batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A fundamental feature of intelligent agents is their ability to deliberate over their goals. Operating in an environment that may change in unpredictable ways, an agent needs to regularly evaluate whether its current set of goals is the most appropriate set to pursue. The management of goals is thus a key aspect of an agent’s architecture. Focusing on BDI agents, we consider the various types of goals studied in the literature, including both achievement and maintenance goals. We develop a detailed description of goal states (such as whether goals have been suspended or not), and a comprehensive suite of operations that may be applied to goals (including dropping, aborting, suspending and resuming them). We provide an operational semantics corresponding to this detailed description in an abstract agent language (CAN), and demonstrate on a detailed real-life scenario. The three key contributions of our generic framework for goal states and transitions are (1) to encompass both goals of accomplishment and rich goals of monitoring, (2) to provide the first specification of abort and suspend for all the common goal types, and (3) to account for plan execution as well as the dynamics of subgoaling. Our semantics clarifies how an agent can manage its goals, based on the decisions that it chooses to make, and further provides a foundation for correctness verification of agent behaviour.
A Li/LiF-LiCl-LiBr/Sn battery cell is prepared for the first time to investigate the feasibility of pure tin metal as an environmentally friendly cathode material in the liquid metal battery. The Li-Sn cell can achieve the mean voltages of 0.820 and 0.607 V during charge and discharge at 100 mA cm−2, respectively. Increasing the discharge current density from 100 to 700 mA cm−2 results in 1.3% capacity loss, and the capacity loss is 12.4% when the charge current density increased from 100 to 1000 mA cm−2. This high rate capability of the cell is due to ultrafast charge-transfer kinetics at the interface of liquid electrode and liquid electrolyte. The Li-Sn cell exhibits a capacity retention of 94.0% after 220 cycles. The capacity loss originates from the loss of active Sn by forming SnFe and CrSn2 intermetallics in side reaction between the Sn and stainless steel case, and these intermetallics are inert to lithium within the voltage window of 0.5–1.2 V.
The separator is a critical component to the durability and safety of a battery. In a Li-ion battery, the dimensional change of the electrodes due to Li insertion/removal and the thermal expansion mismatch between components may induce stresses in the separator. Currently, there is no method to evaluate the stress inside a battery. This paper presents a finite element based multi-scale approach for the stress analysis of the separator in a battery cell. In this approach, the stress and deformation due to Li intercalation in electrode particles and separators is computed with a meso-scale representative volume element (RVE) battery cell sub-model coupled to a 1D macroscopic battery in the multi-physics code COMSOL®. A LiC6/LiPF6/Li y Mn2O4 battery cell is analyzed. As the first step, only the effect of dimensional change due to Li insertion/removal is considered. The simulation results revealed that the stress in the separator vary in phase with the battery cycles. Its state and magnitude depended upon the Young's modulus of the separator, electrode particle size, packing, and the pressure of the cell. The results also suggested that the net cyclic dimensional variation of the battery cell accompanied with Li insertion/removal can be controlled by battery design.
In this paper, the effects of platinum addition on the structure and electrochemical properties of MgNiPt (Pt=1.0, 2.0 and 3.0at.%) metal hydride alloys are discussed. The ternary alloys were processed by mechanical alloying and had their structures characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy. It is observed that the structure of the alloys is formed by amorphous and nanocrystalline phases, with the size of the nano-grains close to 5nm. The electrochemical properties were evaluated by galvanostatic charge and discharge cycles using different discharge rates in the range of 10–80mAg−1. The best result was obtained for the Mg49.0Ni49.0Pt2.0 alloy, which showed smaller decay of the discharge capacity as a function of the charge/discharge cycle number, retaining 64% of its initial discharge capacity (364mAhg−1) after 10 cycles.
Rechargeable Lithium-ion batteries designed for electric vehicles operate under different charge and discharge rates, state of charge and temperature . However, aging of these batteries due to disruption of ionic or electronic conductivity while operating under these different cycling conditions has been a concern. In this research, we measured statistical distribution of porosity in the cathode as a function of aging and location within the cylindrical battery, using X-Ray micro-computed tomography. A change in porosity (∼20%) of the sample is noticed between aged and unaged samples. Concurrent X-Ray diffraction studies in these samples showed an increase (∼34%) in FePO4 phase fraction. Structural breakdown of the composite cathode material during charge and discharge cycling is proposed as a possible mechanism to rationalize the above results.
The number of radio frequency identification (RFID) applications in different industries increases continuously. Cumulative sales of RFID tags up to the beginning of 2006 reached 2.4billion. In 2005 alone, 600million tags were sold, which presents the trend in RFID allocation. While the initial RFID application areas were generally industrial, applications like retail sector, supply chain management, warehouse management, logistics, manufacturing, military applications, and service sector also present a potential for RFID applications. The aim of this paper is to investigate the possibility of utilizing RFID in hospitality industry as a tool for improving service quality, customer satisfaction, market share, and profitability. In this manner, first a service quality literature will be visited and important quality dimensions will be selected for further analysis. After a brief review on RFID technology, applications, future threats, and opportunities are given. Finally a hypothetical case study is defined and a scenario is illustrated based on the common attributes of hotel management operations. Via the analysis of the case study, changes in business process are exposed and the contributions of RFID-based solutions are discussed according to the selected service quality dimensions.
Anatase TiO2 has attracted much attention as a safe anode material for lithium-ion battery applications, due to its low electronic conductivity and severe aggregation during Li+ insertion/extraction processes, the practical application of the anatase TiO2 is still hindered by poor long-term cycling stability. In order to improve the cycling performance of lithium-ion batteries, a uniform thin nitrogen-doped carbon layer with a thickness of 3–6nm is successfully coated on the surface of the anatase TiO2 nanoparticles by using polydopamine as carbon precursor. Compared with the pristine TiO2 electrode, the carbon coated TiO2 nanocomposites electrodes show very good capacity retention and cycling performance.
This paper presents an aggregate load-frequency controller for an autonomous microgrid (MG) with wind and hydro renewable energy sources. A micro-hydro power plant with a synchronous generator (SG) and a wind power plant with an induction generator (IG) supply the MG. Both generators directly feed power into the grid without the use of additional power electronics interfaces, thus the solution becoming robust, reliable and cost-effective. An original electronic load controller (ELC) regulates the MG frequency by a centralized load-frequency control method, which is based on a combination of smart load (SL) and battery energy storage system (BESS). SL and BESS provides the active power balance for various events that such systems encounter in real situations, both in cases of energy excess production and energy shortage. Moreover, the proposed ELC includes an ancillary function to compensate the power unbalance produced by the uneven distribution of the single-phase loads on the MG phases, without the use of extra hardware components. A laboratory-scale prototype is used for experimentally assessment of the proposed solutions. The experimental results emphasize the effectiveness of the ELC while also showing its limitations.
Lithium ion battery electrolytes based on LiPF6 and organic solvents are known to degrade at elevated temperatures. The degradation reactions can be caused either chemically e.g. by simple contact with battery cell components and/or electrochemically during cycling. This study is focused on thermally induced chemical reactions of the electrolyte with different battery cell components. These reactions are monitored by means of quantitative NMR spectroscopy. The results allow for categorizing the influences of the components according to their reactivity against HF. Inert materials (graphite, carbon black, polyvinylidene difluoride, polyolefinic and ceramic separator) do not show any observable influence on the thermal stability of the electrolyte. If the materials react with HF but the reaction does not form water in significant amounts (Li metal and LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2), there is also no influence observable. In contrast to that, materials, which can form water in contact with HF at significant rates (glass fiber separator, Si and LiFePO4), can lead to a slightly increased or even severe electrolyte degradation. However, if the material neutralizes the acid HF (carboxymethyl cellulose), it stabilizes LiPF6 against water sources. Furthermore, the results of this study show that LiPF6 is stable at temperatures up to 80°C, if no water sources are present. This stability is most likely also given for even higher temperatures.
Servers and clusters are fundamental building blocks of high performance computing systems and the IT infrastructure of many companies and institutions. This paper analyzes the feasibility of building servers based on low power computers through an experimental comparison of server applications running on x86 and ARM computer architectures. The comparison executed on web and database servers includes power usage, CPU load, temperature, request latencies and the number of requests handled by each tested system. Floating point performance and power usage are also evaluated. The use of ARM based systems has shown to be a good choice when power efficiency is needed without losing performance.
Lithium-sulfur batteries have received intense attention because of their high theoretical capacity, low cost and environmental friendliness. However, low active material utilization and poor cycle life limit their practical applications. Here, we report a strategy to obtain high capacity with long cycle life and rapid charge rate by introducing a carbon coating on the separator. Excellent cycling performance with a high capacity 956mAhg−1 after 200 cycles and outstanding high-rate response up to 4C are achieved, which are among the best reports so far. High electrochemical performance can be obtained even at a high sulfur loading of 3.37mgcm−2. Such improved results could be ascribed to the conductive carbon coating, which not only reduces the cell resistance but blocks the diffusion of soluble polysulfides avoiding shuttle effect during cycling. This study demonstrates a feasible, low cost and scalable approach to address the long-term cycling challenge for lithium-sulfur batteries.
The modification of electrodeposited polyaniline film by subsequent electrodeposition of diamino-methylbenzoate leads to a new material of interesting electrochemical, electrical and spectroscopic properties. The electronically conductive parent polymer can be transformed into a redox polymer, however, the electrochemical behaviour, the colour and the conductivity of the polymer during the modification procedure can be easily regulated, therefore, the required properties can be finely tuned. The formation and the properties of the new polymeric films were studied by electrochemical microgravimetric and spectroelectrochemical techniques.
Aim of this study was to explore the topological organization of functional brain network connectivity in a large cohort of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and to assess whether its disruption contributes to disease clinical manifestations. Graph theoretical analysis was applied to resting state fMRI data from 246 MS patients and 55 matched healthy controls (HC). Functional connectivity between 116 cortical and subcortical brain regions was estimated using a bivariate correlation analysis. Global network properties (network degree, global efficiency, hierarchy, path length and assortativity) were abnormal in MS patients vs HC, and contributed to distinguish cognitively impaired MS patients (34 %) from HC, but not the main MS clinical phenotypes. Compared to HC, MS patients also showed: (1) a loss of hubs in the superior frontal gyrus, precuneus and anterior cingulum in the left hemisphere; (2) a different lateralization of basal ganglia hubs (mostly located in the left hemisphere in HC, and in the right hemisphere in MS patients); and (3) a formation of hubs, not seen in HC, in the left temporal pole and cerebellum. MS patients also experienced a decreased nodal degree in the bilateral caudate nucleus and right cerebellum. Such a modification of regional network properties contributed to cognitive impairment and phenotypic variability of MS. An impairment of global integration (likely to reflect a reduced competence in information exchange between distant brain areas) occurs in MS and is associated with cognitive deficits. A regional redistribution of network properties contributes to cognitive status and phenotypic variability of these patients.
Polymeric electrolytes consisting of poly(ethylene oxide)-grafted polymethacrylates, lithium salts and ceramic filler (LiAlO2) have been prepared. The addition of a small amount of LiAlO2 increased the ionic conductivity of the polymeric electrolyte system containing LiClO4 salt over an ambient temperature range. Conductivity of 3.5×10−5 S cm−1 at 333 K (60°C) was obtained for the composite without any low molecular weight liquid component. The addition of the ceramic filler scarcely influenced the thermal properties of the polymeric electrolyte. XRD and 7Li NMR experiments showed that the ionic mobility can be enhanced in the composites by adding LiAlO2. For the polymeric electrolyte system containing LiCF3SO3 salt, however, the addition of the ceramic filler showed little influence on the ionic conductivity.
Peroxisomes are organelles with an essentially oxidative metabolism that are involved in various metabolic pathways such as fatty acid β-oxidation, photorespiration, and metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species. These organelles are highly dynamic but there is little information about the regulation of, and the effects of environment on, peroxisome movement. In this work a stable Arabidopsis line expressing the GFP–SKL peptide targeted to peroxisomes was characterized. Peroxisome-associated fluorescence was observed in all tissues, including leaves (mesophyll and epidermal cells, trichomes, and stomata) and roots. The dynamics of peroxisomes in epidermal cells was examined by confocal laser microscope, and various types of movement were observed. The speed of movement differed depending on the plant age. Treatment of plants with CdCl2 (100 μM) produced a significant increase in speed, which was dependent on endogenous ROS and Ca2+, but was not related to actin cytoskeleton modifications. In light of the results obtained, it is proposed that the increase in peroxisomal motility observed in Arabidopsis plants could be a cellular mechanism of protection against the Cd-imposed oxidative stress. Other possible roles for the enhanced peroxisome movement in plant cell physiology are discussed.
Visuomotor adaptation to rightward displacing optical prisms is known to induce temporary improvements in the symptoms of left visual neglect. We report a 74 year-old woman with severe and chronic neglect of nine months duration, who underwent three weekly sessions of prism adaptation. Substantial improvements were obtained on tests of visual neglect (cancellation, copying and bisection). Improvement was also observed on a spatial judgement task, with no explicit visual component, in which CS was required to locate the centre of a haptically explored circle. These observations confirm that brief periods of prism exposure can benefit even chronic neglect disorders. Moreover, the improvement observed on the haptic task supports the belief that this procedure can influence higher levels of spatial representation.
The charging voltage limits of mixed-carbonate solvents for Li-ion batteries were systematically investigated from 4.9 to 5.3 V in half-cells using Cr-doped spinel cathode material LiNi0.45Cr0.05Mn1.5O4. The stability of conventional carbonate electrolytes is strongly related to the stability and properties of the cathode materials in the de-lithiated state. This is the first time report that the conventional electrolytes based on mixtures of EC and linear carbonate (DMC, EMC and DEC) can be cycled up to 5.2 V on LiNi0.45Cr0.05Mn1.5O4 for long-term cycling, where their performances are similar. The discharge capacity increases with the charging cutoff voltage and reaches the highest discharge capacity at 5.2 V. The capacity retention is about 87% after 500 cycles at 1C rate for all three carbonate mixtures in half-cells when cycled between 3.0 V and 5.2 V. When cycled to 5.3 V, EC-DMC still shows good cycling performance but EC-EMC and EC-DEC show faster capacity fading. EC-DMC and EC-EMC have much better rate capability than EC-DEC. The first-cycle irreversible capacity loss increases with the cutoff voltage. The “inactive” conductive carbon is also partly associated with the low first-cycle Coulombic efficiency at high voltages due to electrolyte decomposition and possible PF6 - anion irreversible intercalation.
Wire-Shaped lithium sulfur batteries are regarded as a promising solution for burgeoning wearable electronics, intelligent textiles, flexible electronics, due to its great advantages of high theoretical specific capacity and energy density, flexibility and weavability. However, there remains a critical challenge in the manufacturing of mechanically robust, highly conductive and industrially processable fibrous cathodes. Here, a new and general strategy is proposed to produce freestanding sulfur-containing fibrous electrodes using industrially weavable stainless steel fibers (SSFs) as supports and current collectors. The SSFs based electrodes not only enable the feasibility of continuous processing and large-scale production, but also feature a porous fibrous structure that allows the imbibition of graphene-sulfur composite by facile capillary action. The wire-shaped lithium sulfur battery fabricated by this hybrid fibrous cathode shows mechanical robustness, high flexibility and excellent electrochemical performances. It can reach a capacity of 335mAhg−1 at a current density of 167.5 (0.1C) mAg−1, keep high stability after running for 100 cycles and realize a series of sophisticated applications for the flexible and wearable electronics.
Foreign body ingestions, food bolus impactions, and caustic agent injuries are frequent but specific situations. Although most foreign bodies will naturally pass through the digestive tract, practitioners should recognize specific situations were endoscopic management is required. In such cases, timing and adequate equipment are critical. Endoscopic treatment is successful in about 95% of patients. Severe complications (including oesophageal perforations) are rare. Underlying diseases (including eosinophilic oesophagitis) must be investigated after food bolus impaction. Accidental or suicidal ingestion of corrosive agents may result in severe upper gastrointestinal tract injuries requiring a multidisciplinary approach including gastroenterologists, surgeons, otorhynolaryngologists, anaesthesiologists and psychiatrists. Treatment includes conservative management of patients with mild injuries, while patients with severe injuries undergo emergency surgical exploration. At distance of the ingestion episode, oesophageal reconstruction is required in patients who underwent oesophageal resection and in patients who developed oesophageal strictures that failed dilatation.
Porous carbons have several advantageous properties with respect to their use in energy applications that require constrained space such as in electrode materials for supercapacitors and as solid state hydrogen stores. The attractive properties of porous carbons include, ready abundance, chemical and thermal stability, ease of processability and low framework density. Activated carbons, which are perhaps the most explored class of porous carbons, have been traditionally employed as catalyst supports or adsorbents, but lately they are increasingly being used or find potential applications in the fabrication of supercapacitors and as hydrogen storage materials. This manuscript presents the state-of-the-art with respect to the preparation of activated carbons, with emphasis on the more interesting recent developments that allow better control or maximization of porosity, the use of cheap and readily available precursors and tailoring of morphology. This review will show that the renewed interest in the synthesis of activated carbons is matched by intensive investigations into their use in supercapacitors, where they remain the electrode materials of choice. We will also show that activated carbons have been extensively studied as hydrogen storage materials and remain a strong candidate in the search for porous materials that may enable the so-called Hydrogen Economy, wherein hydrogen is used as an energy carrier. The use of activated carbons as energy materials has in the recent past and is currently experiencing rapid growth, and this review aims to present the more significant advances.
A bio-hybrid system integrating photosystem II (PSII) with artificial photocatalysts is considered as a platform to understand the solar-to-chemical energy conversion process. However, the electron transfer from PSII to artificial components remains inefficient, which hinders the favorable conversion performance. Herein, a CdS–PSII hybrid photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell is proposed for overall water splitting, where PSII and the CdS-based PEC cell are connected by an ordered multi-step electron transfer pathway comprising two redox shuttles quinone/hydroquinone and ferricyanide/ferrocyanide coupled by a graphite-based galvanic cell. The hybrid system allows overall water splitting with 8.5 μmol O2 h−1 and 17.7 μmol H2 h−1 under simulated solar light, corresponding to a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 0.34%. Moreover, the tandem light absorption from CdS to PSII both improves the light utilization efficiency and prolongs the lifetime of PSII. This work may inspire new approaches to achieve Z-scheme water splitting in the field of artificial photosynthesis.
ABSTRACT Low carbon vehicle developments are an area of intense activity for automotive manufacturers. Pure Electric Vehicles (EVs) specifically are becoming viable in part due to advances in attainable battery energy density, realising useable vehicle performance. There are many new challenges for effective thermal management in order to achieve a design where safety, performance, reliability and life are accomplished at reasonable cost. This paper discusses an EV thermal system development from early design through to an integrated cooling and heating solution. It proposes a dual mode cooling system to satisfy both powertrain and battery thermal management, considering vehicle performance and range.