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Magnesium nickel hydride (Mg2NiH4) used as negative electrode material in nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) secondary battery is modified by nano-nickel via mechanical milling. In this paper, we systematically investigate the microstructure and electrochemical properties of the modified system with different milling durations. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analyses confirm the amorphous transformation of Mg2Ni-based hydride and a novel NiH0.75 nanocrystalline with a diameter of about 5 nm embedding or covering on the surface of the base particle has been observed. Its formation mechanism and positive effects on electrochemical properties of the Mg2NiH4 have also been elaborated. Electrochemical measurements show that the 5 h milled composite possesses markedly increased discharge capacity up to 896 mAh g−1. With prolonging the milling duration from 5 h to 40 h, the discharge capacity at the 10th cycle increases from 99 mAh g−1 to 359 mAh g−1. Besides, the discharging procedure changes from stepwise processes to one single-step process with increasing the milling duration. Tafel polarization test shows that the nano-nickel modified system exhibits a much better anti-corrosion ability during charging/discharging cycles. Meanwhile, both the charge-transfer reaction on the alloy surface and hydrogen diffusion inside the alloy bulk are enhanced with nano-nickel modification.
Globalisation has led to the transformation and proliferation of urban borders. Old hierarchies and relations between centres and sub-centres and centres and peripheries are challenged, and new alliances between different places and districts are formed. How can urban design and urban design research meet the challenges of a complex and quickly transforming multi-scalar society? In this article I make three arguments. First, I argue for a territorial perspective that would allow us to better acknowledge how actors of different scales come together and have effects on the level of urban design. Second, I argue that we need to better acknowledge the role of material culture in research on urban design; whereas urban design often benefits from the large-scale perspective of urban morphology, it seldom incorporates the roles of small-scale objects into studies. Finally, I argue that an important task for researchers in urban design is to see how actors of different scales are aligned, and through this alignment produce effects and changes in the ways in which our cities are used.
Diabetes, a metabolic disorder due to high blood glycemic index in the human body. The glycemic index varies in the human of improper diet and eating pattern such as junk foods, variation in the quantity of food, swallowing of food without chewing and stress. However, the diagnose of increase or decrease in the glycemic index is a challenging task. Similarly, the regulation of glycemic index without regular exercise is a major problem in day to day life. In this paper, we propose a novel SCS method to regulate glycemic index without exercise through changing the eating method. The proposed SCS eating method consists of Size of the food, Chewing style and Swallow time (SCS) of the food to regulate glycemic index. Furthermore, the proposed SCS method evaluate and validate through the acoustic signal acquired and processed with deep learning algorithm to analyze the chewing pattern of food to formulate a standard procedure for eating style and to reduce the glycemic level. The validation of diabetes done by measurement of blood glycemic through AccuChek Instant S Glucometer. Furthermore, the SCS method of eating style from 50 diabetes persons reduces the blood glucose level drastically by 85% after following the proposed method of eating style.
RFID (Radio frequency identification) is an emerging technology that can usher enormous opportunities in Agri-food sector. Some of the current applications are automatic toll collection, library management, counterfeit or theft prevention system, animal traceability and access control system. Advancements in sensor technology, communication networks and their integration with RFID technology, are expanding the application domain including real time monitoring, quality control, food safety, traceability system, intelligent transportation and online information systems for end-user. Unique features of RFID systems presents a number of potential benefits like improvement in efficiency and speed of operations, increased accuracy of information, minimized labor cost, reduction of inventory losses. This paper is intended to provide readers an overview of recent implementations of RFID in various segment of Agri-food sector together with the obstacles hampering its wide adoption. Basics of RFID tag including types of tag, frequency ranges and standards available for data transmission are also discussed.
Densely packed submicron polyhedral LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 material with disordered Fd 3 ¯ m structure was synthesized via a modified sol–gel method. The as-synthesized material has a high tap density of 2.15 g cm−3, guaranteeing a high volumetric energy density for high power batteries. Electrochemical properties were investigated in both a LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li half-cell and a LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/graphite full-cell. The LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li half-cell exhibits a superior cycle stability and rate capability. Here the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 material can deliver capacity retentions of 86% at 25 °C and 75% at 55 °C within 1000 cycles for a charge–discharge rate of 1 C. At a much higher rate of 10 C, a discharge capacity of 95 mAh g−1 can be still obtained. The LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/graphite full-cell delivers a stable discharge capacity of 130.2 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, corresponding to a discharge energy density as high as 576.2 Wh kg−1. After 100 cycles, the full cell can maintain a working voltage of 4.55 V and capacity retention of 84.6%. The excellent cycle stability is attributed to the dense structure, large particle size, low specific surface area and less exposed (110) facets, which dramatically reduce irreversible surface chemical reactions and manganese dissolution.
In this research, gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al) and nickel (Ni) nanoparticles have been prepared by laser ablation in distilled water using Q-switched Nd: YAG. Comparative analysis between 1064 nm and 532 nm laser wavelength in term of absorption spectra and particle size distribution is performed. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by visible (VIS) and near infrared (NIR) spectrometer and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effect of laser pulse energy and laser wavelength on the size distribution and absorbance spectrum of metal nanoparticles was studied. The absorption peak intensities of the nanoparticles increase at higher laser pulse energy. It is discovered that for all metals, 532 nm laser produced nanoparticles with higher absorption peak intensities than 1064 nm. The work also shows that there is no noticeable difference in the size of the nanoparticles produced at 532 and 1064 nm for the Ni and Cu metals. However, a considerable size difference can be seen for Au, Ag, and Al at the two laser wavelengths. Smaller Ag nanoparticles were produced by 1064 nm laser while smaller Au and Al nanoparticles were produced by 532 nm laser.
(NH4)0.5V2O5 nanobelt is synthesized by sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) assisted hydrothermal reaction as a cathode material for Li-ion battery. The as-prepared (NH4)0.5V2O5 nanobelts are 50–200nm in diameter and several micrometers in length. The reversible lithium intercalation behavior of the nanobelts has been evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic discharge–charge cycling, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The (NH4)0.5V2O5 delivers an initial specific discharge capacity of 225.2mAhg−1 between 1.8 and 4.0V at 15mAg−1, and still maintains a high discharge capacity of 197.5mAhg−1 after 11 cycles. It shows good rate capability with a discharge capacity of about 180mAhg−1 remaining after 40 cycles at various rates and excellent cycling stability with the capacity retention of 81.9% after 100 cycles at 150mAg−1. Interestingly, the excess 120mAhg−1 capacity in the first charge process is observed, most of which could be attributed to the extraction of NH4 + group, verified by Fourier transform Infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been considered to be a promisingly alternative anode material for lithium-ion batteries and thus attracted wide research interest. But, its practical application in lithium-ion batteries is seriously impeded by low capacity and poor rate capability. In the present work, the electrochemical performance of TiO2 is significantly improved by elaborately fabricating hierarchical structures. These as-prepared four hierarchical structure TiO2 assembled by different building blocks (TO2-2 h, TO2-6 h, TO2-18 h and TO2-24 h) all exhibit impressed performance. More importantly, the TO2-6 h constructed by curved nanosheets exhibits the best performance, delivering a capacity of 231.6 mAh g−1 at 0.2C after 200 cycles, and capacities of 187.1 and 129.3 mAh g−1 at 1 and 10C after even 1200 cycles, respectively. The results indicated that design and fabrication of hierarchical structure is an effective strategy for significantly improving the electrochemical performance of TiO2 electrodes, and the electrochemical performance of hierarchical structure TiO2 is heavily dependent on its building blocks. It is suggested that thus excellent electrochemical performance may make TiO2-6 h a promising anode material for advanced lithium-ion batteries with high capacity, good rate capability and long life.
We examined self-reported and parent-reported adolescent social anxiety symptoms and objective baseline measures of psychophysiological flexibility in 62 families. Measures completed by 31 adolescents referred for a clinical screening evaluation for social anxiety were compared to an age- and gender-matched community control sample of 31 adolescents (total sample: age range 14 to 17 years; 22 boys and 40 girls; M = 15.32 years; SD = 1.1). Clinic referred adolescents reported significantly fewer social anxiety symptoms than parents reported about adolescents. Further, for all adolescents, self-reported social anxiety symptoms exhibited low correspondence with objective psychophysiological measures. Yet, both measures uniquely discriminated between adolescents on whether they were clinic referred for a social anxiety screening. Further, adolescent self-reported social anxiety symptoms exhibited high levels of internal consistency and convergent validity. Findings indicate that researchers and practitioners should refrain from using disagreements between adolescent self-reports and other measures (e.g., parent report, objective measures) as indicators of the veracity of adolescent self-reports.
This article showcases a range of small and large scale energy efficiency and renewable energy deployments at Antarctic research stations and field camps. Due to the cold and harsh environment, significant amounts of fuel are needed to support humans working and living in Antarctica. The purchase, transportation and storage of large amounts of fossil fuel entail significant economic costs and environmental risks and have motivated developments in energy efficiency and renewable energy deployment. Over the past three decades, improved building design, behavioral change, cogeneration, solar collectors, solar panels and wind turbines have been found to be effective in Antarctica, demonstrating that harsh environmental conditions and technological barriers do not have to limit the deployment of energy efficiency and renewable energy. The ambition to run entire stations or field camps on 100% renewable energy is increasingly common and feasible. While the power requirements of Antarctic research stations are small compared to urban installations on other continents, these case studies clearly demonstrate that if energy efficiency and renewable energy can be deployed widely on the coldest, darkest and most remote continent of the world, their deployment should be more widespread and encouraged on other continents.
The Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI), formed during the first cycles of life in lithium-ion batteries, contains a variety of lithium salts, with direct effect on the aging performance of the battery. In this work, we investigate the impact of addition of SEI lithium salts (LiF, Li2CO3, LiOH, Li2O, LiOCH3 and LiOC2H5) in the electrolyte on the cycling ability of graphite and LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) electrodes. Results show that NMC is more sensitive to salt addition than graphite material. Furthermore, results demonstrate that both LiOH and Li2O have a negative effect on the SEI formation. Conversely, Li2CO3, LiOCH3 and LiOC2H5 are beneficial and promote the formation of a polymeric coating on the SEI. Finally, the impact of the presence of LiF on the SEI depends mainly on its concentration. The effect of the presence of additives capable of complexing lithium salts such as the glyme series, CH3O[CH2CH2O] n CH3 (G n , with n = 2, 3 or 4), is investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results show that the glymes chain length is a determining factor in their complexation mechanism, which depends on both the nature and the concentration of the lithium salt.
An asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was fabricated using reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets modified with ruthenium oxide (RGO–RuO2) or polyaniline (RGO–PANi) as the anode and cathode, respectively. The ASC exhibited a significantly improved capacitive performance in comparison with that of the symmetric supercapacitors fabricated with RGO–RuO2 or RGO–PANi as the electrodes. The improvement was attributed to the broadened potential window in an aqueous electrolyte, leading to an energy density of 26.3 W h kg−1, about two-times higher than that of the symmetrical supercapacitors based on RGO–RuO2 (12.4 W h kg−1) and RGO–PANi (13.9 W h kg−1) electrodes. In addition, a power density of 49.8 kW kg−1 was obtained at an energy density of 6.8 W h kg−1.
Nanosized Sn–Cu–B alloy powder is synthesized by chemical reduction to be used as an alternative anode material for secondary lithium batteries. The alloy powder consists of two phases, i.e. mainly η′-Cu6Sn5 and a small amount of ε-Cu3Sn. The reaction of Cu6Sn5 with lithium proceeds in two steps. Lithium is inserted into the Cu6Sn5 lattice first as Li x Cu6Sn5, which is isostructural with Li2CuSn, followed by alloying with tin, reversibly even after long cycling. The cycle performance of the nanosized Cu6Sn5 electrode is significantly enhanced in comparison with that of the same material prepared by sintering or mechanical alloying.
Publisher Summary The chapter explores how the parallel port permits the ready exchange of digital data between the outside world and the controller CPU. The chapter also deals with the electrical characteristics of the parallel port and how they interact with external elements. It is the considerable diversity in the logic design of ports—which is required to be followed in similar patterns. The chapter also reveals how the internal circuitry works, as it leads to effective use of ports. A microcontroller requires a clock signal in order to operate. The 16F84A has diverse and flexible parallel ports. The features of the clock oscillator determine speed of operation and timing stability, and strongly influence power consumption. Active elements of the oscillator are usually built in to a microcontroller, but the designer must select the oscillator type—and its frequency and configuration. Therefore, the requirements need to be understood and must be met by a supply of the appropriate type.
Strength recovery of injured knee is an important parameter for patients who want to return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Comparison of muscle strength between anatomical and non-anatomical ACLR has not been reported.
2-(2-methyloxyethoxy)ethanol modified poly (cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4′-sufonyldiphenol) (PZS) nanotubes were synthesized and solid composite polymer electrolytes based on the surface modified polyphosphazene nanotubes added to PEO/LiClO4 model system were prepared. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the characteristics of the composite polymer electrolytes (CPE). The ionic conductivity, lithium ion transference number and electrochemical stability window can be enhanced after the addition of surface modified PZS nanotubes. The electrochemical investigation shows that the solid composite polymer electrolytes incorporated with PZS nanotubes have higher ionic conductivity and lithium ion transference number than the filler SiO2. Maximum ionic conductivity values of 4.95×10−5 S cm−1 at ambient temperature and 1.64×10−3 S cm−1 at 80°C with 10wt % content of surface modified PZS nanotubes were obtained and the lithium ion transference number was 0.41. The good chemical properties of the solid state composite polymer electrolytes suggested that the inorganic-organic hybrid polyphosphazene nanotubes had a promising use as fillers in solid composite polymer electrolytes and the PEO10-LiClO4-PZS nanotubes solid composite polymer electrolyte can be used as a candidate material for lithium polymer batteries.
Polypore International Inc, a US-based high-technology filtration company specialising in microporous membranes, has signed definitive agreements for the sale of the company.
Vanadium mononitride (VN) thin films have been successfully fabricated by magnetron sputtering. Its electrochemical behaviour with lithium was examined by galvanostatic cell cycling and cyclic voltammetry. The capacity of VN was found to be stable above 800mAhg−1 after 50 cycles. By using ex situ X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction as well as in situ spectroelectrochemical measurements, the electrochemical reaction mechanism of VN with lithium was investigated. The reversible conversion reaction of VN into metal V and Li3N was revealed. The high reversible capacity and good stable cycle of VN thin film electrode made it a new promising lithium-ion storage material for future rechargeable lithium batteries.
Summary Background A high correlation between transcranial Doppler pulsatility index (PI) increase and intracranial hypertension has been recently demonstrated in most neurosurgical patients. But in patients with hydrocephalus PI is sometimes controversial. This may be due to a different degree of cerebral autoregulation (CA) under condition of cerebral perfusion pressure decrease. Purpose To compare the results of PI and CA assessment in patients with hydrocephalus. Material and methods Twenty-six patients (aged 16–52; male – 9, female – 17) with various types of hydrocephalus were studied. We monitored blood flow velocity in middle cerebral arteries with Multi Dop X and systemic blood pressure with Finapres-2300. CA was assessed with cuff test (evaluation of ARI) and cross-spectral analysis of spontaneous oscillations of cerebral and systemic hemodynamics within the range of Mayer's waves (evaluation of phase shift in radians – PS). Results Depending on presence of intracranial hypertension (ICH), all patients have been divided in two groups. Mean values of PI did not differ significantly in both groups. At the same time ARI and PS were considerably (p <0.01) higher in patients without signs of ICH. In group of patients with ICH postoperative clinical improvement was accompanied with considerable (p <0.05) increase of PS. In group of patients without ICH we did not observe any positive changes in neurological state postoperatively. Conclusion Preoperative CA assessment being more informative than PI evaluation can increase transcranial Doppler valuability in noninvasive diagnostics of cerebral spinal fluid dynamics and may be helpful in clarifying indications for operation in patients with hydrocephalus.
Economic growth in the emerging countries has led to rapid urbanization and expansion of existing cities. As a result, major cities in the emerging nations experience traffic congestion and deteriorating air quality. One of the solutions to overcome these problems is to develop a comprehensive public transportation system based on clean fuel. This work proposes a public transportation system based on electric buses that can be used in the cities. Here, the proposed system is studied and analyzed for Indian scenario. High capacity batteries and distributed solar PV generation has been used to ensure that no additional burden is put on the existing distribution network. These batteries are placed at each bus stop to store energy from the grid during the off-peak hours, and the supercapacitor in the buses will be flash charged from these batteries. In this work, the architecture of the proposed system has been presented along with initial sizing of the subsystems, for understanding the operation of the system for various scenarios, and to investigate its interaction with the grid. The results show that such a system, if carefully designed, is feasible and is capable of meeting the transportation needs without adding additional burden to the grid.
SnS/graphene nanocomposite has been prepared through a simple one-step and in situ method using thiourea as the sulfur source and reducing agent. The formation of SnS nanoparticles and the reduction of graphene oxide occur simultaneously during the hydrothermal process. The SnS nanoparticles are dispersed uniformly on graphene nanosheets and the SnS/graphene nanocomposite exhibits a relatively high reversible capacity and good cycling stability. The excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to graphene, which prevents the agglomeration of SnS nanoparticles and improves the electronic conductivity of overall nanocomposite. The SnS/graphene nanocomposite combines the advantages of the good cycling stability of graphene and the high capacity of SnS nanoparticles.
A patterned core–shell tin (Sn) nanorod anode is fabricated by pulse electrodeposition of Sn onto a self-assembled Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) structured nickel current collector. Pulse electrodeposition onto the virus assembled 3D electrode surfaces produces homogenous Sn coatings with significant void space to accommodate the large volume change associated with Sn lithiation. The TMV enabled 3D Sn anodes shows high capacity retention of 560 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles with the average capacity fading rate of 0.4% per cycle. The high electronic conductivity of Sn, short diffusion length for Li-ions, and large interface between Sn nano-rods and electrolyte greatly enhance the rate performance of the TMV enabled Sn anodes.