batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Vanadium flow battery (VFB) is a promising candidate for large scale energy storage applications. Some critical challenges of VFB technology, especially for the issues unavailable via the experimental research, have motivated the use of VFB modeling, which can perform more efficient battery optimization than the extensive laboratory testing. Thereby, VFB modeling is quite necessary for the battery research. Based on the research scalability, the modeling approach in this review can be roughly grouped into three categories: macro approach, micro approach, and molecular/atomic approach. The modeling applications for VFB prediction can be classified into four levels: market, stack and system, cell, and material, presenting a decreasing scalability. The modeling approach and the modeling application along with their effectiveness and limitations in VFBs are discussed. A modeling perspective is also provided, highlighting the key role of the models at the cell and material level in battery research, and outlining the future direction in battery modeling for the VFB commercialization.
LiMn2O4 spinel phase having a single crystal structure with the grain sizes of 20–30nm is synthesized at lower temperature of 500°C after a ball-milling promoted solid-state reaction. The interplanar spacing of LiMn2O4 is calculated to be ca. 0.47nm, which is corresponding to the same orientation of atomic plane (111). TG, SEM, XRD and TEM are used to measure the process of the heat treatment and microstructure of synthesized LiMn2O4. The high rate discharge capability is improved due to the strong interaction of nanomaterials with lithium ion occurred mostly at the surface rather than bulk. The improvement of the high rate discharge capability of electrodes is confirmed further by comparing electrochemical reaction activity and diffusion property of the electrode with nanostructure. However, the cyclic performance of LiMn2O4 spinel phase with nanostructure declined rapidly to a certain extent.
This paper presents a model to optimise the operation of a small-scale, grid-connected, hybrid power plant with and without demand response of the associated load. The model minimises the full cost of supplying electricity from a combination of solar photovoltaic, battery storage, a natural gas fuelled reciprocating engine generator and network delivered electricity, while satisfying several technical and environmental constraints. This includes the use of demand response, historical local solar irradiance and demand traces, constraints on solar photovoltaic, battery and engine performance, full electricity and natural gas tariffs, and the option to participate in the wholesale electricity market. The model is first applied to a school in Victoria, Australia as a case study. It is found that the optimal hybrid plant configuration depends strongly on the choice of greenhouse gas abatement target, electricity and natural gas tariffs, particularly tariffs with demand charges and the option to export electricity to the network grid. The school can also benefit from demand response, where savings result not only from the avoided network delivered electricity cost but also avoided hybrid plant capital investment and operation. Importantly, whilst demand response impacts the hybrid plant configuration it does not displace the optimality of hybrid power plants in distribution networks.
Galvanostatic and potentiostatic intermittent titration techniques have been used to study the lithium ion insertion into LiMnPO4 from aqueous sat. LiOH electrolyte and 1M LiPF6/EC-DMC. The potential–time and current–time responses of LiMnPO4 obtained from chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry respectively have been discussed for lithium insertion into LiMnPO4 from the aqueous electrolyte and it is compared with that obtained with the non-aqueous electrolyte. The PITT technique is very useful in describing the whole intercalation mechanism. The effects of ohmic potential drops and charge-transfer resistances have been taken into account while predicting the current transients obtained with aqueous electrolyte and non-aqueous electrolyte. The characteristic diffusion time constant (t o) in sat. LiOH is found to be 24.1s and that in non-aqueous 1M LiPF6/EC-DMC electrolyte is 51.2s. The chemical diffusion coefficient (D), an important kinetic parameter, calculated from GITT and PITT during intercalation process is found to be varying between 10−11 and 10−13 cm2 s−1 in both aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes.
Classifying behaviour with animal-borne accelerometers is quickly becoming a popular tool for remotely observing behavioural states in a variety of species. Most accelerometry work in pinnipeds has focused on classifying behaviour at sea often quantifying behavioural trade-offs associated with foraging and diving in income breeders. Very little work to date has been done to resolve behaviour during the critical period of lactation in a capital breeder. Capital breeding phocids possess finite reserves that they must allocate appropriately to maintain themselves and their new offspring during their brief nursing period. Within this short time, fine-scale behavioural trade-offs can have significant fitness consequences for mother and offspring and must be carefully managed. Here, we present a case study in extracting and classifying lactation behaviours in a wild, breeding pinniped, the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus).
Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) generally emerge in early childhood, and research has demonstrated that early intervention can effectively reduce those symptoms. Little attention, however, has addressed pre-academic skills in spite of data indicating older students with ADHD are at high risk for academic failure. In the current study, we examined whether behavioral response to psychosocial intervention was associated with improvement in early reading and math skills 12 and 24 months post-intervention. Participants were 41 children, 3–6 years old who received a comprehensive early intervention package across 6 months. Some differences in pre-academic skill performance between behavioral responders and non-responders (based on changes in oppositional behavior) were observed at 12 months; however, few differences maintained after 24 months. Behavioral responders (based on changes in ADHD behavior) showed improvements on only one measure (early numeracy). The findings underscore the need for specific pre-academic skill interventions in the context of ongoing behavioral interventions.
Australia's inflation rate and inflation uncertainty during the post-float era 1983Q3–2006Q4 have acted as important barometers of Australia's macroeconomic performance. The conceptualization and measurement of the nexus between inflation and inflation uncertainty is subject to complex dynamics. We use the Markov regime switching heteroscedasticity (MRSH) model to capture long-run stochastic trend and short-run noisy components. This allows us to conclude that in post-float Australia the results deviate significantly from the mainstream Friedman paradigm on inflation and its uncertainty. We also critically review the plausibility of rival paradigms e.g. Keynesian–Mundell–Fleming, Friedman–Ball, Cukierman–Meltzer and Holland, explaining this paradoxical behavior. The analyses presented here provide valuable insights to policymakers grappling with the challenge of designing monetary policy to combat the adverse effects of inflation and inflation uncertainty for Australia emerging out of the global financial crisis.
An innovative multiphase electrode/electrolyte composite is proposed here, which is obtained by a fast, versatile and easily scalable UV-induced free-radical photo-polymerisation technique. This novel configuration consists of a methacrylic-based polymer electrolyte directly formed in situ at the interface of different electrode films (i.e. commercial graphite and hydrothermally synthesized LiFePO4). Conformal coatings are confirmed by SEM analysis which indicates an intimate interfacial adhesion between the electrode material particles and the polymer electrolyte. Laboratory-scale lithium pouch cells assembled by contacting a lithium metal counter electrode over the as-prepared electrode/electrolyte composites display good ambient temperature charge/discharge characteristics, at the level of the corresponding lithium cells in liquid electrolyte, along with very stable cyclability even at high current rates. In addition, preliminary results of a laboratory-scale Li-ion polymer cell, assembled by contacting the LiFePO4 cathode with the graphite anode, both in situ coated with the polymer electrolyte, are presented. The obtained findings outline the practical relevance of the novel procedure adopted which leads to the preparation of composite films with interesting performance, particularly for the next generation of flexible all-solid-state Li-ion microbatteries.
Understanding Mg-ion speciation is of utmost importance to the rational design of electrolytes for rechargeable magnesium batteries. Herein, we report an effort to better understand Mg-ion speciation in ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes through the design of alkoxy-functionalized cations with different alkoxy substituent. In contrast with previous studies focusing on the coordination sphere of Mg2+, the comparison of Raman spectroscopy, electrochemical and DFT calculation results of various IL-based electrolytes suggests that the coordination sphere of transient Mg+ plays a key role in Mg reversible deposition/dissolution process. Finally, a prototype Mg/V2O5 cell using the noncorrosive IL-based electrolyte is demonstrated for the first time, exhibiting a remarkable initial discharge capacity of 140 mAh g−1 and reversible capacity of 100 mAh g−1.
The Ames II bacterial mutagenicity assay is a new version of the standard Ames test for screening chemicals for genotoxic activity. However, the use of plastic micro-titer plates has drawbacks in the case of testing hydrophobic mutagens, since sorptive and other losses make it difficult to control and define the exposure concentrations, and they reduce availability for bacterial uptake or to the S9 enzymes. With passive dosing, a biocompatible polymer such as silicone is loaded with the test compound and acts as a partitioning source. It compensates for any losses and results in stable freely dissolved concentrations. Passive dosing using silicone O-rings was applied in the Ames II assay to measure PAH mutagenicity in strains TA98 and TAMix – a mixture of six different bacterial strains detecting six different base-pair substitutions – after metabolic activation by S9. Initially, 10 PAHs were tested with passive dosing from saturated O-rings, aiming at levels in the test medium close to aqueous solubility. Fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene were mutagenic in both TA98 and TAMix, whereas benz(a)anthracene was mutagenic in TA98 only. The concentration-dependent mutagenic activity of benzo(a)pyrene was then compared for passive dosing and solvent spiking. With spiking, nominal concentrations greatly exceeded aqueous solubility before mutagenicity was observed, due to sorptive losses and limiting dissolution kinetics. In contrast, the passive dosing concentration-response curves were more reproducible, and shifted towards lower concentrations by several orders of magnitude. This study raises fundamental questions about how to introduce hydrophobic test substances in the Ames II assay with biotransformation, since the measured mutagenicity not only depends on the compound potency but also on its supply, sorption and consumption during the assay.
Discovery of novel materials is impaired by lack of predictability of solid-state synthesis. In addressing this impediment, an approach toward rational planning of syntheses of solid state and materials is presented. Within the underlying “chemical energy landscape” concept, the whole materials world is projected onto an energy landscape, associated with a respective configuration space. Evidently, all chemical compounds possible are present in virtuo in such a landscape. For the identification of targets for syntheses, these energy landscapes are computationally searched for (meta)stable structure candidates. Moving to finite temperatures, phase diagrams have been established, even including metastable phases, without using any preinformation. The approach presented is physically consistent, and its feasibility has been proven. Quite satisfactorily, many of the predicted compounds were verified experimentally. Synthesis of elusive Na3N, furthermore realizing almost all of its forecasted polymorphs, is a particularly convincing result. Comparisons with competing strategies toward effective materials discovery are drawn.
Cubic Prussian blue (PB) crystals are prepared by a facile one-step synsthesis. The structure and morphology of the as-prepared samples are characterized by X-ray power diffraction, inductively coupled plasma, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical measurement. The PB electrode exhibits superior electrochemical behavior in K2SO4 aqueous solution including high reversible capacity (80 mAh g−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1), outstanding rate capability and good cycling stability. The K-ion capacitor (KIC) is also fabricated by using PB as a positive electrode and commercial activated carbon as an negative electrode, and it presents a maximum energy density of 28 Wh kg−1 at the current density of 1 A g−1 (corresponding to 7.5mA cm−2). Furthermore, the KIC also exhibits excellent cycling stability at the current density of 2 A g−1 with capacity retention of nearly 98% over 1200 cycles. Our synthesized electrode material provides a new way for fabricating high performance electrode materials for superior KIC.
A facile and one-step electrochemical codeposition method is introduced for incorporating graphene oxide (GO) into poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The as-prepared PEDOT/SDS-GO composites are characterized using scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results show that PEDOT/SDS-GO composites possessing a unique petal-shaped morphology have been prepared successfully and exhibit an intercalated microstructure. With the purpose of electrochemical energy storage, the properties of electrochemical capacitance for composites have also been investigated with cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests. The electrochemical test results manifest the PEDOT/SDS-GO composites have superior capacitive behaviors and cyclic stability, and a high areal capacitance of 79.6 mF cm−2 is achieved at 10 mV s−1 cyclic voltammetry scan. Furthermore, the PEDOT/SDS-GO composites exhibit more superior capacitive performance than that of PEDOT/SDS, indicating the incorporation of GO into the composites effectively boosts the capacitive performance of PEDOT-based supercapacitor electrodes. We consider that this research further extends the application of GO and the composites prepared can be developed as the candidate for the fabrication of low-cost, high-performance supercapacitors for energy storage.
The recently discovered self-heating lithium-ion battery structure provided a practical solution to the poor performance at subzero temperatures that has hampered battery technology for decades. Here we report an improved self-heating lithium-ion battery (SHLB) that heats from −20°C to 0°C in 12.5seconds, or 56% more rapidly, while consuming 24% less energy than that reported previously. We reveal that a nickel foil heating element embedded inside a SHLB cell plays a dominant role in self-heating and we experimentally demonstrate that a 2-sheet design can achieve dramatically accelerated self-heating due to more uniform internal temperature distribution. We also report, for the first time, that this embedded nickel foil can simultaneously perform as an internal temperature sensor (ITS) due to the perfectly linear relationship between the foil’s electrical resistance and temperature.
A lightweight, autonomous and practical, proof-of-concept electrical power source is developed within this work. It comprises a photoredox-active material embedded within the non-ionic surfactant subphase, with a second redox reagent present within the aqueous pseudophase of a lamellar (Lα) lyotropic liquid crystal framework, which is sandwiched between two electrodes, one of which acts in a sacrificial manner. This quasi-biphasic, entirely new-concept, electrochemical cell, based on electron transfer, rather than ion transfer, is shown to act as a photogalvanic device which, under violet light, is demonstrated to exhibit maximum light-to-electrical power conversion efficiency of ca. 2% (fill factor of 15%), with additional ability to act as an electrically-rechargeable electrochemical capacitor of voltage efficiency ∼85% and power efficiency ∼80%, and with estimated maximum energy density of ∼1 W h kg−1 at a power density of ∼1 kW kg−1.
Two ionic liquids based on guanidinium cations and TFSA− anion were prepared, and their electrochemical stabilities were investigated. The cathodic limiting potentials of the two ILs were 0.7V versus Li/Li+, and their electrochemical windows were 4.2V. However, the lithium plating and striping on Ni electrode could been observed in the two IL electrolytes containing 0.3molkg−1 of LiTFSA without additive. And Li/LiCoO2 cells using the two IL electrolytes without additive showed good capacity and cycle property at the current rate of 0.2C.
The migration starting date (MSD) of 30 Eurasian Teal and 8 Eurasian Stone-curlews was estimated by processing tracking data with four methods. A significant difference was found for Teal, with methods fitting models on Net Square Displacement postponing MSD compared to distance threshold methods. In Stone-curlews the four methods provided comparable MSD estimates. The reliability of Teal MSD was evaluated comparing the estimated ratio between time at stopover/time in flight with the ratio expected from the optimal migration theory. Threshold methods provided estimates closer to the ratio expected for time-minimizing migrants and therefore seems the most reliable approach, especially for datasets with irregular sampling and variable migratory strategies.
The layered Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 powder with good crystalline and spherical shape was prepared by hydroxide co-precipitation method. The effects of pH value, NH4OH amount, calcination temperature and extra Li amount on the morphology, structure and electrochemical properties of the cathode material were investigated in detail. SEM results indicate that pH value affected both the morphology and the property of the cathode material, and the highest discharge capacity in the first cycle of 163mAhg−1 (2.8–4.3V) was obtained at pH value was 12. On the contrary, the NH4OH amount, which was used as a chelating agent, only affected the particle size distribution of the material. The calcination temperatures caused great difference in the structure and property of layered Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2, and the best electrochemical properties were obtained at the calcination temperature of 800°C. Extra Li amount not only caused difference in the material structure, but also affected their electrochemical properties. With increasing Li amount, the lattice parameters (a and c) increased monotonously, and the highest first cycle coulombic efficiency (the ratio of discharge capacity to charge capacity in the first cycle) was obtained with the Li/M of 1.10. Therefore, the optimum synthetic conditions for the hydroxide co-precipitation reaction were: pH value was 12, NH4OH amount was 0.36molL−1, calcination temperature was 800°C and the Li/M molar ratio was 1.10.
By shielding zinc stannate (ZTO, viz., Zn2SnO4) nanoparticles with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) as well as multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), we have successfully created ZTO/RGO/MWCNTs composites via a facile hydrothermal process. In the designed hybrid nanostructure, acting as the strut and bridge to open the graphene sheets, 3D RGO/MWCNT nets not only tackle the problem of volume expansion and the aggregation of ZTO nanoparticles, but also maintain the integration of anode materials for high electrochemical performance. As a result, the resultant anode material shows high reversible capacity, superior rate capacity and long-running cycle performance for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). For instance, a excellent reversible capacity of 915.9 mAh g−1 was obtained at the current density of 100 mA g−1 after 340 cycles. Our study demonstrates significant potential of ZTO/RGO/MWCNTs as anode materials for LIBs.
Background: One of the core features of schizophrenia is impaired cognition. However, the severity and pattern of cognitive deficits in antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia still remains a little unclear, because previous studies have often employed relatively small and heterogeneous samples. The goal of this study is to identify the profile and severity of cognitive deficits in antipsychotic-naïve, first-episode patients with schizophrenia across a range of cognitive domains. Methods: Forty-eight antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 48 matched healthy controls were administered a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests to assess domains of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Cognitive domains were assessed using composite scores, calculated by grouping selected tests, based on which cognitive domain they theoretically were deemed to putatively assess. Results: There were significant deficits in intelligence and on almost all cognitive domains, including speed of processing, sustained attention, working memory, executive functions, verbal learning and memory, visual learning and memory, reaction time, and speed of executive processing. Only emotion recognition was not significantly impaired. Discussion: At the first stage of illness, antipsychotic-naïve patients with schizophrenia display moderate/severe impairments in the majority of cognitive domains assessed. The results support the contention of global cognitive impairments in schizophrenia.
The development of highly active metal-free electrocatalysts with durability in both alkaline and acidic media as alternatives for platinum-based catalysts is critical for fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Herein, N-doped carbon nanofibers aerogels derived from commercial aramid are prepared using a facile and cost-effective process based on solvent-exchange followed by freeze-drying and pyrolysis under N2 atmosphere. The as-prepared catalyst exhibits high electrocatalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction with a half-wave potential estimated to 0.91 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode) in 0.1 M KOH. This value is more positive than that of Pt/C. The N-doped carbon nanofibers aerogels also display excellent activity in 0.1 M HClO4, with only 83 mV difference in half-wave potential from that of Pt/C. In addition, the catalyst shows higher long-term durability and methanol-resistance than commercial Pt/C catalyst in both alkaline and acidic media. The efficient properties of N-doped carbon nanofibers aerogels are attributed to the synergistic effect of the hierarchical porous structure, defects and homogeneous distribution of abundant N species as electrocatalytic active sites in the carbon matrix. Overall, the good electrocatalytic performance combining with the simple cost-effective strategy make it a promising potential electrocatalyst for future use in fuel cells and metal-air batteries.