batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Research studies typically consider older drivers as a homogenous group and do not report on the influence of gender on driving performance. Prior studies report that females are over-represented in crashes compared to males, caused by errors of yielding, gap acceptance, and speed regulation, all of which are assessed in a comprehensive driving evaluation (CDE). In a sample of 294 community dwelling older drivers, we examined and compared specific and total driving errors of both genders, and determined predictors of gender-specific driving errors and pass/fail outcomes who completed a CDE assessed by a certified driving rehabilitation specialist. No differences in specific or total number of driving errors on the CDE were found between older males (Mean age 73.4±6.0) and older females (Mean age 73.8±5.7). Education, days of driving, Useful Field of View™ (UFOV), Rapid Paced Walk Test (RPW) and the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) were all independent predictors of failing a road test for both genders (p <0.05). However, older females were 22% less likely than older males to fail an on-road test. Within group comparisons showed that older males and females >75 years were 3.2 and 3.5 times more likely to fail the on-road test compared to younger males and females (aged between 63 and 75), respectively. Our findings suggest that focusing on older old (75+) and old–old (85+) age groups may be more efficient for future investigations of driving performance.
Rechargeable lithium air (Li–air) batteries, especially the non-aqueous type, are considered the most promising energy storage and conversion device candidates for use in future electric vehicle applications due to their ultrahigh energy density. The air cathode has been identified as a key factor affecting the overall performance of Li–air batteries. The current low level performance of air cathodes is the major challenge hindering commercial applications of Li–air batteries. In the past decade, a great many cathode materials, structures and fabrication processes have been developed and investigated with the goal of enhancing cathode performance. This paper reviews, the role of the cathode in non-aqueous Li–air batteries including the cathode reaction mechanisms and the properties and morphologies of cathode materials, followed by approaches to optimize cathode performance. The most recently published global progress and the main achievements in the field of Li–air batteries are also systematically and critically reviewed in terms of cathode materials, structures and fabrication processes, with the objective of providing some state-of-the-art information. Technical challenges are analyzed, and insights into future research directions for overcoming these development challenges of rechargeable non-aqueous Li–air battery cathodes are also identified in this review paper.
New heterometallic Sn–Cu compound that contains copper atoms in two different oxidation states was obtained by the solid state reaction between Sn(OBut)2 (OBut = tert-butoxide) and Cu(hfac)2 (hfac=hexafluoroacetylacetonate). Single crystal X-ray diffraction study revealed the ionic structure of a compound that can be formulated as {[CuI 3Sn2(OBut)6]+[CuII(hfac)3]−} (1) with no significant interactions between complex cation and anion. The anion is comprised of an octahedrally coordinated by three chelating β-diketonate ligands CuII atom that shows a typical tetragonal Jahn–Teller distortion of the polyhedron. The heterometallic [Cu3Sn2(OBut)6]+ cation features a CuI triangle capped by two Sn(OBut)3 units. All alkoxide ligands are μ 2-bridging between Sn and Cu atoms providing a trigonal pyramidal geometry around tin that is consistent with lone pair SnII centers. An almost perfect triangular copper core is stabilized by cuprophilic interactions, similar to those in other polynuclear CuI compounds. The cation represents the first example of a CuI triangular arrangement that is not supported by μ 3-centering atoms or by μ 2-all-side bridging. Multinuclear NMR studies unambiguously confirm the retention of heterometallic cluster in solution as well as the absence of ligand redistribution between the anion and cation. The use of a mixed-ligand approach creates broad opportunities for designing new heterometallic complexes with unusual architectures that are not observed in homoleptic counterparts.
We investigated the dependence of the properties, crystal and electronic structures and electrode characteristics of Li x Ni0.8Co0.2O2 as a cathode active material for Li secondary batteries. Li x Ni0.8Co0.2O2 was prepared by a solid-state method and solution method. The crystal structure was determined by neutron and X-ray diffractions using the Rietveld analysis. All the samples were obtained as the α-NaFeO2 type with the space group R-3m. From the charge–discharge test, the cycle performance was improved with the decreasing Li content (x ≦1.066) although the discharge capacity decreased. Samples made by the solid-state method showed a better electrode performance than those made by the solution method. We measured the chemical diffusion coefficient of Li ( D L i + ˜ ) by the GITT method. The D L i + ˜ in the stable cycle region was much improved in the sample prepared by the solid-state method than by the solution method. From the neutron powder diffraction, it was confirmed that Li2CO3 was formed by increasing the Li content (0.994< x ≦1.066) as a secondary phase. Cation mixing was improved with the decreasing Li content. The bond length of the 3b site–6c site decreased with decreasing Li content. From the electron density images on the (110) plane for Li x Ni0.8Co0.2O2, the covalent bond of the 3b site–6c site increased with the decreasing Li content. This may be one of the reasons why the cycle performance improved with the decreasing Li content.
Electric vehicles can contribute to climate change mitigation if coupled with decarbonized electricity, but only if vehicle range matches travellers’ needs. Evaluating electric vehicle range against a population’s needs is challenging because detailed driving behaviour must be taken into account. Here we develop a model to combine information from coarse-grained but expansive travel surveys with high-resolution GPS data to estimate the energy requirements of personal vehicle trips across the US. We find that the energy requirements of 87% of vehicle-days could be met by an existing, affordable electric vehicle. This percentage is markedly similar across diverse cities, even when per capita gasoline consumption differs significantly. We also find that for the highest-energy days, other vehicle technologies are likely to be needed even as batteries improve and charging infrastructure expands. Car sharing or other means to serve this small number of high-energy days could play an important role in the electrification and decarbonization of transportation.
This paper discusses battery temperature limits as a challenge to be answered when using valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries in motor vehicles, and then describes the results obtained in road tests on VRLA batteries used in an idling-stop (stop and go) vehicle. In general, using lead-acid batteries at high-temperature increases grid corrosion and water loss, and accelerates deterioration. VRLA batteries are more susceptible to the effects of temperature than flooded batteries, but that is largely due to their structure. Water loss is fatal to VRLA batteries because water replenishment is impossible. At high temperature not only does the electrochemical decomposition of water increase considerably, but a substantial amount of water also evaporates due to the increased vapor pressure. This requires control to keep batteries from exceeding their maximum temperature. The low-temperature limit of lead-acid batteries is at least −50 to −60°C, and that temperature is higher at a low SOC. This is dependent on change in the solidification point of the sulfuric acid electrolyte. From an environmental perspective there are expectations that idling-stop systems will find wide use as simple systems to improve fuel economy. We studied the performance of a conventional flooded battery, a conventional VRLA battery, and an improved VRLA battery in road tests with an idling-stop vehicle, and found that the improved VRLA battery is suited to idling-stop applications because it had a smaller capacity loss than the conventional flooded battery.
Californian company Nanostellar Inc is developing what it claims are highly efficient nanocatalysts to significantly reduce platinum group metals required in conventional catalytic processes.
Cation doping of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) cathode materials is beneficial to both ion-diffusion and charge transfer in the electrochemical intercalation processes and hence may improve battery rate capability. In the present study, a series of Sn-doped V2O5 microspheres were prepared for LIBs cathode via a microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis. X-ray diffraction analysis suggests that Sn4+ ions with an ionic radius 22% larger than that of V5+ successfully entered into the crystal lattice and led to lattice expansion of V2O5. The doping of Sn4+ also induced the formation of oxygen vacancies that would allow more active sites for the intercalation/extraction reactions of Li+ ions. Compared with pristine V2O5, Sn-doped samples demonstrated both improved capacity and rate capability. Particularly, V2O5 doped with 4% Sn4+ (denoted as Sn0.04V1.96O5- δ ) delivered a high reversible specific capacity of 292mAhg−1 in the voltage window of 2.0–4.0V (vs. Li/Li+) at a current density of 50mAg−1. Much enhanced rate performance was also attained for the doped samples (220.4mAhg−1 at 500mAg−1 and 162.5mAhg−1 at 2,000mAg−1 for Sn0.04V1.96O5-δ ) compared to V2O5 (148.6mAhg−1 at 500mAg−1 and 72.3mAhg−1 at 2,000mAg−1). The improved electrochemical properties of Sn-doped V2O5 can be attributed primarily to the lattice expansion upon doping that led to higher lithium diffusion coefficient (4.45×10−11 cm2 s−1) than V2O5 (2.84×10−11 cm2 s−1) as well as the presence of rich oxygen vacancies.
Large voltage step chronoamperometry is shown to be a time-efficient means to examine solid electrode materials compared with conventional electrochemical methods such as linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and step potential electrochemical spectroscopy (SPECS), all the while providing comparable information concerning the rate capability of a material and its capacity. The applicability of the technique is demonstrated through a study of the alkaline γ-MnO2 electrode. By sampling the current (and hence the charge) at various times after the chronoamperometric voltage step, the compatibility between chronoamperometry and LSV is disclosed. Furthermore, modelling of the chronoamperometric data using two curves based on a spherical diffusion model representing fast and slow discharge processes are found to be statistically suitable. From this modelling, values of A√D (where A is the electrochemically active surface area and D is the diffusion coefficient) for the two processes are 3.89×10−4 and 0.70×10−4 cm3 s−1/2 g−1, respectively, both of which are comparable with A√D data extracted from a SPECS experiment on an identical electrode.
Networks of implanted biomedical sensor nodes promise to give a new direction to medical research. The in vivo sensor nodes collect desired biometric data and communicate the data wirelessly to a base-station through a multi-hop network. The wireless communication produces heat, leading to a rise in the temperature of the nodes. A high temperature of the in vivo nodes for a prolonged period is not desired as it might damage the surrounding tissues. Medical applications are also often delay-sensitive. In this paper, we propose Hotspot Preventing Routing (HPR) algorithm that performs much better than the shortest hop routing algorithm and the previously proposed Thermal Aware Routing Algorithm (TARA) in terms of preventing the formation of hotspots and reducing the average packet delivery delay by dynamically adapting to the network load. The simulation results presented also show that the HPR algorithm is highly scalable, increases the operational life of the network and helps reduce the number of packets dropped.
The importance of habitat connectivity for wildlife is widely recognised. However, assessing the movement of species tends to rely on radio-tracking or GPS evidence, which is difficult and costly to gather.
American Manganese Inc reports good test results from a recent attempt to produce improved lithium ion battery materials from manganese ore. The company is involved in expanding the company's patent pending hydrometallurgical manganese recovery process to produce improved manganese dioxide product for use in rechargeable lithium ion batteries. Recent laboratory tests have produced improved electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) and chemical manganese dioxide (CMD) products of high quality. Samples of the EMD and CMD were analysed by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP) for cation impurities. Metallic impurities, not to be confused with metal oxide or salt impurities, in the parts per billion level are known to cause a number of batteries to experience thermal run-away in rechargeable lithium ion batteries, leading to explosions and fires in some cases. “These initial results are very encouraging [and] provides a significant opportunity for the production of a high value product for use in rechargeable lithium ion batteries and represents another market with very high growth potential,” said Larry Reaugh, CEO of American Manganese. “While the company's primary focus is electrolytic manganese metal (EMM), we are going to aggressively pursue the on-going research programme that is required to fully develop this extremely attractive potential opportunity.”
A sensitive label-free amperometric immunosensor was developed based on the amine-functionalized graphene (GR-NH2) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) composite modified carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE). CILE was fabricated by using an ionic liquid of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate as binder. The nanocomposite AuNPs/GR-NH2 had prominent biocompatibility, good electron transfer ability, large specific surface area, and primarily excellent adsorption. The negatively charged AuNPs could be adsorbed on the positively charged GR-NH2 modified CILE surface by electrostatic adsorption, and then to immobilize α-fetoprotein antibody (anti-AFP) for the assay of α-fetoprotein (AFP). The fabricated procedures and electrochemical behaviors of the immunosensor were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The anti-AFP/AuNPs/GR-NH2 modified CILE was sensitive to AFP in linear relation between 1 and 250ngmL−1 with the correlation coefficient of 0.995, and the detection limit (S/N =3) was 0.1ngmL−1 under the optimal conditions. In addition, the proposed immunosensor exhibited good sensitivity, selectivity, stability and long-term maintenance of bioactivity and it may be used to immobilize other biomoleculars to develop biosensor for the detection of other antigens or biocompounds.
The conference will cover all aspects of processing, fabrication, structure/property evaluation, and applications of alloys of Al/Mg/Ti, steels (IF/HSLA/TRIP/HNS/AHS/stainless), composites, superalloys/high-temperature materials, energy materials, metallic glasses/bulk amorphous materials, biomaterials and biomedical applications, dynamic behavior of materials, smart/intelligent materials and processes, fuel cell and hydrogen storage technologies/battery, coatings/surface engineering, thin films/interface engineering, friction stir welding/processes, severe plastic deformation, modeling, multiscale mechanical modeling, neutron scattering and X-rays studies in advanced materials, and welding and joining. Over 40 internationally known experts in advanced materials from various countries will deliver plenary and keynote lectures.
Zinc oxide nanoparticle-coupled imine linkage-based receptors (T4, T5 and T6) were studied for their voltammetric characteristics. T4 and T5 having electron withdrawing and electron donating substituents at meta position of the imine linkage showed prominent cathodic (reduction of imine group) peaks at −0.930 and −1.850 V, respectively, while T6 (without any substituent) showed a cathodic peak at −1.220 V. Voltammograms of the receptors indicated that T4 and T5 responded quantitatively for aluminium ions, while T6 responded for cobalt ions. All the three receptors exhibited linear dynamic concentration ranges between 0.1 and 0.42 µM with regression coefficients ≥0.98. Calibration curves for the determination of aluminium and cobalt ions based on DPV data are reported and supported with potentiometric studies. Energy minimization studies using Gaussian 03W software also supported stability of the complexes. The proposed analytical method has been validated with complexometric method for metal detection in real-time samples.
The widely used Pseudo-Two-Dimensional (P2D) cell model for Li-ion batteries is generally based on a simplified lithium diffusion model of active particles with certain geometry. In this work, we propose a two-level framework, which extends the P2D cell model and incorporates a mechanically coupled phase-field Cahn–Hilliard diffusion model of active particles. The phase-field model allows more detailed diffusion study in particles of general geometry and includes the full coupling of the mechanics and phase separation. To improve the computational efficiency, we manage to reduce one degree of freedom at the cell level by treating the ion flux between the electrolyte and active particle as a dependent quantity. The two-level framework is validated against the original one and applied to study the impact of particle geometry, finite deformation elasticity and phase separation on the cell performance. Results show that the oblate particle has better cell performance than other spheroidal particles. It is attributed to the mechanical drifting at the higher curvature.
In this present paper the influence of viscosity on the ionic dynamics of polymer gel electrolytes prepared by the Pechini polymeric precursor method is investigated by impedance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and NMR techniques. Polymer gel electrolytes are formed by ethylene glycol (EG) and citric acid (CA) and lithium perchlorate. Room temperature conductivity of the order of 2.3×10−4 S/cm was obtained for the sample of EG/CA:LiClO4 with lower viscosity (η =197cP). The results show that the ionic conductivity of the electrolytes increases for decreasing viscosity. Proton (1H) and Lithium (7Li) NMR lineshapes and spin–lattice relaxation times were measured as a function of temperature and viscosity (197–868cP). The 7Li relaxation process was found to be dominated by quadrupolar couplings. The activation energy extracted from the 1H and 7Li relaxation data (∼0.23eV) was found to be independent of the viscosity of the gel electrolyte. The 7Li NMR relaxation results indicate an increase of the lithium ion mobility with decreasing viscosity.
The aims of the study were to analyze: (1) whether significant differences exist between children with typical development and children with developmental coordination disorders (DCD) in their preference to participate in leisure activities (2) whether the teacher estimation of activity form (TEAF) evaluation predicts participation preference. Participants were 68 children, aged 6–9.83 years, 35 diagnosed as DCD by pediatrician and based on the Movement ABC (M-ABC) and 33 children with typical development. The controls were matched by age and gender to the DCD group. The children filled the preference for activities of children (PAC) and their sport teacher completed the TEAF. Significant differences were found between the groups in their participation preference based on the PAC items and subscales as well as in the TEAF scores. Significant correlations were found between the TEAF and PAC subscales. TEAF score significantly predicted children's preference to participate in leisure activities. Study results recommend using the TEAF for screening DCD and to further consider participation issues among children with DCD as a preventive aid for consequently socio-emotional implications of DCD.
V2O5 microspheres with hierarchical structure via a facile two-step strategy. The first is preparing vanadium glycolate precursor through polyol medium template-free process and the second is subsequent thermal annealing treatment of the well-prepared precursors at high temperature in air. However, just by one-plot calcination of vanadium(IV) acetylacetone, V2O5 nanorods were obtained. The gained metal oxide were characterized by different physical and electrochemical analytical techniques. Electrochemical testing results show that V2O5 microspheres displayed a high specific discharge capacity of 275 mAh g−1 at 1C which is higher than the obtained nanorods, and the microspheres still kept 243 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles. Notably, the nanosheet-assembled microspheres as electrode materials still show 200 mAh g−1 even at a rate of 5C after 500 cycles. These results demonstrated that the well-prepared nanosheet-assembled microspheres are a fine cathode material for lithium ion battery with a high specific capacity and excellent cycle stability.
Safe, fast, and energy efficient cycling of lithium ion batteries is desired in many practical applications. However, modeling studies predict steep Li+ ion gradients in the electrodes during cycling at the higher currents. Such gradients introduce heterogeneities in the electrodes, which make it difficult to predict cell lifetimes as different portions of the cell age at different rates. There is a dearth of experimental methods to probe these concentration gradients across the depth of the electrode. Here we use spatially resolved energy dispersive X-ray diffraction to obtain a “movie” of lithiation and delithiation in different sections of the cell and quantify lithium gradients that develop in a porous graphite electrode during cycling at a 1C rate. Inhomogeneity in the total Li content, and in the individual ordered LixC6 phases formed during lithium insertion into (and extraction from) the graphite, has been observed in an operando fashion. The complex dynamics of lithium-staging in graphite with the distinct front propagation of phase changes have been characterized and new features of these dynamics are highlighted here. As large Li+ ion gradients contribute to cell polarization, our results suggest that Li plating conditions can be met near the graphite electrode surface, even when the cell is charged at a moderate (1C) rate.
Ionic liquid is a promising electrolyte for sodium secondary batteries because of its negligible volatility, low flammability, and high thermal and electrochemical stabilities. In this study, Na2/3Fe1/3Mn2/3O2 as a positive electrode material was synthesized by a solid-state reaction, and its charge-discharge performance was investigated at 90°C in the ionic liquid electrolyte Na[FSA]-[C3C1pyrr][FSA] (FSA=bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide;C3C1pyrr= N -methyl- N -propylpyrrolidinium). The Na2/3Fe1/3Mn2/3O2 positive electrode delivered an initial discharge capacity of 227mAhg−1 at a current rate of 20mAg−1 in the voltage range of 2.0–4.3V. This study is the first where the Na2/3Fe1/3Mn2/3O2 positive electrode demonstrated a high reversible discharge capacity, larger than 220mAhg−1, due to the high operation temperature in the ionic liquid electrolyte.