batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The paper treats investigation of the desulphurization process of damped Pb-paste by Na2CO3 or NaOH. There is determined the effect of Na2CO3 (NaOH) concentration and the liquid–solid phase ratio on the process parameters (degree of desulphurization and degree of Na2CO3 (NaOH) utilization in function of the temperature and process duration). The optimum conditions for carrying out desulphurization of Pb-pastes by Na2CO3 or NaOH are determined in dependence of the used reactors (common reactor with laboratory agitator and rotary reactor of drum type). The content of inclusions in the solutions is examined with the purpose of producing sufficiently pure crystalline Na2SO4 for the industry.
About one third of individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) develop schizophrenia. Notably, a full-blown psychotic disorder is usually preceded by subthreshold symptoms. Therefore, it is important to identify early signs of psychosis in this population, a task that is complicated by the intellectual disabilities typically seen in 22q11.2DS. We aimed to identify subthreshold psychotic symptoms that distinguish 22q11.2DS from other neurodevelopmental disorders. The study included two independent cohorts from Tel Aviv and Philadelphia. 22q11.2DS (N =171) and typically developing (TD; N =832) individuals were enrolled at both sites and further compared to two groups with intellectual disabilities: Williams syndrome (WS; N =21) in the Tel Aviv cohort and idiopathic developmental disabilities (IDD; N =129) in the Philadelphia cohort. Participants and their primary caregivers were interviewed with the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS) and psychopathologies were assessed using standardized tools; general cognitive abilities were assessed with the Computerized Neurocognitive Battery. Negative/disorganized subthreshold syndrome was significantly more common in the 22q11.2DS group than in the WS (OR=3.90, 95% CI=1.34–11.34) or IDD (OR=5.05, 95% CI=3.01–10.08) groups. The 22q11.2DS group had higher scores than the two intellectual disabilities groups on several SIPS negative items, including avolition and decreased expression of emotion. Overall, there were few significant correlations between level of cognitive deficits and severity of negative symptoms in 22q11.2DS and only in the Tel Aviv cohort. Our findings suggest that 22q11.2DS individuals at the age of risk for developing psychosis should be closely monitored for negative symptoms.
Porous nitrogen-doped carbon is an especially promising material energy storage due to its excellent conductivity, stable physicochemical properties, easy processability, controllable porosity and low price. Herein, we reported a novel well-designed hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped carbon (HPNC) via a combination of salt template (ZnCl2) and hard template (SiO2) as sulfur host for lithium–sulfur batteries. The low-melting ZnCl2 is boiled off and leaves behind micropores and small size mesopores during pyrolysis process, while the silica spheres are removed by acid leaching to generate interconnected 3D network of macropores. The HPNC-S electrode exhibits an initial specific capacity of 1355 mAh g–1 at 0.1 C (1 C = 1675 mAh g–1), a high-rate capability of 623 mAh g–1 at 2 C, and a small decay of 0.13% per cycle over 300 cycles at 0.2 C. This excellent rate capability and remarkable long-term cyclability of the HPNC-S electrode are attributed to its hierarchical porous structures for confining the soluble lithium polysulfide as well as the nitrogen doping for high absorbability of lithium polysulfide.
We have studied local structure of LiMnO2, LiMn0.65Cr0.35O2 and LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 compounds by Mn K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure measurements. The local structure of LiMnO2 is found to be consistent with Jahn–Teller distorted MnO6 octahedra characterized by two different Mn–O bond distances. The Jahn–Teller distortions are suppressed in the Cr and Ni substituted compounds, resulting a single Mn–O distance. However, the Cr atoms tend to occupy a site at a longer distance from Mn in the host lattice (Mn–Cr distance is longer than Mn–Mn distance), unlike the Ni atoms which prefer a site closer to the Mn atoms (Mn–Ni distance is shorter than Mn–Mn distance). Incidentally, Mn–O and Mn–Mn bonds are substantially stiffer in the Cr and Ni substituted compounds. In addition, the static atomic disorder is confined around Cr atoms in the LiMn0.65Cr0.35O2, that is different from the case of LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 in which larger static disorder appears in the proximity of the Mn atoms. The results suggest that the differences in the local structure of different compounds should be the likely reason for their differing battery characteristics.
Nanostructured activated carbons for electrochemical double-layer capacitors were synthesized from depleted fullerene soot (DFS) via KOH activation. The structural and textural properties of the activated DFS were studied using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nitrogen sorption. Activated DFS with high specific surface areas (SSAs) of up to 2,153 m2 g−1 and narrow pore size distributions (PSDs) was obtained by controlling the KOH/DFS ratio. The activated DFS exhibited excellent capacitive behavior, with a high specific capacitance of 250 F g−1 at a current density of 50 mA g−1 in a 6 M KOH electrolyte, and a high rate performance, with a capacitance retention of up to 80 % at a high scan rate of 200 mV s−1. Moreover, the activated DFS samples exhibited good electrochemical stability; high capacitance retention ratios of >90 % were obtained at a current density of 2,000 mA g−1 for 5,000 cycles with cell voltages of 0.9 and 1.0 V in a two-electrode system. The high electrochemical performance can be attributed to high SSAs, narrow PSDs, and nanoscale particle sizes, which facilitate the formation of electrochemical double layers and rapid ion diffusion.
With the aim of dynamic simulation and control, a cell-level nonlinear state-space dynamic model of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) based on physical principles is built. It demonstrates that reactant diffusion processes from gas flow bulks to triple phase boundaries (tpb) play an important role in the dynamic behaviors of SOFC. The simulation shows that under certain condition, the effect of the double layer capacitance may be neglected. The phenomenon of slow rise of voltage in current interrupt experiment may be explained by the dynamic behaviors of partial pressures in the vicinity immediately above tpbs. A new equivalent circuit is proposed. The results are demonstrated through simulations.
Polyphosphazenes have been emerging as a new kind of potential precursor for doped carbons, which can provide heteroatom doped carbons for supercapacitor electrodes with high performances. Novel carbons with controllable heteroatoms doping, structure and morphology could be derived from polyphosphazenes with designed side groups, which are linked to the backbones of alternating phosphorus-nitrogen. We reported the synthesis of a novel crosslinked polyphosphazenes through the reaction of 4, 4’-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and polybis(4-carboxyphenoxy)phosphazene (PBCP). The as-synthesized polymers were carbonized at different temperatures to generate a series of nitrogen-oxygen co-doping porous carbons with different percentages of nitrogen and oxygen. The as-synthesized co-doped carbons were characterized through XRD, Raman, XPS, BET and SEM to investigate the relationship between structures of carbons and the various weight ratio of PBCP/MDI. The in-situ doping porous carbons, CPP-1/1, which prepared with a PBCP/MDI weight ratio of 1/1, possesses a balanced graphitization degree, aperture structure and heteroatoms content (O 15.8 atom % , N 2.2 atom %). It exhibits the largest specific capacitance of 482 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g in 6M KOH aqueous electrolyte in a 3-electrodes system (268 F/g at 0.5 A/g and 199 F/g at 5 A/g in two-electrode system), which is attributed to the co-contribution of double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance. Moreover, it shows excellent rate capability (372 F/g remained at 5 A/g) and good cycling stability (>91% capacitance retention over 10000 cycles), which makes a promising electrode material for supercapacitors.
Sandia National Laboratories has been studying calendar and pulse discharge life of prototype high-power lithium-ion cells as part of the Advanced Technology Development (ATD) Program. One of the goals of ATD is to establish validated accelerated life test protocols for lithium-ion cells in the hybrid electric vehicle application. In order to accomplish this, aging experiments have been conducted on 18650-size cells containing a chemistry representative of these high-power designs. Loss of power and capacity are accompanied by increasing interfacial impedance at the cathode. These relationships are consistent within a given state-of-charge (SOC) over the range of storage temperatures and times. Inductive models have been used to construct detailed descriptions of the relationships between power fade and aging time and to relate power fade, capacity loss and impedance rise. These models can interpolate among the different experimental conditions and can also describe the error surface when fitting life prediction models to the data.
Hierarchical plate-arrayed LiV3O8 is synthesized by freeze drying method with polyacrylamide (PAM) as surfactant followed by calcination at 500 °C. As a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, the plate-arrayed LiV3O8 delivers an initial discharge capacity of 255.2 mAh g−1 between 2.0 and 4.0 V at the current density of 50 mA g−1, and possesses a capacity retention of 88.7% after 60 cycles. Moreover, high discharge capacities of 145.2, 133.7 and 111.8 mAh g−1 can still be obtained after the 200th cycle at current densities of 600, 1500 and 3000 mA g−1, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test indicates that the LiV3O8 electrode always has very low impedance during the 3rd to 180th cycles. The improved electrochemical performance is attributed to the high crystallinity and uniform arrayed structure of LiV3O8, which can facilitate the fast electron transport and Li ion diffusion in the electrode.
Polypyrrole/Co0.2CrO x , (PPy/Co0.2CrO x ) composites were synthesized by polymerizing pyrrole onto the surface of cobalt chromium oxide (CrO x ) in acidic media. The PPy/Co0.2CrO x composites increase the reversible capacity of the electrochemically active material up to 20%. At C/10 rate, a reversible capacity of 215mAh/g was obtained for PPy/Co0.2CrO x composite, compared to 178mAh/g for the virgin material, an increase of over 21%. Conductivity experiments corroborated the galvanostatic cycling tests, with the composite cathode material showing high electronic conductivity than bare material. Fitting the impedance results to an equivalent circuit reveals that addition of polypyrrole reduces the ohmic resistance due to the better conductivity and the inclusion of electrochemically active polypyrrole in the composite. Finally, the composite electrodes also showed very good rate capability and better cycling behavior compared to that of the bare material.
Polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers were fabricated by interfacial polymerization in the presence of para-phenylenediamine (PPD). The additives cannot only have a profound impact on the polymers morphology, but can also improve their specific energy and specific capacitances. It was found that PANI nanofibers prepared in the presence of PPD were longer and less entangled than those in the absence of PPD due to a much faster polymerization rate in initial stage. A specific capacitance value of 548Fg−1, a specific power value of 127Wkg−1 and a specific energy value of 36Whkg−1 were obtained in polyaniline nanofibers prepared in the present of PPD at a constant discharge current density of 0.18Ag−1.
A concentration-dependent vibrational spectroscopic study is carried out for the 1:1 MgCl2:AlCl3-DME system and detailed information on the precursor and the electrochemically active species formed in this rechargeable Mg battery electrolyte are presented for the first time in solution. An equilibrium between trans-[MgCl2(DME)2] and cis-[MgCl2(DME)2] isomers is proposed as well as the formation of [Mg2(μ-Cl)2]2+ and [AlCl4]− by using Raman and IR spectroscopies. The combination of the quantitative analysis made at the CO stretching region of DME with the spectral trend exhibited in low wavenumber suggests the existence of the [Mg2(μ-Cl)2(DME)4]2+ complex, similar to structure previously resolved by X-ray diffraction, in which two [AlCl4]− anions maintain the neutrality of the system.
Hierarchical macroporous Si/Sn composites are fabricated via one facile and green dealloying process by etching SiSnAl alloy precursors. The as-made Si/Sn composites consist of three dimensional hierarchical macroporous Si network and bimodal pore channels as the built units with Sn nanoparticles uniformly distributed on the porous surface. Owing to its hierarchical porous architecture and incorporation of Sn nanoparticles, the Si85Sn15 sample delivers much higher specific capacity, superior cycling stability, and better rate capability compared with Si80Sn20 and pure Si anodes. The Si85Sn15 composite presents a steady capacity about 1600 mA h g−1 at 200 mA g−1 in the period of 70 cycles. Even the current rates are set up to 3000 and 4000 mA g−1, Si85Sn15 can still exhibit the high capacities of ∼800 and ∼620 mA h g−1, respectively. In particular, the lithium storage performances of Si85Sn15 composite are superior to those of most other reported Si/Sn or Si/Sn-based anodes. The as-made Si/Sn composite shows the promising application prospect as an alternative anode candidate for lithium-ion batteries with the excellent performances and easy preparation.
MnC2O4 precursor was prepared by a precipitation method, and then porous MnO@C composites were obtained by mixing MnC2O4 precursor with different amounts of glucose and sintering at different temperatures. The influences of carbon content and crystallinity on the electrochemical performance of MnO@C were investigated. Galvanostatic charge–discharge test results showed that the MnO@C sample “1.2,700” has the largest specific capacity among all samples, which can reach high specific discharge capacity of 1691mAhg−1 at the current density of 100mAg−1 after 200 cycles. Even at the high current density of 1600mAg−1, a remarkable discharge capacity of ∼630mAhg−1 can still be delivered, demonstrating a good rate capability. The excellent electrochemical performance can be ascribed to porous structure, good crystallinity and proper amount of carbon coating. This facile method can be applied to the large-scale synthesis of high performance transition metal oxide@carbon composite electrode materials.
The study of Mg2Si/C composites as anode materials for lithium ion batteries is reported in this paper. Firstly, Mg2Si was synthesized by mechanically activated annealing (MAA) technique and the preparing conditions for pure Mg2Si alloy were investigated and optimized. Then the composite materials of Mg2Si and carbon materials such as CNTs and CMS with different ratios were prepared by the followed ball-milling techniques. Their electrochemical performances were compared by the galvanostatically charge/discharge and EIS experiments. The pure Mg2Si alloy delivers a large initial capacity, but the capacity decreases rapidly with cycling. In contrast, the composites show good cyclic stability and deliver a reversible capacity of about 400mAhg−1 with 40% carbon in the composite. The results of EIS indicate that the composite of Mg2Si/CMS has better interface stability than that of pure Mg2Si materials.
The development of efficient and low cost electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to replace precious metal-based catalysts is one of the emerging issues for wide applications of fuel cells and metal-air batteries. In order to develop better catalysts for ORR and study the effect of co-doping, in this work, we prepared S/N co-doped porous carbons by using commercially available monomers and the radical polymerization method. Besides, silica sphere hard template was also used to prepare porous carbons with hierarchical porous structure. Sulfur blending and ammonia activation were used to rational control the S/N ratios for the porous carbons. The as-prepared S/N doped porous carbons exhibit high specific areas up to 681 m2/g, high N and S contents up to 4.9% and 0.9%, respectively. As electrocatalysts in alkaline media, these porous carbons show high ORR activity with half wave potential up to 0.825 V vs. RHE, electron transfer number of 3.9 and good tolerance to methanol. As air cathode for Zn-air batteries, these porous carbons show peak power density of 10.7 mW cm−2 at 17.4 mA cm−2. This work indicates that great potential of S/N -doped carbons as high efficient electrocatalysts for ORR and Zn-air batteries.
We have fabricated a micron-sized LiCoO2/LiCo0.99Ti0.01O2 composite successfully by solid-phase synthesis, its core-shell structure has been proved by SEM and XPS observation. Electrochemical examinations show that comparing with LiCoO2 and LiCo0.99Ti0.01O2, the obtained LiCoO2/LiCo0.99Ti0.01O2 composite presents greatly enhanced cycling stability as well as rate capability. In addition, DSC measurement indicates that LiCoO2/LiCo0.99Ti0.01O2 has a better thermal safety than LiCoO2. It is considered that all the improvement should be explained by the particular core-shell morphology of the LiCoO2/LiCo0.99Ti0.01O2 sample.
In this paper, we show that magnesium and cobalt doped SnO2 (Mg-SnO2 and Co-SnO2) nanostructures have profound influence on the discharge capacity and coulombic efficiency of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) employing pure SnO2 and zinc doped SnO2 (Zn-SnO2) as benchmark materials. The materials were synthesized via sol-gel technique. The structural, chemical and morphological characterization indicates that the Zn, Mg and Co dopants were effectively implanted into the SnO2 lattice and that Co doping significantly reduced the grain growth. The electrochemical performances of the nanoparticles were investigated using galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Co-SnO2 electrode delivered a reversible capacity of around 575mAhg−1 at the 50th cycle with capacity retention of ∼83% at 60mAg−1current rate. A capacity of ∼415mAhg−1 when cycling at 103 mAg−1and >60% improvement in coulombic efficiency compared to the pure compound clearly demonstrate the superiority of Co-SnO2 electrodes. The improved electrochemical properties are attributed to the reduction in particle size of the material up to a few nanometers, which efficiently reduced the distance of lithium diffusion pathway and reduction in the volume change by alleviating the structural strain caused during the Li+ intake/outtake process. The EIS analyses of the electrodes corroborated the difference in electrochemical performances of the electrodes: the Co-SnO2 electrode showed the lowest resistance at different voltages during cycling among other electrodes.
Monoclinic phase FePO4·2H2O nanoplates are synthesized very easily in a waterbath and are lithiated to LiFePO4/C nanoparticles by a simple rheological phase method. The thickness of the nanoplates can be tuned simply by changing the concentrations of the reactants. The LiFePO4/C nanoparticles lithiated from the thin FePO4·2H2O nanoplates, with the sizes about 50nm and the carbon coating layer at the surface 1–2nm, show excellent high-rate performance and long-term cyclability as the cathode for lithium ion batteries, delivering discharge capacities of more than 150, 120, 110, 100, and 75mAhg−1 at rates of 5C, 10C, 15C, 20C and 30C, respectively.
Recently, metal organic framework (MOF) nanostructures have been frequently reported in the field of energy storage, specifically for Li-ion or Na-ion storage. By inter-separating the active sites of metal cluster and organic ligands, MOF nanostructures are exceptionally promising for realizing fast ion exchange and high-efficiency transportation and addressing the intricate issues that the energy-intensive Li-ion batteries have faced over many years. The related ion-storage mechanism remains to be explored. Is the traditional redox reaction mechanism operative for these nanostructure, as it is for transitional metal oxide? Herein, taking [Fe3O(BDC)3(H2O)2(NO3)]n (Fe-MIL-88B) as an example, an Fe-based metal organic polyhedral nanorods of MIL–88B structure was designed as an anode for Li-ion storage. When tested at 60mAg−1, the nanoporous Fe-MIL–88B polyhedral nanorods retained a reversible capacity of 744.5mAhg−1 for more than 400 cycles. Ex situ characterizations of the post-cycled electrodes revealed that both the transition metal ions and the organic ligands contributed to the high reversible specific capacity. The polyhedral nanorods electrodes held the metal-organic skeleton together throughout the battery operation, although in a somewhat different manner than the pristine ones. This further substantiated that some MOF nanostructures are more appropriate than others for stable lithiation/delithiation processes. State-of-the-art CR2032 full cells showed that a high capacity of 86.8mAhg−1 that was retained after 100 cycles (herein, the capacity for the full cell was calculated based on both the weight of the anode and the cathode, and the charge-discharge rate was 0.25C), when commercial LiFePO4 powders were used as the cathode.
In the past two decades, LiFePO4 has undoubtly become a competitive candidate for the cathode material of the next-generation LIBs due to its abundant resources, low toxicity and excellent thermal stability, etc. However, the poor electronic conductivity as well as low lithium ion diffusion rate are the two major drawbacks for the commercial applications of LiFePO4 especially in the power energy field. The introduction of highly graphitized advanced carbon materials, which also possess high electronic conductivity, superior specific surface area and excellent structural stability, into LiFePO4 offers a better way to resolve the issue of limited rate performance caused by the two obstacles when compared with traditional carbon materials. In this review, we focus on advanced carbon materials such as one-dimensional (1D) carbon (carbon nanotubes and carbon fibers), two-dimensional (2D) carbon (graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide) and three-dimensional (3D) carbon (carbon nanotubes array and 3D graphene skeleton), modified LiFePO4 for high power lithium ion batteries. The preparation strategies, structure, and electrochemical performance of advanced carbon/LiFePO4 composite are summarized and discussed in detail. The problems encountered in its application and the future development of this composite are also discussed.
Biosecurity measures are important tools to maintain animal health in pig herds. Within the MINAPIG project, whose overall aim is to evaluate strategies to raise pigs with less antimicrobial use, biosecurity was evaluated in medium to large farrow-to-finish pig herds in Sweden. In 60 farrow-to-finish herds with more than 100 sows, the biosecurity level was evaluated using a previously developed protocol (BioCheck). In a detailed questionnaire, internal and external biosecurity was scored in six subcategories each. An overall score for biosecurity was also provided. Information regarding production parameters as well as gender and educational level of personnel working with the pigs was also collected. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the recorded data.
High-quality liquid transportation fuels can be produced from renewable biomass by using microbial fermentation. This Review explores advances in microbial engineering as well as the barriers and opportunities for such bio-based production of hydrocarbons.