batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Electrocatalysts are increasingly being used for the production of clean energy. In the past few decades, a wide range of two-dimensional (2D) materials have shown great potential in replacing noble metal catalysts for various electrocatalytic reactions. However, development of alkaline hydrogen evolution technology (a kinetically sluggish process for the conversion of electricity to hydrogen fuel in water electrolyzes) is greatly hindered due to the lack of active candidate materials and mechanistic understanding. In this work, we prepared a hybrid material of 2D graphitic carbon nitride and 2D molybdenum nitride (C3N4@MoN) using an interface engineering strategy. The resultant material had a well-designed heterostructure and unique electronic structure. The intimate interaction of both inert graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and MoN surfaces induced a highly active interface with tunable dual active sites for alkaline HER. Thus, the 2D C3N4@MoN hybrid exhibited highly efficient electrocatalytic performance which is better than most of the recently reported non-noble metal catalysts. The combination of experimental characterization with density functional theory calculations shows that the enhanced activity originates from the synergy between the optimized hydrogen adsorption energy on the g-C3N4 sites and enhanced hydroxyl adsorption energy on the MoN sites.
FeS and its composite, FeS/C, are synthesized via a simple calcination method followed by a co-precipitation process. The electrochemical properties of the bare FeS and FeS/C composite as anode materials for alkaline nickel–iron batteries are investigated. The results show that the FeS/C-3 wt %Bi2O3-mixed electrode delivers a high specific capacity of 325 mAh g−1 at a current density of 300 mA g−1 with a faradaic efficiency of 90.3% and retains 99.2% of the initial capacity after 200 cycles. For the first time, it is demonstrated that even at a discharge rate as high as 1500 mA g−1 (5C) the FeS/C-3 wt %Bi2O3-mixed electrode delivers a specific capacity of nearly 230 mAh g−1. SEM results confirm that after 200 discharge–charge cycles, the size of FeS/C particles reduces from 5 to 15 μm to less than 300 nm in diameter and the particles are highly dispersed on the surface of carbon black, which is likely caused by the dissolution-deposition process of Fe(OH)2 and Fe via intermediate iron species. As a result, the FeS/C composite exhibits considerably high charge efficiency, high discharge capacities, excellent rate capability and superior cycling stability. We believe that this composite is a potential candidate of high-performance anode materials for alkaline iron-based rechargeable batteries.
A systematic approach to understanding the safety fundamentals of Li-ion batteries was undertaken. Firstly, we present thermal characterization experiments of charged prismatic polymer lithium-ion batteries (PLBs). These cells, at different state of charge (SOC), were tested inside an accelerated rate calorimeter (ARC) to determine the onset-of-thermal runaway (OTR) temperatures. In addition, the thermally activated components of these cells were followed by monitoring both the impedance (at 1 kHz) and the open circuit voltage (OCV) as a function of temperature. An increase in the impedance was observed at around 133 °C corresponding to the polyethylene separator shutdown. Secondly, an original in situac impedance measurement was performed over a wide range of frequencies instead of 1 kHz when the battery was heated from ambient to 130 °C. Resulting impedance spectra were modeled using an appropriate equivalent circuit. It is concluded that the high frequency and the low frequency semicircles observed in the impedance spectra are due to processes occurring the anode/electrolyte and cathode/electrolyte interfaces, respectively. The activation energy Ea was found in the ranges of 0.4–0.6 and 0.36–0.53 eV, for cathode and anode processes, respectively. In addition, it is assumed that change in the electrolyte composition is the main factor responsible for the rise in the cell impedance at high temperatures.
Triglyceride (TG) is known to be regulated by multiple lifestyle factors rather than genetic factors. This cross-sectional and community-based study (Healthy Twin study in Korea) aimed to estimate the “modifiable TG level” by identifying non-genetic risk factors of TG.
Nanocrystalline V2O5 with a bilayer structure is directly grown on a steel substrate electrochemically in VOSO4-based solution as a cathode for sodium-ion batteries. No complicated slurry preparation procedure, involving polymer binder and conducting agent additions, is needed for this electrode synthesis. The incorporation of NaCH3COO in the VOSO4 solution promotes oxide growth and improves oxide film uniformity. The interlayer distance between two-dimensional V2O5 stacks in the structure is as large as ∼11.6 Å, which is favorable for accommodating Na+ ions. The growth potential is critical to determine the oxide architectures and thus the corresponding Na+ storage properties (in terms of capacity, high-rate capability, and cycling stability). An optimal charge–discharge capacity of 220 mAh g−1 is achieved for V2O5 grown in an activation-controlled potential region (i.e., 0.8 V vs. an Ag/AgCl reference electrode). This V2O5 electrode shows only 8% capacity decay after 500 cycles.
Bi2WO6 thin films with fast deposition rate have been fabricated by radio-frequency (R.F.) sputtering deposition, and are used as positive electrodes in rechargeable thin film lithium batteries. An initial discharge capacity of 113μAh/cm2-μm is obtainable for Bi2WO6 film electrode with good capacity reversibility. A multiple-center reactive mechanism associated with both Bi3+/Bi0 and W6+/W x+(x <6) is investigated by ex situ X-ray diffraction patterns, transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction techniques, apart from the direct comparison of Bi2WO6 electrochemical performance with those of Bi2O3 and WO3 thin films. A possible explanation about smooth capacity loss of Bi2WO6 after long-term cycling is suggested from the incomplete reaction of Bi component. The advantages of Bi2WO6 thin films over the singer-center Bi2O3 or WO3 thin films are shown in both the aspects of volumetric capacity and cycling life.
Cloud Mobile 3D Display Gaming has been recently proposed where 3D video rendering and encoding are performed on cloud servers, with the resulting 3D video streamed wirelessly to mobile devices with 3D displays. This approach has the advantage of relieving high computation, power and storage requirements of 3D display gaming from mobile devices, while enabling game developers to focus on a single rich version of the game which can be experienced from any mobile device and platform. However, it is challenging to stream 3D video over dynamically fluctuating and often constrained mobile networks. In this paper, we propose a novel technique called Asymmetric and Selective Object Rendering (ASOR) which proves to be more powerful than previous solutions for Cloud based Mobile 3D display gaming. Specifically, this technique will enable rendering engine to intelligently decide whether or not to render an individual object and how good the corresponding texture detail will be if rendered, and the settings can be asymmetric for two views. Thus, unimportant objects can trade quality for reduced bitrate while important objects can remain high quality so that the overall user experience is optimized given certain bandwidth constraints. To quantitatively measure the user experience and bitrate by applying different rendering settings, we develop a user experience model and a bitrate model. We further propose an optimization algorithm which uses the above two models to automatically decide the optimal rendering settings for left view and right view to ensure the best user experience given the network conditions. Experiments conducted using real 4G-LTE network profiles on commercial cloud service with different genres of games demonstrate significant improvement in user experience when the proposed optimization algorithm is applied.
The extinction of solar UV (290–400nm) radiation in aquatic ecosystems is a complex phenomena. In this paper, we examine and model the attenuation of UV radiation in a shallow lake ecosystem. In particular we focus our analysis on the specific role of the fractions of dissolved and particulate matter in the water column in the attenuation of radiation. This analysis is aimed by representing the spatial distribution of each fraction making it possible to evidence the spatial variation in habitat quality. In situ and laboratory measurement are used to elaborate a UV attenuation model. The attenuation model distinguishes between the contribution of particulate and dissolved matter in the attenuation of the solar UV flux. In the studied wetland lake (Laguna Iberá, sub-tropical latitude, Argentina) the importance of dissolved matter is dominated in the UVB solar spectrum (290–320nm) but the effects of the particulate fraction are not negligible, in particular in UVA (320–400nm). The spatial representation of model results demonstrate the non homogeneous nature between attenuation of the two fractions. Local and global environmental change can have important impacts on dissolved and particulate matter concentrations, which cam have ecological consequences in relation to the high flux of incoming UV radiation. The model developed to examine the relative attenuation of the dissolved and particulate fractions and is a useful instrument to identify the role that these fractions have on the optical characteristics of aquatic ecosystems.
Microprocessor controlled transdermal delivery of anticancer drugs 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) was developed and in vitro evaluation was done. Drugs were loaded based on the pharmacokinetics parameters. In vitro diffusion studies were carried at different current density (0.0, 0.1, 0.22, 0.50 mA/cm2). The patches were evaluated for the drug content, thickness, weight, folding endurance, flatness, thumb tack test and adhesive properties all were well with in the specification of transdermal patches with elegant and transparent in appearance. In vitro permeation studies through human cadaver skin showed, passive delivery (0.0 mA/cm2) of 6-MP was low. As the current density was progressively increased, the flux also increased. the flux also increased with 0.1 mA/cm2 for 15–20 min, but it was less than desired flux, 0.2 mA/cm2 for 30 min showed better flux than 0.1 mA/cm2 current, but lag time was more than 4 h, 0.5 mA/cm2 current for more than 1 h, flux was >159 µg/cm2 h which was desired flux for 6-MP. 5-FU flux reached the minimum effective concentration (MEC) of 54 μg/cm2 h with 0.5 mA/cm2 current for 30–45 min, drug concentration were within the therapeutic window in post-current phase. We concluded from Ohm’s Law that as the resistance decreases, current increases. Skin resistance decrease with increase in time and current, increase in the drug permeation. Interestingly, for all investigated current densities, as soon as the current was switched off, 5-FU and 6-MP flux decreased fairly, but the controlled drug delivery can be achieved by switching the current for required period of time.
Dysfunction of dopaminergic neurotransmission has been implicated in HIV infection. We showed previously increased dopamine (DA) levels in CSF of therapy-naïve HIV patients and an inverse correlation between CSF DA and CD4 counts in the periphery, suggesting adverse effects of high levels of DA on HIV infection. In the current study including a total of 167 HIV-positive and negative donors from Germany and South Africa (SA), we investigated the mechanistic background for the increase of CSF DA in HIV individuals. Interestingly, we found that the DAT 10/10-repeat allele is present more frequently within HIV individuals than in uninfected subjects. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for gender and ethnicity showed an odds ratio for HIV infection in DAT 10/10 allele carriers of 3.93 (95 % CI 1.72–8.96; p = 0.001, Fishers exact test). 42.6 % HIV-infected patients harbored the DAT 10/10 allele compared to only 10.5 % uninfected DAT 10/10 carriers in SA (odds ratio 6.31), whereas 68.1 versus 40.9 %, respectively, in Germany (odds ratio 3.08). Subjects homozygous for the 10-repeat allele had higher amounts of CSF DA and reduced DAT mRNA expression but similar disease severity compared with those carrying other DAT genotypes. These intriguing and novel findings show the mutual interaction between DA and HIV, suggesting caution in the interpretation of CNS DA alterations in HIV infection solely as a secondary phenomenon to the virus and open the door for larger studies investigating consequences of the DAT functional polymorphism on HIV epidemiology and progression of disease.
The present study focuses on the dynamic electro-thermal modeling for the all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) with forced cooling strategies. The Foster network is adopted to dynamically model the heat dissipation of VRB with heat exchangers. The parameters of Foster network are extracted by fitting the step response of it to the results of linearized CFD model. Then a complete electro-thermal model is proposed by coupling the heat generation model, Foster network and electrical model. Results show that the established model has nearly the same accuracy with the nonlinear CFD model in electrolyte temperature prediction but drastically improves the computational efficiency. The modeled terminal voltage is also benchmarked with the experimental data under different current densities. The electrolyte temperature is found to be significantly influenced by the flow rate of coolant. As compared, although the electrolyte flow rate has unremarkable impact on electrolyte temperature, its effect on system pressure drop and battery efficiency is significant. Increasing the electrolyte flow rate improves the coulombic efficiency, voltage efficiency and energy efficiency simultaneously but at the expense of higher pump power demanded. An optimal flow rate exists for each operating condition to maximize the system efficiency.
We report on the syntheses of oriented TiO2 nanotube (NT) arrays having different geometries and the electrochemical properties as electrodes for lithium rechargeable batteries. The morphology of the NT arrays, which were prepared by electrochemical anodization of Ti foil, is investigated by scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that annealing the as-grown NT films at a temperature of 400°C transforms them from an amorphous phase to anatase TiO2. Analyses of cyclic voltammograms indicate that there is significant capacitive Li+ storage associated with the NT surface in addition to the Li+ storage within the bulk material. The NT morphological parameters (e.g. pore diameter, wall thickness, and roughness factor) are found to have significant effects on the Li-ion insertion/extraction kinetics and the performance of the electrodes in lithium-ion batteries.
Chemical (HE and WL) and electrochemical (PDP and EIS) measurements were applied to evaluate the potential of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa leaves (AEHSL) for inhibiting the corrosion of Al in 0.5 M NaOH. It was found that the inhibition efficiency increases with the increase of AEHSL concentration. Electrochemical measurements revealed that AEHSL acts as a mixed-type inhibitor with inhibition category that belongs to geometric blocking. Adsorption of inhibitor species was found to follow Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models and the ability of AEHSL species to be adsorbed physically on the Al surface was illustrated by Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm parameters. The data obtained from chemical and electrochemical measurements are in reasonably good agreement. Physical adsorption mechanism of AEHSl species on Al surface in 0.5 M NaOH becomes clear cut by following the trend of inhibitor adsorption with solution temperature. Good correlation between AEHSL water-soluble constituents and the suggested physical adsorption mechanism was obtained. Moreover, at a certain concentration of AEHSL (1.00 g L−1), the Al surface coverage increases with the increase of NaOH concentration up to 0.5 M after which limited decrease was obtained with further increase in NaOH concentration.
Our paper aims to shed light on regional multidimensional well-being inequalities in Italy. We first decompose the Theil index in its “within” and “between” components and we find that disparities in multidimensional well-being go beyond the historical GDP divide between the Centre-North and the South of Italy: “within” multidimensional well-being inequalities result to be as relevant as inequalities “between” these sub-national areas, suggesting that territorial-specific factors may be at work. Then, using a regional panel in the period 2004–2012, we analyse the relationship between multidimensional well-being disparities and regional institutional quality in terms of voice and accountability, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and corruption. We find that institutional quality matter in affecting regional multidimensional well-being inequalities and the effect varies heterogeneously accordingly to the level of public expenditure, institutional dimensions, and spatial spillovers. These findings indicate local policies could be better targeted to reduce gaps and increase expenditure efficiency, foremost among which are anti-corruption actions and measures to enhance the effectiveness of regulatory interventions, especially in regions which are lagging behind.
Nickel phosphide (Ni-P) films were fabricated through four types of Ni films electrodeposited using a choline chloride-based ionic liquid (choline chloride-ethylene glycol) at room temperature. Sheet-like morphology of Ni films can be obtained when 0.5M of Ni2+ is used; and sphere-like one is presented by 1.0M of Ni2+. Consequently, the surface morphologies of these Ni-P films were affected by the initial Ni films. And different phases of Ni12P5 and Ni2P in the Ni-P films would be obtained after the phosphorization process. As anodes for Li-ion batteries, the electrochemical properties of these Ni-P films were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests. The surface morphology and thickness of thin films had a significant effect on their electrochemical performance. The Ni2P films delivered a large reversible discharge capacity around 398.5mAhg−1 with the capacity retention of 91.4% after 50 cycles.
Objective to compare the motor coordination, cognitive, and functional development of preterm and term children at the age of 4 years. Methods this was a cross‐sectional study of 124 four‐year‐old children, distributed in two different groups, according to gestational age and birth weight, paired by gender, age, and socioeconomic level. All children were evaluated by the Movement Assessment Battery for Children – second edition (MABC‐2), the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI), and the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale (CMMS). Results preterm children had worse performance in all tests, and 29.1% of the preterm and 6.5% of term groups had scores on the MABC‐2 indicative of motor coordination disorder (p=0.002). In the CMMS (p=0.034), the median of the standardized score for the preterm group was 99.0 (± 13.75) and 103.0 (± 12.25) for the term group; on the PEDI, preterm children showed more limited skill repertoire (p=0.001) and required more assistance from the caregiver (p=0.010) than term children. Conclusion this study reinforced the evidence that preterm children from different socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to have motor, cognitive, and functional development impairment, detectable before school age, than their term peers.
Density and hardness of the negative pastes of lead–acid batteries, to which organic compounds with or without quinone structures have been added, are investigated by means of the stick insertion depth test. Results show that the density and hardness of a paste containing anthraquinone are almost the same as one containing anthracene. By contrast, the two parameters are very different for pastes containing 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt and 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid sodium salt. Commercial lignin derivatives (Vanillex N, Vanisperse A, Indulin AT), which are used as additives for negative plates in lead–acid batteries, are also investigated by means of ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. It is found that these lignin derivatives contain quinone structures.
Physical and electrochemical properties of mixtures of ionic liquids based on saturated ring systems with carbonate based solvents were investigated. The conductivity and electrochemical stability of two series of ionic liquids based on piperidinium and pyrrolidinium cations with tetrafluoroborate and bis(trifluorosulfonylimide) anions were evaluated. The effects of the ionic liquid cation, substituent chain length of the cation function group, and the anion type on conductivity and electrochemical stability as determined by cyclic voltammetry were studied. The conductivity was influenced by the substituent chain length of the ionic liquid cation and the solvent carbonate type, where higher conductivities were observed with shorter substituent chains and EC versus PC. The saturated ring ionic liquid–carbonate mixtures may show particular promise for implementation as battery electrolytes due to notable high voltage stabilities, where stability >5.5V was maintained in the presence of lithium salt. This study should promote development of future safe, high voltage lithium ion battery systems.
The ability of ion channels to facilitate the transport of some specific ions and meanwhile block other molecular or ionic species across the membranes of biological cells and intracellular organelles plays an important role in biological bodies for maintaining basic physiological activities. This feature is highly desirable in rechargeable lithium batteries because the electrochemical performances of some electrodes, such as sulfur cathodes, are greatly weakened by the dissolution of active material related anions into the electrolyte and the slow transport of lithium ions. Here, inspired by nature, a polymer membrane with negatively-charged nanochannels is applied to a sulfur-carbon cathode to overcome the poor cycling stability and rate capability of the lithium-sulfur battery. The polymer membrane possesses negatively charged nanochannels with a width dimension (ca. 2nm) comparable to the Debye length, therefore is capable of regulating the ion transport by facilitating the transport of lithium ions and rejecting the migration of polysulfide anions. At 0.2C and 1C, the specific capacities keep at high levels of 1105 and 838mAhg–1 after 100 cycles, respectively. Furthermore, at a high rate of 18C, a high specific capacity of 612mAhg–1 is retained over 250 cycles, with a high capacity retention of 91%.
Although lithium-sulfur batteries possess five-fold higher theoretical capacity than the state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries, the migration of polysulfide between the electrodes remains as a problem area. In order to overcome this issue, numerous strategies have been adopted. Herein, we introduce a novel 1,3,5 benzene tricarboxylate-manganese (Mn-BTC) metal organic framework (MOF) coated-Celgard (2320) separator which acts as permselective in a Li-S cell. The Li-S cell with coated membrane exhibited higher discharge capacity than the uncoated one. The diffusion of polysulfides is successfully blocked by the separator due to the repulsive ionic forces provided by the COO that is present in the periphery of Mn-BTC MOF which was confirmed by XPS and XRD analyses.