batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
It is 60 years since India got freedom, but she continues to live in her villages. This paper outlines the problem faced by India in dealing with her rural poor, who constitute about 72.2% of 1027 million and live in 600,000 villages with poor or no infrastructure, and suggests ways to increase their income level. The government must redefine its policies and strategies, and deploy information and communication technologies (ICTs) innovations with application and active participation from development organizations (DOs) to achieve this. This paper highlights the status of ICTs in India and their role in social development, and discusses the case of telecentres, their benefit and overview of current initiatives with select examples. Further, it deals in detail with the sustainability of telecentres and analyses the emerging scenario using Gartner's Hype Cycle. The study concludes that many ICT initiatives in India lack a comprehensive plan in addressing the target population, struggle to sustain due to insufficient infrastructure and are too ambitious as they are not equipped with appropriate technologies in serving the rural communities. To be successful, a telecentre model needs to be built upon the principles of multi-stakeholder partnership involving the government, private organizations and DOs for combining innovation, responsiveness with stability and public participation, and needs to include massive numbers of excluded people into the information world.
The electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) plays an important role in determining the performance, cost and durability of fuel cells and metal–air batteries. In this study, low-cost and highly active phosphorus (P)-doped carbon xerogel electrocatalyst for the ORR was facilely synthesized. The catalytic activity of P-doped carbon xerogel for the ORR in 0.1M KOH solution has been studied by using a rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) technique. The RRDE results show that P-doped carbon xerogel exhibits excellent catalytic activity for the ORR and long-term stability in basic media. The ORR on P-doped carbon xerogel with optimized amount of P mainly favors a direct four electron pathway. The high electrocatalytic activity and durability of P-doped carbon xerogel are primarily attributed to the P-doping in the carbon lattice. Furthermore, the amount of P incorporated into carbon instead of the specific surface area of the P-doped carbon xerogel is found to play a critical role in the ORR activity enhancement and the ORR pathway modification.
Lithium/sulfur (Li/S) battery is a promising next-generation energy storage system owing to its high theoretical energy density. However, for practical use there remains some key problems to be solved, such as low active material utilization and rapid capacity fading, especially at high areal sulfur loadings. Here, we report a facile one-pot method to prepare porous three-dimensional nitrogen, sulfur-codoped graphene through hydrothermal reduction of graphene oxide with multi-ion mixture modulation. We show solid evidence that the results of multi-ion mixture modulation can not only improve the surface affinity of the nanocarbons to polysulfides, but also alter their assembling manner and render the resultant 3D network a more favorable pore morphology for accommodating and confining sulfur. It also had an excellent rate performance and cycling stability, showing an initial capacity of 1304 mA h g−1 at 0.05C, 613 mA h g−1 at 5C and maintaining a reversible capacity of 462 mA h g−1 after 1500 cycles at 2C with capacity fading as low as 0.028% per cycle. Moreover, a high areal capacity of 5.1 mA h cm−2 at 0.2C is achieved at an areal sulfur loading of 6.3 mg cm−2, which are the best values reported so far for dual-doped sulfur cathodes.
The effects of temperature and pH of the plating baths as well as the potential range and cycle number of cyclic voltammetry on the composition and morphology of NiCo deposits were systematically investigated. A reaction scheme corresponding to the NiCo codeposition was proposed. Nickel–cobalt deposits with the composition approximately equal to their corresponding plating solutions (based on the metal content) were formed when pH of the plating bath was equal to 2.0 and the potential range of CV was between 0 and −1.2 V. This complete depression in the anomaly of NiCo codeposition was attributed to the anodic dissolution of the freshly deposited metal atoms resulting in the simultaneous dissolution of the adsorbed monohydroxide species occurring between −0.3 and 0 V. The effects of temperature and pH of the plating bath, the cycle number and potential range of CV on the morphology, loading, or crystalline structure of NiCo deposits were also compared.
There have been several reports on improvements of the performance of all solid-state battery using lithium metal oxide coatings on the cathode active material. However, the mechanism of the performance improvement remains unclear. To better understand the effect of the surface coating, we studied the impact of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating on LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The DLC coated NCA showed good cycle ability and rate performance. This result is further supported by reduction of the interfacial resistance of the cathode and electrolyte observed in impedance spectroscopy. The DLC layer was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy electron energy loss spectroscopy (TEM-EELS). After 100 cycles the sample was analyzed by X-ray photo spectroscopy (XPS), and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). These analyses showed that the thickness of the coating layer was around 4 nm on average, acting to hinder the side reactions between the cathode particle and the solid electrolyte. The results of this study will provide useful insights for understanding the nature of the buffer layer for the cathode materials.
LiCoPO4 is a promising cathode material to enable high energy, abuse tolerant Li-ion batteries. However, LiCoPO4 has relatively poor electronic conductivity which may be improved by chemical substitution. In this work, the ionic and electronic conductivities of dense, polycrystalline LiCoPO4 and Fe2+/Fe3+-substituted LiCoPO4 (Li1−x Co0.9Fe0.1PO4) are measured and compared. Both materials are predominantly ionic conductors with relatively good bulk ionic and relatively poor electronic conductivities. Li1−x Co0.9Fe0.1PO4 exhibits both higher bulk ionic and electronic conductivity. The increased bulk ionic conductivity of Li1−x Co0.9Fe0.1PO4 is believed to originate mainly from extra Li vacancies and the increased electronic conductivity is believed to originate mainly from creating more mobile hole polarons compared to LiCoPO4 as a result of Fe2+/Fe3+ substitution.
The authors regret that the Fig. 5 of the paper contains an error. In particular, the charge/discharge curves of the sample ZnO-NS (circles) are reversed: open symbols refer to discharge and filled ones refer to charge. Here we are reporting the corrected Fig. 5.Image 1 Fig. 5. Cycling performances of films grown of Pt-SS substrates based on ZnO nanosheets, pristine (circles) and coated with layers of graphite with different thickness: 110 Å (squares) 350 Å (triangles). Filled symbols: discharge. Open symbols: charge. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
In this work, the commercial LiFePO4/graphite batteries are cycled under C/3 rate at room temperature (25°C), 35°C, 45°C and 55°C respectively, and the cycle lifetime is 615 days, 404 days, 159days and 86days respectively, which indicates that the capacity fade is strongly dependent upon the ambient temperature. The degradation mechanism of battery capacity is analyzed by the electrochemical and physical characterization. At room temperature, the major reason for the capacity fade of full cells is the irreversible loss of active lithium due to the generation and reformation of SEI film. However, when the ambient temperature exceeds 35°C, the electrolyte decomposition is greatly enhanced by the elevated temperature which could significantly accelerate and dominate the consumption rate of active lithium. Meanwhile, the elevated temperature has an adverse influence on the performance of LiFePO4 material. In addition, the proportions of effects caused by structure degradation and the surface layer for single electrodes are calculated respectively. Through a series of testing experiments, it is concluded that the degradation mechanism is changed when the test temperature is equal or higher than 45°C, and the elevated temperature is not a suitable stress factor to accelerate the aging of full cells.
Slow-scan rate cyclic voltammetry (SSCV), potentiostatic intermittent titration (PITT) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) have been simultaneously applied to study Li-ion intercalation into V2O5 films prepared by vacuum-deposition on Pt foils. The most prominent feature of their electrochemical behavior relates to sharp minima on D versus E plots, which are observed in the vicinity of very narrow cyclic voltammetric peaks. This was explained in the framework of a lattice-gas model with very high, attractive electron-ion interactions during Li-ion intercalation into the V2O5 electrode, as was already described for similar processes in graphite and some transition metal oxides: Li x CoO2, Li x NiO2, Li x Co y Ni1−y O2 and Li x Mn2O4. Referring to the impedance spectra of the V2O5 electrodes, we show good agreement between the data obtained by the different techniques in the related time (or frequency) domains. This relates to both the differential intercalation capacity, C int (low-frequency domain), and the chemical diffusion coefficient D (medium-frequency domain).
Approximately 2.5 million people in the U.S. suffer from myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). This disease negatively impacts patients’ ability to function, often resulting in difficulty maintaining employment, sustaining financial independence, engaging socially with others, and in particularly severe cases, consistently and adequately performing activities of daily living. The focus of this research was to develop a sensor-based method to measure upright activity defined as time with feet on the floor and referred to as UpTime, as an indicator of ME/CFS disease severity.
Spinel lithium tianate Li4Ti5O12 (s-LTO) is attractive for its usage as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries due to its excellent cycling stability, but such an application is very often limited by its low electronic conductivity. This work demonstrates a new electron-probe nanofabrication approach to improving the electronic conductivity of spinel s-LTO. The conducting nano-channels through the s-LTO nanoparticles with the lateral dimension of ∼2nm are fabricated using a sub-nm electron probe in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). These nano-channels consist of a single phase of Li4Ti5O12−x with a rocksalt structure (r-LTO). Using in-situ I–V measurements, we show a gradual increase of electronic conductivity of a single r-LTO nanoparticle up to 5 orders of magnitude of the original s-LTO phase under e-beam irradiation. The local structural analysis, through electron diffraction and high-resolution STEM imaging, reveals the lattice coherence between the induced r-LTO phase and s-LTO, with an orientation relationship of <110>r-LTO//<110>s-LTO and {111}r-LTO//{111}s-LTO. Moreover, under the electron irradiation, the O lattice retains, while all the tetrahedral-coordinated Li ions in the s-LTO migrate to the octahedral sites during the phase transformation. Our results suggest that the s-LTO/r-LTO nano-composite particles with enhanced electronic conductivity are an excellent candidate for the anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
Fatigue is common in patients with JIA and affects daily life negatively. We assessed the presence and severity of fatigue in patients with JIA, including factors presumed associated with fatigue (e.g., disease activity, disability, pain, physical activity, exercise capacity, and self-efficacy), and whether fatigue is related to participation in physical education classes, school attendance, and sports frequency.
Preparation of antimony-based graphite composite using a graphite intercalation compound as precursor was described. A C12SbCl5 graphite intercalation compound was reduced by caesium in the vapor phase at 70°C. The resulting compound was composed of antimony particles deposited on a graphite matrix. Used as negative-electrode material for lithium-ion rechargeable cells, this composite presented not only an improved storage capacity (490mAhg−1 between 0 and 2V versus Li+/Li) by comparison with free graphite but also enhanced dimensional stability of lithium–antimony alloys.
Cyclic voltammetry and steady state polarization measurements were performed for the electrochemical characterization of the O2(g), Pd/YSZ system. The effect of oxygen partial pressure was investigated in the temperature range of 350–400 °C and it was found that under polarization phase transformations can take place. Application of negative potential values, lower than a threshold value of −0.6 V, can result in the decomposition of PdO, while the reduced species can be re-oxidized during a linear anodic potential scan. The results suggested that during the first minutes of cathodic polarization, the PdO reduction reaction dominated versus the oxygen reduction reaction, while it becomes more significant as the oxygen concentration in the gas phase increased within the range 0–6 kPa.
A new type of nano-structured LiFePO4 particles were prepared exhibiting enhanced apparent lithium ion diffusion dynamics. The nano-structured LiFePO4 particles possess nano-layered morphology and were converted hydrothermally from the nano-layered templates composed of mainly ferrous metaphosphate and graphitic carbon. And the nano-layered templates were prepared by pyrolysis conversion of the nano-layered ferrous phenylphosphonate templates, or the raw nano-layered templates. Though the nano-layered LiFePO4 particles possess characteristics of nanostructured LiFePO4, the overall dimensions are still in micro-size and the tap density is about 1.36gcm−3 comparable to the micro-sized LiFePO4 particles. The apparent lithium ion diffusion coefficients are 1.5×10−11 and 3.1×10−13 cm2 s−1 evaluated using the cyclic voltammetry and electrical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. In addition, the organic moiety from the raw nano-layered templates was converted into tiny carbon particles with abundance of ordered graphitic structure well dispersed in the nano-layered LiFePO4 particles; and the nano-layered LiFePO4 particles possess an electronic conductivity as high as 3.28mScm−1.
In a time of unprecedented change in environmental, geopolitical and socio-economic world affairs, the search for new energy materials has become a topic of great relevance. Sodium borohydride, NaBH4, seems to be a promising fuel in the context of the future hydrogen economy. NaBH4 belongs to a class of materials with the highest gravimetric hydrogen densities, which has been discovered in the 1940s by Schlesinger and Brown. In the present paper, the most relevant issues concerning the use of NaBH4 are examined. Its basic properties are summarised and its synthesis methods are described. The general processes of NaBH4 oxidation, hydrolysis, and monitoring are reviewed. A comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the NaBH4 publications in the energy field opens the discussion for current perspectives and future outlook of NaBH4 as an efficient energy/hydrogen carrier. Despite the observed exponential increase in the research on NaBH4 it is clear that further efforts are still necessary for achieving significant overchanges.
Sensitivity and/or specificity of the in vivo erythrocyte micronucleus (MN) and transgenic rodent mutation (TGR) tests to detect rodent carcinogens and non-carcinogens were investigated. The Carcinogenicity and Genotoxicity eXperience (CGX) dataset created by Kirkland et al. was used for the carcinogenicity and in vitro genotoxicity data, i.e., Ames and chromosome aberration (CA) tests. Broad literature surveys were conducted to gather in vivo MN or TGR test data to add to the CGX dataset. Genotoxicity data in vitro were also updated slightly. Data on 379 chemicals (293 carcinogens and 86 non-carcinogens) were available for the in vivo MN test; sensitivity, specificity or concordances were calculated as 41.0%, 60.5% or 45.4%, respectively. For the TGR test, data on 80 chemicals (76 carcinogens and 4 non-carcinogens) were available; sensitivity was calculated as 72.4%. Based on the recent guidance on genotoxicity testing strategies, performance (sensitivity/specificity) of the following combinations was calculated; Ames+ in vivo MN (68.7%/45.3%), Ames+TGR (83.8%/not calculated (nc)), Ames+ in vitro CA+ in vivo MN (80.8%/21.3%), Ames+ in vitro CA+TGR (89.1%/nc), Ames+ in vivo MN+TGR (87.5%/nc), Ames+ in vitro CA+ in vivo MN+TGR (89.3%/nc). Relatively good balance in performance was shown by the Ames+ in vivo MN in comparison with Ames+ in vitro CA (74.3%/37.5%). Ames+TGR and Ames+ in vivo MN+TGR gave even higher sensitivity, but the specificity could not be calculated (too few TGR data on non-carcinogens). This indicates that in vivo MN and TGR tests are both useful as in vivo tests to detect rodent carcinogens.
Hip fracture is an important and prevalent medical condition associated with adverse outcomes. The aim of this article is to systematically review and summarise the predictors of poor functional outcomes and mortality for patients with hip fractures.
The effect of Mg-doping and Li overstoichiometry on the structural stability of LiCoO2 powders has been investigated with emphasis to voltammetric properties. Microparticle cyclic voltammetry (CV) conducted in caustic NaOH to best simulate a non-aqueous electrolyte shows a marked improvement of the structure stability of doped LiCoO2. In contrast to the unsubstituted LiCoO2 sample which shows voltammetric peaks associated to the well-known two-phase domain and monoclinic distortion reactions, in Li1.08Mg0.06CoO2, LiMg0.06CoO2 and Li1.08CoO2 samples these peaks are strongly suppressed providing direct evidence for the existence of a stable solid solution with negligible phase transitions in the reversible intercalation region (3.8–4.2 V vs. Li) as well as in the overcharged region. The effect is higher with Mg-doping, irrespective of the Li overstoichiometry. However, the concomitant presence of Mg and Li excess in the structure is important for obtaining small particle sizes. Since Mg-doping induces a quasi metallic behavior in the samples, whereas the Li excess may provide an higher initial capacity, it is suggested that the Li1.08Mg0.06CoO2 composition may be of interest as positive cathode for advanced Li-ion batteries.
Episodic memory was evaluated in patients with unilateral, frontal lobe damage and matched controls using a list- method directed forgetting paradigm. Directed forgetting instructions (forget vs. remember the word), encoding instructions (learn vs. judge the word) and test format (recall vs. recognition) were manipulated in order to explore how variations in encoding and retrieval affect verbal memory. Controls demonstrated a normal directed forgetting effect in recall and less directed forgetting in recognition. Patients with left frontal (LF) damage did not show directed forgetting in either recall or recognition and patients with right frontal (RF) damage showed directed forgetting in recall, but not in recognition. Furthermore, the LF group recalled significantly more of the judge than learn words, suggesting that this group's performance improves by providing them with an encoding strategy. Conversely, the RF group's performance did not depend on encoding instructions and their recognition memory was impaired relative to the other two groups when they were instructed to judge the words. Our results suggest that (a) patients with LF damage show deficits in the rehearsal of to-be-remembered information, (b) whereas patients with RF damage show impairments in recognition memory. Furthermore, both patient groups show a lack of directed forgetting when familiarity-based processes guide performance.
Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polypyrrole composite electrodes were prepared by electropolymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) on the surface of polypyrrole (PPy) modified tantalum electrodes. The morphology observation of PPy and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polypyrrole composite (PEDOT/PPy) was performed on Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The electrochemical capacitance properties of the composite were investigated with cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques in the two- or three-electrode cell system. The results show that the PEDOT/h-PPy (PPy with horn-like structure) composite films were characterized with highly porous structure, which leads to their specific capacitance as 230Fg−1 in 1M LiClO4 aqueous solutions and even 290Fg−1 in 1M KCl aqueous solutions. Moreover, the composite exhibits a rectangle-like shape of voltammetry characteristics even at scanning rate 100mVs−1, a linear variation of the voltage with respect to time without a clear ohm-drop phenomenon in galvanostatic charge–discharge process and almost ideal capacitance behavior in low-frequency in 1M KCl solutions. Furthermore, specific power of the composite would reach 13kWkg−1 and it had good cycle stability. All of the above imply that the PEDOT/h-PPy composites were an ideal electrode material of supercapacitor.
In this work a novel method is used to fabricate uniform thin layer electrodes based on nano-silicon composite material. The manufacture process, based on a combination of Laser assisted Chemical Vapor Pyrolysis and Electro-Spray Deposition, allows the forming of highly uniform and highly porous surface electrodes. By controlling the particle synthesis and deposition parameters it is possible to obtain samples that are highly reproducible in terms of their morphology. Electrosprayed nano-composite electrodes show high specific capacity. The capacity retention of these types of electrodes is strongly dependant on the binder's nature. The capacity fading mechanism has been further investigated and we suggest a simple mechanical model, which is supported by one of the two CMC binding mechanism already proposed in literature.
A proficient metaheuristic approach viz., particle swarm optimization coupled with negative factor counting technique and inverse iteration method has been employed for designing novel binary and ternary copolymers based on thiophene, pyrrole and furan skeletons. A comparative study of the electronic structures and conduction properties of neutral heterocyclic copolymers and their benzene substituted analogues is inferred using the band structure results derived from ab-initio Hartree–Fock crystal orbital calculations. The band gap value decreases as a result of substitution on the polymer backbone due to increased quinoid contributions which is expected to enhance the intrinsic conductivity of the resulting copolymers. In general, it has been found that HOMO energies have a more decisive influence than LUMO energies on the relative fraction of constituents of the respective low band gap copolymers. The trends in the electronic properties of the respective copolymers are also verified and discussed with the help of density of states. These results can help streamline scrupulous synthetic efforts providing a potent route for molecular engineering of sustainable and efficient electronic materials.