batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Many microbiotests that have been proposed for use in the risk assessment of environmental pollutants have the drawback of lacking relevant published data on various aspects of their test application possibilities and therefore do not receive the regulatory recognition which they may deserve. The MARA bioassay lacks published data for many relevant environmental pollutants, particularly pesticides and this may limit its use in regulatory framework. The present study has assessed the sensitivity of the MARA bioassay relative to other established bioassays (Daphnia magna and Oreochromis niloticus) to two widely used herbicide formulations: Roundup (having glyphosate as active ingredient) and Herbextra (with the active ingredient being 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid—2,4-D). Roundup was found to be more toxic than Herbextra in all three bioassays. The D. magna EC50 s obtained for Roundup and Herbextra were respectively 5.55 and 356.61 mg/l while the LC50 s for O. niloticus were 11.30 and 222,28 mg/l respectively. In the case of the MARA bioassay microbial toxic concentrations (MTCs) for individual species ranged from 6.85 to 468 mg/l with an overall mean MTC of 101.82 mg/l for glyphosate and from 74.67 to 13,333 mg/l for 2,4-D giving an overall mean MTC of 2855.88 mg/l. Although the overall MTCs from the MARA bioassay were much higher than the LC50 s and EC50 s from the fish and daphnia bioassays respectively, the most sensitive MARA organism for each of the herbicides had MTCs that were comparable to or lower than the corresponding endpoints from the other bioassays implying that the MARA assay is a potentially useful bioassay for risk assessment of pesticides.
Samples of the layered cathode materials, Li[Ni x Li(1/3−2x/3)Mn(2/3−x/3)]O2 (x =1/12, 1/4, 5/12, and 1/2), were synthesized at 900°C. Electrodes of these samples were charged in Li-ion coin cells to remove lithium. The charged electrode materials were rinsed to remove the electrolyte salt and then added, along with EC/DEC solvent or 1M LiPF6 EC/DEC, to stainless steel accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) sample holders that were then welded closed. The reactivity of the samples with electrolyte was probed at two states of charge. First, for samples charged to near 4.45V and second, for samples charged to 4.8V, corresponding to removal of all mobile lithium from the samples and also concomitant release of oxygen in a plateau near 4.5V. Li[Ni x Li(1/3−2x/3)Mn(2/3−x/3)]O2 samples with x =1/4, 5/12 and 1/2 charged to 4.45V do not react appreciably till 190°C in EC/DEC. Li[Ni x Li(1/3−2x/3)Mn(2/3−x/3)]O2 samples charged to 4.8V versus Li, across the oxygen release plateau, start to significantly react with EC/DEC at about 130°C. However, their high reactivity is similar to that of Li0.5CoO2 (4.2V) with 1μm particle size. Therefore, Li[Ni x Li(1/3−2x/3)Mn(2/3−x/3)]O2 samples showing specific capacity of up to 225mAh/g may be acceptable for replacing LiCoO2 (145mAh/g to 4.2V) from a safety point of view, if their particle size is increased.
ABSTRACT Pore-filled electrolyte membranes (PFEMs) have been prepared by employing an optimized porous substrate and stable electrolyte composition for a facile manufacturing process of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The PFEMs could be easily loaded into a photovoltaic device without adding a traditional electrolyte injection through a hole. In order to meet the requirements of both high energy conversion efficiency and proper long-term stability, three different solvents with high boiling point, i.e. valeronitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, and dimethylacetamide, were appropriately mixed as a volumetric ratio of 7:2:1, respectively. As a result, similar conductivity and viscosity as well as better chemical stability were obtained compared to those of conventional 3-methoxypropionitrile-based electrolyte. In addition, linear relations were observed between the photovoltaic efficiency and porous film properties (i.e. porosity and tortuosity). The DSSC employing the PFEM doped with the mixed solvent based electrolyte exhibited the photon-to-current conversion efficiency of 6.30% at one sun condition. Moreover, the long-term stability test fixed at an elevated temperature of 85°C exhibited outstanding durability of DSSC for 500h.
Structural capacitors are multifunctional structural materials that provide the capacitor function for the purpose of electrical energy storage. This paper reviews the development of structural capacitors and enunciates their design and applications. A structural capacitor is commonly a polymer-matrix structural composite with a dielectric film between the electrodes, which are an electronic conductor, commonly the continuous carbon fiber laminae that serve to reinforce the composite. The dielectric film is preferably small in thickness and serves to avoid short circuiting of the two electrodes. In order to maximize the capacitance by having the structural capacitor constitute capacitors in parallel, the dielectric film is preferably positioned at every interlaminar interface of the composite, such that alternating electrodes in the stack are connected to opposite polarities of the AC electric field source. A structural supercapacitor requires the matrix to be a solid electrolyte. From the viewpoints of structural performance, safety, service life and high frequency capability, structural dielectric capacitors are closer to commercialization readiness than structural supercapacitors. Structural capacitors have not yet been commercialized, but they are expected to provide an untapped, extensive, save and distributed means of energy storage, and allow aircraft, satellites, automobile, ships, wind turbines, buildings, solar panels, display panels, outdoor lighting, computers, cell phones, etc., to store energy in their structures.
There is renewed interest in the +6 oxidation state of iron, ferrate (VI) (FeVIO4 2−), because of its potential as a benign oxidant for organic synthesis, as a chemical in developing cleaner (“greener”) technology for remediation processes, and as an alternative for environment-friendly battery cathodes. This interest has led many researchers to focus their attention on the synthesis of ferrate(VI). Of the three synthesis methods, electrochemical, wet chemical and thermal, electrochemical synthesis has received the most attention due to its ease and the high purity of the product. Moreover, electrochemical processes use an electron as a so-called clean chemical, thus avoiding the use of any harmful chemicals to oxidize iron to the +6 oxidation state. This paper reviews the development of electrochemical methods to synthesize ferrate(VI). The approaches chosen by different laboratories to overcome some of the difficulties associated with the electrochemical synthesis of ferrate(VI) are summarized. Special attention is paid to parameters such as temperature, anolyte, and anode material composition. Spectroscopic work to understand the mechanism of ferrate(VI) synthesis is included. Recent advances in two new approaches, the use of an inert electrode and molten hydroxide salts, in the synthesis of ferrate(VI) are also reviewed. Progress made in the commercialization of ferrate(VI) continuous production is briefly discussed as well.
Implementing digital technology in home care services challenges care arrangements built on face-to-face encounters. Digital welfare technology has been suggested as a solution to increasing demands on health care services from an ageing population. Medication delivery is a major task for home care services, and digital medication devices could lessen the need for resources. But technology has scripts based on how designers picture its use, and these might not fit with users’ needs and practices. New technology must go through processes of domestication among its users. In the present study, we investigate how health professionals experienced the implementation of a digital medication dispenser into home care services in Norway.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is widely used for neural prosthetics and brain–computer interfacing. Thus far in vivo implantation of a battery has been a prerequisite to supply the necessary power. Although flexible energy harvesters have recently emerged as alternatives to batteries, they generate insufficient energy for operating brain stimulation. Herein, we report a high performance flexible piezoelectric energy harvester by enabling self-powered DBS in mice. This device adopts an indium modified crystalline Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PIMNT) thin film on a plastic substrate to transform tiny mechanical motions to electricity. With slight bending, it generates an extremely high current reaching 0.57 mA, which satisfies the high threshold current for real-time DBS of the motor cortex and thereby could efficiently induce forearm movements in mice. The PIMNT based flexible energy harvester could open a new avenue for future in vivo healthcare technology using self-powered biomedical devices.
We propose an all solid-state (liquid free) polymer electrolyte (SPE) prepared from a hyper-branched graft copolymer. The graft copolymer consisting of a poly(methyl methacrylate) main chain and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate side chains was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization changing the average chain distance between side chains, side chain length and branched chain length of the proposed structure of the graft copolymer. The ionic conductivity of the SPEs increases with increasing the side chain length, branched chain length and/or average distance between the side chains. The ionic conductivity of the SPE prepared from POEM9 whose POEM content=51wt% shows 2×10−5 S/cm at 30°C. The tensile strength of the SPEs decreases with increases the side chain length, branched chain length and/or average distance between the side chains. These results indicate that a SPE prepared from the hyper-branched graft copolymer has potential to be applied to an all-solid polymer electrolyte.
A solid-state secondary cell was fabricated using two different transition metal hexacyanometallates as anode and cathode materials. To reach a high-voltage cell, a hexacyanometallate with less negative redox potential, chromium hexacyanochromate (CrHCC), was employed as the active material of the anode and a hexacyanometallate with high positive redox potential, chromium hexacyanoferrate (CrHCF) was employed as the active material of the cathode. Consequently, a secondary cell with relatively high voltage of about 1.5V was obtained, which is relatively high for this type of batteries. The preliminary studies of the battery performance were carried out based on a simply designed cell. The results indicate that the idea for the fabrication of this type of secondary cells is of interest and further investigations (improving the battery properties) can lead to reach an acceptable situation for the practical performances.
The aim of the study was to establish if a novel tablet ultrasound (US) may replace a high-end US machine during routine interventional radiology activities.
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is extensively used as a measure of emotion (dys-)regulation ability in both clinical and nonclinical populations. This is the first study to examine the factor structure of both the original 36-item and short 16-item version of the DERS in adults with eating disorders and to test measurement invariance across diagnostic subgroups. The factor structure of the scale was examined using confirmatory factor analysis in a psychiatric sample of adults with eating disorders (N = 857). Four primary factor structures were fitted to the data: (1) a unidimensional model, (2) a six-factor correlated-traits model, (3) a higher-order factor solution, and (4) a bifactor model. Measurement invariance was tested for diagnostic subgroups of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and associations between factors and eating pathology were examined in each diagnostic group. Results indicated that a modified bifactor solution fitted the data adequately for both the 36-item and 16-item version of the DERS. A general factor explained most of the variance (86%) and reliability was high for the general factor of DERS (total) but lower for the subscales. Measurement invariance of the bifactor model was supported across diagnostic subgroups and test of factor means reveled that bulimia nervosa had a higher factor mean than anorexia nervosa on the general factor. The general factor accounted for a significant proportion of variance in eating pathology. Our results support the use of the total scale of both the 36-item and 16-item version among adults with eating disorders.
Silicon nitride coated silicon (N-Si) has been synthesized by two-step DC sputtering on Cu Micro-cone arrays (CMAs) at ambient temperature. The electrochemical properties of N-Si anodes with various thickness of nitride layer are investigated. From the potential window of 1.2 V–0.05 V, high rate charge-discharge and long cycle test have been executed to investigate the electrochemical performances of various N-Si coated Si-based lithium ion batteries anode materials. Higher specific capacity can be obtained after 200 cycles. The cycling stability is enhanced via thinner nitride layer coating as silicon nitride films are converted to Li3N with covered Si thin films. These N-Si anodes can be cycled under high rates up to 10 C due to low charge transfer resistance resulted from silicon nitride films. This indicates that the combination of silicon nitride and silicon can effectively endure high current and thus enhance the cycling stability. It is expected that N-Si is a potential candidate for batteries that can work effectively under high power.
The prediction of the state of charge of batteries is a classic topic of considerable interest. The present work aims to predict the state of charge of lithium ion cells using a simple diffusion model. The extent of lithium ion diffusion into the cathode is given as a measure of the state of charge. Similarly an attempt has been made to correlate the impedance response of the cell to its state of charge. Coin cells were assembled. Charge–discharge studies and impedance measurements at various states of charge were carried out and the results are compared with the values predicted theoretically.
This paper presents a review of a standalone and grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) to supply AC loads. The configuration of the HRESs and interfacing power converters for connecting the energy sources to the AC bus is extensively discussed. An overview of the control concepts in an HRES and the application of the appropriate control schemes for system stabilization, effective injection of high quality power and proper load sharing are discussed. The different approaches for HRES design and control strategies for power converters in the recently published literature are also briefly addressed. Finally, this paper highlights the future developments in HRESs to increase the utilization of power generated from renewable energy sources (RESs).
Thin films, single particles and a composite electrode of the cathode material LiMn2O4 in the lithium battery system were investigated by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) in 1 M LiClO4+PC:EC. The experimental data were compared to and analysed by mathematical models described in Part I of this work. Analysis of the measured peak potential, E p, showed clearly that the larger the characteristic length, the larger is the potential peak shift, at a given sweep rate. From the observations of the measured peak current behaviour, I p, it seems that the composite electrode and the single particles are semi-infinite diffusion limited at all sweep rates applied. For the thin films, when increasing the sweep rate, a transition from finite to semi-infinite mass transfer limitation is indicated. A model based on solid-phase diffusion, interfacial charge transfer and an external IR-drop could fairly well be fitted to the experimental data measured on a single electrode system at a given sweep rate. It was found that the determined parameter values, i.e. solid-phase diffusion coefficient and the IR-drop, vary greatly with sweep rate and characteristic length. These results indicate that the physical description used is an oversimplification for describing the reaction mechanism in LiMn2O4.
This randomized, controlled, forced-switching, open-label, parallel-group, single-center study in 90 male and female adult smokers evaluated six biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure over a 12-week period of unrestricted smoking in the participants’ normal life setting. Baseline biomarker levels were measured, then participants were randomly assigned to switch to an electrically heated cigarette smoking system (EHCSS, Series K) or to continue smoking a conventional cigarette (CC) of similar tar yield (Federal Trade Commission method) for 12 weeks. Compared to Baseline, adult smokers who switched to the EHCSS for 12 weeks in their normal life setting had significantly reduced nicotine equivalents (−33%), total NNAL (a biomarker for NNK, −63%), 1-OHP (a surrogate biomarker for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, −38%), carboxyhemoglobin (a biomarker for carbon monoxide, −23%), 3-HPMA (a biomarker for acrolein, −25%) and S-PMA (a biomarker for benzene, −49%), whereas exposure was stable in the CC control group.
We report the development of an adaptive, multi-parameter battery state estimator based on the direct solution of the differential equations that govern an equivalent circuit representation of the battery. The core of the estimator includes two sets of inter-related equations corresponding to discharge and charge events respectively. Simulation results indicate that the estimator gives accurate prediction and numerically stable performance in the regression of model parameters. The estimator is implemented in a vehicle-simulated environment to predict the state of charge (SOC) and the charge and discharge power capabilities (state of power, SOP) of a lithium ion battery. Predictions for the SOC and SOP agree well with experimental measurements, demonstrating the estimator's application in battery management systems. In particular, this new approach appears to be very stable for high-frequency data streams.
This work reports the laboratory test results of a Li-ion battery designed for electric scooter applications. Four different modes of heat dissipation were investigated in this experimental study: (1) natural convection cooling; (2) presence of aluminum foam heat transfer matrix; (3) use of phase change material (PCM); and (4) combination of aluminum foam and PCM. The objective of using the PCM is to lower the temperature rise of the Li-ion cells and create a uniform temperature distribution in the battery module. This is clearly justified looking at the experimental results presented in this work. The use of high thermal conductivity aluminum foam in the voids between the cells reduces the temperature rise of the Li-ion cells but is insufficient when operated in high ambient temperature such as those usually occur in summer. The use of aluminum foam with PCM causes a significant temperature drop of about 50% compared to the first case of no thermal management. It also provides uniform temperature distribution within the battery module, which is important for the efficient performance of the cells used. The laboratory results were modeled using a 2-D thermal model accounting for the four different modes of heat dissipation and good agreement was obtained between the simulation and experimental results.
The possible usage of different carbon nanostructures, including C24 nanocage, carbon nanotube (CNT), and hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene nanographene (HBC) is studied in the anode of K-ion batteries (KIBs) by DFT calculations. Based on the calculations, both of K and K+ species preferentially adsorb on the center of a hexagon of the studied nanostructures. The results show that the underlying mechanism of the K+ adsorption is the cation-π interaction, and by increasing the curvature of the adsorbents the interaction becomes weaker. When the curvature is reduced, the adsorption energy of the K atom becomes more positive and the adsorption mechanism changes from ionic to nonionic. This study suggests that the mechanism of the strength of K interaction and the structure curvature are the main factors in determining the cell voltage (Ucell) of the KIBs. The C24 cage generates a negative Ucell which is physically meaningless, and it cannot be used as an anode material. The CNT produces a very small Ucell of 0.09 V, while the HBC is suggested to be a proper nanostructure for use in the KIBs because of its large Ucell about 1.45 V.
Eating disorders (EDs) are associated with a reduced ability to regulate emotion and impulses during the life span. Working memory and executive functions (EFs) are cognitive regulatory systems supported by networks involving the pre-frontal cortex. Studies in EDs found impaired functioning in these domains, showing an association between EDs and the reduced ability to control emotions and impulses.
Males with fragile X syndrome (FXS) have difficulties with social interaction and many show autistic features. This study examined whether the social deficits characteristic of FXS are associated with theory of mind difficulties. Two groups of boys with FXS participated: a group with few autistic features and a group with many autistic features. An intellectual disability control group also participated. In addition to using standard theory of mind tasks, new techniques were used that were able to separate out the various processing demands of the task (e.g., memory, inhibitory control). Overall, the findings indicate that both groups of boys with FXS have difficulty with theory of mind tasks compared to an intellectual disability control group. However, both groups with FXS also performed worse on comparison trials that required working memory but not theory of mind. Theory of mind difficulties are likely to be an important aspect of the FXS clinical profile, but are most likely the result from a more basic difficulty with working memory.
A marine survey was conducted to reveal the maritime cultural heritage of the naval battlefields of Çeşme (1770) and Sinop (1853). The seafloor of the battle sites was mapped using a high-resolution side-scan sonar revealing the location of shipwreck remains and some potential sites of interest. The findings associated with the battles were identified by comparing their locations with historical charts and documents. Sonar imaging indicated that this cultural heritage has been heavily damaged by modern fishing and anchoring activities, as well as by natural sedimentation. Using an interdisciplinary approach that combined archeology, history, and geophysics, these two lesser known naval battlefields were studied scientifically for the first time as maritime cultural heritage sites and a preliminary interpretation of the findings is presented in this paper. Aside from their historical importance, these battlefields have great archeological value, because they harbor the last known samples of warships from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries located on Turkish coasts. Considering that these rare cultural material remains are under threat, new regulations were suggested for both their protection and management and the site was brought to the attention of the authorities.