batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Solid-state electrolytes with high ionic conductivities, great flexibility, and easy processability are needed for high-performance solid-state rechargeable lithium batteries. In this work, we synthesize nanosized cubic Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) by solution combustion method and develop a flexible garnet-based composite solid electrolyte composed of LLZO, poly(ethylene carbonate) (PEC), poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (P(VdF-HFP) and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI)). In the flexible composite solid electrolytes, LLZO nanoparticles, as ceramic matrix, have a positive effect on ionic conductivities and lithium ion transference number (t Li+). PEC, as a fast ion-conducting polymer, possesses high t Li+ inherently. P(VdF-HFP), as a binder, can strengthen mechanical properties. Consequently, the as-prepared composite solid electrolyte demonstrates high t Li+ (0.82) and superb thermal stability (remaining LLZO matrix after burning). All-solid-state LiFePO4|Li cells assembled with the flexible composite solid electrolyte deliver a high initial discharge specific capacity of 121.4 mAh g−1 and good cycling stability at 55 °C.
Natural flake graphite was mild-expanded and then carbon coated to enhance its cycle performance. The sample was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The interlayer distance of graphite was slightly increased and many defects were introduced into graphite to form a porous structure. The mild-expanded graphite with pyrolysis carbon coating could accommodate up to 378mAhg−1 capacity and keep 100% capacity after 100 cycles. A mechanism is proposed that the increased interlayer distance and porous structure act as buffer for the change of graphite's volume in cycles, which greatly enhances the cycle stability. Porous structure also increases the capacity remarkably according to the micro-porous storage mechanism.
Double metal phosphide NiCoP with hollow quasi-polyhedron structure was rationally designed and synthesized via acidic etching, precipitation of ZIF-67 polyhedra and further phosphorization treatment. The outer and inside shells of the hollow quasi-polyhedral structure were formed by many interconnected nanosheets with a lot of micro-holes. It could be found that this unique 3D structure material could be well applied to lithium sulfur battery (LSB). The NiCoP material with a huge specific surface area (1539.2m2 g−1) allowed for high loading of sulfur. The NiCoP material strongly adsorbed polysulfides because their natural oxidation (forming Ni-O-P, Co-O-P-like species) activated the Co/Ni sites for binding polysulfides via strong CoS, NiS bonding. In particular, NiCoP hollow quasi-polyhedra exhibited higher binding energy than CoP. The results revealed that this composite had a specific discharge capacity up to 815.3mAh/g at the first cycle and remained 620mAh/g after cycling for 200 at 0.1C with almost 100% coulombic efficiency.
This law expresses the movement of a single component in an immobile environment. Strictly speaking, this situation can only arise if the immobile medium is a solid. In this case, the migrating species only experiences friction with the fixed medium and, at constant pressure and temperature, we can write.
Publisher Summary This chapter deals with laser ablation. Formation of small particles at laser ablation of a solid in liquids is an inevitable phenomenon at both shock processing and machining. When a solid target is vaporized, the vapor tends to condensate as small particles. When ablation is carried out in liquid, the particles remain in liquid as a suspension. Using laser ablation of solids in liquids, colloidal particles of a large variety of materials has been fabricated in recent years, with a rise of overall interest to nanoscale sciences and nanofabrication. Compared with other methods of fabrication of nanoparticles, laser ablation in liquid has some advantages. These include: no occurrence of problems with the collection of the particles, and that laser ablation yields principally cleaner particles, because no other substances are involved in the process than the target and the liquid. The main disadvantages of the laser method are its small productivity (of order of some mg/h) and expensive equipment (laser). This chapter summarizes the optical properties of small particles as many important applications of laser-generated particles rely on their optical properties. It then describes some experimental techniques of particle generation. Furthermore, it discusses the ablation process in metal colloids, inorganic compound particles, and silicon and amorphous carbon particles. Finally, it discusses laser-energized liquid-assisted diamond synthesis.
The purpose of the study was to assess polysomnographic indicators of increased mortality risk in patients with stroke or a transient ischemic attack (TIA).
As part of the CORROSION 2010 Conference and Expo held March 14–18, 2010, in San Antonio, Texas, NACE International hosted a forum, meetings, and symposia for those who design, manage, and maintain nuclear power plants and their corrosion-related issues. With many existing nuclear power plants already having at least one life extension, properly addressing the issues of coatings and corrosion mitigation is critical. These events were intended to help coating and engineering professionals from around the world focus on the critical nature of safely running nuclear power facilities.
The mechanically guided assembly that relies on the compressive buckling of strategically patterned 2D thin films represents a robust route to complex 3D mesostructures in advanced materials and even functional micro-devices. Based on this approach, formation of complex 3D configurations with suspended curvy features or hierarchical geometries remains a challenge. In this paper, we incorporate the prestrained shape memory polymer in the 2D precursor design to enable local rolling deformations after the mechanical assembly through compressive buckling. A theoretical model captures quantitatively the effect of key design parameters on local rolling deformations. The combination of precisely controlled global buckling and local rolling expands substantially the range of accessible 3D configurations. The combined experimental and theoretical studies over a dozen of examples demonstrate the utility of the proposed strategy in achieving complex reprogrammable 3D mesostructures.
Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the basic terminology and the processes associated with petroleum engineering. Petroleum engineering is principally concerned with building static and dynamic models of oil and gas reservoirs. The chapter lists some key parameters that these models aim to determine. It is necessary to construct a dynamic model of the field to predict the hydrocarbons that may be actually produced from a field. A field development plan (FDP) concerns with the production of hydrocarbons. Once an FDP has been approved, the drilling campaign consists of well proposals, in which the costs, well trajectory, geological prognosis, and data-gathering requirements are specified. The petrophysicist plays a part in the preparation of the well proposal in specifying which logs need to be acquired in the various hole sections. Logging while drilling (LWD), wireline openhole logging, wireline cased hole logging, and pipe-conveyed logging are the basic log types that are run. An oil company sets up logging contracts with one or more contractors for the provision of logging services. A logging program is prepared at the FDP stage in a field development. Tool failure and stuck tools are the things that are considered during operational decision-making. Particularly during the exploration phase of a field, coring presents an important means to calibrate the petrophysical model and gain additional information about the reservoir that is not obtainable by logs during the exploration phase of a field. A mud-logging unit is set up on the ring during drilling of a well that monitors the drilling parameters and provides information to the petroleum-engineering department for evaluation process. Testing is done at the end of logging that approves the running of a well.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of three bioassays representing multiple trophic levels, for the preliminary ecotoxicological screening of sediments from sites contaminated by mining activities. Of the bioassays used in this study, the ostracod test was the most responsive. Vibrio fischeri luminiscence inhibition assay was less sensitive to the toxicants in the sediments than the phytotoxicity assays. The general trend observed was an increase in toxicity values measured by the bioassays with increasing metal mobilization in sediment samples. Therefore, the test battery can be used as a rapid and sensitive tool to evaluate the heavy metal contamination in sediments.
While energy storage technologies have existed for decades, fast-ramping grid-level storage is still an immature industry and is experiencing relatively rapid improvements in performance and cost across a variety of technologies. In this innovation cycle, it is important to determine which properties of emerging energy storage technologies are most valuable. Decreased capital cost, increased power capability, and increased efficiency all would improve the value of an energy storage technology and each has cost implications that vary by application, but there has not yet been an investigation of the marginal rate of technical substitution between storage properties. We use engineering-economic models of four emerging fast-ramping energy storage technologies and examine their cost-effectiveness for four realistic current applications. We determine which properties have the greatest effect on cost-of-service by performing an extended sensitivity analysis on the storage properties for combinations of application and storage type. We find that capital cost of storage is consistently important, and identify applications for which power/energy limitations are important. Each combination is different and blanket statements are not always appropriate.
We present ab initio studies of structures, energetics, and diffusion properties of Mg in bulk Si, Ge, and Sn diamond structures to evaluate their potential as insertion type anode materials for Mg batteries. We show that Si could provide the highest specific capacity (3817 mAh g−1) and the lowest average insertion voltage (∼0.15 eV vs. Mg) for Mg storage. Nevertheless, due to its significant percent lattice expansion (∼216%) and slow Mg diffusion, Sn and Ge are more attractive; both anodes have lower lattice expansions (∼120% and ∼178%, respectively) and diffusion barriers (∼0.50 and ∼0.70 eV, respectively, for single-Mg diffusion) than Si. We show that Mg–Mg interactions at different stages of charging can decrease significantly the diffusion barrier compared to the single atom diffusion, by up to 0.55 eV.
The source of the optical properties of natural melanin persists as an impressive conundrum, hindering a thorough comprehension of the complicated photo-protective contribution of these extensive natural pigments and the pragmatic design of revolutionary bioinspired materials for optoelectronic functionalities. Melanin is a natural pigment distributed in vivo, and provides protection from the sun rays, exhibiting a strong wide-band UV–visible absorption. In the present study, we investigated the optical properties of natural melanin at different pH concentrations within the framework of experimental techniques, namely, UV–visible absorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and fluorescence spectroscopies. The results indicate that the optical absorption and fluorescence of natural melanin are enhanced within the near-UV and visible regimes with an increase in the solution concentration, are dependent on the pH level, and can impact the emergence of a broad band of visible absorption. The variations in the optical absorption spectra of natural melanin solutions at various pH levels will demonstrate novel rational strategies for controlling their optical properties for potential optoelectronic applications.
X-ray, IRS, XPS, EDRS and magnetic measurements were used to study Li1+x CoO2 (0<x≥0.1) samples prepared by conventional ceramic method. It was shown that nonstoichiometric Li1+x CoO2 are characterized by homogeneous crystal structure with statistically distributed vacancies in the cobalt and oxygen layers and the increased CoO bond covalency. The excess lithium results not in the reduction of Co3+ ions, but in the appearance of a new state of oxygen ions different from cell oxide, with higher value of binding energy (BE), i.e. with smaller electronic density. Acid treatment of Li1+x CoO2 leads to the appearance of delocalized (itinerant) electrons. The electronic state of cobalt ions does not change noticeably whereas the additional oxygen state increases significantly, thus, evidencing that oxygen ions do compensate for the charge upon chemical delithiation. The structure of nonstoichiometric samples appeared to be more stable upon this process.
The thermal stability of a FeF3 cathode via a conversion reaction was quantitatively studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Mixtures of charged and discharged FeF3 electrodes and electrolyte were measured by changing the ratio of electrode to electrolyte. A mild exothermic peak was observed at temperatures ranging from 210 to 380°C for the mixtures of charged electrode and electrolyte even if the electrode/electrolyte ratio was changed. Moreover, the cycling depth had no effect on the thermal stability of the charged electrode in the electrolyte. For the mixtures of discharged electrode and electrolyte, exothermic reactions occurred in the range of 250–350°C, which varied with the electrode/electrolyte ratio. Although the exothermic reactions of the mixtures varied with the electrode/electrolyte ratio, the thermal risk for both charged and discharged electrodes coexisted with the electrolyte appeared to be mainly due to electrolyte decomposition. By comparing the heat values of mixtures of the charged and discharged electrodes and electrolyte, the FeF3 electrodes in the electrolyte demonstrated better thermal stability than LiFePO4 electrodes at elevated temperatures.
We report on the suitability of the two metal silicides MoSi2 and CrSi2 as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. The two materials were synthesized by high energy ball milling of the corresponding metals and X-ray diffraction was used to follow the evolution/formation of the crystalline phases. The in-house prepared powders have shown better battery performance than commercial powders (as-received or ball-milled). We observed that 20h were necessary for the formation of MoSi2 whereas 100h were needed for the formation of the CrSi2 powder. The best battery performance was obtained with the synthesized CrSi2 powder that has a theoretical capacity value of 469mAhg−1. This powder provided capacities of 340, 262, 167, 110, and 58mAhg−1 at C/12, C/6, C/2, C, and 2C, respectively. Cycling at 60°C showed higher capacity values, but with a faster fade of these values.
One hundred seven commercially available, off-the-shelf, 1.2-Ah cells were tested for calendar life and CS cycle- and CD cycle-life using the new USABC PHEV Battery Test Manual. Here, the effects of temperature on calendar life, on CS cycle life, and on CD cycle life; the effects of SOC on calendar life and on CS cycle life; and the effects of rest time on CD cycle life were investigated. The results indicated that the test procedures caused performance decline in the cells in an expected manner, calendar<CS cycling<CD cycling. In some cases, the kinetic law changed with test type, from linear-with-time to about t 2. Additionally, temperature was found to stress the cells more than SOC, causing increased changes in performance with increasing temperature.
Over the last few decades, various housing types for people with mental health problems have been developed for use in the community. These housing types differ in their objectives, staff support and design. In this study, we focus on how fire safety influences the lives of tenants in supported housing. The qualitative study was designed with a multi-sited ethnography approach. Fieldwork was conducted in seven different Norwegian supported housing settings in 2017 with 105 participants (29 tenants, 70 staff, five managers, and one planner). The empirical data consist of field notes, recorded interviews and pictures, which were analyzed with grounded theory and situational analysis. The analysis reconstructed how fire safety was organized and tenants’ experiences of it. These experiences could be positive (such as feeling protected) or negative (such as feeling annoyed or under surveillance). The tenants coped differently with these situations, and fire safety sets boundaries for tenants. Overall, fire safety was organized differently in the supported housing settings we looked at comparison to in most of the common housing units in Norway. The influences of fire safety on daily life can be understood as ambiguous and can be interpreted as a normalizing factor in a risk society. Thus, we emphasize the need for appropriate and well-considered fire safety as a public health intervention in supported housing.
Nickel sulfides are suitable anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of their moderate cost and high theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, low cycling stability and rate performance caused by volume expansion and inferior electronic conductivity during the charge/discharge process still hamper their development. Herein, Ni3S2 nanoparticles uniformly embedded in N-doped carbon nanosheets (Ni3S2@C) are synthesized by sulfuration of a Ni-based metal-organic framework (Ni-MOF), followed by coating with polypyrrole (PPy). The PPy protects Ni3S2 particles from aggregation, and is converted to N-doped carbon shell during the annealing process. The nano-sized structure accelerates reaction kinetics and minimizes stress/strain caused by volume changes. The N-doped carbon nanosheets connect the transmission pathway of the electrons, and buffer the volume change during the electrochemical reaction. As expected, NiSx@C-600 delivers superior sodium storage performance with a high discharge capacity of 432.8 mA h g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 over 100 cycles and remarkable rate capacity of 371.6 mA h g−1 at a high rate of 6.4 A g−1. To the best of our knowledge, the obtained nanosheets exhibit the best rate performance among current Ni3S2 composites. The proposed method for enhancing conductivity and doping heteroatom by using PPy provides a novel insight to design SIB anodes with superior performance.
Large-scale deployment of photovoltaic (PV) modules has considerably increased in recent decades. Given an estimated lifetime of 30 years, the challenge of how to handle large volumes of end-of-life PV modules is starting to emerge. In this Perspective, we assess the global status of practice and knowledge for end-of-life management for crystalline silicon PV modules. We focus in particular on module recycling, a key aspect in the circular economy of photovoltaic panels. We recommend research and development to reduce recycling costs and environmental impacts compared to disposal while maximizing material recovery. We suggest that the recovery of high-value silicon is more advantageous than the recovery of intact silicon wafers. This approach requires the identification of contaminants and the design of purification processes for recovered silicon. The environmental and economic impacts of recycling practices should be explored with techno–economic analyses and life-cycle assessments to optimize solutions and minimize trade-offs. As photovoltaic technology advances rapidly, it is important for the recycling industry to plan adaptable recycling infrastructure.
Metal oxide-coated spinel was investigated with respect to electrochemical characteristics. Metal oxide coating on commercial spinel powder (LiMn2−x M x O4, M=Zr, Nikki, Japan) was carried out using the sol–gel method. Al2O3/CuO x -coated spinel exhibited stable cycle performance in the range from 3.0 to 4.4V, and it had lower charge transfer resistance and higher double layer capacitance than bare spinel in later cycles. In the SEM image of the powder after the cell test, bare spinel showed abnormal surfaces formed by decomposition of the electrolyte, while Al2O3/CuO x -coated spinel displayed a normal surface covered with a surface film. Therefore, it is expected that an Al2O3/CuO x layer coated on the spinel powder can function as a protective film, which supresses the reaction between electrolyte and active material.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used to quantitatively evaluate the stability of copper foils coated with graphite and binder in lithium (Li)-ion battery electrolytes at open-circuit. The results showed that copper dissolution was extremely small in fresh electrolyte. However, atmospheric exposure markedly influenced the stability of copper and caused large amounts of dissolution. In addition, copper dissolution was found to increase (up to several hundred ppm) in electrolyte that had been aged for 6 months. The study showed that the condition of the electrolytes was critical to the stability of the graphite-coated copper foils.
Magnesium-ion conducting gel polymer electrolytes (GPE) were prepared and their electrochemical properties were characterized. The composition of GPE containing P(VdF-co-HFP), Mg(ClO4)2–EC/PC and SiO2 was optimized in consideration of ionic conductivity and mechanical stability. Solid state magnesium cell employing magnesium anode, GPE, and vanadium oxide cathode was assembled and its cycling characteristics were investigated. The Mg/GPE/V2O5 cell showed low initial discharge capacity of 58mAh/g based on active V2O5 material and poor cycling characteristics. At present, the results show that the Mg/GPE/V2O5 cell has an inferior cycling performance in comparison with that of well-developed, lithium metal polymer cells.
Microglia are phagocytic cells that survey the brain and perform neuroprotective functions in response to tissue damage, but their activating receptors are largely unknown. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a microglial immunoreceptor whose loss-of-function mutations in humans cause presenile dementia, while genetic variants are associated with increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. In myeloid cells, TREM2 has been involved in the regulation of phagocytosis, cell proliferation and inflammatory responses in vitro. However, it is unknown how TREM2 contributes to microglia function in vivo. Here, we identify a critical role for TREM2 in the activation and function of microglia during cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination. TREM2-deficient (TREM2−/−) mice had defective clearance of myelin debris and more axonal pathology, resulting in impaired clinical performances compared to wild-type (WT) mice. TREM2−/− microglia proliferated less in areas of demyelination and were less activated, displaying a more resting morphology and decreased expression of the activation markers MHC II and inducible nitric oxide synthase as compared to WT. Mechanistically, gene expression and ultrastructural analysis of microglia suggested a defect in myelin degradation and phagosome processing during CPZ intoxication in TREM2−/− microglia. These findings place TREM2 as a key regulator of microglia activation in vivo in response to tissue damage.