batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The oxidation processes at the interface between different types of typical carbon additives for lithium-ion batteries and carbonates electrolyte above 5 V versus Li/Li+ were investigated. Depending on the nature and surface area of the carbon additive, the irreversible capacity during galvanostatic cycling between 2.75 and 5.25 V versus Li/Li+ could be as high as 700 mAh g−1 (of carbon). In the potential region below 5 V versus Li/Li+, high surface carbon additives also showed irreversible plateaus at about 4.1–4.2 and 4.6 V versus Li/Li+. These plateaus disappeared after thermal treatments at or above 150 °C in inert gas. The influence of the irreversible capacity of carbon additives on the overall performances of positive electrodes was discussed.
As lithium ion batteries are adopted in electric vehicles and stationary storage applications, the higher number of cells and greater energy densities increases the risks of possible catastrophic events. This paper shows a definition and method to calculate the state of safety of an energy storage system based on the concept that safety is inversely proportional to the concept of abuse. As the latter increases, the former decreases to zero. Previous descriptions in the literature are qualitative in nature but don’t provide a numerical quantification of the safety of a storage system. In the case of battery testing standards, they only define pass or fail criteria. The proposed state uses the same range as other commonly used state quantities like the SOC, SOH, and SOF, taking values between 0, completely unsafe, and 1, completely safe. The developed function combines the effects of an arbitrary number of subfunctions, each of which describes a particular case of abuse, in one or more variables such as voltage, temperature, or mechanical deformation, which can be detected by sensors or estimated by other techniques. The state of safety definition can be made more general by adding new subfunctions, or by refining the existing ones.
High electroactive areas, high electrochemical activity and low charge transfer resistance are crucial for high electrochemical performance, but their simultaneous realization is still a great challenge. In this work, porous M3S4 (M = Ni, Co) samples with different Ni to Co ratios have been synthesized by anion-exchange-based precursor conversion method. Wherein, the anions exchange causes outer motion and recombination of transition metal ions with S2−, giving rise to a porous microstructure enriched with electroactive edge sites. The synergy between Ni and Co results in superior electrochemical activity for high specific capacity performance. The M3S4 phase contributes to low charge transfer resistance for better rate performance. As a result, the Ni2CoS4 exhibits the best specific capacity of 768 C g−1 at 1 A g−1 and retains 59% of capacity value at 50 A g−1. In addition, the Ni2CoS4 is also used as the cathode materials to assemble hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) with reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and the resulting HSC device demonstrates both high energy and power densities of 34.3 Wh kg−1 at 0.66 kW kg−1 or 19.8 Wh kg−1 at 18.5 kW kg−1. Our work demonstrates that the electrochemical performance can be maximized by the microstructure designing in terms of edge sites of microstructure and crystal structure.
The drying behaviour and water uptake of a variety of commonly used electrode materials (graphite, LiFePO4, LiMn2O4, LiCoO2, Li(NiCoMn)O2) and separators (polyolefin, glass fibre) for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are investigated. The drying experiments are carried out using a coulometric Karl Fischer titrator in combination with a vaporiser. This setup leads to a highly sensitive and precise method to quantify water amounts in the microgram range in solid materials. Thereby the mass specific drying behaviour at RT and 120 °C is determined as well as the water resorption of the investigated materials in conditioned air atmosphere (T: 25 °C, RH: 40%). By extracting characteristic water detection rate curves for the investigated materials, a method is developed to predict the water detection beyond the runtime of the experiment. The results help optimising drying procedures of LIB components and thus can save time and costs. It is also shown, that water contaminations in graphite/LiFePO4 coin cells with a LiPF6 based electrolyte lead to a faster capacity fade during cycling and a significant change of the cell impedance.
The online estimation of battery states and parameters is one of the challenging tasks when battery is used as a part of the pure electric or hybrid energy system. For the determination of the available energy stored in the battery, the knowledge of the present state-of-charge (SOC) and capacity of the battery is required. For SOC and capacity determination often the estimation of the battery electromotive force (EMF) is employed. The electromotive force can be measured as an open circuit voltage (OCV) of the battery when a significant time has elapsed since the current interruption. This time may take up to some hours for lithium-ion batteries and is needed to eliminate the influence of the diffusion overvoltages. This paper proposes a new approach to estimate the EMF by considering the OCV relaxation process within only some first minutes after the current interruption. The approach is based on an online fitting of an OCV relaxation model to the measured OCV relaxation curve. This model is based on an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source (represents the EMF) in series with the parallel connection of the resistance and a constant phase element (CPE). Based on this fitting the model parameters are determined and the EMF is estimated. The application of this method is exemplarily demonstrated for the state-of-charge and capacity estimation of the lithium-ion battery in an electrical vehicle. In the presented example the battery capacity is determined with the maximal inaccuracy of 2% using the EMF estimated at two different levels of state-of-charge. The real-time capability of the proposed algorithm is proven by its implementation on a low-cost 16-bit microcontroller (Infineon XC2287).
Growing self-generation and storage are expected to cause significant changes in residential electricity utilization patterns. Commonly applied volumetric network tariffs may induce imbalance between different groups of households and their respective contribution to recovering the operating costs of the grid. Understanding consumer behaviour and appliance usage together with socio-economic factors can help regulatory authorities to adapt network tariffs to new circumstances in a fair way. Here, we assess the effects of 11 network tariff scenarios on household budgets using real load profiles from 765 households. Thus we explore the possibly disruptive impact of applying peak-load-based tariffs on the budgets of households when they have been mainly charged for consumed volumes before. Our analysis estimates the change in household network expenditure for different combinations of energy, peak and fixed charges, and can help to design tariffs that recover the costs needed for the sustainable operation of the grid.
Carbon possesses unique electrical and structural properties that make it an ideal material for use in fuel cell construction. In alkaline, phosphoric acid and proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), carbon is used in fabricating the bipolar plate and the gas-diffusion layer. It can also act as a support for the active metal in the catalyst layer. Various forms of carbon – from graphite and carbon blacks to composite materials – have been chosen for fuel-cell components. The development of carbon nanotubes and the emergence of nanotechnology in recent years has therefore opened up new avenues of materials development for the low-temperature fuel cells, particularly the hydrogen PEMFC and the direct methanol PEMFC. Carbon nanotubes and aerogels are also being investigated for use as catalyst support, and this could lead to the production of more stable, high activity catalysts, with low platinum loadings (<0.1mgcm−2) and therefore low cost. Carbon can also be used as a fuel in high-temperature fuel cells based on solid oxide, alkaline or molten carbonate technology. In the direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC), the energy of combustion of carbon is converted to electrical power with a thermodynamic efficiency close to 100%. The DCFC could therefore help to extend the use of fossil fuels for power generation as society moves towards a more sustainable energy future.
We have previously shown that 6weeks of a diet containing epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and beta-alanine (B-ALA) was not effective in improving either cognitive or muscle function in aged (18month) mice (Gibbons et al. Behav Brain Res 2014). However, diet reduced oxidative stress in the brain, and previous studies using longer-term interventions have documented beneficial effects in cognitive, but not muscle, function. Therefore, we investigated the effect of 6months of feeding on measures of cognitive and muscle function in mice. Mice (12months, N=15/group) were fed AIN-93M containing 0.15% EGCG and 0.34% B-ALA or standard AIN-93M for 6months, then underwent a battery of tests for cognitive and muscle function at 18months. Interestingly, a higher percentage of mice receiving EGCG and B-ALA (E+B, 80%) survived to study end compared to control (Ctrl, 40%) mice (p=0.02). E+B did not affect arm preference in the Y-maze test (p=0.74, novel arm) and did not alter performance in an active avoidance test (p=0.16, avoidances per 50 trials). E+B increased rotarod performance (p=0.03), did not affect grip strength (p=0.91), and decreased time to exhaustion in a treadmill fatigue test (p=0.02) compared to Ctrl. In conclusion, E+B reduced mortality, had no effect on cognitive function and variable effects on muscle function.
A novel nanocomposite of graphene–encapsulated selenium/polyaniline core–shell nanowires (G@Se/PANI) has been designed and synthesized under the condition of low temperature without heating and investigated as a cathode material for Li-ion batteries. In this nanocomposite, selenium nanowires are well-sealed in the PANI layer with a thickness of ≈25nm forming a core/shell structure and then the Se/PANI core–shell nanowires are uniformly encapsulated in the graphene nanosheets. As expected, the G@Se/PANI nanocomposite exhibits enhanced cycling performance and high-rate capability. The G@Se/PANI nanocomposite displays a reversible discharge capacity of 567.1mAh/g at 0.2C after 200th cycle and 510.9mAh/g at 2C, which could be associated with the highly electrical conductivity of graphene sheets and the unique PANI shell, together with the one-dimensional structure of selenium in the G@Se/PANI nanocomposite.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), first recognised in the USA in 1981, and the infective agent responsible, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), has established itself as a worldwide pandemic in the intervening 27 years. Whilst some education providers have set up services dedicated to caring for patients affected by HIV, it is likely that osteopaths, particularly those situated in urban centres, are increasingly likely to be working with patients and colleagues, or have friends affected by this chronic infectious disease. This masterclass paper aims to summarise the points of interface where HIV-infection affects the neuromusculoskeletal system and may complicate everyday presentations and their clinical management by osteopaths and other manual therapists. Details of the pathophysiology of HIV-infection, drug therapy and medical management of the infection itself are beyond the scope of this paper. Suggested online resources are, however, given where such information can usefully be located.
In order to keep pace with the ever-changing global community, numerous manufacturing companies have switched to the Just-In-Time (JIT) production model, and many others are considering this approach as well. The competition in global markets pressure domestic and Multi National Corporations (MNCs) to meet “global production” standards that enable simultaneous production, or concurrent engineering. Various benefits have been asserted for the companies that utilize the JIT production model for inventory management such as reduced process inventory costs and holding costs.JIT production strategy – also called “Toyota Production System” – is implemented successfully by various automotive manufacturing firms. Turkey has beenmanufacturing the Electric Vehicles (EVs) for the domesticand global markets as well as establishing a production strategy for EVs. Considering that EVs will be penetrating the Turkish auto market for the first time after several unsuccessful attempts (by other countries) throughout the 20th century, it is left up to manufacturers to determine the production strategy due to inadequate supply-demand forecasts. Since the EVis still in its early stages in Turkey, the traditional economic production models(EPQ)might not be the best reference for manufacturers. This paper focuses its investigation on which optimal production model is suitable for a EVs’ battery manufacturing process, and at what point should producers switch from JIT to EMQ in order to reduce costs.
Two kinds of graphene–sulfur composites with 50 wt% of sulfur are prepared using hydrothermal method and thermal mixing, respectively. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectra mapping show that sulfur nanocrystals with size of ∼5 nm dispersed on graphene sheets homogeneously for the sample prepared by hydrothermal method (NanoS@G). While for the thermal mixed graphene–sulfur composite (S–G mixture), sulfur shows larger and uneven size (50–200 nm). X-ray Photoelectron Spectra (XPS) reveals the strong chemical bonding between the sulfur nanocrystals and graphene. Comparing with the S–G mixture, the NanoS@G composite shows highly improved electrochemical performance as cathode for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery. The NanoS@G composite delivers an initial capacity of 1400 mAh g−1 with the sulfur utilization of 83.7% at a current density of 335 mA g−1. The capacity keeps above 720 mAh g−1 over 100 cycles. The strong adherence of the sulfur nanocrystals on graphene immobilizes sulfur and polysulfides species and suppressed the “shuttle effect”, resulting higher coulombic efficiency and better capacity retention. Electrochemical impedance also suggests that the strong bonding enabled rapid electronic/ionic transport and improved electrochemical kinetics, therefore good rate capability is obtained. These results demonstrate that the NanoS@G composite is a very promising candidate for high-performance Li–S batteries.
When discussing how society can decrease greenhouse gas emissions, the transport sector is often seen as posing one of the most difficult problems. In addition, the transport sector faces problems related to security of supply. The aim of this paper is to present possible strategies for a road transport system based on renewable energy sources and to illustrate how such a system could be designed to avoid dependency on imports, using Sweden as an example. The demand-side strategies considered include measures for decreasing the demand for transport, as well as various technical and non-technical means of improving vehicle fuel economy. On the supply side, biofuels and synthetic fuels produced from renewable electricity are discussed. Calculations are performed to ascertain the possible impact of these measures on the future Swedish road transport sector. The results underline the importance of powerful demand-side measures and show that although biofuels can certainly contribute significantly to an import-independent road transport sector, they are far from enough even in a biomass-rich country like Sweden. Instead, according to this study, fuels based on renewable electricity will have to cover more than half of the road transport sector’s energy demand.
A polymerizable ionic liquid is explored as the precursor to produce nitrogen-doped carbon powders. The ionic liquid is functionalized with NO3− anions, which decompose and release gases during the pyrolysis process, facilitating the formation of a carbon foam. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses show that the carbon foam is composed of curved carbon nanosheets with the maximum thickness of 70 nm. The favorable compositional (nitrogen doping to provide catalytically active sites) and morphological (curved nanosheet architecture to increase the contact area between electrolytes and catalytically active sites) characteristics make the present carbon powders a potential metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions. As expected, the nitrogen-doped and curved carbon nanosheets exhibit a considerable activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction as well as a moderate ability for catalyzing the oxygen evolution reaction in KOH solutions.
In the supply chain, a warehouse is an essential component for linking the chain partners. It is necessary to allocate warehouse resources efficiently and effectively to enhance the productivity and reduce the operation costs of the warehouse. Therefore, warehouse management systems (WMSs) have been developed for handling warehouse resources and monitoring warehouse operations. However, it is difficult to update daily operations of inventory level, locations of forklifts and stock keeping units (SKUs) in real-time by using the bar-code-based or manual-based warehouse management systems. In this paper, RFID technology is adopted to facilitate the collection and sharing of data in a warehouse. Tests are performed for evaluating the reading performance of both the active and passive RFID apparatus. With the help of the testing results, the efficient radio frequency cover ranges of the readers are examined for formulating a radio frequency identification case-based logistics resource management system (R-LRMS). The capabilities of R-LRMS are demonstrated in GSL Limited. Three objectives are achieved: (i) a simplification of RFID adoption procedure, (ii) an improvement in the visibility of warehouse operations and (iii) an enhancement of the productivity of the warehouse. The successful case example proved the feasibility of R-LRMS in real working practice.
Cross-linked poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl-4-yl methacrylate) (PTMA) gel with higher ionic conductivity tends to show a higher diffusion coefficient. The gel swollen in ethylene carbonate (EC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (4:6, v/v) -based electrolyte exhibits the highest diffusion coefficient among the gels swollen in EC-based electrolytes. The ORB with the electrolyte shows the best discharging rate characteristics in the ORBs with EC-based electrolyte, and the capacity at the 40C–rate is 83% of the 1C–rate capacity. The gel swollen in acetonitrile-based electrolyte, which has extremely high ionic conductivity, shows an approximately 5 times higher diffusion coefficient than that of the gel swollen in the EC/DMC-based electrolyte. In the ORB with acetonitrile-based electrolyte, 70% of the 1C–rate capacity remains at 200C–rate discharge. The higher diffusion coefficient in charge transportation of the cross-linked PTMA gel leads to better discharge rate characteristics for the ORBs. We clarify that charge transportation in the PTMA gel is an important determining factor of discharge rate properties.
We review the characteristics and the properties of various types of gel-type, ionically conducting membranes. We have mainly investigated two classes of membranes, one characterized by lithium ion transport and the other characterized by proton conductivity. We show that the former membranes are suitable to be used as separators in advanced lithium ion plastic batteries and that the latter show good promises to be considered as alternative, new separators in polymer electrolyte fuel cells.
Here we develop a facile process for preparing few-layer SnS2/graphene (FL-SnS2/G) hybrid by solution-phase method employing l-cysteine as a complexing, sulfide source and reducing agent. The FL-SnS2/G hybrid is characterized by XRD, SEM and HRTEM. It is demonstrated that the few-layer SnS2 with defects or disorder structure supports on graphene surface. Electrochemical tests show the FL-SnS2/G hybrid exhibits an extraordinary capacity of up to 920mAhg−1 with excellent cycling stability and high-rate capability. The significant improvement in the electrochemical performances is attributed to the robust composite structure and some synergistic interactions between few-layer SnS2 and graphene. Electrochemical impedance spectra confirm that the incorporation of graphene considerably improved the electric conductivity and electron rapid transfer of the FL-SnS2/G hybrid. Therefore, this new kind of FL-SnS2/G hybrid can be used as a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries.
This paper describes a system for transferring power across a transdermal needle into a smart refill port for recharging implantable drug delivery systems. The device uses a modified 26 gauge (0.46 mm outer diameter) Huber needle with multiple conductive elements designed to couple with mechanical springs in the septum of the refill port of a drug delivery device to form an electrical connection that can sustain the current required to recharge a battery during a reservoir refill session. The needle is fabricated from stainless steel coated with Parylene, and the refill port septum is made from micromachined stainless steel contact springs and polydimethylsiloxane. The device properties were characterized with dry and wet ambient conditions. The needle and port pair had an average contact resistance of less than 2 Ω when mated in either environment. Electrical isolation between the system, the liquid in the needle lumen, and surrounding material has been demonstrated. The device was used to recharge a NiMH battery with currents up to 500 mA with less than 15°C of resistive heating. The system was punctured 100 times to provide preliminary information with regard to device longevity, and exhibited about 1 Ω variation in contact resistance. The results suggest that this needle and refill port system can be used in an implant to enable battery recharging. This allows for smaller batteries to be used and ultimately increases the volume efficiency of an implantable drug delivery device.
The voltage fade of Li-rich layered oxide cathode material Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 (LNCM) heavily hinders its application in Li-ion batteries. Herein, we revisit the origin of the voltage fade of LNCM and propose a solution to suppress this effect. It is demonstrated that the voltage fade of the LNCM cathode comes from the structural change of the crystal from layer structure to spinel structure, involving all the cations rearrangement. Such rearrangement of all the cations in LNCM is due to the high degree of delithiation and oxygen release at high cutoff voltage of 4.8 V. It is also evidenced that nickel and cobalt change from low valence to high valence at the discharged state, which not only inhibits the transport of lithium ions, but also leads to the loss of high voltage platforms. In particular, the cation rearrangement of Li/Mn causes valence change from Mn4+ to Mn3+, resulting in the decrease of discharge voltage platform at the cutoff voltage of 4.8 V much higher than at 4.6 V. The lower charge cutoff voltage can be a solution to suppress the voltage fade of LNCM cathode materials and have a good stability of LNCM cathode materials without compromising the battery performance.
Zhang et al. show in mice that the medial preoptic area antagonistically regulates stress-induced anxiety and parental behaviors, coordinated by opposing roles of its glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons through their competitive interactions.