batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) was used to study the reductive decomposition of an electrolyte based on ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC), as well as the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in this electrolyte, at thick (75–100μm) porous graphite composite electrodes. A number of graphite electrodes differing in their electrochemical lithium intercalation properties were investigated in potential-sweep experiments. They proved to be similar with respect to the evolution of ethylene and hydrogen gas during the first two charge/discharge cycles. Due to an incomplete coulombic conversion, a high irreversible capacity, as well as slow diffusion kinetics and an enhanced ohmic resistance of the electrodes, SEI formation on these thick electrodes was not yet complete after the first charge/discharge cycle. Undesired gas evolution can be reduced by adding γ-butyrolactone (GBL) as an electrolyte co-solvent. The amount of ethylene and hydrogen gas evolved decreases with increasing percentages of GBL in an EC/DMC electrolyte, indicating that the SEI layer is built up from GBL rather than from EC decomposition products.
Several arguments have been proposed to support the hypothesis that supplementation with essential fatty acids (EFAs) could be valuable in the treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Indeed, this disorder seems to involve the monoaminergic systems which have been shown to be affected by polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status, at least in animal models. In addition, several studies have reported abnormal nutritional status with regard to EFAs in ADHD, indicating that lower levels of long-chain PUFAs occur more frequently in the plasma and/or red blood cells of ADHD subjects. Few nutritional EFA supplementation studies have been reported in ADHD to date, but several of them have shown increased blood EFA levels, although their effects on ADHD-related symptoms were not or were only partly successful. The current findings have not yet been clearly proved and require further investigation.
Several acid compounds have been employed as additives of the V(V) electrolyte for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) to improve its stability and electrochemical activity. Stability of the V(V) electrolyte with and without additives was investigated with ex-situ heating/cooling treatment at a wide temperature range of −5 °C to 60 °C. It was observed that methanesulfonic acid, boric acid, hydrochloric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, polyacrylic acid, oxalic acid, methacrylic acid and phosphotungstic acid could improve the stability of the V(V) electrolyte at a certain range of temperature. Their electrochemical behaviors in the V(V) electrolyte were further studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), steady state polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that the electrochemical activity, including the reversibility of electrode reaction, the diffusivity of V(V) species, the polarization resistance and the flexibility of charge transfer for the V(V) electrolyte with these additives were all improved compared with the pristine solution.
Background Cognitive impairment is the gradual loss of one’s ability to learn, remember, pay attention, and make decisions. Cognitively impaired elderly people are a challenging patient population for dental health care professionals and may be at higher risk of developing oral health diseases. The authors systematically reviewed interventions effective at improving dental health in patients with cognitive impairment and described research gaps remaining. Types of Studies Reviewed In a comprehensive search of multiple databases, the authors identified 2,255 studies published in the English language from 1995 through March 2016. The authors included studies if the investigators evaluated oral health measures after an intervention in patients 65 years or older with cognitive impairment or dementia. Nine full-text articles met the criteria for inclusion. Results Only 1 study was a randomized control trial, whereas all others lacked appropriate controls. Investigators studied the effects of dental treatments, battery-powered devices for oral hygiene, and training of care staff members. Most interventions improved some aspect of the oral health of patients with dementia, and results were more pronounced when patients required assistance while performing oral hygiene tasks or had poor oral health at baseline. Conclusions and Practical Implications A basic care plan for patients with dementia should, at the minimum, match prevention strategies recommended for healthy elderly patients. Dental health care professionals should promote oral hygiene education for caregivers for elderly patients with cognitive impairment. There is a wide gap in knowledge regarding effective methods specifically to improve oral health in patients with dementia.
The aim of this study was to analyze semantic and episodic memory deficits in children with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) and their correlation with clinical epilepsy variables. For this purpose, 19 consecutive children and adolescents with MTS (8 to 16years old) were evaluated and their performance on five episodic memory tests (short- and long-term memory and learning) and four semantic memory tests was compared with that of 28 healthy volunteers. Patients performed worse on tests of immediate and delayed verbal episodic memory, visual episodic memory, verbal and visual learning, mental scanning for semantic clues, object naming, word definition, and repetition of sentences. Clinical variables such as early age at seizure onset, severity of epilepsy, and polytherapy impaired distinct types of memory. These data confirm that children with MTS have episodic memory deficits and add new information on semantic memory. The data also demonstrate that clinical variables contribute differently to episodic and semantic memory performance.
Acquired brain injury (ABI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world and is associated with high health care costs as a result of the acute treatment and long term rehabilitation involved. Different algorithms and methods have been proposed to predict the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs. In general, research has focused on predicting the overall improvement of patients with ABI. The purpose of this study is the novel application of data mining (DM) techniques to predict the outcomes of cognitive rehabilitation in patients with ABI. We generate three predictive models that allow us to obtain new knowledge to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of the cognitive rehabilitation process. Decision tree (DT), multilayer perceptron (MLP) and general regression neural network (GRNN) have been used to construct the prediction models. 10-fold cross validation was carried out in order to test the algorithms, using the Institut Guttmann Neurorehabilitation Hospital (IG) patients database. Performance of the models was tested through specificity, sensitivity and accuracy analysis and confusion matrix analysis. The experimental results obtained by DT are clearly superior with a prediction average accuracy of 90.38%, while MLP and GRRN obtained a 78.7% and 75.96%, respectively. This study allows to increase the knowledge about the contributing factors of an ABI patient recovery and to estimate treatment efficacy in individual patients.
Three-dimensional (3D) lamination-like transition metal oxide Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2, assembled with two-dimensional (2D) ultrathin nanosheets, is successfully synthesized using a combined co-precipitation and thermal treatment method. The material was investigated, for the first time, as the positive electrode material of an aqueous Na-ion capacitor battery. The structure and morphology of the as-prepared material are systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Its performance for Na-ion intercalation/deintercalation in a 1molL−1 Na2SO4 aquesous electrolyte is evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic cycling test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 electrode is charged between -0.8∼1.0V (vs. SCE) with no water decomposed. The reversible capacity of the electrode reached 157mAhg−1 at 0.05C and retained to be 84mAhg−1 and 51mAhg−1 at 0.20C and 0.50C, respectively. After 80 cycles at 0.20C, the specific capacity of Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 remains to be 42mAhg−1. The wide charge/discharge potential range and the high capacity reveal that the 3D lamination-like P2-Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 assembled with 2D ultrathin nanosheets can be a promising cathode material for low-cost aqueous Na-ion capacitor battery.
A correction to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-021-00800-4.
With the aid of ab initio calculations, we compare the phase behavior upon lithiation of rutile particles of different sizes and morphologies. A rationale for the differences in their structural behavior is provided by combining concepts from Crystal Field Theory and semi-empirical concepts, such as bond length variation, minimal volume expansion, with accounts for the effects of diffusion and the anisotropy of the Li-distribution. It is shown that the phase behavior of spaghetti-like nano-particles differs from bulk rutile as a result of an extended single phase insertion domain and increased disorder of Li-ions. As Li-ions strive to minimize their repulsions by increasing their mutual separation a regular network of Li-ions is formed, being a precursor to the transformation of the rutile host lattice into spinel.
Decentralized solar electricity is an important tool for expanding electricity access. Using data from sub-Saharan Africa, researchers identify a systematic scaling between reliability and cost. Future scenarios suggest these systems will compete with centralized grids on both cost and reliability.
The materials used for the negative and positive electrodes of rechargeable “lithium-ion” batteries have host structures that can accommodate and release lithium over a wide compositional range. In these batteries, carbon and intermetallic compounds have been widely exploited as the negative electrodes, and transition metal oxides as the positive electrodes. For a lithium-ion battery to perform adequately, the structural integrity of the electrode host structures must be maintained throughout discharge and charge for many hundreds of cycles. Nature provides many examples of stable compounds that can be produced under variable conditions of temperature and pressure. As such, the mineral world can be used as a guide for the selection of materials in technological applications. This paper highlights the structural relationships that exist between precious and semi-precious gems such as diamond, ruby (sapphire), spinel and peridot and insertion electrodes for lithium batteries.
We investigate the properties of nanosized TiO2 rutile by electrochemical methods and thermal analysis. The material shows a high capacity, high rate performance and excellent cycling stability. We can clearly prove the safer character of rutile electrodes by thermal analysis. The lithiated rutile electrodes exhibit exothermic reactions with a very small energy release and they are mainly related to surface film (SEI) decomposition. The impedance spectra strongly indicate the formation of a surface film, but the semicircles of charge transfer and SEI formation cannot be resolved at any potential. In addition a new pouch cell design which is suitable for in situ measurements such as FTIR, Raman and XRD is introduced and its efficiency is proven by in situ optical microscopy.
A critical aspect of air pollution exposure assessment is the estimation of the time spent by individuals in various microenvironments (ME). Accounting for the time spent in different ME with different pollutant concentrations can reduce exposure misclassifications, while failure to do so can add uncertainty and bias to risk estimates. In this study, a classification model, called MicroTrac, was developed to estimate time of day and duration spent in eight ME (indoors and outdoors at home, work, school; inside vehicles; other locations) from global positioning system (GPS) data and geocoded building boundaries. Based on a panel study, MicroTrac estimates were compared with 24-h diary data from nine participants, with corresponding GPS data and building boundaries of home, school, and work. MicroTrac correctly classified the ME for 99.5% of the daily time spent by the participants. The capability of MicroTrac could help to reduce the time–location uncertainty in air pollution exposure models and exposure metrics for individuals in health studies.
Although the use of nickel–cadmium batteries is decreasing mainly due to environmental concerns; nickel–cadmium batteries are the only ones that present an established recycling process. On the other hand, the fundamentals of such processes were not well studied. The aim of this work is to investigate the thermal behavior of the electrodes of nickel–cadmium batteries during the conditions used in the recycling process. Tests were carried out using a thermobalance simulating different recycling conditions. Vacuum decomposition of cadmium oxide occurs in two steps. The first step presents a fast rate of decomposition where almost 95% of the reaction is observed. The second step exhibits a low decomposition rate. The same behavior was observed using a reducing agent. Increasing the temperature increases dramatically the rate of cadmium oxide reduction and decomposition.
In this report, hydrated hydrogels are investigated for application in rechargeable zinc–air batteries (ZABs) based on their ionic conductivities, chemical stability, electrochemical windows and mechanical properties. Three different hydrogel networks, i.e., poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(4-vinylbenzenesulfonate-co-[3-(methacryloylamino)propyl]trimethylammonium chloride) (PAM), were chosen based on their chemical composition and different charged functional groups in the polymer network. Since the hydrogel network affects electrolyte uptake, which in turn may influence conductivity, understanding the correlation between hydrogel species and ionic conductivity provides insight into designing an appropriate gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) for ZABs. The relationship between ionic conductivity, water uptake and temperature are discussed. In ZAB cycling tests, although GPEs have a higher bulk resistance than aqueous electrolytes, they have lower interfacial and charge transfer resistances. The total resistance values for PVA and PAA, with 6 M KOH, vary from 4 to 6 Ω, which are lower than the values for KOH solution (∼11 Ω) and PAM with 6 M KOH (∼14 Ω). As such, this study demonstrates that GPEs show considerable promise for use as electrolytes in ZABs.
Rechargeable aqueous batteries are attractive owing to their relatively low cost and safety. Here the authors report an aqueous zinc/manganese oxide battery that operates via a conversion reaction mechanism and exhibits a long-term cycling stability.
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) can induce or modulate several neurobehavioral disorders. Duration and frequency of exposure of EMR is critical to develop cognitive disorders. Even though EMR-2450 is widely used, its effects on cognition in relation to mitochondrial function and apoptosis would provide better understanding of its pathophysiological effects. Therefore, a comparative study of different frequencies of EMR exposure would give valuable information on effects of discrete frequencies of EMR on cognition. Male rats were exposed to EMR (900, 1800 and 2450 MHz) every day for 1 h for 28 consecutive days. The cognitive behavior in terms of novel arm entries in Y-maze paradigm was evaluated every week after 1 h to last EMR exposure. Animals exposed to EMR-2450 MHz exhibited significant cognitive deficits. EMR-2450 MHz caused loss of mitochondrial function and integrity, an increase in amyloid beta expression. There was release of cytochrome-c and activation of apoptotic factors such as caspase-9 and -3 in the hippocampus. Further, there was decrease in levels of acetylcholine, and increase in activity of acetyl cholinesterase, indicating impairment of cholinergic system. Therefore, exposure of EMR-2450 in rats caused cognitive deficit with related pathophysiological changes in mitochondrial and cholinergic function, and amyloidogenesis.
Chemotherapy is associated with both somatic and psychological side effects. Music might ease these problems. Several randomized controlled trials have investigated the effect of music, but the results are inconclusive. We aimed to examine whether live or pre-recorded music listening decreases anxiety during chemotherapy in newly diagnosed lymphoma patients.
Among different factors contributing to foreign language learning, affective variables such as attitudes, orientations, motivation, and anxiety are of paramount importance. Among these various factors, learners’ attitude towards language learning is considered as one of the key factors in motivating the learners to learn that language. The present study investigates the correlation between attitude and speaking proficiency in the Iranian EFL context. The sample of the study consists of 70 EFL learners from three Institutions in the city of Darrehshahr. The Data were collected through using Gardner's Attitude/Motivation Test Battery Questionnaire and speaking Proficiency Test to assess the English speaking proficiency level. Means, S.D., percentage, Pearson product moment correlations, and Kolmogorov –Smirnov Test were used to analyze the data. The analyses revealed that EFL learners have very high attitude towards learning English and relationship between attitude and speaking proficiency learners is positive. The paper also reported some implications of the study.
Earth-abundant, active and stable water splitting electrocatalysts operating in the same electrolyte at all pH values is important for many renewable energy conversion processes. We report here the first carbon nanomaterials-based metal-free water splitting electrocatalyst. The nitrogen, phosphorus and oxygen tri-doped porous graphite carbon@oxidized carbon cloth (ONPPGC/OCC) electrocatalyst can be prepared by a simple cost-effective method using aniline, phytic acid and OCC as precursors. Being a robust integrated three-dimensional porous bifunctional electrode, ONPPGC/OCC enables a high-performance basic water electrolyzer with 10 mA cm−2 at a cell voltage of 1.66 V. Additionally, this electrode offers excellent catalytic performance and durability under both neutral and acidic conditions.
Porous poly(benzimidazole) (PBI) membranes of low vanadium ions permeability are described for an all vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The PBI membrane was prepared by a water vapour induced phase inversion process of a PBI polymer solution. The membrane has a symmetrical cross-sectional morphology. A low water permeability of 16.5 L (m2 h bar)−1 indicates the high hydraulic resistance stemming from a closed cell morphology with nanoporous characteristics. The PBI membrane doped with 2.5 M H2SO4 shows a proton conductivity of 16.6 mS cm−1 and VO2+ permeability as low as 4.5 × 10−8 cm2 min−1. The stability test of dense PBI membrane in VO2 + solution indicates good chemical stability. An all vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) operated with the porous PBI membrane shows 98% coulombic efficiency and more than 10% higher energy efficiency compared to VRFB operated with Nafion 112 at applied current densities of 20–40 mA cm−2. High in situ stability of the porous PBI membrane was confirmed by about 50 cycles of continuous charge and discharge operation of the battery.
Carissa opaca leaves are traditionally used in the treatment of male dysfunction and hormonal disorder as well as in oxidative stress in Pakistan and Asia. The present study was designed to assess the protective effects of methanolic extract of Carissa opaca leaves (MLC) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced reproductive stress in male rats and bioactive constituents responsible for the activity.
A set of empirical expressions has been developed for performance assessment of underground munitions storage structures. These expressions, with the associated site characterization methodology, provide cost-effective techniques for siting, design and construction, loading density optimization, performance assessment, and risk analysis of sub-surface facilities. The developed technology uses site specific data on characteristics of the geologic and engineered systems. Using this approach, quantity–distance (Q–D) and maximum range for blast-induced hazardous fragments for accidental detonation of the magazine can be predicted. The mathematical expressions were validated in the field through a series of under 1-g explosion experiments on scaled-models of tunnels. Their applications were successfully verified through several full-scale prototype cases in the United States and Europe. This paper provides detail of the test program and steps taken to formulate and validate the empirical models. Finally, predictive capability of the models is compared with the results from full-scale magazine explosion tests.
Six thermophilic extremophiles, Anoxybacillus amylolyticus, Geobacillus thermoleovorans, Geobacillus thermoleovorans subspecies stromboliensis, Geobacillus toebii subspecies decanicus, Bacillus thermantarcticus and Thermus oshimai, isolated from different environmental sites, were studied for their heavy metal resistance. The effects of heavy metals on microorganism growth were studied here in a pilot fermenter tank spiked with various trace metals, (Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Hg2+, Mn2+, Cr6+, Cu2+, Fe3+ and Cd2+) at concentrations spanning from 0.01 to 20mM. Trace metal toxicity varied depending on the species and metal considered. Among the tested microorganisms, attention was focused on α-amylase producing-A. amylolyticus, an acidothermophilic bacterium recently isolated from geothermal soil samples from Mount Rittmann in Antarctica. The effect of heavy metals on the biosynthesis and activity of α-amylase of A. amylolyticus was investigated. When bacteria were grown in the presence of heavy metals, a decrease in α-amylase activity, correlated with a decrease in α-amylase production, was observed, suggesting an effect on the biosynthesis of the enzyme. A decrease in enzyme activity was also noted when the assay was performed in the presence of heavy metals. Thus, α-amylase could represent a potential sensitive bioassay for detecting trace heavy metals.
In this work, the LiFePO4 nanorods are synthesized in an ionic liquid (IL) in the presence of a surfactant. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction and nitrogen adsorption. The as-obtained LiFePO4 nanorods in the IL have the diameter of about 200nm and the length of 1–2μm; but the aggregated LiFePO4 microparticles are obtained in the aqueous solution. The results show that a higher temperature and a longer duration are needed in the IL than in the aqueous solution for the formation of LiFePO4; that both IL and the surfactant play the key roles in the formation of LiFePO4 nanorods. Furthermore, their charge and discharge properties are investigated. The LiFePO4 nanorods show a higher discharge capacity (150 at 1C rate) and a higher rate capability than the aggregated particles (133mAhg−1). The adopted IL approach may provide a “green” route to achieve excellent battery materials.