batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Nickel oxide/multi-walled carbon nanotube (NiO/MWCNT) composites were fabricated via a vacuum solution infiltration method combined with a calcination treatment. The crystalline structure and morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The specific surface area, pore size, and pore volume were obtained by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The as-prepared NiO/MWCNT composites deliver an initial discharge capacity of 1,015 mAh g−1 with 86 % capacity retention (873 mAh g−1) after 50 cycles at a current rate of 0.1 C. The enhanced electrochemical performance is ascribed to the nanosized NiO and MWCNTs which can act as buffering matrix to relax the volume expansion and electron transfer conductor in the composites.
Speciation of three trace elements (Zn, Pb, Cu) in air particulates of two Syrian cities (Tartous and Darya) with different climate conditions and industrial emissions has been studied. Air filters were collected during 2000–2001 and extracted chemically using different selective fluids in an attempt to identify the different forms of trace elements. Approximately 60% of lead in air particulates of both cities was found to be associated with organic materials produced by incomplete burning of vehicles fuels and residential heating; the remaining 40% of lead was as lead oxides and mineral acids soluble compounds. Zinc was found in oxides (28–65%) samples collected in Tartous city, indicating that the Tartous cement factory and phosphate loading cargoes are the main source of emissions. In the Darya filters, zinc associated with organic materials (28–49%) was related to the presence of plastic molding industries and corroding car tires. In addition, copper was also found to be in the form of oxides (19–46%) in both cities in the summer periods, while 13–25% and 35% are associated with organic materials and silicates, respectively. Differences in chemical forms of the studied trace elements in air particulates were found to be related to differences in air pollution sources and differences in human behaviour throughout the year. Therefore, chemical fractionation of trace elements in air particulates using sequential leaching can be used for identification of air pollutions sources in urban and industrial areas.
Activated carbon fibers (ACF) are prepared from phenol–formaldehyde resin fibers through chemical activation and physical activation methods. The chemical activation process consisted of KOH, whereas the physical activation was performed by activation in CO2. The characteristics of the electrochemical supercapacitors with carbon fibers without activation (CF), carbon fibers activated by CO2 (ACF-CO2), and carbon fibers activated by KOH (ACF-KOH) have been compared. The activated carbon fibers from phenol–formaldehyde resins present a broader potential range in aqueous electrolytes than activated carbon and other carbon fibers. Activation does not produce any important change in the shape of starting fibers. However, activation leads to surface roughness and larger surface areas as well as an adapted pore size distribution. The higher surface areas of fibers treated by KOH exhibited higher specific capacitances (214 and 116 F g−1 in aqueous and organic electrolytes, respectively) and good rate capability. Results of this study suggest that the activated carbon fiber prepared by chemical activation is a suitable electrode material for high performance electrochemical supercapacitors.
In order to improve the electrochemical performance and understand the mechanisms of capacity fading of lithium nickel manganese oxide cathodes (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4), we examined the electrochemical performance of cathodes using electrolytes in which LiPF6 was partially substituted with lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB) or lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate (LiFOB). At ambient temperature, the cells employing the electrolyte containing oxalate-type salts exhibited improved cycle performance, and at an elevated temperature of 45°C, incorporation of the LiFOB salt gave rise to superior capacity retention. In contrast, LiBOB exerted detrimental effects on the electrochemical performance of the cathodes. In-depth electrochemical and spectroscopic analyses revealed that the decomposition of the lithium salt influenced the formation of organic and fluoride films and their growth on the cathode surface; this decomposition may also play a crucial role in controlling the surface characteristics of the cathode material in the lithium-ion battery system during high-voltage application.
The operation of batteries in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) involves unusual constraints not seen in other applications. This paper reviews the specifications and operational requirements imposed on batteries due to the projected architectures for HEVs as defined by the DOE/PNGV Program. It also reviews the performance issues involved in battery HEV operation and surveys the strengths and weaknesses of the candidate electrochemical technologies. Finally, battery designs are recommended for the two major projected HEV applications, namely the so-called “fast-response” and “slow-response” systems identified in the DOE/PNGV Programme.
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are regarded as a promising candidate for large-scale energy storage applications, however, its sluggish sodiation kinetics limit high power capabilities. First-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrates that the replacement of large anions, within a Co3X4 (X = O, S, Se) complex, can facilitate electron transfer through the reduction of the energy band gap (Eg) and the regulation of structural, electronic and bonding properties of Co-X, suggesting that the substituted Co3X4 in the following order O < S < Se can provide enhanced Na-storage capability. Accordingly, Co3X4 have been successfully designed, in which the selection of anions induces the evolution of microstructure, creating an enhancement of specific surface area with the effective introduction of defects. Note that the similar phys/chemical properties of anions within the Co3X4 possess analogous conversion mechanisms, further confirmed by in-situ XRD. Quantitative kinetics analysis reveals that the levels of the surface-dominated redox behaviors are greatly promoted by the decreased binding energy of Na2X (Na2O > Na2S > Na2Se) with the increased active sites, which are paramount for electrochemical properties. The work in this article sheds light on the in-depth understanding of the improved sodium-storage behavior with the advancing VI group anions and provides an effective strategy for the design of high-rate electrode materials for SIBs.
This special issue addresses the subject of individual differences in language learning, a topic whose complexity has meant little conclusive knowledge and thus need for continuing investigation. This paper offers a brief but broad overview of the field of individual differences in language learning, especially as they are reflected in learning styles, learning strategies, and affective variables, and touches on some areas for further research.
The defects of polysulfide dissolution and sulfur insulating causes in Li-sulfur batteries have effectively diminished by immobilizing sulfur in porous carbon microspheres via the interactions of doping-nitrogen and encapsulating-reduced graphene. The nitrogen-rich porous carbon microspheres were prepared by using yeast as natural precursor and high content of nitrogen (up to 8.52%) doped carbon microspheres was confirmed by the elemental analysis. As cathode for lithium-sulfur batteries, the rGO@HYC/S composite exhibits a high retention capacity of 921 mA h g−1 at 0.2 C and 675 mA h g−1 at 1 C over 200 cycles. The battery delivers low capacity decay rate of 0.09% and stable coulombic efficiency about 98% at 1 C during the 200 cycles. Further, we reveal that the enhanced electrochemical performance is ascribed to a hollow porous structure of carbon framework for sulfur storage, carbon matrix exerted by nitrogen-doping for polysulfide adsorption, rGO wrapper for polysulfide interception and conductivity improvement.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between obesity and motor coordination ability in Taiwanese children with and without developmental coordination disorder (DCD). 2029 children (1078 boys, 951 girls) aged nine to ten years were chosen randomly from 14 elementary schools across Taiwan. We used bioelectrical impedance analysis to measure percentage of body fat (PBF) and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children test (MABC test) to evaluate the motor coordination ability. Using cut-off points based on PBF from past studies, boys and girls were divided into obese, overweight and normal-weight groups, respectively. In boys, total impairment scores and scores on balance subtest in the MABC were significantly higher in the obese and overweight groups when compared against the normal-weight group. Girls in the obese and the overweight groups had higher balance impairment scores than those of the normal-weight group. Among boys, the prevalence of obesity was highest in the DCD group, when compared to the borderline DCD and TD boys. A higher percentage of DCD girls were overweight and obese than TD girls. Obesity may be associated with poor motor coordination ability among boys and girls, and particularly in relation to balance ability. Children with DCD may have a higher risk to be overweight or obese in Taiwan.
The relevance of behavioral endpoints in animal seizure models to clinical epilepsy is outlined and enhanced in the present review by linking specific preclinical dependent measures with a quality-of-life scale that serves as an index of the health and welfare of patients with epilepsy (Quality of Life in Epilepsy inventory). This preclinical-to-clinical translation is possible based on existing literature within at least three behavioral domains: (1) physical and motor actions, (2) affective and emotional responses to environmental challenge, and (3) social, sexual, and parental functions. Face valid commonalities in observable behaviors are emphasized with the goal of engaging basic and applied researchers in collaborative research projects to accelerate the pace of discovery in the behavioral phenotyping of epilepsy field.
Although cadmium still represents a public health problem and despite the fact that it has been classified as an IARC Group-I carcinogen, the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the toxicity and the carcinogenicity of cadmium compounds are poorly known. Since unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are considered to be key-lesions in cell lethality, and because misrepaired DSBs are a source of genomic instability leading to cancer proneness, the activity of the major DSB-repair pathways, i.e. non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and recombination, has been evaluated in human endothelial cells exposed to cadmium chloride and cadmium diacetate. Exposure to cadmium results in the production of DSBs a few hours after incubation. These breaks trigger the phosphorylation of H2AX proteins, which was used as an indirect measure of DSB in this study. The presence of cadmium in cells decreases the repair rate of X-ray-induced DSBs, suggesting an impact of cadmium upon the reparability of DSBs. Such an interpretation was consolidated by the finding that the DNA-PK kinase activity, essential for NHEJ, is affected by the presence of cadmium. These results suggest that the toxicity of cadmium compounds may be explained by the propagation of persistent DSBs. In parallel, the presence of cadmium was also associated with an over-activation of the MRE11-dependent repair pathway that may favour genomic instability. Altogether, our data provide a first example of the impact of cadmium upon DSB repair and signalling.
Core-shell nanoparticles stabilized by a cationic surfactant are prepared from the poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl methacrylate) redox polymer. The nanoparticles are further self-assembled with negatively charged reduced graphene oxide nanosheets and negatively charged multi-walled carbon nanotubes. This results in the formation of a free-standing cathode with a layered nanostructure and a high content of redox polymer that exhibits 100% utilization of the active substance with a measured capacity as high as 105 mAh/g based on the whole weight of the electrode.
Asperger's syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction, restricted, repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities. Adolescents with Asperger's syndrome have developed a compromised self-regulatory system, which leads to difficulty in many areas of functioning. Some of these areas include social, behavioral, emotional, and an increase in anxiety. Art therapy is an important activity based intervention that allows those with Asperger's syndrome to receive and learn information in a non-conventional, nonverbal, comprehensive, and expressive language. Over a 7-month period of creating art, Emma became increasingly more communicative and comfortable in areas of functioning, especially social interactions. The incorporation of visual creativity allowed her to express herself and be heard on a new level of communication. Through her artwork she was able to move from having difficulty in functioning to learning, growing, challenging herself, and making post-secondary education plans.
Layered molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) owns graphene-like two-dimensional structure, and when used as the electrode material for energy storage devices, the intercalation of electrolyte ions is permitted. Herein, a simple dipping and drying method is employed to stack few-layered MoS2 nanosheets on a three-dimensional graphene network (3DGN). The structure measurement results indicate that the assembled hierarchical MoS2 nanosheets own expanded interlayer spacing (∼0.75 nm) and are stacked on the surface of 3DGN uncontinuously. The composite can achieve 110.57% capacitance retention after 4000 cycles of galvanostatic charge/discharge tests and 76.73% capacitance retention with increasing the current density from 1 A g−1 to 100 A g−1. Moreover, the asymmetric coin cell supercapacitor using MoS2@3DGN and active carbon as electrode materials is assembled. This device could achieve a working voltage window of 1.6 V along with the power and energy densities of 400.0–8001.6 W kg−1 and 36.43–1.12 Wh kg−1 respectively. The enhanced electrochemical performance can be attributed to: (1) the expanded interlayer spacing of hierarchical MoS2 nanosheets which can facilitate the fast intercalation/deintercalation of electrolyte cations, (2) the uncontinuous deposition of hierarchical MoS2 nanosheets which facilitates more contact between electrolyte and the section of MoS2 nanosheets to provide more gates for the intercalation/deintercalation.
A reduction in endogenously generated reactive oxygen species in vivo delays benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-accelerated atherosclerosis, as revealed in hypercholesterolemic mice overexpressing Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and/or catalase. To understand the molecular events involved in this protective action, we studied the effects of Cu/Zn-SOD and/or catalase overexpression on BaP detoxification and on aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) expression and its target gene expression in mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs). Our data demonstrate that overexpression of Cu/Zn-SOD and/or catalase leads to an 18- to 20-fold increase in the expression of AhR protein in MAECs. After BaP exposure, the amount of AhR binding to the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 promoter was significantly greater, and the concentrations of BaP reactive intermediates were significantly less in MAECs overexpressing Cu/Zn-SOD and/or catalase than in wild-type cells. In addition, the BaP-induced CYP1A1 and 1B1 protein levels and BaP-elevated glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity were significantly higher in these transgenic cells, in parallel with elevated GSTp1, CYP1A1, and CYP1B1 mRNA levels, compared to wild-type MAECs. Moreover, knockdown of AhR with RNA interference diminished the Cu/Zn-SOD and catalase enhancement of CYP1A1 expression, GST activity, and BaP detoxification. These data demonstrate that overexpression of Cu/Zn-SOD and/or catalase is associated with upregulation of AhR and its target genes, such as xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes.
A carbon nanotube sheet having homogeneously distributed BaTiO3 is applied to the Li-S cell system as a pseudo-current collector between the cathode and separator. This interlayer serves as a site distributor, where polysulfide eluted from the cathode continuously reacts, and it is expected to play a role as a more effective current collector by mixing the ferroelectric material. A cell utilizing a ferroelectricity embedded interlayer exhibits a higher capacity (908 mAh g−1) at 0.2C than that of carbon alone (740 mAh g−1) at 200th cycle. This result corresponds to a capacity retention ratio enhancement from 67.5% to 75.6%. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the retention of the coulombic efficiency is effectively maintained in long cycles at 0.5C (94.5%–99.6%). This is not only because the modified interlayer functions as an effective current collector owing to the high affinity of the ferroelectric material to polysulfide, but also because ferroelectricity in the interlayer acts as a polysulfide anchor. The evenly distributed polarization leads to a uniform deposition of sulfur, which results in the prevention of inactive sulfur agglomeration and dissolution of polysulfide. Thus, the utilization of active material can be improved with stabilized reaction.
The present research explores the impact that cognates, that is, words which share formal and often semantic features in the L1 and the L2, may have on the understanding and acquisition of legal English terminology. To that end, a DDL experiment was carried out using two corpora, one of them the BLaRC, an 8.85 million-word collection of judicial decisions issued by British courts, and the LACELL, a general English corpus of 21 million words. 56 first-year Spanish Law students were asked to translate 12 legal terms, 10 of which were English/Spanish cognates. The results showed that, as it was indeed expected, the higher the students’ proficiency level (they were administered a level test prior to the experiment), the higher their rate of success in providing correct answers. This was so both for the general and specialised fields proving that partial semantic equivalence between cognates did pose certain difficulties in their understanding even for the higher level groups.
An Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) was used to analyze the surface of a lead plate when the reaction corresponding to what occurs at the negative electrode of a lead acid battery, Pb+SO4 2−⇄PbSO4+2e, took place. At the beginning, when the lead plate, on the surface of which lead oxide already existed, was in contact with sulfuric acid, lead sulfate crystals were formed and gradually grew with time without applying any potential. In situ AFM observation of the formation and the growth of lead sulfate at the potential corresponding to the discharge reaction was attempted. And it was possible along with the reduction of the lead sulfate, which formed in discharging process. The results also showed that the chemically formed lead sulfate crystals were clearly different in appearance from the electrochemically formed ones. These results were also applied to a study of the mechanism of the sulfation process that often occurs in the active material of the negative electrode of a lead acid battery.
In this paper a novel method to determine the specific heat capacity of lithium-ion cells is proposed. The specific heat capacity is an important parameter for the thermal modelling of lithium-ion batteries and is not generally stated on cell datasheets or available from cell manufacturers. To determine the specific heat capacity can require the use of an expensive (>£100 k) calorimeter or the deconstruction of the cell whereas the method proposed by the authors in this paper uses common equipment found in most battery laboratories. The method is shown to work for cylindrical, prismatic and pouch cells, with capacities between 2.5 Ah and 10 Ah. The results are validated by determining the specific heat capacity of the cells with use of a calorimeter and a maximum error of 3.9% found. Thermal modelling of batteries is important to ensure cell temperatures are kept within specified limits. This is especially true at rates over 1C, such as the fast charging of electric vehicles, where more heat is generated than lower rate applications. The paper ends by demonstrating how the thermal model that underpins the authors' methodology can be used to model the surface temperature of the cells at C-rates greater than 1C.
This work presents the kinetics and characterization results of Ni–Cu–Mg–Al catalysts used for the synthesis of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) by catalytic methane decomposition (CCVD). Ni–Cu–Mg–Al-based lamellar double hydroxides (LDHs) were synthesized by the coprecipitation method using either a regular maturation stage or a colloid mill process. After calcination at 1073 K and reduction at 1023 K, the formation of alloyed Ni–Cu nanoparticles over a mixed MgO–MgAl2O4–NiAl2O4 support was observed. The kinetic study of CNF synthesis by CCVD of methane was carried out in a thermobalance operated as a differential reactor. Small proportions of Cu ( ⩽ 10 wt% ) were found to improve the activity and mainly the stability over time of Ni–Mg–Al catalysts. On the other hand, large proportions of Cu dramatically decrease the activity of the catalysts in terms of CNF yield. The catalysts were able to produce high-quality CNFs with a graphitic or turbostratic structure. The size of metal particles and the diameter of carbon filaments obtained depend on the catalyst composition (i.e., Ni:Cu ratio). The application of a kinetic model based on the growing mechanism of CNFs allows us to determine the influence of the operating conditions on the kinetic parameters.
This Phase II exploratory study assessed GSK239512, a brain penetrant histamine H3 receptor antagonist, versus placebo on cognitive impairment in 50 stable outpatients with schizophrenia. Subjects were randomized to placebo or GSK239512 for 7weeks (4weeks titration). GSK239512 was associated with a small positive effect size (ES) on the CogState Schizophrenia Battery (CSSB) Composite Score (ES=0.29, CI=−0.40, 0.99) relative to placebo (primary endpoint). GSK239512's ES on CSSB domains were generally positive or neutral except Processing Speed, which favored placebo (ES=−0.46). Effects on the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery were mostly neutral or favored placebo. GSK239512 was generally well tolerated with an adverse event profile consistent with the known class pharmacology. There was no evidence of overall beneficial effects of GSK239512 for CIAS in this population.