batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Especially for electric two-wheelers (E2Ws), battery lifetime is a key challenge compared to electric vehicles (EVs) due to the lower battery capacity and thus higher cell-specific currents. This study therefore introduces an optimization framework for day-to-day routes in the metropolis of Shanghai with heavily frequented E2W traffic. The optimization aims at prolonging battery lifetime while not restricting the driver in their driving and usage behavior. This framework is based on accelerated aging tests of LMO cells as well as approximated battery aging and E2W powertrain models. Latter are applied to a typical driving profile of Shanghai. Central aim of the proposed framework is to identify relevant cycles and to optimize charging profiles under consideration of SOC constraints in order to extend battery lifetime. Both factors, targeted SOC and charging profiles, are known to have a significant impact on aging. Results are presented for different lengths of the driving cycle, initial SOCs, and temperatures and a heuristic charging rule is derived. One optimization scenario is validated by applying the optimal charging profile to typical cells used for E2W and by exploiting the targeted SOC as additional degree of freedom. The results are compared to a conventional strategy. Lifetime predictions expect a lifetime prolongation of half a year.
A capacity fade prediction model has been developed for Li-ion cells based on a semi-empirical approach. Correlations for variation of capacity fade parameters with cycling were obtained with two different approaches. The first approach takes into account only the active material loss, while the second approach includes rate capability losses too. Both methods use correlations for variation of the film resistance with cycling. The state of charge (SOC) of the limiting electrode accounts for the active material loss. The diffusion coefficient of the limiting electrode was the parameter to account for the rate capability losses during cycling.
The electric engine cooling system, where the coolant pump and the radiator fan are driven by electric motors, admits advanced control methods to decrease auxiliary energy consumption. Recent publications show the fuel saving potential of optimal control strategies for the electric cooling system through offline simulations. These strategies often assume full knowledge of the drive cycle and compute the optimal control sequence by expensive global optimization methods. In reality, the full drive cycle is unknown during driving and global optimization not directly applicable on resource-constrained truck electronic control units. This paper reports state-of-the-art engineering achievements of exploiting vehicular onboard prediction for a limited time horizon and minimizing the auxiliary energy consumption of the electric cooling system through real-time optimization. The prediction and optimization are integrated into a model predictive controller (MPC), which is implemented on a dSPACE MicroAutoBox and tested on a truck on a public road. Systematic simulations show that the new method reduces fuel consumption of a 40-tonne truck by 0.36% and a 60-tonne truck by 0.69% in a real drive cycle compared to a base-line controller. The reductions on auxiliary fuel consumption for the 40-tonne and 60-tonne trucks are about 26% and 38%, respectively. Truck experiments validate the consistency between simulations and experiments and confirm the real-time feasibility of the MPC controller.
Background: Disorganisation of semantic memory could provide a cognitive explanation for the disturbances of thinking and reasoning in schizophrenia. In this study, we directly test this explanation by identifying patients with disorganised semantic categories and then examine how they use their knowledge about these same categories in an inductive reasoning task. Method: Experiment 1 utilised a semantic category-sorting task to identify patients with disorganisation of semantic memory. In Experiment 2, the patients with disorganised categories carried out a category-based inductive reasoning task. Accurate performance on this task requires access to well-organised semantic knowledge about the objects and categories used in Experiment 1. Results: Patients with disorganised semantic categories in Experiment 1 did not demonstrate any difficulties or unusual responses when reasoning about the same categories in Experiment 2. Conclusion: Disorganisation of semantic memory may not be the primary cause of disturbed reasoning or thought in schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia tend to generate ad hoc categories, which are unsuited to the current context. Impaired performance on semantic memory tasks can arise from a misunderstanding of social context.
LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 obtained by sol–gel method often shows low capacity and 4V discharge plateau due to the small amount of Mn3+ and impurity phases. In this study, fluorine-doped spinel with nominal composition of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O3.975F0.05 was prepared using sol–gel technique and re-annealing in oxygen. XRD measurements reveal that fluorine doping can suppress the formation of NiO impurity. The electrochemical performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O3.975F0.05 as cathode material for lithium-ion batteries was examined. Comparing with LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, fluorine doping enhances the initial capacity from about 130mAhg−1 to over 140mAhg−1 between 3.5 and 5.2V and simultaneously reduces the voltage polarization. About 95% capacity is retained after 40 cycles. By followed re-annealing in oxygen, the 4V plateau can be obviously restrained.
Integral construction of lithium sulfide (Li2S) cathode is indispensable and vital for developing high-performance lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Herein we have demonstrated a facile strategy for fabricating free-standing carbon paper supported Li2S@C (P-Li2S@C) integrated cathode. The P-Li2S@C cathode is synthesized through simple pyrolysis of low-cost lithium sulfate (Li2SO4) and chitosan, and embedded in the double carbon matrixes with carbon paper support and outer CVD-carbon layer. Li2S nanoparticles are homogeneously dispersed in the above designed double carbon matrixes. The P-Li2S@C cathode exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 820 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and still maintains 430 mAh g−1after 100 cycles, superior to the P-Li2S counterpart (480 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and 150 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles). Our research verifies the effectiveness of double carbon modification on the Li2S, especially, the outer carbon coating not only improves the electrical conductivity of electrode, but also further prohibits the “shuttle effect” of polysulfides.
In this context, we report a novel one-pot synthesis of S@Polypyrrole core–shell spheres as the cathode material in lithium–sulfur battery, designed by polypyrrole (PPy) wrapping on the formed nano-sulfur via the facile wet chemical strategy. The in-situ polymerized PPy layer in this special structure is helpful to inhibit aggregation of sulfur particles with small size, the polysulfide dissolution and shuttling, and offer fast and efficient transport of electron/lithium ion within the electrode. Besides, the flexible PPy layer effectively accommodates the volume expansion. PPy with partial PO4 3− doping was also employed to improve cycling stability and C-rate performance of S@PPy composite by exchanging Cl− with PO4 3−. Thus, the sulfur electrode with a high sulfur loading of 80% delivered an initial discharge capacity of 1142mAhg−1 and maintained a high capacity of 805mAhg−1 after 50 cycles at 0.1C. The corresponding capacity retention over 100 cycles was about 65%, with a limited decay of 0.3% per cycle. Even at a high current density of 1.5C, the composite still exhibited a high discharge capacity of about 700mAhg−1. This results mean that the designed electrode can achieve a high practical specific energy density of more than 400Wh/kg, far beyond the commercial LiCoO2 batteries. Due to low cost, facile large-scale synthesis and superior electrochemical performance of S@PPy cathode with high sulfur loading, this work will provide a very promising method to further promote the Li–S batteries in the practical application of portable electronic devices, electric devices and energy storage system.
The authors regret that change of corresponding author (G. Nikiforidis) affiliation address to: School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
A facile route for the uniform growth of MoS2 nanosheets on carbon nanofibers (CNFs) via a simple hydrothermal method is reported. The CNF network provides a porous and three-dimensional scaffold for the deposition of ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets. Benefiting from the highly conductive and porous CNFs as well as the nanostructured MoS2, the coaxial MoS2@CNFnanocomposites(*), when served as a binder-free and flexible anode for Li-ion batteries, could generate a synergistic effect to gain a high electrochemical utilization of MoS2. As a result, the nanocomposites exhibit a high reversible capacity of 846mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1, excellent high-rate capability (455mAhg−1 even at 2Ag−1), and good cycling retention with only 7.4% capacity degradation after 100 cycles. The superior Li-ion storage properties enable the nanocomposites to hold great potential application in high-performance Li-ion batteries.
The Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-assisted polyol process was employed for the synthesis of lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnPO4) microflowers as a cathode material for Li-ion battery applications. LiMnPO4 microflowers were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope-energy dispersion spectroscope, and impedance spectroscopy. The microflowers were highly porous with nanosized petals. CR2032 coin cells were fabricated using LiMnPO4 microflowers’ sample and their battery characteristics were tested. The discharge capacity of LiMnPO4 microflowers was found to be 164 mAh g−1 at 0.1C. The observed high discharge capacity was attributed to the short diffusion length of Li-ion motion in the nanopetals of the LiMnPO4 microflowers.
Overall, children born to teen parents experience disadvantaged cognitive achievement at school entry compared with children born to older parents. However, within this population, there is variation, with a significant fraction of teen parents’ children acquiring adequate preparation for school entry during early childhood. We ask whether the family background of teen parents explains this variation. We use data on children born to teen mothers from three waves of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (N ~ 700) to study the association of family background with children’s standardized reading and mathematics achievement scores at kindergarten entry. When neither maternal grandparent has completed high school, children’s scores on standardized assessments of math and reading achievement are one-quarter to one-third of a standard deviation lower compared with families where at least one grandparent finished high school. This association is net of teen mothers’ own socioeconomic status in the year prior to children’s school entry.
In this paper, a multi-objective framework is proposed for the daily operation of a Smart Grid (SG) with high penetration of sensitive loads. The Virtual Power Player (VPP) manages the day-ahead energy resource scheduling in the smart grid, considering the intensive use of Distributed Generation (DG) and Vehicle-To-Grid (V2G), while maintaining a highly reliable power for the sensitive loads. This work considers high penetration of sensitive loads, i.e. loads such as some industrial processes that require high power quality, high reliability and few interruptions. The weighted-sum approach is used with the distributed and parallel computing techniques to efficiently solve the multi-objective problem. A two-stage optimization method is proposed using a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and a deterministic technique based on Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP). A realistic mathematical formulation considering the electric network constraints for the day-ahead scheduling model is described. The execution time of the large-scale problem can be reduced by using a parallel and distributed computing platform. A Pareto front algorithm is applied to determine the set of non-dominated solutions. The maximization of the minimum available reserve is incorporated in the mathematical formulation in addition to the cost minimization, to take into account the reliability requirements of sensitive and vulnerable loads. A case study with a 180-bus distribution network and a fleet of 1000 gridable Electric Vehicles (EVs) is used to illustrate the performance of the proposed method. The execution time to solve the optimization problem is reduced by using distributed computing.
Hydrous, crystalline, binary (Ru–Ti)O2·nH2O with compositions equal to the ratios of metallic ions in the precursor solutions are successfully synthesized by a mild hydrothermal process. The maximum utilization of RuO2·nH2O (ca. 793F/g) occurs at the composition of 60M% TiO2·nH2O although phase separation is clearly found for this TiO2-enriched binary oxides. The nano-structured architecture with a high BET surface area (ca. 253m2/g) of the hydrothermal-derived (Ru–Ti)O2·nH2O with annealing at 200°C favors the physical adsorption of water and maintains a high water content which is novel and never found before. Due to this novel nanostructure, the annealed (Ru–Ti)O2·nH2O synthesized by means of the hydrothermal process exhibits excellent performances (i.e., high utilization of RuO2, high power property, and long cycle life) for supercapacitors.
In this study, the F-doped poly-m-phenyleneisophthalamide (PMIA) solution was synthesized by low temperature polymerization method and spun to be three-dimensional nanofibrous membranes by electrospinning. The Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy investigations verified that F was successfully doped in PMIA membrane. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed the crystallinity degree of PMIA membrane decreased with the addition of F. The morphology, pore size and aperture distribution tests manifested that the average diameter of F-PMIA fibers became finer and their distribution was more uniform than these of PMIA fibers. The electrolyte uptake, preserving liquid electrolyte, thermal stability and shrinkage resistance of the F-dopoed membrane were also significantly enhanced than that of pure PMIA membrane. The F-PMIA membrane could be acted as matrix to prepare gel polymer electrolyte. Finally, the F-doped PMIA membrane was used in the assembled coin cells to test the properties including the electronic conductivity, battery interfacial characteristics, electrochemical stability windows and cycle performances of battery. The lower electronic conductivity and interfacial resistance, higher electrochemical stability window (5.7V) of F-doped PMIA membranes were obtained when comparing to the pure PMIA and commercial polyethylene membrane. The cell exhibited high first-cycle discharge capacity with 145mAhg−1 and excellent cycling stability with good capacity retention of 93.1% and coulombic efficiency of 99.3% after 100 cycles.
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is a leading cause of acute mortality and chronic disability in newborns. Our previous studies demonstrated that HI insult significantly increased microRNA-210 (miR-210) in the brain of rat pups and inhibition of brain endogenous miR-210 by its inhibitor (LNA) provided neuroprotective effect in HI-induced brain injury. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning this neuroprotection remain unclear.
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (SFDRR) and its implementation is evaluated after its first five years. A dozen questions that the author and a colleague used in their evaluation of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015 (HFA) are repeated. Improvements are noted in relation to possible coherence and alignment with other components of the Post-2015 Agenda, especially as regards climate change and urban disasters as well as the higher visibility of civil society and women, and also regarding the specificity of targets and monitoring of governments’ successes. Nevertheless, the overall conclusion is that both the HFA and the SFDRR fail to deal with root causes of disaster. A new, radically proactive leadership role is suggested for the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction in partnership with civil society in identifying and warning all engaged in Post-2015 Agenda activities of possible creation of new risk by agenda implementation activities, especially for the poor and already-marginalized.
E-cigarettes are battery-powered electronic devices from which users can inhale nicotine following its aerosolisation from a liquid solution. Some regulators and public health bodies consider e-cigarettes as potentially playing a major role in tobacco harm reduction. Their ability to provide nicotine to smokers in both amount and in a manner and form generally similar to cigarette smoking have been proposed as key components to help smokers reduce or cease the use of combustible cigarettes. Nicotine pharmacokinetic studies of e-cigarettes have been performed for a number of years and are beginning to show how nicotine delivery is evolving as the products themselves evolve. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the literature to describe what is known about nicotine delivery from e-cigarettes. We will discuss how the progression of e-cigarette design, development, and user familiarity has allowed increases in nicotine availability to the user, in the context of how much and how rapidly nicotine is delivered during acute-use periods. This review will also provide insight into current research gaps and highlight the potential utility of modelling and the standardisation of methodologies used to assess nicotine delivery to facilitate identification of products that are best suited to displace cigarette smoking among adult smokers.
Polymer electrolytes composed of poly(ethylene oxide) and a polyanionic lithium salt are prepared, and electrochemical and thermal properties were investigated in the absence and presence of BF3·OEt2. The addition of BF3·OEt2 increases the ionic conductivities, and the lithium ion transference number of the polymer electrolyte for the PEO/poly(lithium acrylate) (PLA) and PEO/poly(lithium vinylsulfonate) (PLVS) system were higher than that of PEO/lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) system. However, ionic conductivities of the polymer electrolyte in the presence of BF3·OEt2 for the PEO/PLVS system were higher than that for the PEO/PLA system below 50°C, due to the suppression of the crystallization of PEO. It was found that the structure of functional group in polyanionic lithium salts significantly affect electrochemical and thermal properties of polymer electrolytes.
Chemical modification of commercially available polyorganosilazane (HTT1800) and polyorganosiloxane (Polyramic RD-684a) with divinylbenzene (DVB) is accomplished via hydrosilylation reaction. The incorporation of DVB leads to an increase of the free carbon amount after pyrolysis within the corresponding SiCN and SiOC ceramics. The modification is carried out with lower, equal and higher stoichiometric ratios of the SiH to CC groups present in the Si-based polymer and DVB. FTIR results indicate a complete consumption of the SiH bonds in the case of the stoichiometric amount of DVB and polymer RD-684a, while for HTT1800 neither the stoichiometric ratio nor DVB excess leads to a complete consumption of the SiH groups. For both SiCN and SiOC ceramics the carbon content is found to increase with the amount of DVB. However, the most significant increase in free carbon content is registered for SiCN samples, namely of ca. 40%. The carbon content changed from 9.9wt.% in the pure HTT1800-derived material up to 49.3wt.% for the SiCN ceramic obtained with the highest amount of DVB addition. Accordingly, Li-ion storage and therefore charge storage capacity are simultaneously increased, for the first cycle from 136 to 574mAhg−1, while columbic efficiency is raised by 10% up to 60.4%.
We report a facile, two-step synthesis process for a porous polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide composite (PANI/rGO-HT) that involves the oxidative polymerization of aniline, followed by the hydrothermal treatment of polyaniline (PANI) and graphene oxide. The reduction of graphene oxide under hydrothermal conditions in the presence of PANI nanoparticles yields a three-dimensional porous composite with a specific surface area of 228 m2 g−1, which delivers high specific capacitances from 420 to 239 F g−1 at current densities of 0.2–20 A g−1. PANI/rGO-HT exhibits remarkable electrochemical stability due to the rGO, achieving a capacitance retention of 80% after 6000 cycles at a high current density of 2 A g−1, which unveils its promising potential for supercapacitor applications.
Among different transition metal oxides cobalt oxide (Co3O4) has attracted considerable attention for supercapacitor applications because of its superior electrochemical characteristics at relatively low cost. Nanostructured Co3O4 electrodes are usually prepared from powders using sol–gel and hydrothermal techniques, which require multi-step procedures and longer processing times. Here, we report synthesis and characterization of Co3O4 supercapacitor electrode films deposited directly on current collectors via a single step solution precursor plasma spray route. In this approach, an aqueous solution containing cobalt acetate is axially fed into plasma plume to produce nanoparticulates of Co3O4 via accelerated thermo-chemical conversion process, which are eventually deposited on a current collector substrate. Thus, developed Co3O4 electrodes showed nano particulate structure with porosity. The phase structure and crystallinity of Co3O4 electrode films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry–thermogravimetry (DSC–TGA) studies. Electrochemical performance of these coatings showed a specific capacitance of ∼162Fg−1 with a retention capacity of 72.2% after 1000 cycles for a specific current rate of 2.75Ag−1 in 6M KOH electrolyte.
The demand for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is increasing exponentially, which could add a considerable amount of load onto the power grid, because charging one PEV is nearly equivalent to adding three houses to the power system. On the other hand, their capability to actively interact with the grid presents excellent opportunities for load management, demand response, and various other grid services. This paper proposes a hierarchical charging scheduling and control framework to enable PEVs for grid services while meeting vehicle owners’ travel needs. The proposed control framework consists of coordination and vehicle layers. In the vehicle layer, each set of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) is equipped with a controller that estimates charging power and energy flexibility based on vehicle characteristics, charging equipment power rating, battery energy state, and upcoming trip information. The controller also controls vehicle charging power in real-time. In the coordination layer, with the charging flexibility model received from each EVSE controller, the central coordinator determines the optimal power allocation for a look-ahead time window based on grid services to be provided. The proposed charging coordination approach can help reduce computational complexity and communication requirement compared with existing methods. It is also scalable to the expanding PEV fleet and robust to uncertainties in upcoming vehicle trips and future system condition. The proposed method is studied using a prototypical feeder developed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and detailed trip information extracted from National Household Travel Survey.