batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Summary A single grab sample of your wastewater dischargetaken by your community's regulatory agency may show you are in non-compliance on any one of a number of parameters for which you are held accountable. Without a historical record of relevant, statistically significant data obtained through representative sampling and analyzed by a reputable laboratory, your ability to argue that this one result is an anomaly, or incorrect, is weakened if not nonexistent. It is your reputation on the line and the environmental health of your immediate community, and that of the watershed where it is located, that is put at risk. Secondly, make dual use of your compliance data. Sample in necessary upstream locations to calculate the efficiency of your waste treatment plant and, ultimately, your plant process systems. Working with this information, provided typically as concentration, and with metered flow data, calculate a mass balance for your key process parameters, accounting for its use and disposal. The best protection for achieving the right informationis with a trained and dedicated operator. This individual should be knowledgeable about the production process but also dedicated to waste management. Using production personnel to accomplish these tasks is shortsighted. Wastewater personnel running production processes on an “as needed” basis undermines the value you put into waste management. Do not underestimate the value of your staff wastewater professional. This person can save you regulatory grief, costs and the quality of the environment we all share.
Highly porous carbon cryogels with tunable pore structure and chemical composition were synthesized through controlled hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions using different chemicals as precursors and either NaOH or hexamine (C6N12N4) as catalysts. Gelation was followed with freeze drying to preserve the highly porous structure during solvent removal and controlled pyrolysis of the organic hydrogels and subsequent optional activation was performed. In addition, two different approaches were taken to modify the surface chemistry of porous carbon to introduce nitrogen or nitrogen-boron, leading to different porous structures and surface chemistry, as well as electrochemical properties. These carbon cryogels have been characterized and studied for energy storage applications. Specifically, they have been investigated as electrodes for electric double layer supercapacitors, high energy and high power density lithium-ion batteries with vanadium pentoxide deposited inside the pores, porous media for natural gas (methane) storage at reduced pressure, and scaffolds for hydride nanocomposites for greatly improved hydrogen storage. The relationship between processing conditions, chemical composition, pore structure, and energy storage properties are discussed.
LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NMC) is a highly promising cathode material for use in lithium ion batteries; unfortunately, its poor cycling performance at high cutoff voltages hinders its commercialization. In this study, for the first time, we employ atomic layer deposition (ALD) to coat lithium tantalum oxide, a solid-state electrolyte, with varying thicknesses on NMC in an attempt to improve battery performance. Our results indicate that utilization of a solid-state electrolyte as a coating material for NMC significantly improves performance at high cutoff voltages but is strongly dependent on coating thicknesses. Our investigation revealed that a thicker coating proved to be beneficial in preventing cathode material dissolution into the electrolyte and aided in maintaining the microstructure of NMC. Consequently, a thicker ALD coating resulted in increased electrochemical impedance of the cathode. The results of this study indicate that an optimized coating thickness is needed in order to strike a balance between maintaining structural stability while minimizing electrochemical impedance. The coating thicknesses are functionally specific, and for the best improvement of a cathode, a particular coating thickness should be sought.
Cancer is the leading social and healthcare problem of the twenty-first century. The aim of primary prevention is to decrease the incidence of cancer by avoiding the known causes and risk factors. Nevertheless, it has been estimated that cancer diagnoses could be halved through primary prevention measures. A comprehensive review of the scientific evidence regarding the main carcinogens and risk factors and primary prevention recommendations have been put forth based on this evidence. The GRADE scale has been used to classify the grade of evidence. We present the scientific evidence and recommendations for primary prevention of the major modifiable risk factors: smoking, alcohol, diet, obesity, physical activity, occupational and environmental factors, ultraviolet radiation, infections, and socioeconomic factors. Primary prevention is a simple, effective means to lower the incidence of cancer. Preventive measures must be circulated in the fight against cancer.
A simple melt-spinning/chemical-etching process is developed to create porous carbon-free SnSb anodes. Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) incorporating these anodes exhibit excellent electrochemical performances by accomodating large volume changes during repeated cycling. The porous carbon-free SnSb anode produced by the melt-spinning/chemical-etching process shows a high reversible capacity of 481 mAh g−1, high ICE of 80%, stable cyclability with a high capacity retention of 99% after 100 cycles, and a fast rate capability of 327 mAh g−1 at 4C-rate. Ex-situ X-ray diffraction and high resolution-transmission electron microscopy analyses demonstrate that the synthesized porous carbon-free SnSb anodes involve the highly reversible reaction with sodium through the conversion and recombination reactions during sodiation/desodiation process. The novel and simple melt-spinning/chemical-etching synthetic process represents a technological breakthrough in the commercialization of Na alloy-able anodes for SIBs.
Ether-free poly(p-phenylene)-based anion exchange membrane materials with outstanding vanadium ion blocking properties are reported. The synthesized ionomers with a rigid backbone structure show small dimensional variations despite the high ion exchange capacities. Among the synthesized membranes, the QPPP-2 membrane with ion exchange capacity of 2.1 meq·g−1 exhibits high anion (OH−, SO4 2−, and Cl−) conductivity. The QPPP-2 membrane shows an extremely low diffusion coefficient (2.12 × 10−9 cm2 min−1) for VO2+, which is much lower than that of Nafion 115 (2.88 × 10−6 cm2 min−1), indicating the vanadium ion blocking property of QPPP-2. Moreover, the chemical and operational stabilities of the membranes are investigated via ex situ soaking tests in 0.1 M VO2 + solution and in situ operation tests for 100 cycles, respectively. The vanadium redox flow battery single cell assembled with the QPPP-2 membrane exhibits a coulombic efficiency of 99%, voltage efficiency of 87%, and energy efficiency of 86% during 100 cycles at 80 mA cm−2. The excellent chemical, morphological, and electrochemical properties of the QPPP-2 membrane make it suitable for use in vanadium redox flow battery.
This paper proposes a new set of design principles to classify and design rule-based control strategies for the powertrain energy management of series hybrid electric vehicles. The design principles proposed consider the two most established rule-based control strategies for series hybrid electric vehicles, the Thermostat and the Power follower control strategies, and also an optimization-based control strategy, the Equivalent consumption minimization strategy, in terms of the mechanisms they employ to ensure charge sustaining operation and fuel efficient driving. Thus, the work then reflects upon the most effective design principles and derives a novel and superior rule-based control strategy for series hybrid electric vehicles that is claimed to outperform all the existing rule-based schemes in terms of fuel economy: the optimal primary source strategy (OPSS). The OPSS is implemented and then compared on a high fidelity hybrid electric vehicle model to Thermostat, Power follower and Equivalent consumption minimization strategies, as well as to a recently developed rule-based control strategy, the Exclusive operation strategy. As compared to conventional rule-based control strategies, the OPSS is found to deliver significantly improved fuel economy and which is remarkably close to that achieved by the optimization-based Equivalent consumption minimization strategy, while the design of the OPSS is simple and robust as compared to optimization-based strategies. The impressive performance is partly attributed to the recent improvements in engine start stop system technology. It is also shown that the battery is operated in a more steady manner, with a lower depth of discharge, consequently reducing battery degradation.
Voltage decay of Li-rich cathode material is caused by migration of transition metal (TM) ions and layered phase transformation to spinel phase. Here electrochemical studies demonstrate that charge/discharge voltage ranges have a strong impact on the voltage decay. For cells cycling in the charge/discharge condition of voltage range at 2.0–4.6 V, 3.2–4.6 V and 4.2–4.6 V, voltage decay phenomena occur to the same extent. While for the serial conditions of 2.0–4.2 V, 2.0–4.4 V, 2.0–4.6 V, 2.0–4.8 V and 2.0–4.6V + hold at 4.6 V for 5 h, voltage decay starts to occur at a typical voltage when the potential is high enough, and then phase transformation becomes severer with increased potentials, or prolonged time holding at high voltages. TM ions at high voltages have high enough energy, which can be denoted as “activation energy”, to stride across the transition state and migrate to Li vacancy, which results in spinel formation and voltage decay.
An electroactive polytriphenylamine (PTPAn) was synthesized and used as separator material for providing a self-activating overcharge protection of rechargeable lithium batteries. The experimental results from the Li–LiFePO4 cells demonstrated that the electroactive separator could transform from an electronically isolating state to a conductive state at overcharge, producing an resistive internal short circuit to maintain the cell's voltage at the safety value of ∼3.75V. In addition, the electroactive PTPAn separator works reversibly and has no negative influences on the normal charge–discharge behaviors of the Li–LiFePO4 cells.
The thermodynamic stabilities, surface morphologies, and electronic structures of the LiTi2O4 compound were investigated by the first-principles methods. The formation enthalpies and lattice constants of LixTi2O4 decrease at first and then increase again. This phenomenon is related to the balance between LiO attractions and LiLi repulsions. Population analysis revealed that pure ionic and strong covalent bonds are formed respectively between lithium and oxygen and between titanium and oxygen in LiTi2O4 material. These interactions are very crucial for the thermodynamic stability of the compounds. The surface stability was considered as functions of the chemical potentials, and five terminations, (100)-Ti2O4, (110)-Ti2O4, (210)-Ti2O4, (111)-LiTiO4, and (310)-Ti2O8ones, are dominant in the stability diagram. Our calculation showed that a particle morphology with mono (110) facet can be obtained at Ti- and/or O-moderate conditions, and this morphology will be very helpful for improving the rate performance of the material via reduction of the lithium diffusion distance. Furthermore, partially filled electronic states at the Fermi energy were confirmed for bulk LiTi2O4 and some of the surfaces, and they are responsible for the excellent electronic conductivity of the material. Further calculations showed that the work functions are sensitive to the stoichiometry of the surfaces.
We report on the design and Li-ion battery anode application of N-doped graphene/porous g-C3N4 nanosheets supporting layered-MoS2 hybrid. Few-layer MoS2 nanosheets are highly dispersed on the N-doped graphene/porous g-C3N4 nanosheet matrix, forming a two-dimensional multilayered nanostructure. Benefiting from the unique structure, the hybrid nanosheets exhibit superior electrochemical performance, including excellent cycling stability (maintaining 91% capacity after 100 cycles), a high rate capability (retaining 83% capacity from 50mAg−1 to 500mAg−1), and a considerably large capacity (achieving more than 800mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1).
A spherical silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) material (monodispersed nano/submicron porous SiOC spheres) is successfully synthesized via a specially designed synthetic strategy involving pyrolysis of phenyltriethoxysilane derived pre-ceramic polymer spheres at 900 °C. In order to prevent sintering of the pre-ceramic polymer spheres upon heating, a given amount of hollow porous SiO2 nanobelts which are separately prepared from tetraethyl orthosilicate with CuO nanobelts as templates are introduced into the pre-ceramic polymer spheres before pyrolysis. This material is investigated as an anode for lithium-ion batteries in comparison with the large-size bulk SiOC material synthesized under the similar conditions but without hollow SiO2 nanobelts. The maximum reversible specific capacity of ca. 900 mAh g−1 is delivered at the current density of 100 mA g−1 and ca. 98% of the initial capacity is remained after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1 for the SiOC spheres material, which are much superior to the bulk SiOC material. The improved lithium storage performance in terms of specific capacity and cyclability is attributed to its particular morphology of monodisperse nano/submicron porous spheres as well as its modified composition and microstructure. This SiOC material has higher Li-storage activity and better stability against volume expansion during repeated lithiation and delithiation cycling.
Hollow nickel hydroxide microspheres built of nanosheets could be obtained by hydrothermal synthesis in the presence of glycine. After heating to 400 °C in air, the hexagonal β-Ni(OH)2 was converted into cubic NiO which showed better electrical conductivity and greater surface area compared with other annealing temperatures. The surface morphology remained almost unchanged, while the Ni(OH)2 nanosheets with solid interior were changed into NiO nanosheets composed of interconnected nanoparticles and mesopores after annealing at 400 °C. The sulfur-filled hollow mesoporous NiO microspheres obtained after annealing at 400 °C was loaded into the carbon paper as cathode (NiO/S) for lithium-sulfur batteries. The NiO/S cathode could deliver a large specific capacity of 1300 mAh g−1 at 0.2C (335 mA g−1), much greater than bare sulfur loaded into the carbon paper (1000 mAh g−1). Moreover, the NiO/S cathode showed superior capacity recovery after C-rate test and coulombic efficiency during cycling test than S cathode. The improved performance for NiO/S could be attributed to the conductive NiO microspheres with mesoporous nanosheets that provided intimate electrical contact for boosting the charge-transfer reaction between lithium ions and sulfur materials, limited the polysulfide shuttle, and buffered volumetric expansion/contraction during charging and discharging.
Polymer electrolytes comprising a blend of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with different concentrations of LiBF4 are prepared using a solvent-casting technique. The structure and complexation of the electrolytes are studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The ionic conductivities of the electrolytes are measured in the temperature range 302–373K. The maximum conductivity (1.2886×10−3 Scm−1) is obtained for a polymer complex with 8wt.% LiBF4. The thermal stability of this electrolyte is examined by thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA).
Lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO2F2) as a multi-functional additive is added into the carbonate-based electrolyte to enhance the electrochemical performances of 4.4V LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2/graphite lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Compared with the baseline electrolyte, the addition of 2% LiPO2F2 can significantly improve the electrolyte stability and enlarge the electrochemical window of about 1V. At the room temperature and cutoff voltage of 4.4V, the capacity retention of the batteries with 2% LiPO2F2 is increased from 55% to 93% after 150cycles. At the high temperature of 45°C, the capacity retention of the battery with 2% LiPO2F2 additive still keeps 86% after 150cycles, while the coulombic efficiency of the battery without additive begins to decline sharply after 30cycles. These positive effects are also reflected in the low temperature discharging at −20°C, cycling at −10°C, and rate capability. The enhanced performances are attributed to the excellent interfacial film promoted by the additive, which can reduce the interfacial impedance, suppress electrolyte decomposition, and alleviate the side reactions. It is indicated that LiPO2F2 is a promising multi-functional electrolyte additive for high-voltage NCM/graphite LIBs.
A novel technique for designing a robust solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries has been developed using a silane coating. Two silane compounds, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane (TFPTMS) and dimethoxybis(2-(2-(2-mothoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)silane (1ND3(MeO)), have been investigated with respect to improving the capacity retention of lithium manganese oxide spinel/soft carbon cells. The impact of the silane coating on the soft carbon electrode will be attributed to (1) changes in surface functional groups, (2) compositional change of the SEI, and (3) changes in the kinetics of manganese deposition. The impact of the upper cutoff voltage on the capacity retention of the cell was also discussed.
Designing a hybrid supercapacitor, composed of Li4Ti5O12(LTO)/activated carbon (AC), is one of promising routes to enhance the energy density of supercapacitors (SCs) using symmetrical AC electrodes. At high-voltage operations (>3.0 V), however, the failure mode or gas generation is critical for the system, which is greatly dependent on the type of electrolyte. In this study, we investigated the voltage dependence of the interfacial phenomena of LTO/1 M lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) in propylene carbonate (PC)/AC. The results reveal that the interface between the negative LTO electrode and the electrolyte becomes unstable at cell voltages above 3.0 V, corresponding to potentials above 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+ for the AC positive electrode. The destabilization of the LTO/electrolyte interface appears to be initiated by an irreversible reaction occurring at the AC positive electrode, accompanied by a release of absorbed H2O. This hypothesis is further confirmed by replacing PC with a hydrolysis-resistant solvent, ethyl isopropyl sulfone (EiPS); the EiPS-based electrolyte successfully realizes a high-voltage operation at 3.3 V without LTO degradation, regardless of the oxidative reaction at the AC positive electrode, with a 95% capacity retention after 1000 cycles.
Each application for authorisation of a medicinal product must be accompanied by the particulars and documents referred to in Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use. Details on the documentation needed for traditional herbal medicinal products (THMP) are given in article 16c of the above mentioned Directive. It is pointed out that a bibliographic review of safety data together with an expert report and additional data, if necessary, are required. The Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) provides in its “Guideline on the use of the CTD format in the preparation of a registration application for traditional herbal medicinal products” (EMA/HMPC/71049/2007 Rev. 1) guidance on how to present the information and the dossier needed for an application. There, in agreement with the Directive 2001/83/EC, a bibliographical review of safety data is required within the “Non-clinical Overview”. However, it is assumable that for such products, with a long tradition of usage bibliographical information relating to non-clinical safety are available, even if incomplete or not in accordance with today׳s state of the art. In the “Guideline on non-clinical documentation for herbal medicinal products in applications for marketing authorisation (bibliographical and mixed applications) and in applications for simplified registration” (EMEA/HMPC/32116/2005) it is reflected how to deal with such an incomplete set of data for traditional herbal medicinal products and crucial information are highlighted. This article will focus on the explanation of the requirements needed for the non-clinical safety evaluation of THMPs and some detailed explanations of the performance and interpretation of the mutagenicity studies.
Vanadium-substituted LiFe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 cathode material for Li-ion batteries is synthesized by solid state reaction, and the effect of V-substitution on the material is investigated by X-ray diffraction and charge–discharge tests. X-ray diffraction patterns seem to indicate that V+5 is substituted for Si4+ in Li2+xFe0.5−x/2Mn0.5−x/2Si1−xVxO4 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) by maintaining electroneutrality. The substitution of V for Si in Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 increases the charge and discharge capacities as a cathode material of Li-ion batteries; Li2.2Fe0.4Mn0.4Si0.8V0.2O4 delivers an initial discharge capacity of 197 A h/kg, while Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 delivers that of 134 A h/kg. The main reason for the high capacity with the V substitution for Si in Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 is considered not due to the redox capacity of V but due to the lowering of the charge voltage, while, substituting a higher amount of V, with x over 0.2 in Li2+xFe0.5−x/2Mn0.5−x/2Si1−xVxO4, reduces capacity in accordance with theoretical capacity calculation. In order to confirm the V-substitution site exactly, however, strong evidence by Rietveld refinement is necessary, which is left as our urgent future work.
Carbon supported gold-iridium composite (AuIr/C) was synthesized by a facile one-step process and was investigated as the bifunctional catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The physical properties of the AuIr/C composite were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Although the Au and Ir in the AuIr/C did not form alloy, it is clear that the introduction of Ir decreases the average Au particle size to 4.2nm compared to that in the Au/C (10.1nm). By systematical analysis on chemical state of metal surface via XPS and the electrochemical results, it was found that the Au surface for the Au/C can be activated by potential cycling from 0.12V to 1.72V, resulting in the increased surface roughness of Au, thus improving the ORR activity. By the same potential cycling, the Ir surface of the Ir/C was irreversibly oxidized, leading to degraded ORR activity but uninfluenced OER activity. For the AuIr/C, Ir protects Au against being oxidized due to the lower electronegativity of Ir. Combining the advantages of Au and Ir in catalyzing ORR and OER, the AuIr/C catalyst displays an enhanced catalytic activity to the ORR and a comparable OER activity. In the 50-cycle accelerated aging test for the ORR and OER, the AuIr/C displayed a satisfied stability, suggesting that the AuIr/C catalyst is a potential bifunctional catalyst for the oxygen electrode.