batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Advances in fuel and engine design that improve engine efficiency could lower the total cost of vehicle ownership for consumers, support economic development, and offer environmental benefits. Two fuel properties that can enhance the efficiency of boosted spark ignition engines are research octane number and octane sensitivity. Biomass feedstocks can produce fuel blendstocks with these properties. Correspondingly, using a suite of models, we evaluated the change in energy and water consumption and greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions in the light duty fleet from 2025 to 2050 when bio-blendstocks isopropanol, a methylfuran mixture, and ethanol are blended at 31%, 14%, and 17%, respectively, with petroleum. These blended fuels increase engine efficiency by 10% when used with a co-optimized engine. In these scenarios, we estimated that petroleum consumption would decrease by between 5–9% in 2050 alone and likely by similar levels in future years as compared to a business as usual case defined by energy information administration projections. Overall, between 2025 and 2050, we determined that, when isopropanol is the bio-blendstock, GHG emissions, water consumption, and PM2.5 emission cumulative reductions could range from 4–7%, 3–4%, and 3%, respectively. Cumulative reductions would continue to increase beyond 2025 as the technology would gain an increasing foothold, indicating the importance of allowing time for technology penetration to achieve desired benefits. Annual jobs increased between 0.2 and 1.7 million in the case in which isopropanol was the bio-blendstock. Overall, this analysis provides a framework for evaluating the benefits of deploying co-optimized fuels and engines considering multiple energy, environmental, and economic factors.
The rapid charging and/or discharging of electrochemical cells can lead to localized depletion of electrolyte concentration. This depletion can significantly impact the system's time dependent resistance. For systems with porous electrodes, electrolyte depletion can limit the rate of charging and increase energy dissipation. Here we propose a theory to control and avoid electrolyte depletion by tailoring the value and spatial distribution of resistance in a porous electrode. We explore the somewhat counterintuitive idea that increasing local spatial resistances of the solid electrode itself leads to improved charging rate and minimal change in energy loss. We analytically derive a simple expression for an electrode matrix resistance profile that leads to highly uniform electrolyte depletion. We use numerical simulations to explore this theory and simulate spatiotemporal dynamics of electrolyte concentration in the case of a supercapacitor with various tailored electrode matrix resistance profiles which avoid localized depletion. This increases charging rate up to ∼ 2 -fold with minimal effect on overall dissipated energy in the system.
The current study investigates both gray and white matter changes in non-demented Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients with varying degrees of mild cognitive deficits and elucidates the relationships between the structural changes and clinical sequelae of PD. Twenty-six PD patients and 15 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in the study. Participants underwent T1-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scans. Their cognition was assessed using a neuropsychological battery. Compared with HCs, PD patients showed significant cortical thinning in sensorimotor (left pre- and postcentral gyri) and cognitive (left dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus [DLSFG]) regions. The DLSFG cortical thinning correlated with executive and global cognitive impairment in PD patients. PD patients showed white matter abnormalities as well, primarily in bilateral frontal and temporal regions, which also correlated with executive and global cognitive impairment. These results seem to suggest that both gray and white matter changes in the frontal regions may constitute an early pathological substrate of cognitive impairment of PD providing a sensitive biomarker for brain changes in PD.
Well-defined nanocomposite electrodes based on active materials and graphene have been known to hold improved lithium ion reaction properties such as the lithium ion insertion/desertion reaction, cycle life, and high rate performance. Here, we report two-dimensional nanocomposites consisting of WO3 nanoplates and graphene nanosheets (GNS) using a hydrothermal method and heating process for use in high-performance lithium ion batteries. A compilation of the data from XRD, SEM, and TEM suggests that the nanocomposites consist of high crystalline WO3 nanoplates and GNS. The capacity and high rate cycling performance of the nanocomposites as an anode for lithium ion batteries are evaluated using coin cells. The nanocomposite electrode with an optimized amount of GNS exhibits high reversible capacity, good capacity retention, and excellent high rate cycling performance.
Insertion of lithium and sodium into phosphate (MoO2)2P2O7 was investigated electrochemically to determine the usefulness as a possible cathode for ion-transfer secondary batteries. Specific charges of up to 250mAhg−1 were obtained for A/(MoO2)2P2O7 (A: Li, Na) cells with liquid organic electrolytes in the first reduction half-cycle at room temperature. Intercalation processes under constant current densities of 0.2mAcm−2 were reversible within the range of composition 0.85<x<4.0 for lithium and 0.5<x<3.1 for sodium in A x (MoO2)2P2O7 (A: Li, Na), respectively. Structural changes induced by lithium or sodium intercalation were followed by ex situ X-ray diffraction measurements, and the phase change from the crystal to the amorphous was observed in both cases.
Africa is the poorest continent in the world and this poverty is linked to the lack of access to energy of its population. A big part of inhabitants live in rural zones where the lack of energy and in particular of electricity is still more flagrant. The aim of the Micro-grids project was to promote the electrification of rural regions of Senegal by the installation of micro-grids with high content of renewable energies. This paper presents some results of this project. Surveys have been carried out in three regions of Senegal to study the needs of electrical energy of non-electrified rural villages' households. These surveys have led to the estimation of electricity needs of the concerned households. The potential in renewable energies of the three regions has also been examined. It has been concluded that the solar energy potential is excellent while the wind energy potential can be interesting in some specific sites. The biomass could also be an efficient source if livestock farming was properly managed in the future. Moreover, many events have been carried out in the three regions to analyse the obstacles for the development of micro-grids in the Senegalese energy context, and to establish suitable solutions to overcome these obstacles. The results presented in this paper have been used to design a rural electrification kit which is described in another paper. Now the Micro-grids' consortium hopes to set up a new project to apply the designed kit on some rural non-electrified villages.
The lack of data samples is the main difficulty for the lifetime study of a lithium-ion battery, especially for a model-based evaluation system. To determine the mapping relationship between the battery fading law and the different external factors, the testing of batteries should be implemented to the greatest extent possible. As a result, performing a battery lifetime study has become a notably time-consuming undertaking. Without reducing the number of testing items pre-specified within the test matrices of an accelerated life testing schedule, a grey model that can be used to predict the cycle numbers that result in the specific life ending index is established in this paper. No aging mechanism is required for this model, which is exclusively a data-driven method obtained from a small quantity of actual testing data. For higher accuracy, a specific smoothing method is introduced, and the error between the predicted value and the actual value is also modeled using the same method. By the verification of a phosphate iron lithium-ion battery and a manganese oxide lithium-ion battery, this grey model demonstrated its ability to reduce the required number of cycles for the operational mode of various electric vehicles.
LiFePO4 composites were synthesized by aqueous ball milling and carbon thermal reduction from FePO4·2H2O through a rheological phase using acetic acid as dispersant. The rheological phase assisted method using acetic acid as dispersant improved the homogeneity of mixing raw materials. Li deficiency and solid-solution Mg dopant in the lattice of LiFePO4 was created through controlled off-stoichiometry Li/Fe ratio. Li deficiency, solid-solution Mg doping and uniform carbon layer decreased electron transfer and Li-ion diffusion resistance. The optimal LiFePO4 composite exhibited a high rate capability with 153mA·h·g−1 at 1C and 111mA·h·g−1 at 20C as well as a stable capacity retention with 99% for 100 cycles at 2C and 98% for 200 cycles at 5C. The rheological phase assisted method from FePO4 with acetic acid as dispersant is a promising route for production of high quality LiFePO4 materials at a reasonable cost.
The distribution of relaxation times (DRT) has drawn increasing attention for interpreting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Deconvolution of DRT from EIS is a challenging ill-posed problem that requires regularization methods. In this work, we formulate DRT reconstruction task as a statistical model selection problem with structural-sparsity penalties. We utilize the Elastic net regularization that simultaneously benefits from Ridge and Lasso regularizations with optimal tuning parameter automatically determined by the information criteria. We benchmark our approach on four synthetic experiments (a ZARC element, ZARC mixtures, a RC circuit and a Fractal element) and two real EIS datasets of a Lithium ion battery and an organic-inorganic halide class of perovskites in oxygen environment at different gas pressures. We demonstrate the superiority of proposed model selection procedure, that is capable of eliminating pseudo peaks and representing asymmetries in DRT as well as precisely estimating resistances. We highlight our approach is robust to reducing and subsampling EIS frequency range, making it a promising tool for timing-resolved, localized and large scale EIS data analysis. For the Lithium ion battery data analysis, we extend the classical DRT model to incorporate the inductive effect and illustrate DRT as a guidance for equivalent circuit modeling to refine impedance reconstruction at low risks of overfitting. Furthermore, the structural-sparsity regularization could be extended for multidimensional and Bayesian EIS data analysis.
The consumption of the additive prop-1-ene-1,3-sultone (PES) in Li[Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33]O2/graphite (NMC(111)/graphite) pouch cells during the first cycle and after hold periods at different cell potentials was measured using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS measurements of the electrolyte of NMC(111)/graphite pouch cells during the first charge showed that the amount of PES consumed, and the cell impedance, increased with increasing starting concentration up to a starting concentration of 5 wt% and then seemed to slow down at higher starting concentration. Additive consumption measurements after holding periods showed that PES is consumed in measurable amounts at the positive electrode, suggesting that PES oxidizes at potentials as low as 4.27 V vs. Li/Li+ on the NMC(111) surface. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on symmetric cells as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of electrodes salvaged from NMC(111)/graphite cells after hold periods at various cell potentials strongly support the existence of a positive-negative electrode interaction.
A novel two–step method has been proposed to synthesize Ti3C2Tx@CNTs three–dimensional composites. At the outset, the thin layer of polydopamine (PDA) was coated on Ti3C2Tx and served as protective cover to achieve the structural stability and integrity of Ti3C2Tx. CNTs were then in situ grown on Ti3C2Tx layers via a simple pyrolysis process using urea as carbon source, and the length and density of the grown CNTs can be effectively controlled by altering the amount of urea in the synthesis process. The vertically−aligned CNTs not only provided channels for electrolyte transport, but also greatly expanded the interlayer space of Ti3C2Tx sheets. When applied as electrode materials for supercapacitor energy storage, the Ti3C2Tx@CNTs6.0 composites revealed a high areal capacity of 924.9 mF cm-2 at 2 mV s-1 and an advantageous retentive capacity of 78.1% at 1 A g-1 after 10,000 cycles.
We report on a simple and fast route to prepare lithium selenide (Li2Se) nanoparticles and show a versatile solution-based method to form uniform nanostructured carbon (C)-Li2Se composites with and without additional carbon shell. We systematically compare electrochemical performance characteristics of 50–100nm high purity Li2Se nanoparticles with that of the C-Li2Se nanocomposites for rechargeable Li battery applications. While Li2Se nanopowder show high initial capacity, it suffers from active material loss and shuttle of dissolved polyselenides, resulting in low cycling stability and resistance growth, additionally aggravated by mechanical cathode degradation induced by repetitive volume changes during cycling. By embedding Li2Se nanoparticles into a conductive carbon matrix, mechanical stability of electrodes was greatly enhanced. More importantly, the dissolution and shuttle of polyselenides was suppressed significantly even for smaller (~20nm) and thus more reactive Li2Se nanoparticles. As a result, C-Li2Se nanocomposite cathodes showed high rate capability and promising cycling stability with carbon-shell protected C-Li2Se showing virtually no degradation in 100 cycles. When compared with somewhat similar lithium sulfide (Li2S) nanoparticles and C-Li2S electrodes, we observe lower over-potential at different C-rates in case of Li2Se and C-Li2Se materials, which is advantageous for battery applications. Based on the postmortem analysis, significant Li dendrite growth observed in Li2Se/Li cells did not take place in C-Li2Se/Li and C-Li2Se@C/Li cells, suggesting that polyselenide shuttle may affect Li plating morphology. Beyond the organic electrolyte-based Li-Se batteries, all-solid Li-Se batteries based on the produced C-Li2Se nanocomposite cathode were built for the first time using conventional Li2S-P2S5 solid state electrolyte. These solid state cells showed very promising cycling stability, a single flat plateau and very small voltage hysteresis in the range of 0.1–0.4V when tested at 60 and 80°C.
A new method for a facile synthesis of nano-silicon/carbon mesoporous composite is proposed. Silicon nanoparticles can be obtained through the magnesium silicide reduction of amorphous silica using high energy mechanical milling process. And mesoporous carbon matrix is fabricated via simple carbon coating method on Si nanoparticles followed by chemical etching of preexisting magnesium oxide nano-particles. This nano-silicon/carbon mesoporous composite electrode shows an excellent electrochemical performance as an anode for lithium ion batteries, achieving a reversible capacity of c.a. 1600 mAh g−1 over 50 cycles at a current of 1.0 A g−1 and superior rate capabilities with reversible capacity of about 1530 mAh g−1 at a discharge current density of 3 A g−1.
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells experience performance degradation, such as reduction in efficiency and life, as a result of poisoning of platinum catalysts by airborne contaminants. Research on these contaminant effects suggests that the best possible solution to allowing fuel cells to operate in contaminated environments is by filtration of the harmful contaminants from the cathode air. A cathode air filter design methodology was created that connects properties of cathode air stream, filter design options, and filter footprint, to a set of adsorptive filter parameters that must be optimized to efficiently operate the fuel cell. Filter optimization requires a study of the trade off between two causal factors of power loss: first, a reduction in power production due to poisoning of the platinum catalyst by chemical contaminants and second, an increase in power requirements to operate the air compressor with a larger pressure drop from additional contaminant filtration. The design methodology was successfully applied to a 1.2kW fuel cell using a programmable algorithm and predictions were made about the relationships between inlet concentration, breakthrough time, filter design, pressure drop, and compressor power requirements.
Monoclinic phase of Li3V2(PO4)3 has been synthesized by thermal decomposition of a single source precursor, Li2(VO)2(HPO4)2(C2O4)·6H2O. This lithium vanadyl oxalatophosphate was obtained by a hydrothermal reaction at 120°C and subsequent annealing at 800°C in Argon atmosphere resulted in Li3V2(PO4)3-V2O3 composite material. Carbon coating has been achieved by the addition of sucrose to the precursor prior to thermal decomposition. Lithium intercalation/de-intercalation in the compound has been studied at different voltage ranges using galvanostatic charge-discharge, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies. The carbon coated sample has a BET surface area of 75m2 g−1 and it shows good capacity retention in the voltage range of 2.5-4.3V. In comparison, pristine Li3V2(PO4)3 which has a lesser surface area of 5.4m2 g−1 shows inferior electrochemical performance. Stable reversible lithium insertion into Li3V2(PO4)3 forming Li5V2(PO4)3 has also been observed when cycled in the voltage range of 1-3V.
Orientation and mobility training (O&M-training) in using an identification cane, also called symbol cane, is provided to people with low vision to facilitate independent participation in the community. In The Netherlands this training is mainly practice-based because a standardised and validly evaluated O&M-training in using the identification cane is lacking. Recently a standardised O&M-training in using the identification cane was developed. This training consists of two face-to-face sessions and one telephone session during which, in addition to usual care, the client's needs regarding mobility are prioritised, and cognitive restructuring techniques, action planning and contracting are applied to facilitate the use of the cane. This paper presents the design of a randomised controlled trial aimed to evaluate this standardised O&M-training in using the identification cane in older adults with low vision.
Evidence from clinical studies and animal models show that inflammation can lead to the development of depression. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an important multifunctional cytokine that is synthesized by several cell types in the brain. MIF can increase production of other cytokines, activates cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and can counter-regulate anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. Increased plasma levels of MIF are associated with hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation and depressive symptoms in patients. In contrast, MIF knockout (KO) mice have been found to exhibit increased depressive-like behaviour. The exact role for MIF in depression is therefore still controversial. To further understand the role of MIF in depression, we studied depressive-like behaviour in congenic male and female MIF KO mice and wild-type (WT) littermates and the associated neurobiological mechanisms underlying the behavioural outcome.
Thin film Sn–Cu anodes with high Cu content were prepared by electron-beam evaporation deposition using Cu substrate as current collector. Annealing, with the condition being determined by DSC, was used to improve the performance of these electrodes. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning probe microscopy (SPM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to characterize the structure and composition of the Sn–Cu thin film electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatical charge–discharge measurement were carried out to characterize the electrochemical properties of the as-deposited and annealed electrodes. ɛ-Cu3Sn intermetallic phase was formed and interface strength between deposited active materials layer and current collector was enhanced by annealing the as-deposited film under suitable condition. The annealed thin film electrode showed good cycleability and had no phase change during cycling. Although large initial capacity loss was found associated with SEI formation due to increase of surface roughness of annealed electrode, a stable discharge capacity near 300mAh/g with Coulomb efficiency of about 96% was obtained at voltage window of 0.1–2.0V and a discharge capacity of about 200mAh/g and Coulomb efficiency of 97% were kept stable up to 30th cycle at a narrower voltage window of 0.2–1.5V versus Li/Li+.
Fiber-shaped dual-ion batteries (FSDIBs) are one of the promising flexible energy storage candidates for wearable electronics owing to their one-dimensional structure, good flexibility and high energy density. To the best of our knowledge, the fabrication of the FSDIBs has not been reported yet. One of the main challenges is to find the appropriate one-dimensional electrode with high capacity, high flexibility and good structure stability under different bending states and in reversible cycle processes. Herein, we report a proof of concept experiment on designing FSDIBs for the first time with high energy density, good reversibility and high cycle stability, which consists of the omnidirectional porous Al wire as the anode and the graphite on the Al wire as the cathode. The assembled battery shows high mass specific energy density of 173.33 Wh kg−1 based on the total mass of the two electrodes (volumetric specific energy density of 10.4 mWh cm−3) and excellent flexibility under different bending states. The proposed mechanism is clearly revealed by the in-situ XRD measurements and in-situ Raman spectroscopy, showing that the PF6 − anions are reversibly intercalated/de-intercalated into/from graphite interlayers in the charge/discharge processes to a large extent.
The charge transfer processes are favored in dual nanofibers composed by TiO2Rutile-Csemigraphitic/Csemigraphitic over other systems such as TiO2Anatase&Rutile-Camorphous/Camorphous and TiO2Rutile-Camorphous, dual and single nanofibers respectively. The study of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows that the net of nanofibers presented a charge transfer resistance value (Rct) of 3.15Ω. The increased ability of these materials to favor the diffusion of electroactive species in individual nanofibers is that the junction between the n-type semiconductor TiO2 and the semigraphitic material can be of the ohmic kind. Moreover, this observation was supported by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrical conductivity studies by two-probe method. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) confirmed the continuity and duality in the morphology of these materials. The effect of heat treatment on crystallinity was evident in the results obtained from the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) studies. Due to the electrochemical performance and morphological features of TiO2Rutile-Csemigraphitic/Csemigraphitic dual nanofibers; this novel nanostructured material can be regarded as an excellent candidate for applications such as a base material for electronic devices, photocatalysis, among other similar technologies.