batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This review outlines the combination of infrared spectroscopy and continuous microfluidic processes. FTIR spectroscopy gives access to the microscopic chemical composition of samples, which can be correlated with their macroscopic properties. This approach is widely used in chemistry or biology to get insights into reactive media. Meanwhile, the miniaturization of flow chemical reactors offers many advantages such as the small amount of products used or the versatility of the reactors. Coupling these two approaches creates major opportunities for the analytical field, although it raises additional challenges. Emphasis is placed on the most recent developments and limitations concerning the integration of infrared spectroscopy techniques within microfluidic devices, while current applications and future opportunities will be discussed.
Dyslexia is a very common learning disability in Spanish-speaking university students and requires special attention by experts and teachers to intervene with and assist affected students during their learning process. However, appropriate tools that assess cognitive processes associated with dyslexia in adults do not exist in Spanish. In this context, a novel battery (BEDA) was built making use of web-based technology and based on multimodal communication to deliver assessment tasks using visual, auditory, and speech communication channels. BEDA has eight modules: six for assessing each cognitive process, one for analyzing results, and one for administration purposes. BEDA was tested by teachers and students at the University of Girona. The findings indicated that the teachers had a limited awareness of dyslexic students. However, they showed interest in using BEDA. The students were able to complete the battery in 40-50minutes and their satisfaction was quite high in terms of usability.
A combined household/industrial landfill in a humid and cold temperate climate was characterised with respect to its chemical composition. Cores taken at three randomly chosen sites on the landfill and at different depths at each site were analysed. Carbon, nitrogen and pH were measured by standard laboratory methods. The chemical elements analysed included metals and the non-metals B, P and S. pH ranged between 8.0 and 8.5. The total carbon content was in the interval 4.5–26.9% and the total nitrogen content in the interval 0.05–0.48%. The C/N ratio was high, indicating that there was not enough nitrogen available to ensure the stabilisation of carbon. The metal contents varied substantially. The water and carbon contents were related to each other as well as to the metal content, which increased with the content of water. Based on the results obtained regarding the chemical composition of the landfill, it is evident that the landfill consists of two layers. This indicates that the landfill body might have different levels of chemical development, due to water content, and different long-term leachability in the future.
Single-crystalline (NH4)2V3O8 nanoflakes were successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. We investigated their electrochemical performance for use in lithium ion batteries for the first time. Interestingly, the as-prepared (NH4)2V3O8 electrode demonstrated good lithium storage properties. This material exhibited a high initial discharge capacity of 261.4 mAh g−1 at a current density of 150 mA g−1. Apart from the capacity loss in the first two cycles, the discharge capacity remained relatively stable and a capacity of 215.8 mAh g−1 was maintained after 30 cycles, indicating good cycling stability. The Coulombic efficiency was close to 100 % during the cycling, revealing that the intercalation/deintercalation of Li ions in this material was highly reversible. The good electrochemical performance of (NH4)2V3O8 was mainly attributed to its flake-like morphology and intrinsically stable layered structure.
Sensory perception involves the dual challenge of encoding external stimuli and managing the influence of changes in body position that alter the sensory field. To examine mechanisms used to integrate sensory signals elicited by both external stimuli and motor activity, we recorded from rats trained to rhythmically sweep their vibrissa in search of a target. We found a select population of neurons in primary somatosensory cortex that are transiently excited by the confluence of touch by a single vibrissa and the phase of vibrissa motion in the whisk cycle; different units have different preferred phases. This conditional response enables the rodent to estimate object position in a coordinate frame that is normalized to the trajectory of the motor output, as defined by phase in the whisk cycle, rather than angle of the vibrissa relative to the face. The underlying computation is consistent with gating by an inhibitory shunt.
Surface properties are significantly important to the high capacity and rate capability of LiFePO4 nanoparticles as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. Using the first-principles total energy calculations, the stability and the electronic structure evolution of the graphene/LiFePO4 interface with different amounts of Li atoms inserted have been systematically investigated. It is revealed that the interfacial Li atom insertion could contribute markedly to the capacity of graphene modified or coated LiFePO4 with large specific interface area. The interfacial binding between graphene and LiFePO4 surface in parallel orientation becomes stronger with the increase of the interfacial Li atoms amount which involves more than van de Waals interaction. The electronic conductivity of the LiFePO4 surface is weakened during the Li insertion at the interface, while the Mn-doped LiFePO4 surface maintains the excellent conductivity in the early stage of lithiation. However, stable polaron forms at the semiconducting LiFePO4 surface during lithiation. Moreover, the graphene modification and the Mn doping exert positive effect on the surface oxygen stability.
The stability of 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PYR13TFSI) and 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (PYR13FSI) ionic liquids at elevated temperatures (60°C) is investigated by ion chromatography. Additionally, the influence of the electrolyte salts, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), on the decomposition of both the ionic liquids was analysed over a long term stability study. It has been found out that TFSI has a much higher thermal stability than FSI. The addition of LiTFSI did not show any effect on the aging of both ionic liquid anions. However, PYR13FSI degraded when mixed with the electrolyte salts LiPF6 and LiClO4, while PYR13TFSI did not. Finally, LiPF6 forms the same hydrolysis products in the investigated ionic liquids as in the commonly used electrolytes based on organic solvents in lithium-ion batteries.
A series of titanium-substituted manganese oxides, Li x Ti y Mn1−y O2 (y=0.11,0.22,0.33,0.44, and 0.55) with the Na0.44MnO2 structure were prepared from Na x Ti y Mn1−y O2 (x≈0.44) precursors. The electrochemical characteristics of these compounds, which retain the unique double-tunnel structure during ion exchange, were examined in lithium/polymer electrolyte cells operating at 85°C. All of the substituted cathode materials intercalated lithium reversibly, with Li x Ti0.22Mn0.78O2 exhibiting the highest capacity in polymer cells, about 10–20% greater than that of unsubstituted Li x MnO2 made from Na0.44MnO2. In common with Li x MnO2, the Ti-substituted materials exhibited good capacity retention over one hundred or more cycles, with some compositions exhibiting a fade rate of less than 0.03% per cycle.
An experimental study to determine the through-plane thermal conductivity of dry Nafion®, various diffusion media, catalyst layer, and the thermal contact resistance between diffusion media and a metal plate as a function of temperature and pressure was performed. Dry Nafion® thermal conductivity was determined to be 0.16±0.03Wm−1 K−1 at room temperature, which decreases to 0.13±0.02Wm−1 K−1 at 65°C. Diffusion media thermal conductivity was found to be function of PTFE content and manufacturer, and was 0.48±0.09Wm−1 K−1 for untreated and 0.22±0.04Wm−1 K−1 for 20wt.% PTFE treated SIGRACET® diffusion media, respectively. Toray diffusion media thermal conductivity was measured to be 1.80±0.27Wm−1 K−1 at 26°C and decreases to 1.24±0.19Wm−1 K at 73°C. The thermal contact resistance between Toray carbon paper and aluminium bronze material was determined to vary from 6.7×10−4 to 2.0×10−4 m2 KW−1 for an increase in compression pressure from 0.4 to 2.2MPa. The equivalent thermal conductivity of a 0.5mgcm−2 platinum loaded catalyst layer was estimated to be 0.27±0.05Wm−1 K−1. A one-dimensional analytical model was also used to estimate the temperature drop in the fuel cell components. A maximum of 3–4°C temperature drop can be expected for a 200μm thick SIGRACET® diffusion media at 1Acm−2. The thermal properties characterized should be useful to help modelers accurately predict the temperature distribution in a fuel cell.
During lithiation and detlithiation, substantial volumetric changes occur within the electrode materials used for rechargeable lithium batteries. The magnitude of these deformations is inherently linked to the electrical capacity of the battery electrical capacity, which tends to degrade with repeated cycling. In this work, the relationship between electrical discharge capacity and mechanical deformation state is examined using in-situ imaging of the working electrode surface within a custom CR2032 coin cell lithium battery. Digital image correlation is used to quantify electrode strains throughout the discharge–charge process. The effect of constraint due to substrate stiffness is investigated for two film materials: traditional graphite and a carbon nanotube based composite. Results for all cases show that as discharge capacity decreases with repeated cycling, increasing residual electrode strains are observed. The thin, compliant foil substrates allowed over double the bi-axial strain state to be induced within electrodes, compared to that found for the thick copper disk substrates under the same electrical cycling conditions.
We present the structural (XRD and Raman) and electrochemical properties of various oxides of the cobaltate family (with the α-NaFeO2-type structure) grown by solid-state reaction, wet chemistry and film deposition techniques. It is shown that synthesis greatly affects the electrochemistry and cycle life characteristics of these layer structured cathode materials. HT-LiCoO2, LT-LiCoO2, doped LiCo1−y Al y O2 and LiCoO2 films are investigated.
This paper presents a study on the cost-optimization of the battery pack of a Nissan Leaf. The optimization is based on decomposing the load that the battery pack experiences into two components (low and high frequency), each of which will be handled by an independent battery. The reduction in cost comes from the possibility of manufacturing batteries of different specifications whose cost per unit energy ($/kWh) and per unit power ($/kW) differ considerably from each other. The battery used for the low frequency part of the load will have a low cost per unit energy capacity and a higher cost per unit power whilst the fast-frequency battery is the reverse case. Two case studies have been carried out. The first one uses the load profile seen by the battery pack when the car is subjected to the EPA-LA92 driving cycle. The second case study considers a modified profile with a much higher crest factor. A sign-preserving filter is used in the study to perform the signal splitting. A two-dimensional search space is created with the two control parameters of the filter and numerous different “splits” are explored. Results show than an important reduction in the cost of the battery pack can be achieved. In the optimum configuration found—for the case study carried out with the modified profile—the low-frequency battery supplies 80.14% of the total capacity of the car (24 kWh) and sees a maximum peak power of 37.17 kW; whereas the fast-frequency battery has a smaller capacity of 4.77 kW h but sees a much larger peak power of 88.56 kW. The total cost of this hybrid system is estimated at $5939, which represents a 12.7% reduction in cost with respect to the original battery pack of the vehicle.
A fuzzy logic-based energy management strategy for a hybrid power system used in electric vehicles was developed and verified in this paper. First, the topology structure of a hybrid power system was put forward that the ultracapacitors connected with the battery pack in parallel after a bidirectional DC/DC converter. To improve the systematic efficiency, a fuzzy logic-based energy management strategy was designed and the control model was built. We proposed an active electricity management module for the ultracapacitors on the basis of the real-time vehicle velocity. Then, the vehicle model, the interface model of the electrical load and the xPC Target were built with the Simulink/State flow soft. Finally, the hybrid power/energy system-in-loop simulation experiment was carried out to verify the energy management strategy under the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) dynamic driving cycle. The results show the proposed fuzzy logic-based energy management strategy can ensure the battery pack working in high efficiency range and show better performance than the traditional logic threshold-based control strategy. The hybrid power system’s electricity economy was improved by 4.1% and the bad influences of the high-current discharging and charging on battery pack were avoided successfully.
LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) is one of the most promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles, which is successfully adopted in Tesla. However, the dissolution of the cation into the electrolyte is still a one of the major challenges (fading capacity and poor cyclability, etc.) presented in pristine NCA. Herein, a homogeneous nanoscale ZnO film is directly sputtered on the surface of NCA electrode via the magnetron sputtering (MS). This ZnO film is evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results clearly demonstrate that ZnO film is fully and uniformly covered on the NCA electrodes. After 90 cycles at 1.0C, the optimized MS-2min coated NCA electrode delivers much higher discharge capacity with 169 mAh g−1 than that of the pristine NCA electrode with 127 mAh g−1. In addition, the discharge capacity also reaches 166 mAh g−1 at 3.0C, as compared to that of 125 mAh g−1 for the pristine electrode. The improved electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the superiority of the MS ZnO film that reduce charge transfer resistance and protect the NCA electrode from cation dissolution.
Li-rich layered oxides are promising cathode materials for advanced Li-ion batteries because of their high specific capacity and operating potential. In this work, the Li-rich layered oxide Li1·2Mn0·54Ni0·13Co0·13O2 (LMNC), is modified via a carbonization-reduction process (yielding the corresponding reduced compound denoted LMNC-R). Compared to the pristine oxide, LMNC-R delivers significantly enhanced initial discharge capacity/columbic efficiency, remarkably improved rate performance with an accelerated Li+ diffusion rate, and significantly increased capacity/voltage retention. The specific energy density and energy retention after 100 cycles increase from 378.2 Wh kg−1 and 47.7% for LMNC to 572.0 Wh kg−1 and 71.3%, respectively, for LMNC-R. The enhancement in the electrochemical performance of LMNC-R can be attributed to the synchronous formation of the oxygen non-stoichiometric Li2MnO3-δ component and to the carbon/spinel double coating layer in the material that resulted from the post-treatment process. Thus, the carbonization-reduction modification process can be used to tailor the structural evolution procedure and to suppress the metal ion dissolution of the Li-rich layered oxide during cycling.
In this study, the effect of oxygen on the potential of reduced polyaniline (PANI) was investigated. In order to enhance the air oxidation of reduced PANI, several composites of PANI doped with co-catalysts were prepared, and a reasonable flow Zn//PANI suspension cell system was designed to investigate the discharge capacity of obtained PANI composite microparticle suspension cathodes. Compared with PANI doped with Cu2+, La+, Mn2+ and zinc protoporphyrin, Ag doped PANI composite at 0.90 weight percent doping of Ag gave the highest value of discharge capacity for the half-cell potential from the initial value to −0.20 V (vs. SCE). A comparison study on the electrochemical properties of both PANI and Ag doped PANI microparticle suspension was done by using cyclic voltammetry, AC Impedance. Due to partial utilization of Zn//air fuel cell, the discharge capacity for Ag doped PANI reached 470 mA h g−1 at the current density of 20 mA cm−2. At 15 mA cm−2, the discharge capacity even reached up to 1650 mA h g−1 after 220 h constant current discharge at the final discharge voltage of 0.65 V. This work demonstrates an effective and feasible approach toward obtaining high energy and power densities by a Zn//Ag-doped PANI suspension flow battery system combined with Zn//air fuel cell.
An unprecedented unique sandwich-like Co3O4/TiO2 composite (SCT), for which TiO2 nanospindles are embedded inside the porous cube-like structures stacked from Co3O4 nanosheets, was fabricated through a facile hydrothermal method. The composition and morphology were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The SCT electrode manifested excellent electrochemical performance with a capacity retention of 668mAhg−1 after 120 cycles at 100mAg−1, and 785mAhg−1 after 60 cycles tested successively at 100, 300, 500, 1000, 500, 100mAg−1 (each for 10 cycles), which is better than that of the prepared pristine Co3O4 electrode. The unique sandwich-like structure is responsible for the enhanced electrochemical performance.
Background: The Val158Met single nucleotide polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene on chromosome 22 influences dopamine catabolism and is related to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Previous research has found that the Met allele is associated in a dose-response fashion with better performance on most neuropsychological tests. Methods: We assessed 138 outpatients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (65% men; 59% Caucasian; mean age=49; mean years of education=13) with a blood draw and a comprehensive neuropsychological, functional, and clinical battery. Participants with the Val/Val (n=49), Val/Met (n=57), and Met/Met (n=32) genotypes did not differ on demographic variables, diagnosis, type or dosage of antipsychotic medication, or duration of psychosis. Results: Spearman correlations between the "dose" of the Met allele (0, 1, or 2 Met alleles) and the neuropsychological, functional, and clinical variables demonstrated that a higher number of Met alleles was associated with better estimated premorbid intellectual functioning (r=.20, p=.020), verbal memory (r=.18, p=.036), visual memory (r=.17, p=.047), and working memory (r=.17, p=.045). Met carriers significantly outperformed noncarriers on measures of premorbid intellectual functioning (t=2.25, df=136, p=.026), verbal memory (t=2.13, df=136, p=.035), and visual memory (t=2.09, df=119.34, p=.028). Discussion: The Met allele appears to be associated with better performance in premorbid intellectual functioning, delayed verbal and visual recall, and working memory, explaining 3-4% of the variance in these abilities. Associations between COMT genotype and functional capacity or psychiatric symptom severity were not statistically significant. Because the Val158Met polymorphism typically explains a small amount of variance in cognitive performance and given the size of the current sample, these results need to be replicated with a larger sample and other variants should be considered to further understand genetic contributions to cognition.
Deterministic constrained optimization and stochastic optimization approaches were used to evaluate uncertainties in biomass-integrated microgrids supplying both electricity and heat. An economic linear programming model with a sliding time window was developed to assess design and scheduling of biomass combined heat and power (BCHP) based microgrid systems. Other available technologies considered within the microgrid were small-scale wind turbines, photovoltaic modules (PV), producer gas storage, battery storage, thermal energy storage and heat-only boilers. As an illustrative example, a case study was examined for a conceptual utility grid-connected microgrid application in Davis, California. The results show that for the assumptions used, a BCHP/PV with battery storage combination is the most cost effective design based on the assumed energy load profile, local climate data, utility tariff structure, and technical and financial performance of the various components of the microgrid. Monte Carlo simulation was used to evaluate uncertainties in weather and economic assumptions, generating a probability density function for the cost of energy.
Tests on the stability of spinels stored at different states of charge were performed. It was found that Mn dissolution took place irreversibly from the charged state with formation of MnF2, ramsdellite–Li0.5MnO2. In the discharged state, the Mn at the surface of the LiMn2O4 was in equilibrium with a soluble species, which leads to an increase in the cathode resistance. It was found that the amount of the dissolved Mn increased with increasing LiPF6 concentration and that 2equiv. of PO2F2 − were generated. Concurrent formation of carbonate decomposition products, such as CO2, C2H4, EtOH, Et2O, and AcOEt, suggests that the mechanism of Mn dissolution from the charged state was composed of the following steps: the initial decarboxylation of electrolyte catalyzed by λMnO2 to give EtOH, followed by reduction of λMnO2 by EtOH to give acetate and MnO, and then Mn dissolution via MnO bond activation assisted by LiPF6.
The Kalman filter is a commonly used state of charge estimation algorithm for lithium-ion cells. Therefore, the filter uses the correlation between the open circuit voltage and the state of charge as reference. The aforementioned relationship is largely affected by temperature and ageing. However, the effect of cell ageing on the filter accuracy is often neglected in literature. In this work we show the influence of an ageing dependent open circuit voltage on the state estimation with an extended Kalman filter. Therefore, the open circuit voltage (OCV) determined by constant current charge/discharge, and the OCV determined by charge/discharge steps, at four different temperatures in the range from 0°C to 40°C are considered. For each temperature, the open circuit voltage of cells with a state of health of 98.3%, 90.4% and 82.5% is changed during the validation process. Based on our measurements, we observed a root mean square error of approximately 3.5% in state of charge when the open circuit voltage of the new cell is compared to the aged cell. This value increases to a state of charge estimation error of up to 6.5% when the extended Kalman filter is applied. However, the open circuit voltage dependency on the estimation can be influenced by the filter tuning. In consequence, the open circuit voltage has to be adapted to the cell condition to fulfil the requirements of an accurate and reliable state estimation with open circuit voltage based algorithms.