batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Increased physical activity (PA) has been associated with a decreased risk for the occurrence and recurrence of many cancers. PA is an important outcome measure in rehabilitation interventions within cancer and may be used as a proxy measure of recovery or deterioration in health status following treatment and in the palliative care setting. PA is a complex multi-dimensional construct which is challenging to measure accurately. Factors such as technical precision and feasibility influence the choice of PA measurement tool. Laboratory-based methods are precise and mainly used for validation purposes, but their clinical applicability is limited. Self-report methods such as questionnaires are widely used due to their simplicity and reasonable cost; however, accuracy can be questionable. Objective methods such as pedometers measure step count but do not measure intensity, frequency or duration of activity. Accelerometers can measure PA behaviour at both ends of the movement spectrum from sedentary to vigorous levels of activity and can also provide objective data about the frequency, intensity, type and duration of PA. Balancing precision with ease of use, accelerometry may be the best measure of PA in cancer-based studies, but only a small number of studies have incorporated this measurement. This review will provide a background to PA and an overview of accelerometer measurement as well as technical and practical considerations, so this useful tool could be more widely incorporated into clinical trial research within cancer.
Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications is a new and rapidly developing technology for large-scale networking of devices without dependence on human interaction. Energy efficiency is one of the important design objectives for machine-to-machine network architectures that often contain multi-hop wireless subnetworks. Constructing energy-efficient routes for sending data through such networks is important not only for the longevity of the nodes which typically depend on battery energy, but also for achieving an environmentally friendly system design overall, which will be imperative as M2M networks scale in number of nodes as projected. The objective of this survey is to provide a comprehensive look into shortest-path based energy-efficient routing alternatives to provide a reference for system designers as well as researchers. We start by describing M2M and its application areas, as well as its challenges. Next, a detailed account of energy-efficient unicast routing alternatives, with a particular focus on those based on additive link cost is given. Following a novel comprehensive classification of shortest-path-based energy-efficient routing algorithms designed for wireless ad hoc and sensor networks, we end by comparisons and discussions of the use of different cost metrics.
A highly electroactive polypyrrole with hollow “horns” in micro/nanometers (h-PPy) is galvanostatically prepared by a template-free approach in p-toluenesulfonate alkaline solution. Its electrochemical capacitance properties are characterized to verify its promising applicability for supercapacitors. Besides its high specific surface area, h-PPy shows unexpectedly good ordering of molecular chain and great conjugation length, contributing to high ionic and electronic conductivity. These advantages lead to a remarkable specific capacitance of 400Fg−1 and ultrafast charging/discharging capability with a specific capacitance of 274Fg−1 at the charging/discharging time of even 0.4s. Moreover, the micro/nanostructured hollow “horns”, which can tolerate the mechanical stress in charging/discharging process, significantly improve the cycle life of h-PPy so that the capacitance retains 90% after 100,000 continuous cycles. All of its distinguishing quality enable h-PPy to be an excellent active material of supercapacitors.
The suitability of some single/binary liquid electrolytes and polymer electrolytes with a 1M solution of LiCF3SO3 was evaluated for discharge capacity and cycle performance of Li/S cells at room temperature. The liquid electrolyte content in the cell was found to have a profound influence on the first discharge capacity and cycle property. The optimum, stable cycle performance at about 450mAhg−1 was obtained with a medium content (12μl) of electrolyte. Comparison of cycle performance of cells with tetra(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ether (TEGDME), TEGDME/1,3-dioxolane (DIOX) (1:1, v/v) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME)/di(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ether (DEGDME) (1:1, v/v) showed better results with the mixed electrolytes based on TEGDME. The addition of 5vol.% of toluene in TEGDME had a remarkable effect of increasing the initial discharge capacity from 386 to 736mAhg−1 (by >90%) and stabilizing the cycle properties, attributed to the reduced lithium metal interfacial resistance obtained for the system. Polymer electrolyte based on microporous poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) membrane and TEGDME/DIOX was evaluated for ionic conductivity at room temperature, lithium metal interfacial resistance and cycle performance in room-temperature Li/S cells. A comparison of the liquid electrolyte and polymer electrolyte showed a better performance of the former.
Lithium oxygen batteries have attracted much attention due to the high theoretical energy density. However, they suffer a large overpotential during oxygen evolution process and thus catalysts play a vital role in the reaction. Here, we systematically explored the influence of Pt-based nanoparticle catalysts on the discharge product Li2O2. Because of the superior electrical conductivity and the strong binding with oxygen, Pt-based nanoparticles serve as active sites which are favorable for the growth of toroidal Li2O2. We also found that the content and composition of Pt-based nanoparticle catalysts exert a significant influence on the electrochemical performance of lithium oxygen batteries. The discharge products are composed of crystalline Li2O2 and oxygen-rich LiO2 characterized by high-energy X-ray diffraction and Raman. Atomic force microscopy further provides detailed information of the particle size and surface roughness. The loading of Pt catalysts determines the phase and size of Li2O2 on the discharged electrode surface. This study will be beneficial for the optimization of Pt-based catalysts used in non-aqueous lithium oxygen batteries.
Improving sulfur redox kinetics and cycling stability of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries through controlling inherent dissolution of polysulfides and following shuttle effect is pivotal for further progress of this promising electrochemical system. In this work, three-dimensional porous microspheres composed of nanosized sulfur particles, nitrogen-doped oxygen-deficient TiO2-x nanorods and reduced graphene oxide (N-TiO2-x/RGO/S) were synthesized as sulfur host material for the first time in spray-drying process. The microspheres construction with void spaces mitigated volumetric expansion upon charge/discharge cycling and improved sulfur utilization. Furthermore, the N-TiO2-x nanorods enhanced the conductivity of the material and exhibited strong capability for adsorption and the migration of lithium polysulfides, which was demonstrated by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Due to such advantages, the N-TiO2-x/RGO/S cathode delivered excellent rate capability and stable cycle performance at 1.0 C over 300 cycles with a specific capacity about 700 mAh g−1. This novel design and preparation strategy also contributes to the materials engineering and structural design towards remarkable improvement of electrochemical performance of energy storage systems.
Advances in flexible electronics set new requirements of highly deformable energy generators to power these electronic devices. It is still a challenge to simultaneously achieve high stretchability and strong power generation for most energy generators to adapt the practical flexible applications. Herein, a hierarchical micro-nanostructure featured with high transparency, full stretchability, and superhydrophobicity is first created to construct high performance bimodal triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for harvesting mechanical energy and water energy. The core SiO2/poly[vinylidenelfuoride-co-trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) hierarchical micro-nanostructure is fabricated by a scalable electrospinning technology, and then reliably transferred to a pre-stretched elastomer to achieve robust stretchability and superhydrophobicity. Owing to the significantly increased surface roughness, the triboelectric output of the hierarchical structure is enhanced by 3 times higher than that of the pristine bulk film. The full flexibility characteristic enables the device to work under 300% stretching deformation without degrading performance. Furthermore, the superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning properties provide the TENG additional water energy harvesting ability. Under water flowing rate of 11 mL/s, the output reach approximately to 36 V, and 10 μA. The bifunctional energy harvesting ability, together with good transparency, high stretchability, and robust superhydrophobicity make the TENG a promising sustainable energy source for next-generation electronic devices.
By skillfully designing the double-sided protective structure, WS2 nanosheets in situ grow on reduced graphene oxide hollow spheres (Hs-rGO). Then nitrogen doped graphene (NG) is coated on the outer layer to obtained NG@WS2@Hs-rGO. Double-sided protective structure of NG@WS2@Hs-rGO is successfully fabricated via a facile synthesis strategy. When evaluated as an anode material for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), NG@WS2@Hs-rGO exhibits a high specific capacity of 1309.4 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and excellent rate capability (166.1 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 4000 mA g−1). More strikingly, at a high current density of 1000 mA g−1, the NG@WS2@Hs-rGO electrode delivers a discharge capacity of 300.9 mAh g−1 after 320 cycles. The capacity retention of the electrode material reaches as high as 106% of the discharge capacity after the 10th cycle. Internally, the elastic Hs-rGO provides space for the bulk expansion of WS2. Externally, the outer layer of WS2 coated with NG not only improves the conductivity, but also provides more active sites for Li ion storage. The double-sided protective structure makes NG@WS2@Hs-rGO a potential anode material for light and high-performance LIBs.
As a new molecular cluster cathode material for lithium batteries, K5.72H3.28[PV14O42] (KPV), a hetero polyoxovanadate with a bi-capped Keggin structure, was synthesized. Its crystal structure was refined by X-ray Rietveld analysis, and its electrochemical properties were examined. The symmetry space group of KPV was assigned to FM3-M. The [PV14O42]9− bi-capped Keggin units are connected sharing K+ ions. KPV contains many cation site vacancies and has tunnels facing various directions. The polycrystalline KPV powder becomes amorphous when dried at 80 °C, while the molecular cluster structure of KPV, identified by Raman scattering method, is maintained. KPV showed higher discharge capacity with higher discharge voltage than K3[PMo12O40] (KPM) with Keggin-type structure. The most improved property of KPV compared with KPM was cycle stability. KPV kept 95% of its initial discharge capacity after 50 cycles of discharge–charge, whereas KPM kept only 35%. The presence of bi-capped Keggin unit is confirmed by ex situ EXAFS measurement, even though a rapid amorphization of KPV was observed at the beginning of the discharge–charge process in ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The results of ex situ EXAFS measurement and the reversible charge transfer resistance of KPV estimated from the AC-impedance measurement during the discharge–charge process also indicate that the cycle stability of KPV is attributable to the stability of the KPV cluster ion unit.
3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (3,4-MDPV) is a prevalent member of α-pyrrolidinophenones, a group of new psychoactive substances, known for its strong psychostimulant effect resulting from potent stimulation of dopamine (DA) circuitry in the brain. As 3,4-MDPV and its derivatives are successively being scheduled, each year novel analogs appear on the market. This study aimed at examination and direct comparison of psychostimulant properties of structural isomer of 3,4-MDPV, namely 2,3-MDPV along with a model α-pyrrolidinophenone, pyrovalerone.
Soft electronic patches worn on the skin of infants or children in intensive-care units have a wide range of capabilities in aiding critical care, including monitoring of hemodynamic parameters, cardiac activity, movement and crying.
It is well known that LATP (Li1+x+y Al x Ti2−x Si y P3−y O12) glass is a good lithium (Li)-ion conductor. However, the interaction between LATP glass and H+ ions in aqueous electrolytes (including the diffusion and surface adsorption of H+ ions) needs to be well understood before the long-term application of LATP glass in an aqueous electrolyte can be realized. In this work, we investigate H+-ion diffusion in LATP glass and their interactions with the glass surface using both experimental and modeling approaches. Our results indicate that the apparent H+-related current observed in the initial cyclic voltammetry scan should be attributed to the adsorption of H+ ions on the LATP glass rather than the bulk diffusion of H+ ions. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations indicate that the H+-ion diffusion energy barrier (3.21 eV) is much higher than that for Li+ ions (0.79 eV) and Na+ ions (0.79 eV) in a NASICON-type LiTi2(PO4)3 material. As a result, H+-ion conductivity in LATP glass is negligible at room temperature. However, significant surface corrosion was found after the LATP glass in a strong alkaline electrolyte. Therefore, to prevent LATP glass from corrosion, appropriate electrolytes must be developed for long-term operation of LATP in aqueous Li–air batteries.
Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) made of blends of ionic liquids and polymer elements, are of high interest as electrolytes in batteries. They possess the high mechanical stability and non-fluidity of solids, together with the thermal and electrochemical stabilities of ionic liquids. In the present work we studied GPE, comprised of a EMI·(HF)2.3F ionic liquid and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate polymer. Morphological characteristics, thermal, electrical, and electrochemical studies confirmed the ability of the GPE to serve as an electrolyte in an all solid Si–air battery. The ionic transport number, determined via the Wagner polarization technique, was found to be close to unity, suggesting ionic conduction domination over an electrical conduction. GPE containing 70mol% ionic liquid showed a discharge voltage of 0.6V over more than 850h, in a discharge current of 0.1mAcm−2. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using gel polymer electrolytes in silicon–air batteries that offer unprecedented specific energy for powering low power devices.
Accurate health estimation and lifetime prediction of lithium-ion batteries are crucial for durable electric vehicles. Early detection of inadequate performance facilitates timely maintenance of battery systems. This reduces operational costs and prevents accidents and malfunctions. Recent advancements in “Big Data” analytics and related statistical/computational tools raised interest in data-driven battery health estimation. Here, we will review these in view of their feasibility and cost-effectiveness in dealing with battery health in real-world applications. We categorise these methods according to their underlying models/algorithms and discuss their advantages and limitations. In the final section we focus on challenges of real-time battery health management and discuss potential next-generation techniques. We are confident that this review will inform commercial technology choices and academic research agendas alike, thus boosting progress in data-driven battery health estimation and prediction on all technology readiness levels.
Simulation is a well-established and effective approach to the development of fuel-efficient and low-emissions vehicles in both on-highway and off-highway applications. The simulation of on-highway automotive vehicles is widely reported in literature, whereas research relating to non-automotive and off-highway vehicles is relatively sparse. This review paper focuses on the challenges of simulating such vehicles and discusses the differences in the approach to drive cycle testing and experimental validation of vehicle simulations. In particular, an inner-city diesel-electric hybrid bus and an ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) powered forklift truck will be used as case studies. Computer prediction of fuel consumption and emissions of automotive vehicles on standardised drive cycles is well-established and commercial software packages such as AVL CRUISE have been specifically developed for this purpose. The vehicles considered in this review paper present new challenges from both the simulation and drive-cycle testing perspectives. For example, in the case of the forklift truck, the drive cycles involve reversing elements, variable mass, lifting operations, and do not specify a precise velocity-time profile. In particular, the difficulties associated with the prediction of productivity, i.e. the maximum rate of completing a series of defined operations, are discussed. In the case of the hybrid bus, the standardised drive cycles are unrepresentative of real-life use and alternative approaches are required in the development of efficient and low-emission vehicles. Two simulation approaches are reviewed: the adaptation of a standard automotive vehicle simulation package, and the development of bespoke models using packages such as MATLAB/Simulink.
A nano-sized LiMnPO4@C core@shell structure was prepared through a facile two-step method. Oleylamine was introduced in the synthesis process using as both solvent and carbon source. The LiMnPO4@C structure has a particle size smaller than 40nm with uniform 2–3nm carbon coating layers, which interweave to form a secondary micrometer-sized mesoporous structure. The as-prepared LiMnPO4@C showed a high capacity of 168mAhg−1 at 0.1C and 105mAhg−1 at 5C applied as a cathode electrode for lithium ion batteries. The thin layer carbon coating not only increases LiMnPO4 in electronic and ionic conductivity, but also enhances its cycling ability by stabilizing the solid electrolyte interface.
Nickel-rich nickel-cobalt-manganese layered oxides receive significant attention as advanced cathode materials, however, they suffer from poor cycling performance at elevated temperature because of surface instability. In this study, we develop nickel-rich cathode materials modified by an artificial cathode-electrolyte interphase layer embedding silyl ether functional groups. An artificial cathode-electrolyte interphase layer-functionalized nickel-rich cathode materials are simply synthesized via a wet-coating-based thermal treatment using a dimethoxydimethylsilane as an organic precursor. The task-specific silyl ether functional groups are effective in selectively scavenging nucleophilic fluoride species, which potentially triggers the dissolution of transition metal components into the electrolyte. Microscopic analyses indicate that the artificial cathode-electrolyte interphase layer is well developed on the surface of the nickel-rich cathode materials with several nanometers-thickness. The cells cycled with functionalized nickel-rich cathodes exhibit much higher cycling retentions (∼70.0%) than the cell cycled with bare nickel-rich cathode (47.1%) at high temperature. Additional systematical analyses indicate that the artificial cathode-electrolyte interphase layers effectively mitigate the electrolyte decomposition and the dissolution of transition metal components, thereby improving the cycling behavior of the cell on the basis of increased interfacial stability of nickel-rich cathode materials.
In this work we report on the use of 0.3M LiTFSI in PC–PYR14TFSI (50:50wt.%) as electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Conductivity, viscosity and electrochemical stability of this electrolyte were investigated and compared with those of the electrolytes 1M LiPF6 in PC and 0.3M LiTFSI in PC. The thermal stability of these electrolytes at 60°C was also investigated. LIBs containing LTO as anode and LFP as cathode were assembled and tested in the three electrolytes at room temperature and 60°C. The results of these tests show that the use of 0.3M LiTFSI in PC–PYR14TFSI (50:50wt.%) allows the realization of LIBs able to deliver high capacity and to display high cycling stability at both temperatures.
The spiny water flea (Bythotrephes longimanus) is spreading from Great Lakes coastal waters into northern inland lakes within a northern temperature-defined latitudinal band. Colonization of Great Lakes coastal embayments is assisted by winds and seiche surges, yet rapid inland expansion across the northern states comes through an overland process. The lack of invasions at Isle Royale National Park contrasts with rapid expansion on the nearby Keweenaw Peninsula. Both regions have comparable geology, lake density, and fauna, but differ in recreational fishing boat access, visitation, and containment measures. Tail spines protect Bythotrephes against young of the year, but not larger fish, yet the unusual thick-shelled diapausing eggs can pass through fish guts in viable condition. Sediment traps illustrate how fish spread diapausing eggs across lakes in fecal pellets. Trillions of diapausing eggs are produced per year in Lake Michigan and billions per year in Lake Michigamme, a large inland lake. Dispersal by recreational fishing is linked to use of baitfish, diapausing eggs defecated into live wells and bait buckets, and Bythothephes snagged on fishing line, anchor ropes, and minnow seines. Relatively simple measures, such as on-site rinsing of live wells, restricting transfer of certain baitfish species, or holding baitfish for 24 h (defecation period), should greatly reduce dispersal.
In this work we study the structural degradation of a laboratory Li-ion battery LiFePO4/Carbon Black (LFP/CB) cathode by various electron microscopy techniques including low kV Focused Ion Beam (FIB)/Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 3D tomography. Several changes are observed in FIB/SEM images of fresh and degraded cathodes, including cracks in the LFP particles, secondary disconnected particles, and agglomeration of CB. Low voltage (1 kV) SEM images show that the CB agglomerates have a different brightness than the fresh CB, due to charging effects. This suggests that the electronic conductivity of the CB agglomerates is low compared to that of the fresh CB particles. HRTEM analysis shows that fresh CB particles are quasi crystalline, whereas the LFP/CB interface in the degraded electrode shows amorphous carbon surrounding the LFP particles. The presence of the amorphous carbon is known to impede the electronic conductivity and thereby decreasing percolation in the cathode and reducing the electrode capacity.
A nano-Pt-supported carbon anode was prepared by supporting Pt nanoparticles onto carbon powder. Ultrafine Pt nanoparticles could be well distributed on the surface of carbon particles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), cyclic voltammetry (CV), FTIR, and impedance spectroscopy were used to study on the electrode structure and electrochemical performance. Nano-Pt-supported carbon anode enhanced the Li discharge reaction and suppressed the solvent decomposition reaction, which are favorable for lithium batteries.