batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Amorphous and anatase TiO2 nanotube layers were synthesized by means of Ti foil anodic oxidation performed in ethylene glycol based electrolyte containing fluoride ions. A typical surface structure of TiO2 nanotubular layer, well aligned nanotubes with inner diameter of 70–100nm and wall thickness of about 10–15nm was obtained. Both amorphous and converted to anatase nanotube layers were mechanically stable and well adherent to the Ti current collector. The nanostructured Ti/TiO2 layers were tested as a current collector – anode material system for Li-ion intercallation in 1M LiPF6 ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC:DMC) and in 1-buthyl-1-methyl pyrrolidinium is (trifluoromethyl) sulfonylimide ([BMP][TFSI]) containing 1M Li[TFSI]. The potential window of [BMP][TFSI] measured on Ti current collector remains not considerably influenced by addition of Li[TFSI]. The type of electrolyte does not influence the voltammetric behavior of the amorphous TiO2 nanotube layers, whereas in case of anatase there is a definite inhibition of the Li intercalation in 1M Li[TFSI] [BMP][TFSI], expressed by increasing the peak-to-peak voltage difference between the Li insertion and de-insertion processes. The observed phenomenon is discussed in terms of viscosity difference between both electrolytes. TiO2 nanotube structures displayed a stable galvanostatic cycling, reaching the theoretical capacity of TiO2 structure and high current efficiencies in both Li ion containing media.
The implementation of personal carbon trading (PCT) to influence transport choices has recently been suggested as a method to reduce private carbon emissions. In this study, we conducted a choice experiment in Jiangsu, China, to evaluate if PCT influences individual decisions to adopt battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The results showed that PCT can effectively change the decision to adopt and encourage the adoption of BEVs. PCT was shown to be more effective than free parking as well as eliminating road tolls, vehicle and vessel tax, and purchase tax, but less effective than government subsidies. In addition, we found that improving some BEV performance attributes was preferred to policy incentives, including PCT. These results improve our understanding of the effectiveness of PCT and the individual decision to adopt BEVs. Our findings could facilitate the practical implementation of PCT and provide suitable guidelines for developing BEV promotion strategies.
A mixture between cobalt oxalate, tin oxalate and dispersed polyacrylonitrile (PAN) molecules has been used as a new electrode active material for lithium ion batteries. The electrode shows good capacity retention in the case that the imposed potential limit is below 2.0V. The mechanism of the reaction with lithium was studied by using XRD and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy. The electrode materials become irreversibly amorphous at the beginning of the reaction, when tin oxalate is decomposed and Sn(IV) is detected. Then, the metallic ions are reduced and amorphous tin–cobalt phases are formed. Finally, previously unknown LiCoSn phases are reversibly formed near 0.0V. The oxalate groups and the PAN form an electrochemically inert matrix. Due to the matrix, the aggregation of the amorphous particles into crystalline particles upon cycling is avoided. The extraction of lithium at the potential values near 2.0V yields to tin–oxygen interactions and this feature disturbs the matrix and yields to capacity fade.
Samples of nominal composition Li1.3Fe0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 with a NASICON-type crystal structure, can be sintered up to 95% of the theoretical density at only 600°C using spark plasma sintering, SPS. The final pellets however show different colouration in their upper and lower faces, being the upper face white and the lower one pink. The analysis of both surfaces by XPS shows a higher concentration of lithium on the white upper face, as a consequence of the polar diffusion of ions from the positive to the negative rams during SPS. On the other hand the study by XRD and SEM shows the formation of an extra phase in the upper face with nominal composition LiOPO4. A change in the cell parameters of the original NASICON structure is also observed, confirming the diffusion of lithium ions.
The recently launched concept of Semi-Solid Flow Batteries (SSFBs) shows a strong potential for flexible energy storage, but the liquid-dispersed state of the electrode materials introduces several aspects of which a scientific understanding is lacking. We studied the effect of electrochemical cycling on the rheological and electrical properties of a SSFB anolyte containing Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) and Ketjen Black (KB) particles in EC:DMC solvent with 1M LiPF6, using an adapted rheometer that allows in situ electrochemical cycling and electrical impedance spectroscopy. Charging (lithiation) caused a reduction in the electronic conductivity, yield stress and high shear viscosity of the fluid electrode. For mildly reducing voltages (1.4 V), these changes were partially reversed on discharging. For more reducing voltages these changes were stronger and persistent. The finding of comparable trends for a fluid electrode without the LTO, lends support to a simplistic interpretation, in which all trends are ascribed to the formation of a surface layer around the conductive KB nanoparticles. This Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) insulates particles and reduces the van der Waals attractions between them. SEI layers formed at less reducing voltages, partially dissolve during the subsequent discharge. Those formed at more reducing voltages, are thicker and permanent. As these layers increase the electronic resistance of the fluid electrode by (more than) an order of magnitude, our findings highlight significant challenges due to SEI formation that still need to be overcome to realize SSFBs.
In this paper we show a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) for the optimisation of stand-alone (off-grid) hybrid systems (photovoltaic-wind-diesel-battery) to minimise total net present cost (NPC) and maximise human development index (HDI) and job creation (JC). Optimisation of this kind of system is usually performed considering only the minimisation of cost (NPC or the levelised cost of energy), as well as the emissions and the unmet load in some cases. In this paper, for the first time, we consider the maximisation of HDI and JC as part of optimisation. HDI depends on the consumption of electricity, so the extra energy that can supply the hybrid system can improve the HDI index. JC is different for each technology, obtaining different values for each combination of components in the system. The three objectives are often opposed, so a Pareto-optimisation MOEA is a good option to obtain a set of possible solutions in which no solution is better than another one for all three objectives (optimal Pareto set). We provide an example in the optimisation of a hybrid system to supply electricity to a small community in the Sahrawi refugee camps of Tindouf.
Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) have been demonstrated to show a deficit of inhibitory control in volitional shifts of attention. The aim of this study was to use ecological intervention to investigate the efficacy of table-tennis training on treating both problems with attentional networks and motor disorder in children with DCD. Forty-three children aged 9–10 years old were screened using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children and divided into DCD (n =27) and typically developing (TD, n =16) groups. Children with DCD were then quasi-randomly assigned to either a DCD-training group who underwent a ten-week table-tennis training program with a frequency of 3 times a week or a DCD non-training group. Before and after training, the capacity of inhibitory control was examined with the endogenous Posner paradigm task for DCD and TD groups. Table-tennis training resulted in significant improvement of cognitive and motor functions for the children with DCD. The study demonstrated that exercise intervention employed within the school setting can benefit the inhibitory control and motor performance in children with DCD. However, future research efforts should continue to clarify whether the performance gains could be maintained over time.
The effect of aqueous acetic acid solution concentration during the preparation of chitosan-acetate (CS-acetate) films on the conductivity and relaxation properties were studied by dielectric and FTIR spectroscopies, TGA measurements and X-Ray diffraction. Analyses of the experimental results on the degree of deacetylation, water absorption, conductivity, Vogel temperature and activation energy demonstrate a strong dependence of these parameters on the concentration of the acid acetic solutions from which the films have been obtained. The proton conductivity and relaxation properties of CS-acetate films have been interpreted using two Grotthuss “structural diffusion” and “pack-acid” mechanisms. The transformation between these two mechanisms observed at temperature higher than CS-acetate glass transition temperature is due to an increase in the thermal motion of CS chains, water evaporation, hydrogen bond between water molecules and side groups of CS breaking and formation of new bonds between NH3 + and acetate ions. Additionally, application of the Rice and Roth model allowed estimating the temperature dependence of proton number and their mobility in CS-acetate films. A systematic interpretation on the appropriate conductivity mechanism will help trigger the design of smart materials used in flexible electronic, solid polymer electrolytes for fuel cells and solid polymer batteries based on CS-acetate films.
The rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are becoming a technology of choice for energy storage applications, due to its high energy and power density. In this paper, a power management control strategy is proposed for a standalone PV-Battery Energy Storage (BES) hybrid system. The proposed control algorithm tracks the Maximum Power Point (MPP) of the solar-cells while avoiding overcharging of LiBs under different solar radiation and load conditions. The controller has two regulation modes; (a) MPP Tracking mode, (b) battery state of charge limit mode. The standalone PV-BES hybrid system is represented as a system of differential algebraic equations and enables effective implementation of control algorithms. A physics-based single particle model accounting for internal states of a battery is implemented in the simulation and control algorithm. A mixed-order finite difference method with optimal node spacing and strong stability-preserving time-stepping Runge–Kutta scheme is used to solve the battery model. A case study is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy using real world data. The study reveals that the proposed power control strategy is robust and meets multiple objectives of standalone PV-BES hybrid systems such as no overcharging, 0% excess output power production, and ensuring no energy is transferred to the dump load.
LiNi1−x Ti x O2 (0≤ x ≤0.1) compounds have been synthesized by a direct molten-salt method that uses a eutectic mixture of LiNO3 and LiOH salts. According to X-ray diffraction analysis, these materials have a well-developed layered structure (R3-m) and are an isostructure of LiNiO2. The LiNi1−x Ti x O2 (0≤ x ≤0.1) compounds have average particle sizes of 1–5μm depending on the amount of Ti salt. Charge–discharge tests show that a LiNi1−x Ti x O2 (0≤ x ≤0.1) cathode prepared at 700°C has an initial discharge capacity as high as 171mAhg−1 and excellent capacity retention in the range 4.3–2.8V at a current density of 0.2mAcm−2.
Passive acoustic recording of marine noise has advanced considerably over recent years. For a long time, a lack of widely available technology limited the acquisition of long-term acoustic data sets to a small number of large, cabled installations mostly restricted to military use. For other users, recordings were limited by the available technology to short snapshots of minutes to possibly days of data at a time. As technology has improved, passive acoustic monitoring has shown marine soundscapes are filled with biotic and abiotic sounds that occur on a range of often unpredictable timescales. Thus, snapshot recordings can lead to biased data. In 1999, the Centre for Marine Science and Technology, together with Australia’s Defence Science and Technology Organisation, began developing remote underwater sound recorders to increase the duration and quality of recordings. As time passed, the sound recorders were developed significantly, have been deployed over 600 times at a variety of Australian and international locations and have identified a plethora of biological, geophysical and anthropogenic sound sources. This paper presents a brief history of the recorders’ development and characteristics, some examples of the information they have provided and future direction for their next generation.
The poor performance of lithium-ion batteries in extreme temperatures is hindering their wider adoption in the energy sector. A fundamental challenge in battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) is that hot and cold environments pose opposite requirements: thermal transmission at high temperature for battery cooling, and thermal isolation at low temperature to retain the batteries’ internally generated heat, leading to an inevitable compromise of either hot or cold performances. Here, we demonstrate a thermal regulator that adjusts its thermal conductance as a function of the temperature, just as desired for the BTMS. Without any external logic control, this thermal regulator increases battery capacity by a factor of 3 at an ambient temperature (Tambient) of −20 °C in comparison to a baseline BTMS that is always thermally conducting, while also limiting the battery temperature rise to 5 °C in a very hot environment (Tambient = 45 °C) to ensure safety. The result expands the usability of lithium-ion batteries in extreme environments and opens up new applications of thermally functional devices.
Publisher Summary Cognitive complaints are common in midlife women. Understanding of objective changes in cognitive function across the menopausal transition is limited by the lack of longitudinal studies, although cross-sectional studies suggest no effect. Older women, particularly those with cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive dysfunction, experience a decline in verbal memory and cognitive status with estrogen plus progesterone treatment (EPT). Menopausal hormone therapy (HT) may have beneficial effects on other tasks of memory, including figural memory and possibly working memory. Raloxifene provides cognitive benefits. Neuroimaging studies support the biologic plausibility of beneficial effects of HT and raloxifene on brain regions subserving memory functioning, including the hippocampus and frontal lobes. HT is not approved for the treatment of cognitive complaints or dysfunction in any patient group. It is clinically prudent to caution women who initiate HT for the treatment of menopausal symptoms about the risk of dementia and cognitive decline observed in older women in Women's Health Initiative Memory Study, while recognizing that the absolute risk of dementia in younger women is very low.
A Ca3Co3FeO9 electrode exhibiting enhanced cycle-life performance compared to that of Co3O4 was presented in this study. In order to examine the mechanism of the improved capacity retention in the Ca3Co3FeO9 electrode, the cycling-induced variation of electrode kinetics was observed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The separable electrochemical reactions using the appropriate equivalent circuit and the goodness-of-fit results demonstrated the superior charge-transfer kinetics of Ca3Co3FeO9, compared to Co3O4, during prolonged cycling. These results clearly demonstrated the benefits of the inactive CaO matrix that is spontaneously formed in Ca3Co3FeO9 during the first discharge process.
The main focus of this paper is to select an economically suitable sustainable standalone power supply system for a remote off-grid town in Western Australia. Existing power systems of such remote towns in Australia have adverse environmental impacts and contribute to global warming due to the utilization of fossil fuels, especially diesel and gas. The possible electricity supply systems for such towns can vary from a diesel/gas generator towards a hybrid system composed of a generator, wind turbine, photovoltaic system, and battery energy storage. In order to limit the cost of the system and to propose the most economically feasible solution, various combinations of supply systems are considered. These systems are analyzed in this paper by the help of HOMER software to determine the optimal architecture and the control strategy of the supply system. This study has used real demand data of the town, as well as the prices of different electrical components in the Australian market. The scenario which yields the minimum cost of energy is defined and suggested. Also, a decision-making based technique is proposed to help the local electricity utility in finding the suitable solution in the case of budget limits on the investment and annual operation and maintenance. Another aim of this analysis is to investigate and illustrate the impact of a small annual load growth on the size of the selected components for the selected power system, as well as the total net present cost and the cost of electricity. A sensitivity analysis is also performed to analyze the impact of uncertainties of some of the parameters in the outcome of the study to obtain the optimized cost of the selected system.
In this paper, the effects of several experimental conditions, such as electrode layer binder content, conducting carbon content, electrode layer thickness, as well as electrolyte concentration, on both the specific capacitance and energy density of a BP2000 carbon-based supercapacitor are investigated using both cyclic voltammetry and a galvanic charging–discharging curve. The electrode layer studied contains Super C45 carbon as the conducting additive, PTFE as the binder, and Na2SO4 as the aqueous electrolyte, respectively. With the purpose of optimizing the electrode layer structure, 15wt% of Super C45 and 5wt% of PTFE in the electrode layer with a thickness of 100μm, are found to be the best composition in terms of improving both specific capacitance and energy density. Regarding the effect of electrolyte concentration in the range of 0.1–1.0M, 0.5M of Na2SO4 gives the best performance.
An ionic liquid, N-allyl-N-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide PP13*TFSI has been successfully tested as a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) forming agent for graphite composite anode at elevated temperature of 55°C in a purely ionic liquid-based electrolyte: 0.5m LiTFSI in a mixture of PP13*TFSI–PP13TFSI (20–80wt.%) The reversible discharge capacity was 340–350mAhg−1 with only a small irreversible capacity loss per cycle. The electrochemical polymerisation of the allylic double bond participates on the SEI formation on the graphite surface. In the absence of unsaturated ionic liquid, the piperidinium cation is co-intercalated into graphite and causes its exfoliation with permanent loss of capacity. The electrolyte is thermally stable up to 320°C and reasonably conductive (2.4mScm−1 at 55°C).
Future wireless networks are envisaged to consist of a variety of integrated and jointly managed radio access technologies (RATs). This is motivated by the complementary features of the individual RATs. When in the overlapping coverage of the integrated RATs, a multimode terminal can use them simultaneously, thus aggregating bandwidth to enhance performance of high-bandwidth applications. However, there are challenges that must be addressed to achieve efficient bandwidth aggregation. Packet reordering is the most dominant challenge. Packet reordering can lead to excessive delays that can affect real-time applications; it can also affect throughput of TCP applications adversely. To circumvent the reordering problem and other challenges associated with simultaneous use of the terminal's multiple interfaces, bandwidth aggregation solutions are developed. This paper reviews existing bandwidth aggregation solutions in heterogeneous wireless networks. Challenges and several open research issues in the design of bandwidth aggregation approaches are also outlined. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review of existing bandwidth aggregation techniques in heterogeneous wireless networks. This paper, therefore, provides important lessons and information from current bandwidth aggregation solutions, which can be used to guide the development of more efficient bandwidth aggregation approaches.
MnO is one of the most attractive anode materials for Li ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity and low voltage hysteresis. However, its inherent low conductivity and large volume expansion hinder real application. Herein, we construct a flexible freestanding film of MnO quantum dots, N-doped carbon layer and carbon nanotubes by an effective method and demonstrate its direct application as an anode for LIBs. The microstructure observations reveal that well-dispersed MnO quantum dots with the average of 2–5 nm attach tightly on highly conductive carbon nanotube substrates and covered by N-doped carbon layers. Such unique nanocomposite structure provides effective carbon protective layers to accommodate volume change, ensure almost the whole surface of each MnO quantum dots to attend electrochemical reaction, and increases electron conductivity and reduces Li+ diffusion distance. Furthermore, kinetic analysis and characterization tests indicate that capacitive contribution for Li storage in the freestanding film is calculated to be high and further oxidation of Mn2+ to higher valence state upon cycling generates lots of specific capacity, thus endowing it with excellent rate, ultrahigh capacity and outstanding cycling stability. The flexible freestanding anode delivers ultrahigh capacity of 1741mAh g−1 after 120 cycles at 0.1 A g−1, a high-rate capability of 858 mAh g−1 at 3.2 A g−1 after 120 cycles at 0.1 A g−1, and long-term cycling stability with a capacity of 136.5% at 1.0 A g−1 after 1000 cycles. The unique nanostructure design is believed to have great potential in general synthesis of the composite consisted of CNT and oxide quantum dots for energy storage.
Inferior cycling stability, poor safety, and gas generation are long lasting problems of Ni-rich LiNi0.80Co0.10Mn0.10O2 (NCM811) cathode material. Although much effort has been made, mechanisms for the above problems are poorly understood. Studying the cycling and float-charging characteristics of Li/NCM811 cells in high voltage conditions (4.5 V and 4.7 V, respectively), in this work we find that nearly all known problems with NCM811 material can be attributed to the oxidation of lattice oxygen occurring in the capacity region corresponding to H2 → H3 phase transition. While contributing to overall capacity, the oxidation of lattice oxygen results in a loss of oxygen through oxygen evolution and relative reactions between active oxygen evolution intermediates and electrolyte solvents. It is the loss of oxygen that results in irreversible layered-spinel-rocksalt phase transition, secondary particle cracking, and performance degradation. The conclusions of this work suggest that the priority for further research on NCM811 material should give to the suppression of oxygen evolution, followed by the use of the anti-oxygen electrolyte being chemically stable against the active oxygen evolution intermediates.