batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Background Diabetes is a chronic multi-system disease that needs specialised annual review that is thorough, efficient and beneficial to the patient's needs. The diabetes review clinic in the UK has varying formats and contents. In the main, the goal should be to review the patient holistically as diabetes can affect every body system. By assessing the patient's glycaemic control and screening for potential complications we run the best chance of limiting the severity of disease progression. There are many differing opinions as to how best it should be performed. Recent research has shown that Diabetologists may be failing their patients in that they are not adequately screening or assessing for diabetic complications, such as erectile dysfunction, as suggested by the national institute for health and clinical excellence (NICE) guidelines. Conclusions We propose a basic summary of the essential areas which must be included in a diabetes review. However, we understand that this may prove unwieldy and logistically difficult in a busy clinic/practice setting.
Uniform hierarchical SnS2 structures were synthesized by a facile solvothermal approach. Based on time-dependent experiments results, a possible formation mechanism of the hierarchical SnS2 architectures was proposed. Mesoporous hierarchical SnO2 also could be obtained by calcining the corresponding SnS2 structures. When used as the anode materials of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, both of them showed high specific capacities and enhanced rate capacities.
Complete cobalt recovery from lithium cobalt oxide requires to firstly leach cobalt from particles LiCoO2 and then recover cobalt from aqueous Co(II). A self-driven microbial fuel cell (MFC)–microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) system can completely carry out these two processes, in which Co(II) is firstly released from particles LiCoO2 on the cathodes of MFCs and then reduced on the cathodes of MECs which are powered by the cobalt leaching MFCs. A cobalt leaching rate of 46 ± 2 mg L−1 h−1 with yield of 1.5 ± 0.1 g Co g−1 COD (MFCs) and a Co(II) reduction rate of 7 ± 0 mg L−1 h−1 with yield of 0.8 ± 0.0 g Co g−1 COD (MECs), as well as a overall system cobalt yield of 0.15 ± 0.01 g Co g−1 Co can be achieved in this self-driven MFC–MEC system. Coulombic efficiencies reach 41 ± 1% (anodic MFCs), 75 ± 0% (anodic MECs), 100 ± 2% (cathodic MFCs), and 29 ± 1% (cathodic MECs) whereas overall system efficiency averages 34 ± 1%. These results provide a new process of linking MFCs to MECs for complete recovery of cobalt and recycle of spent lithium ion batteries with no external energy consumption.
Most neuropsychological studies on schizophrenia suffer from sample selection bias, with male and chronic patients being overrepresented. This probably leads to an overestimation of cognitive impairments. The present study aimed to provide a less biased estimate of cognitive functions in schizophrenia using a population-representative catchment area sample. Schizophrenia patients (N = 89) from the prospective Mannheim ABC cohort were assessed 14 years after disease onset and first diagnosis, using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. A healthy control group (N = 90) was carefully matched according to age, gender, and geographic region (city, rural surrounds). The present sample was representative for the initial ABC cohort. In the comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, the schizophrenia patients were only moderately impaired as compared to the healthy control group (d = 0.56 for a general cognitive index, d = 0.42 for verbal memory, d = 0.61 for executive functions, d = 0.69 for attention). Only 33 % of the schizophrenia patients scored one standard deviation unit below the healthy control group in the general cognitive index. Neuropsychological performance did not correlate with measures of the clinical course including age at onset, number of hospital admissions, and time in paid work. Thus, in this population-representative sample of schizophrenia patients, neuropsychological deficits were less pronounced than expected from meta-analyses. In agreement with other epidemiological studies, this suggests a less devastating picture of cognition in schizophrenia.
The thermal properties of a nanostructured semiconductor are affected by multi-physical fields, such as stress and electromagnetic fields, causing changes in temperature and strain distributions. In this work, the influence of stress-dependent thermal conductivity on the heat transfer behavior of a GaN-based nanofilm is investigated. The finite element method is adopted to simulate the temperature distribution in a prestressed nanofilm under heat pulses. Numerical results demonstrate the effect of stress field on the thermal conductivity of GaN-based nanofilm, namely, the prestress and the thermal stress lead to a change in the heat transfer behavior in the nanofilm. Under the same heat source, the peak temperature of the film with stress-dependent thermal conductivity is significantly lower than that of the film with a constant thermal conductivity and the maximum temperature difference can reach 8.2 K. These results could be useful for designing GaN-based semiconductor devices with higher reliability under multi-physical fields.
The vaginal implant transmitter is an effective tool in the study of neonatal survival rates for cervid species. The latest iterations of the vaginal implant transmitter use Global Positioning Systems and ultra-high frequency telemetry technology to create a self-monitoring system in which researchers receive near instantaneous notifications of parturition events via remote transmission. We deployed ultra-high-frequency radio-linked vaginal implant transmitters on 44 adult female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and assessed their performance and possible benefits to field research.
The first use of nickel foam (NF) as electrocatalytic negative electrode in a polysulfide/bromine battery (PSB) is described. The performance of a PSB employing NF and polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon felt (CF) as negative and positive electrode materials, respectively, was evaluated by constant current charge-discharge tests in a single cell. Charge/discharge curves of the cell, positive and negative electrodes show that the rapid fall in cell voltage is due to the drop of positive potential caused by depletion of Br2 dissolved in the catholyte at the end of discharge. Cell voltage efficiency was limited by the relatively high internal ohmic resistance drop (iR drop). Polarization curves indicated that both NF and CF have excellent catalytic activity for the positive and negative redox reactions of PSB. The average energy efficiency of the single cell designed in this work could be as high as 77.2% at 40mAcm−2 during 48 charge-discharge cycles.
Low Li+ ion transference number is one fatal defect of the liquid LiPF6 electrolyte for Li-metal anode based batteries. This work aims to improve Li+ ion transference number and ionic conductivity polyethylene (PE) separators. By a simple dip-coating method, the water-borne nanosized molecular sieve with 3D porous structure (ZSM-5) can be coated on PE separators. Especially, the Li+ ion transference number is greatly enhanced from 0.28 to 0.44, which should be attributed to the specific pore structure and channel environment of ZSM-5 as well as the interaction between ZSM-5 and electrolyte. Compared with the pristine PE separator, the ionic conductivity of modified separators is remarkably improved from 0.30 to 0.54 mS cm−1. As results, the C-rate capability and cycling stability are both improved. The Li-metal battery using the ZSM-5-modified PE separator keeps 94.2% capacity after 100 cycles. In contrast, the discharge capacity retention of the battery using pristine PE is only 74.7%.
This paper describes a facile solvothermal method to synthesize TiO2 microspheres by employing ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and ethylene glycol as solvent. By analyzing the resulted supernatant after reaction, it was proved that the etherification reaction of glycol monomethyl ether and the ligand exchange between ethylene glycol and tetra-n-butyl titanate played a key role in synthesis of TiO2 microspheres. These as-obtained TiO2 microspheres exhibited high specific surface area up to 113.24 m2 g−1 and have a narrow pore size distribution (6.94 nm). When applied to the photoanode, the TiO2 microsphere-based dye-sensitized solar cells achieved a high power conversion efficiency up to 10.25%.
Cognitive impairment in psychosis is closely related to functional outcome, so research into psychotic disorders is focusing most effort on treatments for improving cognition. New treatments must show not only an improvement on neuropsychological tests but also in co-primary measures of cognition. The cognitive assessment interview (CAI) is an interview-based measure of cognition which assesses the impact of cognitive deficits in patients’ daily lives. Information obtained from patients and their relatives is integrated into a rater composite score. This study examines the validity of the CAI (adapted to Spanish, CAI-Sp) as a screening instrument for cognitive impairment, compared to an objective test of cognitive functioning. The psychometric properties of the CAI-Sp and its association with clinical dimensions are also explored. Eighty-one patients with a psychotic disorder and 38 healthy controls were assessed using the CAI-Sp and the screen for cognitive impairment in psychiatry (SCIP-S). Patients also underwent a clinical assessment. Poorer cognitive functioning as assessed with the CAI-Sp was associated to illness severity, specifically positive, negative and disorganised syndromes. Binary logistic regression showed that the CAI-Sp was able to detect cognitive impairment in patients, when considering CAI-Sp patient and informant information and CAI-Sp rater scores. The CAI-Sp was found to be a valid and reliable scale to assess cognitive functioning in the context of its impact on daily living. Given its ease and speed of application, the CAI-Sp could prove useful in clinical practice, though not a substitute of objective cognitive testing.
To investigate the reliability and feasibility of six potential workplace-based assessment methods in general practice training: criterion audit, multi-source feedback from clinical and non-clinical colleagues, patient feedback (the CARE Measure), referral letters, significant event analysis, and video analysis of consultations. Performance of GP registrars (trainees) was evaluated with each tool to assess the reliabilities of the tools and feasibility, given raters and number of assessments needed. Participant experience of process determined by questionnaire. 171 GP registrars and their trainers, drawn from nine deaneries (representing all four countries in the UK), participated. The ability of each tool to differentiate between doctors (reliability) was assessed using generalisability theory. Decision studies were then conducted to determine the number of observations required to achieve an acceptably high reliability for “high-stakes assessment” using each instrument. Finally, descriptive statistics were used to summarise participants’ ratings of their experience using these tools. Multi-source feedback from colleagues and patient feedback on consultations emerged as the two methods most likely to offer a reliable and feasible opinion of workplace performance. Reliability co-efficients of 0.8 were attainable with 41 CARE Measure patient questionnaires and six clinical and/or five non-clinical colleagues per doctor when assessed on two occasions. For the other four methods tested, 10 or more assessors were required per doctor in order to achieve a reliable assessment, making the feasibility of their use in high-stakes assessment extremely low. Participant feedback did not raise any major concerns regarding the acceptability, feasibility, or educational impact of the tools. The combination of patient and colleague views of doctors’ performance, coupled with reliable competence measures, may offer a suitable evidence-base on which to monitor progress and completion of doctors’ training in general practice.
Conductivity and open circuit potentials of lithium solvated electron solutions (Li SESs) based on triphenylene (TRI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) were studied. It was found that those solutions with Li:TRI ratio >0.5 demonstrate much higher conductivity comparing to naphthalene based Li SES of same concentration, which can be related to TRI π-stacking properties. Based on the values of open circuit voltage in a half-cell, the values of entropy and enthalpy change were calculated for the Li:TRI ratios of 2:1 and 4:1. The value of ΔS for Li4.0 (TRI) (THF)123 is higher than the one for naphthalene based Li SES with Li:PAH ratio = 1:1. The obtained values are much higher than those for solid state electrodes used in lithium ion batteries. Based on quantum chemical modeling of lithium-triphenylene interactions, it was shown that the unusually high values of conductivity could be related to the formation of a dimeric conductive complex.
The conventional paste used to produce plates for lead-acid batteries comprises a mixture of leady oxide, water and sulfuric acid. Fibre and other additives, such as expander in negative plates, are added to improve paste properties and battery performance. Following pasting of the plates, they have to be cured to provide the correct chemical composition and crystal morphology, and to oxidize any residual free lead metal to lead monoxide. The desired result of the curing process is a positive plate with a high concentration of uniformly sized tetrabasic lead sulfate (4BS) crystals and with both positive and negative plates having a low concentration of free lead. Curing is a time-consuming and expensive process, which requires large numbers of chambers capable of being heated to 85°C and containing an atmosphere with a relative humidity greater than 95%. This process adds significant cost to the battery.
This study examined the feasibility of the Atkinson Battery for Child Development for Examining Functional Vision (Atkinson, Anker, Rae, et al., 2002) to evaluate neurovisual functions of children with neurodevelopmental disorders in outpatient setting. A total of 90 patients underwent a comprehensive evaluation. Among these, a group of 33 children with Cerebral Palsy (CP), mean age 6 years, with different types of CP (26% diplegic, 37% hemiplegic and 37% tetraplegic) were selected to constitute the cohort of the study. Visual sensory measures as well as higher level visual functions were considered. Overall, 73% patients had impairments at the assessment protocol, the majority of which presenting difficulties on both visuoperceptual and visuospatial tasks (79%). Subgroups of participants presented similar profiles of impairments with spared basic visuocognitive abilities and limitations in visuoperceptual and visuospatial domains. The Atkinson's battery proved to be valuable for evaluation in outpatient setting and follow-up testing. Some limitations emerged. For the definition of personalized and detailed rehabilitation programs a breakdown of the different components of vision and subsequent in-depth evaluation are needed.
Previous studies have reported bilingualism to be a proxy of cognitive reserve (CR) based on evidence that bilinguals express dementia symptoms ~ 4 years later than monolinguals yet present with greater neuropathology at time of diagnosis when clinical levels are similar. The current study provides new evidence supporting bilingualism’s contribution to CR using a novel brain health matching paradigm. Forty cognitively normal bilinguals with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images recruited from the community were matched with monolinguals drawn from a pool of 165 individuals in the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. White matter integrity was determined for all participants using fractional anisotropy, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity scores. Propensity scores were obtained using white matter measures, sex, age, and education as predictive covariates, and then used in one-to-one matching between language groups, creating a matched sample of 32 participants per group. Matched monolinguals had poorer clinical diagnoses than that predicted by chance from a theoretical null distribution, and poorer cognitive performances than matched bilinguals as measured by scores on the MMSE. The findings provide support for the interpretation that bilingualism acts as a proxy of CR such that monolinguals have poorer clinical and cognitive outcomes than bilinguals for similar levels of white matter integrity even before clinical symptoms appear.
The amount of electrolyte lost in a Li powder electrode cell was measured quantitatively and compared with that in a Li foil electrode cell. The electrolyte consumption in the powder electrode cell was 30% less than that in the foil electrode cell after 50 cycles. The change in thickness of the Li electrode was also directly measured using an electro-micrometer. After 20 cycles, the variation in thickness of the powder electrode was less than 3% of its initial dimension and amounted to only 30% of that of the foil electrode. The small variation in the thickness of the electrode and small electrolyte loss were due to the porous character of the powder electrode and the stable and homogeneous SEI of the emulsified Li powders.
An ultracapacitor (UCap) based on carbon xerogel electrodes and sodium sulfate electrolyte was investigated in the voltage range between 0 and 1.8 V. Notwithstanding the high value of maximum voltage (1.8 V) the UCap exhibited excellent stability during 20000 of cycling test. Moreover, the achievement of this high voltage made possible to obtain high value of specific energy. The stability was possible because the potential limits of electrode–electrolyte decomposition at positive and negative electrodes were never achieved. This is because an asymmetric UCap with different amounts of carbon xerogel in the electrodes was used. The UCap with the carbon xerogel of BET specific surface area of 3100 m2 g−1 demonstrated a specific energy of 17.5 Wh kg−1 and a specific capacitance of 156 F g−1 and, retained 91% of initial capacitance after 20000 cycles of duration test.
We evaluate the effects of lithium salt on the charge–discharge performance of a graphite negative electrode in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (EMImFSI) ionic liquid-based electrolytes. Although the graphite negative electrode exhibits good cyclability and rate capability in both 0.43 mol dm−3 LiFSI/EMImFSI and LiTFSI/EMImFSI (TFSI− = bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) at room temperature, only the LiFSI/EMImFSI system enables the graphite electrode to be operated with sufficient discharge capacity at the low temperature of 0 °C, even though there is no noticeable difference in ionic conductivity, compared with LiTFSI/EMImFSI. Furthermore, a clear difference in the low-temperature behaviors of the two cells composed of EMImFSI with a high-concentration of lithium salts is observed. Additionally, charge–discharge operation of the graphite electrode at C-rate of over 5.0 can be achieved using of the high-concentration LiFSI/EMImFSI electrolyte. Considering the low-temperature characteristics in both high-concentration electrolytes, the stable and rapid charge–discharge operation in the high-concentration LiFSI/EMImFSI is presumably attributed to a suitable electrode/electrolyte interface with low resistivity. These results suggest that optimization of the electrolyte composition can realize safe and high-performance lithium-ion batteries that utilize ionic liquid-based electrolytes.
We studied the structural and magnetic properties of in-situ grown iron mononitride (FeN) thin films. Initial stages of film growth were trapped utilizing synchrotron based soft x-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) at the N K-edge and nuclear resonant scattering (NRS). Films were grown using dc-magnetron sputtering, separately at the experimental stations of SXAS beamline (BL01, Indus 2) and NRS beamline (P01, Petra III). It was found that the initial stages of film growth differs from the bulk of it. Ultrathin FeN films, exhibited larger energy separation between the t2g and eg features and an intense eg feature in the N K-edge pattern. This indicates that a structural transition is taking place from the rock-salt (RS)-type FeN to zinc-blende (ZB)-type FeN when the thickness of films increases beyond 5nm. The behavior of such N K-edge features correlates very well with the emergence of a magnetic component appearing in the NRS pattern at 100K in ultrathin FeN films. Combining the in-situ XANES and NRS measurements, it appears that initial FeN layers grow in a RS-type structure having a magnetic ground state. Subsequently, the structure changes to ZB-type which is known to be non-magnetic. Observed results help in resolving the long standing debate about the structure and the magnetic ground state of FeN.
In the current study we investigated word, pseudoword and story reading in Dutch speaking braille and print readers. To examine developmental patterns, these reading skills were assessed in both children and adults. The results reveal that braille readers read less accurately and fast than print readers. While item length has no impact on word reading accuracy and speed in the group of print readers, it has a significant impact on reading accuracy and speed in the group of braille readers, particularly in the younger sample. This suggests that braille readers rely more strongly on an enduring sequential reading strategy. Comparison of the different reading tasks suggests that the advantage in accuracy and speed of reading in adult as compared to young braille readers is achieved through semantic top-down processing.
This paper discusses regulatory requirements essential during the non-clinical development of cancer vaccines. DNA vaccines and vaccines containing monoclonal antibodies are specifically addressed. ICH, CHMP, FDA, and WHO guidance documents in addition to scientific literature are reviewed and the regulatory framework, including respective EMEA and the FDA divisions responsible for review and assessment of cancer vaccines, is described. Selection criteria for an appropriate animal model for efficacy and/or toxicity studies are discussed.
Li–air batteries are potentially viable ultrahigh energy density chemical power sources, which could potentially offer specific energies up to ∼3000Whkg−1 being rechargeable. The modern state of art and the challenges in the field of Li–air batteries are considered. Although their implementation holds the greatest promise in a number of applications ranging from portable electronics to electric vehicles, there are also impressive challenges in development of cathode materials and electrolyte systems of these batteries.
Studies are conducted on the leaching and solvent extraction separation of metals from chloride leach liquor of spent nickel–cadmium batteries with Cyanex 923 and 272 diluted in kerosene as the extractants. Dissolution of the metals increases with increase in acid concentration and time but decreases with the solids-to-liquid ratio. Complete dissolution of Cd, Co and Ni can be achieved with 1.5M HCl at 85°C for 8h and a solids-to-liquid ratio of 4. Treatment of leach liquor for the separation of metals with Cyanex 923 shows that increase of extractant and chloride ion concentration increases the percentage extraction of cadmium. The plot of log[distribution coefficient] versus log[extractant]/[Cl−] is linear with a slope of 2, which indicates that the extraction follows a solvation mechanism with the extracted species as CdCl2·2S (S, Cyanex 923). Moreover, Cyanex 923 enables a clear separation of Cd from Co and Ni. Extraction of cobalt with Cyanex 272 involves a cation-exchange mechanism with the formation of a 1:2 metal-to-ligand complex in the organic phase. Based on the distribution data, extractant concentration and equilibrium pH of the aqueous phase, a possible separation process is proposed for the recovery of cadmium, cobalt and nickel with >99% efficiency.