batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) exhibits high theoretical capacities when used as a cathode in lithium ion batteries (LIBs), but its application is limited by its structural instability as well as its low lithium and electronic conductivities. A porous composite of V2O5-SnO2/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was prepared by a hydrothermal method and followed by thermal treatment. The small particles of V2O5, their porous structure and the coexistence of SnO2 and CNTs can all facilitate the diffusion rates of the electrons and lithium ions. Electrochemical impedance spectra indicated higher ionic and electric conductivities, as compared to commercial V2O5. The V2O5-SnO2/CNTs composite gave a reversible discharge capacity of 198 mAh·g−1 at the voltage range of 2.05–4.0 V, measured at a current rate of 200 mA·g−1, while that of the commercial V2O5 was only 88 mAh·g−1, demonstrating that the porous V2O5-SnO2/CNTs composite is a promising candidate for high-performance lithium secondary batteries.
Our aim was to investigate the ability of cadmium to induce programmed cell death in tomato suspension cells and to determine the involvement of proteolysis, oxidative stress and ethylene. Tomato suspension cells were exposed to treatments with CdSO4 and cell death was calculated after fluorescein diacetate staining of the living cells. Ethylene was measured in a flow-through system using a laser-driven photo acoustic detector; hydrogen peroxide was determined by chemiluminescence in a ferricyanide-catalysed oxidation of luminol. We have demonstrated that cadmium induces cell death in tomato suspension cells involving caspase-like proteases, indicating that programmed cell death took place. Using range of inhibitors, we found that cysteine and serine peptidases, oxidative stress, calcium and ethylene are players in the cadmium-induced cell death signaling. Cadmium-induced cell death in tomato suspension cells exhibits morphological and biochemical similarities to plant hypersensitive response and to cadmium effects in animal systems.
Islands’ energy systems present a challenge in energy planning due to a limited amount of resources which could be used to make islands self-sufficient and sustainable. This paper presents a novel approach for defining energy system of a carbon neutral island which utilizes only intermittent renewable energy sources in combination with vehicle-to-grid concept as a demand response technology, where marine transportation has also been taken into account. Integration of power, heating, cooling and transport sectors has been modelled by using EnergyPLAN tool, i.e. its updated November 2017 version which is capable of simulating vehicle-to-grid operation in mentioned conditions. Power supply capacities have been selected not by using scenario analysis but by implementing an optimization procedure based on series of simulations in EnergyPLAN tool. In order to choose the most suitable power supply system configuration, two boundary conditions have been defined. Firstly, only solar and wind capacities must be utilized. Secondly, total electricity import and export must be balanced, i.e. the island has to be CO2 neutral. In order to validate the approach, Croatian Island of Korčula has been used as the case study. 2011 has been selected as the base year for which final energy consumption has been calculated. The final simulation year was set to 2030 in which optimal capacities are installed. It has been shown that configuration with 40 MW of wind and 6 MW of installed solar capacities presents the least cost solution, while 22 MW of wind in combination with 30 MW of installed solar capacities provides the lowest amount of total electricity import and export. Analysis of the vehicle-to-grid share reduction has shown increase in total import and export in both cases, while transmission peak loads have not been influenced.
Silicon electrodes represent a great potential on increasing the energy density of Li-ion batteries, but stabilization during cycling is an important issue to be solved for enabling a reliable application. Such stabilization has been sought for by surface grafting of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) electrodes. Grafting a molecular monolayer of carboxydecyl moieties (acid grafting) or poly(oxoethylene) (PEG) chains decreases the irreversible capacity and stabilizes the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) on a-Si:H. FTIR spectroscopy confirms a breathing behavior of the SEI layer at each step of charge/discharge through in-situ experiments, but also shows that acid grafting reduces this behavior to a large extent. In this way, acid grafting decreases the amount of charge irreversibly consumed for the formation of a spontaneous SEI and stabilizes the SEI along the electrochemical cycles.
Is there a relation between socioeconomic factors and aphasia severity and recovery? Connor, Obler, Tocco, Fitzpatrick, and Albert (2001) describe correlations between the educational level and socioeconomic status of aphasic subjects with aphasia severity and subsequent recovery. As stated in the introduction by Connor et al. (2001), studies of the influence of educational level and literacy (or illiteracy) on aphasia severity have yielded conflicting results, while no significant link between socioeconomic status and aphasia severity and recovery has been established. In this brief note, we will comment on their findings and conclusions, beginning first with a brief review of literacy and aphasia research, and complexities encountered in these fields of investigation. This serves as a general background to our specific comments on Connor et al. (2001), which will be focusing on methodological issues and the importance of taking normative values in consideration when subjects with different socio-cultural or socio-economic backgrounds are assessed.
The −20°C performance of nano-tin-(lithium emeraldine base), i.e. nano-tin-(lithium hemi-oxidized polyaniline), abbreviated as nano-Sn-PAni, anodes was investigated. The rate-limiting process is slow charge-transfer kinetics, rather than poor electrolyte conductivity or a high solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film resistance. Two ionic conductors, i.e. Li+-doped polyethylene oxide (PEO) and 14Li2O–9Al2O3–38TiO2–39P2O5 ((LiAlTiP) x O y ) ceramic powders were incorporated into the anode material to accelerate the interfacial charge-transfer process. The (LiAlTiP) x O y ceramic proved to be much better than doped PEO in improving the low-temperature performance. One nano-Sn-PAni anode material containing 15wt.% (LiAlTiP) x O y gave particularly high initial charge and discharge capacities (795 and 545mAhg−1, respectively) at −20°C.
Anion intercalation into graphite is a central process for energy storage in dual-ion battery cells. Electrochemical investigations show a strong kinetic hindrance of the intercalation process in the first charging cycle and less kinetic hindrance in subsequent cycles. In order to obtain information about the structure and properties of the graphite electrode during cycling and about the origin of the kinetic hindrance, we carried out an in-situ Raman spectroscopy study during the first and second charging/discharging cycle of a dual-ion cell. This cell consisted of a metallic lithium anode, a graphite cathode and a Pyr1,4TFSI/LiTFSI mixture as electrolyte. We show that the TFSI− anion intercalation is not fully reversible, implying that TFSI− anions remain inside the graphite matrix after completion of the first charging/discharging cycle. This is in contrast to the reversible intercalation/deintercalation of cations, like Li+ ions. Remarkably, the TFSI− intercalation leads to enhanced Raman signals, also in stark contrast to Li+ intercalation. We discuss the in-situ Raman spectra in terms of staging phenomena, mechanical strain formation, electronic charge densities, and defects. Furthermore, we show that intercalation-induced defects are self-healing over time. Our results suggest that there is an anti-correlation between the kinetic barrier for TFSI− intercalation in graphite and the number of defects.
Objectives This study sought to analyze the impact of new asymptomatic cerebral ischemic lesions, found in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) after carotid artery stenting (CAS) in relation to other risk factors for major adverse cerebral and cardiovascular events (MACCE) defined as death, stroke, and myocardial infarction. Background After CAS, new cerebral lesions have been reported in up to 70% of patients. The impact of asymptomatic lesions on prognosis after CAS has not been studied. Methods Eight hundred thirty-seven consecutive patients underwent CAS with cerebral embolic protection. In 728 patients (86.9%), a pre- and post-procedural DW-MRI was available; these patients were included in the analyses. Multivariate Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier estimates were performed to identify independent risk factors for MACCE at follow-up. Clinical, procedural, and lesion characteristics and DW-MRI findings were included in the analyses. Results Post-procedure new cerebral ischemic lesions were detected in 32.8% (n = 241) of patients. Fifteen patients (1.79%) had a periprocedural MACCE and were therefore excluded from the analysis. At a mean follow-up of 766.8 ± 513.4 days (range 30 to 2,577 days), MACCE occurred in 45 patients (6.2%). Cox regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier estimates both identified diabetes as the only significant independent risk factor of MACCE. Asymptomatic cerebral lesions after CAS were not associated with MACCE. Conclusions Beyond 30 days, diabetes is the only risk factor of MACCE at follow-up. Asymptomatic cerebral embolic events after CAS had no prognostic impact.
Tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate (TMSP) is investigated as a novel film-forming additive for LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cycling at high cut-off potential in LiPF6-based electrolyte. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) results reveal that TMSP oxidizes prior to the decomposition of carbonate solvents in electrolyte. When TMSP is incorporated into the electrolyte, the electrochemical performance of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 is enhanced significantly. The initial discharge capacity of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode material cycling in the electrolyte with 1% TMSP is increased from 173.4 to 191.0 mAh g−1 compared with that without TMSP between 3.0 and 4.5 V (vs. Li/Li+) at 0.1 C (1 C = 170 mA g−1). In addition, it exhibits a capacity-retention of 90.9% at 1 C after 100 cycles, while that without TMSP is 77.0%. TEM, XPS, and EIS analyses confirm that the film derived from TMSP protects LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 material from eroding by HF effectively, and reduces the interface impedance.
All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) assembled with solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have been regarded as promising next-generation rechargeable batteries with improved safety and high energy densities. However, the Li dendrites and poor Li+ transport greatly inhibit their practical applications when coupled with relatively high loading cathodes. Herein, we combine a glass fiber (GF)-reinforced composite polymer electrolyte based on poly(ethylene oxide) (labeled as PEO@GF) to suppress Li dendrite growth with a freeze-casted vertically-aligned (VL) electrode to facilitate Li+ transport in the high loading cathode. Benefiting from the enhanced mechanical strength and uniformed Li deposition enabled by the implanted GF, the Li–Li symmetric cells exhibit significantly improved cycling stability up to 2000 h (0.2 mA cm−2, 0.2 mAh cm-2) and 1000 h (0.42 mA cm−2, 0.4 mAh cm−2), which are over one order of magnitude longer than those of the pure PEO electrolyte. Furthermore, VL-LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode divides the thick electrode into numerous vertically-aligned “thin electrodes”, which significantly decreases the Li+ transport distance and enables the Li | PEO@GF | VL-LFP cell with a high LFP loading of 10.5 mg cm-2 to deliver a high areal capacity of 1.52 mAh cm−2. The rational structure design of both electrolyte and electrode offers an opportunity for developing high-performance ASSLBs with high active material loadings.
An alkaline polymer electrolyte film has been prepared by a solvent-casting method. Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA is added to improve the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. The ionic conductivity increases from 10−7 to 10−2 Scm−1 at room temperature when the weight percent ratio of poly(ethylene oxide), PEO to PVA is increased from 10:0 to 5:5. The activation energy of the ionic conductivity for the PEO–PVA–KOH polymer electrolyte is 3–8kJmol−1. The properties of the electrolyte film are characterized by a wide variety of techniques and it is found that the film exhibits good mechanical stability and high ionic conductivity at room temperature. The application of such electrolyte films to nickel–metal-hydride (Ni–MH) batteries is examined and the electrochemical characteristics of a polymer Ni–MH battery are obtained.
Body-weight-supported treadmill training (BWSTT) is a treatment method to help patients with incomplete spinal cord injuries to restore the capability to walk again.
Paracoccidioidomycosis is the most important systemic mycosis in South America. In the last decades, it was observed that central nervous system involvement is frequent, occurring in 12.5 % of the cases. The aim of this study was to report the early inflammatory changes associated with an experimental model of neuroparacoccidioidomycosis (NPCM).
In an endeavor to improve the discharge C-rate performance of lithium-ion polymer batteries targeting high-power applications, we develop a novel gel polymer electrolyte-coated separator, which is based on introduction of close-packed poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticle arrays onto a polyethylene (PE) separator. In contrast to a conventional PMMA dense coating layer, a noticeable feature of the PMMA nanoparticle array coating layer is its highly ordered nanoporous structure, i.e. well-connected interstitial voids formed between the close-packed PMMA nanoparticles. This unique morphology allows for not only favorable liquid electrolyte wettability but also facile ionic conduction of the PMMA nanoparticle arrays-coated separator, both of which play crucial roles in improving the discharge C-rate performance of cells assembled with the separator.
Supercapacitors have become the most significant energy conversion and storage system in recent renewable and sustainable nanotechnology. Due to its large energy capacity and supply with relatively short time and longer lifetime, supercapacitors breakthrough in advance energy applications. This review presents a comparative study of different materials, working principles, analysis, applications, advantages and disadvantages of various technologies available for supercapacitors. The aim of this article is to discuss the possibility of hybrid supercapacitor for the next generation of energy technology. The development of composite materials containing a wide range of active constituents (e.g., graphene, activated carbon, transition metals, metal oxides, perovskites and conducting polymers) by in-situ hybridization and ex-situ recombination is also discussed. This review consecrated largely the contribution of combining all materials (electrode and electrolyte) and their synthesis process and electrochemical performance. Enduringly, the potential issues and the perspectives for future research based on hybrid supercapacitors in energy applications are also presented.
The adjoint method has long been considered as the tool of choice for gradient-based optimisation in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It is the independence of the computational cost from the number of design variables that makes it particularly attractive for problems with large design spaces. Originally developed by Lions and Pironneau in the 70’s, the adjoint method has evolved towards a standard tool within the development processes of the aeronautical industries. Its uptake in the automotive industry, however, lags behind. The first systematic applications of adjoint methods in automotive CFD have interestingly not taken place in the classical shape design arena, but in a relatively young discipline of sensitivity-based optimisation: fluid dynamic topology optimisation. While being an established concept in structure mechanics for decades already, its transfer to fluid dynamics took place just ten years ago. We demonstrate that specifically for ducted flow applications, like airducts for cabin ventilation or engine intake ports, it constitutes a very powerful tool and has matured over the last years to a level that allows its systematic usage for various automotive applications. To drive adjoint-based shape optimisation to the same degree of maturity and robustness for car applications is the subject of ongoing research collaborations between academia and the car industry. Achievements and challenges encountered during these efforts are presented.
Nickel-Cobalt double hydroxide materials are combined with Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide (Er-GO) on top of Stainless Steel collectors by means of a one-step pulsed electrodeposition technique. Results show that, when Er-GO is integrated into the Nickel-Cobalt hydroxide matrix, there is an improvement of the electrochemical performance of the material, which shows increased capacity, stability and rate capability. As seen by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Grazing-Incidence X-Ray Diffraction (GIXD) and Raman Spectroscopy, there is an excellent integration between the materials that leads to the enhanced electrochemical response. Capacity values up to 96mAh/g and a 62% capacity retention after 5000 cycles were achieved. Moreover, scan rates up to 2000mV/s without loss in electrochemical response were possible proving its good rate capabilities. A detailed study of the cycling degradation phenomena was also done by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Thus, this novel electrodeposited material serves as an excellent material for energy storage applications.
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as one of the most promising candidates to replace lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), because of their similar electrochemical properties, and geographical limitations of lithium. However, searching for the appropriate cathode materials for SIBs that can accommodate structure change during the insertion and extraction of sodium ions is facing great challenges due to the relatively larger size of sodium ion. Na0.44MnO2 has recently attracted significant attention because its crystal structure exhibits two types of large channels formed by MnO6 octahedra and MnO5 square pyramids, which facilitate the transportation of sodium ions. However, suffering from the slow kinetics and structural degradation, its rate performance is still not satisfied. Here, we report the fabrication of two types of Na0.44MnO2 hierarchical structures by optimized electrospinning and controlled subsequent annealing process. One is nanofiber (NF) which demonstrates a superior rate performance with reversible specific capacity of 69.5 mAh g−1 at 10 C, attributed to its one-dimensional (1D) ultralong and continuous fibrous network structure; the other is nanorod (NR) which exhibits an excellent cyclic performance with reversible specific capacity of 120 mAh g−1 after 140 cycles, due to its large S-shaped tunnel structure with a single crystalline structure.
In this paper, we report the electrochemical characteristics of a novel cathode material, Li2CoPO4F, prepared by solid-state reactions. The solid-state reaction mechanism involved in synthesizing the Li2CoPO4F also is analyzed in this paper. When cycled between 2.0V and 5.0V during cyclic voltammetry measurements, the Li2CoPO4F samples present one, fully reversible anodic reaction at 4.81V. When cycled between 2.0V and 5.5V, peaks occurring at 4.81V and 5.12V in the first anodic scan evolved to one broad oxidative, mound-like pattern in subsequent cycles. Correspondingly, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the Li2CoPO4F electrode discharged from 5.5V to 2.0V is slightly different from the patterns exhibited by a fresh sample and the sample discharged from 5.0V to 2.0V. This difference may correspond to a structural relaxation that appears above 5V. In the constant current cycling measurements, the Li2CoPO4F samples exhibited a capacity as high as 109mAhg−1 and maintained a good cyclability between 2.0V and 5.5V vs. Li/Li+. XRD measurements confirmed that the discharged state is Li2CoPO4F. Combining these XRD results and electrochemical data proved that up to 1mol Li+ is extractable when charged to 5.5V.
The hollow fusiform ZnO and the hexagonal taper-like ZnO have been prepared by hydrothermal method. The synthetic materials have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). As anodic materials for Ni/Zn cells, electrochemical performances of the hollow fusiform ZnO and the hexagonal taper-like ZnO have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurement. Compared to the conventional ZnO, the hollow fusiform ZnO and the hexagonal taper-like ZnO have shown better cycle stability than the conventional ZnO. Furthermore, the initial discharge capacity of hollow fusiform ZnO is 476mAhg−1, and the discharge capacity is almost unchangeable with the capacity retention ratio of 99.5% over 50 cycles. Comparatively, the hexagonal taper-like ZnO delivers an initial discharge capacity of 470mAhg−1 and with the capacity retention ratio of 94.7% over 50 cycles. They are much higher than that of the conventional ZnO. The better electrochemical performance is attributed to higher electrochemical activity, which is ascribed to the novel initial morphology and size of as-prepared ZnO active material. And the formation of zinc dendrite is suppressed much essentially, the reason could be attributable to initial morphology of the active materials. And the zinc dendrite is suppressed effectively, which results in improvement of cycle stability of Ni/Zn secondary cells.
With the aim of tailoring the electrochemical properties of p-type nickel oxide, the logical approach is to dope the material with a p-type acceptor to improve both the conductivity and supercapacitor performance. However, in this work, we incorporated an n-type element into p-type NiO instead. This is for examining such effect that is poorly known. Group III redox-inactive element Ga is chosen to be incorporated into NiO to investigate the effect on the crystal structure, morphology and supercapacitor performance. The results demonstrate that Ga incorporated nickel oxides have the same crystal structures as that of un-doped NiO. Unsurprisingly, specific capacitance decreases after doping Ga in small amounts. However, it is counter-intuitive that the capacitance increases with a further increase in the content of Ga in the nickel oxide. From the studies, maximum capacitance much higher than that of the un-doped NiO is achieved when the atomic ratio of gallium is 7 percent in the precursor solution. The expected and unexpected results are analyzed and discussed.
ZnO/C hierarchical porous nanorods were synthesized through one-pot wet-chemical reaction followed by thermal calcination. It was found that ZnO/C porous nanorods are composed of numerous nanograins, exhibiting a hierarchical micro/nanostructure. In-situ synchrotron high energy X-ray diffraction study revealed that ZnO/C hierarchical porous nanorods involve a two-step reversible lithiation mechanism during charge/discharge; and part of ZnO and Zn remains at the end of the first discharge and charge process, respectively, leading to a low coulombic efficiency in the initial few cycles. The electrochemical test demonstrated that the reversible capacity and the rate performance of ZnO/C hierarchical porous nanorods anode have been greatly improved by PEDOT-PSS coating, which could maintain a reversible capacity of 623.94mAhg−1 after 1500 cycles at 1C. Its excellent high rate capability and long cycle stability were attributed to the high electronic conductivity of PEDOT-PSS coating layer and the hierarchical structures of ZnO/C porous nanorods.