batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Crystalline TiSb2 electrodes prepared using two different binders, PVDF and lithium polyacrylate (LiPAA), were examined as negative electrodes in Li-ion batteries. The cycle life of the electrodes is strongly influenced by the choice of the binder, reaching ca. 120 cycles with LiPAA vs. ca. 90 cycles achieved with the common binder PVDF. Moreover, rate capability is improved using LiPAA binder. The reduction in TiSb2 particle size is shown to influence the average practical specific charge at high charge/discharge rates. The reasons for this improvement are discussed and the optimized electrode was demonstrated in full Li-ion cells.
Lithium‑sulfur batteries (LSBs) have drawn intense attention due to their high theoretical specific energy and low material cost. However, shuttle effect of the lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) dissolved in the electrolyte results in severe capacity fading and self-discharge. Herein, a multifunctional modifier composed of mesoporous boron carbon nitride and conductive graphene (BCN/G) has been developed to modify separator as an efficient barrier for LiPSs in LSBs. Benefiting from such a modified separator, LSBs exhibit improved cycling capacity and high rate capacities. The excellent electrochemical performances are mainly attributed to the strong chemical interactions between LiPSs and conductive BCN/G modifier, which have been confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. Such a design of separator opens a new approach for high-performance LSBs.
An electrochemical double layer capacitor test cell containing activated carbon xerogel electrodes and ionic liquid electrolyte was tested at 15, 25 and 40°C to examine the effect of temperature on electrolyte resistance (R S) and equivalent series resistance (ESR) measured using impedance spectroscopy and capacitance using charge/discharge cycling. A commercial 10F capacitor was used as a comparison. Viscosity, ionic self-diffusion coefficients and differential scanning calorimetry measurements were used to provide an insight into the behaviour of the 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimdazolium electrolyte. Both R S and ESR decreased with increasing temperature for both capacitors. Increasing the temperature also increased the capacitance for both the test cell and the commercial capacitor but proportionally more for the test cell. An increase in temperature decreased the ionic liquid electrolyte viscosity and increased the self-diffusion coefficients of both the anion and the cation indicating an increase in dissociation and increase in ionic mobility.
The structure of lead deposits (approximately 1mm thick) formed in conditions likely to be met at the negative electrode during the charge/discharge cycling of a soluble lead-acid flow battery is examined. The quality of the lead deposit could be improved by appropriate additives and the preferred additive was shown to be the hexadecyltrimethylammonium cation, C16H33(CH3)3N+, at a concentration of 5mM. In the presence of this additive, thick layers with acceptable uniformity could be formed over a range of current densities (20–80mAcm−2) and solution compositions. While electrolyte compositions with lead(II) concentrations in the range 0.1–1.5M and methanesulfonic acid concentrations in the range 0–2.4M have been investigated, the best quality deposits are formed at lower concentrations of both species. Surprisingly, the acid concentration was more important than the lead(II) concentration; hence a possible initial electrolyte composition is 1.2M Pb(II)+5mM C16H33(CH3)3N+ without added acid.
Cognitive impairments and biases, which are prevalent in patients with mood and anxiety disorders, can affect quality of life and functioning. Traditional treatments are only insufficiently addressing these impairments and biases. We review the cognitive impairments and biases present in these disorders as well as treatments targeting these domains.
Ceramic sheet of Na+ ion-conducting solid electrolyte, Na3Zr2Si2PO12 (NASICON), has been prepared by tape-casting method. Addition of 60Na2O-10Nb2O5-30P2O5 glass as a sintering aid is crucial for fabrication of fully-densified impermeable sheet. Otherwise the gas tightness is not achieved even sintered at 1200 °C. The best preparation condition is 5 or 10 wt% grass-addition with respect to NASICON and sintering at 1000–1100 °C, which is lower by 100–200 °C than the typical densification temperature of NASICON without the additive. A sample with a thickness of 35 μm and total conductivity of 4.4 × 10−4 S cm−1 is obtained by 5 wt% glass addition and sintering at 1100 °C for 4 h.
We assessed potential toxicity of fungicides to natural bacterial communities from a constructed wetland, located in southern Sweden, and compared the sensitivity of two endpoints indicating bacterial activity, leucine incorporation, and potential denitrification, in detecting toxicity. The effects of eight fungicides (benomyl, carbendazim, carboxin, captan, cycloheximide, fenpropimorph, propiconazole, and thiram), two bactericides (bronopol and chlortetracycline) as controls, and one reference compound (3,5-dichlorophenol), were tested in a water-sediment microcosm set-up. Leucine incorporation was measured in both the water and sediment column, while potential denitrification was measured for the entire microcosm. The bactericides and the reference compound gave sigmoid concentration–response curves for both endpoints in all but one case. The fungicides thiram, captan, and benomyl, and to a lesser extent fenpropimorph and propiconazole had quantifiable toxic effects on leucine incorporation, with EC50 values ranging from 3 to 70 mg l−1, while carbendazim, carboxin, and cycloheximide had little effect at the investigated concentrations. Only thiram and captan inhibited potential denitrification; the other fungicides showed no quantifiable effect. A greater toxic effect on leucine incorporation was recorded for bacterial communities associated with the water column, compared to the sediment column, for all tested compounds. Leucine incorporation was the more sensitive method for toxicity assessment of bacterial communities, and also allowed for a rapid and simple way of comparing exposure in the sediment and water column, making it an attractive standard method for community based toxicological assays in aquatic environments.
The electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of different shape-controlled gold nanoparticles (NPs) and nanorods has been studied by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). TEM images and lead underpotential deposition (UPD) voltammetric profiles were used to physically and electrochemically characterize all gold particles studied here, providing information on the shape and surface structure of the different NPs and nanorods. The SECM results demonstrate that cubic gold NPs are the most active towards ORR in 0.1M NaOH, followed by the spherical gold NPs and, finally, by the short gold nanorods. These results are in agreement with previous studies using conventional electrochemical techniques with gold NPs and single crystal electrodes, since they established that higher ratio of (100) domains provide higher catalytic activity for ORR.
Environmental pollution and high cost are two typical problems when vacuum gas deposition or electroless nickel conductive technology is applied to the production of continuous nickel foam. To solve these problems, conductive colloid coating technology is usually used. But the continuous nickel foam obtained via this method has drawbacks, such as low tensile strength and elongation, high deposit thickness ratios (DTRs), inhomogeneous surface density distribution and inhomogeneous morphology. In this work, ultrasonic treatment was applied to certain production stages to investigate the effects on the properties of continuous nickel foam mentioned above. It was found through the comparison of the results obtained that using ultrasonic waves can significantly improve the structures and performances of continuous nickel foam.
At present, it is not clear whether the current definition of separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is the optimal classification of developmentally inappropriate, severe, and interfering separation anxiety in youth. Much remains to be learned about the relative contributions of individual SAD symptoms for informing diagnosis. Two-parameter logistic Item Response Theory analyses were conducted on the eight core SAD symptoms in an outpatient anxiety sample of treatment-seeking children (N = 359, 59.3 % female, MAge = 11.2) and their parents to determine the diagnostic utility of each of these symptoms. Analyses considered values of item threshold, which characterize the SAD severity level at which each symptom has a 50 % chance of being endorsed, and item discrimination, which characterize how well each symptom distinguishes individuals with higher and lower levels of SAD. Distress related to separation and fear of being alone without major attachment figures showed the strongest discrimination properties and the lowest thresholds for being endorsed. In contrast, worry about harm befalling attachment figures showed the poorest discrimination properties, and nightmares about separation showed the highest threshold for being endorsed. Distress related to separation demonstrated crossing differential item functioning associated with age—at lower separation anxiety levels excessive fear at separation was more likely to be endorsed for children ≥9 years, whereas at higher levels this symptom was more likely to be endorsed by children <9 years. Implications are discussed for optimizing the taxonomy of SAD in youth.
All-solid-state cells, using sulfur-based cathode materials and Li2S–P2S5 glass-ceramic electrolytes exhibited excellent cycling performance at room temperature. The cathode materials consisting of sulfur and CuS were synthesized by mechanical milling, using a mixture of sulfur and copper crystals with several different molar ratios. The cell performance was influenced by the composition of S/Cu for the cathode materials and the cell with the cathode material of S/Cu = 3 prepared by milling for 15min retained large discharge capacities over 650mAhg−1 for 20 cycles. Sulfur as well as CuS in the cathode materials proved to be utilized as active materials on charge–discharge processes in the all-solid-state batteries.
The storage capacity or capacitance of a material could be enhanced significantly by replacing univalent ion with multivalent ion in the energy storage field. However, the mechanism of the enhancement is unknown. Here, we dedicate to understand the origin of the enhancement on the storage capacity of multivalent ions over univalent ions. The experimental results show that the specific capacitance and charge-discharge rate of α-MnO2 are doubled by using Ca2+ cation to replace Na+ cation in the electrolyte as the energy storage medium. The First-principles calculations are used for a further understanding for the enhancement on the capacity, charge rate and the insertion mechanism. The given number of cations (two Na+ or Ca2+ ions) can be preferably stabled in one α-MnO2 unit cell to decrease the irreversible tetragonal-orthorhombic deformation caused by John-Teller effect. Because the insertion of Ca2+ triggers double electron transfer than Na+, the capacity and charge-discharge rate of α-MnO2 using Ca2+ cation as storage medium are doubled. The result pave a path to understand the enhancement on the storage capacity by replacing the univalent ions (such as Li+, Na+, K+, etc.) with multivalent ions (such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Al3+, etc.).
Mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) and needle coke (NC) with different shapes were selected to investigate the influences of conductive additives acetylene black (AB) and polyaniline (PAn). Experiments showed that the granularity distribution of spherical MCMB is narrow and does not contain small particles. Its electronic conductivity is lower than that of NC. Therefore, compared to NC, MCMB anode possesses a lower discharge capacity although their structural parameters are similar to each other. The addition of AB and PAn can improve the electrochemical performances of MCMB anode by enhancing the electronic conductivity of anode films. Owing to the fact PAn possessing a high electronic conductivity of 15.29Scm−1, it plays a better role than AB. The discharge capacity of MCMB anode using 5wt.% PAn reaches the maximum value of 341.1mAhg−1. Excessive addition of PAn will hinder the dispersing of lithium ions and decrease the discharge capacity. The content of PAn and AB in MCMB anode conforms to the percolation theory. MCMB anode containing 5wt.% PAn possesses the excellent cycle performance and small change of charge transfer resistance in the 30th cycle.
The electrochemical reduction of benzaldehyde at Pt microelectrodes in 1-butyl-1-methyl pyrrolidinium triflimide ([Bmpyr][NTF2]) room temperature ionic liquid is reported. At high potential sweep rates (>1000Vs−1) reduction occurs as two reversible one-electron reduction processes corresponding to the reversible formation of the radical anion (at −1.6V versus Pt) and the dianion species (at −2.2V versus Pt). The second order rate constant for radical anion–radical anion dimerisation was 1.4×104 mol−1 dm3 s−1, while the pseudo-first-order rate constant for the subsequent formation of the alcohol (or electroinactive alcoholate) was 1000s−1. Kinetically, the electrochemistry is similar to that in acetonitrile or alkaline ethanol. At lower potential sweep rates, a third irreversible reduction occurs which appears to be the reduction of the pyrrolidinium cation as an ion-associated species with the anion products of the initial reductions.
A composite polymer electrolyte, formed by dispersing into a poly(ethylene oxide)-lithium salt matrix two additives, i.e. calyx(6)pyrrole, (CP) acting as an anion trapper and superacid zirconia, S-ZrO2 acting as a conductivity promoter, has been tested as a separator in a new type of rechargeable lithium battery using lithium iron phosphate as the cathode. The choice of the electrolyte was motivated by its favourable transport properties both in terms of lithium ion transference number and of total ionic conductivity. The choice of the cathode was motivated by the value of its operating voltage which falls within the stability window of the electrolyte. The performance of the battery was determined by cycling tests carried out at various rates and at various temperatures. The results demonstrate the good rate capability of the battery which can operate at high charge-discharge efficiency even at 1  C rate and that it can be cycled at 90 °C with a satisfactory initial capacity of the order of 90 mAh g−1. These values outline the practical relevance of the composite electrolyte membrane and of its use as separator in a lithium battery.
The interest in the ecological relevance of risk assessments and, thus, in in situ bioassays has been increasing in the last years. The present study developed a time- and cost-effective in situ bioassay, aiming at obtaining, in a short period of time and with a minimum of resources, a set of ecologically relevant toxicological information in a site-specific approach. Poecilia reticulata and Gambusia holbrooki were chosen as test species. Post-exposure feeding inhibition and the biomarkers acetylcholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase and glutathione S-transferases were the endpoints tested. The battery of biomarkers as a whole was sensitive to the in situ exposure in an acid mine drainage impacted effluent, although responses varied between test species. Post-exposure feeding inhibition was the most sensitive endpoint, and its association with biomarker responses was discussed. The linkage between individual responses, such as feeding, and biomarkers suggested that, at least in this case, biomarkers can be relevant at higher levels of biological organization. Altogether, the proposed short-term in situ bioassay seems to be a promising tool, since it represents a reasonable compromise between sensitivity, time/cost-effectiveness and ecological relevance.
This paper describes the modelling and simulation of a wind-hydrogen system aimed at supplying electrical and thermal residential loads, where the thermal load is in part supplied by a catalytic hydrogen combustion device with hydrogen stored in a metal hydride system composed of a cluster of five metal hydride tanks equipped with a metal foam heat exchanger. The complete mathematical model has been developed from models available in literature and describing the different sub-systems that constitute the overall wind-hydrogen system. It has been later implemented in a multi-domain software environment to simulate system operations. Results over a year-long simulation show complete stand-alone capabilities, with an electrical efficiency and a combined heat and power efficiency of 8.2% and 12.5% respectively. At the end of the simulation period, a hydrogen annual surplus of 110.5 kg is left over which can, for instance, be used to feed a hydrogen powered car for about 9500 km.
The feasibility of delivering an early intervention program for the management of child anxiety in either a school- or home setting, relative to a waitlist-control condition, was investigated in this study. Two thousand eight hundred and eighteen Australian children in grades 2–6 were screened for anxiety, and a high-anxious sample of 325 (those scoring in the 90–100th percentile relative to their age-mates) were invited to participate. Of these, 152 consented to participate in the anxiety program. Measures were collected from participating children, their parents, teachers and school counselors. Children participating in the active conditions (home-based and school-based interventions) showed significantly greater reductions in anxiety and anxiety-related interference in daily life, compared to the waitlist-control group according to parents’ reports. In contrast, reports from children and teachers failed to show significant group differences on measures of anxiety. Although these preliminary results show some promise, their replication in future research is necessary given current study limitations. Consideration of feasibility issues, implementation challenges and directions for future research is discussed along with key recommendations for the translation of evidence-based programs to settings beyond the psychology clinic, such as the school and home environments.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) and spearmint extracts are Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) for use as flavoring in beverages, pharmaceuticals, and confectionaries. Studies of spearmint extracts in humans and animals have reported conflicting results with respect to toxicity. Since the chemical composition of these extracts was not reported and the spearmint source material was different, the relevance of these existing data to evaluating the risks associated with ingestion of a dried aqueous spearmint extract standardized to rosmarinic acid is not clear. Hence, the safety and tolerability of the dried aqueous spearmint extract was evaluated as part of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in healthy adults with age-associated memory impairment. Ingestion of both 600 and 900 mg/day for 90 days had no effect on plasma levels of follicular stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, or thyroid stimulating hormone, or other safety parameters including vital signs, plasma chemistry or whole blood hematology values. Additionally, there were no reported severe adverse events, no significant between-group differences in the number of subjects reporting adverse effects and the adverse events reported could not be attributed to ingestion of the extract. These results therefore show that ingestion of the aqueous dried spearmint extract is safe and well-tolerated.
Background Adherence rates for chronic pediatric conditions are approximately 50%. The primary objective of the study was to assess rates of adherence using four different measurement methods for children with cystic fibrosis (CF). Methods Participants included 37 children with CF between 6 and 13 years of age and their primary caregivers. Adherence measures included parent and child self-reports, diary data, pharmacy refill history, and electronic monitors. Results Results suggested that rates of adherence varied by treatment component and across measurement methods. However, when examining more objective measures, rates of overall adherence were below 50% for children with CF, indicating generally poor adherence to the treatment regimen. For example, rates of adherence to enzyme medications, using electronic and diary measures, ranged from 27% to 46%. Conclusions The multi-method measurement approach provided unique information regarding rates of adherence for each disease condition by type of treatment component. Accurately measuring rates of treatment adherence for children with CF is an important step in developing effective interventions to influence these behaviors.
The objective of this study is to investigate the potentials of power generation and hydrogen production via solar and wind energy resources at different locations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, namely; Dhahran, Riyadh, Jeddah, Abha and Yanbu. These locations represent the climatic conditions variety in the Kingdom with different solar radiation and wind speed potentials. At each location, different renewable off-grid power generation systems are considered to cover a load demand of a typical house incorporating; photovoltaic (PV) array, wind turbines, converter, batteries, electrolyzer, fuel cell (FC) and hydrogen tank. Six systems are considered in hourly base simulations; PV/battery bank, wind/battery bank, PV/wind/battery bank, PV/FC, wind/FC and PV/wind/FC. The simulations have been extended to cover two global locations, namely; Toronto (Canada) and Sydney (Australia). The simulations and the optimizations studies are carried out to identify the cost effective configurations. The results show that integration of 2kW PV array, 3 wind turbines, 2kW converter and 7 batteries storage bank is the best configuration that leads to the minimum levelized cost of energy (COE) of 0.609$/kWh at Yanbu area. Replacing the battery bank by a combination of electrolyzer, fuel cell and hydrogen tank, storage system is possible; however, the cost increases due to the investment cost of the system components. Integrating PV/wind/FC in Abha area gives the minimum levelized cost of energy (COE) of 1.208$/kWh and the cost of the hydrogen production (COH) is 43.1$/kg.
Surface chemical modification of polyolefin separators for lithium ion batteries is attempted to reduce the thermal shrinkage, which is important for the battery energy density. In this study, we grafted organic/inorganic hybrid crosslinked networks on the separators, simply by grafting polymerization and condensation reaction. The considerable silicon-oxygen crosslinked heat-resistance networks are responsible for the reduced thermal shrinkage. The strong chemical bonds between networks and separators promise enough mechanical support even at high temperature. The shrinkage at 150°C for 30 min in the mechanical direction was 38.6% and 4.6% for the pristine and present graft-modified separators, respectively. Meanwhile, the grafting organic-inorganic hybrid crosslink networks mainly occupied part of void in the internal pores of the separators, so the thicknesses of the graft-modified separators were similar with the pristine one. The half cells prepared with the modified separators exhibited almost identical electrochemical properties to those with the commercial separators, thus proving that, in order to enhance the thermal stability of lithium ion battery, this kind of grafting-modified separators may be a better alternative to conventional silica nanoparticle layers-coated polyolefin separators.