batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Soil contamination with nickel (Ni) is a persistent threat to crop production worldwide. The present study examined the putative roles of jasmonic acid (JA) in improving Ni tolerance in soybean. Our findings showed that priming of soybean seeds with JA significantly improved the growth performance of soybean when grown under excessive Ni. The enhanced Ni tolerance of soybean prompted by JA could be ascribed to its ability to regulate Ni uptake and accumulation, and to decrease Ni-induced membrane damage as evidenced by reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde, lipoxygenase activity, and electrolyte leakage in Ni-stressed plants. JA also boosted redox states and antioxidant capacity in Ni-stressed plants by maintaining increased levels of ascorbate and glutathione, and enhanced activities of ROS-detoxifying enzymes compared with Ni-stressed alone plants. Additionally, methylglyoxal detoxification system was significantly upregulated in JA-primed and “JA-primed + Ni-stressed” plants, indicating an alleviating effect of JA on Ni-induced methylglyoxal toxicity. Our results conclude that JA-mediated regulation of Ni uptake and accumulation, and enhanced ROS metabolism by activating antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems contributed to improved performance of soybean under excessive Ni, thereby suggesting JA as an effective stress regulator in mitigating Ni toxicity in economically important soybean, and perhaps in other crops.
Sodium extracted C@NaV2(PO4)3, prepared by oxidative treatment in an iodine solution in acetonitrile, will be evaluated for the first time as a potential cathode in rechargeable magnesium batteries. Three C@NaV2(PO4)3 samples with different particle morphologies are used as precursors. The structural and chemical changes, induced by the sodium extraction, will be determined by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, EPR and XPS spectroscopy. The reversible insertion of magnesium will be evidenced and the effect of the different morphologies on the electrochemical performance of Mg hybrid cells will be unveiled. A larger capacity will be recorded for the sample prepared by ball milling, meanwhile a better rate capability will be demonstrated by that sample with a mosaic-like microstructure.
Clozapine has been shown to improve verbal declarative memory and other cognitive functions in chronic schizophrenia. This raises the possibility that additional adjunctive manipulations might improve memory further. In this study, we hypothesized that glucose, which improves memory in a variety of conditions, including schizophrenia, would improve memory more than saccharin in a group of patients stabilized on clozapine. Twelve outpatients with schizophrenia who received treatment with clozapine participated in a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover study. Subjects received beverages containing either glucose or saccharin on one occasion, and then the other beverage about a week later. Fifteen minutes after ingesting the beverage, subjects received a brief battery of neuropsychological tests to assess verbal declarative memory, attention, and executive functions. Blood glucose levels were assessed at baseline, and at 15 and 50 min after beverage ingestion. The main findings were that retention of a list of words was improved in the glucose condition, while performance on a complex test of sustained vigilance declined after glucose ingestion. These findings provide evidence that glucose improves declarative memory in patients with schizophrenia who were treated with clozapine, and underscore the possibility of developing effective protocols to reduce cognitive dysfunctions in the disorder. They also highlight the need to explore the extent to which glucose modulates nonmemory cognitive functions such as attention, and to understand more generally how glucose availability and regulation influence cognition.
Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) cathodes were prepared as polycrystalline thin films on Pt substrates via a sol-gel procedure at elevated post-annealing temperature (TA) for high-potential (∼4.7V) Li-ion microbattery operation. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectral patterns revealed that the LNMO cathodes obtained at TA =500 and 600°C have ordered P4332 crystal structure while those at 800°C have disordered Fd 3 ¯ m structure. The two phases were found to coexist in the LNMO cathodes with TA =700°C. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the P4332-structured samples contain small-sized grains down to ∼30nm while the Fd 3 ¯ m-structured ones (TA =800°C) contain large-sized grains at least ∼200nm. The electrochemical properties of the LNMO cathodes near 4.7V were characterized by charge-discharge (C-D) cycling performance, cyclic voltammetry, and rate capability. The results indicate that the grain size is most important for the electrochemical performance: the LNMO cathodes with P4332 structure (TA =600 and 700°C) exhibited capacity retention of more than 95% after 400 C-D cycles, while those with Fd 3 ¯ m structure (TA =800°C) exhibited no C-D activity near 4.7V
Here, controlled growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) on free-standing porous activated reduced graphene oxide (a-rGO) paper was fabricated using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. The electrochemical performance of prepared film was investigated to provide effective electrode for 3D flexible high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and supercapacitors. The results revealed that the prepared electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance of 347 F/g at 0.5 A/g in 1 M KOH electrolyte, 60% more than non-activated rGO-paper (218 F/g). The VACNTs on a-rGO have increased the accessible surface area and acted as efficient electrical conducting paths, which improved the power density. The free-standing flexible supercapacitor fabricated using such a film exhibited a sufficient electrochemical behaviour with high power density of 407 kW kg−1 at 5 Wh.kg−1 at a current density of 0.5 A/g. Since VACNTs with low sp2 hybridization defect lead to cyclic stability, suitable for high-performance LIB anodes. This 3D flexible anode electrode demonstrated a high initial discharge capacity of 1401 mAhg−1 with a large reversible charge capacity of 958 mAhg−1 at 150 mAg−1. The charge and discharge capacity have reached a stable value of 459 mAhg−1 after 100 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of ∼100% which is much higher than most carbon structures.
Publisher Summary This chapter presents several factors that are needed to be considered when making general microcontroller selection: (1) The device should be available for anonymous online or catalog ordering in single-piece quantity from at least one major distributor; (2) Full datasheets for the device should be available without requiring a non-disclosure agreement or committing to any kind of purchase; and (3) There should be a direct technical contact available at the chip vendor, at least for emergency issues; it should not be necessary to route all questions through distribution. Several factors that need to be considered when choosing the right core and when selecting the development hardware are also discussed. Architectures based around the high-end x86 family offer some immediate advantages such as allowing the use of almost any PC-compatible operating system and free software development tools, and availability of highly integrated mainboards with many possible combinations of peripherals, in a wide variety of form factors. The chapter also discusses building custom peripherals with FPGAs. The Atmel AT91EB40 evaluation board based around the AT91R40807 microcontroller offers several features such as 128Kbyte of flash memory and 512Kbyte of SRAM. Several equipments that are recommended for a laboratory include expensive specialized hardware—storage oscilloscopes, logic analyzers, and in-circuit emulators.
Cubic MnO with particle sizes of ∼200nm and ∼600nm was synthesized by decomposition of MnCO3. The corresponding MnO/C composite was obtained by thermal treatment of mixture of MnCO3 and sucrose. The structure and morphology of the products were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electrochemical experiments showed that the as-prepared MnO/C exhibited promising electrochemical properties, and could potentially be used as anode material in lithium-ion batteries. MnO/C delivered a reversible capacity of about 470mAh/g after cycling 50 times, when testing at 75mA/g. The reversible capacity, when tested at 150, 375, 755mA/g, reached 440, 320, 235mAh/g, respectively. The good electrochemical performance was ascribed to the smaller particle size and the efficient carbon coating on MnO.
This paper discusses the vortical flow, mixing and cell culture of Pichia pastoris using a centrifugal microfluidic (CM) chamber. The resultant “spiral toroidal vortex” in the chamber is made up of a primary vortex induced from inertial acceleration/deceleration of the chamber superposed by a secondary toroidal vortex due to Coriolis acceleration acting on the primary vortex. A validated numerical fluid-flow model with minimized numerical diffusion effect has been developed to investigate the flow and consequently mixing of two-color liquids through cyclic constant acceleration-and-deceleration in the same rotation direction until homogeneous mixing of the two liquids in the CM chamber has been established. The specific mixing time is found to improve with increase in acceleration/deceleration and angular span of the chamber. An experimental CM platform with three cell-culture chambers of different angular spans has been built and Pichia pastoris cell culture has been successfully demonstrated. Cell growth can be monitored over time on the extracted samples by measuring the optical density at 600-nm wave-length. Comparing with conventional cell culture, Pichia pastoris cultured on CM platform exhibits a very short lag (cell preparation/budding) phase prior to the log phase (cell growth). While it takes 8 to 12 h for the conventional shake flask in the lag phase, it takes only 2 h for the CM platform irrespective of initial cell concentration (8.1 × 104 to 8.1 × 105/ml), acceleration/deceleration (10 to 32/s2) and angular span of the culture chamber (π/12 to π/4), representing significant time reduction. This is largely attributed to better growth conditions due to enhanced mixing and appropriate shear-stress stimulation from the efficient spiral toroidal vortex.
The overlithiation and delithiation behaviors of sol-gel formed LiNi0.75Co0.25O2 are investigated in this work. As an insertion host material, LiNi0.75Co0.25O2 is cycled in a broad working potential range of 1.35–4.3V. It shows two lithiation platforms at 1.75/3.6V and only one reverse delithiation platform at 3.7V. The long lithiation platform at 1.75V is attributed to the overlithiation behavior of LiNi0.75Co0.25O2. Although overlithiation reaction takes place below 2.0V, LiNi0.75Co0.25O2 can maintain electrochemical reversibility during the initial 20 cycles. To study the overlithiation/delithiation process, the structural evolution of LiNi0.75Co0.25O2 is thoroughly observed by in-situ X-ray diffraction method. It can be found that the electrochemical reaction between LiNi0.75Co0.25O2 and Li in 1.35–4.3V is a reversible process, which is associated with a single-phase transition process above 3.0V and a two-phase transformation below 2.0V. This result not only demonstrates the high structural and electrochemical reversibility of LiNi0.75Co0.25O2 in 1.35–4.3V, but also proves the improved structural stability of LiNi0.75Co0.25O2 via partial replacement of Ni by Co in layered LiNiO2.
To understand the application of transition metal based diselenide for electrochemical applications, NiCoSe2 is proposed as an excellent candidate with interesting physical and chemical properties. In this work, we have demonstrated the synthesis of NiCoSe2, NiCo2S4, and NiCo2O4 with different structures by using a simple hydrothermal method and further used as the electrode materials for electrochemical sensor and supercapacitor applications. For the first time, NiCoSe2 was used as a working electrode material to study the electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and successively compared with the sensing response obtained at NiCo2O4 and NiCo2S4 modified electrodes. Especially, the detailed electrochemical kinetics of NiCo2O4, NiCo2S4, and NiCoSe2 electrodes were comparatively studied. The obtained results clearly indicate an excellent electrocatalytic activity of NiCoSe2 towards the electrochemical sensing of H2O2 than that of NiCo2O4 and NiCo2S4. The NiCoSe2 modified electrode exhibited an ultra-low detection limit (0.03 μM) and sensitivity (8.46 μA μM−1 cm−2) of H2O2. Additionally, we reported an excellent specific capacitance (1408.5 F g−1), higher specific surface area (94.81 m2/g) and lower charge transfer resistance (Rct = 0.13 Ω) of NiCoSe2. Finally, we scrutinized that the NiCoSe2 is a promising electrode material for both electrochemical sensor and supercapacitor applications.
Development of microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology must address the challenges associated with energy extraction from large-scale MFC systems consisting of multiple modules. Herein, energy extraction is investigated with a 200-L MFC system (effective volume of 100 L for this study) treating actual municipal wastewater. A commercially available energy harvesting device (BQ 25504) is used successfully to convert 0.8–2.4 V from the MFCs to 5 V for charging ultracapacitors and running a DC motor. Four different types of serial connection containing different numbers of MFC modules are examined for energy extraction and conversion efficiency. The connection containing three rows of the MFCs has exhibited the best performance with the highest power output of ∼114 mW and the conversion efficiency of ∼80%. The weak performance of one-row MFCs negatively affects the overall performance of the connected MFCs in terms of both energy production and conversion. Those results indicate that an MFC system with balanced performance among individual modules will be critical to energy extraction. Future work will focus on application of the extracted energy to support MFC operation.
During long and high current pulses, diffusion resistance becomes important in lithium-ion batteries. In such diffusion-intense situations, a static support vector machine-based battery model relying on instantaneous current, state-of-charge (SOC), and temperature is not sufficient to capture the time-dependent voltage characteristics. In order to account for the diffusion-related voltage dynamics, we suggest therefore the inclusion of current history in the data-driven battery model by moving averages of the recent current. The voltage estimation performance of six different dynamic battery models with additional current history input is studied during relevant test scenarios. All current history models improve the time-dependent voltage drop estimation compared to the static model, manifesting the beneficial effect of the additional current history input during diffusion-intense situations. The best diffusion resistance estimation results are obtained for the two-step voltage estimation models that incorporate a reciprocal square root of time weighing function for the current of the previous 100 s or an exponential time function with a 20 s time constant (1–8% relative error). Those current history models even improve the overall voltage estimation performance during the studied test scenarios (under 0.25% root-mean-square percentage error).
The lithium-rich layered oxides have been regarded as one of the most promising cathode materials for high energy lithium-ion batteries, while their commercial applications are still limited by the disadvantages of low initial coulombic efficiency, excessive capacity fading and voltage decay. Herein, a significant strategy has been proposed to combine the advantages of the formation of spinel phase, surface coating and surface treatment via a one-step strategy to improve electrochemical proprieties of lithium-rich cathode materials. The optimized lithium-rich layered particle with a unique spinel@NPPy (naphthalene sulfonic acid-doped polypyrrole) shell exhibits a high initial coulombic efficiency of 92% during the first charge-discharge cycle. Moreover, the as-prepared sample displays excellent cycling performance with a capacity retention of 89% after 200 cycles at 0.5 C, while only 68% for the pristine one. Remarkably, the corresponding voltage decay of the modified material after 200 cycles is only 0.36 V, showing the voltage decay is well suppressed by this multiple regulation method. The impressive electrochemical performances of modified lithium-rich layered cathode material can be ascribed to its special surface engineering based on layered@spinel@NPPy heterostructure, which is conducive to shortening Li-ion diffusion paths, reducing charge transfer impedance and enhancing structural stability.
The low electrical conductivity and poor cycling stability at high current density of hausmannite (Mn3O4) have greatly limited its practical application in commercial lithium ion batteries (LIBs). In order to tackle these above issues, porous carbon encapsulated Mn3O4 has been designed and prepared. Carbon-encapsulated Mn3O4 (Mn3O4@C) prepared via a MOF-derived strategy shows attractive cycling stability and rate performance in both half-cells and full cells. It could stably deliver a capacity of 730.20 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 250 mA g−1. An average capacity of 421 mAh g−1 is obtained at a current density of 4000 mA g−1. After a 400-cycle test at 2000 mA g−1, the Mn3O4@C anode can maintain 70.90% of its initial capacity. Full cells using Mn3O4@C as anode and NCM-523 as cathode could stably cycle for 100 times at 200 mA g−1, with a 73.30% capacity retention. Conversion mechanism of the Mn3O4@C anode has been investigated by ex-situ XPS. Upon the first discharge, Mn3O4 is initially reduced into MnO and further reduced into metallic Mn0. The metallic Mn0 is then converted into MnO during the following charge. Subsequent lithiation/de-lithiation are governed by reversible conversion between MnO and metallic Mn0. Improved electrochemical performance of the Mn3O4@C anode is attributed to introduction of porous carbon, which could not only limit loss of active species but also enhance overall electrical conductivity. The Mn3O4@C composite can be a promising anode material for LIBs.
The paper studies the feasibility of applying piezoelectric actuators to suppress aeroelastic vibrations in a flexible aircraft so that the aeroelastic response can be tailored to comply with specified dynamic performance characteristics. To that end, an adaptive aeroelastic flight vehicle demonstrator concept was designed, developed, manufactured and tested. Closed-loop buffet attenuation, gust response alleviation and flutter suppression results are presented. The performance of the active aeroelastic control approach using piezoelectric actuators is compared to the performance of the aerodynamic control surfaces. Issues related to instrumentation for flight testing are presented as well.
A series of CNT⿿MnO2 nanocomposites containing different values of MnO2 were prepared and applied as the cathode materials in the Li-O2 batteries to obtain the optimum rate. The optimum theoretical ratio of MnO2 to the CNT used in synthesis was 60% (w/wcarbon) but the TGA analysis confirmed that the exact MnO2/CNT ratio in the optimum catalyst was 41% (w/wtotal). The CNT⿿60% MnO2 nanocomposite was characterized by FE-SEM, TEM, XRD, EDS, TGA, FT-IR, and N2 adsorption-desorption analyses. The Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and discharge⿿charge cycles were also studied for all the cathodes fabricated using various CNT⿿MnO2 nanocomposites. The N2 physisorption analysis showed a lower surface area for the produced composite compared to that of the pristine CNT but it did not negatively affect the battery rate. The synthesized CNT⿿60% MnO2 compound had a capacity of about 4600mAh/gtotalcathode at a current density of 1000mA/gtotalcathode. The battery fabricated using the optimum nanocatalyst revealed over-voltages equal to 0.20V and 0.87V for discharge and charge, respectively, having a cycleability using the current density of 100mA/gtotalcathode.
The question is how to conduct household waste composition studies. The review is divided into three parts: overview of known methods, sampling theory, and the waste components. Twenty methods are listed and commented on. There is no adopted, working international standard. In accordance with Pierre Gy’s Theory of Sampling, the seven types of sampling errors, when collecting and splitting solid samples, are described and commented on in relation to sampling of household solid waste. It is concluded that the most crucial choices in household waste composition studies are: to divide the investigation into relevant number and types of strata; to decide the required sample size and number of samples; to choose the sampling location, i.e., sampling at household level or sampling from loads of waste collection vehicles; and to choose the type and number of waste component categories to be investigated. Various classifications of household waste components used in composition studies are listed and discussed. Difficulties and weaknesses of the reviewed methods are discussed and concluded in suggested questions for further research.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was shown to be an effective method to quantitatively evaluate the stability of battery-grade copper foils in lithium-ion battery electrolytes at open-circuit. The results showed that copper stability was different between “fresh” electrolyte and electrolytes that had been “aged” for 6 months. In the “fresh” electrolyte, the copper foils showed a small amount of dissolution (up to ∼50ppm) during their storage for up to 20 weeks. In the “aged” electrolyte, a large amount of copper dissolution (up to several hundred ppm) was found. The study showed that the condition of the electrolytes was critical to the stability of the copper foils.
Lithium-rich manganese-based layer-structured oxides (xLi2MnO3⋅(1-x)LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2) have attracted great attention for their potential applications as cathode materials of high energy-density lithium ion batteries. However, these oxides suffer from inferior cycling and poor rate capability due to presence of the Li2MnO3 phase. Herein, the Li+ ions in the Li-layer of the Li1.2Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13O2 (or 0.5Li2MnO3⋅0.5LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2) are partially substituted with aliovalent Ti4+ ions to improve its long-term cycling stability and rate performance. The obtained oxide (Li1.2-xTixMn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13O2, x = 2.5%) exhibits an initial capacity of 320 mAh g−1 and a capacity retention of 71% after 300 cycles as well as good rate performance. In addition, although Ti doping cannot prevent the transformation from the layered to the spinel-like phase, it stabilizes the structure of the spinel-like phase below 3.0 V. Based on first-principles calculations and performance evaluation, these improvements are attributed to the Ti-doping induced enhancement in conductivity, diffusion, activation energy of Mn migration and TiO bonding. This novel design may furthermore open a door for the synthesis of lithium-rich materials with high rate performance.
Electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) have been assembled with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the electrodes and a novel binary room temperature molten salt (RTMS) composed of lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide (LiN(SO2CF3)2, LiTFSI) and acetamide as the electrolyte. The electrochemical performances of the RTMS and the EDLC are evaluated with cyclic voltammetry (CV), ac impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge/discharge, etc. The EDLC with these components show excellent electrochemical properties in specific capacitance, rate and cycling performances at ambient and elevated (60°C) temperatures, indicating that RTMS is a promising electrolyte for advanced EDLCs.