batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this paper water and air management systems were developed for a miniature, passive direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The membrane thickness, water management system, air management system and gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) were examined to find their effects on the water balance coefficient, fuel utilization efficiency, energy efficiency and power density. Two membranes were used, Nafion® 112 and Nafion® 117. Nafion® 117 cells had greater water balance coefficients, higher fuel utilization efficiency and greater energy efficiency. A passive water management system which utilizes additional cathode gas diffusion layers (GDL) and a passive air management system which makes use of air filters was developed and tested. Water management was improved with the addition of two additional cathode GDLs. The water balance coefficients were increased from −1.930 to 1.021 for a cell using a 3.0molkg−1 solution at a current density of 33mAcm−2. The addition of an air filter further increased the water balance coefficient to 1.131. Maximum power density was improved from 20mWcm−2 to 25mWcm−2 for 3.0molkg−1 solutions by upgrading from second to third generation GDEs, obtained from E-TEK. There was no significant difference in water management found between second and third generation GDEs. A fuel utilization efficiency of 63% and energy efficiency of 16% was achieved for a 3.0molkg−1 solution with a current density of 66mAcm−2 for third generation GDEs.
In the present research, the energy demanded by the wastewater treatment plant of a winery and the pumping station of the irrigation system of a vineyard is supplied by a stand-alone renewable energy system formed by three photovoltaic arrays connected to a microgrid. A relatively small battery maintains the stability and quality of the energy supply acting as a short-term energy storage. Hydrogen is generated in a production and refueling plant specifically designed for this project, and it is eventually used in a plug-in BEV properly modified as a hybrid vehicle by adding a PEM fuel cell. On the one hand, the technical and economic feasibility of the on-site electricity production for the winery and vineyard, compared to the commercial electricity from the grid and diesel gensets, is demonstrated. On the other hand, the diesel savings by the hydrogen generated on site are assessed. The electricity (72 MWh) and hydrogen (1214 m3) produced in the first year have saved the emission of around 27 tons of equivalent CO2.
High nickel cathodes can deliver higher capacity with lower cost than conventional LiCoO2, however, the irreversible structural and morphology degradation with long-term cycling hinder their further application. In this paper, LiNi0.815Co0.15Al0.035O2 agglomerates are treated by LiNi0.333Co0.333Mn0.333O2 coating to get a stable interstitial layer without capacity loss. The interstitial layer is about 10 nm in thickness and has a layered (R-3m) structure, which can improve the chemical and mechanical stability of cathode materials with capacity retention of 88.5% after 200 cycles. The structural analysis and in-situ compression test proves that the morphology degradation is a fatigue process within long-term electrochemical reaction, and the coated sample has an excellent elastic recovery capacity thus leading to long cycle life.
There is accumulating evidence of a prospective relation between early language problems and ADHD, a disorder associated with deficits in executive functioning. However, little is known regarding this link among bilingual children. Here, we investigate whether (i) the prediction from language to ADHD may be lower among bilinguals, and (ii) explore if this moderation can be explained by differential executive functioning ability. Utilising a prospective sample of 408 South-East Asian toddlers, bilingual exposure as a moderator of the link between language delay at 24 months to ADHD intermediate diagnosis at 54 months was first examined with an interaction model. Next, structural equation mediated moderation models examined if the proposed moderation could be explained by executive function measures of Snack Delay and Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) task, when children were 41 months. Results indicate that higher levels of bilingual exposure moderated the prospective risk of language delay to ADHD diagnosis (Predominantly single-language exposed OR = 6.37; p = .011; Predominantly dual-language exposed OR = 0.30, p = .156). Thus, language delay associated with ADHD among toddlers predominantly exposed to one but not two languages. However, this could not be explained by differential executive functioning, as this moderation was not mediated by performance on Snack Delay or DCCS. Unexpectedly, bilingual exposure associated with ADHD among toddlers of typical language development. Possible explanations, including variation in the degree of social stigma and persistence of language delay between bilingual and monolingual children, and bilingualism as an additional cognitive load for ADHD, are discussed.
An acidic cellulose–chitin hybrid gel electrolyte consisting of cellulose, chitin, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, and an aqueous H2SO4 solution is investigated for electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) with activated carbon fiber cloth electrodes. The acidic cellulose–chitin hybrid gel electrolyte shows a high ionic conductivity comparable to that for an aqueous 2moldm−3 H2SO4 solution at 0–80°C. This system's temperature dependence in EDLC performance is investigated by galvanostatic charge–discharge measurement. An EDLC cell with the acidic hybrid gel electrolyte has higher capacitance than that with the aqueous H2SO4 solution in the range of operation temperatures (−10 to 60°C). Moreover, the capacitance retention of the EDLC cell with the acidic hybrid gel electrolyte is better than that of a cell with the H2SO4 solution at 60°C over 10,000 cycles. This suggests that the proposed acidic gel electrolyte has excellent stability in the presence of a strong acid, even at a high temperature of 60°C.
The vertical distribution of late stage reef fish larvae may potentially influence their dispersal, recruitment success and energetic expenditure during the recruitment process. To date, methods of examining the vertical distribution of reef fish larvae either under-sample late stage individuals, or are incapable of discretely sampling the water column. The aim of this study was to develop a light trap able to sample a narrow depth range enabling fine scale patterns of vertical distribution to be examined. The experimental traps radiated light in a relatively narrow beam with a maximum vertical angle of radiation of 7.5°, indicating that the traps could be placed 4.8 m apart and still sample discrete depth strata. Their catch efficiency was similar to conventional light traps, indicating that they are adequate sampling units. Preliminary data showed that most families are more abundant near the surface, although many have significant numbers of individuals lower in the water column. Some families (inc. Apogonidae) occurred in higher abundance at greater depths. Our experimental light traps permit increased resolution of the vertical distribution of late stage larval reef fishes in the field.
Charge transfer processes in poly-3-methylthiophene (PMT) and poly-3-octylthiophene (POT) film electrodes bathed with 0.05–0.5M LiClO4 acetonitrile solutions were studied by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Semi-circle parameters R ct and C dl, Warburg constant σ w, effective diffusion coefficients D eff, and low-frequency capacities C LF were determined for PMT and POT films as functions of the bathing electrolyte concentration and the electrode potential. A comparison between the results of electrochemical studies of PMT and POT modified electrodes is performed in the paper.
Herein, a fluorine-doped tin oxide/hematite/nickel hydroxide/Prussian white photoelectrode is fabricated for use in a visible-light-assisted pseudocapacitor. A visible-light-assisted pseudocapacitor is a two-electrode device that uses both electrical and solar energy sources to charge and store energy. The photoelectrode consists of a thin layer of Prussian white deposited on a nickel hydroxide modified hematite film. The hematite is used as a photoactive material, nickel hydroxide and Prussian white are employed as the pseudo-capacitive electroactive materials. Fluorine-doped tin oxide/hematite/nickel hydroxide/Prussian white has a much higher charge-discharge time and areal capacitance under illumination. A galvanostatic charge-discharge curve shows an areal capacitance of 2.16 mF cm−2 under illumination, that is 940-fold higher than that in the dark. This behavior is attributed to the presence of photogenerated charges that increase the conductivity and facilitate charge transfer reactions. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that the charge transfer resistance under illumination is 633 Ω which is more than three times lower than 2220 Ω under dark. Therefore, under dark pseudocapacitive charge storage reactions do not occur significantly, because of the high resistance of semiconductor. While under illumination, photogenerated charges reduce charge transfer resistance. Thus, the pseudocapacitive reaction is progressed and the charge is stored.
A novel online estimation technique for estimating the state of charge (SoC) of a lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery has been developed. Based on a simplified model, the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the battery is estimated through two cascaded linear filtering stages. A recursive least squares filter is employed in the first stage to dynamically estimate the battery model parameters in real-time, and then, a fading Kalman filter (FKF) is used to estimate the OCV from these parameters. FKF can avoid the possibility of large estimation errors, which may occur with a conventional Kalman filter, due to its capability to compensate any modeling error through a fading factor. By optimizing the value of the fading factor in the set of recursion equations of FKF with genetic algorithms, the errors in estimating the battery’s SoC in urban dynamometer driving schedules-based experiments and real vehicle driving cycle experiments were below 3% compared to more than 9% in the case of using an ordinary Kalman filter. The proposed method with its simplified model provides the simplicity and feasibility required for real-time application with highly accurate SoC estimation.
The corrosion inhibition of nickel in 0.5 M H2SO4 by cysteine was investigated with various electrochemical methods and surface observations by SEM. The cyclic voltammetry revealed that the current density is the highest in absence of the cysteine and decreases with increasing inhibitor concentration. The cysteine is an anodic inhibitor. The polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the cysteine has a poor inhibitive effect. The surface observation by scanning electron microscope corroborates the addition of cysteine has no significant improvement of the surface morphology of nickel electrode in 0.5 M H2SO4. Results obtained by different methods corroborate each other.
The Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) is a self-report questionnaire for quantifying autistic traits. This study tests whether the AQ can differentiate between parents of children with an autism spectrum condition (ASC) and control parents. In this paper, the use of the AQ to define the broader, medium and narrow autism phenotypes (BAP, MAP, NAP) is reported, and the proportion of parents with each phenotype is compared between the two groups.
Hierarchical mesoporous Li2Mn0.5Fe0.5SiO4 consisted of nanoparticles or nanoplates has been successfully synthesized for the first time by a hydrothermal method. Their carbon-coated composites are obtained by a heat treatment in the presence of citric acid. These composites were characterized by powder X-ray diffractometry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The lithium storage capacity and cycling performance of the optimized Li2Mn0.5Fe0.5SiO4/C composite are greatly enhanced when tested as a cathode material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). It exhibits a discharge capacity of 125mAhg−1after 60 cycles at a rate of 0.1C. This superior electrochemical property could be ascribed to high purity and mesoporous structure of Li2Mn0.5Fe0.5SiO4, which greatly enhances the electronic conductivity as well as the diffusion coefficient of lithium ions.
The Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) method has been recognized as a powerful sampling tool in computational statistics. We show that performance of HMC can be significantly improved by incorporating importance sampling and an irreversible part of the dynamics into a chain. This is achieved by replacing Hamiltonians in the Metropolis test with modified Hamiltonians and a complete momentum update with a partial momentum refreshment. We call the resulting generalized HMC importance sampler Mix & Match Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (MMHMC). The method is irreversible by construction and further benefits from (i) the efficient algorithms for computation of modified Hamiltonians; (ii) the implicit momentum update procedure and (iii) the multistage splitting integrators specially derived for the methods sampling with modified Hamiltonians. MMHMC has been implemented, tested on the popular statistical models and compared in sampling efficiency with HMC, Riemann Manifold Hamiltonian Monte Carlo, Generalized Hybrid Monte Carlo, Generalized Shadow Hybrid Monte Carlo, Metropolis Adjusted Langevin Algorithm and Random Walk Metropolis–Hastings. To make a fair comparison, we propose a metric that accounts for correlations among samples and weights and can be readily used for all methods which generate such samples. The experiments reveal the superiority of MMHMC over popular sampling techniques, especially in solving high-dimensional problems.
The global issues of energy crisis and air pollution have offered a great opportunity to develop electric vehicles. However, so far, cycle life of power battery, environment adaptability, driving range and charging time seems far to compare with the level of traditional vehicles with internal combustion engine. Effective battery thermal management (BTM) is absolutely essential to relieve this situation. This paper reviews the existing literature from two levels that are cell level and battery module level. For single battery, specific attention is paid to three important processes which are heat generation, heat transport, and heat dissipation. For large format cell, multi-scale multi-dimensional coupled models have been developed. This will facilitate the investigation on factors, such as local irreversible heat generation, thermal resistance, current distribution, etc., that account for intrinsic temperature gradients existing in cell. For battery module based on air and liquid cooling, series, series-parallel and parallel cooling configurations are discussed. Liquid cooling strategies, especially direct liquid cooling strategies, are reviewed and they may advance the battery thermal management system to a new generation.
The interthalamic adhesion (ITA) is an understudied neuroanatomical structure that forms a bridge of tissue connecting the thalamus of each hemisphere across the midline whose functional significance remains largely unknown. The likelihood of ITA absence has been reported in some studies to be increased in males, but findings have been inconsistent. We used magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the size and absence of the ITA and their relationship to thalamic volume, putative indices of white matter integrity (fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity) within the anterior thalamic radiation and neuropsychological functions in 233 (129 M/104 F) healthy volunteers (age range 8–68). To ensure high reliability in this study two operators independently rated the absence of the ITA and measured its size for all individuals. The ITA was absent in 4% of all individuals with no sex differences in its absence. Females had greater ITA size compared to males overall with both groups demonstrating nonlinear age-associated changes across the age range examined. ITA size among females correlated significantly with thalamus volume and lower mean diffusivity in the anterior thalamic radiation. Path modeling indicated that ITA size statistically mediated the relationship between age and attention among females. Our findings provide evidence for sex differences in ITA size across the lifespan, which are associated with the surrounding thalamic anatomy and neuropsychological functions.
Objective Patients with narcolepsy often complain about attention deficits in everyday situations. In comparison with these subjective complaints, deficits in objective testing are subtler. The present study assessed the relationships between subjective complaints, objectively measured cognitive performance, disease-related variables, and mood. Patients/Methods A total of 51 patients with narcolepsy and 35 healthy controls responded to questionnaires regarding subjectively perceived attention deficits, sleepiness, anxiety and depression. Moreover, they performed an extensive neuropsychological assessment tapping into attention, executive functions, and memory. Results Patients rated their level of attention in everyday situations to be relatively poor. In an objective assessment of cognitive functioning, they showed only slight attention and executive function deficits. The subjective ratings of attention deficits significantly correlated with ratings of momentary sleepiness, anxiety, and depression, but not with objectively measured cognitive performance. Momentary sleepiness and depression predicted almost 39% of the variance in the ratings of subjectively perceived attention deficits. Conclusion The present study showed that sleepiness and depression, more than objective cognitive deficits, might play a role in the subjectively perceived attention deficits of patients with narcolepsy. The results suggested that when counselling and treating patients with narcolepsy, clinicians should pay attention to potential depression because subjective cognitive complaints may not relate to objective cognitive impairments.
A redox flow battery using V4+/V5+ vs. V2+/V3+ and Fe2+/Fe3+ vs. V2+/V3+ redox couples in chloric/sulfuric mixed acid supporting electrolyte was investigated for potential stationary energy storage applications. The Fe/V hybrid redox flow cell using mixed reactant solutions and operated within a voltage window of 0.5–1.7 V demonstrated stable cycling over 100 cycles with energy efficiency ∼80% and negligible capacity fading at room temperature. A 66% improvement in the energy density of the Fe/V hybrid cell was achieved compared with the previously reported Fe/V cell using only Fe2+/Fe3+ vs. V2+/V3+ redox couples.
Development of non-toxic, ultra-sensitive, and flexible bio-inspired piezoelectric nanogenerator has become a great challenge for next generation biomedical applications. High performance organic/inorganic materials based piezoelectric nanogenerators suffer from several unavoidable problems such as complex synthesis and high toxicity. Biodegradable and biocompatible piezoelectric material is utmost needed in in-vivo condition to harvest energy for biomedical applications. Here, we report a novel bio-piezoelectric nanogenerator (BPNG) using naturally abundant self-aligned cellulose fibrous untreated onion skin (OS) as efficient piezoelectric material having piezoelectric strength of ∼ 2.8 pC/N. The fabricated OSBPNG generated output voltage, current, instantaneous power density and high piezoelectric energy conversion efficiency of ≈ 18V, ≈ 166nA, ≈ 1.7μW/cm2, and ≈ 61.7%, respectively, and turn on 30 green LEDs by a single device under repeated compressive stress of ≈ 34kPa and ≈ 3.0Hz frequency. In addition, maximum output voltage (≈ 106V) was achieved when 6 units are connected in series, which instantaneously turns on 73 combined LEDs (30 green, 25 blue, and 18 red). OSBPNG is highly effective during throat movement such as coughing, drinking and swallowing. Furthermore, because it works at very low pressure originating from heart pulse or beat, it could be used in pacemakers and health care units. Finally, OSBPNG successfully differentiates speech signals, indicating its potential for speech recognition.
More than twenty years have passed since the Japanese government first undertook R&D on fine ceramics in its National R&D Program. Stimulated by such efforts, fine ceramics have exhibited rapid development and diffusion through substitution in a broad range of functional and structural materials fields, including the electronics, optical, mechanical, chemical and biomedical fields. However, although gross production of fine ceramics steadily increased from 1 trillion yen (7.8 US$) in 1988 to 1.5 trillion yen (15.6 billion US$) in 1995, the orbits of innovation for functional and structural materials demonstrate a clear contrast. Applications for fine ceramics as functional materials have shown remarkable development while applications for fine ceramics as structural materials have shown little or no sign of advancement. This contrast can be attributed to differences in the functionality of the two types of materials. Thus, functionality development for fine ceramics used as structural materials has become crucial in terms of survival strategy. This paper, by means of an empirical analysis of the development and diffusion orbit of innovation for fine ceramics in major use in Japan over the last two decades, attempts to identify factors contributing to the above contrast in functional and structural materials development.
Consumption is central to many people’s lives and their well-being. Well-being and Quality of Life Indicators are increasingly included in consumption studies, either as outcomes of consumption or as influential factors influencing consumption choices. Marketing and consumption research is frequently interested in understanding consumer choices and has traditionally focused on the evaluative dimension of wellbeing, measuring satisfaction with (aspects of) life. Well-being is multidimensional and exploring additional dimensions broadens understanding of the concept. Using are broad sample of Austrian consumers, this research applies the Satisfaction with Life Scale, Personal Well-being Index, Flourishing Scale and Pleasure Orientation and correlates well-being levels with a newly constructed hierarchy of everyday Ethical Consumption Behavior (eECB). The psychometric soundness of the well-being measures employed, collected in German, and the conceptualization of eECB in Austria is supported. Perceived eudaimonic well-being and eECB are positively related, while the correlation between hedonic well-being and eECB is negative. There is no significant relationship between evaluative well-being scales and eECB. While Universalism as a guiding principle in peoples’ lives positively correlates with eECB, demographic characteristics, except for age, are not important. The study provides support for including multiple well-being measures to increase depth and breadth of understanding in consumption research.
We investigate the mechanisms of lithium diffusion in layered intercalation compounds from first-principles. We focus on Li x CoO2 and find that lithium diffusion in this compound occurs predominantly with a divacancy mechanism. First-principles calculations predict that the activation barrier is very sensitive to the lithium concentration due to the strongly varying c-lattice parameter of the host and the change in effective valence of the cobalt ions. This translates into a diffusion coefficient that varies by several orders of magnitude with state of charge.