batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The first discharge curve of a sodium–sulfur cell using a tetra ethylene glycol dimethyl ether liquid electrolyte at room temperature shows two different regions: a sloping region and a plateau region of 1.66V. The first discharge capacity is 538mAhg−1 sulfur and then decreases with repeated charge–discharge cycling to give 240mAhg−1 after ten cycles. Elemental sulfur of the cathode changes to sodium polysulfides Na2S2 and Na2S3, during full discharge. The sodium polysulfides, however, do not reduce completely to elemental sulfur after full charging. In summary, the mechanism of the battery with liquid electrolyte is 2Na+ nS→Na2S n (4> n ≥2) on discharge and Na2S n (4> n ≥2)→ x(2Na+ nS)+(1− x)Na2S n (5> n >2) on charge.
A simple and cost-effective strategy to prepare Pd nanoparticle decorated glassy carbon electrodes is reported. Mechanically shortened fish sperm DNA molecules were used as effective nucleation templates for the deposition of highly dispersed Pd nanoparticles on glassy carbon electrodes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to check the morphologies of as-deposited Pd nanoparticles. Electrocatalytic investigations revealed that the modified electrode using a DNA-based electroless deposition had remarkable catalytic activities toward the reductions of dissolved oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, as well as the oxidation of hydrazine. The DNA-assisted electroless deposition of Pd nanoparticles is expected to offer an easy, quick and low-cost strategy toward applications in fuel cells as well as electrochemical sensors.
We have prepared electrodes for bioelectrocatalytic dioxygen reduction modified with single-walled carbon nanotubes non-covalently functionalised with 1-pyrenesulfonic acid, 1-pyrenecarboxylic acid, 1-pyrenebutyric acid or 1-pyrenemethylamine. The nanotubes were immobilised in a hydrophilic or hydrophobic silicate matrix on tin-doped indium oxide and bilirubin oxidase was either adsorbed from solution or co-immobilised with the nanotubes in the silicate matrix. In the cases where the oxidase was absorbed from solution the charge of the functionalised nanotubes was decisive for the efficiency of the bioelectrocatalytic reduction of oxygen; very low electrocatalytic current was measured with positively charged pyrene functionalisation. In the case of co-immobilised enzyme the sign of the charge of the functional group has no effect on the catalytic efficiency of the modified electrodes. Rotating disk experiments show that the main limitation of the catalytic current is the supply of oxygen to the enzyme. The PSA-functionalised SWCNT electrodes were used as a cathode in zinc–oxygen battery.
Cognitive impairment and reduced quality of life is a common condition in patients with heart failure (HF). Percutaneous mitral valve repair using (PMVR) MitraClip (MC) has emerged as a promising interventional tool, reducing all-cause mortality and hospitalization as well as increasing cognitive functioning and quality of life. However, the benefit of HF patients with severely depressed cognitive functioning remains unknown.
A new type of hierarchical urchin-like Mn0.33Co0.67C2O4 (HU-Mn0.33Co0.67C2O4) is fabricated using a template-free chemical co-precipitation method. The morphology of this system is highly influenced by the Mn/Co ratio. The obtained urchin-like microspheres are composed of end-connected nanorods and accompanied by structural voids. When tested in lithium-ion batteries, HU-Mn0.33Co0.67C2O4 delivers a high reversible discharge capacity of 924 mAh g−1 at 500mAg−1 in the 2nd cycle, with 83% capacity retention over 300 cycles. Rate capability testing shows that HU-Mn0.33Co0.67C2O4 can deliver discharge capacities of 734mAhg–1 at 1Ag–1 and 414mAhg–1 at 5Ag–1, respectively. Although the transition-metal content and conductivity of HU-Mn0.33Co0.67C2O4 are much lower than that of MnCo2O4, the material still exhibits a high specific capacity, good capacity retention, and excellent rate capability, suggesting that HU-Mn0.33Co0.67C2O4 is a promising anode material for future lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In addition, a gradual electrochemical activation process is observed to occur in the first several cycles, relating to the gradual generation of SEI layers on the electrode surface. It is found that the SEI layers on the surface of oxalate materials are predominantly composed of lithium alkyl carbonates from the reductive decomposition of electrolyte and the catalytic products of Li2C2O4. We speculate that the formed SEI layers with high lithium ion conductivity play an important role in achieving the observed high specific capacities and excellent rate capabilities of oxalates.
We consider a fleet of electric freight vehicles (EFVs) that must deliver goods to a set of customers over the course of multiple days. In an urban environment, EFVs are typically charged at a central depot and rarely use public charging stations during delivery routes. Therefore, the charging schedule at the depot must be planned ahead of time so as to allow the vehicles to complete their routes at minimal cost. Vehicle fleet operators are subject to commercial electricity rate plans, which should be accounted for in order to provide an accurate estimation of the energy-related costs and restrictions. In addition, high vehicle utilization rates can accelerate battery aging, thereby requiring degradation mitigation considerations. We develop and solve a comprehensive mathematical model that incorporates a large variety of features associated with the use of EFVs. These include a realistic charging process, time-dependent energy costs, battery degradation, grid restrictions, and facility-related demand charges. Extensive numerical experiments are conducted in order to draw managerial insights regarding the impact of such features on the charging schedules of EFVs.
Performance of a valve regulated lead/acid battery is affected by the properties of the positive grid corrosion layer. An investigation has been carried out using a range of experimental techniques to study the influence of corrosion layer composition and structure on cyclic performance. A number of designs of battery were manufactured with different grids and positive active materials (PAMs). Two grid types were used consisting of either pure lead or a lead/tin alloy. Variations in PAM composition and structure were obtained by forming electrodes from grey oxide pastes containing additions of, red lead, tetrabasic lead sulphate, or sulphuric acid (sulphated). Results indicated that both grid alloy composition and PAM type affect the corrosion layer properties. Ultra-microtoming was used to prepare sections of the grid/corrosion layer interface. Results showed that corrosion propagated along tin rich grain boundaries.
This paper describes a state of charge (SOC) evaluation algorithm for high power lithium iron phosphate cells characterized by voltage hysteresis. The algorithm is based on evaluating the parameters of an equivalent electric circuit model of the cell and then using a hybrid technique with adequate treatment of errors, through an additional extended Kalman filter (EKF). The model algorithm has been validated in terms of effectiveness and robustness by several experimental tests.
A novel lithium trivanadate/polypyrrole (LiV3O8–PPy) composite, suitable for lithium-ion battery cathodes, was synthesized by dispersing LiV3O8 and PPy powders in ethanol followed by heating. The polypyrrole acts as a conducting matrix, a binder and an active material, as well as a volume change buffer agent, which holds the LiV3O8 particles in place during the charge/discharge cycles. The new material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that polypyrrole particles were uniformly distributed among the LiV3O8 powders, which could significantly enhance the electrical conductivity and stability of the composite electrode. The composite containing 20wt% PPy exhibits a good reversibility, higher coulombic efficiency and better cycle life than the bare LiV3O8 electrode.
Well-crystallized, microspherical LiNi0.5Mn1.5−nSinO4 (0.05 < n < 0.2) is successfully synthesized by a template directed approach in combination with the partial substitution of manganese by silicon. Structural and electrochemical characteristics are investigated through FE-SEM, XRD, EDX, cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge testing. Spherical shape and incorporation of silicon into the crystal leads to higher proportion of the disordered Fd-3m phase, and electrochemical performance is significantly improved. High capacity retention of 99.4% after 100 cycles at 1 C rate for LiNi0.5Mn1.45Si0.05O4 microspheres is achieved, which is superior compared to 93.1% capacity retention of the pristine LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 microspheres. Since the SiO bond exhibits higher dissociation energy compared to the dissociation energies of the MnO or NiO bonds, the excellent electrochemical performance might be associated with an increased structural and chemical stability caused by incorporation of silicon into the oxygen rich crystal lattice.
Increasing water use patterns were more spatially restricted than increased nitrogen in leaves and litterfall in mid-canopy sweetgum trees of varying proximity to overstory pines undergoing mortality.
ZnO/Polypyrrole (PPy) composites are synthesized by ultrasound assisted chemical polymerization of PPy in the presence of ZnO particles. With different initial content of pyrrole, granular and layered ZnO/PPy composite are formed. The fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are adopted to characterize the as-prepared samples. ZnO/PPy composites are used as anode material for Zn/Ni batteries. Galvanostatic charge/discharge experiments, cyclic voltammograms (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are conducted to evaluate the cycle performance of electrodes. ZnO/PPy composites show superior capacity stability, more stable charge plateau and higher discharge plateau compared to conventional ZnO electrode. Furthermore, rate performance is also improved by ZnO/PPy composites.
A porous LiMn2O4 consisting of nano grains was prepared by using polystyrene as template. It was studied as a cathode material for aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries (ARLBs) using 0.5 mol l−1Li2SO4 aqueous solution as the electrolyte. Charge and discharge capacities at a current density of 10 A g−1 (about 90C) were 76% and 95% of the total capacity (118 mAh g−1), respectively. The power density can be up to 10000 W kg−1 and the cycling behavior is excellent. After 10000 cycles at 9C with 100% DOD (depth of discharge), the capacity retention of porous LiMn2O4 is 93%, which indicates that it can be used for a lifetime without maintenance. The main reasons for its excellent electrochemical performance are due to the nano grains, porous morphology and high crystalline structure. In addition, the acid-free aqueous electrolyte prevents Mn2+ from dissolution. These excellent results suggest a great promise for the development of aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries (ARLBs) in practical application.
Energy harvesters that scavenge biomechanical energy are promising power supply candidates for wearable and implantable electronics. Of the most widely used energy harvesters, piezoelectric generators can generate more electric charge than their triboelectric counterparts with similar device size, thus are more suitable to make compact wearable devices. However, most high-power piezoelectric generators are made from lead zirconate titanate, making them undesirable for wearable applications due to the toxic lead element. In this study, a flexible piezoelectric generator (F-PEG) is fabricated with chemically stable and biocompatible Group-III-nitride (III-N) thin film by a layer-transfer method. The III-N thin-film F-PEG can generate an open-circuit voltage of 50 V, a short-circuit current of 15 µA, and a maximum power of 167 µW at a load resistance of 5 MΩ. Applications of the III-N thin-film F-PEG are demonstrated by directly powering electronics such as light-emitting diodes and electric watches, and by charging commercial capacitors and batteries to operate an optical pulse sensor. Furthermore, the III-N thin-film F-PEG shows good durability and a stable output after being subjected to severe buckling tests of over 30,000 cycles.
Introduction: Accurate estimates of the likelihood of attaining early remission with conventional treatment escalation may help target aggressive treatment to children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) who have a low chance of remission.
The purpose of the study was to determine if an actinidin protease aids gastric digestion and the protein anabolic response to dietary protein.
Li rechargeable cells made with structural arrangement Li/membrane/Li x V2O5 were examined under different charge states using ac impedance, environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). These states include charged, discharged, and over cycled. The lowest internal resistance was obtained from the cell at charged state; the resistance increased when the cell was discharged; and the highest resistance was obtained from the cell at over-cycled state. From the ESEM and TEM studies, it was found that the surface of cathode electrode was porous initially; however, it was coated with an amorphous film and porous features had also disappeared from the cell at over cycled state. In addition, higher concentration of aluminum was found at the surface of the cathode electrode in over-cycled cells. From NMR studies, Li ion signals, which correspond to Li ions in the liquid electrolyte, on the surface of Li x V2O5 cathode electrode, and inside the Li x V2O5 cathode, were obtained. The mechanisms for capacity degradation and cycle lifetime of the cell are discussed.
Measurements in the exhaust plume of a petrol-driven motor car showed that molecular cluster ions of both signs were present in approximately equal amounts. The emission rate increased sharply with engine speed while the charge symmetry remained unchanged. Measurements at the kerbside of nine motorways and five city roads showed that the mean total cluster ion concentration near city roads (603cm−3) was about one-half of that near motorways (1211cm−3) and about twice as high as that in the urban background (269cm−3). Both positive and negative ion concentrations near a motorway showed a significant linear increase with traffic density (R 2 =0.3 at p <0.05) and correlated well with each other in real time (R 2 =0.87 at p <0.01). Heavy duty diesel vehicles comprised the main source of ions near busy roads. Measurements were conducted as a function of downwind distance from two motorways carrying around 120–150 vehicles per minute. Total traffic-related cluster ion concentrations decreased rapidly with distance, falling by one-half from the closest approach of 2m to 5m of the kerb. Measured concentrations decreased to background at about 15m from the kerb when the wind speed was 1.3ms−1, this distance being greater at higher wind speed. The number and net charge concentrations of aerosol particles were also measured. Unlike particles that were carried downwind to distances of a few hundred metres, cluster ions emitted by motor vehicles were not present at more than a few tens of metres from the road.
Despite Lead Acid Battery (LAB) is the oldest electrochemical energy storage system, diffusion in the emerging sectors of technological interest is inhibited by its drawbacks. The principal ones are low energy density and negative plate sulphating on high rate discharging. In this work, it is shown the possibility of overcoming such drawbacks by using nanostructured lead as a negative electrode. Lead nanowires (NWs) were fabricated by electrochemical deposition in template, which is an easy, cheap, and easily scalable process. Their morphology and crystal structure have been characterized by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. An electrochemical cell simulating LAB has been assembled with PbO2 as a counter electrode and an AGM separator, both from commercial battery. Cycling tests were conducted at 10C-rate, setting the cut-off voltage on discharging at 1.2 V. For comparison, also cycling tests at 1C-rate have been carried out, in otherwise identical conditions. At both C-rates, performances in terms of cycling efficiency and lifetime were found a lot better than those of current LABs. The high porosity formed under cycling at 10C-rate provides a reliable explanation of the results.
As major components in antifouling paints, both dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and copper are ubiquitous in estuarine sediment and have been detected at high concentrations in the harbors in South China. In the present study joint toxicity between DDT and copper to an estuarine polychaete, Nereis succinea, was examined using bioaccumulation potential, growth impairment and change in lipid peroxidation contents as sub-lethal endpoints. In general, the toxicity of DDXs (DDT and its metabolites) and copper acted independently and copper was more toxic to the lugworms at environmentally relevant concentrations. Nevertheless, co-exposure to copper led to a significant reduction in the bioaccumulation of DDXs when the concentrations of DDXs in sediment were high. The inhibition of DDX bioaccumulation by copper may be partially explained by the decrease in the bioavailability of sediment-associated DDXs which were estimated by biomimetic gut fluid extraction. The saturation of the solubilization agents or the inhibition of protease activity in gut fluid of N. succinea by copper limited the DDX bioavailability and the subsequent bioaccumulation.
Energy is the capacity to do work and is a conserved quantity, meaning it is not lost but merely converted into other forms. Familiar kinds of energy include thermal energy, potential energy, gravitational potential energy, chemical energy, and electromagnetic energy. The last is a result of electron flow in wires arranged in a circuit. The Ideal Gas Law can be used to show the relationship of the molecular energy of gaseous molecules and temperature, a key variable in energy analysis. The conversion of energy between kinds is usually analyzed by a control volume that encloses an energy transfer process and from which we can monitor flows of energy in and out. It is a powerful technique allowing the engineer to develop models of efficiency that are vital in the modern world. Key Words: conservation of energy, control volumes, thermal energy, potential energy, gravitational potential energy, chemical energy, electromagnetic energy.
Phase-pure β-NiMoO4 yolk-shell spheres for lithium-ion battery anodes were prepared for the first time by one-pot spray pyrolysis, and their electrochemical properties were investigated. The yolk-shell-structured β-NiMoO4 powders exhibited high initial discharge/charge capacities (1634/1253mAhg−1) at a current density of 1000mAg−1. After 200 cycles, these powders exhibited a high discharge capacity of 1292mAhg−1, whereas the initial discharge capacity (1341mAhg−1) of the filled structured NiMoO4 powders was dramatically decreased to 479mAhg−1. The significant enhancement of the cycling performance of the β-NiMoO4 powders with ultrafine crystallite size was attributed to the structural stability of the yolk-shell structure.
Core/shell nanostructures of metal oxides and sulfides are intensively studied as the energy-storage materials. Most researchers focus on a single core/shell system and optimize the morphology of nanomaterials to enhance the electrochemical performance, but limited reports studying the effect of the material category in the same morphology on the performance of the core/shell electrode. In this work, multiple core/shell systems based on the similar sheets-on-sheets morphology are made using the same NiCo2O4 core and different shells of NiSx, NiOx, NiMoxOy and MnOx. By minimizing the effects of the morphology for the core/shell structure, the material category is verified to play important roles on the electrochemical performances of the electrodes. The NiCo2O4/NiSx, NiCo2O4/NiOx, and NiCo2O4/NiMoxOy core/shell electrodes present larger specific capacitance (CF) but an unexpected smaller CF value is obtained for the NiCo2O4/MnOx core/shell electrode as compared with that for the single NiCo2O4 nanosheet electrode, suggesting the depositing of the shell to enhance the surface area for conducting more Faradic reactions is not always helpful on improving the electrocapacitive performance of the electrode. The highest CF value of 6.12Fcm−2 is obtained for the NiCo2O4/NiSx electrode evaluated by using the galvanic charge/discharge curves at the current density of 1mAcm−2, due to the superior intrinsic property of NiSx other than its high surface area of the sheets-on-sheets morphology since the structure variation is almost excluded in the work. The asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) based on the NiCo2O4/NiSx positive electrode is also made with the CF value of 28.6Fg−1 based on the whole mass of the ASC at the current density of 0.5Ag−1 as well as the maximum energy density of12.83Whkg−1 at a power density of 80Wkg−1.
Evidence suggests endocrine therapy (ET) for breast cancer (BC) has adverse cognitive effects, but its specific effects on older women are unknown. This is despite the fact that older women are at increased risk of both breast cancer (BC) and cognitive decline relative to younger women. This study prospectively examined the cognitive effects of ET in a cohort of older BC patients. Our primary outcome measure was change in verbal memory, the cognitive domain most consistently affected by estrogen deprivation.
Nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide (Ni-Co LDH) nanoflakes–ZnO nanowires hybrid array has been directly synthesized on a carbon cloth substrate by a facile cost-effective two-step hydrothermal route. As electrode materials for flexible pseudocapacitors, Ni-Co LDH nanoflakes–ZnO nanowires hybrid array exhibits a significantly enhanced specific capacitance of 1927 Fg−1, which is a ∼1.8 time greater than pristine Ni-Co LDH nanoflakes. The synthesized Ni-Co LDH nanoflakes–ZnO nanowires hybrid array shows a maximum energy density of 45.55 Whkg−1 at a power density of 46.15 kWkg−1, which is 35% higher than the pristine Ni-Co LDH nanoflakes electrode. Moreover, Ni-Co LDH nanoflakes–ZnO nanowires hybrid array exhibit excellent excellent rate capability (80.3% capacity retention at 30 Ag−1) and cycling stability (only 3.98% loss after 3000 cycles), due to the significantly improved faradaic redox reaction.
The sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) restricts the practical application of Li-O2 batteries. The design and facile synthesis of cathode catalysts with high activity on both ORR and OER are desired. In this study, an ultrathin N-doped defective carbon layer-encapsulated W2C hybrid (W2C@NC) which has been successfully synthesized through a facile in-situ pyrolysis and reduction of WO3@g-C3N4 shows a high activity on ORR, OER and even the decomposition of the undesired Li2CO3 as a multifunctional cathode catalyst for Li-O2 batteries. The cells catalyzed by W2C@NC show a much higher initial capacity of 10976mAhg−1, lower overpotential and longer cycle life, which can be largely attributed to the synergistic effect of W2C nanoparticles and the ultrathin defective N-doped carbon layers. The unique architecture not only accelerates the electron and Li+ conduction but also provides more active sites, which lead to the large enhancement of the electrocatalytic performance. In addition to the high activity on both ORR and OER, W2C@NC also shows a high catalytic function on the decomposition of the undesired side product of Li2CO3. This study offers some new insights into the design and synthesis of novel high performance cathode catalyst for Li-O2 battery.