batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Bacterial infection is a common clinical problem. The emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria posts a severe challenge to medical practice worldwide. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) uses laser light at specific wavelength to activate oxygen molecule in the human tissue into reactive oxygen species as antimicrobial agent. This activation of oxygen by laser light is mediated through a photosensitizer. Two key properties for potent photosensitizer are its absorbance of light in the infrared region (630–700nm), which promotes tissue penetration depth, and the selective accumulation on bacteria instead of human tissue. We herein report a zinc phthalocyanine derivative, pentalysine β-carbonylphthalocyanine zinc (ZnPc-(Lys)5) and its antimicrobial effects in vitro and in an animal infection model. This photosensitizer has strong capability to kill bacteria at 670nm. Chemically, it is a water-soluble and cationic photosensitizer carrying positive charge under physiological pH, and can specifically target to bacteria which usually bears negative charges on its surface. Compared with anionic ZnPc counterparts, ZnPc-(Lys)5 shows a higher phototoxicity toward bacteria. PACT studies of ZnPc-(Lys)5 in experimental infection animal model showed a significant bacteria inhibition compared to controls, and high selectivity of ZnPc-(Lys)5 toward bacteria. These findings suggest ZnPc-(Lys)5 is a promising antimicrobial photosensitizer for the treatment of infectious diseases.
This communication presents a comprehensive review on the solar photovoltaic (SPV) systems for recent advances and their emerging applications in the present and future scenario. Besides, the performance study of off grid and grid connected SPV power plant has been discussed and presented in detail. From the literature, it is found that the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems varies from 10% to 23%. Thus, the efficiency is the important factor which needs to be explored further for the best implementation and utilization of this emerging and useful technology around the globe. However, among all the applications discussed here, Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), Concentrated photovoltaics (CPV) and photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) are found to be the most technically sound and exhibit that SPV may be a feasible solution for the future energy challenges. Again, the building integrated PV system not only reduces the area requirement, but also cuts the material and infrastructure costs of the building and hence, fulfills the technical thrust for smart building requirements. Recently developed CPV cells are found to be feasible, most promising and cost effective technology having higher efficiency and lesser material requirements than those of the other solar cells. On the other hand, as the PV/T systems produce not only the electricity but also the heat energy are found to be more useful, suitable, and promising for most of the real life applications especially, where both forms of energy are required simultaneously.
The modification of MWCNTs with Prussian Blue (PB) represents a significant improvement of the energy density values of asymmetric carbon based supercapacitors (CBSCs) in neutral media (KCl). The development of the faradaic processes associated with the presence of PB on the positive electrode increases not only the capacitance but also the operational voltage of these devices (up to 1.4V) due to the high electrode potentials at which the Prussian Blue/Berlin Green (PB/BG) redox reactions occur. Accordingly, in asymmetric CBSCs assembled using an activated carbon as negative electrode and MWCNTs as the positive one, suitable modification of MWCNTs with PB increases the energy density of the device fivefold (from 1.46 to 7.68W h kg−1). The resultant system becomes an asymmetric hybrid device in which the energy is stored due to the double layer formation in the negative electrode and the development of the PB faradaic processes in the positive electrode, which acts as a battery.
In this paper we address the optimal sizing and scheduling of isolated hybrid systems using an optimization framework. The hybrid system features wind and photovoltaic conversion systems, batteries and diesel backup generators to supply electricity demand. A Mixed-Integer Linear Programming formulation is used to model system behavior over a time horizon of one year, considering hourly changes in both the availability of renewable resources and energy demand. The optimal solution is achieved with respect to the minimization of the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) over a lifetime of 20 years. Results for a case study show that the most economical solution features all four postulated subsystems.
We studied the reduction mechanism of SnO in lithium cells by X-ray absorption near OK and SnLI edge spectroscopy, 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The reduction mechanism is complex, involving mixed valence intermediate compounds. In the interval 0≤Li/Sn≤2 the main reaction corresponds to a partial reduction of SnII, which is partially reversible, regenerating the tin oxide during the charge. For Li/Sn greater than two, LiSn bonds are formed, but SnO interactions are still present. The charge within this interval also partially regenerates tin oxide, but the reversibility does not extend to Li/Sn lower than two. At low voltage and very large depth of discharge, the formation of LiSn alloys and Li2O clearly takes place, with negligible SnO interactions.
To widen the operating potential window of electrolyte used for lithium-ion batteries, a binary cyclic carbonates-based electrolyte containing propylene carbonate (PC) and trifluoropropylene carbonate (TFPC) with an optimized volume ratio has been successfully proposed. The main function of additive TFPC is to establish a stable SEI layer on graphite electrode and suppress the intercalation reaction of PC molecules. Unlike the previous works, where the TFPC/PC involved electrolyte was simply estimated at a certain volume ration and recognized as an unfavorable system, in this work, the physical properties of the electrolyte solutions with a series of volume ratios of TFPC/PC and their electrochemical performances in a graphite/Li cell and 5V LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li cell have been systematically studied. The electrolyte of 1moldm−3 LiPF6-TFPC/PC (1:2) is adopted as the optimized system due to its high ionic conductivity, low viscosity, broad operating potential window, wide liquid temperature range (−50∼240°C) and suitable film-forming property. Both the graphite and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrodes were found to exhibit high reversible capacity and superb rate performance in the optimized electrolyte, making us have a new recognition of this important binary solvent. Considering its excellent physical and electrochemical properties, we therefore anticipate that the electrolyte based on TFPC and PC is a possible candidate for future LIBs that can work in a broader temperature range and high operation potential conditions.
In mountainous regions comprising weathered soils and rocks, it is important to delineate the spatial distributions of geomaterials with different weathering and decomposition grades in depth. This paper presents a methodology to cost-effectively and accurately identify the subsurface zones of volcanic weathering. The methodology consists of in situ digital monitoring and a number of associated data analysis methods. The in situ digital technique is the drilling process monitor. It can automatically, objectively and continuously measure and record parameters associated with the full drilling process of a rotary-percussion drilling machine when it is being used to drill a production hole (such as probe holes and soil nail holes) in the ground. The data analysis methods are used to identify relevant factual data from the full drilling process data for zoning. The calculations are simple and straightforward tasks. Factual data presented in the paper illustrate that the proposed methodology can be a simple and cost-effective tool to record and utilize by-products of current normal drilling practice for ground investigation, geotechnical design and verifications, drilling construction management, as well as drilling quality control. The proposed methodology offers great potential in furthering the geotechnical knowledge and engineering practice in Hong Kong and many other mountainous regions comprising weathered soils and rocks. There is also significant potential for other applications in civil and mining engineering through estimation of the mechanical properties of rock from the monitored drilling data.
The development of more efficient electrode materials is essential to obtain vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) with enhanced energy densities and to make these electrochemical energy storage devices more competitive. A graphene-modified graphite felt synthesized from a raw graphite felt and a graphene oxide water suspension by means of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is investigated as a suitable electrode material in the positive side of a VRFB cell by means of cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy and charge/discharge experiments. The remarkably enhanced performance of the resultant hybrid material, in terms of electrochemical activity and kinetic reversibility towards the VO2+/VO2 +, and mainly the markedly high energy efficiency of the VRFB cell (c.a. 95.8% at 25 mA cm−2) can be ascribed to the exceptional morphological and chemical characteristics of this tailored material. The 3D-architecture consisting of fibers interconnected by graphene-like sheets positively contributes to the proper development of the vanadium redox reactions and so represents a significant advance in the design of effective electrode materials.
A new method for state of charge (SOC) assessment of Li/MnO2 primary batteries is disclosed. The method is based on thermodynamics data measurements and processing. Entropy ‘ΔS’ and enthalpy ‘ΔH’ data are collected during intermittent discharge process and tentatively linked to SOC. Using Li/MnO2 cell sets from two different manufacturers, we found a linear relationship between SOC, ΔS and ΔH; i. e. SOC = α+βΔS+λΔH. In the equation α, β and λ coefficients are manufacturer dependent. This result has been assigned to the physical chemical characteristics MnO2, which vary according the cathode material synthesis conditions specific to each manufacturer. The SOC assessment method was initially developed by us for rechargeable lithium ion battery systems. It surprisingly applies to primary batteries too despite cathode processes are irreversible in nature. It is suggested the method may extend to online SOC assessment owing to an imbedded chip, which collects and processes voltage and temperature data to convert them into thermodynamics data. The method can also be used to characterize MnO2 materials from the thermodynamics properties perspective and to trace Li/MnO2 cell manufacturer.
Nanofibrillated cellulose with the features of nano-scale fibers and self-assembly has attracted significant attention to acquire porous structure for low-cost and high-performance electrode materials. Here, a carbon nanofiber aerogel was prepared by self-assembling the building-blocks of nanofibrillated cellulose into controlled macro and mesoporous structure. A typical activation was further applied to engineer abundant micropores, which led to narrowed carbon walls as well as improved surface area (1726 m2 g−1). Due to the facile-constructed hierarchical pore structure and large ion-accessible surface area, the resultant carbon aerogel exhibited comparable performance to reported electrodes from porous bio-carbons. It displayed a high specific capacitance of 169 F g−1 at a high current of 20 A g−1, retaining 73% of that at 0.2 A g−1 (231 F g−1). Furthermore, the symmetric supercapacitor showed a high capacitance retention during the long-term charge–discharge. This work provides a facile and renewable way to develop hierarchical porous bio-carbons with high charge storage capability.
Enhanced thermal decomposition of carbonates is developed to improve the traditional solid state reaction for the synthesis of ultrafine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 powders. Controllable activation is obtained by optimizing the mechano-chemical treatment time, which is found to affect lattice structure, morphology and electrochemical properties of the as-synthesized ultrafine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 powders. The optimal mechano-chemical activation time of 10 h results in more stable and integrated structured ultrafine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 powders with average diameter of 200–500 nm, leading to a high reversible capacity of 114.3 and 140.9 mAh g−1 at 6 C (1620 mA g−1) in the voltage range of 2.5–4.3 and 2.5–4.5 V, respectively. Moreover, the particles exhibit capacity retentions of 80.8% (2.5–4.3 V) and 83.3% (2.5–4.5 V) at 270 mA g−1 after 200 cycles. Importantly, it is revealed that ball-milling has a positive impact on the calcination process, and the decomposition efficiency is about 35.7% higher compared to ball-milling-free process.
Lithium (Li) metal has been regarded as one of the most attractive anodes for high-energy-density batteries. However, the practical use of Li metal anode is hindered by the safety issues of Li dendrite growth caused by the non-uniform Li deposition. The initial Li nucleation behavior plays an important role in the Li deposition process, which guides the following Li growth structure. Herein, we show a simple method to plant the ultrafine Li seeds with uniform and dense distribution on the electrode surface by a fast deposition with very high current density, which effectively suppresses the dendrite growth by the seed directed deposition. The dense and uniform Li seed layer provides the highly lithiophilic active sites to greatly decrease the Li nucleation barrier and thus guide the uniform Li deposition. The Li anode with such layer achieves a dendrite-free surface and enhanced cycle stability for 350 h together with low voltage polarization of 20 mV under a capacity of 1 mAh cm−2 and a current density of 3 mA cm−2. Full cells with NCA as the cathode also deliver a stable cycling performance, indicating its great potential as a stable Li metal anode.
The problem of day-ahead scheduling of generation and storage facilities in a microgrid in the presence of Renewable sources with an objective to minimize the cost of power generation is considered in the article. The objective function is formulated considering a linear cost function for renewable generators and quadratic cost function for conventional generators. The uncertainty in available power from renewable generators and loads is modeled using a proven uncertainty model and two scenarios are drawn. Artificial Fish Swarm intelligence is used to solve the optimization part. The proposed algorithm is investigated on a numerical example with a cluster of renewable and conventional generators with different cost functions. The results obtained show that the proposed algorithm is able to utilize the cheapest sources to the extent of 100% and utilize the other generators in decreasing percentage as their cost of generation increases. The costliest source, which is grid power in the numerical example considered, is utilized only very sparingly. Apart from obtaining optimal solution for scheduling, the proposed algorithm is able to consolidate battery - microgrid power exchange and also implement load shedding when required.
Nonflammable polymeric gel electrolyte has been prepared by immobilizing 1M LiBF4/EC+DEC+TEP (55:25:20, v/v/v, EC: ethylene carbonate, DEC: diethyl carbonate and TEP: triethylphosphate) solution in poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoro propylene) (PVdF-HFP) where TEP acts as a fire-retardant solvent in the gel electrolyte. The polymeric gel electrolyte has a high value of ionic conductivity of 1.76mScm−1 at 28°C. Thermal safety calorimetry (TSC) experiments show good thermal stability of the gel electrolyte. Cyclic voltammetry and charge/discharge cycling tests were performed on LiMn2O4/gel electrolyte and graphite/gel electrolyte half cells. The gel electrolyte works well for graphite/LiMn2O4 cell although some improvement in the cycleability of the graphite electrode is still needed.
Conversion-type materials are an appealing alternative to conventional intercalation compounds as cathode materials for sodium ion batteries, due to their high capacities. In this paper, we report for the first time that carbon-coated copper phosphate (Cu3(PO4)2/C) can be used as a novel high-capacity cathode for rechargeable Na batteries. Cu3(PO4)2/C shows a reversible capacity up to 290mAhg−1 at a current of 20mAg−1and 190mAhg−1 at 400mAg−1, with capacity retention of 210 and 160mAhg−1 respectively after 30 cycles. The detailed sodium storage mechanisms were studied by employing ex-situ XRD, HR-TEM, solid-state NMR and XAFS techniques. The results clearly indicate that Cu3(PO4)2 can transform into Na3PO4 and Cu particles after discharge. Furthermore, Cu can react with Na3PO4 to form copper phosphate and NaxCuyPO4 in the charge process, determining the rechargeability of Cu3(PO4)2.
Carbon materials from zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) present poor electrochemical performance as electrode materials for supercapacitors. In this work, well-intergrown ZIF nanocystals are strung on MWCNTs to form necklace architecture. After carbonization and chemical etching, porous carbons with necklace architecture and proper hierarchical micro-mesoporous structure were obtained. It exhibits excellent electrochemical performance as electrode material for supercapacitor in 1M H2SO4 solution such as high specific capacitance up to 326 F·g−1 at 1 A·g−1, good rate capability and excellent cycling stability of 99.7% capacitance retention after 10000 cycles. The main reasons are due to the increased surface area, the improved electrical conductivity, and the combination of micro- and meso-porous structure. This provides another promising way to design porous carbons from ZIF materials for supercapacitors.
Zwitterions with a cyano group on the side chain (CZ) were synthesized. Although the addition of CZ caused a slightly negative effect on viscosity, ionic conductivity, limiting current density, and lithium transference number, the oxidation limit of PEGDME/lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (LiTFSA) composites was improved to over 5V. For charge/discharge testing using Li|electrolyte|LiCoO2 cells, the cycle stability of PEGDME/LiTFSA with CZ in the voltage range of 3.0–4.6V was much higher than that of PEGDME/LiTFSA. Incorporating a small mole fraction of CZ into PEGDME-based electrolytes prevented an increase in the interface resistance between the electrolyte and cathode with increasing numbers of the cycle.
ASTM International announced its second round of funding to support research that helps expedite standards in additive manufacturing (AM). This investment of $300,000 and in-kind contributions will support the ASTM International Additive Manufacturing Center of Excellence’s goal of addressing pressing needs for technical standardization in this fast-growing industry. “We are funding some of the most crucial and high-impact research projects in additive manufacturing to accelerate standardization,” said Dr. Mohsen Seifi, ASTM International’s director of the Global Additive Manufacturing Program. He added that these projects will complement the previous round of five projects, with all contributing towards a holistic approach to fill standard gaps in design, feedstock, process, postprocessing, testing, and qualification.
The ongoing evolution of genomics and bioinformatics has an overwhelming impact on medical and clinical research, albeit this development is often marked by genuine controversies as well as lack of scientific clarities and acumen. The search for disease genes and the gene–environment interaction has drawn considerable interdisciplinary scientific attention: environmental health, clinical and medical sciences, biological as well as computational and statistical sciences are most noteworthy. Statistical reasoning (quantitative modeling and analysis perspectives) has a focal stand in this respect while data mining resolutions are far from being statistically fully understood or interpretable. The use of human subjects, though unavoidable, under various extraneous restraints, medical ethics perspectives, and human rights undercurrents, has raised concern all over the world, especially in the developing countries. In the genomics context, clinical trials may be designed on chips and yet there are greater challenges due to the curse of dimensionality perspectives. Some of these challenging statistical issues in medical and clinical research (with emphasis on clinical trials) are appraised in the light of existing statistical tools, which are available for less complex clinical research problems.
Graphene has attracted widespread attention for supercapacitor applications thank to their excellent conductivity, mechanical flexibility, chemical stability and extremely high specific surface area. Here, all-graphene-oxide-supercapacitors were developed from two reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films as electrodes and one graphene oxide (GO) film as separator. The supercapacitors were then treated with 4M sulfuric acid at temperatures around 80 °C. By this treatment, the sulfuric acid molecules were physically intercalated into both rGO and GO films, which were confirmed by significant decrease intensity of characteristic peaks of sulfuric acid in Raman spectra. These sulfuric-acid-intercalated GO films can function as both quasi-solid-state electrolytes and separators. The average capacitance values measured at 100 mV s−1 of the thermally wetted supercapacitor at 84 °C is improved 93.7 times higher than that of the as-prepared all-graphene-oxide-supercapacitor. The maximum capacitance of 266 F cm−3 is obtained at scan rate 10 mV s−1 for the thermally wetted supercapacitor at 84 °C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest specific capacitance that has ever been reported for a graphene oxide-based supercapacitor. Importantly, being in a quasi-solid-state, the energy storage performance of supercapacitors are persistent over several thousand cycles, making it very much unlike other carbon-based supercapacitors.
The article is devoted to the study of creativity in primary school children. It represents the results of a 3-year longitudinal study (2013-2016) conducted on the basis of the Municipal Budgetary Institution for Supplementary Education “Children's Art School No. 7” and Municipal Budgetary General Education Institution, Secondary School No. 49 in the city of Chita. The article presents the results obtained with the use of the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking battery and the Creativity Assessment Packet by E.E. Tunik. It also discusses the differences in the degree of creativity manifestation within the integral individuality feature structure. The results obtained indicate that there is a link between educational environment conditions and primary school children's creativity indexes. It is proved that learning Chinese contributes to the development of creativity in primary school children.