batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Although energy management systems are expected to result in decreased energy consumption, it is important not to overlook the energy used until commissioning (including raw materials acquisition, manufacturing and transportation) and during the usage phase (including operation and maintenance). This paper examines the energy performance of an intelligent energy management system for underground metro stations. The results show that the energy management system has high energy performance in terms of energy payback time and energy return factor, due to its low cumulative energy demand and its potential for energy savings. When we assumed that the lifespan of energy management systems may vary between 5 and 10 years, their cumulative energy demand was found to range between 505,316 and 852,493MJp eq. In all cases, the operating energy was found to far outweigh the embodied energy (68–81%). The energy management system was implemented in a pilot underground station and was found to provide an energy saving of 13.2±1.1% of the total energy consumption of the pilot station. The energy payback time of the energy management system for underground stations was found to range between 40 and 55 days. Consequently, the system pays back between 33 and 91 times the energy invested in it. The results of this research provide valuable information for stakeholders in the energy management systems industry, as they contribute to ascertaining the sustainability of products.
High temperature (250–350 °C) sodium–beta alumina batteries (NBBs) are attractive energy storage devices for renewable energy integration and other grid related applications. Currently, two technologies are commercially available in NBBs, e.g., sodium–sulfur (Na–S) battery and sodium–metal halide (ZEBRA) batteries. In this study, we investigated the combination of these two chemistries with a mixed cathode. In particular, the cathode consisted of molten NaAlCl4 as a catholyte and a mixture of Ni, NaCl and Na2S as active materials. During cycling, two reversible plateaus were observed in cell voltage profiles, which matched electrochemical reactions for Na–S and Na–NiCl2 redox couples. An irreversible reaction between sulfur species and Ni was identified during initial charge at 280 °C, which caused a decrease in cell capacity. The final products on discharge included Na2S n with 1 < n < 3, which differed from that of Na2S3 in traditional Na–S battery. This novel battery demonstrated a 50% increase in energy density over ZEBRA batteries. Despite of the initial drop in cell capacity, the mixed cathode demonstrated relatively stable cycling with more than 95% of cell capacity retained over 60 cycles. Optimization of the cathode may lead to further improvements in battery performance.
We fabricated an interpenetrating network type solid polymer electrolyte with a promising mono-comb type poly(siloxane-g-ethylene oxide) for lithium rechargeable battery. The ionic conductivity of the network polymer electrolyte was closed to 10−4 S/cm at near room temperature. Initial cycling result from LiNi0.8Co0.2O2/polymer electrolyte/lithium metal cell shows excellent cycling characteristics with no capacity fade in a solid electrolyte system. The new polysiloxane polymer electrolyte could be a promising system for large batteries that necessitate long life and inherent safety such as batteries for electric vehicle applications.
In this study, hierarchically porous carbon nanofibers (HPCNFs) containing numerous electroactive heteroatoms are prepared by controlling carbonization and chemical activation. The HPCNFs have a large surface area of 2862.1 m2 g−1, hierarchical porous structure, and 20.6 at% electroactive oxygen atoms. These HPCNFs exhibit excellent electrochemical performance, and their thermal treatment with melamine results in nitrogen-doped HPCNFs (N-HPCNFs) with 9.1 at% nitrogen and improved electrical property (1.8 × 102 Ω □−1). The electrochemical performance of N-HPCNFs is better than that of HPCNFs, displaying specific energy of 113 Wh kg−1, specific power of 105 kW kg−1, and stable cycle life of over 5000 cycles.
The demand for oil is ever increasing due to the adaptation of developing countries to the global economy;as a result, marketpricesareconstantlyfluctuatingbecause of the basic economic law of demand. In 2007,oil prices in the market reached approximately 150 USD per barrel.Subsequently, with the global financial crises, the price dropped to approximately40 USD per barrel.The volatility in the oil and energy costs forces governments and industries to seek new solutions. Price volatility is not the only reason to transform markets to green technologies. Other motives includethe negative impact on the environment and the consequent social movements to protect nature.The environmental issues and consumer sensitivity to these issues have impact on corporations’ production processes. Green technologies appear to be a major future tendency.Corporations – especially the MNCs (Multinational Corporations)– invest in innovative technologies and R&D (Research and Development), which is already greatly focused on green technologies.There are many environmental issues modern societies have to deal with, such as climate change, global warming, industrial waste, and heavy air pollution. In order to control and reduce the effects of these on the environment, one of the most significant change factorsthat need to be considered is green and renewable energy. Electric vehicles(EVs) emerge with strong potential to remove a substantial part of these effects by introducing green energy. Furthermore, its technologycan contribute significantly to global innovation. Along with developed countries, Turkey,(as a developing country) did take a leading role in adopting this new innovative green technology andintends to become the main manufacturer of the EVs for Europe and global markets. In this paper, EV's expected consumer demand, the market share, and the contribution to the foreign trade volumeofTurkey for the near future are studied.
Distress intolerance has been studied as a transdiagnostic mechanism implicated in a variety of forms of psychopathology and psychological treatments. Although past research has largely supported the separability of distress intolerance from related constructs, some evidence indicates that it overlaps to a meaningful degree with demoralization and negative emotionality, two affect-laden psychopathology-vulnerability factors. The goal of the current study was to clarify the position of the distress intolerance construct in a nomological network that includes demoralization and negative emotionality. Using a sample of 402 undergraduate students, we performed confirmatory factor analyses to examine the underlying structure of distress intolerance, demoralization, and negative emotionality. We also conducted zero-order correlational and hierarchical regression analyses to examine whether distress intolerance predicts unique variance in theoretically relevant psychological constructs above and beyond demoralization and negative emotionality. Results indicated that, although distress intolerance, demoralization, and negative emotionality demonstrate similar patterns of associations with external criteria, the constructs are structurally distinct and distress intolerance accounts for unique variance in psychological outcomes. Overall, our findings support the construct validity of distress intolerance as empirically separable from both demoralization and negative emotionality. Clinical implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
To evaluate the continuous and instantaneous load capability of a battery, this paper describes a joint estimator for state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-function (SOF) of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) based on Kalman filter (KF). The SOC is a widely used index for remain useful capacity left in a battery. The SOF represents the peak power capability of the battery. It can be determined by real-time SOC estimation and terminal voltage prediction, which can be derived from impedance parameters. However, the open-circuit-voltage (OCV) of LiFePO4 is highly nonlinear with SOC, which leads to the difficulties in SOC estimation. To solve these problems, this paper proposed an onboard SOC estimation method. Firstly, a simplified linearized equivalent-circuit-model is developed to simulate the dynamic characteristics of a battery, where the OCV is regarded as a linearized function of SOC. Then, the system states are estimated based on the KF. Besides, the factors that influence peak power capability are analyzed according to statistical data. Finally, the performance of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by experiments conducted on a LiFePO4 LIBs under different operating currents and temperatures. Experimental results indicate that the proposed approach is suitable for battery onboard SOC and SOF estimation.
This article sheds light on advantages of fast charging methods with time-varying current. Analytical solutions of concentration and stress for charging processes with general time-varying currents are derived. A fast charging protocol for a multistage constant current of gradually decreasing value is first evaluated. A properly designed multistage constant-current method is able to simultaneously suppress stress overflow and accelerate charging, but stress undulation induced by sharp switching between stages is inevitable. A charging scheme with a nonlinear exponential current is then investigated. The applied current varies continuously and smoothly with time so stress undulation is avoided. Suggestions for the design of an exponential current method are proposed to achieve the best charging acceleration without sacrificing charging capacity or increasing risk of mechanical failures. A well-designed exponential-current method is superior to a multistage constant-current method in accelerating charging speed.
In this paper synthesis, structure and Li+ transport process of Li7−2x La3Zr2−x Te x O12 (x = 0.125 and 0.25) lithium garnets are reported. Preparation of high Li+ conductive Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) in cubic phase by conventional solid state method demands sintering it around 1200 °C for 36 h in Al2O3 crucible. Cubic phase lithium garnet is successfully obtained at lower sintering temperature around 750 °C with the substitution of Zr4+ by Te6+ in the garnet lattice over the investigated composition range. Among the investigated compounds Li6.5La3Zr1.75Te0.25O12 sintered at 1100 °C exhibits a maximum room temperature total (bulk + grain boundary) ionic conductivity of 1.02 × 10−3 S cm−1. The present studies reveal the stabilization of the cubic garnet phase relatively at lower sintering temperature along with an enhancement in Li+ conductivity with lithium content lesser than 7 by suitable doping in Li7La3Zr2O12.
A series of novel Co–S composites composed of metallic Co and Co9S8 were prepared via a facile hydrothermal method and investigated as negative electrodes for secondary alkaline batteries. Instrumental analyses reveal that the incorporation of Co9S8 nanoflakes leads to better dispersion of Co particles and increases the interspacing between Co particles, greatly increasing the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area. Thus, the electrochemical performance of the Co electrode is significantly improved. The maximum discharge capacity of the Co–S electrode reaches 420mAhg−1 and remains at 410mAhg−1 after 200 cycles, which is much higher than the capacity of a pure Co electrode. The shift of the redox peaks in the CV curves and the negative movement of the discharge–potential plateau are attributed to the dissolution of sulfur in the composite, which also favors the capacity of Co. The measurements reveal that the reversible faradic reaction between highly dispersed Co and Co(OH)2 is dominant for the Co–S composites.
Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) are grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition on highly doped silicon wafer via localized gold catalysis with monitored length, diameter, density and doping level. This work highlights the influence of SiNWs morphological characteristics on their electrochemical performances and analyses in details the key role of the doping level for exhibiting a typical double layer capacitive behavior. The electrochemical performances of silicon and SiNWs electrodes are evaluated in an organic electrolyte by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Electrode capacitance has been improved up to 440µFcm−2, i.e. about 75 fold that of bulk and about 10 fold that of the one previously reported.
A retrospective analysis of standard genetic toxicity (genetox) tests, reproductive and developmental toxicity (reprotox) studies, and rodent carcinogenicity bioassays (rcbioassay) was performed to identify the genetox and reprotox endpoints whose results best correlate with rcbioassay observations. A database of 7205 chemicals with genetox (n =4961), reprotox (n =2173), and rcbioassay (n =1442) toxicity data was constructed; 1112 of the chemicals have both genetox and rcbioassay data and 721 chemicals have both reprotox and rcbioassay data. This study differed from previous studies by using conservative weight of evidence criteria to classify chemical carcinogens, data from 63 genetox and reprotox toxicological endpoints, and a new statistical parameter of correlation indicator (CI, the average of specificity and positive predictivity) to identify good surrogate endpoints for predicting carcinogenicity. Among 63 endpoints, results revealed that carcinogenicity was well correlated with certain tests for gene mutation (n =8), in vivo clastogenicity (n =2), unscheduled DNA synthesis assay (n =1), and reprotox (n =3). The current FDA regulatory battery of four genetox tests used to predict carcinogenicity includes two tests with good correlation (gene mutation in Salmonella and in vivo micronucleus) and two tests with poor correlation (mouse lymphoma gene mutation and in vitro chromosome aberrations) by our criteria.
The Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study incorporates a comprehensive range of measures assessing predictors and outcomes related to both mental and physical health across childhood and adolescence. The workgroup developed a battery that would assess a comprehensive range of domains that address study aims while minimizing participant and family burden. We review the major considerations that went into deciding what constructs to cover in the demographics, physical health and mental health domains, as well as the process of selecting measures, piloting and refining the originally proposed battery. We present a description of the baseline battery, as well as the six-month interim assessments and the one-year follow-up assessments. This battery includes assessments from the perspectives of both the parent and the target youth, as well as teacher reports. This battery will provide a foundational baseline assessment of the youth’s current function so as to permit characterization of stability and change in key domains over time. The findings from this battery will also be utilized to identify both resilience markers that predict healthy development and risk factors for later adverse outcomes in physical health, mental health, and substance use and abuse.
Pristine MoO3 is a potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to its high specific capacity (1117 mA h g−1); it suffers, however, from poor cyclability, resulting from a low conductivity and large volume changes during lithiation/delithiation process. Here we adopt a facile two-step method in which pristine bulk MoO3 is first converted into MoO3 nanorods (MoO3 NR) through mechanical grinding, to buffer the continuous volume changes, and then coated with amorphous carbon through simple stirring and heating, to provide high electronic and ionic conductivities. Electrochemical tests reveal that the carbon-coated MoO3 nanorods (C-MoO3 NRs) exhibit outstanding specific capacity (856 mA h g−1 after 110 cycles at a current density of 0.1 C); remarkable cycle life, among the best reported for carbon-based MoO3 nanostructures (485 mA h g−1 after 300 cycles at 0.5 C and 373 mA h g−1 after 400 cycles at 0.75 C); and greatly improved capacity retention (up to 90.4% after various C-rates) compared to bulk MoO3. We confirm the versatility of the C-MoO3 NR anodes by preparing flexible batteries that display stable performance, even in bent state. This simple approach toward C-MoO3 NR anodes proceeds without rigorous chemical synthesis or extremely high temperatures, making it a scalable solution to prepare high-capacity anodes for next-generation LIBs.
Changes were made by the EU Research Council to the European Commission's revised proposal, rewritten following a vote for amendments in the European Parliament, on the division on the ???16 270 million allocated for Framework Programme 6 (FP 6).
Zinc particles are commonly used as anode material in primary zinc air batteries. One of the reasons for irreversibility of this battery system is degradation of zinc metal, such as zinc passivation by formation of ZnO layers in alkaline solution. A promising approach for reducing zinc degradation is modification of zinc with protective coatings. But up to now, no electrical rechargeability of coated zinc particles could be enabled after complete discharge. In this work, bismuth oxide based coatings are introduced which should improve cyclic stability. Bi2O3-ZnO-CaO and Bi2O3-ZnO-SiO2 glasses were prepared and their chemical stability as well as swellability in 6 M KOH were discussed. The coating of zinc particles was realized by mechanical method. The electrochemical performance of coated zinc particles was investigated by applying complete discharge and charge steps, and compared with the behavior of uncoated zinc particles. The results pointed out, that Bi2O3-ZnO-CaO-coated zinc particles enabled improved rechargeability. A cyclic stability of 20 full cycles was realized in excess electrolyte, whereas uncoated zinc achieved just one complete discharge. The cumulated zinc utilization of coated zinc particles could be improved to 465%, as compared to uncoated zinc showing just 85% in test cells with electrolyte limitation.
Ultra-thin Cr2O3 films (12.0, 17.3 and 29.6nm thick) were produced on Cr metal by thermal oxidation, and their electrochemical properties in 1M LiClO4 in propylene carbonate (PC) were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry. The reductive electrolyte decomposition and the conversion/deconversion process were observed and analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The initial irreversible capacity due to the reduction of electrolyte and the incomplete deconversion process during the first cycle is 70% of the first discharge capacity. A stable charge/discharge capacity of 460mAhg−1 was obtained in the 3rd to 10th cycles. XPS and PM-IRRAS evidenced the growth of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer that is constituted of Li2CO3 formed by reductive decomposition of the electrolyte. The SEI layer thickness and/or density is modified by the conversion/deconversion reaction. ToF-SIMS evidenced the volume expansion/shrink resulting from the conversion/deconversion reaction. ToF-SIMS also revealed an incomplete conversion process limited by mass transport, which partitions the oxide into a converted outer part assigned to Li2O containing Cr traces and an unconverted inner part ascribed to Cr2O3 or lower Cr oxide containing Li. It was found that the deconversion re-homogenizes the oxide film in a single layer but with lithium trapped in it. The present study provides a detailed understanding of the interfacial reaction on the oxide anode undergoing a conversion/deconversion reaction.
Porous structured silicon (p-Si) has been recognized as one of the most promising anodes for Li-ion batteries. However, many available methods to synthesize p-Si are difficult to scale up due to their high production cost. Here we introduce a new approach to obtain spherical micrometer-sized silicon with unique porous structure by using a microemulsion of the cost-effective of silica nanoparticles and magnesiothermic reduction method. The spherical micron-sized p-Si particles prepared by this approach consist of highly aligned nano-sized silicon and exhibit a tap density close to that of bulk Si particles. They have demonstrated significantly improved electrochemical stability compared to nano-Si. Well controlled void space and a highly graphitic carbon coating on the p-Si particles enable good stability of the structure and low overall resistance, thus resulting in a Si-based anode with high capacity (~1467 mAh g−1 at 2.6 A g−1), enhanced cycle life (370 cycles with 83% capacity retention), and high rate capability (~650 mAh g−1 at 11A g−1). This approach may also be generalized to prepare other hierarchical structured high capacity anode materials for constructing high energy density lithium ion batteries.
Energy storage systems (ESSs) appear as a viable solution to some of the stability and intermittency problems of wind power generation. As a consequence, it is crucial to develop adequate control strategies that allow the coordinate operation of both energy sources. Moreover, in order to minimize the impact of large wind farms on the power system, many countries have set strict grid codes that wind power generators must accomplish. Hence, it is also necessary to pay due attention to the fault ride through capabilities of these hybrid systems. In this paper two different hybrid configurations are modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, consisting on a doubly fed induction generator driven wind turbine and electrochemical batteries as ESS. They are simulated and compared under various operating conditions (i.e. real fluctuating wind speed input with variable active and reactive power grid demand, voltage sags, three-phase and single-phase fault to ground, and overvoltage). A conventional wind turbine without ESS is also considered as a base-case in order to highlight the main benefits of the hybrid schemes. The results show that by implementing one of the presented control strategies, it is possible to enhance the response to faults of the hybrid systems, achieving higher active power injection and helping the recovery to steady-state, thus improving the grid connection capabilities of hybrid wind farms.
The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of a lithium-ion battery is usually measured at open-circuit state under a constant state-of-charge (SOC). In this way, the differences between charge and discharge cannot be distinguished, because they both occur in one cycle of the alternating current. To explore the differences, in this study, we propose a new implementation method measuring the dynamic EIS (DEIS) of a LiMn2O4/Li half-cell (0.8 mAh) in the galvanostatic mode while the cell is under charging or discharging at a series of direct currents (DC). The results show the charge transfer resistance, Rct, decreases with the increased DC. Also, Rct during charging is usually smaller than that during discharging. The dependency of Rct on the DC can be explained according to the Butler-Volmer equation. The difference in Rct between charge and discharge, ΔRct, is ascribed to a significant surface concentration variation caused by the DC.