batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Background Benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes is benign childhood epilepsy, presenting between 4 and 10 years of age, characterized by typical clinical and EEG findings. Despite excellent prognosis, there are reports of mild cognitive, language, fine motor and behavioral difficulties. In its atypical form – electrical status epilepticus during slow wave sleep, continuous epileptiform activity during sleep lead to severe neurocognitive deterioration. Our objective was to investigate the influence of abundant sleep epileptiform activity, not fulfilling the criteria for electrical status epilepticus during Slow Wave Sleep, discovered randomly in children without overt intellectual impairment. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the charts and EEG's of 34 children with benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, who underwent neurocognitive evaluation. The neurocognitive battery included items in the following domains: attention span, memory, language, fine motor and behavior. Patients were divided into two groups according to the spike wave index on sleep EEG, with a cut-off point of 50%. The groups were compared regarding to neurocognitive performance. Outcomes Children with epileptiform activity of more than 50%, were diagnosed at a significantly younger age (5.13 ± 1.94 years vs. 7.17 ± 2.45, p = 0.014 T test), had less controlled seizures and received more antiepileptic drugs. However, there was no difference in neurocognitive performance, except in fine motor tasks (Pegboard), where children with more abundant activity were scored lower (−0.79 ± 0.96 vs. 0.20 ± 1.05, p = 0.011, T test). Conclusion Our study did not show negative cognitive effect of abundant epileptiform activity discovered randomly in children with benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, warranting aggressive treatment.
One of the important steps in the sizing process of fixed and flapping wing micro air vehicles (MAVs) is weight estimation of the electrical and structural components. In order to enhance the flight performance and endurance of MAVs, it is required to carefully estimate their weight with a minimum error. In this study, methodologies to estimate the weight of fixed and flapping wing MAVs are proposed. After dividing the total weight of the MAV into weights of structural and electrical components, these two weights are separately identified. The weight of the MAV electrical components is estimated by using engineering design techniques and the weight of the structure is identified by using statistical and computational methods. The proposed methodology for structural weight estimation is based on calculating the percentage of the used material in the construction of different parts of MAVs and then presenting the weight of each part in terms of the wing surface. The proposed computational method gives the exact estimation for the weight of each structure component, such as wing, tail, fuselage, and etc. Based on the offered method for weight estimation of MAVs, the weight estimation of a fixed wing MAV with inverse Zimmerman planform and a flapping wing MAV named “Thunder I” are experimentally shown. This developed methodology gives guidelines for weight estimation and determination of the structural weight percentages in order to design and fabricate efficient fixed and flapping wing MAVs.
Oxalic acid, tartaric acid (TA), and succinic acid (SA) are studied as chelating agents for sol–gel synthesis of Li[Li0.2Co0.13Ni0.13Mn0.54]O2 as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy show that the materials are single-phase compounds with good crystallinities and layered α-NaFeO2 structures. The TA-material has the smallest particles (0.2–0.3 μm), with a smooth surface, and uniform distribution. Electrochemical studies indicate that the TA-material exhibits the highest initial discharge capacity (281.1 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, 192.8 mAh g−1 at 2.0 C), the highest reversible capacity after 50 cycles (240.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, 167.4 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C), and the best rate performance. The cycling stability of the SA-material is the best, with capacity retentions of 87.4% at 0.1 C and 80.1% at 0.5 C after 50 cycles. Mn4+/3+ reduction peaks appear at the first discharge process and become more evident with increasing cycle number, resulting in a spinel structure, as proved by cyclic voltammetry and differential capacity curves. Electrical impedance spectroscopy confirms that the low charge-transfer resistance of the TA-material is responsible for its superior discharge capacity and rate performance.
Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon (NSC) is considered as a promising electrode material for supercapacitors (SCs). However, the specific capacitance and the rate performance of NSC are not satisfied for practical applications due to its inappropriate structural properties. Herein, we report the structural engineering of NSC by optimizing pore structure to obtain an ordered hierarchical pore network. The as-prepared NSC possesses a high gravimetric capacitance of 322 F g-1 at the current density of 1.0 A g−1 and retains 206 F g−1 (64% of its capacitance at 1.0 A g−1) at the high current density of 100 A g−1. Moreover, it reveals an excellent cycling performance with ∼93.4% capacitance retention after 10000 cycles at the current density of 20 A g−1. An assembled symmetric supercapacitor (SC) shows a remarkable energy density of 11.4 Wh kg−1 and a high power density of 12.9 kW kg−1. The outstanding performances of NSC electrodes benefit from the efficient ion diffusion and fast charge transfer. This work paves a way to rationally design and engineer the structure of NSC for achieving both high rate capability and high specific capacitance for SCs applications.
A nanocomposite of graphene/MnO2 nanoplatelets was prepared by one-step chemistry route at room temperature. The microstructure was characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 absorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both TEM and SEM images show that MnO2 nanoplatelets are homogeneously distributed on the graphene nanosheets. The electrochemical properties were tested by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge experiments. The nanocomposite exhibited high lithium capacity (905 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1). The superior lithium storage capability can be attributed to the “open” structure: the large effective surface area and short diffusion paths.
This report details the chemical and associated electrical resistance changes of silver vanadium phosphorous oxide (Ag2VO2PO4, SVPO) incurred during electrochemical reduction in a lithium based electrochemical cell over the range of 0–4 electrons per formula unit. Specifically the cathode electrical conductivities and associated cell DC resistance and cell AC impedance values vary with the level of reduction, due the changes of the SVPO cathode. Initially, Ag+ is reduced to Ag0 (2 electrons per formula unit or 50% of the calculated theoretical value of 4 electrons per formula unit) accompanied by significant decreases in the cathode electrical resistance, consistent with the formation of an electrically conductive silver metal matrix within the SVPO cathode. As Ag+ reduction progresses, V5+ reduction initiates; once the SVPO reduction process progresses to where the reduction of V5+ to V4+ is the dominant process, both the cell and the cathode electrical resistances then begin to increase. If the discharge then continues to where the dominant cathode reduction process is the reduction of V4+ to V3+, the cathode and cell electrical resistances then begin to decrease. The complex cathode electrical resistance pattern exhibited during full cell discharge is an important subject of this study.
Here we describe the first documented case of congenital amusia in childhood. AS is a 10-year-old girl who was referred to us by her choir director for persisting difficulties in singing. We tested her with the child version of the Montreal Battery for the Evaluation of Amusia (MBEA) which confirmed AS’s severe problems with melodic and rhythmic discrimination and memory for melodies. The disorder appears to be limited to music since her audiometry as well as her intellectual and language skills are normal. Furthermore, the musical disorder is associated to a severe deficit in detecting small pitch changes. The electrical brain responses point to an anomaly in the early stages of auditory processing, such as reflected by an abnormal mismatch negativity (MMN) response to small pitch changes. In singing, AS makes more pitch than time errors. Thus, despite frequent and regular musical practice, AS’s profile is similar to the adult form of congenital amusia.
Physico-chemical waste composition data are paramount for the assessment and planning of waste management systems. However, the applicability of data is limited by the regional, temporal and technical scope of waste characterisation studies. As Danish and European legislation aims for higher recycling rates evaluation of source-segregation and recycling chains gain importance. This paper provides a consistent up-to-date dataset for 74 physico-chemical parameters in 49 material fractions from residual and 24 material fractions from source-segregated Danish household waste. Significant differences in the physico-chemical properties of residual and source-segregated waste fractions were found for many parameters related to organic matter, but also for elements of environmental concern. Considerable differences in potentially toxic metal concentrations between the individual recyclable fractions within one material type were observed. This indicates that careful planning and performance evaluation of recycling schemes are important to ensure a high quality of collected recyclables. Rare earth elements (REE) were quantified in all waste fractions analysed, with the highest concentrations of REE found in fractions with high content of mineral raw materials, soil materials and dust. The observed REE concentrations represent the background concentration level in non-hazardous waste materials that may serve as a reference point for future investigations related to hazardous waste management. The detailed dataset provided here can be used for assessments of waste management solutions in Denmark and for the evaluation of the quality of recyclable materials in waste.
Zr–Si thin films were deposited on copper substrates by co-sputtering method of two pure targets. The structure and surface morphology of the films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The composition was measured by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The electrochemical results showed that alloying with Zr improves the cycling performance, while as a result the reversible capacity decreases. It appears that the electrochemical cycling performance can be further improved by controlling the film deposition conditions such as substrate temperature and bias sputtering.
Leakage from water mains, storm drainage and sewer systems in urban areas constitutes a source of recharge that is difficult to identify and quantify at a regional scale. The objective of this work is to apply a methodology that would make it possible to evaluate urban recharge at a regional scale, taking as a case study the city of La Plata (Argentina). In the study area, population growth and an increase in water demand has caused the intensive exploitation of groundwater with resulting alteration in groundwater flow. The methodology used was developed on the basis of a water balance and the simulation of the temporal evolution of the cones of depression and the volumes of water extracted from the aquifer. The method consists of adjusting the piezometry resulting from the numerical modelling to the measured piezometry, by means of the variation of the recharge parameter in the urban area. The results obtained make it possible to identify and quantify urban recharge, which in this case represents a volume of water similar to the recharge from precipitation.
Safety concerns of lithium ion batteries have been the key problems in their practical applications. Trimethyl phosphite (TMP(i)) and trimethyl phosphate (TMP(a)) were used as the electrolyte additives to improve the safety and electrochemical performance of lithium cells. Gallvanostatic cell cycling, flammability test and thermal stability measurements by means of accelerated rate calorimeter (ARC) and micro calorimeter were performed. It is found that both TMP(i) and TMP(a) reduce the flammability of the electrolyte. The TMP(i) additive not only enhances the thermal stability of the electrolyte, but also improves its electrochemical performance. The TMP(a) additive can improve the thermal stability of the electrolyte at the expense of some degree of degradation of its electrochemical performance. Therefore, TMP(i) is a better flame retardant additive in the electrolyte compared with TMP(a).
In this work, cadmium from Ni–Cd batteries was recycled by chemical precipitation and electrodeposition. Cadmium hydroxide, the material synthesized by chemical precipitation, showed up a hexagonal structure. The structure of the material recovered by chemical precipitation is not affected by the change of temperature at the range between 8.0 and 25°C. The chemical composition for cadmium hydroxide is: [β-Cd(OH)2(H2O) X (SO4) Y (CO3) Z ] where X, U, and W are the amounts of substance for H2O, SO4 2−, and CO3 2−, respectively. Electrodepositing was accomplished using the galvanostatic technique. The chronopotentiometric plots present a potential peak that indicates a nucleation stage prior to deposit growth. The largest charge efficiency occurred around 95.0% for a current density between 10.0 and 30.0mAcm−2. Current density influences the morphology of the deposits. For a current density equal to 10.0mAcm−2, the deposit micro porosity is larger than that for a current density equal to 50.0mAcm−2. The deposits formed with current density of 25.0mAcm−2 possess an intermediate morphology. The energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) spectra of the deposits formed by different current densities have shown the presence of iron, sulphur, and oxygen besides cadmium.
Under the capacity increase of ocean, solar and wind power, the energy storage technology has been developed to regulate the power of renewable energy and enhance the stability of power network in the past decades. A system model of all vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is established including the electric subsystem and hydraulic subsystem, and the accuracy and reliability of this system model are validated. The variation of pump efficiency with flow rate is considered in the proposed system model, which makes the predicted system efficiency and coulomb efficiency more accurate. A new control strategy of variable flow rate is proposed by giving a limitation region of the flow rate. In this new strategy, the coefficients of system model can be determined and adjusted according to the VRFB operating parameters, which can guarantee high system efficiency and coulomb efficiency simultaneously. In application of this new control strategy, the system efficiency and coulomb efficiency under variable flow rate strategy are always higher than that under constant flow rate, with 3.34% increasing for system efficiency and 3.84% increasing for coulomb efficiency by average.
Altered interoception has been consistently found in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and this impairment may contribute to social cognitive dysfunctions. However, little is known regarding the intercorrelations between interoceptive sensibility, autistic, alexithymic, empathic, and self-related traits. We recruited 1360 non-clinical college students and adults to investigate the complex inter-relationship between these variables using network analysis. The resultant network revealed patterns connecting autistic traits to interoceptive sensibility, empathy, alexithymia, and self-awareness, with reasonable stability and test–retest consistency. The node of alexithymia exhibited the highest centrality and expected influence. As revealed by the network comparison test, networks constructed in high- and low-autistic subgroups were comparable in global strength and structure. Our findings suggested that alexithymia serves as an important node, bridging interoceptive deficits, self-awareness, and empathic impairments of autism spectrum disorder. The co-morbidity of alexithymia should be considered carefully in future studies of interoceptive impairments and social deficits in ASD.
Some of the most remarkable improvements in the cycle life of Li-S batteries could be achieved by nano-structuring of the sulfur/carbon (S/C) cathode material. Meso- and micro-porous particles, carbon nano tubes, and other sophisticated structures are used to actively retain highly soluble polysulfides which are responsible for capacity fading and a short cycle life. In this article we present a detailed 1+1D continuum model of S/C composite cathodes which is based on an ideal structure where all polysulfides are confined within meso- and micro-porous carbon particles. The model allows to correlate particle properties to cell performance and gives interesting insights for cell operation. Most interestingly we identified an additional overpotential caused by a transport of Li ions against a concentration gradient into the particle. Furthermore, the model can be used to find optimal structural and electrolyte properties such as pore volume, sulfur loading, solubility products, and salt concentration.
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a method for directly extracting electrical energy from salinity gradients, especially from sea and river water. For the commercial implementation of RED, the electrode system is a key component. In this paper, novel electrode systems for RED were compared with existing systems on safety, health, environment, technical feasibility and economics. Systems with inert DSA-type electrodes and a NaCl–HCl supporting electrolyte with the reversible Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couple or the [Fe(CN)6]4–/Fe(CN)6]3– couple achieved the highest ranking. Improvements of the electrode system are also discussed like the use of special stable metal electrodes, graphite electrodes, other reversible redox couples, capacitive electrodes and electrolytes with carbon particles.
Although the LiNi0.5Mn0.25Co0.25O2 holds the merits of high theoretical capacities and a relatively high operating voltage, the battery performance suffers from the severe cycling decay due to the unstable solid electrolyte interface on the cathode. Herein, we present LiPO2F2 as a salt-type electrolyte additive to enhance the cycling stability of large-size crystallite LiNi0.5Mn0.25Co0.25O2 cathodes. Results demonstrate that 1 wt% LiPO2F2 can significantly improve not only the initial coulombic efficiency by 3%, but also the cycling stability and rate capability at 25 °C. Furthermore, the discharge capacity of LiNi0.5Mn0.25Co0.25O2 cathodes still maintain 156 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles even when the temperature increases to 55 °C. In-depth experimental characterization and theoretical calculation indicate that a new stable and thin (e.g. 15–20 nm) film formed on the surface of the cathodes, with composition of LiPO2F2, LiF, etc., which significantly reduces charge transfer impedance of the electrodes, and therefore significantly improves the cycling and rate performance of LiNi0.5Mn0.25Co0.25O2.
The pristine LiFePO4/C and Ni and Mn co-doping LiFe1−x−y Ni x Mn y PO4/C (x = 0.01–0.04; y = 0.04–0.01) composites are synthesized for the first time by a simple high-temperature solid-state route. The structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of the samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, scanning electron microscope (SEM), charge/discharge tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicate that the Ni and Mn co-doping does not destroy the olivine structure of LiFePO4, but it can stabilize the crystal structure, lengthen the Li–O bond, decrease charge transfer resistance, enhance Li ion diffusion velocity, and thus improve its cycling and high-rate capability of the LiFePO4/C. Especially, the LiFe0.95Ni0.02Mn0.03PO4/C shows the best cycling stability and rate capability among all the doped samples. The first discharge capacity of LiFe0.95Ni0.02Mn0.03PO4/C is 145.4 mAh g−1 with the capacity retention ratio of 98.6% till 100 cycles at 1C. Even at a high rate of 10C, it still reveals a high discharge capacity of 115.2 mAh g−1.
The hierarchical structure of flower-like CuO standing on Cu(OH)2 nanowire arrays was directly fabricated on the surface of copper foil via a simple and cost-effective liquid–solid reaction. The morphology and structure of lotus-like CuO/Cu(OH)2 hierarchical arrays were examined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Under varying polarization cut-offs and scan rates, cyclic voltammetry curves display the lotus-like CuO/Cu(OH)2 array electrode with highly reversible features and good rate abilities, respectively. Significantly, this lotus-like CuO/Cu(OH)2 array electrode exhibited the excellent specific capacitance of 278Fg−1, which corresponds to the energy density of 23.3Whkg−1 by use of galvanostatic charge/discharge test at a current density of 2mAcm−2. Capacitance loss of 15% over 5000 cycles further indicates suitability of the cupric complex oxide as a potential electrode material for supercapacitors.
Lithium vanadium oxides have been prepared by the direct reaction of an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution with lithium and vanadium alkoxides, LiO-n-C3H7 and VO(O-i-C3H7)3. The γ-like phase oxide can be obtained at the nominal lithium content x n =3 almost as a single phase. From the thermogravimetric (TG) measurement, it was revealed that the γ-like phase oxide contained water and organic compounds, and the water content n in Li x V2O5·nH2O was found to be about 2.4 for γ-like phase oxide. Water content of the γ-like phase oxides, controlled by heat-treatment at various temperatures, affects charge and discharge behaviours markedly. It should be noted that the average potential of Li2.2V2O5·nH2O is at least 1V higher than that of γ-LiV2O5.
Efficient redox conversions between polysulfides and sulfur or lithium sulfide have a significant impact on the electrochemical performance of lithium-sulfur batteries especially with high sulfur loading. Herein, a readily available cobalt-embedded carbon nanofiber (Co-CNF) is designed as the current collector for sulfur cathodes. It is shown that the Co-CNF promotes electron and Li-ion transfer, thus leading to fast redox conversion, which mitigates the dissolution and shuttling of polysulfides. Furthermore, the embedded cobalt metal facilitates the uniform nucleation of lithium sulfide on the surface of the carbon nanofiber, which reduces the polarization and leads to high specific capacity. The Co-CNF with 4.6 mg cm−2 sulfur loading delivers 970 mA h g−1 (4.5 mA h cm−2) at 0.1 C and 670 mA h g−1 at 1 C. Even when sulfur loading reaches as high as 9.6 mg cm−2, the reversible capacity of 730 mA h g−1 (7 mA h cm−2) is obtained. The Co-CNF/Li2S6 cathode shows a degradation rate at 0.06% per cycle over 300 cycles. This work demonstrates the effect of cobalt metal catalysis and a simple but useful sulfur cathode design for high performance Li-S batteries.