batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Here we present a facile synthetic route to design nitrogen-doped nanostructured carbon-based electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by the copyrolysis of blood biomass from pig and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at high temperatures. The nitrogen-doped CNTs obtained at 800°C not only results in excellent ORR activity with four-electron transfer selectivity in alkaline medium, but also exhibits superior methanol-tolerant property and long-term stability. It is confirmed that high-temperature pyrolysis processes can facilitate to produce higher contents of pyridinic- and pyrrolic-N binding groups in electrocatalysts, contributing to the enhancement of ORR performance in terms of onset potential, half-wave potential, and limited current density. We also propose that the planar-N configuration may be the active site that is responsible for the improved ORR electrocatalytic performance. The straight-forward and cheap synthesis of the active and stable electrocatalyst makes it a promising candidate for electrochemical power sources such as fuel cells or metal-air batteries.
In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to provide the redox states of the NaI/I2 mediators in an all-solid-state mediator-enhanced supercapacitor during the charge/discharge processes. Results show that in the charge process from −0.08 (open-circuit voltage (OCV)) to 0.80 V at constant current of 5 mA, all of the I− ions were oxidized to I2. However, in the discharge process from +0.80 V to OCV at constant current of −5 mA, only I 3 − ions were detected indicating that the I2 molecules were reduced to I 3 − ions. Upon a negative polarization from OCV to −0.80 V at constant current of −5 mA, the I 3 − ions were reduced to I− ions. Based on combined in situ XAS and cyclic voltammetry data, we show that the I−/I2 redox couple proceeds via the formation of I 3 − ions as an intermediate step.
Three pilot scale lysimeters were adopted to evaluate the stability pattern and leaching potential of heavy metals from MSW landfills under the E-waste co-disposed condition. One lysimeter served as control and solely filled with MSW, whereas the other two lysimeters were provided with 10% and 25% of E-waste scraps (% by weight), respectively. The reactors were monitored over a period of 280days at ambient settings with continuous leachate recirculation. Stabilization pattern of carbon appears to be more than 50% in all the three lysimeters with irrespective of their operating conditions. Iron and zinc concentrations were high in leachate during bioreactor landfill operation and correlating with the TCLP leachability test results. In contrast, Pb concentration was around <0.6mg/L, but which showed maximum leaching potential under TCLP test conditions. But, no heavy metal accumulation was found with leachate recirculation practices in lysimeters. Mobility of the metal content from the E-waste was found to be amplified with the long term disposal or stabilization within landfills. The results showed that the TCLP test cannot be completely reliable tool for measuring long-term leachability of toxic substances under landfill condition; rather landfill lysimeter studies are necessary to get the real scenario.
The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) has been identified as one of the most promising candidates for large-scale energy storage systems. Nevertheless, the high capital cost, particularly the cost of electrolytes, has hindered its broad market penetration. In this work, we use abundant seawater to replace deionized water for VRFB electrolyte preparation. Testing results show that both the coulombic efficiency and capacity retention rate in the case of using seawater electrolytes are higher than using the deionized-water electrolytes, although the battery voltage efficiency slightly decreases due to the lower mass transport diffusivity of V3+ in seawater. Moreover, the solubility of vanadium sulfate in seawater increases by ∼12%. The overall cost of seawater-prepared electrolytes is cheaper by 3.6% than that of the deionized water prepared electrolytes. The results indicate that seawater offers the potential to replace deionized water as a new avenue for VRFB electrolyte preparations.
The formation of a SEI layer and its growth cause internal resistance increase and capacity loss, leading to performance degradation of lithium-ion batteries. In order to comprehensively investigate the effects of SEI growth on battery performance, a one-dimensional thermal-electrochemical model was developed. This model is equipped with a growth mechanism of the SEI layer coupled with thermal evolution, based on the diffusional process of the solvent through the SEI layer and the kinetic process at the interface between the solid and liquid phases. The model is able to reveal the effects of diffusivity, reaction kinetics and temperature on SEI layer growth and cell capacity fade. We show that depending on the SEI thickness, the growth can be kinetics-limited or diffusion-limited. With the layer becoming thicker, its growth rate slows down gradually due to increased diffusion resistance. The SEI layer grows faster during charge than discharge due to the difference in the electron flux through the SEI layer and the temperature change during cycling. Temperature rise due to reaction and joule heating accelerates the SEI layer growth, leading to more capacity loss. Our model can provide insights on position-dependent SEI growth rate and be used to guide the strategic monitoring location.
Motor skills have great impact on children in adapting to an environment and developing interpersonal interaction, cognition, and social behavior. Understanding what children can do and how they perform it is essential. Most motor tests seldom contain quality evaluation in the items or criteria. The purpose of this study was to develop and construct validity of the Preschooler Gross Motor Quality Scale (PGMQ) that included 17 items in three subscales to evaluate the quality of fundamental motor skills for the preschooler. The study designed PGMQ items and subscales according to well-described procedures, and recruited 174 children, aged 3–6 (89 boys and 85 girls) from 17 kindergartens. Two independent evaluators who were unaware of each other's results evaluated all the children separately in their kindergartens using PGMQ standardized setting and procedures and Gross Motor Scales of Peabody Developmental Motor Scales II (PDMS-II). Results of this study found significant differences between different ages and genders (Wilks’ Λ =0.221, p <.001 and Wilks’ Λ =0.690, p <.001 respectively). Total scores and raw scores in three subscales of PGMQ increased as age increased. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed three factors, including locomotion, manipulative ability and balance to explain 51.06% of the variance. The correlations between PGMQ and PDMS-II subscales were moderate to high (r =0.544–0.868, p <.01). The results showed satisfactory validity of PGMQ. PGMQ is useful to evaluate the development and quality of fundamental motor skills for the preschoolers.
Carbon free composites Li1−x Mg x FePO4 (x =0.00, 0.02) were synthesized from LiOH, H3PO4, FeSO4 and MgSO4 through hydrothermal route at 180°C for 6h followed by being fired at 750°C for 6h. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and electronic conductivity measurement. To investigate their electrochemical properties, the samples were mixed with glucose as carbon precursors, and fired at 750°C for 6h. The charge–discharge curves and cycle life test were carried out at 23±2°C. The Rietveid refinement results of lattice parameters of the samples indicate that the magnesium ion has been successfully doped into the M1 (Li) site of the phospho-olivine structure. With the same order of magnitude, there is no material difference in terms of the electronic conductivities between the doped and undoped composites. Conductivities of the doped and undoped samples are 10−10 Scm−1 before being fired, 10−9 Scm−1 after being fired at 750°C, and 10−1 Scm−1 after coated with carbon, respectively. Both the doped and undoped composites coated with carbon exhibit comparable specific capacities of 146mAhg−1 vs. 144mAhg−1 at 0.2C, 140mAhg−1 vs. 138mAhg−1 at 1C, and 124mAhg−1 vs. 123mAhg−1 at 5C, respectively. The capacity retention rates of both doped and undoped samples over 50 cycles at 5C are close to 100% (vs. the first-cycle corresponding C-rate capacity). Magnesium doping has little effects on electronic conductivity and electrochemical properties of LiFePO4 composites prepared via hydrothermal route.
The electrochemical performance of nanostructured nickel-cobalt sulfides is greatly limited by the sluggish reaction kinetics and limited electroactive sites. Herein, we design and synthesize free-standing Se doped nickel-cobalt sulfides with controllable-component directly on carbon cloth, which involves the hydrothermal process and sulfuration/selenylation reaction. Serving as free-standing electrode, as-synthesized Se doped nickel-cobalt sulfides not only favor the fast ion diffusion path and low contact resistance, but also provide rich electroactive sites with electrolyte. More importantly, proper Se doping in nickel-cobalt sulfides greatly increases the electrochemically active surface area and reduces the charge transfer resistance. Based on the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy results, the reaction mechanism is convincingly revealed that Se dopants have been changed into SeOx. And electrochemical activated oxyhydroxides are mainly involved in electrochemical reactions. As a result, as-fabricated Se doped nickel-cobalt sulfides show a good electrochemical performance for supercapattery. Further, the supercapattery device is also assembled by using nickel-cobalt sulfide/selenide as positive electrode and activated carbon as negative electrode, which shows a high energy density of 39.6 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 1501 W kg−1.
An amphiphilic graft copolymer, i.e. poly(vinyl chloride)-graft-poly(oxyethylene methacrylate) (PVC-g-POEM) comprised of a PVC backbone and POEM side chains was synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and complexed with a salt for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications. The coordinative interactions and structural changes of polymer electrolytes were investigated using FT-IR spectroscopy, wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the d-spacing between PVC domains was significantly increased upon the introduction of metal salt, ionic liquid and oligomer, indicating their selective confinement in the hydrophilic POEM domains. The ion-conducting POEM domains were well interconnected, resulting in high ionic conductivity (∼10−4 S/cm at 25°C) and energy conversion efficiency (∼5.0% at 100mW/cm2) in the solid-state.
In this article we present the difference in thermal stability of Li/LiFePO4| half cells with liquid and solid polymer electrolytes. After two initial cycles, the cells were charged to two different state of charge (SOC) of 50 and 100%. The thermal stability of the half cells is assessed with an accelerating rate calorimeter, and the thermal runaway parameters are discussed for each experiment: dependence of self-heating rate on temperature, temperature of a first-detected exothermic reaction, and maximum cell temperature. The dependence of those parameters with respect to the SOC is also presented.
Aluminum hydride (AlH3), often referred to as Alane, is examined as a hydrogen storage media for fuel cell-based portable power applications. The hydrogen storage capacity and thermally activated dehydrogenation of Alane makes it a candidate as a hydrogen storage material for portable fuel cell systems. In this study, Alane is found to provide a high gravimetric and volumetric energy density for portable power applications; however, there are significant challenges that must be addressed. These challenges include proper thermal control of the Alane dehydrogenation, fuel utilization and storage/treatment of excess hydrogen, and most importantly safety measures to prevent failure from an over-pressurization caused by excess hydrogen.
Sensory processing difficulties are common across neurodevelopmental disorders. Thus, reliable measures are needed to understand the biological underpinnings of these differences. This study aimed to define a scoring methodology specific to auditory (AOR) and tactile (TOR) over-responsivity. Second, in a pilot cohort using MRI Diffusion Tensor Imaging, we performed a proof of concept study of whether children with AOR showed measurable differences in their white matter integrity.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the commonly used general-purpose alternating current motors. Electric motors are the most common drivers for the majority of pumps, compressors, agitators, and similar equipment in the process industries. Process engineers should obtain the assistance of a qualified electrical engineer before completing motor specifications for the wide variety of equipment applications and respective power sources. Variations in required speed or speed increase or decrease from the driver may be handled by gear boxes, belt or chain drive, magnetic drive, magnetic or fluid couplings, or variable-speed motors. The belt drive must be properly grounded. In explosive or hazardous atmospheres, belts are not recommended, but if used, they must be of the anti-sparking design with special brushes to ensure the grounding of static charges. The chapter reveals that torque is the turning effort developed by the motor or the resistance to turning exerted by the load. Usually torque is expressed in ft-lb; however, the usual expression is as a percentage of the full load torque. Synchronous motors usually offer several types of torque. Starting or breakaway (called locked rotor) torque is developed at the instant of starting. The torque requirements of the driven equipment determine the torque specifications of the motor from initial start to shutdown.
Publisher Summary Haemophilus influenzae is a facultative anaerobe that has an absolute requirement for nicotene amide adenine and a source of haem. At the time, a gram-negative coccobacillus is frequently isolated from the sputum of individuals with influenzal pneumonia. The frequency of this observation led to the conclusion that this organism, named Haemophilus influenzae, is the cause of influenza. H. influenzae is more accurately defined as a commensal organism of the human respiratory tract, and it is shown to be a common cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Occasionally, it also causes more serious, life-threatening invasive disease, such as meningitis. The pathogenesis of disease caused by nontypable H. influenzae and H. influenzae type b involves multiple steps. Although similar mechanisms are used to promote colonization of the nasopharynx, both organisms express unique virulence determinants that dictate the spectrum of disease they are able to cause. Although it is a major determinant of virulence, the capsule has played a useful role as the basis of the highly successful H. influenzae vaccine. In contrast, no such highly conserved virulence determinant is common to nontypable strains of H. influenzae, which complicates the search for a candidate vaccine for this group of organisms. As a consequence while disease due to type b stains is now rare, nontypable strains continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and often mortality in children.
Combining polycondensation/hydrogenation allowed varying crosslink density in a controlled way. The obtained solvent-free and oligomer-free polymer electrolytes exhibit outstanding conductivities in a wide temperature range. In comparison with poly(oxyethylene) (PEO) based electrolytes, the conductivities of the new crosslinked polymer electrolytes are much higher at ambient temperatures. Furthermore, their conductivity maxima exceed the PEO ones and, to the best of our knowledge, are the highest known. Moreover, contrary to PEO electrolytes, they don’t creep after melting. The unsophisticated architecture and chemistry make easy the scale up of these promising polymer electrolytes.
The synergistic effect of Cyanex 302 on solvent extraction of nickel and cadmium from sulfate solution with D2EHPA diluted in kerosene has been investigated with the aim of increasing separation efficiency. Experiments are carried out using the sole D2EHPA and also D2EHPA–Cyanex 302 mixtures in different ratios. As a result, satisfactory separation has been found with a Cyanex 302 to D2EHPA ratio of 0.1 M:0.5 M. The extraction equilibrium constants, enthalpy change, and entropy change of the cadmium extraction are also determined. The stoichiometric coefficient of cadmium for the sole D2EHPA and three different D2EHPA to Cyanex 302 ratios has been determined by applying the slope analysis method. The experimental data of cadmium extraction have been employed to model the distribution coefficient of cadmium by multiple linear regression.
With a potential to facilitate the integration of renewable energy into the electricity system, electric drive vehicles may offer a considerable flexibility by allowing for charging and discharging when desired. This paper takes the perspective of an aggregator that manages the electricity market participation of a vehicle fleet and presents a framework for optimizing charging and discharging of the electric drive vehicles, given the driving patterns of the fleet and the variations in market prices of electricity. When the aggregator is a price-taker the optimization can be stated in terms of linear programming whereas a quadratic programming formulation is required when he/she has market power. A Danish case study illustrates the construction of representative driving patterns through clustering of survey data from Western Denmark and the prediction of electricity price variations through regression on prices from the Nordic market. The results show that electric vehicles provide flexibility almost exclusively through charging. Moreover, the vehicles provide flexibility within the day but only limited flexibility from day to day when driving patterns are fixed.
Thermally exfoliated graphite oxide (GO) has been prepared at a low temperature and ambient pressure usually contains flourish oxygen functional groups. We find that complete oxidized graphite can be successfully expanded, as well as partially exfoliated and reduced at a very low temperature about 200 °C and ambient pressure without any supplementary conditions such as high vacuum or under hydrogen environment. The electrochemical properties of supercapacitor electrodes are studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge (DC) methods. Supercapacitors are constructed with as-prepared functionalized graphene have good electrochemical performance, with a maximum specific capacitance of 315 F g−1 at the charge/discharge current density of 100 mA g−1 using 1 M KOH electrolyte and a high charge/discharge efficiency of about 97%.
Elevated serum blood lactate is an indicator of on-going bleeding in severe trauma patients. Point-of-care (POC) capillary lactate measurement devices may be useful to rapidly assess lactate concentration at the bedside. The aim of this study was to test the diagnostic performance of capillary lactate to predict significant transfusion in normotensive trauma patients.
Dogs develop age-dependent cognitive deficits that parallel declines observed in normal and pathological aging in humans. Like humans, some dogs show no decline, some show mild decline, and others of the same age develop severe cognitive impairments. Aged dogs show decreases in locomotion and changes in other behaviors but continue to display appropriate responses, just to a lesser extent compared to young dogs. Impaired dogs by contrast, show abnormal responses. These dogs are hyperactive, unresponsive to social stimuli or toys, and often engage in stereotypical behaviors. The aged dog is also well suited for investigation of the initial stages of plaque formation in the aging brain. Beta-amyloid deposition in the form of diffuse plaques is a prominent feature of the aged dog brain. Oxidative damage and neuron loss are also features of the canine brain while neurofibrillary tangles are absent. MRI procedures also reveal commonalities between the aging dog and human brains, including shrinkage, spontaneous lesion formation, and reduced blood flow. These findings suggest that the dog can be used to model the earliest phases of cognitive, behavioral and neuropathological changes associated with brain aging in humans. The existence of dogs that maintain cognitive function with age may provide insight into promoting successful aging in humans.
A series of (1−x)LiMnPO4·xLi3V2(PO4)3/C (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1) composites cathode materials are successfully synthesized by solid-state method. The structures and properties of the composites have been studied with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental mapping, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and electrochemical measurements. XRD results reveal that the composites comprise Li3V2(PO4)3 phase and LiMnPO4 phase with a small amount of LiVP2O7 impurity. The electrochemical measurement results show that the ratios of LiMnPO4 to Li3V2(PO4)3 are correlated with the electrochemical performances of the composite materials. Among these composites, the 0.6LiMnPO4·0.4Li3V2(PO4)3 exhibits the best electrochemical performance, it can deliver specific capacity of 154 mA h g−1 at 0.05 C charge–discharge rate.
All redox flow batteries suffer from low energy storage density in comparison with conventional Li-ion batteries. However, this issue can be mitigated by utilization of solid energy storage materials to enhance the energy storage capacity. In this paper we demonstrate the utilization of copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) Prussian blue analogue for this purpose, coupled with N,N,N-2,2,6,6-heptamethylpiperidinyl oxy-4-ammonium chloride (TEMPTMA) as a soluble redox mediator to target the redox transitions of the solid material. In this case, indirect charging and discharging of CuHCF suspended in the electrolyte by electrochemically oxidized/reduced TEMPTMA was observed by chronoamperometry. Secondly, electrochemistry of different CuHCF composites with carbon black and multi-walled carbon nanotubes were investigated, highlighting that the high conductivity of the solid energy storage materials is crucial to access the maximal charge storage capacity. Finally, a CuHCF-TEMPTMA/Zn aqueous redox flow battery achieved stable cycling performances with high coulombic efficiency of 95% and volumetric capacity of 350 C mL−1.
The effect of nano-scale particle size on the performance of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) electrode is investigated by computational simulation. Newman pseudo-2D (P2D) model is utilized to characterize the performance of LTO electrode. However, unlike previous P2D lithium ion battery (LIB) models, the model design adjustable parameters are set based on the experimental data obtained from monodispersed active electrode particles. This allows the model to accurately reflect real battery performance. The model provides the optimum nano-particle size for a specific application, which eliminates the performance loss due to the limited mass transportation. The model can be employed for a wide range of electrode materials to optimize the particle-size and reduce fabrication costs by avoiding unnecessary particle size reduction.