batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Isolated grids in rural areas powered by independent renewable energy sources (‘renewable energy based village grids’) are widely considered a clean and sustainable solution for Indonesia’s rural electrification challenge. Despite the advantages of renewable energy based village grids, the number of conventional rural electrification solutions – such as costly grid extension (on-grid) or diesel powered village grids (off-grid) which are characterized by high operating costs and high greenhouse gas emissions – is much larger. One reason for the low diffusion of renewable energy based village grids can be attributed to the lack of private sector investments, leaving the responsibility of rural electrification predominantly on the shoulders of the government who often prefer the centralized and conventional solutions. To better understand this situation in this paper we perform a literature review on the economics of renewable energy based village grids in Indonesia, which reveals a gap in terms of cost data. Therefore, we calculate the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of solar photovoltaic (solar PV) and micro hydro powered village grids, and compare them to the conventional diesel solution. For solar PV, we additionally investigate different system configurations including a reduced supply contingency and a hybridization approach. Finally, we determine the CO2 emission abatement costs and reduction potentials. Our results show that micro hydro powered village grids are more competitive than diesel powered solutions (at least when taking out Diesel and other subsidies). Solar PV powered solutions increase their competitiveness with the remoteness of the village grid is and when reduced supply contingency is applied. From an environmental perspective, micro hydro powered village grid solutions are found to have negative abatement costs with significant potential to reduce emissions. We conclude by discussing our results addressing the question which measures could support private investments into renewable energy-based village grids.
Pain catastrophizing refers to a negative mental set brought to bear during the experience of pain. Individuals who catastrophize often feel helpless about controlling their pain, ruminate about painful sensations, and expect bad outcomes. Not surprisingly, such individuals often fail to improve with treatment. This paper provides an assessment tool and outlines a cognitive-behavioral group treatment approach for chronic pain that is specifically designed to reduce catastrophizing. Principles from stress management, cognitive therapy for depression, assertiveness training, and communal coping models are incorporated within the treatment framework to address specific needs posed by catastrophizing. Suggestions are provided for organizing treatment sessions and for assigning homework based on treatment principles.
This paper presents a probabilistic Unit Commitment (UC) model for optimal scheduling of wind power, load forecasts and controllability of vehicles in a microgrid using a stochastic programming framework. The microgrid is made up of microturbines, wind turbine, boiler, Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs), thermal storage and battery storage. The proposed model will help the power grid operators with optimal day- ahead planning even with variable operating conditions in respect of load forecasts, controllability of vehicles and wind generation. A set of valid scenarios is assigned for the uncertainties of wind sources, load and PEVs and objective function in the form of expected value. The objective function is to maximize the expected total profit of the UC schedule for the set of scenarios from the viewpoint of microgrid management. The probabilistic unit commitment optimizes the objective function using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. In order to verify the effectiveness of the stochastic modelling and make a comparison with a simple deterministic one, a typical microgrid is used as a case study. The results can be used to evaluate the effect of integration of PEVs on the economic operation of the microgrid. The results also confirm the necessity to consider the key uncertainties of the microgrid; otherwise the results could overly misrepresent the real world operation of the system.
Pure Magnéli Ti4O7 nanotube arrays (NTA) were successfully fabricated by reducing TiO2 NTA with hydrogen at 850°C for 30minutes. The microstructure, composition and electrochemical behavior of the prepared Ti4O7 NTA were characterized by means of X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Cyclic Voltammetry and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The as-prepared Ti4O7 NTA had a highly-ordered tubular structure with high crystallinity, large electrochemical window of water electrolysis (2.4V vs. Ag/AgCl, pH=6.0) and low interfacial charge transfer resistance when they were employed as anode for electro-oxidation. Phenol was electro-oxidized on Ti4O7 particles and Ti4O7 NTA with the latter giving 20% more Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal. Pure Ti4O7 NTA also displayed larger degradation coefficient as well as higher COD removal and current efficiency than Boron-doped Diamond and other types of Magnéli NTAs. Cathodic polarization was found to be an effective way of restoring the electrochemical performance of oxidized Ti4O7 NTA as an anode.
Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare cognitive functioning of first-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who were also at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis with patients with first-episode (FE) schizophrenia, first degree relatives of patients not fulfilling UHR criteria (FDR), and healthy control (HC) subjects. Method Forty subjects in each group were included, underwent a face-to-face interview and completed a neurocognitive test battery, including the Trail Making Test-A (TMT-A, psychomotor functions), Stroop Color Word Test (attention), Digit Symbol Coding Test (DST, processing speed and working memory) and Hopkins Verbal Leaning Test-Revised (HVLT-R, verbal memory). Results Functioning in all the cognitive test domains displayed a gradual decrease from the HC, FDR, UHR to FE groups. After controlling for covariates, there were still significant differences in TMT-A (F(7160) =35.4, P<0.001), DST (F(7160) =38.9, P<0.001), Stroop Color Word Test (F(7160) =35.0, P<0.001), Stroop Word Test (F(7160) =36.2, P<0.001), Stroop Color Test (F(7160) =40.9, P<0.001) and HVLT-R (F(7160) =62.5, P<0.001) between the four groups, indicating that the cognitive functioning in the UHR group was intermediate between the FE and FDR groups, while the FDR group had poorer performance than the HC group, and the FE group had the poorest cognitive functioning across all four examined domains. Conclusion The results indicate that impairments in processing speed, attention, working memory and verbal memory exist in both UHR and FDR subjects. In order to clarify the associations between cognitive functioning and UHR and schizophrenia, longitudinal studies are warranted.
A hybridized composite material of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles/human hair-derived carbon (HHC) is prepared using a facile two-step method combined carbonization of human hair with homogeneous precipitation under microwave irradiation. Results show that the uniform α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were highly dispersed on the surface of porous human hair-derived carbon. As an anode material for Li-ion batteries, it retains a reversible capacity of 1000 mAh g−1after 200 cycles at 0.2 C. A discharge capacity higher than 750 mAh g−1and 550 mAh g−1 is also recorded at 1 C and 2 C after 200 cycles, respectively. Such superior electrochemical performance of α-Fe2O3/HHC composite could be attributed to the favorable structure of HHC, which can improve the electron and lithium ion transport ability as anode. This study provides a cost-effective, highly efficient means to fabricate materials which combine keratin wastes-derived carbon with active nanoparticles for the development of high-performance lithium-ion battery materials.
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation of the spine and large joints. Fatigue is a common symptom that many AS patients find significantly impacts their health-related quality of life. The Worst Fatigue – Numeric Rating Scale (WF-NRS) assesses the severity of this symptom during the previous 24-hour period. The objective of this study was to perform qualitative research to support the development and content validity of the WF-NRS.
Cross-linked gel polymer electrolytes containing aluminum oxide nanoparticles are prepared by in situ chemical cross-linking after injection of the gel precursor into the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). This makes it possible to directly solidify the electrolyte in the cell and maintain good interfacial contacts between the electrolyte and the electrodes without suffering loss of performance in the DSSC. These gel polymer electrolytes exhibit high ionic conductivity and favorable charge transfer reaction at the interfaces of electrodes and electrolyte. The quasi-solid-state DSSC assembled with optimized gel polymer electrolyte exhibited remarkably high conversion efficiency, 6.34% at 100mWcm−2, and better long-term stability, as compared to the DSSC with liquid electrolyte.
The decarbonization of the power sector has led many academic, governmental and non-governmental institutions to design scenarios with 100% renewable energy and several options to compensate the mismatch between demand and generation have been presented. This paper addresses the benefits to renewable energy integration ensured by the complementarity, and flexibility options, such as demand-side management and batteries. A non-linear multi-objective problem is proposed that maximizes the complementarity and minimizes the total expansion cost. The model also optimizes the battery integration, complementarity between sources and regions, costs, demand-side management, hydropower storage requirements and spatial technology distribution with hourly resolution. The methodology is implemented for the Brazilian case and a scenario able to guarantee three consecutive years of extreme drought in 2050 is presented, without the need of new large reservoirs. Such scenario is ensured with 10% of solar energy, 43% of wind energy, 4.3% of biomass, 41% of hydropower and 1.7% of demand-side management.
Common currency tasks are tasks that investigate the same phenomenon in different species. In this review, we discuss how to ensure the translational validity of common currency tasks, summarise their benefits, present recent research in this area and offer future directions and recommendations.
The goal of this study was to develop a power management system (PMS) that could power a submersible ultrasonic receiver (SUR) continuously to keep accurate time and listen to ultrasonic signals when there was enough energy for a complete scan. We developed a PMS and modified the hardware and firmware of the SUR to allow it to be controlled by our PMS. Thus, the SUR became optimized for the SMFC and was controlled by the PMS. The SUR switched to idle mode without stopping the RTC when there was not enough energy for a complete scan. The PMS used a 350-F capacitor to store microbial energy. The SMFC was deployed in the Palouse River, Pullman, WA. The integrated PMS was tested and operated the SUR continuously for six weeks. Our integrated PMS and sensor could make SMFCs a more viable renewable power source for continuous environmental monitoring. We found that the SUR could only be powered continuously if its operation was controlled by the PMS. We believe that future applications of more complex sensors could benefit from our novel approach of controlling the sensor using the PMS for uninterrupted operation even when the data are collected intermittently.
The La–Ni system compounds have been prepared by arc-melting method under Ar atmosphere. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the as-prepared alloys consist of different phases. The electrochemical properties, including activation, maximum discharge capacity, high rate chargeability (HRC), and high rate dischargeability (HRD) of these alloy electrodes have been studied through the charge–discharge recycle testing at different temperatures and charge (or discharge) currents. Among the La–Ni alloy electrodes studied, LaNi2.28 alloy has the most excellent high rate charging performance, and La2Ni7 alloy exhibit the highest high rate dischargeability, while La7Ni3 alloy is capable of discharging at low temperature.
A novel method has been employed to synthesize layered LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathode material by calcination of Ni–Co hydroxide–carbonate precursor prepared by a route involving separate nucleation and aging steps (SNAS) together with LiOH under air atmosphere. Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) combined with on-line evolved gas mass spectrometry (EGMS) analysis were employed to study the reaction process. The synthesized material was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser particle size distribution analysis, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling. The synthesized LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 presents a narrow distribution of submicron-sized particles and exhibits a good electrochemical property with initial discharge specific capacity of 194.8mAhg−1 in the voltage range 2.75–4.5V (versus Li/Li+). The novel method for the preparation of submicron-sized LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 material has the particular advantage of simple synthesis process and low synthesis cost.
Two types of carbon source and precursor mixing pellets were employed simultaneously to prepare the LiFePO4/C composite materials: Type I using the LiFePO4 precursor with 20wt.% polystyrene (PS) as a primary carbon source, and Type II using the LiFePO4 precursor with 50wt.% malonic acid as a secondary carbon vapor source. During final sintering, a Type I pellet was placed down-stream and Type II precursor pellet(s) was(were) placed upstream next to a Type I precursor pellet in a quartz-tube furnace. The carbon-coated product of the sintered Type I precursor pellet was obtained by using both PS and malonic acid as carbon sources. When two Type II pellets were used as a carbon vapor source (defined as Product-2), a more uniform film between 4 and 8nm was formed, as shown in the TEM images. In the absence of a secondary carbon source (defined as Product-0), the discharge capacity of Product-0 was 137mAhg−1 with 100 cycles at a 0.2C-rate, but Product-2 demonstrated a high capacity of 151mAhg−1 with 400 cycles. Our results indicate that electrochemical properties of LiFePO4 are correlated to the amount of carbon and its coating thickness and uniformity.
The performances and mechanisms of two types of anodes formed by FeSn2 microparticles and nanostructured FeSn2, respectively, were studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy and electrochemical testing. The specific capacity, which is within the range 400–600mAhg−1 even at high C-rate, did not vary with cycle number over 50–60 cycles for the microparticles but progressively decreased for the nanostructured material. In the two cases, the first discharge consists in the irreversible transformation of FeSn2 into Fe/Li7Sn2 nanocomposite. The capacity fade is attributed to the growth and/or coalescence of the particles during cycling.
A time-dependent 2-D numerical simulation was performed on a solid oxide iron-air battery (SOIAB) to reveal the fundamental characteristics of this new system. The SOIAB is a rechargeable battery consisting of a solid oxide electrochemical cell (SOEC) and iron as a redox metal. A simple battery configuration was employed assuming a system with a small capacity. A simulation model for a unit element was developed considering heat and mass transfer in the system, taking both electrochemical and redox reactions into account. The numerical results showed the spatial and temporal changes in the temperature field in the charge and discharge operations, which were due to the combined effects of heat generation/absorption by the electrochemical and redox reactions and heat exchange with the air supplied through convective heat transfer. As the reaction rates are functions of the local temperature, the predicted results show the importance of considering the heat transfer phenomena in this system. It was also found that the active reaction region in the redox metal evolves with time. The nonuniform distribution of iron utilization is affected by the effective gas diffusion coefficients in the porous redox metal, and consequently the change in the current density distribution in the SOEC.
With news that Höganäs has launched a new, lightweight motor for electric bicycles, Metal Powder Report looks at the growth of the ‘e-bike’ market in China and the rest of the world and how the motor was designed to meet new requirements for environmentally friendly vehicle components.
Workplace stress carries considerable costs for the employees’ wellbeing and for the organization’s performance. Recent studies demonstrate that perceptions of psychological contract breach are a source of stress for employees. That is, when employees notice that their employer does not fulfil certain obligations, they will perceive that certain resources are threatened or lost, which in turn translates into increased stress. In this study, we zoom in on how stress unfolds in the aftermath of breach, dependent on the organization’s reaction to the breach. More specifically, we examined the influence of different types of social accounts (i.e., denial, apology, blaming and exonerating justification) on individuals’ stress resolution process using physiological (i.e., heart rate) and psychological (self-report) data.
In this paper we propose a linear program (LP)-based algorithm to schedule battery storage co-located with residential solar photovoltaics (PV), when excess generation is compensated via net metering. While the objective of this LP-based approach is to maximize the operational savings that accrue to customers, an undesirable consequence to the utility is reverse power flow during the peak pricing period. We show in this paper that it is possible to balance the objective of the utility in limiting reverse power flow, with the customer objective of increasing operational savings, in the context of net metering. To balance the specified utility and customer objectives we employ a quadratic program (QP)-based algorithm, which explicitly penalizes reverse power flow. To complete our assessment of net metering, both the LP-based and QP-based scheduling algorithms are applied to measured load and generation data from 145 residential customers located in an Australian distribution network. The results of this case study confirm the absence of reverse power flow when all customers employ a QP-based battery schedule, with the majority of customers exhibiting operational savings.
This study compared normally achieving fourth-grade “Phoenician” readers, who identify nonwords significantly more accurately than they do exception words, with “Chinese” readers, who show the reverse pattern. Phoenician readers scored lower than Chinese readers on word identification, exception word reading, orthographic choice, spelling, reading comprehension, and verbal ability. When compared with normally achieving children who read nonwords and exception words equally well, Chinese readers scored as well as these children on word identification, regular word reading, orthographic choice, spelling, reading comprehension, phonological sensitivity, and verbal ability and scored better on exception word reading. Chinese readers also used rhyme-based analogies to read nonwords derived from high-frequency exception words just as often as did these children. As predicted, Phoenician and Chinese readers adopted somewhat different strategies in reading ambiguous nonwords constructed by analogy to high-frequency exception words. Phoenician readers were more likely than Chinese readers to read ambiguous monosyllabic nonwords via context-free grapheme–phoneme correspondences and were less likely to read disyllabic nonwords by analogy to high-frequency analogues. Although the Chinese reading style was more common than the Phoenician style in normally achieving fourth graders, there were similar numbers of poor readers with phonological dyslexia (identifying nonwords significantly more accurately than exception words) and surface dyslexia (showing the reverse pattern), although surface dyslexia was more common in the severely disabled readers. However, few of the poor readers showed pure patterns of phonological or surface dyslexia.
Sulfur is an appealing cathode material for establishing advanced lithium batteries as it offers a high theoretical capacity of 1675 mA h g−1 at low material and operating costs. However, the lithium–sulfur (Li–S) electrochemical cells face several formidable challenges arising from both the materials chemistry (e.g., low electrochemical utilization of sulfur and severe polysulfide diffusion) and battery chemistry (e.g., dynamic and static instability and low sulfur loadings). Here, we present the design of a core–shell cathode with a pure sulfur core shielded within a conductive shell-shaped electrode. The new electrode configuration allows Li–S cells to load with a high amount of sulfur (sulfur loadings of up to 30 mg cm−2 and sulfur content approaching 70 wt%). The core–shell cathodes demonstrate a superior dynamic and static electrochemical stability in Li–S cells. The high-loading cathodes exhibit (i) a high sulfur utilization of up to 97% at C/20–C/2 rates and (ii) a low self-discharge during long-term cell storage for a three-month rest period and at different cell-storage conditions. Finally, a polysulfide-trap cell configuration is designed to evidence the eliminations of polysulfide diffusion and to investigate the relationship between the electrode configuration and electrochemical characteristics. The comprehensive analytical results based on the high-loading cathodes suggest that (i) the core–shell cathode is a promising solution for designing highly reversible Li–S cells and (ii) the polysulfide-trap cell configuration is a viable approach to qualitatively evaluating the presence or absence of polysulfide diffusion.
Exploring high-performance anode materials is currently one of the most urgent issues towards practical sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). In this work, Bi2S3 is demonstrated to be a high-capacity anode for SIBs for the first time. The specific capacity of Bi2S3 nanorods achieves up to 658 and 264 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 and 2000 mA g−1, respectively. A full cell with Na3V2(PO4)3-based cathode is also assembled as a proof of concept and delivers 340 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1. The sodium storage mechanism of Bi2S3 is investigated by ex-situ XRD coupled with high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), and it is found that sodium storage is achieved by a combined conversion-intercalation mechanism.
A simulation model for a tubular solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) was developed by the object-based approach to calculate the current distribution, gas concentration distribution, and temperature distribution at the steady states and transient operation states. The transient electrical and temperature response to a load change was simulated for the both cells with the diameter of 22mm (standard cell) and the diameter of 2.4mm (micro-tube cell). The time required to reach the new steady state as the operating voltage was changed from 0.7 to 0.5V for the micro-tube cell was found to be 15s, which is much shorter than that of the standard cell.