batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
As concerns of oil depletion and security of supply remain as severe as ever, and faced with the consequences of climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions, Europe is increasingly looking at alternatives to traditional road transport technologies. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are seen as a promising technology, which could lead to the decarbonisation of the Light Duty Vehicle fleet and to independence from oil. However it still has to overcome some significant barriers to gain social acceptance and obtain appreciable market penetration. This review evaluates the technological readiness of the different elements of BEV technology and highlights those technological areas where important progress is expected. Techno-economic issues linked with the development of BEVs are investigated. Current BEVs in the market need to be more competitive than other low carbon vehicles, a requirement which stimulates the necessity for new business models. Finally, the all-important role of politics in this development is, also, discussed. As the benefit of BEVs can help countries meet their environmental targets, governments have included them in their roadmaps and have developed incentives to help them penetrate the market.
The Li3V2(PO4)3/C cathode materials are synthesized by a simple solid-state reaction process using stearic acid as both reduction agent and carbon source. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observations show that the Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite synthesized at 700°C has uniform particle size distribution and fine carbon coating. The Li3V2(PO4)3/C shows a high initial discharge capacity of 130.6 and 124.4mAhg−1 between 3.0 and 4.3V, and 185.9 and 140.9mAhg−1 between 3.0 and 4.8V at 0.1 and 5C, respectively. Even at a charge–discharge rate of 15C, the Li3V2(PO4)3/C still can deliver a discharge capacity of 103.3 and 112.1mAhg−1 in the potential region of 3.0–4.3V and 3.0–4.8V, respectively. Based on the analysis of cyclic voltammograms and electrochemical impedance spectra, the apparent diffusion coefficients of Li ions in the composites are in the region of 1.09×10−9 and 4.95×10−8 cm2 s−1.
An integrated model of thermodynamics and first-principles calculation was developed. The Gibbs free energy of the nanograin boundaries in the nanocrystalline α-Li2C2 system was calculated as a function of temperature and grain size, and the electronic structures at the surface and in the interior of the nanograin were analyzed. The modeling results show that when the grain size is smaller than a critical value, the nanocrystalline α-Li2C2 has higher thermodynamic stability than the conventional polycrystalline counterpart. The analysis of the electronic structure indicates that the nanocrystalline α-Li2C2 can have good performance in the lithiation/delithiation processes. The structure of the delithiated phase and the optimal theoretical capacity were further predicted by the model. On the other hand, the conventional polycrystalline and nanocrystalline α-Li2C2 were prepared and the electrochemical tests were performed. As compared with the conventional polycrystalline α-Li2C2, the nanocrystalline α-Li2C2 has a larger discharge capacity and much higher cycling stability as the cathode material, which confirms the model predictions. The results of model prediction and experimental identification propose that the nanocrystalline α-Li2C2 is a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.
On-board autothermal reforming, which had been intended for mobile fuel cell applications, has evolved into exhaust gas reforming—a technology that could make it more difficult for the internal combustion engine to be displaced. Among the technical barriers that prevented implementation of fuel cell drivetrains based on autothermal reforming was the integration of several chemical processes into an energy- and space-efficient system with a high degree of heat management. By contrast, an exhaust gas reformer bears much more resemblance to the passive catalytic converters used for exhaust-gas after treatment, except that it is located in a recirculation loop close to the engine. When the reactions are predominantly endothermic, the reformer recovers waste heat and generates reformate with a higher fuel heating value than that of the fuel it consumes. The reformate does not need any further treatment, but can be fed directly to the engine, where it will have an additional impact on fuel economy by acting as a gas-phase combustion promoter. On-board reforming also increases the number of potential after treatment options, some of which are substantially improved by the addition of hydrogen.
Silicon is a promising candidate for negative electrodes due to its high theoretical specific capacity (~ 3579 mA h g−1) and low lithiation potential (~ 0.40 V vs. Li). However, its practical applications in battery have been inhibited by the large volume change (~ 400%) induced by Li+-insertion into Si lattices. Here, we attempt to resolve this issue at a fundamental level, and report for the first time a novel liquid metal (LM)-mediated spontaneous repairing conductive-additive-free Si anode for Li-ion battery. The fluidity of LM ensures the eternal contact between Si and the conducting-network during its repeated electrochemical reactions. The as-prepared nano-composite of LM/Si leads to superior performances as characterized by high capacity utilization (2300 mA h g−1 at 500 mA g−1), long-term stability (968 mA h g−1 after 1500 charge-discharge cycles at 8 A g−1 with 81.3% retention), high rate capability (360 mA h g−1 at 20 A g−1, equivalence of 55 C, or full charge/discharge in 65 s), and, in particular, an extra-ordinarily high initial coulombic efficiency (95.92%), which is not only the highest reported for Si to the best of our knowledge, but also higher than the mature graphitic carbon anodes. The unique approach described in this work not only resolves the basic stress challenges faced by the promising but often problematic alloy-type materials; in broader context it also provides a universal inspiration to all electrode materials whose electric properties suffer from extreme mechanic upheavals induced by the electrochemical strains during the cell reactions.
Metal organic framework-derived carbons (MOFDCs) have great potential as electrochemical energy storage materials due to their large surface areas and highly tunable pore structures. In this work, two MOFDCs are tested as sodium-ion battery anode materials and their charge storage mechanisms compared. MOF5 (Zn4O(1,4-benzodicarboxylate)3) and ZIF8 (Zn(2-methylimidazole)2) were used as sacrificial templates and pyrolyzed to yield highly porous, structurally-robust carbons with high surface areas (MOF5DC and ZIF8DC). Undoped ZIF8DC was tested for the first time as a sodium-ion battery anode to enable comparison of MOFDC charge storage mechanisms based solely on carbon structure. Half-cell discharge tests at C/2 attain capacity values of 227 and 107 mAh/g for MOF5DC and undoped ZIF8DC, respectively. Cycling stability testing confirms the structural robustness of the MOFDC materials, with the anodes retaining between 84 and 89% capacity over 66 cycles. Discharge profiles for both materials indicate that the primary storage mechanism of MOF5DC and ZIF8DC anodes is adsorption at defect sites. A comparison of half-cell discharge, cycling rate, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements suggests that MOF5DC also demonstrates some nanopore filling mechanisms. A comparison of Na+ ion diffusion coefficients for MOF5DC and ZIF8DC indicates that an MOF structure with increased pore size may improve capacity and rate performance of MOFDCs as anode materials for sodium-ion battery cell applications.
In this cross-sectional study, we investigated whether the combination of the presence of callous-unemotional (CU) traits and emotional deficits to distressing stimuli, assessed by a computerized dot-probe task, enhanced the statistical prediction of aggression and delinquency in a sample of 88 detained and predominantly African-American (68%) adolescents (M age = 15.57; SD = 1.28). Overall, self-reported CU traits were associated with self-report measures of aggression and delinquency, but not with official records of arrests. However, there was an interaction between CU traits and emotional deficits for predicting self-reported aggression, self-reported violent delinquency, and a record of violent arrests. Youth high on CU traits and who showed a deficit in their responses to visual depictions of distress showed the highest levels of aggression and violent delinquency.
Li2CoTi3O8 fibers have been synthesized by an electrospinning method and investigated as an anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. The structure and electrochemical properties of the Li2CoTi3O8 fibers were systematically investigated. Characterization of data collected with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy reveal that the Li2CoTi3O8 fibers have an average diameter of 300nm, and the individual fiber is composed of nanoparticles with an average diameter of 48nm. The nanoparticles not only shorten the distance for Li-ions and electrons to transport but also possess good electrodes electronic contact and high surface area. The results of electrochemical measurements show that the as-prepared Li2CoTi3O8 electrode deliver a specific capacity of 388mAhg−1 for the first cycle with an irreversible capacity of 156mAhg−1 and finally remains 237mAhg−1 after 30 cycles at 50mAg−1. Its electrochemical performance at subsequent cycles exhibits high cycling capacity and rate capability.
In this work, effect of Zn doping on the performance of LiMnPO4 is revisited. Samples of pure and Zn-doped LiMnPO4 are synthesized by a new solid-state method, and their structure, morphology and electrochemical behavior are characterized and compared. The results reveal that a small amount of Zn doping (2at.%) is highly beneficial for the performance of LiMnPO4 due to the reduced charge transfer resistance, the increased lithium ion diffusion and phase conversion, but this effect is remarkably traded off at a high level of Zn doping (10at.%). Compared with LiMnPO4, LiMn0.98Zn0.02PO4 has a much higher capacity and a much better rate capability. After 2at.% Zn doping, the discharge capacity increases from 101 to 139mAhg−1 at 0.1C and 56 to 105mAhg−1 at 2C.
Serine carboxypeptidase-like proteins (SCPLs) comprise a large family of protein hydrolyzing enzymes that play roles in multiple cellular processes. During the course of study aimed at elucidating the molecular basis of induced immunity in rice, a gene, OsBISCPL1, encoding a putative SCPL, was isolated and identified. OsBISCPL1 contains a conserved peptidase S10 domain, serine active site and a signal peptide at N-terminus. OsBISCPL1 is expressed ubiquitously in rice, including roots, stems, leaves and spikes. Expression of OsBISCPL1 in leaves was significantly up-regulated after treatments with benzothiadiazole, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and 1-amino cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, and also up-regulated in incompatible interactions between rice and the blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with constitutive expression of OsBISCPL1 were generated and disease resistance assays indicated that the OsBISCPL1-overexpressing plants showed an enhanced disease resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Alternaria brassicicola. Expression levels of defense-related genes, e.g. PR1, PR2, PR5 and PDF1.2, were constitutively up-regulated in transgenic plants as compared with those in wild-type plants. Furthermore, the OsBISCPL1-overexpressing plants also showed an increased tolerance to oxidative stress and up-regulated expression of oxidative stress-related genes. The results suggest that the OsBISCPL1 may be involved in regulation of defense responses against pathogen infection and oxidative stress.
The structural, gaseous phase hydrogen storage, and electrochemical properties of a series of Mn-modified misch-metal based superlattice metal hydride alloys were investigated in part one of this two-part series of papers. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that these alloys are all multi-phased compositions with different abundances of AB2, AB3, A2B7, AB4, and AB5 phases. Substitution of Ni in the B-site by Mn promotes AB5 phase formation and decreases both gaseous phase and electrochemical capacities due to the reduction in the abundance of main hexagonal A2B7 phase. AC impedance and magnetic susceptibility measurement were employed to characterize the surface of Mn-free and Mn-modified alloys and show deterioration in surface catalytic ability as the Mn-content increases. Mn-modification adversely affected misch-metal based superlattice metal hydride alloy properties such as phase homogeneity, capacity, cycle stability, high-rate performance, and surface reaction.
Battery currents in autonomous renewable energy systems (RES) are generally predicted or measured in terms of mean values over intervals of 1min or longer. As a result, battery charge–discharge cycles with periods less than the averaging period are ignored, and the actual battery amperehour (Ah) throughput and resulting battery wear may be seriously underestimated, leading to optimistic prediction of battery lifetime. This paper considers short charge–discharge cycles or microcycles, arising from the characteristics of autonomous renewable energy systems, including generators, regulators, loads, and load inverter. Simulation results are used to show that inverters operating directly from the battery can cause microcycles, resulting in significantly increased battery throughput. Initial experimental results of the effects of microcycles on battery capacity and charging characteristics, and the contributing processes, are discussed.
In this study, PPESK/PVDF/PPESK tri-layer composite separators for lithium-ion batteries were prepared by electrospinning technique. The physical properties, electrochemical performances and thermal properties of composite separators were investigated. Results indicate that PPESK/PVDF/PPESK separator displays good wettability in liquid electrolyte. The electrolyte uptake of PPESK/PVDF/PPESK separator is much higher than that of electrospun PVDF, which leads to higher ionic conductivity of PPESK/PVDF/PPESK separator than PVDF separator. Discharge capacity of the cell assembled with PPESK/PVDF/PPESK separator is increased by 50 % than that with PVDF separator. Initial charge–discharge efficiency and capacity retention property of the cell with PPESK/PVDF/PPESK are better than those with PVDF separator or PPESK separator. In addition, when the mass ratio between PPESK and PVDF resins is increased to 4:3, PPESK/PVDF/PPESK separators show good thermal dimensional stability even thermally treated at 180 °C for 1 h.
In this work, we have successfully synthesized hierarchical ultrathin mesoporous NiMoO4 nanosheets through a simple hydrothermal method for the first time. The electrochemical properties of the as-prepared NiMoO4 nanosheets have been investigated as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Remarkably, the as-prepared NiMoO4 displays a high specific capacitance and excellent rate capability. Even at a high current density of 20Ag−1, it still possesses a specific capacitance up to 1200.5Fg−1, and about 75% of the capacitance is retained as the charge–discharge rate changes from 2 to 20Ag−1. It is noted that a high specific capacitance about 1172.4Fg−1 is obtained after 2000 cycles at a current density of 6Ag−1. These results imply that the hierarchical ultrathin mesoporous NiMoO4 nanosheets could be a promising candidate for high performance supercapacitors.
Again and again, attempts have been made to find correlates of sex/gender differences in the human brain. Despite the insistence with which differences have been stated, empirical results have not been unequivocal: evidence for and against the influence of sex in the makeup of men's and women's brains has been presented. This article focuses on the relevance of sex/gender related differences in fMRI research, especially with regard to language processing. By discussing some crucial criteria from fMRI examinations, we demonstrate the existence of paradigmatic, methodological and statistical defaults that interfere with assessing the presence or absence of sex/gender differences. These criteria are, among others, the use of contrast analyses, the function of the variable sex/gender as a co-item and the “publication bias”. It is argued that dealing with the sex/gender variable will, at least to some degree, inevitably lead to the detection of differences rather than to the detection of similarities.
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), a state of sleep disorder, is characterized by repetitive apnea, chronic hypoxia, oxygen desaturation, and hypercapnia. Previous studies have revealed that intermittent hypoxia (IH) conditions in OSAS patients elicited neuron injury (especially in the hippocampus and cortex), leading to cognitive dysfunction, a significant and extraordinary complication of OSAS patients. The repeated courses of airway collapse and obstruction in OSAS patients resulted in apnea and arousal during sleep, leading to IH and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and subsequently contributing to the development of inflammation. IH-mediated inflammation could further trigger various types of cognitive dysfunction. Many researchers have found that, besides continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment and surgery, anti-inflammatory substances might alleviate IH-induced neurocognitive dysfunction. Clarifying the role of inflammation in IH-mediated cognitive impairment is crucial for potentially valuable therapies and future research in the related domain. The objective of this article was to critically review the relationship between inflammation and cognitive deficits in OSAS.
A three-dimension model is set up to simulate the transport and electrochemical processes in mediator-enhanced solid-state supercapacitors. The roles of mediators are studied in wide ranges of mediator parameters, including concentration, conductivity, and diffusivity. The simulation results are validated using experimental data previously published. The simulation results show that with a concentration of mediators greater than 0.2 mol L−1 and diffusivity of mediators greater than 3 × 10−12 m2 s−1 in electrodes, the charge/discharge behaviours are generally battery-like. The simulation results clearly reveal that if free ions are given off by mediators during the charging process, the specific capacity of the supercapacitors can be increased. The simulation results also indicate that if the diffusivity of mediators in the separator membrane is below 10−12 m2 s−1, the self-discharge of the supercapacitor due to shuttling of the redox species between the electrodes is negligible. Thus, an operational mediator supercapacitor relies on a selective separator membrane and a high diffusivity of mediators in the composite electrodes.
Multi-constraint quality-of-service (QoS) routing has become increasingly important as the Internet evolves to support real-time services. It is well known, however, that optimum multi-constraint QoS routing is computationally complex, and for this reason various heuristics have been proposed for routing in practical situations. Among these methods, those that use a single mixed metric are the most popular. Although mixed metric routing discards potentially useful information, this is compensated for by significant complexity reduction. Exploiting this tradeoff is becoming increasingly important where low complexity designs are desired, such as in battery operated wireless applications. In this paper, novel single mixed metrics for multi-constraint routing are introduced. The proposed techniques have similar complexity compared with existing low complexity methods. Simulation and analytical results are presented which show that it can obtain better performance than comparable techniques in terms of generating feasible routes.
Vertically aligned Nb2O5 nanochannel layers are grown on Nb metal substrates by self-organizing electrochemical anodization in a pure molten o-H3PO4 electrolyte. The capacitive behavior of these structures when used as negative electrodes is investigated in aqueous 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte, in a potential range from −0.2 to −1.25 V vs. SCE. Surface chemistry, morphology and crystallographic features of the Nb2O5 nanochannel electrodes are tailored by adjusting the synthesis parameters, namely anodization time and crystallization temperature, which have a significant effect on the electrode performance. 8 μm thick Nb2O5 nanochannel layers that are converted into orthorhombic phase by crystallization at 450 °C, display a maximized areal capacitance of ∼100 mF cm-2 at a current density of 1 mA cm−2. These electrodes retain 63% of the initial capacitance at 10 mA cm−2 and 81% after 1500 charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 1.3 mA cm−2. Kinetic analysis of the electrochemical results reveals the occurrence of pseudocapacitive and diffusion-controlled processes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy evidences for these structures a low resistance across the electrode and at the electrode/substrate interface. These results are associated with the nanochannel morphology (high active area) of the Nb2O5 layers, and are ascribed to their crystalline nature, which provides an “oriented porosity” for ion diffusion and directional pathways for charge transport and collection.
Attractive approaches based on flexible piezoelectric energy harvesting technology that convert ambient mechanical energies into electrical energy have attracted attention in response to recent progress in the field of flexible electronics technology. Although the harvesters on plastic substrates has shown the feasibility of the piezoelectric energy generation from the repetitive and tiny bending deformations, the complicated fabrication process and size limitations hinder the commercialization of piezoelectric self-powered technology. In this study, all-inkjet-printed flexible piezoelectric energy harvester based on a BaTiO3 hybrid film is demonstrated by adopting only a simple and facile inkjet-printing process. Flexible/large-area piezoelectric hybrid film and Ag electrode layers are printed onto a flexible substrate by only non-contact inkjet process without high temperature annealing and complicated transfer processes. All-inkjet-printed energy harvester converts the periodically mechanical deformations into an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of ~ 7V, a short-circuit current (Isc) of 2.5 μA (corresponding to a current density of 0.21 μA·cm−2), and an effective output power of around 5 μW (corresponding to a power density of 0.42 μW·cm−2). This novel approach provides an innovative platform for self-powered system and inorganic-based flexible electronics.