batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Lead–acid battery performance is severely limited to negative plate sulfation (irreversible formation of lead sulfate).The influence of surfactants types in lead-acid battery electrolyte has been investigated on the sulfation of negative active material (NAM) under high-rate partial-state-of-charge (HRPSoC) opreation. However, it is still an open investigation to explore that how to make the lead sulfate crystals more electrochemically active and how surfactants affect on their pattern growth. This research demonstrates that various surfactants have different effects on NAM sulfation using XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), CV (cyclic voltammetry) and EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) techniques, which in some cases their behaviors are conversely. Amongst all tested surfactants, the cell with anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant (SDS) exhibits the longest cycle life with the least overcharge and fine PbSO4 crystals. The cell with cationic cethyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant shows opposite effects.
A cross-modal priming experiment was used to investigate lexical ambiguity resolution during sentence processing in individuals with nonthalamic subcortical lesions (NSL) (n = 10), compared to matched normal controls (n = 10), and individuals with cortical lesions (CL) (n = 10) and Parkinson's disease (PD) (n = 10). Critical sentences biased towards the dominant or subordinate meaning of a sentence-final lexical ambiguity were presented auditorily, followed after a short interstimulus-interval (ISI) (0 msec) or a long ISI (1000 msec), by the presentation of a visual target which was related to the dominant or subordinate meaning, or was an unrelated control word. Subjects made speeded lexical decisions on the targets. At the short ISI, lexical activation for the neurological patient groups appeared influenced by contextual information to a greater extent than in normal controls, which may indicate delayed lexical decision making or disturbed automatic lexical activation. At the long ISI, only the PD and NSL individuals failed to selectively activate the contextually appropriate meaning, suggesting a breakdown in the attention-based control of semantic activation through contextual integration. This finding may implicate disruptions to proposed frontal-striatal mechanisms which mediate attentional allocation and strategy formation.
Abstract There has been considerable progress in the medicinal chemistry of voltage-gated ion channels in the last decade. A number of targets within the family have the highest level of validation, namely, clinical validation. Recent advances in screening technologies have allowed medicinal chemistry programs to proceed rapidly and identify compounds which are currently undergoing clinical evaluation. Initial clinical results have been disappointing, but a number of compounds remain in active trials.
Microbatteries play a critical role in determining the lifetime of downsized sensors, wearable devices, medical applications, and animal acoustic telemetry transmitters among others. More often, structural batteries are required from the perspective of aesthetics and space utilization, which is however rarely explored. Herein, we discuss the fundamental issues associated with the rational design of practically usable high energy microbatteries. The tubular shape of the cell further allows the flexible integration of microelectronics. A functioning acoustic micro-transmitter continuously powered by this tubular battery has been successfully demonstrated. Multiple design features adopted to accommodate large mechanical stress during the rolling process are discussed providing new insights in designing the structural microbatteries for emerging technologies.
Immobilizing biocomponents on solid surfaces is a critical step in the development of new devices for future biological, medical, and electronic applications. Therefore, numerous integrated films were recently developed by immobilizing different proteins or enzymes on electrode surfaces. In this work, hemeproteins were safely immobilized onto macroporous nickel-based electrodes while maintaining their functionality. Such modified electrodes showed interesting pseudo-capacitive behavior. Among hemeproteins, hemoglobin (Hb) film has a higher electrochemical performance and greater charge/discharge cycling stability than myoglobin (Mb) and cytochrome C (CytC). The heme group in an alkaline medium could induce the formation of superoxides on the electrode surface. These capacitive features of hemeprotein-Ni electrode were related to strong binding sites between hemeproteins and porous Ni electrode, the accumulation of superoxide or radicals on the Ni surface, and facile electron transfer and electrolyte diffusion through the three-dimensional macroporous network. Thus, these new protein-based supercapacitors have potential use in free-standing platform technology for the development of implantable energy-storage devices.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was applied for a single mesocarbon microbead (heat-treated at 1000°C) of 30 μm diameter during Li-ion insertion and extraction using a stainless tip-microelectrode in the electrolyte of 1 M LiClO4/propylene carbonate+ethylene carbonate. Obtained spectra were analyzed with an equivalent circuit model. Kinetic parameters such as the charge transfer resistance, and the apparent chemical diffusion coefficient of Li-ion in the particle were evaluated without interference of organic binders. The charge transfer resistance decreased and chemical diffusion coefficient of Li-ion increased as the electrode potential was made more negative. The chemical diffusion coefficient varied within 10−12–10−6 cm2 s−1.
The characteristics of the Ce(III)/Ce(IV) redox couple in methanesulfonic acid were studied at a platinum disk electrode (0.125cm2) over a wide range of electrolyte compositions and temperatures: cerium (III) methanesulfonate (0.1–1.2moldm−3), methanesulfonic acid (0.1–5.0moldm−3) and electrolyte temperatures (295–333K). The cyclic voltammetry experiments indicated that the diffusion coefficient of Ce(III) ions was 0.5×10−6 cm2 s−1 and that the electrochemical kinetics for the oxidation of Ce(III) and the reduction of Ce(IV) was slow. The reversibility of the redox reaction depended on the electrolyte composition and improved at higher electrolyte temperatures. At higher methanesulfonic acid concentrations, the degree of oxygen evolution decreased by up to 50% when the acid concentration increased from 2 to 5moldm−3. The oxidation of Ce(III) and reduction of Ce(IV) were also investigated during a constant current batch electrolysis in a parallel plate zinc–cerium flow cell with a 3-dimensional platinised titanium mesh electrode. The current efficiencies over 4.5h of the process Ce(III) to Ce(IV) and 3.3h electrolysis of the reverse reaction Ce(IV) to Ce(III) were 94.0 and 97.6%, respectively. With a 2-dimensional, planar platinised titanium electrode (9cm2 area), the redox reaction of the Ce(III)/Ce(IV) system was under mass-transport control, while the reaction on the 3-dimensional mesh electrode was initially under charge-transfer control but became mass-transport controlled after 2.5–3h of electrolysis. The effect of the side reactions (hydrogen and oxygen evolution) on the current efficiencies and the conversion of Ce(III) and Ce(IV) are discussed.
Nano-silicon-based disordered carbon composites prepared by mechanical milling and pyrolysis have been examined as anodes of a lithium ion cell. Electrochemical measurements show that the charge–discharge capacity of disordered carbon composites incorporating both silicon-polyparaphenylene (Si-PPP) and silicon-polyvinyl chloride (Si-PVC) with differing silicon contents, decreases with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Si-PVC-based materials have a better cycle life than those based on Si-PPP at the same silicon content.
Spontaneous (non-evoked) pain is a major clinical symptom of neuropathic syndromes, one that is understudied in basic pain research for practical reasons and because of a lack of consensus over precisely which behaviors reflect spontaneous pain in laboratory animals. It is commonly asserted that rodents experiencing pain in a hind limb exhibit hypolocomotion and decreased rearing, engage in both reflexive and organized limb directed behaviors, and avoid supporting their body weight on the affected side. Furthermore, it is assumed that the extent of these positive or negative behaviors can be used as a dependent measure of spontaneous chronic pain severity in such animals. In the present study, we tested these assumptions via blinded, systematic observation of digital video of mice with nerve injuries (chronic constriction or spared nerve injury), and automated assessment of locomotor behavior using photocell detection and dynamic weight bearing (i.e., gait) using the CatWalk® system.
The electrochemical properties of lithium–air batteries incorporating air electrodes loaded with MnO x , which had different Mn valences as the electrocatalysts were examined in an organic electrolyte solution consisting of 1 mol l−1 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI)/propylene carbonate (PC). Furthermore, we attempted to improve the battery performance by substituting the Mn site in MnO x with Fe, Ni, or Co. The batteries using Mn2−x Fe x O3 showed rather large 1st discharge capacities of 230 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.25 mA cm−2 in a dry air atmosphere. The discharge and charge overpotentials were both greatly reduced by loading Mn2−x Fe x O3 catalysts. However, almost all of these oxides exhibited poor cycle performance. Of the oxides that we examined, Mn1.8Fe0.2O3 had comparatively stable cycle characteristics with a capacity loss of only 25% after 10 cycles.
The structure of thick lead dioxide deposits (approximately 1mm) formed in conditions likely to be met at the positive electrode during the charge/discharge cycling of a soluble lead-acid flow battery is examined. Compact and well adherent layers are possible with current densities >100mAcm−2 in electrolytes containing 0.1–1.5M lead(II) and methanesulfonic acid concentrations in the range 0–2.4M; the solutions also contained 5mM hexadecyltrimethylammonium cation, C16H33(CH3)3N+. From the viewpoint of the layer properties, the limitation is stress within the deposit leading to cracking and lifting away from the substrate; the stress appears highest at high acid concentration and high current density. There are, however, other factors limiting the maximum current density for lead dioxide deposition, namely oxygen evolution and the overpotential associated with the deposition of lead dioxide. A strategy for operating the soluble lead-acid flow battery is proposed.
Results of a cage aquaculture experiment conducted in Charan beel (a floodplain wetland), district Morigaon, Assam, India to determine optimum stocking density of Labeo rohita fry are discussed. Locally available bamboo and other low-cost construction materials were used for constructing a battery of ten cages (individual cage dimensions 2 × 2 × 2 m and effective water volume 6 m3). Labeo rohita fry (average length 4.0 ± 0.04 cm, average weight 1.05 ± 0.03 g) were stocked at five different stocking densities, viz. 50 (SD1), 100 (SD2), 150 (SD3), 200 (SD4) and 250 (SD5) fry/m3 with two replicates each. Reared fry were fed twice daily with a formulated feed containing 33.16 % crude protein for 2 months. The physico-chemical parameters of sediment were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by stocking density. Different stocking densities significantly (p < 0.05) affected the growth parameters of reared fish. The final weight, weight gain percent and specific growth rate were highest in the lowest stocking density of 50 fry/m3. These responses remained unaffected (p > 0.05) at SD2 to SD4, but at SD5 there was significant reduction of growth. Feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, apparent net protein utilization and energy retention value were adversely affected with the increase in stocking densities. The net benefit and benefit-cost ratio were highest in SD4. Therefore, economics of cage culture was considered as the most important criterion in judging SD4 (200 fry/m3) to be the optimal stocking density for raising L. rohita fry in cages in seasonally open floodplain wetlands of Assam, India.
Nitrogen-doped porous carbons are very simply prepared by direct pyrolysis of a nitrogen-containing organic salt, the tetrasodium salt of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid for example, at 600–900°C in an inert atmosphere without activation. The porosity and surface chemistry of the carbon depend strongly on the pyrolysis temperature. The surface area and pore volume increase with the pyrolysis temperature, and vary from 408 to 1171m2 g−1 and 0.209 to 0.709cm3 g−1, respectively. While the nitrogen content decreases from 8.59at% for pyrolysis at 600°C to 1.02at% at 900°C. The unique microstructure and nitrogen functionalities enable the carbon to exhibit a capacitance of 245Fg−1 in a 6molL−1 KOH aqueous electrolytes, which is attributed to the contributions of double layer capacitance and pseudo-capacitance, with an excellent rate capability (188Fg−1 remained at 20Ag−1) and cycle durability.
This paper presents for the first time the results of a life cycle assessment study for an intelligent energy management system. We considered material acquisition, manufacturing, transportation, assembly, operation and maintenance stages. The results show that the assembly phase had an environmental impact of 897 Eco-indicator 99 points that was mainly due to the monitoring subsystem (87.80%). When the analysis was extended to cover the use phase, the environmental impact ranged from 1963 (useful life of 5years) to 3029 Eco-indicator 99 points (useful life of 10years). The environmental impact of the use stage was found to represent 54–70% of the total, whereas the assembly stage represented 46–30%. The maintenance phase contributed to a very small extent to the total environmental impact (less than 0.5%). In any case, the impact on resources was the largest (about 51%), whereas the human health damage category amounted to approximately 35% and the ecosystem quality damage category represented about 14% of the total impact.
Social cognitive deficits are promising treatment targets for new interventions to improve functional outcome in schizophrenia. A few preliminary studies of inpatients support the feasibility of improving social cognition through psychosocial interventions. This clinical trial evaluated a new 12-session social cognitive skills training program designed to address four aspects of social cognition (affect perception, social perception, attributional style, Theory of Mind) in outpatients with psychosis, a population for whom such interventions will likely be very useful. Thirty-one clinically stabilized outpatients were randomly assigned to a social cognition skills training intervention or a time-matched control condition (illness self-management and relapse prevention skills training), and completed pre- and post-treatment assessments of social cognition, neurocognition, and symptoms. The social cognition group demonstrated a large, significant improvement in facial affect perception, which was not present in the control group. This improvement was independent of changes in basic neurocognitive functioning or symptoms. Results support the efficacy of a social cognitive intervention for community-dwelling outpatients and encourage further development of this treatment approach to achieve broader improvements in social cognition and generalization of treatment gains.
Objective: The purpose of this work was to find a possible relation between psychosocial risk and any lag or alteration in CNS maturation in a group of children growing up in an economically, socially and culturally disadvantageous environment in a developing country. Methods: A 6 year prospective study of 42 pre-school children, growing and living under psychosocial and economic impediments, is presented. EEGs were previously recorded at different ages: 18–30 months (Int J Neurosci 79 (1994) 213), 4 years (Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol 102 (1997) 512), and 5 and 6 years (this study). The EEG developmental patterns between high- and low-risk children (HRC/LRC) are compared. Results: The EEG pattern in HRC showed higher delta and theta absolute power (AP) and relative power (RP) values in frontal leads, and less alpha AP and RP in posterior leads. The qEEG differences between HRC and LRC diminished with age, although differences in frontal theta and occipital/left temporal alpha bands persisted at 6 years. Conclusions: We conclude that an inadequate or insufficient environmental stimulation is a major contributing factor of the developmental lag in HRC brain maturation. Significance: This is one of the very few longitudinal studies that address the issue of relating sociocultural risk to EEG maturation.
The electronic structures of Li1−x NiO2 system after electrochemically deintercalated to various “x” values have been investigated using soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) for oxygen K-edge and Ni LII,III-edge. By comparing the O K-edge XAS spectra of Li1−x NiO2 electrode collected simultaneously by the partial electron yield (PEY) mode and florescence mode (FY), it was found that the surface electronic structure of Li1−x NiO2 electrode is different from the bulk. Therefore, if the PEY mode, which is a surface-sensitive technique, is used alone, the reliability of the results is limited to the surface structures only. Ni LII,III-edge XAS results of Li1−x NiO2 electrode at different charge states, in both the FY and PEY modes, show that Ni2+ ions at the surface are mostly oxidized to Ni3+ ions during Li deintercalation, whereas the process in the bulk is the oxidation of Ni ions from Ni3+ to Ni4+.
Heterostructured materials composed of nickel and cobalt hydroxides exhibit impressive prospect in aqueous-based supercapacitors owing to their unique layered frameworks. Herein, a series of Co(OH)2-Ni(OH)2 heterostructures are prepared on nickel foam as binder-free electrodes (denoted as NCN-x) via a simple two-step electrodeposition method, where Co(OH)2 serves as the interlayer and Ni(OH)2 serves as the out layer. By tuning the deposition charge quantities of these two kinds of hydroxides, different electrode architectures with various mass ratios of α-Ni(OH)2 to β-Co(OH)2 are obtained. Among these electrodes, the smartly tailored NCN-3 electrode representing 1.0 C and 0.75 C deposition charges separately for Co(OH)2 and Ni(OH)2 exhibits particular core-shell nanosheet-like microstructure, possessing large surface area and short ion/electron transportation pathways. As a result, it delivers good cycling performance of ∼75.8% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles at 5 A g−1. Moreover, the hybrid capacitor consists of NCN-3 cathode and AC anode realizes high energy and power densities (32.6 Wh kg−1 at 465.7 W kg−1 and 25.5 Wh kg−1 at 7061.5 W kg−1). This work can serve as a guide for designing other heterostructured electrodes by electrochemical method.
Agrammatic aphasic individuals exhibit marked production deficits for tense morphology. This paper presents three experiments examining whether a group of English-speaking agrammatic individuals (n =10) exhibit parallel deficits in their comprehension of tense. Results from two comprehension experiments (on-line grammaticality judgment studies) suggest that these individuals are impaired for tense comprehension, and furthermore that their deficit is more pronounced for morphosemantic rather than morphosyntactic aspects of tense processing. Results from a third experiment (an elicited production study) indicate that these individuals exhibit parallel production and comprehension impairments for tense. Across the three experiments, the consistent pattern was that of a significant difficulty in associating verb forms with a pre-specified temporal context when compared to all other processes. Implications for current models of agrammatic tense and morphological deficits are discussed.
Recent success in extending the electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes to 3.0 V by using 21 mol kg-1 “water-in-salt” (WiS) has raised a high expectation for developing safe aqueous Li-ion batteries. However, the most compatible Li4Ti5O12 anodes still cannot use WiS electrolyte due to the cathodic limit (1.9 V vs. Li/Li+). Herein, a UV-curable hydrophilic polymer is introduced to further extend the cathodic limit of WiS electrolytes and replace the separator. In addition, a localized strongly basic solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) layer is coated on the anode to promote the formation of an LiF-rich SEI. The synthetic impacts of UV-crosslinking and local alkaline SPE on the anodes extend the electrochemical stability window of the solid-state aqueous polymer electrolyte to ∼3.86 V even at a reduced salt concentration of 12 mol kg−1. It enables a separator-free LiMn2O4//Li4Ti5O12 aqueous full cell with a practical capacity ratio (P/N = 1.14) of the cathode and anode to deliver a steady energy density of 151 W h kg−1 at 0.5C with an initial Coulombic efficiency of 90.50% and cycled for over 600 cycles with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.97%, which has never been reported before for an aqueous LiMn2O4//Li4Ti5O12 full cell. This flexible and long-duration aqueous Li-ion battery with hydrogel WiSE can be widely used as a power source in wearable devices and electrical transportations where both energy density and battery safety are of high priority. An ultra-thick LTO electrode with UV-curable polymer electrolyte as the binder is demonstrated as a solid state battery electrode. And a high-voltage (7.4 V) solid-state bipolar cell is assembled with a solid-state UV-curable polymer as the electrolyte.
A flexible self-powered e-skin has been presented with multi-functions of tactile-perception, atmosphere-detection and self-clean. Piezoelectric PVDF and tetrapod ZnO (T-ZnO) nanostructures are hybridizing on the flexible fabric substrate. The piezoelectric, gas sensing and photocatalytic properties of T-ZnO nanostructures are combined together. The piezoelectric effect of T-ZnO/PVDF leads to the motion-powered tactile-perception behavior, e.g. the e-skin can detect elbow bending or finger pressing. The piezoelectric/gas-sensing coupling effect of T-ZnO nanostructures delivers the motion-powered atmosphere-detection performance, and the piezoelectric output of the e-skin is different upon exposure to different atmosphere conditions, acting as the gas-sensing signal. The piezo-photocatalytic activity of T-ZnO nanostructures results in the distinct self-clean characteristics, and the organic-pollutants/bacteria can be degraded/sterilized on the surface of the e-skin. This novel material system and device architecture can promote the development of flexible self-powered multi-functional e-skin.
Neutron diffraction has been used for in-situ studying of the charge–discharge processes in commercial lithium batteries with LiFePO4 (LFP) and graphite electrodes. The diffraction data were obtained with time-of-flight diffractometer in the process of three complete charge–discharge cycles performed at a low rate (0.1 C) at room temperature. The experimental data allowed detailed tracing of the multistage process of Li insertion into graphite followed by the formation of several LiC n phases, as well as the reversible transition of LiFePO4 ↔ FePO4. A comparison of the charge–discharge processes in a battery with a pure LFP cathode and LFP containing ∼1% of vanadium (LFPV) is made. In the second case, an evidently larger part of the anode material passes into the final LiC6 state. Analysis of the diffraction patterns of LFP and LFPV powders revealed a marked shrinkage of crystallite size in the LFPV case, which correlates with better electrochemical properties of LFPV compared to LFP.