batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB) salt in many of the common organic solvents (cyclic and linear carbonates, ionic liquid, sulfolane and gamma-butyrolactone) were tested as electrolytes for Li-ion batteries. These electrolytes were obtained by dissolution of LiBOB in sulfolane and in a mixture of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate (PC:EC (1:1wt)); propylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate (PC:DMC (1:1wt)); N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide and PC (MePrPyrNTf2:PC (2:1wt)); gamma-butyrolactone and vinylene carbonate (GBL:VC (9:1wt)). Such properties of the novel electrolyte systems as flammability, solubility, conductivity and electrochemical stability were investigated. The resulting electrolytes have good cathode and anode stability, high conductivity (almost 6mScm−1 for 0.3M LiBOB in MePrPyrNTf2:PC (2:1wt)) and some of them are practically non-flammable (the flash point above 164°C and 189°C for the ionic liquid with lithium salt and LiBOB in sulfolane, respectively). The spinel lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) anode working together with the electrolyte were tested with the use of cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The surface morphology of the electrode was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among the range of tested electrolytes, the 0.3M LiBOB in MePrPyrNTf2:PC (2:1wt) and 1M LiBOB in GBL:VC (9:1wt) have the best battery performances. The discharge specific capacity after 50 cycles of LTO|1M LiBOB in GBL:VC|Li was 137mAhg−1. Charge/discharge tests of LTO in 0.3M LiBOB in the MePrPyrNTf2:PC electrolyte at different C rates exhibit a good specific capacity of 126mAhg−1 and 119mAhg−1 at 0.5C and 1C, respectively.
Iron nitrides are considered as highly promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries because of their nontoxicity, high abundance, low cost, and higher electrical conductivity. Unfortunately, their limited synthesis routes are available and practical application is still hindered by their fast capacity decay. Herein, a facile and green route is developed to synthesize Fe4N/Fe2O3/Fe/porous N-doped carbon nanosheet composite. The size of Fe4N/Fe2O3/Fe particles is small (10–40 nm) and they are confined in porous N-doped carbon nanosheet. These features are conducive to accommodate volume change well, shorten the diffusion distance and further elevate electrical conductivity. When tested as anode material for lithium-ion batteries, a high discharge capacity of 554 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1 and 389 mA h g−1 after 300 cycles at 1000 mA g−1 are retained. Even at 2000 mA g−1, a high capacity of 330 mA h g−1 can be achieved, demonstrating superior cycling stability and rate performance. New prospects will be brought by this work for the synthesis and the potential application of iron nitrides materials as an anode for LIBs.
Fe-substituted Li2MnO3 including a monoclinic layered rock-salt structure (C2/m), (Li1+x (Fe y Mn1−y )1−x O2, 0< x <1/3, 0.1≤ y ≤0.5) was prepared by coprecipitation–hydrothermal–calcination method. The sample was assigned as two-phase composite structure consisting of the cubic rock-salt ( F m 3 ¯ m ) and monoclinic ones at high Fe content above 30% (y ≥0.3), while the sample was assigned as a monoclinic phase (C2/m) at low Fe content less than 20%. In the monoclinic Li2MnO3-type structure, the Fe ion tends to substitute a Li (2b) site, which corresponds to a center position of Mn4+ hexagonal network in Mn–Li layer. The electrochemical properties including discharge characteristics under high current density (<3600mAg−1 at 30°C) and low temperature (<−20°C at 40mAg−1) were severely affected by chemical composition (Fe content and Li/(Fe+Mn) ratio), crystal structure (monoclinic phase content) and powder property (specific surface area). Under the optimized Fe content (0.2< y <0.4), the Li/sample cells showed high initial discharge capacity (240–300mAhg−1) and energy density (700–950mWhg−1) between 1.5 and 4.8V under moderate current density, 40mAg−1 at 30°C. Results suggest that Fe-substituted Li2MnO3 would be a non-excludable 3V positive electrode material.
Catalysing the oxygen evolution reaction is central to electrochemical energy conversion technologies such as electrolysis, but the high cost of state-of-the-art precious metal oxide electrocatalysts hinders commercialization. Now, thin sheets of a metal–organic framework are shown to provide a high-performing, cheaper alternative.
The gradual decline in global oil reserves and presence of ever so stringent emissions rules around the world, have created an urgent need for the production of automobiles with improved fuel economy. HEVs (hybrid electric vehicles) have proved a viable option to guaranteeing improved fuel economy and reduced emissions. The fuel consumption benefits which can be realised when utilising HEV architecture are dependent on how much braking energy is regenerated, and how well the regenerated energy is utilised. The challenge in developing an HEV control strategy lies in the satisfaction of often conflicting control constraints involving fuel consumption, emissions and driveability, without over-depleting the battery state of charge at the end of the defined driving cycle. As a result, a number of power management strategies have been proposed in literature. This paper presents a comprehensive review of these literatures, focusing primarily on contributions in the aspect of parallel hybrid electric vehicle modelling and control. As part of this treatise, exploitable research gaps are also identified. This paper prides itself as a comprehensive reference for researchers in the field of hybrid electric vehicle development, control and optimisation.
Among the non-essential metals, few have rivaled the significance of lead (Pb) within human history in terms of both utility and toxicity. Much of this can be attributed to the use of Pb in plumbing applications, lead-based paints, and leaded gasoline. Today, the primary use for Pb is in the production of batteries and most concern for Pb entering aquatic environments is from point-source discharges related to Pb mining and industrial processing. The bioavailability of Pb to aquatic organisms will depend largely on the pH, alkalinity, hardness, and natural organic matter content of the receiving water. In fish, acute Pb toxicity is due to respiratory asphyxiation under extreme concentrations and the disruption of ionoregulatory homeostasis under more environmentally relevant concentrations. Chronic effects are similar to those in humans, involving primarily hematological and neurological dysfunction. Lead is taken up and elicits its effects by substituting for calcium and potentially other essential divalent cations, such as iron and zinc. Accordingly, Pb is predominantly found within the calcified hard tissues of the skeleton and scales, but also concentrates to a large extent within the blood, gill, and kidney. While great strides have been made in characterizing the uptake, accumulation, and toxicity of Pb in fish, there remains much to be learned regarding the specific transport pathways and internal handling of Pb, as well as the mechanisms of Pb excretion.
Because of high thermal expansion anisotropy, lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP) is prone to microcrack generation. While much attention has been given to the role of grain boundary phases on the ionic conductivity of LATP, the effect of microcracking is also expected to lower conductivity. While all LATP materials characterized had grains larger than the critical size for microcracking, fine-grained (1.7 ± 0.7 μm) Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 had twice the ionic conductivity of the same purity of coarse-grained (4.8 ± 1.9 μm) LATP at 323 K due to less extensive cracking at grain boundaries. While the increase in Young’s modulus (81–115 GPa) and biaxial strength (26 ± 2 MPa to 123 ± 17 MPa) is consistent with the reduction in grain size, the increase in conductivity is a strong driving force for avoiding large LATP grains. Lower purity degraded ionic conductivity for similar grain sizes, as expected. Single-edged precracked beam fracture toughness measurements showed that the fine-grained, high-purity LATP has a K Ic value of 1.1 ± 0.3 MPa√m. Flexural strength measurements (147 ± 14 MPa) indicated that the critical flaw size was on the order of 30 μm, with processing flaws still limiting strength. It is expected that as grain size is further reduced, strength and ionic conductivity will continue to improve in tandem until microcracking is eliminated.
Impairment of cognitive function is a common feature of many neurodevelopmental disorders. Systems genetics analysis in the brain uncovered a convergent gene network for both cognition and neurodevelopmental disorders. As the network does not recapitulate known pathways, this finding represents a new basis for understanding factors influencing normal and disordered cognition.
Lithium phosphorus oxynitride and lithium phosphate layers are prepared by controlling nitrogen composition using an optimized chemical vapor deposition process. Besides the predictable lithium phosphate layer decomposition process, progressive changes are observed in the lithium phosphorus oxynitride layer in air over time. These changes influence both the performance and stability of Lithium phosphorus oxynitride, utilized as solid-electrolytes or interface barriers in batteries. Therefore, to clarify the transition mechanism of them in air, a unique experiment is designed based on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results indicate that changes in the chemical structures of lithium phosphorus oxynitride and lithium phosphate occurred alongside morphological variations. Lithium phosphorus oxynitride layers undergo steady attacks by reactive gases in air, such as O2, CO2, and H2O, resulting in an increased number of imperfect or dangling bonds and internal chemical reactions that in turn cause morphological changes. In addition, a graphene layer is employed to reduce the reactions of Lithium phosphorus oxynitride layers with reactive gases. The results show that the graphene-coated domains have relatively lower degradation rate than other regions. Overall, our results reveal the stability problems of lithium phosphorus oxynitride and lithium phosphate by demonstrating significant changes in the chemical/morphological structures exposed to air.
The amorphous oxygen-deficient TiO2-x thin layer coated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are synthesized by atomic layer deposition and employed as cathode materials for lithium-air battery. The cathode demonstrates high electrocatalytic activity toward electrode reactions, resulting from the introduction of oxygen-deficient TiO2-x into the nanocomposites. It is found that the intrinsically isotropic nature of amorphous TiO2 which a certain amount of Ti3.5+ and Ti3+ can improve the catalytic activity. Consequently, the battery with the corresponded CNT@TiO2-x cathode shows high discharge/charge capacities and good cycling performance, which the cyclic retention of more than 90 cycles are achieved, while with the pristine CNTs only 50 cycles are obtained. This study provides an approach to fabricate cathode materials for lithium-air battery and moreover clarifies the influence of oxygen vacancies of TiO2 on the electrochemical performance.
One of the major problems in Li–S batteries is the undesired shuttling of lithium polysulfides between electrodes. Here the authors present a metal–organic framework-based separator to mitigate the shuttle effect, leading to stable long cycles.
Recently, new remission criteria for schizophrenia has been proposed, based on low symptom severity of core symptoms (the severity criteria), which is sustained over a minimum of 6 months (time criterion). The purpose of this study was to examine, in a secondary analysis, these criteria in a cohort of 240 first episode patients with a mean follow-up of 26.4 months from the Calgary Early Psychosis Program. Eighty-eight subjects (36.7%) met both the severity criteria and time criteria for remission (in-remission group); 47 subjects (19.6%) met only the severity criteria at their most recent assessment (severity only group); 49 (20.4%) subjects had met severity criteria at one or more assessments but did not meet severity or severity and time at the most recent assessment (fluctuating group); and 56 (23.3%) did not meet remission criteria (non-remission group). Those who achieved remission had lower levels of symptoms and higher functioning at baseline and at the final follow-up assessment, improved premorbid functioning, shorter duration of untreated psychosis and increased changes in symptoms over time.
Over the last years, an increasing number of distributed resources have been connected to the power system due to the ambitious environmental targets, which resulted into a more complex operation of the power system. In the future, an even larger number of resources is expected to be coupled which will turn the day-ahead optimal resource scheduling problem into an even more difficult optimization problem. Under these circumstances, metaheuristics can be used to address this optimization problem. An adequate algorithm for generating a good initial solution can improve the metaheuristic’s performance of finding a final solution near to the optimal than using a random initial solution. This paper proposes two initial solution algorithms to be used by a metaheuristic technique (simulated annealing). These algorithms are tested and evaluated with other published algorithms that obtain initial solution. The proposed algorithms have been developed as modules to be more flexible their use by other metaheuristics than just simulated annealing. The simulated annealing with different initial solution algorithms has been tested in a 37-bus distribution network with distributed resources, especially electric vehicles. The proposed algorithms proved to present results very close to the optimal with a small difference between 0.1%. A deterministic technique is used as comparison and it took around 26h to obtain the optimal one. On the other hand, the simulated annealing was able of obtaining results around 1min.
This paper summarises the activities in photovoltaics (PV) in Algeria for the last fifteen years. The main activities which are reported are related to PV power systems programs, research, education and market penetration. Concluding remarks recommend the transition from demonstrating small projects to large scale ones in order to promote and develop PV technology in Algeria.
The equilibrium potentials for Sn–Na alloy formation reactions are investigated in an intermediate temperature ionic liquid, NaFSA–KFSA (x NaFSA = 0.56, x KFSA = 0.44, FSA = bis(fluorosulfonyl)amides), at 363 K. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) is employed to obtain the potential–Na composition curve of the Sn–Na alloy. Ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals that plateaus at 0.16 and 0.08 V vs. Na+/Na in the potential–Na composition curve correspond to α-NaSn/Na9Sn4 and Na9Sn4/Na15Sn4 two-phase states, respectively. Although distinct potential plateaus are not observed, the equilibrium potentials of β-Sn/NaSn2 and NaSn2/α-NaSn are suggested to be 0.53 and 0.46 V vs. Na+/Na, respectively. Finally, the Gibbs free energies of formation of the Sn–Na alloys are calculated and compared with reported data.
Carbon coated lithium iron phosphates were prepared by a carbon aerogel synthesis process, through which LiFePO4 particles were embedded in amorphous carbon. The carbon coating effect can significantly enhance the electronic conductivity of LiFePO4. The electrochemical properties of the as-prepared LiFePO4 cathode materials were systematically characterised. The carbon coated LiFePO4 cathode demonstrated a high capacity and stable cyclability.
Adults of varying reading comprehension skill learned a set of previously unknown rare English words (e.g., gloaming) in three different learning conditions in which the type of word knowledge was manipulated. The words were presented in one of three conditions: (1) orthography-to-meaning (no phonology); (2) orthography-to-phonology (no meaning); and (3) phonology-to-meaning (no orthography). Following learning, participants made meaning judgments on the learned words, familiar known words, and unpresented (unlearned) rare words while their ERPs were recorded. The behavioral results showed no significant effects of comprehension skill on meaning judgment performance. Contrastingly, the ERP results indicated comprehension skill differences in P600 amplitude; high-skilled readers showed stronger familiarity effects for learned words, whereas less-skilled readers did not distinguish between learned words, familiar words, and unlearned words. Evidence from the P600 and N400 illustrated superior learning of meaning when meaning information was coupled with orthography rather than phonology. These results suggest that the availability of word knowledge (orthography, phonology, and meaning) at learning affects subsequent word identification processes when the words are encountered in a new context.
The initial irreversible capacity, Q i, is one of the parameters to express the material balancing of the cathode to anode in lithium-ion cells. In this work, a new terms are introduced, namely, the initial intercalation Ah efficiency (IIE) and the initial irreversible specific capacity at the surface (Q is), to express precisely the irreversibility of an electrode/electrolyte system. The terms depend on the active-materials and composition of the electrode, but do not change with charging state. Mesophase carbon microbeads (MPCF) have the highest value of IIE and the lowest value of Qis in 1M LipF6/ethylene carbonate (EC)+diethyl carbonate (DEC) (1:1 volume ratio) electrolyte. The IIE value of a LiCoO2 electrode is 97–98%, although the preparation conditions of the material and the electrolyte are different. The Q is value of LiCoO2 is 0–1mAhg−1. The MPCF-LiCoO2 cell system has the lowest latent capacity. The Q is value increases slightly on adding conductive material. The IIE and Q is values vary with the electrolyte. By introducing propylene carbonate to the EC+DEC mixed solvent, the IIE values are retained, but Q is is increased. With the addition of methyl propionate, the IIE value is increased, and the Q is value is also increased slightly.
The design of stable electrolyte materials with high proton conductivity for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells remains a challenge. Most of the materials explored have good conductivity at high relative humidity (RH), but significantly decreased conductivity at reduced RH. Here we report a chemically stable and structurally flexible metal–organic framework (MOF), BUT-8(Cr)A, possessing a three-dimensional framework structure with one-dimensional channels, in which high-density sulfonic acid (–SO3H) sites arrange on channel surfaces for proton conduction. We propose that its flexible nature, together with its –SO3H sites, could allow BUT-8(Cr)A to self-adapt its framework under different humid environments to ensure smooth proton conduction pathways mediated by water molecules. Relative to other MOFs, BUT-8(Cr)A not only has a high proton conductivity of 1.27 × 10−1 S cm−1 at 100% RH and 80 °C but also maintains moderately high proton conductivity at a wide range of RH and temperature.
Pd-based nanocatalyst is a potential oxygen reduction oxidation (ORR) catalyst because of its high activity in alkaline medium and low cost. In this work, bimetallic PdAu nanocatalysts are prepared by one-pot hydrothermal method using triblock pluronic copolymers, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO19-PPO69-PEO19)(P123) as reducer and stabilizer, and heat-treatment method is applied to regulate catalyst structure and improve catalyst activity. The results show that the heat treatment can agglomerate the catalyst to a certain extent, but effectively improve the crystallinity and alloying degree of the catalyst. The ORR performance of the PdAu nanocatalysts obtained under different heat treatment conditions is systematically investigated. Compared with commercial Pd black and PdAu catalyst before heat treatment, the ORR performance of AuPd nanocatalyst obtained after heat treatment for one hour at 500 °C has been enhanced. The PdAu nanocatalysts after heat treatment also display enhanced anti-methanol toxicity ability in acidic medium.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mounts the body's main molecular defense against environmental toxicants by inducing a battery of genes encoding xenobiotic metabolizing proteins. The AHR is activated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon toxicants, including the pervasive teratogen and carcinogen 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD or dioxin). The TCDD-activated AHR significantly changes the cytoplasmic mRNA levels of hundreds of genes, but little is known of the mechanism by which the activated AHR causes such a strong effect on global gene expression. We used high-density microarrays to compare nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA levels from untreated and TCDD-treated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) to test the hypotheses that (1) TCDD has a large impact on nuclear RNA levels and (2) that cytoplasmic RNA levels are dependent on nuclear RNA levels. We found that nuclear RNA levels are strongly affected by TCDD, and that nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA levels are only weakly correlated, indicating that other regulatory mechanisms are controlling cytoplasmic RNA levels. The nuclear RNAs most affected by TCDD encode proteins involved in nuclear RNA processing and transcription. We conclude that although the AHR regulates key xenobiotic metabolizing genes at the transcriptional level, a larger impact of the TCDD-activated AHR may be at post-transcriptional levels.
While many studies provide useful information on the risk behaviors in which homeless youth engage, few prior studies evaluate Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) risk related reduction strategies. In this study, homeless youth (n = 180) were recruited from a drop-in center and randomly assigned to one of two conditions, either an integrated individual cognitive-behavioral treatment and HIV prevention intervention that focused on skills building and education or to treatment as usual. All youth were assessed at entry into the program and at 3 and 6 month follow-up points. Findings showed an interaction between treatment condition, age and time. In the interaction, youth assigned to the integrated treatment reported greater condom usage than youth assigned to treatment as usual, with younger youth assigned to treatment as usual showing no change in condom use. The number of sexual partners reported by youth in both treatment conditions was also reduced over time. However, youth in both conditions continued to engage in other high-risk behaviors. The integrated treatment findings are promising and suggest that interventions which target both HIV risk behavior in addition to other life areas (substance use, mental health and housing) among homeless youth may be necessary in order to significantly impact high-risk behaviors among this unique group.