batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
System states are related, directly or indirectly, to health condition indicators. Indeed, critical system failures can be efficiently characterized through a state space manifold. This fact has encouraged the development of a series of failure prognostic frameworks based on Bayesian processors (e.g. particle or unscented Kalman filters), which efficiently help to estimate the Time-of-Failure (ToF) probability distribution in nonlinear, non- Gaussian, systems with uncertain future operating profiles. However, it is still unclear how to determine the efficacy of these methods, since the Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) community has not developed rigorous theoretical frameworks that could help to define proper performance indicators. In this regard, this article introduces novel prognostic performance metric based on the concept of Bayesian Cramér-Rao Lower Bounds (BCRLBs) for the predicted state mean square error (MSE), which is conditional to measurement data and model dynamics; providing a formal mathematical definition of the prognostic problem. Furthermore, we propose a novel step-by-step design methodology to tune prognostic algorithm hyper-parameters, which allows to guarantee that obtained results do not violate fundamental precision bounds. As an illustrative example, both the predictive BCRLB concept and the proposed design methodology are applied to the problem of End-of-Discharge (EoD) time prognostics in lithium-ion batteries.
Although quality of life is recognised as a key area of research when assessing development, it has received little attention when studying disability in South Africa and other developing contexts. As a result we know relatively little about how people with disabilities living in developing contexts fare in comparison to their counterparts without disabilities. In this article we seek to address this gap. We draw on secondary data analysis of a national panel study to compare the outcomes of people with disabilities and those without on measures of objective and subjective indicators of quality of life. We demonstrate that on subjective indicators of quality of life, people with disabilities consistently fare worse than those without disabilities, but that these differences are related to a range of variables. This means that we need to understand the intersection of disability with other factors such as gender and age in assessing quality of life. Following this, we argue that investments in national scale interventions such as increased access to basic amenities and social services represent investments in capability enhancement. As a result such interventions have the potential to address the needs of all, including those with disabilities, and to substantially enhance their quality of life.
Although silicon/carbon (Si/C) nanohybrid materials are promising to improve the energy density of lithium ion batteries, their nano-sized features severely hinder their practical application, as the current battery assembly process favors micron-sized electrode materials. In this work, to combine the merits of nano- and micron-sized materials together, micron-sized carbon coated graphene wrapped Si/carbon black (Si/CB@G@C) spherical hybrids are synthesized via a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion system. In the obtained hierarchical structure, Si and CB nanoparticles (NPs) are embedded in the micron-sized graphene sphere, well encapsulated by the flexible graphene sheets, and these hybrids are further coated by an amorphous carbon layer. Thus, the graphene sphere can accommodate the volume expansion of Si NPs during lithiation, protect them from direct exposure to the electrolyte and enhance the electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the CB particles between Si NPs and graphene, together with the carbon coating layer can provide highly conductive network for the transport of electrons, also preventing Si NPs from directly contact with the electrolyte. As a result, the as-prepared Si/CB@G@C hybrids exhibit a significantly improved cycling stability compared with pure Si and Si@G hybrids, along with an excellent rate performance (728mAhg−1 at 2Ag−1).
Both AlCl3 and pyrrole are simultaneously added to the non-aqueous 1M LiPF6/EC+DMC electrolyte and their combinatorial effects on the electrochemical performance of Li electrode are systematically studied. A composite protective film of Li–Al alloy and lithium pyrrolide is demonstrated on the Li surface. XRD, EDS, XPS and FTIR are applied to characterize the film. AC impedance, cathodic polarization and galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling tests are performed to evaluate the electrochemical behaviors of the film. It is indicated that the composite protective film formed on Li metal surface in 0.1M AlCl3 and 0.1M pyrrole containing electrolyte is dense and tight with high stability in the electrolyte, and gives rise to a low interface resistance and a greatly improved cycling efficiency of the lithium metal electrode.
A novel lithium iron phosphate has been synthesized by a solution route at moderate temperature. The structure was determined from powder by XRD, HRTEM and SAED experiments. LiFe2P3O10 tripolyphosphate crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21 /m, with lattice constants a =4.597(7)Å, b =8.566(4)Å, c =9.051(4)Å, β =97.47° and Z =2. Internal and external vibrational modes (Raman and FTIR) show that the dominant spectral features come from the (P3O10)5− oxo-anions displaying internal and external modes along with the P–O–P bridging modes. Magnetic measurements are consistent with the high-spin configuration of Fe2+ cation with an effective magnetic moment 5.51μB. A weak antiferromagnetic ordering is observed below the Néel temperature at T N =19K. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy confirms this electronic configuration and provides evidence of the presence of a carbonaceous layer onto the particle surface. Electrochemical measurements were carried out in lithium cells with LiPF6–EC–DEC electrolyte at 25°C. The material delivered a capacity 70mAh/g in the voltage range 2.7–3.9V, close to the theoretical value (72mAh/g). The resulting cyclic voltammogram indicates a stable structure with a good reversibility with the redox peaks at 3.26 and 3.13V vs. Li0/Li+.
Contact dermatitis is one of the most common reasons for consultation in dermatology. However, general dermatologists do not always appreciate the importance of patch testing. These tests should ideally be performed in specialist skin allergy units, most importantly in cases suggestive of contact dermatitis, severe acute dermatitis, chronic persistent dermatitis, and dermatitis affecting the eyelids, genital region or adjacent to venous ulcers. Eczematous changes in pre-existing skin lesions or lesions at atypical sites in patients diagnosed with atopic eczema should also be investigated. Finally, cases diagnosed as occupational dermatitis can be best managed by the workers’ health insurance scheme.
The aprotic lithium–oxygen cell is based on the reversible reduction of oxygen on a cathode host to form lithium peroxide, and has received much attention in the last few years owing to its promise to offer increased electrochemical energy density beyond that provided by traditional Li-ion batteries. Carbon has been extensively utilized as a host, but it reacts with Li2O2 to form an insulating layer of lithium carbonate resulting in high overpotentials on charge. Establishing a stable, and conductive interface at the porous cathode is a major challenge that has motivated a search for non-carbonaceous cathode materials. Very few suitable materials have been discovered so far. Here we report on the synthesis of the metallic Magnéli phase Ti4O7 with a crystallite size between 10–20 nm, and show that a cathode fabricated from this material greatly reduces the overpotential compared to carbon. Oxidation of lithium peroxide on charge starts just above 3 V, comparable to gold and TiC, and the majority (∼65%) of oxygen release occurs in the 3–3.5 V window vs. Li+/Li as determined by on-line electrochemical mass spectrometry. Ti4O7 is much lighter and lower cost than gold, easy to prepare, and provides a controlled interface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show that a conductive, self-passivating substoichiometric metal oxide layer is formed at the surface which is important for stability.
The plasticized polymer electrolytes composed of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-Li maleate), lithium perchlorate, and ethylene carbonate as a plasticizer, were newly prepared. The ion conductivities of the plasticized polymer electrolytes based on the poly(methyl methacrylate-co-Li maleate) were found to be dependent on the ion content of the ionomer, poly(methyl methacrylate-co-Li maleate), in the polymer electrolyte, and the polymer electrolyte based on the ionomer with 8.5mol% ion content showed the maximum ion conductivity. The interfacial resistance at the polymer electrolyte/lithium interface and the cationic transference number were also investigated as a function of the ion content of the ionomer in the polymer electrolyte. The interfacial resistances as well as the cationic transference numbers of the polymer electrolytes were found to be also dependent on the ion content of the ionomer in the polymer electrolyte. Ion aggregations in the ionomer seemed to significantly influence the electrochemical behavior of the polymer electrolytes based on the ionomer.
This paper presents a combined computational and experimental study of the structural and electrochemical properties of monoclinic Li x M2(PO4)3 (with a focus on M=V). The voltage curve for x=0–3 Li is measured experimentally and calculated. Features of the voltage curve are understood as emerging from site energetics, Li ordering, and redox couples. These features are found to be largely independent of alloying and a simple additive model is proposed to analyze the voltage curve for different cation substitutions. The model is shown to be very useful for understanding experimental results for a number of substituted compounds.
Batteries are the power tank of solar power systems. They play the role of power supply when the sun does not shine. This paper provides a review of battery charging control techniques for photovoltaic systems. In addition, it presents a new battery charge controller that keeps on the good features and resolves the drawbacks and limitations of the traditional controllers. The new controller is based on a newly developed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique enabling very fast maximum power point (MPP) capture. Moreover, it utilizes the constant current, constant voltage (CCCV) charging scheme to reduce the battery charging time. In addition, it enables accessing all system parameters remotely for monitoring and administration purposes. In order to determine the performance parameters of the proposed controller, a prototype was implemented together with microcontroller based DC–DC converter. The experimental results show that, the new controller tracks the MPP faster than the conventional controllers do. Moreover, the charging period is significantly reduced. Moreover, the proposed controller has high accuracy and minimizes the steady state oscillation errors around the target MPP.
Lithium-ion batteries are considered as promising electric energy storage systems. However, identification of battery health is a critical issue. Furthermore, battery aging extremely depends on operating conditions. Therefore, monitoring and analysis of battery health degradation in real-time systems such as electric vehicles, in which a variety of stress factors may come into play, are demanded. This paper proposes a data-driven algorithm based on multiple condition indicator to estimate battery health using application-based load profiles. In this regard, battery cells have been cycled under a worldwide light duty driving test cycle (WLTC) load profile in laboratory to acquire real-world driving data. Time-domain and frequency-domain condition indicators are extracted from measured on-board data like voltage and current within certain time intervals, enabling real-time investigation of battery health degradation. The condition indicators have been fed into a Gaussian process estimator to track the real-time state of health (SoH). As degradation strongly depends on magnitude of input current, it is important that the proposed method can predict health of the cell regardless of current amplitude and aging pattern. Therefore, to assess accuracy and robustness of the proposed method, it is validated using a different load profile with distinct depth of discharge, current amplitude, and distinctive aging pattern. Results reveal the proposed approach is highly precise and is capable of estimating battery SoH with low computational costs and a relative error of less than 1%. The proposed technique is promising for online diagnostics of battery health thanks to its high accuracy and robustness.
This study highlights physical properties that are associated with the electrochemical properties of lithium batteries. Although the electrochemical properties of electrospun gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) have been studied and understood in great detail, the physical properties of GPEs, such as ion interaction and phase transformation, have largely been ignored. A nano-fibrous poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) polymer matrix for GPEs was prepared by electrospinning. The ionic conductivity of the GPE was approximately 2.7×10−3 Scm−1 at 30°C. The phase transition of the PVdF-HFP matrix as well as interaction between solvent or cation and polymer matrix or anion was investigated by Raman spectroscopy. Interaction between PF6 − anion and PVdF-HFP matrix and phase transformation of the polymer matrix were confirmed. The LiFePO4/GPE/Li cell showed high discharge capacities of 134.6mAhg−1, 131.3mAhg−1, and 113.5mAhg−1 at high current densities of 1C, 2C, and 3C, respectively. Moreover, this cell exhibited excellent cycle stability with high capacity retention. In particular, this nano-fibrous GPE is suitable for application in polymer batteries and is promising as a polymer electrolyte for scaled-up lithium batteries.
This paper deals with the contradiction between simplicity and accuracy of the LiFePO4 battery states estimation in the electric vehicles (EVs) battery management system (BMS). State of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) are normally obtained from estimating the open circuit voltage (OCV) and the internal resistance of the equivalent electrical circuit model of the battery, respectively. The difficulties of the parameters estimation arise from their complicated variations and different dynamics which require sophisticated algorithms to simultaneously estimate multiple parameters. This, however, demands heavy computation resources. In this paper, we propose a novel technique which employs a simplified model and multiple adaptive forgetting factors recursive least-squares (MAFF-RLS) estimation to provide capability to accurately capture the real-time variations and the different dynamics of the parameters whilst the simplicity in computation is still retained. The validity of the proposed method is verified through two standard driving cycles, namely Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule and the New European Driving Cycle. The proposed method yields experimental results that not only estimated the SOC with an absolute error of less than 2.8% but also characterized the battery model parameters accurately.
This study aimed to (1) compare functional balance performance and sensory organization of postural control between children with and without developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and (2) determine the association between postural control and participation diversity among children with DCD. We recruited 81 children with DCD and 67 typically developing children. Balance was evaluated with the Sensory Organization Test (SOT) and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (Movement ABC-2). Participation patterns were evaluated using the Children Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment assessment. Analysis of variance was used to compare outcome variables between the two groups. A multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between participation diversity and balance performance in children with DCD. The DCD group had significantly lower Movement ABC-2 balance scores, SOT-derived equilibrium scores, and sensory ratios than the control group (p <0.05). However, only the Movement ABC-2 balance score was significantly associated with participation diversity in children with DCD. After accounting for the effects of age and gender, Movement ABC-2 balance score remained significantly associated with participation diversity, explaining 10.9% of the variance (F change1,77 =9.494, p =0.003). Children with DCD demonstrate deficits in sensory organization of balance control. This suboptimal balance ability contributes to limited participation in activities.
Abstract Wireless sensor network (WSN) technology refers to a group of sensors used for monitoring and recording the physical conditions of the environment and organizing the collected data at a central location. This sensor network can include thousands of smart sensing nodes with processing abilities that are powered by a dedicated battery. A WSN consists of a tiny wireless computer that communicates environmental stimuli, including vibrations, light, and temperature. It is an integral part of such domains as industry, health care, infrastructure, and research and development. As it relates to health care, a WSN can diagnose abnormal conditions in a patient, issue alarms and alerts, and send electronic mail to healthcare providers. This chapter is a discussion of the applications of WSNs in the healthcare industry.
One of the challenges in enhancing the performance of Lithium ion batteries for stable energy storage is looking beyond extraction of single electron per formula unit of cathode material during the delithiation without phase change of the material. We have investigated lithium ferrous silicate by partial substitution of lithium by sodium atoms using density functional theory to achieve this. Our calculations have suggested that the substitution of lithium with sodium in controlled amounts is just sufficient to provide structural and phase stability during delithiation process. The larger size of sodium atom assists in easier extraction of lithium ions by providing wider pathways. These studies suggest the possibility of extracting more than one Li-ion per formula unit making this a promising cathode material for use in Li-ion battery applications.
The overall aim of this study is to separate and recover zinc and cadmium from spent batteries. For this purpose Cyphos IL 102 diluted in toluene was employed for the extraction and recovery of Zn and Cd from Zn-C and Ni-Cd batteries leach liquor. The influence of extractant concentration for the leach liquors of Zn-C (0.01–0.05mol/L) and Ni-Cd (0.04–0.20mol/L) batteries has been investigated. Composition of the leach liquor obtained from Zn-C/Ni-Cd spent batteries is Zn - 2.18g/L, Mn - 4.59g/L, Fe - 4.0×10−3 g/L, Ni - 0.2×10−3 g/L/Cd - 4.28g/L, Ni - 0.896×10−1 g/L, Fe - 0.148g/L, Co - 3.77×10−3 g/L, respectively. Two stage counter current extraction at A/O 1:1 and 3:2 with 0.04mol/L and 0.2mol/L Cyphos IL 102 for Zn and Cd, respectively provide more than 99.0% extraction of both the metal ions with almost negligible extraction of associated metal ions. A stripping efficiency of around 99.0% for Zn and Cd was obtained at O/A 1:1 using 1.0mol/L HNO3 in two and three counter current stages, respectively. ZnO and CdO were also synthesized using the loaded organic phase and characterized using XRD, FE-SEM and EDX techniques. XRD peaks of ZnO and CdO correspond to zincite and monteponite, respectively. The average particle size was ∼27.0nm and ∼37.0nm for ZnO and CdO, respectively. The EDX analysis of ZnO and CdO shows almost 1:1 atomic percentage.
Cobalt and Fe were co-electrodeposited as single crystal, faceted particles onto carbon paper to produce Co/Fe-oxyhydroxide oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts with various Co/Fe ratios. Electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy were used to investigate the morphology and composition of the electrodeposits. Iron content in the deposits increased with increasing Fe concentration in the electrolyte and Fe segregated to the particle surfaces. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that the deposit Co/Fe ratio influences OER activity by altering the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) and charge transfer resistance. The OER activity increased with increasing Fe content up to ∼65 at% Fe, with a minimum overpotential of 0.33 V at 10 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH. The fabricated OER catalysts were assembled into a Zn-air battery for discharge-charge cycling tests and showed lower charge potentials compared with bare carbon paper.
Abstract Raw materials for nonwoven filter media are divided into four categories: polymers, fibers, resins, and additives. Polymers are the building blocks from which fibers, resins, and many additives are formed. Fibers are sourced from natural and synthetic polymers and also inorganic materials. They are available in nanofiber form. In dry formed and wet laid web operations, fibers are the basic raw material fed into the web forming process. In spun-web processes, polymers are spun into fibers that lay down randomly to form the web. Resins are the glue holds the fibers together and provide various properties to the nonwoven web. Additives add properties to the web such as adsorption, color, flame retardancy, water repellency etc. Membrane filter media are composed of natural, synthetic, and inorganic materials.
This paper studies movements of education and popular culture that occurred in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, between the years 1948-1964, a period of democratic validity. This context facilitated the expression of the Catholic Church, under the guidance of the Archdiocese of Christmas and progressive sectors of the Catholic Action, created in 1958, an experience in education and popular culture literacy by radio to the rural environment, the radio schools, then Base Education Movement (MEB). Also in Natal in 1961, a movement of popular education, the responsibility of the Municipality, called “Campaign standing on the ground also learn to read” and meant an innovative experience in education, with great popular participation, facing the came poorest sections of the population. These two experiments have achieved a significant number of the population, developing, beyond literacy an awareness- pedagogical action, representing moments of liberation, progressive quest for a more just and humane society.
The nano-structural LiFePO4/C composites with different interfacial structures were investigated. Fe L-edge XAS spectra indicated that the formation of Fe3+ was related to the interfacial properties of the C-LiFePO4. C K-edge and O K-edge XAS spectra show a distinct bonding character between the carbon and LiFePO4 particle in carbon coated LiFePO4/C. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation was used to analysis the bonding character between the carbon and the LiFePO4 particle and to investigate the formation mechanism of Fe3+. The electrochemical properties are characterized by cyclic voltammograms, constant current charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectra. And it was found that sample A with intimate LiFePO4/carbon interface shows better electrochemical performance than sample B with loose LiFePO4/carbon interface and sample C which had not chemical adsorption between carbon and LiFePO4 particles.