batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The electropolymerization of 7,14-diphenylacenaphtho[1,2-k]fluoranthene on a platinum or indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode produces an electroactive film which displays fluorescence and electrochromism. We report a study of the electrochemical properties and other characteristics of this film, such as the resistance dependence by the potential applied to the electrode. In particular, the film showed dramatic changes in the resistance and color as a function of the potential applied to the film because of changes in the electronic state of the polymer. Atomic force microscopy, scanning electrochemical microscopy, and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies were also carried out to characterize the polymer film.
A metal-based redox pair with acetonitrile as ligand [Cu(MeCN)4][Tf2N] is described for use in non-aqueous redox flow battery (RFB). The electrode kinetics of the anode and cathode are studied using cyclic voltammetry. The Cu2+/Cu+ and Cu+/Cu couples in this system yield a cell potential of 1.24V. The diffusion coefficient for [Cu(MeCN)4][Tf2N] in acetonitrile is estimated to be 6.8×10−6 cm2 s−1 at room temperature. The copper-acetonitrile complex has a very high solubility of 1.68M in acetonitrile, the most widely used organic solvent for non-aqueous electrochemical applications. Hence, a maximum theoretical energy density around 28 Wh L−1 can be reached with the reported system. The RFB with this electrolyte shows a promising performance, with coulombic efficiencies of 87% and energy efficiencies of 44% (5mAcm−2).
Poly(vinylidene fluoride- hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP)/poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC)/(PVdF-HFP) based- trilayer porous polymeric membrane (PM) was prepared by electrospinning for lithium batteries. The formation of beads was significantly reduced by increasing the concentration and by reducing the surface tension of the polymer solutions. Although, single layer PVdF-HFP membrane exhibited high porosity and uptake of electrolyte, its mechanical integrity was found to be poor (not free-standing). On the other hand, electrospinning of PVC over PVdF-HFP enhanced the mechanical integrity of the membrane. The prepared membranes were subjected to SEM, ionic conductivity, electrolyte uptake and shrinkage analyses. A 2032-type coin cell composed of Li/PM/LiFePO4 has been assembled and its cycling profile was examined at different C-rates. The (PVdF-HFP)/PVC/(PVdF-HFP) trilayer membrane can be a strong contender for lithium battery applications.
In product design, various methodologies have been proposed for market segmentation, which group consumers with similar customer requirements into clusters. Central points on market segments are always used as ideal points of customer requirements for product design, which reflects particular competitive strategies to effectively reach all consumers’ interests. However, existing methodologies ignore the fuzziness on consumers’ customer requirements. In this paper, a new methodology is proposed to perform market segmentation based on consumers’ customer requirements, which exist fuzziness. The methodology is an integration of a fuzzy compression technique for multi-dimension reduction and a fuzzy clustering technique. It first compresses the fuzzy data regarding customer requirements from high dimensions into two dimensions. After the fuzzy data is clustered into marketing segments, the centre points of market segments are used as ideal points for new product development. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology in market segmentation and identification of the ideal points for new product design is demonstrated using a case study of new digital camera design.
Background Although olfactory function significantly impacts quality of life (QoL) and factors that potentially interfere with the sense of smell are numerous in solid-organ recipients, no respective data exist for this population. In this study we investigate the olfactory function, QoL, and the accuracy of subjectively perceived olfactory dysfunction. Methods Olfactory performance was assessed with the aid of a validated test battery (Sniffin' Sticks) in 70 randomly selected lung transplant recipients and 22 patients on the lung transplant waiting list. In addition to assess QoL, the Questions on Life Satisfaction Module (FLZM) and the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) were used. Results Waiting list patients and lung transplant recipients did not show differences in terms of demographic data and olfactory performance. Compared with a normative population, patients <55 years of age had a significantly lower olfactory performance both before and after lung transplantation. Scores for general life satisfaction, health life satisfaction, and depression were significantly better in lung transplant recipients. In the multivariate analysis, better olfactory performance was significantly associated with better QoL before and after lung transplantation. Self-estimation of olfactory performance had a sensitivity of 36% and a specificity of 78%, respectively, to detect hyposmia/anosmia in our population. Conclusions Although lung transplantation does not seem to have an impact on olfactory performance, sense of smell is significantly below the average in lung transplant recipients and patients on the waiting list. In both groups, olfactory performance is significantly associated with QoL. Furthermore, self-estimation of olfactory function shows inadequately low sensitivity and specificity.
As for other multivalent systems, the interface between the calcium (Ca) metal anode and the electrolyte is of paramount importance for reversible plating/stripping. Here, we combined experimental and theoretical approaches to unveil the potential solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) components enabling facile Ca plating. Borates compounds, in the form of cross-linked polymers are suggested as divalent conducting component. A pre-passivation protocol with such SEI is demonstrated and allows to broaden the possibility for electrolyte formulation. We also demonstrated a 10-fold increase in Ca plating kinetics by tuning the cation solvation structure in the electrolyte limiting the degree of contact ion pair.
Neuromonitoring has proved to be a useful technique in reducing nerve injury during thyroid surgery; however, costs continue to limit its use in resource-constrained settings. This study was done to assess the functional integrity of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) during thyroid surgery using palpation assessment of posterior cricoarytenoid muscle twitch in response to RLN stimulation. Between August 2016 and July 2017, 24 patients with 47 nerves at risk (NARs) underwent thyroid surgery with visual identification and testing of 44 RLNs. The functional integrity of the RLN was checked by stimulation of the RLN. Intraoperative assessment showed 100% sensitivity and positive predictive value in predicting postoperative vocal cord function. The postoperative vocal cord assessment confirmed all 44 nerves tested to be normally functioning. The mean (standard deviation) peak-to-peak amplitude and latency of the CMAP were 0.889 (0.740)/1.336 (1.660) mV and 2.295 (0.319)/2.217 (0.393) ms for left/right side NARs, respectively, with no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). Palpation assessment of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle provides a simple and reliable technique for confirming integrity of the RLN. Combining palpation assessment with CMAP from the inferior constrictor muscle may help reduce potential false negative results. With the use of our in-house built device which is significantly cheaper than the commercial ones, this could be considered a low-cost alternative to current established techniques.
Rapid microscale toxicity tests make it possible to screen large numbers of compounds and greatly simplify toxicity identification evaluation and other effect directed chemical analyses of effluents or environmental samples. Tests using Vibrio fischeri (such as Microtox®) detect toxicants that cause non-specific narcosis, but are insensitive to other important classes of contaminants. The microbial assay for risk assessment (MARA) is a 24 h multi-species test that seeks to address this problem by using a battery of ten bacteria and a fungus. But there has been little independent evaluation of this test, and there is no published information on its sensitivity to pesticides. Here, we assess the performance of MARA using a range of toxicants including reference chemicals, fungicides and environmental samples. Mean MARA microbial toxic concentrations and IC20s (20% Inhibitory concentrations) indicate the toxicant concentrations affecting the more sensitive micro-organisms, while the mean IC50 (50% Inhibitory concentration) was found to be the concentration that was toxic to most MARA species. For the two fungicides tested, the yeast (Pichia anomalia) was the most sensitive of the ten MARA species, and was more sensitive than the nine other yeasts tested. The test may be particularly valuable for work with fungicides. Mean MARA IC50s were comparable to values for nine other yeast species and the lowest individual IC50s for each toxicant were comparable to reported IC50s for Daphnia magna, Selenastrum capricornutum and Microtox® bioassays. MARA organisms exhibited more variable sensitivities, with the most sensitive organism being different for different samples, enhancing the likelihood of toxicity detection and giving a toxicity “fingerprint” that may help identify toxicants. The test, therefore, has great potential and would be valuable for ecotoxicological testing of pollutants.
The revived interest and research on the development of novel energy storage systems with exceptional inherent safety, environmentally benign and low cost for integration in large scale electricity grid and electric vehicles is now driven by the global energy policies. Within various technical challenges yet to be resolved and despite extensive studies, the low cycle life of the zinc anode is still hindering the implementation of rechargeable zinc batteries at industrial scale. This review presents an extensive overview of electrolytes for rechargeable zinc batteries in relation to the anode issues which are closely affected by the electrolyte nature. Widely studied aqueous electrolytes, from alkaline to acidic pH, as well as non-aqueous systems including polymeric and room temperature ionic liquids are reported. References from early rechargeable Zn-air research to recent results on novel Zn hybrid systems have been analyzed. The ambition is to identify the challenges of the electrolyte system and to compile the proposed improvements and solutions. Ultimately, all the technologies based on zinc, including the more recently proposed novel zinc hybrid batteries combining the strong points of lithium-ion, redox-flow and metal-air systems, can benefit from this compilation in order to improve secondary zinc based batteries performance.
In this work, nickel sulfides were prepared via a facile hydrothermal method. The particle size and phase composition were tuned by the reaction temperature. Phase-property relationship of NiS/Ni3S4 was established through combining characterization analysis with electrochemical tests. With the favorable particle size and composition, the NiS/Ni3S4 composite delivered preferable gravimetric capacity (194.4mAhg−1 at 2Ag−1, and 133.1mAhg−1 at 10Ag−1) and impressive circling stability (89.5mAhg−1 at 10Ag−1 after 5000 cycles).
Spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) has been intensively investigated as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its remarkable structural stability and excellent safety. In this paper, unique LTO nanosheets with porous microstructure are successfully prepared for the first time by a facile approach without any additives and template under hydrothermal conditions following calcination. Particularly, compared with traditional LTO microspheres and smooth LTO nanosheets, the newly prepared mesoporous LTO nanosheets demonstrate extra surface lithium storage reaction and much improved electrochemical performances, delivering ultrahigh reversible capacity of 169 mAh g−1 at 1C and superior rate performance of more than 140 mAh g−1 at 30C between 1.0 and 2.5 V vs. Li+/Li. The beneficial surface lithium storage is mainly attributed to its advanced microstructure, which can facilitate the transfer of lithium-ions and electrons. The exceptionally improved electrochemical performance of the mesoporous LTO nanosheets will undoubtedly make this microstructure attractive for high performance electrode materials of LIBs.
Ni, Mo co-doped LiMn2O4 cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries were prepared using a high-temperature solid-state method. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM),and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The original material’s performance was significantly enhanced by co-doping. The sample with optimal composition, LiNi0.03Mo0.01Mn1.96O4, had a discharge capacity at1C of 114mAhg−1, which was 8.6% higher than that of undoped LiMn2O4. Importantly, this doped material exhibited significantly improved stability: after 300 charge–discharge cycles at 1C, its capacity retention was 91.2%, whereas the capacity retention of the undoped LiMn2O4 was only 61.9% after 300 cycles. SEM images and XRD patterns showed no obvious morphological changes in the co-doped material after cycling, implying that it had high structural stability. We suggest that this material’s significantly improved electrochemical performance was probably caused by reduced Mn3+ dissolution and decreased Li+ intercalation and de-intercalation resistances.
Electric vehicle charging station is connected to the distribution network and it is equipped with battery energy storage system, diesel generator, and solar panels. The three-level charging facility including fast, medium, and slow speed chargers is incorporated and optimally designed. The proposed model optimizes the rated power of charging facilities, power and capacity of battery energy storage system, hourly operation of diesel generator, and hourly operation of battery energy storage system. The capacity of charging station (i.e., number of parking slots) and level of network reinforcement are modeled and optimized. The uncertainties of the parameters are also involved. The results demonstrate that the proposed model successfully utilizes all available options to design electric vehicle charging station.
In animals, recoil motion resulting from underwater propulsion can destabilise trajectory and decrease locomotory performance. The posture of diving seabirds fluctuates simultaneously with their appendage beat, especially in the vertical plane, because of the recoil force of the beat. Seabirds that fly and swim face trade-offs between maximising their locomotory performance in one medium relative to the other, and flightless penguins were hypothesised to have higher underwater pitching stability than alcids that fly and swim. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the in situ pitching stability of three species of diving seabirds, including a penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae, and two species of alcids, Cerorhinca monocerata and Uria lomvia. A high-resolution gyroscope data logger was attached to the back of each bird and recorded the angular velocity of the body during the descent phase of dives.
As a promising cathode material for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), Li-rich layered oxide (LLO) has attracted the most interest due to its superior performance and attractive characteristics, such as, extremely high capacity and energy density, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, LLO cathode materials are facing a fundamental challenge of performance degradation as a result of the intrinsically poor rate capability and structural instability. Here we report the synthesis of high performance spinel/LLO heterostructured composite with aligned Li-ion channels by a composition modulated epitaxy method. The hetero-epitaxial nanostructure provides highly anisotropic Li-ion diffusion channels in spinel/LLO composite that significantly improve the electrochemical performance. Discharge capacities as high as 307, 282, 269, 227, 200mAhg−1 at 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0C rates, respectively, and reversible capacity of 286mA hg−1 after 100 cycles at 0.2C rate can be attained. This work sheds light on the comprehensive design of heterostructured composites for high-performance electrode applications and opens up new opportunities for next-generation LIBs.
State-of-the-art all-vanadium redox flow batteries employ porous carbonaceous materials as electrodes. The battery cells possess non-scalable fixed electrodes inserted into a cell stack. In contrast, a conductive particle network dispersed in the electrolyte, known as slurry electrode, may be beneficial for a scalable redox flow battery. In this work, slurry electrodes are successfully introduced to an all-vanadium redox flow battery. Activated carbon and graphite powder particles are dispersed up to 20 wt% in the vanadium electrolyte and charge-discharge behavior is inspected via polarization studies. Graphite powder slurry is superior over activated carbon with a polarization behavior closer to the standard graphite felt electrodes. 3D-printed conductive static mixers introduced to the slurry channel improve the charge transfer via intensified slurry mixing and increased surface area. Consequently, a significant increase in the coulombic efficiency up to 95% and energy efficiency up to 65% is obtained. Our results show that slurry electrodes supported by conductive static mixers can be competitive to state-of-the-art electrodes yielding an additional degree of freedom in battery design. Research into carbon properties (particle size, internal surface area, pore size distribution) tailored to the electrolyte system and optimization of the mixer geometry may yield even better battery properties.
Herein, we propose lithium ion batteries (LIBs) without binder or metal foils, based on a three-dimensional carbon nanotube (CNT) current collector. Because metal foils occupy 20–30 wt% of conventional LIBs and the polymer binder has no electrical conductivity, replacing such non-capacitive materials is a valid approach for improving the energy and power density of LIBs. Adding only 1 wt% of few-wall CNTs to the active material enables flexible freestanding sheets to be fabricated by simple dispersion and filtration processes. Coin cell tests are conducted on full cells fabricated from a 99 wt% LiCoO2-1 wt% CNT cathode and 99 wt% graphite-1 wt% CNT anode. Discharge capacities of 353 and 306 mAh ggraphite −1 are obtained at charge–discharge rates of 37.2 and 372 mA ggraphite −1, respectively, with a capacity retention of 65% at the 500th cycle. The suitability of the 1 wt% CNT-based composite electrodes for practical scale devices is demonstrated with laminate cells containing 50 × 50 mm2 electrodes. Use of metal combs instead of metal foils enables charge–discharge operation of the laminate cell without considerable IR drop. Such electrodes will minimize the amount of metal and maximize the amount of active materials contained in LIBs.
The effects of a surface treatment of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the electrical conductivity and the hydrophilicity of a polyaniline (PAni) coated CNTs (PAni-CNTs)/epoxy (EP) composites were examined. The surface of the CNTs was treated with various chemicals, such as acid mixtures (HNO3:H2SO4), potassium persulfate (KPS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), to improve their dispersion and reactivity with PAni. The electrical conductivity and hydrophilicity of PAni-CNTs and their EP composites were strongly affected by the surface treatment of the CNTs. The surface-treating materials remained on the surface of the CNTs affected the reactivity of the CNTs surface to PAni, and thus resulted in different PAni amounts in the PAni-CNTs. The electrical conductivity of the PAni-CNTs/EP composites decreased, but the hydrophilicity increased, with increasing the amount of PAni coating on the CNTs surface.
Plastic electronics, in which an organic material replaces silicon, hold promise for low-cost, flexible electronics. But understanding and controlling the microstructures of these materials is an ongoing challenge. With the help of the D1 x-ray beamline at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Ithaca, N.Y., scientists are closer to designing the perfect organic semiconductor by spatially mapping the microstructure, texture, grain sizes, and grain orientations of organic semiconductor thin films. Detlef Smilgies, senior research associate at CHESS, is co-author of an article in the journal Advanced Materials (Vol. 24, No. 41) that describes this direct structural mapping.
Predicting batteries' future degradation is essential for developing durable electric vehicles. The technical challenges arise from the absence of full battery degradation model and the inevitable local aging fluctuations in the uncontrolled environments. This paper proposes a base model-oriented gradient-correction particle filter (GC-PF) to predict aging trajectories of Lithium-ion batteries. Specifically, under the framework of typical particle filter, a gradient corrector is employed for each particle, resulting in the evolution of particle could follow the direction of gradient descent. This gradient corrector is also regulated by a base model. In this way, global information suggested by the base model is fully utilized, and the algorithm's sensitivity could be reduced accordingly. Further, according to the prediction deviations of base model, weighting factors between the local observations and base model can be updated adaptively. Four different battery datasets are used to extensively verify the proposed algorithm. Quantitatively, the RMSEs of GC-PF can be limited to 1.75%, which is 44% smaller than that of the conventional particle filter. In addition, the consistency of predictions when using different size of training data is also improved by 32%. Due to the pure data-driven nature, the proposed algorithm can also be extendable to other battery types.
In this work we report a novel way of reducing the polysulfide shuttle in lithium-sulfur batteries by a new separator material. Polyvinylsulfate potassium salt (PVSK) as polymeric additive is introduced into a polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVdF-HFP) matrix membrane to improve the battery performance. PVSK is expected to lower the polysulfide mobility due to interaction with the sulfonic group. PVdF-HFP/PVSK blend membranes are prepared and an UV/Vis polysulfide diffusion test clearly demonstrates the positive effect of PVSK. Electrochemical testing reveals a significant improvement of cycling stability up to more than 200 cycles. In addition, the effect of separator porosity to the polysulfide shuttle is investigated with PVdF-HFP membranes of different porosity. A simple polysulfide diffusion test and potentiostatic charge/discharge cycling clearly demonstrate that low separator porosity is favorable in a lithium-sulfur cell.