batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Large molecule therapeutics (MW>1000daltons) are not expected to enter the cell and thus have reduced potential to interact directly with DNA or related physiological processes. Genotoxicity studies are therefore not relevant and typically not required for large molecule therapeutic candidates. Regulatory guidance supports this approach; however there are examples of marketed large molecule therapeutics where sponsors have conducted genotoxicity studies. A retrospective analysis was performed on genotoxicity studies of United States FDA approved large molecule therapeutics since 1998 identified through the Drugs@FDA website. This information was used to provide a data-driven rationale for genotoxicity evaluations of large molecule therapeutics. Fifty-three of the 99 therapeutics identified were tested for genotoxic potential. None of the therapeutics tested showed a positive outcome in any study except the peptide glucagon (GlucaGen®) showing equivocal in vitro results, as stated in the product labeling. Scientific rationale and data from this review indicate that testing of a majority of large molecule modalities do not add value to risk assessment and support current regulatory guidance. Similarly, the data do not support testing of peptides containing only natural amino acids. Peptides containing non-natural amino acids and small molecules in conjugated products may need to be tested.
The authors first propose a conceptualization and operationalization of corporate citizenship. Then, they present an empirical study conducted among French businesses aimed at: (1) understanding whether an organization's culture affects its likelihood of engaging in corporate citizenship and (2) whether corporate citizenship is associated with specific business benefits. The results suggest that a market-oriented culture is conducive of corporate citizenship, which in turn is associated with greater employee commitment and business performance. The results point to corporate citizenship as a potentially fruitful practice not only for society as a whole but also for businesses themselves.
Black girls in the United States begin to discuss and face issues concerning sexuality in elementary school. However, the contemporary youth sexuality literature focuses on the problems of pubescent youth. Within the small body of research that considers preadolescent children’s sexual experiences, Black girls are largely invisible. The omission of young Black girls from the youth sexuality literature suggests that Black girls have the same experiences as White girls or, equally as disconcerting, that preadolescent Black girls are not sexual subjects, do not endure peer sexual harassment, do not express their sexual identities, and do not challenge sexual standards. Using data sources that are integral to Black feminist theorizing, including personal narratives, published memoirs, news stories, and qualitative research, the author interrogates the validity of these underlying assumptions. This essay exposes the ways in which youth sexuality researchers silence and distort prepubescent Black girls’ sexualities.
In the present work, we have optimized the process parameters to synthesize nano-crystalline lithium manganate (LMO) thin films with dense surface morphology and uniform grain size distribution by a solution growth technique. These films were characterized in terms of their phase formation, surface morphology, charge–discharge capacity, rate capability, and cycleability. The films exhibited excellent discharge capacity (close to the theoretical capacity of LMO) and rate capability in a wide range of discharge current densities. However, the rapid capacity fading was observed within the first few initial charge–discharge cycles and with progressive cycling marginal capacity fading was observed. To understand these phenomena, we have investigated the kinetics of Li ion diffusion in these thin film electrodes by cyclic voltammetry (CV) as well as potential step chronoamperometry (PSCA) measurements. In case of the cycled thin film electrode, the Li ion diffusion coefficient was reduced to almost one order of magnitude as compared to its virgin counterpart. During the charge–discharge cycling of these thin film electrodes in a liquid electrolyte, a surface electrolyte interface (SEI) layer was formed on the thin film electrode. It has been argued that the formation of such layer would reduce the Li ion diffusion coefficient and led to the observed capacity fading.
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells have been under development for many years and appear to be the potential solution for many electricity supply applications. Modelling and computer simulation of PEM fuel cells have been equally active areas of work as a means of developing better understanding of cell and stack operation, facilitating design improvements and supporting system simulation studies. In general, fuel cell models must be capable of predicting values of the activation polarization at both the anode and the cathode. Since the magnitude of an activation polarization for a particular electrode depends on the inverse of the chemical (or electrochemical) reaction rate at that electrode, reaction rate expressions are normally required for each electrode. The reaction rate is commonly expressed as an ‘exchange current density’, typical symbol i 0, and mechanistic expressions to predict i 0 are, therefore, components of an ideal model. Most expressions for i 0 are based on the Butler–Volmer (B–V) equation or on more approximate equations derived from the B–V equation. Many publications use one of these B–V equations without a critical determination of the applicability or accuracy of the particular equation being used. The present paper examines these questions and makes some recommendations regarding the applicability of each equation in the ‘B–V family of equations’. In addition, terminology and symbols have been modified, where possible, to make modelling based on B–V equations more easily understood and applied by those without an extensive background in electrochemistry.
NASICON Na3V2(PO4)3 and Na3V2(PO4)2F3 have restarted to be investigated electrochemically as promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Fluorine insertion by replacing partial phosphate groups in Na3V2(PO4)3 allows for new family of host lattice structure, Na3V2(PO4)2F3. Greatly, fluorine is capable to participate in structural construction to change the ions configuration which involves ions occupation, the species and amount of diverse Na sites, leading to distinct modalities for ions extraction. The inductive effects of (PO4)3− polyanion by changing electronic cloud density upon compositional atoms could be enhanced under the effects of the formed F-V bond due to its strong ionicity, which can moderate the energetics of the transition metal redox couple to generate relatively high operating potentials. The substitution of fluorine for negative-charge polyanion or anion could be effective to improve the electrochemical properties, particularly for the purpose to increase performed voltages by changing atomic environments.
To investigate pharmacokinetic correlates of clinical response in patients treated with once-monthly paliperidone palmitate (PP1M) injections at steady state. Plasma concentrations and dose-adjusted-plasma concentrations (C/D) of paliperidone from a naturalistic therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) database were compared between responders and non-responders using the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale (CGI-I) ratings. Analyses were based on the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test and the Pearson Chi-squared test (χ2) with a significance level of 0.05. Subgroup analyses were performed separately in patients with schizophrenia spectrum, schizoaffective disorders and bipolar disorders. Comparing 93 responders with 80 non-responders, we detected no significant differences in the proportion of females, age, and body mass index (p’s ranging 0.18–0.83); there were more smokers in the group of non-responders (p = 0.04), which also included more patients with bipolar disorders (p = 0.014). Despite the lack of differences for prescribed PP1M doses and dose intervals (p = 0.42 and p = 0.11, respectively), non-responders had higher paliperidone plasma concentrations and C/D levels (p = 0.033 and p = 0.021, respectively). Subgroup analyses did not yield differences for paliperidone plasma and C/D levels between non-responders and responders with schizophrenia spectrum (p = 0.099 and p = 0.14, respectively) and bipolar disorders (p = 0.95 and p = 0.75, respectively); dose-adjusted plasma concentrations were higher in non-responders compared to responders with schizoaffective disorders (p = 0.039), while no differences were reported for plasma levels (p = 0. 15). Our results show that paliperidone plasma concentrations over injection doses may be associated with patterns of clinical response suggesting potential utility of TDM as part of PP1M-based maintenance treatment.
Objectives To demonstrate that the mental-cognitive domain of the validated generic bio-functional status (BFS)/bio-functional age (BFA) assessment tool reflects cognitive performance, and so meets the needs of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP-AHA). Study design Monocenter, cross-sectional, observational, non-interventional trial (Bern Cohort Study 2014, BeCS-14) (Cantonal Ethics Committee, KEK-BE 023112). Main outcome measures: Ratings on the mental-cognitive BFS domain and on a validated cognitive performance test battery (Inventar der Gedächtnisdiagnostik; IGD) in 47 healthy, educated, middle-class, midlife men and women. Results Mean cognitive performance was average in younger, and higher in better-educated individuals. Participants’ BFA was 8.9 ± 6.6 year-equivalents below their chronological age. Subjects who performed better in the IGD (sub)domains also performed better in the BFS cognitive-mental function subdomain. Correlation analysis of the ratings in the BFS cognitive-mental function subdomain and total score on the IGD revealed that the highest correlations were achieved by the BFS parameters cognitive switching capability (r=−0.56, p < 0.001), strategic thinking (r=−0.49, p < 0.001), changeover capability (r=−0.50, p < 0.001) and stepping-stone-maze test (r=−0.51, p < 0.001). Conclusions Ratings on the BFS cognitive-mental function subdomain correlated well with scores on a validated questionnaire for cognition assessment, the IGD. Therefore, the BFS/BFA assessment tool meets the needs of the EIP-AHA.
Medical device biocompatibility testing is used to evaluate the risk of adverse effects on tissues from exposure to leachates/extracts. A battery of tests is typically recommended in accordance with regulatory standards to determine if the device is biocompatible. In vitro cytotoxicity, a key element of the standards, is a required endpoint for all types of medical devices. Each validated cytotoxicity method has different methodology and acceptance criteria that could influence the selection of a specific test. In addition, some guidances are more specific than others as to the recommended test methods. For example, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO1) cites preference for quantitative methods (e.g., tetrazolium (MTT/XTT), neutral red (NR), or colony formation assays (CFA)) over qualitative methods (e.g., elution, agar overlay/diffusion, or direct), while a recent ISO standard for contact lens/lens care solutions specifically requires a qualitative direct test. Qualitative methods are described in United States Pharmacopeia (USP) while quantitative CFAs are listed in Japan guidance. The aim of this review is to compare the methodologies such as test article preparation, test conditions, and criteria for six cytotoxicity methods recommended in regulatory standards in order to inform decisions on which method(s) to select during the medical device safety evaluation.
Several members of connexin family of transmembrane proteins were previously implicated in distinct metabolic conditions. In this study we aimed to determine the effects of complete and heterozygous form of connexin50 gene (Gja8) mutation L7Q on metabolic profile and oxidative stress parameters in spontaneously hypertensive inbred rat strain (SHR).
The development of copper chalcogenide based nanomaterials as promising candidates for sustainable energy materials, due to their environmental compatibility and low toxicity, is presented and discussed in this review. Different solution syntheses have recently been developed for the low-cost preparation of copper chalcogenide nanocrystals, and their unique properties derived from copper deficiencies were investigated with much progress. The notorious compositional instability and defect formation of copper chalcogenide nanocrystals have been healed by forming donor–acceptor pairs in ternary and quaternary chalcogenide based nanocrystals, especially in copper zinc tin sulfides (CZTS). In addition to their use as light absorbers in solar cells, copper chalcogenide nanocrystals have also been utilized in different applications, such as electrode materials in Li ion batteries and high efficiency counter electrodes in dye/quantum dot sensitized solar cells as well as for NIR photothermal therapy. All relate to their unique copper deficiency properties. The copper chalcogenide based nanomaterials are believed to be sustainable materials for future energy applications once the syntheses and property investigations have led to a more complete understanding of their physics.
Succinonitrile (SN, CN–[CH2]2–CN) is evaluated as an additive for improving thermal stability in ethylene carbonate (EC)-based electrolytes for lithium ion batteries. Without any sacrifice of performance such as cyclability and capacity, the introduction of SN into an electrolyte with a graphite anode and LixCoO2 cathode leads to (1) reducing the amount of gas emitted at high temperature, (2) increasing the onset temperature of exothermic reactions and (3) decreasing the amount of exothermal heat. The improvement in the thermal stability is considered to be due to strong complex formation between the surface metal atoms of LixCoO2 and nitrile (–CN) groups of SN, from spectroscopic studies based on photoelectrons induced by X-rays and by considering that the exothermic heat and gas evolution are caused by interfacial reactions between the electrolyte and cathode.
The publisher regrets that the copyright line in this paper is incorrect. The correct copyright line is: “©2013 Elsevier BV. All Rights Reserved.” The publisher would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Influence of carbon coating and silicon initial organization on lithiation of silicon nanoparticles (NPs) is analyzed using electrochemical techniques. Four different silicon based NPs materials have been synthetized and electrochemically characterized: one amorphous and one crystalline uncoated, two coated silicon NPs with different carbon contents. The coating lowers the potential under open circuit conditions during delithiation, without impact on lithiation. Capacity retention is similar for uncoated materials (around 1200 mAh.g−1), while improvement is achieved with the thickest coating (2500 mAh.g−1 after 40 cycles). Analysis of Electrochemical Impedance spectra performed during lithiation enables tracking the evolution of charge transfer and Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) resistances. The presence of carbon coating with the highest content results in a more stable SEI with a lower resistance in accordance with the improved cyclability, while inducing an increase of the charge transfer resistance. Results suggest that the charge transfer resistance and the SEI evolution directly depend on the alloying transformation occurring during lithiation, with a strong increase for a LixSi stoichiometry above x = 2.3. Limitation of material lithiation to Li2.3Si could thus be a strategy to avoid these significant resistances increases, while still providing 2210 mAh.g−1 of theoretical capacity.
Since the current neuropsychological assessments are not sensitive to subtle deficits that may be present in cognitively normal subjects with amyloid-β positivity, more accurate and efficient measures are needed. Our aim was to investigate the presence of subtle motor deficits in this population and its relationship with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-β levels. We adapted the Finger Tapping Task to measure tapping speed and intrasubject variability. Seventy-two right-handed participants completed the study. Subjects were divided into three groups according to their CSF biomarker profile: 37 control participants (negative CSF AD biomarkers, CTR), 20 cognitively normal subjects with amyloid-β positivity (abnormal levels of CSF Aβ42, Aβ+) and 15 AD patients. All subjects underwent lumbar puncture for the CSF analysis, apolipoprotein E genotyping and completed the Finger Tapping Task, a neuropsychological battery and cardiovascular risk factor and physical activity assessments. An overall difference between groups was found both in tapping speed [F(2,66) = 19.37, p < .01] and in intrasubject variability [F(2,66) = 11.40, p < .01]. More specifically, the Aβ+ group showed lower speed [F(1,52) = 5.33, p < .05] and greater intrasubject variability [F(1,52) = 8.48, p < .01] than the CTR group, and higher speed than the AD group [F(1,30) = 13.61, p < .01]. Speed (β = .263, p < .05) and intrasubject variability (β = −.558, p < .01) were significantly associated with CSF amyloid-β levels. The present findings suggest that subtle motor difficulties can be detected in cognitively healthy subjects with amyloid-β positivity and be related to CSF Aβ42 levels. An accurate assessment of motor functions could help on identifying individuals at the earliest stage of the Alzheimer's continuum.
Hierarchical urchin-like hollow spheres (5–8 μm in diameter) assembled by one-dimensional nanowires consisting of many interconnected Co3O4 nanoparticles (10–50 nm) are successfully synthesized. Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O precursors are firstly prepared by a hydrothermal process. The morphological evolution process of Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O hollow urchin precursors is investigated and a plausible mechanism is proposed. Then, the Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O are converted to Co3O4 through heat treatment in air. As an anode material for lithium ion batteries, urchin-like Co3O4 hollow spheres exhibit highly reversible specific capacities, good cycling stabilities and excellent rate capabilities (e.g., 433 mAh g−1 at 10 C). The superior performances result from the synergetic effect of integral urchin-like microstructure, small diffusion lengths in the nanoparticle building blocks and sufficient void space to buffer the volume expansion.
A recent study has shown that the process of self-discharge is determined by a number of parameters such as initial voltage, temperature, and charge duration. Depending on these parameters we observed a voltage decay of 5–15% within 48h after charging. These observations hardly affect dynamic operations for supercapacitors, but have major implications for all static setups. A complex electrical model has been established to account for the redistribution effects of ions occurring in supercapacitors. Intense experimental studies suggest that these redistribution effects are in part responsible for the measured potential decays. Extended charging allows the ions to allocate themselves more homogeneously throughout the pores and therefore the voltage decay during the rest period following the charging is greatly reduced. The introduced model is capable of predicting the effects of charge duration, initial voltage, and temperature on the open circuit voltage decay.
An electric double-layer capacitor is one of the energy storage devices, which consists of carbon polarizable electrodes and electrolytic solution. It has been used for a memory back-up device since 1978 and recently advanced capacitors with higher capacitance and lower resistance are developed for high-rate discharge uses. In the paper, outline of the capacitors, development history and present status of the capacitors, effective factors to capacitor characteristics, and potential application of capacitors are discussed. Electrical characteristics of the newly developed capacitor for power uses, “UP-Cap”, are described. Future prospect of the capacitors as energy storage devices will be discussed.
Non-intrusive monitoring of the state-of-charge of sealed lead-acid batteries using wire-wound coils is described. Coils were attached to the plastic case of the batteries, adjacent to the negative end plate, and excited using ac current at 10kHz. As the batteries were cycled, the inductance of the coils tracked the change in metallic content of the end plates. Data is presented for different discharge rates and temperatures. A variation of the technique is also described that uses less expensive equipment to measure the voltage drop across the coil, rather than inductance.
In this paper, we describe how the mechanism of formation of a protective film [the solid electrolyte interphase (or interface) (SEI)] on a graphite electrode for Li-ion batteries was investigated from the novel perspective of precipitation of the final decomposition products that arise from the reduction of a nonaqueous electrolyte solution in contact with the graphite electrode. Within the framework of this new perspective, we can elegantly account for the compositional and structural differences between the basal-plane and edge-plane SEIs and for the origins of the multi-layer structure and the parabolic growth law of the SEIs on both the edge-plane and basal-plane surfaces of the graphite electrode.
Herein, we present the synthesis of oxygen vacancies-rich α-MoO3-x nanobelts through a novel defect-engineering strategy. The oxygen-vacancies could not only greatly increase the interlayer spacing and the electrical conductivity of MoO3, but also significantly enhance the electrochemical activity, which promotes faster charge storage kinetics. Meanwhile, to further facilitate the electron transfer and ion transport, a graphene nanomesh-carbon nanotube/MoO3-x (GC/MoO3-x ) nanocomposite with three-dimensional sandwiched structure was fabricated, which displays high specific capacity up to 306 C g−1 as well as high volumetric capacity of 692 C cm−3. Our fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) with the GC/MoO3-x and GC/MnO2 nanocomposites as anode and cathode, respectively, exhibits an ultrahigh energy of 150 Wh kg−1, corresponding to an impressive volumetric energy density of 319 Wh L−1. Notably, both the gravimetric and volumetric energy densities are much higher than most of the previously reported metal oxide based ASCs in aqueous electrolytes. Furthermore, the ASC displays an ultra-long lifespan with 101% retention ratio after 30,000 cycles. The outstanding performances of GC/MoO3-x composite render it a highly promising candidate for next-generation supercapacitors with both high energy and power densities in future applications, especially in greatly limited space.
The thermal abuse tolerance of Li-ion cells depends not only on the stability of the active materials in the anode and cathode but also on the stability of the separator which prevents direct interaction between these electrodes. Separator response has been measured as a function of temperature and high voltage both for isolated materials and in full 18650 cells. Separators with different compositions and properties were measured to determine the effect of separator melt integrity on cell response under abusive conditions. These studies were performed as part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Advanced Technology Development (ATD) Program.