batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A novel acetylene black/sulfur@graphene composite (AB/S@G) with unique three-dimensional sandwich structure was successfully prepared via an in situ sulfur deposition strategy and self-assembly. Acetylene black as conductive carbon skeleton and graphene nanosheets as physical shields played an extremely important role for improving the electrochemical performances of the AB/S@G cathode. Compared with the AB/S cathode, the AB/S@G cathode with a sulfur content of 54wt% exhibited a high utilization of sulfur, an enhanced cyclical stability, and an excellent rate capability. The AB/S@G cathode came true a high sulfur utilization of 95.73% after undergoing a high initial discharge capacity of 1603.5mAhg−1 at a current density of 200mAg−1, much higher than that (71.78%) of the AB/S cathode. The excellent electrochemical performances were principally attributed to the combined effect of graphene nanosheets and acetylene black, which provided an improved electrical conductivity for the sulfur cathode, effective restraining for soluble polysulfides, and powerful buffer for the volume changes of sulfur during cycling.
American Manganese has been working with research firm Kemetco Research to develop its manganese material for use in lithium-ion batteries. Metal Powder Report looks at the research and discusses opportunities with Norman Chow, Kemetco president.
A current collector is one of the key components of a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). For a planar-type DMFC, the current collector is usually fabricated from a thin metal that has open holes. The geometry of the current collector may have a significant effect on DMFC performance. Therefore, the design of the current collector is important for DMFC design. The objective of this study is to make a systematic experimental investigation of DMFC performance in the presence of current collectors with different free open ratios and total perimeter lengths of the free openings. Current collectors with 5×5, 7×7, and 10×10 hole arrangements under different total free open ratios of 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% are investigated. The results show that the total free open ratio can significantly affect cell performance; they also show that decreasing the total free open ratio decreases cell performance, and increasing the total free open ratio increases cell performance. A high total free open ratio affects the total contact area between the membrane electrolyte assembly (MEA) and current collectors. Proper consideration of both the total free open ratio and the total contact area between the MEA and current collectors is necessary for the design of DMFC current collectors. In addition, a longer total perimeter of the free openings yields higher cell performance with the same free open ratio of the current collectors.
Available statistical data indicate that during the last two to three decades, the positive historical trends in decarbonization of primary energy has markedly slowed down and practically ceased. In this article, the current status of the decarbonization of the global economy and constraints and challenges of near-to-mid term carbon mitigation options are analyzed using the Kaya Identity modeling tool. Dramatic reductions in both energy and carbon intensities of the world economy would be necessary to stop and reverse the worrisome re-carbonizing trends, however, for the majority of promising low-carbon technologies, the competition with fossil incumbents is currently an uphill battle. The pivotal role of the three-way energy system comprising methane, non-carbon electricity and hydrogen (hence, dubbed Decarbonization Triangle) in catalyzing the decarbonization process is examined in this paper. The analysis of current tendencies shows that despite recent drastic increases in carbon emissions, there are signs of emerging positive decarbonizing trends fueled by a recent surge in supply of natural gas, booming renewables market and significant gains in energy efficiency. If further strengthened, these trends may put decarbonization back on its positive historical path.
Rechargeable performance was realized in a Mg-battery using a β-Cu2Se cathode. The average specific capacity was approximately 120 mAh/g for the first 35 cycles at room temperature, which was comparable with that of Chevrel phase as a prototype cathode material for Mg-batteries. The specific capacity was improved up to about 230 mAh/g by downsizing β-Cu2Se crystals, the short side length of which is about ∼100nm. The displacement reaction, in which the inserted Mg ions induce the displacement and extrusion of Cu ions from Se-sublattices, was suggested as the plausible mechanism for the reversible electrochemical reaction in the battery cell cathode. This mechanism was supposed from the structural relationship between β-Cu2Se and MgSe.
Disturbances in olfactory circuitry have been associated with depression in humans. The olfactory bulbectomized (OBX lesion) has been largely used as a model of depression-like behavior in the rat. However, quantitative neuronal rearrangements in key brain regions in this animal model have not been evaluated yet. Accordingly, we investigated changes in hippocampal plasticity as well as behavioral deficits in this animal model. OBX-induced behavioral deficits were studied in a battery of tests, namely the open field test (OFT), forced swim test (FST), and spatial memory disturbances in the Morris water maze (MWM). To characterize the neuronal remodeling, neuroanatomical rearrangements were investigated in the CA1 hippocampus and piriform cortex (PirC), brain regions receiving inputs from the olfactory bulbs and associated with emotional or olfactory processes. Additionally, cell proliferation and survival of newborn cells in the adult dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus were also determined. OBX induced hyperlocomotion and enhanced rearing and grooming in the OFT, increased immobility in the FST as well as required a longer time to find the hidden platform in the MWM. OBX also induced dendritic atrophy in the hippocampus and PirC. In addition, cell proliferation was decreased while the survival remained unchanged in the DG of these animals. These various features are also observed in depressed subjects, adding further support to the validity and usefulness of this model to evaluate potential novel antidepressants.
Cycling lithium batteries often results in inactive lithium that no longer participates in redox reactions, leading to performance deterioration. Here the authors use an iodic species to react with inactive lithium, bringing it back to life and thus making batteries last longer.
Ultracapacitors have been under development for over two decades and recently have received attention for their commercial applications in products such as hybrid electric vehicles, medical devices, grid energy storage, and personal electronics. Ultracapacitors are attractive for their ability to quickly deliver large quantities of power, making them an ideal complement to battery technology in comprehensive power systems. Recent technical advancements have developed ultracapacitors with performance that is now viable in a variety of commercial applications. This research uses publication, patent and investment data to identify and trace the commercial pathway for this emerging technology. The firms and industries currently developing and commercializing ultracapacitors are identified using affiliation data. To date, ultracapacitor R&D has been primarily performed by large multinational companies with broad energy-based product portfolios and emerging venture-backed capacitor companies. Firms in industries including transportation, consumer electronics, and medical equipment have researched how ultracapacitors can be integrated into power systems. The early stages of ultracapacitor development are compared with Li-ion and NiMH batteries and evidence shows similarities between the early stages of the commercially successful Li-ion battery.
Olivine structure LiMnPO4 has been considered as one of the very promising electrodes for lithium-ion batteries because of their low cost, low toxicity and high voltage plateau compared with LiFePO4. In order to improve the electrochemical performance a key challenge in the field of lithium-ion battery, is to explore and invent suitable synthetic route to control the size and morphology of LiMnPO4. Here a detailed study exploring the novel route of microwave-hydrothermal (MH) synthesis for successfully obtaining LiMnPO4 crystals within few minutes is reported and the reaction process discussed in detail. Variation of the synthetic parameters show that a decrease in reactant concentration could lead to LiMnPO4 nano-platelets orientated in the ac plane with a very high electrochemical performance. The effect of the starting precursor (like, Mn) concentration as a means to tailor LiMnPO4 electrochemical performance is discussed. The effect of alteration of size, morphology, lattice parameters and crystal structure induced by addition of additives like citric acid (H3cit) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) is further described and an example of the first reversible discharge of a product treated with H3cit obtained by MH route as high as 89.0mAh/g, is shown. The general investigation demonstrates that there is a relationship among microwave irradiation condition, crystal structure, morphology and electrochemical performance that can be exploited for the design of next generation lithium batteries.
Cylindrical 18650-type surrogate cells were designed and fabricated to mimic the thermophysical properties and behavior of active lithium-ion batteries. An internal jelly roll geometry consisting of alternating stainless steel and mica layers was created, and numerous techniques were used to estimate thermophysical properties. Surrogate cell density was measured to be 1593 ± 30 kg/m3, and heat capacity was found to be 727 ± 18 J/kg-K. Axial thermal conductivity was determined to be 5.1 ± 0.6 W/m-K, which was over an order of magnitude higher than radial thermal conductivity due to jelly roll anisotropy. Radial heating experiments were combined with numerical and analytical solutions to the time-dependent, radial heat conduction equation, and from the numerical method an additional estimate for heat capacity of 805 ± 23 J/kg-K was found. Using both heat capacities and analysis techniques, values for radial thermal conductivity were between 0.120 and 0.197 W/m-K. Under normal operating conditions, relatively low radial temperature distributions were observed; however, during extreme battery failure with a hexagonal cell package, instantaneous radial temperature distributions as high as 43–71 °C were seen. For a vertical cell package, even during adjacent cell failure, similar homogeneity in internal temperatures were observed, demonstrating thermal anisotropy.
Almost all the villages consisting of more than 20 households in Iran have been grid-connected by 2010 according to the Forth Five-Year Economic Development Plan (2005–2010) of the Iranian government; however, there are many isolated communities with less than 20 households that are still in need of electrification. Currently, the sole technology that provides electric power to such communities is diesel generator, which does only cause environmental problems and human health concerns, but also rank high in maintenance and operational costs. Due to the recent increasing attention of Renewable Energy Organization in Iran (acronymed as SUNA based on its Persian name) to the application of renewable energies, this paper aims to analyze the techno-economic feasibility of stand-alone hybrid PV–diesel energy systems for electrification of remote rural areas in eastern part of Iran where 5kWh/m2 solar radiation per day is a common feature. Through simulations based on HOMER software, this study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis among potential configurations of a system best suited to meet the needs of isolated Iranian communities.
The exploitation for highly effective and low-cost metal-free catalysts with facile and environmental friendly method for oxygen reduction reaction is still a great challenge. To find an effective method for catalyst synthesis, in this manuscript, waste biomass pine cone is employed as raw material and nitrogen-doped micropore-dominant carbon material with excellent ORR catalytic activity is successfully synthesized. The as-prepared N-doped micropore-dominant carbon possesses a high surface area of 1556 m2 g−1. In addition, this carbon electrocatalyst loaded electrode exhibits a high discharge voltage 1.07 V at the current density of 50 mA cm−2, which can be ascribed to the rich micropores and high content of pyridinic N of the prepared carbon, indicative of great potential in the application of zinc/air batteries.
Voltage fade has been a major barrier to the commercialization of a series of high-energy-density battery electrodes for more than a decade. It is now re-examined with advanced characterization techniques, which find its origin is correlated to oxygen activities.
Humans have relied on coastal resources for centuries. However, current growth in population and increased accessibility of coastal resources through technology have resulted in overcrowded and often conflicted spaces. The recent global move towards development of national blue economy strategies further highlights the increased focus on coastal resources to address a broad range of blue growth industries. The need to manage sustainable development and future exploitation of both over-utilised and emergent coastal resources is both a political and environmental complexity. To address this complexity, we draw on the perspectives of a multi-disciplinary team, utilising two in depth exemplary case studies in New Zealand and within the Myanmar Delta Landscape, to showcase barriers, pathways and actions that facilitate a move from Business as Usual (BAU) to a future aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the UN International Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development 2021–2030. We provide key recommendations to guide interest groups, and nations globally, towards sustainable utilisation, conservation and preservation of their marine environments in a fair and equitable way, and in collaboration with those who directly rely upon coastal ecosystems. We envision a sustainable future driven by conflict mitigation and resolution,  where:
The citric acid aided synthesis, physico-chemical and electrochemical characterization of the nanosized nickel-doped lithium manganese spinel, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 having excellent high-rate properties is described. An optimal electrode material represented by perfectly shaped, well-faceted particles of 100-400nm size containing crystallites of the 15-22nm size could be obtained upon the thermal treatment at 700°C. In spite of a reduced specific capacity (102 mAh·g−1) it is able to retain a half of it upon the discharge current of 4400 mA·g−1 (30C) and to endure the current load of 5870 mAh·g−1 (40C) delivering the reversible specific capacity of 25 mAh·g−1. It is suggested that the reduced specific capacity is determined primarily by the aggregation of material's particles, whereas the good high-rate capability is governed not only by the size of crystallites but also by the perfectness of crystals, and imperfections in big, well-shaped crystals (like dislocations, grain boundaries, etc.) less retard the diffusion of lithium ions than particle boundaries in small, randomly oriented, accreted crystals.
A series of Mg-doped LiCoO2 cathode materials are prepared by a solid-state reaction with a titanate coating for use in lithium ion batteries. The detailed structures of the materials are thoroughly characterized by experimental techniques including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and electron probe microanalysis. The coating layer, which is characterized as a spinel phase of Mg2TiO4, plays the important role of a protective layer to prevent detrimental side reactions. Hence, the coated materials exhibit much improved cycling ability, excellent C-rate capability, and high upper cut-off voltages owing to the Mg doping. Mg ions in the coating layer are relocated from the bulk region of the active material and have a beneficial effect that enhances battery performance. This work provides an informative guide for the development of novel high-voltage cathode materials.
The specific energy of electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) can be increased by design of the pore architecture to provide large interfaces between electrodes and electrolyte and efficient access to these surfaces. Colloidal-crystal templated carbon electrodes with interconnected, uniform mesopores have demonstrated high capacitances at fast charge/discharge rates in EDLCs used with ionic liquid electrolytes. Here we aim to enhance capacitive performance further through nitrogen doping, by combining a phenol-formaldehyde precursor with the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanoamide (EMI-DCA) as the nitrogen source. The IL content in this precursor affects the resistance, structural integrity, and specific capacitance of the porous electrodes. With an IL content up to 50 wt%, the electrode resistance is reduced while the bicontinuous mesoporous structure of the resulting carbon is preserved. The specific capacitance of an electrode prepared with 50% IL in the precursor increases over 40% at 10 A g−1 compared to mesoporous carbons prepared using only the phenol-formaldehyde resol. With an ionic liquid electrolyte, the maximum specific capacitance is 237 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, and a specific capacitance of at least 195 F g−1 is maintained after 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1. A higher IL content in the precursor results in reduced structural order and capacitive performance.
Combined heat and power systems (CHPs) have received much attention in recent years due to increasing use of bio-fuels and distributed generation (DG). Conventionally, they are connected to the power grid to balance electrical demands and supplies. This research investigated an off-grid (stand-alone) biofuel micro CHP system with hybrid energy storage (HES) (including battery banks and super-capacitors) by developing an energy management strategy based on dynamic programming (DP). DP is an optimization strategy which has been applied to energy systems in recent years. However, they suffer from dimension problems when the number of variables increases. This work is the first attempt to apply the decision tree (DT) to multi-dimension DP solutions in energy systems. The energy efficiency is improved from 45.77% to 57.97% using diesel-biofuels and the system has a potential for commercial applications. The experimental test results validate its feasibility and effectiveness.
This research examines the role of social capital and networks to explain the evacuation, relocation, and recovery experiences of a Vietnamese American community in New Orleans, Louisiana in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. As the single largest community institution, the parish church’s complex bonding and bridging social capital and networks proved particularly critical in part because of its historically based ontological security. The process of evacuation, but especially relocation and recovery, was dependent on deploying co-ethnic social capital and networks at a variety of geographical scales. Beyond the local or community scale, extra-local, regional, and national scales of social capital and networks reproduced a spatially redefined Vietnamese American community. Part of the recovery process included constructing discursive place-based collective-action frames to successfully contest a nearby landfill that in turn engendered social capital and networks crossing ethnic boundaries to include the extra-local African American community. Engaging social capital and networks beyond the local geographical scale cultivated a Vietnamese American community with an emergent post-Katrina cultural and political identity.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses software issues relating to analog-to-digital conversions and digital-to-analog conversions. Natural parameters such as temperature, pressure, displacement, altitude, humidity, and flow are analog. The value taken by the parameters can change continuously instead of in discrete steps. To be manipulated by a computer, these analog parameters must be converted to digital. This process is referred to as analog-to-digital conversion. Certain analog parameters can also be controlled. For example, the speed of an automobile is adjusted by changing the position of the throttle. The exact position of the throttle depends on many factors, such as wind resistance and whether one is going uphill or downhill. One can control the flow of liquids or gases by adjusting the opening of a valve. Voice coil type actuators control the position of the heads in some hard disk drives. An actuator is a device that converts electrical or pneumatic signals into linear motion. To be controlled by a computer, analog parameters must be converted from their digital form to analog. This process is referred to as digital-to-analog conversion.
The role of commercial and naval port evolution in the growth of coastal zone cultural heritage is outlined and problems of heritage sustainability are identified. It is proposed that these problems may be related not only to the issue of heritage conservation but also to the difficulties of identifying appropriate new uses that will secure the long-term economic viability of the port system’s patrimony. The conservation issue is explored through a case study of cultural heritage loss in the UK’s South Wales coal ports. Issues relating to economic sustainability are examined with respect to a defunct, yet architecturally outstanding, naval facility, the Royal William Yard, Plymouth, UK. It is argued that both problems can be better understood with reference to clusters of interacting and controlling ‘environments’ within which the cultural heritage is set. It is concluded that coastal zone management must recognise the challenges posed by such ‘environments’ if effective strategies to secure the future of port-based cultural heritage are to be devised. It is also suggested that the scale and complexity of the challenges are such that there is a leadership role in this sphere for international organisations such as the European Union.
We demonstrate the orientation control of LiCoO2 epitaxial thin films deposited on (110)-2 × 1 reconstructed surfaces of Au and Pt by using pulsed laser deposition. The epitaxial LiCoO2 thin films have CoO2 layers tilted with respect to the surface normal, which is suitable for Li-ion insertion/extraction reactions in LiCoO2. We show the successful operation of all-solid-state thin-film Li-ion batteries by employing the epitaxial LiCoO2 thin films as cathodes. The electrochemical properties of epitaxial films in all-solid-state batteries are improved compared to the batteries using liquid electrolyte.
The ultimate goal of materials design and development is to come up with the best large-scale performance with proper structure and composition modification of individual building blocks. Bionics is gradually becoming the research focus as it signifies a promising strategy to make materials with generated structures having true three-dimensional order and multiple contributions to the bulk properties. In this article, we review advances in synthesis of nanostructured materials for developing high performance rechargeable batteries using biomass/bionic approaches. Understanding and mitigating some of the key factors that limit such rechargeable battery performance will also be briefly presented. We present a few examples to demonstrate how the biomass/bionics can be used to develop high-performance battery materials, and especially, highlight the underline rationale to use these approaches. Our hope is that the concepts and results presented in this article will prompt new researchers to join this field and help broaden the scope and impact of rechargeable batteries using the materials from biomass.