batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Three energy storage systems based on mixing and desalination of solutions with different salt concentrations are presented, namely, reverse electrodialysis, pressure retarded osmosis and capacitive Donnan potential, coupled to their corresponding desalination technologies: electrodialysis, reverse osmosis and membrane capacitive deionisation. Conceptual mathematical models are used to assess power densities and efficiency, and to address the influence on the performance of factors such as temperature and residence time. The maximum power densities for electrodialysis, osmotic and capacitive energy storage systems are calculated as 4.69, 4.83 and 0.503 W m−2, respectively, at 25 °C and residence time of 20 s, corresponding to an average fluid velocity of 5 mm/s. In order to achieve competitive economic energy (in the EU) with this power density, the membrane price needs to be lower than 2.9, 3.0 and 0.31$ m−2, for each of the technologies. Utilisation of waste heat to increase the temperature to 60 °C increases the power density to 8.54, 6.04 and 0.708 W m−2, which allows for 25% higher osmotic membrane price (3.7$ m−2), and over 80% and 40% higher price (5.2 and 0.43$ m−2) for the ionic exchange membrane used in the electrodialytic and capacitive energy storage system respectively, while still having economic energy production. Advantages and disadvantages of the proposed energy storage systems are discussed, along with the cost evaluation for each technology.
The flow-field design can have great influence on the operating performance of both proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Inhomogeneous transport of reactants to and products from the active area of these low-temperature fuel cells result in loss of power. Newly designed fractal structures are tested as flow-fields in PEMFCs and DMFCs for portable applications. To achieve a uniform fluid distribution and simultaneously minimize energy demand for mass transport (pressure loss), a computer algorithm is developed to provide a given area with a multiple ramified fluid network. By virtue of the self-similarity, the structures of such a network are called fractals. These are investigated and compared with common serpentine and parallel flow-fields. For both PEMFCs and DMFCs fractal flow-fields show similar performance to parallel designs. The most stable and highest power output is reached with the serpentine flow-field.
Previously published work on fast charging method has demonstrated that the side reaction can be minimized by a properly designed charging protocol, but does not consider effect of lithium plating and stripping. Therefore, a model for side reaction, lithium plating, and stripping is developed and incorporated into a reduced order electrochemical model (ROM) with extended Kalman filter. In addition, effects of negative pulse charging are analyzed and show that negative pulse charging can recover ions from metallic lithium, so the capacity loss is minimized compared with CC charging with the same charging speed. Finally, a new fast charging method is designed by combining negative pulse and different limitations that include anode potential, side reaction rate and cutoff voltage that are estimated from ROM, which is called a fast charging method with negative pulse (FCNP). The proposed method, 2C and 3C CC/CV charging methods are tested in Battery-In-The-Loop using a large format pouch type lithium ion battery. The charging time by FCNP up to 80% SOC is comparable to that by 3C CC/CV at the beginning of life and faster after the middle of life. At the same time, the capacity loss by FCNP is comparable to that by 2C CC/CV.
Some physicists have pointed out that we do not know what energy is. If there is no clear idea of energy, teaching the concept must be a problem. There has been much criticism concerning explanations of energy in textbooks and research literature about studentś misconceptions is ample. In the History of Science, one learns that Mayer and Joule discovered energy. A study of their experiments, calculations and interpretations of phenomena shows that they did not find anything which is indestructible and transformable but rather a methodology of dealing with phenomena. How to understand energy thanks to their works is the central subject of the present paper.
A novel methodology to create covalently linked polypeptide-siloxane hybrid materials by controlled n-carboxyanhydride ring opening polymerisation is disclosed. Poly-l-glutamic acid and poly-l-lysine conjugated products were formed that possessed excellent surface wettability. In addition, the poly-l-lysine-siloxane hybrids formed demonstrated bactericidal attributes against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli. It is anticipated that these materials may be of significance for the generation of hydrophilic siloxane-containing polymers that are commonly employed in contemporary medical devices.
Microporous carbon (MPC) was synthesized from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) using an activation-free approach and used as a selenium host for high-performance lithium-selenium (Li-Se) batteries. The microporous carbon/selenium (MPC/Se) composites were applied a cathode in Li-Se batteries with a carbonate-based electrolyte. The influences of PVDF carbonization temperature (600 °C, 700 °C and 800 °C) and Se content (50 wt%, 60 wt%, and 70 wt%) in the cathode were investigated in order to establish correlation between MPC structure and MPC/Se electrochemical performance. The results revealed that the MPC/Se composite cathode, with MPC synthesized at 800 °C and with a Se content of 50 wt%, exhibited a superior reversible capacity of 508.8 mAh g−1 at 0.1C after 100 cycles. Moreover, the MPC/Se maintained a capacity retention of 354.0 mAh g−1 at 0.5C for 200 cycles. The reason for the excellent performance could be attributed to the dominant microporous feature of MPC, which could effectively confine Se and reduce side reactions with electrolytes. Furthermore, increasing Se content from 50 wt% to 70 wt% leaded to decrease in the specific capacity and rate capability of MPC/Se cathode, due to significantly reduced Li-ion diffusion coefficient. This work suggested the effectiveness of MPC derived from commercial PVDF through an activation-free and scalable approach as Se hosts for high-performance Li-Se batteries.
Li3Sb11S18 was synthesized by a solid-state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of Li2S and Sb2S3. The crystal structure was determined from dark-gray single crystals at 123 K. Li3Sb11S18 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1¯
State prediction and fault prognosis are generating considerable interest regarding battery system due to the healthy development momentum of electric vehicles. Voltage is one of the main characterisation parameters for various battery faults, so accurate voltage abnormity prognosis is critical to the safe and durable operation of the battery system. A novel deep-learning-enabled method to perform accurate multi-forward-step voltage prediction for battery systems is investigated using long short-term memory(LSTM) recurrent neural network. A high volume of real-world operational data of an electric taxi is acquired from the Service and Management Center for electric vehicles(SMC-EV) in Beijing. To improve the prediction accuracy, a Weather-Vehicle-Driver analysis is implemented to consider the impacts of weather and driver’s behaviour on a battery system’s performance, and the many-to-one(4-1) model structure using an improved pre-dropout technology and a developed dual-model-cooperation prediction strategy is applied for offline training the LSTM models after all hyperparameters pre-optimized. The results showcase that the proposed method has a powerful prediction ability for battery voltage, and the accuracy and robustness of this method are verified through the comparisons among different hyperparameters and seasons using 10-fold cross-validation. Furthermore, combined with alarm or warning thresholds, the prognosis feasibility, stability, and reliability of the proposed models for various voltage abnormities are also verified through actual operational data, thereby this method can assess the battery safety via predicting voltage to determine the advent of battery faults and mitigate runaway risk. This is the first of its kind to apply the LSTM to voltage prediction and fault prognosis of the battery system.
The relationship between sex and verbal learning and memory was investigated in 70 males and 36 females with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Ninety-seven percent of the sample was receiving typical neuroleptic medication as treatment and had never received atypical medications. Selected scores from the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) [Delis, D.C., Kramer, J.H., Kaplin, E., Ober, B., 1987. The California Verbal Learning Test—Research Edition. Psychological Corporation, New York] were dependent variables in a series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses. Predictors comprised demographic, clinical and general cognitive measures. Sex was the most powerful predictor of both cumulative learning (Trial A5 recall) and the absolute number of words recalled after 20 min (Long-Delay Free Recall), accounting for 14% and 16% of score variance, respectively. Chlorpromazine-equivalent dose was negatively related to learning and recall. However, recall savings (Percent Retention) was unrelated to any predictor. This pattern of results parallels sex differences observed in the general population, albeit at a lower overall level of performance and with the suggestion of greater relative deficit in males. Schizophrenia does not eliminate and may even increase the advantage women demonstrate over men in some aspects of verbal memory.
The concept of massograms is described and their utility is demonstrated by the analysis of a wide range of interfacial reactions. Massograms are recorded on a quartz crystal microbalance, and show the rates of change of mass versus electrode potential. They are, therefore, the mass flux analogs of voltammograms, with which they can be productively compared. A Venn diagram is used to identify five different kinds of interfacial reaction which are distinguishable when massograms and voltammograms are recorded at the same time. What distinguishes the reactions is how charge transfer is coupled to mass transfer at the electrode surface. Examples of all five kinds of reaction are identified and discussed. The first section of the Venn diagram corresponds to faradaic processes that are associated with mass changes. Typical examples are electrodeposition, electrodissolution, and intercalation reactions. The second section of the Venn diagram corresponds to faradaic processes that are not associated with mass changes. Typical examples of these are gas evolution reactions. The third section of the Venn diagram corresponds to non-faradaic processes that are not associated with mass changes: capacitive charging is representative. The fourth section of the Venn diagram corresponds to non-faradaic processes that are associated with mass changes. An example of this is the specific adsorption of perchlorate ions on gold. The fifth and final section of the Venn diagram corresponds to mass changes that are associated with neither faradaic nor non-faradaic processes. An example is the Ostwald-like ripening of TCNQ microcrystals on gold.
Nanosized titanium oxides can achieve large reversible specific capacity (above 200mAhg−1) and good rate capabilities, but suffer irreversible capacity losses in the first cycle. Moreover, due to the intrinsic safe operating potential (1.5V), the use of titanium oxide requires to couple it with high-potential cathodes, such as lithium nickel manganese spinel (LNMO) in order to increase the energy density of the final cell. However the use of the 4.7V vs. Li+/Li0 LNMO cathode material requires to tackle the continuous electrolyte decomposition upon cycling. Coupling these two electrodes to make a lithium ion battery is thus highly appealing but also highly difficult because the cell balancing must account not only for the charge reversibly exchanged by each electrode but also for the irreversible charge losses. In this paper a LNMO-nano TiO2 Li-ion cell with liquid electrolyte is presented: two innovative approaches on both the cathode and the anode sides were developed in order to mitigate the electrolyte decomposition upon cycling. In particular the LNMO surface was coated with ZnO in order to minimize the surface reactivity, and the TiO2 nanoparticles where activated by incorporating nano-lithium in the electrode formulation to compensate for the irreversible capacity loss in the first cycle. With these strategies we were able to assemble balanced Li-ion coin cells thus avoiding the use of electrolyte additives and more hazardous and expensive ex-situ SEI preforming chemical or electrochemical procedures.
This work demonstrates a stand-alone power source that integrates a paper-based hydrogen fuel cell with a customized chemical heater that produces hydrogen in-situ upon the addition of a liquid. The presented approach operates by capillary action and takes advantage of the hydrogen released as a by-product of an exothermic reaction used in point-of-care diagnostics. The paper-based fuel cell produces a maximum power of 25.8 mW (103.2 mW cm−2), which is suitable for powering a diversity of electrical devices such as commercially available digital pregnancy tests and glucometers. While device shape and dimensions can be customized, here it is shown that the fuel cell can be designed in a compact form factor and footprint comparable to a lateral flow test while providing a remarkable power output. This approach holds great promise for powering portable diagnostics, as the generated electric power could enable device functionalities required for advanced assays, such as device timing, actuation, and signal quantification. Part of the same liquid sample that is to be analyzed (urine, saliva, water, etc) could be used to trigger the hydrogen generation and start the fuel cell operation.
Large-scale energy storage may effectively meet the needs of several grid applications. However, understanding the environmental impact of energy storage for these grid applications is challenging due to diversity in loads, grid mixes, and energy storage systems. Comprehensive sustainability assessments are necessary to yield the best environmental outcomes for grid-scale energy storage systems. To achieve this, we first developed fundamental principles for green energy storage, addressing key issues such as material sustainability, round-trip efficiency, service life, and degradation. In the current study, we couple the principles with a sustainability assessment model to investigate the impact of design and operational parameters on environmental outcomes of utilizing energy storage for grid applications. This model takes into account the service that the energy storage would provide (e.g., bulk energy time-shifting) as well as the energy storage parameters and grid application parameters that influence environmental outcomes. Parameters examined include energy storage round-trip efficiency, degradation, service life, upstream production burden, and heat rates of charging and displaced generation technologies. Environmental sustainability performance is evaluated using a universal set of equations that incorporates all the mentioned parameters. The relationships between these parameters are investigated to determine their influence on environmental performance of energy storage for three grid applications: energy time-shifting, frequency regulation, and power reliability. This model guides the design and operation of new and existing technologies, targeting audiences from energy storage designers to energy storage operators and power utilities.
The electrochemical extraction of lithium from solid-state synthesised LiFePO4 has been studied by neutron powder diffraction. A “coffee-bag” type cell of configuration 〈Li-metal |liq. el.| LiFePO4〉 has been charged to 4.1V, dismantled in a glovebox, and the composite cathode powder sample scraped from the current collector. Two-phase Rietveld refinement gave a triphylite (LiFePO4) to heterosite (FePO4) phase-ratio of 18:82. In the absence of significant absorption effects, this ratio is a true representation of the conversion of LiFePO4 to FePO4. Possible mechanisms for lithium extraction/insertion during the first-cycle are discussed.
The cathode materials Li1−x [Ni0.5Mn1.5]O4 prepared by coprecipitation from acetate solution by oxalic acid and annealing at 900°C in air had the preferred disordered Ni and Mn on the 16d octahedral sites of a spinel F d 3 ¯ m structure. The coprecipitation method provides better crystallinity than the F d 3 ¯ m phase previously obtained by quenching from the melt. Polycrystalline octahedral-shaped particles with smooth surfaces contained trace amounts of a Li y Ni1−y O impurity that introduced some Mn(III) into the spinel phase. Half-cells cycled at 0.2C rate between 3.5 and 4.8V versus Li exhibited a flat voltage V ≈4.7V with a small step at x ≈0.5 and a capacity at room temperature of 130mAhg−1 that showed no fade after 50 cycles. A small capacity fade was initiated with a cut-off voltage ≥4.9V; a significant capacity loss between 2 and 5C cycling rates was reversible to 134mAhg−1 on returning to 0.1C after 50 cycles at 10C between 3.5 and 5.0V.
Vanadium-oxide gels and xerogels are currently explored as versatile materials in lithium ion batteries. They consist of V2O5 nanoribbons composed by doubly-layered slabs joint by a strongly bond H3O+/H2O intercalated layer. Their thin films exhibit a complex electrochemical behavior encompassing four reduction waves at 0.38, 0.22, −0.42 and −0.81 V vs Ag/AgNO3 (0.503 vs SHE). In order to improve the understanding of such processes, a detailed spectroelectrochemical investigation was carried out based on visible-UV and confocal Raman spectroscopy. Accordingly, the first two waves were ascribed to the partial reduction of non-equivalent, localized VV O centers, keeping most of the representative vanadium-oxide vibrational features. At −0.4 V, a transition to a delocalized mixed-valence configuration became apparent in the optical and Raman spectra, leading to a dramatic current increase coupled with the insertion of lithium ions into the lamellar structure. At −0.8 V a complete conversion into the vanadium (IV) oxide form was observed from the spectroelectrochemical profiles. The nanoribbons doubly-layered structure seems to be preserved, sustaining a reversible and reproducible electrochemical behavior along several repetitive voltammetric cycles.
A new approach for solar electricity generation and storage is proposed, based on the concept of thermally regenerative batteries. Concentrated sunlight is used for external thermo-chemical charging of a flow battery, and electricity is produced by conventional electro-chemical discharge of the battery. The battery replaces the steam turbine, currently used in commercial concentrated solar power (CSP) plants, potentially leading to much higher conversion efficiency. This approach offers potential performance, cost and operational advantages compared to existing solar technologies, and to existing storage solutions for management of an electrical grid with a significant contribution of intermittent solar electricity generation. Here we analyze the theoretical conversion efficiency for new thermo-electro-chemical storage (TECS) plant schemes based on the electro-chemical systems of sodium-sulfur (Na-S) and zinc-air. The thermodynamic upper limit of solar to electricity conversion efficiency for an ideal TECS cycle is about 60% for Na-S at reactor temperature of 1550K, and 65% for the zinc-air system at 1750K, both under sunlight concentration of 3000. A hybrid process with carbothermic reduction in the zinc-air system reaches 60% theoretical efficiency at the more practical conditions of reaction temperature <1200K and concentration <1000. Practical TECS plant efficiency, estimated from these upper limits, may then be much higher compared to existing solar electricity technologies. The technical and economical feasibility of the proposed cycle are also discussed.
The synthesis and physical properties of difluoro(oxalato)borate (DFOB−)-based ionic liquids (ILs) are reported with N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium ( PY 1 R + ) cations with butyl, pentyl and hexyl alkyl chains. The PY14DFOB and PY16DFOB salts have a melting point (T m) of −5 °C and 31 °C, respectively, whereas the PY15DFOB salt does not crystallize. Instead, this salt has a glass transition temperature (T g) of −74 °C. Electrolytes composed of these ILs are noncorrosive toward Al when mixed with LiTFSI and LiFSI, as well as with LiPF6 or LiDFOB. The exceptional oxidative stability of these ILs suggests that they may be suitable for battery electrolyte applications.
In this study, the decomposition of vinylene carbonate (VC) additive and its effect on the aging behavior is investigated in Li metal half cells and lithium ion full cells. Four electrolyte systems, the reference electrolyte with three VC additive amounts, i.e., 1, 5 and 10 vol% are examined with commercial LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC 111) cathode material and mesophase carbon microbeads (MCMB) anode material. The thickness changes of the cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) and of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) after 5 constant current cycles at 0.1C and 200 constant current/constant voltage (potential) cycles at 1C are investigated for cells containing different amounts of VC. With the help of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a correlation between CEI thickness change and electrolyte decomposition is figured out. The addition of VC leads to a thin CEI layer and a high capacity retention in a lithium metal half cell. A strong dependence of the performance on the VC concentration is found for half cells that results from the continuous consumption of electrolyte and the electrolyte additive at the Li metal counter electrode. In contrast, for full cells, even 1 vol% of VC helps to form both a stable CEI and SEI, while a larger amount of VC increases the CEI thickness, electric contact loss and the internal resistance.
The aim of present study was to elucidate anti-initiating efficacy of galangin against benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P)-induced lung carcinogenesis in male Swiss albino mice. Therefore, the activities of xenobiotic metabolic enzymes such as phase I and II were examined in lung as well as liver tissues (to compare the effects between target and non-target organs). Besides, the activities/levels of tissue marker enzymes, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation (LPO), cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) expressions and histological observation of lungs were also analyzed. B(a)P (50 mg/kg body weight) was administered to male Swiss albino mice (20–25 g) to experimentally induce lung cancer. B(a)P-induced animals showed increased activity of phase I (Cytochrome P450, Cytochrome b5, NADPH Cytochrome P450 redcutase and NADH Cytochrome b5 reductase) drug metabolic enzymes, LPO levels, tissue marker enzymes and decreased activity of phase II metabolic enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, DT-diaphorase and UDP-glucuronyl transferase) as well as antioxidant levels. Histological examination of lungs revealed severe alveolar and bronchiolar damages in B(a)P-induced mice. Immunohistochemical and western blot analysis of CYP1A1 increased significantly in lung tissues of B(a)P-induced animals. Treatment with galangin (20 mg/kg body weight) efficiently counteracted all the above anomalies and restored cellular homeostasis. Our results demonstrate that galangin can modify xenobiotic enzymes in murine model of pulmonary tumorigenesis.