batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Iron oxides, such as Fe3O4, are putative anode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). LIBs are extensively used as power sources for electronics. They typically consist of cells, with each cell built out of a lithium cathode and a graphite anode. However, graphite anodes suffer from the disadvantages of significant density, large volume, low energy density, and inferior safety levels. Iron oxides seem to be a promising substitute to the currently used graphite anodes due to their high capacity, extensive availability, good stability, and environmental tolerance. Nevertheless, several hurdles prevent their market expansion, such as inferior electronic/ionic conductivity, large volume changes, poor cycling performance, and low coulombic efficiency. Using Fe3O4 seems to be one alternative to address these challenges. This review will cover the current state of development of iron oxide electrodes with respect to design, production techniques, and general applications.
A novel porous gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) membrane based on poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF), and polyethylene oxide-co-polypropylene oxide-co-polyethylene oxide (PEO-PPO-PEO, F127) was fabricated by a phase inversion technique. The PEGDA cross-linking oligomer could be randomly mixed with unraveled PVdF polymer chains to form the interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) structure. Several experimental techniques including infrared (IR) spectra, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiostat/galvanostat were employed to investigate the characteristics of the polymer membranes. PEGDA and F127 influenced the porous size and structure. The mechanical strength and flexibility of the membrane were controlled by its composition. The membrane with the composition of PEGDA/PVdF/F127 (0/4/4) showed the highest electrolyte uptake of 152.6% and the maximum ionic conductivity of 2.0×10−3 Scm−1 at room temperature. All GPEs prepared in this study were electrochemically stable up to 4.5V.
In order to investigate the lithiation-delithiation kinetics in BaLi2Ti6O14 anode material, BaLi2Ti6O14 is achieved by a solid-state reaction process in this work. The as-prepared BaLi2Ti6O14 is high purity titanate and well crystallized with a particle size distribution in the range of 0.5–1.5μm. Electrochemical analysis shows that BaLi2Ti6O14 can deliver a reversible capacity of 126.1mAhg−1 at 5C, and the capacity retention is 74.1% after 1000cycles. In addition, the electrochemical kinetics of BaLi2Ti6O14 is investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (in-situ EIS) and galvanostatic intermittent titration (GITT) techniques. The DLi+ values calculated from CVs are located in the range of 10−13–10−12 cm2 s−1. For comparison, the average DLi+ values received from EIS and GITT methods are located in the range of 10−14–10−12 cm2 s−1 and 10−14–10−11 cm2 s−1, respectively. Although the DLi+ differs by several orders of magnitude from different measurement techniques, it still reveals higher value than that of Li4Ti5O12. Owing to the rapid diffusion kinetics of BaLi2Ti6O14, symmetrical structural evolutions can be observed via in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) study, which indicates that BaLi2Ti6O14 is a promising high-power anode candidate.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a graphene-like two-dimensional layered material, exhibits a great application prospect in high-performance energy storage devices. To overcome poor electrical conductivity and large volume change of pure MoS2 material, we herein apply an effective encapsulation strategy to prepare a core-shell structured MoS2@mesoporous hollow carbon spheres nanocomposite, which is used as an excellent electrode material for aqueous supercapacitors and hybrid Li-ion capacitors for the first time. The results indicate that mesoporous hollow carbon spheres shell not only effectively confines the growth of MoS2 nanosheets inside shells, but also improve significantly the conductivity and structural stability of the nanocomposite. The nanocomposite electrode delivers a high specific capacitance (613.4 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) and good rate performance (358.2 F g−1 at 10 A g−1) as well as excellent cycle performance for aqueous supercapacitors. More importantly, an ultrahigh specific energy density of 208 Wh kg−1 at 200 W kg−1 (82 Wh kg−1 at 10,000 W kg−1) is demonstrated for hybrid Li-ion capacitors based on the nanocomposite anode. The observed specific energy density is among the highest values reported to date.
Turbinaria turbinata brown seaweeds were tested as carbon electrode material in symmetric, electrochemical supercapacitors. The electrochemical properties of the carbon materials were characterised for their application as supercapacitors using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analyses. Our initial results showed that the optimal behaviour was obtained for the sample prepared by pyrolysis at 800°C. The average surface area of the carbon was 812 m2/g. Electrochemical tests with an organic electrolyte gave the following interesting results: a capacitance of 74.5 F/g, a specific series resistance of 0.5Ωcm2 and an ionic resistivity of 1.3Ωcm2. These results show the promising capacitive properties of carbon derived from seaweeds and their application in electrochemical supercapacitors.
This study proposes a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) composed of the superconducting energy storage system (SMES) and the battery. The system is designed to compensate power fluctuations within a microgrid. A novel control method is developed to share the instantaneous power between the SMES and the battery. The new control scheme takes into account the characteristics of the components of the HESS, and the battery charges and discharges as a function of the SMES current rather than directly to the power disturbances. In this way, the battery is protected from the abrupt power changes and works as an energy buffer to the SMES. An new hardware-in-loop experiment approach is introduced by integrating a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) with a control circuit to verify the proposed hybrid scheme and the new control method. This paper also presents a battery lifetime prediction method to quantify the benefits of the HESS in the microgrid. A much better power sharing between the SMES and the battery can be observed from the experimental results with the new control method. Moreover, compared to the battery only system the battery lifetime is quantifiably increased from 6.38 years to 9.21 years.
Hierarchical CoxMn3−xO4 array micro-/nanostructures with tunable morphology and composition have been grown on conductive stainless steel with robust adhesion by a facile solvothermal route and a subsequent annealing treatment. By simply controlling the volume ratio of components in the mixed solvent, the morphology of the products can be tailored from hierarchical nanowires to nanosheets. Benefitting from the unique structural features, the resultant CoMn2O4nanowires and MnCo2O4nanosheets exhibit excellent electrochemical performance with remarkable specific capacities (540–207 mA h g−1) at various current rates (1–10 C) and good cycling stability for highly reversible lithium storage. The enhanced electrochemical performance suggests their promising use as integrated binder-free electrodes for microscale lithium-ion batteries.
Bamboo is potentially an interesting feedstock for advanced bioethanol production in China due to its natural abundance, rapid growth, perennial nature and low management requirements. Liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment was selected as a promising technology to enhance sugar release from bamboo lignocellulose whilst keeping economic and environmental costs to a minimum. The present research was conducted to assess: 1) by how much LHW pretreatment can enhance sugar yields in bamboo, and 2) whether this process has the potential to be economically feasible for biofuel use at the commercial scale. Pretreatments were performed at temperatures of 170-190°C for 10–30 minutes, followed by enzymatic saccharification with a commercial enzyme cocktail at various loadings. These data were then used as inputs to a techno-economic model using AspenPlus™ to determine the production cost of bioethanol from bamboo in China.
Measurements of charge-acceptance, internal resistance, voltage and self-discharge of a battery reflect its state-of-health (SOH). The galvanostatic non-destructive technique (GNDT) can be used to monitor the SOH of a battery by analyzing its impedance parameters, namely ohmic resistance, charge-transfer resistance and interfacial capacitance. In this technique, the battery is discharged galvanostatically at a substantially low-rate over a short duration, wherein the state-of-charge (SOC) of the battery is not affected. It has been possible to obtain charge-transfer resistance and double-layer capacitance values for both positive and negative plates of a commercial grade 6-V/4-Ah valve-regulated lead–acid battery during its dynamic discharge. The resistive components of the battery are found to be minimum at state-of-charge values between 0.2 and 0.9. The study shows that the optimum performance of the VRLA battery can be achieved at SOC values between 0.2 and 0.9. The ohmic resistance of the battery displays a linear variation with logarithmic values of its SOC. The technique provides an attractive tool for on-line monitoring of lead–acid batteries.
In this paper, we present a simple method for electropolymerization process that combines aniline–silane (C6H5NHC3H6Si(OMe)3) surface modified indium-tin-oxide (ITO) to prepare thin, polyaniline (PANI) films with good surface coverage. The modified surface enhances the growth of PANI film resulting in a smoother surface, dense, strongly adhered film, higher electropolymerization activity and stability than those deposited on unmodified ITO substrates. PANI film deposited on modified ITO substrate was used as a modified base terminal in a metal-base-transistor (MBT), which used tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) as an emitter layer, LiF as a buffer layer, and Al as a cathode. The MBT, tested at in ambient atmosphere, and without the presence of magnetic-field, has a comparable but stable current gain, 6.5 than that of a device with a sulfonated polyaniline (SPANI) based metal-base transistor. With this simple and easy electropolymerization method, the on-to-off current ratio achieved 6.9×104.
Objective The aim of this study was to examine expressive language, memory, and higher executive tasks in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) as compared with their siblings and a normal control group under video-EEG conditions. Methods Eight sibling pairs, one in each pair with JME, were compared with 16 controls matched for age, sex, ethnicity, and educational level. The participants were administered a standard comprehensive set of neuropsychological measures to assess emotional well-being, intelligence, memory, language, visuospatial skills, reaction time, attention, and higher executive function, during and without video-EEG recording. Results The JME group differed significantly from controls on measures of phonemic and semantic verbal fluency. They also scored significantly higher on the Dysexecutive Questionnaire, being much more likely to report traits associated with executive dysfunction. Qualitative inspection of the data suggested a trend for patients with JME and their siblings to perform worse than controls on some measures, notably those of expressive language and higher executive function, but on other measures the differences were not statistically significant. In contrast, the JME and sibling group performed as well as controls on the Rey Complex Figure and other tests of visuospatial skills. Conclusion The present controlled experimental case series provides support for a neuropsychological profile of patients with JME and their siblings. Significant impairments in verbal and executive functioning may have important ramifications for the social, occupational, and academic performance of people with JME. The apparent corresponding likeness in cognitive performance, exhibited independent of EEG activity, between patients with JME and their siblings warrants further exploration as similar cortical and subcortical structures may be implicated in these two groups.
The aim of the present study was to investigate temporal abilities in children treated by surgery for a malignant tumor in the cerebellum. Children with a diagnosed medulloblastoma and age-paired control children were given a temporal discrimination task (bisection task) and a temporal reproduction task with two duration ranges, one shorter than 1s and the other longer than 4s. The motor and cognitive capacities of these children were also assessed by a battery of age-adapted neuropsychological tests. The results did not show any significant difference in performance between the children with or without cerebellar lesions in the temporal discrimination task. It was only in the temporal reproduction task that the children with cerebellar lesions reproduced longer and more variable durations than the other children, but only for the short stimulus durations (≤1s). In addition, a hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the best predictor of variance in temporal performance was a significantly lower processing speed in children with cerebellar lesions in comparison to their controls. These results indicated that the major cause of deficits in temporal judgments in children with cerebellar lesions was due to their inability to reproduce accurately short temporal intervals in association with low processing speed, rather than to a specific deficit in the perception of time.
The impedance spectra of NiAlCl LDH-modified electrodes after oxidation at different dc potentials were recorded. The data were fitted to a simple Randles type cell by replacing the Warburg impedance with a mass transfer resistance in parallel with a constant phase element. The film charge transfer resistance decreased dramatically at the onset of nickel oxidation, from more than 106 Ω for the unoxidized films, to a minimum of about 60 Ω in a film oxidized to Ni2.5+, before increasing slightly for more extensively oxidized films. For the partially oxidized films, the Nyquist plots consisted of depressed semicircles at high frequency, followed by larger capacitive loops at lower frequency where the impedance was dominated by mass transport. Effective diffusion coefficients estimated from the low frequency impedance varied between 1 and 5×10−9 cm2 s−1, in agreement with previous reports for proton diffusion in nickel hydroxide films. The resistive component of the mass transport impedance decreased with increase in the nickel oxidation state. The addition of [Mo(CN)8]4− caused an increase of 140 mV in the dc potential required to affect the changes in the NiAlCl film impedance spectra associated with oxidation of the nickel sites. The impedance of a redox inactive ZnAlCl film was unaffected by the use of dc conditioning potentials.
The present paper first presents a comparison between the photovoltaic four-parameter and five-parameter models. The comparison was performed using polycrystalline and amorphous silicon solar cells. The results showed that the four-parameter model can accurately determine the I–V characteristics of single- and polycrystalline solar cells. On the other hand, the five-parameter model can be used to accurately determine the I–V characteristics of amorphous solar cells in addition to its capability of predicting the I–V characteristics of single- and polycrystalline solar cells. Secondly, the economic feasibility of photovoltaic-powered solar water heating systems in Kuwait has been examined. The system includes photovoltaic arrays instead of solar collectors used in common solar water heating systems. The five-parameter model was used to simulate the performance of amorphous silicon modules used with the photovoltaic-powered solar water heating systems. Oil prices in the range of US$20–30 per barrel were studied. At the current prices of photovoltaic modules and a low oil price, photovoltaic-powered solar water heating systems were found to be economical. On the other hand, assuming a low oil price, the price of photovoltaic modules should be reduced to 50% of their current prices to make photovoltaic-powered solar water heating systems feasible in the Kuwaiti climate.
This research is concentrated on the diagnosis of subnormal eye through the analysis of Electrooculography (EOG) signals with the help of Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Multilayer feed forward ANN trained with a Levenberg Marquart (LM) backpropagation algorithm was implemented. The designed classification structure has about 94.1% sensitivity, 93.3% specifity and positive prediction is calculated to be 94.1%. The end results are classified as normal and subnormal eye. Testing results were found to be compliant with the expected results that are derived from the physician's direct diagnosis. The benefit of the system is to assist the physician to make the final decision without hesitation. With the future evolution of this system tested on a more populated subject groups, there is always potential for on-line implementation as an auxiliary diagnostic tool on the Electrophysiology machines.
We fabricated high performance supercapacitors by using all carbon electrodes, with volume energy in the order of 10−3 Whcm−3, comparable to Li-ion batteries, and power densities in the range of 10 Wcm−3, better than laser-scribed-graphene supercapacitors. All-carbon supercapacitor electrodes are made by solution processing and filtering electrochemically-exfoliated graphene sheets mixed with clusters of spontaneously entangled multiwall carbon nanotubes. We maximize the capacitance by using a 1:1 weight ratio of graphene to multi-wall carbon nanotubes and by controlling their packing in the electrode film so as to maximize accessible surface and further enhance the charge collection. This electrode is transferred onto a plastic-paper-supported double-wall carbon nanotube film used as current collector. These all-carbon thin films are combined with plastic paper and gelled electrolyte to produce solid-state bendable thin film supercapacitors. We assembled supercapacitor cells in series in a planar configuration to increase the operating voltage and find that the shape of our supercapacitor film strongly affects its capacitance. An in-line superposition of rectangular sheets is superior to a cross superposition in maintaining high capacitance when subject to fast charge/discharge cycles. The effect is explained by addressing the mechanism of ion diffusion into stacked graphene sheets.
In many electric systems worldwide the penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) at the distribution levels is increasing. This penetration brings in different challenges for electricity system management; however if the flexibility of those DER is well managed opportunities arise for coordination. At high voltage levels under responsibility of the system operator, trading mechanisms like contracts for ancillary services and balancing markets provide opportunities for economic efficient supply of system flexibility services. In a situation with smart metering and real-time management of distribution networks, similar arrangements could be enabled for medium- and low-voltage levels. This paper presents a review and classification of existing DER as flexibility providers and a breakdown of trading platforms for DER flexibility in electricity markets.
Nano-sized lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnPO4) is successfully prepared using a mild solvothermal method in ethylene glycol solvent. The particle size, observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), is approximately 100 nm using C6H5COOLi as the starting material. Further TEM characterization reveals that the decomposition of benzoyloxy in this lithium salt leads to a favorable configuration, with LiMnPO4 particles embedded in carbon and a distinct in situ carbon layer formed even on partial particles. Using subsequent heat-treatment with a certain amount of sucrose, LiMnPO4/C composites that display a good two-phase plateau during the discharge process can be formed, with a specific capacity over 130 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C.
Battery swapping station (BSS) is a new mode of supplying power to electric vehicles (EVs). As distributed and flexible energy storage as well as demand response (DR) sources, BSSs have great potentials to tackle both high penetration of variable renewable energy (VRE) sources and real-time EV charging. However, these potentials have not been fully explored as existing research mainly uses BSS for the single purpose of battery swapping. To make the full use of BSS, this paper presents a real-time energy management strategy for a BSS based smart community microgrid (SCMG), using VREs to supply EV batteries (EVBs) and conventional residential loads (RLs). A novel Lyapunov optimization framework based on queueing theory is designed to solve the proposed model. It addresses the variability of supply, demand and energy prices without assuming their forecasts or future distributions, and can also ensure the quality of service (QoS). The proposed method can simplify the complex energy scheduling and transform it into a single optimization problem, making it suitable for real-time applications, which require high computational efficiency. Simulation results found that BSS used for the dual purposes can improve the whole system economics and facilitate the utilization of renewable energy compared to isolated operation. It also demonstrates competency of the proposed algorithm compared to other benchmark algorithms. This work provides future SCMG operators insights into different underlying tradeoffs in managing electricity supply and demand cost-effectively with BSSs and VREs.
The role of the health professional is constantly changing and evolving, and as areas of practice expand, this requires advanced skills. The midwife in extending her role to become professionally competent in the examination and assessment of the newborn facilitates the provision of holistic care for the woman, infant and family. This is a case study report of an infant diagnosed with an innocent heart murmur on the first neonatal examination. It explores the transitional process of a midwife extending her role in performing the neonatal examination and critically evaluating the neuro-behavioural physiological assessment of the infant and covers areas of debate including which practitioner should be performing the examination and the timing of the examination.