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This paper is addressed on studying the electrolytes for electrical double layer capacitors with relatively high ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability for high energy density application. A systematic analysis of the electrochemical characteristics has been presented using spiro-(1,1′)-bipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (SBP-BF4) with 1.5molL−1 (M) in variety of solvent compositions including propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), while the solvent mixtures are PC+DMC (1:1 in volume) and PC+DMC+EC (1:1:1 in volume). The physical properties and electrochemical performance of SBP-BF4-based electrolytes are improved by tuning solvent mixtures compositions for high working voltage application. The binary solvent system of PC+DMC electrolyte exhibits lowest viscosity of about 3.14 mPas, while the ternary solvent system of PC+DMC+EC electrolyte exhibits highest conductivity of about 18.08mScm−1. The SBP-BF4/PC-based electrolytes display excellent upper voltage hold capability about 3.5V. The binary solvent system exhibits superior rate performance, when the charge cut-off voltage is lower than 3.2V. The ternary solvent system exhibits superior rate performance than that of other two solvent systems electrolytes, when the charge cut-off voltage is higher than 3.2V. The maximum energy density and power density of EDLCs using the ternary solvent system electrolyte are 41.5Whkg−1 and 17.0kWkg−1, respectively. The spiral cylindrical capacitors based on ternary solvent system electrolyte exhibits better cycle performance than that of other two solvent system electrolytes at the high working voltages.
Increasing the share of intermittent renewable energy (IRE) resources such as solar, wind, wave and tidal energy in a power system poses a challenge in terms of increased net load variability. Fully renewable power systems have previously been analysed, but more systematic analyses are needed that explore the effect of different IRE mixes on system-wide variability across different timescales and the optimal combinations of IRE for reducing variability on a given timescale. Here we investigate these questions for the Nordic power system. We show that the optimal mix of IRE is dependent on the frequency band considered. Long-term (>4 months) and short-term (<2 days) fluctuations can be similar to today’s, even for a fully renewable system. However, fluctuations with periods in between will inevitably increase significantly. This study indicates that, from a variability point of view, a fossil- and nuclear-free Nordic power system is feasible if properly balanced by hydropower.
Plasma concentrations of Aβ40 and Aβ42 rise with age and are increased in people with mutations that cause early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Amyloid beta (Aβ) plasma levels were successfully used as an (endo)phenotype for gene discovery using a linkage approach in families with dominant forms of disease. Here, we searched for loci involved in Aβ plasma levels in a series of non-demented patients with hypertension in the Erasmus Rucphen Family study. Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels were determined in 125 subjects with severe hypertension. All patients were genotyped with a 6,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) illumina array designed for linkage analysis. We conducted linkage analysis of plasma Aβ levels. None of the linkage analyses yielded genome-wide significant logarithm of odds (LOD) score over 3.3, but there was suggestive evidence for linkage (LOD > 1.9) for two regions: 1q41 (LOD = 2.07) and 11q14.3 (LOD = 2.97), both for Aβ40. These regions were followed up with association analysis in the study subjects and in 320 subjects from a population-based cohort. For the Aβ40 region on chromosome 1, association of several SNPs was observed at the presenilin 2 gene (PSEN2) (p = 2.58 × 10−4 for rs6703170). On chromosome 11q14-21, we found some association (p = 3.1 × 10−3 for rs2514299). This linkage study of plasma concentrations of Aβ40 and Aβ42 yielded two suggestive regions, of which one points toward a known locus for familial AD.
A high-rate, coin cell (CR2023) supercapacitor (SC) with excellent charge storage performances was fabricated using hydrophilic poly(aniline-co-p-phenylenediamine) nanofiber-decorated nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (referred to as P(ANi-co-pPDA)@N-rGO) as a redox electrode material and 25 mM Fe(CN)6 4+/Fe(CN)6 3+ in 1 M H2SO4 as a redox-active electrolyte. P(ANi-co-pPDA)@N-rGOs were synthesized by co-electropolymerization using different co-monomer feeding ratios in 0.5 M H2SO4. From electrochemical measurements, P(ANi-co-pPDA)@N-rGO) with 4% pPDA ratio (noted as S-2@N-rGO) showed a high specific capacity of 350 Cg−1 (413 Cg−1 at 10 mV/s), which was 2.2 and 4.5 times as high as those of PANi@N-rGO and N-rGO, respectively. Moreover, S-2@N-rGO exhibited an improved specific energy of 35.4 Whkg−1 with a specific power of 969 Wkg−1 at 0.5 Ag−1, a good capacity retention of 85% after 1000 cycles at 6 Ag−1 and a low equivalent series resistance of 2.83 Ω. The excellent SC performances can be attributed to its high electrical conductivity, highly hydrophilic nature and excellent electrochemical properties leading to a synergistic effect between co-polymer/N-rGO electrodes and Fe(CN)6 4+/Fe(CN)6 3+ redox electrolytes. Thus, the P(ANi-co-pPDA)@N-rGO) SCs produced by the simple cyclic-co-electropolymerization method were highly potential for advanced energy storage applications.
The Medical Outcomes Study Questionnaire Short Form 36 health survey (SF-36) measures health-related quality of life (HRQoL) from the individual’s point of view and is an indicator of overall health status.
Li-rich layered oxides (LLOs) are promising cathode candidates for next generation Li-ion batteries, as they exhibit a higher reversible capacity (>250mAh/g), enhanced safety and much lower cost. However, LLOs generally suffer from high first cycle irreversible capacity (IRC) loss, poor rate capability, and a substantial voltage decay over prolonged cycling. These major challenges are closely dependent on the surface structure and chemistry of LLO cathodes and, thus, different surfaces induce different irreversible reactions resulting in various levels of battery performance. This review presents the current understanding, as well as recent highlights, on the roles and fundamentals of surface structure in LLO cathodes, from a materials science perspective, concerning surface structural disorder in pristine LLO (antisites, composition segregation and crystallographic facets), the roles of surface structures on redox processes (oxygen evolution, cation activation and reversible anion redox reactions), surface structural evolution during the first cycle and long-term electrochemical operation, and surface modification strategies to stabilize the surface structure and to mitigate the performance degradation of LLOs. However, some fundamental problems remain yet ambiguous, especially with regard to characterization and understanding of the surface structure and chemistry in relation to synthesis conditions and composition, and charge transfer and ionic transport of the interfacial processes within LLOs. In order to exploit the potential of LLO cathodes, a clear understanding of these fundamental questions are essential to optimize the synthesis parameters and material properties.
Increasing environmental pollution and population compounded by a decrease in the availability of non-renewable resources and fossil fuels has propelled the need for sustainable alternate energy storage technologies particularly in the last two decades. An attempt to meet this crisis was carried out by a unique, microwave-assisted method which has enabled the generation of a novel Si, P co-doped carbon (SiPDC) for supercapacitor applications. The microwave-assisted method is useful in developing SiPDC at a rapid and economical fashion that does not employ any inert or reducing gases, but is high yielding. Varying proportions of precursor materials were utilized to generate four SiPDCs (SiPDC-1, SiPDC-2, SiPDC-3 and SiPDC-4) with varying contents of dopants as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) results. Surface area and pore size analysis revealed that SiPDC-2 has a surface area of 641.51 m2 g−1, abundant micropores, mesopores and macropores which are critical for electrical double layer capacitance (EDLC). Of all the SiPDCs, SiPDC-2 exhibited highest capacitance of 276 F g−1 in 1 M H2SO4 and 244 F g−1 in 6 M KOH at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1. Galvanostatic charge–discharge studies performed in 6 M KOH establish the high capacitance of SiPDC-2. SiPDC-2 also exhibited excellent electrochemical stability in 1 M H2SO4 and 6 M KOH.
Mixed alkali bismuth borate glasses of composition xLi2O–(30− x) K2O–10 Bi2O3–55 B2O3:5 V2O5 (LK-series) were prepared by melt quench technique. The amorphous nature of these samples was confirmed from their X-ray diffraction. The density of the samples was measured using Archimedes principle and the molar volumes were determined from the density data. The glass transition temperature of the samples was found to vary non-linearly with the Li2O content (x). The spectroscopic properties of glass samples were studied using infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopic techniques. IR measurements indicate that the network structure of the studied glasses is based on the BiO3 pyramidal and BiO6 octahedral units and also on BO3 and BO4 units. Raman spectra of these alkali combinations with V2O5 present drastic changes in the intensity of various Raman bands. The observation of disappearance and reappearance of some IR and Raman bands and non-linear variation of the peak positions of some of these bands with x is an important result pertaining to the mixed alkali effect in this glass system. Acting as complimentary spectroscopic techniques, both types of measurements IR and Raman revealed that the network structure of the studied glasses is mainly based on BO3 and BO4 units placed in different structural groups, BO3 units being dominant and bismuth exists as BiO3 and BiO6 octahedral units.
In modern electric vehicles (EVs), the storage system is usually composed only of lithium ion batteries (LiBs), which are characterized by a high energy density but medium power density. In order to increase also the power density, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) that combines LiBs with supercapacitors (SCs) could be produced. In particular, at very low temperatures SCs can be very helpful because, unlike LiBs, they maintain good performances. In the literature, it is possible to find three different ways to combine LiBs and SCs: passive, semi-active, and fully active HESSs. Despite the passive solution seems to have been abandoned, this paper analyses the direct parallelizing of LiBs and SCs focusing on the advantages that this simple solution can involve at very low temperatures. Indeed, LiBs fail at those temperatures, which could make it impossible to start the EV unless to use a pre-heating system for the batteries that can take up to several minutes. Based on the results of experimental tests, this paper shows that, at low temperatures, adding a relatively small SC unit to the battery pack makes it possible to start immediately the EV without waiting for the pre-heating of batteries, greatly increase the EV range, and thus use the vehicle under very harsh conditions.
Novel pore-filled anion-exchange membranes (PFAEMs) have been developed by a simple method for electrochemical energy conversion applications. The PFAEMs with the different degrees of crosslinking are successfully fabricated by filling cationic polyelectrolytes into a highly porous PTFE substrate (thickness= ca. 80μm) with chemically stable anion-exchangeable sites. The PFAEMs are shown to possess excellent electrochemical properties and stability. Especially the alkaline stability of the PFAEMs is superior to that of the commercial membrane (i.e., AMX, Astom Corp.) owing to the structural stability of ion-exchange sites and the nature of a highly hydrophobic PTFE substrate. The PFAEMs are also tested for the applications to all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) and alkaline direct liquid fuel cells (ADLFCs). The VRFB employing the PFAEM with high crosslinking degree exhibits excellent energy efficiency (>85%) which is much superior to those of the Nafion and commercial anion-exchange membranes (78.7% and 80.1%, respectively). A promising performance in ADLFC is also achieved by employing the PFAEM with high crosslinking degree owing to the low fuel crossover but the further improvement in the ion conductivity is required.
Cobalt and manganese oxides ((Co, Mn)3O4) nanowires freely standing on nickel foam are prepared by a simple template-free growth process and heat treatment. The results show that the (Co, Mn)3O4 composite forms a uniform film and densely covers the nickel foam substrate. The film is composed of nanowires with a diameter up to around 30–40 nm. The electrochemical capacitance behavior of the self-supported binderless nanowires electrode is investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The (Co, Mn)3O4/Ni-foam electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of 611 F g−1 at a charge/discharge current density of 2.38 A g−1 in 6.0 mol dm−3 KOH electrolyte. Furthermore, the (Co, Mn)3O4/Ni-foam electrode delivers a high energy density 13.6 Wh kg−1, and even a high power density of 5.68 kW kg−1. More importantly, the specific capacitance retention is 95% after 2000 charge/discharge cycles at 2.38 A g−1 and with columbic efficiency higher than 98%. This work suggests that the as-prepared (Co, Mn)3O4/Ni-foam electrode has potential application in electrochemical capacitors.
Many studies show a relation between reduced lumbar motor control (LMC) and low back pain (LBP). However, test circumstances vary and during test performance, subjects may change position. In other words, the reliability - i.e. reproducibility and validity - of tests for LMC should be based on quantitative data. This has not been considered before. The aim was to analyse the reproducibility of five different quantitative tests for LMC commonly used in daily clinical practice.
The main objective of this study is to investigate the interrelation between life satisfaction, anxiety, depression, and hopelessness among Ankara University students. 364 university students completed a test battery including the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Hopelessness Scale and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Life satisfaction was negatively and significantly correlated with the scores from depression, anxiety and hopelessness scales. The findings suggest that the relationship between developing a psychological problems is highly associated the perceived levels of anxiety, depression and life satisfaction. In addition life satisfaction can be taken into account as a moderator variable for mental health studies.
In this work we report a lithium ion battery characterized by very high rate capability, environmental compatibility, and potentially low cost. The battery is based on a lithium alloying, Sn–C, anode and an optimized lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO4, cathode. The morphology and structure of the materials were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, while the electrochemical performances were evaluated by galvanostatic cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Both the anode and the cathode reveal enhanced structure and morphology as well as excellent properties in terms of specific capacity, cycle life and, in particular, rate capability. The full Sn–C/LiFePO4 lithium ion battery operates at 2.8 V with a stable capacity of about 120 mAh g−1 for 100 cycles at the high rate of 3C. The cell has an energy density of 350 W h kg−1 and a power density of 2.4 kW kg−1. These interesting properties candidate the lithium ion battery here reported as a very appealing energy storage system, in particular for applications requiring high power densities.
Vapor-grown carbon fibers (VGCFs) were added to the anode catalyst layer of a direct methanol fuel cell to improve the cell performance through structural modification of the catalyst layer. The amount of VGCF varied up to 6wt.% with respect to the weight of the PtRu black catalyst that was used. A catalyst layer with 2wt.% VGCF loading showed the best cell performance. The electrodes that included the catalyst, VGCF, and gas diffusion layer, were directly examined by electron microscopic analyses. Electrochemical methods, such as cyclic voltammometry and impedence analysis, were applied to investigate the actual role of VGCF in the electrode. The porosity of the catalyst layer was increased by the addition of the fibers. This was clearly observed in pore diameters less than 1μm. Sub-micron pore diameters are significant as they relate to micro-diffusive transport, compared to the macro-diffusion experienced by the large pores in the GDL. However, improved mass transport was only observed for 2wt.% VGCF loading, probably due to insufficient optimization of the cell design. Microstructural and electrochemical analyses indicated that the improved performance was mainly ascribed to an increased electrochemically active surface area of the catalyst.
Industrial parks play a significant role in the production and use of goods and services. The proper management of solid waste is a major challenge for industrial parks due to the large quantity of wastes and the variability of waste characteristics from these types of developments. Therefore, integrated solid waste management has become very crucial to the industrial park managers. Such an approach requires industrial park managers to assess the overall use of resources, and to seek waste reduction, reuse and recycling opportunities both at the individual company level and among different tenant companies. The adoption of this method can bring both economic and environmental benefits. This paper introduces the planning efforts of a real case in China. It first presents the basic information on Tianjin Economic Development Area (TEDA), and then introduces its current practices on solid waste management. The main focus of this paper is to describe how to plan an integrated solid waste management system at TEDA. Benefits and challenges are all identified and analyzed. The experiences and methods from this case study should be applied in other industrial parks so as to improve the overall eco-efficiency of the whole industrial park.
The objective of this study is to explore the response of an activated Rhizobium tibeticum inoculum with a mixture of hesperetin (H) and apigenin (A) to improve the growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) grown under nickel (Ni) stress. Three different sets of fenugreek seed treatments were conducted, in order to investigate the activated R. tibeticum pre-incubation effects on nodulation, nitrogen fixation and growth of fenugreek under Ni stress. Group (I): uninoculated seeds with R. tibeticum, group (II): inoculated seeds with uninduced R. tibeticum group (III): inoculated seeds with induced R. tibeticum. The present study revealed that Ni induced deleterious effects on rhizobial growth, nod gene expression, nodulation, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and glutamine synthetase activities, total flavonoids content and nitrogen fixation, while the inoculation with an activated R. tibeticum significantly improved these values compared with plants inoculated with uninduced R. tibeticum. PAL activity of roots plants inoculated with induced R. tibeticum and grown hydroponically at 75 and 100 mg L−1 Ni and was significantly increased compared with plants receiving uninduced R. tibeticum. The total number and fresh mass of nodules, nitrogenase activity of plants inoculated with induced cells grown in soil treated up to 200 mg kg−1 Ni were significantly increased compared with plants inoculated with uninduced cells. Plants inoculated with induced R. tibeticum dispalyed a significant increase in the dry mass compared with those treated with uninduced R. tibeticum. Activation of R. tibeticum inoculum with a mixture of hesperetin and apigenin has been proven to be practically important in enhancing nodule formation, nitrogen fixation and growth of fenugreek grown in Ni contaminated soils.
Battery temperature needs to be regulated in operation. Now, a shape memory alloy-based thermal regulator is shown to be able to automatically switch between thermally insulating and conducting states depending on temperature, demonstrating a new paradigm for thermal management of batteries.
Material‐specific memory impairments are a well-established consequence of unilateral medial temporal lobe damage. We used fMRI to investigate encoding and recognition of verbal and nonverbal stimuli using adaptations of tasks used successfully in clinical evaluations of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We studied two patient groups, one with left TLE and one with right TLE, and one group of healthy subjects. Results from the healthy subjects indicated that initial and delayed recognition trials of the verbal task activated the left medial temporal lobe, and the same tasks of the nonverbal task activated the right, confirming the sensitivity to laterality of our clinical tasks. Patients tended to use the opposite hippocampus, but often the parahippocampal gyrus on the same side, compared to the healthy subjects. Since our patients and the healthy groups performed similarly on the memory tasks, we conclude that the patients' activation patterns represent an effective adaptation to the presence of an unhealthy hippocampus.
Based on the star-shaped structure, triphenylamine derivative 1,3,5-tris(4-diphenylamino-phenyl)benzene (TTPAB) with multiple active polymerization sites of three peripheral triphenylamine units was designed and synthesized, which was further prepared into the corresponding conjugated microporous polymer PTTPAB by chemical oxidative polymerization. The polymer PTTPAB powder exhibited the blossom sphere-like morphology with high surface area (595 m2/g) and plentiful micropores of the average diameter of 0.68 nm as well as mesopores of the small diameter of ∼ 2–5 nm. Being explored as the organic cathode material of battery, PTTPAB exhibited more remarkable rate performance of 84, 82, 81, 80, 84 mAh g−1 than that of PTPAn (81, 73, 72, 69, 82 mAh g−1) in the range of 2.5–4.2 V at current rate from 50 to 500 mA g−1. This enhanced rate performances of PTTPAB was mainly attributed to the high specific surface area caused by the plentiful micropores and mesopores from the conjugated microporous polymer structure and blossom microspheres morphology. The high surface area can benefit to the reversible redox reaction available for Li+ and shorten Li+ diffusion pathway, that led to the more reduced charge transfer resistance (∼160 Ω for PTTPAB and ∼920 Ω for PTPAn), thereby improving the rate performance. Meanwhile, PTTPAB showed more stable cycling life with hardly any loss and higher coulomb efficiency during the 50th charge/discharge cycle. These excellent cell performances and unique micro-mesopores structure make PTTPAB polymer a good potential candidate as the organic cathode materials for high rate performance organic reachargeable batteries.