batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A Li1.4Al0.4Ge1.6(PO4)3 (LAGP) sheet was prepared using a tape casting method with a fine LAGP power prepared from a sol–gel precursor. The addition of nanosize TiO2 as a sintering additive was effective to enhance the ionic conductivity of the tape-cast sheet. The highest electrical conductivity of 8.37 × 10−4 S cm−1 was observed for the tape-cast LAGP sheet with 5 wt.% TiO2 at 25 °C. A hybrid sheet of the tape-cast LAGP and epoxy resin was water impermeable. The electrical conductivity of the water impermeable hybrid sheet with ca. 4% epoxy resin was 4.19 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C. The three-point bending strength of the LAGP–5 wt.% TiO2–epoxy resin hybrid sheet was 111 N mm−2, which is comparable with a Li1+x+y Al x Ti2−x P3−y Si y O glass ceramic plate. The Li/PEO18(CF3SO2)2N/LAGP–5 wt.% TiO2–epoxy sheet was successfully operated as a lithium electrode in saturated LiCl aqueous solution.
Background: The medicinal use of extracts prepared from plant parts of the genus Crataegus dates back to ancient times. Furthermore, it has been proposed that its antioxidant constituents account for its beneficial therapeutic effects. A decoction of leaves and unripe fruits from Crataegus aronia syn. azarolus (L) (Rosaceae), the indigenous Israeli hawthorn, is used to treat cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and sexual weakness in Arab traditional medicine. Purpose: Because laboratory data on the bioactivity of extracts prepared from the indigenous Israeli hawthorn is lacking, we evaluated the antioxidant and cytotoxic potentials of an extract prepared from leaves and unripe fruits in a variety of cell and cell-free in vitro assays. Methods: The antioxidant assays measured: (a) its ability to inhibit (i) oxidation of β-carotene, (ii) 2,2′-azobis(2-amidino-propan) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced plasma oxidation and (iii) iron-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenates; (b) its ability to scavenge the superoxide (O2 −) radical; (c) its effects on the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO) activity; (d) its effect on the redox state of glutathione (GSH) in cultured Hep G2 cells. In addition, we also evaluated the effects of the extract on cell membrane integrity and mitochondrial respiration in cultured Hep G2 cells. Results and conclusions: Water-soluble extracts inhibited (1) oxidation of β-carotene, (2) AAPH-induced plasma oxidation and (3) Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenates. In addition, the extract (4) is an efficient scavenger of the O2 − (5) increases intracellular GSH levels and (6) is not cytotoxic. Accordingly, we propose that the therapeutic benefit of Crataegus aronia can be, at least in part, attributed to its effective inhibition of oxidative processes, efficient scavenging of O2 − and possible increasing GSH biosynthesis.
One of the greatest challenges for advancing lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology is to minimize cell degradation during operation for long-term stability. To this end, it is important to understand how cell performance during operation relates to complex LIB microstructures. In this report, transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) nanotomography is used to gain quantitative three-dimensional (3D) microstructure-performance correlations of LIB cathodes during cycling. The 3D microstructures of LiMn2O4 (LMO) electrodes, cycled under different conditions, including cycle number, operating voltage, and temperature, are characterized via TXM and statistically analyzed to investigate the impact of cycling conditions on the electrode microstructural evolution and cell performance. It is found that the number of cracks formed within LMO particles correlated with capacity fade. For the cell cycled at elevated temperatures, which exhibits the most severe capacity fade among all cells tested, mechanical cracking observed in TXM is not the only dominant contributor to the observed degradation. Mn2+ dissolution, as verified by detection of Mn on the counter electrode by energy dispersive spectrometry, also contributed. The current work demonstrate 3D TXM nanotomography as a powerful tool to help probe in-depth understanding of battery failure mechanisms, which could be applicable to electrode structure optimization for advancing LIB development.
Lithium manganese oxides LiMn2O4 and rare earth elements doped LiNd0.01Mn1.99O4 were synthesized by microwave method. The structure and the electrochemical performances of the samples were characterized. XRD data shows both samples exhibit the same pure spinel phase. But due to the introduction of Nd3+ ion into the unit cell, the lattice parameter of the Nd-doped spinel was larger than that of the undoped one. The two samples had a similar morphology including small particle size and homogeneous particle distribution as tested by SEM. The cyclic voltammmetry and constant-current charge–discharge tested that Nd-doped spinel displayed a better reversibility and cycleability.
It is has been suggested that faunal remains at Florisbad were fossilized in a spring context due to the mineralized spring water. However, the environment conducive to the precipitation of CaCO3 and other authigenic minerals was formed largely through the salinization of the organic layers and clay, and the mineralization of the groundwater. Factors contributing to this favorable environment include: CaCO3 saturation, pH, the decomposition of halophytes, Eh, rainfall, biomineralization, and aeolian deposition. With the exception of pH, none of the above factors feature in a spring context, with evidence suggesting that the spring water may historically never have carried sufficient minerals for fossilization, and that contact with the spring water may actually have resulted in the demineralization of previously fossilized material. In light of this evidence, it is concluded that the fossilization of faunal remains at Florisbad took place in a sedimentary organic matter and clay environment and could not have taken place in the spring vents where there is an undersaturation of Ca.
A mathematical model for ionic transport in 3D-microbattery (3D-MB) using finite element analysis is presented here, based on concentrated solution theory, ionic and atomic diffusion and the Butler–Volmer equation. The model is used to study electrochemical processes taking place in the electrodes and electrolyte of a 3D-MB in the trench architecture, with a 10μm thick electrolyte layer separating 10μm thick graphite anode and LiCoO2 cathode plates. The effect of changing conductivity of the positive electrode and the electrode plate height is also studied. Qualitative and quantitative data describing battery performance in terms of concentration gradient development and discharge curves points out the range for the most favourable electronic conductivity values of the electrodes: the values should not differ by more than order of magnitude. Furthermore, it is shown that also with optimal electrode conductivity values for electrodes, the Li ion diffusion in the electrodes during discharge is limiting the performance of the battery due to inhomogeneous lithiation and delithiation. Changing electrode height can be used to fine tune surface area usage, but has a limited effect on the overall battery performance.
Machado–Joseph disease (MJD), also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, is the most common of the dominantly inherited ataxias worldwide and is characterized by mutant ataxin-3 aggregation and neuronal degeneration. There is no treatment available to block or delay disease progression. In this work we investigated whether trehalose, a natural occurring disaccharide widely used in food and cosmetic industry, would rescue biochemical, behavioral and neuropathological features of an in vitro and of a severe MJD transgenic mouse model.
To improve the rate performance and decelerate the voltage decay of Li-rich layered oxide cathode materials, a series of cathode materials Li1.2[Mn0.7Ni0.2Co0.1]0.8−x Se x O2 (x = 0, 0.07, 0.14 and 0.21) was synthesized via co-precipitation. Based on the characterization results, it can be concluded that uniform Se6+ doping can improve the degree of crystallinity of Li2MnO3, resulting in a better ordering of atoms in the transition metal layer of this type of cathode materials. In the electrochemical experiments, compared to un-doped samples, one of the Se doped samples (LLMO-Se0.14) exhibited a longer sloping region and shorter potential plateau in the initial charge curves, a larger first coulombic efficiency (ca. 77%), better rate capability (178 mAhm g−1 at 10 C) and higher mid-point voltage (MPV) retention (ca. 95%) after 100 cycles. These results prove that Se doping can effectively improve the rate capability and decelerate the voltage decay process of these cathode materials during cycling via suppressing the oxidation process of O2− to O2 and curbing a layered-to-spinel phase transformation. The above-mentioned functions of Se doping are probably due to the higher bonding energy of SeO than that of MnO.
A chitinase-secreting strain CH2 was one of 353 strains isolated from rhizosphere of eggplant. Based on 16S rDNA sequence alignment and several biochemical and physiological characteristics, the strain was identified to be of Bacillus cereus. On chitin–Ayers (CA) medium, the strain secreted chitinase. Evaluation of its activity, combined with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), showed it to be a 15.0-KD chitinase. On glass slides, germination of the fungal spores was effectively suppressed by the bacterial suspension, supernatant from the suspension, and 0.005% solution of chitinase extracted from the strain CH2. The optimum pH for chitinase was 7.1 and optimum temperature was 40°C.  At that temperature, high-level chitinolytic activity was retained for 10 days. In greenhouse experiments, suspension of the cells of the CH2 strain reduced the severity of Verticillium wilt on eggplant by 69.69%, its supernatant by 54.04%, and the enzyme diluted to 0.01% strength by 53.13% in 14 days. Strain CH2 and its chitinase have good commercial potential in controlling Verticillium wilt.
Silica coatings on zinc particles as anode material for alkaline zinc air batteries are expected to reduce early formation of irreversible ZnO passivation layers during discharge by controlling zinc dissolution and precipitation of supersaturated zincates, Zn(OH)4 2-. Zinc particles were coated with SiO2 (thickness: 15 nm) by chemical solution deposition and with Zn2SiO4 (thickness: 20 nm) by chemical vapor deposition. These coatings formed a Si(OH)4 gel in aqueous KOH and retarded hydrogen evolution by 40%. By treatment in aqueous KOH and drying afterwards, the silica coatings were changed into ZnO-K2O·SiO2 layers. In this work, the electrochemical performance of such coated zinc particles is investigated by different electrochemical methods in order to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of the coatings, which reduce zinc passivation. In particular, zinc utilization and changes in internal resistance are investigated. Moreover, methods for determination of diffusion coefficients, charge carrier numbers and activation energies for electrochemical oxidation are determined. SiO2-coated zinc particles show improved discharge capacity (CVD-coated zinc: 69% zinc utilization, CSD-coated zinc: 62% zinc utilization) as compared to as-received zinc (57% zinc utilization) at C/20 rate, by reducing supersaturation of zincates. Additionally, KOH-modified SiO2-coated zinc particles enhance rechargeability after 100% depth-of-discharge.
Carbon nanomaterials, mainly carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, have received much attention in the past two decades. With the maturity of preparation technology and performance studies, they have been gradually applied in the industries of lithium-ion batteries (as conductive agents) and supercapacitors (as the main electrode materials). The large-scale production (up to thousands of tons per year) of CNTs has been realized, and the production cost has been greatly reduced. The production of graphene also exceeds one hundred tons per year, requiring the same improvement in performance/cost ratio. As one of the cheapest hydrocarbons, methane serves as a feedstock of both CNTs and graphene. The catalytic methane technology via the chemical vapor deposition method is advantageous for the controlled synthesis and mass production of carbon materials with high yield, high quality and at low cost, which are necessary requirements for any potential yet competitive commercial applications. Firstly, the methane deposition of CNTs is discussed, with a brief introduction on the preparation of CNTs, then the growth mechanism of CNTs, thermodynamics of methane decomposition in CNT synthesis, catalysts to decompose methane for CNT growth, and the synthesis of CNTs with different structures from methane. Secondly, the methane deposition of graphene is discussed, with a brief introduction on the preparation of graphene, then the growth kinetics of graphene, the quality estimation of graphene, and the synthesis of graphene with different structures from methane. Finally, the reactor technology for the enhanced production of CNTs and graphene is introduced, including the large-scale production of powder-like CNTs and graphene, ultralong CNTs, and graphene films, respectively. The review is useful for understanding the scientific and engineering challenges in this field and for the large-scale production of these important carbon nanomaterials from methane in the future.
Commercial lithium/thionyl chloride (Li/SOCl2) batteries cannot meet the 3.15 V platform required for most instruments. A hovenia acerba-like assembly constructed with cobalt tetrapyridinoporphyrazine of thickness of 5–15 nm is anchored on acid-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CoTAP/MWCNTs), which were prepared using an in situ solid synthesis process. The discharge time of Li/SOCl2 batteries with a voltage greater than 3.15 V catalyzed by CoTAP/MWCNTs is found to be 11 min longer than batteries without catalysts and 4 min longer than those catalyzed by CoTAP alone. The energy of Li/SOCl2 batteries with a voltage greater than 3.15 V catalyzed by CoTAP/MWCNTs is discovered to be 11.44-times higher than batteries with AF-MWCNTs and 6.17-times higher than those catalyzed by bulk CoTAP. This is due to the fact that more CoTAP ultrafine nanoparticulates are anchored on the AF-MWCNTs. These nanoparticulates provide more active sites for the catalytic reaction of SOCl2. The assemblies are shown to have an adsorption-coordination effect on Li ions and to delay the deposition of lithium chloride passive films enhancing battery voltage platforms.
The composite [Sn–BPO4/xC] to be used as negative electrode material for the storage of electrochemical energy was obtained by dispersing electroactive tin species onto a BPO4 buffer matrix by carbothermal reduction of a mixture of SnO2 and nanosized BPO4. This composite material was thoroughly characterized by X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical tests of this new material highlight its very interesting electrochemical properties, i.e., a discharge capacity of 850mAhg−1 for the first cycle and reversible capacity around 585mAhg−1 at C/5 rate. These electrochemical performances are attributed to the very high dispersion and stabilisation of tin metal particles onto the BPO4 matrix. The irreversible capacity observed for the first charge/discharge cycle is due the reduction of interfacial SnII species and to the passivation of the anode surface by liquid electrolyte decomposition (formation of the SEI layer).
Transition metal chalcogenides received much attention as high performance electrode materials for energy storage devices during this decade. In this article, we demonstrated the sonochemical preparation of cubic RuS2 nanoparticles with average size in the range of 20nm and investigated their supercapacitive properties in detail using cyclic voltammetry, charge-discharge analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. The RuS2 electrode delivered a specific capacitance of 85Fg−1 at a constant discharge current density of 0.5mAcm−1 using a three electrode configuration. The RuS2 symmetric supercapacitor device delivered a specific capacitance of 17Fg−1 and excellent cyclic stability of about 96.15% capacitance retention over 5000 cycles. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (Nyquist and Bode) analysis together with the frequency dependent capacitance (real and imaginary) studies confirmed the ideal capacitive nature of the RuS2 supercapacitor. The experimental findings ensure the potential application of RuS2 nanoparticles as a novel electrode material for electrochemical energy storage devices.
Nanoparticles of LiMnPO4 were fabricated in rod, elongated as well as cubic shapes. The 1D Li+ preferred diffusion direction for each shape was determined via electron diffraction spot patterns. The shape of nano-LiMnPO4 varied the diffusion coefficient of Li+ because the Li+ diffusion direction and the path length were different. The particles with the shortest dimension along the b-axis provided the highest diffusion coefficient, resulting in the highest gravimetric capacity of 135, 100 and 60 mAh g− 1 at 0.05C, 1C and 10C, respectively. Using ball-milling, a higher loading of nano-LiMnPO4 in the electrode was achieved, increasing the volumetric capacity to 263 mAh cm−3, which is ca. 3.5 times higher than the one obtained by hand-mixing of electrode materials. Thus, the electrochemical performance is governed by both the diffusion coefficient of Li+, which is dependent on the shape of LiMnPO4 nanoparticles and the secondary composite structure.
FTIR microspectroscopy of a highly stratified paint cross-section from a late nineteenth century commercial building is described. The use of a Ge attenuated total reflectance (ATR) microscope objective and synchrotron IR source allow collection of high-quality spectra from a 5μm×5μm area of sample in contact with the Ge-ATR crystal. These measurements reflect the clear distinction between the major components that comprise the different paint layers and, more importantly, reveal differences in the local composition within visually similar regions, assisting in the identification of the minor components of the layer. While responsible for the appearance, intensely colored pigments are often present in low-concentration and give vanishingly weak spectral signatures. When combined with high spatial resolution, the presence of highly pigmented imperfections in the paint layer is shown to provide a means of identification of highly diluted pigments.
The layered 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 lithium-rich manganese-based solid solution cathode material has been synthesized by two-step co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the as-prepared material has a typical layered structure with R-3m and C2/m space group. The surface morphology of the [Mn4/6Ni1/6Co1/6]CO3 precursor and cathode material 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 have been examined using scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical performances, including discharge capacity, cycling performance and rate capability also have been investigated. The results show that the cathode material 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 prepared by two-step co-precipitation method has a good electrochemical performance, which can deliver a high initial discharge capacity of 276.70 mAh g−1 at the current density of 25 mA g−1. When cycling at 125 mA g−1, the material indicates an initial discharge capacity of 211.31 mAh g−1 and 196.64 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles, capacity retention is 93.06% and its coulombic efficiencies is greater than 98% at each charge/discharge cycling. Furthermore, the as-prepared material 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2 also shows an excellent rate capacity.
Tests of motor laterality and behavioral reactivity, as well as salivary cortisol concentrations, were examined in this pilot study to identify dogs best suited to guide dog work. Over a 14-month period, lateralization tests were conducted and cortisol concentrations were determined on 3 separate occasions, and temperament testing was performed on 2. Potential guide dogs (N = 43) involved in this study were 5 golden retrievers (4 males, 1 female) and thirty-eight Labrador retrievers (8 black males, fifteen yellow males, 5 black females, and ten yellow females). Results from these tests were then compared with the ultimate success of the dogs in the Guide Dogs NSW/ACT training program. This comparison produced evidence that motor lateralization (particularly the rate at which both paws were used during the Kong Test and the lateralization index during the Tape Test), reactions to an unfamiliar dog, the latency for dogs to drop and rest during an uninterrupted period, and the dog's color and breed were predictive of ultimate success. This study also identified 14 months of age as a more accurate time to assess dogs for these traits than either 6 months of age or at the age at which they completed their training (ranging from 14 to 20 months of age).
An inventory of physicochemical methods was drawn up, including both analytical and macromolecular techniques. Various chemical and spectroscopic analyses provide accurate determination of the cationic exchange capacity (CEC) and enable appropriate methods to be selected in order to obtain rapid and precise information about ionomers. Macromolecular characterizations, i.e. macromolecular weight distribution and ramifications are essential. In the context of our study, they allowed the degradations of polymer skeleton occurring during sulfonation to be observed both at the laboratory and pilot scales. This set of characterizations should enable optimization of both the performance and the lifespan of membranes designed for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) energy sources.
In this study, we have referred to the educational model of culture shock, and the transgenerational model understanding of family systems. In methodological terms, we have combined quantitative and qualitative methods. In the qualitative part of the study, we used semi-structured interviews with members of two generations, and systematic observations of behaviour under natural conditions. For the purposes of the quantitative part of the research we used research battery which included general information about respondents, and quality of family interactions scale. The sample consists of 100 families from B&H currently living and working in the USA (St. Louis and Phoenix).
The capacity loss and material decay of C6/LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries have been investigated under various storage conditions in dependence of State-of-Charge (SoC) and temperature. The electromotive force (EMF) curves, which are regularly determined by mathematical extrapolation of the measured voltage discharge curves, are used to investigate the aging mechanisms during storage. The irreversible capacity loss, which is accurately determined on the basis of the maximum storage capacity estimated from the EMF curves, increases as a function of temperature and SoC. The cyclable Li-ion loss during storage is considered to be the main source of the irreversible capacity loss. Strikingly, the inaccessibility of graphite is observed during storage at 60°C. The graphite capacity decay has been quantitatively determined by non-destructive analyses on the basis of dVEMF /dQ curves. Deposition of Fe on the graphite electrode has experimentally been confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The increasing graphite inaccessibility is shown to be the consequence of Fe dissolution from the cathode and the subsequent deposition onto the anode.