batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Two dimensional nanosheets, such as graphene and metal disulfides, have attracted a great deal of attention as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, owing to their unique capability for lithium-ion storage. In this work, we integrate graphene and MoS2 nanosheets into a free standing film form using a simple vacuum filtration method. As-prepared composite film could be readily employed as a binder- and carbon-free anode for lithium-ion batteries, removing the polymeric binders and conductive carbon additives that are required for the preparation of conventional electrodes. In addition, the interconnected structure of graphene and MoS2 sheets provide a good electrical conductivity to the entire film electrode. When tested electrochemical performance as an anode for lithium-ion batteries, the composite film electrode exhibits superior performance compared to the exfoliated MoS2 electrode, such as 65.8% capacity retention at a high current rate of 1000 mA g−1 and 91.1% capacity retention after 100 cycles.
Ni3Sn4 and CoSn2 which are two Sn-based intermetallic compounds with different crystal structures have been tested as future negative electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. Various two-step reactions occur during the first discharge of these two electrodes. The first discharge shows good specific capacities: 515mAhg−1 for the Ni3Sn4 electrode and 606mAhg−1 for the CoSn2 electrode. These reactions lead to the formation of Li7Sn2, a Li-rich Li x Sn alloy characterized by 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy.
Enhancing zinc electrode rechargeability is a key for realizing zinc air batteries as promising next generation batteries. Addition of hydrophilic organic materials in alkaline electrolytes has been shown to be effective in durability improvement, however, the oxidation of the organic materials at the positive electrode of batteries should be overcome. Here a solution for this issue is proposed by using organic materials with large molecular weight and keeping them away from the positive electrode by setting a membrane between negative and positive electrodes. It is shown through permeability, solubility, and zinc-nickel cell tests that a selected organic material is impermeable to a OH− permeable membrane, highly soluble in the alkaline electrolyte, and has a positive effect on zinc electrode durability without interfering the positive electrode reaction, which can greatly contribute to the establishment of long-life zinc air batteries.
Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by psychiatric and neurological features. Most reported cases are caused by 22q13.3 deletions, leading to SHANK3 haploinsufficiency, but also usually encompassing many other genes. While the number of point mutations identified in SHANK3 has increased in recent years due to large-scale sequencing studies, systematic studies describing the phenotype of individuals harboring such mutations are lacking.
Predictive energy management could be implemented in real-time with a short period of future driving cycle prediction. However, the completely precise prediction of the future driving cycle remains quite difficult. Two areas of effort have been explored in this study. The first is the implementation of a dynamic-neighborhood particle swarm optimization algorithm in the local optimal energy management strategy of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on data from the prediction of the future driving cycle. Second, the influence of an imprecise driving cycle prediction is considered, and then an online correction algorithm is proposed based on the backup control strategy and a fuzzy logic controller. In addition to these efforts, a predictive energy management strategy with an online correction algorithm is finally proposed. Compared with the optimal heuristic method, the presented energy management strategy could reduce the energy by up to 9.7% if the prediction of the future driving cycle is precise. For the situation of imprecise prediction, the online correction algorithm could reduce the deviation from the actual optimal policy by up to 32.39%.
A simple in-situ cell design is formulated based on the various in-situ electrochemical cells developed over the last three decades. The cell is targeted at those researchers who are not necessarily in the field of lithium ion battery research but are interested in synthesising and performing fundamental structural analyses of compounds that cannot be made via any other route. Therefore, this design uses only components that are routinely available and can be machined in-house. The effectiveness of the initial cell design is demonstrated through kinetic analysis of the lithium insertion reaction for the Li0.18Sr0.66Ti0.5Nb0.5O3 defect perovskite using data obtained from hundreds of diffraction patterns. Within the first discharge it has been possible to identify three regions with different rates of crystal lattice expansion. These regions extend from 1.01 to 1.47 V, 1.47–1.58 V and 1.58–2.07 V with rates of crystal lattice expansion determined to be 1.765(6) × 10−5 Å min−1, 1.44(5) × 10−5 Å min−1 and 2.47(1) × 10−5 Å min−1, respectively. These three regions correlate with three distinct regions in the electrochemical profile, between 1.00 and 1.36 V, 1.36–1.55 V and 1.55–1.80 V.
To meet the requirements for the quick charge for the hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), better rate capability is urgently needed for the lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Here in our work, a new anode with excellent rate capability is developed. In this anode, nanoporous iron oxide nanoparticles coated with carbon (designated as Fe2O3@C NPs) are homogeneous distributed in carbon nanofibers (CNFs), which can be designated as Fe2O3@C CNFs. The CNF constrains the nanoporous Fe2O3@C NPs along the longitudinal direction and the fibers are cross-linked, establishing a three dimensional (3D) stable electric conductive network. The nanoporous Fe2O3@C NPs exposed on the surface of CNFs provide more active sites for electrode reactions. The thin carbon shell around the Fe2O3 NPs gives the additional protection and improves the conductive connection between the nanofibers, leading to an integral conductive network which links all the Fe2O3@C NPs. The Fe2O3@C CNFs structure exhibits good capacity retention and excellent rate capacity at high current density.
Lithium transition metal phosphates have the capability of improving cathode energy densities up to 800 Wh kg−1, a 27 % increase over conventional cathode active material energy densities. In this study, the effect of base-to-acid (NH4OH:H3PO4) stoichiometric conditions on the intrinsic reversible capacity of lithium cobalt phosphate (LiCoPO4) active material are investigated through microwave synthesis and electrochemical testing. Variation in solution pH results in an increase of 69 mAh g−1 in achievable capacity. X-ray diffraction results show highly crystalline LiCoPO4, with particle sizes ranging from 200 nm to greater than 1 μm based upon scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical analysis with 1 M LiPF6 EC:EMC (1:2 v/v) provides the highest capacity over multiple cycles. A discharge capacity of 128 mAh g−1 (78 % of theoretical capacity) is achievable for intrinsic LiCoPO4 without further treatment (e.g., carbon coating) at an effective 0.1 C rate with a proper constant current–constant voltage step. Analysis of reported synthesis techniques shows that microwave synthesis yields the highest capacity for the intrinsic LiCoPO4 material to date.
The purpose of this research is to study a new synthesis of LiCr x Ni0.5−x Mn0.5O2 (x =0, 0.05 and 0.1) using a co-precipitation method for lithium secondary batteries. Investigations are made of the morphology, cyclic voltammetry and charge–discharge cycling of LiCr x Ni0.5−x Mn0.5O2/Li cells. The particle size of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 has a narrow distribution range from 200 to 300nm. The peak current of LiCr0.05Ni0.45Mn0.5O2 and LiCr0.1Ni0.4Mn0.5O2 in the 2.7 and 2.9V regions increases with increasing addition of Cr in LiCr x Ni0.5−x Mn0.5O2. The discharge capacity of the LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 electrode is 185 and 150mAhg−1 at 1 and 15 cycles, respectively. The fading in capacity of Cr-doped LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 is less than that of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 during cycling. LiCr x Ni0.5−x Mn0.5O2 cathodes with 1M LiPF6 in an ethyl carbonate–dimethyl carbonate (EC–DMC) electrolyte exhibit good cycling performance.
Si-diffusion from Si-based substrates into yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) thin films and its impact on their microstructure and chemistry is investigated. YSZ thin films used in electrochemical applications based on micro-electrochemical systems (MEMS) are deposited via spray pyrolysis onto silicon-based and silicon-free substrates, i.e. Si x N y -coated Si wafer, SiO2 single crystals and Al2O3, sapphire. The samples are annealed at 600°C and 1000°C for 20h in air. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the Si x N y -coated Si wafer is oxidized to SiO z at the interface to the YSZ thin film at temperatures as low as 600°C. On all YSZ thin films, silica is detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A particular large Si concentration of up to 11at% is detected at the surface of the YSZ thin films when deposited on silicon-based substrates after annealing at 1000°C. Their grain boundary mobility is reduced 2.5 times due to the incorporation of SiO2. YSZ films on Si-based substrates annealed at 600°C show a grain size gradient from the interface to the surface of 3nm to 10nm. For these films, the silicon content is about 1.5at% at the thin film's surface.
Recent evidence suggested a protective role of dietary monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intakes against several chronic diseases and, therefore, an increased human longevity. After a median follow-up of 8.5 years, we investigated the possible role of MUFA, PUFA, and other selected food groups in protecting against all-causes mortality in a population-based, prospective study, conducted in one of the eight centers of the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging (ILSA), Casamassima, Bari, Italy. Out of 704 elderly subjects (65–84 years), 278 nondemented persons agreed to participate at the first survey (1992–1993). During the follow-up, there were 91 deaths. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire evaluating macronutrient daily intakes were performed at the first survey. Higher MUFA intake was associated with an increase of survival (hazard ratio 0.81, 95% CI 0.66–0.99), a higher unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) to SFA ratio (hazard ratio 1.20, 95% CI 0.99–1.45) increased total mortality only marginally, while no effect about other selected food groups were found. In conclusion, in this prospective study on older nondemented subjects with a typical Mediterranean diet, a higher MUFA intake increased survival, while a higher UFA/SFA ratio increased total mortality, but only marginally.
The 5G wireless cellular networks are evolving, to meet the drastic subscriber demands in near future. This is accompanied with a rise in the energy consumption in cellular networks. Higher energy consumption result in a rise in the carbon dioxide emissions into the environment, and exposure to greater amount of harmful radiations. To indemnify the ecological and health concerns associated with the rise in CO2 levels, an important technology is GREEN communication. This paper presents a survey on various energy-efficient scenarios for green communication, involving device-to-device (D2D) communication, spectrum sharing, ultra-dense networks (UDNs), massive MIMO, millimeter wave networks and the Internet of Things (IoT). For improving the battery lifetime of user terminals in a network, a three-layer architecture is proposed, which emphasizes on transmitting information through relays, between a given pair of users. The susceptibility of security attack on relays is also enumerated. As security in the networks cannot be overlooked, secure power optimization is studied, and the possible security attack on users within the small cell access point (SCA) of the 5G networks is proposed. Some of the key research challenges in association to green communication and security have been discussed, and the ongoing projects and standardization activities also stated in the paper.
An all-vanadium redox flow battery with V(IV) as the sole parent active species is developed by accessing the VO2+/V3+ redox couple. These batteries, referred to as V4RBs, possess a higher theoretical volumetric capacity than traditional VRBs. Copper ions were identified as an effective additive to boost the battery performance.
Identifying the reasons for the loss of signals in satellite tracking studies is important for directing future improvements in transmitter technology and attachment systems, as well as defining the status of the tracked animals (alive or dead) at the end of the tracking period, which is integral to assessing survival rates through established methods. We highlight the importance of transmitted diagnostic data that reveal the status of a tag. We show in marine wildlife satellite tracking that the reasons behind transmitter signal loss can often be identified. Exhaustion of batteries, salt-water switch failure, antenna breakage, animal mortality and premature detachment of tags were all identified as causes of signal loss from transmitters routinely attached to turtles, fish and marine mammals. In principle, battery management systems should allow tracking of individuals for several years, even with existing transmitter technology, although in such long-term deployments in a marine setting, failure of the salt-water switch may persist as the Achilles heel of existing tags.
On-road vehicle tests of nine heavy-duty diesel trucks were conducted using SEMTECH-D, an emissions measuring instrument provided by Sensors, Inc. The total length of roads for the tests was 186km. Data were obtained for 37,255 effective driving cycles, including 17,216 on arterial roads, 15,444 on residential roads, and 4595 on highways. The impacts of speed and acceleration on fuel consumption and emissions were analyzed. Results show that trucks spend an average of 16.5% of the time in idling mode, 25.5% in acceleration mode, 27.9% in deceleration mode, and only 30.0% at cruise speed. The average emission factors of CO, total hydrocarbons (THC), and NO x for the selected vehicles are (4.96±2.90), (1.88±1.03) and (6.54±1.90)gkm−1, respectively. The vehicle emission rates vary significantly with factors like speed and acceleration. The test results reflect the actual traffic situation and the current emission status of diesel trucks in Shanghai. The measurements show that low-speed conditions with frequent acceleration and deceleration, particularly in congestion conditions, are the main factors that aggravate vehicle emissions and cause high emissions of CO and THC. Alleviating congestion would significantly improve vehicle fuel economy and reduce CO and THC emissions.
Monoclinic α-Li3V2(PO4)3 is a promising cathode material for future Li-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity, good capacity retention and relatively high ionic conductivity. The material undergoes a series of complex phase transitions which depend on the number of Li-ions extracted during charge. The phase behavior has been extensively studied under (quasi-) equilibrium conditions, however insight into the phase evolution during dynamic conditions is lacking. Through operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction we report the complex series of structural phase transitions under dynamic battery charge-discharge conditions in α-Li3V2(PO4)3 cathodes with extraction of both two and three Li-ions. For extraction of two Li-ions, the phase evolution follows the series of expected two-phase transitions, while for extraction of three Li-ions the dynamic phase behavior differs significantly from that observed by equilibrium studies, e.g. we reveal unexpected solid solution behavior during removal of the last Li-ion and unforeseen structural hysteresis between charge and discharge. Our results are further reinforced by electrochemical analysis. This paper joins a series of recent reports, where extended solid solution behavior in battery electrode materials is observed under operando conditions, and reinforces the importance of these types of measurements to provide a more realistic picture of working battery materials.
The effects of Al substitution for Ni or (and) Mn in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel on the structures and electrochemical properties are investigated. Powders of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, Li0.95Ni0.45Mn1.5Al0.05O4, LiNi0.475Mn1.475Al0.05O4 and Li1.05Ni0.5Mn1.45Al0.05O4 are synthesized by a thermopolymerization method. Their structures and electrochemical properties are studied by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge testing. The introduction of Al in these LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 samples has resulted in structure variation, and greatly improved their cyclic performance and rate capability. The effects of Al substitutions for Ni and Mn in the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 are different. Compared with LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, Li0.95Ni0.45Mn1.5Al0.05O4 demonstrates higher specific capacity at room temperature but faster capacity fading at elevated temperatures. Li1.05Ni0.5Mn1.45Al0.05O4 displays a lower discharge capacity but better capacity retention at 55°C. Moreover, the cyclic performance and rate capability of the Ni-substituted Li0.95Ni0.45Mn1.5Al0.05O4, Ni/Mn co-substituted LiNi0.475Mn1.475Al0.05O4 and Mn-substituted Li1.05Ni0.5Mn1.45Al0.05O4 at room temperature are similar, and have improved substantially compared with the Al-free LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 sample.
Lithium ion battery (LIB) has been assembled by a polyimide (PI) binder, which is prepared by one-pot solution polycondensation, and PI non-woven separator. Compared to the cell using the traditional PVDF binder and polyethylene (PE) separator, the cell with PI binder and PI separator (PI-PI) not only has a better thermal stability but also displays significantly improved electrochemical performance, especially rate performance and cycling behavior. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows that the temperature of the weight loss of 10% of PVDF and PI is 464.6°C and 525.9°C, respectively. The properties of the separator, including wettability, electrolyte uptake and mechanical performance are tested. Owing to the hydrophilic imide group and the rigid aromatic nucleus. These properties make a possibility of a battery to meet higher requirements. In the terms of electrochemistry, when the current density over 1C, the cell with PVDF binder and PE separator (PVDF-PE) only retains no more than 61% of its capacity at a rate of 0.05C. However the cell that based on PI-PI still maintains 72.6%. Besides, the cycle performance of PI-PI gains a significant improvement. It can stay over 85% capacitance retention ratio after 200 cycles at a rate of 1C, while the PVDF-PE is only 57.68%. The outstanding improvement of the rate capability is due to the reduction of internal resistance of the battery.
Cancer cachexia impacts on treatment options, quality of life and survival. New treatments are emerging but need to be assessed using outcomes which patients find meaningful. One approach is the measurement of physical activity levels by small lightweight monitors, but experience is limited in cancer patients.
The internal resistance (R i) is one of the key parameters that determine the current state of electrochemical storage systems (ESS). It is crucial for estimating cranking capability in conventional cars, available power in modern hybrid and electric vehicles and for determining commonly used factors such as state-of-health (SoH) and state-of-function (SoF). However, ESS are complex and non-linear systems. Their R i depends on many parameters such as current rate, temperature, SoH and state-of-charge (SoC). It is also a fact that no standardized methodologies exist and many different definitions and ways of R i determination are being used. Nevertheless, in many cases authors are not aware of the consequences that occur when different R i definitions are being used, such as possible misinterpretations, doubtful comparisons and false figures of merit. This paper focuses on an application-oriented separation between various R i definitions and highlights the differences between them. The investigation was based on the following technologies: lead-acid, lithium-ion and nickel metal-hydride batteries as well as electrochemical double-layer capacitors. It is not the target of this paper to provide a standardized definition of R i but to give researchers, engineers and manufacturers a possibility to understand what the term R i means in their own work.
Transition metal carbodiimides (TMNCN) undergo conversion reactions during electrochemical cycling in lithium and sodium ion batteries. Micron sized copper and zinc carbodiimide powders have been prepared as single phase as confirmed by PXRD and IR and their thermal stability has been studied in air and nitrogen atmosphere. CuNCN decomposes at ∼250 °C into CuO or Cu while ZnNCN can be stable until 400 °C and 800 °C in air and nitrogen respectively. Both carbodiimides were electrochemically analysed for sodium and lithium ion batteries. The electrochemical Na+ insertion in CuNCN exhibits a relatively high reversible capacity (300 mAh·g−1) which still indicates an incomplete conversion reaction. This incomplete reaction confirmed by ex-situ EPR analysis, is partly due to kinetic limitations as evidenced in the rate capability experiments and in the constant potential measurements. On the other hand, ZnNCN shows incomplete conversion reaction but with good capacity retention and lower hysteresis as negative electrode for sodium ion batteries. The electrochemical performance of these materials is comparable to that of other materials which operate through displacement reactions and is surprisingly better in sodium ion batteries in comparison with lithium ion batteries.
Cholinergic motor neurons are defined by the coexpression of a battery of genes encoding proteins that act sequentially to synthesize, package and degrade acetylcholine and reuptake its breakdown product, choline. How expression of these critical motor neuron identity determinants is controlled and coordinated is not understood. We show here that, in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, all members of the cholinergic gene battery, as well as many other markers of terminal motor neuron fate, are co-regulated by a shared cis-regulatory signature and a common trans-acting factor, the phylogenetically conserved COE (Collier, Olf, EBF)-type transcription factor UNC-3. UNC-3 initiated and maintained expression of cholinergic fate markers and was sufficient to induce cholinergic fate in other neuron types. UNC-3 furthermore operated in negative feedforward loops to induce the expression of transcription factors that repress individual UNC-3-induced terminal fate markers, resulting in diversification of motor neuron differentiation programs in specific motor neuron subtypes. A chordate ortholog of UNC-3, Ciona intestinalis COE, was also both required and sufficient for inducing a cholinergic fate. Thus, UNC-3 is a terminal selector for cholinergic motor neuron differentiation whose function is conserved across phylogeny.