batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Plants have many of the same electrochemical regulatory components as animals, such as sensory receptors, neurotransmitters, and voltage regulated ion channels. Prior studies have established that exogenous electrical fields could improve plant growth, agricultural yields, germination, secondary metabolite production, and disease resistance. Unfortunately, the potential benefits and mechanism of whole plant electrophysiology studies are difficult to organize into a cohesive model as they vary across organism, treatment type and method, or require elaborate/costly equipment. In many of these studies it is often difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish between electrical field-specific effects and the interference of unaddressed confounding variables such as changes in temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, and pH. Plant electrophysiology is just beginning to be understood, and standardization and consistency are crucial if the systemic effects of this intriguing interdisciplinary phenomenon are to be grasped. Here we have developed a simple low-cost system from common lab supplies (largely electrophoresis equipment) which maintains temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen at relatively constant levels throughout the treatment time. The model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, was evaluated in this system and the subsequent effects on germination, growth, photopigments, and protein content are presented here. Our findings support the model that plants possess a molecular/electrical memory/battery which integrates information to drive biological responses.
Biomass is abundant and recyclable on the earth, which has been assigned numerous roles to human beings. However, over the past decades, accompanying with the rapid expansion of man-made materials, such as alloy, plastic, synthetic rubber and fiber, a great number of natural materials had been neglected and abandoned, such as straw, which cause a waste of resource and environmental pollution. In this review, based on introducing sources of discarded biomass, the main composition and polymer chains in discarded biomass materials, the traditional treatment and novel approach for reutilization of discarded biomass were summarized. The discarded biomass mainly come from plant wastes generated in the process of agriculture and forestry production and manufacturing processes, animal wastes generated in the process of animal husbandry and fishery production as well as the residual wastes produced in the process of food processing and rural living garbage. Compared with the traditional treatment including burning, landfill, feeding and fertilizer, the novel approach for reutilization of discarded biomass principally allotted to energy, ecology and polymer materials. The prepared functional materials covered in composite materials, biopolymer based adsorbent and flocculant, carrier materials, energy materials, smart polymer materials for medical and other intelligent polymer materials, which can effectively serve the environmental management and human life, such as wastewater treatment, catalyst, new energy, tissue engineering, drug controlled release, and coating. To sum up, the renewable and biodegradable discarded biomass resources play a vital role in the sustainable development of human society, as well as will be put more emphases in the future.
The Li1.2−x Na x Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 (0≤ x ≤0.1) cathode materials have been synthesized by a solid-state reaction method. The effects of the Na+ contents on the structure, surface components and electrochemical performance are studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical techniques. The XRD data indicate that the Li1.2−x Na x Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 samples evolve from a sole layered structure (0≤ x ≤0.02) to a mixture of Na+-contained layered structure (0.02< x ≤0.1), which would transform into the single layered structure after the initial charge and discharge process. XPS data demonstrate that some of the Na+ ions could be reversibly de-/re-intercalated for the Li1.2−x Na x Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 materials. An electrochemical test reveals that a small amount of Na+ (x ≤0.02) in the Li1.2−x Na x Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 materials can significantly increase the rate capacity, yet the capacity retention becomes worse. We also find that the capacity retention increases with the Na+ contents.
Self-assembled organic–inorganic membranes that are achieved via sol–gel polymerizations of silicon alkoxides around sulfonated outer blocks of polystyrene-[soft block]-polystyrene block copolymers during film formation are described. The nanoscopic morphologies, molecular structure of very hydrophilic silicate nanophases, and methods of studying the structure and transport of water through these membranes are discussed. These hydrocarbon-based hybrids are contrasted with the earlier successful efforts to generate Nafion®/silicate nanocomposite membranes produced in similar fashion, but using pre-formed films.
Lithium sulfur (Li-S) batteries are highly promising next-generation energy-storage technology due to their high energy density, low cost and environmental benignity. However, concerns are fueled regarding the detrimental shuttle effect of the intermediate polysulfide and the insulting nature of sulfur as they severely restrict the practical performance. Herein, a unique “black” BaTiO3 (B-BTO) was developed for the first time as a multi-functional sulfur immobilizer for improving the Li-S battery performance. The high conductivity of B-BTO expedites the electron transfer and facilitates the sulfur reaction kinetics, while the intrinsic ferroelectricity of B-BTO and the chemical interactions between B-BTO and polysulfide electrostatically and chemically confine the sulfur species, respectively. Attributed to these superiorities, the B-BTO-based sulfur electrode achieves efficient inhibition on shuttle effect and significantly improved performance. This work presents a novel and highly effective strategy in improving the sulfur electrochemistry as well as promoting the future implementation of Li-S batteries.
Li–Mn–O spinel materials for Li-ion batteries were characterised by redox titration, controlled chemical de-lithiation and pH measurements in order to derive the capacity, rate performance and stability. These methods are shown to be fast and accurate. Furthermore, it is shown that the material with the composition of Li1.04Mn1.96O4 reveals the highest practical capacity and the lowest dissolution in water.
Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is believed to impair EF, research using EF tests shows such deficits exist in only a minority of those with ADHD. This study hypothesized that this disparity is largely due to the low ecological validity of these EF tests. A 91-item rating scale of EF was constructed based on EF theories and found to represent 5 underlying dimensions: Self-Management to Time, Self-Organization/Problem-Solving, Self-Discipline, Self-Motivation, and Self-Activation/Concentration. Three groups were compared on these scales: Adults with ADHD (N = 146), Clinical control adults not diagnosed with ADHD (N = 97), and a Community control group (N = 109). The ADHD group had more severe EF ratings than did the Clinical group and Community control groups on all 5 scales using both self and other-reported versions. Relationships between the EF scales and tests were low and mostly not significant. Most ADHD adults were clinically impaired on the EF ratings but only a small minority were so on the tests. The EF ratings were more highly associated with measures of deviant behavior (antisocial acts, crime diversity, negative driving outcomes) than the EF tests, most of which were unrelated to such behavior. These results agree with previous research showing that EF tests are largely unrelated to EF ratings and that EF ratings are more strongly associated with impairment in major life activities, in this case deviant or antisocial behavior. Contrary to earlier conclusions based on EF tests, adult ADHD involves substantial problems in EF in daily life.
High temperature thermal energy storage offers a huge energy saving potential in industrial applications such as solar energy, automotive, heating and cooling, and industrial waste heat recovery. However, certain requirements need to be faced in order to ensure an optimal performance, and to further achieve widespread deployment. In the present review, these requirements are identified for high temperature (>150°C) thermal energy storage systems and materials (both sensible and latent), and the scientific studies carried out meeting them are reviewed. Currently, there is a lack of data in the literature analysing thermal energy storage from both the systems and materials point of view. In the part 1 of this review more than 25 requirements have been found and classified into chemical, kinetic, physical and thermal (from the material point of view), and environmental, economic and technologic (form both the material and system point of view). The enhancements focused on the thermal conductivity are addressed in the Part 2 of this review due to their research significance and extension.
Polymer electrolyte membranes using an ionic liquid as electrolyte with an ionic conductivity anisotropy of ∼5000 have been fabricated using a holographic polymerization nanomanufacturing technique. The resultant structure is referred to as holographic polymer electrolyte membranes (hPEMs), which are comprised of alternating nanolayers of a room temperature ionic liquid and crosslinked polymer resin, confirmed under TEM imaging. These hPEMs also show no reduction in room temperature conductivity with respect to the loaded ionic liquid when characterized in the plane of ionic liquid nanolayers. At elevated temperatures with the optimal electrolyte volume loading, calculation shows that the free ion concentration is higher than the pure ionic liquid, suggesting that the photopolymer dual-functionalizes as a loadbearing scaffold and an ion-complexing agent, allowing for more ions to participate in charge transfer. These hPEMs provide a promising solution to decoupling mechanical enhancement and ion transport in polymer electrolyte membranes.
We report the results of a series of experiments to test the utility of acceleration data-loggers for determining the energy expenditure of juvenile hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini). In one experiment, three sharks were instrumented with miniature acceleration data-loggers and swum in a Brett-style respirometer at a range of speeds. For all three sharks, significant linear relationships were obtained between mean oxygen consumption (M·o2) and Partial Dynamic Body Acceleration in the lateral and dorso-ventral axes (PDBA y,z ) with high predictive power (r 2 >0.71). In a second experiment, PDBA was measured for sharks swimming freely in circular tanks. The free-swimming sharks exhibited wide ranges of PDBA y,z ; routine swimming was characterised by low PDBA y,z (0.01–0.12g) whereas unsteady swimming, (especially fast-start swimming of >1g) was characterised by high PDBA y,z . Despite initial evidence of linearity in the oxygen consumption vs. PDBA relationship, incorporating previous estimates of standard metabolic rate of hammerhead sharks suggests a non-linear fit. Further work is needed to establish the exact shape of the relationship beyond the narrow range of speeds that hammerhead pups could be exercised in this study, particularly the low swimming speeds which are frequently observed in free-swimming animals.
The electrochemical oxidation of BH4 − in a molten NaOH–KOH eutectic mixture (0.515:0.485 mole fractions), is investigated for the first time by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Anodically oxidized Ni is electrocatalytically more active than Pt for BH4 − oxidation in the molten alkali electrolyte as shown by the more than three times higher exchange current density (i.e. 15.8 mA cm−2 vs. 4.6 mA cm−2 at 185 °C). Next the proof-of-concept for a novel BH4 −/IO4 − molten alkali electrolyte battery is presented. Using oxidized Ni mesh anode and Pt mesh cathode a maximum power density of 63 mW cm−2 is achieved at 185 °C.
The presence of nonprogressive cognitive impairment is recognized as a common feature in a substantial proportion of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. To investigate the possible role of mutations along the dystrophin gene affecting different brain dystrophin isoforms and specific cognitive profiles, 42 school-age children affected with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, subdivided according to sites of mutations along the dystrophin gene, underwent a battery of tests tapping a wide range of intellectual, linguistic, and neuropsychologic functions. Full-scale intelligence quotient was approximately 1 S.D. below the population average in the whole group of dystrophic children. Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and mutations located in the distal portion of the dystrophin gene (involving the 140-kDa brain protein isoform, called Dp140) were generally more severely affected and expressed different patterns of strengths and impairments, compared with patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and mutations located in the proximal portion of the dystrophin gene (not involving Dp140). Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and distal mutations demonstrated specific impairments in visuospatial functions and visual memory (which seemed intact in proximally mutated patients) and greater impairment in syntactic processing.
In this study, amine ended block co-polymers of ethylene oxide/propylene oxide units are reacted separately with poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE) and (3-isocyanatopropyl)triethoxysilane (ICPTES) and then mixed in different weight ratios to obtain ion conductive and mechanically stable hybrid solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). Various characterization techniques are employed to explore the morphology, thermal stability, molecular interaction, backbone structure and dynamic behavior of the blend hybrid SPEs. The hybrid SPE exhibits the maximum ionic conductivity of 1.1 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C. The electrochemical stability window of hybrid SPEs varies from 4.5 to 4.7 V, depending on salt concentration. Moreover, the “salt free” hybrid membrane is plasticized in an organic electrolyte solvent to enhance the ionic conductivity to an exceptionally high value of 2.4 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 30 °C and 1.8 × 10−1 S cm−1 at 70 °C. The test cell consists of plasticized blend hybrid membrane delivers an initial discharge capacity of 142.5 mAh g−1 and retains 92% of initial capacity after 70 cycles with coulombic efficiency value of over 99%. Our results show that the blend hybrid electrolytes can be a promising electrolyte system for applications in high energy density lithium-ion batteries.
This paper presents the results of several discussion sessions that were held during the workshop. The workshop participants gathered on the final morning of the conference to propose a set of recommendations for DOE management's consideration. In addition to this general discussion session, an advisory panel (composed of DOE management, national laboratory team leaders, representatives of battery developers and university researchers) was convened for 2 h to discuss major outcomes of the conference. The results of both of these sessions are reported in this paper. Specifically, this paper presents recommended research priorities for each of the battery components, anode, electrolyte and cathode, and a number of programmatic and organizational recommendations.
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are regarded as one of the great potential members for the next-generation rechargeable batteries due to their outstanding theoretical energy density (2600Whkg−1), low cost and environment friendliness. However, the further developments of Li–S batteries have been obstructed by the low electronic conductivity of active material and the diffusion of polysulfides. In this paper, we found a cheap raw material to prepare a nitrogen doped porous carbon (NPC) by a simple method. Then, NPC was used to modify the pristine separator to promote the overall performance of Li–S batteries. With the NPC modified separator, a high initial discharge capacity of 1382mAhg−1 at 0.2C and a low fading rate of 0.078% per cycle within 500cycles at 0.5C can be delivered by the pure sulfur cathode (1C=1675mAhg−1), which attribute to the high-content nitrogen doped level and large specific surface area of NPC. This shows a great potential for the scale-up applications of Li-S batteries.
Potassium iron hexacyanoferrate, or Prussian blue (PB), is investigated as a cathode material for nonaqueous divalent calcium ion batteries. PB is an attractive prospect due to its high specific capacity, nontoxicity, low cost, and simple synthesis. Charge/discharge performances are examined at current densities of 23 mAg−1, 45 mAg−1, 90 mAg−1, and 125 mAg−1 that produced reversible specific capacities ranging from 150 mAhg−1 (at 23 mAg−1 current density) to over 120 mAhg−1 (at 125 mAg−1 current density). These are the highest storage capacities to date for a divalent calcium ion cathode over extended period of charge/discharge cycling and are comparable in performance to monovalent intercalating ions.
The effect of lignosulfonate (LS) on electrochemical reaction of lead electrode (as a model of negative electrode) has been investigated in 1M, 3M, or 7.1M H2SO4 aqueous solution with 0, 10, 100 or 1000mgl−1 of LS using cyclic voltammetry (CV) combined with in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM), as well as rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE). The anodic peaks of the CVs, which correspond to overall reaction of Pb + S O 4 2 − → PbS O 4 + 2 e − , shifted positive when LS was added or the concentration of H2SO4 was lower. The anodic capacities of the CVs increased with addition of LS when the concentration of H2SO4 was lower. When LS was added, the anodic capacities of the CVs usually increased especially in less concentrated H2SO4 solution at higher sweep rate, while the anodic capacity slightly decreased in 7.1M H2SO4 solution with addition of LS at sweep rate of 10mVmin−1; that is, in most concentrated H2SO4 solution at lower sweep rate in this paper. Two cathodic peaks of the CVs were observed when LS was added, and the peak at lower potential shifted more negative with increase of LS. Lead sulfate crystals dissolved at more negative potential with increase of LS. LS up-took Pb2+ ions in H2SO4 aqueous solution during discharging.
Chromium trioxide is calcined from 350 to 400 °C yielding pure Cr2O5. The electrochemical properties of the resulting chromium oxides have been measured in the potential range 2.0–4.5 V (vs. Li+/Li) when used in lithium batteries. The first discharge process, the intercalation of lithium into Cr2O5, proceeds via two steps. In the following cycles, lithium is found to be reversibly de-lithiated/lithiated via a solid solution process with an un-known single phase Li x Cr2O5 (u-phase) characterized by an X-ray diffractive lattice spacing of about 0.20 nm. The sample that results from chromium trioxide being calcined at 350 °C shows the highest capacity of 273 mAh g−1 (the first discharge at 0.5 C rate) and the sample calcined at 400 °C shows the best cyclability with the capacity retention of 96% after 100 cycles. The energy density of Cr2O5 can reach 819 Wh kg−1 with the energy conversion efficiency of 83%.
Zinc-air fuel cells (ZAFCs) present a promising energy source with a competing potential with the lithium-ion battery and even with proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for applications in next generation electrified transport and energy storage. The regeneration of zinc is essential for developing the next-generation, i.e., electrochemically rechargeable ZAFCs. This review aims to provide a comprehensive view on both theoretical and industrial platforms already built hitherto, with focus on electrode materials, electrode and electrolyte additives, solution chemistry, zinc deposition reaction mechanisms and kinetics, and electrochemical zinc regeneration systems. The related technological challenges and their possible solutions are described and discussed. A summary of important R&D patents published within the recent 10 years is also presented.
Hydrogen evolution and oxidation activity of several carbon-supported rhodium thiospinels (CuRh2S4, CoRh2S4, FeRh2S4, and NiRh2S4) are evaluated in sulfuric acid and compared with Ir, Ru, and Pd-doped and undoped Rh17S15 on carbon. The metal sulfides are synthesized on carbon by reacting metal chlorides with hydrogen sulfide at 350 °C. Mixtures of Cu, Co, Fe, and Ni salts with RhCl3 formed thiospinels. The minority metals, Pd, Ru, or Ir, incorporate into the Rh17S15 structure at low concentrations (1 %). The hydrogen evolution and oxidation activities of the thiospinels in sulfuric acid are lower than pure Rh17S15/C, with NiRh2S4/C showing the highest activity of the thiospinels, and CuRh2S4/C seen to be unstable in sulfuric acid, even for short times (1 min). The hydrogen evolution and oxidation activities normalized to an estimate of the electrocatalyst area for the 1 % Pd, Ru, and Ir in Rh17S15/C are slightly lower than pure Rh17S15/C and all metal sulfides have a lower hydrogen evolution activity than platinum, even when normalizing to surface area.
MFe2O4 (M = Zn, Co, Ni) nanorods are synthesized by a template-engaged reaction, with β-FeOOH nanorods as precursors which are prepared by a hydrothermal method. The final products are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The electrochemical properties of the MFe2O4 (M = Zn, Co, Ni) nanorods are tested as the anode materials for lithium ion batteries. The reversible capacities of 800, 625 and 520 mAh g−1 are obtained for CoFe2O4, ZnFe2O4 and NiFe2O4, respectively, at the high current density of 1000 mA g−1 even after 300 cycles. The superior lithium-storage performances of MFe2O4 (M = Zn, Co, Ni) nanorods can be attributed to the one-dimensional (1D) nanostructure, which can shorten the diffusion paths of lithium ions and relax the strain generated during electrochemical cycling. These results indicate that this method is an effective, simple and general way to prepare good electrochemical properties of 1D spinel Fe-based binary transition metal oxides. In addition, the impact of different reaction temperatures on the electrochemical properties of MFe2O4 nanorods is also investigated.
A detailed electrochemical study is presented of the lithium ion transport in polyphosphazene based gel polymer electrolytes. The polyphosphazene poly[bis(2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxy) phosphazene (MEEP) was chosen for the polymeric network. In combination with liquid electrolytes (organic carbonates with lithium bis(oxalato) borate and lithium(hexafluoro) phosphate) gel polymer electrolyte membranes with very good ionic conductivities of 2.3mScm−1 at 30°C and high lithium transference numbers of 0.31 at 90°C were prepared. The investigated electrolytes exhibited very good interface stability at lithium metal electrodes during long term lithium plating/stripping experiments with up to 500 cycles. Discharge rate investigations on full cells consisting of lithium metal ∣ MEEP gel polymer ∣ LiFePO4 delivered high capacities of 140mAhg−1 at a discharge rate of 5C.