batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Publisher Summary The situation calculus is a logical language for representing changes. It was first introduced by McCarthy in 1963 and was described in further details by McCarthy and Hayes in 1969. The basic concepts in the situation calculus are situations, actions, and fluents. Actions make the dynamic world change from one situation to another when performed by agents. Fluents are situation-dependent functions that describe the effects of actions; they are of two types: relational fluents and functional fluents. The former have only two values, which are true or false, whereas the latter can have a range of values. For instance, one may have a relational fluent called “handempty,” which is true in a situation if a robot's hand is not holding anything. One may also have a functional fluent called “battery level” whose value in a situation is an integer between 0 and 100 denoting the total battery power remaining on one's laptop computer. According to McCarthy and Hayes, a situation is the complete state of the universe at an instance of time. But for Reiter, a situation is the same as its history, which is the finite sequence of actions that has been performed since the initial situation S0. This chapter discusses Reiter's foundational axioms. Whatever the interpretation, a unique feature of the situation calculus is that situations are first-order objects that can be quantified over. This makes the situation calculus a powerful formalism for representing change and distinguishes it from other formalisms such as a dynamic logic.
Few instruments are available to assess compulsive hoarding and severity of clutter. Accuracy of assessment is important to understanding the clinical significance of the problem. To overcome problems associated with over- and under-reporting of hoarding symptoms, the clutter image rating (CIR) was developed. This pictorial scale contains nine equidistant photographs of severity of clutter representing each of three main rooms of most people’s homes: living room, kitchen, and bedroom. The psychometric properties of this measure were examined in two studies. Internal consistency, test–retest, and interobserver reliabilities were good and convergent validity with other questionnaire and interview measures was also good. The CIR correlated more strongly with measures of clutter than with other hoarding and psychopathology scales. The CIR’s very brief pictorial assessment method makes it useful in clinical and treatment contexts for measuring the clutter dimension of compulsive hoarding.
Replacing Li2O2 with LiO2 as the discharge product is a very promising strategy to tackle the problems of high overpotential (~ 1.5V), inferior rate capability and short cycle life in the current Li-O2 batteries based on Li2O2. But it's very difficult to control LiO2 due to its thermodynamic instability. Herein, we have successfully built a facile rechargeable Li-O2 battery based on the formation and decomposition of amorphous LiO2 with an ultralow overpotential (~ 0.3V), long cycle life and high rate capability under the catalysis of 3D-architectured Pd-rGO. In-situ Raman spectrum, linear sweep voltammetry, UV–vis measurements and SAED (Selected Area Electron Diffraction) all have identified the amorphous LiO2-based electrochemical process. Amorphous LiO2 shows a lower oxidation potential and a faster ionic conductivity contributing to the excellent electrochemical performances and the mitigation of undesirable side reactions. This study opens a new horizon to solve the intrinsic problems of the current Li-O2 batteries.
A SnO2-carbon composite prepared by heat treating a mixture of colloidal SnO2 and sucrose demonstrated a reversible lithium storage capacity of 680mAh/g on the 1st cycle. The discharge curve of the composite did not exhibit the 1.0V plateau characteristic of SnO2. The high reversible capacity of the composite suggests that lithium is stored in both tin and carbon. The composite demonstrated reduced capacity fade over SnO2 as well as SnO:graphite and Sn:graphite composites.
This study investigates the causal impacts of integrating mobile phone technologies into traditional public labor-market intermediation services on employment outcomes. By providing faster, cheaper and up-to-date information on job vacancies via SMS, mobile phone technologies might affect the rate at which offers arrive as well as the probability of receiving a job offer. We implement a social experiment with multiple treatments that allows us to investigate both the role of information channels (digital versus non-digital) and information sets (restricted [public] versus unrestricted [public/private]). The results show positive and significant short-term effects on employment for public labor-market intermediation. While the impacts from traditional labor-market intermediation are not large enough to be statistically significant, the unrestricted digital treatment group shows statistically significant short-term employment effects. As for potential matching efficiency gains, the results suggest no statistically significant effects associated with either information channels or information sets.
Recycling lithium and graphite from spent lithium-ion battery plays a significant role in mitigation of lithium resources shortage, comprehensive utilization of spent anode graphite and environmental protection. In this study, spent graphite was firstly collected by a two-stage calcination. Secondly, under the optimal conditions of 1.5 M HCI, 60 min and solid-liquid ratio (S/L) of 100 g·L−1, the collected graphite suffers simple acid leaching to make almost 100% lithium, copper and aluminum in it into leach liquor. Thirdly, 99.9% aluminum and 99.9% copper were removed from leach liquor by adjusting pH first to 7 and then to 9, and thenthe lithium was recovered by adding sodium carbonate in leach liquor to form lithium carbonate with high purity (>99%). The regenerated graphite is found to have high initial specific capacity at the rate of 37.2 mA·g−1 (591 mAh·g−1), 74.4 mA·g−1 (510 mAh·g−1) and 186 mA·g−1 (335 mAh·g−1), and with the high retention ratio of 97.9% after 100 cycles, it also displays excellent cycle performance at high rate of 372 mA·g−1. By this process, copper and lithium can be recovered and graphite can be regenerated, serving as a sustainable approach for the comprehensive utilization of anode material from spent lithium-ion battery.
A multibiomarker study evaluated WWTP effluent effects on clams in water columns.WWTP effluents were toxic to clams in adjacent marine and fresh water environments.Defence mechanisms increased in marine clams nearest to WWTP discharges.96% of clams exposed directly to WWTP effluent in Guadalete River died before day 7.We showed that the multibiomarker approach provides important ecotoxicological data.
The famous report by engineers Drabbe and Badon Ghijben (1889), on an intended well drilling near Amsterdam (the Netherlands), was one of the key documents that contributed to the Ghijben-Herzberg formula, which links water-table elevation to the depth of the freshwater–saltwater interface in coastal aquifers. The report has been often cited but no English translation has appeared in the literature to date. The aim of this annotated translation of the report is to provide the international scientific community with easier access than was hitherto the case, plus electronic access to the original in Dutch. A brief introduction to the report is provided, followed by a translation that follows the original text as closely as possible.
Foodborne disease is due to microbial pathogens, naturally produced toxins, or other chemicals that have entered the food supply chain. Infectious gastroenteritis is the most common illness and can range from mild to serious illness to death in vulnerable people. Other non-gastroenteritis illnesses and sequelae also occur. Estimating the disease burden transmitted by food is difficult as most illness can also be transmitted by pathways other than food. With increasing globalization and changing methods of food production and distribution, there is ever-increasing potential for widespread outbreaks affecting many people. Prevention and control of foodborne illness remains a challenge.
The understanding of reaction mechanisms of electrode materials is of significant importance for the development of advanced batteries. The LiMn2O4 cathode has a voltage plateau around 2.8 V (vs. Li+/Li), which can provide an additional capacity for Li storage, but it suffers from a severe capacity degradation. In this study, operando X-ray diffraction is carried out to investigate the structural evolutions and degradation mechanisms of LiMn2O4 in different voltage ranges. In the range of 3.0–4.3 V (vs. Li+/Li), the LiMn2O4 cathode exhibits a low capacity but good cycling stability with cycles up to 100 cycles and the charge/discharge processes are associated with the reversible extraction/insertion of Li+ from/into Li x Mn2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1). In the range of 1.4–4.4 V (vs. Li+/Li), a capacity higher than 200 mAh/g is achieved, but it rapidly decays during the cycling. The voltage plateau around 2.8 V (vs. Li+/Li) is related to the transformation of the cubic LiMn2O4 phase to the tetragonal Li2Mn2O4 phase, which leads to the formation of cracks as well as the performance degradation.
Bistable liquid crystal displays offer the potential for considerable power savings compared with conventional (monostable) LCDs. The existence of two stable field-free states that are optically distinct means that contrast can be maintained in a display without an externally applied electric field. An applied field is required only to switch the device from one state to the other, as needed. In this paper we examine a theoretical model of a possible bistable device, originally proposed by Cummings and Richardson (Euro J Appl Math 17:435–463 2006), and explore means by which it may be optimized, in terms of optical contrast, manufacturing considerations, switching field strength, and switching times. The compromises inherent in these conflicting design criteria are discussed.
Crystalline lithium disulfide (Li2S2) is identified, for the first time, as a transient species in the lithium-sulfur cell, by using an operando X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The observed XRD pattern precisely matches with the predicted pattern based on the density function theory. The formation of Li2S2 crystals is repetitively found in the highly concentrated (7 M Li+) electrolyte at high voltage region (>2 V) near the end of the first charge cycle and before the end of the second discharge cycle. These conditions indicate that crystalline Li2S2 exists in the non-equilibrium regime. The formation of crystalline Li2S2 under only the specified conditions suggests that it is not formed as an intermediate discharge product, contrary to what is generally believed, but as a transient species by the disproportionation reaction from higher order polysulfides which is facilitated by the “solvent-in-salt” conditions.
This study assessed arthrodesis procedures performed in the foot and ankle of high-risk patients following implantation of an internal electrical bone stimulator. Criteria defining patients as “high risk” included diabetes, obesity, habitual tobacco and/or alcohol use, immunosuppressive therapy, and previous history of nonunion. Standard arthrodesis protocol of bone graft and internal fixation was supplemented with the implantable electrical bone stimulator. A retrospective, multicenter review was conducted of 26 patients (28 cases) who underwent 28 forefoot and hindfoot arthrodeses from 1998 to 2002. Complete fusion was defined as bony trabeculation across the joint, lack of motion across the joint, maintenance of hardware/fixation, and absence of radiographic signs of nonunion or pseudoarthrosis. Radiographic consolidation was achieved in 24 of the 28 cases at an average 10.3 ± 4.0 weeks. Followup averaged 27.2 months. Complications included 2 patients who sustained breakage of the cables to the bone stimulator. Five patients underwent additional surgery. Four of the 5 patients had additional surgery in order to achieve arthrodesis. All 4 went on to subsequent arthrodesis. This study demonstrates how arthrodesis of the foot and ankle may be enhanced by the use of implantable electrical bone stimulation.
We use an event-study analysis to understand how alliance activity affects firm risk. The risk measure is the implied volatility of a firm’s stock price and the events are alliance announcements to the market. We build on the previous event-studies in the alliance literature that focus on the change in shareholder value by taking the first step in delineating what part of that value arises from the changes in the firm’s risk. The analysis reveals that a number of factors within a firm’s control can be used to manipulate risk exposure in an alliance, including the similarity of the firm’s and the alliance’s core activities, the governance form of the alliance, and the function of the alliance.
If a natural disaster strikes, clean drinking water and emergency electricity can now be made readily available using a portable system called the Solar Cube.
The earthworm haemoglobin (Hb) is a large extracellular hemoprotein flowing in a closed circulatory system. In spite of the fundamental role of this respiratory pigment in earthworm physiology, little is known about its sensitivity to environmental pollutants. The aim of the present work was to investigate the possible effect of heavy metal (cadmium, copper, mercury) exposure on Hb concentration and oxidation state (methemoglobin formation) in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. In addition, the tissue concentration of metallothioneins, a well-known biomarker of heavy metal exposure, was determined as an indicator of metal uptake. The animals were exposed to increasing concentrations of Cd, Cu and Hg utilizing the standard acute toxicity test, “Filter paper test” for 48 h. Exposure to heavy metals (10−5–10−3 M for Cd, 10−4–10−3 M for Hg, and 10−4–10−2 M for Cu) was found to increase haemoglobin concentration in L. terrestris, although the magnitude of such an increase was dependent on the metal. In addition, metal exposure led to the formation of methemoglobin. Compared to other known biological responses to heavy metals, such as metallothionein induction, methemoglobin increase showed a higher sensitivity and a higher percentage variation in exposed organisms, showing to be a possible suitable biomarker of exposure/effect to be included in a multi biomarker strategy in earthworm in soil monitoring assessment.
Abstract Nonrenewable sources of energy have been rapidly growing in recent years and research emphasis has been directed to the utilization of renewable energy sources for a cleaner and healthier environment. For over two decades, researchers have investigated many possibilities in terms of renewable energies to generate sustainable energy. Solar cells, fuel cells, photoelectrolysis, supercapacitors, batteries, and wind turbines have the potential to be efficient methods to directly convert one state of energy into another one. In these new energy systems, various types of nanotechnology and their products have been utilized to increase the efficiencies of these energy systems. However, these new developments also bring many uncertainties and risks to human health and the environment. Therefore, the future of nanotechnology depends mainly on public acceptance of the risks associated with the use of nanomaterials and their benefits. Risk assessment of nanomaterials is mainly the basis of formulating guidelines of protecting human health and the environment. This chapter provides information on the current state of nanomaterials used by the energy industry and offers suggestions for continuing our path toward sustainable development in the energy field.
In several countries in Europe (among others Germany and Austria) persons who have lost their drivers licence have to undergo a psychological test in order to regain their licence. The article discusses the validity of two test batteries of the Expert System Traffic using standardized driving tests [Schuhfried, G., 2005. Manual Expert System Traffic (XPSV). Schuhfried GmbH, Mödling]. A global evaluation of the respondents’ performance in a standardized driving test was used as criterion measure in order to divide the subjects into drivers, who were classified as relatively safe or unsafe according to their performance in a standardized driving test. Artificial neural networks were used to calculate the criterion validity. This yielded superior classification rates and validity coefficients compared to classical multivariate methods such as a logistic regression. The stability and generalizability of the results was empirically demonstrated using a jack-knife validation, an internal bootstrap validation and an independent validation sample which completed the test batteries and the standardized driving test as part of a so-called traffic-psychological assessment which is compulsory in Austria in all cases, where the driver's licence has been withdrawn, e.g., when caught driving under the influence of alcohol. Moreover, the procedure allows calculating incremental validities which enable the assessment of the relative importance of the individual predictor variables. This contributes to the transparency of the results obtained with artificial neural networks. In summary it can be said that the results provide empirical evidence of the validity of the traffic-psychological tests batteries used in this study. The practical implications of the results for traffic-psychological assessment are described.
Circadian rhythms are strongly associated with affective disorders and recent studies have suggested utilization of diurnal rodents as model animal for circadian rhythms-related domains of these disorders. Previous work with the diurnal fat sand rat and Nile grass rat demonstrated that short photoperiod conditions result in behavioral changes including anxiety- and depression-like behavior. The present study examined the effect of manipulating day length on activity rhythms and behavior of the diurnal degu. Animals were housed for 3 weeks under either a short photoperiod (5-h:19-h LD) or a neutral photoperiod (12-h:12-h LD) and then evaluated by sweet solution test and the forced swim test for depression-like behavior, and in the light/dark box and open field for anxiety-like behavior. Results indicate that short photoperiod induced depression-like behavior in the forced swim test and the sweet solution preference test and anxiety-like behavior in the open field compared with animals maintained in a neutral photoperiod. No effects were shown in the light/dark box. Short photoperiod-acclimated degu showed reduced total activity duration and activity was not restricted to the light phase. The present study further supports the utilization of diurnal rodents to model circadian rhythms-related affective change. Beyond the possible diversity in the mechanisms underlying diurnality in different animals, there are now evidences that in three different diurnal species, the fat sand rat, the grass Nile rat and the degu, shortening of photoperiod results in the appearance of anxiety- and depression-like behaviors.
The increase of thickness of silicon films as negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries is known to result in notable worsening their cyclability. Some recently, the authors have shown that the layered composites based on the Si–O–Al system possess much better cyclability. The present work declares that cyclic stability depends also on parameters of galvanostatic cycling. The composite films of thickness 3 μm, composed of 14 wt% of oxygen, 17 wt% of aluminum, and 67 wt% of silicon, deposited in the form of multi-layered structures, are shown to demonstrate a sufficiently high stability over more than 200 charge–discharge cycles with the capacity fading less than 0.09% per cycle if the cycling is performed within the potential range of 0.1–0.7 V relative to the lithium reference electrode.
The Huygens probe lost heat to its cold environment during its descent through Titan's atmosphere and after landing. Here I report measurements of the probe's thermal behavior and comparison with ground tests (1) to provide a context for other scientific investigations, such as the release of volatiles from the landing site, and (2) to place constraints on Titan environmental parameters directly, such as the thermal conductivity of the surface material and the strength of winds at the surface. Near-surface winds are constrained to be less than 0.2 m s−1, and probably much less.
Objective To determine the factors that predict change in well-being over time in older men and women presenting to the falls prevention clinic. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Falls prevention clinic. Participants Community-dwelling older adults who were referred to the clinic after sustaining a fall (between N=244 and N=255, depending on the analysis). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The ICEpop CAPability measure for Older people, a measure of well-being or quality of life, was administered at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. We constructed linear mixed models to determine whether baseline predictor variables were related to baseline well-being and/or changes in well-being over time. In addition, we included interactions with sex to investigate the difference between men and women. Baseline predictors included 2 measures of mobility—Short Performance Physical Battery and timed Up and Go test—and a measure of global cognitive function—Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Results All 3 predictors were associated with well-being at baseline (P<.05). Furthermore, both the Short Performance Physical Battery and the timed Up and Go test interacted with sex (P<.05) to predict changes in well-being over time. Follow-up analyses suggested that better mobility was protective against decline in well-being in men but was generally unrelated to changes in well-being in women. Conclusions We found that 2 valid and reliable measures of mobility interacted with sex to predict changes in well-being over time. This is a critical research area to develop in order to appropriately tailor future intervention strategies targeting well-being in older fallers, a population at high risk of functional decline.
Exceptional capacities and excellent rate performance have been achieved by anodes made from electrospun carbon nanofibers (CNFs) that possess synergies of (i) functionalization with carbonyl and carboxyl groups, (ii) presence of nanopores and (iii) embedded graphene layers. The Fe precursor incorporated into the polyacrylonitrile melt functions as both catalyst for graphitization and sacrificial phases. CNFs are functionalized and nanopores surrounded by graphene layers are simultaneously created during the chemical etching of Fe3C particles from the CNFs. The pore size and volume could be tuned by controlling the Fe precursor content. Both the functional groups and nanopores are accessible to Li ions, and the satisfactory electrical conductivity arising from graphitization allows fast transfer of electrons. Remarkable capacities of 983 and 318mAhg−1 are obtained when discharged at 100 and 3000mAg −1, respectively, along with excellent capacity retention after 100 cycles.