batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A novel poly(crystal violet)/graphene-modified glassy carbon electrode (PCV/Gr/GCE) was fabricated for the simultaneous determination of Pb2+ and Cd2+. The electrochemical behavior of both species at the PCV/Gr/GCE was investigated employing cyclic voltammetry. In acetate buffer, the modified electrode showed an excellent electrocatalytical effect on the oxidation of both species and was further used for their determination. Under optimized analytical conditions, the oxidation peak currents of Pb2+ and Cd2+ obtained by differential pulse voltammetry in pH 4.6 acetate buffer showed a linear relationship with their concentrations in the ranges of 2.00 × 10−8–1.95 × 10−5 mol L−1 and 4.00 × 10−8–5.58 × 10−5 mol L−1, respectively. The developed method has excellent sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility and has been successfully applied to the determination of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in water samples.
The impression from Swedish eating disorder (ED) units is that there has been an increase in the number of overweight or obese patients. There is, however, no research studying whether these patients differ from normal-weight ED patients in other aspects than weight. Differences between normal-weight and overweight or obese ED patients could indicate that these groups of patients need different treatment approaches. The aim of this study was to investigate possible differences between normal-weight and overweight or obese ED patients in psychiatric and psychological pre-treatment variables. The study was based on data from a Swedish quality assurance system for ED care. In total, data from 3,798 adult patients with body mass index ≥ 18.5 were used. The sample included all normal-weight ED diagnoses. Significant differences between normal-weight, overweight and obese patients were found for five of eight self-image variables, for all eating disorder examination questionnaire subscales and for most key diagnostic symptoms. However, effect sizes were mostly small or very small. Overweight or obese patients did not display greater levels of psychiatric psychopathology than normal-weight patients. They did, however, show a tendency towards more negative self-image and more severe ED symptoms than normal-weight patients. Overweight and obesity in ED patients are thus not only associated with physical health problems, but also with mental health issues. Further studies are required to investigate the clinical relevance of these findings.
Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel paradigm attracting significant attention in the modern wireless telecommunications field. However, in some scenarios, the performance of IoT network is limited by energy-constrained devices. In order to improve the energy efficiency of such IoT devices, researchers have proposed several approaches based on duty cycle operation (switching devices between sleeping and active mode). However, current solutions adopting duty cycle (i.e., the fraction of time in which a node is active) have three issues: (i) they assign the same duty cycle ratio to all the nodes without balancing energy consumption; or (ii) they distribute different duty cycle ratios without considering the energy consumption during network construction phase; or (iii) their network structure models are based on concentric corona, instead of clustering structure. In this paper, we propose EnergIoT, a hierarchical clustering approach based on duty cycle ratio to maximize network lifetime of battery-powered IoT devices. In particular, we assign different duty cycle ratios to devices according to their distance from the sink, since different duty cycle ratios balance the energy consumption among devices at different layers. Furthermore, we calculate the energy consumption of IoT devices, considering both network construction phase and data processing phase. We evaluate EnergIoT through extensive simulation analyses on the OMNet++ platform. The result shows that EnergIoT is not only feasible but also efficient. Moreover, EnergIoT improves the network lifetime by 32%, compared to the uniform duty cycle approach, without sacrificing the network performance (i.e., end-to-end delay).
A model of the impedance of porous electrodes was derived. The model generalized the de Levie model in so far that an inhomogeneous inside electrode surface is assumed. Then the charge transfer resistance and the double-layer capacity were assumed to be distributed. The width of the distribution is characterized by a distribution parameter. The inhomogeneities led to characteristic deviations of the Nyquist impedance plots compared to those for homogeneous inside electrode surfaces: the slope angle of the straight line for higher frequencies was less than π/4, the slope angle of π/2 of the straight line obtained for double-layer charging only and lower frequencies decreased and the semicircle behaviour obtained for double-layer charging and a Faradaic reaction in parallel were replaced by a depressed semicircle. The model allows the determination of the following parameters: the total effective double-layer capacity, the total effective charge transfer resistance, the distribution parameter and the total resistance of the electrolyte inside the pores. The impedance of porous zinc electrodes in weakly alkaline electrolyte can be theoretically well described with the new model. A scanning force microscopy 2-D-image of the morphology of the zinc electrode was performed and discussed.
Aqueous Li-ion batteries have considerably lower energy density than their non-aqueous counterparts. Here the authors report a room-temperature hydrate metal salt electrolyte that, when coupled with a spinel Li4Ti5O12 electrode, displays an energy density of 130 Wh kg−1.
La0.6Gd0.2Mg0.2Ni3.0Co0.5−x Al x (x = 0–0.5) hydrogen storage alloys were prepared by induction melting followed by annealing treatment at 1173 K for 8 h. The effects of substitution Al for Co on the microstructures and electrochemical performances were studied systematically. The structure analyses show that all alloys consist of multiphase structures such as (La, Mg)2Ni7 phase, (La, Mg) Ni3 phase and LaNi5 phase. The abundance of (La, Mg)2Ni7 phase decreases while the abundance of LaNi5 phase and (La, Mg)Ni3 phase increases directly as the Al content increasing. The electrochemical tests show that the maximum discharge capacity of alloy electrodes are almost unchanged when x ≤ 0.2 while the cyclic stability of the alloy electrode are improved significantly after proper amount of Al substitution for Co. The alloy electrode with x = 0.1 exhibits the better balance between discharge capacity and cycling life than any others. Moreover, at the discharge current density of 900 mA g−1, the high rate dischargeability (HRD) of the alloy electrodes decreases with increasing Al substitution and the relative analyses reveal that the charge transfer on alloy surface is more important than the hydrogen diffusion in alloy bulk for the kinetic properties of the alloy electrodes.
A physical electric circuit model (PECM) was used to identify several electrochemical processes occurring in two commercial Li-ion batteries of different cathode materials (Li x FePO4 and Li x CoO2) via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Through defining these electrochemical processes in these two cells, it was determined that the charge transfer resistance (or exchange current density) observed via EIS was due to the cathodic exchange current densities in both the Li x FePO4 and Li x CoO2 full cells. In discussing the ionic diffusion of the examined cells, the anode of one cell and the cathode of the other were primarily responsible for the observed diffusion of the full cells. Lastly, the measured double layer capacitance was determined to be represented in EIS scans by the anodes of both full cells. The diffusion coefficient was calculated using Fick's1st Law estimation, and from this coefficient, the particle size was calculated and evaluated against scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Undesired interfacial reaction between the high voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and commercial organic electrolyte is one of the most essential obstacles for the application of cathode material LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Here, to amend the high voltage cathode/electrolyte interface of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, we proposed a conformal nano-coating strategy by in-situ polymerization of poly(ethyl α-cyanoacrylate) (PECA) on its surface. The electrochemical measurement results demonstrated that the conformal PECA nano-coating film, acting as high voltage polymer electrolyte, transition metallic ions blocking layer, and buffer layer against electrolyte erosion and particle cracks, can successfully decrease polarization and enhance capacity retention during cycling of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. This work will inspire extensive and intensive research on the interface modification of LIBs.
2,6-Dihalogen atom substituted-9,10-anthraquinones are used as organic cathode materials for rechargeable lithium ion batteries. The differences in the cyclic voltammetry curves, voltage profiles and cycling performance of these compounds are analyzed. An important regularity is strikingly found: the lighter the density of a material, the easier is the achievement of the material’s theoretical capacity at the first scanning cycle. This finding gives an understanding to improve the practical specific capacity of lithium battery and a very clear direction to design new compounds in future so as to make full use of the theoretical capacities.
Adolescence is a time of vulnerability for risk-taking behaviors. This is particularly true of adolescents with schizophrenia who present with high rates of substance use as compared to the general population. Using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), the authors compared decision-making processes in adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia (onset of psychosis by age 18) to that of healthy volunteers. Fifteen adolescents with schizophrenia (aged 12–21 years) and 25 demographically similar healthy volunteers were administered the IGT. Overall, adolescents with schizophrenia performed significantly worse on the IGT than healthy adolescents as measured by a significant group by block interaction. Post-hoc testing revealed that adolescents with schizophrenia performed more poorly than healthy adolescents during the last two blocks of the task. Mathematical modeling further indicated that adolescents with schizophrenia allocated significantly more attention to monetary gains than losses encountered during the task, suggesting a hypersensitivity to rewards and relative insensitivity to future consequences. This is similar to what has been reported for adults with externalizing forms of psychopathology, such as those who abuse substances. These findings have potential implications for understanding the increased vulnerability for the development of substance abuse in adolescents with schizophrenia.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concepts and methods of extending networking to the home or small office/home office (SOHO) environment. This involves dial-up networking that entails using the telephone system to dial into a network, dedicated, “always on” connections via digital subscriber line (DSL) or cable services, and home-based local area networks (LANs). Dial-up networking refers to a network connection that is established by “dialing” into the network through the public telephone system. Dial-up connections can be analog or digital. Analog connections involve the use of a modem; digital connections require end-to-end digital connectivity. These are generally classified as either terminal- or network-based that makes the local system a terminal of the remote machine. This type of connection is sometimes called a tty connection, which is an acronym for “teletype,” a term used in the early days of computing to denote a terminal connection between a device and a centralized host. In a tty dial-up connection, terminal emulation software is used to make the local system appear as a terminal to a centralized host. In a network dial-up connection, special networking software makes the local machine become a true-networked host. A network dial-up connection transforms the local machine into a networked node and provides it with the same capabilities of any other networked node exactly as if it were directly connected to a LAN.
Li-ion is a relatively new battery technology that has been commercialized within the past 10 years for many consumer products, but especially for portable power. Li-ion operates by using a different principle to other battery technologies. This principle is called intercalation. Recently, work has been undertaken to explore the high power capability of this technology. The results indicate that present products can provide very high rate capability. Investigations are underway to improve this capability in anticipation of needs for defense and other advanced applications that will require compact high power sources (CHPS).
Electricity from renewable energy sources is craving for efficient storage technologies, in particular solar industry, to enable practical small-scale solutions for residential and offices use. The best stationary technology is probably the redox flow batteries. This article proposes the direct conversion of sunlight into electrochemical energy stored in a redox flow battery. A photoelectrochemical cell is used to charge a vanadium redox flow cell (CdS(s)|V3+, VO2+||V3+, V2+|Carbon Felt(s), E 0=0.6 VNHE). A CdS thin film photoelectrode is prepared to directly charge the cell, pairs V3+/VO2+. CdS photoanode exhibits competitive photocurrents, when compared to other photoelectrochemical devices, and yields enough photovoltage to charge the vanadium battery up to 75% with no external bias. An overlayer of CdSe improves the performance of CdS with current densities up to ca. 1.4mAcm−2. Finally, a tandem configuration is tested using a dye-sensitized solar cell and a CdS photoanoade creating ~1.3V of photovoltage. This tandem arrangement proves to charge conventional all vanadium redox cell (DSC/CdS(s)|VO2+, VO2 +||V3+, V2+|Carbon Felt(s), E 0=1.2 VNHE) without external bias.
This study investigated that were between differences of basic motor skill levels on 120 male athletes of 10 age groups that participated to competition in individual, team and racket sports branches. TGMD-II (Test of Gross Motor Development-2) was used a measurement method for basic motor skills that preferred commonly. Shapiro-Wilkoxon test was used for examining the normal distribution of data. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for determining of differences between sports branches. For significant differences the Tukey's HSD test was applied as the second-level test. (p<0.05) was accepted for the level of significance. According to sports branches the findings showed that, there were significant differences between TGMD-II object control sub-test scores (F2,119; 7.935; P<0.001) and between TGMD-II points of children (F2,119; 7.141; P<0.001), respectively. On the other hand, there were not significant differences between TGMD-II locomotors sub-test scores (F2,119; 1.479; P>0.246). The significant differences between the TGMD-II locomotors sub-test, the object control sub-test and the total scores of TGMD-II can lead due to the individual, team and racket sports of the children. In addition, another effect can be caused by the children in adolescence as the effect of other sports. For taking under control of the adolescence and diversity of growth, it may be useful to apply similar studies in different age groups and various sports disciplines.
The multicomponent nanocomposites of FeSi2@Si@graphene and FeSi2@Si are synthesized via the magnesiothermic reduction of core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles with/without graphene oxide shell. In the course of the magnesiothermic reaction, the SiO2 and Fe3O4 components in the Fe3O4@SiO2 core-shell particles are transformed into elemental Si and FeSi2, respectively. The formation of intimately-coupled composite structure consisting of Si and FeSi2 domains as well as the coating of graphene layer is verified by high resolution-transmission electron microscopy. Both the nanocomposites of FeSi2@Si@graphene and FeSi2@Si show promising anode performance for lithium ion batteries, indicating a beneficial role of the electrochemically inactive FeSi2 domains in alleviating the drastic expansion/contraction of elemental Si during the electrochemical cycling. The better cyclability and rate characteristic are obtained for the FeSi2@Si@graphene nanocomposite than for the graphene-free FeSi2@Si one, which is attributable to the depression of pulverization and the enhancement of electrical conductivity upon the coating of graphene layer. The present work highlights that the magnesiothermic reaction provides a powerful synthetic route to multicomponent Si-based nanocomposites with tailored composition and complex geometry.
The genotoxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was evaluated in vivo using the comet assay after intratracheal instillation in rats. The SWCNTs were instilled at a dosage of 0.2 or 1.0mg/kg body weight (single instillation group) and 0.04 or 0.2mg/kg body weight once a week for 5weeks (repeated instillation group). As a negative control, 1% Tween 80 was instilled in a similar manner. As a positive control, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) at 500mg/kg was administered once orally 3h prior to dissection. Histopathologically, inflammation in the lung was observed for all the SWCNTs in both single and repeated groups. In the comet assay, there was no increase in% tail DNA in any of the SWCNT-treated groups. In the EMS-treated groups, there was a significant increase in% tail DNA compared with the negative control group. The present study indicated that a single intratracheal instillation of SWCNTs (1.0mg/kg) or repeated intratracheal instillation (0.2mg/kg) once a week for five weeks induced a clear inflammatory response (hemorrhage in the alveolus, infiltration of alveolar macrophages and neutrophiles), but no DNA damage, in the lungs in rats. Under the conditions of the test, SWCNTs were not genotoxic in the comet assay following intratracheal instillation in rats.
A three-dimensional, transient numerical model of an individual pressure vessel (IPV) nickel–hydrogen battery has been developed based on energy conservation law, mechanisms of heat and mass transfer, and electrochemical reactions in the battery. The model, containing all components of a battery including the battery shell, was utilized to simulate the transient temperature of the battery, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology. The comparison of the model prediction and experimental data shows a good agreement, which means that the present model can be used for the engineering design and parameter optimization of nickel–hydrogen batteries in aerospace power systems. Two kinds of optimization schemes were provided and evaluated by the simulated temperature field. Based on the model, the temperature simulation during five successive periods in a designed space battery was conducted and the simulation results meet the requirement of safe operation.
A novel lysine-assisted hydrothermal process is first developed to produce hierarchically porous Fe2O3 microspheres assembled by well-crystalline nanoparticles. The fabrication process is very simple, without employing any surfactants or templates. A possible growth mechanism of the nano/microspherical superstructure is further discussed. The contribution of lysine to the formation of the unique microspheres is also tentatively proposed. Furthermore, as an anode electrode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, the Fe2O3 microsphere displays excellent electrochemical performance. It also exhibits the feature of capacity increase upon cycling and shows a stable and reversible capacity of 705 mA h g−1 after 430 cycles. The outstanding electrochemical performance of the Fe2O3 microsphere can be attributed to the hierarchical porosity, ordered microstructure, good electron pathways and easy penetration of the electrolyte.
Herein, the magnetite nanoparticles (MNs) were prepared by facile solvothermal method and its porous nature was modified using 3-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (AEAPS). Magnetite formation, successful amino tagging, and urease conjugation on the surface were confirmed from the presence of certain functional groups in Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Also, nanosize (13.2 nm) and spherical morphology of MNs were evaluated from diffraction patterns and electron micrographs respectively. Lower retentivity and coercivities in magnetization curve revealed the superparamagnetic behavior, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption curves exhibited decrease in its surface porosity. Conductivity measurements showed lower diffusion coefficient (De = 1.9 × 10−17 cm2/min) and higher diffusion with limited hydrolytic reaction in native urease and improved activity of conjugated urease with higher De (12.62 × 10−16 cm2/min). Hence, this study revealed that the surface porous nature of MNs can be altered effectively by amino tagging in order to overcome diffusional limitations thereby enhancing enzyme activity.
Novel, cost-effective, high-performance, and environment-friendly electrode binders, comprising polyvinyl alcohol chemical hydrogel (PCH) and chitosan chemical hydrogel (CCH), are reported for direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFCs). PCH and CCH binders-based electrodes have been fabricated using a novel, simple, cost-effective, time-effective, and environmentally benign technique. Morphologies and electrochemical performance in DBFCs of the chemical hydrogel binder-based electrodes have been compared with those of Nafion® binder-based electrodes. Relationships between the performance of binders in DBFCs with structural features of the polymers and the polymer-based chemical hydrogels are discussed. The CCH binder exhibited better performance than a Nafion® binder whereas the PCH binder exhibited comparable performance to Nafion® in DBFCs operating at elevated cell temperatures. The better performance of CCH binder at higher operating cell temperatures has been ascribed to the hydrophilic nature and water retention characteristics of chitosan. DBFCs employing CCH binder-based electrodes and a Nafion®-117 membrane as an electrolyte exhibited a maximum peak power density of about 589mWcm−2 at 70°C.
After reviewing the basic modeling framework for simulating battery behavior, three examples relating to mass-transfer effects are presented. Side reactions at the lithium electrode can change the surface concentration of lithium ions, introducing error into measurements of the cell potential as a function of bulk electrolyte concentration (concentration-cell measurements). This error introduced by a continuous side reaction is carried over into calculations of the transference number from the galvanostatic polarization method. Concentration gradients formed during passage of current are associated with a heat-of-mixing effect, which is the cause of heat generation during relaxation after cessation of the current. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations show that the decrease in conductivity with increasing salt concentration in liquid carbonate electrolytes is caused by ion association.
The publisher regrets the incorrect display of the formula in Section 3.1.1. ‘PvIL1x < pvIL2x’ is not appearing correctly as the PV should be italicized and ‘v’ and ‘IL1/2x’as subscripts. This is caused by a limitation of HTML. The publisher would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.