batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Mathematical modelling of ecosystems requires a considerable amount of knowledge about the subsystems functioning within the broad framework, and the various rate processes and transfer coefficients that control the dynamic aspects. A detailed analysis of the transfer rates and budget of inorganic carbon and nutrients in a simulated pond was conducted for assessment, and comparison with aquatic bodies that undergo cultural eutrophication. In these systems, the processes are complicated by a variety of inputs. Such inputs interfere with the assessment of lake background conditions and water quality. We used the compartmental model of biogeochemical cycling and a mathematical model designed by our group to calculate transfer rates of inorganic carbon and nutrients through various processes. The major external variables or forcing functions considered were light and temperature, while the state variables included the biotic and the abiotic compartments. The major processes studied were: photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition that play an important part in balancing the nutrient content of the system and maintain a dynamic equilibrium. The aquatic system depicted a perfect cycling of carbon while the nitrates and phosphates resonated in tune with the metabolic rhythm of the biota. The study illustrates the use of our mathematical model in determining the various rate processes of the biota, and for the development of compartmental models for analysis and management of systems through process optimization.
Tin aggregation behavior during charge/discharge of tin oxide electrodes is investigated using Li/Sn2BPO6 and Li/SnO cells. Sn aggregation is identified by the peaks in the derivative capacity vs. voltage plot. Scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and Auger electron spectroscope are used to investigate the formation and growth of Sn aggregates. Sn aggregation is more prominent when the upper cutoff voltage is higher than 1.0V, and Sn aggregates continues to grow with cycling. The upper cutoff voltage is the most critical factor for Sn aggregation as it governs the size and growth rate of aggregates, whereas the effect of the lower cutoff voltage on Sn aggregation behavior seems relatively insignificant. Sn aggregation shows limited effect on cycling behavior of tin oxide electrode.
Scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are working on a thermal diode that can turn heat into electric current. This could harness heat from a car engine, providing power for the electronics, or recharge laptop batteries by recycling a computer's micro-processor thermal output.
The secondary batteries for electric vehicles (EV) generate much heat during rapid charge and discharge cycles at current levels exceeding the batteries’ rating, such as when the EV quickly starts consuming battery power or when recovering inertia energy during sudden stops. During these rapid charge and discharge cycles, the cell temperature may increase above allowable limits. We calculated the temperature rise of a small lithium-ion secondary battery during rapid charge and discharge cycles. The heat-source factors were measured again by the methods described in our previous study, because the performance of the battery reported here has been improved, showing lower overpotential resistance. Battery heat capacity was measured by a twin-type heat conduction calorimeter, and determined to be a linear function of temperature. Further, the heat transfer coefficient, measured again precisely by the method described in our previous study, was arranged as a function of cell and ambient temperatures. The temperature calculated by our battery thermal behavior model using these measured data agrees well with the cell temperature measured by thermocouple during rapid charge and discharge cycles. Also, battery radial temperature distributions were calculated to be small, and confirmed experimentally.
The heterogeneous catalysis is widely recognized to promote polysulfide fragmentations can play a key role for the rate capability enhancement of lithium sulfur batteries (LSB). In this study, we report the most active catalysts (Ta2O5) for LSB which showed an enhanced rate capability (914 mAh g−1 at 5 C) in comparison with the previously reported catalysts, TiN (865 mAh g−1 at 5 C). The addition of Ta2O5 into the carbon-coated separator facilitates the chemical disproportionation of reaction intermeditates, Li2S4 into Li2S8 and Li2S effectively, which leads to the greatly lengthened second plateau in discharge profile. The heterogeneous catalysis of Ta2O5 is clearly verified with the UV–Vis spectra directly showing the change of Li2S4 concentration and the battery performance tests without any active elemental sulfur.
Iron oxide/carbon composite microspheres were prepared by a simple solution polymerization followed by pyrolysis in flowing nitrogen atmosphere at high temperature. The composites were characterized using various characterization techniques including powder X-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, N2 physical adsorption and the electrochemical performance test. The results show that the iron oxide/carbon composites consist of uniform microspheres with an average diameter of ∼2.1μm. These iron oxide/carbon composite microspheres exhibit high capacity and good cycle stability when used as a lithium-ion battery anode. When the iron oxide content is 66%, the composite reveals the best electrochemical performance with an initial charge capacity of 730mAhg−1, and even after ninety cycles the electrode still maintains a capacity of 664mAhg−1, giving high capacity retention of 91%. The good electrochemical performance of the composite anode is close related with its structure, in which Fe2O3 particles are uniformly dispersed in the spherical carbon matrix; hence the volume change and aggregation of the Fe2O3 particles during lithium ion insertion/extraction process can be effectively hindered by the carbon matrix. On the other hand, carbon itself is an electronic conductor, the carbon layer and Fe2O3 particles connect closely, which ensures a good electrical contact during lithium insertion and extraction.
In this work, depth-of-discharge and temperature distribution of a large-format lithium-ion pouch cell are examined by means of a two-dimensional electro-thermal polarization model. A method of improving the dynamic behavior of the model while maintaining its accuracy under constant current loads by applying intermittent charge and discharge data is given. The model is validated with the aid of experimental data gained from dynamic and constant current discharge profiles applied to a commercial 40 Ah Li-ion pouch cell. Two major design studies are carried out focusing on a variation of geometrical parameters, namely the size and the positioning of the cell tabs. For each design, the influence of current collector thickness on the uniformity of the temperature and depth-of-discharge distribution is investigated during a 4C constant current discharge operation. Simulation results show that reducing the current collector thickness results in a moderate increase of 3 °C in maximum temperature and 1.5% in depth-of-discharge imbalance if the tab size is increased. In consequence, lowering the share of inactive components within a lithium-ion cell by optimizing the thickness of the current collector foils should be further considered to enhance the performance of typical lithium-ion cell designs.
The battery power capability is intimately correlated with the climbing, braking and accelerating performance of the electric vehicles. Accurate power capability prediction can not only guarantee the safety but also regulate driving behavior and optimize battery energy usage. However, the nonlinearity of the battery model is very complex especially for the lithium iron phosphate batteries. Besides, the hysteresis loop in the open-circuit voltage curve is easy to cause large error in model prediction. In this work, a multi-parameter constraints dynamic estimation method is proposed to predict the battery continuous period power capability. A high-fidelity battery model which considers the battery polarization and hysteresis phenomenon is presented to approximate the high nonlinearity of the lithium iron phosphate battery. Explicit analyses of power capability with multiple constraints are elaborated, specifically the state-of-energy is considered in power capability assessment. Furthermore, to solve the problem of nonlinear system state estimation, and suppress noise interference, the UKF based state observer is employed for power capability prediction. The performance of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by experiments under different dynamic characterization schedules. The charge and discharge power capabilities of the lithium iron phosphate batteries are quantitatively assessed under different time scales and temperatures.
Despite the cost-effectiveness and easy scaling-up, the present commercialization of sodium ion batteries (SIBs) is still facing various challenges. Particularly, the poor rate performance and unstable capacity retention are the main difficulties in SIBs. Herein, we report a facile hydrothermal method to prepare 3D hierarchical NiCo2S4@MoS2 core/shell arrays for anode in SIBs. The designed NiCo2S4@MoS2 hierarchical structure consists of NiCo2S4 wall-like framework and MoS2 nanoflakes anchored on it. As anode materials for SIBs, the designed structure presents high rate performance at 398 mA h g−1 and 155 mA h g−1 at 400 mA g−1 and 6400 mA g−1, respectively. Notably, the highly reversible capacity is achieved after 400 cycles with coulombic efficiency higher than 99%. The excellent electrochemical performance originates from the hierarchical configuration of NiCo2S4 and MoS2, leading to a synergistic effect. The successful integration of MoS2 with 3D NiCo2S4 electrodes material provides unexplored route into facile and new methods in improving SIBs performance.
This paper describes the case of an anomic patient (FH) who is impaired at naming pictures of objects but has no difficulties in recalling the names of familiar people. Even though his performance on McKenna's (1997) Category Specific Naming Test was at the first percentile, he consistently recalled the names of familiar people as successfully as controls. It is argued that the pattern of performance displayed by FH represents a much clearer double dissociation with proper name anomia than any case previously reported (Cipolotti et al., 1993; Semenza and Sgaramella, 1993). FH is unable to provide detailed semantic information about many of the objects that he cannot name, even though he can recall semantic information about familiar people. Consequently his case appears to represent the mirror image of the proper name anomic patient (APA) described by Miceli et al. (2000) who was unable to recall detailed semantic information about many of the people she was unable to name. Further investigation of FH's anomia revealed impairments in retrieving both common nouns and verbs, and difficulties in retrieving and comprehending geographical names. It is argued that FH's preserved ability to name and recall biographical information about people supports the view that knowledge about familiar people may be subserved by its own dedicated neural subsystem (Kay and Hanley, 1999; Miceli et al., 2000; Gentileschi et al., 2001).
Future electricity network must be flexible, accessible, reliable and economically viable to realise the aims of the smart grid initiative. In order to achieve these objectives and to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, research on various configurations or architectures of microgrid (µGrid) systems is gaining greater attention. This is occurring in step with increasing penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) such as solar, wind and other micro-sources. Energy storage can also be a part of the µGrid architecture to ensure more stable and sustainable operation. The techno-economic viability of the µGrid system is also a point of concern. Again, the variable and uncontrollable behaviour of RES can also introduce power quality problems. To improve the systems reliability, efficiency and power quality, different µGrid architectures are introduced. Complex control of the µGrid controller is helping to overcome these conditions. In that case, integration of Custom Power Devices is also playing an important role. Therefore, µGrid policies should also deal with these issues in the light of future trends towards the Smart Grid. This paper presents a literature review, based on various existing and/or simulated µGrid architectures. In relation to the reliability, efficiency and power quality issues, different distribution systems have been introduced. The advantages and disadvantages of these configurations are discussed here. The benefits of RES and its associated power quality problems have been identified. The benefits of energy storage systems and the development of communication systems towards the stable, flexible and efficient operation of smart grids are also reviewed. Findings have been outlined and then the policies with future trends of µGrid are also discussed.
In the present work, we studied the behaviour of 3BS and lead oxide paste as a function of soaking time in two sulfuric acid solutions respectively with 1.05 and 1.20gcm−3 specific gravity. The study was based on X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and chemical analysis. The results showed that during plates soaking, 3BS and PbO are converted to monobasic lead sulphate (1BS) and lead sulphate (PbSO4). During plate formation in 1.05s.g. H2SO4 solution, these compounds are oxidized to PbO2, the XRD patterns showed that the longer is the time of plates soaking prior formation the lower is α-PbO2 content in positive active material. On forming, PbSO4 crystals convert to β-PbO2 whereas α-PbO2 is a result of 3BS oxidation. The capacity and cycle life of PAM decrease with soaking time, the concentration of the H2SO4 solution during soaking exerts stronger influence than the duration of soaking.
This paper looks into the possible methods of harvesting energy for applications involving wireless sensors from renewable or sustainable sources. An overview of the fundamentals of energy harvesting models using renewable sources and the advancements in the components used for this purpose is given. It also provides an analysis of the issues that are restricting the current harvesting models and indicates possible advances in technologies that may soon solve those problems. There are two main issues that plague these harvesting models. Firstly, the technology involved in the actual harvesting of renewable energy sources is not well developed and offer poor efficiency. In addition to that, most of the models need a permanent storage device, such as a battery or capacitor in order to operate. This is a serious drawback in applications involving wireless sensors as these devices have limited capacity, lifetime, and require a large area to work efficiently. This is most often not favorable as the attractions of using wireless sensors are in its portability and form. This paper looks into the studies dedicated to solving these problems. The latter part of the paper contains a discussion regarding the technologies that are best suited for applications in wireless sensors. The two most readily available and feasible options of a sustainable energy for these applications are found out to be RF (Radio Frequency) signal and solar radiation. Therefore, the final part of the paper concentrates on reviewing a model that may potentially be able to serve as a basis for a singular model for any kind of energy harvesting from renewable sources.
Increases in biodiesel production have led to a surplus of crude glycerol, which represents a major bottleneck in the biodiesel production chain and has created new challenges to its sustainable use. Although there is a wide range of potential uses for crude glycerol, they are limited by its degree of purity, which affects its physical, chemical and biological properties. This paper presents a review and analysis of patents related to the use of glycerol in the period from 1993 to 2015, showing the quantity and diversity of work related to the search for alternatives to add value to glycerol. It was found that 85.7% of the filed patents fell into four categories of applications: 1) manufacture of chemical products; 2) production of polymer compounds; 3) production of biofuels and biogas; and 4) purification and use of glycerol. In this regard, the development of new technologies for the use of glycerol, without the need for traditional purification steps, are fundamental. This paper portrays the efforts that have been made in this direction and the obstacles that still have to be overcome.
Improving thermal stability is one of the most serious issues concerning Ni-based cathode materials for Li ion batteries. To increase the capacity for maintaining good thermal stability, we substitute Mo for Mn. We apply differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal desorption spectrometry-mass spectrometry (TDS-MS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to elucidate the effect of Mo substitution. The application of DSC indicates that Mo substitution effectively reduces the exothermic reaction between the cathode and electrolyte. The applications of TDS-MS and XRD indicate that Mo substitution suppresses crystal structure change and reduces the oxygen release that accompanies heating below 350 °C. However, the discharge capacities of Mo-substituted samples are lower than that of sample without Mo substitution. We optimize the Li/transition metal ratio and obtain Li1.10Ni0.8Mn0.06Co0.1Mo0.04O2+δ , which satisfy both high capacity and high thermal stability requirements.
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) of an ultrahigh theoretical energy density have attracted lots of attentions for a wide range of practical applications. However, there are still numerous challenges in LMBs system, such as poor cycling performance, complicated interfacial reactions, low Coulombic efficiency, and uncontrollable lithium dendrites. Understanding Li+ ions’ nucleation mechanism is essential to tackle the uncontrolled growth of lithium dendrites. However, the nucleation behavior of Li+ ions is interfered by the structural complexities of existing substrates during the reduplicative plating/stripping process and the rational mechanism of uniform nucleation of Li+ ions has not been clearly understood from the theoretical point of view. In our work, first-principles theoretical calculations are carried out to investigate the Li+ ions nucleation performance on metal-doped Cu surfaces (MDCSs) and the key descriptors that determines the properties of various MDCSs are systematically summarized. It is found that the introduction of heterogeneous doping Ag and Zn atoms will induce a gradient adsorption energy on MDCSs, and such gradient deposition sites can reduce the diffusion barriers and accelerate the diffusion rates of Li+ ions dynamically. By maneuvering the Li+ ions nucleation on MDCSs, a dendrite-free lithium metal anode can be achieved without the use of porous matrixes and complex synthesis process, which can be attributed to suppress the uncontrollable lithium dendrites for realizing the high-efficiency LMBs.
Additive-free, gold-codeposited LiMn2O4 electrodes are prepared by embedding LiMn2O4 particles in an electrodeposited coating of metallic gold on platinum-coated quartz crystals for microgravimetric evaluation with an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. The chemical and structural characteristics of the electrodes are studied by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction and the electrochemical properties by cyclic voltammetry. Test cells are assembled with the gold-codeposited electrode as the working electrode, lithium foil as the counter electrode and a reference electrode. A 1.0M lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), propylene carbonate (PC) solution is used as the electrolyte. Gold-codeposited LiMn2O4 electrodes prepared at deposition times of 4–8min have a good adhesion of powder to the substrate. The cyclic voltammograms show little difference in the exchanged charge with cycling. Scanning electron microscopy shows fracture of the LiMn2O4 powders induced by a dimensional mismatch in the particles after cyclic voltammetric tests at high scan rates.
We report a Japanese autopsy case of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). The male patient was 74 years old at the time of death. At age 64, he developed non-fluent aphasia that progressed slowly over 8 years, eventually associated with behavioral abnormality, postural instability, and dysphagia at 2 years prior to his death. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain at age 73 demonstrated marked atrophy of the frontal lobes, particularly on the left side. Neuropathological examination revealed the typical pathology of PSP: loss of neurons, gliosis, occurrence of neurofibrillary tangles, oligodendroglial coiled bodies, and tuft-shaped astrocytes in the frontal cortex, associated with argyrophilic threads in the underlying white matter, in the basal ganglia, including the thalamus, globus pallidus, and subthalamic nucleus, and in the brainstem nuclei, including the substantia nigra, pontine nucleus, and inferior olivary nucleus. No astrocytic plaques or ballooned neurons were observed. Protein analysis revealed accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau of 68 and 64 kDa consisting of the four repeat tau isoforms. We conclude that the present case represented PSP with an 8-year history of primary progressive aphasia (PPA). Although focal cortical symptoms in PSP are rare or absent, we should keep in mind the possibility of atypical PSP in which cortical pathology is predominant, particularly in the frontal lobe, and could result in PPA.
Deterioration mechanism of Li(Ni, Co, Mn)O2 and Zr-O surface modified electrodes has been elucidated using epitaxial thin films synthesized by pulsed laser deposition. The electrodes comprise a mixture of layered rock-salt and spinel phases. The deterioration mechanism is analyzed using cyclic voltammetry, in situ X-ray diffraction measurements, and in situ neutron reflectometry. The spinel phase in the electrodes has low electrochemical activity and is not involved in Li insertion/extraction. The amount of Li participating in the charge-discharge reactions in the layered rock-salt phase increases with cycling, inducing a phase change at the electrode surface, lowering the reversibility. In contrast, in the Zr-O surface modified electrode, the spinel phase does not increase on charging/discharging. Thus, the Zr-O modification stabilizes the surface of layered rock-salt structure, thereby improving the cycling characteristics. Also, after the Zr-O modification, the Li concentration in the liquid electrolyte near the electrode/electrolyte interface increases during charging/discharging. The Zr-O surface modification not only stabilizes the electrode surface but also causes changes on the electrolyte side. Using the mixed model electrodes, we elucidate the mechanism of electrode deterioration and the origin of the improvement in cycling characteristics occurring on surface modification.