batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
An optimized and comprehensive method is used to design and manufacture a fixed wing micro air vehicle (MAV) with Zimmerman planform. The design process includes four stages which are the specification of the flight mission, determination of the best aspect ratio, identification of the optimum wing loading and thrust loading values, and estimation of the weight of the structural components of the MAV. To do this, various statistical and analytical methods are utilized. Based on an aerodynamic analysis, the results show that an optimum aspect ratio that maximizes the performance of the Zimmerman MAV for a well-defined cruise speed is determined. Considering six possible flights, a constraint analysis is performed and an optimum wing loading value is determined. It is shown that the computational method is beneficial to determine the exact masses for the structural components including the wing, fuselage, and vertical tail. Using the 3D panel method, the determination of the shape of the reflexed airfoil for the MAV is successfully done by minimizing the drag force and the angle of attack to use less powerful motor and avoid any stall effect, respectively. A stability analysis is then performed to check the safe flight of the designed vehicle. During test flight, the results show that the designed Zimmerman MAV satisfies the pre-defined specification. The final characteristics of the manufactured MAV are: wingspan of 44 cm, weight of 450 g, aspect ratio of 1.51, cruise speed of 20 m/s, and flight endurance of 20 min.
In the present work, graphene/polypyrrole/carbon nanotube (GN/PPy/CNT) ternary composites have been fabricated via in situ polymerization method. The negatively charged poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) is used for dispersing GN and CNT in aqueous phase and tethering pyrrole monomer to facilitate the formation of uniform PPy coating. Morphology analysis shows that the stacking of laminated PPy/GN composite is inhibited by introducing one-dimensional CNT to form GN/PPy/CNT composite with three-dimensional hierarchical structure. The prepared GN/PPy/CNT composite with GN:CNT=8:1 (8GCPPy) exhibits a large surface area of 112m2 g−1 and meso- and macro-porosity system, which favor the diffusion of the electrolyte ions into the inner region of electrode. The supercapacitive behaviors of the sample electrodes are evaluated with cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements in 1M KCl electrolyte. The specific capacitance of 8GCPPy at a current density of 0.2Ag−1 (361Fg−1) is much higher than that of pure PPy (176Fg−1) and binary composites of CNT/PPy (253Fg−1) and GN/PPy (265Fg−1). In addition, owing to the GN and CNT synergistic releasing the intrinsic differential strain of PPy chains during charge/discharge processes, the 8GCPPy composite also shows stable cycling performance (4% capacity loss after 2000 cycles).
The objective of this article is to introduce a method that will mitigate product risks during the conceptual design phase by identifying design variables that affect product failures. By using this comprehensive, step-by-step process that combines existing techniques in a new way, designers can begin with a simple functional model and emerge from the conceptual design phase with specific components selected with many risks already mitigated. The risk in early design (RED) method plays a significant role in identifying failure modes by functions, and these modes are then analyzed through modeling equations or lifespan analyses, in such a manner that emphasizes variables under the designers’ control. With the valuable insight this method provides, informed decisions can be made early in the process, thereby eliminating costly changes later on.
Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) sub-microspheres @ reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets core-shell composites with 3D architecture are successfully fabricated by a one-step method through co-reduction of irregular cupric citrate and graphene oxide nanosheets at room temperature. Comparing to the bare Cu2O sub-microspheres and the simple physical mixture of Cu2O and rGO (Cu2O-rGO-M), the Cu2O@rGO electrodes demonstrate dramatically improved capacity, cyclic stability and rate capability as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. At a low current density of 100 mA∙g−1, Cu2O@rGO electrodes deliver a discharge capacity of 534 mAh∙g−1 after 50 cycles, retaining 94% of the initial capacity. Under a higher current density of 1000 mA∙g−1, Cu2O@rGO electrodes exhibit a discharge capacity of 181 mAh∙g−1 after 200 cycles, approximately 4 times larger than that of bare Cu2O sub-microsphere electrodes. The rate capacity retention of Cu2O@rGO electrode is 74% at 200 mA∙g−1 and 38% at 1000 mA∙g−1 relative to 100 mA∙g−1, much better than that for Cu2O-rGO-M (52% and 34%) and bare Cu2O electrodes (13% and 3%,). The enhanced electrochemical performance for Cu2O@rGO might be ascribed to the rGO coating and 3D architecture. The outer coated rGO nanosheets could provide additional 3D conductive networks as well as serve as the buffer layers for accommodating the large volume change of the inner Cu2O sub-microspheres during the charge-discharge cycling.
LiMn2O4 spinel, which has known performance deficiency in rechargeable lithium batteries at elevated temperatures, is coated with grains of LiCoO2 through a novel micro-emulsion process. The resulting composite is characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning and transmission electron microscopies. For assessment of electrochemical performance, the coated spinel is charged and discharged under typical conditions of battery application, and its cycleability and storage characteristics are determined at 55°C. The results show substantially improved high-temperature performance, with a small reduction in capacity and specific energy relative to the pristine spinel.
In this work, a smart architecture (Si@void@C@TiO2) with hierarchical micro/mesopores is fabricated by in situ construction. Anatase-TiO2 particles are self-assembly anchored on the Si@void@C and some are potentially filling into the large mesopores of Si@void@C and then form incomplete cover followed by annealing. The unique cooperative coating not only offers stronger protections on account of Ti O C bond which increases the adhesion, but also optimizes the distribution of micro/mesopores, and thus provides fast electrons/ions transportation channels to active materials. As a consequence, the unique structure endows the electrode better rate capability and more superior cycling stability with 0.11% decay per cycle than Si@void@C (0.30% decay per cycle), manifesting the dominance of the incomplete cover for Si-based anodes.
A slurry spray deposition (SSD) process is utilized to prepare a LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4-based composite electrode supported on an aluminum foil. The spray deposition process is performed at room temperature through the atomization and deposition of the composite electrode slurry. A comparative LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4-based composite electrode is also prepared by the traditional blade coating method. The surface morphology and elements mapping of the electrodes are measured by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. The adhesion between the composite electrode layers and the aluminum foil is also tested. A parallel evaluation on the mechanical and electrochemical performances of the two kinds of electrodes is conducted. The SSD electrode exhibits improved adhesion, cycling stability and rate capability. Therefore, the SSD process is an effective way to fabricate advanced electrodes for high performance lithium ion cells.
Nickel based materials have been intensively investigated and considered as good potential electrode materials for pseudocapacitors due to their high theoretical specific capacity values, high chemical and thermal stability, ready availability, environmentally benign nature and lower cost. This review firstly examines recent progress in nickel oxides or nickel hydroxides for high performance pseudocapacitor electrodes. The advances of hybrid electrodes are then assessed to include hybrid systems of nickel based materials with compounds such as carbonaceous materials, metal and transition metal oxides or hydroxides, in which various strategies have been adopted to improve the electrical conductivity of nickel oxides or hydroxides. Furthermore, the energy density and power density of some recently reported NiO, nickel based composites and NiCo2O4 are summarized and discussed. Finally, we provide some perspectives as to the future directions of this intriguing field.
Diffusion-induced stresses can break structure integrity of electrodes, and further degrade storage capacity and cycling stability of lithium-ion batteries. To reduce these built-in stresses due to lithium-ion diffusion, we report a strategy of pre-strain applied to the structure of active electrode film bonded to the current collector. Accordingly, a model is developed for the effect of pre-strain on mechanical stress of the electrode–collector structure. The theoretical results show that pre-strain greatly alleviates diffusion-induced stresses of electrode film and current collector, especially stress drop at the electrode–collector interface. In addition, tensile stresses of two electrode surfaces should be modestly tuned by pre-strain, avoiding brittle fracture.
The theoretical self-discharge rate of Li/MnO2 primary batteries is less than 1% per year, but the actual self-discharge rate is ∼8% per year, and the shelf life of the coin batteries (such as CR2016) is only 5 years. In this paper, MnO2 mixed some (CFx)n as cathode material in Li/MnO2 primary batteries, not only can effectively reduce self-discharge rate, but also improve capacity density and heighten discharge plateau voltageafter storage. After storage at 25 °C for 60 days, the specific charge capacity of MnO2 decreases from 293 mAh g−1 to 283 mAh g−1, while MnO2-(CFx)n increases from 312 mAh g−1 to 326 mAh g−1. After storage for 30 days at 45 °C, the self-discharge rates of MnO2 and MnO2-(CFx)n are 9.21% and 1.92% (0.5 mA cm−2), respectively. During storage and the initial stage of discharge, F in MnO2-(CFx)n can act on Mn–O bond and some C–F semi-ionic bonds form when Li+ insert into (CFx)n layers, these change the unit cell parameters of MnO2 and the utilization of MnO2 increases.
Three French-speaking agrammatic aphasics and three French-speaking Conduction aphasics were tested for comprehension of Active, Passive, Cleft-Subject, Cleft-Object, and Cleft-Object sentences with Stylistic Inversion using an object manipulation test. The agrammatic patients consistently reversed thematic roles in the latter sentence type, and the Conduction aphasics performed at chance. The results are discussed in relationship to existing models of aphasic impairments in assigning syntactic structures and using them to determine thematic roles in sentences. We conclude that the results for the agrammatic patients demonstrate the importance of compensatory mechanisms underlying aphasic comprehension and the results in the Conduction aphasics indicate the importance of working memory deficits in determining such deficits. The results are also relevant to models of normal syntactic structure.
The combined hyperglycemia lowering and antioxidant actions of α-lipoic acid (LA) contribute to its usefulness in preventing renal injury and other diabetic complications. The precise mechanisms by which LA alters diabetic oxidative renal injury are not known. We hypothesized that LA through its hypoglycemic effect lowers O-GlcNAcylation which influences the expression and activities of antioxidant enzymes which assume important roles in preventing diabetes-induced oxidative renal injury.
The article discusses the current situation of the spent batteries and portable accumulators management. It reviews recycling technologies of the spent batteries and portable accumulators which are used in the manufacturing installations in the world. Also, it presents the authors’ research results on the reductive acidic leaching of waste material of the zinc-carbon batteries (Zn-C) and zinc-manganese batteries (alkaline Zn-MnO2) delivered by a company dealing with mechanical treatment of this type of waste stream. The research data proved that the reductive acidic leaching (H2SO4 + C2H2O4) of the battery’s black mass allows to recover 85.0% of zinc and 100% of manganese. Moreover, it was found that after the reductive acidic leaching it is possible to recover nearly 100% of manganese, iron, cadmium, and chromium, 98.0% of cobalt, 95.5% of zinc, and 85.0% of copper and nickel from the solution with carbonate method. On the basis of the results, it is possible to assume that the carbonate method can be used for the preparation of manganese-zinc ferrite.
Esophageal perforation is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition. Early clinical suspicion and imaging is important for case management to achieve a good outcome. However, recent studies continue to report high morbidity and mortality greater than 20% from esophageal perforation. At least half of the perforations are iatrogenic, mostly related to endoscopic instrumentation used in the upper gastrointestinal tract, while about a third are spontaneous perforations. Surgical treatment remains an important option for many patients, but a non-operative approach, with or without use of an endoscopic stent or placement of internal or external drains, should be considered when the clinical situation allows for a less invasive approach. The rarity of this emergency makes it difficult for a physician to obtain extensive individual clinical experience; it is also challenging to obtain firm scientific evidence that informs patient management and clinical decision-making. Improved attention to non-specific symptoms and signs and early diagnosis based on imaging may translate into better outcomes for this group of patients, many of whom are elderly with significant comorbidity.
Nanofibers fabricated by the electrospinning process have been used to construct sandwich-type Polyimide/Poly (vinylidene fluoride)/Polyimide (PI/PVDF/PI) separators with the thermal shutdown function for lithium ion batteries. This architecture uses the good thermal stability of PI as the top and bottom structure layers. Under high temperature operations, the middle layer made of PVDF nanofibers can melt and form a pore-free film to shut down the battery operation. The electrolyte uptake and ionic conductivity of the PI/PVDF/PI separator are superior to those of commercial polyolefin separators at 476% and 3.46mScm−1, respectively, resulting better battery performances in terms of impedance, discharge capacity and cycle life. Under high temperature treatments above 170°C, the self-shutdown function of the PI/PVDF/PI has been observed within 10minutes, which could serve as the safety mechanism to defend the thermal runaway issue of lithium ion batteries. The effects of heating temperature and different time on the morphologies of each layer and electrolyte uptake of the separator are characterized as well.
We report for the first time fabrication of nanostructured V2O5 thin film cathodes for lithium-ion batteries using Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles as biological templates. TMV-templated V2O5 electrodes showed enhanced electrochemical performance compared to electrodes with a planar configuration demonstrating high specific capacity, excellent rate capability and cycling stability. A specific capacity of 12μAhcm−2 was achieved for the TMV-templated electrode with a V2O5 layer thickness of ∼30nm, which is 7–8 times higher than the specific capacity of planar V2O5 electrodes of the same thickness. Higher areal specific capacities are achievable by increasing active battery material loading: electrodes with twice higher V2O5 loading delivered capacities of ∼25μAhcm−2. Development of the cathode is an important step towards the fabrication of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries with superior virus-templated electrodes for high performance electrochemical energy storage.
Starting from the premise that new consumer value must drive hydrogen-fuel-cell-vehicle (H2FCV) commercialization, a group of opportunities collectively called “Mobile Electricity” is characterized. Mobile Electricity (Me-) redefines H2FCVs as innovative products able to import and export electricity across the traditional vehicle boundary. Such vehicles could provide home recharging and mobile power, for example for tools, mobile activities, emergencies, and electric-grid-support services. This study integrates and extends previous analyses of H2FCVs, plug-in hybrids, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) power. Further, it uses a new electric-drive-vehicle and vehicular-distributed-generation model to estimate zero-emission-power versus zero-emission-driving tradeoffs, costs, and grid-support revenues for various electric-drive vehicle types and levels of infrastructure service. By framing market development in terms of new consumer value flowing from Me-, this study suggests a way to move beyond the battery versus fuel-cell zero-sum game and towards the development of integrated plug-in/plug-out hybrid platforms. As one possible extension of this Me- product platform, H2FCVs might supply clean, high-power, and profitable Me- services as the technologies and markets mature.
This paper describes a novel balancing strategy for self-reconfigurable batteries where the discharge and charge rates of each cell can be controlled. While much effort has been focused on improving the hardware architecture of self-reconfigurable batteries, energy equalization algorithms have not been systematically optimized in terms of maximizing the efficiency of the balancing system. Our approach includes aspects of such optimization theory. We develop a balancing strategy for optimal control of the discharge rate of battery cells. We first formulate the cell balancing as a nonlinear optimal control problem, which is modeled afterward as a network program. Using dynamic programming techniques and MATLAB’s vectorization feature, we solve the optimal control problem by generating the optimal battery operation policy for a given drive cycle. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy efficiently balances the cells over the life of the battery, an obvious advantage that is absent in the other conventional approaches. Our algorithm is shown to be robust when tested against different influencing parameters varying over wide spectrum on different drive cycles. Furthermore, due to the little computation time and the proved low sensitivity to the inaccurate power predictions, our strategy can be integrated in a real-time system.
Commercial, prismatic lithium-ion cells, type ICP-340848 (Renata AG, Switzerland), were investigated using neutron radiography. The measurements revealed that an excess of electrolyte initially present in the cell was consumed after first cell charging and solid electrolyte interphase formation. In situ neutron radiography of the lithium-ion cells during the first charge/discharge cycles showed a displacement of such excess electrolyte owing to volume changes of the electrode assembly as well as to an evolution of gases in the first charging cycle.
Synthesis of NiSn alloy nanoparticle-incorporated carbon nanofibers was performed by calcining electrospun mats composed of nickel acetate, tin chloride and poly(vinyl alcohol) under vacuum. The electrochemical measurements indicated that utilization of tin as a co-catalyst could strongly enhance the electrocatalytic activity if its content and calcination temperature were optimized. Typically, the nanofibers prepared from calcination of an electrospun solution containing 15 wt% SnCl2 at 700 °C have a current density almost 9-fold higher than that of pristine nickel-incorporated carbon nanofibers (77 and 9 mA/cm2, respectively) at 30 °C in a 1.0 M urea solution. Furthermore, the current density increases to 175 mA/cm2 at 55 °C for the urea oxidation reaction. Interestingly, the nanofibers prepared from a solution with 10 wt% of co-catalyst precursor show an onset potential of 175 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) at 55 °C, making this proposed composite an adequate anode material for direct urea fuel cells. Optimization of the co-catalyst content to maximize the generated current density resulted in a Gaussian function peak at 15 wt%. However, studying the influence of the calcination temperature indicated that 850 °C was the optimum temperature because synthesizing the proposed nanofibers at 1000 °C led to a decrease in the graphite content, which dramatically decreased the catalyst activity. Overall, the study opens a new venue for the researchers to exploit tin as effective co-catalyst to enhance the electrocatalytic performance of the nickel-based nanostructures. Moreover, the proposed co-catalyst can be utilized with other functional electrocatalysts to improve their activity toward oxidation of different fuels.
Purpose To evaluate the metabolic changes both in grey and white matter in Lafora disease using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and to determine the possible correlation with the pattern of cognitive impairment. Methods Five patients with Lafora disease and six healthy controls were included in the study. Patients underwent at the same time-point neuropsychological testing and 1[H]MRS, using PRESS sequences (TE=136 and 25ms) positioned in the frontal and posterior cingulate gyrus cortexes and in the adjacent frontal and parietal white matter. Results Neuropsychological testing showed in all patients a prevalent involvement of performance abilities—with partial sparing of verbal competences—and of executive functions, suggesting a major involvement of frontal areas. Analysis of 1[H]MRS showed a statistically significant reduction in NAA/mI and NAA/Cr in grey matter of patients compared to controls, more significant in frontal regions. In white matter, a significant reduction of NAA/mI ratio was observed both in the frontal and parietal regions, associated with a reduction of the NAA/Cr only in the frontal white matter. NAA/mI was found to be the most statistically significant altered parameter in all regions studied and the only significantly altered ratio in strong correlation with all sets of neuropsychological parameters. Conclusions Our study confirmed the predominant metabolic damage in the frontal cortex, also demonstrating NAA/mI ratio to be the most sensitive parameter to detect metabolic brain changes in Lafora disease; moreover, it evidenced frontal white matter spectroscopic changes. Both spectroscopy values and clinical features of cognitive impairment showed a prevalent frontal impairment.
The paper provides an overview of the historical development of wind energy technology and discusses the current status of grid-connected as well as stand-alone wind power generation worldwide. During the last decade of the 20th century, grid-connected wind capacity worldwide has doubled approximately every three years. Due to the fast market development, wind turbine technology has experienced an important evolution over time. An overview of the different design approaches is given and issues like power grid integration, economics, environmental impact and special system applications, such as offshore wind energy, are discussed. Due to the complexity of the wind energy technology, however, this paper mainly aims at presenting a brief overview of the relevant wind turbine and wind project issues. Therefore, detailed information on further readings and related organisations is included.