batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In last years, the power system operators are tackling many challenges for the renewable energies integration on the grid. Further, the expected increase of electrical demand due to the uncoordinated contemporary charging of a huge number of Electric Vehicles (EVs) can create chaotic phenomena with a negative impact especially on the distribution network. Help can be offered by the deployment of Smart Grid technologies, such as Smart Metering Systems (SMSs), Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and Energy Storage Systems (ESSs). In particular, in Micro-Grids, Battery ESSs (BESSs) can play a fundamental role and can become fundamental for the integration of EV fast charging stations and distributed generations. In this case the storage can have peak shaving, load shifting and power quality functions. The ESSs can provide ancillary services also on the grid as the reactive control to adjust the power factor. In the present paper, a monitoring control program to manage the reactive power of a real ESS in a Micro-Grid has been implemented. The system is a prototype, designed, implemented and now available at ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development) labs. A wide experimental activity has been performed on the prototype system in order to test this functionality for the integration in a bigger Smart Grid available at the same ENEA labs including the Micro-grid. The integration has been possible, thanks to the free ICT protocols used by the researchers and which are described here. The results of the experimental tests show that the system can have good performance to adjust the power factor in respect to the main distribution grid and an EV charging station.
This review analyzes the inherent scientific challenges of realizing the potential of storing solar energy by photochemical generation of high-energy metastable compounds whose subsequent thermal isomerization releases large amounts of low-temperature (<500 K) heat. Such compounds may be stored at room temperature for days or months, regenerated using sunlight, and may be cycled many times without significant degradation. After highlighting some of the general challenges of solar energy conversion and storage, we discuss how recent advances in understanding the effect of molecular strain on the thermal and photochemical reactivity of small molecules offers new opportunities for a systematic approach to the molecular design of solar thermal fuels, defining the molecular properties which determine the fundamental limits of such a material's performance characteristics.
In contrast to the findings of progressive structural brain changes in adolescence, longitudinal studies of patients with early onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders (EOS) indicate that neurocognitive deficits are relatively stable over the first years. The aim of this study is to assess neurocognitive functions longitudinally in patients with EOS compared to healthy controls (HC) using the MATRICS Cognitive Consensus Battery (MCCB). Methods Twenty patients with EOS and 41 HC were tested with the MCCB at baseline (T1) and after one (T2) and two years (T3). The mean age for the EOS group was 15.6 (SD=1.8) years, while the mean duration of illness was 1.7 (SD=1.4) years at T1. Results The EOS group's neurocognitive performances indicate a stable deficit on most measures. Both the EOS and HC groups showed improved neurocognitive functioning over time on all measures except for the verbal learning domain. There was an interaction between the EOS and HC groups' performance over time on the Trail Making Test A (TMA), a subtest on the processing speed domain. Conclusion The longitudinal neurocognitive performances measured by the MCCB confirm previous findings of stable deficits in patients with EOS. It is premature to conclude whether the increases in neurocognitive performance reflect developmental processes in adolescence or may be explained by learning effects, or both. As opposed to the other tests in this domain, a stagnation in processing speed as measured by the TMA suggests that the TMA is a particularly sensitive measure of neurodevelopmental deviance in EOS.
Titanium dioxide bronze (TiO2-B) nanowires were prepared by the hydrothermal method and used as the positive electrode for Mg rechargeable batteries and Li+/Mg2+ hybrid-ion batteries. First-principles calculations showed that the diffusion barrier for Mg2+ (0.6 eV) in the TiO2-B lattice was more than twice of that for Li+ (0.3 eV). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the charge transfer resistance of TiO2-B in the Mg2+ ion electrolyte was much larger than that in the Li+/Mg2+ hybrid electrolyte. For these reasons, the Mg rechargeable battery showed a small discharge capacity of 35 mAh g−1 resulting from an electrochemical double-layer capacitive process. In comparison, the TiO2-B nanowires exhibited a large capacity (242 mAh g−1 at the 20 mA g−1 current density), high rate capability (114 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1), and excellent cycle stability in the Li+/Mg2+ hybrid-ion battery. The dominant reaction occurred in the TiO2-B electrode was intercalation of Li+ ions, of which about 74% of the total capacity was attributed to Li+ pseudo-capacitance.
Li-rich layered oxides are highlighted as promising candidates for the next-generation cathode materials in Li-ion batteries, but suffer from poor cycling stability and voltage fading during the cycling process. Currently, less efforts are devoted to addressing these issues through exploring novel binders. In this work, we explore an aqueous binder of xanthan gum with double helix superstructure containing abundant charged functional groups. This unique structure is beneficial to the occurrence of significant mechanical interlocking effect and formation of chemical bond with particles’ surface, which can effectively suppress electrode exfoliation, particle pulverization and structural degradation during cycling. As a consequence, the electrode with xanthan gum still delivers the discharge capacity of 275.6 mAh g−1 with the retention of 98.4% after 200 cycles at 0.1C rate. Accordingly, the mid-point discharge voltage remains 87% (about 2.3 mV/per cycle drop). The current study provides a useful insight into how to design and develop superior binders based on charged double-helix superstructure for potential low-cost and environmentally friendly aqueous processing of high energy density Li-ion batteries.
This paper presents a novel energy dispatching based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) for off-grid photovoltaic (PV)/wind turbine/hydrogen/battery hybrid systems. The renewable energy sources supply energy to the hybrid system and the battery and hydrogen system are used as energy storage devices. The denominated “hydrogen system” is composed of fuel cell, electrolyzer and hydrogen storage tank. The MPC generates the reference powers of the fuel cell and electrolyzer to satisfy different objectives: to track the load power demand and to keep the charge levels of the energy storage devices between their target margins. The modeling of the hybrid system was developed in MATLAB-Simulink, taking into account datasheets of commercially available components. To show the proper operation of the proposed energy dispatching, a simpler strategy based on state control was presented in order to compare and validate the results for long-term simulations of 25 years (expected lifetime of the system) with a sample time of one hour.
Given the implications of behavioral inhibition (BI) on social anxiety and depression, several cost-effective methods have been developed to detect this trait. However, there is no instrument for obtaining a systematic measurement of BI that uses the reports of mental health professionals. The present study aims to explore the psychometric properties of the Behavioral Inhibition Observation System (BIOS), a brief tool enabling clinicians to provide a quick measure of BI. Parents and teachers of 361 preschool children provided measures of BI and psychopathology. Clinicians completed the BIOS after an individual meeting with every child. Seventy-four randomly selected children were exposed to standardized observation. Two researchers completed the BIOS after standardized observation. The results show that the BIOS is structured in one dimension that explains 60 % of the total variance. It shows good internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha = .88) and good test-retest reliability. The BIOS scores moderately converge with observational measures of BI and adequately distinguish constructs not related to BI (such as aggressiveness, disruptive behavior, or peer conflict). The results support that the BIOS, an 8-item scale that takes 3 min to complete, is valid and reliable for capturing a clinician’s measure of BI. The BIOS may help to detect temperamental disposition to social anxiety.
We report the synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of tungsten (W) incorporated vanadium oxide (VO2) nanocomposite cathode material for improved lithium storage performance. VO2 nanorods, 100–200 nm in diameter and 1–3 μm in length are synthesized using a hydrothermal method. W incorporation at different weight percent results in the VO2 morphology shifting from rods to a sheet type structure. The lithium storage performance of VO2 has improved remarkably by increasing the loading of W to an optimal level, which influence the intercalation/ deintercalation of lithium ions into the expanded lattices of VO2. The maximum specific capacity observed for the optimal VO2/W4 composite was 381 mAh/g at a current density of 0.1 C. Cyclic voltammetry measurements showed the presence of an electroactive V3+/V4+ redox couple, leading to lower peak separation and voltage polarization differences. Superior charge storage performance was observed with the VO2/W4 composite as compared to the VO2 based devices.
Electrodes of solid oxide fuel cells need to be stable during operation. Here, the authors use tungsten as a substituent to stabilize a perovskite oxide as a two-phase composite. The resulting material dynamically adjusts the phase compositions to keep a high catalytic activity at operation conditions.
Biomarkers as lipid peroxidation, metallothionein and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase were determined in Cathorops spixii to compare the biological responses of this fish from estuaries with distinct anthropogenic influence. Three areas were selected in two estuaries in accordance with the levels of contamination for the polluted (Santos/São Vicente) and with the hydrodynamic characteristics for the non-polluted (Cananéia) estuary. Water characteristics and mercury levels in C. spixii confirmed a high human influence in the polluted system. In general, the biomarkers showed differences between the estuaries, suggesting disturbances in the specific cell mechanisms due to the presence of multiple xenobiotics in the contaminated system. Therefore, these biomarkers are recommended to promote more accurate information about the exposure to pollutants. Additionally, the study of the effect of the multiple xenobiotics on resident species such as the benthic fish C. spixii can favor a better assessment of the environmental quality of these systems.
The study of social interactions in mice is used as a model for normal and pathological cognitive and emotional processes. But extracting comprehensive behavioral information from videos of interacting mice is still a challenge. We describe a computerized method and software, MiceProfiler, that uses geometrical primitives to model and track two mice without requiring any specific tagging. The program monitors a comprehensive repertoire of behavioral states and their temporal evolution, allowing the identification of key elements that trigger social contact. Using MiceProfiler we studied the role of neuronal nicotinic receptors in the establishment of social interactions and risk-prone postures. We found that the duration and type of social interactions with a conspecific evolves differently over time in mice lacking neuronal nicotinic receptors (Chrnb2−/−, here called β2−/−), compared to C57BL/6J mice, and identified a new type of coordinated posture, called back-to-back posture, that we rarely observed in β2−/− mice.
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is a form of anovulation, due to the suppression of hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis, not related to identifiable organic causes. Like adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN), subjects with FHA show dysfunctional attitudes, low self-esteem, depressive mood, anxiety and inability to cope with daily stress. The aim of the study is to examine similarities and differences between FHA and AN in terms of clinical profiles and psychological variables.
Degradation mechanisms in 26Ah commercial Li-ion battery cells comprising graphite as the negative electrode and mixed metal oxide of LiMn2O4 (LMO) and LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) as the positive electrode are here investigated utilising extensive cycling at two different state-of-charge (SOC) ranges, 10–20% and 60–70%, as well as post-mortem analysis. To better analyze these mechanisms electrochemically, the cells were after long-term cycling reassembled into laboratory scale “half-cells” using lithium metal as the negative electrode, and thereafter cycled at different rates corresponding to 0.025mA/cm2 and 0.754mA/cm2. The electrodes were also analyzed by synchrotron-based hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) using two different excitation energies to determine the chemical composition of the interfacial layers formed at different depth on the respective electrodes. It was found from the extensive cycling that the cycle life was shorter for the cell cycled in the higher SOC range, 60–70%, which is correlated to findings of an increased cell resistance and thickness of the SEI layer in the graphite electrode as well as manganese dissolution from the positive electrode.
Summary Mitochondria are the tiny descendants of bacteria that inhabit each of your cells. We need mitochondria (they provide us with energy) and mitochondria need us (we provide them with oxygen and nutrients). Mitochondria generate your cells’ energy. In an orchestrated series of chain reactions, mitochondria generate ATP, the chemical driving force behind cell function, muscular power, and cardiac output. The vast majority of human energy comes from ATP generated within mitochondria, which are therefore the key in understanding athletic performance. This chapter explores mitochondria from a number of perspectives: structure, origins, biochemistry, and genetics. The final step in the production of ATP involves the most intricate enzyme known in biology. Driven by the proton battery inside each mitochondrion, ATP synthase churns out ATP using a high-revving nanomotor mechanism. Whereas most other enzymes are made of a single protein, ATP synthase is a complex of 31 proteins, with several parts analogous to the machinery in a high-performance automotive engine. Variations of this enzyme give vitality to virtually every form of life on Earth. It is also the athlete’s engine.
Although they may improve the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries, core–shell structural anode materials with high-capacity suffer from large volume expansion and dissolution during lithium-ion intercalation/extraction. To well understand these problems, failure modes are analyzed in core–shell structural active materials of a lithium-ion battery during the lithiation–delithiation process. Taking into account the lithium-ion concentration distribution along the direction of radius, the diffusion-induced stress field is calculated according to a perfectly elastic–plastic model. Based on the strain energy release rate, the critical sizes of core and shell for avoiding surface fracture and interface debonding are determined as a function of the state of charge. Furthermore, the three-dimensional phase diagram is constructed to demonstrate the relationship between the shell thickness, the outer radius of core, and the ratio of outer and inner radii.
Microbiological investigations utilizing molecular genetic approaches to characterize microbial communities can require large volume water samples, tens to hundreds of liters. The requirement for large volume samples can be especially challenging in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments of the oceanic ridge system. By and large studies of these environments rely on deep submergence vehicles. However collection of large volume (>100L) water samples adjacent to the benthos is not feasible due to weight considerations. To address the technical difficulty of collecting large volume water samples from hydrothermal diffuse flow environments, a semi-autonomous large-volume water sampler (LVWS) was designed. The LVWS is capable of reliably collecting and bringing to the surface 120L water samples from diffuse flow environments. Microscopy, molecular genetic and chemical analyses of water samples taken from 9°N East Pacific Rise are shown to demonstrate the utility of the LVWS for studies of near-benthos environments. To our knowledge this is the first report of virioplankton abundance within diffuse-flow waters of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent environment. Because of its simple design and relatively low cost, the LVWS should be applicable to a variety of studies which require large-volume water samples collected immediately adjacent to the benthos.
Depending on what algae eat, they produce things like oils that could be converted into polymers. The field of renewable materials is both popular and relevant to the green chemistry movement that is receiving a lot of attention today. Algae research is an area that has a lot of potential.
Electric, hybrid and plug-in hybrid drive trains are being considered as the future for road transportation. Private fleets such as taxis, buses, mail distribution or even state vehicles are usually firstly considered to introduce alternative technologies due to its smaller scale and routing knowledge. Usually no study of the optimal fleet conversion is made and only available alternative technologies, sometimes, oversized are considered. In this paper, a current conventional bus urban fleet is regarded to analyze the possibility to substitute the conventional vehicles by a more efficient fleet equipped with a battery and a hydrogen fuel cell. A methaheuristic method will be used with a vehicle simulation software to perform the optimal components selection of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) powertrain. This model analyses an urban bus service requirements and regards the power and energy demand to the vehicle, to build a model able to do the optimal size and interaction of components, namely the tractive electric motor, electric battery, and fuel cell. The components are optimized with the objective to minimize cost and fuel consumption of the vehicle. Real measured driving cycles in Oporto city (Porto), Portugal, and the official European Transient driving Cycle, (ETC), are regarded to test the model. The results aim to give a more comprehensive knowledge for fleet conversion research/demonstration projects.
Graphite has been currently considered as a promising cathode material in dual ion batteries (DIBs) due to its unique features of sp 2 hybridized carbon and stacked two-dimensional layered structures. However, unexpected volume/thickness changes in the graphite cathodes, induced by the intercalation/deintercalation of anions with large molecular size have been known to be a critical problem in designing DIB cells. To understand the volume/thickness changes in the DIB electrodes, in operando optical observing apparatus has been employed to observe the cross-section view of a graphite-based cathode upon cycles in the present work. The observation suggests that the cathode initially presented a huge irreversible thickness change (60%), and such thickness variation was prone to reduce and remain <20% in the following cycles. The results from both in operando observation and electrochemical characterizations collectively indicate that the greater thickness variation at initial cycle should be attributed to both anion intercalation into graphite-based cathodes and irreversible decomposition of chemical components in the DIB system. The method here highlights a universal route for fundamentally understanding the electrodes of huge volume variation.
Tuning whole/partial surface modification on cathode material with oxide material is a sought-after method to enhance the electrochemical performance in power storage field. Herein, nano-SiO2 targeted partial surface modified high voltage cathode material Li2CoPO4F has been successfully fabricated via a facile self-assembly process in silica dispersion at ambient temperature. With the aid of polar -OH groups attracted on the surface of SiO2 micelles, the nano-SiO2 preferentially nestle up along the borders and boundaries of Li2CoPO4F particles, where protection should be deployed with emphasis against the undesirable interactions between materials and electrolytes. Compared with pristine Li2CoPO4F, the SiO2 selectively modified Li2CoPO4F cathode materials, especially LCPF-3S, exhibit desirable electrochemical performances with higher discharge capacity, more outstanding cycle stability and favorable rate capability without any additional carbon involved. The greatly enhanced electrochemical properties can be attributed to the improved lithium-ion diffusion kinetics and structure tolerance during repeated lithiation/delithiation process. Such findings reveal a great potential of nano-SiO2 modified Li2CoPO4F as high energy cathode material for lithium ion batteries.
Modeling PEV travel and charging behavior is the key to estimate the charging demand and further explore the potential of providing grid services. This paper presents a stochastic simulation methodology to generate itineraries and charging load profiles for a population of PEVs based on real-world vehicle driving data. In order to describe the sequence of daily travel activities, we use the trip chain model which contains the detailed information of each trip, namely start time, end time, trip distance, start location and end location. A trip chain generation method is developed based on the Naive Bayes model to generate a large number of trips which are temporally and spatially coupled. We apply the proposed methodology to investigate the multi-location charging loads in three different scenarios. Simulation results show that home charging can meet the energy demand of the majority of PEVs in an average condition. In addition, we calculate the lower bound of charging load peak on the premise of lowest charging cost. The results are instructive for the design and construction of charging facilities to avoid excessive infrastructure.
Thin films of polypyrrole (PPy) were electrochemically synthesized from direct oxidation of pyrrole (Py) which is a five-membered ring heterocyclic aromatic compound with a dipole moment of 1.58D. The electro-polymerized PPy thin film shows sufficiently good mechanical properties to be included in a self-supporting free-standing layered cathode. Physical and morphological characterizations show that this PPy film is flexible, robust, lightweight, corrugated, and highly conductive. These properties facilitate the use of PPy thin film in a self-supported flexible electrode composed of slurry-free PPy-sulfur-PPy sandwiched structure. Because the conventional slurry casting method could be avoided, a large amount of active material could be loaded in between the corrugated PPy films. The newly developed flexible PPy-sulfur-PPy sandwiched electrode thus show high capacity when coupled with lithium, along with good cycling performance and excellent capacity retention.