batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Introduction The Cognitive Ageing, Nutrition and Neurogenesis trial hypothesizes that a combined intervention with long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3) and cocoa flavan-3-ols (FLAV) will mitigate the cognitive decline anticipated to naturally occur over 1 year in older adults. Methods In a double-blinded, placebo-controlled parallel design, 259 individuals with mild cognitive impairment or subjective memory impairment were randomized to a control or n-3 FLAV group (1.5 g docosahexaenoic acid + eicosapentaenoic acid and 500 mg n-3 FLAV daily) for 12 months. Cognition was measured at 0, 3, and 12 months. The primary end-point is hippocampus-sensitive cognitive function (e.g., number of false-positives on the Picture Recognition Task of the Cognitive Drug Research test battery). Secondary outcomes include additional cognitive measures, brain atrophy and blood flow (assessed by magnetic resonance imaging), vascular function, circulating biomarkers of cardiovascular and cognitive health, gut microflora, red blood cell fatty acid status, and urine flavan-3-ol metabolites. Results Screening began in 2015, with all baseline visits completed in March 2017. The intervention was finished in March 2018. Discussion Cognitive Ageing, Nutrition and Neurogenesis aims to identify an effective diet-based intervention to prevent or delay cognitive impairment in cognitively at-risk individuals, which could ultimately contribute to a reduced population burden of dementia. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02525198.
The blockchain is nothing but a skilled magician one after one it is providing the mankind with wonders in the era of information technology and financial industry. In recent years, blockchain has received tremendous attention to providing a distributed, definitive, and auditable application in the Internet of Things (IoT). Most Internet of Things (IoT) is moving towards momentous scalability and security challenges. Blockchain technology is extravagant and entangles high bandwidth, prolongation, and memory overhead that are not compatible with IoT devices. This paper brings forward a new definitive, intimate, and lightweight masonry for IoT-based blockchain technology which forsakes the memory overhead and centralized system, while security and privacy benefits are maintaining. The preliminary investigation method is discussed a standardized IoT infrastructure, where data are stored and access is managed by a decentralized blockchain technology. The following integration method used terminal devices as network technology and Ethereum as the blockchain platform that produced backend that ensures high availability, security, and privacy, while replacing traditional backend systems. Diametrically, we illustrate the simulation outcome to highlight our approach that significantly related to security and privacy of Blockchain-based IoT applications.
Democracy enjoys a significant base of popular support in the 41 country samples covered by CSES Module II. While higher levels of support for democracy seem to be a defining feature of the established democracy, the emerging democracies including post-communist regimes also enjoy a solid base of pro-democracy sentiment. The endurance of many emerging democracies is not under any immediate danger because popular belief in the superiority of democracy is not susceptible to the ups-and-downs of government performance or short-term economic fluctuation. Our analysis also demonstrates that all three theoretical perspectives, modernization/postmodernization, institution, and rationality, are indispensable for a comprehensive understanding of the sources of democratic legitimacy for both established and emerging democracies. However, most of the theoretical predictions based on a narrow conception of ‘utility-maximization’ turn out to be less relevant. Instead, our analysis shows that performance-based legitimacy is a function of a more diffuse basket of political goods including freedom, accountability and representativeness.
In recent years, the portable technology is receiving a great interest and significant improvement due to the progresses in electronic technology development and energy storage solutions. The decrease in power requirements for working energy systems, due to the increased efficiency and to the reduction in components size, opens the access to new solutions for power supplying. In particular, alternative backup systems for battery charging or replacement could be designed taking advantage of unconventional technologies. It is the case of small photovoltaic portable panels or fuel cells technology: in these solutions different sources are used to produce limited electrical powers required to keep devices on. In this paper, a thermoelectric solution for the power generation has been considered: the generator has been designed and assembled starting from a catalytic combustor. Catalytic combustion allows safe control of the processes, and the choice of a hydrocarbon fuel ensures the power availability and a fast recharge. The size of the system is set to fit a volume close to the one of AA batteries. The electrical power output obtained is close to 1 W with a cold side temperature below 40 °C. The limited values of these physical parameters allow obtaining a portable and safe device. The generator has been fully characterized in different ranges of fuel flow rates and the performances have been thoroughly analysed for processes optimization and efficiency improvement.
This study presents paper presents an analysis of the potential CO2 savings that could be gained through the introduction of hydrogen-powered fuel cells on a commuter-style railway route. Vehicle is modelled as a fuel cell series hybrid. The analysis consists of power/energy flow models of a fuel cell stack, battery pack and hybrid drive controller. The models are implemented in a custom C# application and are capable of providing key parametric information of the simulated journey and individual energy drive components. A typical commuter return journey between Stratford Upon Avon and Birmingham is investigated. The fuel cell stack and battery pack behaviour is assessed for different stack sizes, battery sizes and control strategies to evaluate the performance of the overall system with the aim of understanding the optimum component configuration. Finally, the fuel (H2) requirements are compared with typical diesel and hybrid-diesel powered vehicles with the aim of understanding the potential energy savings gained from such a fuel cell hybrid vehicle.
An integrated mathematical tool is presented to simultaneously design powertrain and control strategies for PEM fuel cell hybrid vehicles. Such an activity is motivated by the positive impact of car electrification on transportation related GHG emissions, and by the potential of hydrogen as an intensive energy carrier to avoid heavy battery packs, as required for pure electric cars. Moreover, the availability of reliable and comprehensive mathematical tools is recognized as a key to develop cost effective and highly performing innovative powertrains. A database of hybridizing devices' costs and weights is developed and exploited in conjunction with a weight model to size the powertrain as a function of degree of hybridization. In parallel, a versatile heuristic control strategy is proposed to easily adapt control rules to different powertrains. Then, both the weight model and the heuristic control strategy are embedded into an optimization procedure to determine the most convenient PEM fuel cell hybrid vehicle configuration. The methodology is tested for a fuel cell hybrid shuttle, whose hydrogen feeding is guaranteed by a photovoltaic on-site generation system. Such a case study not only is suitable to assess the proposed optimization procedure, but also serves at indicating the most promising short-term applications of fuel cell hybrid vehicles.
A facile and in-situ electrochemical nanofabrication towards three-dimensional graphene@nickel foam (3DGF) to produce Ni(OH)2 nanosheets was proposed and the integrated Ni(OH)2/3DGF electrode for glucose sensing was researched. The nanofabrication of chemical battery reaction is mild and facile. Nanopores formation plays a key role in promoting the growth of Ni(OH)2 nanosheets, leading to enhanced electro-catalysis. In this constructed unique 3D hierarchical architecture, graphene layers not only provide excellent electrical conductivity but also benefit to the sensing stability, while the 3D interconnected structure prevents the agglomeration or exfoliation of Ni(OH)2 nanosheets and the porous Ni(OH)2 film benefits to the mass and charge transfer, and thus improving the sensing performance remarkably. As a successful demonstration, the fabricated Ni(OH)2/3DGF glucose sensor exhibits an appreciable sensitivity 2366μAmM−1 cm−2 and a low detection limit of 0.32μM. This study proposes an easy and convenient strategy to prepare Ni(OH)2 and graphene integrated glucose sensor, promisingly applied in practice.
Buildings are becoming suitable for application of sophisticated energy management approaches to increase their energy efficiency and possibly turn them into active energy market participants. The paper proposes a modular coordination mechanism between building zones comfort control and building microgrid energy flows control based on model predictive control. The approach opens possibilities to modularly coordinate technologically heterogeneous building subsystems for economically-optimal operation under user comfort constraints. The imposed modularity is based on a simple interface for exchanging building consumption and microgrid energy price profiles. This is a key element for technology separation, replication and up-scaling towards the levels of smart grids and smart cities where buildings play active roles in energy management. The proposed coordination mechanism is presented in a comprehensive realistic case study of maintaining comfort in an office building with integrated microgrid. The approach stands out with significant performance improvements compared to various non-coordinated predictive control schemes and baseline controllers. Results give detailed information about yearly cost-effectiveness of the considered configurations, which are suitable for deployment as short- and long- term zero-energy building investments.
Alloy-type materials hold a great potential as the negative electrodes for next generation lithium-ion batteries with high energy and low cost. However, the huge volume expansion of alloy-type materials caused by lithium alloying inevitably leads to poor cycle stability. Herein, we propose a rational design of a sandwich structure of carbon/Sn/carbon hollow spheres by a template-engaged method. The structure effect of the novel carbon/Sn/carbon spheres on the lithium storage performances is elucidated by various means of characterization and electrochemical tests. A stable and high reversible capacity of 1100 mA h g−1 is retained after 130 cycles at 0.1 A g−1, significantly higher than that (187 mA h g−1) of Sn/carbon hollow spheres. Furthermore, a superior rate capability is obtained for carbon/Sn/carbon spheres, e.g., showing a high capacity of 430 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1. The excellent electrochemical properties of carbon/Sn/carbon against Sn/carbon are ascribed to a unique nano-confinement from the double-shelled carbons with very good structure stability and contribution of pseudocapacitive storage of lithium. These results indicate that the sandwich structure of carbon/Sn/carbon is highly effective to design electrode materials with enhanced performances.
A novel fibrous MnO2 electrode for a fuel cell/battery system is fabricated on carbon fiber by the electrodeposition method. The characteristics of the fibrous MnO2 electrode are examined by electrochemical impedance spectra, galvanostatic performance and cyclic voltammetry. The experimental results indicate that the fibrous MnO2 electrodes are superior to pasted electrodes because of the following: (i) better contact between MnO2 and the electrical conducting material; (ii) high charge-transfer rate because of a smaller diameter than conventional electrodeposited MnO2 particles (thus it is expected that the specific surface area would be higher); and (iii) a low overpotential. The morphology and the crystal structure of the fibrous MnO2 electrode are investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The entire surface of the carbon fiber is found to be coated with γ-MnO2 after 2h of electrodeposition at 0.01Adm−2 current density.
The cyclic voltammetric behavior of MmNi3.03Si0.85Co0.60Mn0.31Al0.08-based metal hydride electrode was studied in alkaline electrolytes at various temperatures (303, 308, 318 and 328K). Electrochemical parameters such as limiting current density and corrosion potential were determined at these temperatures. The corrosion potential became more negative with increasing temperature. Hydrogen diffusivity was also found to increase with increasing temperature. From electrochemical discharge experiments, it was concluded that the charge transfer process was the rate-determining step.
Nanocrystalline LaMg12–Ni composites were prepared by ball-milling a LaMg12 alloy and Ni powders with additions of small amounts of metal oxides (TiO2, Fe3O4, La2O3 and CuO). The composites with additions of small amounts of metal oxides were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the effects of the addition of the metal oxides on the electrochemical hydrogen storage were investigated. It is demonstrated that the initial discharge capacities of the composites with additions of small amounts of metal oxides were significantly higher than that of the original composite. The additions of TiO2 and Fe3O4 as catalysts improved the electrochemical hydrogen storage properties more effective than additions of La2O3 and CuO. Analysis of the electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) showed that the function of the metal oxides was considered to reduce the electrochemical reaction resistance as catalysts and to increase the specific surface area as impurities. However, more extensive investigation is still necessary in order to improve the cyclic stability of these materials for practical application in Ni/MH batteries.
The application of many current-use pesticides has increased after the disuse of persistent, bioaccumulative or toxic ones as DDT or chlordane. Many of the used pesticides are considered less dangerous towards the environment for their physico-chemical properties. This study investigated the toxic effects of three current-use pesticides, pentachlorophenol (PCP), azinphos-methyl (AZM), and chlorpyrifos, on Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotuslividus early development and offspring quality. The experimental results showed that the most toxic pesticides were PCP and AZM at EC50 level. Nevertheless at low concentration PCP resulted the less toxic compound and showed EC1 value more protective than NOEC. PCP at high concentration seemed to modify cytoskeleton assembly, while at low concentrations, it could alter the deposition of the larval skeleton. OPs at low concentrations until 300 μg/l showed a similar toxicological behaviour with a trend corresponding to the pesticide concentrations. At high concentration (500 μg/l) the effect mainly observed was the embryos pre-larval arrest. This investigation highlighted the relevance to evaluate, in coastal seawaters, the levels of the used pesticides to understand the real impact on benthic populations mainly in sites characterized by intensive agriculture or floriculture activities, such as the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea.
In order to better understand the behavior of lithium-ion batteries under mechanical abuse, a coupled modeling methodology encompassing the mechanical, electrical and thermal response is presented for predicting short-circuit under external crush. The combined mechanical-electrical-thermal response is simulated in a commercial finite element software LS-DYNA® using a representative-sandwich finite-element model, where electrical-thermal modeling is conducted after an instantaneous mechanical crush. The model includes an explicit representation of each individual component such as the active material, current collector, separator, etc., and predicts their mechanical deformation under quasi-static indentation. Model predictions show good agreement with experiments: the fracture of the battery structure under an indentation test is accurately predicted. The electrical-thermal simulation predicts the current density and temperature distribution in a reasonable manner. Whereas previously reported models consider the mechanical response exclusively, we use the electrical contact between active materials following the failure of the separator as a criterion for short-circuit. These results are used to build a lumped representative sandwich model that is computationally efficient and captures behavior at the cell level without resolving the individual layers.
The structural and morphological analysis of TiO2-V2O5 nanocomposite has been performed using FTIR, XRD and FESEM. Temperature (300 K-500 K) and frequency dependent dielectric properties and complex impedance analysis have been carried out to investigate the effect of grain and grain boundary of the synthesized sample. The electrochemical properties like cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) rate and electrochemical impedance (EIS) of the electrode material have also been investigated. The maximum specific capacitance (Cm) obtained from cyclic voltammetry (CV) and GCD measurement are 262 Fg-1 at scan rate 2 mV s−1 and 251.5 Fg-1 at current density 0.09 mA cm−2 respectively. The stability of the electrode material is measured up to 1000 cycles. The correlation between the dielectric properties and electrochemical properties is successfully demonstrated for the first time. Large grain boundary resistance played an important role for low specific capacitance value at room temperature.
In this paper, we report the synthesis and properties of a series of composite polymer electrolytes formed by dispersion of a non-ionic organic plastic material succinonitrile (SN) into poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF-HFP)) complexed with four kinds of lithium salts. The addition of SN greatly enhances ionic conductivities of the electrolytes which is due to the high polarity and diffusivity of SN. The integrity of the plastic-crystalline phase is kept at low temperature range in polymer electrolytes. The high solubility of SN on Li salts is observed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra measurement, thus could lead to enhanced lithium-ion transference number. The battery performances of composite polymer electrolytes at different temperatures are tested and the results are comparable to that of the pure plastic crystal electrolytes.
The influence of rest periods on the lifetime of lithium-ion cells is investigated. The investigations focus on commercially available cells (type 18650) with a lithium–nickel–manganese–cobalt-dioxide (NMC)/lithium–cobalt-dioxide (LCO) blend and lithium–iron–phosphate (LFP) as cathode material and graphite as anode material. The above test cells are subjected to different cycle tests. Important influence factors in addition to the relaxation time are: the current, the temperature and the state of charge (SOC). We were able to detect an increase of capacity (e.g. 0.1% of the nominal cell capacity for LFP test cells) after a rest period of 120 min in our measurements, the so called relaxation effect. Further, the question is answered, whether relaxation affects battery lifetime. This was achieved by cycling cells with and without different rest periods at different temperatures and C-rates with a total of 50 test cells. However, no observable differences between cells with and without rest periods (≤2 h) were found. Moreover, experiments with many small breaks or one larger break showed that the duration of one continuous relaxation time is more important for the aging behavior, than the sum of rest periods. In addition, also impedance spectra were evaluated.
Hybrid, plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles (HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs) are emerging automotive products that have the capability to increase vehicle fuel economy, but at an incremental purchase cost relative to conventional vehicles. In general, their reduced petroleum consumption and improved efficiency provides life cycle economic benefits to consumers, society, automakers, and policymakers. These stakeholders have sought to understand the role of HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs in the future vehicle fleets by estimating the diffusion rate of these technologies into the automotive marketplace. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the literature of HEV, PHEV and EV penetration rate studies, their methods, and their recommendations. These studies have applied a suite of analytical and computational tools to model the consumer acceptability of these technologies under a wide variety of policy and macroeconomic scenarios. The results of these studies are compared and synthesized to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the field and to propose further means for improvement of advanced technology vehicle market modeling exercises. On the basis of this review, the authors recommend that modeling of HEV, PHEV and EV penetration rates should include improved interfaces with consumer surveys, modeling of automakers' actions, federal and state policy and its effect on automotive markets, competition among technologies, market volume, vehicle classifications, and model parameters sensitivity analysis.
When asked to imagine a visual scene, such as an ant crawling on a checkered table cloth toward a jar of jelly, individuals subjectively report different vividness in their mental visualization. We show that reported vividness can be correlated with two objective measures: the early visual cortex activity relative to the whole brain activity measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and the performance on a novel psychophysical task. These results show that individual differences in the vividness of mental imagery are quantifiable even in the absence of subjective report.
We demonstrate a simple, efficient, yet versatile method for the realization of core–shell assembly of graphene around various metal oxide (MO) nanostructures, including nanowires (NWs) and nanoparticles (NPs). The process is driven by (i) the ring-opening reaction between the epoxy groups and amine groups in graphene oxide (GO) platelets and amine-modified MO nanostructures, respectively, and (ii) electrostatic interaction between these two components. Nearly every single NW or NP is observed to be wrapped by graphene. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that substrate-supported MO NWs are fully coated with a graphene shell. As an example of the functional properties of these compound materials, the graphene@α-Fe2O3 core–shell NPs are investigated as the lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrode, which show a high reversible capacity, improved cycling stability, and excellent rate capability with respect to the pristine α-Fe2O3. The superior performance of the composite electrode is presumably attributed to the effectiveness of the graphene shell in preventing the aggregation, buffering the volume change, maintaining the integrity of NPs, as well as improving the conductivity of the electrode.