batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Pitting corrosion of aluminum as cathode current collector for lithium rechargeable batteries was found to take place at potential positive of 3.5 V in 1 mol dm−3 LiN(SO2CF3)2/EC+DME (1:1) electrolyte. The corrosion mechanism of aluminum in the presence of LiN(SO2CF3)2 was proposed, and three methods were deduced to inhibit the aluminum corrosion based on this mechanism. As a result, an additive of lithium salts based on perfluorinated inorganic anions, especially LiPF6, was found to inhibit the aluminum corrosion to a certain extent by forming a protective film on aluminum surface. The oxidation stability of aluminum in LiN(SO2CF3)2-containing electrolytes depended strongly on the solvent structure. The ether solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethoxyethane (DME) were effective in preventing aluminum corrosion due to their low dielectric constants. Furthermore, LiN(SO2C2F5)2 salt with a larger anion than that of LiN(SO2CF3)2 was evaluated and good oxidation stability of aluminum was obtained regardless of the kind of solvents.
A novel cathode material, NH4V3O8 nanorods with high discharge capacity and good rate capability are hydrothermally prepared in the presence of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS). The diameter of nanorods is about 30nm and the length is less than 1μm. In comparison with the ammonium trivanadate flakes prepared without surfactant, the nanorods are better suited as lithium inserting electrode material, with superior lithium ion insertion/deinsertion plateaus, higher discharge capacity and better cycling stability. The nanorods deliver a maximum specific discharge capacity of 327.1mAhg−1 at 30mAg−1. It also demonstrates good rate capability with the capacity of 207.6mAhg−1 at 300mAg−1, 201.2mAhg−1 at 450mAg−1, and 181.8mAhg−1 at 600mAg−1. Good cycling stability is also shown at 150mAg−1 for the nanorods, with no capacity loss over 60 cycles.
119 Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical experiments were carried out to characterise the reaction mechanism of lithium with spinel phases Cu x In y Sn z S4. The electrochemical investigations have shown interesting reversible capacities for these materials, and their possible use as anode materials in lithium-ion cells. This analysis reveals a multi-phase mechanism linked to the reduction of the cations involving a spinel to rocksalt transformation followed by a structural breakdown. Density functional calculations by the linearised augmented plane wave (LAPW) method give a good interpretation of experimental results for crystalline phases.
The proliferation of digital technology has brought about rapid social and economic change, the consequences of which have not been evenly distributed. Older people, in particular, tend to be less engaged with digital technology and as a result, are said to be at risk of 'digital exclusion'. In this paper, we explore how digital technology is discursively linked to ageing and social and economic participation. The analysis is based on 38 interviews with representatives of industry, government and civil society asked to share their views of the opportunities and risks associated with age and participation in the context of rapid developments in digital technology. Using discourse analysis we identify two competing ways interview participants made connections between digital technology and its perceived effects on the economic and social participation of an ageing population. In the first, digital technology drives human progress as a ‘fix’ to some of the social and economic challenges associated with ageing but also demands a cautious approach to minimise unforeseen negative consequences. In the second, digital technology is a tool, whose development can be driven by humans in order to solve a range of problems, including economic and social participation in later life. We consider the implications of these two discourses, discussing the potential of each for achieving a sense of empowerment in the ageing community and addressing the challenge of lifelong participation.
Solar and wind energy use to supply the electrical demand of a stand-alone residential house is investigated. Combining solar and wind energy sources provide more reliable power source for stand-alone applications since they complement each other. Backup units (battery/supercapacitor) are also needed for uninterrupted energy. For a proper backup sizing in such systems, high resolution load data, wind speed and solar radiation data must be used as compared to the use of hourly averaged data found in literature. In this study, high resolution data on both load side and source side are collected experimentally. Then, collected data used as input to system simulations in Matlab/Simulink for sizing the backup in the considered hybrid power system. Backup state of the charge (SOC) is used as decision criteria. It is shown that, when load and source dynamics are considered, approximately 10% less backup size is required compared to backup size found with hourly averaged values. The study shows the importance of data resolution on backup sizing in such systems and could be a guide for renewable energy system designers.
Graphene has a promising role in electrode fabrication/modification for microbial fuel cell (MFC) applications but there is a lack of research on graphene in MFCs. This study has systematically investigated two types of graphene materials with very different morphologies, namely regular graphene (like flat sheets of paper) and crumpled particles (like crumpled paper balls), respectively, to modify anode and cathode electrodes in MFCs. The higher electricity generation with the crumpled graphene particles is attributed to their higher electrical conductivity in the thickness direction, their larger surface area, catalytic activities of oxygen reduction, and the open structure they pack into that facilitates mass transfer of the fuels and ions. The crumpled graphene-modified anode electrode produces the highest maximum power density (3.6Wm−3), twice that of the activated carbon-modified anode electrode (1.7Wm−3). The maximum power densities with the crumpled graphene- and flat graphene-modified cathode electrodes are 3.3Wm−3 and 2.5Wm−3, significantly higher than 0.3Wm−3 with the unmodified carbon cloth, although still lower than a platinum cathode electrode. These results have demonstrated that graphene-based materials, especially the crumpled graphene particles, can be effective electrode modifying materials for improving electricity generation in MFCs.
Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-coated K2FeO4 (K2FeO4@P3HT) was prepared to enhance capacity and stability of K2FeO4. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) were performed to characterize K2FeO4@P3HT. Discharge performance results showed that the Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) coating layer enhanced the capacity of the K2FeO4 in 10molL−1 KOH electrolyte. K2FeO4@P3HT-1% electrode showed a high discharge capacity of 351mAhg−1, about 13% increase comparing to the K2FeO4 electrode. Moreover, the stability of K2FeO4 electrode was obviously enhanced by P3HT coating, and the discharge capacity of the electrode which was stored in electrolyte for 6h was improved to 314mAhg−1, increasing about 22.6% compared to that of 314mAhg−1. These desirable properties can be attributed to the in-situ formation of two-layer film on the surface of K2FeO4 crystal, which keep electrolyte from directly contacting with K2FeO4 and reduce the resistance of charge transfer.
Micro-nano structured LiFe1 − x Mn x PO4/C (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.05) cathodes were prepared by spray drying, followed by calcination at 700 °C. The spherical LiFe1 − x Mn x PO4/C (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.05) particles with the size of 0.5 to 5.0 µm are composed of lots of nanoparticles of 20 to 30 nm, and have the well-developed interconnected pore structure. In contrast, when Mn doping content is 3 mol% (x = 0.03), the LiFe0.97Mn0.03PO4/C demonstrates maximum specific surface area of 31.30 m2/g, more uniform pore size and relatively better electrochemical performance. The initial discharge capacities are 161.59, 157.04 and 153.13 mAh/g at a discharge rate of 0.2, 0.5 and 1 C, respectively. Meanwhile, the discharge capacity retentions are ∼100% after 120 cycles. The improved electrochemical performance should be attributed to higher specific surface, smaller polarization voltage, and a high Li+ diffusion rate due to the micro-nano porous structure and lattice expansion produced by Mn doping.
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) and Solid Oxide Electrolyte Cells (SOEC) are often considered precluded mainly by their high cost, even when several technical issues have been continuously tackled over the past decades. Our energetic matrix is essentially based on finite fuel sources, which involve the emission of environmentally hazardous pollutants. Nevertheless, now there are several feasible and profitable benign routes for energy generation through solid oxide cells development, mainly for cells capable to produce energy and store it employing hydrogen as energy carrier. Those cells act reversibly as fuel or electrolyzer systems, which may be integrated in hybrid renewable energy plants and may be referred to as Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (RSOFC). In this article, the operation principles of SOEC and SOFC and the current state of the electrolyte, fuel and oxygen electrodes has been reviewed and discussed in detail. Each major section is divided into materials families, including manufacturing issues. Novel materials and processing techniques are currently in development and are summarized here. Moreover, key-points are suggested to overcome the known drawbacks and to improve the performance and economic feasibility in order to enhance the commercialization of RSOFC technology.
The storage properties of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 and LiCoO2-coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 have been investigated comparatively. It is found that the latter exhibits better storage stability than the former. After storage in air at different relative humidities, LiCoO2-coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 shows little changes in the aspects of weight, nickel oxidation state, moisture and carbon contents and electrochemical performance. However, for LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, the higher the air humidity is, the bigger these aspects change. Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrum reveals that LiCoO2-coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 is resistant to H2O and CO2 in air. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy gives evidence that the LiCoO2 coating layer suppresses effectively the reactions between LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 and atmosphere, which contributes to the enhancement of storage performance of LiCoO2-coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2.
Energy consumption in developed as well as developing countries is high, especially in the residential and commercial building sectors. Researchers have been working on several technologies for the reduction of energy consumption in buildings; among them, energy-harvesting techniques are quite promising. In this paper, we explore a possibility of harnessing energy from grey water, while it flows down through high-raised buildings. We propose the usage of a micro/pico hydro turbine installed at the ground floor of a high rise building that utilizes the energy of grey water falling from floors above, to generate electricity. The electrical energy generated from the turbine can be utilized further in numerous ways. Scaled prototype of the same has been developed and tested. The proposed design of a gravity-energized wastewater system in high-rise buildings for generation of hydroelectricity is being checked for its feasibility in Indian markets. Calculation shows that the proposed system is commercially promising for most of the major cities in India. We also discuss cost benefits analysis of the proposed system to support our claims for possible commercialization of this technology.
High conductivity pristine copper particles and carbon coated Li2ZnTi3O8 composite (Li2ZnTi3O8/C@Cu) is prepared by one-step sol-gel method followed by high temperature pyrolysis. Amorphous carbon coating layer reveals a thickness of 2.0-8.0nm on the outer surface of Li2ZnTi3O8 active grains, which improves the electronic conductivity and charge transfer rate of primary and secondary particles. Moreover, copper particles between particles could enhance the electronic transmission at large current densities and decrease diffusion resistance. As a result, Li2ZnTi3O8/C@Cu composite shows lower electrochemical polarization and quicker kinetic behavior compared to Li2ZnTi3O8/C. Cycled at 1000mAg−1, 2000mAg−1, and 3000mAg−1, Li2ZnTi3O8/C@Cu can deliver a reversible capacity of 124.4mAhg−1, 90.8mAhg−1, and 79.1mAhg−1 after 1000 cycles, which is much higher than the values of 70.7mAhg−1, 75.5mAhg−1, and 52.1mAhg−1 obtained by Li2ZnTi3O8/C. In addition to higher specific capacity, electrode polarization and cycle stability have been improved after adding copper particles. The improved electrochemical properties of Li2ZnTi3O8/C@Cu composite are attributed to the combination of copper additive and carbon layer.
Seven lithiated and delithiated cathode materials mixed with ethylene carbonate (EC) were studied by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) for measuring exothermic phenomena. Effects of lithiated and delithiated cathode materials with EC upon the exothermic behaviors were verified and compared. Lithiated cathode materials keep higher stability than delithiated ones. LiCoO2, LiNi0.8Co0.2O2, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC333), and LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC532) react with EC all exhibiting significant exothermic peaks at about (370±20)°C owing to the common component of Co ion. In the delithiated NMC333, NMC532 and LiNi0.8Co0.2O2, effects of Ni ion manifestly resulted in the lower onset temperatures and exothermic peaks than those of lithiated cathode materials. Especially, the onset temperature of delithiated LixNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 with EC appears at around 98.9°C. EC with delithiated LixCoO2 displaying four peaks has been novel discovered and associated with a strong peak occurred at about 222.2°C. Impacts of Ni, Mn, and Co ions on the thermal stability associated with the structural stability in deliathiated cathode materials under high temperature conditions are discussed.
Lithium vanadium phosphate can be conveniently used as cathodic and anodic material, and it displays high performance during charge–discharge tests carried out at high current densities. Using a sol–gel method two different LVP samples, having different carbon content, were synthesized. The lithium diffusion coefficient as well as the rate performance of the electrodes was investigated. The electrodes were used for the realization of three different electrochemical devices: a LIC, a hybrid device containing LVP as cathode and a LVP-based lithium-ion battery. The performance of all devices was investigated in terms of cycling stability, and their energy and power were evaluated. The results of these tests indicate LVP as an interesting and flexible candidate for the realization of high power system.
Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) phosphorylates the major transcription factor cyclic AMP-response element binding protein (CREB), which plays a role in emotional behavior. Here, CaMKIV knockout mice (CaMKIV-/-) were tested in a battery of stress and anxiety-related behavioral tests, to determine if CaMKIV plays a role in emotional behavior. CaMKIV-/-exhibited a decrease in anxiety-like behavior in both the elevated plus maze and dark-light emergence tests when compared to wild-type mice. Both the acoustic startle response and prepulse inhibition of startle were decreased with the deletion of CaMKIV. In addition, CaMKIV-/- mice displayed a lack of stress-induced analgesia following restraint or cold swim stress. Our results demonstrate a key role for CaMKIV in anxiety and stress-related behavior.
Nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials were synthesized by the carbonization of three different nanostructured polyaniline (PANI) salt precursors: PANI 3,5-dinitrosalicylate nanorods, PANI 5-sulfosalicylate nanorods/nanotubes, and PANI hydrogen sulfate nanorods/nanotubes/nanosheets. A comparative study of the electrocatalytic activity of these materials for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline solution was performed by using rotating disk electrode voltammetry. The electrochemical data were correlated to the structural and textural data obtained by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, elemental analysis and nitrogen sorption analysis. A fine interplay of textural characteristics, overall content of surface nitrogen and content of specific surface nitrogen functional groups were found to be responsible for a considerable variations in electrocatalytic properties toward ORR, involving variations in apparent number of electrons exchanged per O2 molecule (from 2 to nearly 4) and variations in onset potential. The catalyst loading was found to influence remarkably the ORR kinetics. The excellent electrocatalytic activity was found for carbonized PANI 5-sulfosalicylate. Namely, it exhibited the most positive onset potential amounting to −0.05 V vs. SCE at a catalyst loading of 500 μgcm−2. The interrelation between the electrocatalytic activity and the electrical double layer charging/discharging characteristics of the investigated N-doped nanocarbon materials was revealed.
A solution method was used to prepare InSb, Cu6Sn5 and Cu2Sb intermetallic compounds that are of interest as negative electrode materials for lithium batteries. The compounds were synthesized by the reduction of dissolved transition metal- and metalloid salts with fine Zn powder. Heterogeneous redox reactions at the surface of the Zn particles resulted in fern-like dendritic structures with high surface areas. Powder X-ray diffraction and lattice imaging by transmission electron microscopy showed that the intermetallic products were highly crystalline with preferred crystallographic orientations. Mild heat-treatment of the products under argon improved their phase purity. Electrodes prepared by this method exhibited a large irreversible capacity loss on the first charge/discharge cycle. Cu2Sb electrodes showed the greatest cycling stability; after the initial cycle, they delivered more than 230mAhg−1 when cycled between 1.2 and 0.0V versus metallic lithium, consistent with previously reported data for ball-milled Cu2Sb electrodes.
This work deals with the study of influence of additives added to the negative active mass of the lead-acid battery electrode. Specifically, it’s studied the influence of acrylic fibers (1,5wt.%) and different amounts of carbon CR 2996 on the final properties. Carbon was added in an amount of 0.15; 0.46; 0.78; 1.4; 2.65 and 5.15wt.%. It was performed formation, depth of discharge cycles (DoD) and partial state of charge cycling (PSoC). After 12 DoD cycles it was drained excess of electrolyte from the battery and it was performed another 7 DoD cycles. Thanks to these cycles it was possible to verify the actual capacity of electrodes. The results are shown in relevant graphs.
Layered Li(Ni1/2Mn1/2)O2 was prepared by the solution and mixed hydroxide methods, characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge discharge cycling in CC and CCCV modes at room temperature (r.t.) and at 50°C. The XPS studies show about 8% of Ni3+ and Mn3+ ions are present in Li(Ni2+ 1/2Mn1/2 4+)O2 due to valency-degeneracy. The compound prepared at 950°C, 12 h, solution method gives a second cycle discharge capacity of 150 mA h g−1 (2.5–4.4 V) at a specific current of 30 mA g−1 and retains 137 mA h g−1 at the end of 40 cycles. CV shows that the redox process at 3.7–4.0 V corresponds to Ni2+↔Ni4+ and clear indication of Mn3+/4+ couple was noted at 4.2–4.5 V. The observed capacity–fading (2.5–4.4 V) is shown to be contributed by the polarisation at the end of charging. The cathodic capacity is stable up to 40 cycles in the voltage window, 2.5–4.2 V both at room temperature and 50°C.
In this paper, both primary and rechargeable Zn–air batteries are constructed using La2O3/Co3O4/MnO2–CNTs hybrid nanocomposites as air electrodes for high-performance energy storage and conversion. The air electrode hybrid catalysts with controlled morphology are prepared by a facile hydrothermal self-assembly process, which exhibits highly bi-functional catalytic activity for both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during discharge and charge processes in a rechargeable Zn–air battery. When these catalysts are integrated into a practical primary Zn–air battery, a high open circuit voltage of 1.5V is achieved along with a high discharge peak power density of 295mWcm−2. The specific capacity normalized to the mass of consumed Zn is 821mAhg−1, corresponding to a high energy density of 970Whkg−1, which shows this zinc–air battery’s performance is higher than any battery currently commercially available to meet the requirements of high-power electric equipment. More specifically, the electrochemically rechargeable Zn–air battery incorporating by this bifunctional catalyst exhibits an unprecedented small charge–discharge voltage polarization, high reversibility and high stability, suggesting this battery can be used as a power source for portable electronics, armamentarium and electrical vehicles. Furthermore, a flexible, rechargeable Zn–air battery as a wholly solid-state energy storage device, and exhibiting good peak power density and decent stability, should be viable in other practical applications such as smart electronics and wearable electronic devices.
Self-regulation is often promoted as a coping strategy that may allow older drivers to drive safely for longer. Self-regulation depends upon drivers making an accurate assessment of their own ability and having a willingness to practice self-regulatory behaviors to compensate for changes in ability. The current study explored the relationship between older drivers’ cognitive ability, their driving confidence and their use of self-regulation. An additional study aim was to explore the relationship between these factors and older drivers’ interest in driving programs. Seventy Australian drivers aged 65 years and over completed a questionnaire about their driving and a brief screening measure of cognitive ability (an untimed Clock Drawing Test). While all participants reported high levels of confidence regarding their driving ability, and agreed that they would continue driving in the foreseeable future, a notable proportion performed poorly on the Clock Drawing Test. Compared to older drivers who successfully completed the Clock Drawing Test, those who failed the cognitive test were significantly less likely to report driving self-regulation, and showed significantly less interest in being involved in driving programs. Older drivers with declining cognitive abilities may not be self-regulating their driving. This group also appears to be unlikely to self-refer to driving programs.
LiMn2O4 spinels were studied with the aim of assessing the role of different types and amounts of defects in blocking the phase transition from spinel to double hexagonal that is associated with anomalous 4.5 and 3.3/3.95V redox steps. The influence of the type of MnO2 precursor (β or γ, both with diverse amounts of stacking faults), the effect of introducing defects in the final spinel by ball milling or of cationic subsitutions on the spinel 16d sites (Al or Li) were examined. Electrochemical experiments performed on all these defective samples indicate that defects block the phase transition to a certain extent. The introduction of either Li or Al in spinel 16d sites proved to be the most effective to prevent the structural transformation, and thus eliminate the anomalous redox steps that are detrimental to the electrochemical performances of LiMn2O4.