batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are deemed as one of the most promising next-generation energy storage systems. However, their practical application is hindered by existing drawbacks such as poor cycling life and low Coulombic efficiency due to the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). We herein present an in situ constructed VO2–VN binary host which combines the merits of ultrafast anchoring (VO2) with electronic conducting (VN) to accomplish smooth immobilization–diffusion–conversion of LiPSs. Such synchronous advantages have effectively alleviated the polysulfide shuttling, promoted the redox kinetics, and hence improved the electrochemical performance of Li–S batteries. As a result, the sulfur cathode based on the VO2–VN/graphene host exhibited an impressive rate capability with ∼1105 and 935 mA h g−1 at 1C and 2C, respectively, and maintained long-term cyclability with a low capacity decay of 0.06% per cycle within 800 cycles at 2C. More remarkably, favorable cyclic stability can be attained with a high sulfur loading (13.2 mg cm−2). Even at an elevated temperature (50 °C), the cathodes still delivered superior rate capacity. Our work emphasizes the importance of immobilization–diffusion–conversion of LiPSs toward the rational design of high-load and long-life Li–S batteries.
A novel soft template approach with agarose as carbon source has been developed for preparation of three-dimensional (3D) skeleton carbon coated Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP/C) with controlled particle size of 20–200nm, as a cathode material of sodium ion battery with high performance. At 1C, the discharge capacity of as prepared cathode material is in the proximity of 113mAh/g, which is very close to its theoretical capacity (117mAh/g). Even at 50C, the discharge capacity can still maintain about 60mAh/g. After cycling 8000 times at 2C, the capacity retention is 87.5%. The electrochemical analysis and materials characterization reveal that the structure of NVP nano-particles coated with 3D-skeleton-carbon greatly improve the electrical conductivity of the electrode material, which endow sodium ion batteries with high capacity, high coulombic efficiency, long cycle life and great high rate performance. This novel template method provides a solution for one pot synthesis of size-controlled target materials with 3D-skeleton-carbon structure.
The development of highly flexible fibre batteries based on conducting polymers is described. The performance of cells with polypyrrole–hexafluorophosphate (PPy/PF6) and polypyrrole–polystyrenesulfonate (PPy/PSS) is evaluated. Based on the results, fibre batteries consisting of a PPy/PF6 cathode and a PPy/PSS anode are fabricated and tested in an electrolyte of 1M LiPF6 in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate. Capacities in the order of 10mAhg−1 over 30 cycles were observed.
This work is focused on an easy-to-handle approach for estimating the residue power and capacity of a lithium-ion cell during operation. For this purpose, an earlier presented lumped parameter electrochemical battery model is employed. By means of the parameters accounting for the cathode capacity and the electrolyte conductivity, the cell degradation is successfully reproduced. Moreover, the method enables the distinction of capacity fade due to impedance rise and due to active material loss. High discharge rates together with the correlated self-heating of the cell enable a model-based quantification of SEI and electrolyte contributions to the overpotential.
Aerosol slurry samples were collected at 30-min intervals for sequential 1-month periods at each of two sites (Sydney and “Dairy”) in the Tampa Bay area during the 2002 Bay Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment using the University of Maryland Semicontinuous Elements in Aerosol Sampler-II (SEAS-II). More than 500 samples, believed to be affected by plumes from local utility and industrial sources, were selected for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometric analyses for elemental markers (Al, Fe, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, Se, As, Ni, Zn and Cd) based on excursions in SO2 and NO x measurements. Correlation of short-term excursions in metals and SO2, and surface wind directions observed between May 23 and 26th, 2002, revealed the influence of an animal feed supplements production facility (AFS), 17km upwind at a station angle of 81°, for which emissions had not previously been detected by standard monitoring methods. Emission “profiles” for this source were developed, separately, from the time series data and by using principle components analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). In addition, a local dust component was evident in Al and Fe concentration profiles during periods of elevated wind speeds and was resolved by PCA/PMF. Similarly, large but brief 1.5-h excursions in Zn (maximum, 403ngm−3), Cd, and Pb on May 17th were correlated with winds from the direction of an incinerator (station angle, 250°) 17km from Sydney. Lastly, large excursions in As concentrations (maximum, 86ngm−3) observed (May 4th and 5th at Sydney and November 2nd and 3rd at the Dairy) were used to locate previously unrecognized sources, tentatively associated with combustion/production of pressure-treated lumber. Profiles developed directly from the time series data were in the range of those derived from PCA-PMF (AFS); and those for the incinerator, with previously published values.
Due to their extremely high specific energy, rechargeable Li-air batteries could meet the demand for large-scale storage systems to integrate renewable sources into the power grid. Li-air batteries with aqueous catholytes with high solubility of discharge products have a higher potential to reach their slightly lower theoretical limits in practical devices. In this work, we demonstrate aqueous and hybrid Li-air batteries with NASICON-type Li1+xAxGe2−x(PO4)3 ceramic as anode-protecting membrane. The LAGP ceramic pellets with room temperature conductivity >10−4 S cm−1 are synthesized by melt quenching and subsequently annealed based on our optimized heat treatment cycle. Hybrid Li-air batteries are assembled by sandwiching LAGP membranes between Li-anode chamber and catholyte solutions (of various pH values) with CNT/Pt as air-cathode. When the two electron reduction mechanism prevails, overpotentials below 0.2 V are achieved for currents up to 0.07 mA cm− 2 leading to energy efficiencies exceeding 98%.
A hybrid energy storage system is defined here as one which comprises two series-connected energy stores (using different storage technologies), only one of which is connected to the grid. Such a plant can take advantage of certain characteristics of different storage technologies, and the example considered in this paper is a liquid air energy storage (LAES) plant with some compressed air energy storage (CAES) capacity, taking advantage of the low storage cost for LAES and relatively high efficiency for CAES. An algorithm is presented which can be used to find the maximum possible profits that may be obtained from a hybrid plant through electricity price arbitrage, and it is shown that a hybrid compressed air–liquid air plant with 2.5:1 ratio of charge time to discharge time profiting purely through arbitrage gives higher profit per unit CapEx than the equivalent pure CAES and pure LAES plant if charge time is longer than 36h. A realistic control strategy is also presented which can be used if the plant operator has a certain amount of knowledge of future electricity prices. It is shown that, for a given foresight period, the performance of this strategy increases with the plant's round-trip efficiency.
SnO2@C@MnO2 hierarchical hollow hybrid nanospheres have been obtained by coating the MnO2 nanosheet-based hierarchical shell on SnO2@C hollow nanospheres via a redox method. The hierarchical hollow hybrid nanospheres are composed of the SnO2 internal layer with hollow nanostructures, the carbon interlayer and the MnO2 hierarchical nanostructured external layer built from two dimensional nanosheets. SnO2@C@MnO2 nanomaterials exhibit a large initial discharge capacity (1378 mAhg−1), extraordinary cyclic stability (644.5 mAhg−1 after 200 cycles) and rate capability as Li-ion battery anodes. The excellent properties may benefit from the rational design of hierarchical hollow hybrid nanostructures and the synergistic effects between the three layers of SnO2, carbon and MnO2.
Aluminum doped LiNiO2 cathode materials are synthesized by using Raney nickel as the starting material. The structure and composition are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with elemental mapping. The lithium deficiency is analyzed by Rieveld refinement. The initial capacity and retention of capacity are correlated to the lithium deficiency of the resulting cathode material. Using strong oxidant of Li2O2 in the synthesis results in materials with improved electrochemical cyclability. The improvement is related to the diminishing of lithium deficiency in strong oxidizing synthesis conditions.
The intercalation and aging induced volume changes of lithium-ion battery electrodes lead to significant mechanical pressure or volume changes on cell and module level. As the correlation between electrochemical and mechanical performance of lithium ion batteries at nano and macro scale requires a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach, physical modeling accounting for chemical and mechanical phenomena during operation is very useful for the battery design. Since the introduced fully-coupled physical model requires proper parameterization, this work also focuses on identifying appropriate mathematical representation of compressibility as well as the ionic transport in the porous electrodes and the separator. The ionic transport is characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using symmetric pouch cells comprising LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) cathode, graphite anode and polyethylene separator. The EIS measurements are carried out at various mechanical loads. The observed decrease of the ionic conductivity reveals a significant transport limitation at high pressures. The experimentally obtained data are applied as input to the electrochemical-mechanical model of a prismatic 10 Ah cell. Our computational approach accounts intercalation induced electrode expansion, stress generation caused by mechanical boundaries, compression of the electrodes and the separator, outer expansion of the cell and finally the influence of the ionic transport within the electrolyte.
Anhydrous alkali metal-based manganese oxyiodide nanocrystals have been prepared by reduction of permanganate with LiI in acetone solvent, and their electrochemical properties have been characterized in comparison with hydrous homologues synthesized in aqueous solution. According to X-ray diffraction analysis, all the present manganese oxyiodides show no distinct (hkl) reflections. This indicates the nanocrystalline nature of the materials. Electrochemical measurements reveal that the anhydrous samples have a large initial discharge capacity of >300mAhg−1 at a constant current density of 0.2mAcm−2, which is comparable with the capacities of hydrous samples. Despite the absence of lattice water, however, the manganese oxyiodides suffer from greater capacity loss than the water-containing nanocrystals. According to the differential capacity plot, it is clear that the structural stability of the anhydrous nanocrystals is much poorer than that of the hydrous ones. Given that the iodine species helps to maintain the nanocrystalline nature of the electrode materials, the significant capacity loss for the anhydrous nanocrystals can be explained in terms of structural instability caused by the low concentration of iodine species.
The influence of the dopant Bentonite, on the ionic conductivity of the PVA-KOH-H2O alkaline solid polymer electrolyte (ASPE) is studied. The results show that the addition of Bentonite has both positive and negative effects on the ionic conductivity of ASPE. At lower KOH and H2O contents, the addition of Bentonite can break the continuous ion conducting phase of the ASPE, and therefore decrease the ASPE conductivity. However, the addition of Bentonite can also increase the KOH content in PVA matrix. This greatly increases the conductivity of the ASPE especially at higher water content. A highest ionic conductivity of 0.11Scm−1 is reached at room temperature. A maximum ionic conductivity value is observed at relative lower water content for different amount of Bentonite-doped ASPE. The temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity is of the Arrhenius type. The ion transfer activation energy Ea, in the order of 4–6kJmol−1, heavily depends on the Bentonite content. XRD and SEM tests show that PVA in the Bentonite-doped ASPE is of amorphous structure, and there are lots of interspaces in the composite ASPE inner structure. The composite electrolyte has good electrochemical stability window and good charged–discharge property in secondary Zn–Ni cells at low charge–discharge rate.
Increasing concerns about the depletion of fossil resources and the issue of environment lead to a global need for producing more clean energy from renewable sources. Ocean is appreciated as a vast source of renewable energies. Considering marine renewable energies, it can be noticed that significant electrical power can be extracted from marine tidal currents. However, the power harnessed from marine tidal currents is highly fluctuant due to the swell effect and the periodicity of the tidal phenomenon. To improve the power quality and make the marine generation system more reliable, energy storage systems can play a crucial role. In this paper, an overview and the state of art of energy storage technologies are presented. Characteristics of various energy storage technologies are analyzed and compared for this particular application. The comparison shows that high-energy batteries like sodium–sulphur battery and flow battery are favorable for smoothing the long-period power fluctuation due to the tide phenomenon while supercapacitor and flywheel are more suitable for eliminating short-period power disturbances due to swell or turbulence phenomena. This means that hybrid storage technologies are needed for achieving optimal results in tidal marine current energy applications.
This paper concentrates on the development of a Photovoltaic Power Generation Plant (PPGP) for a remote mini-estate of 24 households, based on the socio-technical and the economic perspectives. This integrated approach presents a comprehensive framework for understanding the development of energy for remote communities. The social lives and the needs of the people are first assessed, followed by the components design and modeling of the PPGP in DIgSILENT PowerFactory tool, taking into account the hourly generation and demand for different seasons. A 400V, 50Hz three-phase output is produced from the plant via a static converter component; AC unbalanced load flow and the quasi-dynamic simulations are also run to ascertain the generation, busbar voltages, line loadings and losses in the system, over a 24-h period. While the PPGP performance is also being investigated, the economic analysis is done by employing life cycle cost analysis. The implementation challenges are highlighted and some recommendations are made as well. The locality of Gwagwalada, Nigeria is used as a case study. Results reveal that the social aspect plays a significant role in the design, planning, implementation and management of the plant. It further indicates that the proposed plant has the potential to provide a continuous and cost-effective power supply for the users during different seasons, compared to a conventional off-grid option.
The rational design of the nano structure is crucial for overcoming the inherent defect and engineering high performance of Li2MnSiO4 cathode material. In the present study, uniform coaxial carbon nanotube CNT@Li2MnSiO4@C has been designed and synthesized by an efficient step-by-step strategy and applied as high-performance cathode for lithium ion battery. It is demonstrated that the product has a uniform coaxial structure, the thickness of Li2MnSiO4 shell and outermost carbon layer is about 20 nm and 4.5 nm, respectively. This properly design can effectively improve the electric conductivity, shorten the Li ion diffusion length, relax volume change upon charge/discharge and relieve the manganese dissolution. Benefit from its unique structural features, the CNT@Li2MnSiO4@C electrode material overcomes the intrinsic disadvantage of Li2MnSiO4 of poor electronic/ionic conductivity and fast capacity fading rate, and hence exhibiting promising improvement on reversible capacity and cycling properties.
In this work, a lightweight, ultrathin and flexible paper-based gel electrolyte is developed for liquid-free Al-air batteries, which employs a natural cellulose paper to store an alkaline gel. The as-fabricated electrolyte can be applied in either mechanical-rechargeable or single-use Al-air batteries, providing an open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.5 V and a peak power density around 3.5 mW cm−2. In addition, the battery discharge specific capacity is as high as 900 mA h g−1 even with low-purity Al. Moreover, a flexible Al-air battery can be obtained, which exhibits a stable performance under different bending angles. By optimizing the electrolyte properties including polymer concentration, gel loading and solution casting time, the battery power output can be further improved to 6.4 mW cm−2. Finally, two stacking strategies are investigated for developing Al-air battery packs, including both vertical stacking and planar stacking. Benefited from the complete ionic isolation among the single cells, both stacking strategies are demonstrated viable, with a normal OCV of 5.6 V for a 4-cell stack and a stacking efficiency as high as 87.5%. Such kind of liquid-free Al-air batteries are especially suitable for powering portable electronic devices with small rated power.
A new hybrid nanostructure composed of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) FeF3 and an homogenous coating of poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is successfully synthesized using polystyrene (PS) colloidal crystals as hard template, and the coating of PEDOT is achieved through a novel in situ polymerization method. The special nanostructure provides a three-dimensional, continuous, and fast electronic and ionic path in the electrode. Surprisingly, the advantageous combination of 3DOM structure and homogenous coating of PEDOT endows the as-prepared hybrid nanostructures with a stable and high reversible discharge capacity up to 210 mA h g−1 above 2.0 V at room temperature (RT), and a good rate capability of 120 mA h g−1 at a high current density of 1 A g−1, which opens up new opportunities in the development of high performance next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
Several theoretical formulations suggest a relation between children's pretense and executive function (EF) skills. However, there is little empirical evidence for a correlation between these constructs in early development. Preschool children (N =104; M age=4–0) were given batteries of EF and pretense representation measures, as well as verbal, memory, and appearance-reality control tasks. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed two separable but overlapping aspects of EF (Conflict and Delay). EF was significantly related to pretense after accounting for all controls. Understanding the pretend–reality distinction was strongly related to Conflict EF, whereas performing pretend actions was more strongly related to Delay EF. These results, although correlational, are consistent with the claim that EF skills are implicated in pretense, such as inhibiting reality and flexibly manipulating dual representations, and offer a potential mechanism by which pretend play interventions may enhance childhood EF.
A series of metal-doped LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 (metal = Co, Al, Cu and Mg) positive electrode materials for lithium ion batteries were synthesized and their structural changes during the galvanostatic charge/discharge process at C/24 rate were investigated by using in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The phase diagram shows that similar series of first-order phase transitions with two regions of two-phase coexistence are observed during intercalation/de-intercalation of lithium among all the doped cathode materials. However, minor differences of the phase evolution and the electrochemical properties point to the different roles of the dopant ions. The phase diagram is analyzed and discussed, together with the differences among different results reported in the literature to distinguish between general intrinsic properties of spinel and sample-dependent properties due to the degree of cation ordering, out-of-equilibrium effects, electro-negativity and radii of the dopant ions. Among the metal-substituted samples, we argue that the Co-doping is the most promising approach with improved electrochemical property.
To achieve sustainable growth of human society, fossil fuels must eventually be replaced with renewable resources. Ultimately, the energy and carbon in fuels and chemicals synthesized must come from the sun and CO2 directly. Biological systems hold the promise to catalyze the synthesis of such fuels or chemicals. This article discusses recent advances in developing biofuel production processes from CO2, which include photosynthetic processes using algae and cyanobacteria and the non-photosynthetic “electrofuel” processes using Ralstonia eutropha and other lithoautotrophic microorganisms. Each of these processes involves strengths and weaknesses. While none of these processes have achieved industrial success, the challenges involved may point the direction for further improvement within the limit of theoretical possibility. Finally, all biological processes produce cell mass rich in protein. Regenerating ammonium by deamination of hydrolyzed proteins may close the loop of the global nitrogen cycle, which is also one of the major challenges in large scale biological processes.
Electrodeposition of manganese (Mn) in butylmethylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfony)imide (BMP–NTf2) ionic liquid is demonstrated in this study. Crystal structures and surface morphologies of the Mn films deposited at various potentials (from −1.8V to −2.2V) and temperatures (from 50°C to 110°C) were examined with an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. Experimental results indicate that the deposited Mn films were amorphous in nature; however, their morphologies strongly depended on the deposition conditions. After being anodized in Na2SO4 solution, the deposited Mn was transformed to Mn oxide. Electrochemical properties of the Mn oxides were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV). It was confirmed that the different Mn deposition conditions caused the variations in pseudocapacitive performance of the oxide electrodes. The oxide (∼0.1mg) anodized from the Mn deposited at −1.8V and 50°C had the highest specific capacitance of 402F/g measured at a CV scan rate of 5mV/s. Its capacitance retained ratio after 500 CV testing cycles was as high as 94%.
Na3[Ti2P2O10F], a novel oxyfluorinated titanium phosphate, is a promising anode material for lithium/sodium storage because of its open framework structure and marvelous two-dimensional (2D) tunnel. However, 2D nanostructured Na3[Ti2P2O10F] has been rarely prepared in view of the limitations of synthetic approaches. Here we report a one-step, low-cost solvothermal method for the synthesis of 2D ultrathin Na3[Ti2P2O10F] nanosheets with the thickness of 1∼2nm. Benefiting from the desired crystal and structural characteristics, these as-prepared ultrathin 2D Na3[Ti2P2O10F] nanosheets exhibit good electrochemical performance for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries.