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Polysulfide shuttling has been the primary cause of failure in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery cycling. Here, we demonstrate an nucleophilic substitution reaction between polysulfides and binder functional groups can unexpectedly immobilizes the polysulfides. The substitution reaction is verified by UV–visible spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectra. The immobilization of polysulfide is in situ monitored by synchrotron based sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectra. The resulting electrodes exhibit initial capacity up to 20.4 mAh/cm2, corresponding to 1199.1 mAh/g based on a micron-sulfur mass loading of 17.0mg/cm2. The micron size sulfur transformed into nano layer coating on the cathode binder during cycling. Directly usage of nano-size sulfur promotes higher capacity of 33.7 mAh/cm2, which is the highest areal capacity reported in Li-S battery. This enhance performance is due to the reduced shuttle effect by covalently binding of the polysulfide with the polymer binder.
A new gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is reported in this paper. In this GPE, blending polymer of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (P(VdF-HFP)), doped with nano-Al2O3 and supported by polypropylene (PP), is used as polymer matrix, namely PEO–P(VdF-HFP)–Al2O3/PP. The performances of the PEO–P(VdF-HFP)–Al2O3/PP membrane and the corresponding GPE are characterized with mechanical test, CA, EIS, TGA and charge–discharge test. It is found that the performances of the membrane and the GPE depend to a great extent on the content of doped nano-Al2O3. With doping 10wt.% nano-Al2O3 in PEO–P(VdF-HFP), the mechanical strength from 9.3MPa to 14.3MPa, the porosity of the membrane increases from 42% to 49%, the electrolyte uptake from 176% to 273%, the thermal decomposition temperature from 225°C to 355°C, and the ionic conductivity of corresponding GPE is improved from 2.7×10−3 Scm−1 to 3.8×10−3 Scm−1. The lithium ion battery using this GPE exhibits good rate and cycle performances.
The bioleaching parameters of metal concentrates from waste printed circuit boards by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans immobilized on cotton gauze in a two-step reactor were investigated in this study. The results indicated that an average ferrous iron oxidation rate of 0.54 g/(L·h) and a ferrous iron oxidation ratio of 96.90 % were obtained after 12 h at aeration rate of 1 L/min in bio-oxidation reactor. After 96 h, the highest leaching efficiency of copper reached 91.68 % under the conditions of the content of the metal powder 12 g/L, the retention time 6 h, and the aeration rate 1 L/min. The bioleaching efficiency of copper could be above 91.12 % under repeated continuous batch operation. Meanwhile, 95.32 % of zinc, 90.32 % of magnesium, 86.31 % of aluminum, and 59.07 % of nickel were extracted after 96 h. All the findings suggested that the recovery of metal concentrates from waste printed circuit boards via immobilization of A. ferrooxidans on cotton gauze was feasible.
Rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves and alarming increase of environmental pollution shift the researchers’ attention towards renewable energy sources technologies like solar photovoltaic (PV). But solar radiation being affected by natural factors, result in uncertain power generation which leads to lower power system reliability. This paper proposes a smoothing strategy of generated PV power using gelled electrolyte valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) type battery energy storage system (BESS). The BESS stores the excess energy and releases it to meet the load demand in case of power surplus and deficit, respectively. The IEEE-RBTS is considered as the basic system for the study. But using large BESS incur humungous cost. Hence Multi-course teaching learning based multi-objective optimization technique (MCTLBO) is utilized to find out the optimal size of the PV panel, the BESS and the smoothening duration. Here, the objectives are to obtain minimum financial loss due to power outage as well as minimum BESS life cycle cost. MCTLBO is proposed here to improve the performance of the traditional teaching learning based optimization technique and it shows promising results. Factors affecting the power output of the PV panels are also considered here. The simulation is performed considering real time solar irradiance and temperature data of a city located on the eastern coast of India and the results obtained are both technically and economically viable in Indian context.
The applicability of amine-functionalised anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) for use in the all-vanadium redox flow battery has been studied. A selection of radiation-grafted aminated membranes functionalised with dimethylamine, trimethylamine or diazabicyclo(2,2,2)octane were extensively tested. The success of each grafting process was confirmed by Raman and infrared spectroscopies, titrimetry and ionic conductivity measurements. The amine-functionalised membranes were found to have poor thermo-oxidative stability and high vanadium cation permeabilities. The results highlight the importance of balancing ionic conductivity with vanadium cation permeability and indicate that amine-based functional groups may not be suitably stable for the membranes to remain true AEMs when in use in the all-vanadium redox flow battery.
The complex formation equilibria for the nickel(II)-bromide and -iodide systems in dimethyl sulfoxide and the bromide system in N,N′-dimethylpropyleneurea have been studied calorimetrically and spectrophotometrically at 298 K. An ionic strength of 0.1 mol dm−3 was kept constant using tetrabutylammonium perchlorate as supporting electrolyte. Two stable mononuclear bromo-complexes are formed in dilute N,N′-dimethylpropyleneurea solution with β1
=
(2.0 ± 0.4)
× 103 mol−1 dm3 and β2
=
(7.2 ± 1.5)
× 105 mol−2 dm6, whereas nickel(II) does not form any measurable complexes with bromide and iodide ions in dimethyl sulfoxide solution. The structures of the solids precipitating from concentrated solutions of nickel(II)-bromide and -chloride in the respective solvents have been determined by X-ray diffraction. The solid precipitating from a concentrated N,N′-dimethylpropyleneurea solution of nickel(II) bromide is a stable pseudotetrahedral bis(N,N′-dimethylpropyleneurea)dibromonickel(II) complex. Precipitation of nickel(II) chloride from a dimethyl sulfoxide solution results in hexakis(dimethyl sulfoxide)nickel(II) tetrachloronickelate(II), which is gradually transformed to hexakis(dimethyl sulfoxide)nickel(II) chloride, the most enthalpy stabilised complex. Hexakis(dimethyl sulfoxide)nickel(II) bromide precipitates from a concentrated dimethyl sulfoxide solution of nickel(II) bromide.
In this paper, we present a 0.33 W piezoelectric and electromagnetic hybrid energy harvester to tackle the problem of efficiently harnessing energy from low-frequency vibrations. Two types of transduction cores-one piezoelectric element and two sets of magnets and coils, are embedded into a compact design. Several techniques are employed to enhance the performance of the harvester. A pair of truss mechanisms are added into the system to amplify the strain of the piezoelectric element. A stopper is used to induce impact to take advantage of the frequency up conversion effect as well as nonlinearity. We used an array made of multiple small cubic magnets and alternative magnet arrangement rather than one magnet block, for abrupt magnetic flux density changes. Experimental results based on a fabricated prototype validate the proposed techniques that work collectively and enable the harvester to yield a maximum peak power more than 0.33 W at resonance under an excitation of 0.70 g. We also examined the capability of the harvester for self-powered applications. The harvester displays excellent charging performance to millifarad or farad-scale capacitors. An LED array consisting of 99 diodes was lit up in real time. More importantly, experimental results indicate that not just can the harvester simultaneously power a temperature and humidity sensor, and a calculator, but also when the excitation stops, the remaining charges stored can power them for ~20.38 min and ~8.33 min, respectively. This study can be of great significance for high-performance energy harvesting and further development of self-powered sensing and battery-free electronic systems.
A study was conducted to determine the presence of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neutralization antibodies against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in wild pigs on an offshore island in Singapore. Blood samples were collected from 28 wild pigs on the island. All the sera tested with HI assay and plaque reduction neutralization tests were found to be positive for antibodies against JEV. Our results indicate that the wild pigs have been infected with JEV on the offshore island and there is JEV transmission.
In this work we present a combination of mathematical modeling and experimental kinetic characterization of carbon felt electrodes in positive electrolyte (PE) and negative electrolyte (NE) of vanadium redox-flow batteries. The mathematical model is applied to check for homogeneous transfer current density within a radially connected carbon electrode intensively flown through by the electrolyte. Transfer current homogeneity depends mainly on electrolyte conductivity, electrode thickness and charge transfer coefficient. The transfer current inhomogeneity of the investigated electrode samples is below 5%, when single layers of carbon electrodes (415μm thickness at 89% porosity and 210μm thickness at 75% porosity) are applied and high electrolyte conductivities (>800mS∙cm−1) are maintained by low vanadium concentrations (<15mM). Experimental results show charge transfer coefficients for high overpotentials of 0.26±0.03 for the reduction reaction in NE and 0.37±0.04 for the oxidation reaction in NE. The charge transfer coefficients of the PE are 0.13±0.02 for reduction and 0.30±0.04 for the oxidation reaction. Application of the Butler-Volmer equation to describe the polarization behavior shows adequate agreement with the experimental results at states of charge between 25% and 75%. The rate constants for the PE reaction are nearly two times higher than for the NE reaction.
The present study aimed, using a questionnaire, to assess and compare behaviour, attitudes and beliefs of French, German and Norwegian dentists regarding deep carious lesion management.
The phase transition in spinel LiMn2O4 was investigated using powder synchrotron radiation diffraction. A transition from cubic (Fd3m) to orthorhombic (Fddd) was observed around T = 220 K. Increasing the average valence of Mn by doping Co into the [Mn2O4] framework, LiMn1.9Co0.1O4, reduced the concentration of Mn3+ ions, suppressed the Jahn–Teller distortion and the cubic phase was retained at low temperature.
Lycopene, as a suspension in sunflower oil (20% w/w), was tested for subchronic toxicity by administration at dietary concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0% to groups of 20 male and 20 female Wistar rats for a period of 90 days. The lycopene examined in this study was derived from a fungal biomass (Blakeslea trispora). Lycopene intake was calculated to be 0, 145, 291, and 586mg/kg body weight/day in control through high-dose males and 0, 156, 312, and 616mg/kg body weight/day in control through high-dose females. The results from this study do not provide any evidence of toxicity of lycopene at dietary levels up to 1.0% as demonstrated by the findings of clinical observations, neurobehavioral observations, motor activity assessment, body weight and food consumption measurements, ophthalmoscopic examinations, hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, organ weights, gross pathology, or histopathology. The No-Observed-Effect Level (NOEL) was 1.0% in the diet, the highest dietary concentration tested.
Cobalt oxide thin films have been deposited with remote plasma atomic layer deposition (ALD) within a wide temperature window (100–400°C), using CoCp2 as cobalt precursor and with a remote O2 plasma as oxidant source. The growth rate was relatively high at 0.05nm per ALD-cycle and resulted in the deposition of high density (∼5.8gcm−3), stoichiometric Co3O4. For the electrochemical analyses, Co3O4 was deposited on a Si substrate covered with an ALD-synthesized TiN layer to prevent Li diffusion. The as-deposited electrodes were investigated in a three-electrode electrochemical cell using constant current (CC) charge/discharge cycling and Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) in combination with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Compared to the literature, ALD-deposited Co3O4 exhibited a high electrochemical activity (∼1000mAhg−1) and the formation of a solid electrolyte interface has been identified by EIS.
We investigated systematic changes in 3-year-olds’ effortful persistence in a dyadic problem-solving context and explored their correlates (i.e., parenting behavior and demographic characteristics at 3 years) and consequences (i.e., child externalizing behavior at 3, 6, and 10 years) within a sample of 241 middle-income families (118 girls). Results indicated that children may be grouped into three classes based on their behavioral profiles of persistence. Children who were highly persistent over the course of the task were more likely to have higher levels of IQ and mothers who were observed to be more behaviorally responsive than those who showed consistently low levels of task-related behavior. Additionally, children who demonstrated stably low levels of persistence were rated by teachers to display more externalizing behavior at 6 and 10 years than those in the other groups. Profiles of persistence did not predict concurrent levels of child externalizing behavior at the age of 3 years. The findings are discussed with respect to expanding the scope of research on child self-regulation by defining it as a time based construct and tracking its dynamic changes.
Carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate (C/LFP) composite has been synthesized at 650°C in an N2 atmosphere by calcination/pyrolysis method using amorphous FePO4·xH2O nanopowders as the precursor. The key factor for preparing the C/LFP composites is to start with the co-precipitation synthesis of FePO4·xH2O spheres at pH 3. The C/LFP composite exhibits good crystallinity, well-dispersed particles of 250nm, and in situ carbon coating (thickness: 3–4nm) over the surface of LFP crystallites. The as-prepared C/LFP composite delivers a high discharge capacity of 162.1 and 119.7mAhg−1 at rates of 0.1 and 5C, respectively. This enhanced rate capability is ascribed to the synergetic effect on the C/LFP cathode that combines (i) quasi-spherical nanoparticles and (ii) a thin carbon layer. Additionally, the C/LFP composite presents a high tap density (1.34gcm−3), inducing high performance without sacrificing the volume energy density. Accordingly, the result reveals an efficient approach for synthesizing the C/LFP materials with excellent performance, which is beneficial for large-scale applications such as hybrid electric vehicles.
A poly(ortho toluidine-co-aniline)/SiO2 nanocomposite electrode (Poly(oT-co-ANI)/SiO2) was fabricated in one step using electrodeposition polymerization. The polymer layer was characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM/EDX. The electrochemical performance of the nanocomposite electrode was tested in 1 M H2SO4
Molten salts have attracted wide attention as electrolyte for lithium battery due to their nonvolatile and nonflammable features. In this work, the phase diagram of high pure lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) and KFSI binary system has been measured. This system shows a high transfer number of lithium ion at 85°C and its conductivity reaches to 10−3–10−2 Scm−1 from 40°C to 150°C. The electrochemical windows of this system have been measured using Pt, Al and Cu as working electrode, respectively. The reversibility of lithium deposition in eutectic mixture (LiFSI:KFSI=0.4:0.6 by mole) were investigated on LiCoO2, artificial graphite and LiFePO4, respectively, by cyclic voltammetry using three-electrodes systems. It is found that the half cell with this eutectic system as electrolyte can charge and discharge reversibly for LiFePO4 cathode but fails for MCMB and Li4Ti5O12 anodes. This problem would be solved partially by forming a passivating layer in advance or coating a protection layer on anode.
Li4Ti5O12 with long cycling life has been deemed to be one of the most promising anode materials for lithium ion battery. Nevertheless, poor electronic conductivity impedes its application for energy storage. Meanwhile MXene possesses high electrical conductivity and moderate electrochemical energy storage. Herein, we develop a novel strategy for the in-situ synthesis of layered-stacked Li4Ti5O12-MXene composite. The synergistic effect of Li4Ti5O12 and MXene greatly improved the electrochemical properties of Li4Ti5O12-MXene composite. At a high current density of 10Ag−1, a high discharge capacity of 116mAhg−1 can be achieved. Moreover, a high discharge capacity of 178mAhg−1 after 500cycles can be maintained at a current density of 5Ag−1. This work demonstrates a scalable route to assemble MXene-derived Ti-based materials for high-performance electrochemical energy storage applications.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the important characteristics of fiber optic cable structures, the properties of some of the main types of cable construction, and particular uses of each type. The cable structure is needed to protect the optical fiber from the rigors of the outside world during its installation and throughout its operational life. The cable construction needs to provide features such as mechanical protection for the fibers, and a nonconductive cable for special environments. The cable structure needs to give protection to the fibers against tensile stress, abrasion, cutting, flexing, bending, and crushing experienced during the installation and subsequent operational life of the fibers. It is found that all-dielectric cables are not affected by any form of electromagnetic fields, and are therefore immune to lightning and high voltages that can be caused by power fault conditions. Loose buffering, using either a loose tube or the slotted core construction, is used for most outdoor applications where fibers are likely to be subjected to external stresses, such as tensile forces or extreme temperature change. The four broad application areas into which the fiber optic cables can be classified include aerial cable, underground cable, subaqueous cable, and indoor cable. It is found that outdoor cables and loose tube cables that contain fibers, which are not tightly buffered, need to be spliced to tightly buffered internal cables or patch cords for termination to equipment.
Although vanadium-based materials are potential electrode materials for Li-ion batteries, the development of commonly known vanadium-based crystalline phases is hindered by their inferior cyclic performance. Unlike crystalline phases, the amorphous vanadium-based materials do not exhibit undesirable phase transformations during the charge/discharge process leading to poor cyclic performance. Herein, we demonstrate the influence of a reducing atmosphere on the structure of vanadate–phosphate (V2O5-P2O5) glass and its electrochemical properties as a lithium-ion battery cathode. By employing various characterization techniques, we unveil the influence of reducing atmosphere on valence state of vanadium ions and structure of V2O5-P2O5 glass. The V2O5-P2O5 glass, synthesized in a reducing atmosphere, exhibits an ultra-high specific capacity of 270 mAh g−1 with excellent capacity retention of ∼90% after 100 cycles. Moreover, a stable specific capacity of 220 mAh g−1 is delivered at a high current density of 85 mA g−1 after 300 cycles, corresponding to 80% capacity retention. Overall, the V2O5-P2O5 glass, synthesized in a reducing atmosphere, renders higher capacity, excellent rate performance and stable cyclic performance than the V2O5-P2O5 glass, synthesized in the air atmosphere. The current work provides a novel route to develop multi-valence transition metal oxide electrodes for Li-ion batteries.
The effect of silver co-sputtering on the characteristics of amorphous V2O5 films, grown by dc reactive sputtering, is investigated. The co-sputtering process influences the growth mechanism as well as the characteristics of the V2O5 films. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) results indicate that the microstructure of the V2O5 films is affected by the rf power of the co-sputtered silver. In addition, an all-solid-state thin film battery with full cell structure of Li/LiPON/Ag x V2O5/Pt has been fabricated. It is found that the silver co-sputtered V2O5 cathode film exhibits better cycle performance than an undoped one.
Few-layer molybdenum disulfide/graphene (FL-MoS2/GNS) composites are fabricated by a facile hydrothermal route and a post-annealing with the assistance of various cationic surfactants (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, DTAB; octyltrimethylammonium bromide, OTAB; and tetrabutylammonium bromide, TBAB), which have different alkyl-chain lengths and stereo configurations. The effects of these cationic surfactants on the microstructures and electrochemical performances of the FL-MoS2/GNS for lithium storage are investigated. It is demonstrated the cationic surfactants show some ability to control the microstructure (layer number) of FL-MoS2 in composites. The electrochemical performances of FL-MoS2/GNS composites for lithium storage are greatly improved compared to the bare MoS2. Especially, FL-MoS2/GNS with ∼6 MoS2 layers prepared with the assistance of OTAB exhibits very high reversible capacity of ∼1200 mAh g−1 with excellent cycle stability and enhanced rate capability. Electrochemical impedance spectrum also confirms that the FL-MoS2/GNS composite electrodes exhibit much lower electron-transfer resistance than the MoS2. The remarkable electrochemical performances of FL-MoS2/GNS composites can be attributed to the synergistic interaction between FL-MoS2 and graphene and their quasi-3D architectures, which promote lithium diffusion, electron transfer and electrolyte access.
A new family of polyfluoroalkyl-substituted ethylene carbonates is synthesized and tested as additives in lithium-ion cells containing EC:EMC + LiPF6-based electrolyte. The influence of these compounds is investigated in Li1.2Ni0.15Mn0.55Co0.1O2//graphite cells via a combination of galvanostatic cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests. Among the four additives studied in this work (4-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (TFM-EC), 4-(perfluorobutyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (PFB-EC), 4-(perfluorohexyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (PFH-EC), and 4-(perfluorooctyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (PFO-EC)), small amounts (0.5 wt%) of PFO-EC is found to be most effective in lessening cell performance degradation during extended cycling. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy are used to further characterize the effects of PFO-EC on the positive and negative electrodes. LSV data from the electrolyte, and XPS analyses of electrodes harvested after cycling, suggest that PFO-EC is oxidized on the cathode forming surface films that slow electrode/cell impedance rise. Differential capacity (dQ/dV) plots from graphite//Li cells suggest that PFO-EC is involved in solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. Raman data from anodes after cycling suggest that structural disordering of graphite is reduced by the addition of PFO-EC, which may explain the improved cell capacity retention.
The applicability of an electronic monitoring system using microchip transponders for measurement of body temperatures was tested in 6-week-old conventional Danish weaners infected with classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Subcutaneous tissue temperatures obtained by the implantable transponders were compared with rectal temperatures, recorded by a conventional digital thermometer.