batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Rapid vehicle and powertrain development has become essential to for the design and implementation of vehicles that meet and exceed the fuel efficiency, cost, and performance targets expected by today’s consumer while keeping pace with reduced development cycle and more frequent product releases. Recently, advances in large-scale additive manufacturing have provided the means to bridge hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimentation and preproduction mule chassis evaluation. This paper details the accelerated development of a printed range-extended electric vehicle (REEV) by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, by paralleling hardware-in-the-loop development of the powertrain with rapid chassis prototyping using big area additive manufacturing (BAAM). BAAM’s ability to accelerate the mule vehicle development from computer-aided design to vehicle build is explored. The use of a hardware-in-the-loop laboratory is described as it is applied to the design of a range-extended electric powertrain to be installed in a printed prototype vehicle. The integration of the powertrain and the opportunities and challenges it presents are described in this work. A comparison of offline simulation, HIL and chassis rolls results is presented to validate the development process. Chassis dynamometer results for battery electric and range extender operation are analyzed to show the benefits of the architecture.
A Li–S battery with enhanced cycleability is developed using a multi-functional binder with cation-conductive polymer and polysulfide absorbents. The binder is composed of Li+-Nafion, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and nano silica. Macroporous carbon (MPC) is employed for sulfur retention in cathode. The multi-functional binder regulates tetrasulfide movement only in MPC pores during lithiation and delithiation cycling. The resultant Li–S battery shows excellent performance in discharge capacity and rate cycleability. The sulfur lithiation capacity reaches 1373 mAh g−1 at 0.2C (0.335 A g−1 of S) and 470 mAh g−1 at 5C (8.375 A g−1 of S). A rate capacity as high as 809 mAh g−1 has been achieved after 300 cycles at 1C charge–discharge rate. The Li–S battery showed very low capacity degradation rate of 0.08% per cycle at 1C rate.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques were used to investigate the spent cathodic material of a single common brand of disposable alkaline batteries. Mn-oxide particles are anhedral and irregular in shape and compose an estimated 99–95% of the <10μm size fraction of sample material. Diameters of particles vary widely and typically are between 50nm and 3μm; however, most particles are approximately 200–400nm in diameter. Chemical composition varies for Mn-oxide particles with concentrations being SiO2 (0.00–1.52wt%), TiO2 (0.49–4.58wt%), MnO (65.85–92.06wt%), ZnO (1.00–7.53wt%), K2O (4.97–20.48wt%) and SO3 (0.43–2.21wt%). Discrete prismatic zinc crystals occur and vary from a maximum of approximately 0.8μm long×0.15μm wide, to 100nm long×20nm wide. Titanium metal was also observed in samples and composes approximately 0.25–1.0% of the <10μm size fraction of sample material. Results of this study suggest that battery components may be recycled in some special applications. Examples are low energy-low material requirement products such as paint pigments and Zn nanoparticles. This investigation provides detailed constraints on the nature of spent cathodic materials to improve existing recycling methods and develop new technologies.
Currently, state of charge (SOC) estimation on the basis of Kalman filter (KF) is realized to be applied online, but the parameters of the battery model that is implanted in KF are commonly identified offline. The offline identification is not only a time-consumed process but also provides the inaccurate results. Considering the complex and changeable operating conditions of batteries employed in electric vehicles, the parameters are also varied in fact and need to be identified online, by which the real state of the battery is reflected. In this study, the online identification of parameters and estimation of SOC are fulfilled simultaneously by using a novel algorithm named dual unscented Kalman filter (DUKF). Results show that the parameter identification on the basis of the DUKF accurately simulates the dynamic performance of the terminal voltage. By using the proposed algorithm and under three different operating conditions, the state of the battery is effectively estimated. The maximum error of SOC estimation is less than 3%, which is better than the results by using the extend Kalman filter (EKF) and unscented Kalman filter (UKF). Furthermore, the online identification of parameters that are changeable and related to the fading state of the battery, enables the state of health (SOH) to be estimated online.
The current study investigated the cause of the reported problems in working memory in children with reading difficulties. Verbal and visuospatial simple and complex span tasks, and digit span and reaction times tasks performed singly and in combination, were administered to 46 children with single word reading difficulties and 45 typically developing children matched for age and nonverbal ability. Children with reading difficulties had pervasive deficits in the simple and complex span tasks and had poorer abilities to coordinate two cognitive demanding tasks. These findings indicate that working memory problems in children with reading difficulties may reflect a core deficit in the central executive.
Exposure of humans to unusual spaces is effective to observe the adaptive strategy for an environment. Though adaptation to such spaces has been typically tested with vision, little has been examined about adaptation to left–right reversed audition, partially due to the apparatus for adaptation. Thus, it is unclear if the adaptive effects reach early auditory processing. Here, we constructed a left–right reversed stereophonic system using only wearable devices and asked two participants to wear it for 4 weeks. Every week, the magnetoencephalographic responses were measured under the selective reaction time task, where they immediately distinguished between sounds delivered to either the left or the right ear with the index finger on the compatible or incompatible side. The constructed system showed high performance in sound localization and achieved gradual reduction of a feeling of strangeness. The N1m intensities for the response-compatible sounds tended to be larger than those for the response-incompatible sounds until the third week but decreased on the fourth week, which correlated with the initially shorter and longer reaction times for the compatible and incompatible conditions, respectively. In the second week, disruption of the auditory-motor connectivity was observed with the largest N1m intensities and the longest reaction times, irrespective of compatibility. In conclusion, we successfully produced a high-quality space of left–right reversed audition using our system. The results suggest that a 4-week exposure to the reversed audition causes optimization of the auditory-motor coordination according to the new rule, which eventually results in the modulation of early auditory processing.
There is little guidance regarding the risk of exposure of pregnant women/ women of childbearing potential to genotoxic or teratogenic compounds via vaginal dose delivered through seminal fluid during sexual intercourse.
Electrochemical properties of lead dioxides, formed on various lead alloy substrates (Pb–In, Pb–Sn, Pb–Sb, Pb–Tl and Pb–Bi), were investigated using electrochemical techniques with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA). Additive elements, selected by applying Hume-Rothery rules, have similar atomic radius and electronegativity to lead. The reduction capacity of lead dioxides that were formed on Pb–Sb and Pb–Sn alloy substrates decreased, whereas the reduction capacity of lead dioxides formed on Pb–In, Pb–Tl and Pb–Bi alloy substrate increased, compared with those formed on the pure lead substrate. The change of the lattice constant of β-lead dioxides and the existence of additive elements in the lead dioxide layer were confirmed from the analysis results of XRD and EPMA. We concluded that the substitution of additive elements for lead in the β-lead dioxide caused the change of its lattice constant to affect the reduction capacity.
The use of renewable energy sources is a fundamental factor for a responsible energy policy in the future. Taking into account the sustainable character of the majority of renewable energy technologies, they are able to preserve resources and to provide security, diversity of energy supply and services, virtually without environmental impact. The present paper deals with the description of several applications of renewable energy sources in the area of the South Aegean Sea islands. The potential of the most important forms of renewable energy such as solar and wind energy, biomass, photovoltaics and geothermal energy, is investigated and analysed for the majority of the South Aegean Sea islands, while alternative scenarios are assessed and discussed.
The future of electrochemical energy storage hinges on the advancement of science and technology that enables rechargeable batteries that utilize reactive metals as anodes. With specific capacity more than ten times that of the LiC6 anode used in present-day lithium-ion batteries, cells based on Li-metal anodes are of particular interest. Effective strategies for stabilizing the anode in such cells are now understood to be a requirement for progress on exceptional storage technologies, including Li–S and Li–O2 batteries. Multiple challenges—parasitic reactions of Li-metal with liquid electrolytes, unstable and dendritic electrodeposition, and dendrite-induced short circuits—derailed early efforts to commercialize such lithium-metal batteries. Here we consider approaches for rationally designing electrolytes and Li-metal/electrolyte interfaces for stable, dendrite-free operation of lithium-metal batteries. On the basis of fundamental understanding of the failure modes of reactive metal anodes, we discuss the key variables that govern the stability of electrodeposition at the Li anode and propose a universal framework for designing stable electrolytes and interfaces for lithium-metal batteries.
Mobile intensive care units frequently manage unplanned out-of-hospital births (UOHB). Rewarming methods during pre-hospital management of UOHB have not yet been compared. The aim was to compare rewarming methods used during pre-hospital management in a large prospective cohort of UOHB in France.
Objective Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) commonly use a variety of medications to slow disease progression, alleviate symptoms, and treat comorbid conditions. Polypharmacy has been linked to adverse outcomes in other patient groups, but has not been studied extensively in MS. We investigated the impact of polypharmacy on fatigue, objective neuropsychological performance, and subjective cognitive impairment in a sample of patients with MS. Methods MS patients (n=85) completed a medication inventory, self-report questionnaires, and a battery of neurocognitive tests. MS patients with polypharmacy were compared to MS patients without polypharmacy, using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results After controlling for disease characteristics, MS patients with polypharmacy (n=28) exhibited prospective memory deficits and reported significantly more fatigue and subjective cognitive problems than MS patients without polypharmacy. Conclusion Clinicians and patients should carefully weigh the costs and benefits of prescribing multiple medications, as these may contribute to iatrogenic fatigue and cognitive problems in MS. Moreover, researchers should account for polypharmacy when conducting studies examining fatigue and cognition in MS.
A novel green recycling process is investigated to prepare lead acetate trihydrate precursors and novel ultrafine lead oxide from spent lead acid battery pastes. The route contains the following four processes. (1) The spent lead pastes are desulphurized by (NH4)2CO3. (2) The desulphurized pastes are converted into lead acetate solution by leaching with acetic acid solution and H2O2; (3) The Pb(CH3COO)2·3H2O precursor is crystallized and purified from the lead acetate solution with the addition of glacial acetic acid; (4) The novel ultrafine lead oxide is prepared by the calcination of lead acetate trihydrate precursor in N2 or air at 320–400 °C. Both the lead acetate trihydrate and lead oxide products are characterized by TG-DTA, XRD, and SEM techniques. The calcination products are mainly α-PbO, β-PbO, and a small amount of metallic Pb. The particle size of the calcination products in air is significantly larger than that in N2. Cyclic voltammetry measurements of the novel ultrafine lead oxide products show good reversibility and cycle stability. The assembled batteries using the lead oxide products as cathode active materials show a good cyclic stability in 80 charge/discharge cycles with the depth of discharge (DOD) of 100%.
Y(OH)3-coated Ni(OH)2 tubes with mesoscale dimensions were synthesized by a two-step chemical precipitation method under ambient conditions. The products were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The instrumental analyses showed that the size of the tubes was of mesoscale dimension and the proportion of the tube morphology was about 95%. The as-prepared Y(OH)3-coated Ni(OH)2 tubes were further used as the active material of alkaline rechargeable batteries. The electrochemical studies revealed that the composite tubes exhibited superior electrode performance such as high discharge capacity, good redox reversibility and excellent charge–discharge properties at high-temperature and high-discharge rate. The reason for the working mechanism is also discussed, showing that the tube hollow structure plays important roles in optimizing the performance of the Y(OH)3-coated Ni(OH)2 tube electrodes.
The Lithium Sulfur (Li–S) battery system is one of the most promising candidates for electric vehicle applications due to its higher energy density when compared to conventional lithium ion batteries. However, there are some challenges facing Li−S battery commercialization, such as: low active material utilization, high self-discharge rate, and high rate of capacity fade. In this work, a series of transition metal nitrides: Tungsten nitride (WN), Molybdenum Nitride (Mo2N), and Vanadium Nitride (VN) was investigated as cathode materials for lithium polysulfide conversion reactions. Capacities of 697, 569, and 264 mAh g−1 were observed for WN, Mo2N, VN, respectively, with 8 mg cm−2 loading, after 100 cycles at a 0.1 C rate. WN higher electrochemical performance may be attributed to a strong reversible reaction between nitrides and polysulfide, which retains the sulfur species on the electrode surface, and minimizes the active material and surface area loss. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was performed to gain a better understanding of the mechanism underlying each metal nitride redox reactions.
The precipitation and growth of AgCl on silver in physiological NaCl solution were investigated. AgCl was found to form at bottom of scratches on the surface which may be the less effective sites for diffusion or the favorable sites for heterogeneous nucleation. Patches of silver chloride expanded laterally on the substrate until a continuous film formed. The ionic transport path through this newly formed continuous film was via spaces between AgCl patches. As the film grew, the spaces between AgCl patches closed and ion transport was primarily via micro-channels running through AgCl patches. The decrease of AgCl layer conductivity during film growth were attributed to the clogging of micro-channels or decrease in charge carrier concentration inside the micro-channels. Under thin AgCl layer, i.e. on the order of a micrometer, the dissolution of silver substrate was under mixed activation-Ohmic control. Under thick AgCl layer, i.e. on the order of tens of micrometers, the dissolution of silver substrate was mediated by the Ohmic resistance of AgCl layer.
Our group has previously reported the first clinical application of lithium in a child affected by Canavan disease. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of lithium on N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) as well as other end points in a larger cohort. Six patients with clinical, laboratory and genetic confirmation of Canavan disease were recruited and underwent treatment with lithium. The battery of safety and efficacy testing performed before and after sixty days of treatment included Gross Motor Function Testing (GMFM), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Proton Magnetic Spectroscopy (H-MRS) as well as blood work. The medication was safe without any clinical or laboratory evidence for toxicity. Parental reports indicated improvement in alertness and social interactions. GMFM did not show statistically significant improvement in motor development. H-MRS documented an overall drop in NAA which was statistically significant in the basal ganglia. T1 measurements recorded on MRI studies suggested a mild improvement in myelination in the frontal white matter after treatment. Diffusion Tensor Imaging was available in two patients and suggested micro-structural improvement in the corpus callosum. The results suggest that lithium administration may be beneficial in patients with Canavan disease.
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have a distinct advantage over other rechargeable battery systems since their high specific energy and low cost. However, the diffusion of polysulfides from cathode to anode leads to poor electrochemical stability of Li–S batteries, which is a main factor that restricts their further development. Herein, for the first time we present a separator with nitrogen-doped porous hollow carbon sphere (NHC) coating, with which Li–S cells enormously improve the utilization of active material and enhance excellent electrochemical performance. An initial discharge capacity of 1656 mAh g−1 (0.2 C) and a low fading rate of 0.11% per cycle within 500 cycles (1 C) are achieved, which ascribe to the chemical and physical adsorption properties of porous and nitrogen-doped NHCs. The NHC-decorated separator is of low cost and can effectively improve energy density of Li–S cells, exhibiting potential for further development of Li–S batteries.
Anionic Methacrylate Copolymer (AMC) is a fully polymerized copolymer used in the pharmaceutical industry as an enteric/delayed-release coating to permit the pH-dependent release of active ingredients in the gastrointestinal tract from oral dosage forms. This function is of potential use for food supplements. Oral administration of radiolabeled copolymer to rats resulted in the detection of chemically unchanged copolymer in the feces, with negligible absorption (<0.1%). AMC is therefore determined not to be bioavailable. Within a genotoxicity test battery AMC did not show any evidence of genotoxicity in bacteria and mammalian cells. Furthermore, no genotoxic effects occurred in vivo within a micronucleus test. There would therefore appear to be no safety concerns under intended conditions of oral use for the discussed toxicological endpoints.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was applied to porous negative graphite electrodes for lithium-ion batteries in the EC:DMC, 1M LiPF6 electrolyte. The effect of porosity on the electrode response time was studied and a theoretical model was developed, based on free path of the current lines between subsequent reaction sites. The effect of porosity on the electrode response is evidenced by the impedance spectra in which the high frequency capacitive semicircle is distorted. Fresh electrodes (before the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase, SEI) and cycled electrodes have different shapes of the impedance spectra indicating a change of processes at the surface. In particular, the shape of the spectrum for a fresh electrode can be related to an adsorption process. Impedance spectra of fresh electrodes were fitted using a simple model that considers porosity and the assumed electrochemical processes, giving good agreement between model and data. A correlation was found between adsorption sites and irreversible charge capacity in the first cycle.
Solvent exchange method is proposed for the synthesis of sulfur and S/C composite with uniform morphology. SEM, TEM and BET measurements reveal that through this approach, sulfur can subside together with carbon and then form the S/C composite in which sulfur particle is enclosed within the carbon shell even enter into the pores of Printex XE2 carbon. Comparing with sublimed sulfur, the sulfur or S/C composite deriving from the solvent exchange method all shows greatly improved electrochemical performance. Additionally, the influence of solvent on the electrochemical property of the S/C composite is investigated in terms of cycling tests, cyclic voltammetry and impedance measurements. The results show that the S/C composite sample derived from the ultrasonic solvent exchange method in o-xylene solvent has better electrochemical properties than that prepared in CS2. It delivers a capacity of 1173.9mAhg−1 in the initial cycle and preserves at 712.5mAhg−1 after 50 cycles at 200mAg−1. Furthermore, even at a high current density of 1500mAg−1, its discharge capacity is well maintained at 529mAhg−1 after 50 cycles, which is much higher than the capacity of 293.6mAhg−1 for sublimed sulfur electrode.
Vanadium oxides have attracted significant attention for electrochemical capacitor because of their extensive multifunctional properties. In the present work, graphene/VO2 (RG/VO2) hybrid materials with different RG amounts are prepared in a mixture of ammonium vanadate, formic acid and graphite oxide (GO) nanosheets by one-step simultaneous hydrothermal reduction technology. The hydrothermal treatment makes the reduction of GO into RG and the formation of VO2 particles with starfruit morphology. The starfruit-like VO2 particles are uniformly embedded in the hole constructed by RG nanosheets, which makes the electrode–electrolyte contact better. A high specific capacitance of 225Fg−1 has been achieved for RG(1.0)/VO2 electrode with RG content of 26wt% in 0.5molL−1 K2SO4 electrolyte. An asymmetrical electrochemical capacitor is assembled by using RG(1.0)/VO2 as positive electrode and RG as negative electrode, and it can be reversibly charged–discharged at a cell voltage of 1.7V in 0.5molL−1 K2SO4 electrolyte. The asymmetrical capacitor can deliver an energy density of 22.8Whkg−1 at a power density of 425Wkg−1, much higher than those of the symmetrical electrochemical capacitor based on the RG and RG(1.0)/VO2 electrodes. Moreover, the asymmetrical capacitor preserves 81% of its initial capacitance over 1000 cycles at a current density of 5Ag−1.
LiTi2(PO4)3 with a Na+ superionic conductor (NASICON)-type structure is prepared by a two-step solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that the LiTi2(PO4)3 compound has a NASICON structure, i.e. rhombohedral (space group: R3c). It is found that lithium can be electrochemically inserted into the LiTi2(PO4)3 structure, with a maximum intake of 5.2mol of lithium per mole of LiTi2(PO4)3 compound, and that [PO4] tetrahedra can participate in the redox reaction. This corresponds to a lithium-storage capacity of 360mAhg−1. The kinetic parameters of lithium insertion in LiTi2(PO4)3 NASICON are determined by means of ac impedance technique. The charge-transfer resistance (R CT) and exchange current density (i 0) are invariable regardless of the state of lithium insertion. This is associated with the unique structure characteristics of the NASICON skeleton. By contrast, the diffusion coefficient, D Li of lithium varies with the state of lithium insertion. The value of D Li is in the range 1.4×10−11 to 1.2×10−9 m2 s−1, which is much higher than for other intercalation materials.