batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A carbon nanotube paper without any binders and additives was directly used as the catalyst for Na–O2 batteries. Corresponding electrochemical performances were investigated. A large discharge capacity can be high up to 7530 mAh g−1, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the highest value obtained at the similar current density. The cycling performance of the Na–O2 battery can be improved with a capacity limit of 1000 mAh g−1. Moreover, the overpotential gap was as small as 200 mV. Na2O2·2H2O is identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) as the main crystalline discharge product and can be decomposed in the following charging process as revealed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). These results indicate that the CNT paper is a promising cathode for Na–O2 battery.
Publisher Summary As the threats of chemical terrorism persists and as hazardous industrial chemicals continue to be produced, stored, and transported across our highways, railways, and waterways, the need for enhancing our chemical emergency preparedness remains crucial. The differences between preparing for intentional and accidental chemical releases are few for those with public health and healthcare responsibilities. Unique public health challenges that result from chemical incidents span across every facet of the emergency management process. Exposures are mitigated by continual industrial process safety and enhanced security. There are also important mitigation steps that must begin in each home through reducing the hazardous chemicals present in the home, organizing a home preparedness kit, making a plan, and following the instructions of officials. Consistent, uniform labeling and nomenclature continues to develop and emergency exposure standards continue to be refined through lessons learned exercises and responses. The focus of these activities must cover the full lifecycle of chemical products, from industry to homes. The response to a major chemical release may include rapid diagnosis and treatment, mass care, mass fatality management, and long-term plans to monitor exposed survivors. Much progress has been made in these areas in recent years and much more is needed. Sustained improvements require a public–private partnership. There is little that public agencies can do to enhance their response and recovery without the cooperation of industry and citizens before, during, and after a disaster.
This work introduces a novel solution system not slurry to synthesize nano-micron sized Li4Ti5O12 by spray drying followed by solid-state calcination at several temperatures between 650 and 800°C. Well-crystallized Li4Ti5O12 with no impurity can be obtained at temperatures of 650, 700, 750 and 800 °C owing to the effect of nanoscale and uniform precursor powders. However, the spherical shape of the precursor powders is maintained after post-treatment at temperatures of 650 and 700°C. Because of the rough and porous nano-micron sized spherical particles, the Li4Ti5O12 obtained at relatively low calcined temperatures of 650 and 700°C show better rate capabilities than them of the Li4Ti5O12 obtained at higher temperatures of 750 and 800°C. At the relatively low calcined temperature of 650°C, the Li4Ti5O12 shows the best electrochemical performance. The initial discharge capacities are 174.8, 170.5, 167.5, 165.3, 158.2, 152.1, 130.9 and 111.9mAhg−1 at the 0.1C, 0.5C, 1C, 2C, 5C, 10C, 15C and 20C rates, respectively. After 100 cycles, the as-prepared Li4Ti5O12 retains 99.6%, 96.9%, 98.8%, 89.3%, 90.4% and 89.0% of its initial discharge capacities at the 1C, 2C, 5C, 10C, 15C and 20C rates, respectively.
SiOx-rich overlayed carbon nanofibers (SiOx-CNFs) are facilely fabricated through the electrospinning of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solution and subsequent hydrolyzation and heat treatments. The SiOx-rich overlayer is apparently observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), which is also identified using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The SiOx-CNF electrode shows greatly improved cycle stability and rate capability, remaining 84.2% of its initial discharge capacity in contrast to only 61.4% for pure CNFs and exhibiting a reversible capacity of 288mAhg−1 at 2Ag−1 compared with that (218mAhg−1) of pure CNFs. This result is ascribed to the formation of a dense and stable SEI film and the highly improved ionic conductivity of SiOx-CNFs during the Li+ insertion/extraction processes. These results suggest that the introduction of SiOx-rich overlayer onto electrodes is an effective strategy to enhance the stability of SEI film and facilitate the surface Li-ion transfer of electrodes, and thus to improve their cycle stability and rate capability.
Kyocera says that its range of industrial precision knives is now available in Europe. According to the company, the knives are made of fine grain carbide, cermet, and zirconium oxide. While the carbide products have high density, hardness and break resistance, the cermet knives have good wear resistance and low affinity to metal, Kyocera says. This material can also be spark eroded (EDM) and brazed. Zirconium oxide is neither magnetic nor electrically insulating, reportedly making it suitable for a wide range of applications, for example in knives and scissors. The knife blades are also treated with Kyocera’s Micro Finishing process whereby the surfaces of the blades are roughened to prevent build-up on adhesive materials, reducing the frictional resistance of the knives. This not only prevents the spread of dust through friction, but also helps prevent materials, such as synthetic fibers, from sticking to the cutting edges, the company says. The knives are available are industrial ultrasonic cutters, suitable for cutting soft, porous and unstable materials with fragile joints; gabel and gang knives longitudinal slitting knive; ring knives that are suitable for cutting everything from individual films to dressing materials; creasing and cutting blades made of tungsten carbide suitable for cutting cardboard boxes; straight-edge knives with good wear resistance and sharpness; and die and punch forms and shaped knives made of in cermet. Applications for the knives include from functional films, rubber products, paper and cardboard, adhesive tapes to electronic devices such as LCD displays, lithium-ion batteries, FPCs, TAB and COF tapes and aluminium electrolytic capacitors. Kyocera; www.kyocera.com
Fructose, mannitol, glucose, d-sorbitol are explored as additives in electrolyte for vanadium redox battery (VRB), respectively. The effects of additives on electrolyte are studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), charge–discharge technique, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that the vanadium redox cell using the electrolyte with the additive of d-sorbitol exhibits the best electrochemical performance (the energy efficiency 81.8%). The EIS results indicate that the electrochemical activity of the electrolyte is improved by adding d-sorbitol, which can be interpreted as the increase of available (–OH) groups providing active sites for electron transfer. The Raman spectra show that VO2+ ions take part in forming a complex with the d-sorbitol, which not only improve solubility of V(V) electrolyte, but also provide more activity sites for the V(IV)/V(V) redox reaction.
Objective Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have often been related to sleep bruxism and elevated nocturnal masseter muscle activity (NMMA). However, previous studies have revealed controversial results, and the role of somatization, depression and anxiety has not been studied in this context. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between NMMA and pain intensity, TMD related symptoms, somatoform symptoms, depression, and anxiety in chronic TMD. Methods Thirty-six subjects with chronic painful TMD, 34 subjects with pain free bruxism, and 36 healthy controls recorded their nocturnal masseter muscle activity during three consecutive nights with portable devices. In addition, participants completed pain diaries and questionnaires. Diagnoses were established using the research diagnostic criteria for TMD. Results Subjects with chronic TMD reported a reduced general health state (p <.001), higher levels of somatoform symptoms (p <.001), depression (p <.05), and anxiety (p <.001) compared to control subjects with or without sleep bruxism. The amount of NMMA did not differ significantly between the groups. In subjects with TMD, pain intensity was not related to NMMA. However, higher NMMA was related to higher intensity of jaw related symptoms such as headache or tinnitus, and higher somatization in general. Conclusion Chronic TMD is associated with elevated levels of psychopathology. These findings suggest a common link between NMMA, somatization, and symptom intensity in chronic TMD.
Co3O4 powders as anode active materials for Li-ion battery are synthesized by a simple precipitation method. Physical properties of the prepared Co3O4 are characterized by N2 physisorption, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Conversion mechanisms upon the structural changes of Co3O4 anode are thoroughly studied by an in situ X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) technique. In the first cycle of discharge/charge, the X-ray absorption near-edge structure of Co reveals that the 1.1 V plateau of the discharging is ascribed to the direct conversion of Co3O4 to Co metal, and the 2.0 V plateau of the charging to the conversion of Co metal to CoO and Co3O4. In the second cycle of discharge/charge, the XAFS analysis reveals that a part of Co metal phase remains unconverted due to the phase isolation. It is demonstrated that the addition of a conductive material can significantly improve the redox reaction of the Co3O4 anode material by minimizing the phase isolation.
Long-term biodegradation of MSW in an aerobic landfill bioreactor was monitored as a function of time during 510 days of operation. Operational characteristics such as air importation, temperature and leachate recirculation were monitored. The oxygen utilization rates and biodegradation of organic matter rates showed that aerobic biodegradation was feasible and appropriate to proceed in aerobic landfill bioreactor. Leachate analyses showed that the aerobic bioreactor could remove above 90% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and close to 100% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) from leachate. Ammonium ( NH 4 + ), nitrate ( NO 3 - ) and sulphate ( SO 4 2 - ) concentrations of leachate samples were regularly measured. Results suggest that nitrification and denitrification occurred simultaneously, and the increase in nitrate did not reach the levels predicted stoichiometrically, suggesting that other processes were occurring. Leachate recirculation reduced the concentrations of heavy metals because of the effect of the high pH of the leachate, causing heavy metals to be retained by processes such as sorption on MSW, carbonate precipitation, and hydroxide precipitation. Furthermore, the compost derived from the aerobic biodegradation of the organic matter of MSW may be considered as soil improvement in the agricultural plant production. Bio-essays indicated that the ecotoxicity of leachate from the aerobic bioreactor was not toxic at the end of the experiment. Finally, after 510 days of degradation, waste settlement reached 26% mainly due to the compost of the organic matter.
This paper proposes a mathematical model for an electric bus powertrain, implemented in a simulation platform. We intend to analyze the consumption of energy according to the route specifications and other performance measures. The potential for regenerative braking will be evaluated for different routes, since it depends significantly on them. It is expected that a “pattern” can be observed in that concerning the potential of the system to recover back some of the energy spent in its operation. Moreover, the use of supercapacitors to make this braking energy absorption is investigated.
The present investigation work compares cycling ageing behaviour upon constant operation conditions (static tests) with degradation under non-constant schemes (dynamic tests), through a novel methodology for ageing model dynamic validation. A LFP-based Li-ion cell performance loss is analysed using a DOD and C-rate stress factors Ah-throughput-domain characterisation method, and represented using a semi-empirical model. The proposed stepwise validation approach enables assessing the static ageing tests acceleration factor and systematically improving the ageing model. The result is a simple but comprehensive model. The predictions root-mean-square error, under dynamic cycling operation conditions, is just 1.75%.
In bulk-type all-solid-state lithium batteries with sulfide-based solid electrolytes, composite electrodes, in which an active material, a solid electrolyte, and a conductive additive are mixed, have been used to enhance lithium-ion diffusion and electronic conductivity. However, the addition of electrolytes and electron-conductive additives to the composite electrodes decreases the amount of active materials in the batteries. In the present study, FePS3 was employed as the electrode in an all-solid-state lithium secondary battery, without mixing the solid electrolytes and conductive additives. The all-solid-state cell using the FePS3 electrode exhibited reversible charge-discharge behavior for more than 30 cycles under a constant current density of 0.13mAcm−2 at room temperature. The discharge capacity of the cell was 107mAhg−1 at the 30th cycle. This behavior was comparable to that of a cell with an electrode including a solid electrolyte and/or a conductive additive, indicating that the FePS3 electrode had sufficient paths of lithium ions and of electron conduction. These results suggest that FePS3 is an attractive iron-based electrode for an all-solid-state battery using a sulfide-based solid electrolyte.
The increase in energy demand has made the renewable resources more attractive. Representing the largest sources of renewable energy, solar and wind systems are expanding due to the rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources and the growing evidence of the global warming phenomena. However, variability and intermittency are some of the main features that characterize these renewable sources. The hybridization of multiple sources improves the system efficiency and the reliability of the supply. This paper presents an update literature review on optimization techniques used for the sizing and energy management of hybrid photovoltaic/wind/battery energy systems. Furthermore, a new sizing approach based on cuckoo search (CS) algorithm is proposed for grid-connected hybrid energy systems. The sizing optimization is a multi-objective problem with economic, technical and environmental constraints. The reliability criterion is modeled by a novel grid power absorption probability (GPAP) parameter. The new method is tested for both a residential load and an agricultural farm load located in the city of Ghardaia, Algeria. The proposed method have better accuracy, faster convergence and less computation time compared to the particle swarm sizing optimization (PSO) technique.
We report non-templated synthesis of interconnected microporous carbon (IMPC) sheets having beehive morphology by direct pyrolysis of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt in inert atmosphere without any activation. The presence of the alkali metal in the selected polymer precursor results in a high specific surface area of 1327 m2 g−1. Importantly, 80% of the pore volume is contributed by micropores with pore size ranging from 1–2 nm which is ideal for use as an electrode for supercapacitors. Whereas the rest of the surface area was contributed by a small fraction of mesopores and macropores due to the interconnected structure. The presence of three different types of pores make the material ideal for supercapacitor electrodes. IMPC was tested as an electrode in both aqueous and non-aqueous supercapacitors. All the aqueous measurements were done in 1 M H2SO4 solution with a potential window 1 V. A specific capacitance of 258 F g−1 was realized at a constant charge–discharge current of 0.5 A g−1 and it maintained at a value of 150 F g−1 at 30 A g−1. A long cycle stability of 90% capacitance retention was observed after 5000 charge–discharge cycles at a current density of 2 A g−1. At the highest power density 13600 W kg−1 the energy density was found to be 3.1 W h kg−1. Non aqueous performance was tested in the presence of 1 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate–di-methyl carbonate with 5 mg active material loading. A specific capacitance of 138 F g−1 was obtained at a current density of 0.25 A g−1 and it retained at a value of 100 F g−1 at 10 A g−1. The material can deliver an energy density of 31 W h kg−1 at its highest power density of 11000 W kg−1 in a two electrode system based on active material loading.
A series of RuO2 · xH2O/carbon aerogel (CA) composite electrode materials was prepared by a chemical precipitation method. Ultrasonication was used to accelerate the chemical reaction and improve the dispersion of RuO2 · xH2O particles on the surface and the pores of the aerogel. The structure and morphology of the as-prepared composite were characterized by N2 adsorption isotherm, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The results showed that the CA had a pearly network structure and the composites had a relatively high specific surface area and mesopore volume. The electrochemical performance of the composite electrodes was studied by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements and electrochemical impedance measurements. The results indicated a substantial increase in the specific capacitance of the composite. Moreover, the utilization efficiency of RuO2 · xH2O was greatly improved by loading it on the conductive and porous CA due to a significant improvement in the inter-particle electronic conductivity and the extensive mesoporous network of the composites.
Through in situ nucleation and growth of α-MnO2 nanorods on graphene nanosheets (GNs), a α-MnO2 nanorod/GN hybrid was synthesized and employed as the catalyst for non-aqueous lithium oxygen (Li–O2) batteries. The α-MnO2/GN hybrid showed excellent catalytic property. It was demonstrated that the catalytic performance of α-MnO2 for ORR and OER was not only associated with the morphology and size of the particles but also with their combination with graphene. The developed in situ synthetic strategy can also be applied to prepare analogous MOx/GN hybrids used in Li–O2 batteries and other energy storage systems.
Currently, the electric power sector is looking forward towards increasing the bent for availability, reliability and security of energy supply to consumers. This pursuit has vehemently increased the intention for integrating renewable energy (RE) into the electricity sector as a strategy to curb the problem of energy deficiency especially in isolated off-grid settlements. However, the variability in the sources of RE supply coupled with conditional changes in the level of energy consumption with respect to time has brought to focus the necessity for energy storage systems (ESSs). Despite the stochastic nature of RE produced from solar and wind energy and to some extent hydro, interest in their exploitation is still growing high due to their sustainability regarding environmental receptiveness. Thus, this paper extensively reviews the state of the art of three different kinds of energy storage technologies (pumped hydroelectricity storage, batteries and fuel cells) suitable for the integration and management of intermittency in RE. Within the context of the review, advantages and disadvantages of the various technologies are also presented. Additionally, it also pin-points on the different areas of applications of ESSs for RE integration and offers review summary on factors to be considered for selecting appropriate energy storage technology for either commercial or domestic applications. Finally, the paper concluded that ESSs selection is based on performance characteristics and fuel source used whereas no single ESS can meet all the possible requirements to be called a supreme ESS.
To examine the influence of unilateral spatial neglect (USN) on upper extremity function changes after a modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT) program. Secondary analysis of intervention data. Outpatient rehabilitation. Individuals with mild to moderate hemiparesis post stroke. mCIMT program (3 days/week, 60 minutes/day, 4 weeks). We used the line orientation subtest of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropyschological Status and clinical evidence of neglect to characterize USN. We used the Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory (CAHAI-9) to measure upper extremity function at baseline and 4 weeks. We compared mean baseline and week 4 upper extremity function scores of individuals who did and did not demonstrate USN at baseline (t tests for exploratory purposes; Cohen's d effect sizes). Nineteen participants (9 right hemisphere; 10 males; mean age 59) completed the program. Participants who demonstrated USN (n=6) scored lower on the CAHAI-9 at baseline than participants who did not demonstrate USN (n=13; t17=1.37, p=.19). This difference was characterized by a moderate to strong effect size (Cohen's d=.63). After therapy, there were no significant differences between groups on the CAHAI-9 (t13=.34, p=.74), this lack of difference further supported by a small effect size (Cohen's d=.16). A comparison of the magnitude of CAHAI-9 change scores between groups indicated a small to moderate effect size (Cohen's d=.39) favoring the USN group. Preliminary findings suggest that individuals with USN benefit from participation in a mCIMT program and may even benefit more (i.e. greater change scores) than individuals without USN due to the increased potential for improvement. The small sample size limits the generalizability of these findings and future research to examine the short and long term effects of mCIMT on upper extremity recovery in individuals with USN is warranted.
The primary purpose of the present study was to examine the validity of commonly utilized ADHD rating scales within an adult forensic population. Participants were 120 patients assessed for dysfunctional anger and impulsive aggression at a hospital-based clinic. Two psychiatrists made independent diagnoses about the presence or absence of ADHD among individuals presenting with symptoms consistent with this disorder. Following the diagnoses, participants were assessed with multiple ADHD measures, including measures based on self-report, observer-report, or a computerized neuropsychological measure (IVA + Plus). With the exception of the IVA + Plus, the ADHD measures significantly differentiated individuals diagnosed with ADHD from individuals who were not so diagnosed. These measures also demonstrated good diagnostic utility via test specific parameters (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power, and negative predictive power). A sub-set of measures demonstrated particularly good classification accuracy, with high sensitivity (91 %) and good specificity (81 %). Implications of these findings for the effective assessment and diagnosis of ADHD in adult outpatient psychiatric settings are discussed.