batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Pre-bronchodilator lung function including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow in 1 second (FEV1), their ratio (FEV1/FVC), and forced expiratory flow 25–75% (FEF25–75) measured at age 10, 18, and 26 years in the Isle of Wight birth cohort was analyzed for developmental patterns (trajectories). Early life risk factors before the age of 10 years were assessed for the trajectories.
Objective The aim of this study was to analyze cerebral perfusion and glucose metabolism in patients with cognitive impairment using cerebral blood flow 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT and 18F-FDG PET/CT scans. Material and methods Twenty-two patients with cognitive impairment were included: 4 subjective memory complaints (SMC), 8 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 5 prodromic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 5 AD. In each clinical group, 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT and 18F-FDG PET/CT scans were performed. Results 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT showed regions of cerebral hypoperfusion in 15 patients and was normal in 7 of the 22 patients. 18F-FDG PET/CT scan showed cerebral regional hypometabolism in 19 patients and was normal in the other 3 patients. The distribution of abnormalities on 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT and 18F-FDG PET/CT scans was similar in 9 patients (2 SMC, 2 amnestic MCI, 2 prodromic AD, and 3 AD). In 6 patients (1 amnestic MCI, 2 prodromic AD, and 3 AD), FDG hypometabolism was more extensive than the cerebral hypoperfusion. Four patients (1 SMC, 3 amnestic MCI) had an abnormal 18F-FDG PET/CT scan and normal 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT. There were 3 patients (1 SMC, 2 amnestic MCI) with normal 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT and 18F-FDG PET/CT scans. Conclusion 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT and 18F-FDG PET/CT scans showed cerebral hypoperfusion and hypometabolism in patients with cognitive impairment, even in patients with clinical diagnosis of SMC. In patients with a normal cerebral blood flow SPECT, brain glucose cerebral hypometabolism can be detected. In some patients, the extension of FDG hypometabolism is more pronounced than that corresponding to the hypoperfusion area.
Morphological structures of surface groups formed and poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-binder materials dispersed on the PVDF-bonded graphite composite electrode were investigated in terms of fractal geometry using cyclic voltammetry combined with Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM). When a fractal surface has single fractal geometry consisting of binder materials only, the overall fractal dimension was determined to be 1.82 from cyclic voltammetry based upon the peak current–scan rate relation, which is just the same in value as the individual fractal dimension of binder materials determined from KFM based upon the perimeter–area relation. By contrast, when a fractal surface has multifractal geometry composed of surface groups and binder materials, the overall fractal dimension was determined to be 1.77 from cyclic voltammetry. But the individual fractal dimensions were determined from KFM to distinguish the fractal dimension (1.70) of surface groups from that fractal dimension (1.82) of binder materials. The overall fractal dimension determined from cyclic voltammetry is just the average of the two individual fractal dimensions determined from KFM.
We use confocal μ-Raman spectroscopy to characterize the local microstructure of SiOx particles that are composed of amorphous and crystalline phase and to understand its effects on electrochemical reactions. Particles of bare SiOx (x∼1) consist of an inhomogeneous mixture of a-Si and c-Si; some particles mainly have a-Si phase but others consist mainly of micro-sized crystalline Si phase. In contrast, particles of C-coated SiOx are composed of uniform nano-sized crystalline Si embedded in a-SiO2 matrix with small amounts of a-Si. The two samples had different electrochemical properties due to this difference in microstructure. Initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and capacity retention were higher in the C-coated SiOx than in the bare SiOx. The findings demonstrate that confocal μ-Raman spectroscopy is very useful tool for characterizing the microstructure of SiOx and the understanding of local microstructures of SiOx is very important for understanding electrochemical reactions.
Li-rich layered oxides are of great potential to promote the development of cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. In this work, the Li-rich layered Li(Li0.17Ni0.2Co0.05Mn0.58)O2 (LNCMO) oxides are synthesized by a co-precipitation method followed by a solid-state reaction. Amorphous LiAlSiO4 (LAS) material is used to modify the LNCMO material via a sol-gel method. The structure and morphology of pristine and LAS-coated materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Infrared radiation (IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) detection confirm the existence of LAS. All the peaks in XPS standing for Co2p, Ni2p and Mn2p move slightly to higher binding energy after coating with LAS, implying the activation of the cathode materials surface layer by LAS. The sample modified with optimized amount (2wt.%) of LAS presents obviously improved initial coulombic efficiency, cyclic capacity, high rate performance and cycle stability. It can deliver high discharge capacity of 173.3mAhg−1 at 5C rate with a capacity retention of 84.59% after 200 cycles which is much higher than that (147.6mAhg−1, 79.13% after 100 cycles) of the pristine material. The LAS-coated samples also present superior thermal stability proved by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The improvement of the electrochemical performance and thermal stability are attributed to the LAS amorphous coating films that can remarkably inhibit the change of the structure, activate the cathode and offer the fast Li-ion diffusion pathways.
The electrochemical properties of a Na2FeP2O7 positive electrode were investigated in the ionic liquid sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (NaFSA)–N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (C3C1pyrrFSA). A stable charge–discharge behavior was obtained over the temperature range 253–363K. The cell offered nearly a one-electron theoretical capacity of about 90 mAh g−1 at 298–363K. The rate capability showed considerable enhancement with increasing temperature, delivering 50 mAh g−1 at a very high rate of 4000mAg−1 (ca. 41C) at 363K. Furthermore, the Na2FeP2O7 positive electrode demonstrated excellent cyclability, exceeding 300 cycles, in terms of both capacity retention and coulombic efficiency at 298–363K, as only negligible capacity fade (<1%) was observed. This good performance over a wide temperature range will meet the requirements of the versatile applications expected for Na secondary batteries.
Based on the re-construction idea of carbon nanomaterials, novel folding re-constructed carbon nanosheets (re-CNSs) with unique microstructure and higher lithium-ion storage capacity than prototype graphite powders are prepared. The nanoscale carbon-fragment suspension is firstly prepared through a successive chemical oxidation of graphite and ultrasonic crushing operation, and the re-CNS powders are then obtained by spray drying the suspension and a subsequent high-temperature reducing process. The as-prepared re-CNSs exhibit a folding appearance with a width of several micrometers, with a maximum initial specific capacity of 903mAhg−1 for the re-CNSs sample thermally reduced at 500°C (re-CNSs500). After 100 cycles, the reversible capacity is maintained at about 400mAhg−1 for the re-CNSs500. The abundant carboxylic and hydroxide groups, edges, and defective sites of individual graphite oxide fragments facilitate the dislocation formation in the re-CNSs. In addition, a dislocation mechanism is thus used to describe the enhanced lithium-ion storage.
We introduce 2-(triphenylphosphoranylidene) succinic anhydride (TPSA) as a lithium (Li) metal anode surface-stabilizing electrolyte additive for improving the cycle performance of Li metal secondary batteries. We verified that TPSA is readily decomposed on Li metal anodes before the decomposition of liquid electrolytes, and forms stable surface layers, i.e., a solid electrolyte interface (SEI). Consequently, TPSA was found to improve the cycle performance of unit cells consisting of LiCoO2/Li metal. The unit cells containing 3wt.% of TPSA retain 85% of the initial discharge capacity after 100 cycles, whereas the unit cells that do not contain TPSA showed catastrophic failure after only 50 cycles. Each unit cell was operated at C/2 rate (0.8mAcm−2) in the voltage range 3.0–4.2V vs. Li/Li+. The TPSA-derived SEI suppresses continuous electrolyte decomposition, and thereby Li dendrite formation as well. The effect of TPSA was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Idiopathic hypothalamic dysfunction is a rare disorder presenting at age 3-7 years. Severe hypothalamic and brainstem dysfunction leads to death in 25% of patients. The disease is presumed to be autoimmune, or in some cases paraneoplastic. No successful treatment has been reported. Patient V. developed hyperphagia, hypersomnia, and extreme aggression at age 7 years, accompanied by episodes of hyperthermia, hypothermia, sinus bradycardia, hypernatremia, hyponatremia, persistent hyperprolactinemia, hypothyroidism, and growth-hormone deficiency. At age 9 years, a diagnosis of idiopathic hypothalamic dysfunction was rendered, and immunoglobulin therapy was commenced. Nine courses of immunoglobulins, at a dose of 2 g/kg every 4 weeks, were administered. Reproducible improvements in behavior and no further episodes of hyponatremia or hypernatremia and sinus bradycardia were evident. The endocrinologic abnormalities and poor thermoregulation remained. Administration of immunoglobulins during late stages of idiopathic hypothalamic dysfunction led to improvement in some but not all signs. Assuming an autoimmune basis for this disorder, treatment during early stages of disease should be more effective. To facilitate such early treatment, increased awareness of this disorder is necessary, to allow for early diagnosis.
An efficient and safe operation of lithium ion battery packs for electric and hybrid electric vehicles requires maintaining the operating temperature of battery packs within the optimum range. This paper models and assesses the performance of an ammonia boiling based battery thermal management system to maintain the operating temperature of possible future ammonia based hybrid electric vehicles within the optimum operating range. A battery pack design of an ammonia boiling based thermal management systems is proposed, modeled and analyzed. In the proposed design, the batteries are partially submerged in a liquid ammonia pool, and the ammonia pool boils through absorbing part of the heat generated by the battery at the surface submerged in the liquid ammonia. This cools the battery and produces ammonia vapor. The ammonia vapor cools the unsubmerged part of the battery through forced convection heat transfer. The generated ammonia vapor passes to the vehicle electrical generator, where it is used to produce electrical energy for driving the vehicle or charging the batteries. The performance of the each proposed design is assessed for various design parameters, for a 600 s discharging and charging cycle at a high rate of 4C. The results show that the ammonia boiling based battery thermal management system performs better than liquid and air cooling systems. The electrical energy use of the proposed system is nearly negligible compared to that for liquid and forced air cooling systems.
Electric energy storage is probably the first viable for households since they pay the highest electricity tariffs, being a factor four higher than bulk electricity prices. The attractiveness depends on the subsidy systems (if existing), the electricity price and the purchase cost of a PV installation and a battery system. Since the electricity price may not remain constant during the lifetime of the storage system, a financial cash flow calculation is needed including discount rate and inflation. In this research the optimal PV-battery system is determined as a function of the remuneration (discerning a subsidised region, a “market” price region and no fees at all), the investment year (2012, 2017 and 2021) and the electricity price increase rate (0%, 4%, 6%) (including the general inflation rate). The analysis is based on available battery energy storage systems on the market and on real household measurement data. All these degrees of freedom secure the accuracy of the analysis. The article shows also the battery throughput cost with a direct comparison to the electricity cost. It becomes clear that batteries can already be cost-effective today without subsidies and irrespective of the electricity price increase, but without a return on investment if the electricity price does not increase more than the inflation. An investor cannot recommend batteries today. However, if the electricity price increases with 4% than batteries become quickly attractive and do not need subsidies.
In the present NONA immune longitudinal study, we investigate the previously identified Immune Risk Profile (IRP), defined by an inverted CD4/CD8 ratio and associated with persistent cytomegalovirus infection and increased numbers of CD8+CD28− cells, relative 6-year survival and age in NONA individuals. These subjects have now reached age 92, 96, and for the first time in this study, 100 years at follow-up. A 55 year old middle-aged group was used for comparison. Immunological monitoring included the analysis of numbers of lymphocytes and neutrophils, the T-cell subsets CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, CD8+CD28+, CD8+CD28−, and the CD4/CD8 ratio. Longitudinal data were analysed by multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) from four measurement occasions at 2-year inter-intervals. One-way ANOVA was used for cross-sectional comparisons at baseline and the 6-year follow-up. The results confirmed the importance of the IRP as a major predictor of mortality in this population of very old. Moreover, the results suggested that survival to the age of 100 years is associated with selection of individuals with an “inverted” IRP that was stable across time, i.e., maintenance of a high CD4/CD8 ratio and low numbers of CD8+CD28− cells. The results underlines the importance of a longitudinal study design in dissecting immune parameters predictive of survival and show for the first time that centenarian status is associated with avoidance of the IRP over at least the previous 6 years and probably throughout life.
This paper presents a new and simple method for high-rate performance of PANI/Co3O4–CuO (PANI/MO–M′O′) raspberry via the sol–gel method and compares structural and electrochemical characteristics of both Co3O4–CuO (MO–M′O′) nanomatrix and PANI/MO–M′O′ raspberry nanoarray. Using the PANI/MO–M′O′ raspberry-inspired anode in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) resulted in the improved electrochemical performances of cycling stability, discharge capacity, and rate capability compared with the MO–M′O′ nanomatrix. In addition, regarding anode material for LIBs, PANI/MO–M′O′ anode presented the specific capacity of 455.34 mAh g−1 at the current density of 1.0 A g−1 after 60 cycles. Further, the PANI/MO–M′O′ nanoarray produced a satisfied discharge capacity of 311.22 mAh g−1 at a density of 3.0 A g−1, as well as an appropriate cycle stability and rate capability. Finally, the improved electrochemical property of this unique organic–inorganic heterostructure (PANI/MO–M′O′ raspberry design) can be related to the avoid aggregation, an effective electric contact, improved electrochemical stability, and a lower charge-transfer resistance during cycling performance. These advantages are mainly because of the novel catalytic role of the PANI electron transfer in the PANI/MO–M′O′ raspberry as a new anode material.
A Si–Ni alloy and graphite composite is synthesized by arc-melting followed by high-energy mechanical milling. The alloy particles consist of an electrochemically active silicon phase with inactive phases such as NiSi2 and NiSi distributed uniformly on the surface of the graphite. The inactive phases can accommodate the large volume changes of Si during cycling of the composite as an anode material for lithium batteries. The cycle-life of the composite increases with increase in Si content. A large reversible capacity (about 800mAhg−1) and good cycleability suggest that the composite may prove to be an alternative to conventional graphite-based anode materials for lithium-ion secondary batteries.
Two non-flammable electrolytes 1 M LiPF6 in sulfolane (TMS) + 5 wt% VC and 0.7 M lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (LiNTf2) in N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (MePrPyrNTf2) + 10 wt% gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) were tested with Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) as highly promising anode material for application in lithium-ion batteries. The results were compared for the titanium anode in the classic electrolyte: 1 M LiPF6 in propylene carbonate + dimethyl carbonate (PC + DMC, 1:1). The performances of LTO/electrolyte/Li cell were tested using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charge/discharge and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM images of electrodes and those taken after electrochemical cycling showed changes which may be interpreted as a result of solid-state interface formation. Good charge/discharge capacities and low capacity loss at medium C rates preliminary cycling was obtained for the Li4Ti5O12 anode. For LTO/1 M LiPF6 in PC + DMC/Li system, the best capacity was obtained at C/10 and C/3 (145 and 154 mAh g−1, respectively). In the case of a system working on the basis of a TMS solution (1 M LiPF6 in TMS + 5 wt% VC) the best value was obtained at a C/5 current and an average of more than 150 mAh g−1 (86 % of theoretical capacity). For the 0.7 M LiNTf2 in MePrPyrNTf2 + 10 wt% GBL electrolyte, the highest capacitance value (at C/20 current) of about 150 mAh g−1 was observed. The 1 M LiPF6 in TMS + 5 wt% VC and 0.7 M LiNTf2 in MePrPyrNTf2 + 10 wt% GBL electrolytes had a relatively broad thermal stability range and no decomposition peak was observed below 150 °C.
Charge–discharge performance of all-solid-state Li/S batteries using several solid electrolytes to enhance energy density is investigated at 25 °C. The sulfur content in the positive composite electrode is 50 wt%. A correlation between the P/S ratio in a solid electrolyte and the reactivity of sulfur is observed. The capacity of a positive composite electrode using a Li1.5PS3.3{60Li2S–40P2S5(mol%)} electrolyte is 1096 mAh g−1 under 6.4 mA cm−2 at 25 °C. This value is much higher than the capacity for a Li4.0PS4.5{80Li2S–20P2S5} electrolyte (565 mAh g−1), although the ionic conductivity of Li1.5PS3.3 was lower than Li4.0PS4.5 (2 × 10−5 S cm−1, 5 × 10−4 S cm−1, respectively).
We evaluate poly(acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (AMAC) as a water-based binder for the graphite anode of Li-ion batteries. It is shown that AMAC has a similar bonding ability as the conventional poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) binder, and that the graphite electrodes bonded by AMAC and PVDF have nearly the same cyclability. Advantages of AMAC binder include: (1) it assists in forming a more conductive solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the surface of graphite and (2) organic liquid electrolyte exhibits better penetration on the AMAC-bonded electrode. Impedance analysis shows that formation of the SEI on the surface of graphite includes two stages. The first stage takes place above 0.15V and the second stage between 0.15 and 0.04V. The SEI formed in the first stage is relatively resistive, while that formed in the second stage is highly conductive. For the first stage, the presence of AMAC may enhance the conductivity of the SEI. We performed a storage test on the AMAC-bonded graphite by monitoring the change of open-circuit voltage (OCV) of fully lithiated Li/graphite cells and by comparing their capacity change before and after storage. We observed that OCV of the cell increased gradually, and that capacity loss during the storage recovered in the subsequent lithiation process. Therefore, the OCV increase could be considered a self-delithiation process, which does not consume permanently Li+ ions.
Objective To investigate the impact of objective cognitive impairment, negative affect, and fatigue on cognitive complaint in a postacute (mean=6.64±1.32mo) sample of patients with ischemic stroke. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Specialized stroke units at major metropolitan hospitals. Participants Patients with first-ever ischemic stroke (N=25) aged between 50 and 85 years with relatively good neurologic recovery (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ≤7) during the postacute period. Participants were excluded from the study if there was a documented history of psychiatric illness, neurologic disease, dementia, or a moderate or severe aphasia. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Cognitive complaint as measured by the A-B Neuropsychological Assessment Schedule. Results Ninety percent of the patients reported some level of cognitive difficulty in everyday life. Fatigue, cognitive slowing, memory difficulties, and poor concentration were the most frequently reported complaints. More than half of all participants had significant impairment in at least 1 cognitive domain after their stroke. A standard multiple regression was performed to evaluate the relative impact of negative affect, fatigue, and objective cognitive functioning on subjective cognitive complaint. This model accounted for 61% of the variance in total subjective cognitive complaint (R=.78, F3,21=10.96, P<.001), with depression being the only variable to make a significant independent contribution to the prediction of subjective cognitive complaint. Conclusions Cognitive complaints are reported by almost all patients after a stroke. Although 50% of the participants had objective evidence of a cognitive impairment, neither objective cognitive impairment nor fatigue predicted cognitive complaint independently of negative affect. Clinicians who receive reports of cognitive complaints in the postacute period after stroke should be alert to the possibility of psychological distress in their patient.
Automobile exhaust thermoelectric generation technology is an effective way to recover the waste heat from exhaust gas. In order to minimize electricity cost in commercial vehicles (CVs), a hybrid energy system consisting of a thermoelectric generator (TEG), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery pack, lead-acid battery pack, and thermoelectric coolers (TECs) is proposed. In addition, an energy management strategy (EMS) based on state machine is developed to satisfy TECs power demand, ensure that the TEG works mostly in the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mode, and maintain the state of charge (SOC) of the battery within a suitable range under different operating states. The hybrid system model of the CV is constructed with the mathematical model, and then the virtual platform is built to assess the performance of the proposed EMS under the modified Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWFET) driving cycle. A road test is conducted to further verify the reliability of the proposed EMS. The road test results show that the power consumption by TECs is reduced by 45.8% compared with the traditional air conditioner.
Molybdenum, for the first time, was used as a new type of sulfur host for lithium-sulfur batteries and exhibited outstanding electrochemical performance, even over traditional porous carbon hosts. A Mo-S composite, with 80 wt% sulfur loading, delivered reversible capacities of 1003 mAh g−1 after 130 cycles at 0.1 C, and 786 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 5.0 C. Further analysis using in situ X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, and density functional theory calculations demonstrated that the Mo surface can not only effectively trap polysulfides, but also catalytically decompose polysulfides and Li2S.