batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) have sentence comprehension difficulty. We examined the hypothesis that both grammatical and resource factors contribute to their impaired sentence comprehension with a traditional, off-line sentence comprehension task, and an on-line sentence processing procedure that minimizes task-related resources. This was investigated in subgroups of FTD patients with Progressive Non-fluent Aphasia (PNFA; n = 5) who have effortful speech; non-aphasic patients with an executive deficit (EXEC; n = 8); and Semantic Dementia (SD; n = 3) patients with poor single word comprehension. The results were correlated with measures of executive resources. We found that PNFA patients are significantly impaired in their off-line sentence comprehension, and that their performance correlated with auditory-verbal short-term memory. PNFA patients also demonstrated a pattern of slowed processing for the on-line sentence measure. This is consistent with the hypothesis that information relevant for constructing sentence representations during comprehension degrades in working memory as it is activated over an abnormally slowed time course. EXEC patients had modest off-line sentence comprehension difficulty, and this correlated with performance on measures of working memory, planning, and inhibitory control. On-line processing in EXEC patients demonstrated their insensitivity to sentence-based information. This raises the possibility that a limitation in material-neutral executive resources not dedicated to grammatical processing may play a role in their sentence comprehension deficit. SD patients' pattern of on-line sentence comprehension paralleled control subjects' performance. We conclude that grammatical and executive components both contribute to sentence comprehension, and that the profile of sentence comprehension difficulty varies across FTD subgroups depending on the sentence processing component that is impaired.
When making purchase decisions, consumers want objective product specifications and seek direct product comparison. The present research demonstrates that consumers can make better decisions (i.e., choose what yields a better consumption experience) if objective specifications are removed and direct comparison is inhibited than if not, and this is true even if consumers cannot experience the target products themselves at the time of choice (such as in online shopping). The reason is that consumption is largely subjective and non-comparative, and decisions based on subjective and non-comparative information are often more compatible with consumption. In general discussion, we explore the boundary conditions of our findings and the implications of this research for a new way of marketing that emphasizes subjectivity over objectivity and non-comparison over comparison.
Operating high voltage lithium-ion batteries (LIB) is still an obstacle due to the limited anodic stability of state-of-the-art alkyl carbonates-based electrolytes which incorporate ethylene carbonate (EC). Thus, we replace here the widely used ethylene carbonate (EC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC) solvent formulation by adiponitrile (ADN)/DMC (1/1, wt./wt.), to enable room temperature electrolyte formulations with high anodic stabilities. The possibility of operating graphite with 1 M LiDFOB & 1 M LiFSI ADN/DMC (1/1, wt./wt.) without additive is evidenced, with a clear advantage for the LiDFOB electrolyte. The addition of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) as a SEI additive results in improved graphite electrode performance in both cases and, less expectedly, in improved anodic stabilities. Cathodes operating above 4.3 V vs Li+/Li have been paired with graphite as well and allowed improved rate capability as compared to graphite half-cells. The safety of the electrolytes versus a charged graphite anode is improved as compared with state-of-the-art, EC-based electrolytes.
Used household batteries are considered as hazardous wastes in many countries due to the potential environmental and human health risks associated with the heavy metals present in batteries. This article presents the current situation of waste household batteries and policies in Iran. Iran with more than 70 million people is a developing country where latest technologies like cell phones and laptops are in widespread use and battery consumption increases accordingly. The household battery demand in Iran has rapidly grown since 2001 and it is expected to increase more quickly in next years, due to increasing technological development. Based on the available data, more than 9800 metric tons of household batteries were imported into Iran in recent decade, with the market value of about US$ 42.6 million. At present, there is no program available in Iran regarding to collection, separation, recycling or safe disposal of used batteries. Therefore, almost all of the spent household are discarded into municipal solid waste (MSW) and sent to sanitary landfills. Appropriate policies to meet safe disposal of household batteries in Iran is also discussed in this investigation.
This paper develops a multi-scale mechanical-electrochemical model which enables fully coupled mechanics and electrochemistry at both particle and electrode levels. At the particle level, solid diffusion is modeled using a generalized chemical potential to capture the effects of mechanical stress and phase transformation. At the electrode level, the stress arising from particle interaction is incorporated in a continuum model. This particle interaction stress is in addition to the traditional concept of intercalation stress inside isolated particles. The particle and continuum electrode levels are linked by the particle interaction stress as loads on the particle surface, and by consideration of stress on the electrochemical reaction rate on the particle surface. The effect of mechanical stress on electrochemical reaction results in a stress-dependent over-potential between particle and electrolyte. Stress gradient in an electrode leads to inhomogeneous intercalation/deintercalation currents for particles depending on their interaction stress with neighbors, resulting in stress gradient induced inhomogeneous state of charge. Conversely, non-uniform intercalation/deintercalation currents in an electrode lead to stress between particles. With this model we have an important finding: an electrochemically inactive region in an electrode causes stress built-up. This model provides a powerful tool to address various problems such as fracture in-between particles.
I argue that difference-making should be a crucial element for evaluating the quality of evidence for mechanisms, especially with respect to the robustness of mechanisms, and that it should take central stage when it comes to the general role played by mechanisms in establishing causal claims in medicine. The difference-making of mechanisms should provide additional compelling reasons to accept the gist of Russo-Williamson thesis and include mechanisms in the protocols for Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM), as the EBM+ research group has been advocating.
Suppressing side reactions at the cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI) is critical for alleviating capacity fading of the high-voltage (>5 V) spinel cathode material LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO). The primary bottleneck in conventional nanoengineering of LNMO involves an antagonistic relationship between the positive effects of the nanometer particle size and negative effects stemming from the larger CEI area. Inspired by Buckminster Fuller's geodesic domes, we have designed a seamless LNMO hollow sphere (S-LNMO) that comprises average 120 nm-sized triangles and truncated triangle subunits by means of grain growth orientation. The “tensegrity” structure has efficiently hindered the interfacial side reaction, which occurs only within a depth of 5 nm from the surface, thereby improving its electrochemical stability. The embedded layered Li2TiO3 (LTO) in bulk S-LNMO (LTO:S-LNMO) region further improved the high-rate performance, demonstrating an ∼110 mAh/g capacity with 80.9% retention after 400 cycles at 5 C and remaining stable after 900 cycles at 5 C even after being stored at 50 °C for one week.
Cathodes in lithium ion batteries consist of an ionic conductor, an electronic conductor and a binder in order to make a composite that is both electronically and ionically conductive. The carbon coating on the cathode material plays a critical role for the electrochemical properties of lithium ion batteries due to the increased electronic conductivity. We explain the relationship between the electrochemical properties and the characteristics of composites prepared using the ball-milling process in this report. We investigated two types of carbonaceous materials (graphite and carbon black) in LiCoO2 electrodes. These selected carbon materials have different characteristics and structure upon ball-milling with LiCoO2. The composite prepared by ball-milling for 5min leads to better mixing of carbon and LiCoO2, an intimate contact of carbon on LiCoO2, a higher lithium ion diffusion (DLi) than non ball-milled and longer ball-milled composites. On the other hand, a longer time of ball-milling (30 and 60min) decreases the electronic and ionic conductivity due to an increase of disordered structure of carbon and a thick and dense carbon coating layer on LiCoO2 particles, preventing the diffusion of lithium ions, respectively.
NaI/I2 mediators and activated carbon were added into poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/lithium aluminate (LiAlO2) electrolyte to fabricate composite electrodes. All solid-state supercapacitors were fabricated using the as prepared composite electrodes and a Nafion 117 membrane as a separator. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements were conducted to evaluate the electrochemical properties of the supercapacitors. With the addition of NaI/I2 mediators, the specific capacitance increased by 27 folds up to 150Fg−1. The specific capacitance increased with increases in the concentration of mediators in the electrodes. The addition of mediators also reduced the electrode resistance and rendered a higher electron transfer rate between mediator and mediator. The stability of the all-solid-state supercapacitor was tested over 2000 charge/discharge cycles.
The Zn/Co3O4 battery is one of the few aqueous electrolyte batteries with a potential >2 V voltage. Unfortunately, so far, all reported Zn/Co3O4 batteries are using an alkaline electrolyte, resulting in poor cycling stability and environmental problems. Here, we report a Co(III) rich-Co3O4 nanorod material with vastly improved electrochemical kinetics. Zn/Co(III) rich-Co3O4 batteries can work well in ZnSO4 with a CoSO4 additive aqueous solution as a mild electrolyte, delivering a high voltage of 2.2 V, a capacity of 205 mA h g−1 (Co3O4) and an extreme cycling stability of 92% capacity retention even after 5000 cycles. Further mechanistic study reveals a conversion reaction between in situ formed CoO and Co3O4, which has never been observed in an alkaline Zn/Co3O4 battery. Subsequently, a flexible solid-state battery is constructed and reveals high flexibility and a high energy density of 360.8 W h kg−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. Our research initiates the first Zn/Co3O4 battery working in a mild electrolyte, resulting in excellent electrochemical performance. It also indicates that the electrochemical kinetics can be effectively enhanced by fine tuning the atomic structure of electrode materials, opening a new door to improve the performance of aqueous electrolyte batteries.
The effect of Pt additive on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of synthesized LiCoO2-based material was investigated. Besides incorporating into LiCoO2 lattice in small amounts, Pt additive induces dispersed Li2PtO3 and Pt in the LiCoO2 matrix to form multi-phase composites. In comparison with the single phase of LiCoO2, the multi-phase composite shows improved rate performance and cycleability at high rates. This improved rate behaviors can be attributed to the enhanced diffusion of Li+, which are caused by the enlarged c axis of LiCoO2 lattice due to Pt incorporating and fast diffusion paths of Li+ provided by the interfaces among in LiCoO2, Li2PtO3 and Pt. The dispersed Li2PtO3 and Pt are also beneficial to the cycleability.
A simple, low-temperature route was developed to process bulk solid-state Li-ion batteries employing Al-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 solid electrolyte (thickness: ∼ 0.5mm; 25°C conductivity: ∼ 2×10−4 S cm−1). A composite Cu0.1V2O5–based slurry was directly painted on Li7La3Zr2O12 and dried at 120°C to prepare the cathode film. The opposite side of the electrolyte was subsequently exposed to molten Li to form the anode. The discharge capacity of the solid state battery was 53mAhg−1 (calculated based on the weight of active cathode material) at room temperature with 5μAcm−2 discharging current. Severe capacity decay occurred after the initial discharging. A comparable liquid electrolyte battery was tested at room temperature for comparison and had a much slower decay rate. However, when the operating temperature of the solid state battery was increased to 50°C, the cell performance significantly improved. At 50°C, the battery exhibited 176mAhg−1 initial discharging capacity at 5μAcm−2 current density and 93mAhg−1 initial capacity under a 10μAcm−2 discharging current density. After 20 cycles, the capacity decayed to 68.6mAhg−1 when cycled at a 10μAcm−2 current density. Impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the interface resistance of the battery at different temperatures. The results indicated that both the cathode and anode interface resistance were dramatically reduced at 50°C. The decrease in interface resistances at elevated temperature is proposed as the main reason for the observed battery performance enhancement.
While behavioral research shows working memory impairments in schizophrenics and their relatives, functional neuroimaging studies of patients and healthy controls show conflicting findings of hypo- and hyperactivation, possibly indicating different relationships between physiological activity and performance. In a between-subjects regression analysis of fMRI activation and performance, low performance was associated with relatively lower activation in patients than controls, while higher performance was associated with higher activation in patients than controls in DLPFC and parietal cortex, but not occipital cortex, with unaffected twins of schizophrenics being intermediate between the groups. Accordingly, this supports the idea that both hyper and hypoactivation may be possible along a continuum of behavioral performance in a way consistent with a neural inefficiency model. Further, this study offers preliminary evidence that the relationship between behavior and physiology in schizophrenia may be heritable.
Driving is a complex task, which can be broken down into specific cognitive processes. In order to determine which components contribute to drowsy driving impairments, the current study examined simulated driving and neurocognitive performance after one night of sleep deprivation. Nineteen professional drivers (age 45.3±9.1) underwent two experimental sessions in randomised order: one after normal sleep and one after 27h total sleep deprivation. A simulated driving task (AusEd), the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT), and neurocognitive tasks selected from the Cognitive Drug Research computerised neurocognitive assessment battery (simple and choice RT, Stroop Task, Digit Symbol Substitution Task, and Digit Vigilance Task) were administered at 10:00h in both sessions. Mixed-effects ANOVAs were performed to examine the effect of sleep deprivation versus normal sleep on performance measures. To determine if any neurocognitive tests predicted driving performance (lane position variability, speed variability, braking RT), neurocognitive measures that were significantly affected by sleep deprivation were then added as a covariate to the ANOVAs for driving performance. Simulated driving performance and neurocognitive measures of vigilance and reaction time were impaired after sleep deprivation (p <0.05), whereas tasks examining processing speed and executive functioning were not significantly affected by sleep loss. PVT performance significantly predicted specific aspects of simulated driving performance. Thus, psychomotor vigilance impairment may be a key cognitive component of driving impairment when sleep deprived. The generalisability of this finding to real-world driving remains to be investigated.
MoO3–x nanobelts (MoO3-x NBs) were synthesized via a novel “sauna reaction”, providing us an opportunity for illustrating the effect of oxygen vacancies (OVs) on its largely enhanced electrochemical performance. Very exciting, the MoO3-x NBs exhibits much superior performance with 400 and 267mAhg−1, which is about three times larger than that of the pristine MoO3 NBs (123 and 84mAhg−1), at the current densities of 100 and 200mAg−1, respectively. Notably, the OVs and the resulting improved electrical conductivity could be used to account for their largely enhanced specific capacity and rate properties. On one hand, OVs lowered the energy barrier of Li+ into the intralyer of MoO6 octahedron sheet layer and the interlayer of MoO3-x, and provided extra lithium storage sites of MoO3 during discharge-charge process. On the other hand, the improved conductivity of MoO3-x provided efficient electron transport pathways. The results show that OVs control can be a promising strategy for enhancing high-performance Mo-based electrodes by taking advantage of structural characteristics of multiple oxide sates of Mo elements. This study not only provides a new method for the preparation of MoO3-x with rich OVs using a simple, environmentally friendly “sauna reaction”, but also indicates the importance of OVs in the largely enhanced electrochemical performance in MoO3-x NBs, which may shed some light on the future development of electrode materials of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
Practical usage of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) under heavy loading environments for high power generation, such as smart shoes, has been limited due to the low mechanical endurance of many piezoelectric materials. Durability and performance under harsh environments are a stumbling block for the practical application of PENGs. Synthesis of piezoelectrically enhanced nanofibers electrospun from nanocomposite of barium titanate nanoparticles (BT NPs) dispersed in poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) enables successful fabrication of a robust, efficient, flexible and lead-free PENG. A nanofiber PENG (nf-PENG) fabricated by embedding nanocomposite nanofibers in an elastomer film is demonstrated for biomechanical energy harvesting and storage during walking. When placed inside of a shoe, a nf-PENG loaded with 15wt% BT NPs can generate an output of 25V at a walking frequency of 0.6Hz with high mechanical durability under very high loads (600N). This can charge a 4.7µF capacitor after approximately 72 steps. The stored charge can operate a strain sensor without any external power supply. The high performance of the nf-PENG is mainly attributed to the self-poled nanocomposite nanofibers. Additionally, embedding the nanofibers into an elastomer provided high durability by protecting the nanofibers from mechanical damage. Furthermore, the devices small form factor, flexibility, and transparency make this nf-PENG suitable for applications in wearable electronics, where aesthetics and comfort are also desired (in addition to performance). This work demonstrates the possibility of highly durable, efficient, and self-powered wearable sensing systems that can work under extreme environments.
Drawing on dual process theory from psycholinguistics, results reveal that, in order for respondents to develop preferences for hybrids from dissimilar categories the products underlying the hybrid need to be structurally aligned based on links between individual functions, and that these links also need to be situated in concrete consumer goals (study 1). In addition, it was found that category similarity interacts with these two factors (study 2). Specifically, prompting the potential consumer to think about structural alignment and consumer goals increased the success of hybrids made up of dissimilar products, but decreased the success of hybrids involving similar products.
In this study, lithium nickel cobalt oxide thin-film cathode was grown on Pt-coated silicon substrate by radio frequency (RF) sputtering. From XRD, TEM, and Raman spectra analyses, the structure of the 250°C as-deposited LiNiCoO2 film with thickness of 0.6μm was analyzed to exhibit layered ( R 3 ¯ m symmetry) crystalline structure with (104) out-of-plane texture. From XRD and Raman spectra analyses, the degree of crystallization of the as-deposited films was enhanced by postannealing due to the rearrangement of atoms during the annealing process. The SEM top-view observations showed that the as-deposited film possessed smooth surface morphology and nanocrystalline grains that were smaller than 50nm. After the annealing treatment, the morphology of the films became roughly and the grains enlarged. The grains even seemed to be slightly sintered and the films became slightly porous after 700°C annealing. The SEM cross-sections showed that the films had columnar structure that was commonly observed from RF sputtered films. The discharge capacity of the LiNiCoO2 thin-film cathode was direct proportion to the annealing temperature. In other words, the discharge capacity was direct proportion to the degree of crystallization of the films. The 1st discharge capacities of 700, 600, and 500°C-annealed films were 60, 52, and 43μAhcm−2 μm−1, respectively. The 50th discharge capacity remained 70% of the initial discharge capacity.
Tin oxides and nickel oxide thin film anodes have been fabricated for the first time by vacuum thermal evaporation of metallic tin or nickel, and subsequent thermal oxidation in air or oxygen ambient. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements showed that the prepared films are of nanocrystalline structure with the average particle size <100nm. The electrochemical properties of these film electrodes were examined by galvanostatic cycling measurements and cyclic voltammetry. The composition and electrochemical properties of SnO x (1<x<2) films strongly depend on the oxidation temperature. The reversible capacities of SnO and SnO2 films electrodes reached 825 and 760mAhg−1, respectively, at the current density of 10μAcm−2 between 0.10 and 1.30V. The SnO x film fabricated at an oxidation temperature of 600°C exhibited better electrochemical performance than SnO or SnO2 film electrode. Nanocrystalline NiO thin film prepared at a temperature of 600°C can deliver a reversible capacity of 680mAhg−1 at 10μAcm−2 in the voltage range 0.01–3.0V and good cyclability up to 100 cycles.
In this paper we report the thermal conductivity for commercial battery components. Materials were obtained from several electrode- and separator manufacturers, and some were extracted from commercial batteries. We measured with and without electrolyte solvent and at different compaction pressures. The experimentally obtained values are used in a thermal model and corresponding internal temperature profiles are shown. The thermal conductivity of dry separator materials was found to range from 0.07 ± 0.01 to 0.18 ± 0.02 WK − 1 m − 1 . Dry electrode (active) materials ranged from 0.13 ± 0.02 to 0.61 ± 0.02 WK − 1 m − 1 . Adding the electrolyte solvent increased the thermal conductivity of electrode (active) materials by at least a factor of 2.