batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Fe@Fe2O3 core-shell nanoparticles anchored on graphene (Fe@Fe2O3/graphene hybrid material) have been firstly synthesized by using a hydrothermal reaction followed by an in situ thermal reduction. The morphology and structure of the Fe@Fe2O3/graphene hybrid material are characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS, TEM, EFTEM and EDS, which show that the nanoparticles with diameters around 100nm are homogeneously anchored on the surface of graphene sheets to form three-dimensional (3D) porous structure, and the shell region with several nanometers is amorphous Fe2O3. The galvanostatic cycling test shows that the Fe@Fe2O3/graphene hybrid material displays a reversible charge capacity of 959.3 mAh·g−1 up to 90 cycles at a current density of 100 mA·g−1, which is 86.4% retention of the first charge capacity. In addition, the Fe@Fe2O3/graphene hybrid material exhibits an excellent long-life cycling performance at high currents. Furthermore, the first lithiation process of Fe@Fe2O3/graphene electrode is studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at different potentials. According to the results of equivalent circuit analysis, there appear three semicircles respectively representing the Li-ion migration in solid electrolyte interface film (SEI film) and contact problems, electrical conductivity and charge transfer in the first discharge process, and the change of kinetic parameters for lithiation process of Fe@Fe2O3/graphene electrode as a function of potential is discussed in detail.
20 nm sized Co3O4 nanoparticles are in-situ grown on the chemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets to form a rGO–Co3O4 composite during hydrothermal processing. The rGO–Co3O4 composite is employed as the pseudocapacitor electrode in the 2 M KOH aqueous electrolyte solution. The rGO–Co3O4 composite electrode exhibits a specific capacitance of 472 F g−1 at a scan rate of 2 mV s−1 in a two-electrode cell. 82.6% of capacitance is retained when the scan rate increases to 100 mV s−1. The rGO–Co3O4 composite electrode shows high rate capability and excellent long-term stability. It also exhibits high energy density at relatively high power density. The energy density reaches 39.0 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 8.3 kW kg−1. The super performance of the composite electrode is attributed to the synergistic effects of small size and good redox activity of the Co3O4 particles combined with high electronic conductivity of the rGO sheets.
The stress of graphite anode in commercial pouch lithium-ion battery is characterized ex-situ by using micro-Raman mapping technique at 2 μm lateral resolution. The results show that the stress in graphite anode is always compressive and its distribution is inhomogeneous both in the manufacturing process and in cycling process. The stress mainly generates and accumulates in the early stage of cycling process, which causes not only big anode thickness swelling but also graphite particles cracking or even degrading. The deterioration of electrical contact of graphite particles from current collector caused by anode volume expansion and formation of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) in fresh surface of cracked graphite particle is responsible for the faster capacity fading of pouch battery in this early stage.
Series LiFePO4/C materials have been prepared by a so-called reformative solid-coordination method, which uses citric acid as the coordination agent and carbon source. A monodenate coordination band of –COO-M was proved to form gradually and that would help to disperse Li+ or Fe2+ among the homogeneous gel during the grinding process. Impure phase Fe2P was detected out among the LiFePO4/C composites with increasing annealed temperature. The remnant coating carbon was considered to be the reductive under the pure nitrogen gas. The amounts of carbon, particle size and morphology were investigated in detail and all the results showed to be related to the formation of Fe2P. The electro-conductive Fe2P phase among LiFePO4/C composites acts as important role in increasing electronic conductivity and evidently improves the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C including the less polarization phenomenon, comparatively high reversible capability, stable cycling performance and slight trend of less loss of rate capability.
This paper shows that there had been a gap in R&D intensity between South Korean and western cellular phone firms in past years, but this gap has closed. South Korean firm R&D efficiency has recently generally been superior to that of European and American competitors. South Korean innovative power came from three sources: interaction with operators, getting service information and applications from service providers, and internal and external competition. After successful experiences in innovating products for the domestic market, South Korean cellular phone makers used customised design with foreign mobile operators and their foreign R&D centres to localise design and make modifications to meet foreign market demand. Therefore, for 3C (computer, communication and consumer) latecomers in developing economies, due to capital, cost and risk issues, they should strengthen their R&D efficiency through these methods in place of prematurely increasing R&D intensity before the firm is large enough.
We aimed to clarify whether a short-term whole body vibration (WBV) training has a beneficial effect on physical fitness in elderly people. Forty-nine non-institutionalized elderly (75.0±4.7 years) participated in the study. Twenty-four of them trained on a vibration platform for 11 weeks. Physical fitness included balance, lower- and upper-body strength and flexibility, agility, walking speed and endurance. In the WBV group most of the physical tests improved through the intervention (all P <0.01) while in the control group only an increment was detected in lower-body strength (P <0.05). In conclusion, a short-term WBV training is beneficial for physical fitness among elderly people.
We show that the polymeric binder of the composite electrode may have an important role on the lithium trivanadate Li1.2V3O8 electrode performance. We describe a new tailored polymeric binder combination with controlled polymer–filler (carbon black) interactions that allows the preparation of new and more efficient electrode architecture. Using this polymeric binder, composite electrodes based on Li1.2V3O8 display a room temperature cycling capacity of 280mAhg−1 (C/5 rate, 3.3–2V) instead of 150mAhg−1 using a standard-type (poly(vinylidene fluoride)–hexafluoropropylene (PVdF–HFP) binder) composite electrode. We have coupled scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, galvanostatic cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in order to define and understand the impact of the microstructure of the composite electrode on its electrochemical performance. Derived from these studies, the main key factors that provide efficient charge carrier collection within the composite electrode complex medium are discussed.
In this paper, ant colony optimization for continuous domains (ACOR) based integer programming is employed for size optimization in a hybrid photovoltaic (PV)–wind energy system. ACOR is a direct extension of ant colony optimization (ACO). Also, it is the significant ant-based algorithm for continuous optimization. In this setting, the variables are first considered as real then rounded in each step of iteration. The number of solar panels, wind turbines and batteries are selected as decision variables of integer programming problem. The objective function of the PV–wind system design is the total design cost which is the sum of total capital cost and total maintenance cost that should be minimized. The optimization is separately performed for three renewable energy systems including hybrid systems, solar stand alone and wind stand alone. A complete data set, a regular optimization formulation and ACOR based integer programming are the main features of this paper. The optimization results showed that this method gives the best results just in few seconds. Also, the results are compared with other artificial intelligent (AI) approaches and a conventional optimization method. Moreover, the results are very promising and prove that the authors’ proposed approach outperforms them in terms of reaching an optimal solution and speed.
Recently, various regulatory authorities have been reexamining the potential carcinogenic hazards and risks associated with exposures to nickel and certain nickel compounds. In making their assessments, the authorities have focused on occupational cohorts at facilities where nickel-containing sulfidic ores were processed and where increased lung and nasal cancer risks were found in specific groups of workers. Little attention, however, has been paid to the vast number of workers in nickel-using industries, where no excess respiratory cancer risks have been observed. In this paper, the historical exposures of one such group of workers engaged in the production of nickel alloys are reconstructed, and the implications for cancer risk assessments are analyzed. The results indicate that nickel alloy workers were exposed to insoluble oxidic and metallic nickel species at levels comparable to those found in certain nickel processing cohorts; yet they experienced no increase in respiratory cancer risks. This suggests that extrapolating risks from certain primary nickel producers to other nickel industry sectors may not be appropriate.
This paper analyses the fraught relationship between physics and the ‘occult sciences’ in the decades around 1900. For some, there was no relationship at all; for others there was a relationship but they did not agree on what it looked like. Many physicists converged with spiritualists, theosophists, and others in interpreting X-rays, the electrical theory of matter, and other aspects of the ‘new’ physics as powerful ways of rendering psychic and occult effects scientifically more understandable. However, they were opposed by commentators on physics who agreed that there was a relationship between the ‘new’ physics and psychical research but that these were two manifestations of a worrying drift of physics into metaphysics and religion. More redoubtable critics were the psychologists who denied that physicists had the experience or experimental skill to cope reliably with the psycho-physical phenomena encountered in psychical research. This paper shows that physicist–psychical researchers were content to ally the ‘new’ physics with religion because it helped vanquish awkward associations with materialism. They also tried to justify the value of their experimental skills by appealing to their expertise in investigating subtle physical effects and ability to create tests that respected the delicate conditions of séances.
Previous research has suggested that psychotic symptoms are associated with impairments in social cognition. However, there is limited research evaluating this association in the context of younger patients with a broad range of mental health problems. In the present study, we evaluated social cognitive performance in 115 treatment-seeking participants who presented to a youth mental health service with affective or psychotic disturbances. Participants completed symptom severity measures, a social cognition task (the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET)), and a standardised battery of neuropsychological tests. Analyses based on diagnostic groups showed that patients with psychotic illnesses (n =23) showed impaired performance on the RMET compared to patients with primarily bipolar (n =40) and depressive illnesses (n =52). Performance on the RMET was negatively correlated with positive and negative psychotic symptoms, but not affective and anxiety symptoms. Performance on the RMET also was the strongest concurrent predictor of positive psychotic symptoms in a regression model that also included predicted intelligence, demographic variables, and neurocognition. RMET performance did not, however, predict negative symptoms above tests of sustained attention and verbal learning, nor was performance associated with any other symptoms of mental illness. Social cognitive impairments may provide a valuable marker for the presence of positive psychotic symptoms in young people with mental illness. Additionally, these impairments may have a role in the aetiology and maintenance of psychotic symptoms. Research is now needed to establish the nature of the relationship between social cognition and psychotic symptoms across different facets of social cognition. Research is also needed to investigate whether targeted social cognition treatments reduce risk for the development of positive psychotic symptoms.
The neocortex contains an unparalleled diversity of neuronal subtypes, each defined by distinct traits that are developmentally acquired under the control of subtype-specific and pan-neuronal genes. The regulatory logic that orchestrates the expression of these unique combinations of genes is unknown for any class of cortical neuron. Here, we report that Fezf2 is a selector gene able to regulate the expression of gene sets that collectively define mouse corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN). We find that Fezf2 directly induces the glutamatergic identity of CSMN via activation of Vglut1 (Slc17a7) and inhibits a GABAergic fate by repressing transcription of Gad1. In addition, we identify the axon guidance receptor EphB1 as a target of Fezf2 necessary to execute the ipsilateral extension of the corticospinal tract. Our data indicate that co-regulated expression of neuron subtype–specific and pan-neuronal gene batteries by a single transcription factor is one component of the regulatory logic responsible for the establishment of CSMN identity.
The objective of this study is to bring out the errors introduced during construction which are overlooked during the physical verification of the bridge. Such errors can be pointed out if the symmetry of the structure is challenged. This paper thus presents the study of downstream and upstream truss of newly constructed steel bridge using time-frequency and wavelet-based approach. The variation in the behavior of truss joints of bridge with variation in the vehicle speed has been worked out to determine their flexibility. The testing on the steel bridge was carried out with the same instrument setup on both the upstream and downstream trusses of the bridge at two different speeds with the same moving vehicle. The nodal flexibility investigation is carried out using power spectral density, short-time Fourier transform, and wavelet packet transform with respect to both the trusses and speed. The results obtained have shown that the joints of both upstream and downstream trusses of the bridge behave in a different manner even if designed for the same loading due to constructional variations and vehicle movement, in spite of the fact that the analytical models present a simplistic model for analysis and design. The difficulty of modal parameter extraction of the particular bridge under study increased with the increase in speed due to decreased excitation time.
Three-dimension (3D) belt-like polyaniline (PAN) network has been prepared via electrochemical polymerization of aniline on p-phenylenediamine (PDA) functionalized glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using a three-step electrochemical deposition procedure. PDA was covalently binded on GCE via the formation of carbon–nitrogen bond between amine cation radical and the aromatic moiety of GCE surface using electrochemical oxidation procedure. X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) and cyclic voltammetry have been performed to characterize the attachment of PDA on GCE. The images of scanning electron microscope (SEM) show that the 3D belt-like PAN network is uniform. The width and thickness of the PAN belt varies in the range of 1.5–5.5μm and 0.1–0.8μm, respectively. The distance between the belt-contacts ranges from 2.5 to 15μm. The 3D belt-like PAN network modified GCE (PAN–PDA/GCE) exhibits an improved electro-activity of PAN at an extended pH up to 7.0. The PAN–PDA/GCE not only immobilizes but also leads to a direct electrochemical behavior of cytochrome c (Cyt c). The immobilized Cyt c maintains its activity, showing a surface-controlled electrode process with the electron-transfer rate constant (k s) of 14.8s−1 and electron-transfer coefficient (α) of 0.48, and could be used for the electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
We examine the use of ordinary steel and concrete strain gauges to monitor the dynamic response of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs excited in non-destructive vibrational testing. Plots of measured dynamic strains in the embedded steel reinforcement bars and on the concrete surface, as well as of mid-span deflection, are presented at different levels of load-induced damage. The plots show unique strain and deflection signatures that vary with the internal state of the slab, and could be used for condition monitoring and residual strength identification. It is feasible that the techniques outlined could be used in AI-based evaluation tools for RC slabs and other RC structures.
Coulombic efficiency and capacity retention are some of the main issues with alloy anodes in lithium-ion batteries, and the use of electrolyte additives is a viable approach to overcome these problems. Accordingly, the effects of three electrolyte additives, viz., vinylene carbonate (VC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), on the performance of a promising alloy anode material Cu2Sb–Al2O3–C have been investigated. With an aim to rapidly assess the effects of the electrolyte additives, symmetric cells fabricated with Cu2Sb–Al2O3–C were used. Symmetric cell testing showed results similar to those of conventional half-cell testing in as little as one-fifth of the time, illustrating that symmetric cell testing is a valuable tool for optimization the performance of battery materials. Among the various additives and concentrations investigated, 2% VEC was found to offer the best cell performance with the Cu2Sb–Al2O3–C nanocomposite anode.
The tremendous clinical and aetiological diversity among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been a major obstacle to the development of new treatments, as many may only be effective in particular subgroups. Precision medicine approaches aim to overcome this challenge by combining pathophysiologically based treatments with stratification biomarkers that predict which treatment may be most beneficial for particular individuals. However, so far, we have no single validated stratification biomarker for ASD. This may be due to the fact that most research studies primarily have focused on the identification of mean case-control differences, rather than within-group variability, and included small samples that were underpowered for stratification approaches. The EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP) is to date the largest multi-centre, multi-disciplinary observational study worldwide that aims to identify and validate stratification biomarkers for ASD.
Na-ion batteries might become a low-cost alternative to Li-ion batteries in the future. Suitable electrode materials, especially anode materials, are needed for Na-ion batteries. As possible candidates Cu0.5TiOPO4 and Fe0.5TiOPO4 were tested. While Cu0.5TiOPO4 does not react with Na+, Fe0.5TiOPO4 shows a specific charge of ≈600mAh/g upon the first sodiation and 280mAh/g in the first desodiation. In situ XRD in a new, versatile and reliable in situ cell revealed that Fe0.5TiOPO4 reacts via a conversion type reaction upon sodiation with an amorphisation of the sample.
NiMoO4 is one of the potential candidates for pseudocapacitor application because of its high theoretical capacitance (∼2500 F/g) and conductivity due to the presence of NiO and molybdenum oxide, respectively. However, the currently available NiMoO4 morphologies possess limited capacitance and recyclability which is mainly due to the reduced surface to volume ratio affecting the expansion volume during charging/discharging process and low mass loading of active material. This limitation can be circumvented by synthesizing NiMoO4 in ultra-small size nanoclusters. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of ultrasmall NiMoO4 nanoclusters on active carbon with high specific capacity and long-term cycle stability. The ultrasmall NiMoO4-active carbon composite (NiMo@AC) sample has displayed enhanced specific capacity of 665 C/g (1662 F/g or 184.7 mAh/g) at a current density of 1 A/g which is higher than the reported values for NiMoO4. An asymmetric supercapacitor fabricated from NiMo@AC nanocomposite displayed a high specific capacity of 131.5 C/g (87.7 F/g or 36.5 mAh/g), a high energy density of 27.4 Wh/Kg and a power density of 184 W/Kg at a current density of 1 A/g. The fabricated supercapacitor retains ∼92% of initial capacity after 4000 cycles. This high performance can be attributed to the ultrasmall size which has maximized surface to volume ratio of the electroactive material. Further, active carbon not only provides better dispersion to nanocluster but also contributes towards the structural stability due to embedment of the particles into the porous carbon matrix, accommodating the volume expansion during ion intercalation. The results indicate that NiMo@AC nanocomposite could be a promising candidate for electrochemical energy storage.
Li4Ti5O12 precursors have been synthesized by means of a citric acid aided route using TiCl4 as a raw material. The pyrolysis of the precursors has been performed in air and in argon. Comparison shows that pyrolyzing citrate precursors in argon instead of air one can obtain a material having twice smaller particle size and much better electrochemical properties (specific capacity and discharge rate). Specifically, Li||Li4Ti5O12 cells with Li4Ti5O12 pyrolyzed in argon return 148 mА·h/g upon 1.0C current load, 70 mA h/g upon 30C current load and 32 mA h/g upon 60C current load. These values exceed those obtained with a commercial Li4Ti5O12 material. For Li4Ti5O12 pyrolyzed in air, increasing discharge currents from 1.0C to 30C decreases discharge capacity from 125 to 40 mA h/g.
The core-shell-like architectures consisting of NiO nanosheet arrays grafted Co3O4-NiO fish thorns-like nanostructures (NiO NSAs@Co3O4-NiO FTNs) were successfully prepared by a simple solution-based method. With an aid of ammonium fluoride (NH4F), the morphological evolution of Co3O4-NiO FTNs was elaborated effectively. Subsequently, the NiO NSAs were uniformly decorated on the Co3O4-NiO FTNs to form a core-shell-like composite material for positive electrode in hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs). The core-shell-like composite exhibited a large surface area with high open porous channels, which intends to deliver high areal capacity of 313.9 μA h/cm2 (at 4 mA/cm2) in 1 M KOH, and it is 1.84 and 3.9 times higher than the Co3O4-NiO FTNs and solitary NiO NSAs electrodes. Furthermore, we fabricated a pouch-type HSC with core-shell-like NiO NSAs@Co3O4-NiO FTNs as a positive electrode and activated carbon as a negative electrode in aqueous alkaline electrolyte. At a current density of 2 mA/cm2, the fabricated HSC provides high areal capacitance of 623.5 mF/cm2 with a maximum energy density of 216.1 μW h/cm2 and power density of 27.7 mW/cm2. In addition, the HSC showed superior cycling stability with a capacity retention of 126% after 5000 cycles, indicating the great promise of practical applications. Thanks to the comprehensive electrochemical performance, the pouch-type HSCs effectively operated a toy motor fan and light-emitting diode bulb for real-life applications.