batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen technologies have experienced cycles of excessive expectations followed by disillusion. Nonetheless, a growing body of evidence suggests these technologies form an attractive option for the deep decarbonisation of global energy systems, and that recent improvements in their cost and performance point towards economic viability as well. This paper is a comprehensive review of the potential role that hydrogen could play in the provision of electricity, heat, industry, transport and energy storage in a low-carbon energy system, and an assessment of the status of hydrogen in being able to fulfil that potential. The picture that emerges is one of qualified promise: hydrogen is well established in certain niches such as forklift trucks, while mainstream applications are now forthcoming. Hydrogen vehicles are available commercially in several countries, and 225000 fuel cell home heating systems have been sold. This represents a step change from the situation of only five years ago. This review shows that challenges around cost and performance remain, and considerable improvements are still required for hydrogen to become truly competitive. But such competitiveness in the medium-term future no longer seems an unrealistic prospect, which fully justifies the growing interest and policy support for these technologies around the world.
There is increasing consensus in both the scientific and political communities that significant reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are necessary to limit the magnitude and extent of climate change. Renewable energy systems already reduce GHG emissions from the energy sector, although on a modest scale. Most long-term energy projections show that renewable energy will play a major role in the global energy supply in the second half of the century, with capacity increasing gradually in the first three decades. On the other hand, Turkey is heavily dependent on expensive imported energy resources (oil, gas and coal) that place a big burden on the economy and air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in the country. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be one of the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. This article presents a review of the potential and utilization of the fossil fuels and the renewable energy sources in the world and in Turkey.
Bare LiMn2O4 was coated by a thin Al2O3 layer using electrostatic attraction forces to investigate the effects of the Al2O3 coating on the high-temperature cyclic performance of LiMn2O4. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies indicated that 5-nm thin and amorphous Al2O3 layer formed uniformly on the surface of 2wt.% Al2O3 coated LiMn2O4. The high-temperature cyclic performance of the LiMn2O4 was significantly improved by the coating. From the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis, the coating reduced the charge transfer resistance and inhibited the Mn dissolution. The improved electrochemical performance of the Al2O3 coated LiMn2O4 was attributed to the decrease in the Mn dissolution by the coating.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from passenger cars represent an important and growing contributor to climate change. Increasing the proportion of electric vehicles (EVs) in passenger car fleets could help to reduce these emissions, but their ability to do this depends on the fuel mix used in generating the electricity that energises EVs. This study analyzes the indirect well-to-wheels CO2 emissions from EVs when run in the US, the UK, and France and compares these to well-to-wheels emission data for a selection of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The study also compares the well-to-wheels emissions of the existing passenger car fleet in each country to a hypothetical EV fleet with the average electricity generation requirements of the three EVs considered in this analysis.
Here we report a facile approach to synthesize pure nano-Li4Ti5O12 by a glycerol assisted hydrothermal process and subsequent thermal treatment. During the hydrothermal process, the introduction of glycerol helps to control the morphologies of products and significantly improve the electrochemical performance of Li4Ti5O12 as an anode material. On the other hand, an accurate Ti:Li ratio is controlled in order to obtain pure Li4Ti5O12 since the Ti:Li ratio of starting materials sensitively impacts the final composition of product. X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry, field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy are used to characterize their structures and morphologies. The glycerol assisted sample annealed at 500 °C can retain a discharge capacity of 154 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 5 C and deliver a high discharge capacity of 155 mAh g−1 at 20 C. The excellent cycling and rate performance can be attributed to the minor particle size, lower charge-transfer resistance (15.8 Ω) and larger lithium ion diffusion coefficient (4.32 × 10−11 cm2 s−1).
Electrochemical measurements and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are performed to establish a structure–reactivity correlation for peroxide or dioxygen reduction on underpotentially deposited (upd) Pb on Au(111) in 0.1 M HClO4. While STM imaging reveals the presence of Pb islands with height of 0.25±0.05 nm at the potential of highest catalytic activity toward the O2 and H2O2 reduction, the full Pb monolayer formed at −0.03 V vs. NHE shows about half the activity of the Pb islands. Ethanethiol (EtSH) significantly but not completely inhibits the H2O2 reduction activity of the Pb island structure. STM shows that EtSH introduction leads to the formation of a 0.13-nm-high terrace along the edges of the Pb islands, which is assigned to EtSH bound to the Au surface near the Pb islands with the alkyl chain oriented roughly perpendicular to the surface. These results show that edge sites around the Pb island are the active site of catalysis, though the sites atop the Pb islands may also take part in catalytic O2 reduction by Pb upd on Au(111).
Solid state electrolytes are a promising alternative to flammable liquid electrolytes for high-energy lithium battery applications. In this work polymer-ceramic composite electrolyte membrane with high ceramic loading (greater than 60 vol%) is fabricated using a model polymer electrolyte poly(ethylene oxide) + lithium trifluoromethane sulfonate and a lithium-conducting ceramic powder. The effects of processing methods, choice of plasticizer and varying composition on ionic conductivity of the composite electrolyte are thoroughly investigated. The physical, structural and thermal properties of the composites are exhaustively characterized. We demonstrate that aqueous spray coating followed by hot pressing is a scalable and inexpensive technique to obtain composite membranes that are amazingly dense and uniform. The ionic conductivity of composites fabricated using this protocol is at least one order of magnitude higher than those made by dry milling and solution casting. The introduction of tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether further increases the ionic conductivity. The composite electrolyte's interfacial compatibility with metallic lithium and good cyclability is verified by constructing lithium symmetrical cells. A remarkable Li+ transference number of 0.79 is discovered for the composite electrolyte.
Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been explored as competitive electrochemical power sources for various energy applications due to their high energy density. To meet to the development of high-performance electrode materials for LIBs, tin oxide (SnO2) anodes demonstrate promising prospects for their high theoretical capacities. In this paper, novel hierarchical porous reduced graphene oxide/SnO2 (rGO/SnO2) networks that consist of porous SnO2 anchored on graphene scaffold are constructed by a silica template assisted nanocasting process. The as-synthesized porous rGO/SnO2 networks of improved electrical conductivity can facilitate the electron transport and also provide sufficient active sites for redox reactions, along with accommodating the large volume changes during cycling process. As an anode material for LIBs, such porous rGO/SnO2 composite exhibits substantially enhanced cycling stability and rate capacity. In addition, the anode suggests highly stable cycling performance with the discharge capacities of 595mAhg−1 (after 300 cycles) and 394mAhg−1 (after 800 cycles) at 600mAg−1 and 1000mAg−1, respectively. The strategy indicates a promising way to fabricate advanced anode materials for LIBs.
This paper describes recent advances in the science and technology of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) made at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The effort on DMFCs at LANL includes work devoted to portable power applications, funded by the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA), and work devoted to potential transport applications, funded by the US DOE. We describe recent results with a new type of DMFC stack hardware that allows to lower the pitch per cell to 2 mm while allowing low air flow and air pressure drops. Such stack technology lends itself to both portable power and potential transport applications. Power densities of 300 W/l and 1 kW/l seem achievable under conditions applicable to portable power and transport applications, respectively. DMFC power system analysis based on the performance of this stack, under conditions applying to transport applications (joint effort with U.C. Davis), has shown that, in terms of overall system efficiency and system packaging requirements, a power source for a passenger vehicle based on a DMFC could compete favorably with a hydrogen-fueled fuel cell system, as well as with fuel cell systems based on fuel processing on board. As part of more fundamental studies performed, we describe optimization of anode catalyst layers in terms of PtRu catalyst nature, loading and catalyst layer composition and structure. We specifically show that, optimized content of recast ionic conductor added to the catalyst layer is a sensitive function of the nature of the catalyst. Other elements of membrane/electrode assembly (MEA) optimization efforts are also described, highlighting our ability to resolve, to a large degree, a well-documented problem of polymer electrolyte DMFCs, namely “methanol crossover”. This was achieved by appropriate cell design, enabling fuel utilization as high as 90% in highly performing DMFCs.
Button battery ingestion is a hazardous condition which is associated with the increasing technology in household products and using button battery for power supply. Most of the button battery ingestions are unwitnessed so parents’ unawareness of the potential lethal outcomes may delay the doctor visit. Lack of a clear approach or strategy for diagnosis and treatment in the first line medical caregivers is the major concern. The current study presents two cases with neglected button battery ingestion referred to the emergency ward of Pediatrics Hospital of Tabriz. With regard to review of articles and authors’ experiences a management protocol to early diagnosis is outlined for any suspected patients while the proper treatments to decline the life threatening complications are suggested which are simple to do for local practitioners.
Olivine LiFePO4 particles were prepared by solid-state reaction using Li2CO3, (NH4)2HPO4 and FeC2O4 2H2O as raw materials, and they were coated with an appropriate amount of carbon through thermal decomposition of C16H10 pyrene. Cathodes using the olivine particles were subjected to an open-circuit voltage measurement under the relaxation condition of 24h at each SOC and DOD states. The electrochemical reaction in the LiFePO4 cathode was composed of a large plateau around 3.45V with sloped regions nearby for both the fully charged and discharged states. It was found that the sloped region widths exhibited a hysteresis, that is, they depend on the direction of the redox reaction. Furthermore, both sloped regions became narrower when the operating temperature was raised from 30°C to 60°C. These facts implied that the obtained profiles were not in an equilibrium state with a quasi-OCV profile than the real one, and that the potential relaxation in the sloped regions took an extremely long time (more than 24h).
Despite the low price of commercial TiO2 (c-TiO2), the poor electrochemical performance restricts its practical application in Li-ion batteries, so clarifying the reasons and taking appropriate measures to improve the performance are of great significance. Herein, c-TiO2 was coated with carbon at 600 and 750°C using glucose as the carbon source. The product obtained at 750°C exhibits markedly enhanced reversible capacities and outstanding rate performance compared to that obtained at 600°C. In terms of the comparative experiments and detailed characterizations by several techniques, the SO4 2− remained in the c-TiO2 is the dominant impurity affecting the electrochemical performance mostly. The thorough decomposition of SO4 2− at 750°C and the formation of carbon coating give rise to the enhanced electronic and ionic conductivities of the c-TiO2, and thus are responsible for the significant improvement in the electrochemical performance. The easy fabrication and the low cost of the raw materials enable the carbon-coated c-TiO2 to industrially apply in the LIBs.
Electric vehicles (EVs) are a new load type with considerable temporal flexibility. This work evaluates to what extent EV fleets (based on empirical driving profiles from two distinct sociodemographic groups) can cover their charging requirements by means of variable renewable generation (wind or solar-PV). For this purpose we formulate a mixed-integer optimization problem minimizing the amount of conventional generation employed. The results indicate that the usage of variable renewable generation can be more than doubled as compared to uncoordinated charging. Furthermore, we analyze how the utilization of renewable generation by EV fleets is affected through different portfolios of renewable generation sources, charging infrastructure specifications as well as a reduced optimization horizon.
Today's external digital light meters are miracles for photographers. All of the good ones are able to read in increments of 1/10 of an f-stop and, when they're properly calibrated to your equipment, will yield exposures that are impressively exact.
This chapter attempts to cover the last century of organic chemistry, inevitably in an impressionistic way. It highlights the most important developments relating to structure and its determination, stereochemistry, synthesis, new types of molecule that do not occur in nature, a limited selection of natural products, the rise of theoretical organic chemistry and the role of free radicals. The discussion opens with a state-of-the-art picture for 1904 (when Annual Reports made its first appearance) and concludes with some reflections on the position today, particularly in relation to the place of organic chemistry within science as a whole.
In search of higher capacity anodes for secondary Li-ion cells, it has been observed that active with respect to Li nanoparticles, such as Sn and Si, attached on the surface of a less active material, such as C, allow for high capacities to be achieved. In the present study it will be shown that deposition of SnO2 nanoparticles on an amorphous C surface allows for preferred electrochemical properties during cycling. In particular, it was found that a 8wt% Sn–C nanocomposite provided a capacity that is 85% higher than that of the pure C matrix; the capacity of the C was 180mAh/g, while that of the 8wt% Sn–C was 340mAh/g and was retained for over 500 cycles. The SnO2 particles not only provide Sn as a high capacity Li-intercalation material, but also protect the surface of the C from electrolyte decomposition.
The paper addresses the influence of intense sediment transport (bed load and debris flow) on the efficiency of the structures aimed at the interception of wood logs. In the literature different devices designed to intercept woods are proposed: steel barriers, net barriers, check dam with steel bars positioned in the opening. In this paper we firstly define some fundamental dimensionless parameter governing the phenomenon, in order to determine a rational criterion to evaluate the efficiency of the different kind of devices.
In particular, we deepen the interaction between slit check dams and driftwood, in both bed load and debris flow conditions. Starting from the results of this first analysis, we propose some arrangements of steel bars be installed in the check dam.
Through a laboratory experimental investigation, by now conduced in simplified conditions (i.e. spherical mono-dispersed sediments), we define some criteria to obtain the best design parameters for the bars, that is their optimal disposition and spacing, in function of the logs characteristics (mainly the lengths). We investigate also the influence of different lengths of the transported woods, finding a general criterion to evaluate an overall length representing the logs ensemble.
Cast lead–calcium alloys were known to be sensitive to experimental parameters, which cause large variations on the ageing and overageing behaviour. From the study of these parameters, the quenching rate was the only significant parameter. A critical cooling rate was defined based on hardness, electrical resistivity and metallographical observations. The inconsistencies in the literature noticed on the evolutions of lead–calcium alloys can now be explained by whether or not this critical cooling rate was respected.
Tetraglyme (G4)–lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide (TFSA) complexes with different G4 ratio were investigated. An increase in the amount of G4 led to the decrease in the viscosity, and increase in the ionic conductivity of the complex, and G4–LiTFSA showed higher thermal stabilities than the conventional organic electrolyte, when the molar ratio of G4 was more than 40mol%. The increase in the G4 amount improved the rate capabilities of Li/LiCoO2 cells in the range where the molar ratio of G4 was between 40mol% and 60mol%. The stable Li ion intercalation–deintercalation was not observed in the Li/graphite cell of [Li(G4)][TFSA] (G4: 50mol%) without additives. However, the additives for forming solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film, such as vinylene carbonate, vinylethylene carbonate, and 1,3-propane sultone, led to the charge–discharge performance comparable to that of the conventional organic electrolyte. The adoption of Li4Ti5O12 and LiFePO4 led to excellent reversibilities of the Li half cells using [Li(G4)][TFSA], probably because of the favorable operation voltage. In the case of the LiFePO4/Li4Ti5O12 cell, the cell with [Li(G4)][TFSA] showed the better rate capability than that with the conventional organic electrolyte, when the rate was less than 1 CmA, and it is concluded that [Li(G4)][TFSA] can be the candidate as the alternative of organic electrolytes when the most appropriate electrode-active materials are used.
Cu3P is studied as a potential material to be used as anode in a Li-ion battery. Depending on the synthetic route, solvothermal, ball-milling (with or without annealing), spray method or ceramic, used for its preparation, Cu3P shows various particle sizes and crystallinities. The electrochemical reactivity towards lithium of these various Cu3P powders is discussed through galvanostatic and potentiodynamic measurements, electron microscopy techniques, and X-ray diffraction on powder. Electrochemical performances, especially initial capacity and capacity retention, are shown to strongly correlate to the powder morphologies: small particle size favors high capacity values and the operation scan rate affects the capacity depending on the degree of crystallinity of the powder. On other hand, the battery capacity retention is better with microsized powders.
The Fit fOR The Aged (FORTA) list, a drug classification combining positive and negative labelling of drugs, has been clinically (VALFORTA-trial) validated to improve medication quality and clinical endpoints.
Solid polymer electrolyte based on the random copolymer PGO from the monomers of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and oligo (ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate (OE) was successfully synthesized and investigated in detail aiming at applications in all solid lithium ion battery. Namely, four polymers PGO-60, PGO-70, PGO-80, PGO-90 with numbers indicating the percentage molar ratio of OE were mixed with LiClO4, and studied for their Li conductivity and other electrochemical properties in order to understand the effects from the polar glycidyl moieties. Polymer PGO-70 showed the highest ionic conductivity of 2.08 × 10−5 S/cm when the LiClO4 content was 50% and at 50 °C. PGO-60 had the largest lithium ion transference number of 0.549, and exhibited electrochemical stability up to 4.4 V vs. Li+/Li. When the epoxy groups in the polymer were hydrolyzed, two hydroxyl groups as side chain pendants were obtained. When tested, the ring-opening membrane HPGO-70 showed significantly higher ionic conductivity (2.26 × 10−6 S/cm, LiClO4 = 30%) than the corresponding PGO-70 (2.58 × 10−7 S/cm, LiClO4 = 30%) at room temperature. The maximum lithium ion transport number of ring-opening polymers is 0.693 for HPGO-60, however, it's stability was a little lowered to 4.0 V vs. Li+/Li. Generally, compared with the polymer electrolyte membrane before ring opening, the lithium ion conductivity and lithium ion transference number of the ring-opening polymer electrolyte membrane were improved, however, the electrochemical stability window was slightly reduced. In the preliminary test of the assembled half cell battery using HPGO-60 as the polymer electrolyte and LiFePO4 as the anode, fairly good charge/discharge cycling can be achieved at 25 °C, but the capacity remained quite low (around 20 mAh/g). When temperature increased to 70 °C, the capacity increased considerably to 99 mAh/g at the first cycle, but quickly decreased to around 50 mAh/g.
Otoplasty is a commonly performed surgical procedure that restores the ideal position of the pinna. Although the pinna is a well-recognized component of the auditory apparatus, no studies have assessed the audiological effects of this procedure. We sought to quantify the impact of pinna repositioning on speech intelligibility and reception.
Understanding and optimizing the electrolyte wetting of lithium-ion cells provides a high potential to reduce the manufacturing costs of lithium-ion cells. However, established methods to investigate the wetting of porous materials are not easily transferable to lithium-ion cells, since they neglect major paths in the wetting process. In this study, a novel method is proposed to in situ quantify the wetting progress in lithium-ion cells with graphite-based anodes. A constant potential is applied to the cell immediately after the electrolyte wetting process has been initiated and the current response is carefully analyzed as it reflects the progress of the electrolyte wetting process accompanied by SEI film formation. By applying this procedure, the influence of different separators, cell formats and ambient temperatures on the wetting time is investigated. Furthermore, the wetting behavior of laser-structured electrodes is investigated as well as of electrodes with ceramic multilayer coating which can replace the standard separator. The results demonstrate that the interface between the separator and the electrodes plays a dominant role and mainly influences the wetting process of a lithium-ion cell. The findings point out the importance of using in situ methods to analyze the wetting process of lithium-ion cells.