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An alkaline Pb–Sn plating bath containing sorbitol as additive has been developed, which has the advantage of low toxicity and ease of handling relative to fluoborate baths, etc. The Pb–Sn deposition voltammetric curve from this bath revealed two deposition processes, at −0.87 and −1.17V. The voltammetric studies at various sweep rates indicate that the Pb–Sn deposition process is controlled by mass transport. The joint diffusion coefficient of the Pb(II) and Sn(II) sorbitate complex species is 1.15×10−6 cm2 s−1. SEM analysis showed that the films produced at −0.87 and −1.17V are, respectively, composed of dendritic or hexagonal crystals, showing that co-deposition of tin hindered dendritic growth. EDS of the Pb–Sn films showed that the deposit obtained at −0.87V is pure lead, while that at −1.17V, with 5.0 or 10.0Ccm−2, has 19.10wt% Sn or 26.35wt% Sn, respectively. It was observed that the Pb–Sn electrodeposited films were grey at both deposition potentials (−0.87 and −1.17V) and deposition charges (5.0 and 10.0Ccm−2). X-ray spectra showed that at the potential −0.87V a mixture of Pb, PbPt4 and Pb2PtO4 were deposited, while at −1.17V, Pb, β-Sn, and PbSnO3 were deposited.
Mix transition metal layered oxide materials are much attractive for cathode materials in lithium ion batteries. However, the disordered arrangement between lithium and transition metal ions in local regions of these materials always occurs, and seriously affects their electrochemical performance. Here we report experimental and first-principles calculations of Li+/Ni2+ ion exchange in the LiNi0.42Mn0.42Co0.16O2 materials prepared by solid state reaction and co-precipitation methods. The impact of Li+/Ni2+ ions exchange on the crystal/electronic structure, electrochemical performance and stress are investigated in detail. The results show that there are obvious anisotropic stress and smaller inter-slab space of the unit cell associated with greater Li+/Ni2+ ion exchange. During the delithiation process, the distortion force in the unit cell of the material with large Li+/Ni2+ ion exchange increases sharply and presents strong spin-flip transition of Ni ions (magnetic moment direction change). These issues are closely associated with the electrochemical performance of these layered oxide materials and definitely affect their reversible capacity, cycle stability and rate performance.
A new fire-retardant—dimethyl(2-methoxyethoxy)methylphosphonate (DMMEMP) has been synthesized and evaluated as a high safe electrolyte solvent for lithium-ion batteries. This report summarizes the physical and electrochemical properties of the new compound. It is found that, this nonflammable phosphonate has a moderate viscosity, a high dielectric constant and a good thermal stability. It can provide a wide electrochemical stability window of 0–5.5V (vs. Li+/Li), a high conductivity of 2.0mScm−1 at 20°C with 1M LiTFSI. The electrochemical performance investigated with the Li/LiFePO4 half-cells shows a good capacity of 148.1mAhg−1 and a coulombic efficiency close to 100% at the 10th cycle.
Wide deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) would greatly facilitate global de-carbonization, but achieving the emission targets depends on future battery prices. Conventional learning curves for manufacturing costs, used in many battery projections, unrealistically predict battery prices will fall below $100/kWh by 2030, pushing EVs to hit price parity with internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) in the absence of incentives. However, in reality, essential materials costs set practical lower bounds on battery prices. Our 2-stage learning curve model projects the active material costs and NMC-based Lithium-ion battery pack price with mineral and material costs as the respective price floors. The improved model predicts nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) battery prices will fall only to about $124/kWh by 2030 – much cheaper than today, but still too expensive to truly compete with ICEVs, due primarily to the high prices of cobalt, nickel, and lithium. Our results suggest that stabilizing raw materials prices and/or stimulating R&D activities on alternative battery chemistries will be important to achieve environmentally sustainable EV-based ground transportation at an attractive price.
Improving polymeric materials for use in solar cell applications Lattice-matched semiconductor materials for optoelectronic devices Solar rechargeable battery Electro-optical or PV cell, and its fabrication Solar simulator with movable filter Combination PV cell and RF antenna Forming zinc oxide film, and producing PV device Synthesis of layers, coatings or films using electrostatic fields Solar power generation apparatus and control method Power converter integrated solar cell module Solar cell device Transparent electrode comprising ZnO and a film with a melting point lower than that of ZnO
Electrocatalysts that lead to a four electron oxygen reduction reaction are generally proposed for metal-air batteries. Herein, we show that spinel NiFe2O4 catalyses oxygen reduction reaction by a two step process through stable peroxide species in aqueous medium. Further, it acts as an efficient bifunctional catalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions with favourable rechargeable-battery characteristics. The kinetic parameters are deduced using electrochemical techniques. Rechargeable zinc-air batteries have been assembled using aqueous solution-as well as gel-based electrolytes and the battery characteristics are studied.
We present a novel approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles capped with oleylamine (AgNPs/OLA) and its application in conductive ink for electroanalytical application. The synthesized OLA capped AgNPs was characterized with TEM, UV-Vis, EDX, FTIR and TGA to confirm the size, composition and surface modification of NPs. In this paper, we report conductive ink printing using a pen to achieve a best conductivity value of 0.11×105 Scm−1. A 10wt% AgNPs nano-ink solution was used for printing conductive electrodes (counter, reference and working) on-to photo paper and sintered at 150°C for 1h to achieve metallization. We demonstrated successful application of printed conductive electrodes in cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement. To ensure the continuity of conductive pattern, we demonstrated the lighting of LED when conductive track was connected to a 9V battery. This report shows that paper-based flexible electrodes are user-friendly, cost effective and useful for multiple analyses in CV compared to other printed electrodes.
Four different leaching tests were carried out with spent alkaline batteries as an attempt to quantify the environmental potential burdens associated with landfilling. The tests were performed in columns filled up with batteries either entire or cross-cut, using either deionized water or nitric acid solution as leachant. In a first set of tests, the NEN 7343 standard procedure was followed, with leachant circulating in open circuit from bottom to top through columns. These tests were extended to another leaching step where leachant percolated the columns in a closed loop process. Leachate solutions were periodically sampled and pH, conductivity, density, redox potential, sulphates, chlorides and heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn) were determined in the samples. The results showed that the total amount of substances leached in tests with cross-cut batteries was higher than with entire ones; zinc and sulphates were the substances found the most in the leachate solutions. In general, the amount of substances dissolved in open circuit is higher than in closed loop due to the effect of solution saturation and the absence of fresh solution addition. Results were compared with metal contents in the batteries and with legal limits for acceptance in landfill (Decision 2003/33/CE and Decree-Law 152/2002). None of the metals were meaningfully dissolved comparatively to its content in the batteries, except Hg. Despite the differences in the experiment procedure used and the one stated in the legislation (mixing, contact time and granulometry), the comparison of results obtained with cross-cut batteries using deionized water with legal limits showed that batteries studied could be considered hazardous waste.
This work provides an overview of the potential market in Mexico for portable electronic devices to be potentially powered by direct methanol fuel cells. An extrapolation method based on data published in Mexico and abroad served to complete this market survey. A review of electronics consumption set the basis for the future forecast and technology assimilation. The potential market for fuel cells for mobile phones in Mexico will be around 5.5 billion USD by 2013, considering a cost of 41 USD per cell in a market of 135 million mobile phones. Likewise, the market for notebook computers, PDAs and other electronic devices will likely grow in the future, with a combined consumption of fuel cell technology equivalent to 1.6 billion USD by 2014.
In the development of a process for recovering manganese from spent batteries as electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD), it has been found that the acid leach contains manganese, zinc, and smaller concentrations of diverse electroactive metallic ions. The influence of ferrous ion in the anodic electrodeposition of EMD was investigated by cyclic voltammetry on electrodes of glassy carbon, and graphite fibre cloth, as a function of Fe2+ concentration, potential scan rate and convection. The charge under the MnO2 reduction peak was used to quantify the amount of oxide deposited on the electrode. On the glassy carbon electrode, the peak current density decreases with increasing Fe2+ ion concentration. The peak current density decrease is more notable at low scan rates or with electrode rotation. The effect may be ascribed to the oxidation of ferrous ion by MnO2 and the intermediate MnOOH. This reaction, controlled by the transport of Fe2+ ion toward the interface, is sufficiently rapid to cause the dissolution of the oxide, even at potentials where it should be anodically protected. With static graphite fibre electrodes the effect is less marked, because the Fe2+ ions do not penetrate into the material, being oxidised on the external surface of the electrode. However, when forced convection is introduced a significant reduction in the quantity of EMD formed is observed.
Nowadays, exploiting electrode materials with high energy density and long cycling life is crucial for meeting the urgent requirement of ever-growing energy storage for EV/HEV. Herein, we introduced a simple synthetic route to prepare FeNi2S4 QDs @C composites on a large scale. By means of suitable design, the ultra-small FeNi2S4 quantum dots (QDs) were encapsulated in the carbon matrix, and the forming FeNi2S4 QDs @C composites exhibit excellent electrochemical performances. When tested as anode materials for lithium ion battery, the high capacity of 920 mAhg−1 at 0.1 Ag-1 could be achieved. Except the high capacity, the FeNi2S4 QDs @C composites present the enhancing cycling stability, which demonstrated more than 700 cycles with twice capacity of graphite and capacity retention of almost 100% could be achieved, compared to the capacity of second cycle. Detailed investigations of phase evolutions by XRD patterns and TEM indicate the phase segregation of FeSx and NiSy during the charge/discharge process. The conversion reactions between Fe/Ni and FeSx/NiSy took place in the carbon matrixes, which would hinder the aggregation and grow-up of nanoparticles, resulting in the structure stability. Hence, the ultra-small size, self-doping and stable structure led to the superior electrochemical properties. We believe that the FeNi2S4 @C composites would be an alternative anode material for next generation lithium ion battery.
A significant amount of energy stored in the form of salinity in seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) brine can be harvested by a pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) process for power generation. The crucial performance-determining factor of the PRO process is the semi-permeable PRO membrane, which separates the SWRO brine from a lower salinity solution and sustains the salinity difference between the two solutions. However, accumulation of solutes in the support membrane, namely internal concentration polarization (ICP), significantly reduces the effective salinity difference and thus severely limits the efficiency of conventional PRO membranes. In this paper, we report the fabrication and optimization of thin-film nanofiber composite PRO (TNC-PRO) membranes with a unique support membrane structure (inter-connected, low tortuousness and highly porous properties), aiming to facilitate mixing of accumulated solutes with a dilute feed stream and overcome the ICP problem. With such low structure parameter (S) value (150 μm) nanofiber support membranes (NSMs), the optimum water permeability (A) and solute permeability (B) of the TNC-PRO membrane for power generation were determined to be 4.1 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 and 1.74 L m−2 h−1 respectively. This highly efficient TNC-PRO membrane can achieve a power density of 15.2 W m−2 and maximum energy recovery of 0.86 kW h m−3, using synthetic brackish water (80 mM NaCl, π = 3.92 bar) and seawater brine (1.06 M NaCl, π = 51.8 bar) as feed and draw solution, respectively. For a more dilute synthetic river water (0.9 mM NaCl, π = 0.045 bar) feed solution, the same membrane can achieve a higher power density of 21.3 W m−2. The main performance limiting factors in PRO application such as ICP, External Concentration Polarization (ECP) and Reverse Solute Permeation (RSP) are quantified and their values are related to A, B and S values of TNC-PRO membranes.
To investigate the separate and combined effects of a single session of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and chocolate milk on appetite and cognitive performance in youth aged 9–13 years. Blood glucose, salivary cortisol, and subjective emotions were measured to evaluate potential underlying mechanisms contributing to changes in appetite and cognitive performance.
We report a facile hydrothermal route for the synthesis of Fe2O3 nanoparticles and their composites with conductive additives, reduced graphite oxide (rGO) and conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS, as anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). The addition of conductive polymer layer on Fe2O3 nanoparticles may facilitate the electron transport but hinders the Li+ ion insertion at higher current density. On the other hand, Fe2O3@rGO prepared by growing Fe2O3 nanoparticles directly on rGO sheets shows the best electrochemical behavior due to a beneficial combination of the rGO nanosheets partially wrapped around Fe2O3 which facilitates both the electron transport and the Li+ ion insertion. The enhanced conductivity of the composites was proved. The high specific capacity and stable rate performance of Fe2O3@rGO composites encourages their further study to be potential candidate for the anode materials in LIBs. These results will be helpful in further elucidation of the role of conductive additives in improving the electrochemical performance of Fe2O3 based composite anodes and this simple synthetic strategy can be applied for the large scale production of metal oxides with conductive additives for LIBs.
An organic template assisted synthesis was developed to obtain highly ordered porous LiFePO4 cathode material. The developed synthesis enabled the use of polystyrene (PS) as template by modifying its surface with a surfactant (Brij 78) to render it hydrophilic. The material was synthesized in high yield and purity as confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction. The TEM and SEM images clearly confirmed the presence of a highly ordered porous structure and the latter showed that the structure has an average pore diameter of 400nm and a wall thickness and depth of ∼100nm. Thermal scans and elemental analysis showed that the material contains a high amount of carbon reaching 23–28% by weight. The surface area was calculated using the BET method and found to be 7.71m2 g−1. Li/LiFePO4 half cells were tested and gave satisfactory discharge capacities; an initial capacity (158mAhg−1) close to the theoretical value and recoverable capacities at high C-rates (2–5C).
Desalination has become imperative as a drinking water source for many parts of the world. Due to the large quantities of thermal energy and high quality electricity requirements for water purification, the desalination industry depends on waste heat resources and renewable energy sources such as solar collectors, photovoltaic arrays, geothermal and wind and tidal energy sources. Considering the mismatch between the source supply and demand and intermittent nature of these energy resources, energy storage is a must for reliable and continuous operation of desalination facilities. Thermal energy storage (TES) requires a suitable medium for storage and circulation while the photovoltaic/wind generated electricity needs to be stored in batteries for later use. Desalination technologies that utilize thermal energy and thus require storage for uninterrupted process operation are multi-stage flash distillation (MSF), multi-effect evaporation (MED), low temperature desalination (LTD) and humidification–dehumidification (HD) and membrane distillation (MD). Energy accumulation, storage and supply are the key components of energy storage concept which improve process performance along with better resource economics, and minimum environmental impact. Similarly, the battery energy storage (BES) is essential to store electrical energy for electrodialysis (ED), reverse osmosis (RO) and mechanical vapor compression (MVC) technologies. This research-review paper provides a critical review on current energy storage options for different desalination processes powered by various renewable energy and waste heat sources with focus on thermal energy storage and battery energy storage systems. Principles of energy storage (thermal and electrical energy) are discussed with details on the design, sizing, and economics for desalination process applications.
Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are a promising solution for large-scale energy storage, but a number of problems still impede the deployment of long-lifetime VRFBs. One important aspect of efficient operation of VRFBs is understanding interactions between vanadium species and the membrane. Herein, we investigate the interactions between all four vanadium cations and Nafion membrane by a combination of infrared (IR) spectroscopy and density-functional-theory (DFT)-based static and molecular dynamics simulations. It is observed that vanadium species primarily lead to changes in the IR spectrum of Nafion in the SO 3 − spectral region which is attributed to the interaction between vanadium species and the SO 3 − exchange sites. DFT calculations of vanadium − Nafion complexes in the gas phase show that it is thermodynamically favorable for all vanadium cations to bind to SO 3 − via a contact pair mechanism. Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics-based metadynamics simulations of cation-Nafion systems in aqueous solution suggest that V 2 + and V 3 + species coordinate spontaneously to SO 3 − , which is not the case for VO 2 + and VO 2 + . The interaction behavior of the uncycled membrane determined in this study is used to explain the experimentally observed changes in the vibrational spectra, and is discussed in light of previous results on device-cycled membranes.
The effect of the rare earth element lanthanum (La) on the microstructure of lead–calcium grid alloys was studied by the metallographic microscope. A comparison of the electrochemical corrosion behavior of the new and traditional grid alloys was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), A.C. impedance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to study the surface morphology of anodic films of Pb–Ca–Sn–Al–Re alloys formed in sulfuric acid solution at 1.3 and 0.9V for 2h. The morphology of the corrosion layer was analyzed by SEM after the constant current corrosion test. The results show that an appropriate content of La can effectively (1) increase the fineness of the grain of Pb–Ca–Sn–Al alloys, (2) increase the growth of PbO2 film, and (3) make the anodic film formed at 1.3V become fine and compact. Alloys with contents of 0.01wt.%, 0.03wt.% and 0.1wt.% La were shown satisfactory results. La also can decrease the growth of Pb(II) film, purify and increase the density of the anodic film at 0.9V, especially for La content of 0.03wt.% and 0.1wt.%. Moreover, La can improve the corrosion resistance of Pb–Ca–Sn–Al alloys, particularly for a La content of 0.01wt.%.
Within this study we report on the impact of the pyrolysis temperature on the structural and electrochemical properties of the poly(phenylvinylsilylcarbodiimide) derived silicon carbonitride (SiCN) ceramic. Materials pyrolysed at 800 °C and 1300 °C, SiCN 800 and SiCN 1300, are found amorphous. Raman spectroscopy measurements indicate the increase in ordering of the free carbon phase with increasing pyrolysis temperature which leads to lower capacity recovered by SiCN 1300. Significant hysteresis is found for materials pyrolysed at 800 °C during electrochemical lithium insertion/extraction. This feature is attributed to much higher hydrogen content in SiCN 800 sample. An aging of SiCN 800 reflected by a change of elemental composition upon contact to air and a strong film formation are attenuated at a higher pyrolysis temperature. Single particle microelectrode investigation on SiCN 800 and SiCN 1300 clarify different electrochemical behavior of the materials. Much lower charge transfer resistance of SiCN 1300 in comparison to SiCN 800 explains better high currents electrochemical performance. Lithium ions diffusion coefficient Dmin ranges from 3.2 10−9 cm2s−1 to 6.4 10–11 cm2s−1 and is independent on the potential.
All halogen containing electrolytes for Mg battery are apt to corrode conventional metal current collectors. In this paper, a new type of halogen-free boron based electrolyte (Mg[Mes3BPh]2/THF) is designed and prepared. Electrochemical tests show that this electrolyte system possesses high ion conductivity (1.5 × 10−3 S cm−1) and good Mg deposition–dissolution reversibility. More importantly, the same electrochemical window (2.6 V vs. Mg RE) of the electrolyte on Pt and stainless steel electrodes indicates that halogen-free electrolyte indeed lessens the corrosion to conventional metal current collectors. The surface morphologies of stainless steel, aluminum and copper are further observed after their anodic potentiostatic polarization in 0.25 mol L−1 Mg[Mes3BPh]2/THF electrolyte solution for 2 days. A comparison with halogen containing electrolytes proves that the presence of halogen in electrolyte is the reason for corrosion. This work provides a stepping stone for developing new halogen-free electrolyte systems for rechargeable Mg batteries.
The electrochemical properties of graphite with various degrees of graphitization, contents of rhombohedral phase, and surface areas were electrochemically investigated at 25°C and −5°C. The degree of graphitization and the amount of rhombohedral phase affected the samples’ lithium intercalation/deintercalation and surface deposition. The reductions of electrolyte conductivity and lithium ion diffusion in the graphite interlayer at −5°C lowered the graphite's capacity. Lithium deposition also occurred on the graphite's surface. Highly graphitized samples were affected greatly by temperature, showing large capacity loss at low temperature. Increased rhombohedral phase facilitated lithium deposition on the graphite's surface as lithium ions did not insert into the graphite interlayers and accumulated at its edged planes. Increasing the pathways for lithium ion intercalation could facilitate lithium intercalation and reduce lithium deposition.
Gout frequently affects the foot yet relatively little is known about the effects of gout on foot structure, pain and functional ability. This study aimed to describe the impact of gout in a UK primary care population.