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Nanocomposites of intertwined multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and MoO3 nanowires were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. The intercalation of MWCNTs with MoO3 nanowires made them excellent materials for viable supercapacitors with high energy and power densities. The specific capacitance of the intertwined MoO3–MWCNTs nanocomposite reached 210Fg−1, and the energy density was improved greatly to 71.6Whkg−1 with a power density of 600Wkg−1 compared to those of pristine MWCNTs and MoO3 nanowires. The composite electrodes exhibited an excellent charge/discharge rate and long-term cyclic stability in terms of capacitance with an efficiency of more than 95% after 2000 cycles. These findings open up the possibility of intertwined MoO3–MWCNT composites being utilized in safe aqueous electrolyte (Na2SO4)-based high-voltage supercapacitors with high energy and power densities.
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder associated with a characteristic constellation of symptoms and neurocognitive deficits. At present, etiological mechanisms remain relatively unknown, although multiple points of convergence have been identified over recent years. One of the primary convergence points is dysfunction of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDAR)-type glutamate receptors. Antagonists of NMDAR produce a clinical syndrome that closely resembles, and uniquely incorporates negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, along with the specific pattern of neurocognitive dysfunction seen in schizophrenia. Genetic polymorphisms involving NMDAR subunits, particularly the GRIN2B subunit have been described. In addition, polymorphisms have been described in modulatory systems involving the NMDAR, including the enzymes serine racemase and d-amino acid oxidase/G72 that regulate brain d-serine synthesis. Reductions in plasma and brain glycine, d-serine and glutathione levels have been described as well, providing potential mechanisms underlying NMDAR dysfunction. Unique characteristics of the NMDAR are described that may explain the characteristic pattern of symptoms and neurocognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia. Finally, the NMDAR complex represents a convergence point for potential new treatment approaches in schizophrenia aimed at correcting underlying abnormalities in synthesis and regulation of allosteric modulators, as well as more general potentiation of pre- and post-synaptic glutamatergic and NMDAR function.
Standard diagnostic procedures for assessing temporal-processing abilities of adult patients with aphasia have so far not been developed. In our study, temporal-order measurements were conducted using two different experimental procedures to identify a suitable measure for clinical studies. Additionally, phoneme-discrimination abilities were tested on the word, as well as on the sentence level, as a relationship between temporal processing and phoneme-discrimination abilities is assumed. Patients with aphasia displayed significantly higher temporal-order thresholds than control subjects. The detection of an association between temporal processing and speech processing, however, depended on the stimuli and the phoneme-discrimination tasks used. Our results also suggest top–down feedback on phonemic processing.
The electrochemical properties of MoS2 coated MoO3 nanobelts in lithium-ion batteries were investigated. A thin layer of MoS2 was coated on the nanobelts of MoO3 successfully through a facile sulfur transfer method, and the X-ray synchrotron diffraction revealed the crystallographic features of this composite material. The specific charge of the coated sample was beyond 1100 Ah/kg (at 1C rate) and 1400 Ah/kg at C/10 rate when tested in the 0.05 V–3.5 V vs. Li+/Li range. It was found that, with coating the Coulombic efficiency was higher than 98% which indicates a highly reversible process. Additionally, the electrochemical reaction and the degradation mechanism were studied by in situ X-ray synchrotron diffraction (1st and 50th cycle), and by post mortem SEM analysis. Both revealed a structural degradation as well as a surface degradation of the electrode by means of a thick amorphous layer on the surface of the active material.
This paper describes the fabrication and testing of C-LiFePO4/graphite battery with different conductive carbon additives: carbon nanotube (CNT) or carbon black (CB). The discharge capacity, rate capability and cyclic performance of the battery were investigated. Compared with the batteries with CB additive, those with CNT additive show better electrochemical performances with capacity retention ratio of 99.2% after 50 cycles, and the ratio of discharge capacity at 0.1C rate to that at 1C rate is 94.6%. The reason for the difference in electrochemical property was studied with cyclic voltammagrams and AC impedance. It was found that, with CNT additive, the polarization voltage was decreased from 0.3 to 0.2V, and the impedance was decreased from 423.2 to 36.88Ω. The structures of active materials after cycling were characterized using XRD. The better crystal retaining of LiFePO4 was found in the active materials with CNT added.
This paper presents the design of an energy management strategy based on a low complexity Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) for grid power profile smoothing of a residential grid-connected microgrid including Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and battery Energy Storage System (ESS). The proposed energy management strategy uses generation and demand forecasting to anticipate the future behavior of the microgrid. Accordingly to the microgrid power forecast error and the Battery State-of-Charge (SOC) the proposed strategy performs the suitable control of the grid power. A simulation comparison with previous energy management strategies highlights the advantages of the proposed work minimizing fluctuations and power peaks in the power profile exchanged with the grid while keeping the energy stored in the battery between secure limits. Finally, the experimental validation in a real residential microgrid implemented at Public University of Navarre (UPNa, Spain) demonstrates the proper operation of the proposed strategy achieving a smooth grid power profile and a battery SOC center close to the 75% of the rated battery capacity.
Thermal stability of LiPF6-based electrolyte (1M LiPF6/EC+DMC) was studied by in-situ FTIR spectroscopy and C80 calorimetry, which indicated that the electrolyte underwent furious polymerization and decomposition reactions and sharp heat flow was generated below 225°C. The thermal stability of the electrolyte in contact with various delithiated cathodes (Li x CoO2, Li x Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, Li x Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, Li x Mn2O4, Li x Ni0.5Mn0.5O2, Li x Ni0.5Mn1.5O4 and Li x FePO4) was also investigated by C80 calorimetry. The results show that the cathode materials except for Li x FePO4 usually have an enhancement effect on the decomposition of the electrolyte, but Li x FePO4 exhibits a suppression effect on the reactions of the electrolyte. Li x FePO4 is found to be with excellent thermal stability. Among the other cathodes, Li x CoO2, Li x Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, Li x Ni0.5Mn0.5O2 and Li x Ni0.5Mn1.5O4 promote the decomposition of electrolyte by releasing oxygen and thus considered not favorable for safety, but Li x Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 with a lesser reaction heat and Li x Mn2O4 with even less heat flow in the low temperature range (50–225°C) are believed as promising cathodes for better safety. By comparing X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of these cathode materials at room temperature and those heated to 300°C in the presence of the electrolyte, we have found that Li x FePO4 only has experienced tiny structure change, which is greatly different from the other cathode materials.
The main limitation for a consistent expansion of rural electrification in developing countries is financial. In this paper we propose a new method of financing to access solar home systems for poor rural areas of developing countries. We use the concept of Tontine that is a traditional self-help organization that can provide funds without guarantees or interest, to give access to electricity to those who could not otherwise. We have developed low cost solar home systems presented in this paper to embody our proposition. We have as well started a pilot project in Senegal. We present two basic forms of self-help associations that have saving and lending as a primary or sole function, Rotating and Accumulating Savings and Credit Associations, respectively under ROSCA and ASCRA acronyms. We have built and proposed two solar home systems in ROSCA scheme in this paper. System 1 features two 5 W LED lamps and a mobile phone charger. System 2 is smaller, it is based on recycled mobile phone batteries, it powers a 5 W LED lamp. In the pilot project, the tontine for system 1 is taken on one year period while system 2 is given on 5 months basis.
Biofuel cells are important to generate alternative energy. This paper evaluates the electroactivity of a carbon cloth platform containing immobilized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), a NAD+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme (ADH), poly-methylene green (poly-MG), and an anchoring agent (PAMAM dendrimer, modified NAFION (m-NAFION), or polypyrrole (poly-Pyr)). The PAMAM dendrimer is an excellent medium to achieve ADH immobilization on the carbon nanostructured platform. We obtained power density and open circuit potential (OCP) of 0.278±0.038mWcm−2 and 0.459±0.025V, respectively, for PAMAM modified with MWCNTs. This new anode configuration is potentially applicable for small energy devices.
Presence of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is linked to an increased risk to develop Alzheimer's dementia (AD). However, there are controversial data concerning the impact of the APOE genotype on cognitive functioning and brain activity in healthy subjects. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the effects of APOE genotype on spatial contextual memory encoding and retrieval success in healthy older adults. Eighteen subjects (eight APOE4 heterozygotes (ε4+) and 10 non-carriers (ε4−), mean age 60.0±5.0 years) were included in the present analysis. Behaviorally, ε4+ subjects performed significantly worse than ε4− subjects in item memory and spatial context retrieval. fMRI data revealed that ε4+ subjects, compared to ε4-subjects, predominantly showed an increase of neural activity specific to encoding of items and their spatial context in prefrontal, temporal and parietal regions. In contrast, ε4+ subjects showed activity decreases in the right amygdala during successful item recognition and in the prefrontal cortex bilaterally during spatial context retrieval when compared to ε4− subjects. While the activity increases during encoding may reflect compensatory activity in the attempt to maintain normal performance, the decreases during retrieval indicate incipient neural decline in ε4+ subjects. These data highlight that preclinical ApoE-related changes in neural activity are not unidirectional but dissociate depending on the memory phase, i.e., encoding or retrieval.
Graphite/LFP commercial cells are stored under 3 different conditions of temperature (30°C, 45°C, and 60°C) and SOC (30%, 65%, and 100%) during up to 8 months. Several non-destructive electrochemical tests are performed at different storage times in order to understand calendar aging phenomena. After storage, all the cells except those stored at 30°C exhibited capacity fade. The extent of capacity fade strongly increases with storage temperature and to a lesser extent with the state of charge. From in-depth data analysis, cyclable lithium loss was identified as the main source of capacity fade. This loss arises from side reactions taking place at the anode, e.g. solvent decomposition leading to the growth of the solid electrolyte interphase. However, the existence of reversible capacity loss also suggests the presence of side reactions occurring at the cathode, which are less prominent than those at the anode. The analyses do not show any evidence about active-material loss in the electrodes. The cells do not suffer substantial change in internal resistance. According to EIS analysis, the overall impedance increase is 70% or less.
This article investigates the potential of economic model predictive control of complex residential energy systems with electric coupling to the public grid. The examined system includes a battery energy storage system, photovoltaic power generation, an air-to-water heat pump, thermal energy storage and a building model. The said power generation provides energy for electric loads as well as domestic hot water and space heating. Model predictive control algorithms manage the energy system by nonlinear global optimization. Within this optimization, a time-varying state space model, which is derived from the energy system simulation model, reflects the system dynamics. Owing to the resulting high complexity, two algorithms for distributed model predictive control are developed. In addition, the developed approaches are compared to a common reference control concept as well as centralized model predictive control. For the comparison of annual operational costs, current German energy prices and subsidies are implemented into the economic calculation. Results show an improved performance of the developed approaches with 11.6% cost reduction in comparison to the reference. This is achieved through an increase of the heat pump seasonal performance factor by 3.4%, reduced curtailment of electrical photovoltaic energy to 21.5% of the reference value and prevention of auxiliary heater operation. Furthermore, increased photovoltaic self-consumption by the heat pump results in a slight reduction of battery storage operation. In conjunction with monetary and energetic advantages, model predictive control increases the comfort in regards to the violation of minimum limits for the comfort criteria.
In this study, the UVA (photo)protective activity of the phenolic fraction of L. caerulea fruits (PFLC) was assessed in human keratinocytes HaCaT. The keratinocytes were pre- or post-treated with PFLC (1–250 mg/l) and exposed to UVA irradiation (10–30 J/cm2). The results showed that both pre- and post-treatment with PFLC significantly suppressed UVA-induced ROS production, which was also revealed as a decrease in intracellular lipid peroxidation and elevation of reduced glutathione. Protection was concentration-dependent with a maximum at 50 mg/l. These results suggest that PFLC attenuates UVA-induced oxidative stress by reduction of ROS generation and ROS-mediated damage. For this reason, PFLC has potentially skin-protective functions against the deleterious effects of sunlight.
In-situ or operando quantitative analysis is very important for Li-O2 batteries, in order to properly, accurately and comprehensively evaluate electrocatalysts and characterize Li-O2 electrochemistry in real-time. Synchrotron XRD can provide much higher X-ray intensity and time resolution than traditional in-house diffractometers, and therefore can contribute to quantitative analysis for Li-O2 batteries. Here, operando synchrotron XRD is further developed to quantitatively study Li-O2 batteries with nano-catalysts, Ru/MnO2. The time-resolved oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics for Li-O2 cells with Ru/MNT was systematically investigated using operando synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction (SR-PXD). Li2O2 decomposition in the electrodes with Ru/MNT catalysts during galvanostatic and potentiostatic charge processes followed pseudo-zero-order kinetics and showed ideal Coulombic efficiency (close to 100%). Furthermore, it was found that the OER kinetics for a cell with 2 wt% Ru/MNT charged at a constant potential of 4.3 V was even faster than that for a cell with the same amount of pure Ru nanoparticles, which have been considered as a highly active catalyst for Li-O2 batteries. These results indicated that Ru/MNT with a special nanostructure represented a very efficient electrocatalyst for promoting the OER in Li-O2 batteries. We also demonstrate that synchrotron radiation XRD can “highlight” a way to quantitative analysis for Li-O2 batteries.
The Ga-assisted formation of Ge nanorods and nanowires in solution has been demonstrated and a catalytic activity of the Ga seeds was observed. The synthesis of anisotropic single-crystalline Ge nanostructures was achieved at temperatures as low as 170 °C. Gallium not only serves as nucleation seed but is also incorporated in the Ge nanowires in higher concentrations than its thermodynamic solubility limit.
In recent years, with the growing demands for large-scale applications of rechargeable batteries, the eco-friendly sodium-ion batteries with low price and high charge–discharge rates have attracted much attention. In this work, using a simple hydrothermal process, we successfully synthesize single crystalline VO2 parallel ultrathin nanosheets for the cathode material in sodium-ion batteries. Combined the XRD, XPS, electrochemical measurements with the first-principles simulations, the charge–discharge performance and the mechanism of Na insertion and extraction into/from the VO2 structure have systematically studied. The results reveal that the Na x VO2 products possess semiconductor properties and the interlayer distance almost keeps constant during charge and discharge process, which is beneficial to the transmission of Na ions. The charge and discharge process occurs between Na0.3VO2 and NaVO2. Even at a large current density of 500 mA g−1, the discharge capacity can still keep at 108 mAh g−1. As a cathode material for sodium-ion batteries, the results are outstanding and provide a possibility of large-scale applications for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries.
Zinc ion batteries using metallic zinc as the negative electrode have gained considerable interest for electrochemical energy storage, whose development is crucial for the adoption of renewable energy technologies, as zinc has a very high volumetric capacity (5845 mA h cm−3), is inexpensive and compatible with aqueous electrolytes. However, the divalent charge of zinc ions, which restricts the choice of host material due to hindered solid-state diffusion, can also pose a problem for interfacial charge transfer. Here, we report our findings on reversible intercalation of up to two Zn2+ ions in layered V3O7·H2O. This material exhibits very high capacity and power (375 mA h g−1 at a 1C rate, and 275 mA h g−1 at an 8C rate) in an aqueous electrolyte compared to a very low capacity and slow rate capabilities in a nonaqueous medium. Operando XRD studies, together with impedance analysis, reveal solid solution behavior associated with Zn2+-ion diffusion within a water monolayer in the interlayer gap in both systems, but very sluggish interfacial charge transfer in the nonaqueous electrolyte. This points to desolvation at the interface as a major factor in dictating the kinetics. Temperature dependent impedance studies show high activation energies associated with the nonaqueous charge transfer process, identifying the origin of poor electrochemical performance.
Increased specific capacity and/or working potential are important prerequisites for high energy functional materials for lithium-ion batteries. Furthermore practical applications require materials with high tap density in order to maximize the loading of the electrodes, thereby optimizing the energy density on cell level. Stoichiometric and phase pure LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LMNO) has been synthesised via a continuous co-precipitation and lithiation process, suited for large scale production. Powder properties have been controlled in order to obtain spherical particles consisting of a multitude of densely-packed primary crystallites. The obtained material exhibits a single plateau at 4.7 V vs. Li/Li+ with high capacity, rate capability and cycling stability. Morphological factors such as crystallite size, particle size and particle architecture, and additionally the variation of oxygen stoichiometry have been investigated. This study clearly illustrates the importance of these factors on the electrochemical performance of an optimized LMNO high-voltage material.
Sn-Co-graphene composites have been synthesized through a facile one pot co-precipitation method. The as-prepared composites are investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and elemental analysis. The results indicate that Sn-Co nanoparticles are homogeneously attached to the surface of graphene. The lithium storage capability of the composites is evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests. Results show that the composites exhibit high reversible capacity with excellent cyclic stability and rate capability. The superior lithium storage capability could be ascribed to the positive synergistic effect of the combination of the buffering effects of cobalt and the excellent conductivity of graphene, which could restrain the volume variation, keep the structure stable, and increase the conductivity of the whole system.
Lithium-ion batteries with green and inexpensive aqueous electrolytes solve the safety problem associated with conventional lithium-ion batteries that use highly toxic and flammable organic solvents, which usually cause fires and explosions. However, the relatively low capacities (usually<65mAhg−1) and less than 50% capacity retention over 50 cycles unfortunately limit their promising applicability. Herein, a novel model of ordered lamellar organic–inorganic hybrid nanorods is first put forward as an excellent platform to circumvent the above issues. Taking the synthetic highly ordered lamellar V2O3-based hybrid nanorods as an example, they deliver a capacity up to 131mAhg−1, nearly 1.5 and 2 times higher than that of 10-nm V2O3 nanocrystals (90mAhg−1) and 2-μm bulk V2O3 (73.9mAhg−1). Also, their excellent cyclability of 88% after 50 cycles is remarkably better than that of 10-nm V2O3 nanocrystals (64%) and 2-μm bulk V2O3 (41%). This work provides a facile route for gram-scale synthesizing highly ordered lamellar hybrid materials and proves that these unique structures are excellent platforms for significantly improving aqueous lithium-ion battery performances especially at high discharge rates, giving tantalizing perspectives in future design and synthesis of high-performance active materials for aqueous lithium-ion batteries.
In order to avoid the sharps and transients of power demand and extend the battery lifetime, three energy management strategies via wavelet transform (WT) considering temperature uncertainty for hybrid energy storage system (HESS) in the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle are proposed in this paper. The HESS consisting of batteries, ultracapacitors, along with two associated DC/DC converters is discussed and modeled in details. In addition, to further investigate the influence of temperature uncertainty, a random temperature variation and three-dimensional response surfaces are employed for modeling. To systematically compare the performances of WT-based (WTB) strategy, WT-and-rule-based (WTRB) strategy and WT-and fuzzy-logic-control-based (WTFLCB) strategy, an optimization scheme is presented directly. The simulation results demonstrate that the WTFLCB strategy shows better performance under temperature uncertainty. Moreover, a hardware in the loop experiment platform is set up to further verify the feasibility of the WTRB strategy for actual application. It is found that the battery SoC and ultracapacitor SoC estimation errors are less than 0.77% and 3.87%, respectively.