batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The purpose of this study was to investigate functional organization in the human brain involved in the representation of knowledge regarding plants. We measured the brain activity of eight male volunteers during the recognition of visual stimuli representing plants, animals and artifacts, using positron emission tomography. The participants were presented with and were required to name silently two different images each of 15 entities belonging to three ontological categories, and 30 series of four to six digits. Marked increases in regional cerebral blood flow were found in the hippocampus and the parahippocampal areas bilaterally and the right lateral occipital cortex during the silent naming of all three categories, compared with that during the silent reading of digits. The right lateral occipital cortex was specifically activated in association with the naming of plants, and the right fusiform cortex was specifically activated in association with the naming of animals. In addition, the right temporo-occipital cortex was activated only during animals and plants, not artifacts. Our results indicate that there were a few characteristic activations for the different categories, and that entities belonging to the different categories are not necessarily represented in different locations of the brain.
From dictating the redox potential of electrolyte solvents to shaping the stability of solid-electrolyte interfaces, solvation plays a critical role in the electrochemistry of electrolytes. To efficiently design functional electrolytes for lithium batteries, it is particularly important to understand the relative solvating ability of each individual organic solvent, because most of the electrolyte systems are comprised of two or more electrolyte solvents. Using a newly developed internally referenced diffusion-ordered spectroscopy technique and diffusion coefficient–coordination ratio (D–α) analysis, we successfully constructed a solvating power series for common electrolyte solvents. We demonstrated the usefulness of this solvating power series in designing more reliable electrolyte system by selecting an appropriate fluorinated electrolyte solvent for a high-voltage lithium metal battery (LMB) as an example. For a methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)carbonate-based electrolyte, we identified fluoroethylene carbonate as a more desirable cyclic carbonate co-solvent than difluoroethylene carbonate for LMB due to its significantly higher ability to solvate lithium ions.
Two main topics were handled in this study: loss minimization in the irreversible capacity of vapor-grown carbon fibers (VGCFs) by pretreatment techniques and reversible capacity increase in pretreated VGCFs by the deposition of nano-sized Fe2O3. VGCFs were ball-milled and acid-treated, and nano-sized Fe2O3 particles were supported on the pretreated VGCFs. Their performance as anodes in lithium-ion batteries was characterized using a variety of techniques. Compared to the electrode containing pristine VGCF only, electrodes composed of the pretreated-VGCFs enhanced both charge transfer and discharge capacities due to an increase in lithium-ion mobility. Moreover, the Fe2O3 nanoparticles supported on the pretreated VGCFs could eliminate defects and functional groups on the surface of VGCFs generated by the pretreatment, such that the composite of Fe2O3 and pretreated VGCF showed higher reversible capacity at any rate of charge/discharge than the composite of Fe2O3 and the pristine VGCF. Therefore, the Fe2O3/pretreated VGCF composites could be a good candidate for high capacity anodes.
In the 21st Conference of the Parties held in Paris in December 2015, China pledged to peak its carbon emissions and increase non-fossil energy to 20% by 2030 or earlier. Expanding renewable capacity, especially wind power, is a central strategy to achieve these climate goals. Despite greater capacity for wind installation in China compared to the US (145.1 versus 75.0 GW), less wind electricity is generated in China (186.3 versus 190.9 TWh). Here, we quantify the relative importance of the key factors accounting for the unsatisfactory performance of Chinese wind farms. Different from the results in earlier qualitative studies, we find that the difference in wind resources explains only a small fraction of the present China−US difference in wind power output (−17.9% in 2012); the curtailment of wind power, differences in turbine quality, and delayed connection to the grid are identified as the three primary factors (respectively −49.3%, −50.2%, and −50.3% in 2012). Improvements in both technology choices and the policy environment are critical in addressing these challenges.
This study extends the geographic coverage of a previous study of mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism in European anchovy. Both studies together include 24 samples representing 17 localities extending from the Black Sea, through the Mediterranean Sea to the eastern Atlantic as far south as Dakar, Senegal. Eighty-eight haplotypes define two clades (A and B) separated by 3.2% sequence divergence. Clade A has a star-like genealogy indicative of a recent population expansion. Clade B has a more complex genealogy, consisting of several haplotypes at intermediate frequencies. The distributions of these clades consist of a mosaic with abrupt changes between some areas and gradients between other areas. Clade A predominates the Black and Aegean seas, but is present throughout the Mediterranean. Unexpectedly, new data show that clade A is also at a high frequency in the Atlantic, from Portugal to at least Senegal. Overall, the level of genetic differentiation among populations is high (F ST =0.148, p <0.0001), with the greatest differences between basins. AMOVA reveals four main geographical groups: Atlantic, central Mediterranean, Aegean Sea, and Black Sea. Mismatch distribution clearly indicates historical bottleneck and population expansion for clade A, while for clade B such evidence is equivocal. This difference may reflect a range expansion for both clades, but with higher gene flow (Nm values) between demes for clade A. Both contemporary and historical processes are important in shaping the complex genetic population structure of European anchovy.
NF
        membranes, as an alternative to traditional ion exchange membranes, were first proposed and successfully prepared for VRBs based on a totally new concept of tuning the vanadium/proton selectivity viapore size exclusion. The results showed that membranes show increasing vanadium ion/proton (V/H) selectivity with decreasing pore size distribution. VRBs assembled with prepared NF membranes exhibited comparable performance to that of commercialized Nafion. The concept could potentially overcome the traditional restriction from ion exchange membranes and provide much more material options for VRB membranes.
Li2O finds several important technological applications, as it is used in solid-state batteries, can be used as a blanket breeding material in nuclear fusion reactors, etc. Li2O exhibits a fast ion phase, characterized by a thermally induced dynamic disorder in the anionic sub-lattice of Li+, at elevated temperatures around 1200 K. We have carried out lattice-dynamical calculations of Li2O using a shell model in the quasi-harmonic approximation. The calculated phonon frequencies are in excellent agreement with the reported inelastic neutron scattering data. Thermal expansion, specific heat, elastic constants and equation of state have also been calculated which are in good agreement with the available experimental data.
A systematic review of reviews was conducted to identify and appraise brief measures of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) that have been used in peer-reviewed research with people living with HIV.
Fluorescence intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) is a potential alternative for identifying anatomical variation and preventing iatrogenic bile duct injuries by using the near-infrared probe indocyanine green (ICG). However, the dynamic process and mechanism of fluorescence IOC have not been elucidated in previous publications. Herein, the optical properties of the complex of ICG and bile, dynamic fluorescence cholangiography and iatrogenic bile duct injuries were investigated. The emission spectrum of ICG in bile peaked at 844 nm and ICG had higher tissue penetration. Extrahepatic bile ducts could fluoresce 2 min after intravenous injection, and the fluorescence intensity reached a peak at 8 min. In addition, biliary dynamics were observed owing to ICG excretion from the bile ducts into the duodenum. Quantitative analysis indicated that ICG-guided fluorescence IOC possessed a high signal to noise ratio compared to the surrounding peripheral tissue and the portal vein. Fluorescence IOC was based on rapid uptake of circulating ICG in plasma by hepatic cells, excretion of ICG into the bile and then its interaction with protein molecules in the bile. Moreover, fluorescence IOC was sensitive to detect bile duct ligation and acute bile duct perforation using ICG in rat models. All of the results indicated that fluorescence IOC using ICG is a valid alternative for the cholangiography of extrahepatic bile ducts and has potential for measurement of biliary dynamics.
Sodium-ion batteries offer a potential alternative or complementary system to lithium-ion batteries, which are widely used in many applications. For this purpose, layered O3-type NaCrO2 for use as a cathode material in sodium-ion batteries was synthesized via an emulsion-drying method. The produced NaCrO2 was modified using pitch as a carbon source and the products were tested in half and full cells using a NaPF6-based non-aqueous electrolyte solution. The carbon-coated NaCrO2 cathode material exhibits excellent capacity retention with superior rate capability up to a rate of 150 C (99 mA h (g oxide)−1), which corresponds to full discharge during 27 s. The surface conducting carbon layer plays a critically important role in the excellent performance of this cathode material. We confirmed the reaction process with sodium using X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Thermal analysis using time-resolved X-ray diffraction also demonstrated the structural stability of carbon-coated Na0.5CrO2. Due to the excellent performance of the cathode material described herein, this study has the potential to promote the accelerated development of sodium-ion batteries for a large number of applications.
Attractive electrochemical properties of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries originate primarily from the lithium-ion diffusion behavior in the crystal lattice. Therefore, it is extremely important to understand the inherent material properties that are favorable for superior kinetic performance. Here we report on the intrinsic electrochemical properties of LTO without the influence of inactive electrode components (e.g., binder, conductive agent) using single-particle measurement technique. Electrochemical analysis revealed an exceptionally high rate capability of a single LTO particle compared to the conventional LTO-based electrode. In particular, a single LTO particle demonstrates capacity retention of 88% even at 440 C-rate, while conventional LTO-based electrode shows a two-fold decrease in capacity at 30 C-rate, though it is temperature dependent. Particular attention is paid to determine the correlation of phase transition behavior in a single LTO particle with activation energies of exchange current (i o ), charge transfer resistance (R ct ) at the electrode/electrolyte interface, and diffusivity (D) of lithium-ion in the lattice obtained by single-particle measurement technique.
Through an agreement with EEE producers, Swedish municipalities are responsible for collection of hazardous waste and waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). In most Swedish municipalities, collection of these waste fractions is concentrated to waste recycling centres where households can source-separate and deposit hazardous waste and WEEE free of charge. However, the centres are often located on the outskirts of city centres and cars are needed in order to use the facilities in most cases. A full-scale experiment was performed in a residential area in southern Sweden to evaluate effects of a system for property-close source separation of hazardous waste and WEEE. After the system was introduced, results show a clear reduction in the amount of hazardous waste and WEEE disposed of incorrectly amongst residual waste or dry recyclables. The systems resulted in a source separation ratio of 70wt% for hazardous waste and 76wt% in the case of WEEE. Results show that households in the study area were willing to increase source separation of hazardous waste and WEEE when accessibility was improved and that this and similar collection systems can play an important role in building up increasingly sustainable solid waste management systems.
Lithium substituted polyacrylic acid (LiPAA) has previously been demonstrated as a superior binder over polyacrylic acid (PAA) for Si anodes, but from where does this enhanced performance arise? In this study, full cells are assembled with PAA and LiPAA based Si-graphite composite anodes that dried at temperatures from 100 °C to 200 °C. The performance of full cells containing PAA based Si-graphite anodes largely depend on the secondary drying temperature, as decomposition of the binder is correlated to increased electrode moisture and a rise in cell impedance. Full cells containing LiPAA based Si-graphite composite electrodes display better Coulombic efficiency than those with PAA, because of the electrochemical reduction of the PAA binder. This is identified by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and observed gassing during the electrochemical reaction. Coulombic losses from the PAA and Si SEI, along with depletion of the Si capacity in the anode results in progressive underutilization of the cathode and full cell capacity loss.
Commercially available, high power lithium ion batteries with capacities of about 3 Ah, on basis of different cell designs and mainly pouch format (but also one round cell) are cycled under continuous high discharge currents, up to 45C, to test for actual power capability. Using a different batch of cells, in addition low rate cycling tests (1C discharge) are carried out and compared to the respective high power procedures. Impedance measurements are conducted for full cells in their fresh and aged state. In addition, all cells are disassembled in their fresh and end of life states to gain further understanding on correlation of cell design (e.g. cell chemistry, electrode thickness, composition of active coating) and aging mechanisms. Therefore, the cells and electrodes are examined optically and characterized by means of XRD and SEM. It is found that there is a wide spread in quality of commercially available cells in terms of power capability, performance and aging. Aging mechanisms are discussed for all tested cells, and also the effect of high power vs. low power cycling. Aspects like SEI growth, change in particle size, cracking and impedance rise are systematically investigated and discussed.
Development of high-performance phase transformation electrodes in lithium ion batteries requires comprehensive studies on stress-mediated lithiation involving migration of the phase interface. It brings out many counter-intuitive phenomena, especially in nanoscale electrodes, such as the slowing down migration of phase interface, the vanishing of miscibility gap under high charge rate, and the formation of surface crack during lithiation. However, it is still a challenge to simulate the evolution of stress in arbitrarily-shaped nanoscale electrodes, accompanied with phase transformation and concurrent plastic deformation. This article gives a brief review of our efforts devoted to address these issues by developing phase field model and simulation. We demonstrate that the miscibility gap of two-phase state is affected not only by stress but also by surface reaction rate and particle size. In addition, the migration of phase interface slows down due to stress. It reveals that the plastic deformation generates large radial expansion, which is responsible for the transition from surface hoop compression to surface hoop tension that may induce surface crack during lithiation. We hope our effort can make a contribution to the understanding of stress-coupled kinetics in phase transformation electrodes.
Hurricanes can have catastrophic effects on coastal ecosystems. To minimize negative impacts of storms, animals may seek shelter in place, move to a nearby refuge, or evacuate long-distances. Crocodilians can be important predators in estuarine habitats, but little is known about how they respond to extreme weather events. We investigated the movement behaviors of eight acoustically tracked American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) before, during, and after Hurricane Irma in 2017 within the Shark River Estuary of Everglades National Park, USA. Using tracking data, we compared their movements and habitat use before and after the hurricane to similar timeframes in other years without major storms.
In order to improve performance of all-solid-state lithium ion battery with honeycomb structure, a compatibility of two commonly used cathode materials, LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4, to Li0.55La0.35TiO3 (LLT) solid electrolyte was studied. LiCoO2/honeycomb LLT and LiMn2O4/honeycomb LLT half cells were fabricated by the impregnation of mixture of the cathode material with its precursor sol into honeycomb holes followed by the calcination. Impurity phases were observed at interface between LiCoO2 and honeycomb LLT, while no impurity phase was confirmed in the case of LiMn2O4. In half cell test, the LiMn2O4/honeycomb LLT cell showed about 6 times larger discharge capacity than the LiCoO2/honeycomb LLT cell, because of high internal resistance of the LiCoO2/honeycomb LLT cell caused by the impurity phases. It can be said that the formation of low resistance interface at active material/electrolyte is one of the most important key to improve performance of the all-solid-state battery. Using LiMn2O4 instead of LiCoO2, better interface between cathode material and LLT was obtained.
We investigated the association between maternal use of folic acid (FA) during pregnancy and child anthropometric measures at birth.
The post mortem electrochemical analysis, including charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, are critical steps for revealing the failure mechanisms of commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). These post measurements usually require the reassembling of coin-cell with electrode which is often double-side-coated in commercial LIBs. It is difficult to use such double-side-coated electrode to perform accurate electrochemical measurements because the back side of the electrode is coated with active materials, rather than single-side-coated electrode that is often used in coin-cell measurements. In this study, we report a facile tape-covering sample preparation method, which can effectively suppress the influence of back side of the double-side-coated electrodes on capacity and EIS measurements in coin-cells. By tape-covering the unwanted side, the areal capacity of the desired investigated side of the electrode has been accurately measured with an experimental error of about 0.5% at various current densities, and accurate EIS measurements and analysis have been conducted as well.
For redox flow battery, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide (MEPBr) is a promising bromine-complexing agent that forms insoluble organic phase of MEPBr3. A series of optical images acquired by in-situ confocal microscopy with tens of millisecond interval visualize how MEPBr3 emulsion droplets are electrochemically generated and collide with the electrode surface. Two types of electrodes, i.e. a Pt microdisk of 10μm diameter and a 2.5mm long Pt wire of 25μm diameter, show clear correlation between electrochemical behavior and optical images. The droplets starts growing on the electrode surface at the potential at which oxidative faradaic current starts flowing. As the overpotential increases, the droplets become larger adhered at the electrode surface, from which small droplets start detaching at 0.925V or higher potential. Some of the droplets leave the surface, move back and collide with the electrode surface, thus producing current spikes, which are detected by chronoamperometry simultaneously. In-situ confocal microscopy in this study confirms that the droplets are heterogeneously generated by electrochemical reaction and that individual droplets collide back onto the electrode surface, thus providing a better understanding of the phenomena that happen at redox flow battery electrode surfaces.
This work presents a methodological synthesis for the in situ monitoring of fish aggregating devices (FADs) using a combination of optical, echosounder and SCUBA observations conducted in the vicinity of drifting FADs. The acoustic methods allowed, according to the devices used, the description of the spatial organisation and dynamics of biotic scattering layers, individual fishes, schools, shoals and mammals, while visual, photographic and video observations permitted species identification within a range of 0 to ~ 25 m. Based on these results, we elaborate on the interest to combine acoustic and visual methods, and present an autonomous instrumented drifting buoy for remotely monitoring fish diversity and abundance in the pelagic ecosystems. The perspective of autonomously collecting large amounts of basic information useful for ecological and fisheries studies in an ecosystem approach for open sea, as well as coastal pelagic environment, is also emphasized. As perspective we present “Seaorbiter” a futuristic large drifting platform which will allow performing innovative ecosystemic studies taking into account simultaneously all macro components of the pelagic ecosystem.
This paper is to introduce the nickel/metal-hydride (Ni/MH) batteries for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) developed and mass-produced by our company. EV-95 for EVs enables a vehicle to drive approximately 200km per charge. As the specific power is extremely high, more than 200W/kg at 80% depth of discharge (DOD), the acceleration performance is equivalent to that of gasoline fuel automobiles. The life characteristic is also superior. This battery gives the satisfactory result of more than 1000 cycles in bench tests and approximately 4-year on-board driving. EV-28 developed for small EVs comprises of a compact and light battery module with high specific power of 300W/kg at 80% DOD by introducing a new technology for internal cell connection. Meanwhile, our cylindrical battery for the HEV was adopted into the first generation Toyota Prius in 1997 which is the world’s first mass-product HEV, and has a high specific power of 600W/kg. Its life characteristic was found to be equivalent to more than 100,000km driving. Furthermore, a new prismatic module in which six cells are connected internally was used for the second generation Prius in 2000. The prismatic battery comprises of a compact and light battery pack with a high specific power of 1000W/kg, which is approximately 1.7 times that of conventional cylindrical batteries, as a consequence of the development of a new internal cell connection and a new current collection structure.