batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Rational assembly of unique branched heterostructures is one of the facile techniques to improve the electrochemical figure of merit of materials. By taking advantages of hydrogen bubbles dynamic template, hydrothermal method and electrochemical polymerization, branched polypyrrole (PPy) nanoleaves decorated honeycomb-like hematite nanoflakes (core-branch Fe2O3@PPy) are fabricated. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, and scanning transmission electron microscopy in high angle annular dark field mode with electron energy loss spectroscopy were combined to elucidate the mechanisms underlying formation and morphogenesis evolution of core-branch Fe2O3@PPy heterostructures. Benefiting from the stability of honeycomb-like hematite nanoflakes and the high conductivity of PPy nanoleaves, the resultant core-branch Fe2O3@PPy exhibits an ultrahigh capacitance of 1167.8Fg−1 at 1Ag−1 in 0.5M Na2SO4 aqueous solution. Moreover, the assembled bi-metal oxides asymmetric supercapacitor (Fe2O3@PPy//MnO2) gives rise to a maximum energy density of 42.4Whkg−1 and a maximum power density of 19.14kWkg−1 with an excellent cycling performance of 97.1% retention after 3000 cycles at 3Ag−1. These performance features are superior than previous reported iron oxide/hydroxides based supercapacitors, offering an important guideline for future design of advanced next-generation supercapacitors.
The electrochemical assembly of [Ru(bpy)2tatp]2+ (where bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, tatp = 1,4,8,9-tetra-aza-triphenylene) on the multi-walled carbon nanotubes-modified glassy carbon electrode (MWNTs/GC) in the presence of anionic and cationic surfactants has been investigated. A diffusion-controlled wave and three prewaves are exhibited on the differential pulse voltammogram of [Ru(bpy)2tatp]2+. The formal potential of the prewaves is found to be much negative than that of the diffusion-controlled wave. An appropriate amount of anionic surfactants including dihexadecyl phosphate (DHP) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) can prompt the assembly of [Ru(bpy)2tatp]2+ on the MWNTs/GC electrode by using the method of repetitive voltammetric sweeping. In contrast, cationic surfactant such as hexadecyl trismethyl ammonium chrolide (HTAC) dispersed on the MWNTs surface is found to inhibit the assembly of [Ru(bpy)2tatp]2+. Meanwhile, the assembled principle of [Ru(bpy)2tatp]2+ on the MWNTs/GC electrode with the participation of surfactants is discussed in detail.
A cell with tall plates was simulated by two cells and the controlled voltage with time was successfully used to measure the response current–time curves. It indicates that the current in the upper part of the plate is much higher than that in the lower part in early stage of the discharge, but in late stage, it is reversed, especially at high discharge rates. The upper part of the plate has higher capacity and deeper depth of discharge (DOD) so that the active mass degrades and sheds more quickly in cyclic applications. In the initial discharge, the lead sulfate formed at positive plates produces the internal stress and enhances the electric connection among the active mass particles. But the positive active mass only contributes a little to the conductivity of plates. The negative active mass with a bit shrinking but no passivation has better conductivity than the expanded active mass. The higher ohmic polarization of the active mass appears at higher discharge rates, in the upper part of the plates, in the late stage of the discharge, in aged battery, especially for negative plates.
The electrochemical performances of composite positive electrodes including polymer materials have been investigated in lithium secondary cells with inorganic solid electrolytes. The polymer added to the electrode generally tends to enlarge the electrode impedance because of its insulating nature. Comparison of charge and discharge characteristics between some composite electrodes in this study revealed that the texture of polymer-coated on the surface of the active materials had a dominant influence on their electrochemical performance. It was found that porous polymer would be promising for the composite electrodes with high performance.
Concerns regarding the fuel costs and climate change impacts associated with petroleum combustion are among the main driving factors for the adoption of electric vehicles. Future commercial delivery truck fleets may include Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Extended Range Electric Vehicles (EREVs); in addition to savings on fuel and maintenance costs, the introduction of these grid accessible electric vehicles will also provide fleet owners with possible Vehicle to Grid (V2G) opportunities. This study investigates the potential net present revenues and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation of V2G regulation services provided by electric trucks in a typical fleet. The total cost of ownership and the life-cycle GHG emissions of electric trucks are also analyzed and compared to those of traditional diesel trucks. To account for uncertainties, possible ranges for key parameters are considered instead of only considering fixed single data values for each parameter. The results of this research indicate that providing V2G regulation services for electric trucks could yield considerable additional revenues ($20,000–50,000) and significant GHG emission savings (approximately 300 ton CO2) compared to conventional diesel trucks.
Background Previous research has shown cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in the areas of executive function, verbal memory and attention. Subtle deficits have been shown in healthy first-degree relatives of patients, suggesting that they may be trait markers. The specificity of these markers for schizophrenia compared with another neurodevelopmental disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has not been reliably established. Methods The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Hayling Sentence Completion Test (HSCT), FAS Test of orthographic verbal fluency (FAS) and Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (CPT-IP) were administered to adolescent schizophrenia spectrum patients (SZ; n =30), adolescent siblings of schizophrenia spectrum patients (SZ-SIB; n =36), healthy control participants (HC; n =72); a neurodevelopmental comparison group of adolescents with ADHD (n =27). Results The SZ group were impaired on all measures. The SZ-SIB group were impaired on IQ, immediate recall (RAVLT), target sensitivity (CPT-IP), response initiation (HSCT); error rates for the FAS and HSCT. There were no significant differences between the SZ-SIB and ADHD groups on individual measures of cognitive function. Principal Components Analysis revealed four factors on which further analyses were conducted. The SZ-SIB and ADHD groups showed different profiles of impairment on components related to response initiation and sustained attention/vigilance when each was compared with the HC group. Conclusions Deficits in intellectual function, verbal memory and response initiation/inhibition were found in the SZ-SIB group indicating that these are markers of risk for schizophrenia. Subtle differences in profiles of impairment in the SZ-SIB and ADHD groups on composite measures of attention and response initiation require further investigation.
Publisher Summary This chapter describes the general processes and concepts involved in the preclinical development of agents, with specific examples taken from the field of oncology. Preclinical development encompasses all of the activities that must take place before a new chemical entity can be administered to humans. Preliminary in vitro studies of a new pharmacologic agent are closely related to drug discovery and screening efforts. In vitro assessment of new drugs can be performed in intact cell lines or cell-free systems. These types of tests may form the basis for high-throughput screening assays employed in large-scale drug discovery or combinatorial chemistry efforts designed to identify new agents with specific molecular properties. Models resembling human-disease states may arise spontaneously in animals at a certain age or period of development or they may be induced by invasive interventions, such as treatments with drugs, chemical toxins, or radiation.
Mood disorders are frequently paralleled by disturbances in circadian rhythm-related physiological and behavioral states and genetic variants of clock genes have been associated with depression. Cryptochrome 2 (Cry2) is one of the core components of the molecular circadian machinery which has been linked to depression, both, in patients suffering from the disease and animal models of the disorder. Despite this circumstantial evidence, a direct causal relationship between Cry2 expression and depression has not been established. Here, a genetic mouse model of Cry2 deficiency (Cry2−/− mice) was employed to test the direct relevance of Cry2 for depression-like behavior. Augmented anhedonic behavior in the sucrose preference test, without alterations in behavioral despair, was observed in Cry2−/− mice. The novelty suppressed feeding paradigm revealed reduced hyponeophagia in Cry2−/− mice compared to wild-type littermates. Given the importance of the amygdala in the regulation of emotion and their relevance for the pathophysiology of depression, potential alterations in diurnal patterns of basolateral amygdala gene expression in Cry2−/− mice were investigated focusing on core clock genes and neurotrophic factor systems implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. Differential expression of the clock gene Bhlhe40 and the neurotrophic factor Vegfb were found in the beginning of the active (dark) phase in Cry2−/− compared to wild-type animals. Furthermore, amygdala tissue of Cry2−/− mice contained lower levels of Bdnf-III. Collectively, these results indicate that Cry2 exerts a critical role in the control of depression-related emotional states and modulates the chronobiological gene expression profile in the mouse amygdala.
Vanadium pentoxide thin films have been prepared by reactive DC magnetron sputtering from a vanadium metal target without annealing posttreatment. XRD, Raman and electrochemical experiments on 800nm thin films show a high crystallinity of the deposits. Chronopotentiometric measurements performed in the two voltage range 3.8–2.8 and 3.8–2.15V have demonstrated the promoting effect of the h 00 preferred orientation of V2O5 films in terms of polarization, kinetics and rate capability. The same reproducible deposition method is successfully applied to get films thicker than 1μm in order to optimize the specific capacity. Effective high specific capacities can be then obtained with films 2.4μm thick tested at high constant current density (100μAcm−2): a stable capacity of 75μAhcm−2 is available over 100 cycles in the 3.8–2.8V potential range and 130μAhcm−2 are still recovered in the range 3.8–2.15V. These results indicate a promising cycling behaviour can be expected with thick films exhibiting a preferred orientation corresponding to V2O5 planes perpendicular to the substrate.
We have recognized that a vacuum-deposited silicon film shows very attractive Li insertion/extraction reaction performance, but the reaction rate in view of Li diffusion in the silicon film has not been determined yet. In this study, we performed analysis of the reaction rate by the means of potential-step chronoamperometry (PSCA) method. Samples of the silicon films of several different thicknesses ranging from 500 to 14000Å were prepared by depositing silicon in vacuum on an etched Ni foil. The current–time curves were recorded under PSCA condition and offered to evaluate the apparent diffusion coefficient D app of Li in the silicon films. The obtained D app values were as low as 10−10 to 10−13 cm2 s−1, which were dependent on the film thickness.
The synthesis of crosslinked gel polyelectrolytes in polar aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and a DMF and propylene carbonate (PC) mixture has been carried out in the copolymerization of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPSA) and polyfunctional monomers. N,N′-Methylene-bis-acrylamide, trioxyethylene dimethacrylate (M n ∼330) and trimethylolpropane ethoxylate (14/3EO/OH) triacrylate were used as crosslinking monomers. The reactions were initiated thermally or by UV irradiation in the presence of Irgacure 184 or methyl benzoin ether. The crosslinking monomer was used in an amount of 0.5–13wt.%. The effect of the type and concentration of the polyfunctional comonomer and type of solvent on the optical (color, transparency) and mechanical properties as well as the ability to conduct electrical charges have been studied. The application of a DMF and PC mixture enables to obtain transparent systems of good mechanical properties and high ambient temperature ionic conductivity of the order of 10−3 to 10−4 Scm−1, slightly lowered as compared with that of gels comprising DMF alone. The conducting properties of crosslinked gels have been compared with that of the AMPSA homopolymer solutions in analogous solvents.
A manganese type lithium ion battery was developed for both PEV(pure EV) and HEV(hybrid EV) application by improving the weak points in conventional technology. A 90Ah single cell was developed for PEV use, and it was applied to an integrated 8-cell module which has an energy density of 93Wh/kg and 114Wh/dm3 and power density of 350W/kg at depth of discharge (DOD) 85%. The Mn type Li ion cell for PEV use was modified to give it a high power density. The 48-cell module for HEV has the output power density of 1350W/kg at DOD 50%. These batteries are already used in commercial vehicles and are proving to have excellent performance.
We examined the effects of a social and emotional learning program, Program Positive Attitude, on the social and emotional competencies and self-esteem of Portuguese elementary school students, from the twin perspectives of students and their teachers. Participants were 1237 fourth grade students from 37 schools in a Portuguese municipality, with a mean age of 9.2 years, of which 970 students (in 86 classes) participated in the program and 267 students (in 21 classes) served as a comparison group. Students and their teachers completed questionnaires prior to and following the intervention. We used multilevel linear modeling with a repeated measures design to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. Both students and their teachers reported significant intervention gains in self-control and social awareness. Students’ in the intervention group also identified reductions in social isolation and improvements in self-esteem, and their teachers reported decreases in their students’ social anxiety. An analysis by gender revealed that only girls showed increases in self-esteem, and only boys reported reduced social isolation. These findings support the effectiveness of the program.
The manganese dioxide-titanium nitride (MnO2-TiN) nanotube hybrid has been designed to improve its electroactivity and conductivity for a supercapacitor application. Titanium nitride (TiN) nanotube array was prepared by an anodization process of titanium in ethylene glycol (EG) solution containing ammonium fluoride, subsequent calcination process in an air atmosphere, and final nitridation process in an ammonia atmosphere. Electroactive MnO2 was then loaded into well-aligned TiN nanotubes to form MnO2-TiN nanotube hybrid with well-designed shell layer of MnO2 through a controlled cyclic voltammetry electrodeposition process, which was directly supported on ultra thin and supple titanium foil to establish a bendable electrode. The morphology and microstructure of MnO2-TiN nanotube hybrid were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The electrochemical capacitance was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements. The villiform MnO2 thin shell layer was fully covered on TiN nanotube walls to form a coaxial heterogeneous structure. Superior electrical conductivity and accessible nanochannels of TiN contributed to a high capacitance performance of MnO2. The specific capacitance of MnO2-TiN was determined to be 853.3Fg−1 (or 213.2mFcm−2) at a current density of 1.0Ag−1 (or 0.25mAcm−2). All-solid-state flexible supercapacitor was constructed using two symmetric film electrodes of MnO2-TiN nanotube hybrid and a polyvinyl alcohol gel electrolyte of KOH-KI-EG. The volume specific capacitance, energy and power density were determined to be 4.01Fcm−3, 1.81mWhcm−3 and 32.8mWcm−3 at a high potential window of 1.8V and a current density of 2.0mAcm−2. Such MnO2-TiN nanotube hybrid electrode material exhibited effective energy storage in flexible supercapacitor application.
Machine-learning based methods have been widely used for battery health state monitoring. However, the existing studies require sophisticated data processing for feature extraction, thereby complicating the implementation in battery management systems. This paper proposes a machine-learning technique, random forest regression, for battery capacity estimation. The proposed technique is able to learn the dependency of the battery capacity on the features that are extracted from the charging voltage and capacity measurements. The random forest regression is solely based on signals, such as the measured current, voltage and time, that are available onboard during typical battery operation. The collected raw data can be directly fed into the trained model without any pre-processing, leading to a low computational cost. The incremental capacity analysis is employed for the feature selection. The developed method is applied and validated on lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide batteries with different ageing patterns. Experimental results show that the proposed technique is able to evaluate the health states of different batteries under varied cycling conditions with a root-mean-square error of less than 1.3% and a low computational requirement. Therefore, the proposed method is promising for online battery capacity estimation.
The performance of centimeter-sized energy devices is regulated by inhomogeneously distributed nanoscale defects. To improve device efficiency and reduce cost, accurate characterization of these nanoscale defects is necessary. However, the multiscale nature of this problem presents a characterization challenge, as non-destructive techniques often specialize in a single decade of length scales, and have difficulty probing non-destructively beneath the surface of materials with sub-micron spatial resolution. Herein, we push the resolution limits of synchrotron-based nanoprobe X-ray fluorescence mapping to 80 nm, to investigate a recombination-active intragranular defect in industrial solar cells. Our nano-XRF measurements distinguish fundamental differences between benign and deleterious dislocations in solar cell devices: we observe recombination-active dislocations to contain a high degree of nanoscale iron and copper decoration, while recombination-inactive dislocations appear clean. Statistically meaningful high-resolution measurements establish a connection between commercially relevant materials and previous fundamental studies on intentionally contaminated model defect structures, pointing the way towards optimization of the industrial solar cell process. Moreover, this study presents a hierarchical characterization approach that can be broadly extended to other nanodefect-limited energy systems with the advent of high-resolution X-ray imaging beamlines.
Anecdotal reports suggest that blind people might develop supra-normal olfactory abilities. However, scientific evidence shows a mixed pattern of findings. Inconsistent observations are reported for both sensory-driven olfactory tasks (e.g., odor threshold) and higher-order olfactory functions (e.g., odor identification). To quantify the evidence systematically, we conducted a review and meta-analysis. Studies were included if they examined olfactory function (i.e., odor threshold, odor discrimination, free odor identification, or cued odor identification) in blind compared with a sighted control group. Articles were identified through computerized literature search. A total of 18 studies focused on olfactory threshold (n = 1227: 590 blind and 637 sighted individuals), 14 studies targeted discrimination (n = 940: 455 blind and 485 sighted), 14 studies measured cued identification (n = 968: 468 blind and 500 sighted), and 7 studies (n = 443: 224 blind and 219 sighted individuals) assessed free identification. Overall, there were no differences in effect sizes between the blind and sighted individuals after correcting the results for publication bias. We additionally conducted an exploratory analysis targeting the role played by three moderators of interests: participants’ age, the proportion of women versus men in each of the studies included into meta-analysis and onset of blindness (early blind vs. late-blind). However, none of the moderators affected the observed results. To conclude, blindness seems not to affect cued/free odor identification, odor discrimination or odor thresholds.
In this paper we introduce a lithium/sulfur–oxygen (Li/S–O2) hybrid cell that is able to operate either in an air or in an environment without air. In the cell, the cathode is a sulfur–carbon composite electrode containing appropriate amount of sulfur. In the air, the cathode first functions as an air electrode that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen into lithium peroxide (Li2O2). Upon the end of oxygen reduction, sulfur starts to discharge like a normal Li/S cell. In the absence of oxygen or air, sulfur alone serves as the active cathode material. That is, sulfur is first reduced to form a soluble polysulfide (Li2S x , x ≥4) that subsequently discharges into Li2S through a series of disproportionations and reductions. In general, the Li/S–O2 hybrid cell presents two distinct discharge voltage plateaus, i.e., one at ∼2.7V attributing to the reduction of oxygen and the other one at ∼2.3V attributing to the reduction of sulfur. Since the final discharge products of oxygen and sulfur are insoluble in the organic electrolyte, it is shown that the overall specific capacity of Li/S–O2 hybrid cell is determined by the carbon composite electrode, and that the specific capacity varies with the discharge current rate and electrode composition. In this work, we show that a composite electrode composed by weight of 70% M-30 activated carbon, 22% sulfur and 8% polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has a specific capacity of 857mAhg−1 vs. M-30 activated carbon at 0.2mAcm−2 in comparison with 650mAhg−1 of the control electrode consisting of 92% M-30 and 8% PTFE. In addition, the self-discharge of the Li/S–O2 hybrid cell is expected to be substantially lower when compared with the Li/S cell since oxygen can easily oxidize the soluble polysulfide into insoluble sulfur.
A high cut-off voltage is pretty pivotal for the improvement of the energy density of cathode materials. Unfortunately, high-capacity Ni-rich cathode materials usually show serious capacity attenuation at high cut-off voltage. Herein, we propose a Li2SiO3-surface modification strategy to highly improve the cycle performance of the Ni-rich LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 material at high voltage. The capacity retention of the pristine and Li2SiO3-coated electrodes is 57.6 and 77.7%, respectively, at the cut-off voltage of 4.6 V after 50 cycles. Meanwhile, the problems of polarization and voltage reduction of LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 are also alleviated. Our results show that Li2SiO3-surface modification is a very effective strategy for improving the cycle stability of Ni-rich cathode materials and can be used for other high capacity electrode materials.