batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We have investigated a tunnel-type β-FeOOH cathode material for rapid sodium storage. Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data obtained for β-FeOOH indicated that the structure was stabilized into [2 × 2] hollandite tunnel structure, and the adhesion of the β-FeOOH onto carbon nanotubes (CNTs) led to a high electrical conductivity of 3Scm−1. As a result, the β-FeOOH/CNTs composite electrode showed excellent electrode performance, with a discharge capacity of 205 mAh g−1 and a coulombic efficiency of 88.5% in the voltage range of 1.1–4V during the first cycle, 131 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles, and a capacity retention of 70% over 300 cycles at 10C (1920mAg−1). Based on the XRD, X-ray absorption, and time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectroscopy results, we suggest a new conversion mechanism for the β-FeOOH cathode material in Na cells, namely, FeOOH + Na+ + e- → FeO + NaOH. This conversion reaction produces NaOH as a byproduct, and the reaction is fairly reversible even at 10 C-rates.
Extended battery system lifetime and reduced costs are essential to the success of electric vehicles. An effective thermal management strategy is one method of enhancing system lifetime increasing vehicle range. Vehicle-typical space restrictions favor the minimization of battery thermal management system (BTMS) size and weight, making their production and subsequent vehicle integration extremely difficult and complex. Due to these space requirements, a cooling plate as part of a water–glycerol cooling circuit is commonly implemented. This paper presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model and multi-objective analysis technique for determining the thermal effect of coolant flow rate and inlet temperature in a cooling plate—at a range of vehicle operating conditions—on a battery system, thereby providing a dynamic input for one-dimensional models. Traditionally, one-dimensional vehicular thermal management system models assume a static heat input from components such as a battery system: as a result, the components are designed for a set coolant input (flow rate and inlet temperature). Such a design method is insufficient for dynamic thermal management models and control strategies, thereby compromising system efficiency. The presented approach allows for optimal BMTS design and integration in the vehicular coolant circuit.
New manganese oxi-iodides were prepared by redox reaction of sodium permanganate with lithium iodide in aqueous medium at room temperature. The effects of Li/Mn ratio, carbon incorporation at the synthesis stage and grinding were systematically studied. Structural characterization showed that these materials are nanocrystalline. Best electrochemical results were obtained either on samples with carbon mixed after synthesized, submitted to extensive grinding before electrode fabrication, or on samples for which carbon black was incorporated directly in the aqueous reaction medium at the synthesis stage. Typical capacities in the potential window 1.8–3.8V are160 and 130mAhg−1 at the 40th and 100th cycle, respectively.
A number of detailed case studies in plastic failure analysis are presented. These examples span a wide variety of polymer types, industries, and failure modes. The case studies illustrate the use of fractography, as well as other complementary techniques such as fracture mechanics, stress analysis, material characterization, exemplar testing, and nondestructive test methods, in identifying the root cause. The use of these case studies and other literature as part of a regular and systematic peer review process within a root cause failure analysis is also discussed.
Energy decisions play an essential role in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transportation sector. Biogas is a renewable energy source and can be used as an energy source for gas-operated cars or for electric cars. This paper compares different ways to use biogas, which is produced on a medium scale anaerobic digestion plants, as an energy source for transportation. The research is conducted from an economic and environmental point of view, and the option to deliver upgraded biogas via a natural gas grid is taken into account. Different processes for the use of biogas for transportation purposes are compared using life cycle assessment (LCA) methods in the Finnish operational environment. It seems that the most economical way is to use biogas in gas-operated cars due to the high price of methane for vehicle fuel use. A new feed-in tariff for electricity produced with biogas will, however, have highly positive economic effects on electricity production from biogas. From the environmental point of view, the highest CO2 reductions are gained when biogas is used in gas-operated cars or in CHP plants for power and heat production. During the transition stage, it might be reasonable to use biogas in gas-operated cars and most importantly in heavy vehicles to reduce GHG and local pollutants rapidly. If biogas production is located near a natural gas grid, the biogas can be delivered effectively via the natural gas grid. The use of biogas in gas-operated cars is an effective way to reduce carbon dioxide significantly in the transportation sector.
Lithium (Li) salt is a key factor which impacts the performance of the electrolyte and electrodes for metallic Li rechargeable batteries. In this work, the compatibility of Li oxalyldifluoroborate (LiODFB) which is used as Li salt for the electrolyte with Li metal electrode is studied, and compared with Li perchlorate (LiClO4) and Li hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6). The electrochemical stability of different Li salt based electrolytes, the plating/stripping cycling performance of Li electrode in different electrolytes, the morphologies of the Li deposit formed in different electrolytes, the electrochemical kinetics of Li+ electrodeposition in different electrolytes, and the solid electrolyte interphase film formed on the electrolyte/Li electrode interface with different electrolytes are evaluated and compared. The results show that LiODFB has much better compatibility with Li metal electrode and is suitable for electrolyte in metallic Li rechargeable batteries.
Abstract The initial findings and performance of a prototype electric vehicle conversion of a famous Malaysian city car; the perodual kancil, is presented in this paper. The 660cc, three cylinder carbureted engine rated at 31Hp (22.1KW) was replaced with a 48-72V series wound DC motor rated at 8KW continuous and 20KW peak. The battery pack consists of eight T105 Trojan 6V, 225Ah deep cycle lead acid battery which builds up a voltage of 48V. In addition to this, an ultracapacitor module (165F, 48V) is connected in parallel using high power contactors in order to investigate the increase in performance criteria such as acceleration, range, battery life etc which have been proven in various literatures via simulation studies. A data acquisition system is setup in order to collect real world driving data from the electric vehicle on the fly along a fixed route. Analysis of collected driving data is done using MATLAB software and comparison of performance of the electric vehicle with and without ultracapacitor module is made.
Résumé Objectifs Le but de cette étude était d’évaluer les différences (et donc ressemblances) de performances induites par deux types de dyspraxies : la dyspraxie développementale et la dyspraxie consécutive à la prématurité. Matériel Trois domaines de compétences ont été explorés : attentionnel–exécutif, sensorimoteur et visuospatial. Dans ce but, des épreuves issues de la « Nepsy » et du « Purdue pegboard test » ont été utilisées. Méthode Les résultats d’une évaluation neuropsychologique d’enfants présentant une dyspraxie d’origine développementale (DVLT ; 32 enfants) ont été comparés à ceux d’enfants anciens prématurés (AP ; 16 enfants) porteurs d’une dyspraxie identifiée comme séquelle de leur prématurité. Les critères d’inclusion et d’exclusion des enfants dans notre étude ont été définis à partir de la définition de Gérard (Gérard C-L. Le concept de dyspraxie. In: Gérard C-L, Brun V, editors. Les dyspraxies de l’enfant. Paris: Masson; 2005. p.15–24.). Résultats Les deux groupes d’enfants obtenaient des performances similaires dans le domaine visuospatial. En revanche, des différences entre les enfants DVLT et AP ne sont apparues que sur une épreuve du domaine attention–exécutif, celle d’attention visuelle et sur quelques épreuves du domaine sensorimoteur. Pour toutes ces épreuves, les AP s’avéraient moins performants que les DVLT. Conclusion Les raisons pouvant expliquer les plus faibles performances des AP seraient à rechercher dans la présence d’un trouble de la commande motrice aux membres supérieurs, une différence d’intensité des troubles praxiques et/ou leur pathologie oculomotrice. En effet, une éventuelle pathologie oculomotrice affecterait particulièrement les épreuves d’« attention visuelle » et de « précision visuomotrice » qui sont justement celles où ces enfants présentent un déficit de performance.
Several reports have suggested a role for epigenetic mechanisms in ASD etiology. Epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may shed light on particular biological mechanisms. However, studies of ASD cases versus controls have been limited by post-mortem timing and severely small sample sizes. Reports from in-life sampling of blood or saliva have also been very limited in sample size and/or genomic coverage. We present the largest case-control EWAS for ASD to date, combining data from population-based case-control and case-sibling pair studies.
Long-term stability of the electrode–tissue interface may be required to maintain optimal neural recording with subdural and deep brain implants and to permit appropriate delivery of neuromodulation therapy. Although short-term changes in impedance at the electrode–tissue interface are known to occur, long-term changes in impedance have not previously been examined in detail in humans. To provide further information about short- and long-term impedance changes in chronically implanted electrodes, a dataset from 191 persons with medically intractable epilepsy participating in a trial of an investigational responsive neurostimulation device (the RNS® System, NeuroPace, Inc.) was reviewed. Monopolar impedance measurements were available for 391 depth and subdural leads containing a total of 1564 electrodes; measurements were available for median 802 days post-implant (range 28–1634). Although there were statistically significant short-term impedance changes, long-term impedance was stable after one year. Impedances for depth electrodes transiently increased during the third week after lead implantation and impedances for subdural electrodes increased over 12 weeks post-implant, then were stable over the subsequent long-term follow-up. Both depth and subdural electrode impedances demonstrated long-term stability, suggesting that the quality of long-term electrographic recordings (the data used to control responsive brain stimulation) can be maintained over time.
The burning of our diminishing fossil fuel reserves is accompanied by a large anthropogenic CO2 release, which is outpacing nature's CO2 recycling capability, causing significant environmental harm. Much is being done to avert this crisis including more efficient technology for usage, savings and replacing carbon fuels with alternatives whenever feasible. The capture of CO2 followed by sequestration (CCS) into geologic formation or under the seas has also been proposed and in some cases implemented. Carbon capture and recycling (CCR) to fuels and materials is another promising approach. At first, capturing carbon dioxide from concentrated sources such as fossil fuel burning power plants, industrial plants and natural sources might be the most practical. However, the capture of CO2 from the atmosphere is also technically feasible despite its low concentration (∼390 ppm) and presents even some benefits compared to point source CO2 capture. The present article reviews methods developed for the capture of CO2 directly from the air as well as their advantages and drawbacks. While strong bases such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide could be used, their regeneration is energy intensive, requiring high temperatures. Amines either physically or chemically immobilized on solid supports require much lower temperatures for their regeneration and are therefore promising candidates.
A novel ZnO/conductive-ceramic nanocomposite was prepared by a homogeneous precipitation method. The conductive ceramic with the nominal chemical composition of (ZnO)0.92(Bi2O3)0.054(Co2O3)0.025(Nb2O5)0.00075(Y2O3)0.00025, as the nucleation sites of ZnO, was prepared by ball milling and surface modification process and its effects on electrochemical performance of ZnO were investigated by charge/discharge cycling, slow rate cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Compared with pure ZnO, the ZnO/conductive-ceramic electrode exhibited improved electrochemical properties, such as superior cycle stability, higher discharge capacity and utilization ratio. When the conductive ceramic content reached 14wt.%, the discharge capacity of the ZnO/conductive-ceramic nanocomposite hardly declined over 50 cycling test, the average utilization ratio could reach 99.5%, and the electrodes had no obvious weight loss after cycling tests.
Valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries are traditionally classified on the basis of gel and absorptive glass mat (AGM) separators. To fulfill the desired functions of AGM batteries, a key design feature of the separator relies on the uptake of the electrolyte in shortest transport time. Herein, we present a three-dimensional (3D) analytical model to predict the fastest electrolyte uptake in AGM separators based upon the optimal set of fiber and structural parameters. The predictive model has utilized 3D data of fiber orientation in AGM separators, obtained via X-ray micro-computed tomography analysis. Such realistic structural information of AGM has assisted in simulating the separators made up of cheaper coarser glass fibers, which was subsequently benchmarked with the experimental samples consisting of finer fibers for attaining the fastest electrolyte uptake. Through theoretical modeling, a design criterion has successfully evolved for the fastest electrolyte uptake by mapping the key effects of the fiber diameter, 3D fiber orientation distribution and porosity of AGM separators. In general, high-density AGM separators comprising of preferentially aligned coarser fibers tend to attain the fastest electrolyte uptake.
Verbal fluency and verbal memory have been reported to be diminished in patients with schizophrenia. These deficits could partially predict functional disability in this pathology. However, processing speed often mediates the relationship among cognitive processes in the disorder. Our goal was to analyse the influence of processing speed as mediator of the relation between verbal fluency–verbal memory and functional disability in chronic schizophrenia. We examined 90 hospitalized patients and 30 healthy controls (matched for gender, age and years of education). The neuropsychological battery included tests for verbal fluency, verbal memory, motor speed and processing speed. Outcome measures included Disability Assessment Schedule (DAS-WHO) and number of hospitalizations (NH). Results confirmed chronicity on clinical symptoms (PANSS total X =48.94+14.97 PANSS negative X =27.81+10.18, PANSS positive X =23.51+10.81) and impairment on functional disability (DAS-WHO X =13.62+4.28). As expected, verbal fluency was severely impaired in patients and significantly predicted functional outcome. Immediate and Delayed Verbal Memory were also severely impaired and predicted functional outcome. However, when processing speed was entered in the regression analyses the significance of verbal fluency and verbal memory decreased significantly. Sobel's equation was significant, suggesting full mediation. Our findings suggest that processing speed may be a central factor in the relation between cognitive symptoms and functional outcome in chronic schizophrenia.
In this work, the influence of two common ionic liquid (IL) anions on the anodic stability of Al current collectors was studied. Namely, the Al corrosion/passivation process in N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PYR14TFSI) is compared to the one in N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (PYR14FSI). It is shown, that Al slowly corrodes in PYR14FSI, while it is much better passivated in PYR14TFSI, although the ionic liquids were prepared in the same way. Float tests were carried out to illustrate the consequences of these different anodic stabilities of Al on the cycling stability of supercapacitors. Interestingly, when the chloride content of PYR14FSI was <1 ppm, Al electrodes were also pretty stable in this IL, and a similar cycling stability during float tests than for PYR14TFSI could be obtained.
In this study, spinel Li4Ti5−x Al x O12 (x =0, 0.05) materials were successfully synthesized by a simple and facile sol–gel process. The characteristics of the as-prepared Li4Ti5−x Al x O12 (x =0, 0.05) were examined by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electronic microscopy, while the electrochemical performances including charge/discharge test, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were also investigated. Li4Ti4.95Al0.05O12 electrode demonstrated the superior initial discharge capacity and rate capability to Li4Ti5O12 electrode cycled between 1.0 and 2.5V or between 0 and 2.5V. The enhanced rate capability can be attributed to the higher Li+ diffusivity and lower charge-transfer resistance due to the substitution of Al3+for Ti4+. Moreover, when both electrodes discharged to 0V, the reversible capacities were further increased ∼50mAhg−1 with excellent cycling stability and almost no irreversible capability was observed during cycling.
A direct borohydride-hydrogen peroxide fuel cell employing carbon-supported Prussian Blue (PB) as mediated electron-transfer cathode catalyst is reported. While operating at 30°C, the direct borohydride-hydrogen peroxide fuel cell employing carbon-supported PB cathode catalyst shows superior performance with the maximum output power density of 68mWcm−2 at an operating voltage of 1.1V compared to direct borohydride-hydrogen peroxide fuel cell employing the conventional gold-based cathode with the maximum output power density of 47mWcm−2 at an operating voltage of 0.7V. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) suggest that anchoring of Cetyl-Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) as a surfactant moiety on carbon-supported PB affects the catalyst morphology. Polarization studies on direct borohydride-hydrogen peroxide fuel cell with carbon-supported CTAB-anchored PB cathode exhibit better performance with the maximum output power density of 50mWcm−2 at an operating voltage of 1V than the direct borohydride-hydrogen peroxide fuel cell with carbon-supported Prussian Blue without CTAB with the maximum output power density of 29mWcm−2 at an operating voltage of 1V.
Publisher Summary An environmental audit is a systematic, documented, periodic, and objective evaluation of how well environmental organization, management, and equipment are performing. Monitoring of emissions, discharges and disposals is a prerequisite of control. Depending upon the waste stream, sampling and analysis may be continuous or periodic. Measurement methods for physico-chemical properties and chemical analysis of waste streams are very diverse. The basic database for the control of environmental pollution is a pollution inventory—that is, a tabulation of emissions, discharges and wastes from the factory or activity covering all operating phases. This includes atmospheric emissions, aqueous discharges, solid wastes, noise, and transport.
Ordered titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2NTs) modified with indium tin oxide (ITO) films were obtained via magnetron sputtering, in which ITO plate was used as a target, onto the as-anodized titania support followed by the calcination process. The morphology of fabricated material with deposited oxide was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Raman and UV–Vis spectroscopies were utilized to characterize crystalline phase and optical properties of prepared samples, whereas X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy allowed determining the binding energy of present elements. In the case of titanium, three various oxidation states were identified and also the presence of indium and tin was confirmed. The electrochemical test carried out when the sample was exposed to light allows for selection of the most photoactive material. The highest photocurrent was registered when only 5-nm ITO layer was sputtered, and it equals 256 and 133 µA cm−2 for the electrode material immersed in 0.5 M KOH and K2SO4 electrolytes, respectively, that is accordingly 3.5 and 4.4 times higher than the one observed for pristine titania. Furthermore, ITO-modified titania exhibits excellent photostability upon prolonged illumination that is of key importance for possible application in light-driven processes.
The chemistry of the discharge products of metal–oxygen batteries is related to the battery's efficiency but knowledge of their formation mechanism is incomplete. Now, the initial discharge product in sodium–oxygen batteries is shown to be sodium superoxide, which undergoes dissolution and then transforms to sodium peroxide dihydrate.
This entry examines what vocabulary second or foreign learners should know, how this vocabulary can be learned, how learners' progress can be monitored, and how a vocabulary program can be evaluated. The description of how vocabulary can be learned is organized around the four strands of meaning-focused input, meaning focused output, deliberate learning, and fluency development. The focus is on the learning of English, but the same principles apply to other languages.
The mammalian eminentia thalami (EmT) (or thalamic eminence) is an embryonic forebrain structure of unknown function. Here, we examined the molecular and cellular properties of the mouse EmT. We first studied mRNA expression of signalling molecules and found that the EmT is a structure, rich in expression of secreted factors, with Wnts being the most abundantly detected. We then examined whether EmT tissue could induce cell fate changes when grafted ectopically. For this, we transplanted EmT tissue from a tau-GFP mouse to the ventral telencephalon of a wild type host, a telencephalic region where Wnt signalling is not normally active but which we showed in culture experiments is competent to respond to Wnts. We observed that the EmT was able to induce in adjacent ventral telencephalic cells ectopic expression of Lef1, a transcriptional activator and a target gene of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These Lef1-positive;GFP-negative cells expressed the telencephalic marker Foxg1 but not Ascl1, which is normally expressed by ventral telencephalic cells. These results suggest that the EmT has the capacity to activate Wnt/β-catenin signalling in the ventral telencephalon and to suppress ventral telencephalic gene expression. Altogether, our data support a role of the EmT as a signalling centre in the developing mouse forebrain.
A series of Li deficient LiTi2(PO4)3 samples were prepared and sintered and the density was measured to determine the rate-controlling species for sintering of LiTi2(PO4)3. It was observed that as the Li content decreased the density decreased. This result suggests that oxygen does not control sintering. A comparison of the LiTi2(PO4)3 sintering data to sintering and diffusion data in olivine, which exhibits a similar framework structure to LiTi2(PO4)3, suggests that P is the species which controls sintering. This suggestion was confirmed by the density results of a Li excess LiTi2(PO4)3 sample.