batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Endosulfan is an environmentally persistent pesticide and has been shown to be genotoxic, neurotoxic and carcinogenic to surrounding organisms. Earthworms are widely used in environmental metabolomic studies to assess soil ecotoxicity. Previous nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic studies have analyzed earthworm tissue extracts after exposure to endosulfan and identified some key metabolic indicators that can be used as biomarkers of stress. However, some metabolites may have been masked due to overlap with other metabolites in the tissue extract. Therefore, in this study, the coelomic fluid (CF) and the tissue extract of the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, were both investigated using 1H NMR-based metabolomics to analyze their metabolic profile in response to endosulfan exposure at three sub-lethal (below LC50) concentrations. Principal component analysis determined the earthworm CF and earthworm tissue extract to both have significant separation between the exposed and control at the two highest sub-lethal endosulfan exposures (1.0 and 2.0 μg cm−2). Alanine, glycine, malate, α-ketoglutarate, succinate, betaine, myo-inositol, lactate and spermidine in the earthworm CF and alanine, glutamine, fumarate, glutamate, maltose, melibiose, ATP and lactate in earthworm tissue extract were all detected as having significant fluctuations after endosulfan exposure. An increase in ATP production was detected by the increase activity in the citric acid cycle and by anaerobic metabolism. A significant decrease in the polyamine, spermidine after endosulfan exposure describes an apoptotic mode of protection which correlates to a previous endosulfan exposure study where DNA damage has been reported. This study highlights that earthworm CF is a complementary biological medium to tissue extracts and can be helpful to better understand the toxic mode of action of contaminants at sub-lethal levels in the environment.
J. Pujol Gebelli, A. García Ruiz de Gordejuela, A. Casajoana Badía, J. Elvira López.
With increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy density, silicon-based negative electrode material has attracted much interest because of its high specific capacity. Practical utilization of Si remains unattainable, however, owing to severe volume expansion in the electrode, resulting in a loss of the electrical Si network, which is directly connected to drastic capacity fading of the cell. Therefore, there have been systematic studies on the characterization of fundamental binder properties to estimate the suitability of various binder materials. The binder properties are subdivided into mechanical and adhesion characteristics, electrode properties (rigidity and recovery), and phase separation behavior of slurry to correlate with the electrochemical performance and practical acceptance of candidate materials. Systematic screening showed that hybridization of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(amide imide) (PAI) could complement each other's properties and the hybridized PAA–PAI was synthesized by a one-step, acid-catalyzed reaction. The PAA–PAI hybrid showed enhancement in overall properties as a result of co-polymerization and exhibited remarkable cycling performance after 300 cycles. Based on these results, it can be concluded that an understanding of binder characteristics provides useful insight into the search for a more efficient binder material, and fine tuning of fundamental binder properties through screening will be advantageous to the construction of more efficient LIB systems
LiCoO2 electrodes were fabricated with different acetylene carbon (AC) additions and fixed binder content. Subsequent electrochemical testing showed different processes at the interface that are related to pore distribution and electrode composition. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characterized the mechanisms close to open circuit conditions. The active state, combined with diffusion mechanisms within the cylindrical pores, contributed to the functionality of the particles according to the LiCoO2/AC content, and surface characteristics of the electrode influenced the impedance distribution. The de Levie theory for porous electrode was used to describe the influence of the LiCoO2/AC ratios in the impedance distribution when exposed to alkaline aqueous electrolytes (LiOH+Li2SO4). The pore model helped relate physical properties of the composite material, such as pore count, pore length, and double layer capacitance, with the mechanisms present at the interface. The theoretical model was validated with experimental data and the fitting process resulted in good agreement.
Carboxylate-based metal organic frameworks are popular lithium storage electrode materials by using carbonyl groups as redox centers. In this study, alkaline earth metal terephthalates MC8H4O4 (M=Ca, Sr, Ba) are prepared and applied as anodes for lithium ion batteries. The structure differences in terms of crystallography and molecular structures and electrochemical differences resulting from alkaline earth metal ionic radii are explored. It is found that electrostatic interactions between the alkaline metal cations and the terephthalate anions are important to the crystal structure, although these three organic matters consist of alternating layers of terephthalate anions and polyhedrally coordinated metal cations, but do not form iso-structure. Moreover, terephthalate salt with smaller cationic radius is featured with ionic bond behavior, lower discharge potential vs. Li/Li+ and higher discharge capacity with good capacity retention behavior.
Poly[(R)-(–)-3-(l-pyrrolyl)propyl-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-α-phenylglycinate] films were deposited on ITO electrodes using potentiodynamic and galvanostatic methods. Polymerization occurred as a charge dependent process at 1.0V vs. Ag/Ag+(CH3CN) and was not affected by the presence of nitro groups in the monomer. The surface morphology of the film and its electrochemical properties were studied as a function of deposition charge (Q dep) and deposition method. Film thickness increased in a quasi-linear manner with respect to Q dep within the range 40–80mC cm2. The galvanostatic method provided easier control of Q dep compared with potentiodynamic deposition, and produced a more adherent film with homogeneous grain geometry. Cyclic voltammetry revealed a well defined redox couple at the anodic region, attributable to polymer p-doping, and a poorly defined redox pair at the cathodic region, attributable to the reduction of the nitro group.
This study explores the possibility of using adaptive filters to predict sea-water quality indicators such as water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen based on measurements produced by an under-water measurement set-up. Two alternative adaptive approaches are tested, namely a projection algorithm and a least squares algorithm. These algorithms were chosen for comparison because they are widely used prediction algorithms. The results indicate that if the measurements remain reasonably stationary, it is possible to make one-day ahead predictions, which perform better than the prediction that the value of a certain quality variable tomorrow is going to be equal to the value today.
In this study, technical, economic and environmental feasibility study of applying an integrated system including grid-connected photovoltaic panels and a forced circulation solar water heater for supplying the required electricity and hot water for a school has been carried out considering international prices of electricity and natural gas by using software. This study explored the potential waste heat recuperation of PV systems for application in green school during heating seasons. In order to make the hybrid system applicable in both heating and cooling seasons, the design details to avoid the overheating need to be scrutinized and the economic impact during the cooling seasons should be examined further. The present study have shown that a school׳s entire energy needs with renewable energy sources in Kahramanmaras climatic conditions can be solved by being able to meet the optimal planning. There is a need to support energy resources, especially when there is no sun in green house application. Green school practice does not only care about the environment but also the economic. Solar energy levels in countries such as Turkey, with good green structures can be improved. Finally, the present study showed that the full energy requirements of green school were supplied.
A series of new acid monomers with different acid groups based on sulfonimide were synthesized. Acidity of the sulfonimide monomers could be controlled by changing substituted groups on the sulfonimides. Copolymerization of the acid monomers was carried out with acrylonitrile, and the proton exchange membranes were cast from solutions of the resulting copolymers. The membranes were mechanically strong, flexible, and transparent. Adsorption isotherm behavior for water uptake by the membranes was found to depend on the acidity of the starting monomers and hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of the copolymers. The membranes exhibited high proton conductivities under humidifying conditions, which depended fairly on temperature as well as the water uptake. At a constant relative humidity, membranes of the strong acids showed conductivities higher than those of the weak acids.
In every cross-cultural study, the question as to whether test scores obtained in different cultural populations can be interpreted in the same way across these populations has to be dealt with. Bias and equivalence have become the common terms to refer to the issue. Taxonomy of both bias and equivalence is presented. Bias can be engendered by the theoretical construct (construct bias), the method such as the form of test administration (method bias), and the item content (item bias). Equivalence refers to the measurement level at which scores can be compared across cultures. Three levels of equivalence are possible: the same construct is measured in each cultural group but the functional form of the relationship between scores obtained in various groups is unknown (structural equivalence), scores have the same measurement unit across populations but have different origins (measurement unit equivalence), and scores have the same measurement unit and origin in all populations (full scale equivalence). The most frequently encountered sources of bias and their remedies are described.
The electrochemical behaviour of aluminium in LiClO4–propylene carbonate electrolyte is studied by cyclic voltammetry, steady-state polarisation, and ac impedance spectroscopy in the potential range −0.4–4.2V versus Li/Li+. The open-circuit potential of Al is 1.57V versus Li/Li+, which is about 0.2V above the thermodynamic value of Al due to the presence of a surface passive film. In the positive potential region, Al is fairly stable between 1.57 and 3.5V versus Li/Li+ owing to the presence of the surface film. Nevertheless, the oxidation of Al occurs at potentials >3.5V versus Li/Li+. The ac impedance data are analysed by using a non-linear least-squares fitting procedure, and the surface film resistance is found to be between 498 and 1032 kΩcm−2. In the potential range 3.6–4.2V versus Li/Li+, there is a breakdown of the passive film as demonstrated by a decrease in its resistance to 1.2–4.8kΩcm−2. This breakdown accompanies anodic oxidation of Al. Thus, there is a possibility of anodic degradation of the Al substrate that is usually used as the current-collector of positive electrodes of Li-ion batteries, if Al is exposed to the electrolyte. In the negative potential region, the deposition of uniform and non-dendritic Li occurs, which can be anodically stripped in a quasi-reversible process with high coulombic efficiency. Diffusion of Li into Al results in the formation of a surface layer of Li–Al alloy, as suggested by X-ray diffraction patterns. The quasi-reversible cathodic deposition and anodic stripping of Li with an exchange current density of 0.16mAcm−2 indicates that Al is useful as a negative electrode in Li-batteries.
Nanosized Sn–Co prepared by ultrasonic-assisted chemical reduction is milled with artificial graphite (AG) to form Sn–Co–AG composite. The as-prepared materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry and Brunauer–Emmett–Telle (BET) surface area measurement. XRD patterns show that Sn–Co particles are poorly crystallized and artificial graphite has a typical hexagonal graphite structure phase. The diffraction peaks of Sn–Co particles remain the same but some of AG obviously change after milling Sn–Co with AG. BET areas of AG, Sn–Co and Sn–Co–AG are 1.569, 13.187 and 6.754m2 g−1, respectively. SEM images display the as-prepared Sn–Co particles have a size distribution ranging from 20 to 70nm in diameter. After milling Sn–Co with AG, Sn–Co particles keep similar morphology but there is a perceptible change in AG. Electrochemical tests show that Sn–Co–AG composite possesses much improved electrochemical performance than the state-of-the-art graphite. This composite has great potential as an alternative material for improving the energy density of a lithium ion secondary battery.
Monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3 can be rapidly synthesized at 750°C for 5min (MW5m) by using temperature-controlled microwave solid-state synthesis method (TCMS). The carbon-free sample MW5m presents well electrochemical properties. In the cut-off voltage 3.0–4.3, MW5m presents a charge capacity 132mAhg−1, almost equivalent to the reversible cycling of two lithium ions per Li3V2(PO4)3 formula unit (133mAhg−1), and discharge capacity 126.4mAhg−1. In the cut-off voltage 3.0–4.8V, MW5m shows an initial discharge capacity of 183.4mAhg−1, near to the theoretical discharge capacity. In the cycle performance, the capacity fade of Li3V2(PO4)3 is dependent on the cut-off voltage and the preparation method.
The multifunctional properties of 2D boron nitride nanoflakes (BNNFs) in gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) are presented. A small addition (0.5 wt%) of BNNFs into the GPE substantially improves all the advantageous properties of the GPE including ionic conductivity, Li+ transference number, mechanical modulus, and dendrite-suppressing capability, thereby enabling high performance lithium metal batteries.
In this paper, phosphorus-doped porous carbon was obtained via a simple method with leaves as raw materials, and its broad application prospects in sodium-ion and lithium-ion battery were proved. The effect of different mass ratios on microstructure and properties were investigated. Phosphorus-doped porous carbon has high specific surface area and pore volume, which is favorable for contact with electrolyte and transportation of electron/ion. Meanwhile, doping of phosphorus increases layer spacing of carbon lattice and enhances adsorption of sodium ion, which are more conducive to the storage of sodium ions. Based on above advantages, PC-3 has stable and fast sodium-ion and lithium-ion storage performance with capacity of 310.4 mAh g−1 for sodium-ion battery and 723.4 mAh g−1 for lithium-ion battery after 200 cycles. Furthermore, carbonization temperature of this method is lower than other reports, saving energy and having better practical value.
In this study, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) supported Pt-cobalt phosphide (CoP) electrocatalyst (Pt/CoP/CNTs) is designed and prepared for methanol oxidation (MOR) for the first time. The modification of CoP decreases the Pt particle size significantly and increases the electrochemical surface areas due to the interaction between Pt and CoP, which is evidenced by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Among all these catalysts, Pt/4%CoP/CNTs catalyst exhibits the best MOR activity of 1600mAmg−1 Pt, which is six times that of Pt/CNTs. Moreover, this catalyst also exhibits the higher onset current density and steady current density than the other Pt-based catalysts. The work provides a promising method to develop the highly active and stable Pt-based catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells.
Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells (DAFCs) have the potential to compete with current battery technology due to the high energy density of the alcohol fuels. A major limitation to these fuel systems is “blinding” where CO2 gas pushes through the porous gas diffusion layer (GDL) forming bubbles in the flow channels inhibiting fuel delivery to the catalyst layer. We report here measurements of material wettability, advancing and receding contact angles, and gas bubble formation to describe multiphase transport processes relevant to DAFCs. Carbon paper and carbon cloth have large differences in the receding contact angles (θ R,paper =85°, θ R,cloth =120°), which result in differences in bubble growth and detachment from the GDL surface. Bubbles on carbon paper were ∼40–50% smaller than on carbon cloth. The gas pressure to push gas through the GDL was 50–80% greater for carbon paper. The geometry of the flow channel also played a major role in confining bubble growth. The permeable nature of the GDL resulted in lateral transport of gas to existing bubbles. This fundamental understanding of transport processes suggested an electrode design with dedicated gas removal channels that could enable a DAFC to operate without bubble formation.
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is commonly used in the screening and evaluation process with bariatric surgery candidates despite relatively limited psychometric evidence in this patient group. We examined the validity of the BDI and its clinical utility for subtyping women seeking gastric bypass surgery.
Synthesis and characterisation of new nanocomposites of poly(3-decylpyrrole) (P3DP) and poly(hexadecylpyrrole) (P3HDP) with V2O5 are described. These nanocomposites were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, electroacoustic impedance (EAI) and cyclic voltammetry. The results were compared with an other nanocomposite, polypyrrole (Ppy)/V2O5, aiming to verify the influence of the side chains of P3DP and P3HDP on the electrochemical behaviour of V2O5. These hybrid materials have different structures that modify the electrochemical properties. The side chains of P3DP and P3HDP contributed to greater electrochemical stability than that of Ppy into the V2O5 matrix. This results in a higher specific capacity for the P3DP/V2O5 and P3HDP/V2O5 nanocomposites (115 and 106Ahkg−1, respectively) than that of Ppy/V2O5 (50Ahkg−1) after 50 electrochemical cycles.
As we know, Lead-acid battery is difficult to balance many factors such as the accuracy and the on-line testing requirement. The detecting system, as stated in this article, is based on the vibration test procedure, dynamically following the electrochemical process of the Lead-acid Battery, and collects the real-time state parameters for calculation, analysis and judgment. It also quantizes precisely the degradation and chargeability of the battery and therefore self-adapts to the ideal target values. During the test, it has not charged and discharged large current to the lead-acid battery, it only plus a smaller and shorter time of impulse voltage signal on both ends of lead-acid battery, so the battery measured is damage free, and the system energy consumption is small; Using the load compensation technology, it has solved the influence of load on the test results. What's more, the load characteristics are improved at the same time, it realized the online detection. The vibration detection is based on the adaptive fuzzy inference model which has taken various factors into account, concerning the choices of input aspects which may influence the output value. It realized a number of Lead-acid Battery voltage self-adaption and accomplished a variety of high-precise tests.
Zinc-bromine flow batteries have been regarded as one of the most promising technologies for large-scale energy storage. However, the widespread application of this technology is still hindered by its low power density, primarily resulting from a large polarization in the Br2/Br− electrode. In this work, carbonized tubular polypyrrole with abundant nitrogen- and oxygen-containing functional groups is synthesized and, for the first time, applied to a zinc-bromine flow battery as a positive electrode material. Experimental results unravel that carbonized tubular polypyrrole exhibits a high activity toward the Br2/Br− redox reaction, and enables the zinc-bromine flow battery to be operated at a current density of 80 mA cm−2 with a high energy efficiency of 76.0%. In contrast, the battery with the pristine graphite felt electrode can only output an energy efficiency of 69.4% at the same current density. In addition, no degradation is observed for the zinc-bromine flow battery equipped with carbonized tubular polypyrrole for 100 cycles. These superior results suggest that carbonized tubular polypyrrole is a promising positive electrode material for zinc-bromine flow batteries.
In the present work, we have synthesized polypyrrole (PPY)/polyacrylic acid (PAA)/silver (Ag) composite electrodes by chemical polymerization via a simple and cost effective dip coating technique for supercapacitor application. Fourier transform-infrared, Fourier transform-Raman, X-ray photoelectron and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques are used for the phase identification. Surface morphology of the films is examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy, which revealed granular structure for PPY, spherical interlaced granules for PPY/PAA and granules with bright spots of Ag nanoparticles for the PPY/PAA/Ag composites. The supercapacitive behavior of the electrodes is tested in three electrode system with 0.1M H2SO4 electrolyte by using cyclic voltammetery and charge discharge test. The highest specific capacitance 226Fg−1 at 10mVs−1 and energy density of 17.45Whkg−1 at 0.5mAcm−2 is obtained for the PPY/PAA/Ag composite electrodes. Present work demonstrates an easy way of improving specific capacitance of the polymer electrodes. Thus the work will open a new avenue for designing low cost high performance devices for better supercapacitors.
In this study, we investigated the addition of a tungsten catalyst into the electrolyte of a vanadium redox flow battery (VRBs) and measured the cell performance with respect to the concentration of the W6+ precursor. The VRBs showed a clear improvement in electrochemical performance because of the deposition of tungsten on the electrode. The presence of tungsten allowed the ionization of tungsten in the electrolyte during battery cycling. The optimized concentration of the tungsten additive was examined using electrochemical methods, which showed that the efficiency of the VRBs improved by 2–3% after the addition of 3mM tungsten to the electrolyte. In particular, the performance of VRB cells in an anolyte containing a W6+ catalyst was significantly enhanced at high current rates.
SnP x O y thin films were deposited on stainless steel substrates by electron-beam evaporation for use as anodes in thin-film lithium ion batteries. The thin films were heat-treated at various temperatures for 4h, and their composition, microstructure, and electrochemical properties were characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and AC impedance spectroscopy. The specific discharge capacity of the as-deposited SnP x O y thin film anode decreased rapidly to 12μAhcm−2-μm within 10 cycles. However, after heat treatment for 4h at 500°C, it maintained a high specific discharge capacity of 136μAhcm−2-μm and excellent cyclability even after 300 cycles, in contrast to pure SnO x thin film.