batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Previous studies have demonstrated that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can be proficiently used to modulate attentional and cognitive functions. For instance, in the language domain there is evidence that tDCS can fasten picture naming in both healthy individuals and aphasic patients, or improve grammar learning. In this study, we investigated whether tDCS can be used to increase healthy subjects' performance in phonemic and semantic fluency tasks, that are typically used in clinical assessment of language. Ten healthy individuals performed a semantic and a phonemic fluency task following anodal tDCS applied over Broca's region. Each participant underwent a real and a sham tDCS session. Participants were found to produce more words following real anodal tDCS both in the phonemic and in the semantic fluency. Control experiments ascertained that this finding did not depend upon unspecific effects of tDCS over levels of general arousal or attention or upon participants' expectations. These data confirm the efficacy of tDCS in transiently improving language functions by showing that anodal stimulation of Broca's region can enhance verbal fluency. Implications of these results for the treatment of language functions in aphasia are considered.
Cognitive radio has become a promising technology in recent times as it facilitates the opportunistic use of the frequency spectrum, a precious resource in the communications arena. In this regard, cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs) couple the features of ad hoc networks with cognitive radio technology in order to make the use of spectrum efficient, opportunistic, and dynamic. Ironically, however, CRAHNs have a couple of challenging issues to deal with the spectrum variation in temporal and spatial domain, dynamic topology and unpredictable primary user behavior. Additionally, one of the serious problems with CRAHNs is the limited energy supply in the form of battery. Several techniques have been proposed that contribute towards improving the usefulness and conservation of this valuable energy. It is clear that routing consumes a substantial amount of energy. Routing in CRAHNs, therefore, requires all the key issues to be addressed with flawlessness. This survey focuses on the various routing protocols that have been reported to date for prolonging the lifetime of the network as well as for improving system performance and reliability. It also sheds light on the challenging issues of designing and implementing routing protocols for CRAHNs.
High performance cathode with sufficiently high areal sulfur loading is still a major challenge for practical Li/S batteries. Herein, we propose a 3D nanocarbon architecture with robust electrical “highway” network for high sulfur mass loading and efficient sulfur utilization. The structure is constructed by “welding” highly conductive nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) and nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNT) together through in-situ polymeric crosslinking and nitrogen-doped carbon shell (NCS) formation. The highly sulfur-absorptive NCS provides strong physical and chemical confinements to sulfur and polysulfides, which is confirmed by in-situ Raman and electrochemical analysis. At a moderate sulfur loading, the NG-NCNT@NCS@S cathode exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 1421mAhg−1, excellent rate performance of 750mAhg−1 at 2C and 465mAhg−1 at 5C, and a capacity fading rate as low as 0.037% per cycle at 2C for 1400 cycles. At high areal sulfur loading up to 10.2mgcm−2, the cathode retains a high areal capacity of 5.43mAhcm−2 after 150 cycles at a high current rate (1C). A large areal cathode (77 × 50mm2) with sulfur loading of 8.5mgcm−2 delivers a record-high capacity of 9.04mAhcm−2 at 0.1C, demonstrating its great potential for practical application in Li/S batteries.
To achieve superior specific capacitance with sound cyclic stability, porous manganese dioxide (MnO2) film built from arborization-like nanoclusters is deposited for the first time on multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) pre-covered onto Pt sheet by using a unipolar pulse electro-deposition method. The obtained composite electrode MnO2/MWCNT displays unique nanostructure and good stability. It displays specific mass capacitance as high as 553.0 F/g in 0.50 M Na2SO4 solution. The attractive capacitance performance may contribute from the synergetic effects of chemical adsorption-desorption on the spherical surface and internal intercalation/deintercalation between electrolyte ions and active material MnO2. After 2000 charge/discharge cycles at the current density of 5.0 A/g, it can retain more than 97% of the initial specific capacitance. The superior cyclic stability may depend on the well crystallized MnO2 containing more bond Mn-O-Mn but less bond Mn-O-H. In case of its counterpart MnO2/MWCNT-PM prepared using potentiostatic method, its low capacitance performance can be ascribed to the simply chemical adsorption-desorption on its flat surface between electrolyte ions and active MnO2. It can only retain about 62% of the first cycle capacitance after the charge/discharge cycles. The poor cyclic stability mainly depends on the lowly crystallized MnO2 containing more bond Mn-O-H but less bond Mn-O-Mn.
Research with adults has shown that the distortion of visual word features, and in particular of the multiletter features within words, hampers word recognition. In this study, “CaSe MiXiNg” was employed to examine the effect of disrupting visual word features on the acquisition of orthographic knowledge in children. During the training, 18 beginning and 27 advanced readers (in Grades 2, 4, and 5) repeatedly read a set of pseudowords in either lowercase or mixed case. During this training, case mixing appeared to impair reading speed in both reader groups. At posttest, 1 day after the training, case format was either the same as or different from that during the training. Lowercase pseudowords were recognized faster after a lowercase training than after a mixed-case training. In a second study, case was found not to affect the rapid naming of single letters. The combined results suggest that case mixing disrupted the multiletter features in pseudowords and that the disruption of these features can affect the acquisition of orthographic knowledge.
ADHD has been linked to poorer driving abilities and greater adverse outcomes (crashes, citations) in clinic-referred cases of teens and adults with ADHD. No study, however, has focused systematically on ADHD children followed into adulthood. The present paper does so while measuring driving-related cognitive abilities, driving behavior, and history of adverse driving outcomes. A multi-method, multi-source battery of driving measures was collected at the young adult follow-up on hyperactive (H; N =147; mean age=21.1) and community control children (CC; N =71; mean age=20.5) followed for more than 13 years. More of the H than CC groups had been ticketed for reckless driving, driving without a license, hit-and-run crashes, and had their licenses suspended or revoked. Official driving records found more of the H group having received traffic citations and a greater frequency of license suspensions. The cost of damage in their initial crashes was also significantly greater in the H than CC group. Both self-report and other ratings of actual driving behavior revealed less safe driving practices being used by the H group. Observations by driving instructors during a behind-the-wheel road test indicated significantly more impulsive errors. Performance on a simulator further revealed slower and more variable reaction times, greater errors of impulsiveness (false alarms, poor rule following), more steering variability, and more scrapes and crashes of the simulated vehicle against road boundaries in the H than in the CC group. These findings suggest that children growing up with ADHD may either have fewer driving risks or possibly under-report those risks relative to clinic-referred adults with this disorder. Deficits in simulator performance and safe driving behavior, however, are consistent with clinic-referred adults with ADHD suggesting ongoing risks for such adverse driving outcomes in children growing up with ADHD.
In this work, trimethylboroxine is used as electrolyte additive to improve the electrode/electrolyte interface stability of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (LNCM) cathode for high voltage lithium ion battery. Charge/discharge tests show that addition of 3% TMB is the optimal amount for LNCM. After 300 cycled at 1C rate under the cut-off charge voltage of 4.5V, the LNCM with 3% TMB achieves a capacity retention of 99%, compared to the 40% of that using STD electrolyte (1M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate /dimethyl carbonate). The results from LSV, EIS and physical characterizations, including SEM, TEM, XPS and ICP–MS, demonstrate that TMB oxidizes preferentially to the STD electrolyte, and catalyzes the decomposition of base electrolyte subsequently, generating a thin and low impedance film on the LNCM surface, which effectively stabilizes the electrode/electrolyte interface by suppressing the continuous oxidation of STD electrolyte and the dissolution of LNCM, and hence, improves the cyclic and rate performances of LNCM under high voltage.
Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate the anodic behavior of indium in a 3 M KOH solution on both rotating disc-platinum ring and static electrodes. Indium undergoes two processes in concentrated alkaline solution: activation and passivation. In the activation region, soluble, tri-valent indium is the main product, generated by the disproportionation reaction of In(OH)ad in the initial stage, and direct oxidation of indium during the latter stage. The soluble, tri-valent indium accumulates and precipitates as In(OH)3 on the electrode surface, inhibiting the oxidation of indium. In the resulting passivation region, the indium under the precipitated In(OH)3 is oxidized to In2O3, which is more stable than In(OH)3, and prevents further oxidation of the indium.
The activity size distribution of unattached as well as attached 212 Pb to aerosol particles was measured in the open air of El-Minia City, Egypt. The samples were collected using a wire screen diffusion battery technique and a low pressure cascade impactor. The mean activity median thermodynamic diameter (AMTD) of unattached 212 Pb was determined to be 1.4nm with a relative mean geometric standard deviation (σ g) of 1.55. A mean unattached fraction (f p ) of 0.03±0.007 was obtained at a mean aerosol particle concentration of 32×103 cm−3. Sometimes the f p values were less than the detection limit of 0.008. The mean concentration of activity of 212 Pb was found to be 9.6±1.1mBqm−3. The mean activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD) of the accumulation mode of attached 212 Pb was determined to be 360nm with a mean (σ g) of 2.7. The mean value of specific air activity concentration of 212 Pb associated with that mode was determined to be 303±12mBqm−3. With a dosimetric model calculation (International Commission on Radiological Protection. Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection. Oxford: Pergamon Press, ICRP Publication 66, 1994) the total deposition fractions as well as total equivalent and effective dose have been evaluated considering the obtained parameters of the activity size distributions. At a total deposition fraction of about 97% for unattached activities the total equivalent and effective doses to the lung were determined to be about 0.18 and 0.02μSv, respectively, while total equivalent and effective doses of about 0.45 and 0.05μSv, respectively, were determined at a total deposition fraction of about 23% for the attached activities.
This paper describes the characteristics and performance of a fuel cell powered unmanned aircraft. The aircraft is novel as it is the largest compressed hydrogen fuel cell powered airplane built to date and is currently the only fuel cell aircraft whose design and test results are in the public domain. The aircraft features a 500W polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with full balance of plant and compressed hydrogen storage incorporated into a custom airframe. Details regarding the design requirements, implementation and control of the aircraft are presented for each major aircraft system. The performances of the aircraft and powerplant are analyzed using data from flights and laboratory tests. The efficiency and component power consumption of the fuel cell propulsion system are measured at a variety of flight conditions. The performance of the aircraft powerplant is compared to other 0.5–1kW-scale fuel cell powerplants in the literature and means of performance improvement for this aircraft are proposed. This work represents one of the first studies of fuel cell powered aircraft to result in a demonstration aircraft. As such, the results of this study are of practical interest to fuel cell powerplant and aircraft designers.
Low-molecular-weight poly(ethyleneglycol) was tested as lithium-ion conductive matrix in a crystalline V2O5-based composite cathode. To assess the feasibility of this composite cathode in solid-state rechargeable batteries, the ion transport properties, the chemical stability and the electrochemical stability were evaluated. The cathode exhibited fairly good electrochemical properties at a moderately high temperature. At 338K, a 7 Li diffusion coefficient of about 6.8×10−8 cm2 s−1 was measured. The cathode showed good thermal and electrochemical stability. Battery cells were assembled and their performance was evaluated at 338K and at different discharge rates. About 270mAhg−1 (corresponding to 1.8 lithium equivalents) were delivered when cycling the battery at a low discharge rate (0.04mAcm−2, C/24). The active material utilization decreased with increasing discharge rate. About 1.0 lithium equivalents were cycled at 0.270mAcm−2and only 0.33 at 0.480mAcm−2.
The cognitive mechanisms for the analysis of flavour information remain poorly understood. Patients with semantic dementia (SD) could potentially provide a window on these mechanisms; however, while abnormal eating behaviour and altered food preferences are common in SD, flavour processing has been little studied in this disorder. Here we undertook a detailed investigation of flavour processing in three patients at different stages of SD. One patient with a clinical syndrome of logopenic aphasia (LPA) was studied as a disease control, and six healthy control subjects also participated. Olfaction was assessed using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test and processing of flavours was assessed using a novel battery to assess flavour perception, flavour identification, and congruence and affective valence of flavour combinations. Patients with SD performed equivalently to healthy controls on the perceptual subtest, while their ability to identify flavours or to determine congruence of flavour combinations was impaired. Classification of flavours according to affective valence was comparable to healthy controls. In contrast, the patient with LPA exhibited a perceptual deficit with relatively preserved identification of flavours, but impaired ability to determine flavour congruence, which did not benefit from affective valence. Olfactory and flavour identification performance was correlated in both patients and controls. We propose that SD produces a true deficit of flavour knowledge (an associative agnosia), while other peri-Sylvian pathologies may lead to deficient flavour perception. Our findings are consistent with emerging evidence from healthy subjects for a cortical hierarchy for processing flavour information, instantiated in a brain network that includes the insula, anterior temporal lobes and orbitofrontal cortex. The findings suggest a potential mechanism for the development of food fads and other abnormal eating behaviours.
Internal short circuit (ISCr) can lead to failure of Li-ion cells and sometimes result in thermal runaway. Understanding the behavior of Li-ion cells in ISCr condition is thus critical to evaluate the safety of these energy storage devices. In the current work, a pinch–torsion test is developed to simulate ISCr in a controlled manner. It is demonstrated that the torsional component superimposed on compression loading can reduce the axial load required to induce ISCr with smaller short spot size. Using this pinch–torsion test, two types of commercial Li-ion pouch cells were tested under different state of charge (SOC). Based on the severity of the cell damage, a series of thermal runaway risk scores were used to rate the thermal stability of these cells. One of the cell types showed significantly increased hazard as the SOC increased while the other type exhibited relative uniform behavior among different SOC. Therefore, this novel pinch–torsion test seems to be an attractive candidate for safety testing of Li-ion cells due to its abilities to consistently create small ISCr spots and to differentiate cell stability in a wide range of SOC.
Investigating batteries while they operate allows researchers to track the inner electrochemical processes involved in working conditions. This study describes the first neutron radiography investigation of a lead-acid battery. A custom-designed neutron friendly lead-acid cell and casing is developed and studied operando during electrochemical cycling, in order to observe the activity within the electrolyte and at the electrodes. This experimental work is coupled with Monte Carlo simulations of neutron transmittance. Details of cell construction, data collection and data analysis are presented. This work highlights the potential of neutron imaging for tracking battery function and outlines opportunities for further development.
Charge/discharge processes of organic radical batteries based on the radical polymer's redox reaction should be largely influenced by the structure and the composition of the composite electrodes. AC impedance measurement of the composite electrodes reveals a strong correlation between the overall electron transfer resistance of the composite electrode and the material of the current collector, and suggests that the electric conduction to the current collector through the contact resistance should be crucial. We also find that the adhesion and the contact area between the composite electrode and the current collector strongly influence the contact resistance rather than the work functions and the volume resistivities of the composite electrode and the current collector. It is also confirmed that the charge/discharge performance of the composite electrode is related to the overall electron transfer resistance of the composite electrode. These results indicate that the charge/discharge performance of the radical battery is dominated by the interfacial electron transfer processes at the current collector/carbon fiber interface. In fact, the composite electrode which has a high adhesion to the current collector shows a small overall electron transfer resistance and an excellent charge/discharge performance. The rate performance would be much improved by suitably designing the interfacial structure including adhesion and contact area.
In recent years, in the UK and elsewhere, scientists and science policymakers have grappled with the question of how to reap the benefits of nanotechnologies while minimising the risks. Having recognised the importance of public support for future innovations, they have placed increasing emphasis on ‘engaging’ ‘the public’ during the early phase of technology development. Meaningful engagement suggests some common ground between experts and lay publics in relation to the definition of nanotechnologies and of their benefits and risks. However, views on nanotechnologies are likely to vary according to where actors stand in the technology production/consumption/assessment cycle. Drawing on data from a recent UK-based study, this article examines how scientists (‘upstream’ and ‘downstream’) and policymakers portray the benefits and risks of nanotechnologies, particularly as they relate to two major areas of predicted application, namely medicine/public health and environmental sustainability. The findings reveal that, in the main, scientists and science policymakers held a positive conception of nanotechnologies and see imminent applications, although they acknowledged particular risks, including adverse public reaction. While definitions of ‘benefit’ and ‘risk’ varied, most saw the benefits as outweighing the risks and believed that the risks could be adequately regulated once they were assessed. The difficulties of assessing risk, however, were acknowledged. The study raises a number of questions that will need to be addressed if regulations are to be developed that not only protect people’s heath and wellbeing and the environment but also engender public trust in nanotechnologies.
The planning of an energy system with high penetration of renewables is becoming increasingly important to face environmental and energy security issues. Within bottom-up energy system modelling, two different approaches exist: one optimizes the energy mix of a selected future year, while a second optimizes the transition pathway between the current baseline and a future year. Markal/TIMES and OSeMOSYS are examples of valid modelling tools for both approaches. Due to computational issues, these models usually adopt low time resolutions and follow a time slice approach. The latter approximation is questionable given that renewables are intermittent and storage, stationary and in electric vehicles, is needed. To overcome the accuracy issue, a modelling approach based on a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm and the EnergyPLAN software, which allows for year by year simulations with an hourly time-step, was introduced. The method that includes cost decrease of technologies year by year and decommissioning of old plants is applied to the Italian energy system. The results show the importance of timing in renewables capacity expansion planning. The deepest cumulated CO2 emission reduction of the energy system operating only on residential photovoltaic, wind power and batteries is 24% while introducing electric mobility lower this value at almost 30%.
Publisher Summary This chapter explores the six features of lighting; quality, direction, contrast, evenness, color and intensity, and how lighting can be used to express (or repress) chosen aspects such as texture, form, depth, detail and mood. Essential lighting equipment is covered, working with available and mixed lighting as well as solving lighting problems. The way users select and organize the lighting is highly creative and individualistic. Lighting one of the most stimulating, exciting aspect of photography. Many photographers' individual styles can be identified through their use of lighting. The characteristics of light such as its straight-line travel, the effect of size of source, diffusion, reflection, color content, etc. can be used in various practical ways to alter the appearance of a subject, and they apply to any source, whether the sun, a flashgun, a studio lamp or even a candle. One of the best places to learn lighting is in a space where you can control the lighting. Lighting kit divides into two main types—tungsten lamps and flash. Tungsten units allow users to see precisely how the light affects the subject's appearance. Flash (flashgun or studio flash units) avoids the heat and glare of tungsten lamps, and gives out more light but just for a brief instant. Lighting is often the best way to emphasize one element and suppress others, or reveal extreme detail throughout