batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Japan has developed a variety of national strategies and plans related to biofuels which address four main policy objectives, including reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, energy security, rural development, and realisation of a recycle-based society. This paper reviews these national strategies and plans as well as associated implementing policies, and discusses the extent to which these objectives may be achieved. This paper found that the long-term potential of biofuels to contribute to GHG reduction goals will depend not only on the rates of technological development of the second generation biofuels but also on the development of other advanced vehicles. In the medium term, the potential contribution of biofuels to rural development and realising a recycle-based society could become significant depending on the progress of technology for both second generation biofuel production and the collection and transportation of their feedstocks. The potential contribution of biofuels to Japan’s energy security is constrained by the availability of imports and the potential of domestic production.
Detection of cognitive impairment in patients with brain metastases is important for both patient management and clinical trials. The most commonly used cognitive screen, the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), though convenient, is not sensitive in these patients. More sensitive tools are less convenient and, therefore, uncommonly used. Therefore, a practical and sensitive tool is needed. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a good candidate, shown to be sensitive in detecting mild cognitive impairment in the pre-dementia setting. This study is the first to explore the MoCA in cancer patients and is aimed at determining the feasibility of administering the MoCA in brain tumor patients. The secondary objective is to explore the relationship between MoCA and MMSE scores.
Physically-based Li-ion electrochemical cell models have been shown capable of predicting cell performance and degradation, but are computationally expensive for optimization-oriented design applications. Faster empirical models have been developed from experimental data, but are not generalizable to operating conditions outside of the range established by the calibration data. In this paper, a reduced-order capacity-loss model for graphite anodes is derived based upon the salient physical loss mechanisms to improve computational efficiency without sacrificing model fidelity. This model captures the two primary degradation mechanisms that occur in the graphite anode of a typical lithium ion cell: a) capacity loss due to Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) layer growth, and b) capacity loss due to isolation of active material. The model is calibrated and validated for a commercial 2.3-Ah cell with a Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) cathode and graphite anode. One data set is used for calibration, another four experimental data sets are used for validation. The model matches experimental capacity degradation results within a 20% error. Moreover, the reported model is 2400× faster than currently existing more complex physically-based electrochemical models that are only slightly more accurate (in some cases).
This work demonstrates a straightforward strategy to develop the copper-indium-sulfide (CIS) quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) consisting of ionic liquids (ILs) as electrolyte instead of any volatile solvent. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the solar cell yielded with 0.36% in the presence of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium sulfide ([BMIm][S2−/Sn 2−]) as electrolyte. Furthermore, binary mixture of [BMIm][S2−/Sn 2−] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate ([BMIm][SCN]) exhibited an improvement of J SC and FF yielding with 0.75% (J SC: 8.69 mA cm−2, V OC: 0.32 V, FF 26.8%). It exhibited long-term stability within 20% drops after 72 h-continuous photo-irradiation and subsequent storage for more than 1300 h in dark. It is due to suppression of the volatilization of solvent and decomposition of sulfide/polysulfide (S2−/Sn 2−) anions. The solar cell performances were found to promote as an increase of interfacial charge transfer efficiency between electrolyte and electrodes by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
An electrochemical–thermal coupling model for LiFePO4/C cells is developed by combining White's electrochemical model with thermal model. And the simulations on thermal behavior of LiFePO4/C cells present the entire process from self-heating to thermal runaway, as well as heating sources at each stage based on DSC data. LiFePO4/C cells, using separator with different melting-down temperature have been simulated, and the results show that the inner short circuit, caused by the melting down of separator, is the major factor of thermal runaway of LiFePO4/C cell, in which the separator with lower melting-down temperature has been used. However, when the LiFePO4/C cell employs a separator with higher melting-down temperature, decomposition reactions of electrodes material become the major factor of the safety.
Spray pyrolysis typically produces hollow particles when the particles are larger than about 2 microns. In this work, a scalable spray pyrolysis process was developed for the production of electrochemically active materials in a way that overcomes hollow sphere formation. With this new slurry spray pyrolysis process particles greater than 6 μm have been successfully produced with a solid, yet porous interior morphology. Results indicate that the process shows great potential for the production of high quality, electrochemically active materials, as demonstrated by the electrochemical performance of layered Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 materials. The materials are phase pure, as observed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and discharge capacities greater than 200 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at C/3 rate (where 1 C = 200 mAh g−1) are consistently obtained. The standard deviation in discharge capacity for 5 batches of material produced under identical conditions was 11 mAh g−1. These promising electrochemical results were obtained at a scale of 50 g h−1 and with minimal process optimization, indicating the potential for commercial scale production.
Lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO4 (LFP), is considered to be a potential cathode material for lithium-ion batteries but its rate performance is significantly restricted by sluggish kinetics of electrons and lithium ions. A simple solvothermal method has been described in this article to synthesize carbon coated LFP (LFP/C) nanoplates with varying thickness from 20 to 500 nm by using different iron precursors. The influence of solvents on the morphology of the LFP in the solvothermal synthesis is also investigated. A uniform carbon coverage at the surfaces has been achieved by a selective chelating carbonising source, D-gluconic acid lactone. The smallest dimension of the nanoplates has been found to be the b-axis where the Li+ ion diffuses quickly. The overall capacity and rate performance have, in general, been found to increase with the decrease of thickness of the nanoplates. Hierarchical LFP/C with ∼30 nm thickness shows the best electrochemical performance of 167 mA h g−1, followed by spindle (<20 nm thickness but aggregated, 121 mA h g−1), plates (200–300 nm thickness, 110 mA h g−1) and diamond shaped LFP/C (300–500 nm thickness, 82 mA h g−1) at a current rate of 17mA g−1 (0.1C rate). The spindle shaped LFP/C shows unexpected electrochemical performance since the nanoplates are heavily agglomerated in the bulk which prevents access for the liquid electrolyte, as well as additive Super P carbon, between neighbouring nanoplates during the fabrication of the composite electrodes. Hence, only the peripheral plates of the spindle are actively involved in the insertion/extraction of Li+, while the core of the spindle shaped LFP/C is almost inactive, resulting in moderate storage behaviour.
A hybrid organic-inorganic porous material was successfully prepared through chemical modification of a non-ordered mesoporous silica, obtained by the sol-gel process, with 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium groups. The porous material was evaluated as a platform for the development of electrochemical sensors, here probed toward the electrooxidation of NADH (β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), uric acid (UA) and dopamine (DA). The presence of cationic imidazolium groups on the surface of the hybrid silica-based material allowed the electrochemical detection of these biomolecules without any other electron mediator or biomolecular recognition component. Such behavior highlights the potentiality of this material to be applied in the development of new electrochemical sensing devices. Theoretical calculations based on density functional theory emphasizes that the cationic character of imidazolium group provides better oxidation conditions if the solvent effect is minimized.
Fe3O4 nanoparticles synthesized by a base catalyzed method are tested as anode material for Li-ion batteries. The pristine nanoparticles are morphologically characterized showing an average size of 11 nm. Electrodes are prepared using high-molecular weight Poly (acrylic acid) as improved binder and ethanol as low cost and environmentally friendly solvent. The evaluation of electrochemical properties shows high specific capacity values of 857 mA hg−1 after 200 cycles at a specific current of 462 mAg−1, as well as an excellent rate capability with specific current values up to 18480 mAg−1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Fe3O4 nanoparticles cycling with PAA as binder.
The replacement of traditional conductive carbon additives with single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in lithium metal oxide cathode composites has been shown to enhance thermal stability as well as power capability and electrode energy density. The dispersion of 1wt% high purity laser-produced SWCNTs in a LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 electrode created an improved percolation network over an equivalent composite electrode using 4wt% Super C65 carbon black; evidenced by additive connectivity in SEM images and an order of magnitude increase in electrode electrical conductivity. The cathode with 1wt% SWCNT additives showed comparable active material capacity (185–188mAhg−1), at a low rate, and Coulombic efficiency to the cathode composite with 4wt% Super C65. At increased cycling rates, the cathode with SWCNT additives had higher capacity retention with more than three times the capacity at 10C (16.4mAcm−2). The thermal stability of the electrodes was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry after charging to 4.3V and float charging for 12h. A 40% reduction of the cathode exothermic energy released was measured when using 1wt% SWCNTs as the additive. Thus, the results demonstrate that replacing traditional conductive carbon additives with a lower weight loading of SWCNTs is a simple way to improve the thermal transport, safety, power, and energy characteristics of cathode composites for lithium ion batteries.
Cr-based cathode materials for Li-ion batteries have attracted significant attentions due to the feature of multiple electron transfer. The origin of the poor electrochemical inactivity of LiCrO2 has not been clarified for decades. Here an irreversible phase transformation from the layered to the rock-salt structure is observed at atomic scale in partially electrochemical delithiated LiCrO2: Cr ions migrate from Cr layers into Li layers in the surface regions. The Cr ions at Li layers in the surface regions could block extraction of lithium from the interior regions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm that Cr ions in Li layers can stabilize the structure in the Li-poor area, but the diffusion energy barrier of Li ions will be greatly increased. It is proposed accordingly that the surface phase transformation and the blocking of diffusion channel are the main origin for the poor electrochemical reactivity of LiCrO2. Such a surface blocking phenomenon may be a common origin for inactivity of some cathode materials, in which cation mixing become significant after initial delithiation. In addition, Cr ions in LiCrO2 are oxidized only from Cr3+ to Cr4+ during electrochemical delithiation, instead of Cr6+ as usually expected, based on synchrotron X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) studies.
A novel series of cathode materials based on lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) for Li-ion batteries are synthesized by comprehensive utilization of solvothermal technique and high temperature calcination method. In this work, metal tetrabromophthalocyanines are utilized to control the structure of LiFePO4 and the electrochemistry of the final products is studied. The composition, structure and morphology characterizations include ICP-AES, XRD, SEM and TEM experiments. Electrochemical performance of each modified material in the Li-ion battery is evaluated by electrochemical measuring technology. The results exhibit that the as-synthesized samples can improve the initial discharge capacity of the Li-ion battery up to 150.7 mAhg−1 at the rate of 0.1C. In addition, the most excellent composite can enhance the rate capability of the battery dramatically compared with that of the pristine LiFePO4.
Understanding mechanisms of deformation of battery cell components is important in order to improve the mechanical safety of lithium-ion batteries. In this study, micro-scale deformation and failure of fully-discharged battery components including an anode, a cathode, and a separator were investigated at room temperature. Nanoindentation tests and in-situ tensile tests under scanning electron microscope (SEM) were carried out on the electrodes of a commercial battery cell in order to measure the elastic modulus of coating materials and the elastic–plastic and fracture behavior of the electrodes. Additionally, interrupted tests were conducted on a polypropylene separator and its deformation at each stage was investigated under SEM. Samples with the same size were loaded to different strains and then fully unloaded. SEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were subsequently used to analyze the changes in the microstructure such as crystal orientation and pore size. From these tests, it was found that cathode and anode coatings have distinct deformation mechanisms. The cathode develops a number of micro cracks on the surface before reaching final failure, while the anode maintains its integrity until later stages of deformation. The separator also shows unique stages of deformation such as elongation of fibrils and formation of new pores until reaching final onset of failure.
Nickel cobalt (Ni–Co) molybdates with different stoichiometric nickel and cobalt ratios have been synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. The hydrothermal method is robust enough to synthesis of Ni–Co molybdates with same crystal structure and similar nanorods morphology at different ratios of Ni and Co. The electrochemical performance of Ni–Co molybdates is measured as positive electroactive material in a three-electrode configuration, which demonstrates typical faradaic redox behaviors of Ni–Co molybdates that consistent with battery-type materials. Owing to the synergistic effect of Ni and Co ions, the electrochemical performance in terms of specific capacity, rate capability and cycling stability can be readily tuned by varying the Ni and Co content. In particular, the Ni0.67Co0.33MoO4 demonstrates the highest specific capacity of 441Cg−1 at 1Ag−1, superior rate capability of 71% capacity retention after 50 times increase in current density. In addition, the Ni0.67Co0.33MoO4 is used to assemble hybrid supercapacitors with reduced graphene oxide, which shows high specific capacity (119Cg−1 at 1Ag−1), high specific energy (25.6 Wh kg−1 at 775Wkg−1) and high specific power (7750Wkg−1 at 13.2 Wh kg−1).
A series of transition metal phosphates, Mg0.5+y (Fe y Ti1−y )2(PO4)3 (MFTP), modified from Mg0.5Ti2(PO4)3 (MTP) were prepared by sol–gel method and evaluated as cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium cells. The crystal structure of MFTP at 0≤y≤0.5 was identical to that of MTP, while their unit cell volumes were smaller than that of MTP due to introduced Mg2+ ions. Electrochemical magnesium insertion into MFTP was found possible as observed for MTP. However, the limiting extent of magnesium insertion into MFTP at 0.1≤y≤0.5 was small compared with MTP and remarkably dependent on the current density during discharge, suggesting that the insertion limit is determined not by the number of available sites for Mg2+ or electrons but by the mobility of Mg2+ in the host varying with the unit cell volume.
Preliminary evidence suggests that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may exhibit handwriting difficulties. However, the exact nature of these difficulties and the extent to which they may relate to motor or behavioural difficulties remains unclear. The aim of this study was to describe handwriting capacity in children newly diagnosed with ADHD and identify predictors of performance. Forty medication-naïve children with ADHD (mean age 8.1 years) were evaluated with the Evaluation Tool of Children's Handwriting-Manuscript, the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC), the Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (VMI) and the Conner Global Index. An important subset (85.0%) exhibited manual dexterity difficulties. Handwriting performance was extremely variable in terms of speed and legibility. VMI was the most important predictor of legibility. Upper extremity coordination, as measured by the M-ABC ball skills subtest, was also a good predictor of word legibility. Conclusion Poor handwriting legibility and slow writing speed were common in children newly diagnosed with ADHD and were associated with motor abilities. Future studies are needed to determine whether interventions, including stimulant medications, can improve handwriting performance and related motor functioning.
While psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia are largely diagnosed on symptomatology, several studies have attempted to determine which biomarkers can discriminate schizophrenia patients from non-patients with schizophrenia. The objective of this study is to assess whether near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurement can distinguish schizophrenia patients from healthy subjects. Sixty patients with schizophrenia and sixty age- and gender-matched healthy controls were divided into two sequential groups. The concentration change in oxygenated hemoglobin (Δ[oxy-Hb]) was measured in the bilateral prefrontal areas (Fp1-F7 and Fp2-F8) during the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT) letter version and category version, Tower of Hanoi (TOH), Sternberg's (SBT) and Stroop Tasks. In the first group, schizophrenia patients showed poorer task performance on all tasks and less prefrontal cortex activation during all but the Stroop Task compared to healthy subjects. In the second group, schizophrenia patients showed poorer task performance and less prefrontal cortex activation during VFTs and TOH tasks than healthy subjects. We then performed discriminant analysis by a stepwise method using Δ[oxy-Hb] and task performance measures as independent variables. The discriminant analysis in the first group included task performance of TOH, VFT letter and VFT category and Δ[oxy-Hb] of VFT letter. As a result, 88.3% of the participants were correctly classified as being schizophrenic or healthy subjects in the first analysis. The discriminant function derived from the first group correctly assigned 75% of the subjects in the second group. Our findings suggest that NIRS measurement could be applied to differentiate patients with schizophrenia from healthy subjects.
In the present paper we report and discuss the physicochemical properties of novel electrolyte membranes, based on poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene), PVdF-TrFE, and poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), PVdF-HFP, co-polymer hosts and the PVdF-TrFE/poly(ethylene oxide (PEO) blend as separators for lithium battery systems. The results have shown that the examined separator membranes, particularly those based on the PVdF co-polymers, are able to uptake large liquid amounts leading to high ionic conductivity values. Tests performed on Li/LiFePO4 and Li/Sn–C cells have revealed very good cycling performance even at high current rates and 100% of DOD, approaching the results achieved in liquid electrolytes. A capacity fading lower than 0.002% per cycle was observed. Particularly, the Li/LiFePO4 cathode cells have exhibited excellent rate capability, being still able to deliver at 2C above 89% of the capacity discharged at 0.1C. These results, in conjunction with the about 100% coulombic efficiency, suggest very good electrolyte/electrode compatibility, which results from the high purity and stability of the electrolyte and electrode materials and the cell manufacturing.
The development of improved State-of-Health (SoH) diagnostic methods is a current research topic for battery-powered applications. For instance, the current rapid development of Electric Vehicles (EV) creates a strong demand for an accurate and reliable on-board SoH indicator during operation. Such an indicator is a key parameter required to optimize battery energy management and to track the degradation of the system performance. The electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) of an electrochemical system is a powerful lab-based diagnostic technique, usually measured using a frequency response analyzer. In this paper, we present an innovative diagnostic technique based on analysis of free voltage and current signals to give a so called “quasi-electrochemical impedance spectrum” (QEIS) and demonstrate its application on a Li-ion battery during a real EV duty cycle. It is worth noting that in our technique no additional signal is applied to the cell, since the current flowing into cells during use on-board is directly processed in the data treatment step. Commercial batteries (1.4Ah cylindrical LiFePO4/graphite cell) were selected in this study to validate the diagnostic method in the framework of an applied case study related to an electric school bus demonstrator. In order to study the capability of QEIS measurements as a diagnostic tool for SoH of Li-ion cells, a test procedure including ageing phases has been defined to characterise Li-ion cells before and during ageing. Voltage and current signals were treated by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) in order to determine the QEIS spectra of Li-ion cells under study. Then, SoH prediction algorithms have been obtained from a mathematical analysis of the impedance parameters sensitive to SoH.
This paper uses a semiparametric latent variable transformation model for multiple outcomes to examine the effect of education and maternal education on female multidimensional well-being and proposes a procedure to build a well-being index that is less susceptible to functional form misspecification. We model multidimensional well-being as an unobserved common factor underlying the observed well-being outcomes. The semiparametric methodology allows us to alleviate misspecification bias by combining multiple indicators into a latent construct in an unspecified, data-driven way. Using data from female participants of the 1974–2010 waves of the US General Social Survey, we find that education, intelligence, and maternal education contribute positively to multidimensional well-being. However, the effects of education and maternal education on female multidimensional well-being declined steadily between the mid-1970s and the 1990s, and have not rebounded since.