batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
TiO2(B) particles as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries were synthesized from three kinds of layered alkali titanates Na2Ti3O7, K2Ti4O9 and Cs2Ti5O11 via H+ ion-exchange followed by heating under several conditions in order to clarify the effect of synthesis conditions on crystal formation and electrochemical properties. Phase formation and crystal structure were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. Reducing of residual alkali cations in the intermediates with ion-exchanging for 2 weeks led to relative high crystallinity which is suitable for smooth migration of lithium ions and has low reactivity with a practical electrolyte. The primitive cell volume of TiO2(B) increased with decreasing heat-treatment temperature of the intermediates. A primitive cell volume of 0.300nm3 in TiO2(B) structure, which was successfully obtained from the precursor K2Ti4O9 by heating the intermediate at 350°C for 2h, causes an expanding of the lithium pathways and storage sites and had a high reversible capacity of 253.1mAhg−1 close to that of TiO2(B) nanopaticles. This TiO2(B) also showed good cycle performance with the reversible capacity after 200 cycles remaining 95% of the initial capacity, using a practical electrolyte such as LiPF6 in a solution of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate. Consequently, synthesis conditions of H+ ion-exchange time and heat-treatment temperature should be carefully optimized to obtain the large reversible capacity and stable cycle performance of TiO2(B) synthesized from the layered alkali titanates via the H+ ion-exchange process.
Thermodynamic methods of (energy and exergy) analysis are employed to illustrate energy use in industry. The scope for increasing energy efficiency, and the extent of exergetic ‘improvement potential’ are examined. Poor thermodynamic performance is principally the result of exergy losses in combustion and heat-transfer processes. The late Professor Willem van Gool (a distinguished Dutch physical chemist) was at the forefront of the development and application of energy and exergy methods. He also explored the link between energy and economics. The work of van Gool and others researchers who laid down the foundations of industrial energy analysis are reviewed. These contributions are placed in the broader context of the modern paradigm of sustainable development, and their implications for the future direction of European Union energy and environmental strategies are discussed. Thermodynamic concepts have been utilised by practitioners in a variety of disciplines with interests in environmental sustainability, including ecology, economics and engineering. Widespread concern about resource depletion and environmental degradation are common to them all. Van Gool was instrumental in stimulating a dialogue across the economic and physical sciences. Some researchers view thermodynamic parameters as mirroring energy transformations within society. However, it is argued (after Hammond GP. Engineering sustainability: thermodynamics, energy systems, and the environment. Int J Energy Res 2004;28:613–639.) that they may simply reflect a weak analogy or metaphor, rather than representing thermodynamic limits in a physical sense.
Religiosity and spirituality (R/S) have been shown to be related to better outcomes in many health service areas, including drug abuse treatment. The latter area, however, lacks a fully emergent empirical framework to guide further study. Moreover, although scientists have tested isolated hypotheses, no comprehensive process model has been designed and validated, limiting conceptual development as well. This paper reviews the relevant R/S and health research literature with a primary focus on drug treatment processes. Then a conceptual model is suggested to guide future incremental study of R/S assessment and intervention development. Implications for addiction health services include increased efforts to empirically validate R/S interventions, to increase practitioner competencies in this area, and to disseminate relevant research findings.
Navigation was introduced into total knee arthroplasty (TKA) to improve accuracy of component position, function and survival of implants. This study was designed to assess the outcome of navigated TKA in comparison with conventional implantation with the focus on rotational component position and clinical mid-term results.
Electric vehicles are dependent on onboard battery management systems that protect the battery from functioning outside its safe operating limits by monitoring its state of charge (SOC). Advanced online monitoring techniques are required so that the performance of the energy management is not lowered severely. However, the behavior of batteries is difficult to be predicted online because of its nonlinearity, intrinsic variability and fluctuating environmental conditions. Gaussian Process (GP)-Bayesian filters are based on probabilistic non-parametric Gaussian models of hidden states using available measurements. As a result, model response variability can be explicitly incorporated into the prediction and measurement steps, which is usually not the case for more traditional filtering strategies that resort to parametric models for state estimation. In this work, GP models were incorporated into nonparametric filtering techniques to monitor the battery SOC online. Results show that Bayes’ filtering techniques increase the predictability of the SOC under uncertainty about the effect of environmental conditions on the SOC.
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have wide-scale applications in the fields of energy storage (capacitors and batteries), power conversion (fuel cells), electrochemical sensing etc. In the present work, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) (PVDF-HFP) based SPEs with varying concentration of lithium triflate and composite solid polymer electrolytes (CSPEs) composed of BaTiO3 in addition to the optimised loading of lithium triflate in PVDF-HFP matrix are synthesized by solution casting technique. SPE with 10wt.% lithium triflate shows highest DC conductivity of 2.19×10−6 Scm−1 at 300K, which enhances to 8.89×10−6 Scm−1 by adding 4wt.% of BaTiO3. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the reduction in crystallite size of the polymeric matrix assists in enhancing the conductivity. Hence, the crystallite size, by altering the arrangement of the non-conducting polymeric chains, affects the ionic conductivity of the composites significantly.
Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O has been precipitated under supersaturation conditions from deaerated Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O and K2HPO4 aqueous, ethanol–water and iso-propanol–water solutions at pH=6.5 and ambient temperature. The precipitates have been characterised by TG/DTG/DTA and DSC techniques, chemical analysis, BET, and X-ray powder diffraction. The presence of ethanol and iso-propanol in the spontaneous precipitation process of ferrous phosphate leads to highly crystalline powder. Thermal treatment at 500°C yields a poorly crystalline dehydrated iron phosphate.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is the gold standard for the evaluation of axilla in clinically node-negative early breast cancers. There is limited data on the role and efficacy of the same in the post lumpectomy scenario. This prospective interventional study was conducted over 1 year on 30 post lumpectomy pT1/2 cN0 patients. SLNB was performed by preoperative lymphoscintigram using technetium-labeled human serum albumin followed by intraoperative blue dye injection. Sentinel nodes were identified based on blue dye uptake and gamma probe and sent for intra operative frozen section. Completion axillary nodal dissection was performed in all cases. The primary end point was sentinel node identification rate and accuracy of nodal frozen section. Sentinel node identification rate was 86.7% (n = 26/30) for scintigraphy alone and 96.7% (n = 29/30) using combined method. Average sentinel nodal yield/patient was 3.6 (range 0–7). Maximum yield was seen for hot and blue nodes (1.86). Sensitivity (n = 9/9) and specificity (n = 19/19) of frozen section were 100% with a false negative rate of 0% (0/19). Demographic factors such as age, body mass index, laterality, quadrant, biology, grade, and pathological T stage had no impact on the identification rate. Sentinel lymph node using dual tracer has a high identification rate and a low false negative rate post lumpectomy. Age, body mass index, laterality, quadrant, grade, biology, and pathological T size had no impact on the identification rate.
Document clustering is a powerful technique to detect topics and their relations for information browsing, analysis, and organization. However, clustered documents require post-assignment of descriptive titles to help users interpret the results. Existing techniques often assign labels to clusters based only on the terms that the clustered documents contain, which may not be sufficient for some applications. To solve this problem, a cluster labeling algorithm for creating generic titles, based on external resources such as WordNet, is proposed. Our method first extracts category-specific terms as cluster descriptors. These descriptors are then mapped to generic terms based on a hypernym search algorithm. The proposed method has been evaluated on a patent document collection and a subset of the Reuters-21578 collection. Experimental results revealed that our method performs as anticipated. Real-case applications of these generic terms show promising in assisting humans in interpreting the clustered topics. Our method is general enough such that it can be easily extended to use other hierarchical resources for adaptable label generation.
Recent efforts by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other researchers have resulted in a growing database of measured concentrations of chemical substances in blood or urine samples taken from the general population. However, few tools exist to assist in the interpretation of the measured values in a health risk context. Biomonitoring Equivalents (BEs) are defined as the concentration or range of concentrations of a chemical or its metabolite in a biological medium (blood, urine, or other medium) that is consistent with an existing health-based exposure guideline. This document reviews available pharmacokinetic data and models for cadmium and applies these data and models to existing health-based exposure guidance values from the US Environmental Protection Agency, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Health Canada, and the World Health Organization, to estimate corresponding BE values for cadmium in blood and urine. These values can be used as screening tools for evaluation of biomonitoring data for cadmium in the context of existing risk assessments for cadmium and for prioritization of the potential need for additional risk assessment and risk management efforts for cadmium.
Nowadays, optimization of solar systems is used to reduce system total cost, increased life cycle savings and improving thermal efficiency. It is very demanding for optimal utilization of solar resources to meet the energy demands. Various optimization techniques either deterministic or stochastic are implemented to achieve this objective. The stochastic techniques generate better results as compared to deterministic in large search space in low computation time. The optimal set of design and operating parameters are means to produce maximum system performance. This study includes review of various stochastic optimization techniques implemented in solar energy systems for performance enhancement. Based on the results given by various investigators, an attempt has been made to compare the stochastic optimization techniques in terms of providing maximum system performance of different solar systems.
Laccase from Cerrena unicolor was adsorbed on hydrophilic carbon nanoparticles (diameter=ca. 7.8nm) modified with phenyl sulfonate groups and immobilized on an ITO electrode surface in a sol–gel processed silicate film. As shown by scanning electron and atomic force microscopies, the nanoparticles are evenly distributed on the electrode surface forming small aggregates of tens of nanometers in size. The mediator-free electrode exhibits significant and pH-dependent electrocatalytic activity towards dioxygen reduction. The maximum catalytic current density (95μAcm−2) is obtained at pH 4.8 corresponding to maximum activity of the enzyme. Under these conditions dioxygen electroreduction commences at 0.575V vs. Ag|AgClsat, a value close to the formal potential of the T1 redox centre of the laccase. The scanning electrochemical microscopy images obtained in redox competition mode exploiting mediatorless electrocatalysis show that the laccase is evenly distributed in the composite film. The obtained electrode was applied as biocathode in a zinc-dioxygen battery operating in 0.1M McIlvaine buffer (pH 4.8). It provides 1.48V at open circuit and a maximum power density 17.4μWcm−2 at 0.7V.
Nowadays, the design and development of highly efficient and low–cost bifunctional electrodes for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are in urgent demand for energy conversion and storage technologies, such as fuel cells, metal–air batteries and water–splitting cells. Herein, to mitigate this challenge, a novel cost–effective flower–like Ni and N codoped hierarchical porous carbon microspheres (denoted as F-Ni/N-HPCMs) electrode has been fabricated by a simple two–step method. Benefiting from the unique structure property, the F-Ni/N-HPCMs show excellent ORR and OER performance. More importantly, H2–O2 alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cell (APEFC) fabricated with the F-Ni/N-HPCMs cathode shows an open circuit potential of 0.84V and a high performance of 208mWcm− 2. And, the performance is better than the reported APEFCs constructed with other non–precious metal electrodes. Hence, this work provides a new strategy to fabricate high performance electrodes for fuel cell storage.
A new electroactive polynuclear inorganic compound of a rare earth metal hexacyanoferrate, samarium hexacyanoferrate (SmHCF), was prepared by electrochemical deposition on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode with a potential cycling procedure. The cyclic voltammogram of SmHCF exhibits a pair of well-defined redox peaks with a formal potential of 191 mV (vs. SCE) at a scan rate of 100 mV/s in 0.2 M NaCl solution and the redox peak currents increase linearly with the scan rate up to 100 mV/s. The effects of the concentration of supporting electrolyte on the electrochemical characteristics of SmHCF and the transport behavior of K+, Na+ and Li+ counter ions through the ion channels of SmHCF were studied by voltammetry. The different electrochemical behavior of SmHCF in various cation-containing supporting electrolytes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy. The SmHCF was also characterized by FTIR techniques.
Previous research has reported mixed findings regarding executive function (EF) abilities in developmental coordination disorder (DCD), which is diagnosed on the basis of significant impairments in motor skills. The current study aimed to assess whether these differences in study outcomes could result from the relative motor loads of the tasks used to assess EF in DCD. Children with DCD had significant difficulties on measures of inhibition and planning compared to a control group, although there were no significant correlations between motor skills and EF task performance in either group. The complexity of the response, as well as the component skills required in EF tasks, should be considered in future research to ensure easier comparison across studies and a better understanding of EF in DCD over development.
Various biomaterials within the nanoscale range are being used in fabrication of nanoscaffolds for tissue engineering. The same unique physicochemical properties that render those nanomaterials (NMs) so valuable for biomedical applications may underlie, however, unforeseen adverse side effects. A major concern is the long-term effects of these NMs that remain in the human body and/or may be released over time, particularly, with respect to their potential carcinogenic effects. A series of genotoxicity tests are currently being used to guarantee, in a cost-effective manner, that novel biomedical substances are devoid of carcinogenic activity. Nevertheless, its application to the safety evaluation of NMs has been challenging and has produced some controversial results. This chapter emphasizes the relevance of the nanogenotoxicology studies, which incorporate the specific characteristics of the nanosized biomaterials into toxicological research, toward their safe utilization into innovative biomedical applications of which tissue engineering is one of the most promising.
The cycleability and rate performance of Li-ion batteries are mainly influenced by the characteristics of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film. The use of diphenyloctyl phosphate (DPOF) was investigated as an SEI-forming additive in electrolyte. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), three-electrode electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for the analyzes. The cell with DPOF had better cell performance than that without DPOF in cycle life tests and rate performance tests. In the three-electrode EIS tests, the impedance of the graphite anode electrode of the cell with DPOF was lower than that of the base electrolyte. In the XPS analysis, Li3PO4, which is known as inorganic substance that improves lithium ion conductivity, was formed on the SEI film by reduction of DPOF. From these results, the rate performance of the cell with DPOF was improved by the SEI film composed of Li3PO4.
A high performance TiNb2O7 anode material with a nanoporous nature, which was prepared by a facile approach, exhibits an average storage voltage of 1.66 V, a reversible capacity of 281 mA h g−1, and an 84% capacity retention after 1000 cycles, and may be suitable for long-life stationary lithium-ion batteries.
Polyaniline–V2O5 hybrid materials have been prepared by an oxidative intercalation reaction and the factors that affect their electrochemical discharge–charge performance have been investigated. The first discharge capacity of a sample produced from a nominal molar ratio of aniline: V2O5=3 (V2O5–(AN)3.0) is higher than that of a sample prepared from the lower ratio of aniline: V2O5=0.5 (V2O5–(AN)0.5). The V2O5–(AN)0.5 sample also shows better reversibility. Samples have been post-treated at different temperatures in air or oxygen. Post-treatment improves the electrochemical performance of V2O5–(AN)0.5 but degrades both the capacity and reversibility of V2O5–(AN)3.0. A V2O5–(AN)0.5 sample post-treated at 70°C in air exhibits the best discharge–charge characteristics.
The activity rhythm and use of space in the food-searching behaviour of ling (Molva molva L.) were studied by means of a stationary positioning system. The system consisted of a fixed array of three hydrophones, which monitored the position of each individual being tracked once every three minutes. Five ling were tagged in situ by allowing them to ingest a transmitter wrapped in bait and were tracked continuously for 6 to 11 days. Ling showed a crepuscular activity rhythm with higher levels of swimming activity at dawn and dusk. The fish occupied a home range throughout the study, and during inactive periods (about 65% of the time) they remained within a small core area. Most of the time spent outside the core area was during the period of high activity at dawn. Food-search behaviour was studied by setting mackerel-baited fishing gear in the experimental area. When baits were present, ling moved more slowly and within a more limited area, indicating area-restricted searching in the presence of a food odour. Ling responded to and located baits in both their active and inactive periods during the day, but were not observed to react at night. Comparing these findings with those from similar tracking experiments on cod (Gadus morhua L.) suggested that ling are less active at night and show a more restricted use of space by occupying a core area. This may reflect different feeding strategies between these gadoid species with ling taking a higher proportion of mobile prey and being more dependent on visual stimuli.
A child that used a wheelchair was anecdotally observed to display little aggressive behavior when being pushed in his wheelchair, but higher rates of aggressive behavior when movement was terminated. A functional analysis was conducted to systematically assess the relationship between aggression and wheelchair movement. The functional analysis results revealed elevated rates of aggression when it resulted in being briefly pushed in the wheelchair. This functional hypothesis was subsequently validated by teaching the child to request movement through appropriate means and demonstrating that aggression decreased under treatment conditions. These results extend prior research on functional analysis by demonstrating a previously unreported behavioral function particular to individuals with motor deficits.
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in upregulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) by reactive glia that impedes repair and regeneration in the spinal cord. Degradation of CSPGs is known to be beneficial in promoting endogenous repair mechanisms including axonal sprouting/regeneration, oligodendrocyte replacement, and remyelination, and is associated with improvements in functional outcomes after SCI. Recent evidence suggests that CSPGs may regulate secondary injury mechanisms by modulating neuroinflammation after SCI. To date, the role of CSPGs in SCI neuroinflammation remains largely unexplored. The recent discovery of CSPG-specific receptors, leukocyte common antigen-related (LAR) and protein tyrosine phosphatase-sigma (PTPσ), allows unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms of CSPGs in SCI. In the present study, we have employed parallel in vivo and in vitro approaches to dissect the role of CSPGs and their receptors LAR and PTPσ in modulating the inflammatory processes in the acute and subacute phases of SCI.
The thermal behavior of fully lithiated natural graphite flakes with different particle sizes has been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For DSC measurements, a fully lithiated graphite anode was heated in a hermetically sealed high pressure pan with a poly vinylidene diflouride (PVdF) binder and 1M LiPF6 solution in ethylene carbonate (EC)–diethyl carbonate (DEC) mixture. It has been founded that the particle size has a strong influence on the thermal stability of the lithiated graphite anode. The heat generation due to the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) decomposition increases with decreasing the particle size. The onset temperatures for exothermic reactions after initial SEI decomposition appear to be lower for graphite electrodes with smaller particle sizes. This is attributed to a thermal induced delithiation facilitated by reduced diffusion path and higher surface area in smaller graphites. The structural changes in graphites during DSC scan have been investigated by ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectrometer.
The magnetic treatment of hard water is an alternative, simple approach by which the hard water that needs to be treated flows through a magnetic field. This field is created by inducing current in a coil wrapped around a pipe. Consequently some of its properties, such as total dissolved salts (TDS), conductivity (E c) and PH change. The primary purpose of hard water treatment is to decrease TDS in the incoming liquid stream. Using performance data from the application of different magnetic field densities on the different flow levels of water, empirical mathematical models were developed relating the salt removal percentage (SRP) to operating flow rate and current of the coil. The obtained experimental results showed that the SRP increased with increasing the current at low flow rates (up to 0.75ml/s).