batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Corrosion layers on lead, lead–antimony and lead–calcium alloys doped with various components (Cd, Sn, Ba, and Ag) were studied using impedance spectroscopy. The films were formed under different potentials and polarization conditions in 4.8M sulfuric acid solution. The nature of the corrosion layer formed at the alloy-oxidation products interphase was studied using impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the processes proceeding at this boundary can be simulated with an equivalent circuit corresponding to a two-layer model of the corrosion film (an outer high-conducting part and an inner low-conducting one). Parameters of the proposed equivalent circuits were estimated.
Batch leaching tests and simulated landfill lysimeter tests were performed to evaluate the contents of heavy metals leached from spent batteries in the municipal solid waste. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure was utilized to perform the batch leaching tests of 36 spent batteries. Four lysimeters were prepared with battery contents ranging from 0% to 100% by weight for column tests, and the experiments were performed at ambient temperature. The age of all the batteries used in the study ranged from freshly disposed up to approximately 3 years old. The results from the batch tests showed that the type of battery influenced the heavy metal concentrations in the leached solutions. The lysimeter experiment results illustrated that at lower pH levels more metals are leached than at higher pH levels. The increasing amount of batteries disposed in landfills can contribute to the leaching of more metals, especially Mn and Zn, into the environment. These results indicate that the direct disposal of spent household batteries into a MSW landfill can increase the heavy metal contents in the landfill leachate.
Two designs of benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) were deployed at cold seeps in Monterey Canyon, CA, unattended for between 68 and 162 days. One design had a cylindrical solid graphite anode buried vertically in sediment, and the other had a carbon fiber brush anode semi-enclosed in a chamber above the sediment–water interface. Each chamber included two check valves to allow fluid flow from the sediment into the chamber. On average, power outputs were 0.2 mW (32 mW m−2 normalized to cross sectional area) from the solid anode BMFC and from 11 to 56 mW (27–140 mW m−2) during three deployments of the chambered design. The range in power produced with the chambered BMFC was due to different valve styles, which appear to have permitted different rates of chemical seepage from the sediments into the anode chamber. Valves with the lowest breaking pressure led to the highest power production and presumably the highest inputs of electron donors. The increase in power coincided with a significant change in the microbial community associated with the anode from being dominated by epsilonproteobacteria to a more diverse community with representatives from deltaproteobacteria, epsilonproteobacteria, firmicutes, and flavobacterium/cytophaga/bacterioides (FCB). The highest levels of power delivered by the chambered BMFC would meet the energy requirements of many oceanographic sensors marketed today. In addition, these BMFCs did not exhibit signs of electrochemical passivation or progressive substrate depletion as is often observed with buried anodes.
A considerable amount of research is being directed towards improving lithium-ion batteries in order to meet today's market demands. In particular in situ investigations of Li-ion batteries have proven extremely insightful, but require the electrochemical cell to be fully compatible with the conditions of the testing method and are therefore often challenging to execute. Advantageously, in the past few years significant progress has been made with new, more advanced, in situ techniques. Herein, a comprehensive overview of in situ methods for studying Li-ion batteries is given, with the emphasis on new developments and reported experimental highlights.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) consisting of LiCoO2 and graphite electrodes exhibit a trade-off relationship between their reversible capacity and cycle/calendar life in terms of the charge cut-off voltage. That is to say, a higher charge cut-off voltage leads to a larger reversible capacity and shorter cycle life. In order to develop LIBs that satisfy both performance criteria (i.e., have a high reversible capacity as well as a long cycling life), the degradation mechanism of the LiCoO2 electrode under float charge conditions and high temperatures is investigated while focusing on the relationship between the structural deterioration of the electrode and capacity fading. Durability tests performed on graphite/LiCoO2 cells under float charge conditions (4.4 V at 60 °C) induced a drop in the open-circuit voltage as well as capacity fading in the LiCoO2 electrode along with the dissolution of a large number of cobalt ions. Acoustic emission histometry, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy analyses of the LiCoO2 electrode after the float charge tests revealed that the degradation of the LiCoO2 electrode during the float charge tests occurred as per the following steps: (1) the HF generated by the decomposition of LiPF6 reacts with the charged LiCoO2 electrode, (2) the charged LiCoO2 electrode is disproportionated into CoO2 and Co2+ ions, and finally (3) the CoO2 having an O1 structure decomposes into cobalt oxides containing cobalt ions in a lower oxidation state, which is associated with the evolution of oxygen gas.
The electrochemical properties of solvent-free, ternary polymer electrolytes based on a novel poly(diallyldimethylammonium) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) as polymer host and incorporating PYR14TFSI ionic liquid and LiTFSI salt are reported. The PIL–LiTFSI–PYR14TFSI electrolyte membranes were found to be chemically stable even after prolonged storage times in contact with lithium anode and thermally stable up to 300°C. Particularly, the PIL-based electrolytes exhibited acceptable room temperature conductivity with wide electrochemical stability window, time-stable interfacial resistance values and good lithium stripping/plating performance. Preliminary battery tests have shown that Li/LiFePO4 solid-state cells are capable to deliver above 140mAhg−1 at 40°C with very good capacity retention up to medium rates.
We obtained energy-domain 61Ni synchrotron-radiation-based Mössbauer absorption spectra of three materials that relate to nanoparticles: Ni2(C8O6H2) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), Ni nanoparticles synthesized by complete heat decomposition of the MOFs, and the composites of Ni nanoparticles and the MOFs synthesized by partial decomposition of the MOFs. The 61Ni abundance of all the samples was not enriched but we were successfully able to obtain their spectra in 1 day or less, by using a highly efficient measurement system where the internal conversion electrons from energy standard 61Ni86V14 foil were detected. Although both nanoparticle constituent and MOF constituent in the composites included Ni atoms, the Mössbauer parameters of the Ni nanoparticle constituent could be evaluated; the magnetic hyperfine field of the Ni nanoparticle constituent in the composites was different from that of the Ni nanoparticles obtained by the complete heat decomposition. This difference implied that the 3d and/or 4s electron configuration of the nanoparticle constituent were affected by the MOF constituent in the composites.
The global availability of sodium and a possibility to avoid the use of copper current collectors make electrochemical sodium-ion storage attractive for battery and metal-ion capacitor applications. However, the use of Na instead of Li ions requires different electrode materials that can accommodate larger Na ions and still provide high charging rate and high volumetric capacity. Herein we report on the fabrication of porous Ti3C2 MXene/CNT composite paper electrodes for sodium-based energy storage devices. The heterostructure formation was realized by electrostatic attraction between negatively charged 2D MXene nanosheets and positively charged 1D CNTs. This method efficiently prevented restacking of MXene nanosheets and produced a well-defined porous structure, thereby facilitating electrolyte transport and access of ions to the electrode and producing functional MXene-based electrodes for sodium-ion storage. When applied as freestanding electrodes for sodium-ion storage, the built-to-order Ti3C2 MXene/CNTs porous films showed high volumetric capacity of 421mAhcm−3 at 20mAg−1, good rate performances, and excellent cycling stability. Prototype sodium-ion cells were also assembled using the as-prepared Ti3C2/CNTs anode and Na0.44MnO2 cathode. The fabrication of porous MXene/CNT composites, using simple self-assembly, opens the door to developing electrode materials with high volumetric capacity for sodium-ion storage.
The design of coastal and offshore structures requires design significant wave height having a certain return period. The commonly followed procedure to estimate the design wave height, does not give any consideration to the directions of waves approaching a site. Based on available one year measured data for three locations along the Indian coast and 18 years ship reported data for regions covering locations 1 and 3, the design wave height was estimated based on the method taking into account the directional distribution of H s. The conventionally obtained omni-directional 100-year design H s value was found to be marginally lower with a reduction factor of 4.6% at 23 m water depth and 0.5% at 15 m water depth when recalculated using directional H s distribution as basis.
The present study is to give a preliminary discussion on the potential applications, risks, food safety, and current regulatory situation of nanotechnology in relation to foods, thus to provide the industry, legislators, and government with some points, rather than a roadmap, that will need to be addressed as regulation for food nanotechnology moves forward. From the food industry and public safety standpoints, some recent food applications of nanotechnology, safety and risk problems of nanomaterials, routes for nanoparticles entering the body, existing regulations of nanotechnology in several countries, and a certification system of nanoproducts are discussed.
The conception of practical solar-hydrogen generators requires the implementation of engineering design principles that allow photo-electrochemical material systems to operate efficiently, continuously and stably over their lifetime. At the heart of these engineering aspects lie the mass transport of reactants, intermediates and products throughout the device. This review comprehensively covers these aspects and ties together all of the processes required for the efficient production of pure streams of solar-hydrogen. In order to do so, the article describes the fundamental physical processes that occur at different locations of a generalized device topology and presents the state-of-the-art advances in materials and engineering approaches to mitigate mass-transport challenges. Processes that take place in the light absorber and electrocatalyst components are only briefly described, while the main focus is given to mass transport processes in the boundary-layer and bulk liquid or solid electrolytes. Lastly, a perspective on how engineering approaches can enable more efficient solar-fuel generators is presented.
A battery separator is placed between the positive and negative electrodes to prevent electric contact of the electrodes while maintaining good ionic flow. The most commonly used separators for lithium-ion batteries are porous polyolefin membranes. However, they generally do not have good dimentional stability at elevated temperatures. In this study, a bilayer separator has been formed directly on an anode. This bilayer separator comprised a ceramic layer and a porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) layer. Coin cells with this type of separators showed stable cycling performance at room temperature. They also showed significantly improved rate capabilities compared to the reference cell with a conventional polyolefin separator. An oven test has been used to characterize the cells thermal stability. Charged cells were kept in an oven at 150°C and their voltage drop was recorded. The reference cell with a conventioal separator failed within about 50min, while no noticeable voltage drop was observed for the cells with the new bilayer separator within the measured 2h.
A facile two-step strategy involving a polyol method and subsequent thermal annealing treatment is successfully developed for the general synthesis of metal oxide/carbon coaxial nanocables. Benefitting from the strong coupling effect, these hybrid nanocables exhibit remarkable lithium storage properties with high capacity, long cycle life and excellent rate capability.
Evidence for performance deficits in psychopathic offenders on emotional processing tasks have been documented. However, studies that show performance improvements or elimination of anomalies under certain conditions are not consistent with a general insensitivity to emotion stimuli. The current study tests the hypothesis set forth by the Affect Regulation Theory (Penney and Kosson, manuscript submitted to Clinical Psychological Science) that psychopathic participants’ performance on an affective lexical decision task will reflect a speed-accuracy trade-off wherein accuracy on emotion-word trials correlates with response latency among psychopathic participants but not controls. Participants were 86 incarcerated male offenders divided into three groups using scores on the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised and DSM-IV criteria for ASPD (non-ASPD/non-psychopathic, ASPD/non-psychopathic; and ASPD + psychopathic). There was a significant Group x Response latency interaction for negative word trials, with greater accuracy associated with slower response times on negative word trials for ASPD + psychopathic individuals but not for the other groups. The implications of these results for hypotheses about emotional functioning in psychopathic offenders and for the recently proposed ART are discussed.
Differential voltage (dV/dQ) curve is examined to analyze the degradation of 30 Ah commercial lithium-ion batteries consisting of a Mn-based cathode and graphite anode during discharge. It is observed that the dV/dQ peak became sharper after the capacity faded. The corresponding peak change is confirmed by analysis of the electrode potential separation analysis using pseudo reference electrode and attributed to graphite voltage step at LiC12 single phase. In addition, the change in peak shape is not related to the degradation of lithium distribution in the electrode but is strongly related to the intercalation content in the graphite anode. Because the change in peak shape is observed only during discharge, charge voltage is recommended for the non-destructive analysis of lithium-ion batteries with graphite anode.
The charge retention and long-term storage properties of AB5-based Ni/MH batteries were studied by partial/complete replacements of Al- and Mn-contents by Ni in the AB5 alloys, separately. A high-temperature accelerated testing scheme (60°C and 60-days) was proven to be capable of predicting the status of batteries after long-term storages at room temperature (6-months and 293-days). Charge retention and impedance measured from the accelerated scheme can be correlated to the open-circuit voltage and impedance after long-term storage, respectively. While both Al and Mn were important to maintain good charge retention, Al, with its good oxidation resistance to slow down the oxidation/corrosion of the MH alloy, contributed to a lower internal impedance, Mn, on the other hand, slowed down the pulverization rate and reduced the irreversible capacity loss, however, contributed to a higher reversible capacity loss. The addition of Y2O3 in the positive electrode was found to raise the open-circuit voltage and reduce both reversible capacity loss and impedance increase during long period storage by slowing down the oxidation/corrosion of the MH alloy in the negative electrode.
In this investigation, several quasi-static mechanical tests on cylindrical Lithium-ion battery cells are performed to reveal the essential mechanical properties of the jellyroll. Utilizing the plastic flow rule, it was found that the homogenized mechanical properties of the jellyroll are similar to the clay (clay-like). According to the mechanical characteristics of clay, a linear equation was proposed to describe the nonlinear constitutive behavior of the jellyroll. An explicit finite element model for the jellyroll that could accurately predict its mechanical response during deformation using crushable foam constitutive behavior was established in HyperWorks/LS-DYNA to validate the proposed approach. The simulation results of various loading cases are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental results. By proposing a micro stress area, the stress-strain relations for components of the jellyroll were calculated individually. A finite element model was developed to compare the mechanical properties of the jellyroll by changing the thickness of different components, including the metal foils and the active particles. The simulation results indicate that the change of the thickness of the coating active particles will influence the mechanical properties of the jellyroll.
A pilot program concerning source separation of household waste was launched in Hangzhou, capital city of Zhejiang province, China. Detailed investigations on the composition and properties of household waste in the experimental communities revealed that high water content and high percentage of food waste are the main limiting factors in the recovery of recyclables, especially paper from household waste, and the main contributors to the high cost and low efficiency of waste disposal. On the basis of the investigation, a novel source separation method, according to which household waste was classified as food waste, dry waste and harmful waste, was proposed and performed in four selected communities. In addition, a corresponding household waste management system that involves all stakeholders, a recovery system and a mechanical dehydration system for food waste were constituted to promote source separation activity. Performances and the questionnaire survey results showed that the active support and investment of a real estate company and a community residential committee play important roles in enhancing public participation and awareness of the importance of waste source separation. In comparison with the conventional mixed collection and transportation system of household waste, the established source separation and management system is cost-effective. It could be extended to the entire city and used by other cities in China as a source of reference.
The PEO3:LiCF3SO3 polymer electrolyte has attracted significant research due to high conductivity and enhanced stability in lithium polymer batteries. Most experimental studies have shown that amorphous PEO lithium salt electrolytes have higher conductivity than the crystalline ones. Other studies, however, have shown that crystalline PEO salt complexes can conduct ions. As a result, further theoretical investigations are warranted to help clarify the issue. In this work, we use density functional theory with the climbing image nudged elastic band method to investigate the atomic-scale mechanism of lithium ion transport in the polymer electrolytes. We also use density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to obtain the amorphous structure of PEO3:LiCF3SO3. The diffusion pathways and activation energies of lithium ions in both crystalline and amorphous PEO3:LiCF3SO3 are determined. In crystalline PEO3:LiCF3SO3, the activation energy for the low-barrier diffusion pathway is approximately 1.0eV. In the amorphous phase, the value is 0.6eV. This result would support the experimental observation that amorphous PEO3:LiCF3SO3 has higher ionic conductivity than the crystalline phase.
Research has suggested that many with schizophrenia experience deficits in the ability to form complex ideas about their own mental states and those of others and to use that in the service of responding to the challenges of both everyday life and the illness itself. Preliminary evidence suggests that deficits in such metacognitive and social cognitive functions are a predictor of function independent of other aspects of schizophrenia. In this study, we explored whether the domain of metacognition that reflects the ability to form knowledge about one's own mental states and those of others and to use that knowledge to respond to psychological challenges, known as Mastery, was related to performance on a test of functional skills competence. Participants were 40 adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in a non-acute phase of illness. Metacognitive Mastery was assessed using the Metacognitive Assessment Scale (MAS) and skills competence was assessed using the UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment Battery (UPSA). Symptoms were also assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and executive function was assessed with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Correlations revealed a significant relationship between Mastery and the UPSA comprehension/planning subscale. This relationship persisted even after controlling for symptoms and executive function in a regression analysis. Results are consistent with the possibility that the ability to use metacognitive knowledge to respond to daily life is uniquely linked with certain forms of functional competence among persons with schizophrenia, independent of the effects of illness severity.
Some authors claim that maximizing subjective well-being is a more meaningful social objective than maximizing GDP and that other factors beyond income play a major role in defining well-being. In this work, we study two issues connected with this claim, looking at the context of OECD member countries. We look at the crowded category of proposed, “beyond GDP” policy-controlled factors, searching for evidence that some might be major determinants of national average subjective well-being. We also seek to compare any such effect with that of GDP, in order to evaluate if these factors have a better chance of leading to a maximization of well-being than GDP itself. In our analyses, we make use of partial order methods that have been rarely applied to this field of study. They seem particularly appropriate to the case, as well-being and its components are generally theorized as strongly multidimensional while standard modeling strategies require a great deal of compromise when working with many potential regressors and non-trivial levels of multicollinearity.
Anode performances of LaSi2/Si composite thick-films were investigated in ionic liquids as Li-ion battery electrolytes containing cations of N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium (PP13) or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium and anions of bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (FSA) or bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) amide. The LaSi2/Si electrode exhibited much better performance in PP13-FSA compared with the other electrolytes including a conventional organic solvent one: the reversible capacity at the 250th cycle and its retention were 800 mA h g−1 and 80%. The excellent performance is attributed to a higher stability of PP13 cations against a cathodic decomposition and an easier desolvation of Li ions and FSA anions at the electrode/electrolyte interface. This result offers a promising applicability of ionic liquid electrolyte to various Si-based anodes with high performances by architecture of cation and anion structures.