batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Future vehicle applications require the development of reliable and long life batteries operating under high-rate partial-state-of-charge (HRPSoC) working conditions. This paper updates work carried out to develop spiral wound valve-regulated batteries for vehicles with different hybridisation degrees, ranging from stop–start to mild hybrid applications. In order to develop a battery that can withstand the hard operating conditions that the work at High Rate Partial-State-of-Charge (HRPSoC) implies, it is necessary to modify the negative AM formulation by using special, additives like carbon and graphite that reduce lead sulphate accumulation during HRPSoC cycling within in the negative plate. Several batches of negative active material (NAM) with the addition of graphites of different types, as well as combinations of graphite and activated carbons, have been made on 6V 24 Ah Spiral wound modules. Electrical results show a dramatic increase of the charge acceptance at different SoC's that for some combinations approach 200%. On the other hand, on cycle life according to EUCAR Power Assist cycling, values in the range 200,000–220,000 cycles have been obtain in most part of the batch. This represents a capacity turnover of 5000–5500 times the nominal capacity. The paper is divided into three parts. The first part is devoted to identify the cause of failure of the negative plate on Power Assist Cycle Life, that turned to be the development of high amounts of lead sulphate and its accumulation on the surface of the plate. The second part covers the addition of carbon and graphite of low SSA to NAM and finally the third part is dedicated to the test of additions of medium/high SSA carbon to NAM with the specific objective of trying to implement the supercapacitor effect inside the battery.
Agrammatism is—among others, characterized by a deficit in producing grammatical structures. Of specific difficulty is the utilization of complex, non-canonical sentence structures (e.g. object-questions, passives, object-clefts). Several studies have documented positive effects when applying a specific treatment protocol in terms of increasingly correct production of target complex sentence structures with some variance in generalization patterns noted across individuals. The objective of this intervention study was to evaluate an intervention program focussing on the production of non-canonical sentences. Hypotheses about the occurrence of treatment effects were formulated on the basis of syntactic complexity, referring to the amount of syntactic phrase structures necessary to generate specific German sentence structures. A multiple single case study with seven agrammatic participants was applied, each participant receiving training in the production of object-relative-clauses and who-questions. The investigation was designed to unambiguously evaluate for each individual, structure specific and generalized learning effects with respect to the production of object-relative-clauses, who-questions and passive sentences. Results showed significant improvements for all sentences types. This outcome is considered within methodological issues of treatment studies. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
Birnesite-type MnO2 nanowires were prepared by direct reaction of NaMnO4 with ethanol under hydrothermal conditions. Changing the pressure vessel load allowed a layered oxide in the form of nanoflakes to be obtained. The resulting nanowires were 10–20nm wide and several micrometers long. Interestingly, the nanowires were poorly crystalline as revealed by their XRD patterns; also, they exhibited especially strong (100) reflections that were assigned to 1D growth of the particles. By contrast, the XRD pattern for the nanoflakes was consistent with an increased crystallinity as a result of 2D particle growth. The electrochemical properties of the nanowires and nanoflakes in 0.5M Na2SO4 were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge testing in two- and three-electrode cells. The nanowires exhibited an ideal capacitive behavior and a higher specific capacitance than the nanoflakes (191 vs. 157Fg−1). In our opinion, the improved performance of the nanowires is a result of their high structural disorder and lattice strain rather than their higher specific surface area.
The unconventional redox mechanism of copper nitroprusside in the electrochemical reaction with lithium is studied by a wide range of techniques. After a simple and reproducible synthesis, pristine copper nitroprusside is characterized using a wide range of techniques. The material is formulated and electrochemically tested in coin cells to explore its electrochemical signature and cyclability. Multiple redox processes involving both Fe and Cu centres are identified at an early stage and further investigated by operando XAFS. Moreover, operando FTIR unveils the unexpected participation of the nitrosyl ligand in the electrochemical reaction. A gradual and irreversible transformation of the material, also reported by operando Mössbauer spectroscopy, occurs in the first cycles. Then, the material is able to withstand several electrochemical cycles without efficiency loss, even though no optimization on formulation has been carried out. Altogether, the nitrosyl group is electrochemically active beyond metals’ centres, giving as result a remarkable increase in capacity compared to other analogue compounds. We thus believe this study may open the way to further research on other electroactive nitrosyl-containing materials.
δ-ALA-D is a metalloenzyme that has 3 vicinal thiol/thiolate groups that coordinate with Zn(II). The proximity between the sulfhydryl groups renders δ-ALA-D extremely sensitive to oxidation by soft electrophiles, such as Pb(II), Hg(II), As(III) and organoseleno and organotellurium compounds. In fact, blood δ-ALA-D is a classical biomarker of lead exposure in humans. The inhibition of δ-ALA-D can increase the concentration of 5-aminolevulinate (δ-ALA), which is a pro-oxidant compound. δ-ALA can generate oxidative stress that can further increase δ-ALA-D inhibition. Recently, data have been obtained indicating that the δ-ALA-D could be a marker of oxidative stress in human pathologies. In summary, considering its high sensitivity to pro-oxidant situations, δ-ALA-D can be considered a universal marker of oxidative stress.
Human exposure to air pollution is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. However, personal air pollution exposures can vary substantially depending on an individual’s daily activity patterns and air quality within their residence and workplace. This work developed and validated an adaptive buffer size (ABS) algorithm capable of dynamically classifying an individual’s time spent in predefined microenvironments using data from global positioning systems (GPS), motion sensors, temperature sensors, and light sensors. Twenty-two participants in Fort Collins, CO were recruited to carry a personal air sampler for a 48-h period. The personal sampler was retrofitted with a GPS and a pushbutton to complement the existing sensor measurements (temperature, motion, light). The pushbutton was used in conjunction with a traditional time-activity diary to note when the participant was located at “home”, “work”, or within an “other” microenvironment. The ABS algorithm predicted the amount of time spent in each microenvironment with a median accuracy of 99.1%, 98.9%, and 97.5% for the “home”, “work”, and “other” microenvironments. The ability to classify microenvironments dynamically in real time can enable the development of new sampling and measurement technologies that classify personal exposure by microenvironment.
Camptocormia is a highly disabling syndrome that occurs in various diseases but is particularly associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although first described nearly 200 years ago, the morphological changes associated with camptocormia are still under debate and the pathophysiology is unknown. We analyzed paraspinal muscle biopsies of 14 PD patients with camptocormia and compared the findings to sex-matched postmortem controls of comparable age to exclude biopsy site-specific changes. Camptocormia in PD showed a consistent lesion pattern composed of myopathic changes with type-1 fiber hypertrophy, loss of type-2 fibers, loss of oxidative enzyme activity, and acid phosphatase reactivity of lesions. Ultrastructurally, myofibrillar disorganization and Z-band streaming up to electron-dense patches/plaques were seen in the lesions. No aberrant protein aggregation, signs of myositis or mitochondriopathy were found, but the mitochondrial content of paraspinal muscles in patients and controls was markedly higher than known from limb biopsies. Additionally, we were able to demonstrate a link between the severity of the clinical syndrome and the degree of the myopathic changes. Because of the consistent lesion pattern, we propose criteria for the diagnosis of camptocormia in PD from muscle biopsies. The morphological changes show obvious parallels to the muscle pathology of experimental tenotomy reported in the 1970s, which depend on an intact innervation and do not occur after interruption of the myotactic reflexes. A dysregulation of the proprioception could be part of the pathogenesis of camptocormia in Parkinson’s disease, particularly in view of the clinical symptoms of rigidity and loss of muscle strength.
The accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation and real-time performance are critical evaluation indexes for Li-ion battery management systems (BMS). High accuracy algorithms often take long program execution time (PET) in the resource-constrained embedded application systems, which will undoubtedly lead to the decrease of the time slots of other processes, thereby reduce the overall performance of BMS. Considering the resource optimization and the computational load balance, this paper proposes a multi-model switching SOC estimation method for Li-ion batteries. Four typical battery models are employed to build a close-loop SOC estimation system. The extended Kalman filter (EKF) method is employed to eliminate the effect of the current noise and improve the accuracy of SOC. The experiments under dynamic current conditions are conducted to verify the accuracy and real-time performance of the proposed method. The experimental results indicate that accurate estimation results and reasonable PET can be obtained by the proposed method.
With aim to address the open question of accurate determination of lithium composition in anode and cathode at a defined state of charge (SOC) of lithium ion batteries (LIB), we developed a method combining electrochemical thermodynamic measurements (ETM) and computational data fitting protocol. It is a common knowledge that in a lithium ion battery the SOC of anode and cathode differ from the SOC of the full-cell. Differences are in large part due to irreversible lithium losses within cell and to electrode mass unbalance. This implies that the lithium composition range in anode and in cathode during full charge and discharge cycle in full-cell is different from the composition range achieved in lithium half-cells of anode and cathode over their respective full SOC ranges. To the authors knowledge there is no unequivocal and practical method to determine the actual lithium composition of electrodes in a LIB, hence their SOC. Yet, accurate lithium composition assessment is fundamental not only for understanding the physics of electrodes but also for optimizing cell performances, particularly energy density and cycle life.
Degradation in lithium ion (Li-ion) battery cells is the result of a complex interplay of a host of different physical and chemical mechanisms. The measurable, physical effects of these degradation mechanisms on the cell can be summarised in terms of three degradation modes, namely loss of lithium inventory, loss of active positive electrode material and loss of active negative electrode material. The different degradation modes are assumed to have unique and measurable effects on the open circuit voltage (OCV) of Li-ion cells and electrodes. The presumptive nature and extent of these effects has so far been based on logical arguments rather than experimental proof. This work presents, for the first time, experimental evidence supporting the widely reported degradation modes by means of tests conducted on coin cells, engineered to include different, known amounts of lithium inventory and active electrode material. Moreover, the general theory behind the effects of degradation modes on the OCV of cells and electrodes is refined and a diagnostic algorithm is devised, which allows the identification and quantification of the nature and extent of each degradation mode in Li-ion cells at any point in their service lives, by fitting the cells' OCV.
Smart and novel materials require the replacement of conventional composites with superior ones, which requires an advanced class of composites with multi-functionality. Multi-scale composites are advanced composites that are reinforced with nanoscale materials along with macroscale fibers, and these materials have attracted the attention of researchers as well as various industries. Multi-scale composites have potential applications in almost every field due to their remarkable features like extraordinary mechanical, electrical, and optical properties; extremely high aspect ratios of the nanomaterial constituents; and the uniformity, flexibility, and stability of the fibers. To optimize the performance of these kinds of composites, it is crucial to understand the selection of appropriate reinforcements, processing, and utilization of these advanced materials. Most reviews in this area concentrate only on CNTs, while this review considers other nanomaterials too. Additionally, various methods to improve the dispersion of nanomaterials into the matrix are also discussed. Overall, this article focuses on the components of multi-scale composites, key challenges related to their processing, and the multi-functionality of designed multi-scale composites.
Poly(o-toluidine) (POT) is electrochemically synthesized on graphite electrode at constant current density of 1.5 mA cm−2 from aqueous electrolyte of 1.0 mol dm−3 H2SO4 and 0.25 mol dm−3 o-toluidine. Electrochemical characterization of POT electrode is performed using cyclic voltammetry, Mot Schottky analysis and galvanostatic measurements at different currents. POT electrode exhibited high energy storage features, with specific energy up to 17.5 Wh kg−1 and specific power up to 3300 W kg−1. Cyclic stability exceeding 90% is obtained over 2000 charge/discharge cycles at 13.1 A g−1 indicating the perspective application of POT electrode as energy storage material.
The application of high surface area activated carbon (AC) as a convenient quasi-reference electrode (QRE) in non-aqueous electrolyte solutions is evaluated. By calibration against the ferrocene/ferrocenium ion redox system, the potential of the AC QRE investigated in this work was found to lie close to+3V vs. Li/Li+ for several non-aqueous electrolyte solutions and to exhibit drifts of less than+1mV/day at room temperature for certain electrolyte solutions. AC QREs are thus proposed as suitable alternatives to other QREs with the distinct advantages that no additional ionic impurities are introduced into the electrochemical system under investigation, no potential-determining redox system is required and the electrode potential is less influenced by changes in the concentration of redox-active species in the electrolyte solution.
It is widely believed that Li2S2 is one of the intermediate products of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. However, contradicting proposals regarding the role and even the existence of Li2S2 in Li–S batteries persist. To address this, we have carried out first principles calculations of the energetic and electronic properties of Li2S2 based on the most promising structures found through an evolutionary algorithmic study. Our proposed Li2S2 structure(s) give a discharge voltage of 2.11 V for 2Li+ + 2e− + Li2S2 → 2Li2S, which matches the lower plateau of the experimental discharge profile of Li–S cells. Our results also show that Li2S2 is subject to spontaneous disproportionation. Together these results indicate that Li2S2 plays a key intermediate non-equilibrium role in the discharge of Li–S batteries.
Lithium-sulfur battery is garnering much of attention due to its high energy densities, low-cost active material of sulfur and variety of applications in portable electronics. High integrity and consistent qualities of the large-scale sulfur cathode with high energy have to be ensured to construct reliable and practical lithium-sulfur batteries that could supersede advancing lithium-ion batteries. Here, facile and productive approaches are developed to mass-produce functional sulfur hosts and to fabricate large-scale sulfur cathode with high sulfur loading. The functional sulfur host is synthesized by anchoring polyethylenimine at the surface of commercially available carbon at inert conditions with a scale of more than 10 g per batch via simple solution method. Combining the functionalized sulfur host with a polyacrylic acid binder allows high integrity and uniformity of the high sulfur loading cathode to be fabricated in large dimensions. Followed by this approach, the sulfur cathode, 70 × 6 cm2, is produced with the sulfur loading of >4.3 mg cm−2. It is found that 12 wt% of polyethylenimine in the functionalized sulfur host with polyacrylic acid is at optimal condition that presents stable electrochemical performances over 600 cycles.
Hierarchical porous multi-phase Ni–Zn–Co oxide/hydroxide is synthesized by using metal-organic framework-5 (MOF-5) as the template. Hierarchical porous carbon is obtained by the facile direct decomposition of the MOF-5 framework with phenolic resin. The structures and textures are characterized by X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen sorption at 77K. An asymmetric capacitor incorporating the Ni–Zn–Co oxide/hydroxide as the positive electrode and the porous carbon as the negative electrode is fabricated. A maximum energy density of 41.65Whkg−1 is obtained, which outperforms many other available asymmetric capacitors. The asymmetric capacitor also shows a good high-rate performance, possessing an energy density of 16.62Whkg−1 at the power density of about 2900Wkg−1.
The reaction mechanism of non-aqueous Li-O2 batteries is based on the deposition and decomposition of Li2O2. The polarization of Li-O2 batteries can be rapidly increased by operation under a high rate condition, resulting in the early capacity fade of the cells. Therefore, a well-designed catalyst with a unique structure and excellent catalytic ability is an important way to boost the round-trip performance of Li-O2 batteries, especially under high current density. In this work, a unique nanoflower structure assembled with Co3O4 nanosheets is synthesized by using 2-methylimidazole (2-MIM) as a structural directing agent. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectra reveal abundant oxygen vacancies on the surface of the Co3O4 nanoflower, which are beneficial for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions and long round-trip lifetime. Density functional theory results demonstrate that Co3O4 catalyst with oxygen vacancies could promote the wetting of Li2O2 on substrate and formation of a Li2O2 nanofilm, thereby boosting the discharge capacity of Li-O2 batteries. On account of the synergistic effect of abundant oxygen vacancies, the unique structure, and excellent oxygen evolution reaction, Co3O4 nanoflower-based cells could deliver ultralong lifetime of 276 and 248 cycles with a discharge capacity of 1000 mAh g−1 under charge/discharge current densities of 0.5 A g−1 and 1 A g−1, respectively. This study has shed light on a new strategy for catalyst preparation for long lifetime Li-O2 batteries.
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are an attractive candidate for the next generation energy storage systems. However, the practical use of Li–S batteries is hindered by poor cycle life and low Coulombic efficiency, which are induced by shuttle effect. Modifying the properties of a separator is an effective way to inhibit the shuttle effect. However, only physical interactions of common carbon materials are not enough to confine lithium polysulfides. In this paper, a porous carbon nanowire (N-PCNW) is designed to modify the separator. The N-PCNW with high N-doped level (7.12wt%) not only possesses excellent electron conductivity, but also traps the soluble polysulfides effectively with both physical and chemical interactions. With the N-PCNW modified separator, the pure sulfur cathode exhibits enhanced electrochemical performance, showing a high initial discharge capacity of 1430mAhg−1 at 0.2C (1C=1675mAhg−1) and good long-term cycling stability at 0.5C with 0.08% capacity fading per cycle. This design is easy and efficient, providing a great promise for the pratical use of Li–S batteries.
The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries brings benefits to both economic and environmental terms, but it can also lead to contaminants in a workshop environment. This study focused on metals, non-metals and volatile organic compounds generated by the discharging and dismantling pretreatment processes which are prerequisite for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries. After discharging in NaCl solution, metal contents in supernate and concentrated liquor were detected. Among results of condition #2, #3, #4 and #5, supernate and concentrated liquor contain high levels of Na, Al, Fe; middle levels of Co, Li, Cu, Ca, Zn; and low levels of Mn, Sn, Cr, Zn, Ba, K, Mg, V. The Hg, Ag, Cr and V are not detected in any of the analyzed supernate. 10wt% NaCl solution was a better discharging condition for high discharge efficiency, less possible harm to environment. To collect the gas released from dismantled LIB belts, a set of gas collecting system devices was designed independently. Two predominant organic vapour compounds were dimethyl carbonate (4.298mgh−1) and tert-amylbenzene (0.749mgh−1) from one dismantled battery cell. To make sure the concentrations of dimethyl carbonate under recommended industrial exposure limit (REL) of 100mgL−1, for a workshop on dismantling capacity of 1000kg spent LIBs, the minimum flow rate of ventilating pump should be 235.16m3 h−1.
Decreasing particle size ensures a good accessibility of LiFePO4 to lithium ions and electrons and allows reaching the theoretical capacity and achieving high cycling rates. It nevertheless leads to an increase of the surface area and thus a subsequent amplification of the parasitic reactions at the interface between active material surface and electrolyte. The formation and evolution of the interphase on the surface of LiFePO4 may affect strongly its electrochemical performance. This work aims at monitoring the interphase forming on LiFePO4 upon its operation in a lithium battery, and correlating its evolution with the electrochemical behaviour of the active material. Combined XPS and multinuclear quantitative 7Li, 1H and 19F NMR indicate a trend for the interphase structure that can be described as a mostly stable inner interphase composed of fluorinated inorganic products while outer lithiated organic species undergo a reversible formation at high potential and dissolution at low potential. Although an irreversible accumulation of interphase occurs, spin–spin relaxation time analysis indicates that interphasial species tend to stack on the top of each other rather than cover the whole active material surface. Moreover, the dissolution/precipitation process seems to prevent a blocking of the electrode surface by resistive species such as LiF.