batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Graphene is a unique and attractive energy material because of its atom-thick two-dimensional structure and excellent properties. Graphene sheets are also mechanically strong and flexible. Thus, graphene materials are expected to have wide and practical applications in bendable, foldable and/or stretchable devices related to energy conversion and storage. We present a review on the recent advancements in flexible graphene energy devices including photovoltaic devices, fuel cells, nanogenerators (NGs), supercapacitors (SCs) and batteries, and the devices related to energy conversion such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), photodetectors and actuators. The strategies for synthesizing flexible graphene materials will be summarized and the challenges facing the design and construction of the devices will be discussed.
Voltammetry of immobilised microparticles with a square wave potential scan (SQW) is used to study the phases composition of brass. Several electrolytes are considered in order to obtain peaks representing all the brass phases as well as to achieve the best resolution between peaks. Cyclic voltammetry was also used to characterise the electrode processes and the results obtained were in agreement with those from SQW voltammetry. The position and shape of the peaks changed with the media and concentration used to perform the experiment. Thiocyanate medium offered the richest information.
Carbon-coated Li2ZnTi3O8 composites with nano particle size and excellent rate performance are synthesized via a facile solid-state reaction route using alginic acid as carbon precursor. The results of characterization indicate that amorphous carbon layer is homogeneously coated on the surface of Li2ZnTi3O8 particles without any crystal structure change. The carbon-coated Li2ZnTi3O8 composite with 10wt.% alginic acid (Li2ZnTi3O8/C-10) shows the largest initial discharge specific capacity of 242.5, 190.0, 165.2 and 91.2mAhg−1 can be obtained after 100 cycles at 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0Ag−1, respectively. EIS reveals that Li2ZnTi3O8/C-10 exhibits higher electronic conductivity and faster lithium ion diffusivity. The significant improvements of electrochemical performance are attributed to the carbon layer on the outer surface of Li2ZnTi3O8 active particles, which can restrain the growth of particles, enhance electronic conductivity and suppress electrolyte decomposition.
Copy-number variants (CNVs), in particular rare, small and large ones (< 1% frequency) and those encompassing brain-related genes, have been shown to be associated with neurodevelopmental disorders like autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and intellectual disability (ID). However, the vast majority of CNV findings lack specificity with respect to autistic or developmental-delay phenotypes. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the size and frequency of CNVs in high-functioning ASD (HFA) without ID compared with a random population sample and with published findings in ASD and ID. To investigate the role of CNVs for the “core symptoms” of high-functioning autism, we included in the present exploratory study only patients with HFA without ID. The aim was to test whether HFA have similar large rare (> 1 Mb) CNVs as reported in ASD and ID. We performed high-resolution chromosomal microarray analysis in 108 children and adolescents with HFA without ID. There was no significant difference in the overall number of rare CNVs compared to 124 random population samples. However, patients with HFA carried significantly more frequently CNVs containing brain-related genes. Surprisingly, six HFA patients carried very large CNVs known to be typically present in ID. Our findings provide new evidence that not only small, but also large CNVs affecting several key genes contribute to the genetic etiology/risk of HFA without affecting their intellectual ability.
Fe3O4@Ni3S2 microspheres as a novel alkaline anode material have been successfully fabricated through a four-step process for the first time. In this composite, Ni3S2 nanoparticles are coated tightly on the surface of Fe3O4 microspheres. Compared with the pure Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@NiO microspheres, the proposed Fe3O4@Ni3S2 delivers a significantly improved high-rate performance and enhanced cycling stability. At a high discharge rate of 1200mAg−1, the specific capacity of the Fe3O4@Ni3S2 is ∼481.2mAhg−1 in comparison with ∼83.7mAhg−1 for the pure Fe3O4. After 100 cycles at 120mAg−1, the Fe3O4@Ni3S2 can achieve a capacity retention of 95.1%, while the value for the pure Fe3O4 electrode is only 52.5%. The favorable electrochemical performance of the Fe3O4@Ni3S2 is mainly attributed to the beneficial impact of Ni3S2. The Ni3S2 layer as a useful additive is significantly conducive to lessening the formation of Fe(OH)2 passivation layer, enhancing the electronic conductivity, improving the reaction reversibility and suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction of the alkaline iron anode. Owing to its outstanding electrochemical properties, we believe that the novel Fe3O4@Ni3S2 composite is potentially a promising candidate for anode material of alkaline iron-based batteries.
In this paper, a pair of novel rectification algorithms (greedy negative pressure push algorithm and dynamic local stitching algorithm) is proposed to cooperatively repair broken transmitting paths in Wireless Sensor Networks. Our approach is to overcome the poor data validity in WSNs, specifically for harsh application environments – such as unattended sensor nodes or frail wireless transmitting channels – where fault tolerant becomes a vital aspect. Using adjacency information, Greedy negative pressure push algorithm can efficiently grow the transmitting path to achieve the minimum energy consumption for relays model. Here, we measured packet travel time and the expectation of relay distance to set this model's key parameters to achieve the lowest possible end-to-end transmitting delay. Dynamic local stitching algorithm has a major difference with other existing routing algorithms in rectifying broken paths; despite others that reroute whole paths, our algorithms only stitch broken fragments of the original path spending minimum amount of energy as well as recovery time. Based on mathematical computing and simulation, our novel rectification algorithm could effectively (1) reduce the total number of routing overheads, (2) improve net throughput, and (3) increase system fault tolerant much better than four already designed routing algorithms. Results were also very promising to motivate other algorithms in this field.
Highly transparent nanocrystalline TiO2 films have been fabricated by electrospinning (ES) technique based on a transmutation process from as-spun nanofibers with an appropriate amount of tri-ethanolamine (TEOA) added to the precursor. A possible evolution mechanism of the transparent nanocrystalline TiO2 films is proposed. It is found that the films prepared via transmutation from electrospun nanofibers possess rich bulk oxygen vacancies (BOVs, PL band at 621–640 nm) by using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Contrastively, the dominant peak in PL spectrum of the spin-coated film is the emission from surface oxygen vacancies (SOVs, PL band at 537–555 nm). The electrospun TiO2 films with rich BOVs induce large open-circuit voltage (V oc) and fill factor (FF) improvements in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs), and thus a large improvement of energy conversion efficiency (η). In addition, these performance advantages are maintained for a double-layer cell with a doctor-bladed ∼7 μm top layer (P25 nanometer TiO2, Degussa) and an electrospun ∼3 μm bottom layer. The double-layer cell yields a high η of 6.01%, which has increased by 14% as compared with that obtained from a 10 μm thick P25 film.
In this work, we propose a facile and efficient strategy for mitigating capacity fading of ZnO by co-hybridization of cobalt (Co) and N-doped carbon (C–N). The ZnO-based hybrid (ZnO/Co/C–N) is prepared by calcining metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) under a vacuum condition. In view of the unique microstructure of MOFs used in our case, the resultant hybrid displays a three dimensional (3D) spherical morphology with abundant pore structure. The electrochemical tests indicate that the ZnO/Co/C–N nanospheres exhibit excellent cycling stability, high specific capacity, and good rate capability. This work proposes a facile strategy for the synthesis of nanomaterials with unique microstructure, desired composition and high surface area, endowing an excellent lithium storage performance. The current route is convenient and cost-effective, and therefore it is highly promising for scaled-up production. Moreover, the method we adopted may be extended to synthesize other porous nanomaterials with desired composition.
Prognostics and health management (PHM) is an emerging engineering discipline that diagnoses and predicts how and when a system will degrade its performance and lose its partial or whole functionality. Due to the complexity and invisibility of rules and states of most dynamic systems, developing an effective approach to track evolving system states becomes a major challenge. This paper presents a new self-cognizant dynamic system (SCDS) approach that incorporates artificial intelligence into dynamic system modeling for PHM. A feed-forward neural network (FFNN) is selected to approximate a complex system response which is challenging task in general due to inaccessible system physics. The trained FFNN model is then embedded into a dual extended Kalman filter algorithm to track down system dynamics. A recursive computation technique used to update the FFNN model using online measurements is also derived. To validate the proposed SCDS approach, a battery dynamic system is considered as an experimental application. After modeling the battery system by a FFNN model and a state-space model, the state-of-charge (SoC) and state-of-health (SoH) are estimated by updating the FFNN model using the proposed approach. Experimental results suggest that the proposed approach improves the efficiency and accuracy for battery health management.
Much has been written about the value of law, mostly in ideational terms. In this article, I draw attention to law’s pecuniary value. Law, I argue, is the very stuff from which many wealth generating, or capital, assets are made, foremost among them intangible assets that account for most of the private wealth today. For law to serve as a fountain of wealth, it must be backed by state power, and indeed, sovereign states have been more than willing to offer a helping hand. They have found intellectual support in neoclassical economics and in its off-spring, law and economics, theoretical approaches that have sought to ground law in the scientific analysis of the economy, in efficiency rather than in justice. In doing so, they have averted their eyes from the fact that the most critical source for wealth, that is law, is itself of the state and should be subject to social norms enshrined in our constitutions, not abstract welfarism.
CD81, also known as the target of an antiproliferative antibody 1 (TAPA-1) in human, is a member of tetraspanin integral membrane protein family. This protein plays many important roles in immune and other physiological functions. In this report, we characterized and analyzed expression of the channel catfish CD81 transcript. The full-length of channel catfish CD81 cDNA comprised of 1130 nucleotides, including an open reading frame which appears to encode a putative peptide of 234 amino acid residues. By comparison with the human counterpart, the channel catfish CD81 peptide could be divided into domains, including four transmembrane domains, three intracellular domains, and one of each small and large extracellular loops. The degree of conservation of the channel catfish CD81 amino acid sequence to that of mammalian counterparts ranged from 65% to 67%. The large extracellular domain shows the least conservation between fish and mammals. However, the characteristic Cys159-Cys160-Gly161 motif and Cys176/188 in this domain were conserved. The channel catfish CD81 transcript was detected by RT-PCR in spleen, head kidney, liver, intestine, skin and gill. This result provides important information for further elucidating CD81 functions in channel catfish.
In this paper, the effect of the conductive additive, poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) on brine water batteries was investigated. Brine water batteries were produced using magnesium powder mixed with aluminum powder, activated carbon and carbon nanotubes, which functioned as the anode with aluminum foil as the current collector. The aluminum current collector also took part in the anodic reaction after the magnesium was used up in the brine water battery reaction. AgCl mixed with activated carbon and carbon nanotubes functioned as the cathode. Platinum mesh was used as current collector for the cathode. The binder used was a mixture of poly vinyl alcohol and poly-acrylic acid. To this binder, the conductive binder PEDOT:PSS was added. The brine water battery consisted of five cells in series connection and each cell had an anode and cathode either with or without PEDOT:PSS. The brine water batteries were operated in a 3.5% NaCl which mimics seawater.
A biological enzyme – Laccase from Trametes versicolor (LacTv) – has been recognized as a highly efficient bifunctional catalyst in a rechargeable lithium–air battery system whose intrinsic pH change during discharge/charge can regulate the in situ recovery of the enzyme, making them an in situ synergistic match, enabling the battery to offer an extraordinarily flat discharge voltage of ∼3.75 V for 120 h, and remarkable durability (cycling steadily over 1100 h) with a narrow voltage gap of ∼0.24 V.
A device constituted of an edge-emitting semiconductor laser driven by a van der Pol oscillator is studied analytically and numerically. For small value of the parameter controlling the dissipation in van der Pol oscillator, the Lindstedt–Poincaré method is used to find analytically high accurate solutions of the van der Pol equation with a bias term. Then by using the harmonic balance method, we obtain the amplitude of the oscillatory states of the laser output. The analytical results are compared with those from numerical simulation and a good agreement is obtained. By varying the parameter controlling the dissipation in van der Pol oscillator and the normalized reverse bias saturation of the injection current in the laser, we numerically show that the laser output exhibits a period-doubling route to chaos. The coexistence between periodic and chaotic behaviors is found in edge-emitting semiconductor laser driven by a van der Pol oscillator for specific parameters values. It is demonstrated that the edge-emitting semiconductor laser driven by a van der Pol oscillator generates dynamical behaviors found in edge-emitting semiconductor laser subject to a sine modulated current demonstrating the advantage of using a simple and less bulky electronic device to modulate the semiconductor laser pump current.
Amid burgeoning environmental concerns, electrochemical energy storage has rapidly gained momentum. Among the contenders in the ‘beyond lithium’ energy storage arena, the lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery has emerged as particularly promising, owing to its potential to reversibly store considerable electrical energy at low cost. Whether or not Li–S energy storage will be able to fulfil this potential depends on simultaneously solving many aspects of its underlying conversion chemistry. Here, we review recent developments in tackling the dissolution of polysulfides — a fundamental problem in Li–S batteries — focusing on both experimental and computational approaches to tailor the chemical interactions between the sulfur host materials and polysulfides. We also discuss smart cathode architectures enabled by recent materials engineering, especially for high areal sulfur loading, as well as innovative electrolyte design to control the solubility of polysulfides. Key factors that allow long-life and high-loading Li–S batteries are summarized.
Metal–chalcogen batteries (MCBs) are promising alternatives to the commonly used lithium-ion batteries, because they can provide remarkable capacities while using cheaper and more versatile electrodes. Nevertheless, the rational design and controllable synthesis of electrode materials is still a great challenge. The essential functions of MCB electrodes include: (1) electrical conduction, (2) cathode species encapsulation, (3) intermediate species immobilization, (4) cathode redox reaction acceleration and (5) anode species stabilization. Design of nanoreactors for MCBs has been proven as a highly feasible strategy for integrating some or all of these features into an individual electrode material, to be used in these batteries. In this review, the concept and features of nanoreactors are firstly introduced. Afterwards, we present the major synthetic strategies for constructing nanoreactors with different morphologies and dimensions. Next, we present the main functions of MCBs and how they can be imparted upon the electrode nanostructures via nanoreactor design and engineering. The follow-up section reviews examples of typical nanoreactors for applications in MCBs. Finally, the perspectives and future directions are discussed in this exciting field of research.
This paper presents concepts and considerations for integrating a Buoyancy Energy Storage System with a utility scale wind turbine and the Ontario, Canada energy market is used as a case study. Using derived characteristic equations of operation, a Buoyancy energy system is sized for storage of 1MWh of electrical energy. Practical considerations of float and equipment selection are discussed and hydrodynamic drag losses calculated for the desired float velocity range. Round-trip efficiency is estimated based on calculated losses. Power generation data from a 2.3MW wind turbine is presented along with the historic energy purchase price data for Ontario in 2015. Total revenue and net revenue resulting from storage is calculated based on historic data and a developed bi-diurnal storage program. Open water testing of a small scale system was conducted in Lake Huron which confirmed steady state operation of the system under sufficient loading
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have attracted extensive attentions due to their high capacity and low-cost. Yet the long-term cycling performance is needed to be further optimized to meet the demand of grid-scale energy storage application. Herein, we introduce a new strategy to improve the cycling performance of aqueous ZIBs by the construction of biphase composites, as an example of V2O5/NaV6O15. It demonstrates excellent long-term cycling stability, with a high capacity of 164mAhg−1 after 2000cycles at 5 A g−1 and 116.7mAhg−1 after 4000cycles at 10 A g−1.
Ethanol is added as a dispersing agent in the slurry preparation step for lithium-ion batteries, in which lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) and conductive carbon (Super P) are dispersed into an aqueous solution of polymer binder (polyacrylic acid). The addition of ethanol suppresses the agglomeration of conductive carbon particles enabling homogeneous mixing of the electrode ingredients in the slurry, which eventually yields a uniform distribution of the LTO and Super P particles in the composite electrodes. Because of the reinforced electrically conductive network formed between the LTO and Super P, the electrode resistance becomes smaller, and thus, a high rate capability is achieved; the capacity of the LTO at 30 C is 73% of that observed at 0.5 C.
The development of a regenerative Integrated Renewable Energy Experiment (IRENE) is presented. IRENE is a laboratory-scale distributed energy system with a modular structure which can be re-configured to test newly developed components for generic regenerative systems integrating renewable energy, electrolysis, hydrogen and electricity storage and fuel cells. A special design feature of this test bed is the ability to accept transient inputs from and provide transient loads to real devices as well as from simulated energy sources/sinks. The findings of this study should be of interest to developers of small-scale renewable-regenerative systems intended to displace fossil fuel systems. Developing an IRENE-like system with commercial products currently available is a challenging integration task. Various strategies for assimilating the components are discussed and the necessary modifications presented. Virtually all of the major components have required modification to achieve a cohesive and functional system. The integration issues considered fall into three general categories: power conditioning, control/communication compatibility and component reliability. An example of a generalized load/resource profile illustrating a variety of dynamic operation regimes is presented.
The dependence of the electronic conductivity of activated carbon electrodes on their potential in aqueous electrolyte solutions was explored as a function of level of activation, electrolyte concentration, and pH. In general, the conductivity of molecular sieve carbon electrodes in electrolyte solutions strongly depends on their potential. While porous carbon electrodes exhibit the expected behavior, namely, a parabolic dependence of the conductivity on the potential, with a minimum at the PZC, an unusual trend is observed in the case of porous carbon electrodes in concentrated aqueous KCl solutions. That is, a monotonic dependence of the conductivity on the potential is measured. Conductivity vs. potential measurements in solutions of different pH values were conducted in order to elucidate the role of H+ in electro-adsorption processes of porous carbon electrodes, even in neutral solutions. Under these conditions (i.e., high salt concentrations), the potential region of cation electro-adsorption becomes wider (>1V). This cation electro-adsorption within a wide potential range leads to the monotonous dependence of the conductivity on the electrodes’ potential.
The goal of this research is to understand the economics of anticipated large-scale changes in the electric system. 86 million different combinations of renewable generation (wind and solar), natural gas, and three storage types (hydrogen storage, electric vehicles equipped with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, and building heat) are modeled within the PJM Interconnection. The corresponding electric systems are then operated and constrained to meet the load every hour over four years. The total cost of each energy system is calculated, both with and without externalities, to find the least cost energy systems. Using today’s costs of conventional and renewable electricity and without adding any externalities, the cost-minimum system includes no renewable generation, but does include EVs. When externalities are included, however, the most cost-effective to system covers 50% of the electric load with renewable energy and runs reliably without need for either new conventional generation or purpose-built storage. The three novel energy policy implications of this research are: (1) using today’s cost of renewable electricity and estimates of externalities, it is cost effective to implement 240GW of renewable electricity to meet 50% of the total electric load; (2) there is limited need to construct new natural gas power plants, especially from a system-wide perspective; and (3) existing coal plants may still be useful to the energy system, and instead of being retired, should be repurposed to occasionally provide generation.