batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Li1.11(Ni0.40Mn0.39Co0.16Al0.05)0.89O2 was synthesized through coprecipitation of a mixed hydroxide followed by calcination with LiOH·H2O during 10h at 500°C and 950°C. Electrochemical tests and their comparison with those obtained for an industrial Li(Ni1−y−z Co y Al z )O2 material reveal that Li1.11(Ni0.40Mn0.39Co0.16Al0.05)0.89O2 shows good charge–discharge performance, even at high rate according to a protocol well established by car-makers for testing power abilities of batteries for electric and hybrid electric vehicles. In addition, this material shows a significant improvement in thermal stability in the highly deintercalated state (charged state of the battery) over the industrial material. Equivalent (or higher) energy and power densities with a significantly greater thermal stability make of Li1.11(Ni0.40Mn0.39Co0.16Al0.05)0.89O2 an interesting candidate as positive electrode material for large lithium-ion batteries.
Most metal oxides with high theoretical specific capacities including Fe3O4 are promising lithium battery (LIB) anode materials, which capacities are larger than that of current commercial graphite. However, most of these anodes suffer from the defects of poor electronic conductivity, large volumetric expansion upon lithiation and low coulombic efficiency. Here, as a typical work, we develop and fabricate a novel composite of yolk-shell structured Fe3O4@C mixed with Fe3C catalysts directly used as LIB anodes. The anode of Fe3O4 nanospheres protected by the carbon shell and added with the Fe3C catalysts, can deliver obviously enhanced LIB performance. Especially, tested at 1000mA g−1, the electrodes afforded high capacity of ∼600 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at room temperature and high reversible capacity of ∼380 mAh g−1 even after 700 cycles at a relatively low temperature of 0 oC. The enhanced LIB performance could be associated with the contribution of carbon shell and Fe3C adding. These results revealed the potential applications of Fe3C/Fe3O4@C nanostructure materials as anodes for LIBs.
There are a few inherited peripheral neuropathies in which autonomic dysfunction, whether clinical or subclinical, is detected (see below). 1. Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies types I, II, III* (see Chapter 103), IV and V. 2. Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy types I and II (Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 1, 2). 3. Fabry’s disease.* 4. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B. 5. Amyloidosis* (see Chapter 99). 6. Porphyrias.*
We consider a well known model of a piezoelectric energy harvester. The harvester is designed as a beam with a piezoceramic layer attached to its top face (unimorph configuration). A pair of thin perfectly conductive electrodes is covering the top and the bottom faces of the piezoceramic layer. These electrodes are connected to a resistive load. The model is governed by a system consisting of two equations. The first of them is the equation of the Euler–Bernoulli model for the transverse vibrations of the beam and the second one represents the Kirchhoff’s law for the electric circuit. Both equations are coupled due to the direct and converse piezoelectric effects. The boundary conditions for the beam equations are of clamped-free type. We represent the system as a single operator evolution equation in a Hilbert space. The dynamics generator of this system is a non-selfadjoint operator with compact resolvent. Our main result is an explicit asymptotic formula for the eigenvalues of this generator, i.e., we perform the modal analysis for electrically loaded (not short-circuit) system. We show that the spectrum splits into an infinite sequence of stable eigenvalues that approaches a vertical line in the left half plane and possibly of a finite number of unstable eigenvalues. This paper is the first in a series of three works. In the second one we will prove that the generalized eigenvectors of the dynamics generator form a Riesz basis (and, moreover, a Bari basis) in the energy space. In the third paper we will apply the results of the first two to control problems for this model.
Two types of non-aqueous ceramic-coated separators, based on Al2O3 and Mg(OH)2, with extremely high thermal stability are prepared at a pilot scale. To investigate the factors determining the electrochemical and safety performance of the battery, the structure and properties of Al2O3 and Mg(OH)2 separators are characterized at the entire separator and coating-layer level using nanoindentation. Both separators exhibit almost 0% thermal shrinkage, even at 200 °C, and good electrolyte wettability. The mechanical properties of the coating layers, represented as indentation modulus and hardness, reveal that the Mg(OH)2 separator is more flexible than Al2O3 separator, which is brittle, and exhibits a trend of hardness strengthening with increasing penetration depth. These mechanical properties of the coating layer of separators dominantly affect nail penetration more than electrochemical performance. Electrochemical performance is affected more by the uniformity and electrochemical stability of the ceramic/binder coating layer. Indeed, Al2O3 and Mg(OH)2 cells show similar value of capacity retention of 78.6 and 77.8% after 1100 cycles, and internal resistance of 128.5 and 132.0%, respectively. Pouch cells equipped with Mg(OH)2 separators do not show any events, evaluated as L3, while Al2O3 separator-incorporated cells are evaluated as L6 during the nail penetration test.
This paper presents the performance of a vanadium–cerium redox flow battery using conventional and zero-gap serpentine architectures. Mixed-acid solutions based on methanesulfonate-sulfate anions (molar ratio 3:1) are used to enhance the solubilities of the vanadium (>2.0 mol dm−3) and cerium species (>0.8 mol dm−3), thus achieving an energy density (c.a. 28 Wh dm−3) comparable to that of conventional all-vanadium redox flow batteries (20–30 Wh dm−3). Electrochemical studies, including cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling, show that both vanadium and cerium active species are suitable for energy storage applications in these electrolytes. To take advantage of the high open-circuit voltage (1.78 V), improved mass transport and reduced internal resistance are facilitated by the use of zero-gap flow field architecture, which yields a power density output of the battery of up to 370 mW cm−2 at a state-of-charge of 50%. In a charge–discharge cycle at 200 mA cm−2, the vanadium–cerium redox flow battery with the zero-gap architecture is observed to discharge at a cell voltage of c.a. 1.35 V with a coulombic efficiency of up to 78%.
Nowadays in many countries the increase of generating capacity takes place in small units within the framework of so-called distributed power industry (distributed generation – DG, embedded generation), and among them in hybrid power systems (HPS). In this paper we present our experience of the design, build and exploitation of HPS in the Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology. The following major subjects are considered: ■ the experience of exploitation of a hybrid solar – wind power plant, ■ a solar power plant with a fuel cell, ■ the concept of a wind power plant with a battery energy storage, ■ the utilisation of a DC micro-grid for the integration of different electrical energy sources.
To reduce the reaction time, electrical energy consumption, and cost, binary α-NiS–β-NiS has been synthesized by a rapid, one-pot, hydrothermal autoclave microwave method within 15min at temperatures of 160–180°C. The microstructure and morphology of the α-NiS–β-NiS products were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At 140°C, pure hexagonal NiAs-type α-NiS phase was identified from the XRD patterns. With increasing reaction temperature (160–180°C), the XRD evidence indicates that an increasing fraction of rhombohedral millerite-like β-NiS is formed as a secondary phase. The α-NiS–β-NiS sample synthesized at 160°C yielded good electrochemical performance in term of high reversible capacity (320mAhg−1 at 0.1C up to 100 cycles). Even at high rates, the sample operated at a good fraction of its capacity. The likely contributing factor to the superior electrochemical performance of the α-NiS–β-NiS sample could be related to the improved morphology. TEM imaging confirmed that needle-like protrusions connect the clusters of α-NiS particles, and the individual protrusions indicated a very high surface area including folded sheet morphology, which helps to dissipate the surface accumulation of Li+ ions and facilitate rapid mobility. These factors help to enhance the amount of lithium intercalated within the material.
Silver and Nickel thin films were prepared by sputtering technique and used as thermal interface materials to effectively improve the optical properties of LEDs. Different driving currents were used to test the performance of LED and measure the parameters such as color correlated temperature (CCT), Color Rendering Index and luminance LUX. The CCT value was found to be high for Ag (50 nm) buffered Ni (400 nm) thin film at 100 mA, which was subsequently decreased as the driving current increased. The results also showed that the lux value of the LED increased significantly for Ni (400 nm) thin film coated Al substrate boundary condition compared to Ag thin film with low thickness (50 and 100 nm) at 700 mA. Atomic Force Microscopy analysis of the thin film showed that Ag (100 nm) buffered Ni (200 nm) has the highest roughness compared to the other thin film coating. In general, the observed results showed that the Ni thin film and Ag (50 nm) buffered with Ni (400 nm) thin film can be effectively used as solid thin film thermal interface material, given that they improve the performance of the LED package significantly.
Titania–poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) organic–inorganic hybrid material is synthesized via in situ polymerization. The hybrid material is employed to prepare poly vinylidene fluoride–hexafluoropropylene (PVdF–HFP) composite polymer electrolyte. The effect of the hybrid material is investigated by SEM, TG-DSC, AC impedance and charge/discharge cycling tests. The results demonstrate that the inorganic–organic hybrid material as additive increases the porosity, pore size and electrolyte uptake of the PVdF–HFP composite polymer electrolyte membrane, so that the ionic conductivity of the composite polymer electrolyte membrane is improved. The performance enhancement of the composite polymer electrolyte is confirmed by an electrochemical test using LiCoO2/Li cells in the voltage range of 2.75–4.4 V. This study shows that titania–PMMA hybrid material is a promising additive for PVDF–HFP composite polymer electrolyte for Li-ion batteries.
Traditional approaches to recycle and regenerate spent lithium-ion batteries by leaching are polluted and complicated. In this study, a green and simple technique has been provided to regenerate spent LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode material, besides, the regenerated mechanisms are investigated. Studies indicate that lost lithium ions in material lattice are replenished by added lithium, meanwhile, insulting impurities on particle surface remove basically, cracked and broken particles disappear during the regeneration process. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that the performances of regenerated material improve significantly. The discharge capacities are 164.6 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C rate and 147 mAh g−1 at 1 C rate, respectively. They still could deliver a discharge capacity of 131 mAh g-1 with a high capacity retention rate of 89.12% after 100 cycles at 1 C, which can be considered as a preferable electrical energy storage system. The improved electrochemical performances prove a facial and effective regeneration process.
The present study investigated the effects of modality presentation on the verbal learning performance of 26 older adults and 26 younger cohorts. A multitrial free-recall paradigm was implemented incorporating three modalities: Auditory, Visual, and simultaneous Auditory plus Visual. Older subjects learned fewer words than younger subjects but their rate of learning was similar to that of the younger group. The visual presentation of objects (with or without the simultaneous auditory presentation of names) resulted in better learning, recall, and retrieval of information than the auditory presentation alone.
Polymer electrolytes were prepared from thermoplastic polyurethane with addition of mixture of ionic liquid N-ethyl(methylether)-N-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethanesulfonimmide (PYRA12O1TFSI), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfoneimide) salt and propylene carbonate. The electrolytes characterization was performed by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The electrical properties were investigated in detail by impedance spectroscopy with the aid of equivalent circuit fitting of the impedance spectra. A model describing temperature evolution of ionic conductivity and the properties of electrolyte/blocking electrode interface was developed. The electrochemical stability of the electrolytes was studied by linear voltammetry. Our results indicate that the studied electrolytes have good self-standing characteristics, and also a sufficient level of thermal stability and a fairly good electrochemical window. The ionic conductivity increases with increasing amount of mixture, and the character of temperature dependence of conductivity indicates decoupling of ion transport from polymer matrix. For studied system, the highest value of ionic conductivity measured at room temperature was 10−4 Scm−1.
Iron oxyhydroxide@cobalt hexacyanoferrate coaxial nanostructure is synthesized by a simple precipitation method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy and an X-ray diffraction pattern. The coaxial nanostructure is then applied in a carbon paste and the electrochemical behavior of the resultant modified electrode is studied. Voltammograms of the modified electrode recorded in phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.4, show one quasi-reversible redox transition with a mid-peak potential of 366mV, related to the Fe(II)/Fe(III) transition. The diffusion of the counter cation into the active material and the charge transfer kinetics across the electrode/electrolyte interface are studied. The modified electrode shows an excellent pseudocapacitive behavior and displays a specific capacitance as high as 932.2Fg−1 at 5.3Ag−1 which is greater than the summation of the capacities of iron oxyhydroxide nanorods and cobalt hexacyanoferrate particles. The specific energy and power of the electrode material are 82.9Whkg−1 and 0.53Wkg−1, respectively. The electrode retains more than 99% of the initial capacitance after 1000charge/discharge cycles.
A porous electrode of nickel covered by a thin film of lithium cobaltite doped with magnesium (LiMg0.05Co0.95O2) was prepared in order to protect nickel cathode against dissolution into the molten carbonate. A sol impregnation technique was used to deposit gel precursors on the porous surface of the substrate; the covered substrate was submitted to thermal treatments, which produced a lithium cobaltite layer. The cathode was characterized by the following measurements: biaxial bending test, SEM/EDX analysis, which demonstrated the uniformity of the lithium cobaltite layer and the presence of cobalt homogeneously distributed over the nickel particles, electrical conductivity. To test the cathodic performance of the material under study a cell was assembled and tested in a 10cm×10cm electrodes area plant. The cell performance during the time was studied carrying out polarization curves for many hours (more than 1000h). To determine the influence of the cathodic gas composition on the electrode performance the atmosphere was changed maintaining alternatively at a constant value the partial pressure of CO2 and O2. In such a way the kinetic effect of the single gas was studied. By the technique of IR interruption the internal resistance of the cell was measured.
The effect of different current density on the structure transformation of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 material is studied under a cut-off voltage (4.6 V). It shows that the capacity fading is accelerated at the high discharge current density. It is mainly caused by the structure instability of the material. When the current density increases, the loss of lithium on the surface of the material becomes severe, and the oxidation state becomes higher. The unit cell parameters also change, parameter a becomes larger, while the c becomes smaller. At the same time, the high discharge current density has a catalytic effect on the structural transformation, and in terms of high charging voltage, the surface structure changes to a rock salt phase. The cathode material is covered by a 3-nm-thick and discontinuous rock salt phase after cycling 50 times at the current density of 100 mA g−1. However, when the material is cycled at the current density of 1000 mA g−1, the rock salt phase becomes thicker (5∼7-nm-thick) and more continuous, which leads to a fast capacity fading.
All solid-state nickel/metal hydride (Ni/MH) battery was fabricated by using a proton-conductive phosphoric acid-doped silica gel as an electrolyte. The H3PO4-doped silica gel was dried in vacuum at various temperatures for 1 h before fabricating the battery in order to reduce the possibility of corrosion by water on the surface and in the micropores of the gel. The influence of drying temperature on the crystallinity, water content and conductivity of the gel was investigated. The conductivity depended on the drying temperature of the gel. The fabricated all solid-state Ni/MH battery was able to operate several tens of charge–discharge cycles at relatively high current density although the utilization of the battery was low.
Li–S batteries are very promising due to high energy density and low cost of sulfur compared to the current commercial Li-ion batteries, but they are yet to be viable in practice due to safety hazard and reliability issues. Here we used lithiated Si anode to couple with S, which are the two of the most appealing due to the high energy density but challenging electrode materials for cycling due to volume expansion and polysulfide shuttle. Our Li x Si–S (LSS) cells showed stable cycling performance with capacity retention up to 80%, which can be attributed to the use of mesoporous structures in the electrodes. More importantly, the LSS cells were found to be safe and reliable even under two common failure modes, internal and external short-circuit. On the contrary, for Li–S cells, Li dendrites formed during charge made the cell internally short-circuited, and external short-circuit made the cathode powdery. This study provides not only crucial information regarding the failure mechanisms, but also safer and more reliable operation of high-capacity and low-cost sulfur batteries, which are crucial for use in practice.
Carbon nanosheets (CNS) are a graphene-based material with unique properties to improve both the speed and energy storage capability of electrochemical capacitors. In this study we employ CNS to demonstrate the fastest known response time of any electrochemical capacitor, with a turn-on frequency of 36 kHz exceeding that of Al electrolytic capacitors. Further we introduce a new hybrid material, “CNS-buckypaper”, i.e. CNS deposited onto freestanding buckypaper made from single-walled carbon nanotubes. Conformal deposition was achieved on ∼3 μm diameter nanotube bundles (or ropes) along the surface of the buckypaper which enabled a significant (∼4×) improvement in specific capacitance (from 60 to 230 F g−1) compared to as-produced buckypaper. We also discuss the synthesis, characterization, and integration of ultra-fast CNS-Ni current collectors and CNS-buckypaper electrodes into single and multi-cell supercapacitor devices. The packaged devices show high pulse-power performance at moderate energy density (∼1 Wh kg−1 at 22 kW kg−1) indicating potential for insertion into double-layer capacitor markets.
The thin solid-electrolyte-interface (SEI) films that grow around electrode particles play important roles in Li–ion battery performance. The objective of the present paper is to develop and apply models of SEI behavior that incorporate detailed chemical kinetics and multicomponent species transport. Species- and charge-conservation equations are derived and solved within the SEI film. The SEI model is coupled at its boundaries with an intercalation model within the electrode particles and with Li–ion transport and chemistry at the interface between the SEI and the electrolyte solution. The results of the model provide new insights concerning the influences of the intercalation fraction and cycling rate on SEI growth rates. The model also provides new insight concerning the influence of the SEI film on reversible potential and interfacial resistance.
The objective of this study is to compare 3-year follow-up results of one anastomosis gastric bypass (MGB-OAGB) and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in terms of weight loss, complications, resolution of comorbidities and quality of life.
A detailed processing cost breakdown is given for lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrodes, which focuses on: 1) elimination of toxic, costly N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) dispersion chemistry; 2) doubling the thicknesses of the anode and cathode to raise energy density; and 3) reduction of the anode electrolyte wetting and SEI-layer formation time. These processing cost reduction technologies generically adaptable to any anode or cathode cell chemistry and are being implemented at ORNL. This paper shows step by step how these cost savings can be realized in existing or new LIB manufacturing plants using a baseline case of thin (power) electrodes produced with NMP processing and a standard 10–14-day wetting and formation process. In particular, it is shown that aqueous electrode processing can cut the electrode processing cost and energy consumption by an order of magnitude. Doubling the thickness of the electrodes allows for using half of the inactive current collectors and separators, contributing even further to the processing cost savings. Finally wetting and SEI-layer formation cost savings are discussed in the context of a protocol with significantly reduced time. These three benefits collectively offer the possibility of reducing LIB pack cost from $502.8 kW h−1-usable to $370.3 kW h−1-usable, a savings of $132.5/kWh (or 26.4%).
Metals can be apprehended in the groundwater regime of East Bokaro coalfield known for its extensive medium-coking coal mining. To assess the metal pollution in groundwater, 32 samples were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Analysis of the results reveals that Fe and Mn exceeded the drinking water standards at most of the locations, while Ni and Cd exceeded the limits at few locations. To assess the risk due to intake of metals through drinking water, hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated using the Unites States Environmental Protection Agency method. Considering the mean concentration, the HQs of the metals were below 1 posing no threat to the people. However, considering the metals of each location, the HQ of Mn was above 1 at few locations posing risk to the local inhabitants. Also the hazard index was found to be greater than unity in many of the locations.
Kinder und Jugendliche mit Autismus-Spektrum-Störung leiden häufig auch unter Schlafstörungen. Wenig bekannt ist hingegen, ob der Schlaf auch bei erwachsenen Patienten mit Autismus-Spektrum-Störung beeinträchtigt ist.