batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This work attempts to understand the rate capability of layered transition metal oxides LiNi y Mn y Co1−2y O2 (0.33 ≤ y ≤ 0.5). The rate capability of LiNi y Mn y Co1−2y O2 increase with increasing Co in the compounds and with increasing amount of carbon additives in the electrodes. The lithium diffusion coefficients and electronic conductivities of Li x Ni y Mn y Co1−2y O2 are investigated and compared. The 333 compound has higher diffusivity and electronic conductivity and thus better rate performance than 550. Chemical diffusion coefficients for both delithiation and lithiation of Li x Ni y Mn y Co1−2y O2 investigated by GITT and PITT experiments are calculated to be around 10−10 cm2 s−1, lower than that of Li x CoO2. The electronic conductivity of Li x Ni y Mn y Co1−2y O2 is inferior compared to Li x CoO2 at same temperature and delithiation stage. However, the Li x Ni y Mn y Co1−2y O2 are able to deliver 55%–80% of theoretical capacity at 5 C with good electronic wiring in the composite electrode that make them very promising candidates for electric propulsion in terms of rate capability.
The development of executive function (EF) in early childhood contributes to social and academic aspects of school readiness and facilitates emerging self-regulatory competence. Numerous efforts are underway to identify aspects of early brain development that contribute to emerging EF. Existing research supports the importance of multiple white matter tracts for EF in older children and adults. However, this research has not been extended to young children. In this study, we consider neonatal white matter microstructure in relation to children’s performance on a battery of EF tasks three years later. We obtained diffusion tensor imaging data from a sample of neonates (N = 27) shortly after birth. At 3 years of age, children completed a computerized battery of EF tasks. The primary data analyses involved regression models estimated for each white matter tract. Multiple demographic and measure-related covariates were included in each model. A follow-up analysis of tracts determined to be associated with EF examined individual data points along those fibers. Among the white matter tracts analyzed, the cingulum was significantly associated with EF at 3 years of age. Specifically, lower axial diffusivity values along the cingulum were associated with increased performance on the EF battery. Results are discussed as providing initial evidence that individual differences in neonatal brain structure may facilitate the acquisition of EF abilities in early childhood. These findings are consistent with previous research that supports the value of the cingulum for higher-order cognitive abilities. Cautions and implications of these results are considered.
Approximately 2 million sports and recreation concussive injuries occur per year in the United States, which may be an underestimate because of inconsistent data reporting. The field of concussion management has evolved rapidly over the last 10 years, and with these advances comes new understanding of the significant symptomatic and cognitive impairments of concussion. These sequelae are more fully realized and may last longer than previously thought. Data have emerged regarding pathophysiology of concussion, risk factors, outcome, effects of repetitive injury, subtypes of concussive injury, and treatment protocols. This evidence calls for more conservative management of concussion, particularly in younger athletes, and demonstrates the shortcomings of concussion guidelines.
The dopamine D2/3 system is fundamental for sensory, motor, emotional, and cognitive aspects of behavior. Small-scale human histopathological and animal studies show high density of D2/3 dopamine receptors (D2/3DR) in striatum, but also demonstrate the existence of such receptors across cortical and limbic regions. Assessment of D2/3DR BPND in the extrastriatal regions with [11C]raclopride has long been considered unreliable due to the relatively low density of D2/3DR outside the striatum. We describe the distribution and interregional links of D2/3DR availability measured with PET and [11C]raclopride across the human brain in a large sample (N = 176; age range 64–68 years). Structural equation modeling revealed that D2/3DR availability can be organized according to anatomical (nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, mesocortical) and functional (limbic, associative, sensorimotor) dopamine pathways. D2/3DR availability in corticolimbic functional subdivisions showed differential associations to corresponding striatal subdivisions, extending animal and pharmacological work. Our findings provide evidence on the dimensionality and organization of [11C]raclopride D2/3DR availability in the living human brain that conforms to known dopaminergic pathways.
Gelatin is a cheap and abundant natural product with very good biodegradation properties and can be used to obtain acetic acid or LiClO4-based gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) with high ionic conductivity and good stability. This article presents results of GPEs obtained by the plasticization of gelatin and addition of LiBF4, where the optimization of the system was achieved by using a factorial design type 22 with two variables: glycerol and LiBF4. From this analysis it was stated that the effect of glycerol as a plasticizer on the ionic conductivity results is much more important than the effect obtained by varying the lithium salt content or the effect of the interaction of both variables. Also all the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction measurements, UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and impedance spectroscopy. The ionic conductivity results of all analyzed samples as a function of temperature obey predominantly an Arrhenius relationship and the samples are stable up to 160°C. Good conductivity results combined with transparency and good adhesion to the electrodes have shown that gelatin-based GPEs are very promising materials to be used as solid electrolytes in electrochromic devices.
The prospect of drastic climate change and the ceaseless fluctuation of fossil fuel prices provide motivation to reduce the use of fossil fuels and to find new energy conversion and storage systems that are able to limit carbon dioxide generation. Among known systems, lithium-ion batteries are recognized as the most appropriate energy storage system because of their high energy density and thus space saving in applications. Introduction of nanotechnology to electrode material is beneficial to improve the resulting electrode performances such as capacity, its retention, and rate capability. The nanostructure is highly available not only when used alone but also is more highlighted when harmonized in forms of core–shell structure and composites with carbon nanotubes, graphene or reduced graphene oxides. This review covers syntheses and electrochemical properties of nanoscale, nanosized, and nanostructured cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries.
Since high-quality image/video systems based on the JPEG/MPEG compression standards often require power-expensive implementations at relatively high bit-rates, they have not been widely used in low-power wireless applications. To alleviate this problem, we designed, implemented, and evaluated a strategy that can adapt to different compression and transmission rates. (1) It gives important parts of an image higher priority over unimportant parts. Therefore, the high-priority parts can achieve high image quality, while the low-priority parts, with a slight sacrifice of quality, can achieve huge compression rate and thus save the power/energy of a low-power wireless system. (2) We also introduce a priority-driven scheduling approach into our coding algorithm, which makes the transmission of important parts earlier with more data than other parts. Through a balanced trade-off between the available time/bandwidth/power and the image quality, this adaptive strategy can satisfy users with desired images quality and lead to a significant reduction of the important parts’ deadline misses.
A lithium secondary battery (Type II cell) for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) was developed on the basis of previous battery techniques (Type I cell with amorphous carbon/Li1+ x Mn2O4). It used an improved cathode material and more advanced electrolyte. Cell performances of the Type II cell were evaluated and compared with a Type I cell of the same cell size, i.e. 40ϕ (diameter) ×108mm (length). The Type II cell discharged 5.9Ah, which was 1.5 times higher than the amount discharged by the Type I cell (3.8Ah). The former had an input–output power of 800W at 45% SOC (state of charge) and 25°C, which was 1.3 times higher than that of the latter (600W at around 40%). Moreover, the former had an input–output power of more than 100W at −30°C, though the Type I cell output power was only 50W. A pulse charge–discharge cycle test with 167W input and 260W output for a 30–70% SOC range and a storage test at 50% SOC were carried out at various temperatures for the Type II cell. Less than a 15% DCR (direct current resistance) increase was observed in the pulse mode cycle test after 450K cycles at 50°C. No more than a 25% DCR increase was detected after 240 days in the 50% SOC storage test even at 65°C. The activation energies for capacity change and DCR change in the storage test were also estimated for the Type II cell.
The effect of Mn content on the crystal structure and electrochemical characteristics of La0.7Mg0.3Ni2.975−x Co0.525Mn x (x =0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) alloys has been studied systematically. The results of the Rietveld analyses show that all these alloys mainly consist of two phases: the La(La,Mg)2Ni9 phase with the rhombohedral PuNi3-type structure and the LaNi5 phase with the hexagonal CaCu5-type structure. The pressure–composition isotherms shows that the partial substitution of Mn for Ni results in lower desorption plateau pressure and steeper pressure plateau of the alloy electrodes. For a Mn content of x =0.3, the electrochemical performances, including specific discharge capacity, high rate chargeability (HRC) and high rate dischargeability (HRD), of the alloy are preferable. Moreover, the data of the polarization resistance R p and the exchange current density I 0 of the alloy electrodes is consistent with the results of HRC and HRD. The hydrogen diffusion coefficient D increases with increasing Mn content, and thereafter increases the low temperature dischargeability (LTD) of the alloy electrodes.
Critical Time Intervention (CTI) is designed to prevent recurrent homelessness among persons with severe mental illness by enhancing continuity of care during the transition from institutional to community living. After providing the background and rationale of CTI, we describe the elements of the model and summarize the status of existing research on its effectiveness. We then briefly illustrate how the CTI model has begun to be adapted and implemented by providing a case example of a homeless woman’s transition from shelter to housing. Finally, we consider plans for the further adaptation, testing and dissemination of CTI in other populations and service delivery settings.
Owing to the high polarisability of the chalcogens, sulphur or selenium, chalcogenide glasses show higher ionic conductivity than their oxide counterparts. In this chapter, methods for preparing ion conducting chalcogenide glasses and techniques used to characterise ion diffusion in these glasses will first be described. Academic research aiming at getting an insight on both composition/structure/property relationships and ion dynamics in these glasses will then be developed. Finally, the last section will be devoted to a brief summary of the main applications of ion conducting chalcogenide glasses which includes development of solid state batteries, development of ionic memories for data storage and development of sensors for environmental control.
There is a fast growing interest in new applications for advanced ceramic systems in the field of functional materials and in particular for optical materials. Ceramics are entitled to fulfil the gap between glasses and single crystals in the area of photonic materials. The processing versatility and unpaired resistance to high temperature corrosive environments of some ceramics make them good candidates for such applications. However, the critical dependence of the material optical properties on microstructure makes the deep understanding of the processing conditions even more necessary than before for the fabrication of well ordered, transparent, efficient optical ceramics. This review is directed towards ceramists interested in new applications. In the paper we address some fundamental aspects of the relationship between processing, microstructure and optical properties that are illustrated with some examples related with transparent ceramics, glass ceramics, luminescence, random lasers, thermo-emissive applications, scintillators and dielectric metamaterials.
3D flower-like MnCO3 microcrystals have been prepared via a facile hydrothermal method with the addition of sodium citrate (Na3Cit). The microstructures of the prepared microcrystals were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and N2 adsorption. Moreover, a mechanism for the morphology evolution of 3D flower-like MnCO3 microcrystals was also discussed in detail. Using the obtained 3D flower-like MnCO3 microcrystals as anode for lithium ion batteries and a series of tests including charge-discharge test, cycling ability, rate performances, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were carried out. The results show that 3D flower-like MnCO3 microcrystals can be obtained by varying the reaction time and the dosage of Na3Cit at the hydrothermal temperature of 180°C, and the suitable hydrothermal reaction time and the dosage of Na3Cit for the 3D flower-like MnCO3 microcrystals are 12h and 3mmol, respectively. The electrochemical measurements indicate that 3D flower-like MnCO3 microcrystals exhibit specific capacity of 384mAhg−1 at 0.2C after 200 cycles, showing the significantly enhanced cycling performance than that of the obtained spherical MnCO3 microcrystals.
Abstracts Silicon (Si) is regarded as one of the most promising anode materials for Li-ion batteries due to its high theoretical specific capacity (4200mAhg−1). To overcome the poor cycling stability issue associated with its low conductivity and large volume changes (∼300%) during charge/discharge processes, a novel approach to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) network structure of silicon-graphene-polyaniline (Si-G-PANI) has been developed. During this synthetic, the graphene sheet was first coated on the surface of Si from a pyrolysis reaction of the liquid-polyacrylonitrile (LPAN), which not only improves conductivity but also constrains the serious mechanical stress caused by the volume expansion of Si. Subsequently, Si-G-PANI composite was obtained through an in-situ polymerization, the PANI layer is tightly bounded to graphene owing to an enhancement of π conjugation between the PANI and graphene-grafted Si nanoparticles. Herein, PANI layer offers a 3D conductive and protective network to allow the volume variation of Si during cycling, as well as facilitate the electron and lithium ion transfer processes. With the dual protection of graphene and PANI, the Si-G-PANI electrode can deliver a reversible specific capacity of 1001.8 mAh·g−1 at a current density of 1.5Ag−1 after 50 cycles.
Spectro Analytical Instruments announces an updated version of its SpectroLab metal analyzer, which incorporates a number of improvements. In several instances, it achieves better detection limits than its predecessor version, such as trace analysis of pure copper and aluminum. It offers the advantages of photomultiplier detectors relative to single spark evaluation and time-resolved spectroscopy along with the flexible line selection and ability to combine analytical and reference lines from charge-coupled device detectors. By combining all of these advantages, the analyzer delivers the lowest detection limits with a previously unattainable stability and repeatability of measurement results.
Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) have been received widespread research attention and developed as electrode materials for their superior electrical conductivity and excellent redox activity. In this work, self-supported three-dimensional hierarchical core-shell NiCoP@NiCoP@CC electrode has been fabricated by a two-step hydrothermal and a phosphorization method, in which NiCoP@NiCoP core-shell leaf-like arrays are directly grown on carbon cloth. The electrode integrates the advantages of the 1D core for “hyperchannel” of the electron transport, 2D shell on core for a short diffusion distance for the ions and also the charge carrier meanwhile improvement of cycle stability, and 3D networked substrate for flexibility. The as-fabricated electrode shows superior electrochemical performance and delivers a high specific capacity of 1125 C g−1 (312 mAh g−1) at 1 A g−1, and outstanding rate capability with 78.0% retention even at 10 A g−1 and still retain 808 C g−1 (224 mAh g−1) (71.8% retention) after 2000 cycles. In addition, the asymmetric supercapacitor has also been assembled for actual use by employing NiCoP@NiCoP electrode as the anode and the activated carbon (AC) as the cathode, which displays a voltage window of 1.5 V and a high energy density of 34.8 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 750.0 W kg−1. The results demonstrate feasibility of NiCoP@NiCoP core-shell array on carbon cloth as electrode material for high performance hybrid supercapacitor applications.
The cycle aging of a commercial 18650 lithium-ion battery with graphite anode and lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) oxide-based cathode at defined operating conditions is studied by regular electrochemical characterization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and post-mortem analysis. The study finds that capacity fade, impedance rise and the end-of-life of cycled cells strongly depend on the operating conditions like temperature, current rate, depth-of-discharge and mean state-of-charge. In general, the capacity fade is characterized by a slow linear decrease at first, followed by a rapid decrease. This transition point is found to correlate well to the rate of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) resistance growth at the anode. A longer lifetime is found for cells cycled at 45 °C than at 20 °C for the same depth-of-discharge and C-rate. Effect of cycle depth on capacity fade is related to the graphite electrode volume changes and the local electrochemical potential at the electrodes. Cells cycling upto 4.2 V are found to have longer linear capacity fade but a higher total resistance. A more stable SEI at the anode and greater surface modifications on the cathode are inferred to be the reasons for this non-intuitive behaviour.
In this paper, a solution of coupled fractional Navier–Stokes equation is computed numerically using the proposed q-homotopy analysis transform method (q-HATM), and the solution is found in fast convergent series. The given test examples illustrate the leverage and effectiveness of the proposed technique. The obtained results are demonstrated graphically. The present method handles the series solution in a large admissible domain in an extreme manner. It offers us a modest way to adjust the convergence region of the solution. Results with graphs explicitly reveal the efficiency and capability of the proposed algorithm.
Dermatomyositis, an inflammatory myopathy with cutaneous involvement, is associated with malignancy and often manifests paraneoplastically. While co-occurrence with small cell carcinoma is well attested, primary lung adenocarcinoma, which may present as focal ground-glass opacification on computed tomography of the thorax, is less frequently coincident.
We describe in this report the cDNA structure, functional characteristics, genomic organization, and promoter analysis of the mouse H+-coupled low-affinity peptide transporter PEPT1. The mouse PEPT1 cDNA cloned from a kidney cDNA library is ∼3.1 kb long and encodes a protein of 709 amino acids. When expressed heterologously in mammalian cells and in Xenopus laevis oocytes, mouse PEPT1 mediates H+-coupled electrogenic transport of the dipeptide glycylsarcosine. The mouse pept1 gene, cloned from a genomic DNA library in bacterial artificial chromosome, is ∼38 kb long and consists of 23 exons and 22 introns. 5′-Rapid amplification of cDNA ends with poly(A)+ RNA from mouse intestine has identified the transcription start site that lies 31 bp upstream of the translation start site. The promoter region upstream of the transcription start site does not contain the TATA box but possesses three GC boxes which are the binding sites for the transcription activator SP1. Functional analysis of the promoter region using the luciferase reporter assay in Caco-2 cells (a human intestinal cell line that express PEPT1 constitutively) and five different 5′-deletion fragments of the promoter has shown that essential promoter/enhancer elements are present within 1140 bp upstream of the transcription start site.
This work analyses the potential air quality improvements resulting from three fleet electrification scenarios (∼13, 26 and 40%) by replacing conventional vehicles with Electric Battery Vehicles (EBVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). This study has been performed for the cities of Barcelona and Madrid (Spain), where road transport is the primary emission source. In these urban areas, several air quality problems are present, mainly related to NO2 and particulate matter. The WRF-ARW/HERMESv2/CMAQ model system has been applied at high spatial (1 × 1 km2) and temporal (1 h) resolution. The results show that fleet electrification offers a potential for emission abatement, especially related to NOx and CO. Regarding the more ambitious scenario (∼40% fleet electrification), reductions of 11% and 17% of the total NOx emissions are observed in Barcelona and Madrid respectively. These emissions reductions involve air quality improvements in NO2 maximum hourly values up to 16%: reductions up to 30 and 35 μg m−3 in Barcelona and Madrid, respectively. Furthermore, an additional scenario has been defined considering electric generation emissions associated with EBVs and PHEVs charging from a combined-cycle power plant. These charging emissions would produce slight NO2 increases in the downwind areas of <3 μg m−3. Thus, fleet electrification would improve urban air quality even when considering emissions associated with charging electric vehicles. However, two further points should be considered. First, fleet electrification cannot be considered a unique solution, and other management strategies may be defined. This is especially important with respect to particulate matter emissions, which are not significantly reduced by fleet electrification (<5%) due to the high weight of non-exhaust emissions. Second, a significant introduction of electric vehicles (26–40%) involving all vehicle categories is required to improve urban air quality.