batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of the electrode reactions in vanadium redox flow batteries is highly demanded for improvement of their efficiency. In a recent study, the catalytic activity for the positive electrode discharge reaction was found at a carbonaceous material with an active site consisting of iron coordinated by 4 nitrogens in the square-planar configuration and embedded on the surface. The catalyst was formed as a thin film on the surface of a cup-stack carbon nanotube. In this study, the improvement of the structure of the catalyst layer consisting of the catalyst and ion-exchange polymer as a binder was attempted in order to enhance the positive electrode reactions. The catalyst layer structure was changed in two ways; variation in the binder content and inclusion of magnesium oxide in the catalyst layer as a pore-forming agent. The lower binder content produced a thinner coating on the catalyst, which was favorable for enhancement of the mass transfer in the layer, although the lack of the binder caused an insufficient dispersion of the catalyst in the layer, thus lowering the activity. The pores left after the removal of the magnesium oxide in the layer was also favorable for the mass transfer and effective for the electrode reaction enhancement unless an excessive amount of magnesium oxide was added to generate disorder in the layer.
Non-motor symptoms, such as fear of falling and anxiety, are frequently reported in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent evidence of anxiety and fear directly influencing balance control in healthy young and older adults, raises the question whether fear of falling and anxiety also directly contribute to the balance deficits observed in PD. The goal of the current study was to examine whether PD patients and controls responded similarly or differently to experimentally induced increases in anxiety. For this purpose, 14 PD patients (tested during a subjective optimal ON state) and 16 healthy age-matched control subjects stood in three conditions of different levels of postural threat: normal threat (quiet standing at ground level); medium threat (standing at the edge of a surface elevated to 80 cm); and high threat (same, but to 160 cm). Outcome measures included mean position, mean power of frequency (MPF) and root mean square (RMS) of centre of pressure (COP) displacements in the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions. Physiological and psychosocial measures of fear and anxiety were also recorded. Increased threat changed postural control similarly in PD patients and controls; MPF of AP and ML COP increased and the mean COP position was shifted backward in both groups. These results indicate that during the ON state, static balance in PD patients and controls is equally susceptible to the influence of anxiety. Significant correlations observed between COP changes and measures of fear and anxiety provide evidence to support the proposed neural links between structures controlling emotion and postural control. Future studies should further address this issue by including more severely affected patients, by testing the influence of dopaminergic medication, by including more anxious patients, and by using dynamic measures of balance.
Electricity is the fastest-growing final form of energy. The strong growth of renewable in many countries raises their share in global power generation to one-third by 2040 [1]. Lack of access to electricity is one of the biggest troubles facing the world's poor, with over 1.6 billion left in the dark globally. The substantial majority of human beings live in rural areas of developing countries which is too far away to be reached through the national grid. For their lighting needs they depend on candles, kerosene lanterns, and firewood* This consequence in an each day rate that is high priced in the long run. Long-term, solar energy is the most practical and low-budget way of bringing power to far flung communities. Small-scale, distributed solar home systems provide an effective and affordable way to bring light to people without electricity. Egypt's electricity use has been growing swiftly as a end result of economic growth in the closing decade. However, Egypt has a massive of its populace residing in rural areas access to energy is still a challenge. The power sector is key to Egypt's monetary development and poverty decrease goals. This paper represents support sustainable livelihoods for rural communities. The paper refers to renewable energy for rural populations with no access to centralized electricity power. The focus is on solar electrical energy and its economic applications for village electrification. The Paper goals to compare between electrical energy cost (kWh) using PV panels, diesel generator and the end of result suggests the cost of 1 kWh from the PV system is less than diesel system for rural residential electricity are 0.22$/kWh and 0.5$/kWh respectively.
A novel SOM process was used to prepare CeNi5 and La x Ce1−x Ni5 hydrogen storage alloys directly from their mixed oxides. The electrolytic reduction was carried out in molten CaCl2 system at 1000°C. The reduction mechanism was investigated by analyzing the chemical compositions and the phase constitutions of the intermediate products of electrolysis. The results suggested that the reduction of NiO–CeO2 may take place in two steps: first, NiO was reduced into Ni and CeO2 reacted with CaCl2 to form CeOCl, then Ni reacted with CeOCl leading to the formation of CeNi5. It was found that the reduction rate increased while decreasing the pressure load of the mixed oxide pellets. Furthermore, CeNi5 could not be produced if the pressure load was lower than 10MPa. It was also found that the pellets of NiO–CeO2 could be completely reduced to CeNi5 alloy by the SOM process, which was greatly excelled than FFC process. The successful preparation of La x Ce1−x Ni5 (x =0–1) alloy reported here suggests that the SOM process may be promising for the industrial application of producing such alloys.
Hydrogel-based electrolytes are becoming generally more preferred for electrolyte materials for quasi-solid-state/flexible supercapacitors due to their shape-controlled, high ionic conductivity, no liquid leakage, certain mechanical strength, and flexibility. Here, we develop a modified supramolecular carboxylated chitosan hydrogel electrolyte (CYCTS-g-PAM-Li2SO4) synthesized through a free radical graft copolymerization of acrylamide monomers and chemical crosslinking. Compared with PAM-based hydrogel electrolyte (PAM-Li2SO4), the modified hydrogel electrolyte of CYCTS-g-PAM-Li2SO4 exhibits better performance including higher ionic conductivity (1.74 × 10−2 S cm−1), better electrolyte absorbability (280%) as well as improved mechanical properties (2.25 MPa). A symmetric quasi-solid-state EDLC (electronic double layer capacitor) by sandwiching activated carbon film electrodes with CYCTS-g-PAM-Li2SO4 as the electrolyte and carbon cloths as the current collectors. Notably, the device shows a wide potential window of 0–1.4 V and delivers a high energy density of 8.7 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 350.3 W kg−1. Interestingly, two devices connected in series can light an LED lamp. To our knowledge, this is the first time that reported the modified carboxylated chitosan hydrogel electrolyte for quasi-solid-state supercapacitors, which has application potentials for the modified carboxylated chitosan as hydrogel electrolyte for quasi-solid-state, flexible, and portable energy storage devices.
Camera based systems are routinely used for monitoring highway traffic, supplementing inductive loops and microwave sensors employed for counting purposes. These techniques achieve very good counting accuracy and are capable of discriminating trucks and cars. However, pedestrians and cyclists are mostly counted manually. In this paper, we describe a new camera based automatic system that utilizes Kalman filtering in tracking and Learning Vector Quantization for classifying the observations to pedestrians and cyclists. Both the requirements for such systems and the algorithms used are described. The tests performed show that the system achieves around 80–90% accuracy in counting and classification.
This work essentially offers a new kind of V2O5/Na0.33V2O5 as electrochemical active material for the development of Li+ ion redox supercapacitors. Here, polycrystalline mixed phase of V2O5/Na0.33V2O5 (V/Na) nanostructures are synthesized via simple co-precipitation technique. The various molar ratio of precipitator (NaOH) in the synthesis process displays different nanostructures of V/Na. The structural and morphological properties of V/Na samples are studied using physico-chemical analysis methods. The electrochemical properties of V/Na nanostructured samples are performed using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques in 1M LiClO4 aqueous electrolyte. The sample V/Na synthesized using equimolar ratio of vanadium salt and precipitator displayed nanopellet morphology, which exhibited the highest capacitance value of 334Fg−1 at 1 Ag−1 discharge current density. Moreover, these polycrystalline V/Na nanostructured electrodes show excellent electrochemical properties with comparable stability after 1000 charge/discharge cycles.
Effective thermal management systems, designed to handle the impacts of thermal runaway (TR) and to prevent cell-to-cell propagation, are key to safe operation of lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery assemblies. Critical factors for optimizing these systems include the total energy released during a single cell TR event and the fraction of the total energy that is released through the cell casing versus through the ejecta material. A unique fractional thermal runaway calorimeter (FTRC), designed to characterize said critical factors, was utilized to examine the TR behavior of 18650-format Li-ion cells representing a variety of manufacturers, chemistries, capacities, and safety features. Primarily, the impacts of bottom vent (BV) safety features, varied cell casing thickness, and Dreamweaver cellulose based separators were assessed for select cell types. A subset of cells also had an imbedded internal short circuiting (ISC) device to allow examination of TR behavior initiated at lower temperatures (i.e. closer to field failure conditions). The impact of bottom rupture on TR behavior was also examined for experiments that resulted in this non-standard failure mechanism. Statistical analysis of the results for each cell configuration reveals that a lognormal distribution effectively characterizes the variation of total TR energy release. Typically 20%–30% of the total energy yield is released through the cell casing with the remainder through the ejecta material. Higher energy cells tend to exhibit more violent ejections and less predictable TR events. Inclusion of a BV feature reduces the overall severity of the TR event and can increase the predictability. Results also suggest that the magnitude of the TR event may not be directly proportional to the stored electrical energy, but rather has additional dependence on other design and failure mode factors.
Ink-jet printing of ionogel for low-cost microbattery is presented. Such an approach allows to provide liquid-like electrolyte performances for all-solid microdevices. Ink-jet printing process is possible thanks to sol precursor of the ionogel. This full silica based ionogels confining ionic liquid are known to be thermal resistant, serving safety and technologies requiring solder reflow. High ionic conductivity and compatibility with porous composite electrodes allow reaching good electrochemical cycling performance: full Li-ion cell with LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 porous composite electrodes shows a surface capacity of 300 μAh cm−2 for more than 100 cycles. Such surface capacities are very competitive as compared to those obtained for microdevices based on expensive PVD processes.
An economical and technical feasibility method was developed to determine the best implementation opportunities for a novel energy storage system (ESS). The ESS considered is a Zinc-Air flow battery in which energy storage may be scaled independently of the power output, and it can provide continuous power output of 5 kW during 8 h. Although the application field is vast, we have chosen three applicable scenarios where the new technology can be used: mining deployment, telecommunication tower, and a remote island. All three cases differ in load variability and load size, and we also considered three locations with their specific solar and wind resource. Three different power sources were also considered for this study: Diesel generator (DG), solar photovoltaic (PV), and wind turbine (WT). The best business opportunity for the new technology implementation was found to be in the mining industry. Power delivery from the ESS replaces the operation of DG during low demand periods in the case of variable load, as opposed to constant load, where the DG is permanently running. Fuel consumption reductions up to 75% can be achieved if the ESS is combined with renewable sources. However, the novel system alone represents approximate savings up to 33% in fuel consumption, when added to a conventional power generation system (diesel generator). Furthermore, the presented method aims to identify the main factors that affect the implementation feasibility of the ESS, and to provide a general approach that can be extended to different storage capabilities and fields of application.
The lithium insertion behaviours of the oxides Co3O4 and Co2SnO4 were studied using a range of electrochemical, spectroscopic and diffraction techniques. Co K-edge EXAFS studies on the Co3O4 oxide showed that the reversible lithium insertion is coupled with changes in cobalt oxidation state. On lithium insertion, Co3O4 is reduced to yield Co(II) and yields only metallic cobalt species on complete reduction. On lithium removal an oxide of Co is formed, which from coulometry should be CoO, however, EXAFS indicates the short range structure is quite different to that of the rocksalt CoO. The long range structure of the matrix is amorphous according to XRD. The EXAFS and XRD data also revealed that both the metallic and oxide phases were disordered, having low co-ordination numbers and large shell spacings, and that there was an initial reduction to CoO before full reduction to metallic Co. The electrochemical behaviour of Co2SnO4 cells was more reminiscent of that of SnO2 than that of Co3O4, but did exhibit significant differences due to the presence of cobalt. EXAFS on Co2SnO4 cells revealed that Co is reduced to metallic cobalt on the initial discharge, but that it does not convert back to an oxide on cycling even though the electrochemical treatment was the same as for Co3O4. Together the EXAFS and Mössbauer data show that the Co and Sn are reduced concurrently, and that some of the Sn remains in the oxidised form. In summary, we have a surprising result in that the presence of the tin dramatically changes the redox behaviour of the cobalt. In a matrix derived from a cobalt oxide spinel, cobalt undergoes redox cycling, whereas in a matrix derived from a cobalt tin oxide spinel, the cobalt does not cycle whilst the tin does.
The electrochemical/chemical growth of porous (Ni,Co,Cu)(OH)2 was reported based on the corrosion behaviors of Ni-Co-Cu films in neutral salt spray. The films prepared by using electrodeposition were ternary solid solution alloys with a simple phase structure, strong texture, nanoscale grains, large microstrain and a large number of crystal defects. The unique microstructures coupled with extensive ion diffusion during the subsequent corrosion process facilitated the formation of ternary hydroxides with uniform and porous nanostructures. The ternary hydroxides composed of Ni-/Co-dominant hydrotalcite-like and Cu-dominant orthorhombic (Ni,Co,Cu)(OH)2 could be efficiently prepared by motivating the transformation from oxide to hydroxide. The binder-free (Ni,Co,Cu)(OH)2 electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance of 1738 F g−1 at a current density of 20 A g−1 and decent cycling stability. The electrochemical/chemical growth mode, uniform porous nanostructures and nature of the ternary hydroxides could account for the superior electrochemical performances. This work proposed a simple and green approach to prepare multicomponent hydroxides as novel electrode materials for rechargeable batteries and hybrid supercapacitors.
The relationship between ambient fine particle (PM2.5) concentration and children's personal exposure was investigated in Prince George, British Columbia. Repeated personal exposure measures (10 per subject) of 15 children and ambient concentrations at their neighbourhood schools were collected for a 6-week winter period in 2001. PM2.5 mass, sulphate (SO4 2−) and light absorbing carbon (ABS) were determined for all samples and the relationship between ambient concentration and personal exposure was investigated. Overall, lower particle exposures and a lower personal–ambient regression slope were found for Prince George children compared to results from other longitudinal studies of children. This suggests that in this setting indoor environments may have less influence from ambient sources and greater influence from non-ambient sources. Comparison of personal exposures and ambient concentrations for each individual indicated higher Spearman correlations for SO4 2− (median=0.95) and ABS (median=0.73) compared to total PM2.5 mass (median=0.55). A large degree of individual variability in the personal–ambient correlation was found for PM2.5 mass, while SO4 2− showed very consistent results, supporting its use as an indicator of exposure to particulate matter of ambient origin. ABS was slightly more variable than SO4 2− due to the influence of non-ambient or very local sources in a low number of samples. The impact of local meteorology was also investigated and inversion conditions were connected to all high ambient levels (>30μgm−3). In addition, associations were found between inversion strength and personal exposure. This finding suggests that reduction of ambient concentrations during stagnant periods would result in lower personal exposure levels. This study highlights the importance of both ambient and non-ambient sources, supports the use of both SO4 2− and ABS as tracers of background ambient particle exposure and demonstrates the significant effect of winter meteorology on both outdoor levels and personal exposure in a valley community.
To determine the potential effectiveness of a novel 10-week manualised Practical Body Image therapy (PBI) with mirror exposure (ME), when used as an adjuvant to an intensive treatment package (TAU) in adolescent inpatients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN). To evaluate the effectiveness of ME in an adolescent population.
We report on an innovative approach to fabricate lithium ion battery anodes based on optimized growth of hybrid carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene nanostructures directly on copper foil substrates by an ambient pressure chemical vapor deposition process. Seamlessly connected graphene and CNT pillars provide a relatively strong active material-current collector integrity, which facilitates charge transfer in the system. This innovative architecture provides a binder-free technique for preparing electrodes for lithium ion batteries.
The sensitivity of striped trumpeter, Latris lineata, embryos to transport was assessed through mechanical shock at four stages of embryonic development, and simulated transport at different densities and durations. Fertilised egg mortality due to mechanical shock was greatest for embryos shocked 3 and 27 h post-fertilisation (48.6% ± 4.1 and 36.0% ± 3.2, respectively; mean ± SE), and prior to blastopore closure. Mortality of embryos shocked 51 and 75 h post-fertilisation, and following blastopore closure, did not differ from un-shocked controls (9.5% ± 0.7). Density and duration of incubation affected the survival of embryos in a simulated transport trial. Embryonic mortality remained below 3% for all density treatments up to 24 h post-fertilisation. Significant mortality of fertilised eggs occurred when incubated at 5,000 embryos l−1 (17.2% ± 6.9) for 48 h and was correlated with a drop in dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. Final DO concentrations decreased with increasing embryonic density and incubation duration. DO of embryos incubated at 5,000 embryos l−1 was significantly lower than those incubated at 500, 1,000 and 2,500 embryos l−1, at all incubation durations. Mortality was prevalent in treatments that had a final DO level less than 72% saturation at 14°C. Transportation of fertilised striped trumpeter eggs in seawater is recommended from 51 h post-fertilisation at 14°C, after blastopore closure and neural keel development and at densities of no more than 2,500 embryos l−1 for 24 h transportation duration.
To develop a electrorefining process of sodium for the recycling of used sodium–sulfur secondary battery, a non-aqueous electrolytic melt was investigated as a candidate for the process. A mixed ionic liquid of NaTFSI (sodium-bis(trifluoremethylsulfonyl)imide)–TEATFSI (tetraethylammonium-bis(trifluoremethylsulfonyl)imide) was selected for the electrolyte, since it has a wide potential window and a weak reactivity with metallic sodium. From AC impedance measurements, the maximum electric conductivity of 36mScm−1 was found for a concentration of 20mol% NaTFSI–TEATFSI at 433K. The cathodic deposition of liquid sodium, 99.99% pure, was obtained on a glassy carbon electrode by constant current electrolysis. The calcium concentration in the sodium was decreased from 500 to 12ppm by the electrorefining. A cathodic current efficiency at 88% was achieved in these electrorefining experiments.
In this work, we report the synthesis of Na2MnSiO4 via high-temperature solid-state chemical reaction method. The crystal structure and morphology of the synthesized Na2MnSiO4 material prepared at different temperatures (600, 700, 800, and 900 °C) were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The XRD patterns indicate that high-purity Na2MnSiO4 was obtained at the annealing temperature above 700 °C. The morphology observed by SEM shows that the particle size of the material increased with the increase of annealing temperature. Electrochemical energy storage performance of the material measured by galvanostatic charge–discharge reveals that the material prepared at 800 °C demonstrated the best energy storage capability with a specific capacitance of 123.8 F g− 1 at 0.5 Ag− 1. In addition, the material shows relatively good stability and 82% of initial capacitance was retained after 1000 charge–discharge cycles. Further testing by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that the synthesized Na2MnSiO4 electrode has low series resistance (1.3 Ω) and charge transfer resistance (7.4 Ω), favoring the delivery of electrical power at a fast rate. These results suggest that the synthesized Na2MnSiO4 material has great potential for application in sodium-ion capacitors.