batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Amphoteric water electrolysis with a bipolar membrane can accommodate optimal pH conditions simultaneously for both cathode and anode under steady-state operation without changing the overall thermodynamics of water splitting. However, the high voltage loss of bipolar membrane imposes significant constraints on operating current density, leading to low current density (<50 mA cm−2) for hydrogen production. In this work, decoupled amphoteric water electrolysis assisted with MnO2/Mn2+ redox mediator demonstrated to separate the stiff couple between hydrogen and oxygen production into two independent processes, which enables hydrogen production to run under high power input (up to 1 A cm−2) with oxygen production under low power input. Furthermore, such an amphoteric decoupled water electrolysis system can be integrated with an Mn–Zn battery, which is able to realize flexible conversion from renewables to hydrogen and electric energy, thus making full use of renewables.
The addition of [ Co ( bpy ) 3 ] 2 + to the electrolyte was found to improve the reversibility of the colour change observed in films of a Ni–Al-LDH upon oxidation–reduction of nickel in the LDH layers. Sustained changes in relative transmittance between 95% in the reduced state and 75% in the oxidized state were obtained for a film subjected to continuous potential scanning in a pH 8 borate buffer containing 0.1mM [ Co ( bpy ) 3 ] 2 + . This improvement in the electrochromic response of the film is attributed to mediation of the redox process in the LDH by the cobalt cations that resulted in the full reduction of all nickel sites back to Ni(II) by the end of each individual scan. In the absence of the cobalt cation, the colour changes were not fully reversible and a rapid darkening of the film was observed. Because the unaided electrochemical reduction of nickel in LDH films is very slow, oxidized nickel sites remained in the films at the end of each scan. This accumulation of Ni(III,IV) sites was confirmed by increases in the average nickel valence in the films determined by iodometry, and by the appearance of reflection due to a Ni(III) oxyhydroxide phase in the XRD pattern of the film. This was not found when the cycling was done in presence [ Co ( bpy ) 3 ] 2 + . Mediation of the reduction of nickel in the Ni–Al-LDH by the cobalt cation was very efficient. The presence of 5μM [ Co ( bpy ) 3 ] 2 + was sufficient to cause a significant improvement of the bleaching process.
Asymmetric hybrid capacitors comprising an activated carbon (AC) positive electrode and a Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) negative electrode can achieve much higher energy density than conventional electric double layer capacitors. However, when operated at 3V, the positive electrode develops an over-potential, leading to gas generation. Here, we investigated the feasibility of realizing a stable potential at the positive electrode using capacitance balancing. The voltage characteristics of the positive and negative electrodes were measured using a three-electrode system. The linear relationship between the potential and capacitance of the AC electrode was used to balance the capacitances of the two electrodes. Thus, stable operation and enhanced specific capacity were obtained at an operation voltage of 3V.
Conductivity and dc polarization studies performed on poly(ethylene oxide) PEO-LiX-KX amorphous electrolytes, containing LiSCN, LiN(CF3SO2)2 (LiTFSI) or Li[CF3SO2N(CH2)3OCH3] (LiMPSA) and their potassium counterparts, yield data–composition relationships that can be fitted by means of classical models assuming ideality. Though this approach is not rigorous, it provides information about the nature and strength of the ion–ion, short-range interactions in the PEO-LiX corresponding systems. At the global concentration chosen for these studies, C∼0.8 mol dm−3 (EO/salt=30), evidence is brought that stronger two-body interactions (ion pairing) take place in the PEO-LiMPSA system than in the PEO-LiSCN system, and these interactions are much stronger than in the PEO-LiTFSI system. Another feature of these three systems lies in their three-body interactions, which appear to mainly consist of LiX2 − triplets. Though their strength is not as great as that of the two-body interactions, it increases in the order LiTFSI<LiMPSA<LiSCN.
A lung-inspired approach is employed to overcome reactant homogeneity issues in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. The fractal geometry of the lung is used as the model to design flow-fields of different branching generations, resulting in uniform reactant distribution across the electrodes and minimum entropy production of the whole system. 3D printed, lung-inspired flow field based PEFCs with N = 4 generations outperform the conventional serpentine flow field designs at 50% and 75% RH, exhibiting a ∼20% and ∼30% increase in performance (at current densities higher than 0.8 A cm−2) and maximum power density, respectively. In terms of pressure drop, fractal flow-fields with N = 3 and 4 generations demonstrate ∼75% and ∼50% lower values than conventional serpentine flow-field design for all RH tested, reducing the power requirements for pressurization and recirculation of the reactants. The positive effect of uniform reactant distribution is pronounced under extended current-hold measurements, where lung-inspired flow field based PEFCs with N = 4 generations exhibit the lowest voltage decay (∼5 mV h−1). The enhanced fuel cell performance and low pressure drop values of fractal flow field design are preserved at large scale (25 cm2), in which the excessive pressure drop of a large-scale serpentine flow field renders its use prohibitive.
The fabrication of Nano-Au/Porous-TiO2 composite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and its application in the determination of hydrazine were proposed. The morphological characterization was examined by transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscopy. The Nano-Au/Porous-TiO2/GCE exhibited a wide linear range of hydrazine from 2.5 to 500μM, with a detection limit of 0.5μM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 and with a fast response time (within 3s). Furthermore, the reaction mechanism of the hydrazine on the Nano-Au/Porous-TiO2/GCE was explored. The ease of fabrication, high stability, and low cost of the modified electrode are the promising features of the proposed sensor.
Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were exposed to OECD soils contaminated with arsenite (29.3 mg kg−1), arsenate (35.2 mg kg−1), monomethylarsonate (342.5 mg kg−1) and dimethylarsinate (373.0 mg kg−1) for 64 days. The exposure concentration for the four arsenic species was set at one-tenth of 14 d-LC50 in order to compare their toxicity. Eight biomarkers including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation and metallothioneins were analyzed in the organisms. A multi-biomarker approach, the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index, was adopted to summarize the multi-biomarker responses to a single value, reflecting the integrated stress of different arsenic species on earthworms. Furthermore, total arsenic and arsenic speciation were analyzed in earthworm tissue to evaluate the relationship between arsenic accumulation and biomarker responses at the molecular and subcellular levels and to observe the role of arsenic biotransformation in earthworms. The results showed that the toxicity of the four arsenic species was ranked as: arsenite > arsenate > monomethylarsonate and dimethylarsinate. Although organic arsenics showed a low degree of biotoxicity, they could be turned into highly toxic inorganic arsenics under the effect of demethylation, which caused a toxic effect on organisms. The biomarker responses indicated that a sub-lethal dose of both arsenite and arsenate could trigger the response of the antioxidant defense system and cause oxidative damage when the protective capacity of the system was exhausted. Arsenic in earthworms could be detoxified during the process of biotransformation, where inorganic arsenics were converted into organic arsenics, which would then be excreted out. Based on these results, it was proved that different arsenic species showed different degrees of toxicity. Therefore, arsenic species should be differentiated in order to obtain accurate results in quality/risk assessment programs.
Monitoring the feeding behavior of animals in the wild is key to understanding their energetics and the influence of the environment on their survival. Recently, a novel acceleration transmitter that processes acceleration data onboard and outputs identification results has been developed by AquaSound Inc. (Kobe, Japan) to investigate feeding biology in fish. To date, few attempts have been made to identify the feeding behavior of fish using transmitters, and none of these attempts accomplished classification of alternative feeding behaviors according to prey items. The objective of this study was to develop an algorithm that can be incorporated in the acceleration transmitter and can identify alternative feeding behaviors in fish, using red-spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara) as a model species.
The lithium-ion exchange rate capability of various commercial graphite materials are evaluated using galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling in a half-cell configuration over a wide range of C-rates (0.1–60C). The results confirm that graphite is capable of de-intercalating stored charge at high rates, but has a poor intercalating rate capability. Decreasing the graphite coating thickness leads to a limited rate performance improvement of the electrode. Reducing the graphite particle size shows enhanced C-rate capability but with increased irreversible capacity loss (ICL). It is demonstrated that the rate of intercalation of lithium-ions into the graphite is significantly limited compared with the corresponding rate of de-intercalation at high C-rates. For the successful utilisation of commercially available conventional graphite as a negative electrode in a lithium-ion capacitor (LIC), its intercalation rate capability needs to be improved or oversized to accommodate high charge rates.
Preclinical and some clinical studies suggest a relationship between perturbation in magnesium (Mg2+) homeostasis and pathological anxiety, although the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Since there is evidence that Mg2+ modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, we tested whether enhanced anxiety-like behaviour can be reliably elicited by dietary Mg2+ deficiency and whether Mg2+ deficiency is associated with altered HPA axis function. Compared with controls, Mg2+ deficient mice did indeed display enhanced anxiety-related behaviour in a battery of established anxiety tests. The enhanced anxiety-related behaviour of Mg2+ deficient mice was sensitive to chronic desipramine treatment in the hyponeophagia test and to acute diazepam treatment in the open arm exposure test. Mg2+ deficiency caused an increase in the transcription of the corticotropin releasing hormone in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), and elevated ACTH plasma levels, pointing to an enhanced set-point of the HPA axis. Chronic treatment with desipramine reversed the identified abnormalities of the stress axis. Functional mapping of neuronal activity using c-Fos revealed hyper-excitability in the PVN of anxious Mg2+ deficient mice and its normalisation through diazepam treatment. Overall, the present findings demonstrate the robustness and validity of the Mg2+ deficiency model as a mouse model of enhanced anxiety, showing sensitivity to treatment with anxiolytics and antidepressants. It is further suggested that dysregulations in the HPA axis may contribute to the hyper-emotionality in response to dietary induced hypomagnesaemia. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Anxiety and Depression’.
This work demonstrates that anodic deposition of vanadium oxide (denoted as VO x ·nH2O) can be considered as the chemical co-precipitation of V5+ and V4+ oxy-/hydroxyl species and the accumulation of V5+ species at the vicinity of electrode surface is the key factor for the successful anodic deposition of VO x ·nH2O at a potential much more negative than the equilibrium potential of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The results of in situ UV–vis spectra show that the V4+/V5+ ratio near the electrode surface can be controlled by varying the applied potential, leading to different, three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures of VO x ·nH2O. The accumulation of V5+ species due to V4+ oxidation at potentials ≥0.4V (vs. Ag/AgCl) has been found to be very similar to the phenomenon by adding H2O2 in the deposition solution. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) results show that all VO x ·nH2O deposits can be considered as aggregates consisting of mixed V5+ and V4+ oxy-/hydroxyl species with the mean oxidation state significantly increasing with the applied electrode potential.
This paper reviews the heat dissipation performance of battery pack with different structures (including: longitudinal battery pack, horizontal battery pack, and changing the position of air-inlet and air-outlet) and operation conditions (including: SOC state, charge and discharge rate, and practical operation condition), and finally arrives at the conclusions as follows: the average thermal power of 55Ah lithium-ion battery monomer decreases along with environment temperature rising, SOC state decreasing and charge and discharge rate falling; the maximum temperature rising and temperature difference of battery pack are not only relevant to the flow rate, but also related to the airflow duct structure, the battery pack with air-inlets on both sides is more conducive to the forced air cooling; the flow rate of battery pack at 70% SOC state is maximum, the maximum temperature rising and temperature difference of battery pack at 70% SOC state are minimum, and that of 90% SOC state are maximum; the flow rate and the average pressure drop between air-inlet and air-outlet both decrease along with charge and discharge rate increasing, but the maximum temperature rising and temperature difference of battery pack increase; as considering the practical operation condition of battery pack, the charge and discharge rate is between 0.5C and 0.8C, and the maximum temperature rising and maximum temperature difference of battery pack are 7.61°C and 4.29°C. Then the reference basis for heat flow field characteristic analysis and structure design of battery pack are offered.
A novel platinum cavity electrode (Pt-CE) was fabricated by drilling a small circular cavity (0.5mm diameter) through a thin Pt foil (ca. 0.15mm thickness, 2.0mm width). It was used to record cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of the insulative AgCl powder (as a model) in aqueous solutions. The voltammetric response of the electrode was fast (tested to 100mV/s) and the charge under the reduction peak agreed well with the mass of the AgCl powder. Further, the CVs were featured by not only an “irreversible” reduction peak, but also linear logarithm correlations between the potential scan rate and the reduction peak current or potential. Similar results were also obtained from thin AgCl coating modified Ag disc electrodes (1.0mm diameter) formed by anodisation in chloride solutions. Based on these common electrode kinetic properties, a general explanation is proposed according to the mixed control of the electro-reduction by charge transfer at the conductor/insulator/electrolyte three phase interlines and mass diffusion through the reduction generated porous metal layer. In addition, some CVs also exhibited a minor reduction peak at less negative potentials and the origin was identified experimentally.
Energy conversion devices that use OH-conducting electrolytes are becoming more and more attractive with recent substantial progress in the development and commercialization of relevant membrane materials and systems. However, the activities of numerous catalysts towards oxygen electro-reduction taking place at the cathodes of such devices in alkaline media are surprisingly different from those in acidic electrolytes. This is for instance the case for Pt and Pt-alloy electrodes, which demonstrate unexpected and drastic variations in activity depending on the electrolyte pH and surface structure. Here we apply recently introduced electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscopy noise measurements to directly identify active centers at Pt(111)-based surfaces in three alkaline electrolytes (LiOH, KOH and CsOH) under reaction conditions. For all three solutions it was found that the most active sites are located on the Pt(111) terraces, in contrast to the acidic media, where concave defects significantly increase the oxygen reduction activity. These defect-centers are to all practical purposes deactivated in alkaline media. This not only explains the above-mentioned activity differences between acidic and alkaline electrolytes but also suggests strategies to design nanostructured Pt-electrocatalysts for applications at high pH values.
Sulfur (S) Li-ion battery which use the metallic Li free anode is deemed as a promising solution to conquer the hazards originating from Li metal. However, stable cycling performance and low production price of the S Li-ion battery still remain challenging. Here, we propose a S-LixC full cell system by paring a S cathode and a pre-lithiated graphite anode which is cheap and commercially available. It shows stable cycling performance with a capacity around 1300 mAh (g-S)−1 at 0.2 C-rate and 1000 mAh (g-S)−1 at 0.5 C-rate. In addition, 0.1% per cycle capacity fading rate with a capacity retention of 880 mAh (g-S)−1 after 400 cycles at 0.2 C-rate has been achieved. The pre-formed solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the pre-lithaited graphite anode largely contributes to the high capacity performance. Notably, a 10-times-enlarged scale of S-LixC laminate type full cell has been assembled with high capacity performance (around 1000 mAh (g-S)−1) even after high rate cycling.
Publisher Summary Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) deficiency, also known as norepinephrine deficiency, is a rare congenital disorder caused by the absence of the enzyme, DBH, which converts dopamine to norepinephrine. The disorder is characterized by a lack of sympathetic noradrenergic function, and affected individuals exhibit substantial deficits in autonomic regulation of cardiovascular function. In patients with DBH deficiency, the perinatal period has been complicated by vomiting, dehydration, hypotension, hypothermia, and profound hypoglycemia requiring repeated hospitalization. Despite the lack of norepinephrine, persons with DBH deficiency apparently have relatively normal mental status. Results from five patients revealed no substantial deficits in performance on a battery of cognitive tasks that have been proposed to depend on normal noradrenergic function. Patients with DBH deficiency are unique in that they have virtually no norepinephrine or epinephrine or their metabolites. Without norepinephrine-mediated negative feedback on tyrosine hydroxylase, cytosolic dopamine production is amplified. Although catecholamines must be assayed to verify the diagnosis of DBH deficiency, a number of physiological and pharmacological tests can be used to assess autonomic function in these patients.
When a lithium ion polymer battery (LiPB) is being cycled, one major cause for degradations is the irreversible side reactions between ions and solvent of electrolyte taking place at the surface of anode particles. SEM analysis of cycled battery cells has revealed that the deposits from the side reactions are dispersed not only on particles, but also between the composite anode and the separator. Thus, the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) becomes thicker and extra deposit layers are formed between composite anode and separator. Also, XPS analysis showed that the deposits are composed of Li2CO3, which is ionic conductive and electronic nonconductive. Based on the mechanisms and findings, we identified four degradation parameters, including volume fraction of accessible active anode, SEI resistance, resistance of deposit layer and diffusion coefficient of electrolyte, to describe capacity and power fade caused by the side reactions. These degradation parameters have been incorporated into an electrochemical thermal model that has been previously developed. The terminal voltage and capacity of the integrated model are compared with experimental data obtained for up to 300 cycles. Finally, the resistance of the deposit layer calculated by the model is validated against the thickness of the deposit layer measured by SEM.
In recent years two major attempts have been made to develop ‘eco-city prototypes’ the Dongtan City in China and the Masdar City near Abu Dhabi. Both attempts have revolved round the premise that advanced post-modern technology, innovative urban planning, reliance on renewable energy, and emphasis on ‘total’ reuse can combine to achieve ‘zero carbon–zero waste’ existence. The plan of the two cities had also integrated strong business interests into the system, aiming to make ‘zero carbon–zero waste’ a kind of catch-phrase or a fashion statement that would enhance the value of the real estate the two eco-cities were planning to offer. The paper recapitulates the objectives that were set and assesses the present status of realization of those objectives. There is an already substantial and widening gap between the promise and the performance in both the cases; the review identifies the gaps and the possible reasons of their occurrence. It is highlighted that the expectation of a zero-waste existence is inherently flawed because the Second Law of Thermodynamics makes it impossible to attain. The paper brings out that no ‘eco-city’ concept can be translated into reality unless and until the inhabitants of the eco-city are prepared to voluntarily and consistently observe certain restrictions on resource consumption and to sacrifice some of the basically illusory but highly fancied ‘comforts’ which drive consumption in conventional habitations. It follows that many of those measures that are sought to be introduced in the eco-cities to make them cleaner and greener can very much be implemented in existing cities if only the same extent of voluntary participation from the lay public can be invoked that is expected in the ‘eco-cities’.