batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A nano porous vanadium oxide (V2O5) was prepared by sol–gel method. The preparation involved elutriation of aqueous sodium meta vanadate over a cation exchange resin. The product was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, surface area analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. Electrochemical characterization was done using cyclic voltammetry in a three electrode system consisting of a saturated calomel electrode as reference electrode, platinum mesh as a counter electrode, and V2O5 mounted on Ti mesh as the working electrode. Two molars of aqueous KCl, NaCl and LiCl were used as electrolytes. A maximum capacitance of 214Fg−1 was obtained at a scan rate of 5mVs−1 in 2M KCl. The effect of different electrolytes and the effect of concentration of KCl on the specific capacitance of V2O5 were studied. Specific capacitance faded rapidly over 100 cycles in 2M KCl at a 5mVs−1 scan rate.
Three leg inverters for photovoltaic systems have a lot of disadvantages, especially when the load is unbalanced. These disadvantages are for example, small utilization of the DC link voltage, the dependency of the modulation factor of the load current and the superposition of a DC component with the output AC voltage. A solution for these problems is the four-leg inverter. Most papers dealing with 4-leg inverters ignore the effect of digital delays in control loop and suggest classic controllers, such as PI controller. However, the transient performance of the closed-loop system does not become, accurately, adjustable and acceptable, in most cases. This paper proposes a novel model, considering digital delays, for 4-leg inverters. Then, it applies pole-placement control strategy, via state feedback, to adjust the transient performance of the closed-loop system to a desired second-order system. Simulation results validate theoretical results and proposed control strategy.
The role of sensory-motor representations in object recognition was investigated in experiments involving AD, a patient with mild visual agnosia who was impaired in the recognition of visually presented living as compared to non-living entities. AD named visually presented items for which sensory-motor information was available significantly more reliably than items for which such information was not available; this was true when all items were non-living. Naming of objects from their associated sound was normal. These data suggest that both information about object form computed in the ventral visual system as well as sensory-motor information specifying the manner of manipulation contribute to object recognition.
On-road real driving emissions (RDE) testing was used to study the effects of many parameters not taken into account by laboratory testing but which can greatly influence vehicle pollutant emissions. Among these, road grade plays a key role. This paper investigates the effects of positive and negative road grades on the exhaust emissions of two Euro 5 diesel vehicles. Both vehicles were tested in the laboratory on the chassis dynamometer and on the road along a mixed route in Naples (Italy). The circuit includes urban, extra-urban and motorway driving in order to comply with Euro 6 RDE requirements. Laboratory testing aimed to assess emissions during current type approval driving cycles; on-road tests using portable analysers were used to determine real emissions as a function of road gradient. Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) analysis revealed that with respect to positive road grades, negative ones explain a higher share of total VSP. For −4% to +5% road gradients, the percentage variation of carbon dioxide emissions is linearly correlated with variations in slope. The same correlation for nitrogen oxides is vehicle dependent and well explained by a second-order polynomial function.
A huge number of piezoelectric materials have been demonstrated since the discovery of piezoelectricity over a century ago. The use of nanostructured piezoelectrics, however, is a relatively recent development, and the understanding of the nanoscale size effects on ferro- and piezoelectricity is still being formulated. Despite this, the application of piezoelectric nanostructures to energy harvesting has expanded rapidly in the last decade leading to a huge range of reported devices [96,97]. Most studies focus on zinc oxide, as its nanostructures are formed relatively easily using low temperature methods [98], unlike many ferroelectrics which require high temperature processing. In addition, the nanostructures are crystallographically aligned and non-ferroelectric, and therefore do not require poling. However, more recently other well-known materials have been investigated for nanostructured energy harvesters including lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and barium titanate, with the potential for higher power outputs due to their higher piezoelectric coefficients. This review summarises the work to date on nanostructured piezoelectric energy harvesters, commonly called nanogenerators, starting with early reports of piezoelectric output from single strained ZnO nanorods, and moving through the use of nanorod arrays, flexible substrates and alternative materials and nanostructures. Applications that have been demonstrated for devices are summarised, and the future prospects for this field are considered. Before embarking on the development of any nanostructured energy harvesters a thorough understanding of piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials – and the broader energy harvesting field – is essential, for which there are a number of suitable reviews and textbooks [1–4].
This study tested four theoretical models in terms of their fit with demands placed on our cognitive system by traditional tests of cognitive ability. We did so by administering seven tests of cognitive ability known to require varying types of processing demands to a large group of college undergraduates (N =193). We compared the models using confirmatory factor analyses, including those based upon a unitary factor, speed and capacity, crystallized and fluid intelligence, and verbal and spatial ability. The crystallized/fluid model provided the best fit with the data. This finding is consistent with previous research. Implications for education and future research are discussed.
Two-dimensional layered materials such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) have attracted great scientific interests as a promising anode material candidate for lithium-ion batteries. However, MoS2 nanosheets, the most commonly investigated structure, easily tend to restack or aggregate and also present intrinsic poor electric conductivity, which limit their applications. Herein, we highlight a rational design of the three-dimensional (3D) MoS2 hierarchitecture with tunable nanosheets and 2H/1T hybrid phase due to the confinement effect of graphene. By changing the amount of graphene in the reaction, we obtain the optimized 3D hierarchical architectures constructed from inter-crossed 2D nanosheets, which not only possess good robustness to avoid aggregation through 3D assembly but also provide large surface area and short lithium-ion diffusion via exposed 2D building blocks. In addition, it is found that the MoS2 nanosheets exhibit both 2H and 1T hybrid phase, therefore providing a fast electron pathway due to the good contacts between graphene and 1T phase. When tested as anode in lithium-ion batteries, graphene-wrapped 3D MoS2 hierarchitectures exhibit high reversible capacity of 715mAhg−1 after 50 cycles at a high current density of 2Ag−1.
Sodium 4,5-dicyano-2-(pentafluoroethyl)imidazolate (NaPDI) and 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl) imidazolate (NaTDI) were tested in order to find the optimal solvent mixture composition for possible application in sodium battery electrolytes. The chemical structure of the above imidazolate salts is based on the stable imidazolium ring architecture substituted with electrophilic groups via carbon atoms. It has been shown here that electrolytes with these new salts exhibit high conductivity at room temperature and excellent electrochemical stability up to 4.5V vs. sodium metal. Moreover, both salts are not corrosive to Al foil. The high performance of the new electrolytes in sodium battery technology was also confirmed by compatibility tests carried out with NaxCoO2 cathode materials.
Batteries based on multivalent metals have the potential to meet the future needs of large-scale energy storage, due to the relatively high abundance of elements such as magnesium, calcium, aluminium and zinc in the Earth’s crust. However, the complexity of multivalent metal-ion chemistries has led to rampant confusions, technical challenges, and eventually doubts and uncertainties about the future of these technologies. In this Review, we clarify the key strengths as well as common misconceptions of multivalent metal-based batteries. We then examine the growth behaviour of metal anodes, which is crucial for their safety promises but hitherto unestablished. We further discuss scrutiny of anode efficiency and cathode storage mechanism pertaining to complications arising from electrolyte solutions. Finally, we critically review existing cathode materials and discuss design strategies to enable genuine multivalent metal-ion-based energy storage materials with competitive performance.
Although the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is still attracting enormous R&D interest because of its high energy density, its commercialization is hampered by many challenges including cutting cost, improving performance and increasing durability. While they could be solved by material selection, the durability of PEMFC is also affected by voltage reversals and fuel starvation. In this paper, PEMFC control sub-systems namely the reaction, thermal, water management and power electronic subsystems are reviewed critically, with special attention on control strategies to avoid fuel starvation. Classical proportional integral and derivative (PID) controllers are commonly used in feedback voltage control and feed-forward current control by manipulating hydrogen and air flow rates. Self-tuning PID controllers or sliding mode controllers adapt to changing dynamics and respond faster. Adaptive controllers (AC) such as load governors and extremum seeking controllers update control action continuously. Model predictive control (MPC) uses a PEMFC model to predict system behavior and update controller action. Recently, artificial intelligence such as neural network control (NNC), fuzzy logic control (FLC) and FLC-PID control have been used in PEMFC system control because they are simpler and cheaper to implement without heavy computational burden of the AC and MPC but produce better results.
An extensive parametric study of an alternative battery model, the fractional differential model (FDM), is presented for the first time over the entire lifetime of 20Ah NMC cells. The evolution of the FDM's model parameters, identified in the time-domain, is compared to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results to assess their physico-chemical significance. This comprehensive parametric analysis shows that the FDM is able to capture relevant physico-chemical information with regards to the ohmic resistance over the entire SoC range and battery lifetime. Furthermore, the FDM's electrical performance is compared to the conventional first order RC battery model over the entire battery lifetime. Thanks to the FDM's non-integer derivatives for system states, it is able to capture intrinsic fractional derivative properties such as diffusion dynamics, charge transfer and memory hysteresis, which results in an improved simulation accuracy compared to the RC model. The comparative study showed an improved simulation accuracy of the FDM up to 85% in the lowest SoC range and a minimum improvement of 40% over the entire SoC range, considering the entire battery lifetime. Inherently proving that the FDM's ability to capture highly nonlinear battery behavior in the low SoC region persists over battery lifetime.
Schultheis MT, Weisser V, Ang J, Elovic E, Nead R, Sestito N, Fleksher C, Millis SR. Examining the relationship between cognition and driving performance in multiple sclerosis. Objective To identify cognitive predictors of driving performance after multiple sclerosis (MS). Design Prospective design examining predictive value of cognitive measures on driving performance. Setting All data were collected in an outpatient research setting and an outpatient driver rehabilitation program. Participants Participants were community-dwelling persons (N=66) with clinically defined MS (86% relapsing-remitting, 14% progressive) with a mean age of 43.47 years. All were active drivers who met vision requirements established by their respective states, and none required adaptive driving equipment. Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Participants were administered a comprehensive neuropsychologic assessment and a clinical behind-the-wheel (BTW) driving evaluation. Additional measures of driving performance included history of traffic violations and collisions (since MS onset). Results Logistic regression indicated that information processing speed (Symbol Digit Modality Test [SDMT]) was the strongest predictor of BTW performance. A logistic regression revealed that the strongest predictors of collision and violation frequency were visuospatial learning and recall (7/24 Spatial Recall Test [SPART 7/24]). Conclusions These findings indicate that information processing and visuospatial skills are predictive of driving performance among persons with MS. These measures (SDMT and SPART 7/24) may serve as screening methods for identifying the potential impact of cognitive impairment on driving. Furthermore, the findings raise questions regarding the appropriateness of the BTW evaluation to evaluate driving difficulties accurately among individuals with MS.
Publisher Summary This chapter aims to cover all nonfiltration forms of mechanical separation. The achievement of a separation of two or more distinct phases—what is termed mechanical or physical separation (although neither word is precisely descriptive)—can be managed by one of two major technologies: filtration and sedimentation. The division between these two technologies is usually quite clear, although some processes use both together. The theory of sedimentation is entirely concerned with the way in which a particle (or droplet) settles in a continuous fluid. The design of sedimentation equipment is then a matter of giving the particle enough time to settle out of suspension, either to the bottom of the settling tank, or to the nearest solid surface. Of the other types of separators, centrifuges predominate because of the flexibility of their operating principle in adapting to specific process materials, volume and separation requirements, when they may be specifically described by duty such as separators, purifiers, and clarifiers. Cyclones separate solid particles from gases, and hydrocyclones separate the particles from a liquid suspension or separate one liquid from another. These are dynamic separators working on the principle of inertial forces generated by the velocity of the incoming fluid stream. Electrostatic precipitation is an extremely effective method for removing dust, smoke, and other small particles from air or exhaust gases over a particle size range from about 10 μm down to 0.01 μm or even 0.001 μm.
This study evaluated whether two people with developmental disabilities would be able to actively perform simple physical activities by controlling their favorite environmental stimulation using Nintendo Wii Balance Boards with a newly developed standing location detection program (SLDP, i.e., a new software program turning a Nintendo Wii Balance Board into a standing location detector). This study was carried out using to an ABAB design. The data showed that both participants significantly increased their simple physical activity (target response) to activate the control system to produce environmental stimulation during the B (intervention) phases. The practical and developmental implications of the findings are discussed.
Cobalt and nickel spinel ferrites with CoFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 stoichiometries have been prepared by a sol–gel process based on a vacuum sublimation of a citrate precursor. Several samples of CoFe2O4 were obtained by varying the conditions of citrate precursor formation and further annealing. SEM images demonstrated the strong influence of synthesis parameters on the morphologies of secondary and primary particles. The formation of layered flake-like aggregates defining a macroporous system is assumed to improve the electrolyte–electrode contact in iron-containing samples. An enhanced electrochemical performance was achieved for samples annealed at high temperatures, especially for CoFe2O4 heated at 1000°C for 24h. Capacity values higher than 700mAhg−1 was recorded after 75 cycles. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to clarify aspects of the mechanism of the electrochemical reaction.
The main contribution of this research is formulating the size optimization of grid-independent hybrid wind/photovoltaic/biodiesel/battery systems and proposing a hybrid algorithm on this optimization problem. There are many investigations based on hybrid wind and PV power systems but the investigation on the hybrid wind/photovoltaic/biodiesel/battery system is rarely found. Here, the optimal design of a biodiesel/wind/photovoltaic/battery energy system for a stand-alone application in Iran is studied. The objective of the optimum design problem is to minimize the life cycle cost of the wind/photovoltaic/biodiesel/battery system subject to some constraints by adjusting four decision variables, namely, number of batteries, photovoltaic area, the swept area of wind turbines, and fuel consumption of the biodiesel generator. To solve the optimization problem, initially, we investigate the performance of two popular metaheuristic algorithms, namely, harmony search and simulated annealing. Moreover, this article proposes a hybrid harmony search-simulated annealing method that combines the advantages of each one of the above-mentioned metaheuristic algorithms. Simulation results show that the proposed hybrid harmony search-simulated annealing improves the obtained solutions, in terms of quality, compared to the solutions provided by individual harmony search or individual simulated annealing algorithms. Moreover, the hybrid photovoltaic/biodiesel/battery system is the best choice to supply the electrical load.
Cisplatin has been in use for 40 years for treatment of germ line and other forms of cancer. Oxaliplatin is approved for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Thirty to forty percent of cancer patients receiving these agents develop pain and sensory loss. Oxaliplatin induces distinctive cold-associated dysesthesias in up to 80% of patients.
Three dimensional (3D) porous C/LiFePO4/MWCNTs was synthesized by a hybrid of in situ sol gel strategy and a facile electro-polymerization polyaniline technique and a simultaneous sintering progress. In combined with the 3D hierarchical pore topologies and high electronic conduction facilitating the kinetics of both electron transport and lithium ion diffusion within the particles, the optimized electrodes exhibit an ultrahigh rate capacity, stable charge/discharge cycle ability, and a comparative volume capacity. The synthesized LiFePO4 composite offers a discharge capacity of 169.6mAhg−1 (nearly to its the theoretical capability 170mAhg−1) at the C/10 rate and delivers a good rate performance with a capacity of 141.9mAh g−1 at a high rate of 20C, and stable charge/discharge cycle ability (>95% capacity retention after 200 charge/discharge cycles).This non-organic facile synthesize avenue can be high desirable to prepare high-power electrode materials
Several factors such as climate change, increment in fuel cost and digital technology era have lead to transformation of conventional grid into smart grid. Existing microgrid can be integrated with smart grid characteristics by various topologies, including cogeneration system where both electricity and thermal energy from single source of fuel can be produced. Cogeneration system has better efficiency, lower costs and able to reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to singular conventional methods. This paper presents a comprehensive review of cogeneration system, covering the principle operation and types of prime movers available for use in power plant, building and industrial plant. Prime movers such as gas turbine, steam turbine, micro turbine, reciprocate engine and fuel cell are compared in terms of size (kW), efficiency and principal operation. This review also describes the hierarchical control system for cogeneration system; classified into three types, which are local, centralized and decentralized. This study tries to find the most suitable control strategy for certain cogeneration system by referring to the related standards available. A number of cogeneration applications in commercial buildings, including hospital, airport, shopping complex and hotel, are presented to show the effectiveness of the cogeneration system. Overall, this paper presents comparison between each prime mover technology, factors that influence the selection of prime movers, challenges and prospects of cogeneration system.
Summary The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap has been used as the principle tool for secondary breast reconstruction in our department. This article details our experience in learning and improving the technique with the help of an external team of experienced surgeons. In our initial 65 DIEP flap breast reconstructions our total flap loss rate was reduced from 9.5 to 0%, partial flap loss rate from 31 to 0%, and fat necrosis rate from 17 to 4.3%. We illustrate how a surgical team, which might initially have considered the complication rate from DIEP flap breast reconstruction too high, can benefit from a staged approach to this complex, but useful, reconstruction technique.
We present two cases of semantic dementia with preserved oral reading ability. At the follow-up evaluation after one year, both cases could still read even though their language dysfunction had worsened. Our findings suggest that the preservation of the parietal lobe enables them to maintain this ability even after their semantic loss. In addition, their strong oral reading ability is helped by the transparency of the grapheme-to-phoneme conversion system in Hangul (Korean alphabet).
A simple method for preparing CO2-activated graphite felt as an electrode in a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) was employed by the direct treatment in a CO2 atmosphere at a high temperature for a short period. The CO2-activated graphite felt demonstrates excellent electrochemical activity and reversibility. The VRFB using the CO2-activated graphite felts in the electrodes has coulombic, voltage, and energy efficiencies of 94.52%, 88.97%, and 84.15%, respectively, which is much higher than VRFBs using the electrodes of untreated graphite felt and N2-activated graphite felt. The efficiency enhancement was attributed to the higher number of oxygen-containing functional groups on the graphite felt that are formed during the CO2-activation, leading to improving the electrochemical behaviour of the resultant VRFB.