batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Microstructural properties of white matter pathways are associated with concurrent reading abilities in children. In this longitudinal study, we asked whether properties of white matter pathways at the onset of learning to read would be associated with reading abilities at older ages. Children (N = 37) with a wide range of reading abilities completed standardized measures of language and phonological awareness and diffusion MRI at age 6 years. Mean tract-fractional anisotropy (FA) was extracted from reading-related pathways. At age 8, the same children were re-assessed using a standardized reading measure. Using linear regressions, we examined the contribution of tract-FA at age 6 to reading outcome at age 8, beyond known demographic and pre-literacy predictors of reading. Tract-FA of the left arcuate, left and right superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), and left inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP) made unique contributions to reading outcome after consideration of sex and family history of reading delays. Tract-FA of the left and right SLF and left ICP made unique contributions to reading outcome after the addition of pre-literacy skills. Thus, cerebellar and bilateral cortical pathways represented a network associated with subsequent reading abilities. Early white matter properties may be associated with other neuropsychological functions that predict reading or may influence reading development, independent of reading-related abilities. Tract FA at early stages of learning to read may serve as a biomarker of later reading abilities.
Perovskite oxides are prominent materials as the bifunctional electrocatalysts for both oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER) for the electrochemical energy conversion and storage using regenerative fuel cells and rechargeable metal-air batteries. In this work, a quadruple perovskite CaCu3Ti4O12 has been synthesized oxalate precursor route. X-ray diffraction pattern shows phase purity of the synthesized electrocatalyst. The synthesized CCTO electrocatalyst have crystallite size of 26nm. Electrochemical investigations reveal that CCTO exhibit efficient catalytic activity. More interestingly, an extremely high OER activity is observed for CCTO electrocatalysts which is found superior than similar class of perovskites. Additionally, CCTO shows efficient ORR activity with an onset potential of 0.83V which is better than that of Pt/C catalyst (≈0.94V). These results demonstrate the significant potential of CCTO perovskite as a bifunctional electrode material for alkaline fuel cells and metal-air batteries.
It is extremely important to develop anode materials alternative to graphite at low temperature (below 0 °C) from the viewpoint of safety and capacity for lithium ion batteries. TiO2, as a promising anode material, has poor electronic conductivity and ionic conductivity, thus limiting its rate performance at low temperature. Herein, we have designed a novel multiple-phase composites composed of N-doped TiO2/TiN/graphene to improve the ionic conductivity and electronic conductivity and then ameliorate its electrochemical performance at low temperature. The as-prepared nanocomposites show excellent performance as anode in lithium ion batteries at low temperature (0, −10 and −20 °C). Even at −20 °C, the optimized nanocomposites exhibit high reversible specific capacity (211 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), excellent rate performance (150 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1) and good cycling stability (∼93% within 500 cycles), indicating superior electrochemical performance at low temperature. Furthermore, the as-prepared nanocomposites are able to deliver ∼154 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1 at room temperature. Considering the intrinsic safety, excellent electrochemical performance and good adaptability at both low and room temperature, the prepared nanocomposites can have great potential in lithium ion batteries.
We propose an innovative solar photothemal battery technology to develop all-solid-state lithium–air batteries operating at ultra-low temperatures where a plasmonic air electrode can efficently harvest solar energy and convert it into heat, enabling efficient charge storage and transmission in electrolyte/electrode materials. Such batteries demonstrate a high discharge capacity (∼3600 mA h g−1) at −73 °C and record-cycle life both at −73 °C and room temperature.
Bamboo-like WO3 nanorods were anchored on three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene frameworks (r-WO3/3DNGF) by a facile one-step hydrothermal synthesis plus heating processes. There is a strong dependence of the obtained r-WO3/3DNGF nanostructures on the content of 3DNGF. The composite with 20 wt% 3DNGF content shows the most favorable structure where bamboo-like WO3 nanorods lie flat on the surface of fungus-like 3DNGF, and exhibits a high discharge capacity of 828 mAh g−1 over 100 cycles at 80 mA g−1 with the largest capacity retention of 73.9% for WO3 and excellent rate capacities of 719, 665, 573, 453 and 313 mAh g−1 at 80, 160, 400, 800 and 1600 mA g−1, respectively. The electrochemical performance is better than most of reported WO3-based carbonaceous composites, which can be attributed to the synergistic effects of the following actions: i) WO3 nanorods effectively shorten the diffusion path of Li+; ii) mechanically strong 3DNGF alleviates the huge volume change of WO3 upon Li+ intercalation/extraction; and iii) nitrogen-doping in 3D graphene frameworks improves electronic conductivity and provides large numbers of lithium ion diffusion channels.
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are regarded as a potential next-generation energy storage system but they are hampered by low active-material utilization, polysulfide shuttling, and rapid capacity fade. We present here the use of lightweight boron- and nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (B-rGO, N-rGO) coated separators to suppress polysulfide diffusion and enhance active material utilization at high sulfur contents. B-rGO and N-rGO are synthesized through a facile modified Hummer's method involving the exfoliation of graphite sheets. Upon reduction, the carbon forms valuable interlayers with dynamic spacings for polysulfide trapping. Freeze-drying is utilized to preserve the structure of the pillow-like carbon, which is then slurry-coated onto a separator and placed against a sulfur cathode. The advantages of boron and nitrogen and their affinity towards polysulfides is compared while noting the lighter carbon coatings with good electrochemical stability. The cells attain a loading of 4.0 mg cm−2 with a high sulfur content of 66.5 ± 0.5 wt % on including the weight of the coatings. After a long cycle life of 400 cycles, N-rGO and B-rGO are still able to maintain a specific capacity of, respectively, 430 mA h g−1 and 367 mA h g−1.
This research explored the role of anticipated negative feelings in the observed disparity between buying and selling prices for the same endowed object. We assumed that anticipated negative reactions to losses deter people from trading an endowed object and therefore psychological variables that attenuate the emotional response to negative events should further reduce the price disparity between buyers and sellers. In 3 studies, we tested whether factors that either decrease concern about negative feelings (e.g., positive mood, framing of the transaction as involving no action) or increase the anticipated negative reaction to failure to act (e.g., priming errors of omission) further eliminate the disparity between buying and selling prices. These studies provide a novel conceptualization of the endowment bias and, more generally, illustrate the role of anticipated negative feelings in decision making.
A surfactant-assisted solvothermal synthesis is hereby applied to produce carbon-coated LiFePO4/C nanostructured Li-ion battery cathodes. The use of different mixed alcohol/water solutions for the dissolution of a cationic surfactant is absolutely peculiar in this field and herewith exploited to tailor-make the properties of the active material particles (e.g., morphology and electrochemical behaviour). Thorough investigation is carried out by means of X-ray powder diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and constant current charge-discharge cycling. The best performing sample, obtained in a 20:80 w/w ethanol:water solution, demonstrates good specific capacity values, high Coulombic efficiency and rate capability, with stable behaviour upon long-term cycling even at ultrafast 100C discharge regime. This is definitely remarkable for a nanosized powder specifically conceived for high power applications obtained by means of low cost raw materials, simple and reliable procedures.
Silicon (Si) has been regarded as one of the next-generation anode materials due to its ultrahigh theoretical capacity, low equilibrium potential, abundant resources and superior safety performance. Herein, we fabricated a novel honeycomb Si composed of many Si nanoparticles (NPs), which can be refined from the urchin-like crude product obtained through the magnesiothermic reduction process. Via the electrostatic attraction, rapid freeze-drying process and further thermal treatment, the honeycomb Si can be tightly encapsulated in a thin layer composed of reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotube (indicating as Si-rGO/CNT) to avoid direct exposure to the electrolyte. Si NPs with the wrinkled rGO/CNT wrapping layer containing mesopores can not only shorten the pathway of Li+ ions and electrons but also accommodate the unavoidable expansion/contraction and buffer the excessive stress. Meanwhile, the CNT intertwined throughout the electrode can effectively repair those areas that lost conductivity during long-term cycling. Therefore, the self-supported Si-rGO/CNT electrode having a high Si content of 76 wt% exhibits capacities of 1304 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 and 1053 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 in rate performance, and maintain a capacities of 1899 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 250 cycles and 1003 mAh g−1 at 4 A g−1 after 1000 cycles accompanying with a stable coulombic efficiency (CE) up to 99.5%.
The synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) is part of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) attachment receptor (SNARE), which mediates synaptic neurotransmission. In earlier studies a possible involvement of this protein in schizophrenia has been shown. As neurocognitive impairment is a core feature in the pathology of schizophrenia and considered to be a putative endophenotype according to genetic studies we investigated the influences of different SNAP-25 polymorphisms on neuropsychological test results before and during treatment with atypical antipsychotics. A total of 104 schizophrenic patients treated with atypical antipsychotics were genotyped for three different polymorphisms of the SNAP-25 gene (MnlI, TaiI and DdeI in the 3′-UTR). Cognitive function was assessed at baseline, week 4 or 6 and week 8 or 12. Results of individual neuropsychological tests were assigned to six cognitive domains (reaction time and quality; executive function; working, verbal and visual memory) and a general cognitive index. The MnlI and TaiI polymorphisms showed no associations to deficits on neuropsychological test results. In contrast, we observed a significant relation between the DdeI polymorphism of the SNAP-25 gene and cognitive dysfunctions. Homozygote T/T allele carriers of the DdeI polymorphism showed significant better neuropsychological test results in cognitive domains verbal memory and executive functions than those with the combined T/C and C/C genotypes (P < 0.01) at all three time points, but no differences in response to treatment with atypical antipsychotics. Additionally, TT carriers exhibited significantly better results in a general cognitive index (P < 0.05). As we observed an association between the DdeI polymorphism of the SNAP-25 gene and cognitive dysfunctions of schizophrenic patients our finding suggests that the SNAP-25 gene could play a role in the pathophysiology of neurocognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia but is not predictive for treatment response with atypical antipsychotics.
Redox-active organic polymers are promising cathode electrodes owing to the advantages of open and flexible frame-works, renewability and environmental friendliness. Sodium salt of poly (2, 5-dihydroxy-p-benzoquinonyl sulfide)/RGO (Na2PDHBQS/RGO) composite has been fabricated via a convenient route and applied as a high performance and stable cathode for sodium ion batteries. The Na2PDHBQS/RGO was investigated in ether-based electrolyte, which demonstrated better electrochemical performances (228, 214, 203, 193, 172 and 147 mAh g−1 at 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 2 and 4C, respectively) than that in traditional ester-based ones. The high specific capacity, excellent cycle stability and reversibility of Na2PDHBQS/RGO may be attributed to the special porous structure, enhanced electronic conductivity by the introduction of RGO and fast sodium ion and electron diffusion rate in ether-based electrolyte. In addition, the Na2PDHBQS/RGO cathode has been assembled with disodium terephthalate (Na2TP) anode to compose a full cell for the first time, which presents an initial reversible capacity of 210 mAh g−1 at 0.1C.
Hexa(phenyl)benzene (HPB) and hexakis(p-bromophenyl)benzene (HPB-Br) were submitted to controlled pyrolysis under mild conditions to prepare carbonaceous materials for Li-ion storage. Experiments were performed in evacuated sealed ampoules and different temperatures (in the range 500–600°C) and heating times (1 upto 5 days) were applied. Pyrolytic products were obtained as black flakes and characterised by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, UV–vis–NIR and Raman spectroscopies. Scanning electron microscopy exhibited several structures (nanorods, bundles, microspheres) on the surface of the flakes, depending on the precursor and on the pyrolysis procedure. Preliminary electrochemical measurements revealed lithium storage capacities upto 500mAhg−1.
Epitaxial ZrO2 coating on LiMn2O4 nanoparticles using atomic layer deposition (ALD) shows high conformality, uniformity and precise thickness control at atomic scale. The thickness of ZrO2 coating can be precisely tailored at 2Å per ALD cycle. Cycling performance of ZrO2 ALD-modified LiMn2O4 cathode material is optimized by tuning the coating thickness via varying ALD growth cycles. The optimal thickness of ZrO2 coating for maximized electrochemical performance of LiMn2O4 is ∼1.2nm grown via 6 ZrO2 ALD layers. LiMn2O4 nanoparticles coated with 6 ZrO2 ALD layers deliver a very high initial discharge capacity of 136.0mAh/g at 1C at 55°C, significantly higher than that of bare LiMn2O4 (124.1mAh/g). The effect of ZrO2 ALD coating on improving capacity retention of LiMn2O4 is even more distinct at high charge/discharge rate at elevated temperature. LiMn2O4 nanoparticles coated with 6 ZrO2 ALD layers after heat treatment retain a discharge capacity of 90.3mAh/g after 100 cycles at 5C at 55°C, while bare LiMn2O4 nanoparticles exhibit a final capacity of 58.8mAh/g. ZrO2-ALD-modified LiMn2O4 nanoparticles show significantly improved specific capacity and enhanced cycleability at high rate at elevated temperature due to the protective effect of ultrathin and high-quality ALD surface coatings.
There are no clear indicators for predicting return to work for patients with chronic low back pain (LBP). We aim to report the outcomes of a 14-week multidisciplinary programme targeting patients with chronic LBP who failed conventional physiotherapy to provide functional rehabilitation. Also, this study will identify factors predicting successful return to work (RTW).
In this paper international comovements among a set of key real and nominal macroeconomic variables in the US, UK, Canada, Japan and the Euro area have been investigated for the 1980–2005 period, using a factor vector autoregressive approach. We present evidence that comovements in macroeconomic variables do not concern only real activity, but are an important feature also of stock market returns, inflation rates, interest rates and, to a smaller extent, monetary aggregates. Both common sources of shocks and similar transmission mechanisms explain international comovements, with the only exception of Japan, where the idiosyncratic features seem to dominate. Finally, concerning the origin of global shocks, evidence of both global supply-side and demand-side disturbances is found.
In this paper, we investigated the properties of carbon coated lithium sulfide particles prepared following either a dry coating process or a wet coating process, using, respectively, sucrose or polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as carbon source. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the crystalline structure of the pristine Li2S was basically preserved upon both coating processes. The dry coating process (Li2S-Csucrose) resulted in Li2S particles covered only partially by smaller carbon particles, whereas the wet coating method (Li2S-CPAN) gave Li2S particles, homogenously decorated with thin carbon flakes. As a result, the cycling performance of Li2S-C based electrodes was significantly improved, particularly for Li2S-CPAN, for which a coulombic efficiency of more than 99.5% was obtained.
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between dorsiflexion range of motion on the weight-bearing lunge test (WBLT) and normalized reach distance in three directions on the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Thirty-five healthy adults (14 males, 21 females, age: 25.9±6.7 years, height: 166.7±22.9cm, weight: 76.7±22.8kg) participated. All subjects performed three trials of maximum lower extremity reach in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions of the SEBT on each limb to assess dynamic balance. Subjects performed three trials of the WBLT to measure maximum dorsiflexion range of motion. Dependent variables included the means of the SEBT normalized reach distances in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions and the mean of the WBLT. Only the anterior direction (mean: 79.0±5.8%) of the SEBT was significantly related to the WBLT (mean: 11.9±2.7cm), r =0.53 (p =0.001). The r 2 for this simple linear regression was 0.28, indicating that the WBLT explained 28% of the variance in the anterior normalized reach distance. The WBLT explained a significant proportion of the variance within the anterior reach distance signifying this direction of the SEBT may be a good clinical test to assess the effects of dorsiflexion range of motion restrictions on dynamic balance.
The main objective of this study was to compare the performance of a portable impairment test device known as roadside impairment testing apparatus (RITA) with the field impairment tests (FIT) that are used at the roadside by UK police. One hundred and twenty two healthy volunteers aged 18–70 years took part in this two-period crossover evaluation. The volunteers received a dose of alcohol and placebo, in the form of a drink, on separate days. Doses were calculated to produce blood alcohol concentrations of 90mg/100ml and RITA and FIT testing was carried out between 30 and 75min post-drink. FIT was found to have a diagnostic accuracy of 62.7%. However, there was a substantial age effect for FIT scores, with volunteers aged over 40 showing failure rates on placebo similar to the failure rates on alcohol of younger volunteers. The accuracy of RITA was between 66 and 70%, not significantly higher than that of FIT. However, RITA did not show a marked age effect. Advantageously, this could result in fewer false positives being recorded if RITA were deployed at the roadside. Horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) was also investigated and posted an accuracy of 74%. The inclusion of HGN as one component of a UK roadside impairment test battery warrants further exploration with other drugs.
It is challenging to exploit anionic redox activity to boost performance of battery electrodes, especially for anti-fluorite structures. Here the authors report simultaneous anionic and cationic redox in Li5FeO4, which enables its high capacity and eliminates the undesired oxygen gas release.
Halogenated organic compounds are pervasive in natural and built environments. Despite restrictions on the production of many of these compounds in most parts of the world through the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), many “legacy” compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are routinely detected in human tissues where they continue to pose significant health risks to highly exposed and susceptible populations. A major concern is developmental neurotoxicity, although impacts on neurodegenerative outcomes have also been noted. Here, we review human studies of prenatal and adult exposures to PCBs and describe the state of knowledge regarding outcomes across domains related to cognition (e.g., IQ, language, memory, learning), attention, behavioral regulation and executive function, and social behavior, including traits related to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We also review current understanding of molecular mechanisms underpinning these associations, with a focus on dopaminergic neurotransmission, thyroid hormone disruption, calcium dyshomeostasis, and oxidative stress. Finally, we briefly consider contemporary sources of organohalogens that may pose human health risks via mechanisms of neurotoxicity common to those ascribed to PCBs.
Spinel Li4Mn5O12 was prepared by a sol–gel method. The manganese oxide and activated carbon composite (MnO2-AC) were prepared by a method in which KMnO4 was reduced by activated carbon (AC). The products were characterized by XRD and FTIR. The hybrid supercapacitor was fabricated with Li4Mn5O12 and MnO2-AC, which were used as materials of the two electrodes. The pseudocapacitance performance of the Li4Mn5O12/MnO2-AC hybrid supercapacitor was studied in various aqueous electrolytes. Electrochemical properties of the Li4Mn5O12/MnO2-AC hybrid supercapacitor were studied by using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance measurement, and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. The results show that the hybrid supercapacitor has electrochemical capacitance performance. The charge/discharge test showed that the specific capacitance of 51.3 F g−1 was obtained within potential range of 0–1.3 V at a charge/discharge current density of 100 mA g−1 in 1 mol L−1 Li2SO4 solution. The charge/discharge mechanism of Li4Mn5O12 and MnO2-AC was discussed.
In the present work, consequences of air exposure on the surface composition of one of the most reactive lithium-ion battery components, the lithiated graphite, was investigated using 280–835eV soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SOXPES) as well as 1486.7eV X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (∼2 and ∼10nm probing depth, respectively). Different depth regions of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) of graphite cycled vs. LiFePO4 were thereby examined. Furthermore, the air sensitivity of samples subject to four different combinations of pre-treatments (washed/unwashed and exposed to air before or after vacuum treatment) was explored. The samples showed important changes after exposure to air, which were found to be largely dependent on sample pre-treatment. Changes after exposure of unwashed samples exposed before vacuum treatment were attributed to reactions involving volatile species. On washed, air exposed samples, as well as unwashed samples exposed after vacuum treatment, effects attributed to lithium hydroxide formation in the innermost SEI were observed and suggested to be associated with partial delithiation of the surface region of the lithiated graphite electrode. Moreover, effects that can be attributed to LiPF6 decomposition were observed. However, these effects were less pronounced than those attributed to reactions involving solvent species and the lithiated graphite.