batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The use of porous 3D current collectors, especially carbon-based ones, has already been demonstrated as a concept of choice as alternative to standard 2D aluminium foil in sulfur positive electrodes. In this study, we investigated non-woven carbon (NwC) as a 3D current collector for Li2S positive electrodes. Improved charge and discharge capacities, and capacity retention were obtained, as compared with electrodes containing Al-foil current collector. However, irrespective of the current collector used, the initial charge presents a particular and weakly reproducible voltage shape. By applying GITT and XRD measurements an electrochemical mechanism was proposed to explain the initial charge profile, in terms of equilibrium potential and polarization phenomenon. During the 1st charge, competitive oxidation reactions can be evoked involving both Li2S and long polysulfide intermediates (Li2Sn), in the main part of the charge process. While the oxidation of Li2S is thermodynamically favorable over the oxidation of Li2Sn, the kinetics of the latter is much more rapid.
A precursor of adult social functioning is joint attention (JA), which is the capacity to share attention on an object with another person. JA precedes the development of the capacity to attribute mental states to others (i.e., mentalization or theory of mind). The neural mechanisms involved in the development of mentalization are not fully understood. Electroencephalographic recordings were made of children while they watched stimuli on a screen and their interaction with the experimenter was assessed. We tested whether neuronal activity preceding JA correlates with mentalization in typically developing (TD) children and whether this activity is impaired in children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) who evidence deficits in JA and mentalization skills. Both groups exhibited JA behavior with comparable frequency. TD children displayed a higher amplitude of negative central (Nc) event-related potential preceding JA behavior (∼500 msec after stimuli presentation), than did the ASD group. Previous to JA behavior, TD children demonstrated beta oscillatory activity in the temporoparietal region, while ASD children did not show an increase in beta activity. In both groups, the beta power correlated with mentalization, suggesting that this specific neuronal mechanism is involved in mentalization, which used during social interaction.
The characterization of commercial and home-made non-stoichiometric Li-rich manganese oxide spinels covered by poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (pEDOT) chemically grown on the oxide particle surface is reported. The results of the characterization of these materials by IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and laser particle size analysis are reported and compared to those of spinels without polymer covering. The results of the electrochemical tests on composite electrodes based on the pEDOT-covered spinels are compared to those of electrodes based on spinels without polymer covering, and demonstrate the reliability of this new composite polymer material as a positive electrode for lithium-ion batteries, also confirmed by preliminary tests in battery configuration.
Variations in open-circuit potential (OCP) of artificial graphite and polyacenic semiconductor (PAS) negative electrodes have been investigated as a function of the storage time in alkylcarbonate-based electrolyte solutions after their cathodic charging (electrochemical lithiation) to discuss self-discharge phenomena of these negative electrodes for lithium ion batteries. The OCP of the graphite showed a plateau at ca. 90mV vs. Li/Li+ for a long period (>8×105 s), which suggested the retention of a stage structure of lithiated graphite during the storage. The lithiated PAS electrode gave gradual changes in OCP during the storage in the carbonate-based electrolyte solutions, suggesting continuous loss of Li species in the electrode. Variations in the interfacial resistance determined by an ac method, corresponding to the changes in the structure and properties at the electrode/electrolyte interface, also showed different features for the lithiated graphite and PAS electrodes. The mechanisms of self-discharging for these carbonaceous electrodes are discussed from the results of the influences of temperature and additives on the OCP variations.
A survey on willingness to pay (WTP) for renewable energy (RE) sources is undertaken for the Lebanese commercial sector. Two hundred samples were collected from various companies across the country, collecting information on ‘company characteristics’ such as number of employees, space, energy provision and related costs, and information on WTP for RE sources under 5 scenarios that best encapsulate the possible outcomes of integrating RE, whether locally installed or nationally purchased through premiums, in an ‘unreliable’ electricity sector and one in which reliability is assumed to be secured. Tobit modeling or censored regression modeling was carried out, and results indicate the importance of RE sources in displacing completely the diesel gensets on WTP for RE, as well as the influence of ownership, number of employees and trust in government. The major finding of the paper is that the commercial sector promises to be a significant propagator of RE only if RE sources can displace diesel gensets (through the use of battery storage), which is possible for smaller offices; however for larger ones this comes prohibitively expensive. Demonstration projects are required for larger offices to showcase the savings that can be achieved through RE integration without batteries through the reduction of diesel fuel use alone.
Suboptimal vitamin B status might affect cognitive performance in early childhood. We tested the hypothesis that short-term supplementation with folic acid and selected B vitamins improves cognitive function in healthy children in a population with relatively low folate status.
Ionic liquids (ILs) represent a fascinating, and yet not fully understood, medium for a variety of chemical, physical and biological processes. In the present work, lithium conducting electrolytes based on 1-cyanomethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([CCNIm+][TFSI−]) and 1-cyanopropyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C3CNIm+][TFSI−]) with lithium bis(trifluoromethysulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) were investigated. An IL gel electrolyte membrane was obtained by immersing a composite PVdF-HFP membrane in the IL electrolyte. PVdF/HFP copolymer-based gel polymer electrolytes containing Al2O3 and TiO2 fillers (raw and surface-modified with acid groups) were synthesized and studied. The highest values of ionic conductivity and lithium ion transference numbers were observed for membranes based on pristine copolymer and doped with TiO2 in 0.1 or 0.5M LiTFSI in [C3CNIm+][TFSI−]. The ionic conductivity was equal to 3×10−4 Scm−1, and t + =0.3. The addition of Al2O3 led to a threefold decrease in the electrolyte/electrode interface resistance, which stabilized at 1500Ω. Thermal analysis confirmed the stability of the membranes up to 200°C and a twofold decrease in the polymer's degree of crystallinity after the addition of inorganic fillers.
Although robust sex differences are abundant in men and women’s mating psychology, there is a considerable degree of overlap between the two as well. In an effort to understand where and when this overlap exists, the current study provides an exploration of within-sex variation in women’s mate preferences. We hypothesized that women’s intelligence, given an environment where women can use that intelligence to attain educational and career opportunities, would be: (1) positively related to their willingness to engage in short-term sexual relationships, (2) negatively related to their desire for qualities in a partner that indicated wealth and status, and (3) negatively related to their endorsement of traditional gender roles in romantic relationships. These predictions were supported. Results suggest that intelligence may be one important individual difference influencing women’s mate preferences.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) appear as interesting candidates for various applications. Herein, we report the growth of Ni-based MOF nanosheets on a flexible carbon cloth substrate as a binder-free anode. Furthermore, unique core-shell Co3O4/Ni-based MOFs are successfully anchored on a carbon cloth substrate by a facile two-step hydrothermal method. The as-prepared hybrid materials are directly used as electrode materials without adding any nonelectroactive components such as the insulating binders or conductive additive, which exhibit an excellent specific capacity (209 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1) and a good cycling stability (90% retention after 3000 cycles). In addition, triethanolamine (TEOA)-assisted Ni-based MOF can be used as a photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution from water splitting under the near-infrared irradiation (λ > 800 nm). The present results reveal a potential prospect for the Co3O4/Ni-based MOFs in the field of energy storage and the near-infrared driven photocatalyst.
We report the electropolymerization of phytic acid (PA) doped polypyrrole (PPy) thin film for supercapacitor application. The surface morphology and presence of various functional groups in PA doped PPy films were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties and supercapacitor behavior of the PA/PPy thin films were performed using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge/discharge techniques in 1M H2SO4 electrolyte. The effect of various experimental conditions such as concentration of pyrrole monomer, phytic acid and deposition time have been studied to affirm the optimized electropolymerization of PA doped PPy thin film. Among these, 0.1M PA doped 0.6M of pyrrole thin film deposited on stainless steel (SS) substrate for 10min exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 297Fg−1 and energy density 41.25Whkg−1 at 5mVs−1 scan rate. In addition, the same optimum condition have been extended for electropolymerization of PA/PPy thin film on titanium (Ti) substrate and achieved a maximum specific capacitance of 343Fg−1 with high energy density 47.64Whkg−1 at 5mVs−1 scan rate. Moreover, SS and Ti substrate coated PA/PPy electrodes show high charge/discharge efficiency at 10Ag−1 current density with ∼91% and 77% of specific capacitance retention after 4000 cycles, which indicates good electrochemical reversibility and cycling stability of the fabricated electrodes.
The open circuit voltage (OCV) model of the solid polymer electrolyte (SPE)/salt system in lithium batteries is established by combining concentrated solution theory with the modified double lattice–non-random (MDL-NR) model which describes the non-ideal behavior of the salt activity in the polymer electrolyte. The activity parameters are obtained from the phase diagram for the given systems and used to describe the OCV of the corresponding systems with one additional parameter, transport number, t+0. The proposed model agrees very well with the OCV data for various PEO/salt systems.
An amorphized composite, Sb/Al2O3/C, prepared by a straightforward mechanochemical reduction method, is investigated for use as an anode material for rechargeable Li-ion batteries. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses reveal that the Sb/Al2O3/C composite is composed of amorphized Sb, amorphous Al2O3, and amorphous carbon. Electrochemical tests show that the electrochemical performance of the Sb/Al2O3/C composite is superior to that of the pure Sb electrode.
Set-point theory is the main research paradigm in the field of subjective well-being (SWB). It has been extended and refined for 30 years to take in new results. The central plank of the theory is that adult set-points do not change, except temporarily in the face of major life events. There was always some ‘discordant data’, including evidence that some events are so tragic (e.g. the death of one’s child) that people never regain their set-point. It was possible to dismiss these events as ‘exceptions’ and maintain the theory. However, several new findings are emerging, which cannot be dismissed as ‘exceptions’ and which appear to require substantial revisions or replacement of set-point theory. Many of these findings are based on the German Socio-Economic Panel Survey (SOEP 1984-), which provides the longest available time series on life satisfaction. Despite its centrality, the concept of the set-point is often not precisely defined. In this paper three alternative working definitions are offered. Depending on which definition is used, it is found that over 20 years 14–30% of German panel members recorded large and apparently permanent changes in their set-points. Changes of this magnitude are not compatible with set-point theory as currently understood. The challenge for SWB researchers now is to develop a theory which can account for change as well as stability.
A facile thermal annealing method is demonstrated to fabricate the MnO2 nanorods/graphene hybrid. The MnO2 nanorods are well anchored on the graphene, confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images. The hybrid annealed at 300°C (MG-300) shows a high initial discharge capacity of 241mAhg−1 at 0.1C with a graphene loading rate of 9%. In addition, it shows good cycling stability and maintains a capacity of 158.3mAhg−1 after 100 cycles in the potential window between 2 and 3.5V. The MG-300 exhibits the best electrochemical performance among all the materials, which is due to the high electronic conductivity of graphene and the MnO2 nanorods which is consisted of γ-MnO2 and β-MnO2.
Biological networks are used to describe molecular machineries within cells. Therefore, the comparison among networks of different species or different states (e.g., healthy vs diseased people) may reveal relevant knowledge such as information about evolution. Comparison among networks is usually performed using network alignment algorithms. In a previous work, we used global network alignment to produce prior knowledge about networks that has been used on local network alignment algorithm. Here, we present Simulated Annealing-Global Local Aligner (SL-GLAlign), a novel framework methodology based on the use of topological information extracted from global alignment to guide the building of local alignment. To assess our methodology, we tested SL-GLAlign on several biological networks. Comparing with the state-of-the-art local alignment algorithms, SL-GLAlign is able to improve the alignment building.
Si/carbon composite nanofibers are prepared by electrospinning a blend solution of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and Si particles in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and then carbonizing at 800°C. These composite nanofibers deliver more than 1000mAg−1 of reversible capacity for 30 cycles at 200mAg−1 current density and also maintain clear fibrous morphology, sustaining this topology even after 50 charge/discharge cycles. The addition of PVP generates a higher reversible capacity and better capacity retention compared with the Si/carbon composite nano-fiber control. These results can be ascribed to the improved dispersion of Si nanoparticles that are stabilized by PVP and the buffer effects of the amorphous carbon layer, which hinders the Si expansion during the charging.
To improve the rate performance and cycling stability of LiFePO4, graphene-modified LiFePO4 composite has been developed as Li-ion battery cathode material. The composite is successfully prepared via a novel solvothermal route. C-LiFePO4/graphene, with structure of C-LiFePO4 nanoparticles embedded in graphene matrix, exhibits excellent electrochemical properties, including superior high-rate capability and favorable charge–discharge cycle performance under relative high current density. The size of LiFePO4 nanoparticles can be controlled below 30nm with good reproducibility through this route and due to the synergism of thin carbon film and graphene matrix, the dual coatings exert a significant impact on the electronic conductivity. This novel composite presents excellent electrochemical properties: with reversible capacity of 90mAhg−1 at 10C and 42mAhg−1 at 40C achieved.
Nanocrystalline SnO2 is successfully assembled into highly-ordered hollow microspheres by a facile procedure consisting of hydrothermal synthesis and assistance of templates, then high temperature calcination. The structures consist of highly crystalline grains with hexagonal shape and about 11nm mean size. Kirkendall effect directs the diffusion of SnO2 nanocrystals and carbon dioxide and causes the formation of hollow SnO2 spheres. Effect of the concentration of Sn precursor and acid value on the SnO2 morphology and SnO2 electrochemistry properties for pseudocapacitor are employed. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the maximum specific capacitance of hollow SnO2 microspheres is 178.86Fg−1 at a scan rate of 1mVs−1 in 1M KOH solution and originated from Faradaic redox reactions. Also the specific capacitance only decays 4.8% from 150 cycles to 200 cycles and keeps constant from 200–2000 cycles. The present results clearly indicate that hollow SnO2 spheres with layered crystalline structures are very attractive materials for energy storage because of their ability to intercalate ions into a wide range of sites.
We reconstruct Enrico Fermi’s remarkable discovery of neutron-induced radioactivity in March 1934 with a focus on the experimental apparatus he used, such as the original neutron sources preserved in Italy and abroad. Special attention is paid to the role of the Radium Office of the Institute of Public Health in Rome in providing to Fermi the “radium emanation” (Radon-222) used to make his radon-beryllium neutron sources. This particular angle of investigation allows us to make a full reconstruction of what Fermi actually realized in his laboratory, to gain a better insight into his methodological choices, and, ultimately, to understand how special circumstances conspired to make the discovery of neutron-induced radioactivity possible.
A rechargeable aqueous lithium–air cell with a third auxiliary electrode for the oxygen evolution reaction was developed. The cell consists of a lithium metal anode, a lithium conducting solid electrolyte of Li1+x+y Al x (Ti,Ge)2−x Si y P3−y O12, a carbon black oxygen reduction air electrode, a RuO2 oxygen evolution electrode, and a saturated aqueous solution of LiOH with 10 M LiCl. The cell was successfully operated for several cycles at 0.64 mA cm−2 and 25 °C under air, where the capacity of air electrode was 2000 mAh gcathod −1. The cell performance was degraded gradually by cycling under open air. The degradation was reduced under CO2-free air and pure oxygen. The specific energy density was calculated to be 810 Wh kg−1 from the weight of water, lithium, oxygen, and carbon in the air electrode.
Carbon-coated SnO2 nanoparticles were prepared by a novel facile route using commercial SnO2 nanoparticles treated with concentrated sulfuric acid in the presence of sucrose at room temperature and ambient pressure. The key features of this method are the simple procedure, low energy consumption, and inexpensive and non-toxic source materials. As-prepared core/shell nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The electrochemical measurements showed that the carbon-coated SnO2 nanoparticles with 10% carbon and using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a binder displayed the best electrochemical performance with the highest specific capacity of 502mAhg−1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 100mAg−1. In addition, owing to the water solvability of CMC, the usage of CMC as binder makes the whole electrode fabrication process cheaper and more environmental friendly.
The low power density, due primarily to the sluggish reaction kinetic of Br2/Br−, is one of the main barriers that hinder the widespread application of zinc-bromine flow batteries (ZBFBs). Here, N-doped graphene nanoplatelets are synthesized by a facile method and applied as a catalyst for the Br2/Br− redox reactions. Electrochemical characterizations reveal that N-doped graphene nanoplatelets exhibit a remarkable catalytic activity toward Br2/Br− reactions, thus enabling the ZBFB to achieve an energy efficiency of as high as 84.2% at 80 mA cm−2, far surpassing those with the non-doped counterpart and pristine graphite-felt electrodes. More strikingly, even when the current density is raised up to 120 mA cm−2, the battery can still maintain an energy efficiency of 78.8%, which represents the highest performance for the ZBFBs reported in the open literature. Additionally, the ZBFB with the N-doped graphene nanoplatelets catalyst shows no degradation after 100 cycles. These superior results demonstrate that N-doped graphene nanoplatelets are an efficient and promising catalyst for high-performance bromine-based flow batteries.
Strengths and weaknesses in short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM) were identified in children with mild intellectual disabilities (MID) by comparing their performance to typically developing children matched on chronological age (CA children) and to younger typically developing children with similar mental capacities (MA children). Children with MID performed less well on all measures compared to the CA children. Relative to the MA children, especially verbal WM was weak. Subsequent analyses yielded distinct MID subgroups each with specific memory strengths and weaknesses. These findings hold implications for the demands imposed on children with MID in education and daily life.
High-capacity natural graphite negative electrodes for use in prismatic lithium-ion batteries are fabricated from an aqueous suspension precursor. The effects of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) on suspension stability and the resulting mechanical properties of the electrodes are investigated. Precursor suspensions consisting of graphite particles, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), emulsified styrene-butadiene (SB) copolymer latex and PAA are prepared in an aqueous medium and tape-cast on to a copper foil. The addition of PAA enhances the stability of the suspension at low shear rates without compromising the solvent-thickening effect of CMC. Peel test results showed that the adhesion strength of the graphite electrode on the copper substrate is significantly improved by PAA. Graphite negative electrodes fabricated using PAA are characterized by gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of more than 340mAhg−1 and 560mAhcm−3, respectively. The PAA formulation also leads to improved cycle life, with a discharge capacity exceeding 90% of initial capacity after 500 cycles.
Multifunctional co-poly(amic acid) (PAmA) containing pyrene and carboxylic acid side-chains is developed as a binder for the recycled kerf-loss Si-Ni-SiC composite anode. The capacity retention performance of the lithium-ion battery can be apparently enhanced. In a long-cycle test of 300 lithiation/delithiation cycles, 79% of capacity retention is achieved. In considering that the recycled kerf-loss Si sample contains 38 wt% inactive micro-sized SiC abrasive particles, the achieved capacity of 648 mAh g−1 is reasonably high in comparison to other reported values. Small anode thickness expansion of 43% is found in a 100 cycle test, reflecting that the use of the PAmA binder can create strong interconnection among the silicon particles, conductive carbons and copper electrode.
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