batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67), nickel carbonate hydroxide (Ni2CO3(OH)2), and Ni2CO3(OH)2@ZIF-67 composite were synthesized by a typical hydrothermal method. During the synthesis of Ni2CO3(OH)2@ZIF-67, ZIF-67 acts as a host for the growth of Ni2CO3(OH)2. The structure and morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results confirmed that the porous morphology of Ni2CO3(OH)2@ZIF-67 was an urchin-like structure with fibers as basic structures. The porous structure combined with Ni2CO3(OH)2 maximized the utilization of active material, resulting in a high specific capacitance. The electrochemical performance of the sample was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical measurements showed that ZIF-67, Ni2CO3(OH)2 and Ni2CO3(OH)2@ZIF-67 electrodes delivered maximum capacitances of 65, 712 and 1,037 F g−1, respectively, at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1. About 80 % of the specific capacitance of Ni2CO3(OH)2@ZIF-67 was retained after 1,600 cycles at a scan rate of 10 mV s−1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte solutions. All the results indicated that the Ni2CO3(OH)2@ZIF-67 composite was a promising material for supercapacitors.
A 1D model based on physical and electrochemical processes of a lithium ion cell is used to describe constant current and hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) data from a 6Ah cell designed for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application. An approximate solution method for the diffusion of lithium ions within active material particles is formulated using the finite element method and implemented in the previously developed 1D electrochemical model as an explicit difference equation. Reaction current distribution and redistribution processes occurring during discharge and current interrupt, respectively, are driven by gradients in equilibrium potential that arise due to solid diffusion limitations. The model is extrapolated to predict voltage response at discharge rates up to 40C where end of discharge is caused by negative electrode active material surface concentrations near depletion. Simple expressions are derived from an analytical solution to describe solid-state diffusion limited current for short duration, high-rate pulses.
To develop highly efficient energy harvesting means to sustainably driving miniaturized portable electronic devices, the hybrid nanogenerators (NGs) are emerging to compensate for the respective shortcomings of either type of NG. However, the crucial factors affecting the output performances of hybrid NGs still exist, such as the driving frequency, phase difference and mismatched impedance. Here, the bimorph-based piezoelectric NG was integrated into the triboelectric NG to construct a hybrid piezo/triboelectric NG (H-P/TENG) for highly efficient mechanical rotation-energy harvesting. Systematic measurements and analyses illustrated the output performance of H-P/TENG was independent of the rotation speed (driving frequency) due to the invariable periodic deformation degree of the H-P/TENG. Both NGs in the H-P/TENG had the identical phase and matched impedance in the same magnitude, which were beneficial for direct coupling of their individual rectified output signals and avoided unnecessary energy loss from the utilization of transformer. Under a low rotation speed of 100 rpm, the proposed H-P/TENG delivered high output voltage, output current and large average power/power density at ~210 V, 395 μA and 10.88 mW/6.04 mW cm−2, respectively. The output voltage/current of the sophisticated H-P/TENG could retain at ~210 V/400 μA under rotation speeds from 50 to 250 rpm. Through integrating an energy managing circuit with the H-P/TENG, we developed a DC power source (stable DC output at 3.6 V) to sustainably drive RF wireless temperature sensing network and commercial electronics. The H-P/TENG was also capable of producing high output voltage (150 V) and current (150 μA) at wind speed of 14 m/s to power 50 LEDs in parallel connection. The distinctive structure and outstanding performance of this hybrid NG is promising for the practical application of self-powered systems and the large-scale energy conversion.
Noninvasive human neuroimaging has yielded many discoveries about the brain. Numerous methodological advances have also occurred, though inertia has slowed their adoption. This paper presents an integrated approach to data acquisition, analysis and sharing that builds upon recent advances, particularly from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). The 'HCP-style' paradigm has seven core tenets: (i) collect multimodal imaging data from many subjects; (ii) acquire data at high spatial and temporal resolution; (iii) preprocess data to minimize distortions, blurring and temporal artifacts; (iv) represent data using the natural geometry of cortical and subcortical structures; (v) accurately align corresponding brain areas across subjects and studies; (vi) analyze data using neurobiologically accurate brain parcellations; and (vii) share published data via user-friendly databases. We illustrate the HCP-style paradigm using existing HCP data sets and provide guidance for future research. Widespread adoption of this paradigm should accelerate progress in understanding the brain in health and disease.
The polymeric binder is seen to affect the thermal stability and deformation of spherical graphite used in lithium ion battery anodes. Spherical natural graphite anodes are prepared using three different binders: two aqueous-based binders, polyacrylic acid (PAA) and a mixture of carboxy-methyl cellulose and styrene butadiene rubber (abbreviated CMC/SBR), and an organic-based binder, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The thermal stability of fully lithiated electrodes is measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The PAA binder effectively suppresses heat evolution (43% (PVDF) and 23% (CMC/SBR) less heat) at low temperatures up to 200 °C during DSC scans of the lithiated electrodes, compared to the PVDF and CMC/SBR binders. In addition, the PAA binder allows the graphite electrode to maintain an appropriate porous structure (13% greater porosity than the PVDF and CMC/SBR electrodes) even at high electrode density after 6 kgf cm−2 compression, thus leading to enhanced effective cycles (11% (PVDF) and 60% (CMC/SBR) greater capacity after 50 cycles).
Solar energy is the most promising resource as it plays a vital role in economic growth, improvement in quality of life and achievement of sustainable future of a nation. The objective of the present study is to conduct the Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Challenges (SWOC) analysis of solar energy deployment in Indian context. Moreover, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique is utilized to obtain priority of the SWOC variables in deployment of solar energy. The hybrid combination of AHP with SWOC analysis produces analytically determined priorities for the factors and makes them commensurable. Finally, sensitivity analysis has been used to investigate SWOC variables’ rank stability. Among SWOC variables, opportunity factor emerged out to be the most dominant which concludes that deploying solar energy can provide several chances to grow for a nation sustainably. Moreover, weakness associated with solar energy reaches to bottom place which shows bright future of diffusion of solar energy. Present study will assist policy planners, and concerned authorities to understand the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges of solar energy in order to plan, manage and develop it effectively to attain sustainability.
The neural networks that putatively modulate aspects of normal emotional behavior have been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders by converging evidence from neuroimaging, neuropathological and lesion analysis studies. These networks involve the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and closely related areas in the medial and caudolateral orbital cortex (medial prefrontal network), amygdala, hippocampus, and ventromedial parts of the basal ganglia, where alterations in grey matter volume and neurophysiological activity are found in cases with recurrent depressive episodes. Such findings hold major implications for models of the neurocircuits that underlie depression. In particular evidence from lesion analysis studies suggests that the MPFC and related limbic and striato-pallido-thalamic structures organize emotional expression. The MPFC is part of a larger “default system” of cortical areas that include the dorsal PFC, mid- and posterior cingulate cortex, anterior temporal cortex, and entorhinal and parahippocampal cortex, which has been implicated in self-referential functions. Dysfunction within and between structures in this circuit may induce disturbances in emotional behavior and other cognitive aspects of depressive syndromes in humans. Further, because the MPFC and related limbic structures provide forebrain modulation over visceral control structures in the hypothalamus and brainstem, their dysfunction can account for the disturbances in autonomic regulation and neuroendocrine responses that are associated with mood disorders. This paper discusses these systems together with the neurochemical systems that impinge on them and form the basis for most pharmacological therapies.
Background Several placebo controlled studies investigating lamotrigine augmentation of clozapine in schizophrenia patients with partial response have shown varying results. The aim of this study was to further investigate the efficacy and safety of this augmentation strategy, and its effect on the glutamatergic system through utilizing mismatch negativity (MMN) component of auditory event related potentials. Methods The study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lamotrigine augmentation of clozapine in a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective, randomized design. Thirty-four patients diagnosed according to DSM-IV schizophrenia criteria and with partial response to clozapine were included. Patients were randomized to 25mg/day of lamotrigine or placebo, gradually increasing up to 200mg/day on the 6th week. The change in psychopathology was assessed with Positive and Negative Syndrome (PANSS), Calgary Depression (CDS) and Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) scales. A neuropsychological test battery was administered and MMN measurements were also obtained at baseline and endpoint. Safety evaluation included physical examination, UKU Side Effect Rating Scale (UKU) assessment and serum drug level measurements. Results No significant differences were found between the two treatment groups in PANSS Positive and General Psychopathology, CDS, neurocognitive test and UKU scores, as well as MMN measurements. PANSS Total, Negative and CGI-S scores showed significant improvement compared to lamotrigine in the placebo group. Conclusion This study did not show any benefit of augmentation of clozapine with lamotrigine in schizophrenia patients with partial response. The need for further investigation of other augmentation strategies of clozapine in partially responsive schizophrenia patients is evident.
The electrochemical behaviors of dioxygen (O2) were studied by using rotate ring–disk electrode (RRDE) and other electrochemical methods at bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)–dihexadecyl hydrogen phosphate (DHP) film modified GCE. The results showed that the electrochemical reduction of dioxygen was considered to proceed by a two-step two-electron reduction pathway at both bare GCE and SWNTs–DHP film modified GCE in 0.1mol/L air-saturated sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Maybe because each reaction rate for two cases was different the cyclic voltammograms measurements exhibited different behaviors. The detection of ring current confirmed the presence of middle product hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Furthermore, larger current and more positive reduction potential indicated that SWNTs showed a catalytic effect towards the electrochemical reduction of dioxygen.
We demonstrate a one-stone-two-birds strategy for synthesizing nitrogen-doped carbon materials via hydrothermal treatment of Gastrodia elata. The solid product followed by further ionothermal pyrolysis exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction via a dominant four-electron oxygen reduction pathway in alkaline medium, and shows superior crossover resistance, CO tolerance, and catalytic stability to a commercial Pt/C catalyst. The supernatant exhibits strong blue fluorescence under UV radiation, showing its promising potential as new-generation decorative materials combining with Chinese folk paper-cut art and displaying mysterious and stimulating stage effects. Given these excellent electrocatalytic and optical properties, ease of preparation, and abundant resources, such one-stone-two-birds methodology not only endows the products with desirable functionality, but also timely reminds our researchers of the well-accepted saying that things should be used to their best advantages, which becomes more and more urgent especially in recent days characteristic of progressive resource scarcity.
During operation of the valve regulated lead/acid (VRLA) battery, a mixed stoichiometry lead oxide corrosion layer is formed on the surface of the positive electrode. The formation of this layer has a number of consequences including increased electrode resistance and decreased strength. Experimental results obtained from cycling 40Ah VRLA batteries revealed an increase in corrosion layer thickness on the sides of the grid bars compared to the top and bottom. It is suggested that the areas of increased corrosion layer thickness corresponded to the areas of high current density on the surface of the grid. In order to investigate this observation the finite element package ANSYS was used to produce qualitative estimates of the values in current density, which would be expected on the tested grid design. Results suggest that corrosion layer thickening is related to current density. The model was then used to predict the expected current distribution around a number of hypothetical electrode designs. These incorporated changes in both grid bar cross-section and positive active material. Results showed that improvements could be made to existing grid designs with respect to lowering current densities.
Rice is a primary food source for half the world’s population, but little is known of how temporal changes in the field-scale physical environment affect carbon dioxide exchange rate (CER), biomass accumulation, and crop yield. Experiments were conducted in 1998 and 1999 in a commercial field near El Campo, TX, to evaluate interactions between CER and the physical environment. Tower-based conditional sampling was used to measure CER. Environmental parameters such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), net radiation, and temperature were measured along with CER. Whole-plant biomass was also collected throughout both seasons. Fluctuations in diel CER were correlated with changes in PAR, while season-long trends in CER were associated with changes in leaf area index and stage of development. Crop yield was found to be directly related to total carbon-dioxide exchange after heading, and may have been affected by environmental conditions at anthesis, such as temperature and wind speed, or leaf nitrogen status, both of which differed considerably between the two seasons. Data showed a positive correlation between biomass accumulation and cumulative CER for both years of the study.
Tin phosphates with various mesopore ratios are synthesized with surfactants as templates. The mesopore ratios of the tin phosphates are controlled by adjusting the surfactant: inorganic precursor ratios. As an anode material for Li-ion batteries, the mesoporous and non-mesoporous mixture with a high mesopore ratio exhibits enhanced cycling stability. Compared with the ∼34% (∼135mAhg−1) capacity retention after 50 cycles of the non-mesoporous tin phosphate (between 2.5 and 0.001V), the tin-phosphate anodes with mesopore ratios of 42, 82 and 100% show capacity retentions that are enhanced by more than 50%, showing charge capacities of ∼260, ∼290, and ∼325mAhg−1, respectively (after 50 cycles). The mesoporous structures may alleviate the large volume change of the Sn nanoparticles embedded in the lithium-phosphate matrix during charge–discharge. Cycling tests of the 100% mesoporous tin phosphate between 0.8 and 0.001V exhibit no capacity decay: ∼325mAhg−1 remains after 50 cycles. This is probably because re-oxidation of metallic tin with lithium-phosphate matrix does not occur.
It is generally accepted that muscles may activate via the common nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) in response to painful stimuli associated with tensile or compressive forces on peripheral nerves. Following the basic assumption that the radial nerve may be stressed around the elbow during the execution of the Mills manipulation, t wo positions considered to have different mechanical effects on the radial nerve and the brachial plexus were tested in order to i) explore whether muscles are activated in certain patterns with concomitant changes in nerve tension, ii) establish whether muscle responses can be modified with mechanical unloading of the brachial plexus.
For the improvement of organic electrolyte holding ability, the hydrophobic surface of a porous polyethylene (PE)-membrane separator was modified by grafting a hydrophilic monomer, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), PE-g-GMA, by using electron beam technology, and applied to a thin film type Li-ion battery to elucidate the effect of a surface modification of a PE membrane separator on the cyclic life of Li-ion batteries. The Li-ion battery using the PE-g-GMA membrane separator showed a better cycle life than that of the unmodified PE membrane separator, indicating that the surface hydrophilicity of the PE membrane separator improved the electrolyte holding capability between the electrodes in the Li-ion cell and prevented the electrolyte leakage.
The air flow speeds of the dryer are very low on the outer skin of the vehicle to ensure that the paint finish is consistent. This significantly improves the appearance and flow of the top coat. A range of different body types can be dried efficiently using the new system, because the temperature and volume flows can be adjusted to suit the requirements of each type. Different heating and cooling processes can be defined for individual bodies. This is made possible by the cyclic operating mode and the option of assigning a separate unit to each module.© DürrThe bodies are heated from the inside out using nozzles with long throw distances.The air flow in the innovative drying process guarantees the best possible top coat finish.
The mesoporous MnCo2O4/polypyrrole (PPy) composites have been successfully fabricated through three facile steps, solvothermal synthesis, calcination treatment and subsequent in-situ chemical polymerization. The mesoporous MnCo2O4/PPy displays good electrochemical performance in terms of high reversible capacity, good rate performance, and excellent stability. The high discharge capacity of 910mAhg−1 is achieved after 100 cycles at the current density of 200mAg−1. The reversible capacity still remains as high as 598mAhg−1 at the higher current density of 2000mAg−1. The improved electrochemical performance is mainly attributed to the mesoporous structure and the coating layer of PPy, which effectively mitigate the volume change and enable good conductivity and thus enhance fast charge transfer.
Spinel Li4Mn5O12, a well-known 3V Li-ion battery (LIB) material with excellent cycling stability and good rate capability, is examined as Na-ion battery (NIB) cathode for the first time. Electrochemical studies clearly show that Na ions can be reversibly inserted into and extracted from the three-dimensional spinel structure. However, unlike in LIB, the available capacity in NIB is strongly dependent on the particle size and current rate due to the sluggish Na-ion transport in solid phase. Cycle performance of Li4Mn5O12 in NIB is also inferior to that in LIB. Ex-situ X-ray diffraction study indicates a gradual loss of crystallinity with cycling, and that the crystal lattice undergoes an irreversible expansion during the initial 20 cycles. Inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy shows a decrease of Li/Mn ratio in Li4Mn5O12 with cycling. The results suggest that Li ions are removed from the material during the charging process. The charge-discharge mechanism is also discussed in the paper.
LiMnPO4 has been considered as one of the most promising high voltage cathode materials for next-generation lithium ion batteries. However, LiMnPO4 suffers from intrinsic drawbacks of extremely low electronic conductivity and ionic diffusivity between LiMnPO4/MnPO4. In this paper, mesoporous LiMnPO4 nanoparticles are synthesized successfully via a facile glycine-assisted solvothermal rout. The as-prepared mesoporous LiMnPO4/C nanoparticles present well-defined abundant mesoporous structure (diameter of 3∼10nm), uniform carbon layer (thickness of 3∼4nm), high specific surface area (90.1m2/g). As a result, the mesoporous LiMnPO4/C nanoparticles achieve excellent electrochemical performance as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. It demonstrates a high discharge capacity of 167.7, 161.6, 156.4, 148.4 and 128.7 mAh/g at 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5C, and maintains a discharge capacity of 130.0 mAh/g after 100 cycles at 1C. The good electrochemical performance is attributed to its special interpenetrating mesoporous structure in LiMnPO4 nanoparticles, which significantly enhances the ionic and electronic transport and additional capacitive behavior to compensate the sluggish kinetics.
An integrated, autonomous stick-on computing platform is proposed, consisting of (i) the Peer-it stick-on, multi-sensor, multi-actuator computer hardware, (ii) the Peer-it component-based software framework, and (iii) the Peer-it profile markup language PeerML, supporting spontaneous interaction among such platforms. The platform implements Peer-to-Peer computing principles in a self-contained, miniaturized, universal and scalable way, giving raise for application scenarios where the real-world artefacts like e.g. machines, tools or appliances–literally every thing–equipped with Peer-it technology can operate in spontaneously interacting, goal-oriented ensembles. Technically, preferences (like capabilities and goals) and context (like time, geo-position, owner, environmental conditions, etc.) of peers are kept as a profile encoded in PeerML in the local memory of Peer-its, and carried along wherever they move in space. Once peers come into spatial proximity of each other, profiles are exchanged via wireless communication, and the “similarity” of preferences is analyzed. In the case of “matching” preferences, an associated application is notified on both peers. Besides a fully functional autonomous hardware platform integrating multiple sensors, actuator arrays and wireless communication technologies, the Peer-it stick-on computer, a low-memory footprint, OSGi compliant Peer-it software framework has been implemented. We demonstrate in a flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) scenario, how the Peer-it technology can improve over centralized FMSs with respect to fault tolerance, scalability, flexibility in reconfiguration, productivity and efficiency.