batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The carbon-coated LiFePO4 Li-ion oxide cathode was studied for its electrochemical, thermal, and safety performance. This electrode exhibited a reversible capacity corresponding to more than 89% of the theoretical capacity when cycled between 2.5 and 4.0 V. Cylindrical 18,650 cells with carbon-coated LiFePO4 also showed good capacity retention at higher discharge rates up to 5C rate with 99.3% coulombic efficiency, implying that the carbon coating improves the electronic conductivity. Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) test performed on LiFePO4 18,650 cell indicated the suitability of this carbon-coated LiFePO4 for high power HEV applications. The heat generation during charge and discharge at 0.5C rate, studied using an Isothermal Microcalorimeter (IMC), indicated cell temperature is maintained in near ambient conditions in the absence of external cooling. Thermal studies were also investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC), which showed that LiFePO4 is safer, upon thermal and electrochemical abuse, than the commonly used lithium metal oxide cathodes with layered and spinel structures. Safety tests, such as nail penetration and crush test, were performed on LiFePO4 and LiCoO2 cathode based cells, to investigate on the safety hazards of the cells upon severe physical abuse and damage.
A large portion of energy consumption in the world is related to transportation. In recent decades, a variety of technologies have been innovated and applied in order to decrease vehicles energy consumption. In this paper, a comprehensive review on the use of driving data and traffic information for vehicles energy conservation is done. The main aim of this paper is the development of a framework for classification and comparative assessment of various methods and technologies, in which driving data or traffic information are utilized for vehicles energy conservation. The applications are classified into three main categories including (1) traffic monitoring and management systems, (2) intelligent energy management systems in vehicles and (3) intelligent management of charging issues. Research topics in each category are explained and their respective effectiveness in vehicles energy consumption reduction is discussed. The review concludes that the use of the driving data and traffic information leads to remarkable improvements in vehicles energy consumption reduction.
Lack of access to safe drinking water remains a present concern in many developing countries, particularly in rural locations. Membrane water treatment technologies have the potential to remove microbiological and chemical contaminants reliably and simultaneously from a wide range of water sources. When powered by renewable energy, these systems are autonomous and have the ability to ‘leapfrog’ over installation of traditional infrastructure for electricity and water supply to reach remote communities. In this paper, current estimated costs for water, membrane plants and infrastructure are compared to indicate the window of opportunity for these exciting renewable energy powered membrane (RE-membrane) technologies. General estimated costs for decentralized membrane systems are within the range of some untreated water costs in developing countries. Specific system costs, however, are very process and location dependent. The appropriateness of a successful approach thus depends partially on careful examination of these parameters. In view of the comparisons made here, the biggest hurdle to adoption of the RE-membrane technology in a remote location may not be cost, but rather sustainability issues such as the lack of skilled personnel for operation and maintenance, service networks, availability of spare parts, socio-economic integration and adaptive capacity of communities to transfer and develop technology appropriate to local needs and circumstances.
A conductive Al2O3-doped ZnO (AZO) layer is coated directly on the LiCoO2 (LCO) porous composite electrode by magnetron sputtering of an AZO target, offering more efficient electron transfer and a stabilized interface layer. Up to 90% of the initial capacity of the AZO-coated electrode can be retained (173 mAh g−1) after 150 cycles between 3.0 and 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+. Meanwhile, the rate performance is remarkably improved showing a reversible capacity of 112 mAh g−1 at 12 C. The formation of amorphous solid electrolyte interface (SEI) observed on the uncoated LCO electrode is effectively impeded on the AZO-coated one. Acting as an intermediate barrier, the AZO layer can prevent chemical dissolution of the active materials by forming a thin passivation layer on the electrode surface containing some metal fluorides which are chemically inactive and ionically conductive. The positive role of the AZO coating is still effective under a more severe condition tested with an upper cut-off potential of 4.7 V.
In this work, a high-performance porous electrode, made of KOH-activated carbon-cloth, is developed for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). The macro-scale porous structure in the carbon cloth formed by weaving the carbon fibers in an ordered manner offers a low tortuosity (∼1.1) and a broad pore distribution from 5 μm to 100 μm, rendering the electrode a high hydraulic permeability and high effective ionic conductivity, which are beneficial for the electrolyte flow and ion transport through the porous electrode. The use of KOH activation method to create nano-scale pores on the carbon-fiber surfaces leads to a significant increase in the surface area for redox reactions from 2.39 m2 g−1 to 15.4 m2 g−1. The battery assembled with the present electrode delivers an energy efficiency of 80.1% and an electrolyte utilization of 74.6% at a current density of 400 mA cm−2, as opposed to an electrolyte utilization of 61.1% achieved by using a conventional carbon-paper electrode. Such a high performance is mainly attributed to the combination of the excellent mass/ion transport properties and the high surface area rendered by the present electrode. It is suggested that the KOH-activated carbon-cloth electrode is a promising candidate in redox flow batteries.
Silicon is a strong candidate for next generation Li-ion batteries due to its high lithium storage capacity. However, to overcome electrode degradation caused by large volumetric changes during battery cycling, prohibitively expensive nanoscale synthesis techniques are typically required. To address this challenge, a low-cost methodology using fluid-induced fracture (FIF) is developed for accelerated nanoscaling of commercial micron-sized silicon and an electrode level thermolysis process is applied for the cyclization of polyacrylonitrile (cPAN) binder to form a 3D conductive anode matrix with micro-channels. This engineered matrix sandwiches the silicon particles leading to an electrode structure with incredible mechanical robustness which can accommodate the large volumetric changes occurring during battery charging and discharging. Thus, it can deliver an excellent capacity of 3081 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and good cycle life (1423 mAh g−1 @ 2 A g−1 after 500 cycles). Furthermore, the simplicity and scalability of this approach provides a promising path forward for the commercialization of next generation Li-ion batteries based on high capacity silicon anodes.
This paper describes the operating principle, performance, production and applications of the sodium/nickel chloride (the so-called ZEBRA) battery.
An overview of our research is presented on developing composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) based on low-molecular weight polyethylene oxide (PEO) (namely, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether), lithium salts (e.g. lithium triflate, lithium imide, etc.), and fumed silica. These CPEs demonstrate high room-temperature conductivites (>10−3 S/cm), mechanical strength, and form stable interfaces with lithium metal as a result of the fumed silica. The surface groups on the fumed silica determine the mechanical properties of the CPE while the low-molecular weight PEO and lithium salt determine the ionic transport properties. These CPEs show promise as electrolytes for the next generation of rechargeable lithium batteries.
The increased usage of mobile devices for learning purposes raises several concerns regarding how this adaptation affects learning and perceived quality of educational content across different screen resolutions. This research looks into how educational content type and video adaptation affect the perceived quality of multimedia educational content on two different mobile devices. We consider seven different categories of educational content: slideshow, screencast, presentation, lab demo, interview, documentary, and animation. The results show that the participants could learn regardless of the video content type and the adapted version of the video. We found no statistical significant difference between the perceived quality of the highest quality video and the lower quality video for two of the categories (lab demo and interview) and statistical significant difference on the remaining ones. The implications of this study are also discussed.
l-Ascorbic acid (AA) was directly supplied to polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) as an alternative fuel. Only dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) was detected as a product released by the electrochemical oxidation of AA via a two-electron transfer process regardless of the anode catalyst used. The ionomer in the anode may inhibit the mass transfer of AA to the reaction sites by electrostatic repulsion. In addition, polymer resins without an ionic group such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) and poly(vinyl butyral) were also useful for reducing the contact resistance between Nafion membrane and carbon black used as an anode, although an ionomer like Nafion is needed for typical PEFCs. A reaction mechanism at the two-phase boundaries between AA and carbon black was proposed for the anode structure of DAAFCs, since lack of the proton conductivity was compensated by AA. There was too little crossover of AA through a Nafion membrane to cause a serious technical problem. The best performance (maximum power density of 16mWcm−2) was attained with a Vulcan XC72 anode that included 5wt.% Nafion at room temperature, which was about one-third of that for a DMFC with a PtRu anode.
The field of cardiac imaging and the management of patients with severe heart failure have advanced substantially during the past 10 years. Cardiac transplantation offers the best long-term survival with high quality of life for the patients with end stage heart failure. However, acute cardiac rejection and cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) can occur post cardiac transplantation and these problems necessitate regular surveillance. The short-term success of mechanical circulatory support devices (MCSD), such as ventricular assist devices (VADs), in improving survival and quality of life has led to a dramatic growth of the patient population with these devices. The development of optimal imaging techniques and algorithms to evaluate these advanced heart failure patients is evolving and multimodality non-invasive imaging approaches and invasive techniques are commonly employed. Most of the published studies done in the transplant and VAD population are small, and biased based on the strength of the particular program, and there is a relative lack of published protocols to evaluate these patient groups. Moreover, the techniques of echocardiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear cardiology have all progressed rapidly in recent years. There is thus a knowledge gap for cardiologists, radiologists, and clinicians, especially regarding surveillance for CAV and ideal imaging approaches for patients with VADs. The purpose of this review article is to provide an overview of different noninvasive imaging modalities used to evaluate patients after cardiac transplantation and for patients with VADs. The review focuses on the role of echocardiography, CT, and nuclear imaging in surveillance for CAV and rejection and on the assessment of ventricular structure and function, myocardial remodeling and complications for VAD patients.
The design of cost-effective and highly active catalysts is a critical challenge. Inspired by the strong points of stability and conductivity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), high catalytic activity of Co nanoparticles, and rapid ion diffusion and large accessible area of three-dimensional (3D) graphene, we demonstrate a novel strategy to construct a hierarchical hybrid structure consisting of Co/CoOx nanoparticles-incorporated CNT branches onto the 3D reduced graphene oxide (rGO) architecture. The surface-modified 3D rGO by steam activation process has a large surface area and abundant defect sites, which serve as active sites to uniformly grow Co/CoOx nanoparticles. Furthermore, the CNTs preserve their performance stably by encapsulating Co nanoparticles, while the uniformly decorated Co/CoOx nanoparticles exhibit superior electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen evolution/reduction reaction due to highly exposed active sites. Employing the hybrid particle electrocatalyst, the seawater battery operates stably at 0.01 mA cm−2 during 50 cycles, owing to the good electrocatalytic ability.
Methylotrophic yeasts such as Candida boidinii, Hansenula polymorpha, Pichia methanolica and Pichia pastoris are an emerging group of eukaryotic hosts for recombinant protein production with an ever increasing number of applications during the last 30 years. Their applications are linked to the use of strong methanol-inducible promoters derived from genes of the methanol utilisation pathway. These promoters are tightly regulated, highly repressed in presence of non-limiting concentrations of glucose in the medium and strongly induced if methanol is used as carbon source. Several factors involved in this tight control and their regulatory effects have been described so far. This review summarises available data about the regulation of promoters from methanol utilisation pathway genes. Furthermore, the role of cis and trans acting factors (e.g. transcription factors, glucose processing enzymes) in the expression of methanol utilisation pathway genes is reviewed both in the context of the native cell environment as well as in heterologous hosts.
Polypyrrole functional interlayer is in-situ fabricated uniformly onto the surface of sulfur cathode to inhibit the dissolution of lithium polysulfides and protect sulfur cathode. Li–S battery with the functional inlayer shows an encouraging electrochemical performance. The initial discharge capacity is 719 mAh g−1 and the capacity retains at 846 mAh g−1 even after 200 cycles at 0.2C with an average coulombic efficiency of 94.2%. Moreover, the discharge capacities are 703 mAh g−1 and 533 mAh g−1 at 1C and 2C respectively even after 300 cycles.
Three-dimensional (3-D) interconnected porous Na3V2(PO4)3 coated with carbon (NVP@C) is synthesised by a simple modified sol-gel method. When 15 wt% glucose is used as the carbon precursor, the obtained NVP@C15 composite exhibits excellent electrochemical performance as a cathode as well as an anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). As a cathode, the NVP@C15 electrode delivers a high capacity of 116.9 mAh g−1 at a rate of 1 C, which is close to its theoretical capacity. Even at a high rate of 20C, the NVP@C15 electrode exhibits an initial reversible capacity of 99.2 mAh g−1 and a capacity retention of 77% after 6000 cycles. As an anode, the NVP@C15 delivers an initial reversible capacity of 85.8 mAh g−1 at a rate of 1C. At higher rates of 10 and 20C, a remarkably good cyclability, with a capacity retention of 76% over 4000 cycles and 62% over 5000 cycles, respectively, is achieved. Furthermore, the full cell, composed of two symmetric NVP@C15 electrodes, exhibits an initial reversible capacity of 73 mAh g−1 at a rate of 1C. In addition, capacity retentions of 88% after 100 cycles and 61% after 500 cycles are obtained at rates of 1C and 5C, respectively.
To examine the clinical and histopathological consequences of MRI in sheep implanted with non-MRI-conditional cardiac pacemakers.
Movement retraining has proven to be a reliable way of treating compensatory movement faults, however, it is time-consuming and requires a lot of attention from a physiotherapist. Reliable movement retraining assistance system could enable patients to perform retraining exercises at home, thus increasing the possible exercise performance frequentness and consequently hasten the improvement. This paper describes a smart shirt system for movement retraining assistance. The smart shirt system is based on textile stretch sensors that are positioned over the typical movement fault sites for movement detection and monitoring. The information from the textile stretch sensors is used as visual feedback by the wearer for movement corrections. To verify the feasibility of the retraining assistance system, it was tested with a set of compensatory movement tests and retraining exercises. Each exercise was performed in a correct and incorrect manner, and the sensor measurement was analyzed to confirm the difference in measured signals between both cases. In total 11 exercises were performed to cover all of the typical compensatory movement sites, and for each retraining exercise, at least one sensor was identified, whose measurement could be used as feedback for the particular exercise.
A porous membrane based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) is prepared by the addition of a non-solvent before the phase-inversion step and it is stretched uni-axially to achieve high mechanical strength without sacrificing high ionic conductivity. The tensile strength of the PVdF membrane is 23MPa without stretching, which is around twice that of a PVdF membrane made without addition of non-solvent before phase inversion. The former membrane can be stretched by up to 350% at room temperature and there by its tensile strength is increased to 126MPa. In addition, the ionic conductivity is greatly enhanced due to an increase in porosity. The discharge capacity of the cell based on the stretched PVdF membrane is around 90% of the initial discharge capacity after 200 cycles.
Iron disulfide (FeS2), existing in nature as pyrite, holds great promise as a conversion-type anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), owing to its low cost and high theoretical capacity. However, the large volume expansion and the sluggish electrode reaction kinetics during conversion reactions impede its large-scale practical application in SIBs. Here, we demonstrate the utilization of morphological engineering to achieve poly-crystalline FeS2 nanotubes (NTs) consisting of tiny FeS2 crystallites. In situ transmission electron microscopy observations reveal that 1D shape can afford straight pathways for Na transport to expedite reaction kinetics, and poly-crystalline structure can buffer large volume expansion and structural strain. Furthermore, high-resolution imaging and electron diffraction were utilized to track phase evolution associated with conversion reactions in real time. We have identified an intercalation-conversion reaction mechanism from the FeS2 phase to the Na2S + Fe phases via the intermediate NaFeS2 phase upon initial sodiation. Impressively, a reversible and symmetric conversion reaction between NaFeS2 phase and Na2S + Fe phases is established during subsequent sodiation−desodiation cycles. Notably, this is the first report of FeS2 NTs investigated for secondary battery electrode material. This work not only provides valuable insights into sodium storage mechanism of FeS2 material, but also corroborates the pivotal role of morphology engineering in optimizing the microstructure of electrode materials for advanced SIBs.
In pursuing higher energy density with no sacrifice of power density, a supercapacitor-battery hybrid energy storage device—combining an electrochemical double layer capacitance (EDLC) type positive electrode with a Li-ion battery type negative electrode—has been designed and fabricated. Graphene is introduced to both electrodes: an Fe3O4/graphene (Fe3O4/G) nanocomposite with high specific capacity as negative electrode material, and a graphene-based three-dimensional porous carbon material (3DGraphene) with high surface area (∼3355 m2 g−1) as positive electrode material. The Fe3O4/G nanocomposite shows a high reversible specific capacity exceeding 1000 mA h g−1 at 90 mA g−1 and remaining at 704 mA h g−1 at 2700 mA g−1, as well as excellent rate capability and improved cycle stability. Meanwhile the 3DGraphene positive electrode also displays great electrochemical performance. With these two graphene-enhanced electrode materials and using the best recommended industry evaluation method, the hybrid supercapacitor Fe3O4/G//3DGraphene demonstrates an ultrahigh energy density of 147 W h kg−1 (power density of 150 W kg−1), which also remains of 86 W h kg−1 even at high power density of 2587 W kg−1, so far the highest value of the reported hybrid supercapacitors. Furthermore, the energy density of the hybrid supercapacitor is comparable to lithium ion batteries, and the power density also reaches that of symmetric supercapacitors, indicating that the hybrid supercapacitor could be a very promising novel energy storage system for fast and efficient energy storage in the future.
Bi2S3 and Bi2S3/C nanocomposites prepared by high-energy mechanical milling were evaluated as electrode materials in lithium secondary batteries. For a Bi2S3/C nanocomposite, Bi2S3 nanocrystallites were well distributed in an amorphous carbon matrix. The reaction mechanism of the Bi2S3/C electrode was also examined during the first cycle. The Bi2S3/C nanocomposite anode showed superior electrochemical performance (ca. 500mAhg−1 and 85% of the capacity retention over 100 cycles).
Platinum based binary and ternary catalysts prepared by thermal decomposition on titanium mesh were characterised and compared in terms of the electrochemical activity for ethanol oxidation. An enhancement in the catalytic activity was observed for the binary catalyst containing tin and ruthenium in their compositions with platinum. The catalysts were tested in single direct ethanol fuel cells and the result obtained with PtRu and PtSn showed that the mesh based electrodes show competitive performance in comparison to the conventional carbon based anodes.
The thermal behaviour, ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability of two new gel electrolytes synthesised by gelling (433K, 5min) polyacrylonitryle (PAN) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) and hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HHP) (KF2801) polymer matrixes in a solution of LiCF3SO3 in ethylene carbonate–γ-butyrolactone (EC–γBL) solvent mixture are reported. The high ionic conductivity obtained, together with the good electrochemical stability (the current onset is detected around 4.7V versus Li/Li+ for the PAN-based gel, and 4.5V versus Li/Li+ for the PVDF-HFP gel, make this membranes of definite interest for practical applications in lithium batteries and supercapacitors technology.
The impact of dizziness on quality of life is often assessed by the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), which is used as a discriminate and evaluative measure. The aim of the present study was to examine reliability and validity of a translated Norwegian version (DHI-N), also examining responsiveness to important change in the construct being measured.