting in a theoretical capacity of 410mAhg−1.
The number of electric and hybrid electric vehicles (EVs and HEVs) as an alternative to internal combustion engines (ICE) has been rapidly growing for the last five years. When the electric cars or their traction batteries reach their end of life (EOL), an efficient recycling (from a material as well as an energetic point of view) is important to ensure sustainability and to close the materials cycle. Combining mechanical processes like crushing, screening and sorting, valuable metals such as copper, steel and aluminium can be recovered. Key to this is a sufficient liberation of components by crushing and grinding. This study focuses on safety issues of mechanical processing and on the correlation between the material composition and the required specific mechanical energy input necessary to break the Li-ion battery cell apart. Investigations on the crushing behaviour of the single components (anode-, cathode- and separator foils as well as housing materials) and entire Li-ion battery cells were done. Measured specific mechanical stress energies for the crushing of complete battery cells are compared to calculated ones. Inputs to the calculation are the measured specific stress energies of the single components comminution. As a result, the comminution can be adjusted and optimized in order to keep up with the rapid development of Li-ion batteries. With respect to the recyclability of Li-Ion battery cells, recommendations for a design appropriate for recycling are made.
Objective: To compare single muscle fiber contractile properties in elderly persons “at risk for mobility disability” and age-matched healthy controls. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Muscle physiology lab. Participants: 18 subjects (12 men, 6 women; mean age, 74y), were classified by Short Physical Performance Battery score, an indicator of future mobility disability. A score of 9 or lower was considered “at risk” (n=6) and of 10 or higher was considered healthy (n=12). Interventions: Percutaneous biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of 339 chemically skinned single muscle fibers was measured followed by activation in Ca+2 solution. The slack test was used to determine maximal force, specific tension, and unloaded shortening velocity. A series of isotonic contractions was performed to generate a power curve for each fiber, allowing measurement of peak and specific power. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition was determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Main Outcome Measures: CSA, maximal force, specific tension, unloaded shortening velocity, peak power, specific power, and MHC composition. Results: Type I muscle fibers from “at risk” subjects had a lower unloaded shortening velocity compared with healthy subjects (0.62FL/s vs 0.57FL/s; P=.016). There were no between-group differences in CSA, maximal force, specific tension, peak power, or specific power. Type IIa muscle fibers did not show significant differences between groups. Conclusions: Elderly people who are “at risk” for mobility disability have reduced single muscle fiber velocity. This may contribute to a decrease in whole muscle contractile velocity and power generation, which in turn may decrease ability to correct balance perturbations and increase the risk of falls.
Prior evidence shows small firms experience greater stock price revaluations to earnings reports than do large firms. This finding is attributed to different levels of predisclosure information production and dissemination. Accordingly, because information search activities yield higher expected trading profits for larger firms, prices are “more informative” for larger firms and their earnings reports convey less information. This phenomenon is called the size-related differential information hypothesis. Moreover, asset pricing theory views prices as a function of all information—including information about other firms. This multilateral perspective is consistent with earnings reports yielding price revaluations for other firms, called earnings information transfers. This article hypothesizes that the size-related differential information hypothesis extends to earnings information transfers. It predict and shows that price revaluations to earnings are inversely related to the size of both disclosing and non-disclosing firms. This evidence supports the multilateral price implications of earnings.
As anode materials for Lithium-ion batteries, mesoporous materials such as mesoporous carbon can deliver high rate and stability on cycling owing to their unique mesostructure. Especially, the critical dimensions of pore size and wall thickness may highly influence the rate of intercalation. Herein a novel mesoporous carbon with increased pore size and decreased pore wall thickness is prepared by sacrificing Sn nanoparticles embedded in the carbon wall of CMK-3, and exhibits superior cycle and rate performances than normal CMK-3. Thus the structural parameters of mesoporous carbon are very important to its electrochemical performance and should be optimally controllable.
In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques are performed to investigate the evolution of the local electronic and atomic structure of a spinel cathode material LiCo0.2Mn1.8O4 in the 4V range. Changes in the oxidation state, bond distance, and local disorder of Mn and Co absorbers in the Co-doped LiMn2O4 are measured as a function of potentials. The X-ray absorption near edge spectra shows that charging (Li deintercalation) leads to the oxidation of manganese to Mn4+. On the other hand, Co atoms are also oxidized but the edge energy shift is small, which suggests that Co is also electroactive in LiCo0.2Mn1.8O4 in the 4V range. The change in the Debye–Waller factor of the Co–O shell is smaller than that of Mn–O shell. Furthermore, from Debye–Waller factor and bond distance values, it appears that the Co environment fluctuates markedly during discharging.
Cobalt oxyhydroxide coat on the surface of nickel hydroxide particles is finished employing a simple ball milling process. The structure, morphology, and surface composition of the coated Ni(OH)2 particles is characterized by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy tests. The results show that numerous strip-like particles of a mixture of Ni(OH)2 and CoOOH aggregate on the surface of the Ni(OH)2 particles, and a structure of β-Ni(OH)2 is preserved. Compared to the Ni(OH)2 electrodes with a mixed CoO additive, the electrochemical activity of the electrodes with ball milled CoOOH coat can be improved as shown by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test, thus resulting in charge–discharge and cycle life performance improvement of the electrodes.
Background Previous research suggests that children with cerebral palsy (CP) have impairments in visual-spatial and mathematics abilities, although we know very little about the association between these two domains. Aims To investigate the extent of visual-spatial and mathematical impairments in children with CP and the associations between these two domains. Method and Procedure Thirty-two children with predominantly quadriplegic spastic and/or athetoid (dyskinetic) CP (13 years 7 months) and a group of typically developing (TD) children (8 years 6 months) matched by receptive vocabulary were given a battery of visual-spatial and mathematics tasks. Visual-spatial assessments ranged from simple tests of perception to complex reasoning about these stimuli. A standardised test of mathematics ability was administered to both groups. Outcomes and Results The children with CP had significantly poorer mathematical and visual-spatial abilities than the TD group. For the TD group age was the best predictor of mathematical ability, in the CP group receptive vocabulary and visual perception abilities were the best predictors of mathematical ability. Conclusion and Implications The CP group had extensive difficulties with visual perception; visual short-term memory; visual reasoning; and mental rotation all of which were associated with their mathematical abilities. These findings have implications for the teaching of visual perception and visual memory skills in young children with CP as these may help the development of mathematical abilities.
Recent research has indicated that even though construction materials and components may constitute more than fifty percent of total project costs, existing methods for managing them still depend on human skills. This traditional data collection is time and labour-intensive, error-prone, and unreliable, due to the reluctance of workforces to monitor and record the presence of large numbers of material. Automating the task of identifying and tracking construction materials can provide timely and accurate information on materials available to the manager. This paper investigates a new approach for integrating the latest innovations in ADC technologies for real-time data collection in construction. In this approach, the combination of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Global Positioning System (GPS), and General Packet Radio System (GPRS) technologies can facilitate extremely low-cost, infrastructure-free, and easy-to-implement solutions to uniquely identify materials, components, and equipment. The presented system is fully automatic and will lead to their location and tracking in three phases, namely, production sites (off-site), en-route (shipping), and construction job sites (on-site), almost instantaneously.
This paper describes the synthesis and properties of a new type of ceramic fillers for composite polymer gel electrolytes. Hybrid TiO2-SiO2 ceramic powders have been obtained by co-precipitation from titanium(IV) sulfate solution using sodium silicate as the precipitating agent. The resulting submicron-size powders have been applied as fillers for composite polymer gel electrolytes for Li-ion batteries based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes. The powders and gel electrolytes have been examined structurally and electrochemically, showing favorable properties in terms of electrolyte uptake and electrochemical characteristics in Li-ion cells.
Hard carbon nanoparticles (HCNP) were synthesized by the pyrolysis of a polyaniline precursor. The measured Na+ cation diffusion coefficient (10−13–10−15 cm2 s−1) in the HCNP obtained at 1150°C is two orders of magnitude lower than that of Li+ in graphite (10−10–10−13 cm2 s−1), indicating that reducing the carbon particle size is very important for improving electrochemical performance. These measurements also enable a clear visualization of the stepwise reaction phases and rate changes which occur throughout the insertion/extraction processes in HCNP, The electrochemical measurements also show that the nano-sized HCNP obtained at 1150°C exhibited higher practical capacity at voltages lower than 1.2V (vs. Na/Na+), as well as a prolonged cycling stability, which is attributed to an optimum spacing of 0.366nm between the graphitic layers and the nano particular size resulting in a low-barrier Na+ cation insertion. These results suggest that HCNP is a very promising high-capacity/stability anode for low cost sodium-ion batteries (SIBs).
We conduct a techno-economic analysis of Li-ion NMC-G prismatic pouch battery and pack designs for electric vehicle applications. We develop models of power capability and manufacturing operations to identify the minimum cost cell and pack designs for a variety of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and battery electric vehicle (BEV) requirements. We find that economies of scale in battery manufacturing are reached quickly at a production volume of ∼200–300 MWh annually. Increased volume does little to reduce unit costs, except potentially indirectly through factors such as experience, learning, and innovation. We also find that vehicle applications with larger energy requirements are able to utilize cheaper cells due in part to the use of thicker electrodes. The effect on cost can be substantial. In our base case, we estimate pack-level battery production costs of ∼$545 kWh−1 for a PHEV with a 10 mile (16 km) all-electric range (PHEV10) and ∼$230 kWh−1 for a BEV with a 200 mile (320 km) all-electric range (BEV200). This 58% reduction, from $545 kWh−1 to $230 kWh−1, is a larger effect than the uncertainty represented by our optimistic and pessimistic scenarios. Electrodes thicker than about 100 or 125 microns are not currently used in practice due to manufacturing and durability concerns, but relaxing this constraint could further lower the cost of larger capacity BEV200 packs by up to an additional 8%.
Résumé Introduction Les troubles isolés de la mémoire autobiographique (MAu) constituent une entité séméiologique rare. Nous présentons trois patients avec des plaintes sévères relatives à leur MAu et des antécédents d’événements épileptiques. L’objectif de ce travail est de caractériser le déficit mnésique de ces patients et d’en discuter les mécanismes sous-jacents. Patients et méthodes Les trois patients ont passé un bilan neuropsychologique standard puis ont fait l’objet d’une étude plus approfondie de leur MAu dans sa composante strictement épisodique. Un électroencéphalogramme (EEG) de surface et une imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) ont également été réalisés. Résultats Les patients présentaient une parfaite autonomie et des fonctions cognitives intactes, des performances normales aux épreuves de mémoire épisodique d’utilisation courante et aux tests de mémoire non personnelle, contrastant avec des troubles aux tests évaluant la MAu dans sa composante « épisodique », des anomalies épileptiformes frontales et/ou temporales à l’EEG, une IRM normale. Conclusion Nous rapportons un groupe de patients présentant un effacement sélectif de certaines composantes de leur mémoire personnelle, associé à des anomalies interictales frontales et/ou temporales. Cette association singulière met en question l’intégrité des mécanismes de consolidation ou de maintien du matériel autobiographique.
Frequent variation in electricity demand strains power plants, thereby increasing CO2 emissions. Grid integration of intermittent renewables exacerbates this problem. Energy storage can mitigate demand fluctuations. Yet, common grid-scale storage technologies are geographically limited or prohibitively expensive. Storing electricity as heat, although thermodynamically counter-intuitive, can be cheaper and nonrestrictive. To do so, high temperatures are desired according to the second law of thermodynamics. Here, we analyze electricity storage through the phase change of solid to molten silicon and discharge the stored heat radiatively to a working fluid, allowing system flexibility. We use heat transfer analyses to determine whether radiative discharge of a thermal energy storage system to supercritical water is a viable method. Our analysis shows a system cost of $45 ± 10 per kWhe and 12-hr round-trip efficiency of ∼38%–43%. Rather than constructing additional gas-fired peaker plants to address peak loads, the proposed system can be implemented and use existing infrastructure from retired coal power plants. This approach is compatible with current power plants as well as renewable energy, providing a segue from fossil fuels to renewable energy dependent power plants.
Background Childhood neuromotor dysfunction is a risk factor for schizophrenia, a disorder in which cognitive deficits are prominent. The relationship between early neurodevelopment and adult cognition in schizophrenia remains unclear. Methods We examined the associations between infant motor development and adult cognitive functions in schizophrenia (n =61) and the general population (n =104) in a sample drawn from the The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. Data on ages of learning to stand and walk with or without support were obtained at age 12 months by health visitor assessment. Neurocognitive measures at age 33–35 included executive function, verbal and visual episodic memory, and visuo-spatial working memory. Results The schizophrenia group achieved neuromotor milestones later and performed significantly worse than the control group on all measures of cognition. In pooled analyses there were associations between infant motor development and adult cognition in the domains of executive function, verbal learning and visuospatial working memory, but not in visual object learning. The pattern of associations between development and cognition was similar in schizophrenia and the general population. Conclusions These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in schizophrenia mild infant motor developmental delay and adult cognitive deficits (at least in some domains) are age dependent manifestations of the same underlying neural process. Thus, they may be better considered as part of a single longitudinal syndrome.
In this study, the thermo-mechanical properties of networked, polysiloxane/polyether-based, hybrid polymer electrolytes are optimized with the aim of enabling room-temperature operation in lithium metal-polymer batteries. The structural parameters of the electrolytes (polyether chain length, cross-linking and salt concentration) are varied in order to get the best tradeoff between conductivity and mechanical stability. The optimized material has a conductivity close to 1.5·10−4 Scm−1 at room temperature and a shear storage modulus of 50kPa up to 100°C. The effect of TiO2 nano-particles is also studied with the results showing an overall ambiguous effect on the materials properties. Finally, one of the materials with the highest conductivity is used as electrolyte in a Li/LiFePO4 cell. This cell has good rate capability and cyclability due to the high conductivity of the electrolyte. However, the high conductivity is reached at expense of the mechanical stability and the resulting electrolyte proves to be too weak to work as an efficient barrier against lithium dendrite growth.
In this study, a novel implementation of dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS) is proposed. The method first measures the impedance continuously at a single frequency during one charging/discharging cycle, then repeats the measurement at a number of other selected frequencies. The impedance spectrum at a specific SOC is obtained by interpolating and collecting the impedance at all of the selected frequencies. The charge transfer resistance, R ct, from the DEIS is smaller than that from the steady EIS in a wide state-of-charge (SOC) range from 0.4 to 1.0, the R ct during charging is generally smaller than that during discharging for the battery chemistry used in this study.
Manganese oxide based catalysts were synthesised in the form of nano-particles using a redox reaction of MnSO4 and KMnO4, housed into the pores of a carbon matrix and followed by a thermal treatment. Particle sizes of the manganese oxide nanocatalysts were around 50nm, based on the tunnelling electron microscope measurement. They were uniformly distributed in the carbon matrix, which contributed to an improved electrical connection among the catalyst and current collectors. The charge/discharge tests using this material as the cathode material in a rechargeable lithium–air battery showed high discharge capacities up to 4750mAh(gcarbon)−1. The cycle ability of the composite electrode was superior to those of the commercial electrolytic manganese dioxide electrodes.
Two studies investigated the importance of phoneme awareness relative to other predictors in the development of reading and spelling among children learning a consistent orthography (Czech) and an inconsistent orthography (English). In Study 1, structural equation models revealed that Czech (n =107) and English (n =71) data were fitted well by the same predictors of reading and spelling. Phoneme awareness was a unique predictor in all models. In Study 2, Czech (n =40) and English (n =27) children with dyslexia showed similar deficits on phoneme awareness relative to their age- and spelling-matched control peers. Phoneme awareness appears to be a core component skill of alphabetic literacy, which is equally important for learners of consistent and inconsistent orthographies.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether seizure recurrence has a negative impact on cognition, psychological function, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) over a 12-month period of monotherapy in adults with newly diagnosed or previously untreated partial epilepsy. Methods Seizure freedom (SF) was defined as no seizure recurrence during the 40-week maintenance period of medication. Neuropsychological tests, the Symptom Checklist—90 (SCL-90), and the Quality of Life in Epilepsy—31 (QOLIE-31) were administered at baseline and after 48weeks of carbamazepine or lamotrigine monotherapy. Seventy-three patients successfully continued treatment until the 48-week follow-up time point. Fifty patients (68.5%) had SF, and the remaining 23 were not seizure-free (NSF). A seizure outcome group-by-time interaction was analyzed using a linear mixed model. Results A group-by-time interaction was identified for the total QOLIE-31 score (p<0.05) and score on two QOLIE-31 subscales (social function: p<0.001 and seizure worry: p<0.001), with a significant improvement over time only present in the SF group (all p<0.001). There was no significant group-by-time interaction for most cognitive function tests, with the exception of the serial clustering score (p<0.01) and number of recognition hits on the California Verbal Learning Test (p<0.05). Serial clustering did not differ between the SF and NSF groups at baseline, but was significantly more used in the NSF group than in the SF group at 48weeks (p<0.01). There was no significant group-by-time interaction for any dimension of the SCL-90. Conclusion Recurrent seizures had a significant effect on HRQoL, a subtle effect on cognitive performance, and no effect on psychological symptoms over one year in newly diagnosed or previously untreated adults with partial epilepsy.