batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Magnetite, the main component of converter slag in the steel industry, can be used for the adsorption of Ni(II) from aqueous solutions, over a range of conditions: initial metal concentration (10–100 mg l−1), stirring times (2–240 min), adsorbent dosage (1 g for 0.5 l of metal solution) and temperatures (20, 30 and 38°C). The adsorption rate increased with initial concentration but decreased with increase in temperature, due to competition of the dissolution process. The adsorption process obeyed the Freundlich isotherm model.
Bilingual adults are faster in reading cognates than in reading non-cognates in both their first language (L1) and second language (L2). This cognate effect has been shown to be gradual: recognition was facilitated when words had higher degrees of cross-linguistic similarity. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether cognate facilitation can also be observed in bilingual children’s sentence reading. To answer this question, a group of Frisian–Dutch bilingual children (N = 37) aged 9–12 years completed a reading task in both their languages. All children had Dutch as their dominant reading language, but most of them spoke mainly Frisian at home. Identical cognates (e.g., Dutch–Frisian boek–boek ‘book’), non-identical cognates (e.g., beam–boom ‘tree’), and non-cognates (e.g., beppe–oma ‘grandmother’) were presented in sentence context, and eye movements were recorded. The results showed a non-gradual cognate facilitation effect in Frisian: identical cognates were read faster than non-identical cognates and non-cognates. In Dutch, no cognate facilitation effect could be observed. This suggests that bilingual children use their dominant reading language while reading in their non-dominant one, but not vice versa.
Motivated by the emerging concept of including metal phases within piezoelectric and other smart structures and materials, this paper presents a micro/macro theory for determining the coupled thermo-electro-magneto-elasto-plastic behavior of arbitrary composite laminates. The approach involves two models capable of analyzing geometries that include inelastic materials. The first is the electro-magnetic generalized method of cells (EMGMC) (Micromechanical Prediction of the Effective Behavior of Fully Coupled Electro-Magneto-Thermo-Elastic Multiphase Composites, 2000. [1]) micromechanics model. EMGMC has been reformulated to improve its computational efficiency and has been extended to admit arbitrary anisotropic local material behavior (in terms of the thermal response, mechanical response, electric response, magnetic response, as well as the coupling behavior) and inelasticity. The second model is classical lamination theory, which has also been extended for arbitrary anisotropic material behavior and electro-magnetic and inelastic effects. The end result is a coupled theory that employs EMGMC to provide the homogenized behavior of the composite plies that constitute the thermo-electro-magneto-elasto-plastic laminate. Sample results, which address the inelastic response of a hybrid smart/metal matrix composite laminate, are presented.
To increase the operating temperature of the supercapacitors (SCs) without compromising their high cycle-life, several typical fluoro- and non-fluoro containing ionic liquids (EMI-mesylate, EMI-hydrogen sulfate, PP13-triflate, PP13-TFSI, and EMI-TFSI, as shown in Fig. 1) are studied as the electrolytes to prepare organic solutions for SC performance measurements using a two-electrode cell. Both cyclic voltammograms and charge/discharge curves at various temperatures such as 20, 40, 60 and 80 °C are collected. At 60 °C, the increased performance order in both rating and cyclability measurements are found to be as follows: 1) EMI-hydrogen sulfate < PP13-TFSI < EMI-mesylate < PP13-triflate < EMI-TFSI for rating; and 2) EMI-hydrogen sulfate < EMI-mesylate < PP13-Triflate < PP13-TFSI < EMI-TFSI for life-time. The fluoro-containing group of ILs, i.e., PP13-Triflate, PP13-TFSI and EMI-TFSI can give a specific capacitance between 100 and 170 F/g for various scan rates for a conventional carbon electrode, and an extended lifetime test of 10, 000 cycles with a capacitance degradation of less than 10%, indicating that these two ion liquids can be used for SC electrolytes operated at high temperature.
This study compares basic respiratory variables (rate, tidal and minute volumes) with time-, flow- and ratio-derived parameters obtained using head-out plethysmography in rats following administration of reference drugs (isotonic saline, 2.0mL/kg, IV; albuterol, 400μg/kg, inhalation; methacholine, 136μg/kg, IV; and remifentanil, 14μg/kg, IV) to identify respiratory variables with superior sensitivity. Paired t-tests by block-period, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with baseline as covariate and a posteriori pair-wise comparisons using Dunnett’s test were used. Variations in respiratory parameters observed over time justify the use of a control group in any respiratory safety pharmacology study for inter-groups comparison. Handling-, and slumbering-, induced perturbations were minimal. The system was sensitive and specific to detect changes in respiratory variables related to pharmacologically-induced bronchodilation, bronchoconstriction and central respiratory depression. The standard variables (respiratory rate, tidal and minute volumes) confirmed to be the cornerstone of respiratory safety pharmacology to detect pharmacological changes. Flow-derived parameters appeared as highly valuable complement for interpretation of respiratory response, whereas time- and ratio-derived parameters presented limited added value during interpretation.
We compared the performance of the membrane electrode assembly for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) composed of a pore-filling polymer electrolyte membrane (PF membrane) with that composed of a commercial Nafion-117 membrane. In DMFC tests, the methanol crossover flux was 23% lower in the PF membrane than in the Nafion-117 membrane even though the thickness of the PF membrane was 43% that of Nafion-117. This led to a higher DMFC performance and the lower overpotential of the cathode of the PF membrane. Feeding an aqueous 10M methanol solution at 50°C produced a low cathode overpotential, as low as 0.40V at 0.2 A in the PF membrane, whereas the potential was 0.65V at 0.2A in the Nafion-117 membrane. In contrast, the ohmic loss and anode overpotential were almost the same in the two membranes. We confirmed that a reduction in methanol crossover using the PF membrane results in lower cathode overpotential and higher DMFC performance. In addition, the electro-osmotic coefficient was estimated as 1.3 in the PF membrane and 2.6 in Nafion-117, based on a water mass-balance model and values showing that the PF membrane prevents the flooding of the cathode at a low gas flow rate using. A highly concentrated methanol solution can be applied as a fuel without decreasing DMFC performance using PF membranes.
Saltwater intrusion (SWI) is a type of pollution that adversely affects the quality of groundwater in coastal aquifers. The Nile Delta aquifer (NDA) in Egypt contains a large amount of freshwater. Increasing abstraction from the aquifer and sea level rise have led to an increase in SWI, which has reached up to 100 km inland. Therefore, practical measures are required to prevent further SWI. This study aims to identify an optimal well system to manage the intrusion of saline water in NDA using a number of management systems, including pumping of brackish water, aquifer recharge, and abstraction of the freshwater. SEAWAT code is used to simulate SWI in the aquifer considering different scenarios of pumping and sea level rise. Four scenarios are used to control SWI, including: decreasing pumping from the aquifer, increasing recharge using treated waste water, increasing abstraction of brackish water for desalination, and a combination of these systems. The results showed that increasing recharge could lead to greater retardation of SWI (19.5%) than decreasing pumping (6.2%) and abstraction of brackish water (5.9%). However, a combined well system of pumping, recharge and abstraction is shown to be a more effective tool to control SWI in coastal aquifers, with retardation percentage of 21.3%.
We analyze archival evidence on the physical stature of 19th-century female US passport applicants. Heights in this group increased markedly at a time when the rest of the population was becoming shorter. While diseases may have affected the physical stature of everyone in the society, the fact that the height of elite women did not decline (and even increased) suggests that their families were wealthy enough to shield them completely from rising price of nutrients.
High conductivity in single ion conducting polymer electrolytes is still the ultimate aim for many electrochemical devices such as secondary lithium batteries. Achieving effective ion dissociation in these cases remains a challenge since the active ion tends to remain in close proximity to the backbone charge as a result of a low degree of ion dissociation. A unique aspect of this dissociation problem in polyelectrolytes is the repulsion between the backbone charges created by dissociation. One way of enhancing ion dissociation in polyelectrolyte systems is to use copolymers in which only a fraction (<20%) of the mer units are charged and where the comonomer is itself chosen to be polar and preferably to be compatible with potential solvents. We have also found that certain dissociation enhancers based on ionic liquids or boroxine ring compounds can lead to high ionic conductivity. In the cases where an ionic liquid is used as the solvent in a polyelectrolyte gel, the viscosity of the ionic liquid and its hydrophilicity are critical to achieving high conductivity. Compounds based on the dicyanamide anion appear to be very effective ionic solvents; polyelectrolyte gels incorporating such ionic liquids exhibit conductivities as high as 10−2 S/cm at room temperature. In the case of boroxine ring dissociation enhancers, gels based on poly(lithium-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate) and ethylene carbonate produce conductivities approaching 10−3 S/cm. This paper will discuss these approaches for achieving higher conductivity in polyelectrolyte materials and suggest future directions to ensure single ion transport.
Hard carbon and microcrystalline graphite (MG) core-shell structured composite materials are prepared, and their electrochemical performances as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries are reported. The composite materials are obtained by coating a mixture of MG and pitch onto hard carbon particles, followed by heating at 1200°C under an argon atmosphere for 1h. The surface of the hard carbon is subsequently covered with a layer of the MG/pitch carbon composite. In the coating layer of the MG/pitch carbon composite, the MG particles are divided into nanoscale graphite sheets, and uniformly dispersed within the pitch of carbon matrix. The composite particles have a rounded shape, especially when the content of MG increases, which can improve their packing density compared to hard carbon having sharp edges. Anodes prepared from these composite materials exhibit enhanced electrochemical performances, including a high reversible capacity, high initial coulombic efficiency, high charging/discharging rate capability, and desirable cycling stability.
A computationally-efficient and reliable method is developed to permit the simultaneous assessment of both the short- and long-term performance of lithium-ion battery in power system planning studies. Toward this end, a physics-based equivalent circuit model of the lithium-ion battery is derived in which side reaction-induced degradation of the battery is included. Whence a computational procedure is developed to enable the parametric values of the circuit elements in the equivalent circuit model to be automatically updated as the battery operates. The resulting model allows the increase in the internal resistance and the decrease in the energy storage capacity of the battery to be determined, based solely on the information of the power flows at the battery terminals. Dynamic simulation results obtained using the developed equivalent circuit model are shown to be in close agreement with those obtained from well-established electrochemical models, but at a much reduced computational burden.
Many 127.0×9.19mm IEU G105 drill pipe failures of wash out occurred after 2367h of pure drilling time and 8726m of penetration footage. This paper gives a detailed investigation on these failures and a systematic analysis is carried out on service and loading conditions of the drill pipes. Measurement and inspection were performed on configuration dimensions, chemical composition, mechanical performance, metallography, macro-fractography, micro-fractography, and corrosion products. Configuration stresses at the crack positions of the drill pipe were calculated by FEA. Crack extending velocity of the drill pipe material under corrosion medium was also measured. It is thought from test and analysis results that the drill pipe wash out or fracture accidents were premature corrosion fatigue failure accident. The failure courses were as the following: corrosion pits occurred first on the internal surface at the stress concentrating area of the drill pipe, and then fatigue cracks initiated in pit bottoms, and washed out or fractured subsequently as cracks penetrated through the wall thickness of the drill pipe. The reasons of drill pipe wash out were related to configuration, material quality, and load condition of the drill pipe string.
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In this work, carbon aerogel incorporated flower-like molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) was synthesized via a facile hydrothermal route assisted by l-cysteine. The as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical performances of the products were evaluated by cyclic voltammogram, galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The as-prepared MoS2/carbon aerogel hybrid film showed a specific capacitance of 260.0Fg−1 at a current density of 1Ag−1 in 1.0M Na2SO4 aqueous solution. This value was much higher than that of pure MoS2 nanoflower electrodes (118.9Fg−1) and carbon aerogel electrodes (15.0Fg−1). Furthermore, MoS2/carbon aerogel hybrids also exhibited good cycling stability with more than 92.4% capacitance retention over 1500 cycles. These results provided a facile, cost-effective and high-performance strategy for supercapacitor electrode applications and the present synthesis strategy maybe readily extended to the preparation of other hybrids based on MoS2 for potential applications in energy storage and conversion devices.
Here we develop a facile and scalable method to prepare silica/activated carbon nanofibers (SiO2/ACNFs) via electrospinning a mixture of PAN and hollow SiO2 nanospheres with following heat treatment, during which Zn(CH3COO)2 activation and PAN carbonization are simultaneously completed. When applied in lithium sulfur battery, the coin cells using S/SiO2/ACNF composites as cathode material exhibit a high discharge specific capacity and long cycling life. The specific capacity at 0.5 and 1 C rates after 300 cycles still remains at 584 and 513 mA h g−1, respectively, and the corresponding capacity decay is just 0.09% at 0.5 C and 0.13% at 1 C per cycle. The Zn(CH3COO)2 activation benefits sulfur loading and volume expansion suppression by creating numerous hierarchical pores in carbon nanofibers. Additionally, hollow SiO2 nanospheres contribute to restrain the “shuttle effects” by adsorbing and releasing polysulfides reversibly. This kind of SiO2/ACNF material and its fabrication method hold high potential for Li-S battery.
Generally, the fast ion/electron transport and structural stability dominate the superiority in lithium-storage applications. In this work, porous carbon nanotubes decorated with nanosized CoFe2O4 particles (p-CNTs@CFO) have been rationally designed and synthesized by the assistance of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). When tested as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the p-CNTs@CFO composite exhibits outstanding electrochemical behavior with high lithium-storage capacity (1077 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles) and rate capability (694 mAh g−1 at 3 A g−1). These outstanding electrochemical performances are attributed to the synergistic effect of porous p-CNTs and nanosized CFO. Compared to pristine CNTs, the p-CNTs with substantial pores in the tubes possess largely increased specific surface area and rich oxygen-containing functional groups. The porous structure can not only accommodate the volume change during lithiation/delithiation processes, but also provide bicontinuous electron/ion pathways and large electrode/electrolyte interface, which facilitate the ion diffusion kinetics, improving the rate performance. Moreover, the CFO particles are bonded strongly to the p-CNTs through metal-oxygen bridges, which facilitate the electron fast capture from p-CNTs to CFO, and thus resulting in a high reversible capacity and excellent rate performance. Overall, the porous p-CNTs provide an efficient way for ion diffusion and continuous electron transport as anode materials.
Two absorptive glass mat (AGM) valve-regulated lead-acid batteries with concentration and saturation stratification were simulated. Results indicate that the concentration stratification makes the active mass (AM) in lower part discharge deeply, which results in more irreversible sulphate on the negative plate because of inefficient recharge. In saturation stratification, more AM is also discharged in lower part, but the high oxygen recombination and undercharge in the upper part of the negative plate also leads to its sulphation. When the battery is in short-time rest state, the self-charge process occurs in the upper part and self-discharge process in the lower part of the same plate, but the processes differs with rest continuing. All these make the negative plate sulphation.
LiFePO4/C and LiFe1−x Ni x PO4/C (x =0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06) composites were prepared using solid-state reaction. The as-prepared composites were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, charge–discharge cycling, cyclic voltammograms, Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and other techniques. The experimental results show that all as-prepared composites have a single phase of orthorhombic olivine-type structure with the Pnmb space group. The as-prepared LiFe1−x Ni x PO4/C composites exhibit high capacities and good cycling performance; e.g., the LiFe0.98Ni0.02PO4/C composite delivers 142 and 138mAhg−1 at the 0.1C rate for the first and fifth cycles, respectively. Such composites also show good rate capabilities; e.g., when discharged at the 2C rate the LiFe0.98Ni0.02PO4/C composite delivers an initial capacity of 121mAhg−1, 85% of the discharge capacity at the 0.1C rate. The reason why the LiFe1−x Ni x PO4/C composites have better electrochemical performance compared to the LiFePO4/C composites is because nickel doping enhances the PO bond, stabilizes the structure, and thus the charge-transfer resistance and cathode particle resistance of the composites are decreased.
Air quality of Kathmandu Valley, the capital of Nepal, was one of the worse among the big cites in the world. The air quality situation was becoming more critical due to the substantial increase in the conventional fueled vehicles in the valley each year. The bowl-like topography and generally low speeds of wind during the dry seasons create poor dispersion conditions, augmenting the air pollution problem further. The pollution is expected to quadruple by 2020 from the 2005 level in as business as usual scenario. The main source of the pollution in the valley is motor vehicle emissions. The paper highlights the different level of air pollution and emission reductions by introducing hydrogen fuel vehicles in Kathmandu Valley. The entire fleet of vehicles in the valley can be fueled by hydrogen produced from the national hydroelectricity of Nepal using only less than 50% of its surplus energy. This will reduce about 700,000 tonnes of carbon emission in the valley in 2020. In addition, production of hydrogen using the surplus hydroelectricity of Nepal will improve load factor of the grid, and save a substantial amount of hard currency used to import the petroleum fuel in the country. As Nepal is one of the most hydropower potential countries in the world, with a 80,000MW potential capacity, hydrogen production is renewable, sustainable and pollution free.
A novel oxidized g-C3N4 (OCN)-modified Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) composite membrane were fabricated via a solution-casting method. The physicochemical properties of composite membranes with different oxidized-C3N4 content were characterized, including water uptake, swelling ratio, ion exchange capacity, proton conductivity, vanadium ion permeability and ion selectivity. It was found that when the content of OCN incorporated into SPEEK matrix was 1%, this composite membrane showed a low vanadium ion permeability(9.09×10− 7 cm2 min−1) and high ion selectivity(6.60×104 Smincm−3). The vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) assembled with this membrane at 60mAcm−2 exhibited a higher coulombic efficiency (98%) than Nafion 117 membrane (95%). Moreover, in cycling tests VRB assembled with this composite membrane showed a more stable cycle performance compared with that of Nafion 117 membrane. Thus, the OCN-modified SPEEK composite membrane has a potential application for VRB system.
Co–Sn alloys were prepared by an electrochemical route in molten LiCl–KCl between 400 and 550°C. The Sn(IV)/Sn(II), Sn(II)/Sn(0) and Co(II)/Co(0) redox couples were studied by cyclic voltammetry and/or chronopotentiometry over the temperature range. The diffusion coefficient values of Co(II) ions were measured. For example, it was found that the D Co(II) values deduced from chronopotentiometry range from D Co(II) =1.65×10−5 cm2 s−1 at 400°C to 4.95×10−5 cm2 s−1 at 550°C. The standard potential of the Co(II)/Co(0) redox couple in molten LiCl–KCl was measured at 400°C: E Co ( II ) / Co ( 0 ) 0 = − 1.35 V vs Cl2/Cl−. Finally, Co–Sn alloys were prepared in potentiostatic mode. The influence of the temperature of molten LiCl–KCl, the applied potential and the deposition time on the morphology and the composition of the Co–Sn alloys were also investigated. For T >450°C, the following tendency has been observed: the more negative the potential, the higher the Sn content in the deposited alloy. Thus, depending on the operating conditions, pure CoSn or CoSn2 can be prepared.
Sudden cardiac deaths have become a growing major public health concern that affects the world. Despite the various etiologies, life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias attribute the main cause of sudden cardiac deaths. Therefore in certain groups of high-risk patients, the Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) has been recommended as either a secondary or primary prophylactic method of prevention.