batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of stoichiometric copper sulfide (Cu2S) was studied by spray pyrolysis (SP) with heat treatment for different Cu/S molar ratios in the starting solution and different synthesis and annealing temperatures. The sample prepared via SP at 400 °C and then annealed at 460 °C for 2 h showed the stoichiometric Cu/S ratio, which was verified by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks of the sample were indexed to the monoclinic structure with space group P21/c. The electrochemical performance of the stoichiometric Cu2S electrode was investigated by a cycle test and differential capacity analysis. The Cu2S electrode coated on an Al foil exhibited a first discharge capacity of 335 mAh g−1 at a charge-discharge rate of 0.1 C, which corresponds to 99.4% of its theoretical capacity. However it showed poor reversibility owing to the corrosion of Al foil by Cu. In contrast, the Cu2S electrode coated on Cu foil demonstrated stable cyclability at high charge-discharge rates of up to 30 C. Exsitu XRD analysis showed that a phase transformation from the monoclinic Cu2S structure with the space group P21/c to the tetragonal Cu1.96S structure with the space group P43212 gradually progressed during the initial five cycles.
Structural, morphological and electrochemical characterizations in EC:DMC-LiPF6 of carbon-coated LiMnPO4 and LiMn1−x Fe x PO4 (x = 0.2, 0.3) cathode materials synthesized via a cost-effective procedure based on sol–gel (from partially or totally soluble precursors in water), pyrolysis and ball milling steps are reported. Carbon-coated LiMnPO4 obtained from totally soluble precursors featuring at 0.1 C 125mAhg−1 at 50 °C and 95mAhg−1 at 30 °C, with a capacity fade per cycle of 0.5% at 50 °C and 0.4% at 30 °C, is a very promising material, particularly in consideration of the inexpensive procedure that was pursued for its synthesis.
To monitor and better understand temperature and salinity conditions in the Arctic Ocean interior, we developed a new Argo-type ocean profiling system for the polar oceans. This Polar Ocean Profiling System (POPS) consists mainly of an ice platform and an Argo-type subsurface CTD profiler. The ice platform includes a system controller that manages all data acquisition, processing, formatting, and messaging. Iridium satellite communication technology sends the observation data and also allows remote commands to be sent from the laboratory to the buoy. The profiler is mounted on an oceanographic cable interfaced to the platform; the profiler moves along the cable between depths of 10 and 1000m. The inductive modem system provides data transfer between the ice platform and the profiler. In April 2005, field tests of the POPS were conducted in the Arctic Ocean near the North Pole. Later on, commands were sent via Iridium from the laboratory to the buoy to change the data sampling acquisition frequency, allowing us to obtain 14 temperature and salinity profiles during the first 22 days. We confirmed that POPS could measure temperature and salinity with conservative accuracies better than 0.01°C for temperature and 0.01 for salinity. Following this test, we initiated the observation of the Arctic Ocean from 10m down to 1000m depths in April 2006 using POPS, and we also started sending the data to the global telecommunication system (GTS) in real time. These data are the first Argo data sent from the Arctic Ocean. Not only Arctic oceanographers but also everyone who is interested in Arctic oceanographic conditions can easily access these data from the Argo data server.
Geophysical analysis was carried out to evaluate the challenges encountered in land seismic exploration within the study area. This analysis cuts across various stages in land seismic acquisition. These stages include the following: the availability of the prospect map as originally planned by the prospect owners—the client, the desk study and planning of this map by the seismology section (planning seismologist) for acquisition convenience and the field implementation of the acquisition which the survey, drill and recording (preloading, shooting, swath move, line check, LAUX crew and recording platform) sections carried out. The challenges observed included environmental challenges, noise interference, weather conditions (statics or electrostatics interference), line break, faulty equipment, wrong detailing, cake or expired explosives, poor or compromised supervision, security and permit challenges. These challenges are peculiar to Nigeria due to inadequate implementation of policies that guide human settlements and activities. Nigeria is within the climate region where most at times it is very impossible to control natural events like cloudy weather, rainfall, thundering and lightening. As such, the problem of static charges interfering with acquired seismic data becomes inevitable, mostly during the rainy season. Almost total dependency on imported technology and lack of readily available experienced manpower also contribute to these challenges, most especially when it has to do with proper inspection of equipment and materials required for the acquisition and supervision processes. Approaches to follow to minimize the observed challenges were equally highlighted.
A numerical investigation of the transport phenomena and performance of a plate methanol steam micro-reformer with serpentine flow field as a function of wall temperature, fuel ratio and Reynolds number are presented. The fuel Reynolds number and H2O/CH3OH molar ratio (S/C) that influence the transport phenomena and methanol conversion are explored in detail. In addition, the effects of various wall temperatures on the plates that heat the channel are also investigated. The predictions show that conduction through the wall plays a significant effect on the temperature distribution and must be considered in the modeling. The predictions also indicate that a higher wall temperature enhances the chemical reaction rate which, in turn, significantly increases the methanol conversion. The methanol conversion is also improved by decreasing the Reynolds number or increasing the S/C molar ratio. When the serpentine flow field of the channel is heated either through top plate (Y =1) or the bottom plate (Y =0), we observe a higher degree of methanol conversion for the case with top plate heating. This is due to the stronger chemical reaction for the case with top plate heating.
Here we report a system using ultrathin SnO2 nanosheets with high reactive exposed (110) surface modified gold electrode for sensitive detection of As(III) by Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) with a mild acid condition (pH 5.0). Ultrathin SnO2 nanosheets have been synthesized via a hydrothermal process successfully with the thickness of about 0.52nm (four atomic layers thick). This oxide is used as electrode modifier, and the modified electrode exhibits good performance in stripping determination of As(III). The LOD actually measured is 5μgL−1 and below the guideline value given by the World Health Organization (WHO). As compared with SnO2 bulks, ultrathin SnO2 nanosheets are found to exhibit stronger adsorption capability and better detection performance toward As(III), it may be due to the atomic thickness and extremely huge percentage of (110) facet ultrathin nanosheets materials exposed. Finally, this system is successfully applied for the analysis of a real sample collected from Inner Mongolia, China. Most importantly, we pose a potential for the use of ultrathin materials to improve the electrochemical performance of bare gold electrode in mild acid condition.
Titanium niobium oxide (TiNb2O7) has been regarded as a promising anode material for high-rate lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to its potential to operate at high rates with improved safety and high theoretical capacity of 387mAhg−1. Herein, three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) TiNb2O7 composed of interconnected single-crystalline nanoparticles was prepared using polystyrene (PS) colloidal crystals as a hard template. The final product yields a homogeneous, continuous, and effective honeycomb-like construction. This architecture provides facile Li+ insertion/extraction and fast electron transfer pathway, enabling high-performance lithium ion pseudocapacitive behavior, leading to good electrochemical performance. As a result, the 3DOM-TiNb2O7 shows a remarkable rate capability (120mAhg−1 at 50C) and durable long-term cyclability (82% capacity retention over 1000 cycles at 10C). The work presented herein holds great promise for future design of material structure, and demonstrates the great potential of TiNb2O7 as a practical high-rate anode material for LIBs.
Tobacco smoke is the leading preventable cause of death in the world and treatments aimed to increase success rate in smoking cessation by reducing nicotine dependence are sought. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) by synthetic or endogenous agonists was shown to suppress nicotine-induced activation of mesolimbic dopamine system, one of the major neurobiological substrates of nicotine dependence, and nicotine-seeking behavior in rats and monkeys. An alternative indirect way to activate PPARα is inhibition of N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA), one of the major hydrolyzing enzyme for its endogenous agonists palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA). We synthetized a novel specific brain permeable NAAA inhibitor, AM11095. We administered AM11095 to rats and carried out brain lipid analysis, a functional observational battery (FOB) to assess toxicity, in vivo electrophysiological recording from dopamine cells in the ventral tegmental area, brain microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens shell and behavioral experiments to assess its effect on nicotine -induced conditioned place preference (CPP). AM11095 (5 and 25 mg/kg, i.p.) was devoid of neurotoxic and behavioral effects and did not affect motor behavior and coordination. This NAAA inhibitor (5 mg/kg i.p.) increased OEA and PEA levels in the hippocampus and cortex, prevented nicotine-induced activation of mesolimbic dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area, nicotine-induced elevation of dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens shell and decreased the expression of nicotine CPP. Our results indicate that NAAA inhibitors represent a new class of pharmacological tools to modulate brain PEA/PPARα signalling and show potential in the treatment of nicotine dependence.
We examine the use of the random walk hypothesis on the BRICS stock indices. Our examination of the stock indices uses a recently developed wavelet-based unit root test by Fan and Gençay (2010) along with a battery of unit root tests. We also examine the sensitivity of the wavelet-based unit root test. Our wavelet-based unit root tests show evidence that rejects the null of the unit root for all of the BRICS countries except for the Russian Federation. Hence, the tests provide support for the predictability of stock market indices in these economies on the basis of historical information. However, there is a need for caution because the results are based on a relatively small sample of only 11years of monthly observations.
In this paper, high performance supercapacitor based on electrochemical reduced graphene oxide (ERGO)-polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite film was prepared in facile two steps. ERGO sheets synthesized on surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by an effective and environment-friendly electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO), followed PANI formed on ERGO surface via cyclic voltammetry electrodeposition at potential window −0.20 to 0.80V at a scan rate of 50mVs−1. Electrochemical results indicate that ERGO-PANI nanocomposites exhibit a good capacitance performance with maximum specific capacitance of 1084 Fg−1, and high specific energy density of 53.12Wh kg−1 with specific power density of 500.61W kg−1 at a current density of 3.22mAcm−2 in 1M H2SO4 aqueous solution. Improved electrochemical performance of the nanocomposites arises from synergistic combination of electrically conductive ERGO and highly capacitive behavior of PANI. Therefore, the ERGO-PANI nanocomposite electrodes are promising candidate for application in energy storage devices. Moreover, the products have been successfully characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformation spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Perylene based dilithium salt of N,N'-bis (glycinyl) perylene diimide (Li2-PDI) was synthesized and studied as an electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. The CH2 COOLi functionalization of perylene diimide is a simple strategy to mitigate the dissolution of the monomer in the electrolyte. The Li2-PDI electrode exhibits excellent capacity retention behaviour and delivers a stable specific capacity of 101mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 17mAg−1, which is 98% of theoretical specific capacity. A remarkably stable capacity of 87mAhg−1 was observed even after 1000 cycles with 100% coulombic efficiency at a current density of 200mAg−1. The reversible electrochemical lithiation/delithiation mechanism of Li2-PDI was studied by ex-situ XRD and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques.
Si nanostructures with high surface area are prepared by Ag-assisted chemical etching, and then employed as an anode material for lithium ion batteries. The use of the surface-modified Si, which has four times higher surface area than its pristine counterpart, leads to the enhancement of electrochemical performance characteristics such as discharge capacity and coulombic efficiency. In order to optimize the electrode constituents, two different binders, poly-vinylidine difluoride (PVdF) and polyimide (PI), are evaluated on the basis of electrochemical and physical tests. In-situ dilatometer and nano-indentation studies during repeated charging and discharging cycles for the different binders reveal more stability and recuperative capability against physical stress with the PI binder than with the PVdF. The optimized active structure combined with the film-like binder plays an important role in enhancing the electrochemical performance.
The recent rapid development of soft electronics and wearable technology has demanded materials with the function of combining mechanical deformation and electronics. Particularly, materials simultaneously having memory shape characteristics in which mechanical deformation repeatedly occurs in response to stimulus, high stretchability and excellent electric/heat transfer characteristics are interesting actuator materials in future applications. As a stretchable and conductive platform, we fabricated a reentrant micro-honeycomb structure from graphene-CNT, which had structural stretchability due to the accordion-like reentrant structure and continuous conductive paths in the vertical and horizontal directions. To impart shape memory properties, we fabricated composites by simply infiltrating shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) into a stable graphene/CNT framework. Our resulting reentrant micro-honeycomb graphene-CNT/SMPU composites simultaneously exhibited a relatively low resistivity of 5 Ω cm, a change in resistance of less than 10% in the 50% stretching/releasing states, long term stability, and superior tensile shape memory properties, including 95.6% shape fixity and a 90.6% recovery ratio. Regularly distributed graphene-CNT structures offer heterogeneous nucleation sites and undisturbed crystal growth in neat SMPU pillars, resulting in superior shape memory properties. We also constructed a circuit with portable batteries to demonstrate that our reentrant graphene-CNT/SMPU composite offers potential applications as an emergency circuit breaker.
Bi and tri metalic oxides based on Mn, Pb and Co composite catalysts were prepared by oxidation of metal acetates with KMnO4. The structure of the catalysts was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). It is found that the Mn2Pb2CoOx catalyst has amorphous structure and contains various oxides of Mn, Pb and Co. Electrocatalytic activity of catalysts in 6M KOH was studied using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and polarization. Cyclic Voltammetry plot of Mn2Pb2CoOx catalyst showed higher electrocatalytic activity towards the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) compared to other tri and bimetallic composite catalysts. The kinetics of ORR on the catalysts was investigated using the rotating disk electrode technique in 6M KOH solution. From the slope of Koutecky–Levich plots, it is evident that the ORR on Mn2Pb2CoOx is a 4-electron transfer process. With these inherent features, the zinc–air battery was fabricated using various catalysts and their performance was examined for practical applications.
An important step in the analysis of liquid water distributions in high resolution tomographies of PEMFCs is the segmentation of water and cell materials. This is conducted via subtraction of the dry from the operated state of the cells. The morphology of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) slightly changes due to membrane swelling at high humidification that makes quantification of water amounts hardly possible and leads to artifacts and false water detection. Here we present a computational algorithm identifying the changes in GDL morphology via local shift detection of the tomographic data sets that allows for an optimal quantification of water amounts. We compare the technique with typical global alignment methods. The results reveal huge errors in water quantification of up to 50% for the global alignment method that can be mostly avoided by using the presented technique. The morphology correction algorithm can basically be applied to many research fields, where operando measurements are important. This applies for a wide variety of materials employed in most types of fuel cells, electrolyzer cells, batteries and hydrogen storage systems.
Membranes with low ethanol crossover were prepared aiming their application for direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC). They were based on (1) sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) coated with carbon molecular sieves (CMS) and (2) on SPEEK/PI homogeneous blends. The membranes were characterized concerning their water and ethanol solution uptake, water and ethanol permeability in pervaporation experiments and their performance in DEFC tests. The ethanol permeabilities for the CMS-coated (180nm and 400nm thick layers) SPEEK were 8.5 and 3.1×10−10 kgms−1 m−2 and for the homogeneous SPEEK/PI blends membranes with 10, 20 and 30wt.% of PI were 4.4, 1.0 and 0.4×10−10 kgms−1 m−2 respectively, which is 2- to 50-fold lower than that for plain SPEEK (19×10−10 kgms−1 m−2). Particularly the SPEEK/PI membranes had substantially better performance than Nafion 117® membranes in DEFC tests at 60°C and 90°C.
Ongoing climate change affects complex and long-lived infrastructures like electricity systems. Particularly for decarbonized electricity systems based on variable renewable energies, there is a variety of impact mechanisms working differently in size and direction. Main impacts for Europe include changes in wind and solar resources, hydro power, cooling water availability for thermoelectric generation and electricity demand. Hence, it is not only important to understand the total effects, i.e., how much welfare may be gained when accounting for climate change impacts in all dimensions, but also to disentangle various effects in terms of their marginal contribution to the potential welfare loss. This paper applies a two-stage modeling framework to assess very strong climate change impacts on a cost-optimally decarbonized, highly renewables-based European electricity system. Thereby, the performance of two electricity system design strategies – one based on no anticipation of climate change and one anticipating impacts of climate change – is studied under a variety of climate change impacts. Impacts on wind and solar resources are found to cause the largest system effects in 2100. Combined climate change impacts increase system costs of a system designed without climate change anticipation due to increased fuel and carbon permit costs. Applying a system design strategy with climate change anticipation increases the cost-optimal share of variable renewable energy based on additional wind offshore capacity in 2100, at a reduction in nuclear, wind onshore and solar photovoltaics capacity. Compared to a no anticipation strategy, total system costs are reduced.
P2-structure sodium manganese oxide is synthesized by a facile reduction reaction. We provide new data on the direct use of sodium manganese oxide instead of lithium analogues as a low-cost electrode for lithium/sodium hybrid ion batteries after an ion-exchange process. Ion exchange occurs in sodium manganese oxide through the electrolyte during cell stabilization, as observed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The self ion-exchanged material delivers a high discharge capacity of 195 mA h g−1 and a stable plateau at 3.0 V for 50 cycles with stable cyclability. In-situ X-ray diffraction and ex-situ X-ray absorption near edge structure studies also confirm reversible redox reactions and stable structural changes. The ex-situ inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy analysis verifies that residual sodium ions in the structure act as pillars during cycling.
In this work, BiOCl nanosheets with and without surface bismuth vacancy (VBi-BiOCl and BiOCl) are prepared by a simple hydrothermal method. The formation of surface bismuth vacancy is confirmed mainly by XPS, EPR, PL, and UV-DRS. It is found that although BiOCl has a higher BET area (16m2g−1) and a lower electrical resistance (2.62Ω) than VBi-BiOCl (4m2g−1, 6.33Ω), the specific capacitance (23.6 mF cm−2) of VBi-BiOCl is 3.4 times higher than that (6.9 mF cm−2) of BiOCl at 0.5mAcm−2. However, the improved capacitance has been mainly attributed to the formation of surface bismuth vacancies, which could provide excess electrochemically adsorption sites for Na (I) ions. This finding is obviously different from conventional viewpoint that the available electrochemically active surface and electrical conductance are usually regarded as the crucial factors for the electrochemical performance. Hence, this work provides a new idea to develop excellent electrode materials.
This test determines the adhesion of a coating by measuring the tensile stress needed to remove a test dolly from the coating. A continuous pressure build-up of 1 MPa per second is recommended and the test should also be completed within 90 seconds. This can only be guaranteed by using an automatic adhesion gauge such as the Elcometer 510. This device is portable and easy to use. It provides an accurate numeric figure for the coating adhesion (in MPa, psi, N/mm2 or N) and records the increase in load over time in the form of a graph.
In this work, Li2SiO3, a layer-structured fast Li+-ion conductor with three-dimensional Li+ paths, has been firstly introduced into LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 to form novel cathode composites of (1-x)LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4·xLi2SiO3 via a citric acid-assisted sol-gel method. The effects of Li2SiO3 on the phase structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of the materials were investigated. As x increases, the structure and electrochemical properties of the materials are tailored. The cathode material with x=0.10 delivers ultrahigh initial discharge capacity ∼150.3mAhg−1, which is 24.4% larger than that of the pristine LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (120.8mAhg−1). The Li2SiO3-composited LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 materials present an enhanced cycling stability, better rate performance and lower charge transfer resistance. These excellent electrochemical properties indicate that the compositing of fast Li+-ion conductor Li2SiO3 is an effective method to enhance the electrochemical performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4-based cathode materials.