batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Truly solid polymer electrolyte membranes are designed by thermally induced free radical polymerisation. The overall membrane architecture is built on a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (s-IPN) structure, where a di-methacrylate oligomer is cross-linked (in situ) in the presence of a long thermoplastic linear PEO chain and a supporting lithium salt to obtain a freestanding, flexible and non-tacky film. In the envisaged systems, the di-methacrylate functions as a soft cross-linker, thus avoiding physico-mechanical deformation of the s-IPNs at elevated temperature, without hampering the ionic conductivity. s-IPNs exhibit remarkable stability towards lithium metal and no traces of impurity are detected while testing their oxidation stability (4.7 V vs. Li/Li+) towards anodic potential. The newly elaborated system is also successfully tested at moderately high temperature in Li metal cells in which LiFePO4/C is used as the cathode active material, showing excellent indications of safe and highly durable electrolyte separator (i.e., 2000 cycles at reasonably high 1C rate).
Slurry electrodes are investigated in order to decouple the energy storage capacity from the power delivery capability in an all-iron flow battery. For the slurry electrode to perform effectively, the battery negative reaction must occur on the slurry particles at reasonably high current densities. Mathematical modeling is used to investigate the current distribution in a slurry electrode as a function of the slurry specific area and electrical conductivity in order to achieve >95% plating in the slurry electrode (not on the flat plate) at > 200 mA cm−2. From the mathematical modeling, MWCNTs are selected to demonstrate slurry electrode performance. The experimental performance of all-iron batteries charged using the MWCNT slurry electrodes is found to improve while increasing the battery state-of-charge. Two possible mechanisms contributing to this effect are an increase in electronic conductivity of the slurry and an increase in plating kinetics. After cycling the battery, <5% of the total battery charge was observed to have plated onto the current collector.
This paper describes a novel simple redox process for synthesizing monodispersed MnO2 powders and preparation of spherical LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode materials by molten salt synthesis (MSS) method. Monodispersed MnO2 powders have been synthesized by using potassium permanganate and manganese sulfate as the starting materials. By using this redox method, it was found that monodispersed MnO2 powders with average particle size ∼5μm can be easily obtained. Resultant MnO2 and LiOH, Ni(OH)2 was then used to synthesis LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode materials with retention of spherical particle shape by MSS method. The discharge capacity was 129mAhg−1 in the first cycle and 127mAhg−1 after 50 cycles under an optimal synthesis condition for 12h at 800°C.
To meet the requirements of the energy storage materials for high energy density and high power density, unique niobium carbide-derived carbon (NbC-CDC) coated graphitized mesophase carbon microbead (GMCMB) composites (GMCMB@NbC-CDC) with core-shell structure were prepared by chlorinating the precursor of graphitization mesophase carbon microbead@niobium carbide. The microstructure of NbC-CDC was characterized as mainly amorphous carbon combined with short and curved sheets of graphene, and the order degree of carbon layers increases with the chlorination temperature. The composites exhibited a tunable specific surface area and micropore volume, with micropore size of 0.6∼0.7nm. Compared with the pure GMCMB, the GMCMB@NbC-CDC composites manifested higher charge (726.9mAhg−1) and discharge capacities (458.9mAhg−1) at the first cycle, which was probably that Li ions could insert into not only carbon layers of GMCMB but also micropores of NbC-CDC. After 100 cycles, the discharge capacity of GMCMB@NbC-CDC chlorinated at 800°C still kept 384.6mAhg−1, which was much higher than that of the pure GMCMB (305.2mAhg−1). Furthermore, the GMCMB@NbC-CDC composites presented better rate performance at higher current densities.
The primary goal of this work has been to electrochemically form and then characterize a composite polyaniline (PANI)/hydrous Ir oxide (IrOx) film. Efforts to electrochemically form IrOx and PANI simultaneously in acidic aniline-containing solutions failed, likely as aniline adsorption on Ir prevents IrOx formation. Successful composite films were therefore made by first forming an anodic IrOx film on bulk Ir and then depositing PANI into its pores. Based on the characteristics of the PANI redox peaks, it is seen that all of the PANI film that is electrochemically active is in direct electrical contact with the Ir surface at the base of the IrOx film pores. This is consistent with the cross-sectional SEM and EDX analyses, showing the formation of films of uniform thickness and composition. Thin films of Ir nanoparticles, subsequently converted to IrOx, were also used as a template for PANI formation within the porous structure. These hybrid films exhibit an enhanced internal porosity, ease of multiple coating formation (up to 20μm in thickness), high charge densities, unusual electrochromic behavior, and very rapid charge transfer kinetics. The formation of composite IrOx/PANI films also resulted in a widening (by 0.3–0.4V) of the potential window over which a pseudocapacitive and electrochromic response is seen.
The protein composition of excitatory synapses differs in the areas of the human neocortex controlling language, emotion and other behaviors. This neocortical postsynaptic proteome data resource can be used to link genetics to brain imaging and behavior.
Direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC) as a liquid type fuel cell is promising for portable applications. In this study, we report our recent progress in the micro-fuel cell development. A power density of 80mWcm−2 was achieved in passive mode at ambient conditions when using the anode containing nickel, carbon-supported Pd catalyst and Nafion ionomer. Current efficiency was also found to be greatly increased due to the use of Nafion rather than polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Based on improvements on single cell performance, planar multi-cell power modules were assembled to study the feasibility of making high-performance and practical DBFC power units. A power of 2.5W was achieved in a fully passive eight-cell module after significantly simplifying cell structure.
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a prominent clinical problem, with limited effective therapies. Preliminary non-randomized clinical trial data support that Scrambler Therapy is helpful in this situation.
Background A sustained gaze-evoked nystagmus (GEN) is an important ocular finding that may indicate serious neurologic pathology. It is also a finding that can be missed easily during routine extraocular muscle (EOM) testing. This report presents a case that should familiarize the reader with GEN and presents a novel approach to testing EOM function. Case report The mother of an otherwise healthy 4-year-old girl noted that her daughter’s eyes crossed occasionally, the right lid drooped on one occasion, and she had been having strange headaches. An asymmetric, sustained, gaze-evoked nystagmus was detected using a different approach to EOM testing. Magnetic resonance imaging found a large, brainstem astrocytoma in the cerebellar-pontine angle. Conclusion EOM function often is overlooked or underperformed but is an important part of the battery of clinical tests to rule out neurologic problems. Most forms of EOM testing will check for muscle palsies but little else. If the time is taken to extend the patient’s gaze to the extreme ends, to attempt to hold the gaze in all 9 positions, and to maintain an accurate speed, the clinician can stand to gain much more information regarding the neurologic system.
Conducting cognitive assessment tests throughout normal daily life offers new opportunities to early detect changes in cognitive efficiency. Such tests would allow identification of early symptoms of cognitive impairment, monitor the progress of disease processes related to cognitive efficiency and reduce the risk of cognitive overload. Reaction time tests are known as simple and sensitive tests for detecting variation in cognitive efficiency. A drawback of existing reaction time tests is that they require the full attention of a test person, which prohibits the measurement of cognitive efficiency during daily routine tasks. In this contribution we present the design, implementation and empirical evaluation of two wearable reaction time tests that can be operated throughout everyday life. We designed and implemented wearable watch-like devices, which combine the generation of haptic stimuli and the recognition of hand gestures as the subject’s response. For the evaluation of the wearable interface, we conducted a user study with 20 subjects to investigate to what extent we can measure changes in length and variability of user’s reaction time with the wearable interfaces in comparison to well accepted, traditional desktop-based tests. Based on the achieved statistical results, we conclude that the presented wearable reaction time tests are suitable to measure factors that influence length and variability of reaction times.
MnO@C/N composite with expanded cauliflower-like morphology was prepared via one-pot L-tryptophan assisted hydrothermal method following by annealing in Ar atmosphere. The cauliflower structure was assembled by porous nanowires that composed of MnO nanoparticles wrapped by continuous N-doped amorphous carbon matrix. Superior electrochemical performances were obtained in both lithium/sodium ion batteries. And the reaction kinetics of MnO@C/N in lithium/sodium ion batteries were analyzed and compared. More than 837mAhg−1 could be retained after 300 cycles at 500mAg−1. And a high reversible capacity of 336mAhg−1 at 5000mAg−1 also demonstrate the excellent rate performance of MnO@C/N for LIBs. As to SIBs, 123mAhg−1 could be maintained after 200 cycles at 100mAg−1. The superior performances could be attributed to the peculiar porous micro-nano structure and N-doped amorphous carbon coating. The reaction kinetics results revealed that the capacitive-controlled capacity would dominate of the electrochemical performance in SIBs and the diffusion-controlled capacity could play a more important role in LIBs, due to the atom weight and size of Na+ is larger than Li+.
A new and effective approach to prepare carbon-coated Si nanocomposites as high capacity anode materials for lithium-ion batteries with markedly improved electrochemical performance is described. Initially, nanosized Si particles (<100nm) were mixed with different concentrations of the carbon source precursor, citric acid in ethanol solution via ultrasonication. Spray pyrolysis of these mixtures at 400°C in air resulted in an amorphous carbon coating on the spherical Si nanoparticles. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis confirms a homogeneous layer of amorphous carbon coating of ∼10nm. These resultant nanocomposites show excellent cycling performance, especially when the disordered carbon (DC) content is above 50wt.%. The 44Si/56DC nanocomposite shows the highest specific capacity retention of 1120mAhg−1 after 100 cycles. The carbon-coating on the nanocrystalline Si particles appears to be the main reason for the good cyclability, suggesting the excellent potential of these Si/DC-based nanocomposites for use as alternative anodes for lithium-ion batteries.
The aim of this study is to estimate the state of charge (SOC) of the lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery pack by applying machine learning strategy. To reduce the noise sensitive issue of common machine learning strategies, a kind of SOC estimation method based on fuzzy least square support vector machine is proposed. By applying fuzzy inference and nonlinear correlation measurement, the effects of the samples with low confidence can be reduced. Further, a new approach for determining the error interval of regression results is proposed to avoid the control system malfunction. Tests are carried out on modified COMS electric vehicles, with two battery packs each consists of 24 50 Ah LiFePO4 batteries. The effectiveness of the method is proven by the test and the comparison with other popular methods.
Propionibacterium freudenreichii ET-3 culture, a cell-free product of whey fermentation using P. freudenreichii ET-3 (7025), has been shown to promote the growth of Bifidobacteria through the action of 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA), and therefore, has potential use in the food and supplement industries. Although currently used as a food ingredient in Japan, the safety of this novel ingredient has not been previously evaluated through traditional toxicity testing. Therefore, here we report the results of standard toxicological testing performed on P. freudenreichii ET-3 culture. In a 4-week oral toxicity study, administration of 6000mg/kg body weight/day P. freudenreichii ET-3 culture was without compound-related adverse effects on clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, ophthalmology, hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, organ weights, and gross and microscopic findings in male and female Sprague–Dawley rats. Furthermore, in vitro mutagenicity testing demonstrated that P. freudenreichii ET-3 culture was non-mutagenic in the bacterial reverse mutation assay using a standard battery of bacterial strains (Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 and Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA) and non-clastogenic in Chinese hamster lung cells in the mammalian chromosome aberration test. Together, the results of these studies support the safety of P. freudenreichii ET-3 culture for use in foods for human consumption.
The paper presents a new approach for state estimation of lithium–iron phosphate batteries. Lithium–iron phosphate/graphite batteries are very intricate in state of charge estimation since the open circuit voltage characteristic is flat and ambiguous. The characteristic is ambiguous because open circuit voltages are different if one charges or discharges the battery. These properties also hinder state of health estimation. Therefore conventional approaches like Kalman filtering which represents a state by only the mean and the variance of a Gaussian probability density function tend to fail. The particle filter presented here overcomes the problem by using Monte Carlo sampling methods which are able to represent any probability density function. The ambiguities can be modelled stochastically and complex models dealing with hysteresis can be avoided. The state of health estimation employs the same framework and takes the estimated state of charge as input for estimating the battery's state of health. The filter was developed for A123 lithium–iron phosphate batteries. For validation purposes user profiles for batteries in different ageing states like electric vehicles and off-grid power supply applications were generated at a battery testing system. The results show good accuracy.
Visual hallucinations carry poor prognosis in Parkinson’s disease. Here we tested the hypothesis that the hippocampus and visuospatial memory impairment play a central role in the pathology of PD with visual hallucinations. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was carried out in 12 people with PD and visual hallucinations; 15 PD individuals without hallucinations; and 14 healthy controls. Age, gender, cognitive ability, and education level were matched across the three groups. PD patients were taking dopaminergic medication. Hippocampal volume, shape, mean diffusivity (MD), and functional connectivity within the whole brain were examined. Visuospatial memory was compared between groups, and correlations with hippocampal MD, functional connectivity, and the severity of hallucinations were explored. There were no macrostructural differences across groups, but individuals with hallucinations had higher diffusivity in posterior hippocampus than the other two groups. Visuospatial memory was poorer in both PD groups compared to controls, and was correlated with hallucinations. Finally, hippocampal functional connectivity in the visual cortices was lower in those with hallucinations than other groups, and this correlated with visuospatial memory impairment. In contrast, functional connectivity between the hippocampus and default mode network regions and frontal regions was greater in the PD hallucinators compared to other groups. We suggest that hippocampal pathology, which disrupts visuospatial memory, makes a key contribution to visual hallucinations in PD. These findings may pave the way for future studies of imaging biomarkers to measure treatment response in those with PD who are most at risk of poor outcomes.
Five compositions of Li[(CoNi1/2Mn1/2) x (Li1/3Mn2/3)(1−2x)]O2 solid solutions with layered lithium manganese oxides were designed using a triangle phase diagram and were synthesized using a sol–gel method. The phase diagram satisfied the theoretical manganese oxidation state of 4+ over the whole triangle plane of the diagram and was expressed with a design equation of Li[(CoNi1/2Mn1/2) x (Li1/3Mn2/3)(1−2x)]O2. It was found that the solid solutions were synthesized with layered structure maintaining the manganese oxidation state of 4+ and showed a one-step monotonous discharge curve shape without structural transformation to spinel during charge/discharge processes. The synthesized solid solutions delivered high discharge capacities with negligible capacity fading.
In this study, a novel core-shell structured poly-m-phenyleneisophthalamide@polyvinylidene fluoride (PMIA@PVDF) nanofiber separator was successfully synthesized via facile coaxial electrospinning. The thermal resistance, electrolyte uptake, ion conductivity as well as anodic stability window of the nanofiber separator were synchronously improved to above 260 °C, 753%, 1.7 mS cm−1 and 5.0 V, which resulted in an appealing safety and electrochemical performance. The markedly enhanced performance could be ascribed to the synergistic advantages of the PMIA core and PVDF shell in the homogeneous PMIA@PVDF nanofiber separator. The PMIA core in PMIA@PVDF nanofiber with high melting point and rigidity character acting as stable skeleton strengthened the thermal stability and integrity of the whole separator. Meanwhile, the lyophilic PVDF shell along with the interconnected open pore structure of electrospinning membrane guaranteed the membrane wettability to electrolyte so as to the ion conduction. Most impressively, under high temperature treatments above 180 °C, the PVDF shell could melt and completely occlude the macropores in PMIA@PVDF nanofiber separator to shut down the battery operation without obvious dimensional shrinkage. Thus, the superiorities in electrochemical performance and safety made PMIA@PVDF nanofiber separator a highly qualified separator for high performance lithium ion battery.
Mn–Fe binary oxide, which is a promising electrode material for use in supercapacitors, is prepared by anodic deposition in mixed manganese acetate and iron chloride plating solution. Tailoring the material characteristics and thus the electrochemical performance of the oxide is attempted by annealing (up to 700°C in air). The thermal properties of the as-deposited oxide are examined by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. Glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD), scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used to examine the crystal structure, surface morphology, and chemical state, respectively. Dehydration, organic-matter decomposition, oxidation, surface morphology reconstruction, and crystallization of the oxide as a function of annealing temperature are investigated. The 100°C-annealed oxide, evaluated by cyclic voltammetry at a potential sweep rate of 5mVs−1, shows an optimum specific capacitance of 280Fg−1. Cyclic stability of the oxide electrode can also be improved by post-heat treatment. However, the binary oxide loses its pseudocapacitive capability at the annealing temperature of 500°C, at which point the formation of crystalline (Mn–Fe)2O3 occurs.
Fifty-five students with intractable epilepsy and learning difficulties, aged 6.5 to 14.1 years with a mean IQ of 71.25 (SD=13.56), attended a hospital-based classroom of no more than eight students where they received Direct Instruction programming for 3 to 4.5 days a week, typically for up to 16 weeks. Pretest–posttest academic gains were evaluated in comparison to normative test performance. At pretest the students were achieving below test means in reading and mathematics, particularly in calculation. Direct Instruction was associated with significant improvement in all academic areas except word identification in reading. IQ level was related to certain academic gains, but gains were not associated with seizure variables or the number of days students spent in the program. Despite severe learning difficulties, students with intractable epilepsy can make academic gains when taught by highly structured teaching methods such as Direct Instruction.
The lithium-rich layered 0.5Li2MnO3⋅0.5LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 material was simply prepared by the molten-salt method. Effect of reactant concentration on phase and electrochemical performance was systemically studied by the X-ray diffraction, the galvanostatical charge/discharge and the dQ/dV profile, respectively. It can be confirmed that the obtained phase is sensitive to the reactant concentration. The spinel structure LiMn2O4 or Li4Mn5O12 phase easily occurs, when reactant concentration is low during the molten salt synthesis of Lithium-rich cathode material. The 0.5Li2MnO3–0.5LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 material with partial Li4Mn5O12 phase shows the higher specific capacity, and delivers a initial discharge capacity of 191 mAh g− 1 under a 20 mA g− 1 current rate, and then increases to the maximum value of 250 mAhg− 1. The discharge plateau of 2.5 V and the redox peaks at 2.55, 4.6 V give the electrochemical evidence of the existing Li4Mn5O12 phase, which also results in the higher specific capacity. Formation of partial Li4Mn5O12 phase reduces the initial discharge voltage, but mitigates the decay rate of voltage at the higher discharge current rate.
Previous studies have shown correlations between poor insight and neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Deficit schizophrenia has been associated with worse cognitive functioning and poorer insight. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between insight dimensions (measured by Schedule for the Assessment of Insight—Expanded Version and its factors) and specific neurocognitive functions (assessed through a battery of neuropsychological tests) considering separately patients with deficit (n=29) and nondeficit schizophrenia (n=44), categorized according to the Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome. We found that working memory correlated positively and significantly with awareness of mental illness in both groups. In nondeficit group, awareness of mental illness correlated additionally with verbal fluency and attention. If confirmed by further studies, these results may have important consequences, such as the need of tailoring differently cognitive rehabilitation for each group.