batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The AE51 micro-Aethalometer (microAeth) is a popular and useful tool for assessing personal exposure to particulate black carbon (BC). However, few users of the AE51 are aware that its measurements are biased low (by up to 70%) due to the accumulation of BC on the filter substrate over time; previous studies of personal black carbon exposure are likely to have suffered from this bias. Although methods to correct for bias in micro-Aethalometer measurements of particulate black carbon have been proposed, these methods have not been verified in the context of personal exposure assessment. Here, five Aethalometer loading correction equations based on published methods were evaluated. Laboratory-generated aerosols of varying black carbon content (ammonium sulfate, Aquadag and NIST diesel particulate matter) were used to assess the performance of these methods. Filters from a personal exposure assessment study were also analyzed to determine how the correction methods performed for real-world samples. Standard correction equations produced correction factors with root mean square errors of 0.10 to 0.13 and mean bias within ±0.10. An optimized correction equation is also presented, along with sampling recommendations for minimizing bias when assessing personal exposure to BC using the AE51 micro-Aethalometer.
A new method of in situ piezoelectric Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroelectrochemisty, i.e., the combination of in situ FTIR and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), was developed to study the electropolymerization of aniline and aniline-co-o-aminophenol, to investigate the properties of the polymers in 0.2M HClO4. The piezoelectric electrochemical studies showed that the copolymerization process was changed in the presence of o-aminophenol and the copolymer exhibited different electrochemical behaviors from polyaniline and poly-o-aminophenol. The effects of the molar ratio of o-aminophenol on the copolymerization speed and the scan rate or pH values on the electroactivity of the copolymer were also investigated. The results suggested that the copolymer formed in the case of F =0.1 had good stability and electroactivity than polyaniline at different pH values. The results obtained by the way of in situ piezoelectric FTIR spectroelectrochemisty indicated that the copolymerization process and the properties of the copolymer were different from that of polyaniline. The polymerization mechanisms and the structure of the two polymers were also different from each other. The copolymer formed through head-to-tail coupling of the two monomers via NH groups was a new polymer rather than a mixture of polyaniline and poly-o-aminophenol.
Dynamic charge acceptance and charge acceptance under constant voltage charging conditions are for two reasons essential for lead-acid battery operation: energy efficiency in applications with limited charging time (e.g. PV systems or regenerative braking in vehicles) and avoidance of accelerated ageing due to sulphation. Laboratory tests often use charge regimes which are beneficial for the battery life, but which differ significantly from the operating conditions in the field. Lead-acid batteries in applications with limited charging time and partial-state-of-charge operation are rarely fully charged due to their limited charge acceptance. Therefore, they suffer from sulphation and early capacity loss. However, when appropriate charging strategies are applied most of the lost capacity and thus performance for the user may be recovered. The paper presents several aspects of charging regimes and charge acceptance. Theoretical and experimental investigations show that temperature is the most critical parameter. Full charging within short times can be achieved only at elevated temperatures. A strong dependency of the charge acceptance during charging pulses on the pre-treatment of the battery can be observed, which is not yet fully understood. But these effects have a significant impact on the fuel efficiency of micro-hybrid electric vehicles.
The hypothesis of this paper is that in order to identify least cost solutions of the integration of fluctuating renewable energy sources into current or future 100% renewable energy supplies one has to take a Smart Energy Systems approach. This paper outline why and how to do so. Traditionally, significant focus is put on the electricity sector alone to solve the renewable energy integration puzzle. Smart grid research traditionally focuses on ICT, smart meters, electricity storage technologies, and local (electric) smart grids. In contrast, the Smart Energy System focuses on merging the electricity, heating and transport sectors, in combination with various intra-hour, hourly, daily, seasonal and biannual storage options, to create the flexibility necessary to integrate large penetrations of fluctuating renewable energy. However, in this paper we present the development and design of coherent Smart Energy Systems as an integrated part of achieving future 100% renewable energy and transport solutions. The transition from fossil fuels towards the integration of more and more renewable energy requires rethinking and redesigning the energy system both on the generation and consumption side. To enable this, the Smart Energy System must have a number of appropriate infrastructures for the different sectors of the energy system, which are smart electricity grids, smart thermal grids (district heating and cooling), smart gas grids and other fuel infrastructures. It enables fluctuating renewable energy (such as wind, solar, wave power and low value heat sources) to utilise new sources of flexibility such as solid, gaseous, and liquid fuel storage, thermal storage and heat pumps and battery electric vehicles. Smart Energy Systems also enable a more sustainable and feasible use of bioenergy than the current types allow. It can potentially pave the way to a bioenergy-free 100% renewable energy and transport system.
While functional vision loss can certainly be suspected on routine exam based on the patient's response to visual and ophthalmologic testing, it is still a diagnosis of exclusion. However, we are not advocating that every suspected patient undergo the full battery of ancillary tests, as certain tests and procedures may be tedious, inconvenient, and excessive (particularly radiological imaging and electrophysiological tests). Since functional vision loss encompasses a wide variety of conditions, diagnosing cases of the condition should be varied accordingly. Depending on the particular circumstances with the patient, it is up to the individual practitioner to decide how far to pursue ancillary testing to feel comfortable with the diagnosis.
Aqueous paper batteries were fabricated and demonstrated based on LiMn2O4 and carbon coated TiP2O7. Carbon nanotubes conformally coated commercial paper, which served as current collectors. Anode and cathode slurries penetrated these conductive substrates well. Aqueous paper batteries were tested electrochemically, exhibiting excellent rate capability and reasonable cycling life. TiP2O7 dissolution accounts for the observed capacity fade.
To investigate verbal learning, working memory, executive functioning abilities and quality of life issues in Greek-Cypriots over the age of 60. This study is part of the first systematic research program exploring neuropsychological-neurocognitive performance and quality of life issues in the elderly Greek-Cypriot population in Cyprus. An inception cohort longitudinal study of community dwellers ages 65 and older. Community setting, including adult activity centers. Participants were 350 Greek-Cypriot men and women, between 55 to 85 years (x = 69.4, sd = 6.5) with average education 9.5 years (sd = 3.9) and average MMSE 27.2 (sd = 1.8). All participants were screened for global cognitive and memory decline prior to participating in the project. A battery of standardized clinical neuropsychological tests to assess neurocognitive abilities and the WHO Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire were administered. Not applicable. Statistical analyses revealed significant relationships (p<.01) between years of education, quality of life, and cognitive abilities. Specifically, years of education correlated significantly with physical health. In addition, physical health was significantly correlated with psychological health and speed of processing abilities. Both physical and psychological health, were correlated with strong naming abilities, while psychological health was also positively correlated with social relationships and environmental support. Inferential analyses (multivariate ANOVA, α=.05) also yielded significant group differences using education as an independent variable and quality of life and neurocognitive performance as dependent variables. Results indicate that certain aspects of quality of life relate to cognitive performance. In addition, higher education relates to perceptions of physical health in adults over 60. However, the relationship between years of education and cognitive performance does not follow a linear trend. Implications of the findings for adult cognitive stimulation-rehabilitation programs will be discussed.
To fabricate reliable conducting matrix for highly insulated iron fluoride, we design a facile, green and low-cost solvothermal based synthesis method using graphene oxide powders and commercial FeF3·3H2O as precursors for the preparation of FeF3·0.33H2O/reduced graphene oxide (denoted as FeF3·0.33H2O/rGO) nanocomposite, as it is achieved by a combination of self-assembly, top-down phase transformation and solvothermal reduction processes. The 1D tunnel structure of FeF3·0.33H2O phase, nanoscale size and graphene conductive matrix together ensure ultrafast Li ion and electron transport. When applied as a cathode in lithium-ion batteries, the FeF3·0.33H2O/rGO electrode displays durable long-term cyclability (98% capacity retention over 100 cycles at 0.5C) and impressive rate capability (122 mAh g−1 at 10C), wherein surface-induced capacitive process plays an important role. Meanwhile, we also demonstrate the successful preparation of FeF2/reduced graphene oxide (denoted as FeF2/rGO) nanocomposite through adaption of reaction temperature, which has been seldom synthesized and here also exhibits high electroactivity.
The electrochemical and mass transport properties of TEABF4 in a nanoporous (NP) carbon material, obtained from silicon carbide, was studied using single particles and a microelectrode technique. The carbon particles of size 100–200μm were studied by cyclic voltammetry and potential step measurements. The effective diffusion coefficients (D eff) were calculated starting from the asymptotic solutions of Fick’s second law for short and long time regions. The results show that cycling at low sweep rates was needed in order for the electrolyte to penetrate the inner porosity of the particles. The carbon material showed different electrochemical and mass transport properties depending on the applied potential. At negative polarisation, the results suggest that TEA+ was adsorbed on the pore wall, however, being transported very slowly inside the pores. The average D eff after cycling at both positive and negative potentials was 1.1(±0.4)×10−8 cm2 s−1, using the Cottrell relation and 1.5(±0.6)×10−8 cm2 s−1, using the radial diffusion solution. The average value of D eff after cycling at negative potentials was 1.7(±0.6)×10−8 cm2 s−1 using both mathematical solutions.
The interRAI-Home Care (interRAI-HC) instrument is commonly used in routine care to assess care and service needs, resource utilisation and health outcomes of community dwelling home care clients. Potentially, the interRAI-HC can also be used to calculate societal costs in economic evaluations. The purpose of this study was to assess the convergent validity of the interRAI-HC instrument in comparison with the RUD Lite instrument for the calculation of societal costs among care-dependent community dwelling older adults.
Micrometre-sized silicon particles are attractive negative-electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries but are prone to mechanical failure during electrochemical cycling. Now, graphene cages grown conformally around the micro-silicon particles are shown to improve their cycling stability.
The integration of information and communication technologies into the Smart Grid (SG) will make it smarter to provide a more efficient power delivery, economically viable and safe. In fact, electrical systems should be controlled in more flexible way to manage critical situations such as the intermittency of renewable energy and the development of new consumers like electric vehicles (EVs). In this paper, we first propose an end-to-end SG architecture with all its associated actors such as main production, transmission, distribution, SG and cyber-security managers. In contrast to the literature, this architecture takes into account both the power and communication aspects of the SG as well as the relationship between all its components. Then, we focus on EVs as prosumers (producers and consumers thanks to their energy storage capacity) and how integrate them efficiently into the power grid. Hence, we propose in a first phase a Bayesian game-theory model that aims to integrate them into the SG and maintain the equilibrium between the offer and the demand, hence avoiding electricity intermittence. In a second phase, we concentrate on EVs as consumers and propose a new Bayesian game model to optimally integrate green electricity sources into this electricity network in order to charge EVs’ batteries. This aims to promote the electricity network capacity and have an eco-friendly effect on the environment by minimizing the usage of polluting energy sources. The obtained simulation results prove that our models help to efficiently integrate the EVs into the SG and use green electricity sources with more flexibility and less loss.
A multifunctional catalyst for fuel cell applications, Pt/RuO2–SiO x /C, has been prepared by supporting platinum nanoparticles on surface-modified carbon black, fabricated by in situ hydrolysis of ruthenium and silicon precursors on pre-treated carbon black. The catalyst is extensively characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The catalyst shows high activity toward methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction at room temperature. Notably, the addition of ruthenium oxide significantly improves the performance of MEAs under non-humidified conditions. The self-humidification performance of MEAs prepared with Pt/RuO2–SiO x /C (using optimized 3wt.% RuO2) as the anode catalyst is enhanced by over 20% compared to MEAs prepared with Pt/SiO x /C as the anode catalyst. It is suggested that the promotion of RuO2 may result from the high dispersion of platinum caused by adding ruthenium oxide, and the synergistic effect of ruthenium oxide.
Publisher Summary Assessment is critical in the education and treatment of those with ASD as well as in determining an individual’s level of independence for community integration. There are two compelling reasons to assess adaptive behavior in individuals with autism. First is that adaptive behavior is a good indicator of an individual’s level of functioning and independence. Second is that it allows a provider to ascertain directly how well an individual functions in various environments. Depending on the environment, symptom expression, strengths, and weaknesses within an individual may vary. It covers four basic methods of obtaining information related to adaptive functioning, each with its own unique advantages and disadvantages. A complete assessment of adaptive behavior can include all four types of assessments both within and across settings. The first method is through surveys and questionnaires. A second way of obtaining information from different sources and settings is through interview. Interviews can be conducted with any caregiver and provide the best way for determining an individual’s current skills. Interviews can be structured or unstructured and may provide protocols for scoring and interpreting responses. Another method of obtaining information from multiple sources and settings is direct observation of the individual while in that setting. This approach provides the best source for observing the context of the adaptive behavior. Observations concern spontaneous behavior in day-to-day situations that can cover extended periods. A final and arguably less-used way of obtaining information about the individual’s adaptive functioning is through self-report.
Plug-in electric vehicles have the potential to contribute to a more energy-efficient and a less fossil dependent road transport system. Swedish local authorities are obligated through legislation to substitute fossil-fuelled vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles offer an alternative for achieving their climate goals. Previous studies assign certain individuals – the policy entrepreneurs – a central role when implementing new technologies in public authorities. By combining the theoretical model of policy entrepreneurs with the theory of outcome indicators, this paper demonstrates how the policy entrepreneur affects and accelerates the introduction of plug-in electric vehicles in local public authorities. The result shows that policy entrepreneurs undertake actions to inform and persuade the decision-makers and raise the issue on the political agenda. The policy entrepreneurs assess the travel demand, find appropriate applications and supervise the deployment process. The policy entrepreneurs inform and inspire vehicle users as a way to ensure acceptance and to increase usage. There are examples of policy entrepreneurs that have accomplished changes in policies governing vehicle use to favour the plug-in electric vehicles. Practical experiences legitimate the policy entrepreneurs when involving local society. The policy entrepreneurs consolidate the new technology within policy documents, amongst the users and in the surrounding society.
In this paper, a hybrid channel access mechanism is proposed for the wireless sensor network that considers the channel access procedure of IEEE 802.15.4 and combines the binary exponential backoff mechanism of IEEE 802.11 due to packet collision of nodes after successful channel assessment. Taking the backlogged nodes due to collision, an extended linear feedback model is developed and a discrete-time Markov chain model is designed to analyze the successful and failure probabilities of the system model of the wireless sensor network. Besides, an energy consumption model for the one hop wireless sensor network is developed based on our models and hybrid channel access mechanism. Extensive performance analysis are done to study the effect of binary exponential contention window on energy consumption of the nodes and it is verified that our simulation results totally match with the theoretical results for different size of contention windows and node numbers.
Electroactive copolymers of aniline and o-aminophenol (OAP) with varying concentration ratios prepared by potential cycling in acidic aqueous solutions of the monomers on indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) coated glass and gold electrodes were studied with in situ UV–vis and Raman spectroscopy. Characteristic UV–vis and Raman features have been identified and their dependencies on the electrode potential are discussed. Spectroelectrochemical results reveal the formation of polyaniline-based copolymers at low concentration of OAP in the feed but incorporation of more OAP units into the copolymer with higher concentration of OAP in the comonomer feed. Spectroelectrochemical features are significantly different from those of both homopolymers.
TiO2 is one of the most promising anode candidates for novel lithium ion batteries which combines the advantage of state of art anode graphite and the safety of Li4Ti5O12. However, the low intrinsic conductivity limits its electrochemical properties. In this paper, a sol-gel based route is presented to produce nanosize TiO2/CNT core-shell composite fibers. Fiber diameter is 253±63nm as-spun and 126±35nm with subsequent calcination to obtain crystalline phase. Crystallite size is between 13–18nm. The as-prepared core-shell fibers exhibited ∼1.5 time higher electronic conductivity, 1.6–3 times greater lithium diffusivity which resulted in 25% more galvanostatic capacity at C/10 compared to bare TiO2 nanofibers. The enhancement in high-rate performance at 10C was over 80% which was crucial for fast charging applications. CNT additives were found to enhance the electronic conductivity, lithium diffusivity and electrochemical properties of the TiO2 nanofibers by both providing an alternative electron and lithium ion conducting mechanism as well as synergistic effects, which were systematically reviewed.
MoO3-P2O5 glasses were prepared by a simple melt quenching method. XRD and DSC investigations confirmed the amorphous state of 60Mo-40P, 70Mo-30P and 75Mo-25P glass. Interestingly, HRTEM images revealed the inherent crystallization behavior in Mo enriched glass. The existing nanocrystals performed a synergetic effect with the glass matrix to relax the stress caused by Li ions insertion/extraction. As a result, 75Mo-25P glass with distinct nanocrystals showed excellent long cycling stability. The structural transition of MoO3-P2O5 glass and the valence change of Mo ions during cycling were discussed. Furthermore, CV and EIS measurements were performed to elucidate the difference of redox reaction, electrons transport and ions diffusion in 75Mo-25P glass and crystalline MoO3. This study provides an avenue to exploit new cathode materials with long cycling life for Li-ion batteries.
A number of criterial specific parameters of the electrodes in five commercial Li ion batteries of leading producers are derived on the basis of the recently published data by Johnson and White [B.A. Johnson, R.E. White, J. Power Sources 70 (1998) 48]. The impact of these parameters on the cycling performance of the cells is analyzed. It is shown that in spite of the similarities in the type of the electrode, electrolyte and separator materials, there are considerable differences in the capacity, masses, apparent densities and material balance ratio. For example the A&T cell with the smallest masses of its active electrode materials and lowest apparent densities of the electrodes has achieved the largest cell capacity, highest rate capability and cycling stability. This is accomplished thanks to the high quality of its electrode materials' novel electrode design with double current collectors for each electrode and largest material balance ratio. The above and other examples in the paper reveal the complexity of interactions between the criterial parameters of the electrodes and indicate that an improvement in the cell performance requires not only investigations but creativity as well.
Here, we report a new battery capable of efficiently recovering lithium from brines that is composed of a lithium-capturing cationic electrode (LiFePO4) and a chloride-capturing anionic electrode (Ag). It can convert a sodium-rich brine (Li:Na = 1:100) into a lithium-rich solution (Li:Na = 5:1) by consuming 144 W h per kg of lithium recovered.
A mathematical model was developed which simulates the self-discharge capacity losses in the carbon anode for a SONY 18650 lithium-ion battery. The model determines the capacity loss during storage on the basis of a continuous reduction of organic solvent and de-intercalation of lithium at the carbon/electrolyte interface. The state of charge, open circuit potential, capacity loss and film resistance on the carbon electrode were calculated as a function of storage time using different values of rate constant governing the solvent reduction reaction.