batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Battery management system (BMS) requires an accurate prediction the remaining energy level or state of charge (SOC) of the cell or battery pack. However, in electric vehicles, batteries experience a dynamic operational environment whereby the simple algorithms employed in the portable devices to predict SOC, such as coulomb counting, are insufficient for this purpose. To address this problem, a Kalman filtering method is used to estimate the state of the charge of two different commercial lithium-ion batteries, with new physical insight being provided through an analysis of the Kalman filter covariance noise parameters. For example, the effect of geometry of the battery on value of these parameters is discussed. Different models are developed, tested and incorporated in the filter design. Subsequently, two types of Kalman filters including the extended Kalman filter and dual extended Kalman filter are implemented in order to predict the state of charge of the batteries. It is shown that the Kalman filtering can predict state of the charge of the battery with maximum 4% error.
Loss of lithium in the initial cycles appreciably reduces the energy density of lithium-ion batteries. Anode prelithiation is a common approach to address the problem, although it faces the issues of high chemical reactivity and instability in ambient and battery processing conditions. Here we report a facile cathode prelithiation method that offers high prelithiation efficacy and good compatibility with existing lithium-ion battery technologies. We fabricate cathode additives consisting of nanoscale mixtures of transition metals and lithium oxide that are obtained by conversion reactions of metal oxide and lithium. These nanocomposites afford a high theoretical prelithiation capacity (typically up to 800 mAh g−1, 2,700 mAh cm−3) during charging. We demonstrate that in a full-cell configuration, the LiFePO4 electrode with a 4.8% Co/Li2O additive shows 11% higher overall capacity than that of the pristine LiFePO4 electrode. The use of the cathode additives provides an effective route to compensate the large initial lithium loss of high-capacity anode materials and improves the electrochemical performance of existing lithium-ion batteries.
The prediction accuracy of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery ageing models based on laboratory data is uncertain in the context of online prediction. This is due to the difficulty to reproduce realistic operating profiles in laboratory. The development of self-adaptive ageing models, which are updated using the ageing data obtained in operation, allows enhancing the online prediction accuracy and reducing the required characterisation period in laboratory. At the same time, it offers the possibility to maximise systems' profitability, providing useful information to update the energy management strategy and for predictive maintenance purposes. The present study aims at reviewing, classifying and comparing the different self-adaptive Li-ion battery ageing models proposed in the literature. Firstly, the different characteristics influencing the ability of a model to update itself are identified, and a classification is proposed for self-adaptive Li-ion battery ageing modelling methods. Secondly, specific criteria are defined to assess and compare the accuracy and computational cost of the different models, enabling a selection of the most suitable ones. Finally, relevant conclusions are drawn considering the key features required to achieve effective ageing predictions, and concise recommendations are suggested for future self-adaptive Li-ion battery ageing model development.
At Sandia National Laboratories, we have built 18650 Li-ion cells with Li reference electrode for in situ characterization of electrodes including impedance and other electrochemical properties. At a 200mA (∼C/5 rate) discharge, the cell gave ∼900mAh. Impedance measurements indicate that the anode dominates the cell impedance. For example, at 0°C, the anode and cathode impedances at 10mHz were around 149 and 53mΩ, respectively, and the total cell impedance at 10mHz was ∼203mΩ. The three-electrode configuration also permits measurement of individual electrode voltages during charge and discharge. During discharge, while the cell voltage drops from 4.1 to 3V, the cathode and the anode voltages change from 4.1 to 3.7 and from ∼0 to 0.7V, respectively. During charge, the cathode and anode voltages trace back to their initial values before discharging. The voltage swing for the anode is higher than that for the cathode. This also indicates that the impedance for the anode is higher than for the cathode. Pulse measurements on the cells indicate the voltage drop of the full-cell is equal to the sum of the anode and cathode voltage drops for a 2A discharge pulse.
Deep eutectic systems with self-contained electroactive species have been recognized in this work as a distinct class of low-cost greener catholytes or anolytes that potentially have high concentration of electroactive species, hence high volumetric capacities. The viability of the concept was demonstrated by applying a new deep eutectic catholyte (DEC) in a proof-of-concept Li-DEC battery.
Silicon (Si) nanostructures are attractive candidates for electrodes for Li-ion batteries because they provide both large specific charging capacity and less constraint on the volume changes that occur during Li charging. Recent experiments show that crystalline Si anodes expand highly anisotropically through the motion of a sharp phase boundary between the crystalline Si core and the lithiated amorphous Si shell. Here, we present a microscopic model to describe the size-dependent fracture of crystalline Si nanopillars (NPs) during lithiation. We derive a traction–separation law based on the plastic growth of voids, which, in turn, is used in a cohesive zone-finite element model. The model allows for both the initiation of cracking and crack growth. The initial size and spacing of the nanovoids, assumed to be responsible for the fracture, together with the computed facture toughness, are chosen to conform to recent experiments which showed the critical diameter of Si NPs to be 300–400 nm. The anisotropy of the expansion is taken into account and that leads naturally to the observed anisotropy of fracture. The computed work of fracture shows good agreement with recent experimental results and it may be possible to use it to describe the failure for other loading and geometries.
In 1970, SWOV started periodic nationwide roadside surveys aimed at assessing the BAC distribution of Dutch motorists during weekend nights. The goal of these surveys was to get an insight in drink driving patterns, thus enabling policy makers to take drink driving countermeasures and to evaluate their effects. Between 1970 and 2000, the percentage of drivers with an illegal BAC (>0.5g/l) dropped from 15% to 4.5%. The most important factor of influence was deemed to be the introduction of random breath testing in the mid-1980s. Also, a recent case-control study indicated that approximately 25% of serious road injuries in the Netherlands was associated with the use of alcohol. Drivers with a BAC above 1.3g/l, who formed only 0.3% of all drivers and 20% of drivers with an illegal BAC, caused more than 80% of these injuries. Young male drivers, aged 18–24years, were another high-risk group. While forming less than 5% of the Dutch population, they caused nearly a quarter of all alcohol-related serious road injuries. Existing legislation and programs were neither very effective in further decreasing the number of hardcore drinking drivers nor in improving the drink driving habits of young males. Therefore, the Dutch Ministry of Transport is preparing to introduce a 0.2g/l BAC-limit for novice drivers and alcolock (alcohol interlocks) programs for hardcore drinking drivers.
The current study adopts the PASS theory of information processing to investigate the probable differences in specific motor and cognitive abilities between children with and without developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Participants were 108 5- and 6-year-old preschoolers (54 children with DCD and 54 children without DCD). The Movement Assessment Battery for Children assessed motor function. Running speed and agility were measured using the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. Finally, the Planning, Attention and Simultaneous Scales from the Das–Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System evaluated cognitive ability. Children with DCD differed significantly from those without DCD performing at a lower level on all motor and cognitive tasks. A correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between cognitive processes and motor skills. Simultaneous cognitive processing and manual dexterity were significantly correlated for both groups. Furthermore, a significant relationship was revealed between planning cognitive processing and balance for the non-DCD group. Thus, early assessment might identify specific cognitive–motor difficulties. Furthermore, early intervention might prevent some of the developmental comorbidities in the academic and everyday lives of children with movement difficulties.
Based on high disposal and low recycling rates of electronic waste (e-waste) and continued exportation to developing countries, reliance on municipal responsibility for e-waste management has been unsuccessful in the United States. This case study examines Maine’s program, which was the first US state to mandate producer responsibility for recycling household e-waste. Maine’s program established a shared cost responsibility among producers, municipalities, and consumers. The study found that Maine’s program resulted in a significant reduction in disposal and a corresponding increase in environmentally sound recycling. In the first 3years of the program, 6.406 million kg of household e-waste was collected and recycled for a population of 1.32 million. The new program, implemented in 2006, increased the number of e-waste items collected and recycled by 108% in the first year, 170% in the second year, and 221% in the third year. The program decreased direct economic costs to municipalities and households because of the shared cost approach and for the first time established costs for producers. There was no empirical evidence indicating that producers have or will improve the recyclability of electronic products to reduce recycling costs. While other weaknesses were that found potentially limit the adoption of Maine’s program, its positive aspects warrant consideration by other governments.
With the increasing acclaim of Wireless Sensor Networks and its diverse applications, research has been directed into optimising and prolonging the network lifetime. Energy efficiency has been a critical factor due to the energy resource impediment of batteries in sensor nodes. The proposed routing algorithm therefore aims at extending lifetime of sensors by enhancing load distribution in the network. The scheme is based on the chain-based routing technique of the PEGASIS (Power Energy GAthering in Sensor Information Systems) protocol and uses Ant Colony Optimisation to obtain the optimal chain. The contribution of the proposed work is the integration of the clustering method to PEGASIS with Ant Colony Optimisation to reduce redundancy of data, neighbour nodes distance and transmission delay associated with long links, and the employment an appropriate cluster head selection method. Simulation results indicates proposed method’s superiority in terms of residual energy along with considerable improvement regarding network lifetime, and significant reduction in delay when compared with existing PEGASIS protocol and optimised PEG-ACO chain respectively.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal Gravimetry (TGA) combined with gas analysis are used to identify the main decomposition processes and to develop reaction kinetic models for thermal runaway modelling of Graphite – Lithium Nickel–Manganese–Cobalt-Oxide (NMC 111) cells. Heating rates of 5, 10 and 15 °C min−1 with multiple replications are performed to determine the frequency factor, activation energy and the heat of reaction of the different sub-processes. It is found that both the anode and cathode decompose in multiple parallel and consecutive reactions between 5 °C and 600 °C. A double breakdown mechanism of the protecting Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) is suggested to describe the anode decomposition reactions. For the cathode, decomposition and evaporation of ethylene carbonate (EC), decomposition of NMC with the liberation of oxygen, combustion of EC with the liberated oxygen, decomposition of binder, decomposition of EC and combustion of carbon additive reactions are identified and modelled. The proposed model can be used to simulate thermal runaway initiation methods in a realistic way.
The hydrothermal-electrochemical synthesis route has been used to prepare a variety of MnO2 compounds with the α, β and γ structure types as well as intimate mixtures of these structure types. The γ-MnO2 compounds can be synthesized with varying amounts of pyrolusite intergrowth, and low occurrence of microtwinning defects. The influence of the synthesis parameters (temperature, pH, applied current density, composition of the synthesis solution) on the type of structure obtained are discussed. The morphology of some of the compounds obtained is presented. A lithium insertion study compares the behavior of α- and γ-MnO2. The α-MnO2 shows a very stable capacity of 145mAh/g at a discharge rate of C/10.
A hybrid material consisting of cobaltosic oxide (Co3O4) nanocrystals grown on nitrogen-doped graphene aerogels (N-GAs), denoted as Co3O4/N-GAs, is fabricated via a simple one-pot hydrothermal process and utilized as a high-performance bi-functional electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The Co3O4/N-GAs hybrid for the ORR displays an outstanding electrocatalytic performance toward the ORR comparable with commercial Pt/C catalyst in an alkaline medium. Furthermore, our proposed hybrid is also highly active for the OER, making it a promising bi-functional catalyst for both ORR and OER. The obviously enhanced catalytic activity is ascribed to the synergistic effect between Co3O4 and N-GAs.
Three kinds of functional organosilicons electrolyte additives, i. e. octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS) and 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetravinylcyclotetra- siloxane (ViD4), are firstly used to produce high-performance LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode for rechargeable Lithium-ion batteries (NCM622/Li half-cell) at a high potential. The electrochemical performance tests at 4.5V suggest that ViD4 is the most promising electrolyte additive than its counterparts. Moreover, the prepared NCM622/Li half-cell with 0.5wt.% ViD4 exhibits an improved energy density of 187.2mAhg−1 and a good discharge capacity retention of 83.6% at 1C rate after 150 cycles at 4.5V, which is relatively higher than that with D4 (81.3%), OMCTS (81.9%) and much better than the bare electrolyte (76.1%). The electrochemical characterizations, density functional theory calculation and surface analysis provide strong evidences that combined effects of the Si-O bond and vinyl functional group in ViD4 can promote the formation of a uniform cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) film. Moreover, the ViD4-incorporated CEI film effectively enhances the interfacial stability between the NCM622 cathode and the electrolyte by suppressing the continuous decomposition of carbonate-based electrolyte and the exfoliation of these decomposition products. Hence, the ViD4-containing electrolyte shows a promising potential for the application in high energy density lithium-ion batteries.
Nanosized Bi2WO6 particles were successfully synthesized by sonochemical method with an objective to develop an inexpensive and eco-friendly electrode material for supercapacitors. The prepared material was subjected to various thermal, structural, morphological, compositional, electrical and electrochemical studies. Bi2WO6 nanoparticle with homogeneous distribution was achieved through sonochemical process. The lattice parameter and atomic positions of Bi2WO6 structure were refined through Reitveld analysis. The electrochemical performance of Bi2WO6 nanoparticles was investigated in various aqueous electrolytes such as 1M NaOH, 1M LiOH, 1M Na2SO4, 1M KOH and 6M KOH solutions. Among these, the material exhibited an enhanced electrochemical performance in KOH electrolyte due to its smaller hydration sphere radius, high ionic mobility and lower equivalent series resistance. The charge–discharge studies rendered a specific capacitance of 608F/g in 1M KOH at a current density of 0.5mA/cm2. Bi2WO6 exhibited an excellent coulombic efficiency and specific capacitance of around 304F/g at 3mA/cm2 in the potential range from −0.9 to 0.1V vs Hg/HgO in 1M KOH electrolyte. The above results assured that Bi2WO6 could be utilized as suitable negative electrode material for supercapacitor applications and 1M KOH could be its desirable electrolyte.
Practical application of silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries has been mainly hindered because of their low electrical conductivity and large volume change (ca. 300%) occurring during the lithiation and delithiation processes. Thus, the surface engineering of active particles (material design) and the modification of electrode structure (electrode design) of silicon are necessary to alleviate these critical limiting factors. Silicon/carbon core–shell particles (Si@C, material design) are prepared by the thermal decomposition and subsequent three-dimensional (3D) electrode structures (electrode design) with a channel width of 15 μm are incorporated using the laser ablation process. The electrochemical characteristics of 3D Si@C used as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries are investigated to identify the effects of material and electrode design. By the introduction of a carbon coating and the laser structuring, an enhanced performance of Si anode materials exhibiting high specific capacity (>1200 mAh g−1 over 300 cycles), good rate capability (1170 mAh g−1 at 8 A g−1), and stable cycling is achieved. The morphology of the core–shell active material combined with 3D channel architecture can minimize the volume expansion by utilizing the void space during the repeated cycling.
Electrochemical lithiation/delithiation studies are carried out on three different aromatic diimide lithium carboxylates. Among all, naphthalene diimide based dilithium carboxylate delivers a remarkably stable capacity of 134mAhg⿿1 at 2.24V vs. Li/Li+ over 125 cycles with a low polarization of 50mV. A striking feature is that, the lithiation/delithiation process is biphasic with excellent plateau behaviour in the voltage-composition profile. DFT calculations confirm the lower band gap and higher electron affinity for this compound.
Publisher Summary The bulk of process hazard analyses are hazard and operability (HAZOP), What-If, or preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) review. Generally, in the upstream sector 60%–80% of the safety reviews are PHA or What-If reviews, while in the downstream sector 60%–80% are HAZOP reviews. Security vulnerability analysis (SVAs) is applicable to all types of facilities. PHA, HAZOP, What-If, and SVA reviews are generally organized and conducted in a similar fashion. The HAZOP review is more detailed and structured, while the PHA and What-If approach, which is also applied in SVAs, is typically broader and free flowing. It has been found that the PHA or What-If style of analysis is generally a convenient method to use for a “simple” facility when conducting a process hazard review. For simple facilities, the detailed HAZOP approach has been found to be tedious and just as productive as a PHA or What-If method. The PHA and What-If approach stimulates generation of new ideas and discussion to cover issues associated with the items under review as well as addressing generic issues. The specific HAZOP review is not necessary when the process is simple and well understood by the reviewing team. It is recommended, in case of a doubt, to choose the HAZOP method over the PHA or What-If method. The PHA and What-If approach rely on the team leader to ferret out the real hazards associated with the process. The systematic HAZOP approach will examine each portion of the system to determine hazardous conditions.
The fetal brain starts developing early and animal studies have suggested that iron plays several roles for the development, but results from epidemiological studies investigating associations between gestational iron and offspring neurodevelopment are inconsistent.
The application of detailed in-situ neutron diffraction studies on lithium ion batteries has been limited in part due to the requirement of expensive deuterated carbonate-based electrolyte. This work presents an in-situ neutron diffraction study of the structural evolution of the Li x (Ni0.4Mn0.4Co0.2)O2 (NMC442) positive electrode material using a recently-developed low-cost deuterated ethyl acetate-based electrolyte. Rietveld analysis show that the NMC442 c lattice parameter gradually increases until x =0.47 (4.03V) and then decreases during the first charge. The decreasing trend of the c lattice parameter with time during the hold at 4.7V and 4.9 V agrees very well with the change of current. Overall the structural changes appear highly reversible when 4.7V is used as an upper cutoff voltage, even following a 10h hold at 4.7V. However, the electrode/electrolyte changes dramatically when charged and held at 4.9V. There is a significant drop in background attributed to electrolyte decomposition and an unexpected increase in the a lattice parameter is noted after the 4.9V hold. Therefore, the electrolyte system used is both beneficial for in-situ neutron diffraction studies and battery performance until 4.7V, but appears to degrade in combination with the electrode at 4.9V. By comparison to Li(Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1)O2 (NMC811), the contraction of the c lattice with increasing voltage and decreasing lithium content of the NMC442 is less rapid. The transition metal composition significantly affects the c lattice contraction above 4.0V.
Summary Among the 68 isolates, selected from 13 raw-milk samples in Finland (that originate from farm, truck or silo tanks), 60 (88%) were psychrotrophs. All the isolates were characterized by the determination of their spoilage and phenotypic features: proteolytic and lipolytic activities, the production of lecithinases and hemolytic factors were considered. Phenotypic characterization of the isolates was mainly performed with API 20NE and BIOLOG GN2 identification systems; the results were system-dependent, although the presence of representatives of the Pseudomonas genus (for the majority of the isolates) was suggested by both systems. The results of the numerical profile analyses by API 20NE proposed that some strains might be members of Stenotrophomonas, Burkholderia and Acinetobacter genera; however, the identity of many isolates remained doubtful or controversial.
Relatively small hysteresis in voltage, appropriate electromotive force and low average delithiation voltage make MnO, among many transition metal oxides. MnO/reduced graphene oxide sheet (MnO/RGOS) hybrid is synthesized by a two-step electrode design consisting of liquid phase deposition of MnCO3 nanoparticles on the surface of graphene oxide sheets followed by heat treatment in flowing nitrogen. As an anode for Li-ion batteries, the MnO/RGOS hybrid electrode shows a reversible capacity of 665.5 mA h g−1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1 and delivers 454.2 mA h g−1 at a rate of 400 mA g−1, which is obviously better than that of bare MnO electrode. Those reasons for such enhanced electrochemical properties are investigated by galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) as well as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The probable origins, in the term of thermodynamic and kinetic factors, for the marked hysteresis in voltage observed between charge and discharge are also discussed.