batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The genotoxicity of industrial wastewater samples from Aligarh and Ghaziabad cities was compared using the Ames plate incorporation test, the Ames fluctuation test and the Allium cepa test. While TA102 and TA104 strains exhibited the highest sensitivity against the Aligarh sample (AWW) in terms of the slope (m) of the dose–response curve in the plate incorporation assay, TA98 and TA97a were the most sensitive strains based on the induction factor, Mi(p). TA98 once again, was the most sensitive strain against the test sample from Ghaziabad (GWW) in terms of ‘Mi(p)’ while TA102 was the most sensitive strain on the basis of the slope (m). TA100 displayed the highest susceptibility towards the samples from Aligarh in the fluctuation test. However, TA102 and TA98 responded maximally to GWW in this bioassay. The mutagenicity of the test samples seemed to be partly mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) as evidenced by the use of free radical scavengers. Mannitol brought about the maximum decline in the number of revertants of TA102 by the Aligarh sample, whereas such a reduction in case of Ghaziabad sample was exhibited with superoxide dismutase. Both the test water samples induced various anaphase aberrations in the root cells of Allium cepa. Fragmentation of the chromosome was the predominant effect of the Aligarh water sample while the Ghaziabad sample induced chromosome stickiness. The crucial roles of heavy metals and pesticides in the genotoxicity of AWW and GWW, respectively, have been suggested. In view of the problem associated with the interpretations of data, we recommend that all the test bioassays should be carried out in the presence of ROS scavengers for the fool proof evaluation of the genotoxicity of water samples.
Plating-stripping reversibility of lithium metal is improved by reinforcing the solid-electrolyte interphase layer by inorganic nanobeads. The outmost solid-electrolyte interphase shell is clearly identified, which is the passive layer formed on current collectors (or lithium metal) before the first lithium metal deposition. The outmost shell is intrinsically brittle and fragile so that it is easily broken by lithium metal dendrites growing along the progress of plating. Lithium metal deposit is not completely stripped back to lithium ions. On the other hand, lithium metal cells containing inorganic nanobeads in electrolyte show high reversibility between plating and stripping. The nanobeads are incorporated into the outmost shell during its formation. The nanobead-reinforced outmost shell having mechanically durable toughness suppresses dendritic growth of lithium metal, not allowing the dendrites to penetrate the shell. In addition to the mechanical effect of nanobeads, the LiF-rich solid-electrolyte interphase layer formation is triggered by HF generated by the reaction of the moisture adsorbed on oxide nanobeads with PF6 −. The LiF-rich composition is responsible for facile lithium ion transfer through the passive layers.
The performance of a single cell flowing electrolyte-direct methanol fuel cell (FE-DMFC) was experimentally studied and its performance was compared to a regular DMFC. The active area of the fuel cell was approximately 25 cm2. Serpentine channels were used for both the methanol and air flows. Two combinations of Nafion® polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) were used in the MEAs. These were NR-212/N-117 (Type 1) and NR-212/NR-212 (Type 2). For this study, diluted sulphuric acid was used as the electrolyte, which flows through a channel made of a polyethylene porous material. The flowing electrolyte conditions (e.g., flow rate, channel thickness and sulphuric acid concentration), the methanol concentration, and the fuel cell temperatures were varied to study how these parameters affect the overall performance of the FE-DMFC. Type 1 MEA used in conjunction with 2 M methanol produced the highest current density. The power density decreased when the thickness of the flowing electrolyte channel was increased, and the performance of the fuel cell increased when the temperature of the fuel cell was increased, as expected. The results show that the performance of the present FE-DMFC was similar to a DMFC using the same active area and a single MEA (Nafion® N-117).
The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was studied in KOH electrolyte on manganese oxides supported on Vulcan carbon (Mn y O x /C). The oxides were prepared by thermal decomposition of manganese nitrate at different conditions. The oxides were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and in situ X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). The electrochemical studies were conducted using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and steady state polarization measurements carried out with a thin layer rotating ring/disk electrode. XRD results showed that the manganese oxide prepared at 200°C in air is formed by a major phase of β-MnO2 and the polarization curves indicated the highest activity for this material. In situ XANES evidenced the occurrence of a redox process involving Mn(II)/Mn(III) and Mn(III)/Mn(IV) in the range of potentials of the CV measurements. The electrocalytic activity was related to the occurrence of a mediation process involving the reduction of Mn(IV) to Mn(III), followed by the electron transfer of Mn(III) to oxygen and by a disproportionation reaction of the HO2 − species in the Mn y O x sites. In situ XANES results showed that the Mn(IV) species is MnO2 and the Mn(III) is most likely MnOOH.
Flexible and cost-effective tools for rapid image acquisition and natural resource mapping are needed by land managers. This paper describes the hardware and software architecture of a low-cost system that can be deployed on a light aircraft for rapid data acquisition. The Hyperspectral and Multispectral Cameras for Airborne Mapping (HAMCAM) was designed and developed in the Geospatial Laboratory for Environmental Dynamics at the University of Idaho as a student-learning tool, and to enhance the existing curriculum currently offered. The system integrates a hyperspectral sensor with four multispectral cameras, an Inertial Navigation System (INS), a Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)-capable Global Positioning System (GPS), a data acquisition computer, and custom software for running the sensors in a variety of different modes. The outputs include very high resolution imagery obtained in four adjustable visible and near-infrared bands from the multispectral imager. The hyperspectral sensor acquires 240 spectral bands along 2.7 nm intervals within the 445–900 nm range. The INS provides aircraft pitch, roll and yaw information for rapid geo-registration of the imagery. This paper will discuss the challenges associated with the development of the system and the integration of components and software for implementation of this system for natural resource management applications. In addition, sample imagery acquired by the sensor will be presented.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between social problem solving ability, clinical features and cognitive functions, and determine the predictors of benefit from social problem solving training in 63 patients with schizophrenia. We administered Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Digit Span Test, Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and the Assessment of Interpersonal Problem Solving Skills (AIPSS). Only BPRS-positive symptoms subscale was negatively related to AIPSS on linear regression analysis. After the completion of the pretest, the patients were randomized to either problem solving training (n = 32) or control groups (n = 31). Patients in training group received 6 weeks problem solving training in-group modality, and those in control group were treated as usual. We readministered AIPSS at the end of 6 weeks. There were significant changes from pretest to posttest on AIPSS-total, AIPSS-receiving skills, and AIPSS-processing skills score in training group but not in control group. The number of correct answers in WCST and CPT hit rate were the predictors of post-training AIPSS scores in training group. Our findings suggest that skill acquisition on social problem solving is related with cognitive flexibility and sustained attention.
A high voltage cathode material, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, is synthesized with a two-step approach, in which the nickel–manganese oxalate precipitate is firstly obtained by adding oxalic acid to the solution of nickel and manganese ions precursors, followed by calcining the oxalates to obtain spinel nickel–manganese oxide, incorporating lithium ions with ball milling and calcining at 900 °C for 15 h. The materials are characterized with TG, XRD, SEM, BET and FTIR; it is revealed that both nickel–manganese oxide and final LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 have well defined spinel structure. The LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel materials exhibit high capacities and good cyclic stability, the capacity of the materials is in the range from 126 to 136 mAh −1, depending on the calcining temperatures. The sample calcined at an optimal temperature of 900 °C exhibits best performance, the capacity is high up to 136 mAh g−1 at tenth cycle and the capacity retention after 50 cycles is 93%. For the sample prepared by mixing and milling oxalate with lithium salt, the discharge capacity is only 115 mAh g−1. We suggest that the spinel oxide derived from oxalate may play an important role for the high performance and high stability of the final cathode materials.
Li2MnO3 is a popular cathode material in lithium-ion batteries, however in this study Li2MnO3-carbon nanotube composite is utilized as an anode material and its electrochemical reaction mechanism is systematically studied by using electrochemical, synchrotron radiation-based X-ray diffraction and absorption techniques along with the density functional calculations. This material demonstrates a significantly high initial reversible capacity of 1006.4 mAh g−1. Electrochemical characterization suggests that this unique anode material operates by a conversion reaction, involving the formation of Li2O and Mn metal. Diffraction patterns are measured at different state of charge and Pawley fitting of these patterns reveal that during lithiation Li2MnO3 initially converts into Mn3O4 and at the end of discharge, Li2O and Mn phases are formed. During delithiation, Li2MnO3 is not reversibly formed, instead [Li0.5Mn0.5]O-type phase appears after a complete electrochemical cycle. X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional calculations are used to confirm the validity of the electrochemical redox reaction mechanism derived from the electrochemical and diffraction measurements.
CoO-Co3O4 heterostructure nanoribbons were successfully sandwiched between reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets through a facile solvothermal method and sintering process, which used directly as the anode material for lithium ion batteries. The as-prepared ultrathin CoO-Co3O4 nanoribbon/RGO sandwich-like nanostructures (CoO-Co3O4-RGO) delivers a reversible capacity of 994mAhg−1 at a current density of 100mAg−1 after 200 cycles. Even at a high charge-discharge rate of 1000mAg−1, CoO-Co3O4-RGO still demonstrate a reversible capacity of 395mAhg−1 after 500 cycles. The rate capability of CoO-Co3O4-RGO evaluated by the ratio of capacity at 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 100mAg−1 after each 10 cycles was about 1210, 1060, 890, 730, 578, 392 and 915mAhg−1, respectively. The greatly enhanced performances for CoO-Co3O4-RGO may be ascribed to the synergistic effects: The multicomponent generates hybridizing advantages; The mutual influence of both CoO-Co3O4 nanoribbons and RGO nanosheets decreases the aggregation; The two-dimensional (2D) nanoribbons with the short lithium ion diffusion and 2D RGO sheets as conductive network built an efficient three dimensional (3D) storage active material.
Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to fuels and chemicals is currently a focus of significant research effort as a technology that can simultaneously mitigate greenhouse gas emissions while storing renewable electricity for use on demand. Liquid products are particularly desirable as an easily storable and portable energy-dense form. To be widely implemented, CO2 electroreduction technologies must be able to produce chemicals at costs that are economically competitive with existing commercial prices. In this work, four possible routes to the electrochemical synthesis of liquid products from CO2 derived from post-combustion flue gas were compared with one consistent approach to technoeconomic analysis. In the first case, diesel fuel was produced from electrosynthesized CO plus H2 to make syngas which was subsequently converted through the Fischer–Tropsch process. Liquid ethanol was modeled through two comparable approaches, a one-step electrolysis and a two-step cascade electrolysis. Lastly, the direct electrosynthesis of formic acid from CO2 was considered. In the base case scenarios established on current state-of-the-art CO2 reduction research, none of the processes were modeled to be competitive with present fuel prices. High capital expense for the electrolyzer units was the primary limiting factor. With conceivable improvements in an optimistic scenario, the diesel process was projected to have the best pathway to making cost-effective fuels, while ethanol would be prohibitively expensive without major improvements to the present electrosynthesis performance. Formic acid, though projected to be expensive relative to its stored energy content, was projected to have perhaps the simplest pathway to production at costs competitive with its commercial bulk price. In each case, the levelized cost of the liquid product was most strongly influenced by parameters that affect the electrolyzer capital cost (i.e., current density, faradaic efficiency, and cost per electrode area).
Carbons obtained from biomass have attracted a lot of attention for use as electrodes for Li-ion batteries. Less attention has been paid to their use in LiS batteries in spite of the higher energy densities. Here, we optimized the electrochemical properties of an activated carbon (OSAC) obtained from olive stones with the help of mesoporous TiO2. The OSAC@TiO2/S hybrid composite exhibited improved electrochemical performance compared with the OSAC/S composite. The presence of TiO2 increased the delivered capacity of the cell by more than 60%, and the rate capability was notably improved. The cell could operate at current densities of 3350 mA g−1 (2 C), releasing an average capacity of 500 mAh g−1 with a coulombic efficiency close to 100%. This improvement in the electrochemical performance is attributed to the sorbent properties of TiO2 towards Li polysulfides and its facility to insert Li, which enhances the electronic and ionic conductivity of the hybrid composite.
Plate-like LiFePO4@C nanostructures, in which LiFePO4 nanocrystallites with a size less than 50nm embedded in carbon coating matrix, with excellent high rate capacity and cycle performance have been successfully prepared via a conventional hydrothermal route in virtue of the assistance of the triblock copolymer P123. X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM, and thermogravimetric analysis were employed to characterize the prepared samples. The adsorption of P123 on the surfaces results in the plate-like LiFePO4@P123 nanostructures self-assembled with nanocrystallites. After annealing in inert Ar atmospheres, the plate-like LiFePO4@P123 nanostructures transform to plate-like LiFePO4@C nanostructures due to the carbonization of the adsorbed P123 film matrix. The plate-like LiFePO4@C nanostructures as Li-ion cathode materials deliver excellent high rate capacity and cycle stability, 128mAhg−1 discharge at 10C and 98% retention of the initial discharge capacity (151mAhg−1) at 0.1C after 100 cycles.
Production of hydrogen fuel by electrolysis of low-grade or saline water, as opposed to pure water, could have benefits in terms of resource availability and cost. This Review examines the challenges of this approach and how they can be addressed through catalyst and electrolyser design.
An extensive evaluation of differential expression methods applied to single-cell expression data, using uniformly processed public data in the new conquer resource.
Physical and electrochemical characterizations of novel two ionic liquids based on quaternary phosphonium cations containing an unsaturated carbon–carbon bond (triethyl(4-pentenyl)phosphonium and allyltributylphosphonium cations) are presented in this report. It was found that both unsaturated phosphonium cations gave low-melting salts in combination with a bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide anion. The thermogravimetric analysis suggested that the unsaturated phosphonium ionic liquids showed higher thermal stability than those of the corresponding saturated phosphonium ILs. The unsaturated phosphonium ionic liquids also exhibited relatively low viscosity and high conductivities when compared to those of the corresponding saturated phosphonium ionic liquids. These results indicate an improving effect of introducing a carbon–carbon double bond into the phosphonium cations on both the thermal stability and the transport property. The voltammetric measurements suggested that the triethyl(4-pentenyl)phosphonium-based ionic liquid showed a high cathodic stability, enabling the deposition and dissolution of metallic lithium in the phosphonium ionic liquid system.
Recently, microgrids have attracted considerable attention as a high-quality and reliable source of electricity. In this work energy management in microgrids is addressed in light of economic and environmental restrictions through (a) development of an operational strategy for energy management in microgrids and (b) determination of type and capacity of distributed generation (DG) sources as well as the capacity of storage devices (SD) based on optimization. Net present value is used as an economic indicator for justification of investment in microgrids. The proposed NPV-based objective function accounts for the expenses including the initial investment costs, operational strategy costs, purchase of electricity from the utility, maintenance and operational costs, as well as revenues including those associated with reduction in non-delivered energy, the credit for reduction in levels of environmental pollution, and sales of electricity back to the utility. The optimal solution maximizing the objective function is obtained using a hybrid optimization method which combines the quadratic programming (QP) and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms to determine the optimum capacity of the sources as well as the appropriate operational strategy for the microgrid. The fuzzy set theory is employed to account for the uncertainties associated with electrical power price. Application of the proposed method under different operational scenarios serves to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme.
Novel lead-graphene and lead-graphite metallic composites which melt at temperature of the melting point of lead were investigated as possible positive current collectors for lead acid batteries in sulfuric acid solution. Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, difference scanning calorimetry, cyclic voltammetry and prolonged corrosion tests were employed to characterize the effect of the newly proposed lead-carbon metallic composites on the structure and electrochemical properties of positive grid material. Both lead-graphene and lead-graphite metallic composite materials show the similar electrochemical characteristics to metallic lead in the voltage range where the positive electrodes of lead acid batteries operate. It has been shown that carbon both as graphene and graphite does not participate in the electrochemical process but improve corrosion and electrochemical characteristics of both metallic composite materials. No products of interaction of lead with sulfuric acid were formed on the surface of graphene and graphite so as it was not found additional peaks of carbon discharge on voltammograms which could be attributed to the carbon. Graphene inclusions in lead prevent formation of leady oxide nanocrystals which deteriorate discharge characteristics of positive electrode of LAB. Both lead-graphene alloy and lead-graphite metallic composite proved excellent electrochemical and corrosion behavior and can be used as positive grids in lead acid batteries of new generation.
La1–xSrxMnO3 perovskite oxides are promising electrocatalysts for LiO2 batteries because of their excellent intrinsic catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, the relatively inert catalytic activity for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) suppresses their practical applications in LiO2 battery. Here, nanoscale NiCo2O4 (NCO) layer with high OER catalytic activity has been homogenously incorporated into the surface of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM) nanorods to form a core-shell structure. In this typical structure, the ORR mainly occurred on the LSM core, while the OER mainly occurred on the nanoscale NCO shell, and structure damage of catalysts coming from gas evolution can be greatly avoided. The synergy of high catalytic activity and core–shell structure results in the LiO2 battery with good rate capability and excellent cycle stability, which sustains 80 cycles without capacity attenuation at a high current density of 200 mA g−1.
The acquisition of travel data is currently based on cost- and time-intensive questionnaires and yields mostly an incomplete picture due to limited coverage and inadequate updates. There is an urgent need for technologically supported data acquisition tools. This paper introduces a novel approach to developing a large-scale travel survey by intelligently employing data from smartphones. Based on signals of the embedded accelerometers and GPS reveivers, an ensemble of probabilistic classifiers is trained for automatically reconstructing the individual trips composing a tour, including the mode choice. In the region of Vienna, Austria, 266hours of travel data were collected to train and evaluate the models. Using a set of 72 features, the best classification results are achieved for detecting walks (92%) and bike rides (98%). Railway modes were correctly identified in 80% of all cases, which is subject to further research. In case of GPS losses only accelerometer data are used, which still shows promising results. This allows the method to incorporate places where there is normally only a weak or no GPS signal. Future smartphone applications are intended to spread the tool among traffic users, while the effort for them should be kept to a minimum i.e. no manual entries or questionnaires are necessary. Due to the increasing popularity of smartphones, the tool has the potential to be used on a wide-spread basis.