batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Despite all the acknowledged advantages in terms of environmental impact reduction, energy efficiency and noise reduction, the electric mobility market is below expectations. In fact, electric vehicles have limitations that pose several important challenges for achieving a sustainable mobility system: among them, the availability of an adequate charging infrastructure is recognized as a fundamental requirement and appropriate approaches to optimize public and private investments in this field are to be delineated. In this paper we consider actual data on conventional private vehicle usage in the urban area of Rome to carry out a strategy for the optimal allocation of charging infrastructures into portions (subareas) of the urban area, based on an analysis of a driver sample under the assumption of a complete switch to an equivalent fleet of electric vehicles. Moreover, the energy requirement for each one of the subareas is estimated in terms of the electric energy used by the equivalent fleet of electric vehicles to reach their destination. The model can be easily generalized to other problems regarding facility allocation based on user demand.
The diffusional processes proceeding in the intercalation electrode on applying a potential step are theoretically treated. The theory of chronovoltammetry is shown to require the necessary account of the contribution of the surface solid-state film to the overall diffusion resistance of the electrode. For the case of small deviations from equilibrium, analytical solutions of the diffusion problem have been obtained. Ignoring the retarding contribution of the surface film is shown to bring about an error into the diffusion coefficient of lithium in its alloys and intercalates. The theory has been experimentally verified with Li x C6 electrodes of various compositions made of pyrocarbon films on a nickel backing as examples. The diffusion coefficients are 10−11–10−9 cm2 s−1, depending on composition.
A compound of bismuth coated with carbon is synthesized via a facile reduction using a kind of organic framework based on bismuth ligands metal as a precursor, with an average nanospheres diameter about 29 nm. The arrival of the carbon matrix not only alleviates the volume expansion of Bi nanoparticles upon Li insertion/extraction process but also supplies a highly electronic conducive to accelerate the lithiation/delithiation of the Bi electrode. When used as an anode material for lithium-ion battery, the Bi/C verifies an admirable reversible capacity of 1312 mAh g−1 for initial cycle and superb cyclability with a capacity of 515 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles. In view of these contributions, it can be concluded that the Bi/C acquired by a new approach is expected to be a potential anode material for sustainable development of LIBs.
This paper seeks to quantify the benefits of a flexible energy system in the context of enabling higher levels of variable renewable energy on the grid. We explore a nuclear hybrid energy system (NHES) consisting of a 300 MW small modular reactor, wind generation, battery storage, and a reverse osmosis desalination plant. A dispatch rule is constructed within the Risk Analysis Virtual Environment (RAVEN) to model the system. Stochastic optimization and parametric analysis are utilized to explore how increased volatility in the net demand resulting from higher levels of wind penetration affect the optimal solution, and the stability of the system’s levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). In this study, net demand is the demand minus wind generation. This work contributes multi-objective analysis implemented through a supply-demand mismatch penalty to illustrate the financial stability and operational reliability benefits of the flexible energy system. In this context, we find that the additional up front cost of flexible loads and energy storage result in greater stability in LCOE as volatility in the demand increases. Additionally, the flexibility results in increased reliability in terms of meeting the demand. Although the analysis is conducted on a NHES, we emphasize the flexibility of the method applied here, in that the RAVEN platform and the multi-objective strategy are widely applicable to the analysis of energy systems faced with uncertainties in supply and demand.
Solid state 7Li and 19F magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) experiments are conducted on several cathodes containing CF x –Silver vanadium oxide (CF x –Ag2V4O11) hybrid cathodes discharged to 50% depth of discharge (DoD) and stored at their open-circuit voltage for a period of one and three months. Three carbonaceous sources for the CF x phase are investigated: petroleum coke-based, fibrous, and mixed fibrous. For each hybrid cathode, a measurable increase in the relative amount of lithium fluoride is observed after a three month resting period in both the 7Li and 19F NMR spectra. These changes are attributed to lithium ion migration from the silver vanadium oxide to the CF x phase during the resting period, and help clarify the mechanism behind high power handling capability of this cathode.
The accurate online state estimation for some types of nonlinear singularly perturbed systems is challenging due to extensive computational requirements, ill-conditioned gains and/or convergence issues. This paper proposes a multi-time-scale estimation algorithm for a class of nonlinear systems with coupled fast and slow dynamics. Based on a boundary-layer model and a reduced model, a multi-time-scale estimator is proposed in which the design parameter sets can be tuned in different time-scales. Stability property of the estimation errors is analytically characterized by adopting a deterministic version of extended Kalman filter (EKF). This proposed algorithm is applied to estimator design for the state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) in a lithium-ion battery using the developed reduced order battery models. Simulation results on a high fidelity lithium-ion battery model demonstrate that the observer is effective in estimating SOC and SOH despite a range of common errors due to model order reductions, linearisation, initialisation and noisy measurement.
An improved electro-thermal model is proposed considering the dependency of parameters not only on temperature and SoC (state of charge), but also on current rate. All the impedance parameters involved in the model are extracted from the direct current internal resistance (DCIR) tests, in which more than four hundred data sets are obtained in order to investigate the dependency of parameters on temperature, SoC, and current comprehensively. All dependency relationships are formulated by a semi-empirical approach based on the derivation of Butler-Volmer equation and Arrhenius empirical equation with other mathematical analysis. Verification results show that the improved model complemented by current dependent parameters can provide good prediction both in voltage and temperature responses for wide ranges of applied current rates and temperatures. Furthermore, in order to extend the engineering application of the proposed model, a nested loop program invoking the improved electro-thermal model is presented to predict the power performance of the battery. The effects of temperature and SoC on the available maximum cell output power are illustrated with a series of simulated contours.
Halloysite nanotubes/polypyrrole (HNTs/PPy) nanocomposites with coaxial tubular morphology for use as electrode materials for supercapacitors were synthesized by the in situ chemical oxidative polymerization method based on self-assembled monolayer amine-functionalized HNTs. The HNTs/PPy coaxial tubular nanocomposites were characterized with transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), electrical conductivity measurement at different temperatures, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements. The coaxial tubular nanocomposites showed their greatest conductivity at room temperature and a weak temperature dependence of the conductivity from 298K to 423K. A maximum discharge capacity of 522F/g after correcting for the weight percent of the PPy phase at a current density of 5mAcm−2 in a 0.5M Na2SO4 electrolyte could be achieved in a half-cell setup configuration for the HNTs/PPy composites electrode, suggesting its potential application in electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors.
We demonstrate herewith the application of in situ one-shot free radical photo-polymerisation (UV-curing) process to incorporate room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) into polymer membranes which can be used as electrolytes for lithium-based batteries. The reactive formulation for the preparation of the polymer membranes was based on a dimethacrylic oligomer (BEMA). The polymer electrolyte membranes were synthesized by UV radiating a mixture of BEMA and a proper radical photo-initiator with different compositions of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide [EMIPFSI] and, additionally, LiTFSI as lithium source. Stable and flexible polymer films with good mechanical integrity can easily be produced with varying the EMIPFSI content by using this method. Remarkable values of ionic conductivity were obtained even at ambient temperature. Galvanostatic charge/discharge cyclability tests were performed on the polymer electrolyte membranes by constructing a cell using LiFePO4 as cathode and Li metal as anode. The preliminary results are interesting, exhibiting good reversibility and cyclability.
Niemann–Pick Type C1 (NPC1) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids. Combination-treatment utilizing cyclodextrin, allopregnanolone and miglustat (CYCLO/ALLO/miglustat) can ameliorate NPC1 disease in a mutant mouse model. The present study was designed to add behavioral analysis in NPC1 mutant mice upon CYCLO/ALLO/miglustat therapy. NPC1 mutant (BALB/cJ NPC1NIH) and control mice were used. For the combination treatment mice were injected with CYCLO/ALLO weekly, starting at P7. The miglustat injection was performed daily from P10 till P23. Starting at P23, miglustat was added to the powdered chow. For the sham treatment of control and mutant mice the same schedule was used with 0.9% NaCl injection. Locomotor activity was assessed in open field, elevated plus maze and accelerod tests. For assessment of spatial learning and memory the Morris water maze test was conducted. Electron microscopy has been performed to support the behavioral data. The sham-treated mutant mice exhibited motor impairments in all performed tests. In the water maze the sham-treated mutants exhibited impairment in remembering the location of the hidden platform. CYCLO/ALLO/miglustat treatment positively influenced motor dysfunction: total distance and number of visits significantly increased, and accelerod performance improved. The spatial learning, however, did not benefit from therapy. At the morphological level, an excessive accumulation of electron-dense material was seen in the cerebellar Purkinje cells of mutant mice. A regression of these autophagosomal inclusions was seen upon therapy. CYCLO/ALLO/miglustat therapy ameliorates motor but not cognitive deficits in NPC1 mutant mice, suggesting unequal vulnerability of different brain areas to the treatment.
A facile chemical reduction approach is adopted for the synthesis of iron tungstate (FeWO4)/ceria (CeO2)–decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite. Surface morphological studies of rGO/FeWO4/CeO2 composite reveal the formation of hierarchical FeWO4 flower–like microstructures on rGO sheets, in which the CeO2 nanoparticles are decorated over the FeWO4 microstructures. The distinct anodic peaks observed for the cyclic voltammograms of studied electrodes under light/dark regimes validate the electroactive proteins present in the microalgae. With the cumulative endeavors of three-dimensional FeWO4 microstructures, phase effect between rGO sheet and FeWO4/CeO2, highly exposed surface area, and light harvesting property of CeO2 nanoparticles, the relevant rGO/FeWO4/CeO2 nanocomposite demonstrates high power and stable biophotovoltaic energy generation compared with those of previous reports. Thus, these findings construct a distinct horizon to tailor a ternary nanocomposite with high electrochemical activity for the construction of cost-efficient and environmentally benign fuel cells.
An extensive study on gel electrolyte systems based on 2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate (EOEMA) with various cross-link monomers is conducted with experimental techniques such as thermal analysis, stress-strain measurements and conductivity characterisation by impedance spectroscopy in order to clarify the influence of varying composition of the samples on their resulting properties. Furthermore, the addition of fluorinated side chains, used here predominantly with the aim of decreasing flammability of the ether-oxygen rich systems while boosting its ionic conductivity values, is investigated in terms of resulting mechanical, thermal and electrochemical properties.
Voltage decay is a major problem in applications of high-energy Li- and Mn-rich layer-structured battery materials. Here, the authors report the evolution of redox couples as the origin of the voltage decay and discuss strategies to suppress the problem.
Non-stoichiometric spinel compounds Li1.02M x Mn1.95O4−y F y (M=Co, Y, and Ga) were prepared for the first time by the rheological phase reaction method. The Li1.02M x Mn1.95O4−y F y samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, while the particle size and shape of the Li1.02M x Mn1.95O4−y F y were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The as-prepared samples were used as cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries, their electrochemical properties were tested, and the results showed that the non-stoichiometric spinels Li1.02M x Mn1.95O4−y F y had better cycling performance than pure LiMn2O4. In addition, among the different non-stoichiometric spinel samples, the Li1.02Mn1.95Co0.02Y0.01Ga0.01O3.97F0.03 sample not only had higher charge/discharge capacity, but also showed the best cycling performance, as the loss of its capacity was only 7% after 100 cycles. The possible reasons for the outstanding electrical properties of Li1.02Mn1.95Co0.02Y0.01Ga0.01O3.97F0.03 are also discussed.
Developing thermoelectric materials with superior performance means tailoring interrelated thermoelectric physical parameters – electrical conductivities, Seebeck coefficients, and thermal conductivities – for a crystalline system. High electrical conductivity, low thermal conductivity, and a high Seebeck coefficient are desirable for thermoelectric materials. Therefore, knowledge of the relation between electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity is essential to improve thermoelectric properties. In general, research in recent years has focused on developing thermoelectric structures and materials of high efficiency. The importance of this parameter is universally recognized; it is an established, ubiquitous, routinely used tool for material, device, equipment and process characterization both in the thermoelectric industry and in research. In this paper, basic knowledge of thermoelectric materials and an overview of parameters that affect the figure of merit ZT are provided. The prospects for the optimization of thermoelectric materials and their applications are also discussed.
Spinel lithium manganese oxide, LiMn2O4, is a promising cathode for lithium ion battery in large-scale applications, because it possesses many advantages compared with currently used layered lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) and olivine phosphate (LiFePO4), including naturally abundant resource, environmental friendliness and high and long work potential plateau. Its poor cyclability under high temperature, however, limits its application. In this work, we report a significant cyclability improvement of LiMn2O4 under elevated temperature by using dimethyl phenylphonite (DMPP) as an electrolyte additive. Charge/discharge tests demonstrate that the application of 0.5 wt.% DMPP yields a capacity retention improvement from 16% to 82% for LiMn2O4 after 200 cycles under 55 °C at 1 C (1C = 148 mAh g−1) between 3 and 4.5 V. Electrochemical and physical characterizations indicate that DMPP is electrochemically oxidized at the potential lower than that for lithium extraction, forming a protective cathode interphase on LiMn2O4, which suppresses the electrolyte decomposition and prevents LiMn2O4 from crystal destruction.
La1.8Ti0.2MgNi8.9Al0.1 alloys have been prepared by magnetic levitation melting followed by annealing treatment. The effects of annealing on the structure and electrochemical properties of the alloys are investigated by XRD, SEM–EDS and electrochemical measurement. For as-cast and annealed La1.8Ti0.2MgNi8.9Al0.1 alloys, La(Ni,Al)5 and LaMg2Ni9 are the main phases. Annealing not only causes LaNi2 phase to disappear, but also brings higher compositional homogeneity, which contributes to the improvement of cycling stability. At 60% discharge capacity retention, the maximum charge–discharge cycles, 160 cycles (at 900 °C), is more than three times the minimum, 51 cycles (as-cast). The positive impact of annealing (at 800 °C and 900 °C) on the charge transfer rate at the surface and the hydrogen diffusion rate in the bulk enhances the HRD. The optimum annealing temperature is found to be 900 °C.
A potentiostatic method has been employed to obtain silica layers on the surface of glassy carbon electrodes from a precursor sol–gel solution. The silica-modified electrodes were then used as a porous matrix for the electrochemical growth of conducting polyaniline. As a result, the overall synthesis of an organic–inorganic nanohybrid material has been achieved only by electrochemical methods. The growth of polyaniline is, in the first step, confined inside the silica matrix and appears to be controlled by the diffusion of aniline monomer units. Later, once the polyaniline fibers have reached enough length, emerge out of the template and the growth kinetics becomes comparable to that for polyaniline synthesized on a bare electrode. The silica matrix has a positive effect on the electrical capacitance of Pani since the polymer chains grow dispersed and the collapse between them is minimized.
Based on international industry data between 1975 and 2007, this paper studies the production effects of upstream (service) regulation considering two different mechanisms of transmission: the productivity channel and the factor demand channel. The analysis shows that the effects of anti-competition barriers in service markets transmit to the rest of the economy varying with the technology conditions of downstream firms. Upstream regulation is found to lower productivity directly – mainly reducing efficiency levels in network industries – and indirectly by curbing the demand for labour – mainly in the manufacturing sector. However, we show that downstream firms react to high anti-competition barriers in intermediate input (service) markets by investing more intensively in ICT capital goods, probably to produce intangible tasks internally. The aggregate effects of service regulation are quantitatively important and can help explain the wide productivity differentials existing across OECD countries.
While it is well accepted that the social brain undergoes prolonged development throughout the teenage years, behavioral evidence of this development from adolescence to adulthood are lacking. The current study thus investigated multiple aspects of social cognition in 30 adolescents of 12–17 years, 32 young adults of 18–21 years, and 27 adults of 22–30 years. The Integrated Social Cognition Battery (mentalizing, social knowledge, emotion recognition) and a self-reported empathy questionnaire were administered, along with non-social cognition tests (selective attention, working memory, executive functions). Adolescents’ scores were significantly lower on the cognitive empathy subscale and emotion recognition task, even while taking into account other developing non-social cognitive functions. No difference was found regarding mentalizing, social knowledge, and other aspects of empathy. The results suggest a protracted development of some components of social cognition across adolescence, while others seem to be already developed. A nuanced understanding of social cognition development is discussed.
The Sn[BPO4]0.4 composite material is composed of three main constituents: the electrochemically active Sn0 species, the BPO4 buffer matrix, and an interfacial amorphous SnII borophosphate phase which acts as a link between the other two, improving the cohesion of the whole composite. In this paper, we report an investigation of the effect of the reaction time on structure and size of this interfacial layer formed between the Sn0 and the BPO4 particles. 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy shows an increase in the amount of the oxidized SnII species with the increase of the reaction time following a quasi-kinetic profile. Operando Mössbauer spectroscopy allowed the study of the transformation of the interface at the beginning of the first electrochemical cycle, indicating that the big irreversible loss during the first discharge is closely related to the increase of the amount of SnII in the amorphous interface.
In order to get homogeneous layered oxide Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 as a lithium insertion positive electrode material, we applied carbonate co-precipitation. The oxide compounds were synthesized under different annealing temperature. XRD experiment revealed that the layered Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 material can be synthesized at lower temperature of 750°C, and the oxidation state of Ni, Mn and Co in the cathode confirmed by XPS were 2+, 4+ and 3+, respectively. SEM observation shows that the synthesized materials have spherical particle morphology and the morphology could be controlled by carbonate co-precipitation method. The cathode synthesized at 800°C showed small irreversible capacity loss of 10.72% and high discharge capacity of 186.7mAhg−1 as well as stable cycling performance in the voltage range 2.8–4.5 V Li / L i + . In spite of difference in specific surface area, rate capability of the samples synthesized in the temperature range 750–900°C showed similar rate capability and all these cathodes delivered high discharge capacity of over than 143mAhg−1 at 2.5C (450mAg−1).
Innovative modular sorption and resorption thermal cell are presented for cold and heat cogeneration. Expanded natural graphite treated with sulfuric acid is selected in the development of composite sorbents for improved heat and mass transfer performance. It is indicated that thermal conductivity and permeability range from 11.9Wm−1 K−1 to 36.5Wm−1 K−1 and from 1.04×10−14 m2 to 8.02×10−11 m2. Sorption characteristics of composite sorbents are also investigated. Results demonstrate that MnCl2-CaCl2-NH3 reveals the best sorption performance under the condition of 130–150°C heat source temperature and −20°C to 5°C evaporation temperature. Sorption quantities of sorption and resorption working pairs range from 0.169kgkg−1 to 0.499kgkg−1. Based on testing results, energy density and power density of modular resorption thermal cell are compared with that of sorption thermal cell. Results indicate that heat density ranges from 580kJkg−1 to 1368kJkg−1 whereas cold density ranges from 400kJkg−1 to 1134kJkg−1. Simultaneously, heat and cold power density range from 322Wkg−1 to 1502Wkg−1 and from 222Wkg−1 to 946Wkg−1. Both sorption and resorption thermal cell have their own advantages, which are flexible connected for scaling applications.