batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
These two studies involved a boy and a man with multiple disabilities, who were taught to use a mouth-drying response to reduce the effects of their drooling. Both studies relied on microswitch technology to monitor the drying response and follow it with positive stimulation (i.e., during intervention). In Study I, the boy performed the drying response via a special napkin. The microswitch technology consisted of touch/pressure sensors and a radio transmitter hidden inside the napkin. Drying responses led the boy to 8s of preferred stimulation. In Study II, the man performed the drying response via a handkerchief. The microswitch technology consisted of an optic sensor and a radio transmitter at the man's chest. Drying responses led the man to 8–10s of preferred stimulation. The stimulation time/conditions were subsequently modified to promote a reduction in the man's response frequency. The experimental design involved an ABAB sequence (Study I) or an ABABB1B2 sequence (Study II), with the second B or the B1B2 combination spreading over periods of about 3 months. The results indicated vast increases in drying responses and decreases in chin wetness during the intervention phases. The frequencies of the drying response remained consistent for the boy and stabilized at a lower level (i.e., in line with the manipulation of the stimulation conditions) for the man. Implications of the findings and limitations of the studies are discussed.
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of technology-assisted rehabilitation following total hip/knee replacement (THR/TKR).
We examined the applicabilities of hard X-ray spectroscopic methods to understand the charge-compensation (CC) behaviors of Ni in a LiNiO2-based positive electrode (PE) material for lithium-ion batteries: Ni K pre-edge high energy resolution fluorescence detection X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and Ni 1s2p resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy (RXES). Both methods exhibited sequential changes in spectral features with the change in the state of charge of the PE material, similarly to Ni L2,3-edge XAS. This elucidates that these hard X-ray spectroscopic methods can become alternatives to soft X-ray L2,3-edge XAS with the additional ability to measure reactive samples kept in a sealed pouch. Moreover, Ni 1s2p RXES can separate the electronic transition to the unoccupied Ni orbital from those to hybridized orbitals with neighboring atoms by tuning the incident X-ray energy. In this sense, it can provide spectral information reflecting the unoccupied Ni 3d state, which could be a good oxidation-state descriptor. These methods can be done in a usual hard X-ray beamline having an appropriate crystal analyzer. The ability to offer information on the unoccupied 3d state with hard X-ray and the ubiquitous feature of these methods would prompt in situ/operando studies on CC in PE materials for rational materials development.
Iron sulfide (FeS x ), as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), has attracted special attention in recent years. In this paper, an extremely facile calcination method for the synthesized of Fe7S8@C nanocomposites with different morphologies and sizes is described. The Fe7S8@C anode provides an ultrahigh charge capacity of 1042 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1 for LIBs and 524 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g−1 for SIBs. It is impressive that the material shows super-long cycle stability with a reversible capacity of 789 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles and 370 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at a high current density of 1000 mA g−1 and 500 mA g−1 for LIBs and SIBs, respectively. Nanosized particles, in situ generated carbon and the porous structure of the materials are beneficial for the storage of lithium/sodium ions. Importantly, the preparation of the Fe7S8@C anode provides a very simple method for the structural design of high-performance anode materials, and may be practical in various applications such as catalysis and sensors.
In this work, we report an in situ generated carbon from sugar as additive in the Negative Active Mass (NAM) which enhances the charge–discharge characteristics of the lead-acid cells. In situ formed sugar derived carbon (SDC) with leady oxide (LO) provides a conductive network and excellent protection against NAM irreversible lead sulfation. The effect of SDC and carbon black (CB) added negative plates are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), galvanostatic charge–discharge, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), respectively. The results show that subtle changes in the addition of carbon to NAM led to subsequent changes on the performance during partial-state-of-charge (PSoC) operations in lead-acid cells. Furthermore, SDC added cells exhibit remarkable improvement in the rate capability, active material utilization, cycle performance and charge acceptance compared to that of the conventional CB added cells. The impact of SDC with LO at various synthesis conditions on the electrochemical performance of the negative plate is studied systematically.
For a sustainable future, efficient solar energy harvesting and storage is required. Solar hydrogen production from photoelectrochemical water splitting is a promising technology and, in particular, cuprous oxide photocathodes are interesting photoelectrodes due to their high efficiency and low cost. However, chemical instability inhibits practical application of such devices. This work reports a novel strategy for protecting cuprous oxide from photocorrosion, wherein a thin SnO2 overlayer enables increased stability over previous reports utilizing TiO2 protective layers. Performance and stability are influenced by the film thickness, post-deposition steam treatment, and the nature of the heterojunction interface. Stability over 57h of sustained photoelectrochemical water reduction, maintaining 90% of initial photocurrent, is achieved.
A long-running debate about how voters use issues to evaluate candidates pits the proximity theory of voting against directional theory. Using surveys, both sides of the debate have found support for their preferred theory, but disagreement remains because of differing ways of analyzing the data. Lewis and King (2000) point out that these researchers make assumptions that bias results in favor of their theory. To avoid these difficulties, our approach creates fictitious candidates with controlled positions, presents these candidates to randomly-assigned subjects, and examines the relationship between subjects’ evaluations of these candidates and their ideological beliefs as a neutral test of proximity and directional theory. Our results provide reasonably strong support for proximity theory but little for directional theory.
Previous studies have shown that adverse conditions during fetal and early life are associated with lower performance on neurocognitive tests in childhood, adolescence and adult life. There is, however, a paucity in studies investigating these associations into old age. The aim was to investigate the impact of early life factors on cognitive function in old age by taking advantage of the potential for a linkage between a community survey and historical birth records.
The concept that total organic C (TOC) is the main factor dominating the sorption of PCBs to sediment is over simplified. Numerous discrepancies are found when trying to compare concentrations predicted from laboratory observations to field concentrations. Some studies show a lack of correlation between PCB and TOC or particle size, but state that it is the origin of the organic matter or the clay swelling that is most important in determining the partitioning to sediment. It may also be argued that the discrepancies are merely a reflection of localised inputs of PCBs. An evaluation of the influence of these factors was undertaken at an intertidal site in the Clyde Estuary, previously highlighted as being highly contaminated by PCBs. Analysis of a series of sediment samples failed to show a strong correlation of PCB content with TOC or particle size. Separation into grain-size fractions and subsequent analysis suggested that both variation in organic matter source and mineralogical composition exerts an influence on congener distribution with implications for the mobility of PCBs within intertidal sediments.
Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) nanoparticles embedded in the continuous interconnected nitrogen-doped carbon networks (LFP/N-CNWs) is an optimal architecture to fast electron and Li+ conduction. This paper, for the first time, reports a reasonable design and successful preparation of porous hierarchical LFP/N-CNWs composites using unique Fe-based metal organic framework (MIL-100(Fe)) as both template and starting material of Fe and C. Such nitrogen-doped carbon networks (N-CNWs) surrounding the lithium iron phosphate nanoparticles facilitate the transfer of Li+ and electrons throughout the electrodes, which signiﬁcantly decreases the internal resistance for the electrodes and results in the efficient utilization of LiFePO4. The synthesized LFP/N-CNWs composites possess a porous structure with an amazing surface area of 129 m2 g−1, considerably enhanced electrical conductivities of 7.58 × 10−2 S cm−1 and Li+ diffusion coefficient of 8.82 × 10−14 cm2 s−1, thereby delivering excellent discharge capacities of 161.5 and 93.6 mAh·g−1 at 0.1C and 20C, respectively.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a constitutively active kinase that has been implicated in the mechanism of action of mood stabilizers. According to the neurogenic hypothesis of depression, newborn neurons in the adult dentate gyrus are required for the antidepressant effects of certain agents. We demonstrate that administration of the GSK-3 inhibitor VP2.51 (2.5 mg/kg ip, for 3.5 weeks) increases cell proliferation (pH3+ cells), as well as the short- and long-term survival of newborn neurons (assessed by the 24 h survival of BrdU+ and DCX+ neurons), while significantly increasing the commitment of cells to the granule neuron lineage (Prox1 immunoreactivity). In parallel, VP2.51 induces a net antidepressant effect, as judged by the decrease in the immobility time in the forced swim test of naïve mice (non-stressed mice), as well as a therapeutic effect on previously stressed mice (Porsolt-induced stress). Interestingly, the morphological changes were found prominently in the ventral region of the hippocampus. We found that these effects are neurogenesis dependent by combining the antimitotic temozolomide (50 mg/kg ip) with the drug. Importantly VP2.51 did not provoke changes in weight or in a battery of behavioral tests (learning/memory and activity tests). As the effects of VP2.51 were concomitant with the increase in β-catenin expression and a shift towards the inactive form of GSK-3, we suggest that VP2.51 has therapeutic benefits following stress, and it may be a preventive treatment in situations where a potential depressive state and/or loss of memory is associated with diminished neurogenesis, through selective GSK3-beta inhibition.
Owing to their high latent heat and chemical stability, phase change materials (PCMs) are often utilized for cooling high-power-density electronics. However, the application of PCMs is limited by their leakage and low thermal conductivity. In order to resolve this issue, a copper-powder-sintered frame/paraffin form-stable phase change material (CPSF/P-FSPCM) was prepared by embedding paraffin into CPSF using a vacuum perfusion method, and the dependences of its filling rate on the material porosity and CPSF thickness were determined. In addition, transient plane source and differential scanning calorimetry techniques were utilized to measure the thermal conductivity and latent heat of the fabricated CPSF/P-FSPCM. The obtained results showed that after increasing the porosity of CPSF/P-FSPCM from 47% to 74%, its thermal conductivity and latent heat changed from 17.18W/mK and 32.69kJ/kg to 156.30W/mK and 11.61kJ/kg, respectively. Further, the produced CPSF/P-FSPCM possessed the ability to significantly accelerate the heat transfer process and maintain the temperature of a device within a safe range. Finally, a CPSF/P heat sink for high power density light-emitting diodes (LEDs) was fabricated. After 10 on/off testing cycles conducted at a power of 18W, the temperature of the CPSF/P heat sink varied between 93.7°C and 57.5°C, thereby decreasing the highest temperature by 16.3°C, improving the LED brightness by 4.07% and decreasing its variation by 2.12% as compared to that of conventional aluminum heat sinks. The results presented in this work indicate that the prepared CPSF/P-FSPCM represents a high-potential material for reliable thermal management.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for the initial Li-ion insertion and extraction in Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) anode at different potentials were studied. At the intermediate stage of Li-ion insertion process, as the frequency decreased, the EIS spectra exhibited three semicircles and a slightly inclined line, which correspond to the Schottky contact reflecting the electronic properties of the material, the charge transfer step and solid state diffusion process respectively. At the intermediate stage of Li-ion extraction process, it was observed that the low-frequency semicircle turned into two joint semicircles. This interesting and significant phenomenon was attributed to gas generation in LTO cells. Kinetic parameters obtained from fitting the experimental impedance spectra in the first charge–discharge cycle on LTO side have been analyzed in detail. A new model was proposed to interpret the mechanism of Li-ion insertion/extraction reaction along with side reactions (gas generation) in the LTO electrode.
The explosion and collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) was a catastrophic event that produced an aerosol impacting many residents, workers, and commuters after September 11, 2001. In all, 12 bulk samples of the settled dust were collected at indoor locations surrounding the epicenter of the disaster, including one sample from a residence that had been cleansed and was once again occupied. Additionally, one sample was collected from just outside a fifth story window on the sill. These samples were analyzed for many components, including inorganic and organic constituents as well as morphology of the various particles. The results of the analyses for persistent organic pollutants on dusts that settled at indoor locations are described herein, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and select organo-chlorine pesticides. The Σ86-PCB concentrations, comprising less than one part per million by mass of the bulk in the two samples analyzed, indicated that PCBs were of limited significance in the dust that settled at indoor locations across lower Manhattan. Likewise, organo-chlorine pesticides, Hexachlorobenzene, Heptachlor, 4,4′-DDE, 2,4′-DDT, 4,4′-DDT and Mirex were found at even lower concentrations in the bulk samples. Conversely, Σ37-PAHs comprised up to 0.04% (<0.005–0.036%) by mass of the bulk indoor dust in the 11 WTC impacted bulk indoor samples. Analysis of one sample of indoor dusts collected from a vacuum cleaner of a rehabilitated home shows markedly lower PAH concentrations (<0.0005 mass%), as well as differing relative contributions for individual compounds. In addition to similar concentrations, comparison of PAH concentration patterns (i.e. chemical fingerprints) shows that dusts that settled indoors are chemically similar to previously measured WTC dusts found at outdoor locations and that these PAH analyses may be used in identifying dusts of WTC origin at indoor locations, along with ascertaining further needs for cleaning.
A microporous composite polymer membrane composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), was prepared by a solution casting method and a partial dissolution process. The characteristic properties of microporous PVA/PVC composite polymer membranes containing 2.5–10wt.% PVC polymers as fillers were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), capillary flow porometry (CFP), micro-Raman spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) and the AC impedance method. The electrochemical properties of a secondary Zn electrode with the PVA/PVC composite polymer membrane were studied using the galvanostatic charge/discharge method. The PVA/PVC composite polymer membrane showed good thermal, mechanical and electrochemical properties. As a result, the PVA/PVC composite polymer membrane appears to be a good candidate for use on the secondary Zn electrodes.
The present work studies the electrochemical oxidation of solutions of hydroquinone (Hy) and p-benzoquinone (Bz). Both compounds are found in the electrochemical oxidation of phenol and they can be considered as a redox couple, so that the main objective is to study the influence of different separators in the global electrochemical reaction of these compounds. Different glass separators as diaphragms, and different ionic exchange membranes (Nafion 350 and 450) have been used as well as one undivided cell, but the results obtained with this last were not very satisfactory. Working with the two different diaphragms, the best behaviour is shown by the glass separator, which has the greatest hydraulic radius. Testing the ionic exchange membranes using Nafion 350, a bigger amount of organic matter is eliminated. The voltage loss due to the separators in the best of the cases represented one 11% of the total potential applied to the electrochemical reactor and the amount of organic matter eliminated is one 25%.
Background Monitoring of intrapleural pressure (IPP) is used for evaluation of lung function in a number of pathophysiological conditions. We describe a telemetric method of non-invasive monitoring of the IPP in conscious animals intermittently or continuously for a prolonged period of time. Materials and methods After IACUC approval, six mongrel dogs were used for the study. After sedation, each dog was intubated and anesthetized using 0.5% Isoflurane. A telemetric implant model TL11M2-D70-PCT from Data Science International was secured subcutaneously. The pressure sensor tip of the catheter from the implant was inserted into the pleural space, and the catheter was secured with sutures. The IPP signals were recorded at a sampling rate of 100 points/second for 30 to 60 min daily for 4 days. From these recordings, the total mean negative IPP (mmHg), and the total mean negative IPP for a standard time of 30 min were calculated. In addition, the actual inspiratory and expiratory pressures were also measured from stable recording of the IPP waveforms. Results In six dogs, the total mean ± SD negative IPP was −10.8 ± 10.6 mmHg. After normalizing with respect to acquisition time it was −13.2 ± 11.2 mmHg/min. The actual inspiratory pressure was −19.7 ± 15.3, and the expiratory pressure was −11.0 ± 12.9. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that telemetric monitoring of IPP can be performed reliably and non-invasively in conscious experimental animals. The values for IPP in our study are compatible with the results of other investigators who used different methods of IPP measurement. Further work may show this method to be helpful in understanding the pathophysiology of various breathing disorders.
To reduce the mass of underwater vehicles and the temperature gradient of battery racks, the methods of element birth and death is used to study topology optimization. First, with an objective function based on the minimum configuration flexibility, the optimization results can be obtained by varying the proportion of optimization. Second, the structural minimum temperature gradient is considered as the objective function to achieve a further topology optimization by varying the proportion of optimization. Finally, under the condition of a given topology optimization ratio, the thermal-stress coupled topology optimization is applied by changing the proportion of the thermal load to the stress load. The corresponding battery frame structures are obtained, and the correctness of the mathematical model is verified.
The metropolitan cities of developed countries comprise more than 50% of the global population and consume over 60% of the world's energy. Many governments plan to enhance their energy infrastructure and the electricity supply–demand reliability of their energy sources. Among them, South Korea's government has developed electricity generation facilities, most of which use renewable resources such as photovoltaic and wind energy. This study determines the optimal renewable electricity generation configuration for one of the largest metropolitan cities in South Korea, Busan metropolitan city. A simulation using 2013 Busan electricity demand data produces this optimal configuration, which includes photovoltaic panels, wind facilities, converters, and batteries with $0.399 of COE (Cost of Electricity) and 100% of renewable fractions. Both the study's practical limitations and implications are discussed.
As part of an energy-reduction study at remote sites, we explore a power system comprised of hybrid renewable energy technologies, specifically, photovoltaic cells, battery storage, and diesel generators. An optimization model determines the design and dispatch strategy of the power system to meet load off grid, such as at a military forward operating base. The model alternately uses two types of load data from government agencies, simulated and observed, to assess the effects of these inputs. Because the latter data set contains errors and is incomplete, we detail the process of cleaning and imputing it to provide a year’s worth in hourly increments for two forward operating bases in Afghanistan. We then construct an approximation of a realistic 600-soldier camp load from the full year of observed data. We compare the design and dispatch output from the optimization model using the simulated and constructed (observed) data sets and demonstrate that the results can differ. We investigate the characteristics of load that influence the optimization model’s behavior regarding the design and dispatch strategy and show that mean load has a more pronounced effect than its shape. In addition, the photovoltaic cells are often used to help the generators run more efficiently, especially under load variability.
Porous Co16S16O96 (COD database code: 591-0314) nanosheets have been fabricated by a simple and low-cost hydrothermal approach. The as-fabricated Co16S16O96 nanostructures are characterized by a porous interconnected sheet-like network and prove to be highly crystalline. Electrochemical tests reveal that the Co16S16O96 nanosheets can be reversibly charged and discharged in a potential window between −0.05 and 0.4 V vs. saturated calomel electrode at various specific current densities ranging from 0.5 A g−1 to 50 A g−1. The specific capacitance of these nanosheets is 333 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in the beginning of cycling test, and increases with cycle numbers up to 386 F g−1, then remaining constant till 4000 cycles. More remarkably, even at a current density as high as 50 A g−1, the nanosheets still possess a specific capacitance of 170 F g−1, and only lose 15.3% of the initial capacitance value after 4000 cycles, showing great promise for use as high-performance supercapacitor electrodes.