batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In 1870, Fritsch and Hitzig demonstrated that dogs have a motor cortex. In a chapter published 6 years later, Otto Soltmann studied the functional development of the motor cortex, which he believed functioned in willed movement. He was the first to show that the dog’s motor cortex becomes electrically excitable at about 10 days of age, with the contralateral forepaw area appearing first. He also studied the effects of ablating the cortical motor regions unilaterally and bilaterally, and encountered a remarkable degree of sparing of function in his animals operated on as newborns, but not in older-operated dogs. Soltmann turned to the theory of functional take-over (vicariation) to account for the absence of deficits in his young animals. He was especially intrigued by the fact that electrical stimulation of a healthy motor cortex could produce bilateral matched movements, but only in dogs that sustained opposite motor cortex lesions very early in life.
Iron–silicon are prepared by annealing elemental mixtures at 1000°C followed by mechanical milling. Graphite–Fe20Si80 alloy composites have been prepared by ball-milling a mixture of Fe20Si80 alloy and graphite powder. The microstructure and electrochemical performance of the composites are characterized by X-ray diffraction and an electrochemical method. The FeSi2 matrix is stable for extended cycles and acts as a buffer for the active centre, Si. The Fe20Si80 alloy electrode delivers large initial capacity, but the capacity degrades rapidly with cycling. Fe20Si80 alloy–graphite composite electrodes, however, show good cycleability and a high reversible capacity of about 600mAhg−1. These composites appear to be promising candidates for negative electrodes in lithium rechargeable batteries.
Iron‑vanadium oxysulfide (Fe-VO-S) nanostructures with different Fe:VO atomic ratios are synthesized by a facile and low cost electrochemical deposition method. The synthesis of the various samples is confirmed by the physicochemical characterizations such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). For different Fe-VO-S nanostructures, the correlation between the physicochemical and the electrochemical properties is investigated. It is found that the Fe:VO atomic ratio has an important effect on the structure and size of the resulted particles. Also, the morphology of Fe-VO-S nanostructures has a remarkable influence on the electrochemical performance of the prepared samples. In addition, ternary Fe-VO-S nanostructures show better electrochemical performances compared to binary VO-S, in terms of high specific capacitance value and good cycling stability, because of the combined contributions from both of Fe and VO elements in the ternary nanostructures. Especially, the as-prepared Fe-VO-S nanostructure with Fe:VO molar ratio of 2:1 shows the highest specific capacitance value of 217 F g−1 at a current density of 3 A g−1 and also exhibits good cycling stability with 92% capacitance retention at a current density of 5 A g−1 after 4000 cycles. In addition, the Fe-VO-S nanostructure with the mentioned molar ratio of Fe:VO can be successfully applied to assemble a symmetric supercapacitor device and achieves good capacitive performances with a high specific capacitance (117 F g−1 at 3 A g−1), excellent energy density (9.3 Wh kg−1 at 2200 W kg−1) and power density (7200 W kg−1 at 1.2 Wh kg−1).
Environmental exposure is an important but underappreciated risk factor contributing to the development and severity of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The heart and vascular system are highly vulnerable to a number of environmental agents—ambient air pollution and the metals arsenic, cadmium, and lead are widespread and the most-extensively studied. Like traditional risk factors, such as smoking and diabetes mellitus, these exposures advance disease and mortality via augmentation or initiation of pathophysiological processes associated with CVD, including blood-pressure control, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, vascular function, and atherogenesis. Although residence in highly polluted areas is associated with high levels of cardiovascular risk, adverse effects on cardiovascular health also occur at exposure levels below current regulatory standards. Considering the widespread prevalence of exposure, even modest contributions to CVD risk can have a substantial effect on population health. Evidence-based clinical and public-health strategies aimed at reducing environmental exposures from current levels could substantially lower the burden of CVD-related death and disability worldwide.
An yttrium hexacyanoferrate nanoparticle/multi-walled carbon nanotube/Nafion (YHCFNP/MWNT/Nafion)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was constructed. Several techniques, including infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemistry, were performed to characterize the yttrium hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles. The electrochemical behavior of the YHCFNP/MWNT/Nafion-modified GCE in response to l-cysteine oxidation was studied. The response current of l-cysteine oxidation at the YHCFNP/MWNT/Nafion-modified GCE was obviously higher than that at the bare GCE or other modified GCE. The effects of pH, scan rate and interference on the response to l-cysteine oxidation were investigated. In addition, on the basis of these findings, a determination of l-cysteine at the YHCFNP/MWNT/Nafion-modified GCE was carried out. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the electrochemical response to l-cysteine at the YHCFNP/MWNT/Nafion-modified GCE was fast (within 4s). Linear calibration plots were obtained over the range of 0.20–11.4μmolL−1 with a low detection limit of 0.16μmolL−1. The YHCFNP/MWNT/Nafion-modified GCE exhibited several advantages, such as high stability and good resistance against interference by ascorbic acid and other oxidizable amino acids.
Rapid charge–discharge rate is an important feature of energy storage devices, but causes dramatic reduction in battery performance. In single flow zinc–nickel batteries (ZNBs), large polarization of nickel hydroxide electrode is an obstacle to realizing high charge–discharge rate without compromising battery performance. A novel cell structure with a serpentine flow field is designed to reduce the polarization of the positive electrode through enhancing mass transport. The power density is improved nearly fourfold by elevating charge–discharge current density from 20mAcm−2 to 80mAcm−2 for the first time. Compared to traditional structure cell, the energy efficiency is improved 10.3% reaching to 75.2% at 80mAcm−2, which has a remarkable improvement. No obvious decrease of efficiencies is presented in the 70 charge–discharge cycles. This provides a feasible method to improve the charge–discharge rate with high performance and boosts the practical application progress of ZNBs.
Na2Ti3O7 has attracted increasing attention as a promising anode material for Na-ion batteries. However, the low electronic conductivity of Na2Ti3O7 brings about kinetic problems for sodiation. In this study, we report Nb-doped Na2Ti3O7 synthesized from a facile sol-gel method. The obtained Na2Ti2.97Nb0.03O7 has increased unit cell volume and lowered band gap compared to the pristine Na2Ti3O7. The Na2Ti2.97Nb0.03O7 shows a high reversible capacity of 189.7mAhg−1 at 0.2C, a great high-rate performance of 89.4mAhg−1 at 5C, and great cyclability of 78.5% after 500 cycles. Specifically, the rate capability of Na2Ti2.97Nb0.03O7 is considerably superior to that of the pristine Na2Ti3O7. The improved sodiation performance suggests Nb-doping is an effective modification for Na2Ti3O7 anode materials.
Publisher Summary This chapter explains the main camera components, and shows how—put together in different combinations—they make up today's mainstream camera designs. It also compares the advantages and disadvantages of various camera types. This chapter concentrates on film cameras, and much of the information here is also valid when using a digital camera. Plenty of “front end” components such as viewfinder, auto-focusing, zoom lens and built-in flash are common to both kinds of camera Today's camera equipment can be divided into four basic types: view cameras, compacts, twin-lens reflexes and single-lens reflexes. At the same time, camera picture sizes fall into three different groups: large format (sheet film, typically 5 × 4 inch), medium format (roll-film sizes giving 6 × 6 cm, etc.) and small format (principally 35 mm). A camera should offer certain controls and adjustments, either manual or automated: a means of accurately aiming the camera and composing the picture; an ability to focus precisely; a shutter to control the moment of exposure and how long light acts on the sensitive surface; an aperture to control image brightness and depth of field; a method of loading and removing film, without allowing unwanted light to affect it; a meter to measure the light and indicate or set the exposure needed for each shot.
Acquisition of a foreign language represents an intensively studied issue, its psychological foundation being based on the individual differences of various learners. The learning process depends on a series of factors: cognitive factors (language apttitude, learning strategies), affective factors (attitudes, motivation, anxiety), metacognitive factors, and demographic factors. We have chosen to analize how affective factors contribute to first year Psychology and Educational Sciences students’ English proficiency. They were tested with AMTB and an English language test. There were identified significant differences in how affective factors influence learning a foreign language between this category of students and those coming from a faculty of letters.
This study aims to summarize an overview of Chinese energy and fuels research using comprehensive bibliometric analysis measures based on data extracted from the Science Citation Index Expanded database from 1993 to 2012. Keyword analysis was used to assess and evaluate the priorities, topics and topic shifts using the Thomson Data Analyzer (TDA). In particular, popular topics were demonstrated using bubble charts. The results show that solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), lithium-ion batteries and hydrogen were the most important topics. The priorities of energy and fuels research in China were hydrogen and fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, biodiesel and biomass, coal, and solar energy, respectively. Of course, lithium-ion batteries have entered substantive application stages in China in 2012. The hydrogen economy has been formed. Biomass and biodiesel research was the popular topic, as well as hydrogen and fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries. But solar energy was not still “hot”. The characteristics of the types of documents, languages, year, journals, institutions and co-publishing countries were analyzed, as well as the keyword occurrence frequencies. It can be stated that 19,089 articles by Chinese authors were published in 106 journals. More than one-third of the articles were published in the Journal of Power Sources, the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy and Bioresource Technology. The Chinese Academy of Science, Tsinghua University, China University of Petroleum, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Zhejiang University were the top five institutions. The USA was the leading inter-collaborative country, followed by Japan, the UK and Canada. The findings presented here provide an overall picture of the development of Chinese energy and fuels research and could also help policy makers assess the impact of the resource allocation decisions made in the past to develop energy policies and strategies for the future.
Here, ternary and quaternary polyaniline (PANI) based nanocomposites were synthesized, via reduction of platinum nanoparticles into a modified PANI with graphene nanosheets (GNS) and/or carbon nanotubes (CNT). The morphology and chemical composition of the prepared nanocomposites were characterized by using XRD, EDXA, FT-IR, SEM, and TEM techniques. The electrochemical properties of the resulting nanocomposites in comparison to pure PANI were systematically studied by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests, for the first time. A remarkable average electrode specific capacity as 3450Cg−1 (based on PANI/GNS/CNT/Pt nanocomposites) was obtained in 1M H2SO4 solution in comparison to 1123, 952, 366 and 284Cg−1 for PANI/GNS/Pt, PANI/GNS/CNT, PANI/CNT/Pt and pure PANI, respectively. Observed outstanding performance for the quaternary nanocomposites, is not only due to the presence of GNS and CNT which can offer good electrical conductivity, but also associate with a high surface area and conductivity dedicated from Pt nanoparticles and a high redox activity of PANI. Furthermore, the PANI/GNS/CNT/Pt nanocomposite present excellent long cycle life with 84.8% specific capacity retained after 1000 charge-discharge processes. The observed high performance of PANI/GNS/CNT/Pt electrode makes it attractive for the development of high-efficiency electrochemical energy storage devices.
Off-Grid energy systems are growing in popularity as an independent source of energy to satisfy electricity needs of individual households or smaller communities, mainly in developing countries where the main grid is either not developed or the grid is uneconomical to extend due to remoteness of the location. The Isle of Eigg in Scotland has been successfully using a hybrid off-grid system for several years to provide a reliable 24-h electricity supply to the islanders. This ex-post analysis of the Isle of Eigg system investigates its performance and explores possible alternative configurations which could work more effectively and efficiently. Simulations were carried out using HOMER software for the existing system and for alternative configurations of energy generation. It is found that the existing overcapacity has been instrumental in ensuring a reliable supply but continued reliance on diesel generators adds to the cost. More wind power capacity addition can reduce reliance on fossil fuels and modular sizing of generators instead of adding large capacities could have reduced the idle capacity. This experience suggests that providing reliable off-grid electricity supply is possible but is costly without suitable capital subsidies. Appropriate system design suited to the local condition is important for developing a viable system.
The present study protocol describes the trial design of a primary care intervention cohort study, which examines whether an extended, multi-professional physical activity referral (PAR) intervention is more effective in enhancing and maintaining self-reported physical activity than physical activity prescription in usual care. The study targets patients with newly diagnosed hypertension and/or type 2 diabetes. Secondary outcomes include: need of pharmacological therapy; blood pressure/plasma glucose; physical fitness and anthropometric variables; mental health; health related quality of life; and cost-effectiveness.
We report the integration of high voltage cathode material LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and multiwall carbon nanotube network for the first time, which has led to charge/discharge rate as high as 20C and has also been demonstrated to work as cathode for flexible batteries. The LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/ multiwall carbon nanotube network is flexible and light-weight since the use of binder, conductive additive and metal current collector is eliminated. Due to the high voltage provided by LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 particles, the total energy of the battery is significantly enhanced. In addition, with the high conductivity from multiwall carbon nanotube network, the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/multiwall carbon nanotube network electrodes can deliver 80% of the 1C capacity even when the charge/discharge current density increased to 20C (1C=140mA/g). During the high current rate cycling test, no obvious capacity decay is observed after 100 cycles at 10C. Calculation of the polarization resistance R p reveals that the R p of the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/multiwall carbon nanotube electrodes is less than 25% of that of the conventional electrodes fabricated through slurry-casting on metal current collector. In addition, the power density calculated from LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/multiwall carbon nanotube electrodes is over two times larger than that provided by the conventional electrodes. The combined effect from high voltage, high current rate performance and reduced weight has led our LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/multiwall carbon nanotube electrodes to be a promising candidate for high-power lithium ion batteries. Moreover, the features of flexibility and light-weight also demonstrate the potential of applying the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 / multiwall carbon nanotube electrodes in new-generation flexible or ultrathin/ultralight electronic devices in the future.
Human exposure to neurotoxic metals is a global public health problem. Metals which cause neurological toxicity, such as lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn), are of particular concern due to the long-lasting and possibly irreversible nature of their effects. Pb exposure in childhood can result in cognitive and behavioural deficits in children. These effects are long-lasting and persist into adulthood even after Pb exposure has been reduced or eliminated. While Mn is an essential element of the human diet and serves many cellular functions in the human body, elevated Mn levels can result in a Parkinson's disease (PD)-like syndrome and developmental Mn exposure can adversely affect childhood neurological development. Due to the ubiquitous presence of both metals, reducing human exposure to toxic levels of Mn and Pb remains a world-wide public health challenge. In this review we summarize the toxicokinetics of Pb and Mn, describe their neurotoxic mechanisms, and discuss common themes in their neurotoxicity.
Hybrid energy systems (HESs) are becoming popular for standalone applications due to global concern regarding green house gas (GHG) emissions and depletion of fossil fuel resources. Research in the optimal design of HESs is ongoing, with numerous optimization techniques giving special emphasis to Pareto optimization, incorporating conflicting objectives. The subsequent decision-making process including the non-dominant set of solutions has yet to be addressed. This work focuses on combining multi-objective optimization with a multi-criterion decision making (MCDM) technique to support decision makers in the process of designing HESs. Four different objectives, i.e., levelized energy cost (LEC), unmet load fraction, wasted renewable energy (WRE) and fuel consumption are used to obtain the Pareto front. A decision support tool based on Fuzzy TOPSIS and level diagrams is proposed to analyze the Pareto front and support the subsequent decision-making activity. A case study is used to illustrate the applicability of the proposed method. The study shows that the novel method is useful when determining the relative weights of objectives, providing a detailed picture of the objective space to the designer when coming up with the optimum system. The technique proposed in this study can be further extended to analyze similar problems in energy system design where MCDM is necessary after multi-objective optimization.
Although lower levels of vitamin D have been related to poor cognitive functioning and dementia in older adults, evidence from longitudinal investigations is inconsistent. The objective of this study was to determine whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] levels are associated with specified measures of cognitive decline in ageing men.
To eliminate the adverse impacts of hydrogen evolution on the capacity of iron-chromium redox flow batteries (ICRFBs) during the long-term operation and ensure the safe operation of the battery, a rebalance cell that reduces the excessive Fe(III) ions at the positive electrolyte by using the hydrogen evolved from the negative electrolyte is designed, fabricated and tested. The effects of the flow field, hydrogen concentration and H2/N2 mixture gas flow rate on the performance of the hydrogen-ferric ion rebalance cell have been investigated. Results show that: i) an interdigitated flow field based rebalance cell delivers higher limiting current densities than serpentine flow field based one does; ii) the hydrogen utilization can approach 100% at low hydrogen concentrations (≤5%); iii) the apparent exchange current density of hydrogen oxidation reaction in the rebalance cell is proportional to the square root of the hydrogen concentration at the hydrogen concentration from 1.3% to 50%; iv) a continuous rebalance process is demonstrated at the current density of 60 mA cm−2 and hydrogen concentration of 2.5%. Moreover, the cost analysis shows that the rebalance cell is just approximately 1% of an ICRFB system cost.
Safety concerns have been the key problem in the practical application of lithium-ion batteries. In the present study, triphenylphosphate (TPP) is used as an electrolyte additive to improve the thermal safety and electrochemical performance of lithium-ion cells. Cyclic voltammetric measurements and thermal stability measurements by means of differential scanning calorimetry are undertaken. Rate capability and cycling performance are evaluated. The flame-retarding additive TPP is electrochemically stable up to 4.9V. The TPP-containing electrolytes display improved thermal stability compared with TPP-free electrolytes. The addition of 3% TPP to the ionic electrolyte is an optimum content for improvement of cell performance and suppression of electrolyte flammability.
Nanostructured silicon electrodes have attracted attention as a potential candidate for high capacity anode in lithium-ion batteries, thanks to their high specific capacity and their ability to accommodate silicon volume changes upon cycling. However, the silicon amount deposited on these nanostructured electrodes is generally low and leads to low surface capacities. Here, a new structure is proposed to increase the areal density of silicon on the electrode. A second growth of secondary nanowires on a silicon nanowires electrode leads to a “nano-tree” structure with surface capacities between 1.8 and 7.1 mAh cm−2. These high loaded electrodes maintain very good rate capabilities and a rather stable cycling is observed for the intermediate loadings, with a capacity maintained above 2 mAh cm−2 after 100 cycles at C/5. This paper provides evidence of a successful synthesis of high loaded silicon electrodes for practical applications, of which the electrochemical performances outperform those of graphite commercial anodes.
Open-circuit voltage (OCV) is widely used to estimate the state-of-charge (SoC) in many SoC estimation algorithms. However, the relationship between the OCV and SoC cannot be exactly same for all batteries. Because the conventional OCV–SoC differs among batteries, there is a problem in that the relationship of the OCV–SoC should be measured to estimate accurately the SoC. Therefore, a modified OCV–SoC relationship based on the conventional OCV–SoC is proposed. Problems resulting from the defects of the extended Kalman filter (EKF) can be avoided by preventing the relationship from varying. Also, in order to improve the performance of the algorithm, measurement noise models of the Kalman filter are applied. Thus, the measurement noise models allow the Kalman filter to overcome defects from the simplified battery modelling and to separate the sequence for estimation of the state and weight filter. The SoC and the capacity of a lithium-ion battery are estimated using the dual EKF with the proposed method.