batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Publisher Summary This chapter reveals that hydrogen has the necessary properties and can fulfill the role of an energy carrier that can be derived from water, which is an abundant source. It can be substituted for petroleum and coal in almost all industrial processes which require a reducing agent, such as in steel manufacturing and other metallurgical operations. Further, hydrogen can easily be converted to a variety of fuel forms such as methanol, ammonia, and hydrazine. The use of hydrogen as a fuel would allow the industrial establishment to retain its present structure. Hydrogen can be readily derived from the primary source by the decomposition of water. Hydrogen, like electricity, is a high-quality but high-cost energy carrier. Its adoption by the market depends on the availability of technologies and/or policies that put a high market value on hydrogen. One such enabling technology for hydrogen is the low temperature fuel cell (PC), which has wide market opportunities in both transportation and stationary combined heat and power applications. The fuel cell is an electrochemical device that generates electricity by chemical reaction without altering the electrodes or the electrolyte materials. This distinguishes the fuel cell from electrochemical batteries. The concept of the fuel cell is the reverse of the electrolysis of water, in which the hydrogen and oxygen are combined to produce electricity and water. The fuel cell is a static device that converts the chemical energy directly into electrical energy.
Publisher Summary The chapter offers information on progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). Although PSP and CBD are considered distinct nosologic entities, it is reasonable to consider them together because both are associated with the accumulation of pathologically hyperphosphorylated four repeat tau protein isoforms in the brain. They also share an over-representation of the extended H1 microtubule associated protein tau gene haplotype, raising the possibility that they may share a common genetic background. Recently a specific variant of H1, designated the H1c haplotype, has been found to be over-represented in PSP, whereas the other common H1 derived haplotypes showed no association. Although both PSP and CBD are sporadic disorders, some younger patients with frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) present with a remarkably similar clinical picture. These FTDP-17 cases most often have mutations that affect the splicing of exon 10 of the tau gene. Most cases of PSP are eventually referred to movement disorder specialists. CBD is a much rarer disorder than PSP. Its frequency may be greater than currently acknowledged because a number of patients are referred to cognitive disorder clinics, where alternative diagnoses of primary progressive aphasia, frontotemporal dementia, or Pick's disease are often given. In the absence of a disease-modifying therapy or consistently effective symptomatic treatment, good management of PSP centers on expert palliative care, which must be introduced in the early stages for best results. Botulinum toxin may be effective in the relief of eyelid spasms, neck extension, and drooling.
The electrochemical homopolymerization of o-aminobenzoic acid has been performed on both gold and graphite surfaces in perchloric acid aqueous medium by cyclic scanning of the potential. Electroactive polymeric materials are formed in all cases but the amount of electropolymerization products seems to be increased by the graphite carbon electrodes. The polymers obtained have been characterized electrochemically. In addition, in situ FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were combined to study the redox behaviour of the oxidation products and the surface morphology of the coatings. Characteristic absorption features related with benzenoid and quinoid rings and different types of C–N bonds point to the operation of redox processes similar to those undergone by the parent compound polyaniline. Owing to the presence of the –COOH group in the carbon backbone, polymer films obtained from o-aminobenzoic are, contrary to polyaniline, electroactive at pH values over 3. Besides, it was observed that repeated oxidation–reduction cycles in working solutions with pH above 6 led to the dissolution of the deposited material.
A flame retardant and thermally dimensional stable membrane with high permeability and electrolyte wettability can overcome the safety issues of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) at elevated temperatures. In this work, a multifunctional thermoset nonwoven membrane composed of melamine formaldehyde resin (MFR) nano-fibers was prepared by a electro-spinning method. The resultant porous nonwoven membrane possesses superior permeability, electrolyte wettability and thermally dimensional stability. Using the electrospun MFR membrane, the LiFePO4/Li battery exhibits high safety and stable cycling performance at the elevated temperature of 120 °C. Most importantly, the MFR membrane contains lone pair electron in the nitrogen element, which can chelate with Mn2+ ions and suppress their transfer across the separator. Therefore, the LiMn2O4/graphite cells with the electrospun MFR multifunctional membranes reveal an improved cycle performance even at high temperature. This work demonstrated that electrospun MFR is a promising candidate material for high-safety separator of LIBs with stable cycling performance at elevated temperatures.
The electron transporting layer plays an important role in charge extraction and transporting procedure for mesoscopic perovskite solar cells. Herein, the TiO2-B nanoparticles are used as an electron transporting material in perovskite solar cells for the first time which achieves a high efficiency of 18.83%. Furthermore, the effects of TiO2-B electron transporting layer on the nature of perovskite adsorption layer and the photovoltaic properties of devices are investigated in detail. As a consequence, the high efficiency can be ascribed to perovskite layer with a high crystallinity, resulting in suppressing charge recombination at interfaces, leading to favourable energy level alignment between perovskite and TiO2-B.
The capacity of coast recovering after interruption of pollution sources has been explored employing mussels as biomarkers. In an area polluted by sewage sludge in Puerto Madryn (Argentina), abnormally high cytogenetic records (micronuclei) had been detected in the mussel Mytilus edulis, even higher than those obtained in this and other mussel species (Brachydontes rodriguezi, Aulacomya atra atra, Perumytilus purpuratus) sampled from heavily polluted industrial areas, and much higher than those recorded in samples from unpolluted areas of the same region. Normal cytogenetic patterns were recovered in Puerto Madryn less than 1 year after cessation of sewage sludge discharges, without additional treatment of the affected area. This discovery opens the possibility of considering restored coastal areas for aquaculture purposes instead of endangering natural populations in virgin areas.
This paper deals with the modeling and control of a hybrid system integrating a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine and batteries as energy storage system (ESS). The modeling of the mechanical and electrical main components of a 1.5MW wind turbine is described. Specific focus is to be taken on the power converter of the DFIG, since it allows the interconnection of the ESS to the generator and a proper energy management. A lead-acid battery is used as energy storage device, which is connected through a bidirectional DC/DC converter to the DC bus of the DFIG power converter. A new supervisory control system, responsible for the coordinate operation of power sources (DFIG wind turbine and ESS), is described and evaluated by simulation under wind speed fluctuations and grid demand changes. It is based on using the wind turbine as primary power source and the ESS as auxiliary power source, providing or storing the power mismatching between the actual wind power and grid demand, whenever the battery state-of-charge (SOC) remains within the recommended limits. This configuration increases the generation capability and smooths the output power fluctuations caused by the wind speed variability, and therefore, improves the grid integration of wind turbines.
Among the actively studied electrode materials, layered cobalt or nickel compounds have been recognized as a family of promising electrode materials for supercapacitor. However, the cycling performance of these materials is unsatisfactory by far. In this work, a novel and stable layered cobalt nickel silicate hollow sphere compound was prepared for supercapacitor application using a facile hydrothermal synthetic approach. The obtained material exhibited a good specific capacitance and outstanding long-term cycling stability (only 0.7% and 5% losses of its initial specific capacitance after 10,000 and 20,000 cycles, respectively) at a high current density of 20A/g after annealing at 600°C. This work provides new insights of designing novel cobalt or nickel compounds for supercapacitor with excellent stability, and promotes the application of layered metal silicates as advanced supercapacitor materials.
This study adopts an efficient microwave-assisted method to deposit TiO2 into tri-layered polymeric membranes, forming composite separators for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) consisted of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) anode/Li cathode. The microwave deposition is capable of growing TiO2 crystals into the porous membranes at 40 °C in a short period of ∼8 min. Both improved thermal and dimensional stability are achieved by the deposition of TiO2 in the separators. The improvement can be attributed to the formation of robust skeleton to stabilize the separators, imparting a superior insulation and mass transport barrier against volatile compounds formed during the thermal decomposition process. After depositing an appropriate amount of TiO2, the TiO2-coated separator still features well-developed porous structure, allowing favorable liquid wettability and high mass uptake of electrolyte. The amount of TiO2 deposits plays as a crucial role in facilitating the cell performance, including high ionic conductivity, low inner resistance, high operation temperature, high energy density, and excellent cycleability. Accordingly, this low-temperature deposition method of modifying polymeric separators is attractive for application in high-performance LIBs.
Autonomous drones can help find injured or missing people when a large or hard to traverse area has to be searched, but their view can be obscured in dense forests. David Schedl and colleagues have developed a method to reveal humans in thermal imaging recordings, even in the presence of dense foliage.
Physical inactivity is increasingly becoming part of today’s lifestyle, leading to a rapid increase in the incidence of diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. These chronic diseases are, for the most part, preventable by adopting a healthy lifestyle including regular physical activity. To help people maintain appropriate physical activity levels, researchers are developing interventions based on concepts from social science and ICT solutions. In this line, we investigate virtual communities (or social networks) as a candidate solution to support people in achieving their daily physical activity goals. This study observes and explores the differences between using the virtual community and a physical activity monitoring system on the physical activity level. We designed an exploratory study with a duration of 9 weeks in which an intervention group used a virtual community with a physical activity monitoring system and a control group used only a physical activity monitoring system. The results of this exploratory study demonstrate that using virtual communities may motivate and support people in their daily physical activity; in particular, we observed a decrease in the use of the system later than was observed in previous studies. Future investigations are needed to confirm the effect of the virtual community on physical activity.
The choice of electrolyte solvent is expected to play a key role in influencing the lithium-oxygen battery performance. The electrochemical performances of three electrolytes composed of lithium bis (trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) salt and different solvents namely, ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate (EC/PC), tetra ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are investigated by assembling lithium oxygen cells. The electrolyte composition significantly varied the specific capacity of the battery. The choice of electrolyte also influences the overpotential, cycle life, and rechargeability of the battery. Electrochemical impedance spectra, cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry were utilized to determine the reversible reactions associated with the air cathode.
We devised an experimental strategy for assessing the cortical cross-talk between ocular subsystems. For this purpose we measured the interocular transfer of adaptation (IOTA) at different levels in the human brain, using orientation-selective fMRI adaptation. We tested 10 normally sighted and 10 stereoblind or stereodeficient amblyopic observers by adapting monocularly to phase-reversing, oblique sinusoidal gratings. Following monocular adaptation, cortical activations evoked by the same (monoptic) or the other eye (interocular) were measured for the same and for the orthogonal orientation in a two by two factorial design. In both experimental groups, we obtained significant orientation-selective monocular adaptation in area V1 and in extrastriate regions on the dorsal and ventral visual pathways. In the normally-sighted subjects we found in addition interocular adaptation in V1 and extrastriate visual areas. This interocular adaptation indicates that fMRI adaptation transfers from the adapted ocular subsystem to the non-adapted ocular subsystem, and thus provides a measure of binocular interaction in normally-sighted subjects. In the amblyopic subjects, no interocular adaptation was seen at any of the investigated cortical levels, regardless of which eye was adapted. We suggest that the abnormal pattern of interocular transfer of fMRI adaptation is related to the disturbed integration of binocular signals in amblyopia.
The present article gives an analysis of the impact of Darcy–Forchheimer flow and partial slip along with heat transfer in single-wall carbon nanotube/multi-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT/MWCNT)-water nanofluid flow over a stretching/shrinking rotating disk. The study considers the heat transfer in nanofluids, using both static and dynamic models, namely the Xue and Buongiorno models, respectively. The effects of thermal radiation and viscous dissipation are considered. Nonlinear transformed coupled equations are solved computationally using a spectral quasilinearisation method. The numerical results show the impact of several physical parameters on radial and tangential velocity, temperature and nanoparticle concentration fields. The slip parameter accounts for a significant enhancement in the radial velocity and a decline in the tangential/azimuthal velocity. The presence of a porous medium has the effect of reducing the amplitude of velocity and momentum layer thickness for both SWCNTs-water and MWCNTs-water nanofluids. The present study indicates that the tangential velocity of SWCNT/MWCNT-water nanofluids diminishes due to the increment in slip parameter, while the radial velocity exhibits the reverse trends. The results also show that the involvement of a porous matrix gives rise to reduced velocity of SWCNT/MWCNT-water nanofluids. It is also observed that MWCNTs make a greater contribution in augmenting the heat transfer rate compared to SWCNT nanoparticles.
Distributions of water- and air-filled conduits can be distinguished by observing a xylem cross-section of frozen conifer stem. This method is applicable to field observation in cold winter.
Higher prior exposure to water-borne lead among male World War Two U.S. Army enlistees was associated with lower intelligence test scores. Exposure was proxied by urban residence and the water pH levels of the cities where enlistees lived in 1930. Army General Classification Test scores were six points lower (nearly 1/3 standard deviation) where pH was 6 (so the water lead concentration for a given amount of lead piping was higher) than where pH was 7 (so the concentration was lower). This difference rose with time exposed. At this time, the dangers of exposure to lead in water were not widely known and lead was ubiquitous in water systems, so these results are not likely the effect of individuals selecting into locations with different levels of exposure.
Novel hierarchical Ru-doped Na3V2O2(PO4)2F hollow microspheres were synthesized via a low-temperature solvothermal method. The individual unique microspheres were formed from assembly of numerous nanoparticles with diameters of 20–30nm. When used as a cathode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), the microspheres exhibited superior rate performance with a capacity of 72.6 mAh·g−1 at 10C. Furthermore, their rate performance could be significantly improved by coating them with a thin conductive RuO2 layer. For instance, high specific capacities of 102.5mAhg−1 and 44.9mAhg−1 were achieved at current rates of 20C and 100C, respectively. These materials exhibited impressive long-term cycling stability. A reversible capacity of approximately 55.0mAhg−1 was maintained even after 7500 charge/discharge cycles. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations increased our understanding of how H+ facilitates the formation of the hierarchical microsphere superstructure which is beneficial to achieve a good rate capability.
This work concentrates on the improvement in the performance of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) through optimization of the channel dimensions and shape in the flow-field of bipolar/end plates. Single-path serpentine flow-field design was used for studying the effect of channel dimensions on the hydrogen consumption at the anode. Simulations were done ranging from 0.5 to 4mm for different channel width, land width and channel depth. Optimum values for each of the dimensions (channel width, land width and channel depth) were obtained. For high hydrogen consumptions (∼80%), the optimum dimension value for channel width, land width and channel depth was close to 1.5, 0.5 and 1.5mm, respectively. Studies on the effect of channel shapes showed that triangular and hemispherical shaped cross-section resulted in increase in hydrogen consumption by around 9% at the anode. Consequently, their use would lead to improved fuel cell efficiency.
In this paper, hybrid microporous gel polymer electrolytes (HMGPEs) based onpolyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF)/polyurethane lithium salt (PLS) are fabricated by thermal phase separation technique. PLS is synthesized via condensation copolymerization of polyethylene glycol 800 (PEG800) and diphenyl-methane-diisocyanate(MDI), and then neutralized with LiOH. The effect of PLS on the morphologies of the hybrid membrane, electrochemical properties and cycle performance of the assembled polymer lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are studied in detail. The morphologies of the hybrid polymer membranes are examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The intercalation of PVdF/PLS hybrid membranes is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The incorporation of PLS in PVdF matrix can enhance ionic conductivities and electrochemical stabilities for the prepared HMGPEs. The assembled lithium-ion batteries based on HMGPEs with weight ratio 80:20 of PVdF and PLS (PVdF/PLS-20) delivers the highest charge-discharge capacity (about 175mAh g−1), and the cell based on HMGPEs of with weight ratio 90:10 of PVdF and PLS(PVdF/PLS-10) shows the best stability in cycle performance.
The relative size and age of the US electric vehicle market means that a few vehicles are able to drive market-wide trends in the battery chemistries and cell formats on the road today. Three lithium-ion chemistries account for nearly all of the storage capacity, and half of the cells are cylindrical. However, no specific model exists to examine the costs of manufacturing these cylindrical cells. Here we present a process-based cost model tailored to the cylindrical lithium-ion cells currently used in the EV market. We examine the costs for varied cell dimensions, electrode thicknesses, chemistries, and production volumes. Although cost savings are possible from increasing cell dimensions and electrode thicknesses, economies of scale have already been reached, and future cost reductions from increased production volumes are minimal. Prismatic cells, which are able to further capitalize on the cost reduction from larger formats, can offer further reductions than those possible for cylindrical cells.
In the present study, the effect of organic pollution on land snails Eobania vermiculata was investigated. Five pollution biomarkers (neutral red retention assay, morphometry of lysosomes and neutral lipids, acetylcholinesterase activity and metallothioneins content, were applied on tissues of the land snails. The results showed intense differentiations between the snails treated with organic pollutants and the control ones, as indicated by the results obtained. Statistically significant correlations among the results obtained emphasize the usefulness of these biomarkers.
Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) confront with the problems of the high costs of both polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and noble metal catalysts. Especially, the PEM has a shortcoming of methanol crossover through it, which lowers the power density of cells and makes cathode catalysts poisoned. In this paper, a new structured alkaline DMFC is presented, which makes a great progress in solving the problems. In this DMFC, PEM is replaced by a polymer fiber membrane (PFM) which shows very low resistance to ions motion in electrolyte and is very inexpensive. MnO2 and PtRu/C have been used as cathode and anode catalysts respectively. The peak power densities of 27.3mWcm−2 and 108.4mWcm−2 have been achieved at 20°C and 68°C respectively, which are around 2–10 times higher than that of published similar researches. The experimental results demonstrate that MnO2 shows not only good electro-catalytic activity and stability for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline solutions, but also an excellent tolerance to methanol.
The lithium-sulfur battery is an ideal energy storage system owing to its high energy density. However, the implementations are still thwarted by dramatic capacity decay caused by the dissolution of lithium polysulfides, the low conductivity and the structural instability of the sulfur cathode originated from the volumetric changes during the charging/discharging process. Here, we design and synthesize polypyrrole (PPy)@MnO2@S spheres with dual core-shell structure. The sulfur nanoparticles (∼80 nm) located into the inside of the composite spheres facilitate fast Li+ storage. The polar MnO2 hollow spheres can not only provide enough inner space for alleviating the volume expansion for sulfur, but also effectively moderate the dissolution of polysulfides by synergistic effect of structural restriction and chemical adsorption. Additionally, the second shell consists of PPy nano-particles serve as conductive frameworks and generate sufficient electrical conduction paths. The initial capacities of PPy@MnO2@S composite are up to 1488.1, 1132.6, 925.7 and 736.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, 0.2 C, 0.5 C and 1 C, respectively. And a small capacity decay rate of 0.048% per cycle is achieved at the rate of 0.5 C over 500 cycles with an areal density of 3.3 mg cm−2. The strategy may represent an efficient way to realize excellent performance for Li sulfur batteries.