batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This paper describes the characteristics of microbatteries suitable for use in a hybrid micropower supply for powering autonomous MEMS and other microsystems. The hybrid power supply includes an energy conversion device, microscopic batteries for energy storage, and control/interface circuitry. Comparison of the hybrid approach with single power sources (either a battery or energy conversion device alone) shows that it offers several potential advantages including reduced size, increased flexibility, long lifetime and increased reliability. Such an approach is well suited to the expected duty cycles of remote microsensors. Realization of the advantages of a hybrid system depends on the availability of a battery with the required characteristics. Initial experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating microbatteries with the proper characteristics and the use of these batteries as part of a hybrid micropower supply. It is anticipated that hybrid micropower supplies with suitable microbatteries will play a critical role in the successful implementation of a wide variety of autonomous microsystems.
Energy models provide powerful insights for decision-makers, but more care is needed around the choice of reference scenarios and the transparency of assumptions.
A new approach to recover metal values from spent lithium-ion batteries with a simple and environmentally friendly method is investigated. Two stages of water washing of the mixed black powder resulted in satisfactory separation of cobalt and lithium. Lithium in the wash liquor is precipitated using saturated sodium carbonate solution. Cobalt oxide in the residue is purified by removing organic matrix through roasting followed by dilute acid washing. The purities of the products obtained during the processes are analyzed by Microwave Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer and confirmed from X-ray diffraction analysis. The overall process is safe, economic and can be scaled up for commercial production. Based on the process steps involved, a flow sheet is proposed for industrial application.
Effects of channel and rib widths with an aspect ratio (H/W) of 0.67 of rectangular cross-sections flowfield plates on cell performance in terms of VI/PI curves versus flowfield pressure drop of a micro-proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell were extensively examined. The channel-to-rib width ratios of flowfield plates were varied from 0.5 to 2. It was found that a channel-to-rib width ratio of unity was secured as far as the best performance of the VI/PI curves are concerned. Moreover, the pressure drop in flowfield on both anode and cathode was also measured. With the aid of pressure drop obtained for H2/air delivery, an optimal channel-to-rib width ratio in terms of the net power gain factor (=power gain/power consumption) of 0.67 can be obtained for the cases under study. Furthermore, a simple lumped capacitance model was used to predict the temperature evolution of the fuel cell system, and results show that this model performs quite well, and the channel-to-rib width ratio seems no significant influence on the fuel cell temperature evolution of the flowfield plates.
Methods for the isolation of DNA from cell-associated herpesviruses have often yielded samples contaminated with host cellular DNA. Because 2nd and 3rd generation nucleotide sequencers do not rely on molecular cloning of viral DNA, there is a need to develop methods for isolating highly pure DNA from these viruses. The cell-associated alphaherpesvirus Marek's disease virus (MDV-1) was chosen as a test virus for the development of such methodologies. The genomes of six MDV-1 strains have previously been sequenced using both Sanger dideoxy sequencing and 454 Life Sciences pyrosequencing. These genomes largely represent cell culture adapted strains due to the difficulty in obtaining large quantities of DNA from true low passage isolates. There are clear advantages in analyzing MDV-1 virus taken directly from infected tissues or low passage isolates since serial passage attenuates the virus. Procedures using an ATP-dependent exonuclease and Phi29 DNA polymerase to degrade host DNA selectively and amplify MDV-1 DNA enzymatically from total DNA preps were attempted without much success. Ultimately, however, a protocol was developed for purification of low passage MDV-1 DNA from infected avian fibroblasts. The method builds upon and extends available protocols based on hypotonic lysis to release virus particles followed by micrococcal nuclease treatment to degrade cellular DNA. Intact high-molecular weight viral DNA is purified away from an excess of degraded cellular DNA using polyethylene glycol precipitation. 454-based pyrosequencing of viral DNA purified in this manner has generated data containing as little as 2.3% host sequence. On average, DNA preparations were 70% (+/−20%) pure yielding a genome coverage range of 25–74-fold.
An aqueous rechargeable lithium battery (ARLB) consisting of a combination of polyaniline (PANI) anode, LiMn2O4 cathode, and a saturated LiNO3 aqueous electrolyte has been constructed. The charge/discharge process of the battery is associated with the doping/un-doping of anions at the anode and intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions at the cathode. This battery exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. The average discharge voltage of the PANI//LiMn2O4 battery is about 1.1V. During initial 52 cycles, there is an activation process for this battery. After the 52nd cycle, it continues to run 98 cycles, which makes the battery only loses 18.6% of its discharge capacity. The battery delivers a capacity of 89.9mAhg−1 at the 150th cycle. This technology solves the major problem of poor cycling life of ARLBs and enlarges the application of PANI.
Electrolyte solutions containing lithium-cyclo-difluoromethane-1,1-bis(sulfonyl)imide (LiDMSI) as an additive were specifically designed for measurements in lithium plating-stripping model experiments on copper electrodes. LiDMSI was implemented into two different electrolyte solutions. The first electrolyte setup consisted of a 1 M solution of LiTFSI in PC as an electrolyte which is known to show a comparably limited performance for reversible Li deposition. The second setup was comprised 1 M LiAsF6 in 1,3-dioxolane as the base electrolyte which depicts a well-tested performance for lithium deposition–dissolution. The addition of LiDMSI yielded significantly improved results in regard to Coulombic efficiencies and cycling stability in both electrolyte compositions. Furthermore, it negated the formation of high surface area, e.g., dendritic lithium, which depicts the main source for the limited safety of rechargeable lithium metal batteries. In the case of the PC-based electrolyte system, the LiDMSI-containing electrolyte illustrates a slightly lowered over-potential on the copper substrate, while for the dioxolane-based setup the over-potentials were almost completely equal. In order to compare the morphologies of the lithium deposits, SEM images were utilized.
Pure body-center-cubic structured metastable polycrystalline Li15Si4 was synthesized in a Li-ion battery by electrochemically lithiating a thin Si wafer. Its stability and compressional behavior were investigated using in-situ high-pressure synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) at room temperature. No phase transition was observed in polycrystalline Li15Si4 up to 5.8 GPa. A bulk modulus of 28.4(6) GPa was obtained for Li15Si4 by fitting the XRD data to a third order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state. We found that the bulk modulus of Li15Si4 follows a linear interpolation relationship between the bulk moduli for pure Li and Si. These results provide valuable experimental data to validate the theoretical calculation and are also important inputs for modeling the Li–Si system.
The bilayer film of polyaniline (PAn) composite positive/polymer electrolyte was prepared employing PAn powder as an active material and plasticized PEO-LiClO4 with the ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC) plasticizer as an electrolyte. The micro-morphology and interfacial microstructure of the composite bilayer film were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effect of the content of polymer electrolyte on the homogeneity of the PAn composite positive film and the interfacial electrochemical kinetic parameters, the utilization ratio of the active material and discharge capacity were investigated. It was found that the contacting surface area between the PAn powder and the polymer electrolyte was greatly augmented by using polymer electrolyte as a binder. The PAn composite film with gel PEO-based polymer electrolyte (GPE) as the binder exhibited better interfacial compatibility, electrochemical reversibility than the PAn positive film with poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) as the binder, and so the utilization ratio of the active material and the high rate discharge ability were observably improved.
To examine the influence of bismuth on the charging ability of negative plates in lead–acid batteries, plates are made from three types of oxides: (i) leady oxide of high quality which contains virtually no bismuth (termed ‘control oxide’); (ii) control oxide in which bismuth oxide is blended at bismuth levels from 0.01 to 0.12wt.%; (iii) leady oxide produced from Pasminco VRLA Refined™ lead (0.05–0.06wt.%Bi). An experimental tool—the ‘conversion indicator’—is developed to assess the charging ability of the test negative plates when cycling under either zero percent state-of-charge (SoC)/full-charge or partial state-of-charge (PSoC) duty. Although the conversion indicator is not the true charging efficiency, the two parameters have a close relationship, namely, the higher the conversion indicator, the greater the charging efficiency. Little difference is found in the charging ability, irrespective of bismuth content and discharge rate, when the plates are subjected to zero percent SoC/full-charge duty; the conversion indicator lies in the range 81–84%. By contrast, there is a marked difference when the negative plates are subjected to PSoC duty, i.e. consecutive cycling through 90–60, 70–40, 80–40 and 90–40% SoC windows. Up to 0.06wt.%Bi improves the charging ability, especially with a low and narrow PSoC window (40–70% SoC) of the type that will be experienced in 42V powernet automobile and hybrid electric duties. To maximize this beneficial effect, bismuth must be distributed uniformly in the plates. This is best achieved by using VRLA Refined™ lead for oxide production.
Robust, safe, and reliable grid-scale energy storage continues to be a priority for improved energy surety, expanded integration of renewable energy, and greater system agility required to meet modern dynamic and evolving electrical energy demands. We describe here a new sodium-based battery based on a molten sodium anode, a sodium iodide/aluminum chloride (NaI/AlCl3) cathode, and a high conductivity NaSICON (Na1+xZr2Si x P3 − xO12) ceramic separator. This NaI battery operates at intermediate temperatures (120–180 °C) and boasts an energy density of >150 Wh kg− 1. The energy-dense NaI-AlCl3 ionic liquid catholyte avoids lifetime-limiting plating and intercalation reactions, and the use of earth-abundant elements minimizes materials costs and eliminates economic uncertainties associated with lithium metal. Moreover, the inherent safety of this system under internal mechanical failure is characterized by negligible heat or gas production and benign reaction products (Al, NaCl). Scalability in design is exemplified through evolution from 0.85 to 10 Ah (28 Wh) form factors, displaying lifetime average Coulombic efficiencies of 99.45% and energy efficiencies of 81.96% over dynamic testing lasting >3000 h. This demonstration promises a safe, cost-effective, and long-lifetime technology as an attractive candidate for grid scale storage.
A sample of LiCoO2 was prepared as a cathode for a lithium battery, and subjected to a large number of charge/discharge cycles that induced an irreversible loss in capacity. A transmission electron microscopy study of this material showed that the initial O3 crystal structure transformed partially to a cubic spinel phase, especially on the surfaces of the particles. We suggest that this spinel phase formation could be responsible in part for the irreversible capacity fade.
We demonstrate that a simple acoustic time-of-flight experiment can measure the state of charge and state of health of almost any closed battery. An acoustic conservation law model describing the state of charge of a standard battery is proposed, and experimental acoustic results verify the simulated trends; furthermore, a framework relating changes in sound speed, via density and modulus changes, to state of charge and state of health within a battery is discussed. Regardless of the chemistry, the distribution of density within a battery must change as a function of state of charge and, along with density, the bulk moduli of the anode and cathode changes as well. The shifts in density and modulus also change the acoustic attenuation in a battery. Experimental results indicating both state-of-charge determination and irreversible physical changes are presented for two of the most ubiquitous batteries in the world, the lithium-ion 18650 and the alkaline LR6 (AA). Overall, a one- or two-point acoustic measurement can be related to the interaction of a pressure wave at multiple discrete interfaces within a battery, which in turn provides insights into state of charge, state of health, and mechanical evolution/degradation.
The Hg/HgO electrode is usually utilized as a reference electrode in alkaline solution such as for development of an alkaline hydrogen electrode. The reference electrode provides a suitable reference point but is available from few commercial vendors and suffers from inadequate documentation on potential in varying electrolytes. A new numerical method uses activity, activity coefficients, and a few correlated empirical equations to determine the potential values in both dilute and concentrated sodium hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 0–90°C and at concentrations of 0.100–12.8 mol k g H 2 O − 1 . The computed potentials of the Hg/HgO electrodes versus a normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) at 25°C and 1atm are 0.1634V for 0.100m, 0.1077V for 1.00m, and 0.0976V for 1.45m NaOH solutions. The Hg/HgO reduction potential further changes to −0.0751V versus NHE and hydrogen evolution potential changes to −0.9916V versus NHE in a solution of 30.0wt.% NaOH at 80°C. The calculated values are compared with the measured data at 25 and 75°C. The experimental data agree well with the numerical values computed from the theoretical and empirical equations.
Porous silicon–carbon (Si–C) composites have been considered to be one of the most effective architectures to improve the cycle life of Si based anode because of its native ability to accommodate the large volume change during discharge/charge process. It is found that lots of reported porous Si–C electrodes employed large amount of binder materials to enhance the structural stability which significantly decreased gravimetric capacity of the whole electrode with limited active materials. In this work, without loss of active materials, various conducting agents were used to build electrical bridges between porous Si–C composites, which significantly improved the structural stability and hence the cycle life. Due to the increase of connection possibilities, cycle life of zero-dimensional MCMB bridged electrode reaches 80 cycles with a capacity retention of 80%, and it can be further promoted to 200 cycles for the VGCF bridged electrode and 220 cycles for the rGO bridged electrode. This work paves an effective route to construct stable Si electrode with porous structures as building blocks without the decrease of active materials.
The novel compound Na2-x (CB11H12) x (B12H12)1-x shows a fast ionic Na conductivity of 2 mS cm−1 at room temperature, reaching the superionic regime above 333 K. A low activation energy of 314 meV, in a thermodynamically and electrochemically stable structure, suggest its usage as a potential solid electrolyte in future all-solid Na-ion batteries. Density functional theory simulations indicate the heterovalent anionic mixing to be the responsible in stabilizing a bcc structure, which allows a facile Na+ diffusion already at room temperature. Cyclic voltammetry measurement with a tailored setup for solid-state electrolytes reveals a wide operating window (up to 4.1 V vs. Na+/Na). The symmetrical cell featuring NaSn alloy-based electrodes shows reversible Na+ shuttling with limited polarization after more than 700 operating hours.
rfid has already found its way into a variety of large scale applications and arguably it is already one of the most successful technologies in the history of computing. Beyond doubt, rfid is an effective automatic identification technology for a variety of objects including natural, manufactured and handmade artifacts; humans and other species; locations; and increasingly media content and mobile services. In this survey we consider developments towards establishing rfid as the cost-effective technical solution for the development of open, shared, universal pervasive computing infrastructures and look ahead to its future. In particular, we discuss the ingredients of current large scale applications; the role of network services to provide complete systems; privacy and security implications; and how rfid is helping prototype emerging pervasive computing applications. We conclude by identifying common trends in the new applications of rfid and ask questions related to sustainable universal deployment of this technology.
This paper presents a study, carried out with the help of the French Agency of Innovation (ANVAR). It deals with the conception of a small Savonius rotor (i.e. of low power) for local production of electricity. Our challenge was to design, develop and ultimately build a prototype of such a rotor, which was considered as a complete electromechanical system. An optimised configuration was chosen for the geometry of the present prototype. The building data were calculated on the basis of the nominal wind velocity V=10 m/s. Particular care was necessary to choose the appropriate generator, which was finally a rewound conventional car alternator. The whole design of the prototype has confirmed the high efficiency and the low technicality of the Savonius rotors for local production of electricity. The present prototype is to be tested in situ.
High capacity electrodes based on Ge composite anode and commercial LiCoO2 cathode, are evaluated and combined to fabricate a high energy lithium ion battery. The Ge composite anode, Ge/CHNs (Ge/carbon hybrid nanoparticles), is prepared with a co-precipitation followed by pyrolysis process, delivering a capacity of >1000 mA h g−1 over 2000 cycles. While for full cell assembling, galvanostatic cycling in lithium half-cells has been applied for prelithiating Ge/CHNs anodes to eliminate the first cycle irreversible capacity loss. Such process is shown to enable capacity matching between Ge/CHNs anodes and LiCoO2 cathodes, further influence the working voltage and cycle stability of the full cells. Finally, the lithium ion battery system based on the prelithiated Ge/CHNs anode and LiCoO2 cathode demonstrates a high energy density of 370 Wh kg−1 after 300 cycles between 2.7 and 4.4 V at 1C (the energy density here is based on the total weight of Ge/CHNs and LiCoO2), with average capacity fading about 0.018% per cycle. Thus, the designed battery system is promising candidate for energy storage applications with demand of high energy density and long cycle life.
Question Does repeated anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (A-tDCS) of the left dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) enhance cognitive rehabilitation effects on memory and attention in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods Twenty-three adult patients, 4–92months post severe TBI, were randomly allocated to two groups. The experimental group received A-tDCS (10min; 1mA; in the DLPFC), followed by 1-h cognitive training, daily for 15days. Controls received A-tDCS for 25s (sham condition) with the same rehabilitation programme. Effects of the treatment were assessed using a battery of memory and attention tests (Rey’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery), which included visual and auditory modalities. Additionally, European Brain Injury Questionaire was used to assess functional gains in daily activities. Participants were tested twice before beginning rehabilitation (to control for spontaneous recovery), after rehabilitation completion, and four months later. Results Tests scores in both groups were similar at three weeks before and immediately before treatment. After treatment, the experimental group exhibited larger effect sizes in six out of eight cognitive outcome measures, but they were not significantly different from controls. At follow-up, experimental group’s effect sizes were higher in five outcome measures. However, differences remained insignificant. No serious adverse effects were observed during the programme. Conclusion In contrast to previous studies, our study did not provide sufficiently strong evidence to support the efficacy of repeated A-tDCS over the left DLPFC for enhancing rehabilitation of memory and attention in patients after severe TBI. However, effect sizes suggested a positive response to stimulation.
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have become increasingly popular due to their high fuel economy performance. HEVs typically fall into three categories according to their powertrain configuration, namely serial, parallel, and power-split hybrid. All these configurations use small internal combustion engines (ICEs), which can suffer from high torque fluctuations detrimental for noise, vibration and harshness performance. This paper introduces a novel architecture of hybrid electric powertrain systems (patent pending) which suppresses torque fluctuations and carries out the functionality of hybrid driving. This new hybrid architecture conceptually lies between a serial and a power-split. The new system uses an ICE and two electric machines, including one with a rotating stator, and has the functionalities of existing hybrid powertrains, including transmission, boost, regenerative braking. The paper presents a model for this new powertrain, and a unique controller implemented in MATLAB Simulink®. A specially designed ruled-based multi-state controller is included in the model to achieve control and enhance fuel economy. Results of drive cycle simulations show the systems performance including torque fluctuation suppression and great fuel economy.
SnO2 has attracted intense interest for use as an anode material for lithium ion batteries because of various advantages of the high theoretical capacity and low-cost. Unfortunately, SnO2 anode material suffers from the huge volume change and poor electrical conductivity. In order to address these problems, in this work, SnO2/graphene aerogel composites have been successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal approach. 3-4 nm-sized SnO2 nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed over graphene aerogels. Our results indicate that the hydrothermal reaction time highly affects the electrode performance of the anodes. The nanocomposite electrode with reaction time of 3h shows increased electrochemical performance with high energy capacity, long cycle life, and superior rate capability. After 100 cycles, it can deliver a high discharge capacity of 662mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1. At 500mAg−1, it can still yield a discharge capacity of 619.7mAhg−1 after 723 cycles. The performance improvement can attribute to the graphene aerogel, which can suppress the aggregation of SnO2 nanoparticles, enhance the conductivity of SnO2, and increase their structural stability during cycling. This study strongly demonstrates that the SnO2/graphene aerogel composite is a promising anode material building high performance lithium ion batteries.