batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in battery science and technology have triggered both the challenges and opportunities on studying the materials and interfaces in batteries. Here, we review the recent demonstrations of soft X-ray spectroscopy for studying the interfaces and electrode materials. The focus of this review is on the recently developed mapping of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (mRIXS) as a powerful probe of battery chemistry with superior sensitivity. Six different channels of soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (sXAS) are introduced for different experimental purposes. Although conventional sXAS channels remain effective tools for quantitative analysis of the transition-metal states and surface chemistry, we elaborate the limitations of sXAS in both cationic and anionic redox studies. Particularly, based on experimental findings in various electrodes, we show that sXAS is unreliable for studying oxygen redox. We then demonstrate the mRIXS as a reliable technique for fingerprinting oxygen redox and summarize several crucial observations. We conclude that mRIXS is the tool-of-choice to study both the practical issue on reversibility of oxygen redox and the fundamental nature of bulk oxygen states. We hope this review clarifies the popular misunderstanding on oxygen sXAS results of oxide electrodes, and establishes a reliable technique for detecting oxygen redox through mRIXS.
The evolution of mechanical stresses during the cycling of lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) coated germanium thin film electrodes was monitored using substrate curvature measurements. By coating germanium thin films with LiPON, morphology evolution, e.g. crack and island formation, can be strongly suppressed. LiPON-coated germanium thin film electrodes can retain their planar form during cycling, resulting in a clear and reproducible stress response originating primarily from the electrochemical processes occurring during lithiation and delithiation. Together with the electrochemical data, stress measurements were used to infer mechanisms underlying the alloying of lithium with germanium. The stress signatures associated with individual phases, crystallization, and amorphization of lithium-germanium alloys are reported and discussed.
Microbial fuel cells are an emerging technology for converting organic substrates into electrical power. Recent research has shown that biofilms of some bacterial species are capable of self-mediated extracellular electron transfer. The prospect of exploiting this trait in photoautotrophic microbes that do not require an organic substrate has important implications for the future development of renewable solar energy technologies. Here we report on light-driven electrical power generated with biofilms grown from photosynthetic fresh water or marine species without the addition of an artificial electron-shuttling mediator. Green alga (Chlorella vulgaris, Dunaliella tertiolecta) or cyanobacteria (Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, Synechococcus sp. WH 5701) strains were grown directly on a transparent, conductive anode (indium tin oxide-coated polyethylene terephthalate) and power generation under light and dark conditions was evaluated using a single-chamber bio-photovoltaic cell (BPV) system. Increased power outputs were observed for all strains upon illumination, with the largest light effect observed for Synechococcus (maximum 10.3 mW m−2 total power output recorded under 10 W m−2 white light). Further experiments conducted with Synechococcus and C. vulgaris showed that photosynthetic oxygen evolution rates were consistent with BPV power outputs under different light regimes (red, green and blue light), indicating a direct link between power output and photosynthetic activity. Biofilm power generation in these BPV devices was self-sustained for several weeks and was highly sensitive to ambient light levels. When connected in series, four BPVs (each 0.011 m2) generated enough power to run a commercial digital clock.
Choice of hard carbon may not be an ideal selection in rechargeable sodium-ion battery anode when the performance is looked at a higher rate and longer cycle life. Herein, we report vanadium tri-oxides (V2O3) with different morphology produced by one step reduction process at a fixed temperature as a power capable sodium-ion battery anode. The comparison study of these different morphologies of V2O3 electrodes shows the porous hollow nanotube V2O3 electrode display better electrochemical performance against sodium metal in terms of high specific capacity, higher rate capability with extraordinary cycling stability without incorporating any graphene or carbonaceous materials to it. This porous hollow nanotube exhibits the 2nd cycle reversible capacity of ca. 318 mAh g−1 at a charging rate of 100 mA g−1 and it can even sustain up to 5300 cycles with 90% capacity retention. The average Coulombic efficiency was maintained at 99.94% with a very high current rate of 2000 mA g−1. We further investigate the sodiation mechanism by cyclic voltammetry and XANES technique in details. The study reveals that with suitable morphology and appropriate cell design can bring this V2O3 material as a promising anode in future sodium-ion battery technology.
Electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are slow devices with charging and discharging rates limited below 1Hz. They run at direct current and function as power source, but cannot afford the role of a conventional capacitor for current ripple filtering or pulse energy harvesting. Recently, developing ultrafast ECs that work at hundreds to kilohertz (kHz) frequency scope have attracted great interests, with the aim to replace the traditional aluminum electrolytic capacitors (AECs) that have bulky size and large equivalent series resistance. Compact kHz ECs would produce huge impacts on power design, power electronics and environmental pulse energy harvesting. Towards such a goal, the electrode material and its nanostructure are the keys to boost the response frequency of an EC from below 1Hz to above 1kHz. In this Review, we summarize guidelines on the electrode nanostructure design for kHz response, discuss the various carbonaceous materials and other highly conductive materials based electrode structures for kHz ECs. The configurations of higher voltage kHz ECs, and their dimension advantage over AECs are critically evaluated, followed with the outlook on the further study and development in this promising area.
The desirable physi-chemical properties of perovskite oxides make them the promising cathode materials of rechargeable Li-O2 batteries. Much attention is devoted to the structure design and the composite incorporation to develop the catalytic activity and durability of perovskite oxides used in the electrode. Herein, we propose an integration of atomic layered deposition iron oxide and perovskite LaNiO3 as a novel catalyst for both oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Owing to the unique interconnected structure and the synergistic effect of Fe2O3 and LaNiO3, the 6 nm thick Fe2O3/LaNiO3 hybrid catalyst demonstrates the considerable intrinsic activities, which favorably outperforms other the state of the art perovskite catalysts. In addition, the Li-O2 battery employing this tailored catalyst displays a significantly decreased reduced discharge/charge voltage gap of 0.77 V at 50 mA g−1 with good rate capability and considerable cycle stability, indicating the practical feasibility of Fe2O3/LaNiO3 hybrid as a promising oxygen electrode catalyst for Li-O2 batteries. This study highlights a new and feasible scheme to promote the bi-functionally of perovskite catalysts for the development of Li-O2 batteries and other electrochemical devises.
Silicon nanowires (Si NWs) with copper-coating as high capacity and improved cycle-life anode for lithium-ion batteries have been successfully prepared by chemical vapor deposition and magnetron sputtering methods. The morphology, structure, composition as well as the electrochemical performance of copper-coated Si NWs is characterized in detail. The results indicate that the copper-coated Si NWs electrodes show an initial coulombic efficiency of 90.3% when cycling between 0.02V and 2.0V (versus Li/Li+) at a current density of 210mAg−1. The copper-coated Si NWs electrodes exhibit a capacity as high as 2700mAhg−1 at the first cycle. They also show a good capacity retention and excellent rate capability compared with pristine and carbon-coated Si NWs.
A direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC) is a device that converts chemical energy stored in borohydride ion (BH4 −) and an oxidant directly into electricity by redox processes. Usually, a DBFC employs an alkaline solution of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as fuel and oxygen or hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. DBFC has some attractive features such as high open circuit potential, ease of electro-oxidation of BH4 − on non-precious metals such as nickel, low operational temperature and high power density. The DBFC is a promising power system for portable applications. This article discusses prominent features of DBFC, reviews recent developments in DBFC research, and points out future directions in DBFC research.
Although water- and air-stable ionic liquids have been in use for some years, experiments found in the literature are still performed in inert gas with ppm levels of oxygen and water. In this study, the influence of different environments (vacuum, argon, nitrogen, air and oxygen and water) on the cathodic electrochemical window of the ionic liquid N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PYR14TFSI) is reported and compared with investigations and processes found in the literature. The investigation indicates that this ionic liquid is highly stable in a vacuum and under argon flow. However, its cathodic stability is reduced in nitrogen and dry air. The simultaneous presence of water and air strongly affected the useful electrochemical window, as seen previously for imidazolium-based ionic liquids.
In recent years the literature exploring the state dependent nature of individual self-rated health has grown rapidly. We contribute to this ‘reporting heterogeneity’ research field in two main ways. First, we are among the few studies to examine the determinants of reporting heterogeneity in self-rated health in the Russian context. Second, echoing the social determinants of health literature, we augment the standard battery of individual level socioeconomic and demographic characteristics with aggregated macro level variables serving as proxies for local environmental and social conditions. We are not aware of other heterogeneity studies that have incorporated this approach. Estimating a generalized ordered probit model we resolve the identification problem through the inclusion of an objective disease index. In terms of reporting heterogeneity, we find that response behaviour is systematically influenced by individual characteristics but also by aggregate regional socioeconomic characteristics. In particular, the finding that an individual’s relative standing in their local economy can condition their response to subjective health questionnaires is important and merits further examination. We argue that both a relative income mechanism and a mechanism that links the cognitive process of choice with the sense of optimism that individuals have for their institutional environment are plausible explanations for the observed aggregate level effects.
Recycling of valuable metals from secondary resources such as waste Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has recently attracted significant attention due to the depletion of high-grade natural resources and increasing interest in the circular economy of metals. In this article, the sulfuric acid leaching of industrially produced waste LIBs scraps with 23.6% cobalt (Co), 3.6% lithium (Li) and 6.2% copper (Cu) was investigated. The industrially produced LIBs scraps were shown to provide higher Li and Co leaching extractions compared to dissolution of corresponding amount of pure LiCoO2. In addition, with the addition of ascorbic acid as reducing agent, copper extraction showed decrease, opposite to Co and Li. Based on this, we propose a new method for the selective leaching of battery metals Co and Li from the industrially crushed LIBs waste at high solid/liquid ratio (S/L) that leaves impurities like Cu in the solid residue. Using ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) as reductant, the optimum conditions for LIBs leaching were found to be T = 80 °C, t = 90 min, [H2SO4] = 2 M, [C6H8O6] = 0.11 M and S/L = 200 g/L. This resulted in leaching efficiencies of 95.7% for Li and 93.8% for Co, whereas in contrast, Cu extraction was only 0.7%. Consequently, the proposed leaching method produces a pregnant leach solution (PLS) with high Li (7.0 g/L) and Co (44.4 g/L) concentration as well as a leach residue rich in Cu (up to 12 wt%) that is suitable as a feed fraction for primary or secondary copper production.
The current response in a chronoamperometric experiment on the alkaline manganese dioxide electrode has been modeled as a composite of two individual discharge processes using a spherical grain diffusion model. This analysis has provided us with the capacity and A√D values for each discharge process, as well as a quantitative means of comparing different EMD samples. This has led to the identification of the domains within the γ-MnO2 structure in which structural defects such as cation vacancies and Mn(III) ions are most likely to be found.
In an effort to increase and sustain the reversible capacity of LiCoO2 on cycling, LiCoO2 is prepared by using the molten-salt of the eutectic LiNO3–LiCl at temperatures 650–850°C with or without KOH as an oxidizing flux. The compounds are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), chemical analysis, surface area and density techniques. Cathodic behaviour was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge–discharge cycling. The 850°C-synthesized LiCoO2, which has excess lithium incorporated in to it, shows a reversible capacity, with ∼98% coulombic efficiency, of 167 (±2) mAhg−1 at a specific current of 30mAg−1 in the range 2.5–4.4V up to 80 cycles with no capacity-fading. When cycled to a higher cut-off voltage (4.5V), a capacity of 192 (±2) mAhg−1 versus Li is obtained at the fifth cycle, but capacity-fading is observed, viz., ∼6% after 60 cycles. On the basis of the CV and capacity–voltage profiles, this is attributed to the non-suppression of the hexagonal (H1)↔(H1-3) structural transition. A similar capacity-fading, i.e., ∼5–6%, during 5–40 cycles, is also observed in the LiCoO2 prepared at 650 and 750°C when cycled up to only 4.3V and this is ascribed to the non-suppression of the H1↔M↔H1 phase transitions (M=monoclinic).
The production and release of synthetic chemicals into the environment has been a hallmark of the “Second Industrial Revolution” and the “Green Revolution.” Soon after the inception of these chemicals, anecdotal evidence began to emerge linking environmental contamination of rivers and lakes with a variety of developmental and reproductive abnormalities in wildlife species. The accumulation of evidence suggesting that these synthetic chemicals were detrimental to wildlife, and potentially humans, as a result of their hormonal activity, led to the proposal of the endocrine disruptor hypothesis at the 1991 Wingspread Conference. Since that time, experimental and epidemiological data have shown that exposure of the developing fetus or neonate to environmentally-relevant concentrations of certain synthetic chemicals causes morphological, biochemical, physiological and behavioral anomalies in both vertebrate and invertebrate species. The ubiquitous use, and subsequent human exposure, of one particular chemical, the estrogen mimic bisphenol A (BPA), is the subject of this present review. We have highlighted this chemical since it provides an arresting model of how chemical exposure impacts developmental processes involved in the morphogenesis of tissues and organs, including those of the male and female reproductive systems, the mammary glands and the brain.
A new class of hierarchical structure porous carbon black, carbon nanoballs (CNBs), was generated by solution plasma process (SPP) with benzene. The structural characterization revealed that CNBs have excellent meso–macro hierarchical pore structure, with an averaged diameter size of 14.5 nm and a total pore volume of 1.13 cm3 g−1. The CNBs are aggregated forming inter-connected pore channels in different directions on both the meso- and macrometer length scales. The discharge capacity of CNBs reached 3600 mAh g−1, which exceeded the capacity of Ketjen Black EC-600JD (a commercial carbon black with highest cell performance) by 30–40%. The excellent discharge capacity was contributed by the co-existence of high pore volume and meso–macro hierarchical porous structure. This new class carbon material exhibited higher discharge capacity compared to commercial porous carbon materials, and is possible to apply as the next generation of electrode materials in lithium–air (Li–air) battery. The structural and electrochemical properties accompanied with the synthesis mechanism of CNBs were discussed in details.
Li–air batteries have received much attention in the past several years because of their large theoretical specific energy density, but the challenges with the electrolytes are the main hindrance for the development of Li–air batteries. Particularly, the electrolyte decomposition and reactivity with the discharge product Li2O2 in non-aqueous Li–air batteries (including organic solvents and ionic liquids) are severe. The solid-state electrolytes (including inorganic and polymer electrolytes), which are considered to be stable and compatible with Li2O2, will be promising alternatives to the vulnerable organic electrolytes. With the solid-state electrolytes, rechargeable solid-state Li–air batteries can be constructed and have been well studied. There is no specific review regarding the relatively new solid-state Li–air batteries. This review will include the current status, challenges, and perspectives of solid-state Li–air batteries.
Dermatomyositis (DM) is a dermatomyopathy with a broad spectrum of features, defined by Bohan et al as an objective set of clinical and laboratory criteria. Dermatomyositis has been associated with extracutaneous neoplasias, especially with ovarian carcinoma. The term “punctate keratoderma” comprises a group of diseases with different etiologies characterized by small hyperkeratotic lesions usually scattered in palms and soles. Punctate porokeratotic keratoderma (PPK) is a type of punctate keratoderma mainly defined by its peculiar histological features, including the presence of cornoid lamella similar to the one observed in porokeratosis. Punctate porokeratotic keratoderma has been considered a sporadic disease although some rare paraneoplastic cases have been published. We report for the first time a case of dermatomyositis with typical features of punctate porokeratotic keratoderma, both as paraneoplastic presentation of ovarian carcinoma. Its paraneoplastic nature is clearly demonstrated by the clinical improvement observed following tumor excision.
Li-ion battery cathodes based on LiFePO4 are fabricated by a layer-by-layer spray printing method with a continuous through thickness gradient of active material, conductive carbon, and binder. Compared with cathodes with the more usual homogeneous distribution, but with the same average composition, both C-rate and capacity degradation performance of the graded electrodes are significantly improved. For example at 2C, graded cathodes with an optimized material distribution have 15% and 31% higher discharge capacities than sprayed uniform or conventional slurry cast uniform cathodes, and capacity degradation rates are 40–50% slower than uniform cathodes at 2C. The improved performance of graded electrodes is shown to derive from a lower charge transfer resistance and reduced polarization at high C-rates, which suggests a more spatially homogeneous distribution of over-potential that leads to a thinner solid electrolyte interphase formation during cycling and sustains improved C-rate and long-term cycling performance.
In addition to the development of high-energy density electrode materials for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, other engineering approaches, such as electrode optimization, should be considered in order to meet the energy requirements of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). This work investigates the impact of the electrode thickness on the energy density of (Li-ion) batteries. The impedance results from the hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) test indicate that the electrode resistance is inversely proportional to the electrode thickness. This feature makes it possible to use thicker electrodes in (Li-ion) batteries to meet PHEV power requirements. The practical electrode thickness is determined to be around 100μm, if considering the electrode mechanical integrity when using conventional PVDF binders. Furthermore, cycle performance shows that cells with a higher loading density have a similar capacity retention to cells with a lower loading density.
Conventional lead-acid batteries are relatively heavy and thus have a low specific energy. Therefore, to improve the energy density, a lighter grid has been proposed. In this work, a novel lead-acid battery with high specific surface area negative foam current collectors was designed and constructed. The collectors were studied by cyclic voltametery (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The foam collectors were designed and suitable paste composition and formation algorithm was obtained. The basic cells were manufactured and its performance was evaluated. The results showed that the foam grids resistance was lower than that for lead grids and the specific surface area of the foam grids was very greater than lead grids. The foam battery has good discharge characteristics compared with common lead-acid batteries. The discharge curve was flat and negative mass utilization efficiency was higher than 50% when the cell was discharged with C5/5A (137Ahkg−1 negative active materials). The foam grids were used as negative electrode for various types of lead-acid batteries such as 60Ah starter battery, 2, 3 and 10Ah VRLA batteries. The batteries with foam grids were shown longer cycle life than conventional lead-acid batteries.
Nanonization strategies are effective in preventing silicon anodes from pulverization and reducing the required diffusion lengths of lithium ions inside silicon structure, and thus obtain improved cycling performance over bulky silicon. However, new problems arise with nano silicon, such as reduced tap density, larger specific surface area, and poorly percolating conductive paths in electrodes. These new issues can result in reduced volumetric energy densities, unstable solid electrolyte interphase, increased irreversible capacities and low Coulombic efficiencies. This study introduces an effective strategy in harvesting the benefits of nano silicon, while eliminating the unfavorable phenomena that arise from nanonization. A novel micron-sized secondary cluster with silicon nanoparticles embedded in an amorphous carbon and TiOX matrix is developed. The matrix is conformally formed on the surface of silicon, which not only uniformly casts a protective layer on silicon, but also integrates nano silicon into micron clusters. The secondary cluster exhibits much improved tap density over silicon nanoparticles. The amorphous and defect-rich nature of the TiOX coating not only exhibits enhanced electronic conductivity over its crystalline counterparts, but also provides better elasticity and stress-release capability that can maintain the structural integrity over lithiation/delithiation of silicon. Direct and repetitive contact between silicon and electrolyte is prevented and thus formation of a stable solid electrolyte interphase is facilitated. Half-cell batteries made with the composite exhibit an initial capacity of 1410 mA g-1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1, and display stable long-term cycling with ∼88% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 1 A g−1.