batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Activated carbon (AC) fiber cloths and hydrophobic microporous polypropylene (PP) membrane, both modified by plasma-induced graft polymerization of acrylic acid (AAc) under UV irradiation, and filled with saturated lithium hydroxide solution were used as electrodes, a separator and electrolyte in electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs). The modification process changed the hydrophobic character of AC and PP materials to hydrophilic, made them wettable and serviceable as components of an electrochemical capacitor. The presence of poly(acrylic acid) on the AC and PP surface was confirmed by SEM and XPS methods. Electrochemical characteristics of EDLCs were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge cycle tests and also by impedance spectroscopy. At the 1000th cycle of potential cycling (1Ag−1) the specific capacitance of 110Fg−1 was obtained with a specific energy of 11Whkg−1 at power density of 1kWkg−1. The above results provide valuable information which may be used when developing novel compositions of EDLCs.
Converting CO2 to valuable materials is attractive. Herein, we report using simple metallothermic reactions to reduce atmospheric CO2 to dense nanoporous graphene. By using a Zn/Mg mixture as a reductant, the resulted nanoporous graphene exhibits highly desirable properties: high specific surface area of 1900m2/g, a great conductivity of 1050S/m and a tap density of 0.63g/cm3, comparable to activated carbon. The nanoporous graphene contains a fine mesoporous structure constructed by curved few-layer graphene nanosheets. The unique property ensemble enables one of the best high-rate performances reported for electrochemical capacitors: a specific capacitance of ~170F/g obtained at 2000mV/s and 40F/g at a frequency of 120Hz. This simple fabricating strategy conceptually provides opportunities for materials scientists to design and prepare novel carbon materials with metallothermic reactions.
The growing demand for new global resources of clean and sustainable energy emerges as the greatest challenge in today's society. For numerous applications such as hybrid vehicles, electrochemical storage systems simultaneously require high energy and high power. For this reason, intensive researches focus on proposing alternative devices to conventional Li battery and supercapacitors. Here, we report a proof of concept based on non-covalent redox functionalization of composite electrodes that may occur either during the calendar life or during the device functioning. The active material, a multi-redox pyrene derivative, is initially contained in the electrolyte. No additional benchmarking step is therefore required, and it can, in principle, be readily applied to any type of composite electrode (supercapacitors, battery, semi-solid flow celletc.). Accordingly, a practical carbon fiber electrode that is 10 mg cm−2 loaded can deliver up to 130 kW kgelectrode−1 and 130 Wh kgelectrode−1 with negligible capacity loss over the first 60000 charge/discharge cycles.
In this work, we build a composite index of European identification. We analyse the main theoretical backgrounds explaining citizens’ identification with Europe and the alternative types of identities (civic against the ethnic-cultural constructions) and the social psychology theory (based on awareness, emotional attachment and evaluation). We have found that neither of them report spatially homogeneous results over Europe. The proposed solution in this work is the use of fuzzy set techniques. This option is flexible enough to report an index of identification with Europe at the individual level. The composite index of European identity a report an alternative specification to the self-reported perception given by individuals. In this work, we have reported a brief description of the index, which report higher values in Eastern European countries and Spain, and lower average figures in the United Kingdom, France, Sweden and the Netherlands. The index is clearly increasing with education, income and city size, and does not display any first-sight association with respondent’s age and gender. The composite index is an important complement to the survey’s scores, as it captures the grounds in which social identification is built and consequently displays a more robust picture of the determinants of European identity and particularly by the role played by regional policies.
The positive electrodes based on nano- and micrometric carbon coated LiFePO4 (LFP) powders are prepared via aqueous slurry processing using “normal” and “intensive” mixing procedures. The XRD, XPS, and electrochemical characterization reveal that the “intensive” mixing process improves the discharge C-rate capability of the n-LFP cathode however provokes formation of an undesirable thin surface layer enriched by Fe3+ species. The waterborne graphite anodes and LiFePO4 cathodes for the energy and power cells are being developed, upscaled and manufactured on a pilot plant. Energy LiFePO4/C pouch cells demonstrate outstanding durability maintaining 80% of initial discharge capacity (IDC) after 7450 and 2400 full cycles under 1D and 4D discharge currents, respectively. Moreover, further cycling of the energy cell working under 1C/4D protocol reveals its extra-long secondary life (70% of IDC on 9200th cycle). Power LiFePO4/C pouch cell shows long lasting cycle life retaining 80% of IDC after 3350 cycles under harsh cycling conditions (3C/8D). The reported results are being achieved despite confirmed water release from lithium iron phosphate cathodes to the electrolyte. Finally, viability of aqueous processing of the electrodes without sacrificing electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C batteries is clearly proven.
This study investigates the movements of Magellanic Penguins Spheniscus magellanicus breeding on Isla Martillo during the early chick-rearing period. Foraging paths were reconstructed using GPS loggers that registered the penguins′ geographic position, water temperature and depth at regular intervals. The relationship between penguins′ movements and search strategies, tide and tidal currents were assessed. Mean trip duration was on average 14.7 ± 6.9 h (33% overnight), and the maximum distance reached was 24 ± 10 km. All penguins studied foraged to the east of the colony. We identified three phases based on the sinuosity and speed of the trajectory: transit, central and return. Foraging effort was higher during the central phase, followed by the transit phase, and lower in the return phase. Foraging success, measured as the percentage of time at the bottom during each phase, was also highest during the central phase. In all birds studied, the central phase of the foraging trip took place during ebb tide, and birds travelled to the foraging areas with flow tide running in the same direction of displacement. Our study suggests that penguins take advantage of tidal currents to facilitate their movements to and from the main foraging area, thereby reducing the energy expended. Moreover, we suggest that piscivorous diving birds may enhance their catch rate during ebb tide when fish are more concentrated near the channel bed.
Iron hexachloroplatinate (FePtCl6) films have been prepared by mixing Fe2+ and PtCl 6 2 - ions in an aqueous KBr solution. The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), rotating ring-disk electrode, UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, stopped-flow kinetic method and cyclic voltammetry were used to study the deposition and growth mechanism of the iron hexachloroplatinate films. The electrochemical and EQCM properties of the films indicated that a single redox process was confined to the immobilized iron hexachloroplatinate films. The deposition of an iron hexabromoplatinate film occurred when Pt IV Cl 6 2 - was electrochemically reduced to Pt II Cl 6 4 - and Fe3+ to Fe2+. In the aqueous KCl, pH 3.0, solution, Pt IV Cl 6 2 - was electrochemically reduced to Pt II Cl 6 4 - and the Fe2+ reacted with the Pt II Cl 6 4 - and Pt IV Cl 6 2 - species. The electrocatalytic reduction properties of NAD+ and hemoglobin were determined using the iron hexachloroplatinate films. The electrocatalytic and electrochemical reactions of NAD+ with an iron hexabromoplatinate film were investigated using the rotating ring-disk electrode method. The catalytic current increased with the increase of analyte concentration with slope of 1.6μA/mM.
A new Li-rich Li2Ni0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel cathode material is prepared chemically for the first time. Rietveld refinement confirms a cubic structure with Li2 cations occupying the 8b sites. Such crystal structure offers the cathode a theoretical capacity of 282.6 mAh g−1, which has never been realized in spinel cathodes. XPS suggests mixed cations of Ni2+/Ni3+ and Mn3+/Mn4+ within the Li2Ni0.5Mn1.5O4 compound, which suggests that both Ni and Mn redox pairs are involved during the charge/discharge process, as confirmed subsequently by the CV test with three redox pairs of Ni2+/Ni4+, Mn3+/Mn4+ and Mn2+/Mn3+ near 4.7 V, 4.0 V and 2.8 V respectively. Upon electrochemical test, a high reversible capacity of 260.4 mAh g−1 is obtained, corresponding to a coulombic efficiency of 92.2%. Compared to the other cathode materials in practical application, the spinel Li2Ni0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode material shows advantage on both the specific capacity and the energy density, indicating a high potential for future application. Further studies reveal a fast fading on the capacity retention (207.1 mAh g−1, 80.2% after 50 cycles) and poor rate performance (260.4 mAh g−1 at 0.05C and 28 mAh g−1 at 5C), suggesting that further works are needed before the material can be practically employed.
Lithium-ion battery (LIB) uniformity has remarkable influence on the durability and safety of the battery pack. It is therefore important to assemble batteries with good consistency in a pack. This paper proposes a new LIB uniformity sorting method based on some internal criteria. Firstly, a simplified electrochemical model (EM) with parameter identification is introduced. Secondly, internal sorting criteria are selected from EM parameters according to their sensitivities and strength of correlation to aging. Thirdly, based on the proposed internal criteria and/or existing external criteria, four 4-series-connected LIB packs are assembled with cells being selected from 120 LiCoO2/graphite 14500 type LIB candidates and sorted by fuzzy C-means (FCM) algorithm A series of cyclic aging experiments are conducted and the results demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly prolong the cycle life of the pack and guarantee good voltage and state of charge (SOC) uniformity when internal criteria are used to sort cells for packs.
There is increasing demand for home-based devices for the treatment of dermatologic conditions and cosmesis. Commercially available devices include intense pulsed light, laser diodes, radiofrequency, light-emitting diodes, and ultraviolet B phototherapy. The objective of this report is to evaluate the current evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of home-based devices for the treatment of skin conditions. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Cinahl was conducted on November 9, 2020 using PRISMA guidelines. Original research articles that investigated the efficacy and safety of home-based devices for dermatologic use were included. Bibliographies were screened for additional relevant articles. Strength of evidence was graded using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine guidelines. Clinical recommendations were then made based on the quality of the existing literature. After review, 37 clinical trials were included—19 were randomized controlled trials, 16 were case series, and 2 were non-randomized controlled trials. Ultimately, from our analysis, we recommend the home-based use of intense pulsed light for hair removal, laser diodes for androgenic alopecia, low power radiofrequency for rhytides and wrinkles, and light-emitting diodes for acne vulgaris. Trials investigating ultraviolet B phototherapy for psoriasis revealed mixed evidence for home treatments compared to clinic treatments. All devices had favorable safety profiles with few significant adverse events. Limitations to our review include a limited number of randomized controlled trials as well as a lack of data on the long-term efficacy and safety of each device.
Compared with lithium-ion batteries with liquid electrolytes, all-solid-state batteries offer an attractive option owing to their potential in improving the safety and achieving both high power and high energy densities. Despite extensive research efforts, the development of all-solid-state batteries still falls short of expectation largely because of the lack of suitable candidate materials for the electrolyte required for practical applications. Here we report lithium superionic conductors with an exceptionally high conductivity (25 mS cm−1 for Li9.54Si1.74P1.44S11.7Cl0.3), as well as high stability ( ∼0 V versus Li metal for Li9.6P3S12). A fabricated all-solid-state cell based on this lithium conductor is found to have very small internal resistance, especially at 100 ∘C. The cell possesses high specific power that is superior to that of conventional cells with liquid electrolytes. Stable cycling with a high current density of 18 C (charging/discharging in just three minutes; where C is the C-rate) is also demonstrated.
Because of their high energy efficiencies and low emissions, fuel-cell vehicles (FCVs) are undergoing extensive research and development. While hydrogen will likely be the ultimate fuel to power fuel-cell vehicles, because of current infrastructure constraints, hydrogen-carrying fuels are being investigated as transitional fuel-cell fuels. A complete well-to-wheels (WTW) evaluation of fuel-cell vehicle energy and emission effects that examines (1) energy feedstock recovery and transportation; (2) fuel production, transportation, and distribution; and (3) vehicle operation must be conducted to assist decision makers in selecting the fuel-cell fuels that achieve the greatest energy and emission benefits. A fuel-cycle model developed at Argonne National Laboratory—called the Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model—was used to evaluate well-to-wheels energy and emission impacts of various fuel-cell fuels. The results show that different fuel-cell fuels can have significantly different energy and greenhouse gas emission effects. Therefore, if fuel-cell vehicles are to achieve the envisioned energy and emission reduction benefits, pathways for producing the fuels that power them must be carefully examined.
The major obstacle in the development of Li–S batteries is the undesired dissolution of polysulfide intermediates produced during electrochemical reactions. Now, a metal–organic framework-based separator is shown to mitigate the problem, leading to stable long cycles.
The Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the University of Washington have launched the Northwest Institute for Materials Physics, Chemistry and Technology (NW IMPACT), a project focusing on the development of materials for energy, telecommunications, medicine, information technology and other applications. This includes materials for energy conversion and storage, such as solar cells, batteries and industrial applications; quantum materials, such as ultrathin semiconductor; and materials for water separation and utilization. ’This partnership holds enormous potential for innovations in material science that could lead to major changes in our lives and the world,’ said NW president Ana Mari Cauce. ’The science of making new materials is vital to a wide range of advancements, many of which we have yet to imagine,’ added PNNL director Steven Ashby. ’By combining ideas, talent and resources, I have no doubt our two organizations will find new ways to improve lives and provide our next generation of materials scientists with valuable research opportunities.’ Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; www.pnnl.gov
Objective: Task-related EEG is sensitive to changes in cognitive state produced by increased task difficulty and by transient impairment. If task-related EEG has high test–retest reliability, it could be used as part of a clinical test to assess changes in cognitive function. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of the EEG recorded during the performance of a working memory (WM) task and a psychomotor vigilance task (PVT). Methods: EEG was recorded while subjects rested quietly and while they performed the tasks. Within session (test–retest interval of ∼1 h) and between session (test–retest interval of ∼7 days) reliability was calculated for four EEG components: frontal midline theta at Fz, posterior theta at Pz, and slow and fast alpha at Pz. Results: Task-related EEG was highly reliable within and between sessions (r>0.9 for all components in WM task, and r>0.8 for all components in the PVT). Resting EEG also showed high reliability, although the magnitude of the correlation was somewhat smaller than that of the task-related EEG (r>0.7 for all 4 components). Conclusions: These results suggest that under appropriate conditions, task-related EEG has sufficient retest reliability for use in assessing clinical changes in cognitive status.
Silicon oxide thin films featuring different stoichiometries (SiOx, x = 0.72, 1.23, and 1.58) are prepared using radio frequency sputtering, and the electrochemical behaviors of these films as anode materials for lithium ion batteries are investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and glazing incidence X-ray diffraction measurements are conducted at different discharge/charge potentials. The results reveal that the main lithium silicates phases observed during lithiation/delithiation processes are Li2Si2O5, Li6Si2O7, and Li4SiO4. Films featuring high O stoichiometries tend to form silicate phases exhibiting high O stoichiometries, which present high redox potentials. The Li2Si2O5 phase is a kinetically favorable phase and primary reversible product of the lithiation process, while the Li6Si2O7 and Li4SiO4 phases appear to be the irreversible products of films presenting high O stoichiometries during the early lithiation/delithiation cycles within the redox potential range of 0.01–1.5 V. However, if the delithiation potential is increased to 3 V, the LiSi2O5 and Li6Si2O7 phases appear to be reversible during the early lithiation/delithiation cycles. The Li4SiO4 phase, which is the main silicate phase of SiO1.58, remains irreversible. The SiO1.58 film presents the specific capacities of 1129, 1044, 854, and 828 mAh/g at the charge/discharge rates of 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 C, respectively, after 200 cycles.
This paper presents the definition of a detailed optimization model for planning the operation of a standalone hybrid microgrid. The mathematical model is expressed in a general way in order to handle a large number of microgrid configurations in which the demand of different goods (storable or not) has to be fulfilled, as AC and DC electricity, heat, cooling, drinkable water and ice production. The operation of the microgrid is defined by a rolling-horizon strategy that includes solving of a mixed integer linear problem. The goal of the optimization problem is to define the programmable units schedule that leads to the minimum operating cost, ensuring that the demand of each good is fulfilled and exploiting the forecast of production and consumption of non-programmable units over a certain time horizon. The model handles multi-input and multi-output programmable units, considering part-load performance curves, start-up penalizations and several other operation constraints. To demonstrate the model ability, the paper addresses two examples of microgrid configuration: the first test case shows the operation cost reduction attainable with this strategy in comparison with commonly adopted heuristic dispatch strategies; the second one demonstrates the capability to manage a complex system, provided with an Organic Rankine Cycle power system powered by both a biomass boiler and a solar Fresnel collector.
The nanostructured 0.9LiMn0.9Fe0.1PO4·0.1Na3V2(PO4)2F3/C composites are successfully synthesized by a facile solvothermal method followed by mechanical activation and subsequent carbonthermal reduction process. Behaviours of bi-phase co-existence and element mutual-substitution have been investigated by XRD, TEM/EDX and FTIR. The result shows that the composites have dual phase boundaries including the semi-coherent phase interface and incoherent phase interface, as well as the advantage of Na3V2(PO4)2F3 acting as ionic conductor. Due to the multifunctional phase and (Mn,Fe)-V mutual doping as well as nano-carbon continual conducting network, enhanced Li+ migration and charge transfer of nano-hybrid is obtained. Compared with pristine one, the 0.9LiMn0.9Fe0.1PO4·0.1Na3V2(PO4)2F3/C composites exhibit high rate capability and cycling ability, showing 125.5, 106.4 mAh g−1 at 1.0 C, 3.0 C at room temperature, respectively, with high capacity retention up to 93.9% after 600th at 2 C.
Theories suggest that the perception of others’ actions and social cues leads to selective processing of object features. Most recently, natural pedagogy theory postulated that ostensive cues lead to a selective processing of an object’s features at the expense of processing of its location. This study examined this hypothesis in 10-year-old children with and without autism spectrum condition (ASC) to better understand social information processing in ASC and the relevance of observing others in human object processing in general. Participants saw an agent either ostensively pointing to an object or non-ostensively grasping an object. Thereafter, the cued or uncued object changed either its location or identity. We assessed not only behavioral responses, but also participants’ gaze behavior by means of eye tracking. In contrast to natural pedagogy theory, we found that in the non-ostensive grasping context, participants rather noticed an identity change than a location change. Moreover, location changes were more readily identified in the ostensive pointing context. Importantly, there was no difference between children with and without ASC. Our study shows that the perception of ostensively vs. non-ostensively framed actions leads to different processing of object features, indicating a close link between action perception, object processing, and social cues. Moreover, the lacking group difference in our study suggests that these basic perception–action processes are not impaired in autism.
A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on the contact-separation mode between a patterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film and an Al foil was fabricated between clothes for harvesting body motion energy. Under the generally walking, the maximum output of voltage and current density are up to 17V and 0.02μA/cm2, respectively. The TENG with a single layer size of 2cm×7cm×0.08cm sticking on the clothes was demonstrated as a sustainable power source that not only can directly light up 30 light-emitting diodes (LEDs), but also can charge a lithium ion battery by persistently clapping clothes. The electric energy stored in the lithium ion battery was used to power a biosensor for detecting glucose. The detection of bioactive chemicals in our body using the energy harvested from body motion is demonstrated. Moreover, due to the sensitivity and desirable stability to periodic vibration, the TENG was used to measure stride frequency as well.