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Facile hydrothermal synthesis of nanoplate and mulberry-like porous shape of CuO nanostructures was developed as anode materials for application in lithium ion batteries. The powder X-ray diffraction patterns of both the samples were indexed well to a pure monoclinic phase of CuO with no impurities. The CuO sample synthesized at different pH and reaction temperature exhibited nanoplate with average width and length of ∼150–300nm and ∼300–700nm and mulberry-like porous shape of CuO with average length of ∼300–400nm. Electrochemical tests show that the lithium storage performances of both the nanoplate and mulberry-like samples are influenced more closely to its structural aspects than their morphology and size factors. The CuO nanoplate electrode exhibits high reversible charge capacity of 279.3mAhg−1 at 1.0C after 70 cycles, and a capacity of 150.2mAhg−1 even at high current rate of 4.0C during rate test, whereas the mulberry-like porous shape of CuO anode delivers only 131.4mAhg−1 at 1.0C after 70 cycles and 121.7mAhg−1 at 4.0C. It is believed that the nanoplate type architecture is very favorable to accommodate the volume expansion/contraction and aggregation of particles during the cyclic process. In contrast, the mulberry-like porous morphology could not preserve the integrity of the structure and completely disintegrated into nanoparticles during Li+ ion insertion/deinsertion due to the loose contact between the particles.
One of the most important problems in utilizing lithium metal anodes is its poor recharge-ability due to the unstable solid electrolyte layer formed by electrolyte decomposition. To overcome this problem, the surface of the lithium electrode is covered by a thin protective solid electrolyte layer, deposited by r.f. magnetron sputtering. Lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON), which is used as an electrolyte in thin film batteries (TFBs), was examined for its potential in use as a protective layer for the anode. The spectroscopic and electrochemical characteristics of the LiPON layer were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronopotentiometry (CP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
Seventy-three of the 280 species of Galliformes are at risk of extinction, and all of them are threatened by human factors (mainly hunting and deforestation). Reintroduction is increasingly proposed as a conservation measure, although there is limited post-release monitoring to determine success. The science of reintroduction biology is still in its infancy in Brazil, mainly because most of the projects involving release of animals seldom include post-release monitoring, data collected are not published, and release areas are frequently chosen without any criteria. The Red-billed Curassow Crax blumenbachii reintroduction program in Brazil can be considered a good model for developing future Brazilian reintroduction projects. Systematic radio-tracking of released Red-billed Curassows has allowed detailed information on the ecology and behavior of the species. The information obtained through post-release monitoring will guide future management of the species, and it is a good example of the use of reintroduction as a conservation tool for threatened Galliformes.
A solvent responsive sol–gel method is adopted to fabricate poly (ether sulfone) (PES)/silica composite porous membranes for vanadium flow battery (VFB) application. The pore size and pore size distribution of the composite membrane can be easily adjusted by controlling the quantity of silica gels inside the pores of pristine membranes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) are carried out to confirm the structure of resulted membranes. VFBs assembled with the silica modified membranes display much higher coulomb efficiency (97%) and energy efficiency (83%) than that of pristine porous membrane (CE 86%, EE 76%). Furthermore，the modified PES membranes demonstrate high oxidation stability through the long-term battery operation. The PES/silica composite porous membranes show great prospects in VFB applications.
We present novel light weight three dimensional soft silicon anodes for flexible and stretchable lithium ion batteries. We employ a coaxial flexible Ni/PVDF nanofiber network as the freestanding current collector and active amorphous silicon coating to form a core–shell structure of Si/Ni/PVDF nanofibers. The soft silicon anodes show high specific capacities and good cycling life. We have demonstrated that a soft battery with the freestanding Si/Ni/PVDF membrane as an anode is capable of powering a LED at different bending states.
The Li2MnSiO4/C nanocomposite has been successfully synthesized at a relatively low temperature of 650 °C by a facile solid-state reaction using citric acid as the carbon source. The highly crystalline Li2MnSiO4 nanoparticles in the size of 20–50 nm are coated by a uniform carbon layer in a thickness of 2–5 nm. At a rate of 0.05 C, the Li2MnSiO4/C nanocomposite exhibits a discharge specific capacity as high as 268 mAh g−1 for the first cycle and a reversible capacity of about 136 mAh g−1 after 140 cycles at room temperature. Meanwhile, an improved rate performance is achieved by the Li2MnSiO4/C nanocomposite. These superior electrochemical properties could be attributed to the nanoscale particle size and the enhanced electronic conductivity.
In this work the behaviour of the vanadium redox flow battery is examined under a variety of short-circuit conditions (e.g. with and without the pumps stopping as a result of the short). In contrast to other battery types, only a small proportion of the electroactive material, in a flow battery, is held between the electrodes at any given time. Therefore, together with the relatively low energy density of the vanadium electrolyte, the immediate release of energy, which occurs as a result of electrical shorting, is somewhat limited. The high heat capacity of the aqueous electrolyte is also beneficial in limiting the temperature rise. It will be seen that the flow battery is therefore considerably safer than other battery types, in this respect.
A nano-sized Pt catalyst supported onto titanium dioxide functionalized graphene nanosheets (TiO2-FGSs) was prepared using the polyol method and utilized for a catalyst activity investigation toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The electrochemical and microscopic studies were carried out using a 40wt.% Pt/TiO2-FGS catalyst. Cyclic voltammetry and the rotating disk electrode experiments were performed in 0.5M H2SO4 and 0.1M KOH solutions in order to investigate the electrocatalytic behavior of the prepared catalysts. The composite catalyst samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showing a good dispersion of the Pt particles on the surface of the graphene supported TiO2 particles. The average Pt particle size was 11±2nm. The values of specific activity and other kinetic parameters were determined from the Tafel plots taking into account the real electroactive area of each electrode. The electrodes exhibited a relatively high electrocatalytic activity for the four-electron reduction of oxygen to water.
The aim of this work is identification of the structural components of actual domestic spent alkaline AA batteries, as well as quantification of some of their characteristics. Weight, humidity, ash content, zinc and zinc oxide on anode, manganese on cathode and other metals, potassium hydroxide on the internal components and heating values for papers, anode and cathode were determined in several batteries. As expected, cathode, anode and the steel can container are the main contributors to the 23.5g average weight of the batteries. Cathode is also the major contributor to the positive heating value of the batteries as well as to the heavy metals content. Mercury was detected in very low levels in these mercury-free batteries. Zinc and zinc oxide amounts in the anodes are highly variable. Results obtained were compared to information on alkaline batteries in the literature from 1993 to 1995; and a positive evolution in their manufacture is readily apparent. Data from the producer of batteries shows some small discrepancies relative to the results of this experimental work.
Brannerite-LiVWO6, has been synthesized by employing a wet-chemical soft-combustion (low temperature) technique and its battery-active character as candidate cathode material in lithium-containing batteries is reported in the light of electrochemical means. Structural and thermal properties have also been studied by means of classical techniques such as XRD and thermal analysis. The structural features are found to be similar to its analogous counterpart, brannerite-LiVMoO6 previously reported. Quasi-layered type LiVWO6 crystallizes in brannerite structure of AB2O6 type, having a general formula LiM2′O6 (M′=transition metal) with lattice parameters a=9.347Å, b=3.670Å, c=6.593Å and β=111°50′. The thermochemical reactions that occur during the soft-combustion of the precursor mass facilitate the formation of the above compound at 434°C as deduced from TG–DTA scan. The product (LiVWO6) thus prepared (calcined at 700°C) exhibits the submicrometer grains (<1μm) whose specific surface area is found to be 4.97m2/g as deduced from BET analysis. The redox behavior of the above compound has been examined for LiVWO6/Li+/Li under the wet electrolyte (1M LiPF6: EC+DMC) environment in the voltage regime 4.0 and 1.5V using constant current technique at a current density of 0.8mA/cm2. It has been found that the test cell containing LiVWO6/Li couple demonstrates excellent charge–discharge behavior in the voltage regime 3.0–1.5V and the specific capacity of ∼240mAh/g has been deduced from the first charge–discharge cycle in the voltage regime ∼4.0–1.5V.
Publisher Summary Mental retardation is a categorization for a heterogeneous group of individuals with concurrent deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning. Mental retardation is a deviation in development that may increase the risk of mental disorder and be accompanied by medical issues. The combination of developmental, medical, and psychiatric factors makes treatment complicated. The chapter discusses various intelligence tests used in the assessment and diagnosis of mental retardation. These tests include the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition, the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition, the Differential Ability Scales (DAS), the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities, the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-IV), the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Third Edition (WAIS-III), the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, (SB5), the original Leiter International Performance Scale, and the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised. Measures of intelligence play a crucial role in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of children and adolescents with mental retardation. Different tests emphasize various elements of the construct of intelligence. Awareness of the range of available tests allows using multiple assessment tools to derive the most accurate information regarding an individual's cognitive and adaptive ability. Adequate training, practice, and clinical supervision are the mainstays of competency standards for intelligence testing when confronted with the complex task of differentially diagnosing mental retardation from a host of similarly appearing developmental disorders and learning disabilities.
In this commentary, we explore the risks and challenges associated with Precision Livestock Farming technologies based on an online workshop with over 70 international animal welfare experts, policy-makers, NGO, students, farmers and industry staff.
First-principles calculations were carried out to investigate the structural, energetic, and electronic properties of ternary graphite compounds cointercalated with alkali atoms (AM = Li, Na, and K) and normal alkylamine molecules (nCx; x = 1, 2, 3, 4), denoted as AM-nCx-GICs. From the optimization of the orthorhombic unit cells for the crystalline compounds, it was found that, with the increase in the atomic number of alkali atoms, the layer separations decrease in contrast to AM-GICs, while the bond lengths between alkali atoms and graphene layer, and nitrogen atom of alkylamine increase. The calculated formation energies and interlayer binding energies of AM-nC3-GICs indicate that the compounds is increasingly stabilized from Li to K, and the energy barriers for migration of alkali atoms suggest that alkali cation with larger ionic radius diffuses more smoothly in graphite, being similar to AM-GICs. Through the analysis of electronic properties, it was established that more extent of electronic charge is transferred from more electropositive alkali atom to the carbon ring of graphene layer, and the hybridization of valence electron orbitals between alkylamine molecules and graphene layer is occurred.
Long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae are commonly detectable in children after open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The objective of the study was to determine the neurodevelopmental outcome in these children in relation to postoperative inflammatory reaction. This is a prospective, observational study on children with congenital heart defects (n = 32) undergoing elective open-heart surgery in a tertiary pediatric cardiac center. Neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed in the median 6 months after CPB. Neurological examination was done in all children before the operation and, additionally, complete neurodevelopmental status was assessed preoperatively in 14 children. Three hours after the end of CPB, plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were strongly elevated (p < 0.001). Moreover, there was a rise of neutrophils and C-reactive protein at 24 h postoperatively (p < 0.001). Intellectual performance after surgery was correlated with preoperative performance, rS = 0.83, p < 0.001 (mean IQ scores after CPB = 90.4 ± 18.4 and before CPB = 87.5 ± 14.5, p = 0.20). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that preoperative IQ scores accounted for 83.8% of the variance of postoperative IQ scores (p < 0.0001). Inflammatory variables were not significant predictors of postoperative IQ scores. The frequency of neuromotor abnormalities at 6 months after CPB was influenced by the presence of a cyanotic heart defect, duration of CPB and aortic clamp time, and plasma levels of IL-6 shortly after CPB (R2 = 67.8%, p = 0.002). In conclusion, in the examined population, preexisting neurodevelopmental impairment is frequent and predicts postoperative outcome. The high frequency of postoperative neuromotor disabilities seems to be associated with the type of congenital heart defect but also with the procedure and possible complications of CPB.
Decaying boats are a common sight in the coastal zone and yet the practice of abandonment appears to be exempt from any clear or enforceable regulation. In the present study we surveyed two estuaries in eastern England hosting an abundance and variety of abandoned vessels. An inventory of items and materials associated with or adjacent to each boat was recorded in order to gain an insight into the hazards and pollution risks related to abandonment. Materials most commonly observed were paints, plastics, timber,expanded-extruded polystyrene and masonry, while items logged included ropes, tyres, canisters, electronic equipment and a variety of metal objects that were either fixed to or contained by the boats. As well as representing an eyesore and inhibiting access to the shore, decaying boats are a hazard to human health and safety and are a source of pollution (e.g. plastics, heavy metals, oil-related hydrocarbons) to local sediment and interstitial waters. Recommendations to deal with the problem of boat abandonment include compulsory boat registration, making boaters aware of (and providing incentives for) safe disposal, and providing authorities and landowners with clear information on existing or new agencies and legislation.
Highly crystalline hematite α-Fe2O3 nanostructures were selectively synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. By carefully tuning the concentration of the reactants, reaction time and pressure, a series of α-Fe2O3 nanocuboids, nanospheres, nanosheets, nanorods and nanowires can be obtained. Based on the evidence of electron microscope images, a formation mechanism for nanowire-structured hematite is proposed. The electrochemical performance of these hematite nanostructures as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries was further evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance and charge–discharge measurements. It was demonstrated that both the morphology and the particle size have an influence on the performance. The results showed that the nanospheres displayed the highest discharge capacity and superior cycling reversibility, which may result from the high surface area and small and uniform grain size.
Porous sandwiched graphene/Si nanocomposites (PG-Si) are prepared by in situ hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane within the confined gallery region of graphite oxide, and then magnesium thermal reduction of the intra-gallery SiO2 to Si nanocrystals. The Si nanostructures are in situ formed within the confined gallery region of graphite, and they are compactly sandwiched between two neighboring graphene sheets. This compactly sandwiched structure affords enhanced electron conductivity, and prevents Si nanoparticles from aggregation. Meanwhile, the free voids between neighboring Si nanocrystals alleviate the volume change of Si during cycling. As a consequence, the resulting PG-Si nanocomposites are high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries which show long cycle life (>500 cycles) and high specific charge capacity (1464mAhg−1 at a current density of 200mA/g, 920mAhg−1 at a current density of 1.68A/g after 500 cycles). The Li+ diffusion kinetics in PG-Si is also discussed.
In view of the importance of environmental protection and resource recovery, recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and electrode scraps generated during manufacturing processes is quite necessary. An environmentally sound leaching process for the recovery of Li, Ni, Co, and Mn from spent LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2-based LIBs and cathode scraps was investigated in this study. Eh–pH diagrams were used to determine suitable leaching conditions. Operating variables affecting the leaching efficiencies for Li, Ni, Co, and Mn from LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, such as the H2SO4 concentration, temperature, H2O2 concentration, stirring speed, and pulp density, were investigated to determine the most efficient conditions for leaching. The leaching efficiencies for Li, Ni, Co, and Mn reached 99.7% under the optimized conditions of 1M H2SO4, 1vol% H2O2, 400rpm stirring speed, 40g/L pulp density, and 60min leaching time at 40°C. The leaching kinetics of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 were found to be significantly faster than those of LiCoO2. Based on the variation in the weight fraction of the metal in the residue, the “cubic rate law” was revised as follows: θ(1− f)1/3 =(1− kt/r 0 ρ), which could characterize the leaching kinetics optimally. The activation energies were determined to be 64.98, 65.16, 66.12, and 66.04kJ/mol for Li, Ni, Co, and Mn, respectively, indicating that the leaching process was controlled by the rate of surface chemical reactions. Finally, a simple process was proposed for the recovery of valuable metals from spent LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2-based LIBs and cathode scraps.
Highly uniform films of pure LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel were obtained by spin-coating stoichiometric amounts of Mn(CH3COO)2 and Ni(CH3COO)2 dissolved in de-ionized water, and Li(i-OC3H7) dissolved in a 1:2 CH3-COOH/i-C3H7OH mixture, onto an Au substrate. The resulting gel was transformed into a spinel by calcining at variable temperatures from 400 to 800°C. The deposits, thus, obtained were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and their electrochemical properties determined from potentiostatic and galvanostatic measurements. The spinel formed at 400°C, with an earthworm-like shape, the origin of which was ascribed to the formation of a layer of undecomposed organic components. At 800°C, the film exhibited markedly improved in crystallinity and the spinel particles adopted a polyhedral shape of submicron size with well-defined edges and faces, thus, reducing the interparticle connectivity. Nickel atoms were found to occur in two chemical environments, namely: as Ni2+ and Ni3+, the former being the major component. The potentiostatic curves obtained were consistent with the spinel formula as they exhibited two well-defined peaks in the 4.6–4.8V region associated to Ni2+ →Ni3+ →Ni4+ processes. Also, both potentiostatic curves and galvanostatic curves were consistent with a reversible Li insertion/extraction reaction; however, the cells exhibited significant overcharge that was probably due to electrolyte decomposition catalyzed by gold. The thin deposits obtained were found to deliver capacities around 148mAhg−1 and to efficiently retain them upon extended cycling. However, the coulombic efficiency of the deposits was rather low (around 50% at the 50th cycle). Increasing the film thickness, raised the coulombic efficiency to 85% but decreased the delivered capacity, probably through increased resistance of the electrode; however, capacity retention on cycling was maintained.
This study investigates the feasibility to synthesis methanol from its flue gas and wind hydrogen. The concept is to mitigate CO2 emission through flue gas recovery. Synthesizing methanol, on the other hand requires hydrogen at the rate of 3kmol/kmol of carbon dioxide. Electrolysis is one method by which hydrogen can be produced cleanly from renewable source. Here it is assumed that the electrolysis unit is fed with the electricity from neighbor wind farms. Oxygen will be produced as a byproduct in electrolysis unit. However, electrolytic oxygen could be utilized for partial oxidation of methane in autothermal reactor (ATR). Onboard water electrolysis facilitates the oxygen and hydrogen storage, delivery and marketing. This study focuses on an integrated system of methanol production which enables green methanol synthesis through a system with zero carbon emission. Green methanol synthesis is comprised of CO2 capturing and recycling along with renewable hydrogen generation. The produced hydrogen and CO2 will be directed to methanol synthesis unit. By employing the integrated system for methanol synthesis, we could reduce the cost of using renewable energy technology.
Desalination of brackish water as a viable option to cope with water scarcity and to overcome water deficit in Jordan is assessed. A stand alone reverse osmosis (RO) desalination unit powered by photovoltaic (PV) solar energy is proposed, and a computer code in C++ was generated in order to simulate the process, and to predict the water production at 10 selected sites based on the available solar radiation data, sunshine hours and salinity of the feed water (TDS of 3000, 5000, 7000, and 10,000mg/L). It was found that most of the selected sites showed favorable application of the proposed system in Jordan. Tafila, Queira, Ras Muneef, H-4, and H-5 are the most favorable sites. With TDS of 7000mg/L, the highest annual water production of 1679m3/year was observed in Tafila, followed by Queira with production of 1473m3/year. Ras Muneef, H-4, and H-5 showed close to each other production of 1363, 1345, and 1340m3/year, respectively. Among the most favorable sites (Tafila, Queira, Ras Muneef, H-4, and H-5), Ras Muneef was found to be the best site in terms of the daily amount of water produced during the driest months of the year (May–September). Its production during these months forms about 65% of its total daily water production during a 1-year cycle, while for each of the other most favorable sites namely Tafila, Queira, H-4, and H-5, a 61% of production was observed during the same period.