batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
It has been shown that varying conditions of co-precipitation processes, two types of mixed Ni–Mn–Co hydroxides: either brucite, or hydrotalcite-like (LDHs)—with different Ni/Mn/Co ratio can be prepared. According to XPS study, these hydroxides are mixed-valence materials: Ni ions present in 2+ oxidation state, whereas Mn and Co ions are in 3+/4+ and 2+/3+ state, respectively; their oxidation state increases with an increase of their content in hydroxides. For Ni-rich hydroxides, a strong effect of nickel segregation is observed indicating that chemistry of the surface and of the bulk is different. Mixed Ni–Mn–Co hydroxides decompose in two steps resulting in formation of NiO bunsenite and (Ni,Co,Mn)3O4 spinel.
Layered-perovskite Pr1+x Ba1-x Co2O5+δ (PBC, x =0–0.30) oxides are designed and evaluated as cathode materials for solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The effect of x on structural, thermal and electrochemical properties has been systematically investigated. Analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates the existence of mixed valences of Pr3+/Pr4+ and Co3+/Co4+. Among the series samples, the x =0.10 shows the best electrochemical performance. The conductivity reaches as high as 600 S cm–1 at 600–800°C. As cathode materials for electrolyte-supported single cells, the maximum power densities at 800°C are 408, 713, 732, 546 and 435 mW cm–2 for x =0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the layered-perovskite Pr1+x Ba1-x Co2O5+δ are potential cathode materials for SOFCs, which electrochemical properties can be improved by optimizing Pr/Ba molar ratio.
Umicore plans to increase its capacity for NMC (nickel manganese cobalt) cathode materials to meet a surge in demand for materials used in hybrid and electric vehicles. The expansion program will involve a €160 million investment over three years in the company's existing facilities in Cheonan (South Korea) and Jiangmen (China), as well as greenfield investments on adjacent land in both locations. The new capacity should start coming on stream in the second part of 2017. Vehicle electrification is being driven by the need to reduce CO2 emissions and improve air quality, and in many regions this is being supported by emission legislation. The number of electrified vehicle models being launched has been increasing in recent months and the penetration of these vehicles, ranging from mild hybrid cars to full electric models, is projected to grow at an increasingly fast pace, the company says. There is also a trend towards electrification of vehicles used for public transportation such as electric buses. Umicore's NMC cathode materials can help improve battery technology to increase driving range and reduce the total cost of electrified vehicle ownership. Umicore;www.umicore.com
An amorphous nano-structured calcium silicate hydrate with a high surface area and wide band gap can be used in soggy sand solar cells as oxide material. The material can be reinforced to yield a cell that is active over weeks despite employing the readily photo-bleached iodine/triiodide redox couple. The material offers a unique opportunity to be doped by cerium or vanadium, generating cells with higher ion mobility than observed for comparative silicate, silica or titania containing cells. In case of cerium containing oxide materials short circuit currents were twice as high as for the pure electrolyte. For vanadium containing cells current values were observed to be in excess of three times the current found in silica or pure electrolyte cells. These findings show a new possibility to enhance cell performance for soggy sand electrolyte solar cells, batteries and other devices.
An effective method for synthesizing a one-dimensional nanostructure to improve the rate performance of LiFePO4 as the cathode material for Li-ion power batteries is described. The crystal structure, composition, and morphology of the prepared LiFePO4 were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The reaction mechanism of the LiFePO4 nanorods is discussed herein. Electrodes consisting of the LiFePO4 nanorods have better rate discharge capacities over a potential range of 2.5–4.2V (vs. Li+/Li). These results are attributed to the shorter distance of electron transport and the fact that ion diffusion in the electrode material is limited by the nanorod radius. Our results indicate that the prepared LiFePO4 nanorods are promising cathode materials for Li-ion power batteries. This new process for synthesizing nanorod products from nanorod raw material can be extended to the preparation of other one-dimensional materials.
Neuropsychologists have a significant role in the assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation of people with epilepsy. This includes providing an assessment of an individual's cognitive strengths and weaknesses with respect to being a candidate for the surgery program, detailing intellectual and memory impairments as part of a rehabilitation service, and documenting specific antiepileptic drug effects as part of routine clinical management. Each of these specific roles requires careful consideration with respect to the potential pitfalls they can present to the neuropsychologist. In this article, we have attempted to identify the most obvious “dos and don'ts” in the neuropsychological assessment of people with epilepsy. These range from issues relating to the reliance of measures, to the failure to document patients' backgrounds, to the importance of considering the psychometric tests that we use. We have attempted to emphasize the importance or value of a well-conducted neuropsychological assessment to the management of the person with epilepsy.
The “accumulator mixing” technique, including the capacitive and the battery mixing, is a new developing technology for harvesting the salinity gradient energy, in particular of NaCl solutions, e.g. sea and river water. It is based on a couple of electrodes in a vessel, in which two solutions of different salinity are alternately fluxed. A current flows through the electrodes and its direction is cyclically inverted. Due to the variation of the electrode potentials induced by the salinity change, the charge is extracted from the cell at a higher voltage than applied during the charging phase: this results in a production of energy at the expenses of the salinity difference. We focus on two kinds of electrode materials: chemically modified activated carbon and battery-like electrodes performing redox reactions, with a cycle operated at constant current. We test them with feed solutions at 20 and 500mM of NaCl. We show that the CAPMIX power production can be easily predicted from the information obtained by galvanostatic cycles performed at constant concentration; indeed, the periodic salinity changes do not significantly affect the overvoltage observed during the parts of the “accumulator mixing” cycle that takes place at constant salinity. The kinetics of the electrodes in the “accumulator mixing” cycle can thus be easily related to the results of classical electrochemical measurements, such as the impedance spectroscopy. In particular, we show that the most relevant parameter that determines the power production of the cell is the real part of the impedance, measured at the frequency of the CAPMIX cycles, i.e. in the range 2–20mHz mainly dominated by the so-called “diffusion impedance”, and the difference between the capacitance in the two feed solutions.
Recently, considerable attention has been paid to the stabilization of atomic platinum (Pt) catalysts on desirable supports in order to reduce Pt consumption, improve the catalyst stability, and thereafter enhance the catalyst performance in renewable energy devices such as fuel cells and zinc-air batteries (ZABs). Herein, we rationally designed a novel strategy to stabilize atomic Pt catalysts in alloyed platinum cobalt (PtCo) nanosheets with trapped interstitial fluorine (SA-PtCoF) for ZABs. The trapped interstitial F atoms in the PtCoF matrix induce lattice distortion resulting in weakening of the Pt–Co bond, which is the driving force to form atomic Pt. As a result, the onset potentials of SA-PtCoF are 0.95 V and 1.50 V for the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER), respectively, superior to commercial Pt/C@RuO2. When used in ZABs, the designed SA-PtCoF can afford a peak power density of 125 mW cm−2 with a specific capacity of 808 mA h gZn−1 and excellent cyclability over 240 h, surpassing the state-of-the-art catalysts.
Silver oxides (Ag2O and AgO) have attracted increasing attention as potential solar cell materials for photovoltaic devices due to their ideal bandgap and non-toxicity. In order to eliminate the complicated synthesis and harsh reaction conditions (e.g. high temperature, high vacuum, high energy input, electron beam instrumentation) required by most synthetic strategies, we developed a very facile dry chemical approach to directly prepare AgxO species on the ITO substrate by taking advantage of a UV-O3 surrounding in a controlled way. We systematically investigated the effects of relative humidity, reaction temperature, and the silver deposition technique on the formation of silver oxide (AgO or Ag2O) thin films. A possible synthetic mechanism for the formation of AgO and Ag2O is proposed. More importantly, we have designed and successfully fabricated novel inorganic hybrid Ag2O/Bi2O3 heterojunction thin films for the first time which exhibit significantly improved photocurrent compared with pure Bi2O3 films.
In this report we propose a state space model of a direct methanol fuel cell. This dynamical model allows analysis and optimisation of the fuel cell in a control-theoretical framework, for instance to improve the overall dynamics of the fuel cell or to reject environmental disturbances. The model is particularly well suited to synthesise controllers, which are necessary to ensure stable, robust and efficient operation of a fuel cell. To yield a state space model of the direct methanol fuel cell, a system of nonlinear partial differential equations is transformed into a system of ordinary initial value problems by Laplace transforms, approximation in function spaces and the method of weighted residuals.
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted lots of significant interests, arising from in regard to the development of developing a low-cost energy storage system for renewable energy. Antimony-based materials with that have high theoretical storage capacities of Na+ have become one of the most focused SIB anode materials. Among of which, Sb2O4 has a higher and thus superior Na+ storage capacity of 1227mAhg−1 compared to other antinomy-based materials. In this work, one simple solvothermal process has been developed to prepare Sb2O4/reduced graphene oxide (Sb2O4/RGO) composites with a nanostructure of Sb2O4 nanorods anchored on RGO. Sb2O4/RGO shows an obviously enhanced electrochemical performance with an initial Na+ storage capacity of 842±5mAhg−1, a rechargeable capacity of 551±5mAhg−1 at 50mAg−1 after 100 cycles and an excellent rate performance of 401±5mAhg−1 at 1Ag−1.
The traceability of the supply chain with strict compliance with the specification to demonstrate in "transparency" the production processes in compliance with legislation and from a corporate social responsibility perspective, represents a fundamental requirement at the basis of competitive advantage in the food industries (Patelli and Mandrioli, J Food Sci 85: 3670–3678, 2020). The purpose of this work is to illustrate the innovative method for the certification and protection of the production phases of the DOP food chain and specifically the Mozzarella DOP of Gioia del Colle produced by the company Capurso Azienda Casearia Srl. This innovative approach consists of several phases that will be described in detail in the following paper. Besides, the idea of the introduction of Blockchain technology in an industry like this is an important step. This technology, associated with more accurate and intelligent management of the data acquisition process (Big data approach), optimizes the productivity of small businesses such as the dairy company. Blockchain technology guarantees security in the management of large amounts of data as never before possible, an innovative and experimental approach that makes the entire path of the production chain more controlled and optimized (Giacalone et al. International workshop on fuzzy logic and applications. Springer, Cham, pp. 218–225, 2016).
A series of hard carbon nanofiber-based electrodes derived from electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers (PAN-CNFs) have been fabricated by stabilization in air at about 280°C and then carbonization in N2 at heat treatment temperatures (HTT) between 800 and 1500°C. The electrochemical performances of the binder-free, current collector-free carbon nanofiber-based anodes in lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries are systematically investigated and compared. We demonstrate the presence of similar alkali metal insertion mechanisms in both cases, but just the differences of the layer spacing and pore size available for lithium and sodium ion lead the discharge capacity delivered at sloping region and plateau region to vary from the kinds of alkali elements. Although the anodes in sodium-ion batteries show poorer rate capability than that in lithium-ion batteries, they still achieve a reversible sodium intercalation capacity of 275 mAh g−1 and similar cycling stability due to the conductive 3-D network, weakly ordered turbostratic structure and a large interlayer spacing between graphene sheets. The feature of high capacity and stable cycling performance makes PAN-CNFs to be promising candidates as electrodes in rechargeable sodium-ion batteries and lithium-ion batteries.
Reticulated, open-cell structures based on vitreous carbon substrates electroplated with a Pb–Sn (1wt.%) alloy were investigated as current collectors for lead–acid batteries. Scanning and backscattered electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, anodic polarization and flooded 2V single-cell battery testing was employed to characterize the performance of the proposed collectors. A battery equipped with pasted electroplated reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) electrodes of 137cm2 geometric area, at the time of manuscript submission, completed 500cycles and over 1500h of continuous operation. The cycling involved discharges at 63AkgPAM −1 corresponding to a nominal 0.75h rate and a positive active mass (PAM) utilization efficiency of 21%. The charging protocol was composed of two voltage limited (i.e. 2.6V/cell), constant current steps of 35 and 9.5AkgPAM −1, respectively, with a total duration of about 2h. The charge factor was 1.05–1.15. The observed cycling behavior in conjunction with the versatility of electrodeposition to produce application-dependent optimized lead alloy coating thickness and composition shows promise for the development of lead–acid batteries using electroplated reticulated vitreous carbon collectors.
The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and correlates of major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and panic disorder in patients scheduled for knee arthroplasty. Three hundred nine patients completed questionnaires and validated self-report measures of major depression, generalized anxiety, and panic disorder. Stepwise multivariable logistic regression identified preoperative predictors of major depression and generalized anxiety disorder. The prevalence of major depression was 22.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 18%-28%). For generalized anxiety disorder, prevalence was 20.2% (95% CI, 16%-25%), and for panic disorder, prevalence was 4.6% (95% CI, 2.8%-7.6%). Multiple predictors for major depression and generalized anxiety disorder were found. Major depression and generalized anxiety are relatively common among patients scheduled for knee arthroplasty. Several simply assessed variables can be used to identify patients who are likely to have major depression or generalized anxiety.
Improved electrochemical properties of Li(Ni0.7Co0.3)O2 cathode material are reported. Samples were synthesized by the co-precipitation method with various sintering conditions, namely temperature, time and atmosphere. Li(Ni0.7Co0.3)O2 sintered at 850 °C for 14 h in air exhibited the lowest unit cell volume accompanied with relatively higher values of c/a and I103/I104 reflection peaks ratios. This also exhibited superior electrochemical properties, such as high charge–discharge capacity, high Coulombic efficiency, and low irreversible capacity loss. This can be attributed to improved hexagonal ordering, crystallinity and morphology. The electrochemical cell parameters were better than the reported ones, probably due to controlled sintering conditions.
This paper presents the concept and the design of a hybrid renewable energy polygeneration microgrid along with its technical and economical evaluation. The energy of the sun and the wind is harvested by photovoltaics and a wind turbine. Besides that, the components of the microgrid include a battery bank, a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell, a PEM electrolyzer, a metal hydride tank, a reverse osmosis desalination unit using energy recovery and a control system. The microgrid covers the electricity, transport and water needs and thus its products are power, hydrogen as transportation fuel and potable water through desalination. Hydrogen and the desalinated water also act as medium to long term seasonal storage. A design tool based on TRNSYS 16, GenOpt 2.0 and TRNOPT was developed using Particle Swarm Optimization method. The economic evaluation of the concept was based on the discounting cash flow approach. The Monte Carlo Simulation method was used in order to take uncertainty into account. A technically feasible polygeneration microgrid adapted to a small island is financially profitable with a probability of 90% for the present and 100% at the medium term.
Developing cheap, efficient and stable tri-functional catalysts can reduce the producing process of catalysts for different electrochemical energy conversion devices, therefore being important to their commercialization. In light of this, we firstly report an advanced catalyst with both FeP and Fe3O4 nanoparticles embedded in N,P-doped microporous carbon nanofibers obtained by electrospinning. The resultant catalyst exhibits robust catalytic activities towards oxygen reduction reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction, all of which surpass or are comparable to previously reported tri-functional catalysts. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles and N-doped carbon are the main active species toward oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction, while FeP nanoparticles remarkably promote the hydrogen evolution reaction. The catalyst also shows excellent oxygen reduction stability due to the unique nanoparticle-embedded microporous carbon nanofibers structure. Furthermore, the obtained tri-functional catalyst is also applied in a disposable zinc-air battery, showing good performance. This work offers an effective method to construct a tri-functional catalyst in electrochemical energy devices.
The preparation of PbO2 coatings on reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) has been carried out at constant current from electrolytic baths containing aqueous Pb(II) and methanesulfonic acid (MSA, CH3SO3H). The morphological and structural analysis of the RVC/PbO2 deposits carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction revealed that a thick (100μm), homogeneous, nanostructured β-PbO2 film can be successfully formed. As a result, three-dimensional β-PbO2 structures were obtained, being particularly interesting for their use as anodes in wastewater treatment. The high oxidation ability of these anodes has been verified by the electro-oxidation of Methyl Orange aqueous solutions. Quick decolourisation was achieved, with total colour removal in less than 60min at 600mA due to the production of large amounts of reactive OH radicals from the oxidation of water at high anodic potentials. The progressive mineralisation of the solutions was also ascertained from the total organic carbon (TOC) removal, which was much quicker at a higher applied current. All the coated RVC electrodes exhibited excellent long-term stability and remained unaltered after prolonged electrolyses. In addition, novel PbO2 composite coatings were prepared in the presence of hydrothermally synthesized titanate nanotubes (TiNT). The SEM images showed the presence of TiNT agglomerates along the PbO2 surface, which led to higher anodic current in the cyclic voltammetries carried out with Methyl Orange solutions. It is suggested that TiNT favour the adsorption of the organic molecules, facilitating the contact with the OH radicals and thus accelerating the electro-oxidation process. This was confirmed by the faster TOC removal compared to that yielded by the RVC/PbO2, being 45% instead of 24% at 120min.
Redox supercapacitors using polyaniline (PANI) coated, stainless-steel (SS) electrodes have been assembled and characterized. PANI has been deposited on SS substrate by a potentiodynamic method from an acidic electrolyte which contains aniline monomer. By employing stacks of electrodes, each with a geometrical area of 24cm2, in acidic perchlorate electrolyte, a capacitance value of about 450F has been obtained over a long cycle-life. Characterization studies have been carried out by galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling of the capacitors singly, as well as in series and parallel configurations. Various electrical parameters have been evaluated. Use of the capacitors in parallel with a battery for pulse-power loads, and also working of a toy fan connected to the charged capacitors have been demonstrated. A specific capacitance value of about 1300Fg−1 of PANI has been obtained at a discharge power of about 0.5kWkg−1. This value is several times higher than those reported in the literature for PANI and is, perhaps, the highest value known for a capacitor material. The inexpensive SS substrate and the high-capacitance PANI are favorable factors for commercial exploitation.
Smart grid is a technology for reliable integration and intelligent control of multiple generation units where the loads spread across a non-uniform or a uniform distribution network. The basic frame work of a smart grid is made to ease the complexity of integration of Distributed Renewable Energy Sources (DRES) with greater grid penetration, reduction of transmission losses, optimized energy capacity expansion with better demand side management and hierarchical control for grid security. Smart grids consists of four unique features which can be given as Integration, Control, Communication and Metering (ICCM). Integration refers to connection of heterogeneous type of energy sources with AC or DC grid using appropriate converters. Power output of the DRES is dependent on climatic conditions like wind speed and solar irradiance. Controls in smart grids are made intelligent to extract the maximum power from the sources, operational scheduling of energy sources and overloads, control of transients, real and reactive power. For effective operation of the diverse smart grid, communication between various control nodes is necessary. Communication standards for smart grids usually are set by protocols, and most of them involve the interconnection of Secure Communication Line (SCL) to the main control unit by LAN (Local Area Network), HAN (Home Area Network), and WAN (Wide Area Network). The interconnection should be accompanied with a firewall at various levels for the cyber security of the smart grid. Smart metering employed in smart grids provides additional information of the electrical energy consumed compared to conventional energy meters. Smart metering can measure the energy parameters of the load remotely and transfer the data through the communication network. This paper presents different methods of ICCM in smart grid.