batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The surplus energy in rest gases is an important by-product in the SSAB EMEA steel plant in Luleå. The surplus is used in a local heat and power plant. Studies have been and are being carried out to find alternative use for the high calorific gases, especially the coke oven gas. The different gas flows typically are mixtures of irregularly distributed transients and non-periodic contents of different duration. Slowly varying fluctuations can probably be parried by good production planning. For shorter wavelengths some kind of safety margin could be appropriate, perhaps in the range 0.75–1.5kNm3/h. However, the existing buffer capacity in gasholders, etc. is too small to cover the fluctuations. Good production planning can partly compensate low buffer capacity. An example from a period without gas holder is discussed. We describe analysis of the gas flows that can be used both for better production planning and for efficient external use, e.g., for fuel production. Rather than traditional Fourier analysis, we use wavelet analysis, which is better suited for analyzing the irregular and nonperiodic characteristics of the gas flows. We demonstrate such analysis on collected gas flow data from the SSAB EMEA steel plant and give some suggestions for how to make a good choice of wavelet basis for the analyzed signals.
The comminution of composites for liberation of valuable components is a costly and energy-intensive process within the recycling of spent products. It therefore is continuously studied and optimized. In addition to conventional mechanical comminution innovative new principles for size reduction have been developed. One is the use of high voltage (HV) pulses, which is known to be a technology selectively liberating along phase boundaries. This technology offers the advantage of targeted liberation, preventing overgrinding of the material and thus improving the overall processing as well as product quality. In this study, the high voltage fragmentation of three different non-brittle composites (galvanized plastics, carbon fibre composites, electrode foils from Li-ion batteries) was investigated. The influence of pulse rate, number of pulses and filling level on the liberation and efficiency of comminution is discussed. Using the guideline VDI 2225 HV, fragmentation is compared to conventional mechanical comminution with respect to numerous criteria such as cost, throughput, energy consumption, availability and scalability. It was found that at current state of development, HV fragmentation cannot compete with mechanical comminution beyond laboratory scale.
The voltammetric behaviors of graphite (GP) and its composites with carbon nanotube (CNT) were studied in 5M H2SO4 +1M VOSO4 solution with cyclic voltammetry (CV), and the surface morphology of the composites was observed with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results obtained from voltammetry show that the redox couples of V(IV)/V(V) and V(II)/V(III), as positive and negative electrodes of all vanadium flow liquid battery, respectively, have good reversibility but low current on the GP electrode, and the current can be improved by CNT. It is found from the observation of SEM that the CNT is dispersed evenly on the surface of sheet GP when they are mixed together. The best composition for the positive and the negative of all vanadium flow liquid battery determined by comparing voltammetric behavior of the composite electrodes with different content of CNT is 5:95 (wCNT/wGP) for both positive and negative electrodes. The activity of the composite electrode can be affected by the heat treatment of CNT. CNT treated at 200°C gives better activity to the composite electrode.
Ongoing development of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology coincides with a rapid increase in legislation aiming to control the environmental impacts of products across their life cycle. A risk-based method is used to explore the potential future impacts of this body of legislation on the technology. Legislation controlling the use of hazardous materials is one area of significance. Under the new European REACH Regulation some nickel compounds, used widely throughout general industry but also in the fabrication of anode structures, may fall under the classification of a substance of very high concern (SVHC) in future, which presents a risk of restrictions being placed on their continued use. This risk must drive the development of alternative anode materials, or requires the SOFC industry to identify a socio-economic argument justifying exemption from any future restrictions. A legislative trend establishing recycling requirements for end-of-life products is also identified as having a potential future impact on the technology. Recycling strategies for SOFC products must be considered, prior to commercialisation. It is proposed that failure to meet these future environmental requirements may be detrimental to the perception of SOFC technology, the demand for which is substantially driven by the environmental benefits offered over incumbent power generation technologies. The consideration of these issues in the design of commercial products will mitigate this risk.
This paper presents a graded approach to the testing of crop-derived genetically modified (GM) foods based on concern levels in a proposed risk-based classification scheme (RBCS) and currently available testing methods. A graded approach offers the potential for more efficient use of testing resources by focusing less on lower concern GM foods, and more on higher concern foods. In this proposed approach to graded testing, products that are classified as Level I would have met baseline testing requirements that are comparable to what is widely applied to premarket assessment of GM foods at present. In most cases, Level I products would require no further testing, or very limited confirmatory analyses. For products classified as Level II or higher, additional testing would be required, depending on the type of the substance, prior dietary history, estimated exposure level, prior knowledge of toxicity of the substance, and the nature of the concern related to unintended changes in the modified food. Level III testing applies only to the assessment of toxic and antinutritional effects from intended changes and is tailored to the nature of the substance in question. Since appropriate test methods are not currently available for all effects of concern, future research to strengthen the testing of GM foods is discussed.
For the Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS), a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) manual was developed with the aim of balancing standardization and flexibility. In this article, we describe the manual's case formulation procedures, which served as one major mechanism of flexibility in TADS CBT. We first describe the essential components of a cognitive-behavioral case formulation. We then present a rationale for including individualized case formulation in manual-based treatments and clinical effectiveness studies, and discuss the specific case of TADS. We illustrate case formulation in an effectiveness study with a composite “case” of a 15-year-old male treated with TADS CBT. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
Activated carbon fibers (ACFs) with super high surface area and well-developed small mesopores have been prepared by pyrolyzing polyacrylonitrile fibers and NaOH activation. Their capacitive performances at room and elevated temperatures are evaluated in electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) using ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte composed of lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide (LiN(SO2CF3)2) and 2-oxazolidinone (C3H5NO2). The surface area of the ACF is as high as 3291m2 g−1. The pore volume of the carbon reaches 2.162cm3 g−1, of which 66.7% is the contribution of the small mesopores of 2–5nm. The unique microstructures enable the ACFs to have good compatibility with the IL electrolyte. The specific capacitance reaches 187Fg−1 at room temperature with good cycling and self-discharge performances. As the temperature increases to 60°C, the capacitance increases to 196Fg−1, and the rate capability is dramatically improved. Therefore, the ACF can be a promising electrode material for high-performance EDLCs.
Nanoimprinting is a technique where the surface features of a mould can be transferred onto a replica and is relevant to the production of nanostructured devices. The authors report a method that enables the imprinting of structural features of SrTiO3 single crystals at the atomic level into a replica made from bulk metallic glass.
Amorphous RuO2·xH2O and a VGCF/RuO2·xH2O nanocomposite (VGCF=vapour-grown carbon fibre) are prepared by thermal decomposition. The morphology of the materials is investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical characteristics of the materials, such as specific capacitance and rate capability, are investigated by cyclic voltammetry over a voltage range of 0–1.0V at various scan rates and with an electrolyte solution of 1.0M H2SO4. The specific capacitance of RuO2·xH2O and VGCF/RuO2·xH2O nanocomposite electrodes at a scan rate of 10mVs−1 is 410 and 1017Fg−1, respectively, and at 1000mVs−1 are 258 and 824Fg−1, respectively. Measurements of ac impedance spectra are made on both the electrodes at various bias potentials to obtain a more detailed understanding of their electrochemical behaviour. Long-term cycle-life tests for 104 cycles shows that the RuO2·xH2O and VGCF/RuO2·xH2O electrodes retain 90 and 97% capacity, respectively. These encouraging results warrant further development of these electrode materials towards practical application.
We present the findings of a new study on the effects of sintering time on the structure and electrochemical properties of layered Li(Ni0.8Co0.2)O2. For this study, we have examined samples prepared with sintering times of 3, 24, 48 and 96 h. The structure was initially examined by powder X-ray diffraction and then more precisely by time of flight powder neutron diffraction, with structural analysis by the Rietveld method being performed. The structural analysis indicated differences in the Li 3a and Ni/Co 3b site occupancies, which appear to be related to the sintering times. Electrochemical charge/discharge measurements indicated that the initial discharge capacities for the samples prepared at 3, 24, and 48 h were basically invariant. However, a sizeable increase was noted for the sample prepared with a sintering time of 96 h. Also, an increase in the obtained discharge capacity from the first to second cycles was found for the samples prepared with 3–48 h sintering times. The largest increase was noted for the sample prepared for 48 h. No increase was seen for the sample sintered for 96 h. However, for all samples examined in this work, the capacities on first discharge were in excess of 180 mA h/g.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impaired social interactions and repetitive patterns of behavior. Symptoms appear in early life and persist throughout adulthood. Early social stimulation can help reverse some of the symptoms, but the biological mechanisms of these therapies are unknown. By analyzing the effects of early social stimulation on ASD-related behavior in the mouse, we aimed to identify brain structures that contribute to these behaviors.
Three-dimensional hierarchical Co3O4@Ni3S2 core/shell nanowire arrays were designed and fabricated on nickel foam via a facile two-step route for supercapacitor applications. Compared with the pristine Co3O4 nanowire arrays and Ni3S2 nanosheets, the hierarchical nanostructure demonstrates much more excellent capacitive behaviors. The Co3O4@Ni3S2 electrode exhibited an ultrahigh specific capacitance of 1710Fg−1 at 1Ag−1 and 1474Fg−1 at 10Ag−1. An asymmetric supercapacitor based on Co3O4@Ni3S2 core/shell nanowire arrays on nickel foam as the positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as negative electrode was successfully assembled. A specific capacitance of 126.6Fg−1 at 1Ag−1 (retaining 83.5% capacity after 5000 cycles at a current density of 2Ag−1) and an outstanding energy density of 44.9 Wh kg−1 was achieved. The remarkable electrochemical properties could be attributed to the unique hierarchical architectures of Co3O4@Ni3S2 core–shell nanowire arrays on 3D on nickel foam and a rational combination of two electrochemical pseudocapacitor materials. The results indicate that our asymmetric supercapacitors have great potential in energy storage device applications.
Single ion conducting blend polymer electrolytes were prepared from borate complex polymers containing fluoroalkane dicarboxylate and two methoxy [oligo(ethylene oxide)] side chains and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). Mechanical properties were greatly improved by blending with PEO. Ionic conductivity was dependent on the chain length of oligoether groups, and decreased with increasing PEO content. The optimized blend polymer B (n = 7.2)-PEO (80:20wt.%) exhibited ionic conductivity of 2 × 10−6 Scm−1 at 30°C.
Exploring highly efficient electrocatalysts is crucial for aprotic Li-O2 batteries. Pd/NiO nanomembranes with hierarchical pores are fabricated and employed as cathode catalysts in Li-O2 batteries. By means of standard photolithography, ordered macropores were prepared in the nanomembranes. Moreover, we developed a facile template-free method to create nanopores with sizes ranging from 50 to 200nm in the composite. The diverse pores of micro- and nanometer sizes and the resulting loose structure supply fast channels for the transportation of reactants, thus efficiently promoting the performance of Li-O2 batteries by lowering the overvoltages and enhancing the rate capability and stability.
A hybrid powertrain configuration based on a proton exchange membrane (PEMFC), a battery and a supercapacitor (SC) is designed without grid connection for the LF-LRV tramway. In order to avoid rapid changes of power demand and achieve high efficiency without degrading the mechanism performance, a power sharing strategy based on a combination of fuzzy logic control (FLC) and Haar wavelet transform (Haar-WT) is proposed for an energy management system of the hybrid tramway. The results demonstrate that the proposed energy management system is able to ensure the major positive portion of the low frequency components of power demand can be deals with the PEMFC. The battery can help provide a portion of the positive low frequency components of power demand to reduce the PEMFC burden while the SC bank can supply all the high frequency components which could damage the PEMFC membrane. Therefore, the energy management system of high-power hybrid tramway is able to guarantee a safe operating condition with transient free for the PEMFC and extend the lifetime of each power source. Finally, the comparisons with other control strategies verify that the proposed energy management system can achieve better energy efficiency of the overall hybrid tramway.
Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) may provide valuable information to clinicians and patients when choosing initial antiretroviral therapy.
A Li-rich lamellar oxide was cycled at high potential and the relevance of using a constant voltage step (CVS) at the end of the charge, needed for industrial application, was investigated by electrochemical performance, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Electrochemical studies at 4.7 and 4.5 V with and without CVS showed that capacity and voltage fading occurred mostly when cells operated at high potential. After cycling, 3D-type defects involving transition metals trapped in lithium layer were observed by HRTEM into the electrode bulk. These defects are responsible for the voltage fading. XRD microstrain parameter was used to evaluate defects rate in aged materials subjected to a CVS, showing more 3D-type defects when cycled at 4.7 V than at 4.5 V. The time spent at high potential at the end of the charge as well as the value of the upper potential limit, are both relevant parameters to voltage decay. The use of a CVS at the end of the charge needs at the same time, a reduced upper potential window in order to minimize 3D-type defects occurrence. Unfortunately, this approach is still not sufficient to prevent voltage fading.
A series of polyaniline/carbon nanotube array (PANI/CNTA) composite electrodes are prepared by electrodeposition of PANI onto CNTA electrodes by 100–500 cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycles, with the aim to investigate the influence of microstructure on the capacitive performance of PANI/CNTA composites. The morphology of PANI/CNTA composites varies remarkably with the CV cycles of electrodeposition. The optimum condition is obtained for the PANI/CNTA composite prepared by 100 CV cycles, corresponding to the highest specific capacitance, best rate performance, and longest cycle life, which are much better than that of activated carbon fiber cloth, the PANI electrodeposited on stainless steel substrate, and CNTA electrode. The forming process of the microstructure and its influence on the capacitive performance of PANI/CNTA composites are presented in this paper.
The electrochemical properties of a single particle of LiCoO2 (8μm in diameter) in an organic electrolyte were characterized using a microelectrode technique, and the high rate capability of commercially available micron-sized LiCoO2 was examined in this study. A Pt microfilament (10μm in diameter) was attached to the single LiCoO2 particle in the electrolyte during optical microscope observation, and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests were carried out. The discharge capacity of the single LiCoO2 particle (8μm diameter) was 0.157nAh in the potential range of 3.0–4.2V vs. Li/Li+, which was close to the theoretical capacity. The discharge rate capability of the single LiCoO2 particle was excellent, and the particle exhibited its full-discharge capacity up to a high rate of 30C (5nA). The discharge reaction of the single particle was not controlled by the solid-state diffusion of Li+, but by the charge transfer process at a rate lower than 30C. The discharge capacity of the particle measured at a high rate of 300C (50nA) was 0.12nAh, which was more than 75% of the full capacity of a single particle.
All-solid-state batteries with LiFePO4 cathodes and polyethylene oxide (PEO) based electrolytes are optimized with organic polymer synthesized from allyl amine and tartaric acid which show better properties including ionic conductivity, electrochemical window, charge-discharge capacity and rate performance. The rate of PEO ( MW ¯ = 4,000,000) and lithium salt (Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide, LiTFSI) is 75:20 (w/w) and polymers of different molecular weight are tested at a wide temperature range from 27 °C (ambient temperature) to 120 °C. Electrolytes with larger amount (weighting more than half of PEO) of low-molecular-weight polymer show conductivity of above 10−4 S cm−1, which is similar to typical gel-polymer-electrolyte. Electrolytes made of high-molecular-weight dopant, PEO and LiTFSI through ball milling show better conductivity (5.4 × 10−6 S cm−1) as well as better strength than electrolytes without dopant (1.3 × 10−6 S cm−1) at room temperature. And a sensitive dependence on temperature increasing is also observed constructing to the sample without dopant. Stability below 120 °C also indicates promising use of this composite electrolyte in solid state lithium ion batteries.
Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a rapidly growing as an innovative therapeutic modality for various types of diseases in recent years. Neuronal degeneration is irreversible process and it is proven to be difficult to slow down or stop the progression. Pharmacologic approaches to slow neuronal degeneration have been studied, but are limited due to concerns about the side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new therapeutic approach to stabilize neuronal degeneration and achieve neuronal protection against several neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we have introduced several previous studies showing the positive effect of PBM over neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and different types of epilepsy. Despite excellent outcomes of animal researches, not many clinical studies are conducted or showed positive outcome of PBM against neurodegenerative disease. To achieve clinical application of PBM against neurodegenerative disorder, determination of exact mechanism and establishment of effective clinical protocol seems to be necessary.
A novel phenomenological multi-physics model of Lithium-ion battery cells is developed for control and state estimation purposes. The model can capture electrical, thermal, and mechanical behaviors of battery cells under constrained conditions, e.g., battery pack conditions. Specifically, the proposed model predicts the core and surface temperatures and reaction force induced from the volume change of battery cells because of electrochemically- and thermally-induced swelling. Moreover, the model incorporates the influences of changes in preload and ambient temperature on the force considering severe environmental conditions electrified vehicles face. Intensive experimental validation demonstrates that the proposed multi-physics model accurately predicts the surface temperature and reaction force for a wide operational range of preload and ambient temperature. This high fidelity model can be useful for more accurate and robust state of charge estimation considering the complex dynamic behaviors of the battery cell. Furthermore, the inherent simplicity of the mechanical measurements offers distinct advantages to improve the existing power and thermal management strategies for battery management.
Publisher Summary Heat capacity, or sensible heat storage, is accomplished by changing the temperature of a material without changing its phase or chemical composition. The actual heat storage devices may be of modest size, aiming at delivering heat during the night after a sunny day, or they may be somewhat larger, capable of meeting the demand during a number of consecutive overcast days. The storage system may provide seasonal storage of heat, as required at high latitudes where seasonal variations in solar radiation are large, and, furthermore, heat loads are to some extent inversely correlated with the length of the day. Another aspect of low-temperature heat storage is the amount of decentralization. Many solar absorption systems are conveniently placed on existing rooftops, that is, in a highly decentralized fashion. A sensible-energy heat store, however, typically loses heat from its container, insulated or not, in proportion to the surface area. Heat energy intended for later use at temperatures below 100 ˚C may conveniently be stored as hot water, owing to the high heat capacity of water combined with the fairly low thermal conductivity of water. Truly underground storage of heat takes place in geological formations capable of accepting and storing water, such as rock caverns and aquifers. In the aquifer case, it is important that water transport be modest such that hot water injected at a given location stay approximately there and exchange heat with the surroundings only by conduction and diffusion processes. In such cases, it is estimated that high cycle efficiencies can be attained after breaking the system in, that is, after having established stable temperature gradients in the surroundings of the main storage region.