batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) is a metabolically stable analog of N-acetylglutamate that activates carbamyl phosphate synthase-1, a key arginine synthesis enzyme in enterocytes. It is a promising feed additive in swine in China. In this study, we assessed the acute and sub-acute toxicity of NCG in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. All rats survived until they were killed at a scheduled time point. No adverse effects or mortality was observed following acute oral administration of 5000 mg/kg NCG to SD rats. No biologically significant or test substance-related differences were observed in body weights, feed consumption, clinical signs, a functional observational battery, organ weights, histopathology, ophthalmology, hematology, coagulation, and clinical chemistry parameters in any of the treatment groups in sub-acute doses of NCG at target concentrations corresponding to 500, 2000, and 3000 mg/kg/day for 28 days neither. In addition, no evidence of mutagenicity or genotoxicity was found, either in vitro in bacterial reverse mutation assay or in vivo in mice bone marrow micronucleus assay and sperm shape abnormality assay. On the basis of our findings, we conclude that NCG is a non-toxic substance with no genotoxicity.
In this paper, structural configuration of layered Li-ion battery electrode plates is evaluated by analytically formulating the diffusion induced stress. Both symmetric electrode and asymmetric bilayer electrode are discussed. The thickness ratio and the modulus ratio of current collector to active plate are analytically identified to be the important influence parameters on the stress. Applying a material with smaller elastic modulus for current collector could reduce the peak stresses in both current collector and active plate. Increasing the thickness of current collector would reduce the stress in itself while promote the stress in active plate. Therefore, from mechanical viewpoint on designing an electrode, the material for current collector should be as soft and flexible as possible. And the thickness of current collector should be in an appropriate range. Basically, it should be as small as possible on the precondition that the mechanical strength is satisfied. Finally, effects of three charging conditions, i.e. uniform, galvanostatic, and potentiostatic, on the diffusion induced stress is discussed. It is found the maximum stresses for three cases are linear to the total amount of intercalated lithium ions. Based on the stresses, an optimized charging operation, i.e. first galvanostatic followed by potentiostatic, is suggested.
The potential of using wearable technologies for the objective assessment of motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD) has gained prominence recently. Nonetheless, compared to tremor and gait impairment, less emphasis has been placed on the quantification of bradykinesia and rigidity. This review aimed to consolidate the existing research on objective measurement of bradykinesia and rigidity in PD through the use of wearables, focusing on the continuous monitoring of these two symptoms in free-living environments. A search of PubMed was conducted through a combination of keyword and MeSH searches. We also searched the IEEE, Google Scholar, Embase, and Scopus databases to ensure thorough results and to minimize the chances of missing relevant studies. Papers published after the year 2000 with sample sizes greater than five were included. Studies were assessed for quality and information was extracted regarding the devices used and their location on the body, the setting and duration of the study, the “gold standard” used as a reference for validation, the metrics used, and the results of each paper. Thirty-one and eight studies met the search criteria and evaluated bradykinesia and rigidity, respectively. Several studies reported strong associations between wearable-based measures and the gold-standard references for bradykinesia, and, to a lesser extent, rigidity. Only a few, pilot studies investigated the measurement of bradykinesia and rigidity in the home and free-living settings. While the current results are promising for the future of wearables, additional work is needed on their validation and adaptation in ecological, free-living settings. Doing so has the potential to improve the assessment and treatment of motor fluctuations and symptoms of PD more generally through real-time objective monitoring of bradykinesia and rigidity.
Background: A fully dimensional model of psychosis implies that psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) connect the entire psychosis spectrum. Three types of self-reported PLEs—persecutory ideation, bizarre experiences, and perceptual abnormalities—are commonly found in the general population. This study assessed the construct, predictive, and incremental validity of self-reported PLEs in youth at clinical high risk for psychotic disorders (CHR). Methods: Self-report data on PLEs (community assessment of psychic experiences; CAPE) were collected from 105 CHR youth (mage = 19.3). Interview measures of attenuated psychotic symptoms and self-report measures of psychosis proneness, depression, and anxiety were collected at baseline and 12-month follow-up (n = 70 at follow-up). Factor, cross-sectional, and longitudinal analyses examined relationships between study variables. Results: Self-reported PLEs were best represented by the same three factors found in the general population: persecutory ideation, bizarre experiences, and perceptual abnormalities. Cross-sectionally, PLEs—particularly persecutory ideation—correlated with interview-rated attenuated psychotic symptoms and self-reported psychosis proneness, depression, and anxiety. Longitudinally, baseline PLEs trended toward predicting 12-month change in positive attenuated psychotic symptoms (r = .29, pFDR = .058). Incrementally, baseline PLEs predicted 12-month change in positive and disorganized symptoms, when accounting for the effect of baseline positive symptoms and demographics. Conclusions: Three types of PLEs were valid in this CHR sample. Self-reported PLEs may be used not only to screen individuals for inclusion in the CHR classification, but also to characterize individuals within this population. Self-reported PLEs may help to forecast which CHR individuals will progress toward psychotic illness.
Selenium/carbon-rich (Se/carbon-rich) core–shell composites are prepared by a one-step hydrothermal synthesis method as a cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries. The Se/carbon-rich composites are characterized and examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetry (TGA) measurements. It is demonstrated from galvanostatic discharge/charge process that the Se/carbon-rich composites exhibit the discharge capacity of 558 mA h g−1 in the first cycle and maintain capacity of 181 mA h g−1 after 80 cycles at a rate of 0.5C, which is better than that of the pristine selenium. The result demonstrates that the unique core–shell structure is effective in suppressing the dissolution of polyselenides into the electrolyte and in maintaining high utilization of the active materials during the charge/discharge process. It provides a new selenium-based cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries.
A porous material composed of nano-columnar Tetra-β-(4-nitro) yttrium phthalocyanine (TNY-Pc) with a sandwich-type layered structure is synthesized and characterized as a negative electrode for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. The X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy measurement confirmed that the sandwich layer structure has a stable interlayer spacing of 3.07 Å. The TNY-Pc negative electrode is stable during charge/discharge, and the lithium cell with the TNY-Pc negative electrode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 730 mAh g−1 with a high initial coulombic efficiency of 96%; the capacity remains 610 mAh g−1 after 1150 cycles. The cell shows a good rate performance with a capacity of 370 mAh g−1 at 3 A g−1. The XRD, TEM and XPS analysis results suggest that N=O double bond on a substituted nitro group of phthalocyanine ring and C=C double bond on phthalocyanine conjugate structure are the two major contributors to the large capacity of lithium intercalation.
The intermittent wind power in a stand-alone microgrid power system may cause a serious problem of frequency fluctuation. Energy storage (ES) such as a battery, super capacitor, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) etc., can be used to reduce the frequency fluctuation. However, ES is extremely expensive especially for developing countries. They still prefer to minimize the use of battery or apply cheaper technology to suppress the frequency oscillation such as controllable load. This paper proposes the design of robust PI controllable load to stabilize frequency fluctuation in a remote microgrid power system. The proposed controller is a conventional first-order PI controller. To guarantee the robustness of the proposed PI controller, an inverse additive perturbation is formulated as an optimization problem and a genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to tune and optimize the proposed PI control parameters. Simulation studies have been done to verify the performance and robustness of the proposed robust PI controllable load on remote hybrid wind-diesel power system against various disturbances and system uncertainties.
The influence of the hyperbranched polymer (HBP) structure such as molecular weights, molecular weight distribution, chain-end, ethylene oxide (EO) chain lengths on the ionic conductivity of the composite polymer electrolytes composed of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), BaTiO3 as a ceramic filler, LiN(CF3SO2)2 as a lithium salt, and HBP as a plasticizer were investigated. The difference in the molecular weights of the HBP did not affect significantly the ionic conductivity. However, molecular weight distribution of the HBP might affect the ionic conductivity of the composite polymer electrolyte, which decreased with broadening of the molecular weight distribution. Further branching at the chain-end structure in the HBP led to a decrease in the ionic conductivity. The HBP with a longer EO chain length was effective to an enhancement of the ionic conductivity.
Monoclinic lithium vanadium phosphate/carbon (Li3V2(PO4)3/C) cathode has been synthesized for applications in lithium ion batteries, via a rheological phase reaction (RPR) method. The sample is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This material exhibits high initial discharge capacity of 189 and 177mAhg−1 at 0.1 and 0.2C between 3.0 and 4.8V, respectively. Moreover, it displays good fast rate performance, which discharge capacities of 140, 133, 129 and 124mAhg−1 can be delivered after 100 cycles between 3.0 and 4.8V vs. Li at a different rate of 0.5, 1, 2 and 5C, respectively. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is also investigated.
Investigation of reactions that determine safety properties of LIB cells is key for understanding degradation (aging) effects of the cell system e.g. via deciphering thermally induced reactions of active materials. In this study, an approach is conducted to determine thermal profiles of anodes and cathodes at different states of charge (SOCs) after electrochemical aging. Thermal profiling is performed using three different methods to determine temperature-related loss of mass, detection of m/z, and heat flow. After determination of thermal profiles, detailed analysis using pyrolysis-GC-MS is accomplished. Main points that were concluded from this study are that electrophilic lithiated anodes show intense decomposition behavior and reactions with electron-rich binder molecules. Moreover, it is possible to prove thermally induced de-lithiation as it was suggested before. De-lithiated cathodes (layered material) are prone to phase changes which can be obtained via detection of distinct oxygen release. Different decomposition properties of the solid electrolyte interphase is obtained depending on the SOC. The cathode electrolyte interphase exposes a SOC-dependent detection behavior; oligocarbonates are obtained for SOC 100%, solely CO2 at high temperatures (>515 °C) for SOC 0%. Eventually, we provide a set of methods for thermal profiling to unravel reactions that determine safety properties of LIBs.
The field of energy textiles is growing but continues to face two main challenges: (1) flexible energy storage does not yet exist in a form that is directly comparable with everyday fabrics including their feel, drape and thickness, and (2) in order to produce an “energy textile” as part of a garment, it must be fabricated in a systematic manner allowing for multiple components of e-textiles to be integrated simultaneously. To help address these issues, we have developed textile supercapacitors based on knitted carbon fibers and activated carbon ink. We show capacitances as high as 0.51 F cm−2 per device at 10 mV s−1, which is directly comparable with those of standard activated carbon film electrodes tested under the same conditions. We also demonstrate the performance of the device when bent at 90°, 135°, 180° and when stretched. This is the first report on knitting as a fabrication technique for integrated energy storage devices.
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-LiAsF6 polymer electrolytes plasticized with dibutyl phthalate in different mole ratios have been studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and a.c. impedance spectroscopy. The complexation has been confirmed from XRD and IR studies. A maximum room temperature conductivity (3.938×10−5 S cm−1) has been observed for PVC: LiAsF6: DBP (10:5:85 mol%) complex. The log σ vs. 1/T plots (σ=electrical conductivity; T=temperature) show Arrhenius behaviour. The activation energy is estimated and the results are discussed.
Tin dioxide (SnO2) is one of the most promising anode materials for the next generation Li-ion batteries due to its high capacity. To solve the problems caused by the large volume change (over 300%) and the aggregation of the tin particles formed during cycling, nano SnO2/C composites are proved to be ideal anode materials for high performance Li-ion batteries. However, it is still a challenge to disperse ultrasmall (<6nm) SnO2 nanoparticles with uniform size in carbon matrix. Here, we report a facile hydrothermal way to get such optimized nano SnO2/C composite, in which well dispersed ultrasmall SnO2 nanocrystals (3∼5nm) are embedded in a conductive carbon matrix. With this anode, we demonstrate a high stable capacity of 928mAhg−1 based on the total mass of the composite at a current density of 500mAg−1. At high current density of 2Ag−1, this composite anode shows a capacity of 853mAhg−1 in the first charge, in such high current density, we can even get a capacity retention of more than 91% (779mAhg−1) after 1000 cycles.
In part A of this review, we have introduced the progress of the research and the application status of unitized regenerative proton exchange membrane fuel cells. In addition to this Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)-based Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell (URFC), other URFC technologies with different electrolytes have also been reported in the literature, which form the basis for emphasis in this part of the review. Unitized Regenerative Alkaline Fuel Cells (UR-AFC) have long been utilized for aerospace applications, while the recent development of Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) has stimulated their further development, especially on the AEM-based UR-AFCs. Vast research works have been reported on the bifunctional oxygen catalyst development, while the latest UR-AFC prototypes are also being briefly introduced. Despite their potential cost-efficiency and better reactivity, cell performance and round-trip efficiency of the current UR-AFCs are still lower than their PEM-based counterparts. Unitized regenerative solid oxide fuel cell, which is more commonly cited as Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (RSOFC), is a high-temperature URFC technology with superior performance and reversibility. Review works conducted on this type of URFC are separated into two categories, that is, RSOFC with oxygen ion conducting electrolyte and RSOFC with proton ion conducting electrolyte. Despite the highest efficiency among various URFC technologies, the application of RSOFCs, however, is restricted by their limited long-term stability and poor cycle ability. Unitized regenerative microfluidic fuel cell, also referred to as the reversible microfluidic fuel cell, is a newly-emerging URFC research trend which benefits a lot from its membraneless configuration. However, limited research works have been conducted on this new technology.
This paper presents a case study of photovoltaic (PV) system design at Hwangji Youchang facility in Korea, to power an electrical aerator for natural purification of acid mine drainage. The aerator was designed as 13 units with air flow capacity of 60 L/min at the oxidation pond by considering the characteristics of incoming drainage. Site evaluation was conducted to identify a suitable location. The resulting PV system capacity was designed as 30.1 kW by considering monthly power consumption (342.39 kWh/month), safety factor of 5, and winter solar irradiance. Electricity production from the PV system was simulated via SAM software. The simulation results indicate that the PV system can generate at least 3016 kWh/month, which is sufficient to operate the 13 units of the aerator. The procedure has broad relevance for designing off-grid PV applications, particularly mining facilities that are often situated in remote locations.
Bioassay guided fractionation of an antimycobacterial extract of Arracacia tolucensis var. multifida (Umbelliferae) led to the isolation of isoimperatorin (1), osthol (2), suberosin (3), 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) (4), herniarin (5), scoparone (6), umbelliferone (7), dihydroxypeucedanin (8), 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) (9), isoscopoletin (10) and scopoletin (11). The isolates were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and only 1–4 showed significant activity with MIC values of 64, 32, 16 and 128μg/mL, respectively. The essential oil showed moderate in vitro antibacterial activity against representative Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The volatile oil of Arracacia tolucensis var. multifida was analyzed by GC–MS and found to be composed mainly by 2 and 3. The essential oil (IC50 =116.4±23.2μg/mL) and the extract (IC50 =1153.1±53.2μg/mL) of the plant provoked concentration dependent inhibition of the tone and amplitude of the guinea-pig ileum spontaneous contractions; the latter activity was related with the high coumarin content of this species. A suitable (novel and rapid) HPLC method to quantify the major active coumarins of the plant was developed. The method provides also a reproducible fingerprint useful for identity tests of this plant.
Indoor air quality (IAQ) parameters are not only directly related to occupational health but also have a significant impact on quality of life as people typically spend more than 90% of their time in indoor environments. Although IAQ is not usually monitored, it must be perceived as a relevant issue to follow up for the inhabitants’ well-being and comfort for enhanced living environments and occupational health. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has a substantial influence on public health and can be used as an essential index of IAQ. CO2 levels over 1000 ppm, indicates an indoor air potential problem. Monitoring CO2 concentration in real-time is essential to detect IAQ issues to quickly intervene in the building. The continuous technological advances in several areas such as Ambient Assisted Living and the Internet of Things (IoT) make it possible to build smart objects with significant capabilities for sensing and connecting. This paper presents the iAirCO2 system, a solution for CO2 real-time monitoring based on IoT architecture. The iAirCO2 is composed of a hardware prototype for ambient data collection and a Web and smartphone software for data consulting. In future, it is planned that these data can be accessed by doctors in order to support medical diagnostics. Compared to other solutions, the iAirCO2 is based on open-source technologies, providing a total Wi-Fi system, with several advantages such as its modularity, scalability, low-cost, and easy installation. The results reveal that the system can generate a viable IAQ appraisal, allowing to anticipate technical interventions that contribute to a healthier living environment.
Electrode/electrolyte interface depth profiling was performed on lithiated graphite and delithiated lithium iron phosphate electrodes after electrochemical cycling in a balanced full cell configuration containing a carbonate based LiPF6 electrolyte. The profiling was performed by synchrotron radiation based hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, HAXPES, and soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, SOXPES. In this way, the probing depth was varied over a wide range in the order of 2–50nm. Both more surface and more bulk sensitive investigations than possible using traditional in-house X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) could thus be performed. The composition and morphology of the lithiated graphite anode/electrolyte interface (solid electrolyte interphase, SEI) and the delithiated lithium iron phosphate cathode/electrolyte interface (solid permeable interface, SPI) were compared. In the vicinity of the highly reductive graphite active material in the SEI, low binding energy components like Li2O were found while no obvious composition gradients were observed in the SPI. Both in the cathode SPI and the anode SEI, significant amounts of C–O and P–F containing compounds were found to deposit during cycling. Evidence for mixing of the porous binder and other SEI/SPI components was observed in both the anode and cathode electrode/electrolyte interfaces. The lithiated graphite SEI was estimated to be of the order of two tens of nanometers, while the cathode SPI thickness was estimated to a few nanometers only.
Winter is a challenging period for aquatic research—weather is uncomfortable, ice is hazardous, equipment fails, and daylength is short. Consequently, until recently relatively little research on freshwater fishes has included winter. Telemetry methods for tracking fish and observing movement behavior are an obvious solution to working in harsh conditions because much of the data can be collected remotely, and passive methods collect data year-round without winter maintenance. Yet, many telemetry studies do not collect data during winter or, if they do, only report data from the ice-free seasons while the remaining data are unused. Here, we briefly summarize the advantages and limitations of using telemetry methods in winter, including acoustic and radio telemetry and passive integrated transponder technology, then review the range of questions related to fish ecology, behavior, bioenergetics, and habitat use that can be addressed in winter using telemetry. Our goals are to highlight the untapped potential of winter fish biology and to motivate scientists to revisit their four-season telemetry data and incorporate objectives specific to winter biology in future study plans.
We show that a high-temperature CCl4 vapor treatment of vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (VA-MWCNTs) grown on silicon substrate allows carefully detach the array from the substrate. Moreover, this procedure partially purifies the VA-MWCNTs from the residual iron catalyst. To improve electrical connectivity of free-standing VA-MWCNTs in an electrochemical cell, the array was placed between the layers of Ni foam. Such assembly demonstrated the better performance in Li-battery as compared to the disordered MWCNTs. After 50 cycles, the specific capacity of VA-MWCNT array synthesized from 0.5 wt% ferrocene solution in toluene was 350 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, while the battery with the disordered MWCNTs achieved 197 mAh g−1 only. By the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the higher capacity of VA-MWCNTs was attributed to larger surface area available for electrolyte and Li ions due to the absence of binder coating.