batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoflakes and nanocubes were synthesized by liquid–solid-solution method and their properties as anode electrode materials for rechargeable Li+-ion batteries were measured. When changing the water to ethanol volume ratio in the synthesis system, the nanocrystals can be changed from α-Fe2O3 to α-FeOOH, with shapes being tuned from nanoflakes to nanocubes, non-uniform particles and nanowires. When assembled as the anode electrode materials in rechargeable Li+-ion batteries, the hematite nanoflakes showed one more plateau in the first discharge progress of the voltage–composition curves than hematite nanocrystals with other shapes in the literature. X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscope and electrochemical data showed that this extra plateau came from the formation of Li2Fe3O4 nanoclusters and amorphous Li2O. This experiment showed that like sizes, shapes of nanocrystals may also affect the detailed electrochemical progress.
With an ever-increasing population and rapid growth of industrialization, there is great demand for fresh water. Desalination has been a key proponent to meet the future challenges due to decreasing availability of fresh water. However, desalination uses significant amount of energy, today mostly from fossil fuels. It is, therefore, reasonable to rely on renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, ocean thermal energy, waste heat from the industry and other renewable sources. The present study deals with the energy-efficient seawater desalination system utilizing renewable energy sources and natural vacuum technique. A new desalination technology named Natural Vacuum Desalination is proposed. The novel desalination technique achieve remarkable energy efficiency through the evaporation of seawater under vacuum and will be described in sufficient detail to demonstrate that it requires much less electric energy compared to any conventional desalination plant of fresh water production of similar capacity. The discussion will highlight the main operative and maintenance features of the proposed natural vacuum seawater desalination technology which seems to have promising techno-economic potential providing also advantageous coupling with renewable energy sources.
Nitrapyrin has been registered as a nitrogen stabilizer in the United States for many years based on a robust set of regulatory data. These data demonstrated that nitrapyrin was not genotoxic and that there were no tumors elicited in rats or mice that were relevant for human risk assessment. A repeat carcinogenicity study in B6C3F1 mice, conducted at two substantially higher-dose levels (0, 125 or 250mg/kg/day) than the original study (0, 5, 25 or 75mg/kg/day) identified liver, stomach, epididymal and Harderian gland tumors. In order to assess the relevance of these findings for human risk assessment, a Scientific Advisory Group (SAG) examined relevant microscopic changes in these tissues and also evaluated genotoxicity and mechanistic data. The SAG determined that the maximum tolerated dose had been exceeded in mice given 125 or 250mg/kg/day, based on 26–33% decreased body weight gains (males—250mg/kg/day), hepatocellular necrosis and compensatory hepatocellular proliferation (males and females—125 and 250mg/kg/day). The SAG believed that the increased incidences of hepatocellular foci of alteration and hepatocellular neoplasms represented an epigenetic response to hepatocellular necrosis and increased mitogenesis. Increased incidences of proliferative lesions in the forestomach mucosa were likely secondary to the irritant effects of nitrapyrin. Neither the liver nor forestomach effects were interpreted to be a direct carcinogenic effect. Higher incidences of Harderian gland adenomas (females) and undifferentiated sarcomas in the epididymis represented normal biological variations in incidence and were unrelated to nitrapyrin. Therefore, it was the SAG’s opinion that nitrapyrin exposure that does not produce target organ toxicity in exposed individuals would not be expected to increase the risk of cancer.
A new powder rolling process for manufacturing current-collector sheets for lead-acid batteries has been developed. Gas-atomized lead–tin and lead–tin–calcium alloy powders obtained by a rapid solidification process in air were employed as raw materials for the powder rolling process. The corrosion behavior of powder-rolled lead–tin alloys with various compositions of tin has been investigated. A dipping corrosion test of square plain sheets of the alloys was performed in H2SO4 at 75°C. The test was repeated up to 20 cycles with each cycle consisting of a controlled 10mAcm−2 oxidation current for 6h and a rest under open circuit voltage for 6h. The extent of corrosion–elongation and the appearance of the corroded surface of the tested specimens were the main observations. The corrosion–elongation of the corroded sheet of a powder-rolled lead alloy containing 1.5wt% tin with ca. 200μm initial thickness was less than 5%, whereas that of the corroded sheet of the cast-rolled lead alloy containing 1.5wt% tin with the same initial thickness was 25–30% under the same corrosion test conditions. The corroded powder-rolled sheet of the 1.5wt% tin lead alloy has uniform corrosion, but the cast-rolled sheet of lead alloy containing 1.5wt% tin was much distorted and was perforated by the corrosion. Intergranular corrosion of the powder-rolled lead–tin alloys was much suppressed as compared with that of the cast-rolled lead–tin alloys.
Nanowire arrays present an excellent candidate for high performance lithium-ion battery electrodes. However, agglomeration in long nanowire arrays impedes nanowire-based electrodes from delivering high areal capacity, by degrading the nanoscale wires to micro-sized bundles and reducing the mechanical stability. In this study, we develop a simple way to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) nickel–tin (Ni–Sn) nanowire networks by using 3D porous anodic alumina templates synthesized from low-cost impure aluminum foils. By eliminating agglomeration, stable high areal capacity anodes are demonstrated with 3D self-supporting Ni–Sn nanowire network structures. With a nanowire length of 40μm, the 3D Ni–Sn nanowire networks can deliver an areal capacity as high as 4.3mAhcm−2 with a cycle life longer than 50 cycles. The 3D Ni–Sn nanowire networks also exhibit an excellent rate capability with 72% of the capacity retained when the test rate increases from C/5 to 6C.
A new porous composite nanofiber manufacturing route, combining electrospinning and foaming processes, was developed. In this process, aluminum acetylacetonate (AACA) was introduced as the foaming agent in nanofibers made of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/silicon (Si) nanoparticles. PAN/Si composite nanofibers were first produced through an electrospinning process and mesopores were then generated by foaming nanofibers via AACA sublimation. After further carbonization, the obtained mesoporous carbon/silicon composite nanofiber mats were tested as the anode material for lithium ion batteries. Within this composite anode, mesopores provide needed buffering space to accommodate the large volume expansion and consequent stress induced inside silicon during lithiation. This effectively mitigates silicon pulverization issue and helps achieve higher reversible capacity and better capacity retention in later battery tests when compared with anodes made of nonporous composites nanofibers and carbon nanofibers alone.
The increment of greenhouse gas emissions from human activities have forced the world authorities to ratify stringent environmental protection measurements devoted to the reduction of primary energy consumption and to the spread of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). To reach the fixed targets, governments have established subsidies especially to support the electricity generation from RES like wind and solar. However, the large penetration of variable and intermittent RES is stressing the need of large-scale energy storage able to stabilize the electric grids. But, available large-scale energy storage technologies like Pumped Hydro, Compressed Air Energy Storage or Flow Batteries, suffer of geographical constrains, require fossil fuel streams or are characterized by low cycle life. For this reason, in the present paper, a new Thermal Electricity Storage configuration based on the Air Bottoming Cycle (ABC) concept is proposed and tested. The off-peak power is firstly converted into thermal energy using an electric heater and, then, stored in a high temperature sensible heat storage. When the power demand is high, using a modified ABC the thermal energy is converted back into electricity. Using the plant mathematical model, an energy and a cost analyses are carried out to estimate the performance and the system feasibility.
Nowadays road transportation contributes in a large amount to the urban pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. One solution in urban environment, also in order to mitigate the effects of traffic jams, is the use of tramways. The most important bonus comes from the inherent reversibility of electric drives: energy can be sent back to the electricity source, while braking the vehicle. This can be done installing some storage device on-board trains, or in one or more points of the supply network. This paper analyses and compares the following variants: • Stationary high-power lithium batteries. • Stationary supercapacitors. • High-power lithium batteries on-board trains. • Supercapacitors on-board trains. When the storage system is constituted by a supercapacitor stack, it is mandatory to interpose between it and the line a DC/DC converter. On the contrary, the presence of the converter can be avoided, in case of lithium battery pack. This paper will make an evaluation of all these configurations, in a realistic case study, together with a cost/benefit analysis.
This article describes the current state of development and future direction in the market for electric vehicles in Poland, with respect to the charging infrastructure. The authors have concentrated above all on the assumptions and results of ventures to-date in this field. There has also been conducted an analysis of the influence of electric vehicle development, in part concerning the charging infrastructure, on the Polish power system. In addition, this article outlines the potential for using electric vehicle charging terminals, in developing Semi Smart systems at the level of low-voltage distribution grids.
A low cost and facile way was developed to prepare high performance Fe2O3/natural graphite electrode for lithium ion batteries. For the purpose of reducing the cost and improving the feasibility of large-scale fabrication, commercial ferric oxide and natural graphite were adopted as raw materials and mechanical milling was adopted as preparation method in material fabrication process, and water soluble sodium alginate was adopted as binder in electrode preparation procedure. The Fe2O3/natural graphite electrode delivers initial discharge and charge capacity of 943.8 and 691.4mAhg-1 at a specific current of 72mAg-1, maintaining of 687.6 and 679.3mAhg-1 after 100 cycles. After 60 cycles at various specific currents from 104 to 3470mAg-1, the discharge and charge capacity of the Fe2O3/natural graphite electrode can restore well when lowering the specific current to 104mAg-1. A novel electrochemical reconstruction between Fe2O3 and natural graphite was observed for the electrode after cycling, which results in the formation of an integrated architecture with good combination between Fe2O3 and natural graphite, being responsible for the good electrochemical performance.
We here explore the possibilities of correlating experimental cell impedance with finite element methodology modelling for state-of-charge (SoC) indication in LiFePO4
Hybrids consisting of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and tin nanoparticles are prepared on substrates as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries via two different techniques: (i) hybrid co-filtration by simultaneous vacuum filtration of SWNT/tin nanoparticle hybrid solutions and (ii) a combined technique comprised of vacuum filtration and electrochemical reduction. The resulting hybrid composites are of uniform thickness and consist of a homogeneous dispersion of tin nanoparticles in a SWNT network. In the hybrid films, the tin nanoparticles and SWNTs are in close contact with each other and the substrate. The hybrid films exhibit extended cycle life (capacity retention of 80% at 50th cycle), high power characteristics up to 1.75mAcm−2, high electrode density up to 5mgcm−2, and enhanced reversible capacities (535mAhg−1 for composite electrode at 50th cycle) because the aggregation of tin nanoparticles is prevented.
The formation energies of native point defects in crystalline α-Al2O3 were investigated by combining first principles-based methods and theoretical models in a grand canonical framework. For defect formation reactions in this framework, the chemical potentials of chemical species and electrons can be constrained by the conditions of aqueous electrochemical systems, where liquid water is thermodynamically stable. Activation relaxation technique (ART) simulations using an empirical interatomic potential were implemented to discover candidates for stable configurations of point defects. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were then used to confirm the accurate energetics of the candidate defect configurations. The results show that, except Al vacancies, the most stable defect configurations are generated by simply adding/removing atoms at particular high-symmetry sites. We also investigated the stability of these point defects as a function of the chemical potentials of both electron and oxygen. The results reveal that, at the conditions of thermodynamic stability for liquid water in aqueous electrochemical systems, Al vacancies as the most stable point defects in α-Al2O3 can be generated in exothermic defect formation reactions with negative formation energies. These thermodynamic tendencies provide critical insights into the nature of passive films formed under aqueous electrochemical conditions, particularly explaining of the formation of amorphous structures of passive alumina.
The reaction between LiNiO2 and CO2 is relevant to the synthesis and storage of LiNiO2-based cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. In this work, this reaction was investigated in pure CO2 atmosphere at both room and high temperatures. The reaction products (Li2CO3, NiO, and O2) and activation energies were determined by means of XRD, XPS, MS and TGA techniques. The reaction mechanism was explored in an effort to clarify some inconsistencies in the previous works. Kinetics analysis was also carried out to understand the reaction process relevant to the synthesis and storage of LiNiO2 cathode material.
Objective: As the expanding field of psychophysiology is currently demanding applied methodologies to be used in the clinic, this study aimed to develop a practical multi-channel exploratory battery for psychophysiological evaluation of stress (the Psychophysiological Stress Profile; PSP). The PSP records 6 psychophysiological variables and it is designed to be mainly used in the daily clinic. Moreover, the PSP was intended to be ‘the method’ to obtain normative and individual psychophysiological patterns, providing relevant information for the therapeutic process. Methods: Two hundred and three subjects were evaluated with the PSP in two different contexts: the natural environment and the laboratory. Factorial analysis was applied to obtain psychophysiological profiles. These profiles are based on the covariation among different system responses. The Burt and Tucker Congruence Coefficient was used to compare factorial structures. Results: A 3-factor structure was obtained in both contexts, Congruence Coefficient indicates that these factorial structures are very similar, indicating the existence of a unique and consistent psychophysiological pattern that characterizes the sample. Conclusions: The identified factorial structure shows relevant activation patterns, offering a comprehensive view of the subject's functioning. The structure is consistent through samples and can be considered as normative data for the studied population. PSP has turned out to be a quick and easy-to-use psychophysiological battery that has shown adequate internal consistency for all the recorded variables. In this way, the PSP methodology shows its practical value and usefulness in the assessment process.
A functional composite as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, which contains highly dispersed TiO2 nanocrystals in polyaniline matrix and well-defined mesopores, is fabricated by employing a novel one-step approach. The as-prepared mesoporous polyaniline/anatase TiO2 nanocomposite has a high specific surface area of 224m2 g−1 and a predominant pore size of 3.6nm. The electrochemical performance of the as-prepared composite as anode material is investigated by cyclic voltammograms and galvanostatic method. The results demonstrate that the polyaniline/anatase nanocomposite provides larger initial discharge capacity of 233mAhg−1 and good cycle stability at the high current density of 2000mAg−1. After 70th cycles, the discharge capacity is maintained at 140mAhg−1. The excellent electrochemical performance of the polyaniline/TiO2 nanocomposite is mainly attributed to its special structure. Furthermore, it is accessible to extend the novel strategy to other polymer/TiO2 composites, and the mesoporous polypyrrole/anatase TiO2 is also successfully fabricated.
A comparative study of the electrochemical energy conversion performance of a single-cell all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) fitted with three flow fields has been carried out experimentally. The charge-discharge, polarization curve, Coulombic, voltage and round-trip efficiencies of a 100 cm2 active area VRFB fitted with serpentine, interdigitated and conventional flow fields have been obtained under nearly identical experimental conditions. The effect of electrolyte circulation rate has also been investigated for each flow field. Stable performance has been obtained for each flow field for at least 40 charge/discharge cycles. Ex-situ measurements of pressure drop have been carried out using water over a range of Reynolds numbers. Together, the results show that the cell fitted with the serpentine flow field gives the highest energy efficiency, primarily due to high voltaic efficiency and also the lowest pressure drop. The electrolyte flow rate is seen to have considerable effect on the performance; a high round-trip energy efficiency of about 80% has been obtained at the highest flow rate with the serpentine flow field. The data offer interesting insights into the effect of electrolyte circulation on the performance of VRFB.
New scientific findings cataloguing the need for a rapid renewable energy transition are most often met with calls for innovation. Our failure to address climate change and thereby avoid the socioeconomic crises it foretells will not be attributed to a lack of innovation, however, but rather to a lack of exnovation.
The C/25 discharge data from 18650-size cells containing LiNi0.8Co0.1Al0.1O2 cathode and graphite anode laminates were analyzed through the use of the differential voltage, dV/dQ, curves. Using half-cell data, the peaks in the dV/dQ curve of the full cell data were assigned. Analysis of the relative peak shifts allowed for the determination of the source of capacity fade. For cells formed and aged at 45°C for 40 weeks (capacity fade = 7.5%), the analysis indicated negligible loss of accessible material at the anode and at the cathode. Capacity loss of the cell could be accounted for, largely, by side reactions at the anode. This type of analysis can be used when the introduction of a reference electrode is difficult or impractical.
Transition metals hybridized to heteroatom doped carbon material can be regarded as the most promising non-noble candidate for boosting the sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, it has always been a challenge to vastly boost the activity, and simultaneously retain a favorable structure from the supporting material. Herein, we prepared a high surface area hollow spherical carbon as a supporting material, and employed aminothiophenol (ATI) and poly-aminothiophenol (PATI) as heteroatom precursors to synthesize nitrogen and sulfur co-doped catalysts, i.e. HCS-A and HCS-PA, respectively. The two catalysts possessed chemically similar surface composition, and nearly identical chemical states for each element. However, only HCS-A was able to vastly inherit both morphological advantage and high surface area from the carbon support. In further half-cell electrochemical testing, HCS-A performed better ORR activities and higher selectivity toward 4 electron pathway than HCS-PA in both acidic and alkaline media. Moreover, HCS-A was proven to have excellent durability in half-cell testing, methanol tolerance as well as outstanding peak power density in both fuel cells and zinc-air batteries. This work not only indicates the promising performances of HCS-A, but more importantly offers a new viewpoint on the selection of heteroatom precursor to retain a favorable structure.
Nikon makes external flash units that fit into the accessory shoe (“hot shoe”) on top of the D60. The Speedlight SB-400 is a compact flash unit. It fits nicely with the size of the D60. The head of the SB-400 can be rotated upward 90 degrees to point toward the ceiling. This enables the use of bounce-flash. If you're looking for a more powerful flash than the D60's built-in flash the SB-400 is a good option. Nikon also makes larger flash units, the SB-800 and SB-600. These units are larger and are about the same size as the D60 itself. They offer a more powerful flash, custom settings, and the ability to use multiple flash units wirelessly.
Presenilin 1(PSEN1) mutations are the major cause of autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease (ADAD). Here we report three novel PSEN1 mutations: Ile238_Lys239insIle, Ala246Pro and Ala164Val from patients who manifested in their twenties, forties and seventies, respectively, with variant clinical presentations of dementia. These cases exemplify the tremendous heterogeneity of clinical phenotypes and age of onset associated with PSEN1 mutations. The possibility of ADAD—not previously suspected in two of our patients—should always be considered in neurodegenerative conditions albeit they might neither exhibit the typical clinical picture of Alzheimer’s disease nor early onset dementia, which is regarded the primary clinical sign of hereditary neurodegeneration.
An in situ carbon-grafted alkaline iron electrode prepared from the active material obtained by decomposing the α-FeC2O4·2H2O–polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite at 600 °C in a vacuum is reported. The active material comprises a mixture of α-Fe and Fe3O4 with the former as the prominent component. A specific discharge capacity in excess of 400 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 is obtained with a faradaic efficiency of 80% for the iron electrode made from carbon-grafted active material (CGAM). The enhanced performance of the alkaline iron electrode is attributed to the increased amount of metallic iron in the active material and its concomitant in situ carbon grafting.
To increase the cyclability of lithium batteries using organic cathode materials of low molecular weights, two lithiooxycarbonyl (–CO2Li) groups was introduced to p- and o-quinones. The introduction of two –CO2Li groups does not strongly affect the redox potentials of quinones. Lithium batteries using p- and o-quinones with two –CO2Li groups as cathode materials exhibit excellent cyclability compared to their parent quinones. In particular, pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone having two lithiooxycarbonyl groups (LCPYT) exhibited high energy density, high cyclability, and fast charge ability. These results indicate that introduction of two lithiooxycarbonyl groups to quinones serves as a simple and effective way to decrease the solubility of various quinones in electrolyte solutions without significant decrease in the voltage.