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Research in geriatric medicine developed in the Nordic countries in the 1950s, following the tradition from the United Kingdom. Quite early, longitudinal epidemiological studies of ‘normal’ ageing emerged. Now there are chairs in geriatric medicine at many of the medical schools. Experimental gerontology came much later, typically scattered in a variety of medical school departments. There is only one chair in gerontology (in Tampere). Two major research undertakings have emerged in recent years, the Danish Centre for Molecular Gerontology, and a cluster of research groups at the Division of Geriatrics at the Karolinska Institutet. Other research groups are found in Denmark at the universities in Aarhus, Copenhagen and Odense; in Finland at the universities in Jyväskylä, Kuopio, Tampere and Turku; and in Norway at the university in Trondheim. These activities are reviewed country-wise.
Encapsulating transition metals or oxides in N-doped carbonaceous materials is a desirable strategy in the design of advanced energy materials in confined spaces. In this study, a core@shell structure of Co–Co3O4 core particles enclosed in a shell of carbon-nanotube (CNT)-incorporated nitrogen-doped carbon (hereafter abbreviated as Co–Co3O4@CNT–NC) was synthesized via simple pyrolysis of a melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin and cobalt acetate composite in a N2 atmosphere, followed by oxidation with H2O2. Because of the intimate contact between the Co–Co3O4 core particles and the graphitic shells, the obtained samples showed excellent performance. The as-prepared Co–Co3O4@CNT–NC structure exhibited improved electrical conductivity, which is suitable for an electrode material in electrochemical capacitors. It can deliver a high specific capacitance of 823.4 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, as well as a capacitance retention of 93.6% after 10000 cycles. Moreover, an asymmetric two-cell supercapacitor composed of a Co–Co3O4@CNT–NC positive electrode and a reduced-graphene-oxide negative electrode exhibited a high energy density of 46.7 Wh kg−1 at 1601.1 W kg−1. The easy preparation and high performance of the Co–Co3O4@CNT–NC composite make it an excellent material for supercapacitors application.
In this paper, Na2Li2Ti6O14 anode materials are synthesized by solid-state reaction and sol–gel method, respectively. Sol–gel formed Na2Li2Ti6O14 shows smaller particle size (0.05–0.1μm) than that (0.2–0.4μm) of samples prepared by solid-state reaction. Electrochemical results show that all the four samples have similar reduction peak at 1.20V and oxidation peak at 1.35V with average working potential of 1.28V. Among all the as-obtained compounds, Na2Li2Ti6O14 synthesized by sol–gel method at 700°C shows the highest initial charge specific capacity of 106.6mAhg−1. After 40cycles, the reversible charge capacity can be maintained at 114.7mAhg−1. Moreover, this sample shows excellent rate properties with a high reversible charge capacity of 110mAhg−1 at 160mAg−1. The improved electrochemical performance is attributed to the proper particle size, high specific surface area and decreased electrochemical resistances. Therefore, Na2Li2Ti6O14 prepared from sol to gel technique will be a promising high-power anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.
Excessive voltage and power flow issues associated with domestic solar power are threatening UK distribution system operation and the use of energy storage is one method proposed to mitigate these issues. In this study a data orientated approach was taken in order to simulate the effect of the location of the energy storage on the low voltage network. A number of small (<15kWh) domestic batteries were compared to a single larger (>50kWh) feeder connected battery in terms of their ability to shave load demand peaks, fill load demand valleys and counter voltage violations on a typical radial feeder system. To achieve this MatLab was used to create dispatch strategies for each battery and introduce them into an aggregated load, and OpenDSS was then used to model this scenario on a typical UK radial feeder based on the IEEE European Low Voltage Test Case. It was found that the feeder connected battery was more successful at mitigating the thermal overload effects of distributed generation at the low voltage level. Domestic batteries offer ease of installation and consumer support, likely to make their utilisation increasingly inevitable. However, their exposure to domestic energy flows and focus on minimising grid import to the home led to a reduced network level impact. This work shows that a feeder connected battery can respond to the power flows of the aggregated load and thus provides a far more capable tool for reducing network peak loads and preventing feeder system export.
The well-defined mesoporous nanostructure electrodes have been known to have improved lithium ion reaction properties such as the lithium ion insertion/desertion reaction, cyclability, and high rate performance. We prepared mesoporous molybdenum nitride nanobelts via a template-free synthesis as an anode for lithium-ion batteries. The as-prepared molybdenum nitride nanobelts (meso-Mo2N NBs) exhibited face-centered cubic Mo2N phase, well-defined mesoporous structure, and growth of [100] direction with 1-dimensional structure. The meso-Mo2N NBs showed the improved electrochemical reaction properties of lithium ions such as high specific capacity and high rate cycling performance due to low transport resistance and high lithium ion diffusion coefficient.
A novel tobacco heating product, THP1.0, that heats tobacco below 245 °C is described. It was designed to eliminate tobacco combustion, while heating tobacco to release nicotine, tobacco volatiles and glycerol to form its aerosol. The stewardship assessment approach behind the THP 1.0 design was based on established toxicological principles. Thermophysical studies were conducted to examine the extent of tobacco thermal conversion during operation. Thermogravimetric analysis of the tobacco material revealed the major thermal behaviour in air and nitrogen up to 900 °C. This, combined with the heating temperature profiling of the heater and tobacco rod, verified that the tobacco was not subject to combustion. The levels of tobacco combustion markers (CO, CO2, NO and NOx) in the aerosol of THP1.0 were significantly lower than the levels if there were any significant pyrolysis or combustion. Quantification of other tobacco thermal decomposition and evaporative transfer markers showed that these levels were, on average, reduced by more than 90% in THP1.0 aerosol as compared with cigarette smoke. The physical integrity of the tobacco consumable rod showed no ashing. Taken together, these data establish that the aerosol generated by THP1.0 is produced mainly by evaporation and distillation, and not by combustion or pyrolysis.
When a material is irradiated with a high-intensity laser pulse, its surface ionization generates electrons that are accelerated close to the speed of light by the ponderomotive force of the laser light, yet how electrons’ kinetic energy scales with laser power is still unclear. The authors experimentally clarify this relation and by modelling individual electron trajectories using numerical simulations identify two acceleration mechanisms for the generation of relativistic electrons related to the dependency of the electric and magnetic fields.
The introduction of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) is expected to have a significant impact on regional power systems and pollutant emissions. This paper analyzes the effects of various penetrations of PHEVs on the marginal fuel dispatch of coal, natural gas and oil, and on pollutant emissions of CO2, NO x , SO2 in the New York Metropolitan Area for two battery charging scenarios in a typical summer and winter day. A model of the AC transmission network of the Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) region with 693 generators is used to realistically incorporate network constraints into an economic dispatch model. A data-based transportation model of approximately 1 million commuters in NYMA is used to determine battery charging pattern. Results show that for all penetrations of PHEVs network-constrained economic dispatch of generation is significantly more realistic than unconstrained cases. Coal, natural gas and oil units are on the margin in the winter, and only natural gas and oil units are on the margin in the summer. Hourly changes in emissions from transportation and power production are dominated by vehicular activity with significant overall emissions reductions for CO2 and NO x , and a slight increase for SO2. Nighttime regulated charging produces less overall emissions than unregulated charging from when vehicles arrive home for the summer and vice versa for the winter. As PHEVs are poised to link the power and transportation sectors, data-based models combining network constraints and economic dispatch have been shown to improve understanding and facilitate control of this link.
To improve the rate performance of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), we employ a doping-compositing synergistic strategy that utilizes Cu2+ to alter intrinsic property and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to engineer extrinsic conductivity. To realize cost-effective fabrication, solid state processing is adopted in the fabrication of the composite. X-ray diffraction measurement combined with Rietveld refinement shows that all doped samples have a spinel structure with F d 3 ¯ m space group without any impurities, and that both lattice parameter and occupancy of non-Li+ ions in 8a sites increase with the amount of Cu2+ dopant. Through the Cu2+ doping, the electronic conductivity and Li+ diffusion coefficient of the particles are improved by at least two orders of magnitude and four times, respectively. Through further CNTs compositing, the electrical conduction between the particles is enhanced. Between 1.0 and 2.5 V vs. Li/Li+, the specific capacity of Li3.8Cu0.3Ti4.9O12/CNTs composite at 10 C is as high as 114 mAh g−1 with little loss after 100 cycles, whereas that of pristine one is only 11 mAh g−1. The excellent electrochemical performance can be ascribed to its higher electronic conductivity and enhanced lithium ion conductivity in the particles, as well as its improved electrical conduction between the particles.
This study reports on the fabrication and comparative performance characteristics of a symmetrical electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) employed gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) assembled between carbon based electrodes. Three cells, A, B and C were fabricated using different composition of active materials (activated or porous carbon), binder (PVdF-HFP) and conductivity enhancer (super-P). The configuration of cell A: 0.9 porous carbon/0.1 PVdF-HFP, cell B: 0.45 activated carbon/0.45 porous carbon/0.1 PVdF-HFP and cell C: 0.8 activated carbon/0.1 super-P/0.1 PVdF-HFP. The GPE, comprising a poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)/poly(vinylidene fluoride co-hexafluoroproplyne) (PVdF-HFP) blend complexed with magnesium triflate, Mg(CF3SO3)2, was prepared by the solution casting technique at 60°C. The physico-chemical properties of the GPEs were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The ionic conductivity at the ambient temperature of the GPE is 2.16×10−4 Scm−1 at 7.5wt.% of Mg(CF3SO3)2 with a ∼2.6V electro-chemical stability window. At the 1000th cycle, the specific capacitance, C s of cell A is 89Fg−1 while cell B and C are 63 and 49Fg−1. Cell A shows excellent long-term cyclic stability (less than a 5% decrease in specific capacitance after 1000 cycles). The best operating voltage for cell A is 1.6V with the specific capacitance 106Fg−1 after 500 cycles.
There is no standard treatment pathway for tinnitus patients in the UK. Possible therapies include education and reassurance, cognitive behavioural therapies, modified tinnitus retraining therapy (education and sound enrichment), or amplification of external sound using hearing aids. However, the effectiveness of most therapies is somewhat controversial. As health services come under economic pressure to deploy resources more effectively there is an increasing need to demonstrate the value of tinnitus therapies, and how value may be continuously enhanced. The objective of this project was to map out existing clinical practice, estimate the NHS costs associated with the management approaches used, and obtain initial indicative estimates of cost-effectiveness.
Lithium trivanadate (LiV3O8) powders are prepared by spray pyrolysis. The precursor powders of LiV3O8 obtained by spray pyrolysis have spherical and rod-like morphologies. The LiV3O8 powders post-treated at 300°C and 400°C also have spherical and rod-like morphologies. However, the LiV3O8 cathode powders post-treated at 500°C consist of only rod-like crystals. The crystalline structure of the precursor powders that were directly prepared by spray pyrolysis comprised of LiV3O8 layers along with a small amount of β-Li0.33V2O5 impurity. The peak due to β-Li0.33V2O5 persisted in the XRD spectrum even after post-treatment at 300°C. On the other hand, crystalline structures of the powders post-treated at 400°C and 500°C comprised pure LiV3O8 layers. The initial discharge capacities of the LiV3O8 cathode powders decrease from 344mAhg−1 to 261mAhg−1 when the post-treatment temperatures increase from 300°C to 500°C. The discharge capacities of the LiV3O8 cathode powders obtained after post-treatment at 400°C and 500°C are approximately 255mAhg−1 and 236mAhg−1, respectively, after 40 cycles.
The paper describes an original architecture aimed at tracking assets within construction sites. The main components are Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) tags and smartphones. The core functions are performed by two Android applications, which implement asset tracking and searching. The main merits of the architecture are its ability to maximize smartphone battery lifetime, that can reach an entire working shift, very satisfactory accuracy of BLE tag-smartphone distance estimation (with a mean error around 2 [m]), high probability of detecting all the tags present in the construction site, as well as a suitably short Aging time.
Titanium dioxide nanotube layers are widely investigated for diverse applications as functional materials. Previously, we demonstrated the importance of mechanical stress-generating open-circuit electrochemical reactions or chemical reactions in the initiation and growth of nanotube layers. These reactions were investigated here through analysis of stress and potential transients after interrupted anodization followed by open-circuit oxide dissolution. Large tensile stress increases after complete dissolution occur at potentials near the TiH2/Ti2O3 equilibrium potential, and are attributed to cathodic hydride formation at exposed metal surfaces. Tensile increases accompanying initiation of nanotubes during anodization itself were also explained by the hydride mechanism. The observation of tensile stress changes after both complete oxide dissolution and nanotube formation supports the view that nanotube initiation involves detachment of oxide at the metal interface. Tensile stress changes during anodization were followed by compressive transients that were also found during open-circuit dissolution, but not associated with a specific range of open-circuit potentials. The compressive stress change was explained by chemical oxidation of Ti+3 ions in nanotube walls by H+ ions, along with absorption of charge-compensating anionic species. Hydrogen ion absorption is promoted by large decreases of surface pH that accompany anodization in organic-based solutions.
With the urgent need for energy conservation and intrinsic intermittence optimization, seawater pumped hydro energy storage (SPHS) is developing rapidly in the foreign countries but no one has been built in China. Nevertheless, with vast resources, our country pays much attention on SPHS site selection lately since its superiority and the need for long-term energy development. To select the most ideal SPHS site from numerous candidate alternatives, 18 evaluation criteria are set in this paper. Due to vague relevance among criteria, λ -fuzzy measure combining Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and entropy weight method are proposed to determine criteria weights. Later, fuzzy Vlsekriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) method is applied to sort an optimal solution for the SPHS construction. Simultaneously, the published data from National Energy Administration (NEA) combining experts' scoring and public opinions are calculated as a case and the Fu Ying Island in Ning De is proved to be the best. In order to ensure the validity and stability of the result, comparative and sensitive analysis are proposed. Overall, the proposed model can provide a reference to the government and electricity grid for further evaluation since SPHS site selection has not been deeply studied in China.
The development of low-cost and high-safety zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) has been extensively discussed and reviewed in recent years, but the work on the comprehensive discussion and perspectives in developing zinc-ion electrolytes is still relatively lacking. Faced with critical challenges and bottlenecks practically, the viability of ZIBs critically depends on the development of suitable electrolytes and their practical considerations. In this review, a systematic summary with regard to the basic characteristics of zinc-ion electrolytes facing different issues from optimization strategies to the fundamental science of electrolyte/electrode interfaces (EEIs), particularly in the feasible modifications and advanced characterizations of EEIs, has been put forward. Due to the lack of consideration of the practical issues in major academic studies, we have particularly highlighted aspects that mainly focus on the choice of the electrolyte system, dosage of liquid and fluid electrolytes, status of gel and all-solid electrolytes, together with other concerns related to the electrolytes. The final section proposes significant perspectives to guide and promote the development of zinc-ion electrolytes.
A prospective NASICON-type F-doped Na3V2(PO4)2.93F0.07/C (F-0.07-NVP/C) composite is synthesized by a solid-state reaction method. F-doping can restrain the structural degradation from Na3V2(PO4)3 to V2(PO4)3 and enhance the structural stability. Meanwhile, it can decrease the particle size to diminish the pathway of Na+ diffusion, which can increase ionic conductivity efficiently. The kinetic behavior is significantly improved and it is beneficial to reinforcing the electrochemical performance of F-doping composites. Compared with Undoped-NVP/C sample, F-0.07-NVP/C composite delivers a 113 mAh g−1 discharge capacity at 10 mA g−1, which is very close to the theoretical capacity (117 mAh g−1). As for cycle performance, a reversible capacity of 97.8 mAh g−1 can be obtained and it retains 86% capacity after 1000 cycles at 200 mA g−1. F-0.07-NVP/C composite presents the highest D Na + (2.62 × 10−15 cm2s−1), two orders of magnitude higher than the undoped sample (4.8 × 10−17 cm2s−1). This outstanding electrochemical performance is ascribed to the synergetic effect from improved kinetic behavior and enhanced structural stability due to F-doping. Hence, the F-doped composite would be a promising cathode material in SIB for energy storage and conversion.
FeF3·3H2O, FeF3·0.33H2O, and FeF3 have been synthesized via a liquid-phase method followed by heat treatment at different temperatures. The structure and performance of these iron fluorides have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), charge–discharge test, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). Though FeF3·3H2O, FeF3·0.33H2O, and FeF3 have different crystalline structures, they can achieve the identical reversible electrochemical conversion reaction from Fe3+ to Fe0 in the wide voltage range (1.0–4.5 V vs. Li+/Li). Among these three iron fluorides, FeF3·0.33H2O shows the best electrochemical performance. Moreover, ball milling with acetylene black combined with limiting cut-off voltage can further improve its electrochemical performance. FeF3·0.33H2O/C composite delivers excellent electrochemical performance in the voltage range of 2.0–4.5 V. Its capacity retentions remain as high as 83.8% and 83.3% after 100 cycles at 0.1 and 5 C, respectively. This study suggests a potential feasibility to prepare the optimal crystal structure of iron fluorides as high-performance cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.
Uniform yolk–shell Sn4P3@C nanospheres were facilely synthesized via a top-down phosphorized route with yolk–shell Sn@C nanospheres as the precursor. As anode materials for Na-ion batteries, they exhibit very high reversible capacity (790 mA h g−1), superior rate capability (reversible capabilities of 720, 651, 581, 505, and 421 mA h g−1 at 0.2C, 0.4C, 0.8C, 1.5C, and 3C, respectively) and stable cycling performance (a high capacity of 360 mA h g−1 at 1.5C after long 400 cycles).
Nanosized Li4Ti5O12/graphene(LTO/graphene) materials have been successfully synthesized by a sol-gel method. The LTO/graphene composites exhibit a well-defined cubic spinel structure with an average particle size of approximately 200–500nm. Compared with pure Li4Ti5O12, LTO/graphene composites show higher specific capacity, much improved rate capability and better cycle stability when used as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. The initial capacity of the LTO/graphene composite(0.5wt%) reaches 170.7mAhg−1 at 1C, which slightly decreases to 168.5mAhg−1 after 100 cycles with a capacity loss of 1.3%. More importantly, the resulting LTO/graphene (0.5wt%) sample demonstrates remarkable rate capability in that it delivers a reversible capacity of 108.4mAhg−1 in the 1000th cycle at 10C charge-discharge rate, about 2.5 times that of pristine Li4Ti5O12 particles (44.1mAhg−1). The improved high-rate capability, cycling stability, fast charge-discharge performance of LTO/graphene composites can be ascribed to the improvement of lithium ion diffusion and ionic conductivity by graphene-coating.
In this paper we report on the stabilization of cubic Li7La3Hf2O12 by Al3+ doping and present a detailed crystal structure study and lithium ion conductivity measurements of the obtained compound. Polycrystalline Al-doped Li7La3Hf2O12 was prepared by a modified solid state method. The compound consists of micrometer size grains encapsulated by a glassy phase, which helps preventing the volatilization of lithium during annealing. Al-doped Li7La3Hf2O12 crystallizes in the garnet-related structure with a cubic unit cell (sp. gr. Ia 3 ¯ d (230)). A structural refinement using X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data showed that the Al3+ ions occupy only tetrahedral Li+ sites in the structure. The presence of overextended leading edges of the peaks on the XRD and NPD data is described by the introduction of an additional phase with rhombohedral distortion that occurs through a stretching of the cubic phase along the body diagonal. The activation energy as well as the total conductivity at room temperature are close to values obtained for un-doped cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 and Li7La3Hf2O12 garnets, which make Al-doped Li7La3Hf2O12 a potential candidate for the application as solid electrolyte in solid-state rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.