batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) based batteries have severe gassing behavior during charge/discharge and storage process. The interfacial reactions between LTO and electrolyte solution may be the main reason. In this work, the LTO spinel particles are modified with ZnO coating using a chemical process to reduce the surface reactivity of LTO particles. Results show that the ZnO coating can effectively stabilize the electrode/electrolyte interface and suppress the formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film. Simultaneously, this ZnO modification can improve the electronic conductivity and lithium ion diffusion coefficient, which contributes to a great improvement in cyclic and high rate capabilities of LTO electrode. The ZnO coating on LTO may be an effective method to restrict the gassing behavior of LTO based battery.
Organic-inorganic hybrid composite carbon nanofibers (CCNFs) are prepared by one-step electrospinning and subsequent thermal treatment using polyphenylsilane (PPS) as an inorganic precursor. We investigate the structural properties and electrochemical behavior of these CCNF materials when applied as supercapacitor electrodes as a function of the carbonization temperature ranging from 800 to 1000°C. The introduction of PPS induces thermal stability for the organic-inorganic hybrid CCNFs via the incorporation of a porous structure with stabilized functional structures such as silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy) and silicon oxycarbide (SiOxCy). This phenomenon is attributed to the synergistic effect of both the double-layer capacitance and the pseudo-capacitive effect induced by the porous carbon layer and the some surface functionalities), thereby providing high charge capacity, power and energy density.
It is believed that breakfast is an important meal due to its effect on appetite control and cognitive performance, yet little evidence exists to support this hypothesis.
We tested the core prediction of the Trace Deletion Hypothesis (TDH) of agrammatic Broca’s aphasia, which contends that such patients’ comprehension performance is normal for active reversible sentences but at chance level for passive reversible sentences. We analyzed the comprehension performance of 38 Italian Broca’s aphasics with verified damage to Broca’s area, who completed sentence-to-picture matching tasks using active and passive reversible sentences as stimuli. The results failed to confirm the predictions made by TDH: only a small minority (15%) performed at chance on passive sentences and better than chance on active sentences. Furthermore, the distribution of the 38 subjects’ performance on passive sentences differed from that predicted by the TDH since many more subjects performed at better-than-chance levels than expected. We discuss the implication of these results for claims about the distribution of language processing mechanisms in the brain.
Renewable energy has become a mandatory pursuit towards solving the world's reliance on fossil fuels, an environmentally damaging and finite resource. Many renewable energy sources are intermittent in nature, so storage must be incorporated as part of any energy solution. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) now represent the fastest growing energy storage system compared to all other technologies. Thus increasing their energy storage capacity is the subject of ongoing research for inclusion in many modern applications and the near exclusive reliance on graphitic anodes represents a limiting factor for LIBs. While silicon-based anodes have an energy capacity that is up to 11 times greater than their graphite-based equivalents, they have yet to be fully commercialized. This is due to silicon-based anodes suffering from unacceptable electrochemical and mechanical degradation as silicon undergoes a large volume expansion (≈400%) during charge/discharge cycling. This review gives a comprehensive overview and understanding of pure thin-film silicon anodes using physical vapor and chemical vapor deposition (PVD & CVD) and the factors affecting their electrochemical performance and cyclability. A deeper understanding of these factors will enable researchers to take appropriate steps towards improving the performance of LIBs which will ultimately result in the commercialization of silicon-based anodes for LIBs.
The interfacial phenomena between Cu electrode and solution of lithium perchlorate in ethylene carbonate (EC)–dimethyl carbonate (DMC) have been investigated using in situ reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and single reflection ATR–FTIR spectroscopy. The ATR spectra confirmed the bands due to free EC and DMC and the molecules solvated to lithium ions in the solution. The bands due to the result of the interaction between ClO4 − and DMC in the mixture solution also appeared in the ATR spectra. In the FTIR spectra, the potential dependence on the concentration of EC and DMC in the vicinity of the Cu electrode was observed. It was understood that the reversible changes in the concentration of free EC and DMC and solvated EC and DMC in the diffuse double layer take place with changing in potential. As the potential decreased, the free EC and DMC concentrations increased, while the concentration of the EC and DMC solvated to lithium ions decreased. Thus, it can be concluded that the equilibrium shifts from Li+(EC)2(DMC)2 to Li+(EC)2(DMC)+DMC or Li+(EC)(DMC)2 +EC as the potential decreases. The bands due to (CH2OCO2Li)2 and CH3OCO2Li were observed for an irreversible reaction.
Silicon boron carbon nitride ceramic nanocomposites filled with nitrogen sulfur dual-doped graphene sheets (SiBCN/NSGs) were designed and synthesized by inserting pyrolyzed NSGs into the polymer derived SiBCN via ball ball milling technique and their feasibility to serve as lithium ion battery anode was tested. The insertion of NSGs in SiBCN caused extrinsic defects and more active sites, both increased the lithiation and anode stability. The resulting material significantly improved the Li-ion loading capacity and gave a higher rate ability. The high cycling performances were attributed to the stacked graphene sheets of NSGs and increased disordered carbon sites (amorphous structure), such as rearrangement of -sp2 carbon chains and formation of B(C)N domains of polymer derived ceramic (PDC). The NSGs generated extrinsic defects and more active sites, hence promoted the electrode performance. The nanocomposites exhibited a reversible capacity of 785 mAh g−1 even at a high current density of 450 mA g−1 over 800 cycles, representing a high retained capacity of ∼780 mAh g−1 with an average decay of 0.006% per cycle. Furthermore, the SiBCN anode revealed a charge capacity of 365 mAh g−1 at 450 mA g−1 after 500 cycles, indicating that both the assembled anodes have potential practical applications in lithium-ion batteries.
Electrospun polymer membranes have great potentials as separators for lithium-ion batteries due to their high porosity. However, electrospun membranes usually suffer from low mechanical strength because of weak bonding at inter-fiber junctions. In this study, high mechanical strength over 20 MPa is achieved for poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/poly (acrylonitrile) (PAN) blend membranes at a ratio of 5/5 after modification by a PVDF dilute solution. Moreover, good dimensional stability at 200 °C is exhibited the modified blend membranes due to the presence of continuous PAN nanofibrils. Separators based on the modified blend membranes impart lithium-ion batteries with superior discharge capacity and cyclic performance.
A method for an efficient operation of a battery energy storage system (BESS) associated with frequency control problem is presented in this paper. A control system model is proposed to simulate the operation of BESS, and a controller is designed. The strategy is based on model predictive control to ensure the optimal operation of BESS in the presence of system constraints. A frequency prediction model based on Grey theory is also designed to optimize the performance of the predictive controller. The method is tested using real measurements from a power grid. The simulation results depict the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
We reported a new type of rechargeable lithium-ion battery consisting of a structurally integrated 0.4Li2MnO3·0.6LiMnNi0.4Co0.2O2 cathode and a hard carbon anode. The drawback of the high irreversible capacity loss of both electrodes, occurring at the first charge/discharge process, can be counterbalanced each other. The battery shows good reversibility with a sloping voltage from 1.5V to 4.5V and delivers a capacity of 105mAhg−1 and a specific energy of 315Whkg−1 based on the total weight of the both active electrode materials.
MoN@N-doped carbon hollow spheres (denoted as MoN@NC) assembled from porous nanosheets are facilely fabricated via one-pot hydrothermal process followed by in-situ nitridation treatment. Consequently, these hollow spherical structures have a porous feature and exhibited a large surface area of 111.5 m2 g−1. Due to the intrinsic metallic characteristics, MoN@NC hollow spheres demonstrate superior electrochemical performance as an anode material for lithium ion battery. In detail, it delivers a capacity of 571 mA h g−1 after 800 cycles at 1 A g−1.
It is now becoming increasingly clear that the in situ use of biomass and organic waste streams are likely to provide the key to energy self sustainability for islands and remote communities. Traditionally biofuels have been used in combustion engines for electric power generation, however, when replaced by fuel cells there is the prospect of achieving higher generating efficiencies, coupled with, in some instances, the opportunity to produce biofuel at a cheaper rate than conventional fuels. Additionally, important environmental benefits can be achieved by way of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, whilst providing a carbon sink. This paper presents the design details of such an installation that will provide a practical solution on an island (and be applicable in other remote and rural areas) where connection to the grid can be expensive, and where biofuels can be produced on site at no significant extra cost.
Ethnopharmacological relevance The oleo gum resin of Gardenia lucida is commonly employed in traditional medicine to treat multiple ailments, including epilepsy and mania. The essential oil isolated from it was screened for CNS activities to check if it is responsible for the claims made regarding the traditional use of the oleo gum resin. Materials and methods The hypnotic and anticonvulsant activity was assessed by pentobarbitone induced hypnosis and convulsant models—Maximum electroshock (MES) and Pentylene tetrazole (PTZ) respectively. Effect on motor activity was evaluated using an actophotometer, rotarod and grip strength methods. Results The oil significantly potentiated the barbitone induced hypnosis and offered significant protection against the intensity and frequency of convulsions and mortality rate in both the convulsant models. A significant decrease in locomotion, motor impairment and loss of gripping reflex was also observed. Conclusion The essential oil of the oleo gum resin of Gardenia lucida is a CNS depressant and anticonvulsant with central muscle relaxant properties. This justifies the claims made regarding the use of the oleo gum resin of Gardenia lucida in CNS disorders.
Herein we describe electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of lithium titanate spinel as well as an easy method based on colorimetry to determine the lithium content of electrodes containing lithium titanate spinel as active material. Raman microspectrometry measurements have been performed to follow lithium insertion into and extraction from the active material, respectively. The Raman signals display a pronounced fading of intensity already at low levels of lithium intercalation and disappear at a SOC higher than ∼10%. However, the colorimetric method can be used up to a SOC of 50%.
The engulfment receptor Draper is known to promote glial clearance of degenerating neurons in Drosophila, and this action of Draper is mediated by Src kinase. This study now shows that one of three Draper isoforms, namely Draper-II, negatively regulates glial clearance and acts in opposition to pro-clearance Draper-I.
In this paper, an improved state of charge (SOC) estimation method of Lithium-Ion battery is developed based on a cubature Kalman filter (CKF) supported by experimental data. Firstly, a first-order RC model and corresponding fractional order model are established to evaluate the estimation accuracy of different models. Secondly, model parameters are identified through a custom Hybrid Pulse Power Characteristic (HPPC) experiment based on the Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQR) method. Then, a CKF algorithm is used to estimate the battery SOC under different battery models with no prior knowledge of initial SOC. The results show that the proposed CKF method has a better estimate robustness rather than Extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the fractional order model can achieve higher accuracy while it consumes more computing resources compared with equivalent circuit models. SOC estimation error of CKF algorithms is less than 3%. Thirdly, a battery management unit in the loop approach is applied to verify the accuracy of estimation. Last but not least, in order to reduce the estimation error due to battery degradation and battery model errors, a fuzzy controller is constructed to modified the gain coefficient of Kalman. The proposed improved method can minimize the estimation error of SOC by 2%.
The electrochemical reaction of Sn(II)/Sn was investigated in a room-temperature ionic liquid, 1-n-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMPTFSI) at 25°C. The anodic dissolution of Sn metal proceeded by a two-electron transfer reaction with a current efficiency of nearly 100%. Electrodeposition of Sn on a Cu substrate is possible in BMPTFSI containing Sn(II). The formal potential of the Sn(II)/Sn is −0.57V vs. Ag/Ag(I). The diffusion coefficient of Sn(II) was estimated to be ∼1×10−7 cm2 s−1 from chronoamperometric and chronopotentiometric techniques. The initial stage of nucleation of Sn on a polycrystalline Pt substrate was found to be classified into a three-dimensional progressive nucleation under diffusion control by chronoamperometry, suggesting the rate of nucleation is faster than that of crystal growth.
Despite the intense debate surrounding the use of orthographic analogy in the clue word paradigm, little is known about the skills and strategies children actually use and how these compare with their everyday reading of single words. This study, with 4- and 5-year-olds (N=125), supports previous work which suggests children rely on phonological, rather than orthographic, priming in the clue word task since children most frequently produced rhyming words in response to the clue word. The extent to which phoneme and rhyme-based skills, along with letter-sound knowledge, predicted children’s performance in the analogy task and in a test of single word reading was contrasted and compared. Our findings suggested that the balance of skills which children drew upon was determined by the demands of the task. The implications of these findings for the validity of the ‘orthographic’-analogy task and for teaching beginning readers is discussed.
Three Li4Ti5O12/C composites (LTO/C) with diverse carbon morphologies and structures were synthesized via a simple solid-state method, along with carbon coating performed at different periods. The morphologies and structures of the coated carbon were characterized by means of electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Effects of varied coated carbon on lithium storage performance, especially high rate capability of LTO/C composites were investigated. The results revealed that the porous and homogeneous carbon layer was more facile to achieve the balance between the good electron conduction and Li ion diffusion than the island-like carbon layer and the compact one, and thus the corresponding LTO/C composite exhibited more excellent electrochemical performance. At low current rate of 0.2C, its reversible capacity was as high as 171 mAh g−1. At 5C, the high capacity of 150 mAh g−1 had no loss after 300 cycles. Especially at the high charge/discharge rate of 30C, the reversible capacity still kept a high level of 82 mAh g−1.
High-performance electrode materials are long-cherished for electrochemical energy storage, especially the application in supercapacitors. In this work, an efficient and green hydrothermal process followed by calcination is applied for the fast synthesis of hollow amorphous nickel phosphate microspheres. Instead of traditional inorganic phosphorus, adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP) as organic phosphorus source is employed which is conductive to build hollow microsphere structure as well as pore channels. The formation mechanism of target product is studied thoroughly by exploring the influence of the reaction temperature and time on the morphology and crystallinity. Benefiting from the construction of hollow amorphous microsphere, our nickel phosphate material achieves a remarkable electrochemical performance with the specific capacitance of 1034 F g−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1, and the energy density is 26.75 W h kg−1 at a power density of 750.00 W kg−1, which forecasts to be an ideal electrode material in the aspect of energy storage devices.
Höganäs has launched new drive systems for electric bicycles such as these. Höganäs AB has launched a new range of drive systems with German battery experts VARTA Microbattery GmbH. The drive systems are based on Höganäs' transversal flux motor technology and include Engion batteries from VARTA Microbattery. “The cooperation of two strong European companies with experience and history in their own specific technologies, partnering to produce an efficient and optimised drive system, is a big step forward for the future of electric bikes, says Fred Schellert, general manager of VARTA Microbattery–Power Pack Solutions.
The heating sector accounts for a major part of Germanys energy consumption and carbon emissions. Both, renewable energy and power-to-heat, could help decarbonizing it. To analyse the impacts of power-to-heat and heat storage on power system development, a dynamic long-term power sector investment and dispatch model for Europe is extended to also include German individual and district heating. Findings show that power-to-heat causes a substantial rise in electricity demand, even if heat energy demand decreases strongly. Power generation from wind and natural gas accordingly increase. Power-to-gas capacity increasingly substitutes battery storage. Combined heat and power does not play a role in future scenarios.
A fast precipitation method is adopted for synthesis of nano-MnPO4·H2O, with MnSO4·H2O, H3PO4, NH4NO3 and NaOH as raw materials. MnPO4·H2O precipitate is characterized by XRD (X-ray diffraction) and SEM (scanning electron microscope). Fine-sized, well-crystallized, carbon-coated LiMnPO4/C nano-composites are obtained by using mechanochemical activation assisted carbothermal reduction route from as-prepared MnPO4·H2O, Li2CO3 and PVA (polyvinyl alcohol). The effect of calcination temperature on the structure and properties of obtained materials is investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and electrochemical measurements. The in situ 6.8wt% carbon coated LiMnPO4/C displays discharge specific capacity of 124mAhg−1 at 0.05C rate and 108mAhg−1 at 1C rate. The capacity retention is nearly 100% after 20 cycles at 1C rate. This mechanochemical activation assisted precipitation technique is a facile approach for the fabrication of LiMnPO4 cathode materials.
In this paper we deal with the problem of efficiently optimizing microgrid operations while satisfying a time-varying request and operation constraints. Microgrids are subsystems of the distribution grid comprising sufficient generating resources to operate in isolation from the main grid, in a deliberate and controlled way. The Model Predictive Control (MPC) approach is applied for achieving economic efficiency in microgrid operation management. The method is thus applied to an experimental microgrid located in Athens, Greece: experimental results show the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
In order to investigate the relation between spinel type structure and anomaly in potential–composition profile of stoichiometric LiMn2O4 spinel at low temperature (T≤278K), several LiCr y Mn2−y O4 type spinels (y=0.01–0.25) have been synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction and their potential–composition (φ–x; Li x Cr y Mn2−y O4) profiles at 273K have been recorded. The φ–x profiles of the specimens (y=0.01–0.03) show an anomalous stepwise feature as one that stoichiometric LiMn2O4 shows at low temperature. However, the step at x≒0.7 becomes weak with increase of the value y, and finally disappears. In the specimens, Mn and Cr are considered to occupy only 16d sites of spinel type structure. As compared with the φ–x profiles of lithium-excess type spinels Li1+δ Mn2−δ O4 and lithium-deficient type spinels Li1−δ Mn2O4, the gradual result suggests that state of Mn lattice strongly affects the appearance of anomalous step at x≒0.7.
This paper deals with the feasibility of a Renewable Energy Sources (RES)-based stand-alone system for electricity supply based on a Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) located on the Greek Island of Naxos. The innovative use of flywheels in parallel connection with electrochemical batteries, as an integrated storage device in the same power plant, was selected to be simulated as it is a necessary buffer covering the load of a typical house. The optimal configuration for the electromechanical connection between the electrochemical batteries and flywheels is also considered in this study. Operational characteristics of the new storage systems were estimated and used in the simulations, while the financial aspects of the projects finalized using hand-made calculations and the HOMER software was used only for the energy calculations. It was found that an off-grid project using advanced and totally “green” technologies is possible and comparable to more conventional RES-based systems, in terms of energy and economical feasibility. Finally, it can be concluded that systems with low price flywheels are equivalent to those with electrochemical batteries.
The Binalood region in Iran enjoys an average wind speed of 6.82m/s at 40m elevation and an average daily solar radiation of 4.79kWh/m2/day. Within this perspective, a remote rural village in Binalood region, called Sheikh Abolhassan, can readily be expected to have more than enough potential for its load demand to be supplied with a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system. Yet the local state-run electrical service provider extended the utility grid to the village in 2006 to boost the already present diesel generator. This study aims, firstly, to explore how economical it would have been to keep supplying the electricity of the village by the diesel generator and add renewable energy generators to increase the renewable fraction of the system. On a second stage, we tried to investigate how renewable energy sources (RESs) can still be added to the current utility grid power supply in Sheikh Abolhassan to achieve a more economical and environmentally friendly system. The software HOMER is used in this study to evaluate the feasibility of various hybrid diesel-RES and grid-RES energy systems. Findings indicated that the addition of renewable power generators to the system both before and after the grid extension could and still can result in a more economical power system, which is obviously cleaner and more climate-benign.