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An anode active material–semiconductor hybrid electrode was prepared by combining electroplated Co and a GaP single crystal. This hybrid electrode acts not only as an active material for a cobalt–air cell but also as a photo-electrode for storing light energy. We studied the photo-electrochemical properties of the hybrid electrode, and confirmed that the electrode’s oxidized Co layer was reduced by the electrons generated when the GaP side was illuminated. We assembled a GaP–Co|KOH|O2 cell with only two electrodes: the above hybrid electrode and an air electrode (oxygen catalyst). The photo-electrochemical characteristics of the Co–GaP hybrid electrode and cobalt–air cell showed that this cell can be charged by illuminating it and discharged by using the oxygen in the air.
Publisher Summary This chapter describes molecular, near infrared (NIR)-emitting compounds containing NdIII, ErIII, or YbIII and discrete molecular edifices containing other ions emitting in this range. It also reviews various synthetic strategies proposed for encapsulation of ions into molecular edifices and making use of macrocyclic or acyclic ligands or of d-transition metal complexes. The chapter presents novel approaches resorting to inorganic clusters, inorganic–organic hybrids, nanoparticles, or ionic liquids, and potential applications including medical imaging. The chapter illustrates the potential of organic complexes and materials for NIR-luminescent probes and highlights the difficulty in achieving reasonable emission efficiency. Some promising systems for inclusion of NIR-emitting LnIII ions are ionic liquids in which tetrakis(β-diketonates) act as the anion or doped ionogels generated by the confinement of ionic liquids within a porous silica matrix. These gels have excellent mechanical, thermal, and optical properties and feature high ionic conductivity, a key factor for electroluminescent devices.
The performance of the graphite (KS-6)/MoO3 full cell has been studied at different cut-off voltages, rates, temperatures and cathode to anode mass ratios. It was found that cathode to anode weight ratio and charging potential are the most influential parameters which determine the cycle life of this device. Under optimized condition (graphite:MoO3 weight ratio 1 and operation voltage window 1.5–3.3V), the capacity retention of the cell between the 5th and 500th cycles was found to be 91%. At 0.3C and 10C rates this device delivers 88.9mAhg−1 and 35.5mAhg−1, respectively. High and low temperature performance of this device is superior to that of the conventional EDLCs. The charge/discharge mechanism of the full cell was elucidated by ex situ XRD data and analyzing the voltage profiles of each electrode by 4-electrode cell. Partial amorphization of the MoO3 anode was confirmed by XRD and SEM data. These results indicate that the electrolyte could be used as the sole source of lithium ions to develop a novel type of energy storage devices which do not contain traditional lithium rich cathode materials.
We report a male patient with neurogenic stuttering after cerebellar infarction. He had suffered from frontal and thalamus damage and he had exhibited aphasia, but his speech had been fluent until onset of the cerebellar infarction. Results of analysis of speech samples included the following: (1) the patient showed very frequent syllable repetition and part-word repetition. (2) The stuttering occurrence rate at the second test was much higher than at the first test. (3) Almost all stuttering occurred on initial word sounds; stuttering on the medial and final word was less frequent. (4) Adaptation effect was absent. (5) Secondary behaviors such as closing of the eyes and grimacing were observed. The internal model related to cerebellar functions can be modified using feedback-error information. Results suggest that internal model dysfunction caused this patient's stuttering. Educational objectives: After reading this text, the reader will be able to: (1) provide characteristics of neurogenic stuttering after the cerebellum infarction; (2) discuss the relationship between neurogenic stuttering and functions of the cerebellum.
The lead acid technology is nowadays considered one of the best suited for stationary applications. Both gel and AGM batteries are complementary technologies and can provide reliability and efficiency due to the constant optimization of the battery design and components. However, gelled-electrolyte batteries remain the preferred technology due to a better manufacturing background and show better performance mainly at low and moderate discharge rates. Especially, using the gel technology allows to get rid of the numerous problems encountered in most AGM batteries: drainage, stratification, short circuits due to dendrites, and mostly premature capacity loss due to the release of internal cell compression. These limitations are the result of the evident lack of an optimal separation system. In gel batteries, on the contrary, highly efficient polymeric separators are nowadays available. Especially, microporous separators based on PVC and silica have shown the best efficiency for nearly 30 years all over the world, and especially in Europe, where the gel technology was born. The improved performance of these separators is explained by the unique extrusion process, which leads to excellent wettability, and optimized physical properties. Because they are the key for the battery success, continuous research and development on separators have led to improved properties, which render the separator even better adapted to the more recent gel technology: the pore size distribution has been optimized to allow good oxygen transfer while avoiding dendrite growth, the pore volume has been increased, the electrical resistance and acid displacement reduced to such an extent that the electrical output of batteries has been raised both in terms of higher capacity and longer cycle life.
Nanoflake MnO2@carbon fiber coaxial nanocables were fabricated by a facile electrochemical deposition-oxidation route. The morphology, structure, composition, and pseudocapacitive performance of the obtained composite material were evaluated by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements. The results show that the nanoflake MnO2 on the carbon fibers is highly amorphous and hydrous. The nanostructured material shows nearly symmetrical and rectangular CV curves in the scan-rate range from 2 to 50 mV s−1. When used as electrodes for supercapacitors, the material shows a capacitance of 511.8 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 (based on the mass of MnO2), excellent high-rate capability, and cycling stability.
Objective Suicide is the leading cause of death in schizophrenia. An association between suicidal behavior and both higher and lower cognitive ability in schizophrenia has been reported. To clarify this relationship, we investigated whether the relationship between suicidality and neurocognition varied according to differences in suicidal ideation and behavior. Methods Three hundred and ten patients with DSM-IV diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were categorized based on patient and staff interviews as either non-suicide attempters, non-attempters expressing suicidal ideation, single suicide attempters, or multiple suicide attempters. These groups were compared on a neuropsychological battery examining current general cognitive ability, episodic and working memory, and attentional control. Results Neuropsychological performance in those with a history of suicidal ideation (n =63), and those who had made one suicide attempt (n =48) was comparable. Together, these groups outperformed patients with no history of either suicidal behavior or ideation (n =172) on measures of IQ, episodic memory and working memory. Only differences in global cognition remained significant after controlling for between-group differences in depressive symptoms. Those who had either expressed suicidal ideation and/or made a single suicide attempt demonstrated trend level advantages in neuropsychological tests over those that had made multiple suicide attempts. Discussion These findings support earlier evidence of an association between suicidality and neurocognitive ability in schizophrenia. Specifically, these data suggest that patients who have contemplated suicide or made a single suicide attempt have better cognitive functioning than those who have not. Suicidality in multiple attempters, who do not perform better in neurocognitive tests than those who have neither contemplated nor attempted suicide, is likely to be influenced by factors other than neurocognitive ability.
Unknown Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” refer to figures and tables, respectively.
Objective: The relationship between cannabis use and psychosis has been studied intensively. However, few data are available on the relationship between cannabis use, ultra high risk for developing psychosis and neurocognition. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between cannabis use, ultra high risk symptoms and cognitive functioning in ultra high risk patients and healthy controls. Methods: 63 Ultra high risk patients (34 cannabis users) and 58 control subjects (28 cannabis users) were assessed with clinical measures and a neuropsychological test battery. Patients were eligible for the study if they were between the ages of 12 and 35years and if they fell in one or more of the following inclusion groups: familial risk and reduced functioning, attenuated psychotic symptoms, brief limited intermittent psychotic symptoms and basic symptoms. Control subjects were eligible for the study if they were between the ages 12 and 35, had no present or past psychiatric illness, no family history of psychiatric illness, no drug use in the non cannabis using group and use of at least 4 joints per week in the cannabis using control group. Results: In the UHR and the control group, cannabis users experienced more basic symptoms and UHR symptoms than the non cannabis users. Moreover, cannabis users in the control group performed at the level of the UHR subjects on a test of verbal memory and verbal fluency. Frequency of cannabis use correlated with UHR and basic symptoms. Conclusions: Our results show that cannabis using UHR patients have more basic symptoms than non using patients. In addition healthy cannabis users have more subclinical UHR and basic symptoms and more neuropsychological dysfunctions than non cannabis users. Our results show that more frequent cannabis use is related to increased severity of basic and UHR symptoms.
Cationic porphyrins (i.e., [Ttolyl(P-(C6H5)3)4]4+, where Ttolyl = 5,10,15,20-tetrakis tolylporphyrin and CdTe capped with glutathione) were electrostatically self-assembled via a layer-by-layer methodology onto ITO electrodes and characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and SEM-EDX microscopy. Cyclic voltammetry studies of the cationic porphyrin [Ttolyl(P-(C6H5)3)4]4+ demonstrated its ability to absorb both glassy carbon and ITO electrodes. The electrochemical properties of the hybrid porphyrin/quantum dot films (i.e., ITO/{[Ttolyl(P-(C6H5)3)4]4+/CdTe}n, where n = 1–5 is the immersion step) were explored in buffer solutions in the presence or absence of the Fe(CN)63−/Fe(CN)64− redox couple at pH 7.0. The resistance to electron transfer determined by cyclic voltammetry and EIS is in agreement with the increase in the UV–Vis absorption of the material adsorbed onto the ITO surface for each newly assembled bilayer. The prepared bilayers exhibited an interesting homogeneous morphological distribution of CdTe quantum dots on the surface, which indicated the ability of [Ttolyl(P-(C6H5)3)4]4+ to organize CdTe nanoparticles on the ITO surface. EDX analysis of the bilayers confirmed the presence of Cd, Te, and S from the quantum dot. Linear sweep voltammetry indicated that ITO/{[Ttolyl(P-(C6H5)3)4]4+/CdTe}5 has oxygen reduction electrocatalytic properties and demonstrated a synergetic effect between the cationic porphyrin and the CdTe quantum dot.
A star copolymer based on poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimer core (generations 1–4) and polypyrrole (PPy) shell was prepared. The synthesis procedure involved a condensation reaction between PPI surface primary amine and 2-pyrrole aldehyde to give the pyrrole-functionalized PPI dendrimer (PPI-2Py). The pyrrole units on the dendrimer backbone were polymerized chemically using ammonium persulfate as an oxidizing agent and electrochemically on a coated platinum electrode with PPI-2Py using cyclic voltammetry. The resulting star copolymer, called poly(propylene imine)-co-polypyrrole (PPI-co-PPy) was characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (X-RD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). NMR of PPI-2Py gave a new chemical shift at 8.1ppm for NCH, which confirmed the incorporation of 2-pyrrole aldehyde into the PPI dendrimer structure. Strong FT-IR bands appeared at 1634cm−1 for ν(NC) in the dendrimer moiety, and at 729cm−1 for ν(CH) at the α-position of the PPy ring. The PPI-co-PPy exhibited improved thermal stability than PPI-2Py and ionic conductivity over pristine polypyrrole as interpreted from the TGA and EIS profiles respectively. Hall effect measurements showed that the star copolymer is a semiconductor with an electronic conductivity of 0.7Scm−1.
This work describes both the preparation and the characterization of nanostructured materials based on tin and nickel. Composite materials of SnNi/C were prepared by the polymeric precursor method and were supported on Vulcan XC-72R, which is a high surface area carbon, for a comparative study. Three proportions on carbon were evaluated: 6%, 9% and 13%. Binary materials were prepared varying the atomic ratios of Sn and Ni at 6:1, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 and 1:6 for each percentage composition tested. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction to determine the mean crystallites sizes of the important phases for the catalytic process, such as Ni3Sn, Ni3Sn2 and Ni3Sn4, and by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) measurements to determine the percentage composition of the material with highest catalytic activity. The results showed that the binary material prepared with 9% metal load at a ratio of 6:1 Sn:Ni was the best material for H2O2 electrogeneration. This material showed the highest ring current, which was a consequence of the highest amount of H2O2 production having a ring current higher than that obtained for the ORR for Vulcan carbon. The best electrocatalyst transferred 2.2 electrons in the ORR with an 88% yield of H2O2, while the Vulcan carbon, which is the reference material for the 2-electron transfer reaction, produced just a 63% yield of H2O2. Thus, based on these results, 9% Sn:Ni (6:1) is a promising material to be used in H2O2 electrogeneration and in AOPs. This result is likely due to the presence of acid oxygen-containing species on carbon and to the large defect concentration in Ni3Sn4 lattice parameters, which increase oxygen diffusion and promote H2O2 production.
The preparation and assessment versus lithium of a functionalized terephthalate-based as a potential new negative electrode material for Li-ion battery is presented. Inspired from molecular modelling, a decrease in redox potential is achieved through the symmetrical adjunction of electron-donating fragments (–CH3) on the aromatic ring. While the electrochemical activity of this organic material was maximized when used as nanocomposite and without any binder, the potential is furthermore lowered by 110 mV upon functionalization, consistently with predicted value gained from DFT calculations.
Mesoporous Fe2O3 spherical particles with amorphous or crystalline structure were prepared at different temperatures using aerosol spray pyrolysis. The crystalline Fe2O3 (C-Fe2O3) anodes pyrolysized at 800°C show better electrochemical performance than the amorphous Fe2O3 (A-Fe2O3) pyrolysized at 600°C. Both, however, changed into nano-crystallite porous structure after charge/discharge cycles. The C-Fe2O3 spherical particles provided high reversible capacity of 800mAh/g at 0.5C over 300 charge/discharge cycles and retained 300mAh/g at 10C. The excellent cycling stability of the C-Fe2O3 spherical particles is mainly attributed to the interior voids in the mesoporous Fe2O3 particles that provide extra space to accommodate volume change and alleviate structural strain/stress during electrochemical reaction. The high rate performance of mesoporous Fe2O3 is attributed to (1) fast charge transfer reaction at the large interfacial area between electrode and liquid electrolyte, and (2) the reduced Li-ion diffusion distances. This study not only provides a simple synthesis method for lithium ion batteries, but also helps in designing novel and high performance electrode materials.
Li0.33MnO2 was prepared by solid-state reaction of CMD oxide and a lithium salt. The structure was studied by X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering during electrochemical discharging. The possibility of application as a positive electrode in rechargeable lithium batteries was investigated. The electrochemical properties of Li//Li0.33MnO2 cells were studied as a function of temperature in the range 25–55°C. The electrode material delivers an initial capacity of 194mAhg−1 and shows good reversibility at room temperature. Finally, the lithium insertion mechanism was examined by the determination of the ion kinetics.
Related themes were explored in a special interest program on electrification during the Las Vegas conference. Isaac Chan of Roland Berger, LLC, made the case for accelerated adoption of EVs through ongoing technical developments and the economic effect of autonomous driving and ride sharing. Burak Ozpineci, ORNL, reviewed some of the technology advances that were being pursued in government/industry partnership programs, in particular projects at ORNL related to metals applications.
In vivo genotoxicity tests play a pivotal role in genotoxicity testing batteries. They are used both to determine if potential genotoxicity observed in vitro is realised in vivo and to detect any genotoxic carcinogens that are poorly detected in vitro. It is recognised that individual in vivo genotoxicity tests have limited sensitivity but good specificity. Thus, a positive result from the established in vivo assays is taken as strong evidence for genotoxic carcinogenicity of the compound tested. However, there is a growing body of evidence that compound-related disturbances in the physiology of the rodents used in these assays can result in increases in micronucleated cells in the bone marrow that are not related to the intrinsic genotoxicity of the compound under test. For rodent bone marrow or peripheral blood micronucleus tests, these disturbances include changes in core body temperature (hypothermia and hyperthermia) and increases in erythropoiesis following prior toxicity to erythroblasts or by direct stimulation of cell division in these cells. This paper reviews relevant data from the literature and also previously unpublished data obtained from a questionnaire devised by the IWGT working group. Regulatory implications of these findings are discussed and flow diagrams have been provided to aid in interpretation and decision-making when such changes in physiology are suspected.
Adequate personal protective equipment is needed to reduce the rate of transmission of COVID-19 to health care workers. Otolaryngology groups are recommending a higher level of personal protective equipment for aerosol-generating procedures than public health agencies. The objective of the review was to provide evidence that a.) demonstrates which otolaryngology procedures are aerosol-generating, and that b.) clarifies whether the higher level of PPE advocated by otolaryngology groups is justified.
Background Modafinil, a putative cognitive enhancing drug, has previously been shown to improve performance of healthy volunteers as well as patients with attention deficit disorder and schizophrenia, mainly in tests of executive functions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of modafinil on non-verbal cognitive functions in healthy volunteers, with a particular focus on variations of cognitive load, measures of motivational factors and the effects on creative problem-solving. Methods A double-blind placebo-controlled parallel design study evaluated the effect of 200 mg of modafinil (N = 32) or placebo (N = 32) in non-sleep deprived healthy volunteers. Non-verbal tests of divergent and convergent thinking were used to measure creativity. A new measure of task motivation was used, together with more levels of difficulty on neuropsychological tests from the CANTAB battery. Results Improvements under modafinil were seen on spatial working memory, planning and decision making at the most difficult levels, as well as visual pattern recognition memory following delay. Subjective ratings of enjoyment of task performance were significantly greater under modafinil compared with placebo, but mood ratings overall were not affected. The effects of modafinil on creativity were inconsistent and did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions Modafinil reliably enhanced task enjoyment and performance on several cognitive tests of planning and working memory, but did not improve paired associates learning. The findings confirm that modafinil can enhance aspects of highly demanding cognitive performance in non-sleep deprived individuals. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Cognitive Enhancers’.
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are increasingly applied in a diverse array of industrial and commercial products. Therefore, it is urgently required to characterize their toxic behavior. ZnO NPs have been reported to induce toxic effects at the levels of the individual organism, tissue, cell and DNA. However, little is known about the potential impacts of ZnO NPs at a subcellular level. In the present work, we investigated the toxicity of ZnO NPs to the isolated rat liver mitochondria. We found that treatment of mitochondria with ZnO NPs resulted in collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ), swelling, depression of respiration, inner membrane permeabilization to H+ and K+, alterations of ultrastructure, release of cytochrome c, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Zn2+ liberation from ZnO NPs. These results suggested that ZnO NPs can increase the inner membrane permeability and impair the respiratory chain, thus leading to energy dissipation, oxidative stress and even apoptosis. This putative mechanism helps us learn more about the toxicology of this nanomaterial.