batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Advanced vehicles and alternative fuels could play an important role in reducing oil use and changing the economy structure. We developed the Costs for Advanced Vehicles and Energy (CAVE) model to investigate a vehicle portfolio scenario in California during 2010–2030. Then we employed a computable general equilibrium model to estimate macroeconomic impacts of the advanced vehicle scenario on the economy of California. Results indicate that, due to slow fleet turnover, conventional vehicles are expected to continue to dominate the on-road fleet and gasoline is the major transportation fuel over the next two decades. However, alternative fuels could play an increasingly important role in gasoline displacement. Advanced vehicle costs are expected to decrease dramatically with production volume and technological progress; e.g., incremental costs for fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen could break even with gasoline savings in 2028. Overall, the vehicle portfolio scenario is estimated to have a slightly negative influence on California's economy, because advanced vehicles are very costly and, therefore, the resulting gasoline savings generally cannot offset the high incremental expenditure on vehicles and alternative fuels. Sensitivity analysis shows that an increase in gasoline price or a drop in alternative fuel prices could offset a portion of the negative impact.
Background The aim of this study is to determine the rate of persistent negative symptoms according to different criteria during two years of follow-up after first-episode schizophrenia. Methods The study sample consisted of 105 patients with first-episode schizophrenia who completed at least 12months of follow-up period. We used 6 different definitions of persistent negative symptoms (PNS) based on the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms subscale scores at seven time points throughout the follow-up. In some definitions of PNS, patients with suprathreshold depressive symptoms were excluded. Premorbid adjustment and baseline cognitive performances of the patients were assessed. Results The PNS rates were between 14.2 and 27.9% in the first year and 11.1 and 25.8% in the second year. Seventy-eight percent of the patients who met the strictest PNS criteria during the first 12months met the same criteria also during the second 12-month-period. Those with PNS had earlier onset, lower premorbid functioning, worse executive functioning and attention at baseline, and lower rates of working/studying during the 2-year follow-up. Duration of education and untreated psychosis are the independent variables that contribute to the PNS status at the first year of follow-up in logistic regression analysis. Conclusion Our findings suggest that PNS has specific predictors and effect on the course of illness after first-episode schizophrenia.
Battery electric buses are seen as a well-suited technology for the electrification of road-based public transport. However, the transition process from conventional diesel to electric buses faces major hurdles caused by range limitations and required charging times of battery buses. This work addresses these constraints and provides a methodology for the cost-optimized planning of depot charging battery bus fleets and their corresponding charging infrastructure. The defined problem covers the scheduling of battery buses, the fleet composition, and the optimization of charging infrastructure in a joint process. Vehicle schedule adjustments are monetized and evaluated together with the investment and operational costs of the bus system. The resulting total cost of ownership enables a comparison of technical alternatives on a system level, which makes this approach especially promising for feasibility studies comprising a wide range of technical concepts. Two scenarios of European cities are analyzed and discussed in a case study, revealing that the cost structure is influenced significantly by the considered bus type and its technical specifications. For example, the total energy consumption of the considered lightweight bus is up to 32% lower than the total consumption of the high range bus, although the deadheading mileage increases. However, the total costs of ownership for operating both bus types are relatively close, due to the increased fleet size and driver expenses required for the lightweight bus system. The case study furthermore reveals that a mixed fleet of different bus types could be advantageous depending on the operational characteristics of the bus route.
Abstract The aim of this chapter is to discuss briefly a historical advancement of ferroelectric materials since its discovery, pointing out the necessity of ferroelectric polymer composite and molecular ferroelectrics. Then we will describe the crystalline (semi-crystalline) structure, surface morphology, and molecule orientation of pristine ferroelectric materials. Ferroelectric polymer composites are generally being prepared to enhance or modify the ferroelectric properties depending on technological application. Discussion of preparation and characterization of polymer-inorganic ferroelectric composites, polymer-conducting nano-particle composites, polymer-ferroelectric bio material composites, and ferroelectric-molecular ferroelectric composites will also be undertaken. Finally, applicability of these ferroelectric composite in future technology will be summarized with concluding remarks.
Hurkmans HL, Bussmann JB, Benda E, Verhaar JA, Stam HJ. Effectiveness of audio feedback for partial weight-bearing in and outside the hospital: a randomized controlled trial. Objective To determine the effectiveness of partial weight-bearing (PWB) training with audio feedback in patients after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Orthopedic clinic and patients' homes. Participants Patients (N=38) after THA with trochanteric osteotomy. Intervention Patients were trained with (n=18) or without (n=20) audio feedback to perform PWB at a 10% body weight (BW) target load. PWB training started on day 2 or 3 postoperatively and was given once per day during the entire hospital stay. Main Outcome Measures Mean peak load (%BW), and the percentage of steps below, equal to, and above the target load. Weight-bearing was measured using an insole pressure system on postoperative day 7 in the hospital during PWB training (condition 1 [C1]) and when patients walked unsupervised (condition 2 [C2]), and on postoperative day 21 at home (condition 3 [C3]). Results PWB training with audio feedback resulted in better PWB (11.1% BW vs control, 21.9% BW; P=.006) at C1. The audio feedback group had more steps below the target load (21.4% vs control, 7.8%; P=.020) and fewer steps above the target load (15.6% vs control, 45.0%; P=.015). For C2 and C3, no significant differences were found between the patients receiving PWB training with and without audio feedback, for all outcome measures. Conclusions Patients with THA who received audio feedback were able to accurately perform PWB at the prescribed target load during PWB training, but were unable to replicate the prescribed target load when they walked unsupervised in the hospital or at home.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses magnesium-organic electrolyte primary batteries. Theoretical considerations predict that organic compounds, such as meta-dinitrobenzene (m-DNB), are especially attractive as cathode materials in primary cells. Considerable effort is spent by various battery manufacturers, including Marathon, on the development of magnesium-magnesium perchlorate-meta-dini trobenzene cells. They are made with a cylindrical structure similar to that used with the manganese dioxide-magnesium perchlorate dry cells. The organic cell requires the use of a higher surface area electrolyte absorbent to be mixed with the meta-dinitrobenzene that is used with manganese dioxide. Also, the ratio of the meta-dinitrobenzene to carbon black is lower and the water content is higher than for the manganese dioxide cell. Water participates in the electrochemical reaction of the meta-dinitrobenzene cell by supplying hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. The operating voltage of this cell is lower than for the other dry cells; however, it has a fiat discharge curve. Up to 121Wh/kg have been obtained in practice for an A size cell at 21°C at the 25 h rate, compared to 100Wh/kg for the equivalent size manganese dioxide-magnesium perchlorate cell.
Adolescents who experience social anxiety often display distressing fears that unfamiliar individuals evaluate their performance in social settings. These fears typically manifest as fears of negative evaluation (FNE) and/or fears of positive evaluation (FPE). Two well-established survey measures were originally developed to assess these evaluative fears in adults (Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale [BFNE]; Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale [FPES]), and recent work supports their psychometric properties when administered to adolescents and their parents. Yet, do these reports relate to how adolescents behave within anxiety-provoking social interactions germane to their clinical presentations, namely their interactions with unfamiliar peers? We tested this question in a mixed clinical/community sample of 105 adolescents and their parents. Both adolescents and parents completed reports about adolescents’ fears on the BFNE and FPES. Further, trained independent observers rated adolescents’ social anxiety and social skills during the Unfamiliar Peer Paradigm, a set of tasks designed to estimate how adolescents react to social interactions with unfamiliar peers. At the bivariate level, adolescents’ BFNE and FPES reports related to observed social anxiety and social skills, whereas parents’ FPES reports related to observed social anxiety. Further, both informants’ FPES reports demonstrated incremental validity in relation to observed social anxiety, relative to the other informant. Compared to their BFNE reports, adolescents’ FPES reports displayed incremental validity in relation to observed social skills; the reverse was not true for adolescents’ BFNE reports. These findings have important implications for screening and treatment planning assessments when delivering services to adolescents experiencing social anxiety.
Here we introduce a series of behavioural tasks to assess inter-individual variability in behaviours exhibited by the cephalopod mollusc Octopus vulgaris. We propose that, by using octopus’ predatory behavioural response, it is possible to measure: (1) the ability to adapt to the captive condition (acclimatization), (2) the response towards novel stimuli (neophobia), (3) the capability of social learning, (4) the ability of solving problems (problem solving), and (5) the response to artificial stimuli (preferences, individual learning). To assure comparability and reproducibility of results, this battery of tests is here applied to a large sample of individuals in standardized experimental conditions. Such battery of tests serves as an in vivo screening that should be adopted not only to investigate cognitive abilities in specific behavioural domains, but also to monitor the welfare status of animals under captivity, thus to check sensory functions as well as motor abilities in other investigations within the fields of biology and neuroscience. Our aim was to provide a reliable tool to exploit this animal species for research in different fields.
Cognitive decline (CD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are often comorbid. Some modifiable risk factors (RF) for CD are also associated with OSA. Diagnostic polysomnography (PSG) measures these RF and may identify at risk patients prior to the onset of CD. We aim to determine whether there are severe RF associated with established CD and an increasing severity of OSA that could identify patients at risk for CD for medical intervention.
Transition metal chalcogenides have nowadays garnered burgeoning interest owing to their fascinating electronic and catalytic properties, thus possessing great implications for energy conversion and storage applications. In this regard, their controllable synthesis in a large scale at low cost has readily become a focus of research. Herein we report diatomite-template generic and scalable production of VS2 and other transition metal sulfides targeting emerging energy conversion and storage applications. The conformal growth of VS2 over diatomite template would endow them with defect-abundant features. Throughout detailed experimental investigation in combination with theoretical simulation, we reveal that the enriched active sites/sulfur vacancies of thus-derived VS2 architectures would pose positive impacts on the catalytic performance such in electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions. We further show that the favorable electrical conductivity and highly exposed sites of VS2 hold promise for serving as sulfur host in the realm of Li−S batteries. Our work offers new insights into the templated and customized synthesis of defect-rich sulfides in a scalable fashion to benefit multifunctional energy applications.
As an approach to investigate upon the electrochemical property of Zn as a possible lithium battery anode material, an ever first attempt to explore two types of Zn based alloy anodes, viz., Zn0.9Ni0.075In0.025 (nickel rich) and Zn0.9Ni0.025In0.075 (indium rich) was made. Citric acid assisted modified sol–gel method [CAM sol–gel] has been adopted to synthesize the anode materials at 500°C and characterized further by XRD and SEM for phase purity and preferred surface morphology, respectively. An average crystallite size of 800nm–1.2μm has been calculated from the PXRD pattern and the compounds were found to exist in the cubic phase. A discharge capacity of 936 and 1155mAh/g were exhibited by Zn0.9Ni0.075In0.025 and Zn0.9Ni0.025In0.075 anodes respectively, with an excellent capacity retention (>85%) and enhanced coulombic efficiency (95–98%). It is further understood that the Zn0.9Ni0.025In0.075 anode with increased In content has exhibited promising electrochemical property with a steady state reversible capacity of ∼490mAh/g even after 25 cycles, compared to the corresponding nickel rich counterpart, viz., Zn0.9Ni0.075In0.025.
Objective: To provide an analysis of stimulation parameters for deep brain stimulation (DBS). Methods: Synthesis of theoretical and empirical findings is used to provide guidance for the selection of stimulus parameters. Finite element modeling is used to investigate the effects of contact location and electrode geometry on the electric field, and to estimate the effects of current density distribution on the limit for non-damaging stimulation. Results: Anatomical targeting of DBS electrodes is complicated by the uncertainty of which neural elements are targeted and differences in the electric field distribution in fiber tracts and nuclei. Electrical targeting by selection of electrode geometry and stimulus waveform can alter the distribution of the electric field and control neural activation. The recommended charge density limit for DBS represents a liberal estimate for non-damaging stimulation. Short duration stimulus pulses reduce charge injection and increase the therapeutic window between therapeutic effects and side effects. Conclusions: There are several challenges to developing rational methods of selecting stimulus parameters including a large number of degrees of freedom, the unknown effects of stimulation, and the complexity of the responses. Significance: Understanding the fundamentals of electrical stimulation of the nervous system enables rational selection of stimulus parameters.
In this study, the properties of F-functionalized Ti2C (Ti2CF2) and O-functionalized Ti2C (Ti2CO2) as conductive anchoring materials for lithium-sulfur (LiS) batteries were investigated using the density functional theory (DFT). It was confirmed that both of Ti2CF2 and Ti2CO2 will suppress the shuttle effect by different suppressing mechanisms depending on the Ti2CF2 and Ti2CO2. The F-functionalized surface of Ti2CF2 suppresses the shuttle effect by strong interaction with lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). On the other hand, the shuttle effect is suppressed on the O-functionalized surface by converting soluble high-order LiPSs (Li2S8, Li2S7, and Li2S6) to insoluble elemental sulfur. In addition, the redox reaction of anchored LiPSs takes place because Ti2CF2 and Ti2CO2 show metallic properties after anchoring the LiPSs. As a result, the F and O-functionalized surfaces of the Ti2C-based MXenes will contribute to suppressing the shuttle effect as conductive anchoring materials for LiS batteries. This theoretical study will provide further insight into the application of MXenes as a conductive anchoring material for LiS batteries.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were employed as a functional additive to improve the electrochemical performance of pasted nickel-foam electrodes for rechargeable nickel-based batteries. The nickel electrodes were prepared with spherical β-Ni(OH)2 powder as the active material and various amounts of CNTs as additives. Galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling tests showed that in comparison with the electrode without CNTs, the pasted nickel electrode with added CNTs exhibited better electrochemical properties in the chargeability, specific discharge capacity, active material utilization, discharge voltage, high-rate capability and cycling stability. Meanwhile, the CNT addition also lowered the packing density of Ni(OH)2 particles in the three-dimensional porous nickel-foam substrate, which could lead to the decrease in the active material loading and discharge capacity of the electrode. Hence, the amount of CNTs added to Ni(OH)2 should be optimized to obtain a high-performance nickel electrode, and an optimum amount of CNT addition was found to be 3wt.%. The superior electrochemical performance of the nickel electrode with CNTs could be attributed to lower electrochemical impedance and less γ-NiOOH formed during charge/discharge cycling, as indicated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses. Thus, it was an effective method to improve the electrochemical properties of pasted nickel electrodes by adding an appropriate amount of CNTs to spherical Ni(OH)2 as the active material.
Hybridization of a fuel cell (FC) with energy storage systems such as supercapacitors (SC) or batteries can make the fuel cell withstand the sudden fluctuations of the current. Moreover, direct hybridization of a FC with SCs (i.e. without power converters) has further proved out to be a better solution than the indirect mode (i.e. with power converters), in addition without inducing further ageing of the cell in non-steady operations. The present investigation was aimed at comparing the performance of the system in terms of yield and the component contributions of the fuel cell and the supercapacitor in power conversion on increasing the capacity of energy storage. A single 100 cm2 cell was directly hybridized to one or three 3000 F SCs in standard fuel cell dynamic load cycling operation, simulating the energy demand in urban transport with current varying in the range 0–100 A. Upon comparing the hydrogen supply for the two configurations (1 or 3 SC), increasing the SC number decreased the hydrogen amount required in a cycle by approximately 5%. This also enhanced the yield of the fuel cell and the hybrid source by 10 and 16% respectively. Moreover, increasing the SCs capacity reduces the power supplied by the FC in periods with high energy demand in cycling tests.
Studies on various medical conditions have shown that poor health is associated with lower parasympathetic tone. People with epilepsy appear to have decreased parasympathetic tone, with a greater decrease in those with intractable seizures than in those with well-controlled epilepsy. Slow breathing exercises have been shown to increase parasympathetic tone in healthy volunteers. Slow breathing exercises have been shown to improve a number of medical conditions including asthma, hypertension, anxiety states, and posttraumatic stress disorder. We hypothesize that slow breathing exercises in people with epilepsy can lead to an increase in parasympathetic tone and an accompanying reduction in seizure frequency. The slow breathing exercises, probably through baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and pulmonary stretch receptors, affect cortical activity and hence seizure thresholds. It is also possible that slow breathing exercises might reduce seizure frequency by reducing anxiety. The hypothesis can be tested by employing devices and protocols that have been used to reduce breathing rates and have been shown to improve health outcomes in other medical conditions.
The actual capacity of a battery is an essential indicator for calculating both the state of health and the remaining electric driving range. Numerous model-based techniques employing adaptive filters have been proposed for the online capacity estimation. However, in these filter-based methods, the impacts of filter configurations and the algorithm effectiveness at various aging stages have not yet been fully investigated. To address this gap and to evaluate the performance of three most popular algorithms, i.e. the extended Kalman filter, the particle filter, and the least-squares-based filter, they are coupled with an SOC estimator in dual frameworks. The characterization and accelerated aging tests have been carried out on a lithium-ion battery. After investigating the possible impacts from the configurations, the tracking accuracy, the robustness against the uncertainty of the initial capacity and the long-term performance of the three algorithms are compared. Furthermore, their computational efforts are extensively assessed regarding complexity, simulation runtime as well as compiled code size utilizing an automotive prototype hardware. The results show that the extended Kalman filter is the least sensitive to model degradation with the lowest computational effort; the particle filter shows the fastest convergence speed but has the highest computational effort; and the least-squares-based filter has an intermediate behavior in both long-term performance and computational effort.
The slow kinetics of bigger-sized sodium ions in intercalation compounds restricts the practical applications of sodium batteries. In this work, sodium ion intercalation/de-intercalation behavior of Na0.44MnO2 (NMO), which is one of the promising cathode materials for sodium batteries, is presented in both aqueous and non-aqueous electrolyte systems. The NMO samples synthesized using modified Pechini method shows better rate capability in 0.5 M sodium sulfate aqueous electrolyte system than the 1 M sodium perchlorate non-aqueous system. The difference in the rate performance is extensively investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements and the apparent diffusion coefficients of sodium in NMO are determined to be in the range of 1.08 × 10−13 to 9.15 × 10−12 cm2 s−1 in aqueous system and in the range of 5.75 × 10−16 to 2.14 × 10−14 cm2 s−1 in non-aqueous systems. The differences in the evaluated rate capability are mainly attributed to nearly two to three orders of magnitude difference in the apparent diffusion coefficient along with the charge transfer resistance and the resistance from the formed SEI layer.
With the hollow-sphere Li3PO4 as precursor, a delicate polyol-assisted hydrothermal method is devised to synthesize high-performance LiMnPO4. Orthorhombic shaped, irregular flaky shaped and sphere-like LiMnPO4 are sequentially prepared by decreasing the water–diethylene glycol (DEG) ratio. The capacity, cycling stability and rate performance of all samples prepared by the new synthesis method are improved significantly. And the C/LiMnPO4 with irregular flaky shape exhibits a capacity of 154.1 mA h g−1 at C/20, 147.4 mA h g−1 at C/10 and 102.5 mA h g−1 at 2 C, which is the best performance ever reported for LiMnPO4 active material with similar carbon additives.