batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Physical education (PE)-based interventions are a popular method to target children’s physical activity (PA) and fitness; however, little is known about their effectiveness or what factors lead to successful interventions. This paper: (1) systematically reviews studies examining PE interventions designed to impact PA, fitness, and/or body composition; and (2) makes recommendations for new research directions based upon these findings. Our systematic review was limited to experimental and quasi-experimental studies conducted in elementary schools. We conducted literature searches using predetermined keywords in 3 databases, identified a total of 4964 potentially relevant studies, and screened their abstracts and full texts for eligibility. This resulted in 12 relevant studies. We used criteria established by Downs and Black (1998) to assess each study’s methodological quality. PE interventions consistently showed increases in moderate-to-vigorous PA or vigorous PA during PE class but were less consistent in impacting leisure-time PA. PE interventions affected body composition differentially, depending on the assessment used (i.e., body mass index or skinfold thickness). Half of the studies assessing fitness did not show a significant impact; however, those that did were designed to influence fitness outcomes. Few studies assessed psychosocial determinants regarding PA, and no study demonstrated significant impacts on constructs other than knowledge. Interventions often contained multiple components (e.g., diet, family) implemented alongside PE interventions. Identifying effective intervention components was difficult due to lack of process evaluation. We identify the need for future research to use more objective and accurate PA measurements and adiposity, incorporate measurement of psychological constructs, expand interventions’ theoretical basis, and include strong process evaluation.
Na3MnCO3PO4 has been predicted via ab initio calculations (Hautier et al., 2011) to have a high specific capacity of 191mAh/g, owing to its potential to deliver two-electron transfer reactions per formula via Mn2+/Mn3+ and Mn3+/Mn4+ redox reactions. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that Na3MnCO3PO4 can indeed display a specific capacity of 176.7mAh/g experimentally, reaching 92.5% of its theoretical. The low electronic conductivity is found to be the limiting factor for the previously observed low specific capacities for Na3MnCO3PO4. With a specific capacity as high as 176.7mAh/g, Na3MnCO3PO4 has a great potential to be a viable cathode material for Na-ion batteries.
In this paper, the intrinsic impact of inner structure features on the electrochemical performances of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathodes is for the first time systematically investigated. Three different spherical Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2(OH)2 precursors are successfully synthesized by controlling pH values and ammonia concentrations. Interestingly, via a further lithiation process, the final cathodes can gradually inherit the structural features, showing distinct particle arrangement and genetic orientation characteristics in the inner structures. Such a hereditary property can be well reined for customizing the grain-orientation, helping the growth of the inert crystal direction, reducing cation mixing and exposing the high active (100) or (010) lattice planes for lithiation/delithiation processes via an intrinsical way. The degree of grain-orientation of the primary particles turns out to be a critical factor in determining the long-term stability and power performances. Due to the reduced cation mixing degree and favorable lithium diffusion pathways, the ordered agglomerates with the grain growth along with [003] direction exhibit superior rate capability and good cycle stability.
The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, simvastatin, is used for lowering elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. This translates into reduced cardiovascular disease-related morbidity and mortality, while the drugs’ anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have earmarked it as a potential treatment strategy against various neurological conditions. Statins have been shown to protect neurons from degeneration in a number of animal models. Although no mechanism completely explains the multiple benefits exerted by statins, emerging evidence suggests that in some degenerative and brain injury models, mitochondrial impairment may play a contributive rate. However, there evidence lacks to support a directly influencing role for statins on mitochondria-related proteins and motor behavior. Mitochondrial dysfunction may increase oxygen free radical production, which in turn leaves cells susceptible to energy failure, apoptosis and related events the occurance of which could prove fatal. The potential link between simvastatin treatment and mitochondrial function would be supported if key mitochondrial proteins were altered by simvastatin exposure. Using mass spectroscopy (MS), we identified 24 mitochondrial proteins that differed significantly (P < 0.05) in relative abundancy as a result of simvastatin treatment. The identified proteins represented many facets of mitochondrial integrity, with the majority forming part of the electron transport chain machinery, which is necessary for energy production. In a follow-up study, we then addressed whether simvastatin is capable of altering sensorimotor function in a mitochondrial toxin-induced animal model. Rats were pre-treated with simvastatin for 14 days, followed by a single unihemispheric (substantia nigra; SN) injection of rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I (Co-I) inhibitor. Results showed that simvastatin improved motor performance in rotenone-infused rats. The data are consistent with the possibility that alteration of mitochondrial function may contribute to the beneficial effects associated with statin use.
The separator is a critical, multi-functional component of a Li-ion cell that plays a key role in performance and safety during energy conversion and storage processes. Heat flow through the separator is important for minimizing cell temperature and avoiding thermal runaway. Despite the critical nature of thermal conduction through the separator, very little research has been reported on understanding and measuring the thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the separator. This paper presents first-ever measurements of thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the separator material. These measurements are based on thermal response to an imposed DC heating within a time period during which an assumption of a thermally semi-infinite domain is valid. Experimental data are in excellent agreement with the analytical model. Comparison between the two results in measurement of the in-plane thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the separator. Results indicate very low thermal conductivity of the separator. Measurements at an elevated temperature indicate that thermal conductivity and heat capacity do not change much with increasing temperature. Experimental measurements of previously unavailable thermal properties reported here may facilitate a better fundamental understanding of thermal transport in a Li-ion cell, and enhanced safety due to more accurate thermal prediction.
It remains an unsettled question which brain regions participate in music perception. During singing a familiar song, the retrieval from long-term memory is necessary, but the mechanism of that retrieval is still unclear. We carried out a detailed examination of musical ability in a patient with amusia and control subjects and identified the lesion sites of our patient using MRI. Compared with controls, the patient manifested the following impairments in music perception: (i) the recognition and discrimination of familiar melodies; (ii) the discrimination of unfamiliar phrases; (iii) the discrimination of isolated chords. During singing familiar nursery songs, the patient showed the replacement of one phrase of the melody. In MRI, the patient had old infarction in the anterior portion of the temporal lobes bilaterally. In conclusion, the anterior temporal lobes participate in the perception and expression of music. During singing, the song is retrieved from long-term memory by a unit of one phrase. The dysfunction of that retrieval caused the replacement of the succeeding phrases of the original with the wrong tune, and we named this phenomenon paramelodia.
Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) often present with memory complaints despite performing within normal limits on standard memory tests. One possible explanation for this phenomenon is accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF). The present study investigated material‐specific ALF in patients with unilateral TLE and also examined whether ALF could be demonstrated on a novel, standardized anterograde autobiographical memory (ABM) task. Fourteen patients with TLE and 17 controls were administered verbal, nonverbal and ABM event memory tasks. The participants were tested for immediate recall, recall and recognition at 30‐minute delay, and recall and recognition after four weeks. The extent of ALF was calculated based on the percentage decay of memory from the 30‐minute delay trial to the four-week delay trial. Patients with left TLE showed significantly greater ALF for verbal material and a trend towards greater forgetting of ABM. Patients with right TLE showed a non-significant trend towards greater ALF for nonverbal material. Patients with unilateral hippocampal abnormalities showed greater ALF compared to patients without hippocampal abnormalities. Patients with seizures that generalize had more global memory deficits and greater ALF. We conclude that patients with unilateral TLE show material‐specific ALF, which appears to be more pronounced with an abnormal hippocampus or seizures that secondarily generalize.
The electrochemical redox behavior of the polypyrrole (PPy) films doped with benzenesulfonate (BS), p-toluenesulfonate (pTS) and naphtalene-1,5-disulfonate (NDS) was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, the chemical composition of the films was determined by XDS, the surface morphology was characterized by AFM, and the interactions between pyrrole oligomers and the anions were modeled with quantum chemical methods. It is the first detailed comparative study of the properties of these interesting systems with two complementing interactions (electrostatic and aromatic stacking). It was shown than these relatively similar aromatic sulfonate anions have rather different behavior in PPy films. The results showed that the redoxactivity of polypyrrole films doped with sulfonate ions increases in the sequence pTS<BS<NDS. The comparison of voltammograms measured in the presence of different anions with PPy films synthesized in the same solution show that the PPy/pTS films have the most densely packed and the PPy/NDS films the least densely packed structure of the three. The mobility of ions in these films is mainly determined by the packing of the films, which in turn partly depends on the interactions between the dopant-anion and polymer chains.
A novel hydrothermal stripping technique is developed to synthesize pure LiFePO4 and LiFePO4/C cathode materials. The pure sample is directly synthesized by the cation exchange between the organic phase which is prepared with FeSO4·7H2O and naphthenic acid, and aqueous phase prepared with H3PO4 and LiOH. SEM exhibits that the primary sizes of the well-distributed LiFePO4 and LiFePO4/C particles are about 150 nm and 100 nm in diameter, respectively. TEM indicates the LiFePO4/C is uniformly coated with a carbon layer about 2.7 nm in size. The as-prepared LiFePO4 exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 135.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, and the LiFePO4/C composite sintered at 650 °C for 4 h exhibits the best electrode properties with discharge capacities of 151.7, 154.8, 149.8 and 139.1 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, 0.2 C, 0.5 C and 1.0 C rates, respectively. In addition, the LiFePO4/C also shows excellent capacity retention and cycle performances.
LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 has attracted considerable attention as a high-performance cathode material for lithium ion batteries due to its relatively high specific capacity and low cost. However, structural instability and side reactions at the surface, which occur during the charge/discharge process, largely limit its performance. Here, we introduce a nanoscale nitrogen-doped carbon layer at the surface of the LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 particles by using simple mechanical activation and pyrolysis methods. Systematic characterization indicates that a nitrogen-doped carbon layer approximately 16 nm thick is uniformly coated on the LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 particles. It has been proved beneficial to stabilize the layered structure of the LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 with less cation disorder and residual lithium at the surface. The nitrogen-doped carbon-coated LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 exhibited a capacity retention of 92% after 100 cycles from 3.0 to 4.5 V at 1 C, and a discharge capacity of 156 mAh g−1 at 5 C (78% of the capacity at 0.2 C), which is superior to the pristine LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 in this work and most other reported LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathodes. The improved electrochemical properties of the nitrogen-doped, carbon-coated cathode can be attributed to the higher degree of cation ordering, relieved side reactions between the cathode and electrolyte, and increased electronic conductivity.
Non-graphitic carbon nanotubes (NGCNTs) are successfully prepared by carbonization of polypyrrole (PPy) nanotubes precursor synthesized via a self-assembly process. It is observed from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that the diameter and length of the NGCNTs are 100–200nm and 2–10μm, respectively. The electrochemical performances of the NGCNTs are evaluated by cyclic voltammograms and galvanostatic discharge–charge cycling. The results show that NGCNTs deliver an initial reversible capacity of 635.7mAhg−1 at current density of 100mAg−1 with a high capacity retention ratio of 85.7% after 150 cycles. Even up to 4Ag−1, the reversible capacity of NGCNTs remains in 280.1mAhg−1. The improved performance of NGCNTs is attributed to the non-graphitic form, tubular morphology and cross-linked conducting networks. Therefore, it is a potential anode material for lithium-ion battery.
This paper presents an effective model-based sensor fault detection and isolation (FDI) scheme for a series battery pack with low computational effort. The large number of current and voltage sensors in the battery pack, make it of high computational complexity. The major purpose of sensor FDI is to guarantee the healthy operations of the battery management system (BMS), and thus to prevent the battery from over-charge and over-discharge. In the voltage sensors fault scenarios, the most possibly being over-charged and over-discharged cells are these two cells with the maximum and minimum voltage respectively. Within the proposed scheme, these two cells are monitored in real time to diagnose the pack current sensor fault, or a voltage sensor fault of these two cells, while the rest cells are monitored offline with a long time interval, guaranteeing other voltage sensors working normally. For the scheme implementation, adaptive extended Kalman filter (AEKF) is used to estimate the battery states of each individual cell, and the estimated output voltage is compared with the measured voltage to generate a residual. Then the residuals are evaluated by a statistical inference method that determines the presence of the fault. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed sensor FDI scheme is experimentally validated with a series battery pack under the UDDS driving cycles.
In this study, a novel fuel cell-Li-ion battery hybrid powertrain using a direct parallel structure with an ultracapacitor bank is presented. In addition, a fuzzy logic controller is designed for the energy management of hybrid powertrain aimed at adjusting and stabilizing the DC bus voltage via a bidirectional DC/DC converter. To validate the Fuel cell-Li-ion battery-Ultracapacitor (FC-LIB-UC) hybrid powertrain and energy management strategies developed in this study, a test station powered by a 1 kW fuel cell system, a 2.8 kWh Li-ion battery pack and a 330 F/48.6 V ultracapacitor bank is designed and constructed on the basis of stand-alone module. Finally, an Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule cycle is performed on this station and the experimental results show that: (i) the power distribution of FC system is narrowest and the power distribution of UC bank is widest during a cycle, and (ii) the FC system is controlled to satisfy the slow dynamic variation in this hybrid powertrain and the output of the LIB pack and UC bank is adjusted to meet fast dynamic load requirements. As a result, the proposed FC-LIB-UC hybrid powertrain can take full advantage of three kinds of energy sources.
Carbon materials have been playing a significant role in the development of alternative clean and sustainable energy technologies. This review article summarizes the recent research progress on the synthesis of nanostructured carbon and its application in energy storage and conversion. In particular, we will systematically discuss the synthesis and applications of nanoporous carbon as electrodes for supercapacitors and electrodes in lithium-ion batteries, and the development of nanoporous media for methane gas storage, coherent nanocomposites for hydrogen storage, electrocatalysts and catalyst supports for fuel cells, new porous carbon for lithium–sulfur batteries, and porous carbon for lithium–oxygen batteries. The common challenges in developing simple, scalable, and environmentally friendly synthetic and manufacturing processes, in controlling the nanoscale and high level structures and functions, and in integrating such materials with suitable device architectures are reviewed. Possible new directions to overcome the current limitations on the performance are discussed.
In the present work, sulfur-doped carbon nanotubes (SCNTs) have been prepared using chemical vapor deposition method and various cobalt-containing catalysts. In this line, simple and silica-supported cobalt nanoparticles (Co and Co/SiO2) and 5 cobalt spinels (MCo2O4, M = Ni, Cu, Mn, Fe, Cr, and Mg) were used as the growth catalysts and four different temperatures (600, 650, 700, and 750 °C) were used to obtain the optimized condition for the preparation of SCNTs. Among the employed catalysts, Co/SiO2 at 600 °C showed the higher abilities for the preparation of desired SCNTs. All products were characterized using FESEM, EDS, XRD, Raman, static contact angle, TGA, and DTA analyzes. The electrochemical behaviors of the two best products (SCNTs-Co/SiO2 and SCNTs-Co) in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) were examined, which confirmed the higher ability of SCNTs-Co/SiO2. This best product was decorated with 2, 5, and 10% of gold nanoparticles to examine the effect of gold decoration of the properties and electrochemical abilities of the product. All decorated products exposure the higher electrochemical potencies versus the simple SCNTs and among the decorated products, 10% Au-SCNT was the most appropriate product for this purpose with small differences with the other ones.
Changes in electrodeposited zinc morphology were experimentally investigated in a flowing alkaline electrolyte. Deposition of zinc on flat sheets as well as on new mesh-type reduced-area current collectors was studied. Zincate concentration in the electrolyte, flow velocity, and current density was varied over a wide range. The results show that the ratio between the effective current density and the limiting current density (current density ratio) which is directly related to the zincate concentration at the electrode surface determines the zinc morphology. Zinc morphology is mossy and porous when the current density ratio is below 0.4, whereas it is a mixture of mossy and crystalline structures when it is between 0.4 and 0.9. Only when the current density ratio is above 0.9, does zinc deposition become just crystalline and compact. This finding holds for both flat sheet and mesh-type reduced-area current collectors.
Because of the diversiform driving conditions and the cell variations, it is difficult to accurately determine battery pack capacities in electric vehicles (EVs) by model prediction or direct measurement. This paper studies the charging cell voltage curves (CCVC) for the estimation of the LiFePO4 battery pack capacities in EVs. We propose the uniform CCVC hypothesis and estimate cell capacities by overlapping CCVCs using CCVC transformation. CCVCs of two LiFePO4 cells with large capacity difference are used to verify the hypothesis. We further develop an equivalent simplified approach using voltage-capacity rate curve (VCRC) and implement Genetic Algorithm (GA) to find the optimum transformation parameter for overlapping VCRCs. A small battery pack with four LiFePO4 cells in series is employed to verify the method and the result shows that the estimation errors of both pack capacity and cell capacities are less than 1%. With the proposed method, the battery pack capacity can be precisely estimated which could be used for the driving range prediction. Meanwhile, the estimated cell capacities in battery packs will significantly support the study of cell degradation and cell variations in vehicle driving conditions.
Objective: About one-third of patients with tuberous sclerosis report psychological distress. But in most cases, only the occurrence of epileptic discharges on the EEG is considered in the treatment of the disease. We report on our experience with neuropsychological evaluation of a 35-year-old man with impulse control disorder who suffered frequent seizures owing to tuberous sclerosis. Methods: The patient had frequent seizures since age 16 and had been medicated with phenobarbital. MRI showed subependymal nodule of ventricle and ictal EEG showed sharp waves on the right frontal area (Fig. 121-1). His condition was diagnosed as tuberous sclerosis and phenobarbital was switched to valproate. When the serum valproate level reached the favorable therapeutic range, epileptic discharges were not observed any more. But because he was still offensive and impulsive, we medicated him with increased dosage for controlling his personality. He was evaluated with K-BIS (Korean-Barrett Impulsiveness Scale) and SNSB (Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery) every 3 months. Results: K-BIS showed the normalization of previous non-planned and cognitive impulsiveness as the serum valporate level increased (Fig. 121-2) and SNSB showed a gradual improvement on frontal/executive functions (Fig. 121-3). Conclusions: Not only EEGs but also neuropsychologic examinations are necessary to evaluate the progress of treatment of tuberous sclerosis in persons with psychotic problems.
Considering the travelling behaviours of electric vehicles (EVs), an efficient power plant model of EVs (E-EPP) is developed for the active power regulation of the power system with large-scale wind farms. Based on the EV data base provided by the EU MERGE project, a generic V2G model (GVGM) is established. The Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method is implemented within the E-EPP to obtain the available response capacity of the EVs. A new active power regulation strategy based on the E-EPP is developed. A modified IEEE 118-bus system integrated with large-scale wind farms is used to verify the E-EPP model with the active power regulation strategy under different charging scenarios (dumb charging, smart charging and hybrid charging). The simulation results show that the E-EPP can improve the operating security and stability of the power system. The operation cost and the carbon emission are decreased by introducing large-scale wind farms.