batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Publisher Summary This chapter addresses chemical emergency preparedness on two levels. It begins with chemical risks that originate outside the home and then focuses on those that are in the home. There is no place where people live or work that is completely free from the risks of hazardous chemical exposures. Toxic industrial chemicals are stored and used in large quantities across highly populated areas. They are also transported in large quantities on trucks or trains through nearly every rural town on the map. Even many common household products can be dangerous if improperly stored or used. Also, bombings have become more sophisticated and more lethal over the past several years. If recent trends continue, it is likely that bombings will occur in nations that have rarely seen them. This creates tremendous challenges for the general public and response communities alike. High-risk buildings must consider the physical security measures in place and determine if they adequately address the threat of a bomb being mailed, carried, or driven into the building. Measures may be taken to enhance the ability to screen incoming persons and mail for suspicious materials and distance must be established between vehicle access and buildings. Everyone at risk needs to understand the proper approach to an identified threat and be able to carry out proper identification, reporting, and evacuation. Those working in the first responder and healthcare communities also must be aware of the differences between a bomb scene and other disasters. The risks are unusual, the patients are different, and the steps taken to properly manage the scene are distinctive. To reduce morbidity and mortality associated with these threats, it requires careful planning, training, and exercises.
Cyclophosphamide (CPA), hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) and gemifloxacin (GF) were administered orally to Han Wistar rats for 2 and 28 days up to their maximum tolerated doses. For CPA, the sensitivity, as measured by the increases at the lowest active dose, was greater after 28 days. However, published data show that blood levels at 28 days are the same as at 2 days. The sensitivity to HMPA was also greater at 28 days but toxicokinetic analysis showed a reduction in blood levels. Although apparently anomalous, this probably reflected increased metabolism of HMPA to its genotoxic metabolite, formaldehyde. In contrast, GF gave a clear increase in micronucleus frequency after 2 doses but not after 28 and the maximum dose tolerated for 28 days gave blood levels 80% greater than the same dose after 2 days. It is apparent that for these three compounds there are differences between responses after dosing for 2 and 28 days that cannot be ascribed simply to differences in blood levels. It is important to note that although the responses were quantitatively different, the two established rodent carcinogens gave positive results at both sampling times. Because rodent oncogenicity data are not available for GF, it is not known whether the positive or negative result in the rat bone marrow micronucleus test is predictive. The purpose of this work was not to support the use of either acute or sub-chronic dosing for the rat micronucleus assay but to point out that sampling times can give both qualitatively and quantitatively different results.
We investigated a structural stabilizing effect of large x values on enhancing cyclability for the SiOx electrode with large areal capacity. Electrodes composed of a-SiOx film on roughened Cu substrate with the same areal capacity (2 mAh cm−2) were prepared, so that changes in volume of the lithiated SiOx per unit electrode area were equal. Cycle tests were performed for three x values (0.17, 0.68, 1.02) using half-cell and the morphology of electrodes were analyzed by SEM. Higher x values were found to result in larger inactive phase contents and demonstrated superior cyclability. The SiO1.02 electrode contained 11 times more inactive phase than the SiO0.17 and showed a capacity retention of 98% after 30 cycles. For the SiO0.17 electrode, structural changes such as the pulverization of the particles, fracturing of the electrodeposited Cu tips caused electrical isolation of Li–Si. For the SiO1.02 electrode, the structure was extremely stable. These results reveal that even in electrodes with large areal capacity, the inactive phase exhibited the great buffering effect of the change in volume of Li–Si.
Wireless body area networks are wireless sensor networks whose adoption has recently emerged and spread in important healthcare applications, such as the remote monitoring of health conditions of patients. A major issue associated with the deployment of such networks is represented by energy consumption: in general, the batteries of the sensors cannot be easily replaced and recharged, so containing the usage of energy by a rational design of the network and of the routing is crucial. Another issue is represented by traffic uncertainty: body sensors may produce data at a variable rate that is not exactly known in advance, for example because the generation of data is event-driven. Neglecting traffic uncertainty may lead to wrong design and routing decisions, which may compromise the functionality of the network and have very bad effects on the health of the patients. In order to address these issues, in this work we propose the first robust optimization model for jointly optimizing the topology and the routing in body area networks under traffic uncertainty. Since the problem may result challenging even for a state-of-the-art optimization solver, we propose an original optimization algorithm that exploits suitable linear relaxations to guide a randomized fixing of the variables, supported by an exact large variable neighborhood search. Experiments on realistic instances indicate that our algorithm performs better than a state-of-the-art solver, fast producing solutions associated with improved optimality gaps.
Binary metal oxides have been proven to be promising materials because of their advantages, which can improve the electrochemical performance of single metal oxides such as reversible capacity, structural stability and electronic conductivity. In this work, hollow and yolk-shell CoMn2O4 microspheres were successfully prepared by a solvothermal carbon templating method and subsequent thermal treatment process. This structure with enough free space is beneficial to improving the electrochemical performance. The products prepared by carbon spheres with a short reaction time of 10h have a hollow structure. The hollow CoMn2O4 samples exhibit a initial discharge capacity as 1175mAhg−1 at a current density of 1000mAg−1, and it remains at 563mAhg−1 with a coulombic efficiency of 97.6% after 50 cycles. The products prepared by carbon spheres with long reaction times of 12h and 16h have a yolk-shell structure. The yolk-shell CoMn2O4 samples exhibit high discharge capacities of 652 and 715mAhg−1 after 50 cycles at a high discharge rate of 1000mAg−1.
A high-performance magneto-mechano-triboelectric nanogenerator (MMTEG) was demonstrated by introducing accelerated water-soluble nano-bullet modified nanostructures to convert a gentle magnetic field into electric energy for powering an indoor wireless positioning system. NaCl salt nanoparticles were accelerated by an aerosol deposition (AD) process to collide on a perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) film with a high kinetic energy for the formation of a complicated nanomorphology on the triboelectric active surface. Under an alternating current (AC) magnetic field of 7 Oe, the MMTEG generated an open-circuit peak-to-peak voltage (Vpp) and a short-circuit current of 708 V and 277 μA, respectively. The harvesting device also presented a maximum peak power of 21.8 mW as well as a continuous AC output power of 4.8 mW (4.8 mJ per second). A self-powered indoor IoT positioning system was constructed by integrating the MMTEG, a power managing circuit, a storage element, and an IoT Bluetooth beacon. The electric energy from the MMTEG device enabled continuous operation of a beacon device, and we successfully confirmed the accurate location of the installed wireless positioning system, subsequently resulting in transmission of our indoor position to the main monitoring computer. Lastly, the MMTEG generated an open-circuit Vpp and a short-circuit current of 330 V and 23 μA, respectively, near a 60 Hz power cable connected to home appliances, which were large enough to turn on 108 blue light emitting diodes (LEDs).
Organic polysulfanes are new type of attractive organosulfur electrode materials for next generation lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries because of their high sulfur content, low cost, and desirable energy density. However, conventional organic polysulfanes usually suffer from poor reversibility due to structure variation and irreversible conversion during cycling. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of a novel two-dimensional (2D) organic polysulfane with a unique molecular structure of polycyclic sulfur directly substituting the carboxyls of poly(acrylic acid) and grafted on the carbon chain through a coupling reaction with KI as a catalyst and KCl as a template. The obtained organic polysulfane nanosheets with 72 wt% sulfur (OPNS-72) exhibit high initial capacity of 891 mAh/g (based on whole composite), excellent cycling stability (0.014% capacity fading per cycle over 620 cycles at 1 C rate), superior rate capability (562 mAh/g at 10 C) and high mass loading of 9.7 mg/cm2. The remarkable cycling stability of the Li-S battery is attributed to the structural stability and highly reversible electrochemical reaction of the OPNS-72 electrode, as confirmed by the TEM image after cycling and operando Raman spectroscopy measurements under battery operating conditions. Further, the developed synthesis approach is applicable for the preparation of other organic polysulfane nanosheets as highly reversible electrodes for Li-S batteries.
Mesoporous CoNiO2 microflowers assembled with single-crystal nanosheets were successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method and subsequent annealing process and their lithium storage capacity were investigated. The structural and compositional analysis of the mesoporous CoNiO2 microflowers has been studied by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The Bruauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area of CoNiO2 microflowers has been calculated by the nitrogen isotherm curve and pore size distribution has been determined by the Barret–Joyner–Halenda method. It has been found that the as-prepared CoNiO2 electrodes delivered satisfied capacity, good cycling stability and rate capability. The improved electrochemical performance is attributed to the mesoporous nature and the 3D assembled structure. Therefore, such a structure can be considered to be an attractive candidate as an electrode material for lithium-ion batteries.
We describe concepts for small space telescopes that are able to provide significant UV science and can be realized with small (but realistic) budgets. The concepts are based on nano-satellites carrying small optics, with no redundancy, without producing intermediate models prior to flight model, and using COTS (custom off-the-shelf) components. We describe a few concepts of deployable optics that could provide large collecting areas and high angular resolution while packaged in the small volume of a nano-satellite. We point out areas where technological development is still required.
A portable direct methanol fuel cell stack is characterised, together with a novel methanol-feeding concept. The amounts of water and carbon dioxide in the cathode and anode outlets respectively are measured and compared with calculated values based on parameters found in the literature. Due to methanol crossover, the stack temperature already increases rapidly at open circuit voltage, which also indicates substantial losses. The efficiency of the stack is found by two methods to be somewhat less than 25% at 20W. A passive methanol supply to the feed loop is achieved by placing a permeable tube in a concentrated methanol storage tank. Diffusion of methanol through the tube walls into the methanol–water flow assures an increase in concentration. Experimental investigations of such a tube are compared with simulations.
South Africa is routinely characterised as a ‘party dominant’ polity because the governing African National Congress has won every national election since democracy was achieved in 1994. This article challenges this understanding. The system, it argues, is not one in which a single party uses its electoral majority to impose its will on society. It is better understood as one in which ‘archipelagos of domination’—which exist in a polity when more than one social group and more than one party achieve political and social domination of geographically distinct areas—shapes politics and determines who wields power. This is a consequence both of the society’s identity divisions and of the reality, often ignored by theories of ‘party dominance’, that social power—the capacity of actors in society to wield power through control of intellectual and material resources—can achieve what party dominance is said to achieve: a virtual monopoly on setting the agenda. It argues also that current literature on subnational dominance, while it offers valuable insights, ignores the role of social power and is thus unable to explain societies which have been shaped to varying degrees by the domination of one race over another.
Rechargeable batteries have been designed for powering hearing aid devices (HAD). The cells, based on the lithium-ion chemistry, were designed in a size that is compatible with the existing HAD. The 10 mA h batteries were tested to characterize the design and the electrochemical performance from the point of view of a typical HAD application. Results are presented for constant-current tests, first-cycle conditions, charge voltage cut-off, rate performance, and cycle life. The pulse capabilities and the preliminary safety tests of the batteries will be presented in a following report. The results of the lithium-ion HAD cells developed in this project are compared with other battery chemistries: lithium-alloy and nickel–metal hydride secondary batteries and Zn–air primary batteries.
There is a need to recognize the difficulties experienced in managing waste and to understand the reasons for those difficulties, especially in developing countries such as Jordan. Zarqa is a Governorate located in central Jordan, which has 2874 registered industries, making up more than 52% of the total industries in the country. Zarqa Governorate suffers from serious solid waste problems. These problems arise from an absence of adequate policies, facilitating legislation, and an environmentally enthused public, which therefore have a negative impact on the environment and health. Solid waste generation in Zarqa Governorate has increased exponentially and has polluted natural resources and the environment. A significant change in municipal solid waste generation was evident between the years 1994 and 2000. The Zarqa Governorate generated 482tons/day in 2002 with a per capita rate of 0.44kg/cap-day [Consulting Engineers, 2002, Feasibility study for the treatment of industrial wastewater in Zarqa Governorate. A project funded by METAP and Zarqa Chamber of Industry. Unpublished report]. This manuscript assesses the current operational and management practices of solid waste in the Zarqa Governorate; and evaluates the associated issues of solid waste collection, storage, transport, disposal and recycling in developing countries. The lack of techniques, financial funds and awareness among public and private sectors form an obstacle for achieving a successful environmental program. Several options are proposed to address management goals. Although Jordan became the first country in the Middle East to adopt a national environmental strategy; waste disposal is still largely uncontrolled and large quantities of waste go uncollected. Ensuring proper management of solid wastes, enforcing regulations, and implementing proper environmental awareness programs that will enhance the public understanding and achieve greater efficiency, are the findings of this study.
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been described as important for maintaining and implementing contextual information in the service of goal-oriented behavior. Accordingly, impairments in context processing are thought to underlie cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia, a clinical disorder that has been linked to PFC dysfunction (Servan-Schreiber et al., 1996). However, task switching, a cognitive ability linked to PFC function, has not been consistently impaired in schizophrenia. In this experiment, we assessed whether task-switching performance would be selectively impaired for patients when context demands were high. In the rule-switching condition, a switch required the updating of the relevant task response rules whereas perceptual switching did not entail a switching of contextual information. Instead, a perceptual switch entailed a shift of visuospatial attention to the relevant feature. A second goal was to determine whether potential deficits in context switching would be observed in schizophrenia even in situations when these patients do not need to overcome a prepotent response. Studies of context processing have typically required patients with schizophrenia to use contextual rules to overcome prepotent response tendencies whereas our switching paradigm did not require the inhibition of a competing response. Patients were much slower to switch tasks than controls when contextual rules switched from one trial to the next whereas their performance was intact when the switch occurred between different feature sets and contextual demands were low. Our results demonstrate that context processing deficits are observable in schizophrenia even when there is no prepotent response tendency to inhibit. Moreover, our results suggest that PFC impairments influence performance primarily when patients are required to switch the application of one explicit rule to another.
The goal of this study was designed to evaluate the possible protective effects of Nigella sativa (NS) on the neuronal injury in the frontal cortex and brain stem after chronic toluene exposure in rats. The rats were randomly alotted into one of three experimental groups: A (control), B (toluene treated) and C (toluene treated with NS); each group contain 10 animals. Control group received 1 ml serum physiologic and toluene treatment was performed by inhalation of 3,000 ppm toluene, in a 8 h/day and 6 day/week order for 12 weeks. The rats in NS treated group was given NS (in a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight) once a day orally by using intra gastric intubation for 12 weeks starting just after toluene exposure. Tissue samples were obtained for histopathological investigation. To date, no histopathological changes of neurodegeneration in the frontal cortex and brain stem after chronic toluene exposure in rats by NS treatment have been reported. In this study, chronic toluene exposure caused severe degenerative changes, shrunken cytoplasma, severely dilated cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, markedly swollen mitochondria with degenerated cristae and nuclear membrane breakdown with chromatin disorganization in neurons of the frontal cortex and brain stem. The nerve cells showing the pathologic changes were almost absent in the NS-treated rats. We conclude that NS therapy causes morphologic improvement on neurodegeneration in frontal cortex and brain stem after chronic toluene exposure in rats. We believe that further preclinical research into the utility of NS may indicate its usefulness as a potential treatment on neurodegeneration after chronic toluene exposure in rats.
The long-term formation kinetics of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) was studied on graphite electrodes in 1M LiClO4/PC with 5% acrylonitrile (AN) as electrolyte additive by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at 1.0 and 0.5V versus Li/Li+, i.e. mainly outside the graphite intercalation region. To support the interpretation of the results, comparative experiments with Ni and Pt electrodes were performed at the same potentials. The resistance of the SEI on graphite and nickel shows similar time dependence. Whereas, R SEI of both electrodes exhibits a linear increase after 5–10h at 1.0V, a parabolic behavior could be observed at 0.5V (and even more expressed for Ni at 0.05V) typical of diffusion controlled growth kinetics. Temperature dependent measurements yielded activation energies for the ionic conduction of the SEI between 0.61 and 0.66eV. The results were the same for graphite at 0.5V and nickel at 1.0, 0.5 and 0.05V.
For many years, the photovoltaics (PV) community has relied on the concept of energy payback time (EPT) as a means of quantifying the ratio of energy generated from a PV panel or system over its lifetime, compared to the energy that was required to fabricate it. Few other energy technologies are so judged and this paper argues that the EPT concept is obsolete, misleading and may possibly even contribute to keeping the myth alive, that ‘That PV does not payback the energy used to create it’. Therefore, a new norm for the PV community is proposed, the energy yield ratio (EYR), as used by Gürzenich et al. (Int J Life Cycle Assess 1999; 4(3): 144–9). EYR values for three different PV products (a single multicrystalline silicon module, 2kW rooftop grid-connected system, and a solar home system) are determined to be 4.8–13.9, many times the energy inputs required to fabricate the system.
CNTs with bamboo-like structure (B-CNTs) has been prepared via a CVD process with novel carbon precursor. The potential application of B-CNTs as electric conductive additive and anode materials for lithium ion batteries was explored. The EIS spectra prove that it is better electric conductive additive than multiwalled CNTs and traditional carbon black (CB). The electric resistance of the electrode is decreased around 20Ω when B-CNTs is used instead of CB. The cycle stability is also enhanced. However, the test cell with B-CNTs as anode material shows low reversible capacity of 135mAhg−1 and very low initial cycle efficiency of 17.3%, which indicates that so-prepared B-CNTs is not suitable for anode material.
Nickel oxide (NiO) has been considered widely as an electrochemical capacitor or supercapacitor electrode material. NiO thin films are successfully deposited at various substrate temperatures. Influence of substrate temperature on various physical and electrochemical properties has been studied. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms cubic phase of polycrystalline nickel oxide. SEM images show porous surface having inhomogeneous randomly shaped heaps. Optical band gap energy is found to be in the range of 3.04–3.28eV. Electrical resistivity confirms the semiconducting behavior of NiO with room temperature activation energies 0.30–0.38eV. Electrochemical characterization is carried out by testing the NiO electrodes for cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Specific capacitance of 405Fg−1 at the scan rate of 5mVs−1 is observed. Galvanostatic charge-discharge study confirmed the pseudocapacitive nature. Furthermore, the specific capacitance of the NiO can still keep a good retention of 92.10% after 1000cycles at 1Ag−1, demonstrating the outstanding long-term electrochemical stability. This work offers useful reference for supercapacitor applications in the future.