batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Recently, KOH doped polybenzimidazole (PBI/KOH) membrane has been reported as polymer electrolyte membrane for alkaline direct alcohol fuel cell (ADAFC), but little is known about its durability for ADAFC application. In this paper, the durability of PBI/KOH membrane for air-breathing alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell (ADEFC) is evaluated by means of ex situ and in situ tests. In the case of ex situ durability test, the ionic conductivity of PBI/KOH degrades from initial 0.023Scm−1 to 0.01Scm−1 after 100h, and the degrading rate was 1.3×10−4 Scm−1 h−1. As for in situ test, Pt-free air-breathing ADEFC with PBI/KOH membrane can output a peak power density of 16mWcm−2 at 60°C. Moreover, it can stably operate for 336h above 0.3V. In addition, the interaction between KOH and PBI matrix is also explored by density functional theory study.
High quality MnO2/MnCo2O4 composites have been successfully synthesized by a one-step solution combustion process at 300°C for 2h in air. The effects of the amount of glycine and molar ratios of Mn/Co on phase composition, morphology and electrochemical properties of products were investigated. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller methods. Based on the optimum fuel/oxidizer molar ratios, the products transformed from spinel MnCo2O4 granular aggregates to a mixture of MnO2/MnCo2O4 composites with increase the molar ratios of Mn/Co. The electrochemistry performance of prepared different specimens were evaluated and compared through cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge anylysis in 2.0M KOH electrolytic solution. Electrochemical measurements showed that the MnO2/MnCo2O4 exhibited a optimal electrochemistry performance with the Mn:Co:glycine molar ratio of 3:4:31.5/9. The maximum specific capacitance of 497F/g is achieved at a current density of 0.5A/g (or 312F/g at 10A/g). The high electrochemical performance would be attributed to the numerous nanopores, large specific surface and synergistic effects of the MnO2 and spinel MnCo2O4.
Designing a future smart city (FSC) that copes with the reduction of CO2 has become one of the urgent tasks of the next 20years. One promising approach to achieve FSC is to combine appropriate land use (compact city with energy efficient buildings and photovoltaic panels (PVs)), transportation (electric vehicles (EVs) and public transportation system) and energy systems (smart grid systems), because of the interaction between these elements. However, there are few models which simulate these elements in an integrated manner. This paper presents the concept of the integrated model, and shows the land use-energy part of the model created for the Tokyo metropolitan area, which is the largest Mega city in the world. Firstly, a spatially explicit land use model (urban economic model) is constructed for the study area, and the model is calibrated using existing statistical data. Secondly, possible future compact/dispersion city scenarios for the year 2050 are created using the model. Thirdly, intra-day dynamics (hourly) of electricity demand and supply from PVs, which is assumed to be installed to the roofs of all detached houses in the study area, under two urban scenarios is simulated. The obtained results suggest that [1] “compact” urban form may contribute to the reduction of electricity demand from the residential sector, but [2] PV-supply under the scenario may also be reduced because of the decreased share of detached houses. Hence in the compact city scenario, it is important to discuss the effective use of vacant areas in suburbs, which may be used for large PV installations, or be re-vegetated to mitigate urban heat island effects.
In this work, the LiCoMnO4 spinel has been synthesized by a two-step sol-gel based method, followed by sintering at temperatures up to 750 °C in oxygen. After structural characterization of the pristine material via synchrotron and neutron diffraction, the material was characterized via SEM and 6Li-MAS-NMR spectroscopy. 6Li-MAS-NMR spectroscopy in different states of charge revealed, that manganese and cobalt are distributed homogenously throughout the material and the delithiation primary occurs from the manganese environments. It was also shown, that it is not possible to fully delithiate the material in a practical voltage range of an electrolyte. Electrochemical cycling results reveal that about 70% of the lithium can be extracted and reinserted electrochemically in the voltage window from 4.5 to 5.4 V against lithium from/into LiCoMnO4. In situ synchrotron powder diffraction results show that lithium extraction/insertion occurs via a single-phase mechanism over the whole range of lithium contents and that the discharge capacity is mainly restricted by the voltage-window of the electrolyte. Furthermore it was shown, that the delithiation occurs up to a potential of 5.6 V.
A survey questionnaire was used to ascertain the views of 1932 UK drivers aged between 50 and 90 on a range of measures designed to promote safer driving among the elderly. Factor analysis of the items produced six factors, relating to statistically distinct types of measure. Differences in acceptability on the basis of age and sex were explored. Ratings of the effectiveness of each measure revealed little consensus about which measures would be most effective. Compulsory re-testing after a driving ban, a police power to require an assessment of the driving of anyone observed driving in a risky manner, and a requirement for opticians to report to the licensing authority any driver with sight problems likely to affect driving emerged as the individual measures offering the best combination of acceptability and perceived effectiveness.
The need for alternative approaches to replace the in vivo rabbit Draize eye test for evaluation of eye irritation of cosmetic ingredients has been recognised by the cosmetics industry for many years. Extensive research has lead to the development of several assays, some of which have undergone formal validation. Even though, to date, no single in vitro assay has been validated as a full replacement for the rabbit Draize eye test, organotypic assays are accepted for specific and limited regulatory purposes. Although not formally validated, several other in vitro models have been used for over a decade by the cosmetics industry as valuable tools in a weight of evidence approach for the safety assessment of ingredients and finished products. In light of the deadlines established in the EU Cosmetics Directive for cessation of animal testing for cosmetic ingredients, a COLIPA scientific meeting was held in Brussels on 30th January, 2008 to review the use of alternative approaches and to set up a decision-tree approach for their integration into tiered testing strategies for hazard and safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients and their use in products. Furthermore, recommendations are given on how remaining data gaps and research needs can be addressed.
The Chevrel phase compounds Mo6 X 8 (X = S, Se, Te) are theoretically studied by ab initio methods as potential candidates for battery cathode materials. The voltage profiles are calculated for the cases of various alkaline earth metals (Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) serving as guest intercalation ions. The Ca ions are shown to offer the practically significant voltage of ∼1.0–1.25 V, with S substitution giving the highest voltage over Se and Te. We further demonstrate that doubling the capacity of such a battery would also be possible by incorporating a second Ca ion near the Mo6 X 8 cluster. The electronic properties of this material are investigated, revealing that the entire Mo6 cluster behaves as a redox center. Finally, the ion diffusion barriers are calculated, showing comparable values to existing battery materials. This work demonstrates that the Chevrel phase may be useful as a cathode material for intercalating divalent ions, and also offers insights into possible tuning of cathode properties by judicious selection of the constituents.
The latest researches have adopted software technology by applying the Nintendo Wii Remote Controller to the correction of hyperactive limb behavior. This study extended Wii Remote Controller functionality for improper head position (posture) correction (i.e. actively adjusting abnormal head posture) to assess whether two people with multiple disabilities would be able to actively keep the upright head position by controlling their favorite stimulation using a Wii Remote Controller with a newly developed active head position correcting program (AHPCP). The study was performed according to an ABAB design, in which A represented the baseline and B represented intervention phases. Results showed that both participants significantly increased their time duration of maintaining upright head position (TDMUHP) to obtain the desired environmental stimulation during the intervention phases. Practical and developmental implications of the findings were discussed.
The existing methods of measuring combined toxicity of heavy metal mixtures in environment do not fully consider three major factors (i.e., number of heavy metal species, aquatic biota, all investigated sites as an entity). Herein, a new method named joint probabilistic risk (JPR) method is proposed for evaluating the combined toxicity of heavy metal mixtures to aquatic biota. In this new method, the above three factors are fully taken into account. In order to evaluate the feasibility of the new method, the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) is selected as a case study. Concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn) in surface sediments of PRE are investigated and toxic equivalent factors (TEFs) of these heavy metals are calculated. Based on TEFs, sedimental concentrations of heavy metals of PRE are converted to Cd toxic equivalent concentration (Cdeq), while the Cd toxicity data (Cdto) are extracted from the literature. The probability density curves for Cdeq and Cdto are constructed and the overlap area is quantified as 0.2497. This indicates that the surface sediments of PRE have a 24.97% probability of toxic effect towards aquatic biota. Finally, this new method is validated by two indirect methods of mERMq and mPELq.
ZnS/C composites were synthesized by a combined precipitation with carbon coating method. Morphology and structure of the as-prepared ZnS/C composite materials with carbon content of 4.6wt%, 9.3wt% and 11.4wt% were characterized using TEM and XRD technique. TEM observation demonstrated that the ZnS/C (9.3wt% C) composite showed excellent microstructure with 20–30nm ZnS nanoparticles uniformly dispersed in conductive carbon network. Electrochemical tests showed that the ZnS/C (9.3wt% C) composite presented superior performance with initial charge and discharge capacity of 1021.1 and 481.6mAh/g at a high specific current of 400mA/g, after 300 cycles, the discharge capacity of ZnS/C electrode still maintained at 304.4mAh/g, with 63.2% of its initial capacity. The rate capability and low temperature performance of the ZnS/C (9.3wt% C) composite were compared with commercial MCMB anode. The results showed that the ZnS/C (9.3wt%) composite exhibited much better cycle capability and low temperature performance than MCMB anode. ZnS/C composite seems to be a promising anode active material for lithium ion batteries. Intercalation mechanism of the ZnS/C composites for lithium ion insertion–extraction is proposed based on the ex situ X-ray diffraction analysis incorporating with its electrochemical characteristics.
With the elderly population comprising an increasing large proportion of society, a valid and reliable measure of social health in the elderly is indispensable for a comprehensive health assessment. The objective of this study is to develop a Social Health Scale for the Elderly (SHSE).
The design and optimization of the battery pack in an electric vehicle (EV) is essential for continued integration of EVs into the global market. Reconfigurable battery packs are of significant interest lately as they allow for damaged cells to be removed from the circuit, limiting their impact on the entire pack. This paper provides a simulation framework that models a battery pack and examines the effect of replacing damaged cells with new ones. The cells within the battery pack vary stochastically and the performance of the entire pack is evaluated under different conditions. The results show that by changing out cells in the battery pack, the state of health of the pack can be consistently maintained above a certain threshold value selected by the user. In situations where the cells are checked for replacement at discrete intervals, referred to as maintenance event intervals, it is found that the length of the interval is dependent on the mean time to failure of the individual cells. The simulation framework as well as the results from this paper can be utilized to better optimize lithium ion battery pack design in EVs and make long term deployment of EVs more economically feasible.
A new method for studying surface reaction of LaNi5 absorbing alloy in KOH solution (pH 12) was established. It is based on tip–substrate voltammetry of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) where the tip faradic current is recorded while scanning the substrate potential. The Pt electrode is selected as tip electrode, and the Pt oxide formation–reduction is used as a pH-dependent reaction while the tip potential is held at a constant value. As substrate surface reactions proceed, the pH of solution can be changed, and then the tip faradic current is recorded. The mechanism of discharge process of LaNi5 alloy was analyzed by comparing the tip current (I tip) versus substrate potential (E sub) curve, which reflects the exchange of H+ or OH− between the alloy surface and the solution, with the substrate current (I sub) versus substrate potential (E sub) curve, which reflects the exchange of electron on the LaNi5 alloy surface. The results showed that the OH− adsorption process is occurred before the electron transfer process during discharge process, and the adsorptive OH− helps the oxidation of adsorbed hydrogen atom on the alloy surface. A quantitative assessment for the maximum changes of pH during discharge process is also proposed, and the variation as large as 2.65 pH unit was detected.
The fields of biologging and telemetry have triggered significant advances in the understanding of animal behavior, physiological ecology and habitat utilization. Biologging devices (“tags”) can also measure aspects of the physical and biological characteristics of the animals’ environment. As marine ecosystems are less accessible than terrestrial ones and marine animals more elusive and difficult to study, data collected by tags attached to marine animals often have to be relayed via satellite. However, satellite availability is not continuous and decreases with decreasing latitude. Consequently, collection of sufficient data is even more challenging in the tropics and mid-latitudes than at the poles. To overcome this limitation and increase data throughput from biologgers, new land-based receiving stations (called Motes) that can receive, log and relay messages from devices transmitting on the Argos satellite frequency have been developed.
Lighter weight and longer life batteries for electrochemical energy storage are needed for many applications including aerospace, transportation, portable electronics, and biomedical devices. Inclusion of inert materials as part of the battery electrode significantly decreases energy density as they contribute to the weight and volume of the electrode, but not to its energy content. This work demonstrates the viability of using novel metal oxide/carbon nanotube substrate (CNT-S) electrodes in rechargeable cells. To our knowledge this is the first reported use of CNT-S for lithium battery cathodes without the use of a supporting metal current collector. Calculations show that the use of CNT-S can increase the cathode specific capacity by 20–60%, due to the low mass of the CNT-S and elimination of binders and other inert conductive carbons typically added to composite cathodes on foil current collectors. The oxidative stability of CNT-S relative to metal foil current collectors may extend battery lifetimes and enable use of electrolytes that are currently not viable. Two methods of preparing electrodes were demonstrated, the first using material deposited on the CNT substrate after isolation and the second method using direct integration during material synthesis.
Two-dimensional (2D) graphene oxide/polypyrrole (GO/PPy) hybrid materials derived from in-situ polymerization are used as precursors for constructing functionalized three-dimensional (3D) porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheet frameworks (FT-PNCNFs) through a one-step activation strategy. In the formation process of FT-PNCNFs, PPY is directly converted into hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon layers, while GO is simultaneously reduced to become electrically conductive. The complementary functions of individual components endow the FT-PNCNFs with excellent properties for both supercapacitors (SCs) and sodium ion batteries (SIBs) applications. When tested in symmetrical SC, the FT-PNCNFs demonstrate superior energy storage behaviour. At an extremely high scan rate of 3000 mV s−1, the cyclic voltammetry (CV) curve retains an inspiring quasi-rectangle shape in KOH solution. Meanwhile, high capacitances (∼247 F g−1 at 10 mV s−1; ∼146 F g−1 at 3000 mV s−1) and good cycling stability (∼95% retention after 8000 cycles) are achieved. In addition, an attractive SIB anode performance could be achieved. The FT-PNCNFs electrode delivers a reversible capacity of 187 mAh g−1 during 160th cycle at 100 mA g−1. Its reversible capacity retains 144 mAh g−1 after extending the number of cycles to 500 at 500 mA g−1.
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) have attracted incredible attention in recent years as relatively inexpensive alternative to silicon solar cells. Conventionally, a transparent fluoride-doped tin oxide (FTO) conductive glass with a thin layer coating of platinum (Pt) is used as counter electrode in DSCs. The widespread use of Pt as counter electrode in DSCs is due to its catalytic capability for I3 - reduction in electrolyte. However, Pt is costly and can be affected by the corrosive nature of I-/I3 - redox couple, which makes it a less desirable candidate for use in industrial scale manufacturing. In this study, carbon nanofibers with surface-attached Pt nanoparticles were prepared by stabilization and carbonization of electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers and subsequent controllable Pt nanoparticle growth on the obtained carbon nanofiber surface through redox reaction. The hierarchical carbon nanofibers with surface-attached Pt nanoparticles (ECNFs-PtNPs) were then employed as cost-effective counter electrode in DSCs. The effects of size, morphology, and loading of Pt nanoparticles on performance of DSCs were investigated. Compared to conventional counter electrode, the counter electrode that was made of ECNFs-PtNPs exhibited larger open circuit voltage (Voc). The DSCs that were made with ECNFs-PtNPs counter electrode demonstrated excellent solar energy conversion efficiencies in the range of 7% to 8%.
Charcot neuroarthropathy (Charcot foot) is a serious limb-threatening complication most commonly seen in individuals with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Although dermal thermometry is widely used by clinicians to assist in the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of the disease, there is limited high-quality evidence to support its reliability. Therefore, this study investigated the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of infrared dermal thermometry in patients with Charcot neuroarthropathy.
Résumé Introduction La neurostimulation cordonale postérieure constitue une solution thérapeutique largement admise pour le traitement des douleurs neuropathiques. Le système est composé d’une ou de deux électrodes épidurales connectées à un générateur habituellement implanté au niveau de la paroi abdominale ou de l’espace sous-clavier. Une des plaintes rapportées par les patients est l’inconfort lié au volume du boîtier, particulièrement depuis l’apparition de stimulateur à deux canaux de taille plus importante. Afin de réduire cette gêne, nous avons proposé à nos patients un site alternatif d’implantation de ce boîtier au niveau de la fesse. Méthode et résultats Entre janvier 2001 et février 2002, 17 patients ont ainsi choisi la région fessière pour l’implantation du générateur. Après implantation des électrodes épidurales, l’extension est tunnelisée jusqu’à la région fessière juste sous la crête iliaque. Une poche dans l’espace sous-cutané est alors réalisée afin de loger le générateur. Résultats Quatre-vingt quatorze pour cent de nos patients signalent comme très confortable ce site alternatif. Une seule patiente rapporte une gêne au niveau de la fesse lors du décubitus dorsal. Un deuxième avantage de cette position est la possibilité d’implanter les électrodes et le générateur sans modifier la position du patient, ce qui, à notre sens, facilite le geste chirurgical.
Cobalt and lithium doubly doped spinel LiMn2O4 have been synthesized by a solid state reaction. The effect of Co and Li doped spinel LiMn2O4 was investigated. The undoped and doped spinels were characterised by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission spectrometer (ICP/AES) and electrochemical test. The results showed that the doped spinel exhibited superior cycling performance than undoped spinel. The capacity retention of graphite/doped spinel full cell was more than 86% after 1000 cycles (2C rate) at room temperature, which maintained 85% after 100 cycles (1C rate) at 55°C. The differential capacity profiles on doped spinel cathode are more fixed than undoped spinel cathode. Compared with undoped spinel, Mn dissolution into electrolyte at 55°C was reduced by 41%, the lattice parameter difference Δa was reduced by 82% on doped spinel cathode after cycling. The greatly suppressed structural change and manganese dissolution are responsible for the improved cycling performance on cobalt and lithium doubly doped spinel.
The HET-MN assay (hen's egg test for micronucleus induction) is different from other in vitro genotoxicity assays in that it includes toxicologically important features such as absorption, distribution, metabolic activation, and excretion of the test compound. As a promising follow-up to complement existing in vitro test batteries for genotoxicity, the HET-MN is currently undergoing a formal validation. To optimize the validation, the present study describes a critical analysis of previously obtained HET-MN data to check the experimental design and to identify the most appropriate statistical procedure to evaluate treatment effects. Six statistical challenges (I–VI) of general relevance were identified, and remedies were provided which can be transferred to similarly designed test methods: a Williams-type trend test is proposed for overdispersed counts (II) by means of a square-root transformation which is robust for small sample sizes (I), variance heterogeneity (III), and possible downturn effects at high doses (IV). Due to near-to-zero or even zero-count data occurring in the negative control (V), a conditional comparison of the treatment groups against the mean of the historical controls (VI) instead of the concurrent control was proposed, which is in accordance with US-FDA recommendations. For the modified Williams-type tests, the power can be estimated depending on the magnitude and shape of the trend, the number of dose groups, and the magnitude of the MN counts in the negative control. The experimental design used previously (i.e. six eggs per dose group, scoring of 1000 cells per egg) was confirmed. The proposed approaches are easily available in the statistical computing environment R, and the corresponding R-codes are provided.