batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The recent trend to design more efficient and versatile ships has increased the variety in hybrid propulsion and power supply architectures. In order to improve performance with these architectures, intelligent control strategies are required, while mostly conventional control strategies are applied currently. First, this paper classifies ship propulsion topologies into mechanical, electrical and hybrid propulsion, and power supply topologies into combustion, electrochemical, stored and hybrid power supply. Then, we review developments in propulsion and power supply systems and their control strategies, to subsequently discuss opportunities and challenges for these systems and the associated control. We conclude that hybrid architectures with advanced control strategies can reduce fuel consumption and emissions up to 10–35%, while improving noise, maintainability, manoeuvrability and comfort. Subsequently, the paper summarises the benefits and drawbacks, and trends in application of propulsion and power supply technologies, and it reviews the applicability and benefits of promising advanced control strategies. Finally, the paper analyses which control strategies can improve performance of hybrid systems for future smart and autonomous ships and concludes that a combination of torque, angle of attack, and Model Predictive Control with dynamic settings could improve performance of future smart and more autonomous ships.
Redistribution of oxygen vacancies in a strontium titanate single crystal is caused by an external electric field. We present electrical measurements during and directly after electroformation, showing that intrinsic defect separation establishes a non-equilibrium state in the transition metal oxide accompanied by an electromotive force. A comprehensive thermodynamic deduction in terms of theoretical energy and entropy calculations indicate an exergonic electrochemical reaction after the electric field is switched off. Based on that driving force the experimental and theoretical proof of concept of an all-in-one rechargeable SrTiO3 single crystal energy storage is reported here.
In this article, we present a computationally efficient homogenization technique for linear coupled diffusion–mechanics problems. It considers a linear chemo-mechanical material model at the fine scale, and relies on a full separation of scales between the time scales governing diffusion and mechanical phenomena, and a relaxed separation of scales for diffusion between the matrix and the inclusion. When the characteristic time scales associated with mass diffusion are large compared to those linked to the deformation, the mechanical problem can be considered to be quasi-static, and a full separation of scales can be assumed, whereas the diffusion problem remains transient. Using equivalence of the sum of virtual powers of internal and transient forces between the microscale and the macroscale, a homogenization framework is derived for the mass diffusion, while for the mechanical case, considering its quasi-static nature, the classical equivalence of the virtual work of internal forces is used instead. Model reduction is then applied at the microscale. Assuming a relaxed separation of scales for diffusion phenomena, the microscopic fields are split into steady-state and transient parts, for which distinct reduced bases are extracted, using static condensation for the steady-state part and the solution of an eigenvalue problem for the transient part. The model reduction at the microscale results in emergent macroscopic enriched field variables, evolution of which is described with a set of ordinary differential equations which are inexpensive to solve. The net result is a coupled diffusion–mechanics enriched continuum at the macroscale. Numerical examples are conducted for the cathode–electrolyte system characteristic of a lithium ion battery. The proposed reduced order homogenization method is shown to be able to capture the coupled behavior of this system, whereby high computational gains are obtained relative to a full computational homogenization method.
Practical, high-yield mesoporous organic polymer (MOP) spheres were successfully synthesized by a novel self-template method, which can be used as fillers to prepare poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based polymer electrolytes membranes. The result shows that both the electrical conductivity and lithium-ion conductivity of PEO-based electrolytes can be improved effectively by adding the MOP filler. The electrolyte membranes are mechanically robust, thermally stable to over 270 °C, and can effectively block dendrites penetrating from metallic-lithium anode to cathode. The Li+ transfer conductivity of composite electrolyte membrane increases to 4.4 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 63 °C. All-solid-state LiFePO4/MOP-PEO-LiTFSI/Li cell shows excellent cycling (144 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles) and rate (167 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, 170 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C, 160 mAh g−1 at 1 C and 145 mAh g−1 at 2 C) performance.
It is important for manufacturing companies to provide a standard for product data exchange between diverse computer systems. Past attempts to develop neutral format standards for data exchange have had limited success, and have led to the development of STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product) as a data exchange standard. The STEP standard makes it easier to integrate systems that process various product life-cycle functions, such as design, engineering, manufacturing, logistics support, and will help to facilitate concurrent engineering. The goal of this paper is to facilitate the computer-readable exchange of the product bill of materials (BOM) information for product data management (PDM). In this paper, the STEP ISO 10303-21 is implemented to share the product data information in a manufacturing environment. A structural product bill of materials is first transformed into an Excel file format, then a PDM Schema Exporter is utilized to export a BOM Excel file to a STEP Part 21 file. A C# program decodes the STEP file into BOM information to update the PDM databases in SQL server for product data management. Also, SAS code is written to generate the indented bill of materials from the BOM information, to draw a tree diagram to present an accurate structural view of a product, and to export to PDM databases for product data structural view.
The electrochemical and thermal properties of graphite electrodes with electrolytes containing 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMITFSI) and N-methyl,N-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (MPPpTFSI) ionic liquids are investigated. The ionic liquids undergo extensive reductive decomposition on a graphite electrode during the first charge. The effect of a fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) additive on the reductive decomposition of the ionic liquids is examined by electrochemical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Thermal reactions between a lithiated graphite electrode and an ionic liquid-containing electrolyte are investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The introduction of an ionic liquid can effectively reduce the exothermic heat evolution from the thermal reactions between a lithiated graphite electrode and an electrolyte.
The deposition of manganese ions dissolved from the cathode onto the interface between the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and graphite causes severe capacity fading in manganese oxide-based cells. The evolution of the SEI layer containing these Mn compounds and the corresponding instability of the layer are thoroughly investigated by artificially introducing soluble Mn ions into a 1 mol L−1 LiPF6 electrolyte solution. Deposition of dissolved Mn ions induces an oxygen-rich SEI layer that results from increased electrolyte decomposition, accelerating SEI growth. The spatial distribution of Mn shows that dissolved Mn ions diffuse through the porous layer and are deposited mostly at the inorganic layer/graphite interface. The Mn compound deposited on the anode, identified as MnF2, originates from a metathesis reaction between LiF and dissolved Mn ion. It is confirmed that ion-exchange reaction occurs in the inorganic layer, converting SEI species to Mn compounds. Some of the Mn is observed inside the graphite; this may cause surface structural disordering in the graphite, limiting lithium-ion intercalation. The continuous reaction that occurs at the inorganic layer/graphite interfacial regions and the modification of the original SEI layer in the presence of Mn ions are critically related to capacity fade and impedance rise currently plaguing Li-ion cells.
To enhance kinetics of lithium insertion/extraction of anode materials for hybrid lithium-ion capacitors (hybrid LICs), we develop a new applicable strategy toward the synthesis of trivalent Ti self-doped Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles. Starting with Ti2O3, we show that subsequent solid state reaction with Li2CO3 leads to the formation of trivalent Ti self-doped Li4Ti5O12. The presence of trivalent Ti gives rise to high electric conductivity and the nanostructure reduces the transport path lengths of lithium-ions and electrons, permitting fast kinetics for both transported lithium-ions and electrons, thus enabling high-power performance. A high performance hybrid LIC is fabricated by using Ti3+ self-doped Li4Ti5O12 as an insertion-type anode and activated carbon derived from outer peanut shell as cathode, which delivers high energy density (67Whkg−1), high power density (8000Wkg−1). Additionally, the device still retains about 79% of its original capacity even after 5000cycles at 0.5 A g−1.
Electrochemical capacitors, called supercapacitors (SCs) or ultracapacitors, are devices conveniently used for embedded electrical energy management owing to their huge capacitance, low internal resistance and flexible control through power electronic conversion. This paper proposes a main power supply of hybrid Wind Generator (WG)–SC within the train station for feeding the traction onboard SC through specified limited feeding transit durations. Onboard SCs provide the train with the requested start–up self–energy. The hybrid WG–SCs system is an environmental–friendly source that enables the independency on national grid and guarantees an efficient bidirectional power transfer for energy management with enhanced dynamic performance. Therefore, the dynamic modelling and the experimental analysis of the modern hybrid WG–SCs used for managing the charge/discharge operation of SCs at Unity Power Factor (UPF) mode are presented. For this purpose, the Port–Controlled Hamiltonian (PCH) methodology is deduced and explicitly presented. Simulation results, via MATLAB™, reveal that the proposed PCH control methodology can be successfully implemented to ensure acceptable system dynamic behavior. Numerical results are validated with experimental measurements to investigate the significance of the PCH approach for the energy management operation in eco-tractions.
We report a cathode composed of RuO2 nanoparticle-decorated NiO nanosheets for a non-aqueous lithium–air battery. Unlike most of the previously reported non-aqueous lithium–air batteries that are operated with pure oxygen only, we demonstrate that the present cathode enables the battery to be truly operated in ambient air at 500 mA h g−1 for 200 cycles (800 h), with stable coulombic efficiency (100%) and high energy efficiency (∼75%). The stellar performance is attributed to the favorable combination of RuO2 nanoparticles and NiO nanosheets, which not only catalyzes the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, but also promotes the decomposition of the side products, including lithium hydroxide and carbonate formed from water and carbon dioxide in the air during discharge.
Record breaking electrochemical properties of FePO4 have been found through investigation of the thickness dependent electrochemical properties of amorphous thin film electrodes. Atomic layer deposition was used for production of thin films of amorphous FePO4 with highly accurate thickness and topography. Electrochemical characterization of these thin film electrodes revealed that the thinner electrodes behave in a pseudocapacitive manner even at high rates of Li+ de/intercalation, which enabled specific powers above 1 MW kg−1 FePO4 to be obtained with minimal capacity loss. In addition, a self-enhancing kinetic effect was observed during cycling enabling more than 10,000 cycles at current rates approaching that of a supercapacitor (11s charge/discharge). The current findings may open for construction of ultra-high power battery electrodes that combines the energy density of batteries with the power capabilities of supercapacitors.
The phase transformations of the Ti38V30Cr14Mn18 alloy during hydrogenation and dehydrogenation using deuterium (D2) were investigated using in situ neutron powder diffraction (NPD) at various D2 pressures up to 2 MPa. Initially, the first hydride that formed, Ti38V30Cr14Mn18D15, had the same body centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure as the starting alloy. Upon further hydrogenation, the system displays a distinct two-phase mixture of the intermediate BCC and body-centered tetragonal (BCT) phases, that exist in a ration of 1.38:1.42, respectively. At the end of the deuterium absorption, the phase pure Ti38V30Cr14Mn18D183 material forms, with a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. Upon dehydrogenation, all hydride phases eventually returned to the initial alloy phase without any amorphization or disproportionation. Using standard Rietveld refinement, information on the variation of the deuterium site occupancy, the lattice symmetry, and the cell volume were determined during these phase changes and are presented.
Intra-abdominal tumors, such as ovarian cancer1,2, have a clear predilection for metastasis to the omentum, an organ primarily composed of adipocytes. Currently, it is unclear why tumor cells preferentially home to and proliferate in the omentum, yet omental metastases typically represent the largest tumor in the abdominal cavities of women with ovarian cancer. We show here that primary human omental adipocytes promote homing, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells, and that adipokines including interleukin-8 (IL-8) mediate these activities. Adipocyte–ovarian cancer cell coculture led to the direct transfer of lipids from adipocytes to ovarian cancer cells and promoted in vitro and in vivo tumor growth. Furthermore, coculture induced lipolysis in adipocytes and β-oxidation in cancer cells, suggesting adipocytes act as an energy source for the cancer cells. A protein array identified upregulation of fatty acid–binding protein 4 (FABP4, also known as aP2) in omental metastases as compared to primary ovarian tumors, and FABP4 expression was detected in ovarian cancer cells at the adipocyte-tumor cell interface. FABP4 deficiency substantially impaired metastatic tumor growth in mice, indicating that FABP4 has a key role in ovarian cancer metastasis. These data indicate adipocytes provide fatty acids for rapid tumor growth, identifying lipid metabolism and transport as new targets for the treatment of cancers where adipocytes are a major component of the microenvironment.
A carbon-free intermetallic zinc titanium alloy (carbon-free Zn/Ti) anode, comprising active Zn nanoparticles finely dispersed in ZnxTiy (Zn0.6Ti0.4 and Zn3Ti) intermetallic buffer, is prepared via a thermal-treatment followed by a high-energy mechanical milling process for a lithium-ion battery (LIB) anode. As a counter-intuitive phenomenon, without the need of a carbon matrix, the carbon-free Zn/Ti alloy exhibits superior cyclic performance (∼1064 mAh cm−3 of volumetric capacity after 350 cycles), a good rate capability (85% capacity retention at 3 A g−1 compared to its capacity at 0.1 A g−1), and a high initial coulombic efficiency (88%). Although the use of hybrid TiC-C matrix as a control sample still affords highly stable cyclic performance and good rate capability, it exhibits a relatively lower capacity than a carbon-free alloy electrode. The enhanced performance of carbon-free Zn/Ti anodes for LIBs is owing to the presence of stable and cohesive ZnxTiy intermetallic phases that provide high conductivity and mechanical stability, thereby mitigating the large volume changes of Zn particles during the lithiation/delithiation processes. High-performance Zn-ZnxTiy can be seen as a new promising anode for the next-generation energy storage technology.
This paper presents the results of a research activity in the framework of electric load management in buildings. The buildings are supposed to be smart; they are connected to the electric network but they are also equipped with PV plants for integration of the electric energy request with the relevant storage batteries. The idea behind is to use batteries of electric vehicles (present in the parking areas of the buildings) as supplementary storage systems. An algorithm is discussed, based on optimization techniques, that allows maximizing the number of electric appliances that can be fed in conditions of power limitation. The algorithm is purely numeric, and has been built with the idea to implement it in a software package that has been produced by the authors. Finally, a case study is presented which allows evaluating the reliability and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms and of the software.
The sensitivity of early life stages of the brown seaweed Saccharina japonica to six metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) and two waste-water samples were investigated and a new toxicity bioassay developed. The two endpoints used were spore germination and germ tube elongation with an exposure time of 24 h. Optimal test conditions determined for photon irradiance, pH, salinity and temperature were darkness, pH 8, 35‰ and 15°C, respectively. The toxicity ranking of five metals was: Hg (EC50 of 41 and 42 μg l−1) > Cu (120 and 81 μg l−1) > Ni (2,009 and 1,360 μg l−1) > Zn (3,024 and 3,897 μg l−1) > Pb (4,760 and 4,429 μg l−1) > Cd (15,052 and 7,541 μg l−1) for germination and germ tube elongation, respectively. The sensitivities to Cd, Cu and Ni were greater in germ tube elongation than in germination process. When tested against two different waste-water samples (processed animal and printed circuit board waste-water) values of EC50 were between 21.29 and 32.02% for germination and between 5.33 and 8.98% for germ tube elongation. Despite differences in their chemical composition, the toxic effects of waste-water samples, as indicated by EC50 values, did not differ significantly for the same endpoints. The CV range for both germination and germ tube elongation was between 4.61 and 37.69%, indicating high levels of precision of the tests. The results compare favourably with those from more established test procedures employing micro- and macroalgae. The advantages and potential limitations of the bioassay for the assessment of anthropogenic impacts on coastal ecosystems and commercial cultivation areas in near-shore environments are discussed.
Despite significant media attention and criticism, we know very little about the living and working conditions of low-income migrants in the Arab Gulf states, how migrants themselves view these conditions, or what factors most shape migrant worker well-being. Utilizing data from a unique, nationally representative survey of migrant workers living in labor camps in Qatar, this paper uses subjective and objective indicators to provide a more complete picture of migrant worker well-being and its determinants. We create a composite score of well-being based on migrant worker satisfaction with their job, human rights, salary, company treatment, and medical care. We then utilize ordinary least square to examine the degree to which migrant well-being is shaped by demographic characteristics, contract honoring, salary and debt levels, working conditions, human rights, and living conditions. Results identify contract-related issues as the strongest determinant of well-being, including whether a contract was honored, whether a copy of the contract was provided, and whether the details of employment in the contract were clear. More broadly, our results point to workers having low levels of overall awareness of their legal rights under existing Gulf labor law. Migrant worker well-being can thus be improved by raising this awareness and enforcing existing laws.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) represents an established treatment option in a growing number of movement disorders. Recent case reports suggest beneficial effect of globus pallidus internus (GPi)-DBS in selected patients suffering from Huntington’s disease with marked disabling chorea. We present a 41-year-old man with genetically confirmed HD following quadruple GPi- and subthalamic nucleus (STN)-DBS. Motor function was assessed by Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) and by Unified Huntington Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) presurgery and postsurgery for up to 4 years. Furthermore, cognitive, neuropsychiatric state and quality of life (QoL) including life satisfaction (QLS) were annually evaluated. Chorea assessed by AIMS and UHDRS subscores improved by 52 and 55 %, 45 and 60 %, 35 and 45 % and 55–66 % at 1–4 years, respectively, compared to presurgical state following GPi–STN-DBS. During these time periods bradykinesia did not increase following separate STN- and combined GPi–STN-DBS compared to presurgical state. Mood, QoL and QLS were ameliorated. However, dysexecutive symptoms increased at 4 years postsurgery. The present case report suggests that bilateral GPi- and STN-DBS may represent a new treatment avenue in selected HD patients. Clinically, GPi-DBS attenuated chorea and was associated with a larger effect–adverse effect window compared to STN-DBS. However, GPi-DBS-induced bradykinesia may emerge as one main limitation of GPi-DBS in HD. Thus, quadruple GPi–STN-DBS may be indicated, if separate GPi-DBS does not result in sufficient control of motor symptoms. Future controlled studies need to confirm if the present anecdotal observation of additive beneficial effects of GPi- and STN-DBS in a HD patient with severe generalized chorea and relatively intact cognitive and affective functions indeed represents a new therapeutic option.
For small wind turbines to be reliable they must have in place good mechanisms to protect themselves against very high winds or sudden removal of load. One common protection method in small wind turbines is that of blade feathering. It is important that the blade feathering mechanism of a small wind turbine is tested before the turbine is installed in the field. This paper presents a simple system for monitoring the blade feathering of a turbine with an overall component cost that small wind turbine manufacturers can afford. The Blade Pitch Measurement System (BPMS) has been designed and constructed by the Research Institute of Sustainable Energy (RISE) and aids small wind turbine manufacturers in testing and optimising the settings of the blade feathering mechanisms on their machines. The results show that the BPMS was successful in recording the behaviour of the blade feathering mechanism in field trials with a 20 kW and a 30 kW wind turbine. The BPMS displays significant potential as an effective, inexpensive system for small wind turbine manufacturers to ensure the reliability of their pitch regulating over-speed protection mechanisms.
“Free-standing” single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) papers have been synthesised by simple filtration method via positive pressure. A conventional SWNT slurry coated electrode was fabricated to compare with the SWNT papers. The results show that the capacity of the “Free-standing” electrode was slightly lower than that of the conventional electrode, but the “Free-standing” electrode was produced without any binder, and metal substrate, so that the weight of electrode was reduced significantly. On the other hand, the procedures for SWNT electrode preparation were simplified, so the cost of the manufacturing could be reduced.