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Antimony-coated mesophase graphite powder (MGP) composites are developed as an alternate anode material for Li-ion batteries using an argon atmosphere pyrolysis technique. The specific discharge capacity and cycle life of the Sb-MGP composites are studied. The Sb loading of the Sb-MGP has a significant effect on the composite performance. The Sb-MGP samples demonstrate improved lithium storage capacity. The Sb loading on MGP is optimized experimentally to obtain the maximum reversible capacity for composite electrodes. The reaction processes of lithium intercalation/de-intercalation in MGP and alloying of lithium/Sb are identified by cyclic voltammetry. ICP and EDS measurements confirm the presence of Sb in the MGP matrix. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) scans of lithium intercalated anodes show that Sb loading on the MGP material reduces the thermal stability of the anode.
Coelomocytes, immunocompetent cells of lumbricids, have received special attention for ecotoxicological studies due to their sensibility to pollutants. Their in vitro responses are commonly quantified after in vivo exposure to real or spiked soils. Alternatively, quantifications of in vitro responses after in vitro exposure are being studied. Within this framework, the present study aimed at optimizing the neutral red uptake (NRU) assay in primary culture of Eisenia fetida coelomocytes for its application in soil toxicity testing. Optimized assay conditions were: earthworm depuration for 24 h before retrieving coelomocytes by electric extrusion; 2 × 105 seeded cells/well (200 µl) for the NRU assay and incubation for 1 h with neutral red dye. Supplementation of the culture medium with serum was not compatible with the NRU assay, but coelomocytes could be maintained with high viability for 3 days in a serum-free medium without replenishment. Thus, primary cultures were used for 24 h in vitro toxicity testing after exposure to different concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb (ranging from 0.1 to 100 μg/ml). Primary cultures were sensitive to metals, the viability declining in a dose-dependent manner. The toxicity rank was, from high to low, Pb > Ni > Cd > Cu. Therefore, it can be concluded that the NRU assay in coelomocytes in primary cultures provides a sensitive and prompt response after in vitro exposure to metals.
Lithium-ion battery packs in hybrid and electric vehicles, as well as in other traction applications, are always equipped with a Battery Management System (BMS). The BMS consists of hardware and software for battery management including, among others, algorithms determining battery states. The accurate and reliable State of Health (SOH) estimation is a challenging issue and it is a core factor of a battery energy storage system. In this paper, battery SOH monitoring methods are reviewed. To this end, different scientific and technical literature is studied and the respective approaches are classified in specific groups. The groups are organized in terms of the way the method is carried out: Experimental Techniques or Adaptive Models. Not only strengths and weaknesses for the use in online BMS applications are reviewed but also their accuracy and precision is studied. At the end of the document a potential, new and promising via in order to develop a methodology to estimate the SOH in real applications is detailed.
Redox mediators (RMs) have become focal points in rechargeable Li–O2 battery research to reduce overpotentials in oxygen evolution (charge) reactions. In this study, we found an evidence for the shuttle effect arising in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with a LiI RM through the visual observation of the diffusion of soluble I3− towards a Li anode where it reacted chemically to produce LiI, which can be only partly dissolved, leading to the loss of both the RM and electrical energy efficiency. Therefore, we proposed a self-defense redox mediator (SDRM) of InI3 to counter this problem. During charging, the In3+ is reduced electrochemically on the Li anode prior to Li+, forming a much stable indium layer to resist the synchronous attack by the soluble I3−. The pre-deposited indium layer can also reduce the growth of dendrites from the Li anode surface. As a result, the electrical energy efficiency and the cycling performance of the Li–O2 cells were improved significantly.
In behavioral neurosciences, such as neurobiology and biopsychology, animal models make it possible to investigate brain–behavior relations, with the aim of gaining insight into normal and abnormal human behavior and its underlying neuronal and neuroendocrinological processes. Different types of animal models of behavioral dysfunctions are reviewed in this article. In order to determine the precise criteria that an animal model should fulfill, experts from different fields must define the desired characteristics of that model at the neuropathologic and behavioral level. The list of characteristics depends on the purpose of the model. The phenotype—abnormal behavior or behavioral dysfunctions—has to be translated into testable measures in animal experiments. It is essential to standardize rearing, housing, and testing conditions, and to evaluate the reliability, validity (primarily predictive and construct validity), and biological or clinical relevance of putative animal models of human behavioral dysfunctions. This evaluation, guided by a systematic strategy, is central to the development of a model. The necessity of animal models and the responsible use of animals in research are discussed briefly.
For hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), regenerative braking might be the most effective way of energy conservation. However, the braking energy usually cannot be regenerated completely due to the limit of the motor maximum torque. When the braking torque provided by electric motor (EM) cannot meet the driver’s braking demand, the hydraulic brake system should provide extra braking torque, which results in braking energy loss. Therefore, it is meaningful adjusting EM work point to maximize the regenerative energy by transmission downshifting. In this paper, an HEV equipped with an automated manual transmission (AMT) is chosen as the study platform. First, simplified dynamic models of HEV system are built. Then, the process and advantages of AMT downshifting are analyzed and the characteristics of regenerative braking are obtained with different gear positions and different, of which two kinds of downshifting strategy are proposed on basis. At last, hardware-in-loop tests are carried out, and results show that the energy conservation of regenerative braking process with downshifting can be increased by 10.5–32.4% compared to that without downshifting.
In this paper, a titanium pyrophosphate (TiP2O7) anode with oxygen vacancies is prepared by a simple one-pot solid method, exhibiting great performance. Herein, we study on the physical and chemical changes of TiP2O7-y with oxygen defect, and compare it with pure TiP2O7 through scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and so on. It is found that the introduction of oxygen vacancies leads an improved electronic conductivity compared to the pure TiP2O7 sample. Intriguingly, the TiP2O7-y with oxygen defect displays an enhanced electrochemical performance in aqueous lithium ion batteries (ALIBs), with a larger capacity of TiP2O7-y (57 mAh g−1) as compared to pure TiP2O7 (17 mAh g−1) at 0.2 A g−1. After carbon-coating treatment, the C–TiP2O7-y anode demonstrates outstanding capacity and cycling performance with a capacity retention of 89% after 500 cycles at 0.5 A g−1. More importantly, the full ALIBs coupled with LiMn2O4 cathode maintains 85% capacity after 800 cycles at 0.1 A g−1. This study underscores the potential importance of incorporating oxygen vacancies into metal oxides as an alternative to modify the electrode materials in energy storage field.
Automotive shredder residue (ASR) is a very heterogeneous waste, which could have a very high metal content on finest fractions ϕ <6mm produced by the shredding of end of live vehicles. The approval of Directive 2000/53/EC and its transposition to the European Union member states requires an analytical technique for in-situ checking of the content of some metals in ASR wastes. The objective of this study is the evaluation of total Pb content in the different fractions using a rapid measurement method to easily accomplish the current legislation. An experimental Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer with tri-axial geometry was used to analyse the ASR in order to test the feasibility of this analytical technique. Likewise, a correction of the intensities by the incoherent scattering (Compton) radiation was made to compensate the matrix effects. The results show that values in the smaller fractions are bigger (11,600mgkg−1 in the fraction <125μm) than in the coarser fractions (4600 mgkg−1 in the fraction between 2 and 6mm) and that such type of instrumentation enables a fast measurement with a limit of detection of 1.1mgkg−1 for 1000s measurement).
Herein we report an in-situ strategy for synthesizing NiO foamed sheet on Ni foam substrate which could achieve great improvement on the areal performance of battery-type supercapacitors. The anchored NiO foamed sheets are synthesized via a precursor growth step by hydrothermal oxidation, and followed by a pore-inducing step through heat treating. The physical characterizations indicate that this film product has a multi-level pore structure with high active surface area. As for electrode material, the anchored sheets could ensure excellent conductivity at the film/substrate interface, and the porous structure could form high free electron/ionic diffusion routes which facilitates the redox reactions for reversible energy storage. The electrochemical measurements show that the areal capacity of as-synthesized electrode could achieve 4.31–3.39 C cm−2 at a wide current range of 10–200 mA cm−2. The single supercapacitor device exhibits a high areal energy density of 9.84–9.45 W h m−2 at a wide power density of 100–2000 W m−2.
A lithium-air battery, in which the catalytic reduction of O2 in an alkaline aqueous electrolyte and the metallic lithium in a non-aqueous electrolyte were subtly united together by a super-ionic conductor glass film (LISICON), was established in the present work. For this system, Mn3O4 based air diffusion electrode and metallic lithium were used as positive electrode and negative electrode, respectively. 500h continuous discharge performance indicates that this kind of lithium-air battery has a potential to realize continuous reduction of O2 from air to deliver energy like a fuel cell. During the long-time discharge process, the air electrode has delivered a special capacity of 50,000mAhg−1 based on total mass of catalytic electrode (carbon+binder+catalyst). This result is much higher than that of previous studies about Lithium-air batteries.
LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 as a 4.7V cathode material is prepared through an oxalic acid-pretreated solid-state method. Oxalic acid is added to react with the mixture of LiOH•H2O, MnO2 and Ni(OH)2. This chemical pretreatment results in a sufficient mixing of Li, Ni and Mn ions in the precursor, and therefore promotes the generation of pure LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 in the following calcination even at a temperature as low as 500°C. The material prepared at 750°C has a highest crystallinity and a regular crystal shape with smoothly surface. Compared to traditional method, the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 synthesized by this novel method shows much better electrochemical performances with an initial discharging capacity of 136.9mAhg−1 and capacity retention of 93.4% after 300 cycles under 0.3C. And most importantly 97.2% of the total capacity displays at 4.7V, which significantly favors the cell energy density. The novel preparation technique is also available to get high rate performance for LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. The material synthesized at 900°C has a capacity of 121.2mAhg−1 and stable cycling performance under 3C due to its lower polarization resistance.
Rare earth nanomaterials with nanometer to submicronmeter crystalline sizes are an important class of materials displaying interesting physical and chemical properties especially in luminescence and catalysis fields. In the last decade, the synthetic chemistry and exploring of novel properties on rare earth nanomaterials have been developed rapidly. This review on the topic of controlled synthesis and properties of rare earth nanomaterials should be useful with these literatures mostly up to 2009. The discussion focuses on the controlled synthesis of nanomaterials of inorganic rare earth compounds such as rare earth oxides, oxysalts, halogenides, chalcogenides, and therefore organized according to the different compounds discussed here. The successfully developed solution-based chemical methods, such as traditional sol—Cgel methods, combustion/flaming/pyrolysis methods hydrothermal/solvothermal methods, and those with modifications assisted with microwave radiation and sonochemical methods, the high boiling solvents-based heat treatment methods, and much more have been applied to the controlled synthesis of rare earth compound nanomaterials. Based on the well-developed controlling of pure phase, uniform size and shape, desired doping and composite structure, the rare earth nanocrystals show much more properties and promising application, such as in the medical fields, the energy conversion, pollution controlling, and various displays, which are also mentioned. With the newly developed techniques in top-down and bottom-up strategies for nanomaterials, it is reasonable to anticipate more rational and sophisticated rare earth nanostructures as well as their advanced applications in the future.
The carbon incorporated titanium dioxide (C–TiO2) has been in-situ synthesized via facile flame-assisted approach using tetrabutyl orthotitanate as a precursor. The as-prepared C–TiO2 samples are characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, EDX, TGA and electrochemical measurements. It is found that carbon incorporated TiO2 microspheres can be directly obtained without any post annealing. Enhanced lithium storage performance is observed for the resultant sample after ball milling. The reversible capacity remains 159.8 mAh g−1 at a specific current of 335 mA g−1 even after 960 charge–discharge cycles. The high capacity reversibility and good long-term cycling capability are attributed to the inherently incorporated carbon species, which efficiently improve electronic conductivity. Meanwhile, the intrinsic crystal structure and enlarged contact area between electrode and electrolyte provide abundant channels for Li-ion transport. This work could not only make the prepared C–TiO2 a promising anode candidate, but also present an available strategy for developing other electrode materials.
The ac impedance of commercial silver oxide-zinc cells has been studied in the temperature range −20 to 40°C at various state-of-charge (SOC) values in conjunction with the effect of charge–discharge cycling. The impedance data in the Nyquist form comprise an inductive part in the frequency region 100–10kHz, and a capacitive semicircle in the frequency region 10kHz–10mHz in the SOC range between 0 and 0.4, or two capacitive semicircles at SOC≥0.4. The impedance parameters have been evaluated by analysis of the data using an equivalent circuit and a non-linear least squares fitting procedure. The inductance has been found to be independent of both temperature and SOC of the cell. The resistance values corresponding to the semicircles of the Nyquist impedance plot, which are attributed to the positive electrode, show a strong dependence on the SOC of the cell. The energy of activation for the charge-transfer reaction has been calculated from the temperature dependence studies. There is a decline in the capacity values of the cells on cycling, while the constant phase elements are found to increase with increasing cycle number. The scanning electron micrographs reveal an increase in particle size of the negative electrode on cycling, which causes the performance of AgO-Zn cells to deteriorate gradually.
In this study graphite has been characterised by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using a three electrode coin cell. The initial lithiation shows that lithium insertion can be modelled using the Langmuir insertion isotherm as well as the Frumkin insertion isotherm for very low insertion levels. A description of the equivalent circuits used to fit the high frequency (HF) part of the impedance spectra is presented based on chi-square values and the uncertainties in the values of parameters. The HF signature, that appears at the beginning of lithiation does not show behaviour associated solely with the formation of a passivation film but indicates that contact problems related to the electrode volume must be considered too. The study describes the first charge/discharge cycles and shows that the observed phenomena are mostly reversible.
Background. Angiogenesis is critical to tumor growth. Gax, a homeobox transcription factor whose expression in the adult is restricted mainly to the cardiovascular system, strongly inhibits growth factor-stimulated phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo. The function of Gax in vascular endothelium is unknown, but we hypothesized that it may play a similar role there. We therefore studied Gax expression in vascular endothelial cells and its effects on proliferation and tube formation. Materials and methods. Gax expression in normal endothelial cells was examined in vitro by Northern blot and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and in vivo by immunohistochemistry. A replication-deficient adenovirus was then used to express Gax in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVEC proliferation, 3H-thymidine uptake, p21 expression, and tube formation on reconstituted basement membrane were measured at different viral multiplicities of infection. Results. Gax mRNA was detected in HUVECs by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis and in normal vascular endothelium by immunohistochemistry. Compared with controls transduced with a virus expressing β-galactosidase, Gax strongly inhibited HUVEC proliferation and mitogen-stimulated 3H-thymidine uptake. p21 expression in HUVECs transduced with Gax was increased up to 5-fold as measured by Northern blot, and p21 promoter activity was activated by 4- to 5-fold. Tube formation on Matrigel was strongly inhibited by Gax expression. Conclusions. Gax is expressed in vascular endothelium and strongly inhibits endothelial cell activation in response to growth factors and tube formation in vitro. These observations suggest that Gax inhibits endothelial cell transition to the angiogenic phenotype in response to proangiogenic growth factors and, as a negative regulator of angiogenesis, may represent a target for the antiangiogenic therapy of cancer.
Emerging technologies will have important impacts on sustainability objectives. Yet little is known about the explicit feedbacks between consumer behaviour and technological change, and the potential impact on mass market penetration. We use the UK as a case-study to explore the dynamic interactions between technology supply, performance, cost, and heterogeneous consumer behaviour and the resulting influence on long term market diffusion. Simulations of competing vehicle technologies indicate that petrol hybrids (HEVs) dominate the market over the long-term because they benefit from improved performance and are able to reach the steep part of the diffusion curve by 2025 while competing technologies remain in the early stages of growth and are easier to displace in the market. This is due to the cumulative build-up of stock and slow fleet turnover creating inertia in the technological system. Consequently, it will be difficult to displace incumbent technologies because of system inertia, cumulative growth in stock, long operational life, and consumer risk aversion to new unproven technologies. However, when accounting for both technological and behavioural change, simulations indicate that if investment can reach 30–40% per annum growth in supply, combined with steady technology improvements, and more sophisticated agent decision making such as accounting for full technology lifecycle cost and performance, full battery electric vehicles could displace the incumbent system by 2050.
The challenge of producing lithium-ion batteries meeting performance requirements and low environmental impact is strictly related to the choice of materials as well as to the manufacturing processes. Most electrodes are currently prepared using poly(vinilydene fluoride) (PVDF) as binder. This fluorinated polymer is expensive and requires the use of a volatile and toxic organic solvent such as N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP) in the processing. Water soluble sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) can be a suitable substitute for PVDF as binder for both anodes and cathodes eliminating the necessity of NMP and thus decreasing the cost and the environmental impact of battery production. In this work, CMC has been successfully used to prepare efficient and stable anatase TiO2 anodes by optimizing the electrode manufacturing process in terms of composition and compression. The stability and the high rate performances of the TiO2/CMC are described and compared with those of TiO2/PVDF electrodes. The compatibility of the TiO2/CMC with a LiFePO4 cathode in a full-cell is also reported.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex and prevalent metabolic disorder worldwide. Strong evidence has emerged that DM is a risk factor for the accelerated rate of cognitive decline and the development of dementia. Though traditional pharmaceutical agents are efficient for the management of DM and DM-related cognitive decrement, long-term use of these drugs are along with undesired side effects. Therefore, tremendous studies have focused on the therapeutic benefits of natural compounds at present. Ample evidence exists to prove that polyphenols are capable to modulate diabetic neuropathy with minimal toxicity and adverse effects.
Composite Li-ion anode can be fabricated using silicon nanopowders synthesized by induced plasma atomization. Properties of such nanopowder were characterized by physical and electrochemical methods. Primary particles were crystalline with spherical shape and the typical diameter ranging from 50 to 200 nm. The Si nanopowder showed a high gravimetric capacity (4900 mAh/g) at first discharge and around 12% irreversible loss of lithium. In addition, observations of a single silicon particle made by in situ TEM permitted to compare the volume change during lithiation with other silicon anode nanomaterials.
Patients with liver cirrhosis may develop hepatic encephalopathy. Rats with chronic hyperammonemia exhibit neurological alterations mediated by peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation. Motor incoordination is due to increased TNF-a levels and activation of its receptor TNFR1 in the cerebellum.