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A comprehensive study on high temperature cycling (80 °C) of industrial manufactured Li-ion pouch cells (NMC-111/Graphite) filled with different electrolytes is introduced. Ageing processes such as capacity fade, resistance increase and gas generation are reduced by the choice of appropriate electrolyte formulations. However, even by using additive formulations designed for elevated temperatures a large resistance increase is observed after 200 cycles and more (which does not happen at 55 °C). Symmetrical EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) shows that the cathodic charge transfer resistance is the main reason for this behaviour. Nonetheless most of the active Li is still available when cycling with suitable additives. No change of the cathode crystalline structure or a growth of the cathodic surface reconstruction layer is observed post cycling at 80 °C. Therefore a disintegration of NMC secondary particles is believed to be the main reason of the cell failure. A separation of single grains is leading to new decomposition and reconstruction layers between primary particles and an increased charge transfer resistance. Further approaches to improve the high temperature cycle stability of NMC based materials should therefore be aimed at the cathode particles morphology in combination with similar electrolyte formulations as used in this study.
A series of Li2Fe1-x V x SiO4/C (x =0.00, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07) composites have been synthesized via a refluxing-assisted solid-state reaction. XRD results confirm the monoclinic structure with space group P21 for Li2Fe1-x V x SiO4/C compounds. TEM and Raman spectroscopy demonstrate V-doping can increase the graphitization degree of residual carbon. XPS confirms that V-incorporation does not change the divalent state of Fe, and the oxidation state of V in V-doped Li2FeSiO4/C is +3. Combined Ar-ion sputtering with XPS, it is found that V has been successfully doped into the crystal lattice of Li2FeSiO4. Electrochemical tests show that LFS/C-5V delivers the highest initial discharge capacity of 220.4mAhg−1 and the biggest Li-ion diffusion coefficient of 1.60×10−11 cm2 s−1. In addition, the density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict that V-doping decreases the electronic band gap of Li2FeSiO4, thus leads to significant improvement in the electrical conductivity of Li2FeSiO4. The enhanced electrochemical performance can be attributed to the increased electronic conductivity, the decreased charge transfer impedance, and the improved Li-ion diffusion coefficient. Our results clarified the nature of V doping into Li2FeSiO4 and demonstrated that V-doping is a promising approach to improve the electrochemical performance of Li2FeSiO4.
Solidified lithium conducting hybrid electrolyte is designed and processed to realize the large scale and flexible solid state Li battery satisfying energy capability and safety issue. This paper presents a solidified inorganic-organic hybrid electrolyte to obtain commercially-acceptable ionic conductivity and a stable electrochemical window to prevent electrolyte decomposition in Li ion batteries. Li3PO4 coated with solidified [Li][EMI][TFSI] ionic liquid is developed as hybrid electrolyte material. The material has high electrochemical stability on a high-voltage cathode and metallic anode, and the solid electrolyte has high ionic conductivity. This Li3PO4-[Li][EMI][TFSI] hybrid electrolyte has the advantages of long-term operation, safety and flexibility, so it may be suitable for use in high-voltage cathodes and Li anode.
Background Ketamine has been used to probe the biology of psychosis and cognitive dysfunction in humans. High levels of ketamine abuse are associated with persisting psychosis (KPP) in a minority of users. However, relatively little is known about cognitive function among KPP patients and whether the cognitive impairments associated with KPP resemble those of schizophrenia (SZ). Methods We recruited 149 treatment-seeking patients, including nonpsychotic ketamine users (KNP, n=51), KPP (n=23), and SZ (n=75) patients. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to evaluate psychopathology and the Cogstate Brief Battery to assess cognitive function including psychomotor processing speed, attention, working memory, verbal and visual learning and memory, spatial problem solving, and social-emotional cognition. Results Ketamine-dependent patients had an extensive history of ketamine use (average duration=7.1±4.2years, average consumption=3.8±2.7g per day). Although KPP patients used relatively less average ketamine daily dose than KNP patients, KPP patients exhibited significantly greater total PANSS score and subscale scores, while these scores in KPP and SZ patients did not differ significantly. After adjusting for demographic characteristics and antipsychotic dose, KPP and SZ patients showed impairments in spatial problem solving and verbal memory compared to KNP patients, but KPP and SZ patients did not significantly differ from each other. Conclusion These data suggest that the symptom profile and cognitive impairments associated with persisting psychosis due to chronic heavy ketamine abuse resemble those of schizophrenia, while KNP patients showed significantly less severe symptom profile and cognitive impairment than KPP and SZ.
The largest applied convertors in passenger cars are the internal combustion engines – gasoline, diesel, adapted also for operating on alternative fuels and hybrid modes. The number of components that are necessary to realize modern future propulsion system is inexorably increasing. The need for efficiency improvement of the vehicle energy system induces the search for an innovative methodology during the design process. In this article the compressed air is investigated as an innovative solution for hybridization of small gasoline engine. The combination of a conventional IC engine and a pneumatic short-term storage system is an interesting approach to achieve lower fuel consumption. Instead of using a battery, a hybrid pneumatic vehicle uses a robust and inexpensive air pressure tank for energy storage. The fuel consumption benefit of the hybrid air system is assessed and the vehicle usages leading to the maximal fuel consumption benefits of the hybrid pneumatic powertrain are investigated. The hybrid pneumatic concept is applied on a largely deployed C Segment commercial vehicle with 3 cylinder gasoline engine. The lowest fuel consumption results are investigated on the usage of this vehicle.
The aim of this project is studying the effect of thermal operation parameters on the graphitization of self-diffused ethane-based catalytic coke. The novelty of this study refers to self-diffused metals that had given unique properties to the catalytic coke and had improved the graphitization degree at low temperatures. The main feature of this research is presenting a remarkable energy saving approach that uses low-cost installations for production of graphitized carbon. The experiments were performed in two steps including preparation of self-diffused ethane-based catalytic coke and then low-temperature graphitization of coke samples below 1500 °C. Characteristic tests were performed by determination of electrical resistivity and XRD pattern of graphitized samples including graphitization degree, aromaticity, coke rank, number of carbon rings, graphene thickness and length. The results revealed that the blanket atmosphere, final temperature and exposure time had the greatest impact on the aforementioned criteria, while the role of thermal ramp and sulfur content of catalytic coke was negligible. The electrical resistivity tests on the graphitized sample showed how the electrical resistivity of graphitized samples is a function of graphitization degree.
Concerns about risks associated with new conceptual designs of surface warships have led many decision-makers to rely on the parent-design approach. For example, the design of the Oliver Hazard Perry Class (FFG-7) became the standard of surface warship design for 71 subsequent vessels in three Navies, e.g. Australia, Spain and Taiwan, even though the FFG-7 was initially considered under-armed and vulnerable. This paper finds that following warship designs remain derivations primarily of limited parent designs and that generally warship design is now increasingly costly, yet mostly stagnant, and with fleet numbers in steady decline. By contrast, submarine-build programmes generally show regularly refreshed conceptual designs, new modularised build and construction, usually improving affordability and proliferation. Approaching a modern Synthetical Age, this paper submits that a reconceptualisation of the surface warship design space, shipyards and build techniques are arguably at a critical design juncture. As such a revolution in warship design, like the FFG-7 design was, is overdue. This paper provides insights into the ship designs that are necessary and possible from today's emerging technologies. Such revolutionary design could inject greater usability and affordability to naval surface fleets and build more political, economic and military affordability of ships and potential warfare losses. This new approach is called ‘Versatile modularisation’.
In this paper, we propose an advanced Levelised Cost of Storage (LCOS) model to compare electricity and thermal energy storage for cooling applications. The proposed model is applied to evaluate the LCOS for Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) battery, chilled water and ice storage for Photovoltaic (PV) powered cooling for an office, a hotel, and a refrigerated warehouse scenario in Singapore. Parametric energy simulations varying the storage size were carried out to analyse the optimal storage size for different applications and technologies. The thermal energy storages were found to cause a lower chiller plant Coefficient of Performance (COP), which leads to an increased energy consumption. As a result, the battery can achieve a better performance in terms of self-sufficiency. The LCOS for the thermal energy storages are generally lower than that of the battery, at 23–47 USD ct / kWh el for all the analysed storage sizes. However, a well-sized battery can only achieve LCOS of 55 USD ct / kWh el for the office scenario, 71 USD ct / kWh el for the hotel scenario, and 55 USD ct / kWh el for the refrigerated warehouse, due to high investment cost. This work also highlights that thermal energy storage has a better potential for applications that require a larger shift of energy, such as in the investigated hotel and refrigerated warehouse scenario.
Spontaneous reactions have been observed between LiCoO2 and electrolyte solvent for lithium ion batteries by characterizing the structural and/or components of the generated species in their gas, liquid and solid states. It is shown that surface coating cannot prevent the dissolution of Li and Co ions from LiCoO2 or the structural degradation of LiCoO2. However, surface modification can suppress the loss of oxygen from LiCoO2. Based on these results, another important aspect of the performance improvement mechanism by surface modification to LiCoO2 and the limitation of surface modification are proposed.
An optimization of the specific capacity exhibited by the best layered lithiated cobalt nitride Li2.20Co0.40N is proposed by using a conditioning electrochemical oxidation up to 1.1V before cycling in the 1.1V–0.02V potential range. This initial charge process allows the Co3+/Co2+ redox couple to be involved in the cycling process in addition to the Co2+/Co+ couple as in the 1V–0.02V voltage range. A new electrochemical fingerprint is obtained with a single step at 0.4/0.8V for the discharge-charge process and a specific capacity of 300mAhg−1 at C/5 which constitutes a huge improvement compared to 130mAhg−1 recovered in the conventional 1V–0.02V potential window. This high capacity value and the excellent capacity retention of 100% over at least 75 cycles make Li2.20Co0.40N a promising anode material for Li-ion batteries.
Biodegradable matrixes obtained from natural renewable resources have received increasing attention in the field of gel polymer electrolyte for lithium ion batteries. However, the inferior mechanical property, low uptake ability for liquid electrolytes and the poor lithium ion transference are the obvious drawbacks nowadays. Here, a mechanically robust and environmentally friendly cellulose gel membrane is prepared by the facile solution casting and one-step crosslinking method. This study showed that the GPE based on this cellulose membrane with 5% crosslinker not only possessed good tensile fracture strength of 14.61 MPa, but also presented remarkable electrochemical performance, including high electrolyte uptake of 540%, high ionic conductivity of 6.34 × 10−3 S cm−1, high lithium ion transference number of 0.82 at room temperature, excellent compatibility with lithium electrode and good electrochemical stability. In addition, the assembled cell showed a discharge capacity of 145 mA h g−1 after first cycle at 0.2 C-rate and a high capacity retention of 90% after 50 cycles. We anticipate that this natural polymer membrane will be applied as a high safety, low cost and environmental friendly GPE of lithium-ion batteries.
The production of electronic equipment, such as computers and cell phones, and, consequently, batteries, has increased dramatically. One of the types of batteries whose production and consumption has increased in recent times is the nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery. This study evaluated a hydrometallurgical method of recovery of rare earths and a simple method to obtain a solution rich in Ni–Co from spent NiMH batteries. The active materials from both electrodes were manually removed from the accumulators and leached. Several acid and basic solutions for the recovery of rare earths were evaluated. Results showed that more than 98wt.% of the rare earths were recovered as sulfate salts by dissolution with sulfuric acid, followed by selective precipitation at pH 1.2 using sodium hydroxide. The complete process, precipitation at pH 1.2 followed by precipitation at pH 7, removed about 100wt.% of iron and 70wt.% of zinc from the leaching solution. Results were similar to those found in studies that used solvent extraction. This method is easy, economic, and does not pose environmental threats of solvent extraction.
This paper discusses the spent alkaline batteries characterization and leaching stage experiments results with sulfuric acid as leachant, as part of a complex system, involving purification and electrolytic stages, aiming the Zn recovery. After dismantling batteries by mineral processing techniques, the black powder sample produced was submitted to X-ray diffraction and atomic absorption spectrophotometry in order to identify its composition. Batch laboratory experiments were conducted for acid leaching procedure to determine appropriate leaching conditions from the viewpoint of maximum zinc extraction. On these tests an amount of dry powder was added to sulfuric acid at different conditions and after leaching and filtration, the aqueous solutions were submitted to atomic absorption spectrophotometry analysis to verify the Zn content.
Mesoporous birnessite-manganese oxide (b-MnO2) was studied for air electrode for Li-air rechargeable battery. In this study, mesoporous b-MnO2 with an average pore size of 3.52nm and BET surface area of 237m2 g−1 was successfully prepared using inorganic/organic phase. Prepared mesoporous b-MnO2 was applied for air electrode for Li-air battery and discharge capacity of 345mAh g−1 was observed at a current of 0.13mAcm−2. With the dispersion of small amount of Pd to mesoporous b-MnO2, it was found that the Li-air cell showed a reasonably large discharge capacity of 487mAh g−1 at 0.13mAcm−2 at the initial cycle. The first discharge plateau around 2.71V vs. Li/Li+ and charge plateau at 3.58V vs. Li/Li+ with highly reversible capacity were observed. The energy efficiency for the charge and discharge was estimated to be ca. 76.4%. The ex-situ XRD result of the mesoporous b-MnO2/Pd/TAB-2 (85/5/10) air electrode suggested that the observed capacity mainly came from Li+ and O2 to form Li2O2 after discharge to 2.0V. Formation of Li2CO3 was hardly observed.
Different types of commercially available electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) were analysed in accelerated ageing tests by impedance spectroscopy. From these measurements the parameters of an impedance model were determined. The characteristic change of the impedance parameters is discussed and an ageing model for EDLCs is developed.
Electrolytic Li3PO4 coating on Pt as the solid electrolyte has been carried out in the mixture of LiNO3 and NH4H2PO4 aqueous solution. The cathodic reactions during the polarization could be divided into three stages: (I) O2 +2H+ +2e− →2OH− (+0.49 to −0.33V); (II) 2H+ +2e− →H2 (−0.33 to −0.68V); (III) 2H2O+2e− →H2 +2OH−, HPO4 2− +OH− →PO4 3− +H2O and H2PO4 − +2e− →PO4 3− +H2 (−0.68 to −2.0V). The orthorhombic β-phase Li3PO4 was found until the transition to orthorhombic γ-phase at 500°C. The lithium ionic conductivity of 100nm crystalline Li3PO4 thin film was about 8.62×10−8 Scm−1 at 25°C. Also, the mechanism of electrolytic Li3PO4 coating on Pt was discussed in this article.
A novel polymer, poly(5-amino-1,4-dyhydroxy anthraquinone) (PADAQ) as the cathode material of lithium batteries is synthesized by a facile oxidation process and characterized by FT-IR, MS, elementary analysis, XRD, SEM and electrochemical method. The results show that the as-prepared polymer solves the problems of dissolution and crystallization of its monomer, 5-amino-1,4-dyhydroxy anthraquinone (ADAQ), thus maintains the stability of the electrode structure successfully. At the cutoff voltage of 1.5–3.7 V, the initial discharge capacity of PADAQ is 101 mAh g−1 at the current density of 400 mAh g−1. After 14 cycles, the capacity increases to 143 mAh g−1, and maintains 129 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles, which shows an improved cycle performance compared to its monomer. Even at the high current density of 1400 mAh g−1, its capacity still reaches 95 mAh g−1, indicating a high rate capacity. The results also show that PADAQ is sensitive to discharge depth. When discharged to 1.0 V, its cycle performance is poor.
The increasing number of small and medium-sized prosumers with distributed energy resources (DERs) has led to the need for innovative operational strategies at the distribution system level. Among them, microgrid (MG) energy management for peer-to-peer power sharing between prosumers is a promising approach. In this study, we develop a multi-time scale optimization method for virtual battery model-based prosumer energy management. First, a day-ahead optimal scheduling model is established based on an integrated virtual battery model that aims to minimize the total dispatching cost of a prosumer-oriented MG without impacting the privacy of individual end-prosumers. Then, close to real-time operation, model predictive control is applied to minimize the deviation between the real-time power and the day-ahead optimal schedule over the control horizon for prosumers with energy storage resources. The simulation results show that the proposed approach employing the integrated virtual battery model to quantitatively characterize the resource flexibility of prosumers yields a good optimization performance and high computing efficiency, compared to those of the approaches modelling traditional DER flexibilities.
Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the philosophy of technology. Any systematic philosophical discussion of the normativity of technology should be based on a plausible account of the very idea of ‘technology’. Explaining and defending the claim that technologies are inherently normative requires, first, a plausible account of the notions of ‘technology’ and ‘normativity’ is essential. The distinct elements of this characterization of technologies can be described as a system. A system is any aggregate (or collective) of mutually interacting material entities within a certain region of space and time. Thus, a system possesses not only a spatial but also a temporal dimension, which allows to see processes as systems. Although the notion of a system may also be used in more substantial ways, this unassuming definition is appropriate in the present context. It may also be phrased by saying that technologies have a systemic character, because they result from bringing, and keeping, together two or more material entities.
Home-made electrospun catalyst based on urchin-like vanadium (III) oxide-carbon nanofiber (V2O3-CNF) composite is synthesized from a solution containing vanadium (V) oxytriisopropoxide VO-(OiPr)3 as metal oxide precursor and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as carbon source for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) application. X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis show a typical V2O3 rhombohedral structure and an urchin-like V2O3-CNF morphology, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements show a high electrocatalytic activity for the composite electrospun samples both in terms of peak to peak separation (ΔE=0,02V) and lower charge transfer resistance (Rct =0.12ohmcm2) with respect to a pristine CNF. The better reversibility is ascribed to the oxygen functional groups presence that act as catalytic sites reducing kinetic overpotentials. Moreover, thanks to the rhombohedral structure of V2O3, as well as to the more graphitic structure of the carbon, a suitable electrical conductivity is guaranteed for reducing ohmic overpotentials.
Objectives The objective of this study was to examine cognitive and clinical differences among three groups of patients diagnosed with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs): those with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), those with a history of trauma but no PTSD, and those without a history of trauma. Methods Seventeen patients who were confirmed to have PTSD based on the Trauma Symptom Inventory-2 (TSI-2) and clinical interview were compared with 29 patients without PTSD who had experienced trauma and 17 patients who denied experiencing trauma. We analyzed demographic data, psychiatric information, trauma characteristics, and neuropsychological variables in these groups. Results Our study revealed that patients with PNESs with comorbid PTSD performed significantly worse on episodic verbal memory (narrative memory); had greater self-reported Total, Verbal, and Visual Memory impairments; and had higher substance abuse history and use of psychopharmacological agents compared with patients without PTSD regardless of a history of trauma. Conclusion The present study showed that patients with PNESs diagnosed with PTSD exhibited memory functions that were significantly different from those in patients with PNESs who do not carry a diagnosis of PTSD (regardless of history of trauma). Furthermore, these specific cognitive findings in narrative memory are consistent with those reported in patients with PTSD alone. The present findings contribute to further identifying discrete intragroup differences within PNESs. Identifying a specific psychopathological subgroup such as PTSD will allow clinicians to accurately select treatment.