batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Personality is consistently associated with psychopathology across the lifespan. However, little is known of how observed personality dimensions in preschoolers are associated with concurrent or longitudinal symptoms across development. Spectrum, vulnerability, and pathopolasty models theorize how child personality and psychopathology are related across development. The current study tests these three models using observationally coded personality dimensions in a longitudinal sample of preschoolers. A validated ‘thin slice’ technique was used to code observed Five Factor Model (FFM) personality dimensions of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience in a clinically enriched preschool sample oversampled for depression (N = 299). Children were followed longitudinally for 9 years while assessing dimensional psychological symptoms and global functioning. Longitudinal multilevel models testing the spectrum, or shared underlying factor model, indicated depressive symptoms in adolescence were predicted by higher preschool extraversion and lower agreeableness and conscientiousness, externalizing symptoms were predicted by lower agreeableness and higher neuroticism, and worse global functioning was predicted by higher extraversion and neuroticism, and lower agreeableness and conscientiousness. Some associations held after accounting for the influence of baseline psychological symptoms, indicating support for a vulnerability relationship between personality and later psychopathology. No support was demonstrated for pathoplasty models such that personality did not influence the developmental course or change of psychopathology over time. Findings indicate personality dimensions measured as early as the preschool period prospectively impact psychopathology and functioning across child development, demonstrating support for both a spectrum and vulnerability relationship between youth personality and psychopathology.
Anion-exchange membranes have been investigated for vanadium redox flow batteries. However, their commercial application is plagued by the low transportation efficiency of anions in the membranes. Inspired by a strategy for constructing an ionic highway in alkaline anion-exchange membranes to accelerate the migration of anions. Thus, a well-segregated phase morphology is achieved to construct three-dimensional anion channels via architectural design of amphiphilic quaternary ammonium polysulfone with hydrophobic hexane side chains. This unique morphology gives the membrane enhanced conductivity with less water uptake, and this thereby enables the vanadium redox flow battery that is fabricated with the microscopic phase-segregated membrane to have better voltage and energy efficiency under current densities in the range of 60–150 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the vanadium redox flow battery using the microscopic phase-segregated membrane has excellent cycling stability. These investigations provide a universal strategy for developing of anion-exchange membranes that have high-conductivity and are stable for use in vanadium redox flow batteries.
Various metal titanium oxyphosphates, M0.5TiOPO4 (M=Ni, Cu, Mg) were synthesized via modified solution route synthesis. The as synthesized M0.5TiOPO4 (M=Ni, Cu, Mg) were electrochemically tested using galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry, and rate performance measurements in order to investigate the effect of metal ion (M) on the electrochemical performance of this family of materials. All the studied materials reacted with 3 Li+ during the 1st lithiation showing reaction plateaus at different potentials versus Lithium. Similar studies were performed on M0.5TiOPO4 (M=Ni, Cu, Mg) samples with smaller particle size, obtained via ball milling, in order to understand the effect of particle size on the electrochemistry of the materials. The ball milled samples delivered higher specific charge during the 1st cycle showing reaction plateaus at different potentials, poorer capacity retention, and poorer rate capability as compared to the as synthesized ones. This was attributed to a change in morphology and particle size of the samples upon ball milling. Amongst all the tested materials, the as synthesized Cu0.5TiOPO4 showed the best electrochemistry. The ball milled Mg0.5TiOPO4 reacted with ∼5.5 Li+ during 1st lithiation (as compared to 3 Li+ expected from this family of compounds) and 3.3 Li+ during the 1st delithiation (rather than the expected 2 Li+). This suggests a reaction mechanism where Mg0.5TiOPO4 undergoes a phase transformation forming Mg0, which reversibly alloys with 2.5 extra Li+. Thus the electrochemical cycling of Mg0.5TiOPO4 gives insights into the reaction mechanism in this family of materials.
Conductive polymers are a strong contender for making electronic circuits. The growth pattern in conductive polymer synthesis by the electrolysis polymerization method was examined. The growth pattern is deeply related to the coupling reaction of the radical cation and the deprotonation reaction following it and changes suddenly depending on the kind and concentration of the supporting electrolyte and the solvent used. That is, when the electrophilic substitution coupling reaction becomes predominant, the three-dimensional growth form is observed, and when the radical coupling reaction becomes predominant, the two-dimensional growth morphology is observed. In addition, the growth pattern can be comparatively easily controlled by changing the value of the polymerization constant current, and it is considered that the indicator and development for biocircuit research with neuron-type devices made of conjugated polymers was obtained.
Na2Mo2O7 was synthesized by sol-gel route and tested as anode material for Li-ion battery applications vs. Li+/Li in half-cell mode for the first time. The first cycle discharge and charge capacities are 1348mAhg−1 and 937mAhg−1 , respectively at 321mAg−1. The electrochemical reaction during first discharge involves insertion of Li into the crystal structure followed by conversion reaction with associated amorphization of the phase. The material shows excellent capacity retention and rate capability. Even after 50 cycles, a capacity of 470mAhg−1 was observed at a high current density of 800mAg−1. The nanocrystalline Na2Mo2O7 reported in this study exhibited highest capacity among the Mo based oxides.
In this first chapter, the reader is acquainted with the concept of space tether systems and the respective areas of their application. In chronological order, we review experiments in which space tethers were used. The chapter provides an overview of existing materials used for tether construction, and there is an extensive review of the literature devoted to the problem. Types of mathematical models, the various modes of space tether systems motion, questions of stability and control, the task of spin-up of the system, and some poorly investigated topics revealed as a result of the scientific literature analysis are considered.
Accurate estimations of battery parameter and state play an important role in promoting the commercialization of electric vehicles. This paper tries to make three contributions to the existing literatures through advanced time scale separation algorithm. (1) A lumped parameter battery model was improved for achieving accurate voltage estimate against different battery aging levels through an electrochemical equation, which has enhanced the relationship of battery voltage to its State-of-Charge (SoC) and capacity. (2) A multi-scale extended Kalman filtering was proposed and employed to execute the online measured data driven-based battery parameter and SoC estimation with dual time scales in regarding that the slow-varying characteristic on battery parameter and fast-varying characteristic on battery SoC, thus the battery parameter was estimated with macro scale and battery SoC was estimated with micro scale. (3) The accurate estimate of battery capacity and SoC were obtained in real-time through a data-driven multi-scale extended Kalman filtering algorithm. Experimental results on various degradation states of lithium-ion polymer battery cells further verified the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Raw lead materials contain many residual elements. With respect to setting ‘safe’ levels for these elements, each country has its own standard, but the majority of the present specifications for the lead used to prepare battery oxide apply to flooded batteries that employ antimonial grids. In these batteries, the antimony in the positive and negative grids dominates gassing characteristics so that the influence of residual elements is of little importance. This is, however, not the case for valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries, which use antimony-free grids and less sulfuric acid solution. Thus, it is necessary to specify ‘acceptable’ levels of residual elements for the production of VRLA batteries. In this study, 17 elements are examined, namely: antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, germanium, iron, manganese, nickel, selenium, silver, tellurium, thallium, tin, and zinc. The following strategy has been formulated to determine the acceptable levels: (i) selection of a control oxide; (ii) determination of critical float, hydrogen and oxygen currents; (iii) establishment of a screening plan for the elements; (iv) development of a statistical method for analysis of the experimental results. The critical values of the float, hydrogen and oxygen currents are calculated from a field survey of battery failure data. The values serve as a base-line for comparison with the corresponding measured currents from cells using positive and negative plates produced either from the control oxide or from oxide doped with different levels of the 17 elements in combination. The latter levels are determined by means of a screening plan which is based on the Plackett–Burman experimental design. Following this systematic and thorough exercise, two specifications are proposed for the purity of the lead to be used in oxide production for VRLA technology.
This paper describes successful electrodeposition of very homogeneous, adherent and well-crystallized thin layers of birnessite on a cheap transparent semiconductor substrate, SnO2, in neutral sulphate solutions. Birnessite, a layered manganese oxide, plays an important role in environmental chemistry due to its large surface area. A coupled approach based on electrochemical measurements and pH measurements allowed us to give information about electrodeposition mechanism of birnessite. An intermediary Mn(III) compound, α-MnOOH (groutite), is formed in deaerated solutions leading to mixed thin layers of birnessite and groutite. But, thin layers of pure birnessite can be efficiently electrodeposited in aerated solutions due to the oxidation of groutite by dissolved oxygen in such solutions. Thin layers of pure birnessite are well suitable for studies devoted to environmental applications as hazardous waste remediation or chemical sensors but also as electrode material for energy storage.
Li2FeSiO4/carbon/carbon nano-tubes (Li2FeSiO4/C/CNTs) and Li2FeSiO4/carbon (Li2FeSiO4/C) composites were synthesized by a traditional solid-state reaction method and characterized comparatively by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, BET surface area measurement, galvanostatic charge–discharge and AC impedance spectroscopy, respectively. The results revealed that the Li2FeSiO4/C/CNT composite exhibited much better rate performance in comparison with the Li2FeSiO4/C composite. At 0.2C, 5C and 10C, the former composite electrode delivered a discharge capacity of 142mAhg−1, 95mAhg−1, 80mAhg−1, respectively, and after 100 cycles at 1C, the discharge capacity remained 95.1% of its initial value.
The electrochemical properties of nanocrystalline Zr0.35Ti0.65V0.85Cr0.26Ni1.30 alloy, which has the hexagonal C14 type structure, have been investigated. This material has been prepared using mechanical alloying (MA) followed by annealing. The amorphous phase forms directly from the starting mixture of the elements, without other phase formation. Heating the MA samples at 1070K for 0.5h resulted in the creation of ordered alloy. This alloy was used as negative electrode for Ni-MH x battery. The electrochemical results show very little difference between the nanocrystalline and polycrystalline powders, as compared with the substantial difference between these and the amorphous powder. In the annealed nanocrystalline Zr0.35Ti0.65V0.85Cr0.26Ni1.30 powders discharging capacities up to 150mAhg−1 (at 160mAg−1 discharging current) have been measured. The properties of nanocrystalline electrode were attributed to the structural characteristics of the compound caused by mechanical alloying.
Efforts to identify differential or core cognitive deficits in schizophrenia have been made for several decades, with limited success. Part of the difficulty in establishing a cognitive profile in schizophrenia is the considerable inter-patient heterogeneity in the level of cognitive impairment. Thus, it may be useful to examine the presence of relative cognitive weaknesses on an intra-person level. In the present study we examined the rates of significant intra-person differences between crystallized verbal ability versus five other cognitive abilities among 127 persons with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 127 demographically matched normal comparison (NC) subjects. We found that the rates of significant discrepancies above the NC group base-rates was significantly greater in reference to those discrepancies involving visual memory relative to those associated with auditory memory, working memory, processing speed, and perceptual organization. The findings conflict with prior suggestions that working memory or auditory episodic memory are differential or core deficits in schizophrenia, and highlight the importance of considering visual memory in characterizing the cognitive effects of this condition.
Layer-structured oxides are studied for their essential roles in various applications (e.g. high-energy batteries and superconductors) due to their distinctive physical structures and chemical properties. Most of the layered AxMO2 (A = alkali ions, M = transition metals) are composed of MO6 octahedra and various A coordination polyhedra such as octahedra (O), tetrahedra (T) or trigonal prisms (P). Herein, we report a new layered oxide material, anti-P2 Na0.5NbO2, which is composed of NbO6 trigonal prisms and NaO6 octahedra. Its lattice shrinks as sodium (Na) ions are intercalated in it and expands when the ions are deintercalated (a negative volume or strain effect). Analysis by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicates that the negative volume effect is mainly a result of the enhanced interlayer (Na–O) interaction and the weakened Nb–Nb and Nb–O bonding in the O–Nb–O slab upon Na intercalation. Moreover, Na0.5NbO2 exhibits high structural stability, a long cycle life and prominent rate performance for Na-ion batteries. These distinctive features make Na0.5NbO2 an ideal “volume buffer” to compensate for positive-strain electrode materials. These findings will arouse great interest in anti-P2 layered oxides for materials science and applications, and enrich the understanding of novel negative-strain materials for energy storage either as excellent independent active electrode materials or as volume buffers for constructing long-life composite electrodes made of positive-strain materials.
This paper provides an overview of previous archaeological research on shipwrecks and the maritime archaeology of the Western Indian Ocean and southern Red Sea. It highlights the early pioneering research on the Santo António de Tanná, wreck off Mombasa Island, before discussing more recent discoveries, surveys and excavations. Attention is drawn to the important distinction between ‘shipwreck’ and ‘maritime’ archaeology, and the need to develop integrated programmes aimed at investigating the diversity of the maritime heritage of these two regions. Particular attention is also drawn to the increased activity of treasure hunters and other threats to the underwater heritage of these regions, the need to sustain ongoing training and capacity building in maritime archaeology and for strengthening existing legislation.
Objectives To determine the reliability and effects of a dual-task paradigm on balance and cognitive function compared to a single-task paradigm. Design Repeated measures. Methods Healthy participants (n =23) completed a variation of the Sensory Organization Test and the incongruent Stroop test individually (single-task) and concurrently (dual-task) during two testing sessions. Results The Sensory Organization Test and incongruent Stroop test had moderate to high reliability (1.00>ICC2,k >0.60) under the dual-task conditions. Reaction time was significantly longer (t 21 =−2.54, p =0.019) under the dual-task conditions, while balance scores under one of the four conditions of the Sensory Organization Test (sway floor/fixed wall) were statistically better (t 22 =−3.03, p =0.006) under the dual-task conditions. However, this difference in balance scores may not be clinically meaningful. Conclusions These findings illustrate that the Sensory Organization Test and incongruent Stroop task can be reliably incorporated into a dual-task assessment paradigm. The slowed reaction time under the dual-task paradigm indicates that the dual-task provided an additional cost to cognitive function. Dual-task concussion assessment paradigms involving these two tasks are psychometrically appropriate as well as more representative of actual sporting situations. However, more research should be conducted in a concussed population to further validate this claim.
Sol–gel hybrid organic-inorganic networks, doped with a lithium salt, have been used as electrolytes in prototype smart windows. The work described in this presentation is focused on the application of these networks as dual-function electrolyte/adhesive components in solid-state electrochromic devices. The performance of multi-layer electrochromic devices was characterized as a function of the choice of precursor used to prepare the polymer electrolyte component and the guest salt concentration. The prototype devices exhibited good open-circuit memory, coloration efficiency, optical contrast and stability.
The intersection of HIV-related health outcomes and problem substance use has been well documented. New York City continues to be a focal point of the U.S. HIV epidemic. In 2011, the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (NYC DOHMH) issued a recommendation that all HIV infected individuals should be offered antiretroviral therapy (ART) regardless of CD4 cell count or other indicators of disease progression. This policy is based in the concept of “treatment as prevention,” in which providing ART to people living with HIV (PLWH) greatly reduces the likelihood of HIV transmission, while also improving individual health. The “ART for ALL” (AFA) study was designed to inform modifications to and identify gaps in the implementation of universal ART, and specifically to help guide allocation of resources to obtain local policy goals for increasing viral suppression among PLWH who have problem substance use.
The paper presents a model-based approach to supporting battery selection for a fuel cell (FC)-based auxiliary power unit (APU). It is introduced to a case study of electrical power production and consumption management in a truck anti-idling application of a diesel-powered FC-based APU, a system under development in FCGEN, a FCH JU European project of the FP7 program. With fuel cell and related technologies increasingly competing with others in the market, they need to form complete systems with matching and well-balanced components to enable using the technology to its best. Within the whole system, the battery, serving as an energy buffer, represents a medium-cost element, but it affects the operating parameters importantly. Within the scope of this study, a purpose-oriented model of the diesel powered FC-based system is developed together with a realistic load scenario for the comparison of three batteries. The battery size and type are investigated and discussed in the light of the simulation results.
The causes of chronic low back pain (CLBP) remain obscure and effective treatment of symptoms remains elusive. A mechanism of relieving chronic pain based on the consequences of conflicting unpleasant sensory inputs to the central nervous system has been hypothesised. As a result a device was generated to deliver sensory discrimination training (FairMed), and this randomised controlled trial compared therapeutic effects with a comparable treatment modality, TENS.
Electric-drive vehicles, including hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles and fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles, are emerging as less polluting alternatives to internal combustion engine vehicles. Therefore, it is important to assess their penetration in the vehicle market in the future. A ‘two-step’ approach is used to estimate the optimum market penetration of lightweight and electric-drive vehicles in the long-term and the impact on the light-duty vehicle fleet, focusing on Japan. First, an optimization model is used to estimate the vehicle market composition in 2050. Then, a vehicle stock turnover model is used to estimate light-duty vehicle fleet energy and material consumption, CO2 emissions and cost. Internal combustion engine vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles dominate in the Base scenario. Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles dominate when low cost is prioritized. Shift to battery electric vehicles occurs when low CO2 emissions are prioritized. CO2 emissions are reduced 56.9% between 2012 and 2050 in the Base scenario. Lightweight mini-sized battery electric vehicle diffusion has the largest CO2 emissions reductions, 87.3% compared to the 2050 baseline value; with the net cash flow peaking at 10.2 billion USD/year in 2035 and becoming negative after 2044.
The effect of Cr or Cu doping on the electronic conductivity of LiCoPO4 was investigated. It was observed that neither type of doping for the samples heated under air lead to electronic conductivity values above ∼10−9 Scm−1. Based on these results it is suggested that the room temperature electronic conductivity of LiCoPO4 is much lower than that for LiFePO4. For the case of the doped samples heated under argon, they all exhibited an electronic conductivity ∼10−4 Scm−1. It is likely that the enhanced conductivity of the LiCoPO4 samples heated under argon versus air is a result of conductive Co2P along LiCoPO4 particle surfaces that forms as a result of carbothermal reduction during heat-treatment. The electronic conductivity of the LiCoPO4 samples heated under high-purity argon is essentially independent of dopant type and concentration. This is because it is the conductive Co2P layer that controls the electronic conductivity of the doped samples overriding any possible dopant effects.
Cognitive dysfunction is associated with reduced postoperative weight loss up to 2 years following surgery, though the role of cognition at more extended follow-up is not yet understood. Thirty-six months following bariatric surgery, we retrospectively compared obese and non-obese patients on 12-week postoperative cognitive performance. We hypothesized that early postoperative cognitive dysfunction would predict higher body mass index (BMI) and lower percent weight loss (%WL) in the total sample at 36 month follow-up.