batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A rechargeable bipolar lithium high-energy accumulator based on a novel electrochemical system was developed. The accumulator has a theoretical specific energy of 1070Wh/kg, which is at the top of the range of all known battery systems. This bipolar high-energy accumulator will exceed the energy content of the known lithium ion battery. Compared with the conventional cell design, the bipolar accumulator design results in a low cell resistance, a low weight and small dimensions. The charge/discharge curves of a bipolar battery and its five single cells were discussed in this paper. It will be shown, that the cell with the lowest capacity determines the battery’s behaviour. The chemistry of the inorganic electrolyte LiAICI4×1.7 SO2 allows the overcharging of single cells. Laboratory samples can withstand a load of more than 200mA/cm and combine a high specific energy up to 60Wh/kg with a high specific power up to 2500W/kg.
Although several risk assessment tools are in use, uncertainties on their accuracy in detecting fall risk already exist. Choosing the most accurate tool for hospital inpatient is still a challenge for the organizations. We aimed to retrospectively assess the appropriateness of a fall risk prevention program with the STRATIFY assessment tool in detecting acute-care inpatient fall risk.
We report the lithium ionic conductivities of closo‑type complex hydrides synthesized from various molar ratios of lithium borohydride (LiBH4) and decaborane (B10H14) as starting materials. The prepared closo‑type complex hydrides comprised [B12H12]2−, [B11H11]2−, and [B10H10]2− complex anions. In addition, increasing the LiBH4 content in the starting materials increased the amounts of [B11H11]2− and [B10H10]2−, leading to an improved ion conductivity of the prepared sample. The present study offers useful insights into strategies for controlling the complex anion composition in emerging solid electrolytes of closo-type complex hydrides at the molecular level, and improving their ionic conductivities.
Recycling and the related issue of sustainable development are increasing in importance around the world. In Brazil, the new National Policy on Solid Wastes has prompted discussion on the future of electronic waste (e-waste). Over the last 10years, different e-waste collection systems and recycling processes have been applied globally. This paper presents the systems used in different countries and compares the world situation to the current Brazilian reality. To establish a recycling process, it is necessary to organize efficient collection management. The main difficulty associated with the implementation of e-waste recycling processes in Brazil is the collection system, as its efficiency depends not only on the education and cooperation of the people but also on cooperation among industrial waste generators, distributors and the government. Over half a million waste pickers have been reported in Brazil and they are responsible for the success of metal scrap collection in the country. The country also has close to 2400 companies and cooperatives involved in recycling and scrap trading. On the other hand, the collection and recycling of e-waste is still incipient because e-wastes are not seen as valuable in the informal sector. The Brazilian challenge is therefore to organize a system of e-waste management including the informal sector without neglecting environmentally sound management principles.
Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) or oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts including carbon-, non-precious metal-, metal alloy-, metal oxide-, and carbide/nitride-based materials are of great importance for energy conversion and storage technologies. Among them, metal oxides (e.g., perovskite and pyrochlore) are known to be promising candidates as electrocatalysts. Nevertheless, the intrinsic catalytic activities of pyrochlore oxides are still poorly understood because of the formation of undesirable phases derived from the synthesis processes. Herein, we present highly pure single crystalline pyrochlore nanoparticles with metallic conduction (Pb2Ru2O6.5) as an efficient bi-functional oxygen electrocatalyst. Notably, it has been experimentally shown that the covalency of Ru–O bonds affects the ORR and OER activities by comparing the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra of the metallic Pb2Ru2O6.5 and insulating Sm2Ru2O7 for the first time. Moreover, we followed the interatomic distance changes of Ru–O bonds using in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to investigate the structural stabilities of the pyrochlore catalysts during electrocatalysis. The highly efficient metallic Pb2Ru2O6.5 exhibited outstanding bi-functional catalytic activities and stabilities for both ORR and OER in aqueous Zn–air batteries.
Further modification of carbon and transition metal composites has become a hot spot in the preparation of anode materials for lithium ion battery, including various morphologies, nitrogen doping and porous introduction. However, the synergistic effect of specific surface area and nitrogen doping content of composite materials on the electrochemical performance as anode materials for lithium ion batteries has not been revealed. In this paper, the carbon nanofibers loaded with titanium dioxide are fabricated via electrospinning method followed by calcination process with simple addition admixture of diisopropyl azodiformate in precursor solution. The pores are introduced into the composite with controllable nitrogen doping and surface area simultaneously. The specific capacity of titanium dioxide @carbon nanofibers has been increased from 192.2 mAh g−1 to 336 mAh g−1 due to the increased nitrogen content of the composite from 7.18% to 10.21%, and elevated specific surface area from 67.23 to 111.15 m2 g−1, which can endow the composite superior conductivity and more active sites. The capacity contribution of the total specific capacity has decreased from 60.8% to 44.7% compared with original sample, proving that increasing diffusion controlled Faradaic Li-ion insertion origins from nitrogen doping.
The health benefits of resistance exercises are well established; however, the effects of resistance training on cognition are not as well understood. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the evidence of resistance exercise’s effects on cognition. A systematic search identified 24 studies that were included in the analyses. These articles ranged in the protocols utilized and in how they studied the effects of resistance training on cognition. Four primary analyses were carried out to assess the effects of resistance exercise on cognitive outcomes: (1) composite cognitive scores, (2) screening measures of cognitive impairment, (3) measures of executive functions, and (4) measures of working memory. Results revealed positive effects of resistance training on composite cognitive scores (SMD 0.71, 95% CI 0.30–1.12), screening measures of cognitive impairment (SMD 1.28, 95% CI 0.39–2.18), and executive functions (SMD 0.39, 95% CI 0.04–0.74), but no effect on measures of working memory (SMD 0.151, 95% CI − 0.21 to 0.51). High heterogeneity was observed in all analyses. Resistance training appears to have positive effects on cognition; however, future research will need to determine why the effects are so variable.
An environmentally friendly technology of cryogenic grinding for recovering cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries was has been investigated in this paper. Differential Scanning Calorimeter was used to test the glass transition temperature of the organic binder. Advanced analysis techniques, a microcomputer-controlled electronic universal material-testing machine, a low-temperature impact testing machine, scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution 3 Dimension-X-ray microscopy, were utilized to analyze the effect of low temperature on the mechanical properties and morphology of cathode. Results show that the yield strength, tensile strength and impact strength of the current collector is significantly increased at low temperature, that the glass transition temperature of the organic binder is approximately 235 K. Low temperature enhances the strength of the current collector and causes the organic binder to fail. Therefore, cryogenic grinding could realize the selective grinding of the cathode and significantly improve the peel-off of the electrode materials. The peel-off efficiency of cathode materials was improved from 25.03% to 87.29% at the optimum conditions of low temperature pretreatment for 5 min and cryogenic grinding for 30 s. The experiments demonstrate that the cryogenic grinding can obviously facilitate the efficient recovery of cathode materials, revealing a great application prospective for the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries.
A novel catalyst support was synthesized by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole on Vulcan XC-72 carbon in naphthalene sulfonic acid (NSA) solution containing ammonium persulfate as oxidant at room temperature. Pt nanoparticles with 3–4nm size were deposited on the prepared polypyrrole–carbon composites by chemical reduction method. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy measurements showed that Pt particles were homogeneously dispersed in polypyrrole–carbon composites. The Pt nanoparticles-dispersed catalyst composites were used as anodes of fuel cells for hydrogen and methanol oxidation. Cyclic voltammetry measurements of hydrogen and methanol oxidation showed that Pt nanoparticles deposited on polypyrrole–carbon with NSA as dopant exhibit better catalytic activity than those on plain carbon. This result might be due to the higher electrochemically available surface areas, electronic conductivity and easier charge-transfer at polymer/carbon particle interfaces allowing a high dispersion and utilization of deposited Pt nanoparticles.
Generation of high-energy positron beams is more complex than for electrons, requiring positrons to be pre-generated and compensation of defocusing effects. Here, a system allowing positron creation, injection and acceleration in a single setup is considered theoretically.
In order to guarantee safe and proper use of Lithium-ion batteries during operation, an accurate estimate of the battery temperature is of paramount importance. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) can be used to estimate the battery temperature and several EIS-based temperature estimation methods have been proposed in the literature. In this paper, we argue that all existing EIS-based methods implicitly distinguish two steps: experiment design and parameter estimation. The former step consists of choosing the excitation frequency and the latter step consists of estimating the battery temperature based on the measured impedance resulting from the chosen excitation. By distinguishing these steps and by performing Monte-Carlo simulations, all existing methods are compared in terms of accuracy (i.e., mean-square error) of the temperature estimate. The results of the comparison show that, due to different choices in the two steps, significant differences in accuracy of the estimate exist. More importantly, by jointly selecting the parameters of the experiment-design and parameter-estimation step, a more-accurate temperature estimate can be obtained. In case of an unknown State-of-Charge, this novel method estimates the temperature with an average absolute bias of 0.4 ° C and an average standard deviation of 0.7 ° C using a single impedance measurement for the battery under consideration.
A polypyrrole modified carbon-supported cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH)2-PPY-C) has been prepared by the impregnation-chemical method and used as the electrode catalyst in a direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC). The microstructure of Co(OH)2-PPY-C has been characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The cell performance and short-term performance stability of the DBFC using the Co(OH)2-PPY-C as catalysts have been investigated. A maximum power density of 83mWcm−2 has been achieved at 0.6V under ambient conditions. The Co(OH)2-PPY-C catalyst demonstrates a smaller value of polarization than the carbon-supported Co(OH)2 catalyst. Results from electrochemical impedance spectrum analysis confirm that the polypyrrole addition to the cathode effectively decreases its resistance. During operation of the DBFC using Co(OH)2-PPY-C as catalyst, the Co(OH)2 tends to be converted into CoHO2.
A high-performance yarn electrode material, cotton/graphene/polyaniline, is synthesized by coating primary fiber cores inside cotton yarns with graphene sheets and followed by further growing polyaniline nanowire array layers through in situ polymerization of aniline. The electron transportation is enhanced by the 3D graphene conductive network on cotton fibers, which further bridges the polyaniline nanowires. The polyaniline nanowires with small diameters ensure high electrochemically active surface area. The spaces within the polyaniline nanowire array layers and the hierarchical pores of the entire yarn electrode benefit the fast electrolyte ion diffusion. The unique 3D yarn electrode structure results in an excellent electrochemical performance. The maximum areal capacitance and capacitance retention are 246 mF/cm2 at 5 mV/s and 98% after 3800 cycles, respectively. A symmetric all-solid-state yarn supercapacitor is fabricated by using this yarn electrode, which delivers an energy density of 9.7 μWh/cm2 at a power density of 840.9 μW/cm2.
As significant as the electrolyte selection is for dual-ion battery applications, the characteristics of the graphitic cathode can also be decisive for the resultant cell operation. During this work, in order to find a promising electrode-electrolyte combination for Na-based dual-ion batteries, CCCV cycling tests were applied to different positive electrode compositions to optimize the effects of carbon black and binder as well as to mitigate the irreversible charge losses, by utilizing 0.5M NaPF6/EC:EMC electrolyte which was found to be the most promising mixture in our preceding study. Electrodes consisting of 90wt% KS6 graphite, 2wt% carbon black and 8wt% binder was found to be the most promising combination, and proved its superiority over SLP 30 type graphite, delivering 86.2mAh/g discharge capacity by means of its lower particle size and larger surface area. Moreover, structural characterization tests of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were implemented by providing qualitative and quantitative insights so as to elucidate and characterize the PF6 − intercalation/de-intercalation characteristics for our Na-based dual-ion battery. The results of the tests acknowledged that the surface and the bulk of the electrode behave differently.
Compared with traditional lead-acid batteries, nickel–cadmium batteries and nickel-hydrogen batteries, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are much more environmentally friendly and much higher energy density. Besides, LIBs own the characteristics of no memory effect, high charging and discharging rate, long cycle life and high energy conversion rate. Therefore, LIBs have been widely considered as the most promising power source for mobile devices. Commonly used LIBs contain carbonate based liquid electrolytes. Such electrolytes own high ionic conductivity and excellent wetting ability. However, the use of highly flammable and volatile organic solvents in them may lead to problems like leakage, thermo runaway and parasitic interface reactions, which limit their application. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) can solve these problems, while they also bring new challenges such as poor interfacial contact with electrodes and low ionic conductivity at room temperature. Many approaches have been tried to solve these problems. This article is divided into three parts to introduce polyethylene oxide (PEO) based polymer-ceramic hybrid solid electrolyte, which is one of the most efficient way to improve the performance of SPEs. The first part focuses on polymer-lithium salt (LiX) matrices, including their ionic conduction mechanism and impact factors for their ionic conductivity. In the second part, the influence of both active and passive ceramic fillers on SPEs are reviewed. In the third part, composite SPEs’ preparation methods, including solvent casting and thermocompression, are introduced and compared. Finally, we propose five key points on how to make composite SPEs with high ionic conductivity for reference.
Infrared imaging frameworks have been broadly utilized as a part of the military and civil fields, for example, target recognition, fault diagnosis, fire identification, and medical analysis. Evaluating and monitoring the electrical parts is necessary to analyze the thermal fault at the beginning period. The paper presents the IRT electrical images for diagnosing and classifying the faults by the feature extraction and classification process. At first, IRT segmented switch image (highly temperature zone) is considered, followed by the feature extraction procedure is applied where the images are selected based on the optimal features. The optimal features are accomplished by the inspired optimization algorithm i.e. Opposition based Dragonfly Algorithm (ODA). It chose the best features for the unproblematic classification process. With the intention of classifying the segmented portion as faulty and non-faulty IRT, an approach Deep Neural Network (DNN) is presented. On the basis of the optimal weight attained from learning algorithm, categorize the faulty electrical image easily. The results show that the proposed work accomplishes maximum classification accuracy i.e. 99.99% compared to existing classification approaches.
Evidence suggests schizophrenia patients may have problems integrating visual features into perceptual wholes using configural information. This deficit may impact on higher order socio-cognitive abilities such as facial emotion perception. Twenty-six schizophrenia patients and 26 age and gender matched healthy control participants completed a Fractured Faces Task which disrupted configural face information yet maintained featural information. While participants were matched for performance when viewing whole, unaltered faces; schizophrenia patients were significantly less affected than control participants when the configural information was disrupted. The results indicate altered configural processing and potential over-reliance on featural processing in schizophrenia. The implications of such impaired processing strategies are discussed.
This paper presents the results of an experimental analysis performed on a miniaturized, 6We Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) system, integrated with on-site hydrogen production by electrolysis; in particular, the effects of environmental parameters such as the external temperature and the humidity on the performance of fuel cells are investigated. PEMFC systems are zero-emissions power technologies when they are fed with pure hydrogen (at concentration higher than 97%); also, being the only results of system operation the produced electricity and some pure water, when produced by renewable sources hydrogen can be considered an attractive alternative to fossil fuels and may concur to the reduction of pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions deriving by combustion processes. A miniaturized, few watts capacity system may represent a safe and unexpensive solution to perform analysis and predict the on-site performance of larger FC applications. The micro-model used for the experimental characterization is a module of a flexible, larger scale system, which is briefly described in the paper; the entire system is equipped with Nafion 112 membranes, two electrolysers, hydrogen storage devices and a Photovoltaic (PV) panel. The results presented in this paper are only a first set of results; others are expected to be obtained in the future by an outdoor monitoring campaign of the entire system, needed to allow an effective prediction of the on-site performance for stand-alone PEMFC systems fed by solar energy. After having simplified the analysis by excluding the parameters that the experimental data revealed to be less influent, at the end of this paper the characterization of the PEMFC system is completed by introducing a semi-empirical model, derived by graphic analyses and data regressions.
Sulfide solid electrolytes with cubic Na3PS4 phase has relatively high sodium ion conductivity of over 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature, and all-solid-state sodium batteries Na–Sn/TiS2 with the electrolyte operated as a secondary battery at room temperature. To improve battery performance, conductivity enhancement of sulfide electrolytes is important. In this study, we have succeeded in enhancing conductivity by optimizing preparation conditions of Na3PS4 glass–ceramic electrolytes. By use of crystalline Na2S with high purity of 99.1%, cubic Na3PS4 crystals were directly precipitated by ball milling process at the composition of 75Na2S·25P2S5 (mol%). The glass–ceramic electrolyte prepared by milling for 1.5 h and consecutive heat treatment at 270 °C for 1 h showed the highest conductivity of 4.6 × 10−4 S cm−1, which is twice as high as the conductivity of the cubic Na3PS4 glass–ceramic prepared in a previous report. All-solid-state Na–Sn/NaCrO2 cells with the newly prepared electrolyte exhibited charge–discharge cycles at room temperature and kept about 60 mAh per gram of NaCrO2 for 15 cycles.
The present paper describes the catalytic oxidation of urea performed by nickel hydroxide and nickel/cobalt hydroxide modified electrodes by using both electrodeposited films and nanoparticles. The incorporation of Co foreign atoms leads to a slight increase in sensitivity besides the shift in redox process, avoiding the oxygen reaction. Nanostructured Ni80Co20(OH)2 was synthesized by sonochemical route producing 5nm diameter particles characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) being immobilized onto electrode by using the electrostatic Layer-by-layer technique, yielding attractive modified electrodes for sensor development.
This study introduces a new flexible cathode that contains no binder, conductive additive and current collector, but instead consists solely of a sulfurized polyacrylonitrile nanofiber (SPAN) web which is prepared by a simple pyrolysis process with low cost raw materials. This not only exhibits good electrochemical properties, but also a high flexibility, rollability, and bendability to 180° without fracture. Its feasibility as a cathode for a low cost and flexible Na/S battery is subsequently evaluated on the basis that S, PAN, and Na are cheap materials. The SPAN web delivers a high first discharge capacity of 604 mAh g−1 – electrode (1473 mAh g−1 – sulfur) at 0.01 C based on sulfur content. In cycle performance at 0.1 C, a first discharge capacity of 342 mAh g−1 – electrode is obtained and remains over 266 mAh g−1 – electrode after 200 cycles along with the coulombic efficiency near 100% from the second cycle. In terms of rate capability, it is shown to be capable of delivering a capacity of as high as 71 mAh g−1 at 1 C. The reversible electrochemical reaction of the SPAN web with Na is related to a reversible bond between the C–S and S–S bonds of the SPAN web.
This article presents an overview of cathode materials (except the pyrite FeS2) used or envisaged in thermally activated (“thermal”) batteries. The physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance of different cathode families (oxides, sulfides) are reviewed, including discharge mechanisms, when known.