batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In addition to their deficit in overt face recognition, patients with prosopagnosia also have difficulties in matching sequentially presented unfamiliar faces. Here we assessed the possibility that covert matching of faces was present in a case with prosopagnosia using event-related potentials (ERPs). The participants (patient FE and normal controls) were challenged with a face-identity matching task, in which they decided whether two sequentially presented photographs of unfamiliar faces represented the same person. Only internal face features were used and the two faces in a pair differed in emotional expression. FE failed to overtly match these stimuli. In contrast, the ERPs revealed evidence of covert matching. If the two faces within a pair of stimuli depicted different posers, then the response to the second face contained an enhanced N300 compared to the situation where the identity of the faces was the same. The latency of the N300 was the same as a similar component found in controls. These results suggest that some cases with prosopagnosia have a covert ability to match unfamiliar faces, with similar temporal dynamics as controls, which in contrast with the idea that a generalized slowing of face processing occurs in all cases of prosopagnosia.
Given the safety and cost involved, aqueous electrolyte is an extremely attractive candidate for large-scale energy storage systems. However, limited electrochemical stability window of water (decomposition potential <1.23 V) usually confines the energy density of aqueous energy storage systems. Herein, an aqueous electrolyte based on NaClO4 solution with a high concentration of 17 m is demonstrated to enlarge the practical stability window to approximately 2.75 V, because the scarcity of free water molecules in high salt concentration contributes to their inactivity. An aqueous sodium-ion hybrid capacitor is assembled by using the electrolyte and could be operated at a large voltage of 2.0 V, in which aromatic polyimide (PI) is used as anode material and ultrahigh specific surface PI derived porous carbon microspheres as cathode. This enhanced electrochemical window of the aqueous electrolyte ensures that the sodium-ion capacitor delivers an energy density of 65.1 Wh kg−1 with high power density and good cycle stability. Most importantly, compared to most used host materials with conventional intercalation mechanisms, fast reaction kinetics and structural insensitivity of PI to the ion radius are responsible for the excellent sodium storage properties.
Sn/Cu6Sn5 alloy composite thin films were directly prepared by electron-beam deposition for anodes of lithium ion batteries. The thin film was comprised of micro/sub-microcrystalline Sn and Cu6Sn5, where the polyhedral micro-sized Sn grains were uniformly dispersed in the loose Cu6Sn5 matrix. Lithiation reaction kinetics were confirmed to be controlled by a diffusion step and the diffusion coefficient of Li+ in the thin film anode was determined to be 1.91×10−7 cm2/s. The galvanostatic cycling behavior of Sn/Cu6Sn5 composite thin film anodes was studied under different conditions. Stable capacities of more than 370mAh/g were obtained by discharging from 1.25 to 0.1V. Structure changes and fading mechanism of the thin film electrodes was discussed based on SEM, XRD and EDX investigations. The present results demonstrated that the multi-phase composite structure can improve electrochemical performance of the Cu–Sn alloy thin film electrodes.
The effect of diphenyloctyl phosphate (DPOF) and tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite (TTFP) as flame-retardant (FR) additives in the liquid electrolyte of Li-ion cells is evaluated at both elevated temperature (40°C) and room temperature (RT, 25°C). The tested cells use mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) and LiCoO2 as the anode and cathode materials, respectively. Cell characteristics are investigated by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of the cycle performance tests demonstrate the superior discharge capacity and capacity retention of the DPOF-containing cell compared will TTFP after cycling at both RT and 40°C. Therefore, these results confirm the promising potential of DPOF as an FR additive for improving the electrochemical performance of Li-ion batteries.
Three-dimensional foam with integrated core-shell carbon nanotubes-MoS2 with reduced graphene oxide (MoS2/CNT/rGO) has been fabricated by a hydrothermal reaction together with freeze drying. Thin MoS2 nanosheets are coated on the carbon nanotubes (CNT) and distributed on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets. One-dimensional CNT and two-dimensional rGO conductive network not only effectively improves the electron transport and mechanical property, but also prevents the aggregation of MoS2 nanosheets. MoS2 with large interlayer spacing provides more active sites and channels for insertion of lithium ions, while CNT and rGO network acts as a conductive skeleton. The 3D porous and interconnected foam can directly as electrode without any binders and conductive agents. After optimizing the ratio of CNT to rGO, the MoS2/CNT/rGO foam as a freestanding electrode for lithium ion batteries exhibits a high specific capacity of 745 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 after 170 cycles and 420 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 200 cycles. This method is easily extended to prepare the other electrode materials, especially the freestanding and flexible electrode.
The United States Navy has flown valve-regulated lead–acid batteries (VRLA) for approximately 22 years. The first VRLA aircraft batteries were of a cylindrical cell design and these evolved to a prismatic design to save weight, volume, and to increase rate capability. This paper discusses the evolution of the VRLA aircraft battery designs, present VRLA battery performance, and battery size availability along with their aircraft applications (both military and commercial). The paper provides some of the reliability data from present applications. Finally, the paper discusses what future evolution of the VRLA technology is required to improve performance and to remain the technology of choice over other sealed aircraft battery designs.
We have prepared carbon anode materials by pyrolysis of rice husk (RH). Through X-ray powder diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) measurement, and ICP-AES analysis, the effects of acid–base pre-treatment, pyrolysis temperature, and the use of a proprietary pore-genic agent on the cell capacity of these materials were investigated. The carbonaceous materials made from RH treated with a proprietary agent showed an extraordinarily high reversible capacity of 1055mAh/g. To our best knowledge, this new hard carbon material possesses the highest reversible capacity ever reported for any carbon anode materials of lithium-ion batteries.
Intercalation is among interesting phenomena changing everyday life with a remarkable speed. Numerous generations of modern batteries use it and markedly contribute to the portfolio of energy materials for future sustainable energy provision. Na-ion batteries operating in aqueous media, being presumably the “number two” compared to other alternatives for portable and automotive applications, are probably among potential leaders in the case of future larger-scale energy storage schemes, specifically because of safety and sustainability issues. However, there is a certain lack of detailed understanding of such systems. In this work, using model electrodes we further emphasise that it is not only the electrode materials themselves that determine the performance of intercalation electrodes. Surprisingly, comparatively slight changes in the electrolyte composition and solvation effects can very radically control intercalation of alkali metal cations. Therefore, it would be stimulating to adjust existing strategies in designing future aqueous battery systems. Several examples are given using one of the state-of-the-art cathode materials, Na2Ni[Fe(CN)6], with model electrodes prepared as quasi-uniform thin films.
The production of hydrogen fuels, via water splitting, is of practical relevance for meeting global energy needs and mitigating the environmental consequences of fossil-fuel-based transportation. Water photoelectrolysis has been proposed as a viable approach for generating hydrogen, provided that stable and inexpensive photocatalysts with conversion efficiencies over 10% can be discovered, synthesized at scale, and successfully deployed (Pinaud et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, 6, 1983). While a number of first-principles studies have focused on the data-driven discovery of photocatalysts, in the absence of systematic experimental validation, the success rate of these predictions may be limited. We address this problem by developing a screening procedure with co-validation between experiment and theory to expedite the synthesis, characterization, and testing of the computationally predicted, most desirable materials. Starting with 70150 compounds in the Materials Project database, the proposed protocol yielded 71 candidate photocatalysts, 11 of which were synthesized as single-phase materials. Experiments confirmed hydrogen generation and favorable band alignment for 6 of the 11 compounds, with the most promising ones belonging to the families of alkali and alkaline-earth indates and orthoplumbates. This study shows the accuracy of a nonempirical, Hubbard-corrected density-functional theory method to predict band gaps and band offsets at a fraction of the computational cost of hybrid functionals, and outlines an effective strategy to identify photocatalysts for solar hydrogen generation.
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted increasing attention in the past decades, because of high overall abundance of precursors, their even geographical distribution, and low cost. Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP), a typical sodium super ion conductor (NASICON)-based electrode material, exhibits pronounced structural stability, exceptionally high ion conductivity, rendering it a most promising electrode for sodium storage. However, the comparatively low electronic conductivity makes the theoretical capacity of NVP cannot be fully accessible even at comparatively low rates, presenting a major drawback for further practical applications, especially when high rate capability is especially important. Thus, many endeavors have been conformed to increase the surface and intrinsic electrical conductivity of NVP by coating the active materials with a conductive carbon layer, downsizing the NVP particles, combining the NVP particle with various carbon materials and ion doping strategy. In this review, to get a better understanding on the sodium storage in NVP, we firstly present 4 distinct crystal structures in the temperature range of − 30°C∼225°C namely α-NVP, β-NVP, β′-NVP and γ-NVP. Moreover, we give an overview of recent approaches to enhance the surface electrical conductivity and intrinsic electrical conductivity of NVP. Finally, some potential applications of NVP such as in all-climate environment and PHEV, EV fields have been prospected.
The successful selection of a particular type of bioelement and its association to the appropriate transducer determines the specificity of a biosensor. Therefore, from a strain of chloroficea Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides, modified in laboratory to tolerate high Cr(VI) concentrations, the possible interferences of other heavy metals on photosynthetic activity were studied. After exposing wild type and Cr(VI)-resistant cells to increasing Ag+1, Co+2, Hg+2, Cr+3, Cu+2, Zn+2, Fe+3 and Cd+2 concentrations, both photosynthetic quantum yields was compared. Photosynthetic electron transport rates were measured with a TOXY-PAM chlorophyll fluorometer, non-linear regression analysis of each of the toxicity tests was done, and means of both groups were compared using unpaired t test. The results show no significant differences between both cell types when they were exposed to Ag+1, Co+2, Hg+2, Cr+3, Cu+2, Fe+3 and Cd+2 metal ions, and extremely significant differences (p < 0.0001) to Zn+2 exposures. These results demonstrate the suitability of this Cr(VI)-resistant type D. chlorelloides strain as a suitable bioelement to be coupled to a biosensor based on dual-head microalgae strategy to detect and quantify Cr(VI) in water courses and waste water treatment plants. However, some disturbance may be expected, especially when certain analyte species such as zinc are present in water samples tested. The analysis of binary mixtures between Zn+2 and other heavy metals showed a slight antagonistic phenomenon in all cases, which should not alter the potential Zn+2 interference in the Cr+6 detection process.
NiO/C nanocomposite was prepared directly by means a one-step electrochemical technique based on electrochemical dispergation of nickel by the alternating current. The prepared material was well characterized using different analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption/desorption. The X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering investigations of the freshly prepared sample confirmed the formation of β-NiO. The morphology of synthesized NiO/C can be described as dispersed on carbon support nano-leaves consisting of tightly packed array of nanoparticles (around 10nm in diam) with length of 500–2000nm and ∼20nm thick. NiO/C composite possesses high specific surface area of 137m2 g−1 and a micro–meso–macroporous structure with a distribution of the pore size from 1 to 200nm. The electrochemical properties of the nanostructured NiO/C were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests. The synthesized NiO/C composite exhibited pseudo-capacitive behavior with the mass capacitance value as high as 1012Fg−1 and 750Fg−1 measured from CV and discharge curves, respectively. Compared with the theoretical specific capacitance of NiO 2573Fg−1, the degree of electrochemical utilization is 97% for NiO in the synthesized NiO/C composite. The superior electrochemical performance is attributed to the hierarchically porous structure of the synthesized NiO/C, its with a high specific surface area as well as a wide pore size distribution. Considering the excellent performance and facile preparation, this NiO/C composite should have great potential for application in energy storage and conversion devices.
Hybrid supercapacitors, which combine a capacitive negative electrode and a faradaic positive electrode operating in an aqueous media, have many potential applications such as frequency regulation on the electrical grid, in particular when used in conjunction with intermittent energy sources. The purpose of this work is to study alternative designs to the aforementioned hybrid devices, by using composite materials which combine faradaic and capacitive contributions in the same electrode in order to maximize both energy and power densities. Cu2O:graphene composite materials have been synthesized using a simple precipitation technique in order to improve the energy of capacitive graphene-based negative electrode materials. Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) has been chosen due to its high theoretical capacity of 375 mAh.g−1 associated with an active electrochemical window in the range −0.85 V to −0.20 V vs Hg/HgO (1 M KOH), thus being a potential candidate to serve as a negative electrode to combine with the known carbon/Ni(OH)2 positive electrode in internal hybridized cell. An interesting initial capacity of more than 275 mAh g−1 has been obtained for the Cu2O:graphene composite material when cycled in a 6 M KOH solution at 0.1 mV s−1, despite a progressive fading of the specific capacity upon cycling.
A novel lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) battery with a polymer gel electrolyte (PGE) membrane is successfully prepared. The membrane is a blend of cellulose acetate (CA) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF-HFP)) and is fabricated using a solution casting technique followed by impregnation with lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonimide) (LiTFSI) solution. We demonstrate that the PGE membrane has good electrolyte uptake and shows high ionic conductivity as well as excellent thermal and electrochemical stability. A Li-O2 battery containing our PGE as the electrolyte and separator exhibits good rate capability and enhanced cycling capacity retention compared to a battery using commercial liquid electrolyte and a polyethylene (PE) separator under the same conditions. We attribute this enhanced performance to the PGE, which maybe restrain the diffusion of oxygen from the air cathode to the Li metal anode. This study may prove valuable for resolving the problem of poor cycling stability in Li-O2 batteries caused by oxygen diffusion from cathode to anode.
Volvo manufactures most of the body parts of the Polestar 1 electric car model using carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP), including engine hood, trunk lid, side panels, doors and the entire roof structure. Compared to the use of conventional materials, 230 kg can be saved in this way. The so-called spirit level, which improves the torsional stiffness between the underbody and the rear, is also made of CFRP. Volvo expects this to provide very good driving dynamics. The roof construction should not only become thinner and more stable than a steel pendant through the use of CFRP, but also enable a significantly lower roof line. The entire length and width of the roof is also covered by a glass surface that is only interrupted by a few body elements. The production center for the model, which is currently under construction, will be set up specifically to meet the needs of lightweight materials. The company plans to start series production in mid-2019.
Invasive forest pathogens are a major threat to forests worldwide, causing increasing damage. The knowledge of both the specific traits underlying the capacity of a pathogen to become invasive, and the attributes predisposing an environment to invasion are to be thoroughly understood in order to deal with forest invasions. This paper summarizes the historical knowledge on this subject. Many aspects of the ecological processes underlying alien forest pathogens invasions are still unknown, which raises several scientific issues that need further study. The introduction of invasive forest pathogens to areas where naïve hosts are found, is mainly due to global plant trade. Rapid transportation and reduced delivery times increase the chances of survival of pathogen propagules and of their successful establishment in new environments. In forest pathogens, the reproduction mode seems not to be a crucial determinant of invasiveness, as highly destructive pathogens have a variety of reproductive strategies. The most important drivers of forest pathogen invasions appear to be (a) great adaptability to new environmental conditions; (b) efficient dispersal over long and short distances, possibly assisted by the capacity to form novel associations with endemic and/or alien insect vectors; (c) the ability to exchange genetic material or hybridize with resident or alien species. Moreover, these features interact with some key traits of the invaded environment, e.g. environmental variability and biodiversity richness. Host resistance and natural enemies may occur as a result of rapid selection/adaptation after the epidemic phase of invasion.
Many experiments with juvenile trees require the non-destructive monitoring of plant biomass and growth which is most often conducted with allometric relationships between easy to measure morphological traits and plant biomass. In a growth experiment with potted juvenile Fagus sylvatica L. trees, we tested the practicability and accuracy of the portable 3D-laser scanner ZF Imager 5006 using the phase difference method for measuring total above-ground biomass (stems, twigs, leaves), the biomass of axes (stems and twigs), of leaves biomass and the leaf area of 63 experimental trees. The trees were scanned from 20 (or 21) different positions with an angular step width of 0.036° in horizontal and vertical direction and the 3D-point cloud of every tree was translated into a point cloud grid with defined distances between the data points to standardise the spatial resolution of the data. The validation of the laser scan data against traditional biomass harvest data gave good correlations for total above-ground biomass (green and woody plant material combined), leaf biomass and leaf area (obtained by measurements before and after leaf harvest), and the mass of stems and twigs (only woody compartments of the plants) with R 2-values between 0.61 and 0.88, all significant with p <0.001. Biomass estimates using allometric regressions between total plant height or total leaf number and above-ground biomass as alternative non-destructive methods were found to be weaker than laser scanning (R 2 0.54–0.67) and required a similar calibration effort. Repeated scanning of the same plant can be used to monitor biomass increase over time. We conclude that 3D-laser scanning is a promising technique for the non-destructive monitoring of biomass and growth in experiments with juvenile trees.
Background Alkaline batteries are known to cause caustic burns to the esophagus when ingested. We report a case of alkaline burns to the vagina. Case A 13-year-old female presented to the Emergency Department with abdominal pain. She was admitted for necrotic vaginal burns after batteries were removed from her vagina. Examination under anesthesia revealed multiple third degree burns without perforation into adjoining structures. Management included topical estrogen, topical antibiotic, and an oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory. She was re-examined under anesthesia at 5 days, then weekly as an outpatient. Follow-up examinations at 5 and 36 months later confirmed complete healing. Conclusion In this unique case, we discuss the treatment options and postulate reasons for the excellent outcome in this patient.
A simple and convenient base-mediated synthesis of asymmetrical carbonates from alcohols with dimethyl carbonate is described. The reaction is remarkably influenced by the strength of the base employed and potassium t-butoxide was found to be best promoter for this reaction. Almost in all cases, the reaction is selective and afforded the corresponding unsymmetrical methyl carbonates in excellent yields (80–90 %).