batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In recent years, the retail market industry has taken a broad form to sell the products online and also to give the opportunity to customers to provide their valuable feedbacks, suggestions and recommendations. The opinion summarization and classification systems extract and identify a range of opinions about different online available products in a large text-based review set. This paper addresses and reviews the concepts of automatic identification of the sentiments expressed in the English text for Amazon and Flipkart products using Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression, SentiWordNet, Random Forest and K-Nearest Neighbor techniques. It presents a detailed comparative study of such existing sentiment analysis algorithms and methodologies on the basis of five key parameters. The paper also proposed Product Comment Summarizer and Analyzer (PCSA) system. It is automatic and generic comment analyzer which can find the polarity of the sentiments and comments very effectively. It summarizes the comments and classifies them into the pre-defined positive, negative or neutral classes. It results in evaluating their performance in terms of parameter rating, classifiers, accuracy.
The electrochemical performance of heat treated manganese dioxide in lithium batteries is for the first time directly related to the numerous physical properties which characterize this battery material. The effect of discharge rate on these relationships is also investigated. Three of these properties are considered, revealing that at low discharge rates heat treated manganese dioxide is optimized by a pyrolusite fraction of ∼0.65, high Mn(IV), and low surface area; while at high discharge rates slightly higher pyrolusite content (∼0.73), high Mn(IV), and surface area around 44 m2 g−1 are most beneficial. The relationships described here will assist in directing the synthesis and preparative treatment of manganese dioxides for higher performing lithium batteries.
Publisher Summary This chapter describes recent program developments in the Morningside Model of Generative Instruction. Morningside Teachers' Academy (MTA) is a school for elementary and middle school students, most of who have performed poorly in their previous schools, to catch up and get ahead. Morningside Teachers'Academy's elementary school students typically enroll for 1 to 3 years to catch up to their grade level. Many middle-school students enroll for all of middle school. Morningside Teachers' Academy's teachers coach students to perform their best using clearly defined rules and expectations for performance and productivity, explicit modeling of high performance, and moment-to-moment monitoring and feedback. Morningside Teachers' Academy helps public and private schools as well as agencies implement its programs through formal external partnerships. MTA offers a 4-week intensive summer institute for individual teachers, graduate students, parents, and other professionals who want to learn the programs. Each Morningside program is competency and mastery based, with a set of procedures and expected outcomes for both learners and teachers. Morningside takes an applied science approach to teaching the competencies to mastery.
The share of renewables in the primary energy demand of Germany has increased from 1.3% in 1990 to 11.7% in 2013. The plans are to increase it further, by the year 2050, to 50% or even 100%, by carrying out the national Energiewende (energy change/switch) programme. In this paper we analyze the current energy scenario and recall goals of the Energiewende programme. We also identify infrastructural and technological bottlenecks which are likely to affect the programme execution. By doing so, the enormous scale of this national venture becomes apparent and it is clear that its execution will last for several generations and perhaps even for a century or two. Additionally, we introduce an idea of Exclusively Green Energy Communities (EGECs) as an Energiewende mile-stone. Due to the dimensions of the tasks, the energy change/switch programme will last for several generations and perhaps even for a century or two. Realization of this overwhelming national venture has to proceed through milestones and demonstration projects. We propose demo-projects, called Green Energy Communities (GECs), to examine with what efforts and under what constraints such communities can operate using exclusively renewable forms of energy.
There is an ongoing debate concerning the extent to which deficits in reading and spelling share cognitive components and whether they rely, in a similar fashion, on sublexical and lexical pathways of word processing. The present study investigates whether the neural substrates of word processing differ in children with various patterns of reading and spelling deficits. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we compared written and auditory processing in three groups of 9–13-year olds (N = 104): (1) with age-adequate reading and spelling skills; (2) with reading and spelling deficits (i.e., dyslexia); (3) with isolated spelling deficits but without reading deficits. In visual word processing, both deficit groups showed hypoactivations in the posterior superior temporal cortex compared to typical readers and spellers. Only children with dyslexia exhibited hypoactivations in the ventral occipito-temporal cortex compared to the two groups of typical readers. This is the result of an atypical pattern of higher activity in the occipito-temporal cortex for non-linguistic visual stimuli than for words, indicating lower selectivity. The print–speech convergence was reduced in the two deficit groups. Impairments in lexico-orthographic regions in a reading-based task were associated primarily with reading deficits, whereas alterations in the sublexical word processing route could be considered common for both reading and spelling deficits. These findings highlight the partly distinct alterations of the language network related to reading and spelling deficits.
With the CAmbridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), computerized neuropsychological tasks can be presented on a touch-sensitive computer screen, and this system has been used to assess cognitive processes in neuropsychiatric patients, healthy volunteers, and species of non-human primate, primarily the rhesus macaque and common marmoset. Recently, we reported that the common marmoset, a small-bodied primate, can be trained to a high and stable level of performance on the CANTAB five-choice serial reaction time (5-CSRT) task of attention, and a novel task of working memory, the concurrent delayed match-to-position (CDMP) task. Here, in order to increase understanding of the specific cognitive demands of these tasks and the importance of acetylcholine to their performance, the effects of systemic delivery of the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine and the nicotinic receptor agonist nicotine were studied. In the 5-CSRT task, nicotine enhanced performance in terms of increased sustained attention, whilst scopolamine led to increased omissions despite a high level of orientation to the correct stimulus location. In the CDMP task, scopolamine impaired performance at two stages of the task that differ moderately in terms of memory retention load but both of which are likely to require working memory, including interference-coping, abilities. Nicotine tended to enhance performance at the long-delay stage specifically but only against a background of relatively low baseline performance. These data are consistent with a dissociation of the roles of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the regulation of both sustained attention and working memory in primates.
In this work, we systematically investigated the influence of the memory effect of LiFePO4 cathodes in large-format full batteries. The electrochemical performance of the electrodes used in these batteries was also investigated separately in half-cells to reveal their intrinsic properties. We noticed that the memory effect of LiFePO4/graphite cells depends not only on the maximum state of charge reached during the memory writing process, but is also affected by the depth of discharge reached during the memory writing process. In addition, the voltage deviation in a LiFePO4/graphite full battery is more complex than in a LiFePO4/Li half-cell, especially for a large-format battery, which exhibits a significant current variation in the region near its terminals. Therefore, the memory effect should be taken into account in advanced battery management systems to further extend the long-term cycling stabilities of Li-ion batteries using LiFePO4 cathodes.
Despite the high prevalence of comorbid substance use disorder (SUD) up to 65% in schizophrenia there is still few knowledge about the influence of substance abuse on neurocognitive function. In a prospective design we recruited 68 patients (aged 18–40 years) diagnosed as recent-onset schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder consecutively admitted to hospital. The patients received standardized psychopathological evaluation of schizophrenic symptoms [Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS)], depressive symptoms [Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale, (MADRS)] and global ratings [Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI), Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF)]. Out of this sample 44 subjects underwent after stabilization (4–6 weeks after admission) neuropsychological investigation focusing on early information processing (Trail-Making-Test A, Digit Span), visuo-spatial ability (Corsi Block Tapping), verbal fluency (Verbal Fluency Test, semantic and letter category), and executive functioning and cognitive flexibility [Trail-Making-Test B, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)]. About 36% of patients reported drug abuse [European Addiction Severity Index (EuropASI)] with a high prevalence for cannabis. Compared with nonabusers the sample of substance abusers was younger, predominantly male and had lower socioeconomic status. Attentional impairment according to the SANS subscale was less in abusers than in nonabusers on admission, no other psychopathological differences could be detected. Schizophrenic patients without substance abuse demonstrated significantly better performance only in a few neurocognitive tasks (Verbal Fluency, letter category and at trend level Digit Span, backwards), while there tended to be an advantage for substance abusers in executive functioning (WCST, not significant). These results are consistent with other studies of first-episode patients. The lack of higher cognitive disturbance in young schizophrenic patients with comorbid substance abuse may encourage clinicians to develop integrated treatment programmes using cognitive strategies of drug therapy.
Commercial NASICON-type electrolyte plates are coated with a thin film of LiPON to obtain a composite electrolyte system with high conductivity at room temperature that can be used in contact with metallic Lithium. The formation of the interface between the NASICON substrate and the LiPON coating is studied using an in-situ X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) surface science approach. The process of LiPON deposition induces changes in the surface chemical structure of the NASICON substrates as observed by XPS, including the partial reduction of Ti and the incorporation of N into the NASICON. The practical impact of the interface formation is studied by impedance spectroscopy, revealing a substantial increase of resistance for LiPON coated samples.
The fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicle has been focused for the alternative engine of the existing internal-combustion engine due to the following advantages of the fuel cell and the battery. Firstly, the fuel cell is highly efficient and eco-friendly. Secondly, the battery has the fast response for the changeable power demand. However, the competitive efficiency of the hybrid fuel cell vehicle is necessary to successfully alternate the conventional vehicles with the fuel cell hybrid vehicle. The most relevant factor which affects the overall efficiency of the hybrid fuel cell vehicle is the relative engine sizing between the fuel cell and the battery. Therefore the design method to optimize the engine sizing of the fuel cell hybrid vehicle has been proposed. The target system is the fuel cell/battery hybrid mini-bus and its power distribution is controlled based on the fuzzy logic. The optimal engine sizes are determined based on the simulator developed in this paper. The simulator includes the several models for the fuel cell, the battery, and the major balance of plants. After the engine sizing, the system efficiency and the stability of the power distribution are verified based on the well-known driving schedule. Consequently, the optimally designed mini-bus shows good performance.
Thermochemical heat storage in salt hydrates is a promising method to improve the solar fraction in the built environment. The major concern at this stage is liquefaction followed by washing out of active material and agglomeration into large chunks of salt, thus deteriorating the diffusive properties of the porous salt hydrate structure. In this work, specific attention is given to the methods to stabilize a sample salt hydrate. Attempts have been made to stabilize calcium chloride by impregnation in expanded natural graphite and vermiculite, and by microencapsulation with ethyl cellulose. The effect of these stabilization methods on the performance of the material, such as kinetics and energy density, is investigated. Characterization of the materials is carried out with combined Thermo-Gravitational Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) methods and microscopic observation, in order to evaluate the improvements on the basis of three subjects: reaction kinetics, heat storage density and stability. Within the boundary conditions for thermochemical energy storage as presented in this work, microencapsulated calcium chloride showed high multicyclic stability, compared with pure and impregnated materials, that liquefy upon hydration under the given conditions. Microencapsulated material remains stable over multiple cycles and at the same time shows the faster kinetics, but has a lower volumetric energy storage density.
The nanocrystalline NiO thin films with the mean size of ∼30nm are prepared by pulsed laser reactive ablation in an oxygen ambient and subsequent coated by MgO on the NiO film surface. As compared with bare NiO, coated NiO film electrode heat-treated at 500°C exhibits excellent structural stability and electrochemical performance. Excellent electrochemical performance, a reversible capacity as high as 650mAh/g in the range 0.01–3.0V at high discharge rate of 2C with a high capacity retention up to 150 cycles, could be achieved with MgO-coated NiO films. Preliminary electrochemical cycling measurements show that capacity retention with capacity fading for bare NiO and MgO-coated NiO film electrodes are ∼0.43 and 0.28% per cycle, respectively, at the discharge rate of 2C after 150 cycles. This result is related to good structural stability of the MgO-coated NiO film as verified by cyclic voltammetric (CV) measurement and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis.
Despite its critical role in determining the performance of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), evolution of the chemical composition and morphology of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on graphite negative electrodes remains poorly described even for a conventional electrolyte consisting of 1 M LiPF6 dissolved in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC), which is considered here. The EC− radical anion produced from one-electron reduction of EC is known to be a key intermediate responsible for the formation of two commonly found products in the SEI, carbonate (CO3 2−) and ethylene dicarbonate (EDC2−). We evaluate the diffusion behavior of EC− associated with solvent reorganization near the graphite electrode using molecular dynamics (MD) and metadynamics simulations. The predicted free energy profiles of EC− transport at the onset of SEI formation show two distinct minima, depending on the EC:DMC ratio of the solvent and the voltage applied to the electrode. EC− radical intermediates trapped in the free energy well located at z = 0.65 nm (or z = 1.5 nm) from the electrode surface may favorably undergo further reduction to CO3 2− (or a combination reaction with another EC− to form EDC2−). Moreover, suppressed EC− migration could contribute to the formation of a thin, compact SEI layer. This study highlights that in addition to the kinetics and thermodynamics of solvent reduction, the near-electrode transport of reaction intermediates/products should be considered in modeling of SEI structure and growth.
In the porous electrodes typically used for electrochemical capacitors, the self-discharge profile may be affected by charge redistribution in the pores of the electrode and the kinetics of the Faradaic self-discharge. In this paper, the activation-controlled self-discharge of a porous electrode is modelled using a de Levie transmission line hardware circuit to model a pore and an activation-controlled discharge is applied at the mouth of this “pore”. The self-discharge profile exhibits three main regions. The first region is governed purely by the activation-controlled discharge as the charge redistribution has not yet begun. The second region combines both charge redistribution and the activation-controlled discharge, resulting in a shallower slope than expected for a purely activation-controlled discharge. Finally, charge redistribution ends and the profile reverts to the activation-controlled profile. These three regions are mirrored in experimental self-discharge profiles and show that the duration charge redistribution can be determined from the shape of the self-discharge profile.
It is well established that juvenile bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) use rivers and estuaries as nursery areas; however, there is a large degree of variation in habitat preference (with respect to salinity and distance upstream) between studies at national and international scales. To investigate habitat preference and the influence of water quality on movement of bull sharks, we monitored 36 juveniles using an array of acoustic receivers in the Logan and Albert Rivers, Australia, for 30 months. Acoustic data were used to estimate mean daily distance upstream, and generalized additive models were used to determine the influence of flow, salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and chlorophyll a on movement. A model that included flow, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll a explained 89% of the variance. Movement was tightly correlated to both flow and salinity with sharks moving downstream in response to increasing flow/declining salinity and upstream during low flow/increasing salinity. During periods of negligible flow and stable salinity, animals moved upstream and downstream in response to decreasing and increasing dissolved oxygen, respectively. Dissolved oxygen and temperature were strongly negatively correlated and interchangeable within the model. Despite fluctuations in environmental salinity (0–32 psu) and a strong declining gradient in salinity with increasing distance upstream, bull sharks remained within a narrow band of salinity (6–10 psu) throughout the tracking period. The results of this study indicate that habitat choice by juvenile bull sharks is a complex tradeoff between physiology, food availability, and predator avoidance, resulting in large differences between adjacent systems and more broadly across their range.
Graphene oxide (GO), the functionalized graphene with oxygen-containing chemical groups, has recently attracted resurgent interests because of its superior properties such as large surface area, mechanical stability, tunable electrical and optical properties. Moreover, the surface functional groups of hydroxyl, epoxy and carboxyl make GO an excellent candidate in coordinating with other materials or molecules. Owing to the expanded structural diversity and improved overall properties, GO and its composites hold great promise for versatile applications of energy storage/conversion and environment protection, including hydrogen storage materials, photocatalyst for water splitting, removal of air pollutants and water purification, as well as electrode materials for various lithium batteries and supercapacitors. In this review, we present an overview on the current successes, as well as the challenges, of the GO-based materials for energy and environmental applications.
In this large scale cross-sectional study we investigated the development and aging of various cognitive functions in pet dogs; social (social learning, perspective taking and communication), physical (spatial properties, and means-ends connections) and general cognition (learning, memory and problem solving), as well as basic control processes (motivation, inhibition, persistency, flexibility, and attentiveness). In order to avoid variation of data resulting from breed differences, one single breed, the Border collie was used. One hundred dogs were divided into seven age groups (from 6 months to 14 years) and tested in a cognitive task battery of 12 tests. The results from specific tests within the battery demonstrate the relevant stages of the development and aging of various cognitive functions over the lifespan, as well as the role of basic processes in cognition. We also investigated the possible influence of sex, past and current training, and neuter status on the performance of Border collies in cognitive tasks. In the future, accurate measures of canine cognitive development can then be applied to develop predictions and possible treatments to enhance cognitive development, delay cognitive decline, and to help to earlier detect cognitive abnormalities in typical family dogs. This study is of particular importance for comparative psychology, as it is one of the first to address lifespan cognition in a social species which shares our living environment, and finally, it also has significant practical relevance; as cognitive changes can affect quality of life, trainability, learning and problem solving abilities, and the human-animal relationship.
A novel sol–gel method based on V2O5·nH2O hydro-gel was developed to synthesize nanocrystalline Li3V2(PO4)3/carbon composite material. In this route, V2O5·nH2O hydro-gel, NH4H2PO4, Li2CO3 and high-surface-area carbon were used as starting materials to prepare precursor, and the Li3V2(PO4)3/carbon was obtained by sintering precursor at 750°C for 4h in flowing argon. The sol–gel synthesis ensures homogeneity of the precursors and improved reactivity. The sample was characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM. X-ray diffraction results show Li3V2(PO4)3 sample is monoclinic structure with the space group of P21/n. The TEM image indicates that the Li3V2(PO4)3 particles modified by conductive carbon are about 70nm in diameter. The Li3V2(PO4)3/carbon system showed that the discharge capacities in the first and 50th cycle are about 155.3 and 143.6mAh/g, respectively, in the range of 3.0–4.8V. The sol–gel method is fit for the preparation of Li3V2(PO4)3/carbon composite material which may offer some favorable properties for commercial application.