batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The current study examined the psychometric properties of the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS), a next-generation rating instrument developed in response to the NIMH sponsored consensus development conference on negative symptoms. Participants included 100 individuals with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who completed a clinical interview designed to assess negative, positive, disorganized, and general psychiatric symptoms, as well as functional outcome. A battery of anhedonia questionnaires and neuropsychological tests were also administered. Results indicated that the BNSS has excellent internal consistency and temporal stability, as well as good convergent and discriminant validity in its relationships with other symptom rating scales, functional outcome, self-reported anhedonia, and neuropsychological test scores. Given its brevity (13-items, 15-minute interview) and good psychometric characteristics, the BNSS can be considered a promising new instrument for use in clinical trials.
This study was designed to explore the placebo-controlled effects of risperidone on cognitive-motor processes, dyskinetic movements, and behavior in children receiving maintenance risperidone therapy. Sixteen children aged 4–14 years with disruptive behavior were randomly assigned to drug order in a crossover study of risperidone and placebo for 2 weeks each. Dependent measures included tests of sustained attention, memory, visual matching, tremor, seat activity, abnormal movements, and parent behavior ratings. Results were compared by repeated measures ANOVA. Fourteen boys and 2 girls with disruptive behavior and IQ≤84 all completed the protocol. Risperidone was superior to placebo on response time (p =0.01, η P 2 =0.43) and seat movement (p <0.05, η P 2 =0.29) on a short-term memory task, and on a measure of static tremor (p =0.05, η P 2 =0.28). There was not a significant difference between treatment conditions on the Abnormal Involuntary Movement scale. Risperidone was superior to placebo on three subscales of the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form [Overly Sensitive (p <0.01, η P 2 =0.44), Conduct Problem (p =0.02, η P 2 =0.36), Hyperactivity (p =0.03, η P 2 =0.32)] and on the Hyperactivity/Noncompliance subscale of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (p =0.01, η P 2 =0.41). Significant increases in heart rate (p =0.05, η P 2 =0.27) and weight (p =0.02, η P 2 =0.36) occurred in the risperidone condition. The findings suggest a beneficial effect of risperidone after several months of treatment on efficiency of responding, activity level, static tremor, and aspects of behavior.
In this paper, we report a facile method for the in situ deposition of a thin solid electrolyte layer on the surface of anode materials, which can significantly improve the rate capability and reduce the time for reaching capacity maximum. The thin solid electrolyte layer (∼8 nm) is formed by adding a small amount of LiNO3 into the anode materials; the added LiNO3 decomposes irreversibly into Li3N and LiN x O y on the surface of the anode materials during the first cycle, facilitating fast diffusion of lithium ions and limiting the formation of the surface electrolyte interface films. This is verified by adding LiNO3 into graphite half-cells which shows a fast activation process at high current density: in particular, the charge capacity reaches its maximum after only ∼30 and ∼40 cycles at 170 and 340 mA g−1, respectively, compared to ∼50 and ∼80 cycles for the graphite half-cell. Furthermore, the LiNO3 additive results in high capacity retention at high C-rates, with a value of 82.4% at 680 mA g−1, compared with 22.4% for the graphite half-cell. The facile and low-cost method reported here is expected to be readily applicable to other electrode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.
In this work, we studied the structural phase transformation and electrochemical characteristics of AB4-type La–Mg–Ni-based alloys through zoning annealing of La0.78Mg0.22Ni3.90 polymorphic alloy. The as-cast La0.78Mg0.22Ni3.90 alloy contained two phases of LaNi5 (50.8wt.%) and (La,Mg)2Ni7 (49.2wt.%). When annealed at 1173K, solid LaNi5 phase reacted with a liquid phase from (La,Mg)2Ni7 converting into the (La,Mg)5Ni19 phase. Increasing temperature to 1223K, the residual LaNi5 phase continued to react with a liquid phase from (La,Mg)5Ni19 forming a new (La,Mg)6Ni24 phase in the alloy. Field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) analysis found that the (La,Mg)6Ni24 phase showed diffuse distributing in the alloys and this particular morphology provided plenty of phase boundaries which offered more hydrogen diffusion routes. The high rate dischargeability (HRD) of the alloy electrodes increased with higher (La,Mg)6Ni24 phase abundance. When the abundance of (La,Mg)6Ni24 phase raised to 62.0wt.%, the HRD of the alloy electrode at a discharge current density of 1500mAg−1(HRD 1500) reached 68.0%. Meanwhile, the surface exchange current density (I 0) and hydrogen diffusion coefficient (D) increased to 360.35mAg−1 and 2.450×10−11 cm2 s−1, respectively.
Hard carbon draws great interests as anode material in lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity, high rate capability and abundance of its precursors. Herein we firstly synthesize the lignin-melamine resins by grafting melamine onto lignin. Afterwards, nitrogen doped hard carbon is prepared by the pyrolysis of lignin-melamine resins with the aid of catalyst (Ni(NO3)2·6H2O) at 1000 °C. Compared with the samples without nitrogen-doping and catalysis, as-prepared nitrogen doped hard carbon exhibits higher reversible capacity (345 mAh g–1 at 0.1 A g−1), higher rate capability (145 mAh g−1 at 5 A g–1) and excellent cycling stability. The superior electrochemical performance is ascribed to the synergistic effect of nitrogen doping, graphitic structure and amorphous structure. Among them, nitrogen doping could create the vacancies around the nitrogen sites, which enhance the reactivity and the electronic conductivity of materials. Additionally, graphitic structure also enhances the electronic conductivity of materials, thus improving the electrochemical performance of hard carbon. It is worthwhile that lignin, renewable and abundant biopolymer, is converted to hard carbon with good electrochemical performance, which realizes the high value utilization of lignin.
A new three dimensional (3D) cyanide-bridged homo-metallic coordination polymer [{NiII(4,4′-dipy)4}{Ni(CN)4}]n·(4,4′-dipy)·3H2O·C2H6O2 (1) (4,4′-dipy = 1,3-di(4-pyridyl)propane) has been functionalized by making its composite with P25 (titanium dioxide) for photocatalytic hydrogen production from water. 1/TiO2 composite manifests appreciable hydrogen production in contrast with the virgin compounds 1 and P25, accentuating that the photocatalytic activity greatly corresponds to the well separation of photo generated charge carriers. Different wt% (2.5%, 5%, 7% and 10%) of 1 in 1/TiO2 composites were assessed for photocatalytic activity in 5 vol% glycerol water mixture. The 5 wt% 1/TiO2 composite showed the maximum hydrogen production of 11.2 mmol h−1 g−1. The veiled mechanism is revealed on the basis of results obtained by cyclic voltammetry, photoluminescence and diffused reflectance UV–visible studies. The key step in proposed mechanism is the transfer of electrons from conduction band of TiO2 to compound 1. Compound 1 not only quenches the conduction band electrons of titania but also acts as a co-catalyst to reduce the protons into hydrogen. This outcome is envisaged to manage the future advancement of proficient, inexpensive semiconductor photocatalysts for solar Hydrogen production.
Abstract Constant pregnancy monitoring is a promising alternative for reducing the numbers of stillbirths and preterm deliveries due to false alarms. Telemonitoring systems can provide regular, accurate, and timely monitoring to reduce risks, costs, and the time the mothers to be spend at hospitals. In this chapter, the ideal characteristics for such wearable monitoring systems are described. These were investigated considering technical aspects and user research. Furthermore, a smart garment integrated with sensors and a flexible printed circuit board for ambulatory pregnancy monitoring is proposed. A study was conducted to gather user requirements to ensure comfort during long registrations of foetal heart rate and electrohysterogram. Based on those requirements, several garment alternatives for the monitoring system are proposed and evaluated.
Porous ZnO microspheres and globular ZnO are synthesized by facile hydrothermal methods and the electrochemical performance as negative active ingredient of zinc-nickel secondary battery is compared with commercial ZnO. Throughout the process, we first characterize the material by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm the samples and the morphology of the samples before and after charge-discharge process is determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Also, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measures the specific surface area which plays a vital role in the galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements, cyclic voltammograms (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Porous ZnO whose maximum discharge specific capacity is up to 643.2 mAh g−1 (coulomb efficiency 97.60%) has outstanding cycling performance and large discharge capacity due to the porous structure and the large specific surface area, and the specific capacity remains essentially above 600 mAh g−1 in the first 600 cycles after the pre-activation process. In addition, the high rate performance of porous ZnO is also examined to demonstrate that porous ZnO as negative active ingredient of zinc-nickel secondary battery has good discharge properties under a large current density.
10wt.% carbon-coated natural graphite (NC-10) is prepared by thermal vapor deposition. The carbon coating is electrochemically investigated at −5°C; it improves lithium intercalation in the graphite's interlayer spacing. NC-10 graphite clearly shows 3 voltage plateaus and a higher capacity during the first charge/discharge cycle at −5°C than uncoated natural graphite. XRD study of the electrode after the first charging shows increased lithium intercalation into the graphite layers and also suppression of lithium deposition on the graphite's surface. Due to the homogeneous potential profile on the graphite surface, carbon coating enhance lithium intercalation at −5°C. In addition, NC-10 shows less lithium deposition on the surface than bare natural graphite.
Through a chemical lithiation method, we were able to modify the well-known anode material MoO3 to develop a new kind of a high specific energy cathode. Thus, nanobelts of MoO3 were synthetized and chemically lithiated to obtain nominally LiMoO3 (composition discovered via DFT calculations). This electrode material showed enhanced electrochemical performance (>150 mAh/g for a loading of 4 mg/cm2 at 3C rate) and can be considered as a novel cathode with high specific charge. Its reaction mechanism was explored via high resolution in situ XRD and post mortem SEM analysis, which revealed almost no damage to the nanobelts after 50 cycles.
The views expressed in this article are those of the author’s and does not necessarily reflect the views of author’s work organization.
Ternary transition metal oxides are the important alternatives to commercial graphite for future lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this work, porous Co2FeO4 octahedral structures were synthesized by annealing the precursor from hydrothermal process, and the electrochemical properties of the samples as anode for LIBs were studied. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that porous Co2FeO4 structures with octahedral shape display remarkably high discharge capacity, which is even slightly higher than the theoretical value of Co2FeO4. The specific capacity retention of Co2FeO4 porous structure annealed at 700°C reaches ca. 96.4% of that in the first cycle after 50 cycles. It is expected that the as-synthesized porous Co2FeO4 octahedrons can be a promising anode material for LIBs.
In this work, porous vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanotubes have been synthesized by a simple electrospinning technique followed by an annealing process with using low-cost inorganic vanadium precursor. By controlling the annealing time at 400°C, a small amount of polymer pyrolysis carbon can be retained which improves the conductivity of the porous V2O5 nanotubes. When evaluated as a cathode material for lithium ion batteries, the porous V2O5 nanotubes delivered capacities of 114.9, 99.7 and 79.6mAhg−1 at 10, 20 and 50C in the voltage range of 2.5-4.0V, respectively. Moreover, the porous V2O5 nanotubes display good cycling performance, the capacity retention is 97.4% after 200 cycles at 50C. The results indicate that fabricating nanostructured V2O5 with a porous interconnected morphology is an effective way to improve the electrochemical performance of V2O5.
Abstract Premium luxury vehicles face particular challenges as we move towards a society where CO2 reduction is a priority, because they tend to be larger, heavier, have higher performance or more features than vehicles in other sectors of the market. Various methods exist to reduce CO2 emissions. These focus on the areas of propulsion, weight and parasitic losses. These need to be taken in the context of the overall life cycle of the vehicle. That is the cost, in CO2 terms, of manufacturing, using and disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life. As well as conventional vehicle optimisation, research and advanced engineering is being undertaken on various forms of hybrid vehicles, specifically hybrid electric vehicle, plug in hybrid electric vehicle and kinetic hybrids. This paper:  Summarises the low carbon research and development being undertaken by Jaguar Land Rover and its partners in the context of the technical route towards hybrids and electric vehicles.  Examines potential solutions for premium vehicles along with the attribute trades that these solutions engender.  Presents comparative results from the recently completed part TSB funded REHEV and LimoGreen projects concluding with a view of the optimum solutions for various potential hybrid products.
The pretreatment to modify the valence of cobalt by discharging at 0.2 C rate for 7.5 h before the first initial activation charge process is effective in improving the surface electronic conductivity among fine particles of positive electrode active materials. The discharge curves indicate the same locus within 1800 cycles, and the capacity of the pretreated battery is stable for over 4000 cycles. However, in-situ cell pretreatment with constant current has negative influence on other components. During the constant current pretreatment, the cell voltage rapidly falls to −0.5 V in the first 10 s of in-situ pretreatment. Therefore, we investigate the pretreatment by supplying a constant voltage to the battery instead of a constant current, and find the effective condition to improve the electrochemical performance and not to have any influence on other components of the battery.
Mathematical models can predict the performances of batteries, such as their state of charge and state of health. Among physicochemical governing equations, Fick’s first and second laws describe ionic intercalation and solid-state diffusion in electrode particles, respectively. Conventionally, molar concentration and current density are the main descriptors for ionic intercalation and solid-state diffusion in the electrochemical models. However, more relevant and typical descriptors for rechargeable batteries are intercalation quantity (i.e., x in LixC6) and C-rate. Herein, we translate the governing equations of Fick’s laws based on intercalation quantity and C-rate, instead of the molar concentration and current density. The new governing equations enabled faster computation of the electrochemical models, benefited by the intrinsically dimensionless properties of the descriptors. Moreover, the newly derived equations provide a practical insight to design the morphology of particles for the improved rate capability. Implementing the newly derived governing equations to a single-particle model demonstrated faster, efficient, and reliable simulation to investigate the effects of particle size, diffusivity, and C-rate on lithium-ion batteries performances. These new governing equations can be implemented in various models for batteries in general, enabling an efficient computation and facilitated communication among researchers investigating energy storage.
Maturity of the photovoltaic (PV) technology is emphasized by the numerous types of applications encountered nowadays. One of the most interesting applications, however, is the use of PV units for pumping water, i.e. the implementation of PV pumping systems (PVPSs) in order to cover both irrigation and potable water needs, especially in remote areas where connection to the local grid is not always feasible. To further establish the utilization of such systems, the performance of a typical PVPS is currently examined. For this purpose, both the efficiency of the system and the ability to transfer water are determined. Detailed measurements provided by a series of experiments are used, while for increased reliability of the results presented, an error analysis is accordingly carried out. Finally, from the results obtained, one may argue that a similar PVPS not only comprises an environmentally friendly solution but also contributes substantially to the satisfaction of remote communities’ water consumption needs.
Phase pure Li0.95Na0.05Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 and LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 have been synthesized by calcination of co-precipitated precursors. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the powders are aggregated microplates sized between 100 nm and 300 nm in diameter and 50 nm in thickness. Electrochemical tests show that the Li0.95Na0.05Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 discharges initially a much higher capacity under a current density of 27 mA g−1 (250.5 mAh g−1) than LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (155.4 mAh g−1). The discharge capacity at the 70th cycle is 134.8 mAh g−1 under a current density of 135 mA g−1, and it increases to 143.1 mAh g−1 after the test cell has been standing still for 3 months. The latter cell exhibits better cycle performance with capacity retention of 99.02% after 110 cycles at different current densities, therefore, Li0.95Na0.05Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 is capable of self-repairing.
The electrocatalytic behavior of boron-doped nanoporous honeycomb diamond films modified with Pt nanoparticles (10–150 nm) was examined with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in acid solution. For two such films as well as an as-deposited film, the average number of exposed surface Pt atoms was estimated from CV to be 1.07(±0.05)×1015 cm−2 (real area, as estimated by SEM). These electrodes exhibited high electroactivity for hydrogen adsorption and oxidation of several alcohols. The current density (geometric basis) in the CV for methanol oxidation at a Pt-modified porous film with a pore diameter of 400 nm and a pore depth of 3 μm, was greatly enhanced, by a factor of 16, in comparison to the values obtained with a bulk Pt electrode. This enhancement is attributed to both the high surface area of the nano-honeycomb structure and the high electrocatalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles dispersed inside the pores. The electrocatalytic activities of the Pt-modified nano-honeycomb films were found to be dependent on the structural parameters of the honeycomb pores and the molecular sizes of the alcohols. Interestingly, ac impedance measurements have indicated a decrease in the penetration depths for a Pt-modified porous film with a pore diameter of 60 nm with increasing alcohol size, and an increase in the reaction resistances for ethanol oxidation with decreasing pore diameter.
Central monitoring site (CMS) concentrations have been used to represent population-based personal exposures to particulate matter (PM) of ambient origin. We investigated the associations of the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 and their elemental components for elderly clinic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in two cities with different PM compositions, that is, New York City (NYC) and Seattle. Daily measurements of CMS, outdoor residential, and indoor PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations, as well as personal PM10, were made concurrently for 12-consecutive winter days at 9 NYC and 15 Seattle residences, as well for 9 NYC residences in summer. Filters were analyzed for elemental components using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and for black carbon (BC) by light reflectance, and outdoor–indoor–personal relationships of PM components were examined using mixed-effect models. Using sulfur (S) as a tracer of PM of ambient origin, the mean contributions of outdoor PM2.5 was 55.2% of the indoor concentrations in NYC, and 80.0% in Seattle, and outdoor PM2.5 in NYC and Seattle were 19.7 and 18.5% of personal PM2.5 concentration. S was distributed homogeneously in both cities (R2=0.65), whereas nickel (R2=0.23) was much more spatially heterogeneous. Thus, CMS measurements can adequately reflect personal exposures for spatially uniform components, such as sulfate, but they are not adequate for components from more local sources.
In order to shed light on ageing mechanisms of Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC), two kinds of activated carbons are studied in tetraethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (Et4NBF4) in acetonitrile. In floating mode, it turns out that two different ageing mechanisms are observed, depending on the activated carbon electrode materials used. On one hand, carbon A exhibits a continuous capacitance and series resistance fall-off; on the other hand, for carbon B, only the series resistance degrades after ageing while the capacitance keeps unchanged. Additional electrochemical characterizations (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy – EIS – and diffusion coefficient calculations) were carried out showing that carbon A's ageing behavior is suspected to be primarily related to the carbon degradation while for carbon B a passivation occurs leading to the formation of a Solid Electrolyte Interphase-Like (SEI-L) film. These hypotheses are supported by TG-IR and Raman spectroscopy analysis. The outcome forms the latter is an increase of carbon defects on carbon A on positive electrode.
A carbon-free, three-dimensional network structured material composed of NiCo2O4 nanowires and Ni foam was synthesized by a facile method. When applied as the air electrode for the lithium–oxygen battery, the unique network structure enables the surface of nanowires highly accessible to the reactants and facilities the electron transport during the charge/discharge processes. A superior electrochemical performance including low charge overpotential and excellent cyclability are obtained. This work suggests the great potential of the carbon-free NiCo2O4@Ni as the air electrodes for lithium–oxygen batteries.