batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Affordable energy storage is crucial for a variety of technologies. One option is sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) for which, however, suitable anode materials are still a problem. We report on the application of a promising new class of materials, polyoxometalates (POMs), as an anode in NIBs. Specifically, Na6[V10O28]·16H2O is being synthesized and characterized. Galvanostatic tests reveal a reversible capacity of approximately 276 mA h g−1 with an average discharge potential of 0.4 V vs. Na/Na+, as well as a high cycling stability. The underlying mechanism is rationalized to be an insertion of Na+ in between the [V10O28]6− anions rather than an intercalation into a crystal structure; the accompanying reduction of V+V to V+IV is confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Finally, a working full-cell set-up is presented with the POM as the anode, substantiating the claim that Na6[V10O28]·16H2O is a promising option for future high-performing sodium-ion batteries.
Binders based on mixtures of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) are here shown to significantly improve the reversible capacity and capacity retention of lithium– sulfur batteries compared to conventional binders. This mixed binder formulation combines the local improvement to the solvent system offered by PEO and the lithium (poly)sulfide-stabilising effect of PVP. Cells with cathodes made of simple mixtures of sulfur powder and carbon black with a binder of 4:1 PEO:PVP exhibited a reversible capacity of over 1000 mAh g−1 at C/5 after 50 cycles and 800 mAh g−1 at 1C after 200 cycles. Furthermore, these materials are water soluble, environmentally friendly and widely available, making them particularly interesting for large-scale production and applications in, for example, electric vehicles.
Antimony oxychlorides submicron rods have been successfully synthesized by a simple and facile hydrothermal reaction, as characterized by a series of physical tests. Antimony oxychlorides material shows outstanding lithium-storage performance, which has a high initial discharge capacity of 1355.6mAhg−1 and maintaining a discharge capacity of 402mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 50mAg−1 in the voltage range of 0.01-2.0V (vs. Li/Li+). Even up to 5000mAg−1, the discharge capacity of 485mAhg−1 is obtained, indicating an excellent rate capability and a prominent cycle performance. What’s more, antimony oxychlorides material also exhibits brilliant cycle property in NIBs at a current density of 50mAg−1 in the voltage range of 0.01-2.0V (vs. Na/Na+). Antimony oxychlorides submicron rods have remarkable rate performance and distinguished cycle capability, indicating that antimony oxychlorides material is one of promising anode materials for both lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries.
As we have shown throughout this book, there is no magic formula for success in a recycling program. Each community must balance its recycling goals against available resources (time, money, and manpower), the cost and availability of alternative solid waste reduction and disposal systems, and institutional obstacles. We believe that the case studies discussed in the pages which follow illustrate creative programs whose decision makers had to balance these factors against the light of political reality. These represent just a sample of the many excellent programs which are currently in operation on a day-to-day basis.
Personalisation in smart phones requires adaptability to dynamic context based on user mobility, application usage and sensor inputs. Current personalisation approaches, which rely on static logic that is developed a priori, do not provide sufficient adaptability to dynamic and unexpected context. This paper proposes genetic programming (GP), which can evolve program logic in realtime, as an online learning method to deal with the highly dynamic context in smart phone personalisation. We introduce the concept of collaborative smart phone personalisation through the GP Island Model, in order to exploit shared context among co-located phone users and reduce convergence time. We implement these concepts on real smartphones to demonstrate the capability of personalisation through GP and to explore the benefits of the Island Model. Our empirical evaluations on two example applications confirm that the Island Model can reduce convergence time by up to two-thirds over standalone GP personalisation.
LiNi0.6Co x Mn0.4−x O2 (x =0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.2) cathode materials are prepared, and their structural and electrochemical properties are investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and charge–discharge test. The results show that well-ordering layered LiNi0.6Co x Mn0.4−x O2 (x =0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.2) cathode materials are successfully prepared in air at 850°C. The increase of the Co content in LiNi0.6Mn0.4−x Co x O2 leads to the acceleration of the grain growth, the increase of the initial discharge capacity and the deterioration of the cycling performance of LiNi0.6Mn0.4−x Co x O2. It also leads to the enhancement of the ratio Ni3+/Ni2+ in LiNi0.6Co x Mn0.4−x O2, which is approved by the XPS analysis, resulting in the increase of the phase transition during cycling. This is speculated to be main reason for the deteriotion of the cycling performance. All synthesized LiNi0.6Co x Mn0.4−x O2 samples charged at 4.3V show exothermic peaks with an onset temperature of larger than 255°C, and give out less than 400Jg−1 of total heat flow associated with the peaks in DSC analysis profile, exhibiting better thermal stability. LiNi0.6Co0.05Mn0.35O2 with low Co content and good thermal stability presents a capacity of 156.6mAhg−1 and 98.5% of initial capacity retention after 50 cycles, showing to be a promising cathode materials for Li-ion batteries.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is more sensitive to HLA difference than solid-organ transplantation. The success of transplantation depends upon the HLA match between donor and recipient. Various other minor histocompatibility antigens have been defined by studying alloreactive CDS T-cell responses in patients who have received HLA-identical bone marrow transplants. For those patients who need a bone marrow transplant and do not have an HLA compatible donor within the family, a search can be made for an unrelated donor, who is HLA matched. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is caused by mature T cells in the transplanted bone marrow, which may even derive from the peripheral blood that contaminates all bone marrow aspirates. In bone marrow transplantation the immunological situation is different from that in solid organ transplantation. Here the recipient's immune system is deliberately destroyed by treatment with radiation and cytotoxic drugs, before transplantation with a source of pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells that will in time reconstitute the immune system. The dominant alloreactions that arise after bone marrow transplantation are caused by mature T cells in the transplanted bone marrow, which respond to the major and minor histocompatibility antigens expressed by the cells and tissues of the recipient.
Carbon based nanomaterials are acknowledged for their admirable optical, electrical, mechanical characteristics and broad class of applications. Choice of precursor and simple synthesis techniques have decisive roles in viable production and commercialization of carbon produce. The intense demand to develop high purity carbon nanomaterials through inexpensive techniques has promoted usage of fossil derivatives as feasible source of carbon. Coal serves as a naturally available, abundant and cheap feedstock for carbon materials. From the crystalline clusters of aromatic hydrocarbons in a cross-linked network, carbon nanostructures can easily be extracted through green synthesis routes. It promotes a potent alternative for the cost effective and scaled up production of nanocarbon. The well-developed pores distribution, presence of numerous active sites and appropriate migration channels for ions enhance the electrochemical parameters necessary for the fabrication of supercapacitors, batteries and electrochemical sensors. The metallic impurities contained in coal contribute towards faradic redox reactions required for an efficient electrode modification. In this review, the potential uses of coal based carbon nanomaterials in energy storage and environmental sectors are discussed in detail.
The search for a reliable, early-disease biomarker for Parkinson’s disease (PD) that reflects underlying pathology is a high priority in PD research. Salivary alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is an easily accessible biomarker for PD with promising results. Our aim was to evaluate the performance of salivary α-Syn as a diagnostic biomarker of PD. We identified 476 studies through a systematic literature review according to PRISMA guidelines. Finally, eight studies reporting data on salivary α-Syn were included in the review (1240 participants). The quality of studies was assessed by Newcastle–Ottawa scale. (1) Three studies showed that the total α-Syn levels were significantly lower in PD patients compared to healthy controls, while in another five there was no significant association. (2) In some studies, total salivary α-Syn was associated with demographic and clinical features; however, no consistent pattern emerged. In one study, total α-Syn levels were associated with poor cognitive performance in PD patients. (3) Four studies showed a higher salivary oligomeric α-Syn and oligomeric α-Syn/total α-Syn ratio in PD compared to healthy controls, while in another four there was no association. (4) One study concluded that genetic polymorphisms may influence total salivary α-Syn in PD patients. Taken together, the potential of salivary total α-Syn as a PD biomarker is still uncertain, whereas salivary oligomeric α-Syn appears quite promising. Pre-analytical and analytical factors of included studies were important limitations to justify the introduction of salivary α-Syn into clinical practice.
Despite their promising properties, phosphonium based ionic liquids have attracted little attention as compared to their nitrogen-based cation counterparts. This study focuses on the properties of a family of small phosphonium imide ionic liquids, as well as the effect of lithium salt addition to these. The 6 ionic liquids were either alkyl, cyclic or nitrile functionalised phoshonium cations with bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, NTf2, or bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI) as anion. Amongst the properties investigated were ionic conductivity, viscosity, thermal behaviour, electrochemical stability and the reversibility of electrochemical lithium cycling. All ionic liquids showed very promising properties e.g. having low transition temperatures, high electrochemical stabilities, low viscosities and high conductivities. Particularly the trimethyl phosphonium ionic liquids showed some of the highest conductivities reported amongst phosphonium ionic liquids generally. The combination of electrochemical stability, high conductivity and reversible lithium cycling makes them promising systems for energy storage devices such as lithium batteries.
Porous carbon materials are typically used in both the substrate (typically carbon paper) and the electrocatalyst supports (often platinised carbon) within proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Gravimetric nitrogen adsorption has been studied at a carbon paper substrate, two different Pt-loaded carbon paper electrodes and three particulate carbon blacks. N2 BET surface areas and surface fractal dimensions were determined using the fractal BET and Frenkel–Halsey–Hill models for all but one of the materials studied. The fractal dimensions of the carbon blacks obtained from gas adsorption were compared with those obtained independently by small angle X-ray scattering and showed good agreement. Density functional theory was used to characterise one of the carbon blacks, as the standard BET model was not applicable.
We present a set of stimuli representing human actions under point-light conditions, as seen from different viewpoints. The set contains 22 fairly short, well-delineated, and visually “loopable” actions. For each action, we provide movie files from five different viewpoints as well as a text file with the three spatial coordinates of the point lights, allowing researchers to construct customized versions. The full set of stimuli may be downloaded fromwww.psychonomic.org/archive/.
Well-being of the Indian elderly is presently a concern in the urban Indian society due to the gradual decline in the capacity of the family to serve as care-givers for their elderly members. Holistic improvement in the lives of the Indian elderly requires an understanding of the varied aspects which they perceive to influence their lives. The concept of perceived Quality of life (QoL) deals with an individual’s assessment of varied aspects influencing their well-being. Considering the role of social and economic backgrounds on the perception of QoL, this paper identifies the factors which the Indian elderly from varied backgrounds associate with their perceived QoL. Using interviews with 83 elderly residents of Kolkata, India, this paper identifies 58 factors for eight broad domains, which influence the perceived QoL of Indian elderly. The findings from the present research will help in the formulation of an index for measuring QoL, which can subsequently facilitate the preparation of policy guidelines for the improvement of QoL of elderly, especially the QoL of Indian elderly.
This article evaluates a multimedia program produced to support test takers facing a new performance test (the Classroom Language Assessment test) for English as a second language (ESL) teachers in Hong Kong as part of a language certification test. The article describes how groups of trainee ESL teachers in Hong Kong were first introduced to the test via the print syllabus produced by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government. After a 3-month time lag, they had the demands of the test explained to them again, but this time with the support of a multimedia program. After each session, the trainee teachers were asked to fill in a questionnaire which probed them for their understanding of the aims and demands of the test, their attitude towards the test and how confident they felt about passing. Paired t-tests run between the two sets of questionnaires revealed significant positive differences, indicating that participants felt the multimedia program helped them to better understand the test requirements. The paper concludes with a discussion of the importance of multimedia as syllabus ‘support’—especially in the case of oral or performance tests.
The failure of the separator membrane by rupture or thermal runaway is the prime cause of concern for the lithium battery system. In this work, we model the mechanical behavior and ionic conductance of the separator membrane under compression and its influence on the lithium cell thermal performance. The separator membrane is modeled as an open-cell foam to correlate the mechanical deformation under compressive loads and ionic conductivity. Predicted correlation between mechanical deformation and ionic conductivity is compared with experimental reports of membrane performance. Next, the validated model is used to simulate the thermal performance of lithium-ion pouch cells. Thermal response is predicted for a number of different pouch cell configurations with graphite (C) as anode; cathode chosen from lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) or lithium ferrous phosphate (LFP); and separator membrane chosen from monolayer polypropylene (PP), monolayer polyethylene (PE), trilayer, non-woven or ceramic-coated. The thermal response is used to predict the average cell temperature under an applied compressive load. Design maps that plot the maximum cell temperature over a range of applied load for different rates of charging and cooling conditions are prepared and used to identify the design conditions leading to separator meltdown and thermal runaway.
With a notable advantage in terms of specific capacity (1166 mAh g−1), lithium disulfide (Li2S) has been considered a promising cathode material for high-energy-density lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. In contrast to pure sulfur, Li2S opens the opportunity to implement alternative anodes such as silicon or graphite instead of hardly controllable lithium metal. However, its intrinsically low conductivity and the formation of soluble lithium polysulfide species during cell operation resulting in a poor cycling stability, especially in carbonate-based electrolytes. Herein, a reduced graphene oxide-wrapped Li2S particles (Li2S@rGO) electrode is presented for improving the electrochemical performance of Li–S batteries in carbonate-based electrolytes. A hydrothermally prepared rGO-covered MoS2 particles composite was fully lithiated and irreversible decomposed at 0.01 V vs. Li/Li+ to in situ produce a Li2S@rGO composite with a high Li2S loading of ≈5 mg cm−2. Despite operating Li–S cells in a conventional carbonate-based electrolyte, the resulting cathode exhibits high initial capacity (975 mAh gLi2S −1 and 1401 mAh gS −1 at 0.1 C), low degradation rate (0.18% per cycle after 200 cycles at 2 C) and excellent Coulombic efficiency (≈99.5%). This work provides a simple strategy to fabricate practical high-loading Li2S cathodes for high-performance Li–S batteries “free” of polysulfide shuttle phenomenon.
Layered sodium-ion battery cathode, O3-type NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2, has been systematically investigated by synchrotron-based analyses to characterize the structural behavior during electrochemical reaction. X-ray absorption spectroscopy shows reversible redox process upon cycling and clearly proves that both Ni and Fe are active in Na1–x Ni1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 and that redox couples of Ni2+/Ni4+ via Ni3+ and Fe3+/Fe4+ are responsible for charge compensation. Specifically, the capacity is mainly realized with Ni2+/Ni4+ and slightly from Fe3+/Fe4+ under charging voltage of 4.0 V. At high voltage (>4.0 V), however, Fe redox reaction is dominant and Ni contributes slightly to capacity. In structural evolution, Na1-x Ni1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 undergoes phase transformation from O3 to P3 phase below 4.0 V and further reaches OP2 structure above 4.0 V along with a significant contraction of d-spacing. Moreover, quantitative analysis of extended X-ray absorption fine structure suggests that disorder of local structure for Fe is greatly increased in high voltage region. Accordingly, collapse of d-spacing can be considered as being caused by Fe migration in the TM layer into the neighboring Na layer. This study thus provides detailed redox behavior and factor of structural distortions under high voltage region by considering bulk and local structural changes.
The popularity of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries has increased over the recent years. Because of the strong dependence of the Li-ion battery operation characteristics on temperature, heat generation in the battery has to be taken into account. The entropy change of a Li-ion battery has a significant influence on heat generation, especially at a low C-rate current. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the entropy change profile in the estimation of heat generation. In the paper, a method to determine the entropy change (ΔS) profile by heat flux measurements of a cylindrical Li-ion cell is proposed. The method allows simultaneous measurements of the thermal diffusivity and ΔS of the cylindrical cell. The thermal diffusivity and ΔS measurements are carried out by a gradient heat flux sensor (GHFS). The comparison between the ΔS profile determined by the GHFS method with that obtained using a standard potentiometric method clearly shows that the entropy change measurements could be made by using a GHFS. Even though the uncertainty of the reported method is higher than that of the potentiometric method, a significant decrease in the experiment time compared with the potentiometric method is a major advantage of this method.
We report here the preparation and electrochemical characterization of nano-sized LiFePO4, starting from Fe(III) precursor, embedded in ordered mesoporous nitrogenous carbon (LFP/MNC-31). For comparison, LFP nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen-free ordered mesoporous carbon (LFP/CMK-3) was also prepared and studied. Both these composites were characterized using XRD, FT-Raman, TEM, SEM and nitrogen sorption studies prior to electrochemical testing. The ordered and mesoporous nature of the carbon in the composites was established by small-angle XRD and BET isotherms. Reitveld refined XRD data reveals single phase formation of LFP with good crystallinity. TEM studies show that the LFP nanoparticles are embedded in the mesopores of the carbon matrix. Electrochemical studies in half-cell mode (vs. Li+/Li) reveal that the Li-ion diffusion coefficient values in the composites are remarkably higher (6–7 orders of magnitude) compared to pristine LFP. Furthermore, the LFP/MNC-31 composite shows relatively better electrochemical properties in terms of specific capacity, rate capability and cyclic stability vis-à-vis LFP/CMK-3 highlighting the importance of nitrogen doping in the carbon matrix in enhancing the electrochemical performance.
Na-doped Li2CoTi3O8 is prepared via Li-site substitution with Na for the purpose of improving its cycle performance as an anode. Upon Na-doping, Rietveld refinement result reveals that Na takes the tetrahedral sites (8c) shared with Li and Co in the structure. Due to the larger ionic radius of Na than Li, an increased disorder degree of ion locations in the structure is induced by Na doping. Furthermore, the lithium ion diffusion tunnel is also expanded after Na doping. Galvanostatic charge/discharge tests denote that Li1.90Na0.10CoTi3O8 displays better cycling property and higher reversible capacity than pristine Li2CoTi3O8 and other Li2−xNaxCoTi3O8 materials. It can be found that Li1.90Na0.10CoTi3O8 can maintain a reversible capacity of 268.9mAhg−1 at a current density of 100mAg−1 (0.14C) after 50 cycles, corresponding to 90.6% of the initial charge capacity. Even cycled at a high current density of 1426mAg−1 (2C), Li1.90Na0.10CoTi3O8 can also maintain a reversible capacity of 179.2mAhg−1 after 80 cycles. Besides, the reversible structural changes of Na-doped Li2CoTi3O8 are also proved by various in-situ and ex-situ observations. The significant improvements at cycling and rate performances demonstrate that Li1.90Na0.10CoTi3O8 is a promising anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.