batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A series of lithium electrolyte materials based on hybrid of semi Inter penetrating Polymer Network of [poly(ethylene glycol)-polyurethane-polymethylmethacrylate] [60:40] and TiO2 nanofibers is described. TiO2 nanofibers are made by simple solvothermal procedure. Rutile phase of TiO2 and its fibrous morphology are confirmed by X-ray diffraction pattern and scanning electron microscopy image respectively. Semi Inter penetrating Polymer Network of polyethylene glycol-polyurethane/polymethylmethacrylate with LiClO4 and its nanocomposite with different weight percent of TiO2 nano fibers have been synthesized. The formation of Inter penetrating Polymer Network and its amorphous nature are confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction pattern and differential scanning calorimetry results. Thermo gravimetric analysis shows enhanced thermal stability of the composite compared to the semi Inter penetrating Polymer Network system. The electrical characterizations of the nanocomposites are done by current–voltage (I–V) measurements and impedance spectroscopy. These results confirm that incorporation of TiO2 nanofibers by 18% enhances the conductivity of the Inter penetrating Polymer Network system by ten times. The nanoscale structure of the inorganic material is found to be responsible for the bulk properties of the system, especially those that differ from the properties of similar, pure salt-in-polymer electrolytes. Further differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy and impedance data confirm the presence of two polymeric phases in the semi Inter penetrating Polymer Network. Power law exponents of individual phase of that semi Inter penetrating Polymer Network obtained by simulated fitting of the conductivity versus log frequency profile using universal power law reveals that cationic hopping in the polymethylmethacrylate phase and anionic hopping in the polyethylene glycol-polyurethane phase contribute significantly to the charge transport processes in these semi Inter penetrating Polymer Network.
During operation of a Li-ion cell, lithium diffuses in and out of the solid phase anode and cathode. Measuring the lithium concentration within the electrodes of the cell over its operational life could provide key information for understanding the loss of active lithium and the associated aging mechanisms. Concentration profiles of lithium in a cell are difficult to measure with traditional spectroscopic techniques. Here, neutron depth profiling was used to measure lithium near-surface concentration profiles along the anode and cathode strips in off-the-shelf cylindrical Li-ion batteries as a function of the aging process. A buildup of the surface concentration of lithium was found in graphite anode as well as a general decrease in the intercalation efficiency in lithium iron phosphate cathode material with aging.
Due to their unusual sets of properties, ionic liquids have many important applications in devices and processes for the production, storage and efficient use of energy and other resources.
We report here a carbonate-free electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries with low flammability which consist of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) and 2-methylglutaronitrile (MGN) (LiFSI/MGN). LiFSI/MGN enables reversible lithium ion intercalation into graphite without any additives or co-solvents due to LiFSI and MGN-derived SEI formed on the surface of graphite negative electrode. LiCoO2/graphite full-cells with LiFSI/MGN show good cycle stability even at 1C despite its low ionic conductivity and high viscosity while those with LiFSI/succinonitrile (SN) and lithium bis(trifluorosulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI)/SN exhibit capacity fade. Moreover, LiFSI/MGN shows stable liquid phase at low temperature owing to its branched structure. Thus, LiFSI/MGN opens the possibility of lithium-ion batteries with enhanced safety owing to the high thermal stability and low flammability of MGN.
Porous nanosheet-structured materials have received great attention because of their promising applications in energy field. Construction of porous metal oxides nanosheets on three-dimensional (3D) electro-conductive substrates is an effective way to further enhance electrochemical performance of energy storage devices. Herein, porous transition metal oxides (i.e. ZnO, Co3O4) nanosheets derived from MOFs coated 3D substrates (i.e. 3D nickel foam, carbon fiber) are successfully synthesized by a facile liquid-phase deposition method with subsequent calcination. The growth mechanism of MOFs with nanosheet morphology coated 3D substrates is investigated. As a proof of concept application, the Co3O4/3DNF hybrid, possessing the advantages of porous nanosheet-structured and 3D electro-conductive substrates, is used as a binder-free anode material for lithium-ion battery, which exhibits high-rate capability and long-term cyclic stability. High discharge capacities of 1135, 1268, 1226, 1130, 923, 751, and 543mAhg−1 are obtained at the current densities of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20Ag−1, respectively. Even measured at 25Ag−1, it still retains a desired discharge capacity of 364mAhg−1. Besides, the long-term cyclic stability up to 2000 cycles can be obtained at 5Ag−1 and 20Ag−1.
The mineral eldfellite, NaFe(SO4)2, is characterized as a potential cathode for a Na-ion battery that is fabricated in charged state; its 3 V discharge versus sodium for reversible Na+ intercalation is shown to have a better capacity, but lower insertion rate than Li+ intercalation. The theoretical specific capacity for Na+ insertion is 99 mA h g−1. After 80 cycles at 0.1C versus a Na anode, the specific capacity was 78 mA h g−1 with a coulomb efficiency approaching 100%.
Our modern world is involved with technology and internet more than any time. Internet of things has been invented for the comfort of humans. Smart grid is one of the most highlighted aspects of internet of things. Routing of these networks is a significant point and the aim in this article is to find an algorithm which is based on internet of things routing and it may reduce the path between source and destination to decrease power consumption of nodes. In this paper, we introduce an algorithm which find out the shortest path between source and destination. It notices number of hop and packet delivery rate that each node pass. This shortest path presents packets transfer from source to destination in a way which use the least amount of remaining energy of sensor batteries. This cause to reduce the energy consumption and helps to increase network’s life time. Moreover, we improve the effect of number of hops between source to destination to 33% in minimum and average and also 34% for maximum case. Furthermore, by considering the effect of send and receive between middle nodes minimum state became 17%, average about 41% and maximum case became 42%.
In this perspective, we outline that a space borne gravitational wave detector network combining LISA and Taiji can be used to measure the Hubble constant with an uncertainty less than 0.5% in ten years, compared with the network of the ground based gravitational wave detectors which can measure the Hubble constant within a 2% uncertainty in the next five years by the standard siren method. Taiji is a Chinese space borne gravitational wave detection mission planned for launch in the early 2030 s. The pilot satellite mission Taiji-1 has been launched in August 2019 to verify the feasibility of Taiji. The results of a few technologies tested on Taiji-1 are presented in this paper.
Electronic waste is an emerging problem of entire world and a growing environmental menace. The growing population and insatiable demand for electronic devices is creating this world’s fastest growing waste stream. It is multiplied due to rapid buoyant economic growth, strong urge for digitally connected world, green energy initiatives and fast changing technology leading to rapid product obsolescence. These wastes are not only environmentally hazardous adversely but also causing loss of valuables and scarce materials like gold, silver, copper, platinum, palladium, rare earths etc. in addition to hazardous chemicals. The world produces 50 million tonnes e-waste annualy. Worldwide, only 20% of e-waste is handled appropriately, leaving large e-waste unused. Voluminous e-waste offers a huge economic opportunity with the material value alone worth $62.5 billion. Thus, e-waste is a precious resource for urban mining. Harvesting the resources from e-waste is largely less energy intensive and produces substantially less carbon-dioxide emissions than mining in the earth’s crust. It also offers an unparalleled opportunity for global businesses and workers worldwide. India is the fourth largest producer of e-waste in the world, generating about 2 million tonne annually, but recycling only 1.5% of total. Over 95% of e-waste generated is managed by informal sectors. Due to growing concern on e-waste management, many countries are adopting e-waste legislation. India also adopted legislation in 2016. India’s e-waste policy is environment centric rather than economic aspect. This global review on the subject, including focus on India is prepared in two parts and this part-I presents a review of e-waste statistics, potential of recovering rare earths and need to strengthen legislation. Part-II is focussing on the technologies available for the extraction of valuable metals including the Rare Earth Elements.
Abstract The paper outlines an insight into Tata Motors’ perspective for sustainable and environmentally friendly transportation with particular emphasis upon the role of transport electrification. It then describes the development of the Tata Vista EV focusing upon the major areas of technical development that were necessary and how these were tackled. The paper then moves on to discuss the development and performance of a higher specification and even more eco-friendly vehicle version of the Vista EV, termed Vista EVX, to participate in the Progressive Automotive X-Prize competition which took place in the USA during the summer of 2010. One of the big areas of uncertainty when developing electric vehicles is that of the customer usage patterns. Tata Motors European Technical Centre and partners, in a TSB collaborative R&D programme (CABLED), are now gaining experience and data and significant points from this are shared in the paper.
Automobile drivetrain hybridization is considered as an important step in reducing greenhouse gases and related automotive emissions. However, current hybrid electric vehicles are a temporary solution on the way to zero emission road vehicles. Recently there has been a lot of interest in the concept of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, which have great potential to attain higher fuel economy and efficiency, with a longer range in pure electric propulsion mode. PHEVs represent the next generation of hybrid vehicles that bridges the gap between present hybrid electric vehicles and battery operated electric vehicles. In this paper a brief review of design considerations and selection of major components for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is provided. This paper also focuses on the technological challenges ahead of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in relation to its major components, which are reviewed in detail. The importance of economics and government support for the successful deployment of this plug-in hybrid technology in the near future to achieve national energy security is also discussed in the paper.
The thermal effects and mechanical effects on the durability of proton exchange membranes (PEMs) have been studied extensively in the literatures. However researches on the thermo-mechanical coupling behavior of PEMs are very limited. In this study, the interaction of mechanical and thermal effects in Nafion® NRE-212 was investigated using experimental methods. The thermo-mechanical coupling experiments were conducted following the in-phase proportional loading path, where the maximum/minimum mechanical loads and temperatures occur simultaneously and out-of-phase non-proportional rectangular loading paths where a phase difference of 90° existed between thermal and mechanical loads. During the creep processes under a variable temperature in out-phase profiles, the creep strain was found to be history-dependent in the membrane. The effect of initial temperature on the creep was significant in the first cycle. Moreover, temperature cycles were applied as thermal loading conditions and the history-dependence was also observed for thermal stresses. The maximum thermal stress did not occur at the lowest temperature.
Current carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are typically synthesized with micrometer lengths, low dispersion and low purity and thus oppose their applications in many fields. In this study, we make the first report on using a Fe compound (FeS) as a catalyst for controlling the length of CNTs to be less than 300nm. This is achieved by dissolution of a proper proportion of ferrocene and thiophene in alcohol and pyrolysis of this solution at high temperature. Sulfur, resulting from the decomposition of thiophene, is shown to play key roles in promoting the growth of CNTs and limiting their length. The reason is suggested to be that FeS retards the dissociation of carbon source and diffusion of carbon in it as compared with pure Fe. Short CNTs from the present direct synthesis and from our previous solid-state cutting are used as an electrode material in Li-ion batteries and catalyst supports in fuel cells. Compared with conventional long CNTs, short CNTs show much better electrochemical performance. Due to the simplicity of the present synthetic technique, it may be used for mass production of short CNTs. Furthermore, the application of such a new material may be investigated in wide areas such as information technology, biomedicine, environmental and energy industries.
The influences of temperature, H2SO4 concentration and Sn content on corrosion behaviors of PbSn alloys in sulfuric acid solution were investigated by potentiodynamic curve, cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweeping voltage (LSV), electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), a.c. voltammetry (ACV) and Mott–Schottky analysis. The microstructure of the corrosion layer on PbSn alloy was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the corrosion resistance of PbSn alloy increased with ascending Sn content and H2SO4 concentration, the increment of temperature can decrease the corrosion resistance of PbSn alloy in H2SO4 solution. The conductivity of the anodic film on PbSn alloy was enhanced with increasing temperature, ascending Sn content and descending H2SO4 concentration. SEM result revealed that the corrosion film after cyclic voltammetry was consisted of tetragonal crystal, the porosity enlarged with decreasing temperature, Sn content and H2SO4 concentration.
Anycast is a point to point flow of packets for obtaining services or sending data to one of a multitude of destinations that share one address. To meet needs of real time and multimedia applications, anycast routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) must provide faster service with better Quality of Service (QoS). This paper proposes an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) based multiple QoS constrained anycast routing in MANETs by using a set of static and mobile agents. Three types of agents are used in the scheme: static anycast manager agent, static optimization agent, and mobile anycast route creation agent. The scheme operates in the following steps. (1) Optimization agent at the client optimizes membership functions for bandwidth, link delay and packet loss rate to develop Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) by using ANFIS. (2) Anycast route creation agents are employed by the client to explore multiple paths from source (client) to all anycast members (servers) through intermediate nodes. These agents gather intermediate node's information such as available bandwidth, link delay, residual battery power, and stability of anycast servers. The information is passed on to the client. (3) Anycast manager agent at the client performs finding QoS factor by using optimized FIS for every path, and selects QoS anycast path based on QoS and server stability factor, and (4) Anycast route creation agent is also employed for maintaining the QoS path in the event of node/link failures. The simulation results demonstrate reduction in end-to-end delay and control overhead, improvement in packet delivery ratio and path success ratio, as compared to shortcut tree based anycast routing (SATR) in MANETs.
Down syndrome (DS; trisomy 21) is the most frequent cause of mental retardation with major cognitive and behavioral deficits. Although a series of aberrant biochemical pathways has been reported, work on signaling proteins is limited. It was, therefore, the aim of the study to test a selection of protein kinases and phosphatases known to be essential for memory and learning mechanisms in fetal DS brain. 12 frontal cortices from DS brain were compared to 12 frontal cortices from controls obtained at legal abortions. Proteins were extracted from brains and western blotting with specific antibodies was carried out. Primary results were used for networking (IntAct Molecular Interaction Database) and individual predicted pathway components were subsequently quantified by western blotting. Levels of calcium–calmodulin kinase II alpha, transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 as well as phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) were reduced in cortex of DS subjects and network generation pointed to interaction between PTEN and the dendritic spine protein drebrin that was subsequently determined and reduced levels were observed. The findings of reduced levels of cognitive-function-related protein kinases and the phosphatase may be relevant for interpretation of previous work and may be useful for the design of future studies on signaling in DS brain. Moreover, decreased drebrin levels may point to dendritic spine abnormalities.
This review deals with the membrane desalination techniques, reverse and forward osmosis, run by solar energy. Photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors are favorable substitutes for fossil fuels, which are being plundered and cause climate changes. The present paper provides its readers with a novel classification of previous works on membrane methods and the kinds of collectors, which shed light on the significant role of solar energy and systems as green renewable energy in producing drinking water for human beings. The photovoltaic-integrated reverse osmosis systems are advocated by 53% percent of all articles. In addition, energy, exergy, and techno-economic analyses have been done under various conditions. The optimized and modified designs of reverse osmosis, powered by solar thermal collectors, make the systems greatly expanded the entire world. From another side, the capability of forward osmosis (FO) to provide potable water provokes researchers to investigate the ambiguities about the influence of solar collectors on the system performance and water production cost. Nevertheless, the efforts continue to retrofit FO, the number of papers is not sufficient, and the wide field of the subjects about solar forward osmosis has not been covered yet.
Background In recurrent/unresponsive vaginal discharge a vaginal foreign body should be considered. Case We present the case of a 13-year-old girl who suffered from a foul-smelling dark brownish and malodorous vaginal discharge since the age of 7 years. When the girl was 11 years old, a foreign body was discovered on ultrasound imaging; removal by colposcopy failed, because of the complete battery inclusion in the posterior vaginal wall. Two years later, at our institution, radiological images yielded the general position of the foreign body; colposcopy showed complete vaginal stenosis. Forced dilatation allowed surgical removal of the battery which was embedded in the vaginal fundal wall. Summary and Conclusion Early removal of foreign objects prevents ulceration, necrosis, stenosis, perforations, and late serious sequelae such as pelvic inflammation and infertility.
Electrochemical energy storage technologies such as batteries and supercapacitors have a great potential for use in many applications. However, to meet the increasing demand in both the energy and power densities of these devices, further research and development are essential to overcome major obstacles such as cost and durability, which are hindering their commercialization. Herein, we report on the successful deposition of amorphous Mn-Co-Fe ternary hydroxide nanoplatelets directly on Ni foam without the need for any binders. The material was fully characterized using EDS, XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, XPS and FE-SEM techniques. Upon their use as supercapacitor electrodes, the deposited amorphous mixed hydroxide nanoplatelets demonstrated a maximum specific capacitance of 1200 F/g at a scan rate of 5 mV/s. The asymmetric supercapacitor device showed an energy density of 11.4 Wh/kg with a corresponding power density of 1125 W/kg at a charging current density of 1.5 A/g as calculated from the galvanostatic charging/discharging (GCD) measurements. The cyclic stability of the assembled device was scrutinized via GCD test for 4000 cycles while measuring its electrochemical impedance spectra before and after cycling. The decay in the supercapacitive performance was found to be as low as ∼4% after 4000 GCD cycles, indicating an excellent long-term stability, with the equivalent series resistance (ESR) remained almost constant during those cycles.
Lead sulphate transforms into PbO2 and Pb in the positive and negative electrodes, respectively, when a lead acid battery is charged, thus, it is an active material. It is also generally acknowledged that sulphation results in the failure of lead acid batteries; therefore, it is very interesting to find out how to make lead sulphate more electrochemically active. Here, we demonstrate that nanocrystalline lead sulphate can be used as excellent negative active material in lead acid batteries. The lead sulphate nanocrystals, which are prepared by a facile chemical precipitation of aqueous lead acetate and sodium sulphate in a few minutes, look like crosses with diameter of each arm being 100 nm to 3 μm. The electrode is effectively formed in much shorter time than traditional technique, yet it discharges a capacity of 103 mA h g−1 at the current density of 120 mA g−1, which is 24% higher than that discharged by the electrode made from leady oxide under the same condition. During 100% DOD cycles, more than 80% of that capacity remains in 550 cycles. These results show that lead sulphate can be a nice negative active material in lead acid batteries.
For an accurate estimate of the specific capacitance it is imperative that the mass of active material be known. This is of particular importance for thin films of electrodeposited manganese dioxide, where the conventional determination of active material is not possible. Here we compare three indirect methods of mass analysis; namely, by integration of chronoamperometric i–t data, through the use of the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, and via manganese analysis of the deposit via ICP-OES. Each of these approaches was shown to be complicated by a range of experimental artefacts; however, it was concluded that the integration method was the preferred approach because of its focus only on the electroactive manganese species within the electrode.