batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In order to prevent positive grid corrosion and to obtain a long life for positive electrodes of lead-acid batteries, a conductive and corrosion resistant SnO2 (tin dioxide) layer was formed on a Ti (titanium) substrate by a conventional dip-coating method. However, it is impossible to apply this method to a Pb (lead) substrate, because the dip-coating method needs a calcination process, at a temperature higher (conventionally from 450 to 600°C) than the melting point of Pb (T m: 327°C). For this reason, an SnO2 layer to protect the substrate against passivation and/or corrosion was formed on Ti and/or Pb electrodes by applying sputtering, a method which is often used in the production of semiconductors. This improved electrode, with an SnO2 layer, was not corroded at all, even though the thickness of the SnO2 layer was only about 15μm. The biggest problem of the SnO2 layer is that it dissolves in sulfuric acid when the positive electrode is polarized below 0.5V (versus Pb/PbSO4). This suggests that this electrode should not be subjected to deep discharge.
Two experiments tested the common assumption that knowing the letter names helps children learn basic letter-sound (grapheme–phoneme) relation because most names contain the relevant sounds. In Experiment 1 (n=45), children in an experimental group learned English letter names for letter-like symbols. Some of these names contained the corresponding letter sounds, whereas others did not. Following training, children were taught the sounds of these same “letters.” Control children learned the same six letters, but with meaningful real-word labels unrelated to the sounds learned in the criterion letter-sound phase. Differences between children in the experimental and control groups indicated that letter-name knowledge had a significant impact on letter-sound learning. Furthermore, letters with names containing the relevant sound facilitated letter-sound learning, but not letters with unrelated names. The benefit of letter-name knowledge was found to depend, in part, on skill at isolating phonemes in spoken syllables. A second experiment (n=20) replicated the name-to-sound facilitation effect with a new sample of kindergarteners who participated in a fully within-subject design in which all children learned meaningless pseudoword names for letters and with phoneme class equated across related and unrelated conditions.
Commercial vehicle fleets are in many ways an attractive entry for electric vehicles into the transport system. In total, 174 electric vehicles have operated in commercial vehicle fleets and gathered socio-technical data over a period of 18months, resulting in 302,000 all electric kilometres. This paper presents two perspectives regarding electric vehicle operations in commercial vehicle fleets – the functionality perspective, illustrated by the vehicle actions, and the user perspective that addresses the implementation of the task. The socio-technical analysis has resulted in four major findings. With time, the overall usage and the driving distance between charging occasions increase. It is not the passage of time that has influenced this behaviour but it may be explained as the result of accumulated experience. Swedish winter conditions show regression in usage, foremost due to users not familiar with the range reduction caused by the heating system. The need for public charging has been shown to be modest, which in an introductory phase with limited development of charging infrastructure, makes commercial vehicle fleets favourable to electrify over private vehicle fleets. According to deployment strategy, the different user groups’ ability to incorporate the electric vehicles in their daily activities has been explored and this paper shows large potential for substituting traditional internal combustion engine vehicles within commercial vehicle fleets. Electric vehicles have been made available through a technology procurement scheme and have generated both kilometres and experience, which has come to increase the understanding of the usage of electric vehicles in commercial vehicle fleets.
CoMn layered double hydroxides (CoMn-LDH) are promising electrode materials for supercapacitors because of their excellent cyclic stability. However, they possess relatively low capacitances. In this work, hybrid CoMn-LDH@MnO2 products grown on Ni foams were obtained through a facile hydrothermal method. The as-synthesized samples employed as electrodes deliver a specific capacitance of 2325.01 F g−1 at 1 A g−1. An assembled asymmetric supercapacitor using these products as positive electrodes shows a maximum energy density of 59.73 W h kg−1 at 1000.09 W kg−1. The prominent electrochemical performance of the as-prepared electrodes could be attributes to hierarchical structures. These findings suggest that hybrid structures might be potential alternatives for future flexible energy storage devices.
Ultrathin hydrated vanadium pentoxide (V2O5·nH2O) nanosheets are fabricated via a water based exfoliation technique. The exfoliation process involves reflux of the precursor, 1:4 mixture of VO2 and V2O5, in water at 80°C for 24h. Operando and ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies are conducted to follow the structural changes during the exfoliation process. The chemical and thermal analyses suggest that the molecular formula of the nanosheet is H 0.2 V 1.8 V V 0.2 IV O 5 ⋅ 0.5 H 2 O . The V2O5·nH2O nanosheets are mixed with 10% of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MW-CNT) to form a composite material assigned as (VOx-CNT). Free standing electrodes (FSE) and conventionally casted electrodes (CCE) of VOx-CNT are fabricated and then tested as a positive electrode material for lithium batteries. The FSE shows reversible capacities of 300 and 97 mAhg-1 at current densities of 10 and 200 mAhg-1, respectively. This is better than earlier reports for free-standing electrodes. The CCE delivers discharge capacities of 175 and 93 mAhg-1 at current densities of 10 and 200 mAhg-1, respectively.
We compared six cases of congenital prosopagnosia to unimpaired participants using standardized test batteries, tailormade experimental paradigms, and clinical questionnaires. Every prosopagnosic participant displayed deficits in recognizing famous faces and retaining novel faces over short periods of time. Other aspects of face perception such as judgment of emotional expression, speech reading and memory for faces and names were impaired to a lesser degree or only in single cases. No evidence was found for general visual deficits or social dysfunctions. Two of our six cases are first order relatives, and a further three report first-order relatives suffering from prosopagnosic symptoms. The results are in line with the idea of a genetic component to congenital prosopagnosia.
The electronic and local atomic structural characterization of a promising cathode material, LiFe0.4Mn0.6PO4, for a lithium rechargeable battery was performed by in situ X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) on both Mn and Fe K-edges. Upon delithiation, the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra analysis showed that the Fe2+/Fe3+ electrochemical reaction was two times faster than that of Mn2+/Mn3+. The Fe and Mn K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra were effectively altered with different spectral behaviors for the local atomic structure near Fe and Mn during delithiation. Alternatively, the EXAFS spectra of LiFePO4 changed significantly and those of LiMnPO4 were constant through all delithiations for the corresponding reference materials of LiFePO4 and LiMnPO4. The present study with XAFS characterization demonstrates that initially delithiated Fe-rich domains at 3.5V can promote more effective local structural change of the neighboring Mn-rich domains during the next second plateau at 4.1V, which can ease delithiation in the Mn-rich domains through more flexible reaction of the local structure in the Mn octahedra.
In this work, ZnO-ZnFe2O4 composite hollow microspheres are synthesized firstly through a facile chemical liquid method combined with the subsequent calcination processing. After the tight decoration of three dimensional graphene sheets under the assistance of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide surfactant, the as-harvested graphene encapsulated ZnO-ZnFe2O4 composite hollow microspheres, as an anode for lithium ion batteries, deliver a relative high reversible capacity of 625mA h g−1 after discharged/charged 300 times at 100mAg−1 and a decent specific capacity of 461mA h g−1 even at a large current density of 1000mAg−1. The modification of three dimensional graphene sheets and the well-dispersed ZnFe2O4, as well as special hollow configuration are responsible for the outstanding electrochemical properties of ZnO-based composite microspheres.
We examined the expression of the mouse complement component C1rA (mC1rA) in IFN-γ-stimulated mouse keratinocytes (Pam 212) and found that it was upregulated. To analyze the mechanism involved, we cloned the 2,150bp 5′-flanking region of mC1rA by the vectorette-PCR technique, and identified the transcription start site of mC1rA by rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends. Analysis of the 5′ sequence revealed putative binding sites for activator protein 1, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1), IFN-regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1), and others. We detected transcriptional activation dependent on this upstream region in reporter gene assays and Northern blots. To identify the cis-acting regulatory elements involved, we analyzed serial deletion constructs of the promoter using luciferase reporters. The -80 to -19bp region, which contains a putative IRF-1 binding site, was required for both basal promoter activity and responses to IFN-γ. The use of site-directed point mutations, electrophoresis mobility shift assays, and supershift assays indicated that the putative IRF-1 binding site was essential for both IFN-γ-dependent and -independent transcriptional activity of the mC1rA promoter. We conclude that IFN-γ stimulates mC1rA gene expression via IRF-1 in mouse keratinocytes.
To achieve a successful increase in the plug-in battery electric vehicle (BEV) market, it is anticipated that a significant improvement in battery performance is required to increase the range that BEVs can travel and the rate at which they can be recharged. While the range that BEVs can travel on a single recharge is improving, the recharge rate is still much slower than the refueling rate of conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. To achieve comparable recharge times, we explore the vehicle considerations of charge rates of at least 400 kW. Faster recharge is expected to significantly mitigate the perceived deficiencies for long-distance transportation, to provide alternative charging in densely populated areas where overnight charging at home may not be possible, and to reduce range anxiety for travel within a city when unplanned charging may be required. This substantial increase in charging rate is expected to create technical issues in the design of the battery system and the vehicle's electrical architecture that must be resolved. This work focuses on vehicle system design and total recharge time to meet the goals of implementing improved charge rates and the impacts of these expected increases on system voltage and vehicle components.
α-Fe2O3 fine particles have been prepared by a mechanochemical process and a solution process. α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with aggregates composed of the several tens nm primary particles were produced by the mechanochemical process. The nanoparticles were applied to the electrode as an active material for all-solid-state lithium batteries and the electrochemical properties of the cell were investigated. Typical charge–discharge curves, as seen in the liquid type cell using the α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles as an electrode were observed in the all-solid-state cell. The first discharge capacity of the cell of about 780mAhg−1 was, however, smaller than the capacity of a cell using α-Fe2O3 particles prepared by the solution process, which were monodispersed particles of 250nm without aggregates. In order to develop electrochemical performance of all-solid-state batteries, it is important to use the electrode particles without aggregation which lead to the formation of good solid–solid interface between active material and solid electrolyte particles.C
As a new approach to the development of advanced Li/air batteries, a carbon-sphere/Co3O4 nanocomposite is introduced as a catalyst for the air electrode. Co3O4 nanoparticles are dispersed homogeneously on the surface of carbon spheres in an attempt to increase the carbon/catalyst contact area acting as the catalytic active site during the electrochemical reaction. A high discharge capacity, relatively stable reversibility, and low overpotential are observed in electrochemical tests of an electrode containing this carbon-sphere/Co3O4 nanocomposite. This indicates that the carbon-sphere/Co3O4 composite is a promising catalyst for the air electrode of Li/air batteries.
Phase change materials (PCM) cooling has been considered as the most potential alternative to traditional battery thermal management (BTM) technology, but significant challenges remain: PCM leakage, poor mechanical properties and low surface heat transfer capability between PCM and the external environment. Here, we develop a BTM technology based on the ternary composite materials of expanded graphite (EG), paraffin (PA) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) coupled with low fins. The as-doped LDPE framework can not only enhance the mechanical molding property but also prevent PA leakage to a great extent. Coupling with low fins endows the entire BTM system with high surface heat transfer capability. For instance, the as-prepared LDPE/EG/PA composite PCM shows much better mechanical properties and cooling effect in comparison to EG/PA composite and air cooling, respectively. After coupling with low fins, the as-constructed PCM-based battery module presents excellent heat dissipation performance, keeping the battery pack working under the safety temperature of 50°C and temperature difference of 5°C for lithium-ion power batteries, even at an extremely high discharge rate of 3.5C.
Rechargeable hybrid aqueous batteries (ReHABs) were constructed from LiMn2O4 cathode, aqueous electrolyte containing ZnSO4 and Li2SO4, and polished zinc foil anode. Cyclability data were obtained from a Neware battery tester and the data were modeled by the particle filter method. This method exhibits superior performance in both tracking and predicting the cyclability behavior of ReHABs. Data from both Swagelok and coin cells are modeled successfully and the results show that the non-linear term in the model of Swagelok batteries is larger than that in the model of coin cells. This nonlinear term is varied versus battery types. This fact shows the versatility of the particle filter method in modeling different types of batteries. This finding is crucial because it proves the suitability of particle filter method as a promising candidate in the evaluation of battery cycle life, without the need for running batteries till the end of life, which may take up to a few thousands of cycles and last for several months or years.
Lithium-ion cells show highly anisotropic thermal properties due to the different layers of the electrodes. This leads to high thermal gradients and a nonuniform temperature distribution inside the cell which affects the local current densities as well as the local charge carrier distribution. These inhomogeneities lead to reduced performance, local aging differences inside the cell and an accelerated global cell aging process. This work investigates the effect of a terminal and a surface cooling configuration on the thermal gradients inside a cylindrical 26650 LiFePO4/graphite cell. Three integrated NTC thermistors measure the core temperature at different locations and enable the determination of the thermal gradients during the operation. Alternating current pulses heat up the cell without varying the average state of charge and therefore enable the operation in the thermal steady state for different investigated cooling capacities. The calculation of the generated heat flow and the cooling capacity allows the comparison of the thermal gradients between both cooling configurations. The terminal cooling configuration reduces the radial temperature gradients inside the cell compared to the surface cooling configuration without strongly increasing the axial temperature gradients. Even for increasing cooling capacities the radial thermal gradients show no increase.
Much attention has been focused on the research of structural health monitoring (SHM), since it could increase the safety and reduce the maintenance costs of engineering structures. In recent years, wireless sensor network (WSN) has been explored for adoption to improve the centralized cable-based SHM system performances. This paper presents a multi-agent design method and system evaluation for wireless sensor network based structural health monitoring to validate the efficiency of the multi-agent technology. Through the cooperation of six different agents for SHM applications, the distributed wireless sensor network can automatically allocate SHM tasks, self-organize the sensor network and aggregate different sensor information. In the evaluation work, the strain gauge and PZT sensors are used to monitor strain distribution change and joint failure of an experimental aluminum plate structure. A dedicated sensor network platform including the wireless strain node, wireless PZT node and wireless USB station is designed for the evaluation system. Based on the hardware platform, the multi-agents software architecture is defined. The multi-agent monitoring principle and implementation in the validation work for two typical kinds of structure states are presented. This paper shows the efficiency of the multi-agent technology for WSN based the SHM applications on the large aircraft structures.
Scientists at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, MD have developed an inexpensive sensor that can warn of impending catastrophic failure in lithium-ion batteries.
Quality is a polyvalent concept, which transcends the desire to obtain economic benefits through an ethical manner, aiming not only for entrepreneurship, but also for social and environmental concerns. Basically, the interest falls upon the convergence of social responsibility with quality and also the management commitment to a new way of making a business successful. Social responsibility is an extensive topic, but also a part of the organizational culture of the company. In this context, top management objectives should target to maximize the positive impact, which the company has on society, and to minimize the negative effects. The consequences of such an approach can only be good for business, both financially and morally. The purpose of this article is to present a way for each company in order to promote equally quality and social responsibility as two essential components in ensuring a sustainable future for everyone.
Publisher Summary The corpus callosum is the major structure of the human brain that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. It is a broadband of more than 200 million nerve fibers that provide the main route for transfer and integration of information between the two hemispheres. The chapter discusses that studies of brain lateralization suggest each hemisphere of the brain performs specialized functions. Many individuals with agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) exhibit developmental delays and have other concurrent conditions. The therapeutic and service needs of each individual change over time and vary from person to person. Depending on the person, the delays or abnormalities are observed in areas such as behavior, cognition, speech/language, social, or motor development and involve difficulties with daily living and school. The corpus callosum provides the means for integrating the information from each hemisphere to perceive, comprehend, and act fully upon sensory input. Although there are other smaller commissures in the brain, those are comprised of significantly fewer nerve fibers than the corpus callosum. Thus, absence of the corpus callosum is considered a major brain anomaly.
Cubic lithium-stuffed garnets of the type Li7La3Zr2O12 have been successfully stabilized by incorporation of gallium. The materials have been prepared by a sol-gel procedure with final calcination at 1085°C for 6h. Under the applied synthesis conditions, 0.3mole of gallium ions (per mole of Li7La3Zr2O12) were sufficient to fully stabilize the cubic garnet-type phase. Increasing the fraction of gallium led to significant improvement of sinterability and lithium ion conductivity. Excess gallium ions, in the form of LiGaO2, act as a sintering aid and reside exclusively at the grain boundaries. The gallium-modified garnets showed conductivities up to 5.4×10−4 Scm−1 at 20°C, and activation energies in the range 0.32–0.37eV.
ABSTRACT The energy density of carbon based supercapacitors (CBSCs) was significantly increased by the addition of an inorganic redox species [Ce2(SO4)3] to an aqueous electrolyte (H2SO4). The development of the faradaic processes on the positive electrode not only significantly increased the capacitance but also the operational cell voltage of these devices (up to 1.5V) due to the high redox potentials at which the Ce3+/Ce4+ reactions occur. Therefore, in asymmetric CBSCs assembled using an activated carbon as negative electrode and MWCNTs as the positive one, the addition of Ce2(SO4)3 moderately increases the energy density of the device (from 1.24Whkg−1 to 5.08Whkg−1). When a modified graphite felt is used as positive electrode the energy density of the cell reaches values as high as 13.84Whkg−1. The resultant systems become asymmetric hybrid devices where energy is stored due to the electrical double layer formation in the negative electrode and the development of the faradaic process in the positive electrode, which acts as a battery-type electrode.
The protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes have long been established as critical for synaptic plasticity. However, it is unknown whether Ca2+-dependent PKC isozymes are activated in dendritic spines during plasticity and, if so, how this synaptic activity is encoded by PKC. Here, using newly developed, isozyme-specific sensors, we demonstrate that classical isozymes are activated to varying degrees and with distinct kinetics. PKCα is activated robustly and rapidly in stimulated spines and is the only isozyme required for structural plasticity. This specificity depends on a PDZ-binding motif present only in PKCα. The activation of PKCα during plasticity requires both NMDA receptor Ca2+ flux and autocrine brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)–TrkB signaling, two pathways that differ vastly in their spatiotemporal scales of signaling. Our results suggest that, by integrating these signals, PKCα combines a measure of recent, nearby synaptic plasticity with local synaptic input, enabling complex cellular computations such as heterosynaptic facilitation of plasticity necessary for efficient hippocampus-dependent learning.