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3,5-di-tert-butyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene (DBDB) has been synthesized as a new redox shuttle additive for overcharge protection of lithium-ion batteries. DBDB can easily dissolve in carbonate-based electrolytes, which facilitates its practical use in lithium-ion batteries; however, it has poor electrochemical stability compared to 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene (DDB). The structures of DBDB and DDB were investigated using X-ray crystallography and density functional calculations. The structures differ in the conformations of the alkoxy bonds probably due to the formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond in the case of DBDB. We investigated reaction energies for decomposition pathways of neutral DBDB and DDB and their radical cations and found little difference in the reaction energies, although it is clear that kinetically, decomposition of DBDB is more favorable.
The effects of different configurations and compositions of platinum and iridium oxide electrodes for the oxygen reaction of unitised regenerative fuel cells (URFC) are reported. Bifunctional oxygen electrodes are important for URFC development because favourable properties for the fuel cell and the electrolysis modes must be combined into a single electrode. The bifunctional electrodes were studied under different combinations of catalyst mixtures, multilayer arrangements and segmented configurations with single catalyst areas. Distinct electrochemical behaviour was observed for both modes and can be explained on the basis of impedance spectroscopy. The mixture of both catalysts performs best for the present stage of electrode development. Also, the multilayer electrodes yielded good results with the potential for optimisation. The influence of ionic and electronic resistances on the relative performance is demonstrated. However, penalties due to cross currents in the heterogeneous electrodes were identified and explained by comparing the performance curves with electrodes composed of a single catalyst. Potential improvements for the different compositions are discussed.
Highly porous off-stoichiometric tungsten trioxide (WO3-σ) with hollow and yolk-shell structures have been successfully synthesized via a selective leaching strategy, following hydrogenation using PbWO4 spheres as the starting material. It was found that the yolk-shell WO3-σ could be obtained from hollow WO3-σ by dividing the continuous leaching process into two intervallic processes. The unique structural features and high conductivity facilitate both ion and electron transport, greatly enhancing reversible lithium storage capacity. In comparisons of the hollow WO3-σ and yolk-shell WO3-σ, the yolk-shell structure exhibited more long-term stability due to extra spatial elasticity.
A non-isolated potentiostat suitable for the determination of electroactive species in electrically grounded metal-walled reactors is described. In these reactors, due to the large area of the container, the rest potential of the solution is virtually constant and cannot be controlled by immersing a relatively small counter electrode connected to a conventional potentiostat. Electroanalytical methods, therefore, can be performed in reactors only with an electrically well isolated potentiostat connected to a floating excitation signal generator and data processor. The non-isolated ‘grounded counter electrode’ potentiostat offers a better solution; the metallic container serves as a counter electrode and the potential of the working electrode is adjusted to the sum of the excitation signal and the potential of the reference electrode located near the working electrode. This approach is also very useful in systems containing shielded electrodes whose potentials cannot be controlled by conventional multi-electrode potentiostats.
The structure and electrochemical properties of TiV1.1Mn0.9Ni x (x =0.1–0.7) solid solution electrode alloys have been investigated. It is found that these alloys mainly consist of a solid solution phase with body centered cubic (bcc) structure and a C14 Laves secondary phase. The solid solution alloys show easy activation behavior, high temperature dischargeability, high discharge capacity and favorable high-rate dischargeability as a negative electrode material in Ni–MH battery. The maximum discharge capacity is 502mAhg−1 at 303K when x =0.4. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test shows that the charge-transfer resistance at the surface of the alloy electrodes decreases obviously with increasing Ni content.
Sodium-ion batteries have attracted extensive interest for energy storage and conversion as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries. The development of advanced electrode materials is important for the implementation of sodium-ion batteries into practical applications. Herein, we developed a facile soaking-chemical vapour deposition method to grow core–sheath structured Sn@CNT nanopillar arrays on carbon paper with a unique 3D hierarchical architecture as free-standing electrode for sodium-ion batteries. The electrode achieved a reversible capacity of 887µAhcm−2 in the first cycle and good cyclability extending to 100 cycles. The electrode also demonstrated a promising rate capability, which is suitable for high power applications. We also assembled prototype Na-ion full cells, consisting of the as-prepared free-standing Sn@CNT@carbon paper anode and Na0.80Li0.12Ni0.22Mn0.66O2 cathode. The full sodium-ion battery can power LED lights. This work is expected to inspire the development of sustainable sodium-ion batteries for energy storage and conversion.
Culicoides brevitarsis is the main biting midge responsible for the transmission of bluetongue and Akabane viruses to livestock in Australia. Models are given for its dispersal after winter from endemic areas at the southern limit of its distribution in New South Wales (NSW); the models might also be applicable elsewhere. Model 1 shows that dispersal can be explained by distance from a key point just outside the endemic area in mid-northern/northern coastal NSW. The model provides probability data for times of first occurrence at sites within regions down the southern coastal plain or up the Hunter Valley towards (but rarely reaching) the western slopes and tablelands. Model 2 shows that the movement depends on temperature and wind speed from northerly and easterly directions. Preliminary data also are given to suggest a relationship between density in the endemic area and the maximum distance that C. brevitarsis can travel in a given year. The models can be linked to other information which in combination can provide probabilities for winter survival outside the endemic area, times of occurrence at sites where it cannot survive winter and times when activity ceases naturally at these sites at the end of the season. This information can be used to predict the potential for virus transmission and indicate zones of seasonal freedom from both vector and virus for the export of livestock.
The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in DMSO containing LiPF6 has been studied with the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) during galvanostatic cathodic and anodic pulses, chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry experiments. We disclose here for the first time gravimetric evidence with the EQCM of the different mechanistic models that apply to the ORR in LiPF6/DMSO electrolyte: (i) Surface electrochemical/chemical deposition of Li2O2(s) and (ii) solution phase disproportion of LiO2(soln) yields large Li2O2 particles. The mass per electron detected with the EQCM depends on the respective current rates and thus on the mechanisms, i.e. 23g/F for the formation of Li2O2 thin film at high current density and much larger values for low current density due to solvent co-deposition and further degradation.
This paper devises an optimization framework for efficient energy management and components sizing of a plug-in fuel cell urban logistics vehicle. Based on the propulsion system structure, fuel cell system model, and convex battery health model, a convex programming problem is formulated to simultaneously optimize both the control decision and parameters of power sources, including a fuel cell pack and a battery pack. This paper seeks to minimize a summation of energy cost and power sources cost, while satisfying vehicle power demand and battery health requirements. Considering different drive cycles, the optimal parameters and energy cost are systematically investigated. As a result, the optimal battery rated power and energy capacity are about 54 kW and 29 kWh, respectively, which are not affected by different drive cycles, given an electric-only range between 40 km and 60 km. Finally, based on the developed convex programming control law and optimal parameters, we examine the power distribution of the plug-in fuel cell urban logistics vehicle with different hydrogen prices, which significantly influences the vehicle's fuel economy.
Hybridizing inorganic nanomaterials with carbon nanotubes and graphene constitutes a powerful approach towards creating new functional materials for environmental and sustainable energy applications. Their superior performance originates from synergistic effects based on charge and energy transfer processes at the hybrid's interfaces. However, only few studies have been devoted so far towards rationally designing these hybrids. In this work we demonstrate that engineering interfaces as well as the morphology of the functional inorganic compound can maximise the synergistic effects in hybrids, thus further enhancing the hybrid's photocatalytic properties. Particularly, we have stimulated the growth of ultra-thin single-crystalline layers of tantalum (V) oxide (Ta2O5) with preferred orientation at substantially reduced crystallisation temperatures, by utilising the graphitic CNT surfaces as seed crystals through heterogeneous nucleation. The resulting hybrids possess outstanding activities for the evolution of hydrogen via sacrificial water splitting that are about 35 times higher than those of comparable materials such as tantalates. The additional improvements in this hybrid are attributed to the single-crystalline nature of the coating, which alleviates transport of electrons to the interface, as well as the formation of a Schottky-type junction between the metallic nanocarbon and the semiconducting metal oxide, which facilitates charge transfer and thus charge separation at the interface.
Objective: The Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SSAS) purports to measure the extent to which individuals are sensitive to their bodies. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the SSAS in two studies with university students. Methods: Participants completed the SSAS, various cross-sectional measures of somatic and psychological distress, longitudinal measures of somatic symptoms, daily hassles and mood, and participated in a heartbeat detection task (Study 2 only). Results: The SSAS was correlated with cross-sectional measures of somatic symptom reporting, but not with somatic symptoms reported on a daily basis nor with an index of interoceptive sensitivity. The SSAS was also correlated with several indices of general distress including anxious and depressive symptoms, daily hassles, and negative emotionality. Conclusions: Taken together, the results suggest that the SSAS is more likely an index of negative emotionality and general distress than a valid measure of somatic sensitivity per se.
Although maternal nutrient status influences all aspects of fetal development including the brain, the impact of micronutrient supplementation on the baby's mental function is a topic of debate. This systematic review assesses the effect of single and multiple micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy on offspring mental development.
High power lithium-ion cells are a very promising energy source for practical hybrid vehicles. It is found that the impedance of the 18650 high-power cells using LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 chemistry increases with time during the beginning period of storage. A symmetric cell approach is developed to distinguish the anode and cathode effects on the impedance rise. Cathode impedance, especially charge-transfer resistance, is identified as the main component of the cell impedance and is most responsible for the rise of the cell impedance during storage at room temperature. With analysis of impedance spectra from a variety of cells, the charge-transfer process is thought to take place at the interface between the electrolyte solution and the surface of surface layers on the electrode. We also propose that the surface layers might be mixed conductors of electrons and lithium ions, instead of pure lithium-ion conductors. The nature of the surface layers on the cathode is likely different from that of the surface layers on the anode.
Anatase TiO2 is prepared via a facile and eco-friendly synthesis method where titanium tetra isopropoxide and sodium alginate are used as the titanium precursor and templating agent, respectively. Structural characterization of the prepared sample via X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopies confirm the formation of nanoparticles Titanium Oxide with anatase type structure without impurities. Further morphological characterization of the material showed the spherical shape of the particles. The prepared TiO2 has been studied as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. TiO2 electrodes have delivered a reversible capacity of 266 mAh g−1, 275 mAh g−1 with coulombic efficiencies of 70%, 75% during the first cycle under C/10 current rate for TiO2 calcined at 300 °C and 450 °C, respectively. The activity of Ti4+/Ti3+ redox couple during the lithiation/delithiation process was evidenced using X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometry. The high capacity retention was maintained for 100 cycles. The prepared nanoparticles TiO2 has prodigious potential for large scale production of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
Thermoelectric generators are solid state energy harvesters which can convert thermal energy into electrical energy in a reliable and renewable manner. Over the last decade, the human body has been considered as a good source of heat to harvest electrical energy through wearable thermoelectric generators. It may become an alternative power generation technique compared to other conventional ones used for many wearable devices. The wearable thermoelectric generator has potential to generate sufficient energy for any wireless sensor nodes (typically power requirements<mW). In this paper, a survey of thermoelectric generators has been comprehensively presented with a specific focus given to the rigid and flexible types of thermoelectric generators. The basic principle of the thermoelectric power generator, applications, and some existing challenges has also been discussed.
Lotus root-like CoMoO4@graphene nanofibers(CoMoO4@G NFs) was prepared by electrospinning along with post heat treatment, and used as high-performance anode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Compared with the pure CoMoO4 NFs, the prepared lotus root-like CoMoO4@G NFs electrode displays higher reversible capacity of 735mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1, better rate capability and cycling stability (capacity retains 80% based on the second cycle even after 200 cycles,). These results highlight the importance of combination of conductive graphene nanosheets with multi-level porous CoMoO4 NFs for high-performance LIBs.
For the first time, we propose herein high-energy sodium hybrid capacitors comprising Na+ intercalated Li4Ti5O12 anode and activated carbon cathode. The design of sodium hybrid capacitors takes full advantage of Li4Ti5O12's lower working potential plateau for Na+ intercalation than for Li+ intercalation. The lower potential plateau facilitates not only wider cell voltage of sodium hybrid capacitors (3.4 V) compared to that of lithium hybrid capacitors (3.0 V), but also enhanced capacity utilization of activated carbon, thereby giving sodium hybrid capacitors higher energy over lithium hybrid capacitors assembled with the same electrode configuration. High-tap density Li4Ti5O12/reduced graphene oxide microsphere composites are synthesized via one-step spray drying and a subsequent heat-treatment to realize high-performance sodium hybrid capacitors. The sodium hybrid capacitors deliver a high energy density of 83 Wh kg−1, which is twice as high as the energy density of lithium hybrid capacitors (42 Wh kg−1). In addition, the sodium hybrid capacitors exhibit excellent cycling stability (93% capacity retention after 30,000 cycles). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate that simple switching of Li4Ti5O12 from the Li+ to Na+ system can double the energy density of the hybrid capacitor.
The performance of a zinc-cerium redox flow battery (RFB) with mixed methanesulfonate (MSA) – chloride negative electrolyte is compared to that of a zinc-cerium RFB with pure MSA electrolyte. Half-cell studies on a polyvinyl-ester carbon electrode confirm that the addition of Cl− ions increases the amount of zinc deposited during cathodic polarization and the exchange current density of the zinc redox reaction. Hence, an electrolyte with a composition of 0.9 mol dm−3 ZnMSA and 0.6 mol dm−3 ZnCl2 in 1 mol dm−3 MSA is chosen as the negative electrolyte for use in a bench-scale zinc-cerium RFB. Reference electrodes are also incorporated in the RFB set-up so that the potential of each electrode can be monitored during operation. The results of the full-cell experiments show that the battery voltage efficiency increases with mixed MSA-chloride electrolyte due to the lower overpotential of the zinc half-cell reaction. Moreover, under the conditions where the zinc redox reaction is the main limiting factor, the charge efficiency rises significantly when the mixed solution is employed. Additionally, a life-cycle analysis of the battery based on a 15-min charge period and current density of 25 mA cm−2 shows that the total operating time and number of cycles increases from 42 h and 97 cycles, respectively, in the case where the conventional negative electrolyte is used to more than 75 h and 166 cycles when Cl− is added. Based on these results, a zinc-cerium RFB with mixed MSA-chloride negative electrolyte has a notably longer life and higher energy efficiency compared to conventional zinc-cerium RFBs.
We prepared up to 20 μm-thick LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NMC)-Li+ conductive glass–ceramic solid electrolyte (LATP: σ Li + ∼ 10−3 S cm−2 at 298 K) composite cathode films on Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) substrates by aerosol deposition (AD) and investigated their electrochemical properties as all-solid-state batteries. The resultant NMC/LATP interface in the composite film had a thin mutual diffusion layer (∼5 nm) and a film had a porosity of ca. 0.15% in volume. The composite films were well adhered to the LLZ substrates even though the films were prepared at room temperature. All-solid-state batteries, consisting of Li/LLZ/NMC-LATP composite film (20 μm), repeated charge–discharge reactions for 90 cycles at 100 °C at a 1/10 C rate (capacity retention: 99.97%/cycle). Rate capability of this battery was improved by modifying both the LATP and electron conductive source amount in the composite film, and a battery with 16 μm-thick composite electrode delivered 60 mAh g−1 at 1 mA cm−2.
In order to discuss the hetero-phase effect of the coexisting solid phase on the ionic conduction in non-aqueous lithium electrolyte solution, the conductivity and transport number of ionic species in non-aqueous lithium perchlorate solution/montmorillonite clay composite system were measured using Hittorf's cell. Transport number of lithium ion rapidly increased as the clay content increased, while total conductivity gradually decreased. The calculated ionic mobility of lithium ion was constant in the liquid content range of 75–90vol.%. The activation energy of the conductivity for both ions separately obtained from the temperature dependence of the ionic mobilities. The activation energy of lithium ion was ca. 10kJmol−1 and extremely lower than anion species. It is proved that the lithium ion transfer is promoted by the cation exchange materials using inorganic clay materials. It is suggested that the lithium ions can transfer through the inside of clay structure and anion transfer is hindered by the repulsion between anion species and clay skeleton structure.
Increasing numbers of patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) and limited follow-up capacities highlight unmet challenges in clinical electrophysiology. Integrated software (MediConnect®) enabling fully digital processing of device interrogation data has been commercially developed to facilitate follow-up visits. We sought to assess feasibility of fully digital data processing (FDDP) during ambulatory device follow-up in a high-volume tertiary hospital to provide guidance for future users of FDDP software.
Two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures with their high surface area and large in-plane conductivity have been regarded as promising materials for supercapacitors (SCs). Tungsten disulfide (WS2) is highly suitable for charge accumulation with its abundant active sites in the interspacing between the 2D structures and the intraspacing of each atomic layer, as well as on the tungsten centers with the charges generated by the Faradaic reactions. This study proposes the preparation of well-constructed WS2/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets using a simple molten salt process as the electroactive material for SCs, which presents a high specific capacitance (CF) of 2508.07 F g−1 at the scan rate of 1 mV s−1, because of the synergic effect of WS2 with its large charge-accumulating sites on the 2D planes and RGO with its highly enhanced conductivity and improved connections in the WS2 networks. The excellent cycling stability of 98.6% retention after 5000 cycles charge/discharge process and the Coulombic efficiency close to 100% for the entire measurement are also achieved for the WS2/RGO-based SC electrode. The results suggest the potential for the combination of the 2D metal sulfide and carbon materials as the charge storage material to solve the energy problems and attain a sustainable society.
Topological defects are found ubiquitously in various kinds of matter, such as vortices in type-II superconductors, and magnetic skyrmions in chiral ferromagnets. While knowledge on the static behavior of magnetic skyrmions is accumulating steadily, their dynamics under forced flow is still a widely open issue. Here, we report the deformation of the moving magnetic skyrmion lattice in MnSi under electric current flow observed using small-angle neutron scattering. A spatially inhomogeneous rotation of the skyrmion lattice, with an inverse rotation sense for opposite sample edges, is observed for current densities greater than a threshold value jt ~ 1 MA m−2 (106 A m−2). Our result show that skyrmion lattices under current flow experience significant friction near the sample edges due to pinning, this being a critical effect that must be considered for anticipated skyrmion-based applications at the nanoscale.