batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Reduced graphene oxide, copper oxide and polyaniline (GCP) nanocomposites possessing energy densities close to many of Li-ion batteries are synthesized by facile in-situ single step chemical method by varying the weight percentage of each of the constituent materials. Of all the composites synthesized, the one with weight percentage of G12%: Cu2O/CuO40%: P48% (G12CP) exhibits the maximum specific capacitance of 684.93 F g−1, specific capacity of 821.91 C g−1, energy density of 136.98 W h kg−1, and power density of 1315.76 W kg−1 at the current density of 0.25 A g−1. The composite shows the retention of 84% of its initial capacitance up to 5000 cycles at a scan rate of 700 mV s−1. The electrochemical performance of G12CP is superior to the performances of other ternary composites and those of binary composites synthesized with respective weight ratios as that of G12CP composite. The potential of G12CP to act as a secondary power backup device is successfully demonstrated and the performance obtained is comparable with some of the previously reported similar works, and even superior to some others.
Conventional blood pressure (BP) measurement methods have different drawbacks such as being invasive, cuff-based or requiring manual operations. There is significant interest in the development of non-invasive, cuff-less and continual BP measurement based on physiological measurement. However, in these methods, extracting features from signals is challenging in the presence of noise or signal distortion. When using machine learning, errors in feature extraction result in errors in BP estimation, therefore, this study explores the use of raw signals as a direct input to a deep learning model. To enable comparison with the traditional machine learning models which use features from the photoplethysmogram and electrocardiogram, a hybrid deep learning model that utilises both raw signals and physical characteristics (age, height, weight and gender) is developed. This hybrid model performs best in terms of both diastolic BP (DBP) and systolic BP (SBP) with the mean absolute error being 3.23 ± 4.75 mmHg and 4.43 ± 6.09 mmHg respectively. DBP and SBP meet the Grade A and Grade B performance requirements of the British Hypertension Society respectively.
To test a smartphone-assisted wireless device for assessing electromyographic (EMG) activity of the masseter muscle in freely moving individuals undertaking routine activities.
Inefficient gas transport in the porous cathode is disastrous for the lithium–air battery to achieve a high electrochemical performance. Previous evaluation of the cathode diffusivity relies on indirect calculations based on multiple V–I data obtained over the intact battery system, which inevitably induces evaluation uncertainty and material waste. In this report, an electrochemical device is designed for the out-of-cell diffusivity measurement in the lithium–air battery with micro/nano-sized cathodes. With the measured diffusivity, a few electrochemical parameters including the limiting current density and the concentration polarization associated with the porous cathodes can thus be directly evaluated. The work facilitates the development of highly-efficient cathode materials in the general field of metal–air battery field.
Currently, most HIV tests are performed with blood samples, or alternatively saliva samples are used for HIV testing. Simple HIV tests need to be performed in hospitals or other medical agencies instead of more invasive HIV blood tests. To enable point-of-care (POC) HIV diagnostics, based on a recently developed lateral flow strip for HIV urine testing, a microfluidic immunoassay cassette with a handheld optical reader is developed. Based on lateral flow strip with gold colloid reporter, the integrated immunoassay cassette can perform sample introduction, metering, discharging, applying and detection which simplifies HIV testing. An indicator is incorporated into the cassette to guide sample introduction based on color change, and further, the excess test sample is stored inside the sealed cassette to avoid any contamination. The low-cost handheld optical reader can provide a test result within a few seconds, which is useful for simple, sensitive and affordable HIV onsite detection. Instead of using normal white LEDs, a customized back light module embedded with green LEDs is adopted to illuminate the lateral flow strip with an appropriate working current to achieve optimal performance. Compared to the standard lateral flow strips using a benchtop reader, with the disposable immunoassay cassette assisted by the handheld optical reader, more convenient, easier-to-operate, and more affordable HIV urine testing can be achieved in POC diagnostics.
In order to maximize the capacity/energy utilization and guarantee safe and reliable operation of battery packs used in electric vehicles, an accurate cell state-of-charge (SoC) estimator is an essential part. This paper tries to add three contributions to the existing literature. (1) An integrated battery system identification method for model order determination and parameter identification is proposed. In addition to being able to identify the model parameters, it can also locate an optimal balance between model complexity and prediction precision. (2) A radial basis function (RBF) neural network based uncertainty quantification algorithm has been proposed for constructing response surface approximate model (RSAM) of model bias function. Based on the RSAM, the average pack model can be applied to every single cell in battery pack and realize accurate terminal voltage prediction. (3) A systematic SoC estimation framework for multi-cell series-connected battery pack of electric vehicles using bias correction technique has been proposed. Finally, three cases with twelve lithium-ion polymer battery (LiPB) cells series-connected battery pack are used to verify and evaluate the proposed framework. The result indicates that with the proposed systematic estimation framework the maximum absolute SoC estimation error of all cells in the battery pack are less than 2%.
In this paper we argue that supercapacitors are the best choice for energy storage in an intelligent wireless sensor system. Furthermore we present recent research on carbon allotropes used as electrode. To compare these materials we introduce a theoretical model to estimate the maximum surface area and maximum capacitance obtainable for carbon electrodes. The purpose of the model is to elucidate what material features are crucial for obtaining a higher energy density in electrochemical double layer capacitors which will particularly benefit energy storage in wireless intelligent sensor systems since a supercapacitor will deliver a higher energy density over time and will have a longer lifespan than a battery. The result of the comparison is that composite materials especially nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets show great promise with their high capacitance compared to other carbon allotropes.
To improve the efficiency of the diffusivity measurement in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), a bi-sensor electrochemical cell is proposed and analyzed. The cell consists of an oxygen pump and two oxygen sensors. This bi-sensor cell doubles the efficiency of binary diffusivity measurements in both porous anodes and cathodes in SOFCs. The design provides an efficient platform to estimate the electrode limiting current density (LCD) and concentration polarization (CP) in SOFCs. Mechanism of measuring the CP with different electrode configurations was discussed in depth. The design was verified by studying the effect of electrode thickness on the CPs at different operating temperatures.
Although metal alloys and intermetallic compounds have been researched extensively as possible negative electrodes for lithium batteries, only recently have efforts been made to monitor the phase transitions that occur during their reaction with lithium by in situ X-ray diffraction. These studies have lead to attempts to exploit those systems that show strong structural relationships between a parent structure and its lithiated products. In this paper, an overview of several systems is presented, particularly those that operate by lithium insertion/metal displacement reactions with a host metal array at room temperature. An analogy between these reactions and the high-temperature electrochemical reaction of sodium/nickel chloride cells, which is 100% efficient, is provided. On this basis, a prognosis for using intermetallic electrodes in lithium-ion cells is given.
A series of imidazolium-based zwitterionic compounds having both a propylsulfonate group at 3-position and an ester group at 1- or 2-position are synthesized and their interactions with LiPF6 are investigated. FT-IR study and theoretical calculation using density functional theory show that the interactions of the zwitterionic compound with LiPF6 varies significantly with the location of the ester group on the imidazolium ring. The electrochemical stability of the imidazolium-based zwitterionic compound is significantly improved by introducing an ester group at the C-2 position of the imidazolium ring. Cycle performance tests show that the initial cell capacity remains almost unchanged up to 100 cycles at 1/2C when 2.5wt.% of 2-(acetoxymethy)-1-butylimidazolium-3-propylsulfonate is added to the model electrolyte consisting of ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) (EC/DMC/EMC=1/1/1 v/v/v), whereas the capacity of the cell containing an unsubstituted or methyl-substituted imidazolium compound at the C-2 position, 1-(acetoxymethyl)imidazolium-3-propylsulfonate or 1-(acetoxymethyl)-2-methylimidazolium-3-propylsulfonate as an additive, starts to decrease rapidly just after a few cycles.
The role of the particle size on the electrochemical properties at 25 and at 55°C of the LiCr0.2Ni0.4Mn1.4O4 spinel synthesized by combustion method has been determined. Samples with different particle size were obtained by heating the raw spinel from 700 to 1100°C, for 1h in air. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that all the prepared materials are single-phase spinels. The main effect of the thermal treatment is the remarkable increase of the particles size from ∼60 to ∼3000nm as determined by transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties were determined at high discharge currents (1C rate) in two-electrode Li-cells. At 25 and at 55°C, in spite of the great differences in particle size, the discharge capacity drained by all samples is similar (Q dch ≈135mAhg−1). Instead, the cycling performances strongly change with the particle size. The spinels with Φ >500nm show better cycling stability at 25 and at 55°C than those with Φ <500nm. The samples heated at 1000 and 1100°C, with high potential (E ≈4.7V), elevate capacity (Q ≈135mAhg−1), and remarkable cycling performances (capacity retention after 250 cycles >96%) are very attractive materials as 5V-cathodes for high-energy Li-ion batteries.
The design of predictive, electrochemical, Li-ion battery models and the use of model-order reduction techniques to extract low-order models enables researchers to address problems related to model-based control, estimation, aging, and life-cycle prediction. This paper presents a novel approach to the design and parametrization of a reduced-order model characterizing the dynamic voltage response of a Li-ion cell. The model is based on the assumption of uniform active material utilization and includes prediction of the ionic concentration and potential dynamics in the liquid phase, which significantly affects the voltage response for high currents. A model-order reduction procedure based on the Pade approximation method is used to reduce the partial differential equation model to a low-order system of ordinary differential equations. Systematic methods are proposed to identify the electrochemical parameters that govern power and capacity prediction, as well as their temperature dependence. The procedure is based on carefully designed experiments that isolate the influence of small groups of parameters on the voltage output, utilizing complete cell data for model identification almost entirely in place of half-cell characterization. Finally, an extensive validation with experimental data illustrates the ability of the model to accurately predict the cell voltage.
Conductive M–NbV–O compounds are high-capacity, fast-charging, safe and stable anode materials that have potential use in lithium-ion batteries. However, their studies are very limited. Here, we facilely fabricate Nb25O62 (i.e., NbIVNbV 24O62) and Nb12O29 (i.e., NbIV 2NbV 10O29) from high-temperature reduction of Nb2O5 in a mixed H2/Ar atmosphere. Nb25O62 shows a monoclinic shear ReO3 crystal structure with a C2 space group and a structural unit containing a 3 × 4 octahedron-block and 0.5 tetrahedron, while Nb12O29 shows a similar structure with an A2/m space group and a 3 × 4 octahedron-block. Their resulting open crystal structures lead to their large Li+-ion diffusion coefficients. Due to the unpaired 4d electrons in Nb4+, their electronic conductivities are increased by three orders of magnitude in comparison with Nb2O5. First-principles calculations even demonstrate their conductor characteristics. Hence, Nb25O62/Nb12O29 exhibits comprehensively good electrochemical performance, including a significant pseudocapacitive contribution (72.7/79.0% at 1.1 mV s−1), high specific capacity (289/287 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C), high working potential (∼1.69/∼1.72 V vs. Li/Li+), superior rate capability (133/165 mAh g−1 at 10 C) and prominent cyclic stability (only 0.3/14.5% capacity loss over 1000 cycles at 10 C). These findings demonstrate that Nb25O62 and Nb12O29 are promising anode materials for future use in high-performance lithium-ion storage.
Many studies confirmed the efficacy and safety of continuous infusion of intrajejunal levodopa/carbidopa gel (CIILG) for advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although this treatment is widely used, definite inclusion/exclusion criteria do not exist. In this prospective open-label study, we evaluated the long-term outcome in 28 consecutive patients and sought to detect any predictive factor to identify the best candidates for CIILG therapy. The assessment was carried out routinely at baseline, after 6 months and every year with UPDRS III–IV, FOG Questionnaire, non-motor symptoms scale, PD questionnaire (PDQ-8), cognitive and psychiatric status evaluation (MMSE, FAB, NPI) and caregiver’s quality of life. 17/28 patients reached the 24-month follow-up. A statistically significant beneficial effect was shown on motor complications in short- and long-term follow-up, also on axial symptoms like gait disturbances. A concomitant improvement in PDQ8 score was observed, with a parallel mild amelioration, but not significant, on Caregivers QoL. When classified according to their outcome on QoL, the only predictive positive factor was less severe at Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) score at baseline. Considering the improvement in motor scores (duration of “off” period), the more advanced age was associated with a poorer outcome. Our results confirmed a sustained efficacy and safety in long-term follow-up and suggest that younger age at operation and absence or mild presence of psychiatric/behavioural symptoms could be considered valid predicting factors in selecting the best candidates for this efficacious therapy.
The present study assessed the relationships between approximate and exact number abilities in children with little formal instruction to ask (1) whether individual differences in acuity of the approximate system are related to basic abilities with symbolic numbers; and (2) whether the link between non-symbolic and symbolic number performance changes over the development. To address these questions, four different age groups of 3- to 6-year-old children were asked to compare pairs of train wagons varying on numerical ratio, as well as to complete exact tasks including number words or Arabic numbers. When correlation analyses were conducted across age groups, results indicated that performance in numerosity comparison was associated with mastery of symbolic numbers, even when short-term memory, IQ and age were controlled for. Separate analyses by age group revealed that the precision in numerosity discrimination was related to both number word and Arabic number knowledge but differently across the development.
Much of the hydrogen vehicle research to date has been conducted and demonstrated in wealthy nations, with very few exceptions. However, developing economies are largely dependent on public transportation, and struggle with air pollution and energy security concerns. The developing regions are in great need of alternative transportation solutions, and although many alternatives are being explored, hydrogen-fueled vehicles are emerging as one of the only technologies that can meet the demands for lower greenhouse gas emissions, lower emissions of air pollutants, and reduced dependence on imported energy. Many conventional buses in developing regions are built from an imported ‘buggy-chassis’, which is a functional bus chassis with an engine and other auxiliaries. ‘Buggy-chassis’ are designed with a very short wheel-base dimension to reduce freight costs as they are often shipped overseas. Domestic companies extend the ‘buggy-chassis’ to full bus length, build the body and cabin, and install other auxiliary systems. The existing infrastructure of the bus buggy-chassis market can be used to leverage hydrogen technology for mass production. This solution allows developing nations to import a state-of-the-art vehicle, with the possibility for local content in the final delivered product, while maintaining the flexibility for innovative technological developments and promoting hydrogen research within the developing economies. Indeed, a modular series-hybrid drivetrain can be made adaptable to a range of primary power sources such as an internal combustion engine or fuel cell engine. The modular approach provides an opportunity to reduce cost while still providing flexibility for innovation, and allows customers to tailor performance to suit their topographical and operational needs.
The high cost of lithium ion batteries is a major impediment to the increased market share of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and full electric vehicles (EVs). The reuse of PHEV/EV propulsion batteries in second use applications following the end of their automotive service life may have the potential to offset the high initial cost of these batteries today. Accurately assessing the value of such a strategy is exceedingly complex and entails many uncertainties. This paper takes a first step toward such an assessment by estimating the impact of battery second use on the initial cost of PHEV/EV batteries to automotive consumers and exploring the potential for grid-based energy storage applications to serve as a market for used PHEV/EV batteries. It is found that although battery second use is not expected to significantly affect today's PHEV/EV prices, it has the potential to become a common component of future automotive battery life cycles and potentially to transform markets in need of cost-effective energy storage. Based on these findings, the authors advise further investigation focused on forecasting long-term battery degradation and analyzing second-use applications in more detail.
There has been a recent interest in antimony since the availability in readily mined areas is decreasing compared to the amounts used. It is important in many applications such as flame retardants and in the production of polyester, which can trigger an investigation of the leachability of antimony from plastics using different acids. In this paper, different types of acids are tested for their ability to leach antimony from a discarded computer housing, made of poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), which is a common plastic type used in electrical and electronic equipment. The acid solutions included sodium hydrogen tartrate (0.5M) dissolved in either dimethyl sulfoxide or water (at ca. 23°C and heated to ca. 105°C). The metal content after leaching was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The most efficient leaching medium was the heated solution of sodium hydrogen tartrate in dimethyl sulfoxide, which leached almost half of the antimony from the poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). Gamma irradiation, which is proposed to improve the mechanical properties in plastics, was used here to investigate the influence of antimony leaching ability. No significant change in the amount of leached antimony could be observed.
Surface treatment of nano-crystalline γ-Fe2O3 was examined to improve its electrochemical performances for lithium battery. Removal of residual phases on the surface by chemical oxidation with NO2BF4 was confirmed by TG measurement and FT-IR spectroscopy, and the process improved charge–discharge characteristics; higher capacity and better reversibility were obtained. The charge–discharge mechanism was studied by X-ray diffraction measurement and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The reversible charge–discharge reaction of the nano-size γ-Fe2O3 was proceeded by a phase transition between the spinel and the disordered rock-salt type, which was previously claimed to be an irreversible process for the bulk materials. The nano-size effect of the phase transitions and the charge–discharge mechanism will be discussed.
This paper explores the English in Action (EIA) intervention in Bangladesh and explores how the school-based support systems impact on classroom practice in Underprivileged Children's Educational Programs (UCEP) Schools. It presents evidence to demonstrate how in-school training helps teachers’ professional development (TDP). This paper explores TPD by analysing interviews with UCEP school administrators and teachers who are participating in the pre-pilot EIA intervention. It draws a conclusion that school-based support systems combined with technology enhanced open and distance learning (ODL) are contributing significantly to TPD as an in-service training.
The performance of mice expressing PDAPP (+/+ or +/−) was studied in the Morris place navigation task. Different lines of questions were investigated using PDAPP+/− mice in which the activity of the cytokine Tumor Necrosing Factor α (TNFα) was attenuated by chronic treatment with anti-TNF or deleting TNFα (TNF−/−). Two different categories of behavior were analyzed in adult (6 months) and middle aged (15 months) subjects. Classically, the cognitive performance was assessed from the escape efficacy and quantitative bias toward the training position in a Morris water maze. Second, stereotyped circling was quantified, along with more qualitative behavioral impairments such as self-mutilation or increased reactivity. Our results can be summarized as follows. (1) All of the PDAPP mice expressed reduced cognitive performance in the Morris task, but only those with a clear-cut amyloid burden in the hippocampus showed behavioral abnormalities such as stereotyped circling. (2) Chronic treatment with anti-TNF prevented the development of pathological circling in the 6-month-old mice but not in the 15-month-old mice and had no significant effect on amyloid burden. (3) The absence of TNFα prevented the development of stereotyped circling in 6- and 15-month-old mice but increased amyloid burden after 15 months. These data indicate that PDAPP mice express cognitive impairments disregarding absence of TNF. The pathological behavioral anomalies related to the PDAPP mutation seem reduced by treatments interfering with TNFα.