batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Silicon-based materials have attracted considerable interest for the development of energy storage devices because of their ease of integration with the existing silicon semiconductor technology. Herein, we have prepared siloxene sheets—a two-dimensional (2D) silicon material—and investigated their energy storage properties via fabrication of a symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) device containing 0.5 M tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate as the electrolyte. The formation of 2D siloxene sheets functionalized with oxygen, hydrogen, and hydroxyl groups was confirmed through X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and laser Raman mapping analyses. Cyclic voltammetric studies of the siloxene SSC device revealed the presence of pseudocapacitance in the siloxene sheets that arose from an intercalation/deintercalation phenomenon. The galvanostatic charge–discharge profiles of the device displayed sloped symmetric triangular curves with a maximum specific capacitance of 2.18 mF cm−2, high energy density of 9.82 mJ cm−2, good rate capability, and excellent cycling stability of 98% capacitance retention after 10000 cycles. The siloxene SSC device delivered a maximum power density of 272.5 mW cm−2, which is higher than those of other silicon- and carbon-based SSCs, highlighting their potential for application in energy storage.
Submicrometer porous Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite (LVP/C-1) is synthesized by sol-gel combustion method with NH4NO3 as additive and it exhibits a superior electrochemical performance. The other Li3V2(PO4)3/C (LVP/C-2) is obtained by the conventional sol-gel method without the addition of NH4NO3 for the comparison. The physical and electrochemical properties of the Li3V2(PO4)3/C are examined by many characterizations including TG-DTG-DSC, XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, XPS, EIS and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling. A carbon layer uniformly coated on the surface of particles can be seen from TEM images. XPS spectra demonstrate that V is trivalent for the composite. The sample LVP/C-1 with the addition of NH4NO3 illuminates a more excellent high rate performance with capacity fading rate of only 9% after 20C in the voltage of 3.0-4.5V. And LVP/C-1 still can show a discharge capacity of 75.0 mAh g−1 even at high rate of 80C. The EIS tests show that the lithium-ion diffusion coefficient of LVP/C-1 is 2 orders of magnitude higher than LVP/C-2, indicating that LVP/C-1 has a good mass transport performance.
Continuing work by Atraverda on the production of a composite-laminate form of the Ebonex® material, that can be cheaply formulated and manufactured to form substrate plates for bipolar lead–acid batteries, is described. Ebonex® is the registered trade name of a range of titanium suboxide ceramic materials, typically Ti4O7 and Ti5O9, which combine electrical conductivity with high corrosion and oxidation resistance. Details of the structure of the composite, battery construction techniques and methods for filling and forming of batteries are discussed. In addition, lifetime and performance data obtained by Atraverda from laboratory bipolar lead–acid batteries and cells are presented. Battery production techniques for both conventional monopolar and bipolar batteries are reviewed. The findings indicate that substantial time and cost savings may be realised in the manufacture of bipolar batteries in comparison to conventional designs. This is due to the fewer processing steps required and more efficient formation. The results indicate that the use of Ebonex® composite material as a bipolar substrate will provide lightweight and durable high-voltage lead–acid batteries suitable for a wide range of applications including advanced automotive, stationary power and portable equipment.
The electrochemical performance of carbon nanotube array (CNTA) and entangled carbon nanotube (ECNT) electrodes are studied as anodes for Li-ion batteries. CNTA anodes display higher capacity (373mAhg−1) and much better rate and cycle performances than ECNT anodes. The performance of CNTA electrode shows length dependencies, i.e., shorter CNTA electrodes present higher specific capacity and better rate performance. The energy storage characteristics of CNTA electrodes are discussed on the basis of experimental results of SEM, TEM, and Raman spectra. The inner graphene layers of CNTs in CNTA electrode, which can form electron conductive paths and ensure a high conductivity, are retained during Li-ion insertion/extraction. These mechanically robust inner graphene layers can avoid the loss of outer active materials during Li-ion insertion/extraction, which, in turn, results in a good cycle performance.
As the development of distributed solar photovoltaics (DSPV), battery energy storage systems are growing in popularity to promote the performance of DSPV, for both mitigating the impact on the grid and increasing the economic performance. In the meantime, reused batteries retired from electric vehicles provide another option for energy storage systems. In this paper, the economic performance evaluated by net present value of DSPV with reused batteries as energy storage systems (RBESS) is studied at the provincial level in China, so as to depict a comprehensive understanding of the current DSPV status and the development potential of RBESS in China. Instead of only focusing on the role of increasing the percentage of self-consumption (Model 1), a combined usage strategy of RBESS (Model 2) is also proposed. Moreover, the residual value of lithium-ion batteries is taken into consideration in this paper. Our results show that for the residential sector, only a small number of areas can benefit from RBESS under Model 2, while none can benefit under Model 1. Only when the price of RBESS decreases to 200 CNY/kWh, the profitability could be nationwide. However, for the commercial and industrial sector, the performance of RBESS is much better. In the majority of areas, integrating RBESS with DSPV is already profitable.
Concentrating solar power (CSP) capacity has expanded slower than other renewable technologies and its costs are still high. Until now, there have been too few CSP projects to derive robust conclusions about its cost development. Here we present an empirical study of the cost development of all operating CSP stations and those under construction, examining the roles of capacity growth, industry continuity, and policy support design. We identify distinct CSP expansion phases, each characterized by different cost pressure in the policy regime and different industry continuity. In 2008–2011, with low cost pressure and following industry discontinuity, costs increased. In the current phase, with high cost pressure and continuous industry development, costs decreased rapidly, with learning rates exceeding 20%. Data for projects under construction suggest that this trend is continuing and accelerating. If support policies and industrial structure are sustained, we see no near-term factors that would hinder further cost decreases.
In this study, the electrochemical reactions along with the corresponding temperature change in the vanadium acid solutions have been investigated by the thermo-electro-chemistry method for the first time. It turned out that the electrochemical oxidation of V(II) and reduction of V(V) are both exothermic, so substantial heat could be created by the electrochemical reaction during the discharging process, which may adversely affect the stability and efficiency of the VRFB. The temperature change characters of different electrochemical redox reactions imply that lower temperature may be advantageous for the discharge process, while higher temperature is helpful to the charge process. Besides, oxygen evolution as a main side reaction along with the oxidation of V(IV) is seen to occur at a relatively lower potential and highly depends on the vanadium ion concentration in the electrolyte. Moreover, it is found that the V(III)/V(IV) solution is more likely to suffer from oxygen evolution in oxidation processes and hydrogen evolution in reduction processes than pure V(IV) and V(III) solutions. These results demonstrate that the thermo-electro-chemistry method shows great significance and application prospect in investigating the electrode kinetics and will be helpful to optimize the work conditions and related components in a VRFB.
A LiMnO2–PAn–DMcT composite cathode for a lithium polymer battery (LPB) was developed. We investigated impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical properties of LiMnO2, LiMnO2–PAn and LiMnO2–PAn–DMcT composites with polyvinylidene (PVDF)-based polymer electrolyte as a function of mixing ratio. The capacity of LiMnO2 with 3wt.% PAn–12wt.% SP270 was higher than that of LiMnO2 with 15wt.% SP270. The discharge capacity of LiMnO2–PAn with 3wt.% PPy was 119 and 121mAh/g at 7 and 15 cycles. The capacity of LiMnO2 with 2wt.% PAn and 3wt.% DMcT was higher than that of LiMnO2 with 3wt.% PAn and 12wt.% SP270 with cycling. The LiMnO2–PAn–DMcT composite cathode with 2wt.% PAn and 3wt.% DMcT in PVDF-based electrolyte shows good capacity with cycling.
This paper presents a novel methodology for the on-board estimation of the actual battery capacity of lithium iron phosphate batteries. The approach is based on the detection of the actual degradation mechanisms by collecting plateau information. The tracked degradation modes are employed to change the characteristics of the fresh electrode voltage curves (mutual position and dimension), to reconstruct the full voltage curve and therefore to obtain the total capacity. The work presents a model which describes the relation between the single degradation modes and the electrode voltage curves characteristics. The model is then implemented in a novel battery management system structure for aging tracking and on-board capacity estimation. The working principle of the new algorithm is validated with data obtained from lithium iron phosphate cells aged in different operating conditions. The results show that both during charge and discharge the algorithm is able to correctly track the actual battery capacity with an error of approx. 1%. The use of the obtained results for the recalibration of a hysteresis model present in the battery management system is eventually presented, demonstrating the benefit of the tracked aging information for additional scopes.
E-waste management is extremely difficult to exercise owing to its complexity and hazardous nature. Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are the core components of electrical and electronic equipment, which generally consist of polymers, ceramics, and heavy metals.
We report that the planar AlCl4 clusters in graphite reported in [Electrochim. Acta 195 (2016) 158-165] are not justified from the point of view of theory and their fast diffusion in graphite has nothing to do with the ultrafast rate capability of Al-ion battery in experiments.
Gaseous emissions from animal feeding operations may be influenced by production stage, genetics, dietary type and nutritional plan, housing type, manure handling schemes, and climatic conditions. This study was conducted to quantify annual emission rates (ERs) of greenhouse gases (GHGs)—methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from naturally ventilated swine gestation (GE), farrowing (FA), nursery (NU) and growing-finishing (GF) barns under typical operational conditions in suburban Beijing, China. Variables relative to the GHG ERs were measured every two months for a one-year period, with each measurement episode lasting 72h. Air exchange rate of the naturally ventilated barns was estimated using CO2 balance method. The annual mean daily GHG ERs (mean ± SD), expressed in g d - 1 AU - 1 ( AU = animal unit = 500 live body weight), for the GE, FA, NU, and GF barns were, respectively, 5920 ± 440 , 7490 ± 110 , 29 670 ± 1090 and 16 730 ± 1060 for CO2; 9.6 ± 1.9 , 9.6 ± 3.6 , 58.4 ± 21.8 and 32.1 ± 11.7 for CH4; and 0.75 ± 0.56 , 0.54 ± 0.15 , 1.29 ± 0.37 and 0.86 ± 0.75 for N2O. The GHG ER values from the current study paralleled those reported in the literature in some cases but differed considerably in other cases. This outcome of similarity and disparity confirms the need to exercise caution when applying literature data to estimation of GHG emissions under various production systems. Results of this study are expected to contribute to the global GHG inventory.
In the search for a reliable and low-cost energy storage system, a lithium-iodide redox flow lithium battery is proposed, which consists of a lithium anode and an iodide catholyte with LiFePO4 as a solid energy storage material. This system demonstrates a good cycling performance and capacity retention. It can potentially achieve an energy density of 670 W h L−1.
Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (NMC) was synthesized via pyrolysis of cobalt-containing casein obtained by extraction from pure milk with the auxiliary of cobalt ions. The cobalt element in casein promoted specific surface area and N element doping amount of casein-derived porous carbon. The N-doped porous carbon obtained by carbonization at 800°C (NPC-800) possessed a specific surface area of ∼886.7m2 g−1, and the mesoporous size was centered at 2.7 and 7nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that the nitrogen content of NPC-800 was 3.29 at%. The NPC-800 was explored as a symmetric supercapacitor, which exhibited specific capacity of 380Fg−1 at a current density of 0.5Ag−1, 218Fg−1 at a current density of 20Ag−1, and high capacitance retention of 91.3% after charging/discharging 5,000 cycles.
The aim of the study is the recovery by thermal treatment of manganese and zinc from a mixture of zinc–carbon and alkaline spent batteries, on the basis of the different phase change temperatures of the two metal-bearing phases. ASR (Automotive Shredder Residue), containing 68% of carbon, was added to the mixture to act as a reductant to metallic Zn of the zinc-bearing phases. The mixture was subsequently heated in different atmospheres (air, CO2 and N2) and at different temperatures (900°C, 1000°C and 1200°C) and stoichiometric excess of ASR (300%, 600% and 900%). Characterization of the mixture and of the residues of thermal treatment was carried out by chemical analysis, TGA/DTA, SEM and XRD. The results show that recovery of 99% of zinc (grade 97%) is achieved at 1000°C in N2 with a stoichiometric excess of car-fluff of 900%. This product could be suitable for production of new batteries after refining by hydrometallurgical way. Recovery of Mn around 98% in the residue of the treatment is achieved at any temperature and atmosphere tested with a grade of 57% at 900% excess of car-fluff. This residue is enriched in manganese oxide and could be used in the production of iron–manganese alloys.
Few layered graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets with large specific surface area (42.1m2 g−1) are successfully prepared by a modified Hummers method for use as electrodes in the vanadium bromide redox battery. The structure and physicochemical properties of GO are investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Cyclic voltammetry results indicate that GO nanosheets with polymer binder (i.e., polyvinylidiene fluoride (PVDF) or sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK)) hybrids demonstrate more favorable electrocatalytic activity towards the Br−/Br3− and V3+/V2+ redox couples than the pure graphite. This is attributed to the large numbers of oxygen-containing functional groups on the GO nanosheet surface which can generate more active sites to catalyze the redox reactions. For the binder-based electrodes, the SPEEK based electrode gives the best electrochemical performance (e.g., lower overvoltage for both Br−/Br3− and V3+/V2+ redox couple reactions and higher peak currents for the V3+/V2+ redox couple).
Herein, a facile in-situ grown nanocarbon composite including one dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and two dimensional (2D) graphene nanosheets on FTO conductive glass substrates is used directly as a transparent counter electrode (CE) for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) without any post-treatments. In the novel nano-composite, the CNTs without aggregations are not woven into each other, which is beneficial for the transport of carriers. Additionally, the 2D graphene between CNTs and the FTO conductive glass substrates is thought as the platform for accelerating the ballistic transport. It is found that the hybrid CNTs/graphene nano-composite exhibits relative high electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of triiodide. Besides, the design of bifacial DSSC with the hybrid transparent CNTs/graphene CE improves the utilization ratio of incident light. As a consequence, the bifacial DSSC with the optimized hybrid CNTs/graphene exhibits energy conversion efficiency (η) of 5.16% and 4.30%, corresponding to front- and rear-side illumination, respectively.
A new unsymmetrical lithium salt containing F−, C6H3O2F2− [dianion of 3-fluoro-1,2-benzenediol], lithium difluoro(3-fluoro-1,2-benzene-diolato(2-)-o,o′)borate (FLDFBDB) is synthesized and characterized. The thermal characteristics of it, and its derivatives, lithium bis[3-fluoro-1, 2-benzenediolato(2-)-o,o]borate (FLBBB), and lithium fluoroborate (LiBF4) are examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The thermal decomposition in air begins at 256°C, 185°C, and 162°C for FLBBB, FLDFBDB and LiBF4, respectively. The order of the stability toward the oxidation of these organoborates is LiBF4 >FLDFBDB>FLBBB. The cyclic voltammetry study shows that the FLDFBDB solution in propylene carbonate (PC) is stable up to 3.9V vs. Li+/Li. It is soluble in common organic solvents. Ionic dissociation properties of FLDFBDB and its derivatives are examined by conductivity measurements in PC, PC+ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), PC+dimethyl ether (DME), PC+ethylene carbonate (EC)+DME, PC+EC+EMC solutions. The conductivity values of the 0.10moldm−3 FLDFBDB electrolyte in these solutions are higher than those of FLBBB, but lower than those of LiBF4 electrolytes.
In this paper, the energy management problem for a Fuel Cell Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle is investigated using a real-time power splitting method that preserves the battery pack life. The reduction of high-power demand during the vehicle stop-and-go operations and the limitation of the batteries' minimum energy to a prescribed level are the two aspects considered in this study. Using a longitudinal motion model of an experimental small utility truck, a multi-criteria optimization problem, including the hydrogen/electricity cost ratio and the anticipation of the high-power demand, is formulated and solved. The analysis of the effects of the fuel cell and the battery efficiency degradations demonstrated that there exists a minimum cost ratio that prevents the Energy Management System to adequately limit the batteries' depletion with the contribution of the Fuel Cell power. The overall control system does not require a prior knowledge of the trip information. Therefore, the real-time implementation of this system is realistic. Compared with a rule-based Energy Management System, the proposed optimal and real-time approach provides up to 5% of hydrogen saving whilst maintaining the Battery Pack energy close to the minimum prescribed energy. The high-power demand reduction and the depletion limitation enable the Energy Management System to preserve the batteries' life.
Modern batteries provide high discharging efficiency, but the rate capacity effect in these batteries drastically decreases the discharging efficiency as the load current increases. Electric double layer capacitors, or simply supercapacitors, have extremely low internal resistance, and a battery-supercapacitor hybrid may mitigate the rate capacity effect for high pulsed discharging current. However, a hybrid architecture comprising a simple parallel connection does not perform well when the supercapacitor capacity is small, which is a typical situation because of the low energy density and high cost of supercapacitors. This paper presents a new battery-supercapacitor hybrid system that employs a constant-current regulator isolating the battery from supercapacitor to improve the end-to-end efficiency from the battery to the load while accounting for the rate capacity effect for the Li-ion batteries and the conversion efficiency data for the regulator. We optimize the system in terms of a delivered energy density which is an end-to-end energy delivery per unit volume of the energy storage elements. We evaluate the delivered energy density with the aid of detailed simulations and develop a design space exploration algorithm based on the characteristics of the proposed architecture. We achieve 7.7% improvement in deliverable energy density over conventional parallel connection of battery and supercapacitor.
Positive- and negative-limited lead-acid cells with conventional and polyaniline (PANI)-coated negative plates were assembled and tested at varying discharge rates. The cells with PANI-coated negative plates exhibit lower impedance in relation to conventional cells and sustain higher discharge-rates with lesser loss in capacity during prolonged charge–discharge cycling as compared to conventional cells. It is suggested that PANI-coated negative plates are beneficial in designing lead-acid batteries operating at partial-state-of-charge.
Renewable hydrogen produced using solar energy to split water is the energy fuel of the future. Accelerated innovation in both major domains of solar energy (photovoltaics and concentrated solar power) has resulted in the rapid fall of the solar electricity price, opening the route to a number of practical applications using solar H2. Referring to several examples as well as to new technologies, this article provides insight into a crucial technology for our common future.
Structures and electrochemical performances of Na-rich layered cathode Na2RuO3 are studied by substitution of Zr for Ru. Na2Ru0.95Zr0.05O3 exhibits a combination of disordered and ordered stacking state with a weight fraction of ∼61.57% and 38.43%, respectively. The disordered and ordered Na2Ru0.95Zr0.05O3 exhibits reversible capacity of 137 mAh g−1 that is consistent with the theoretical capacity at a current density of 1 C. In addition, the material shows good cyclability with a capacity retention of 77% after 200 cycles at current density of 1 C, and the Coulombic efficiency remains at about 99% during cycling. The structural evolutions of the Na-rich layered Na2Ru0.95Zr0.05O3 during de(sodiation) have been investigated and found to proceed via a biphasic mechanism.
SiC–Sb–C nanocomposites with core–shell structure were prepared by simple mechanical ball-milling method. This core–shell structure is composed of rigid SiC nanoparticles as inner core, Sb nanoparticles as an electrochemical active layer anchored on the surface of SiC, and carbon outlayer. The electrochemical experiments show that the SiC–Sb–C electrode improve electrochemical utilization and cycling stability of Sb during Na-storage reaction in comparison with Sb–C composites, indicating that such core–shell structure can effectively buffer the volume change and remain structural stability. Particularly, after incorporating Cu into Sb layer, the SiC–Sb–Cu–C electrode exhibits higher capacity and cycling stability (595mAhg−1 after 100 cycles) than the SiC–Sb–C electrode. Therefore, the core–shell structure can provide a viable strategy to develop high capacity and stable cycling alloy anode for sodium ion batteries.