batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A new series of functional compounds, (((perfluoropropane-2,2-diyl) bis (4, 1-phenylene)) bis (oxy))-bridged ball-type metal-free and zinc(II), cobalt (II) and iron (II) metallophthalocyanines, behaving as the air catalyst in zinc-air batteries have been developed, and characterized with common spectroscopic methods. The catalyst composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDS), and energy dispersive elemental mapping (EDS mapping). The catalytic activites of the dimeric type complexes on oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) have been evaluated by static and dynamic voltammetric techniques. In particular, iron (II) complex displayed spectacular catalytic activity with slightly more positive half-wave potential than that of the commercial Pt/C for ORR in alkaline media, mainly due to its distinctive cofacial molecular structure with dual redox-active metal centers. The electrocatalytic performance tests, carried out in a homemade Zn-air battery prototype, suggested that this complex can be used as an efficient ORR catalyst in this type of batteries.
Objectives: This paper sought to determine the psychological characteristics and skills that are fundamental to batting success in the sport of cricket. Design and method: Following on from the findings of an earlier qualitative investigation which suggested that a favourable mix of psychological attributes and skills are critical to high performance in batting (Weissensteiner et al. 10 ), adult-aged batsmen of two different skill levels (highly skilled n =11; lesser skilled n =10) completed a battery of psychological tests that included measures of mental toughness (Mental Toughness Inventory), perfectionism (Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale), coping ability (Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28), and optimism (Attributional Styles Questionnaire). Results: Contrary to the research hypothesis, it was found that the highly skilled batsmen were only distinguishable from batsmen of lesser skill by their higher degree of global mental toughness. The skilled batsmen scored significantly higher on mental toughness dimensions relating to motivation (Personal Bests, Task Value and Commitment), coping skill (Perseverance) and self-belief (Potential). Conclusions: If mental toughness can be reliably predicted at an earlier age, it may be an attribute worthy of inclusion in future talent identification and development programs.
Cr-doped Li9V3−x Cr x (P2O7)3(PO4)2 (x =0.0–0.5) compounds have been prepared using sol–gel method. The Rietveld refinement results indicate that single-phase Li9V3−x Cr x (P2O7)3(PO4)2 (x =0.0–0.5) with trigonal structure can be obtained. Although the initial specific capacity decreased with Cr content at a lower current rate, both cycle performance and rate capability have excited improvement with moderate Cr-doping content. Li9V2.8Cr0.2(P2O7)3(PO4)2 compound presents the good electrochemical rate and cyclic ability. The enhancement of rate and cyclic capability may be attributed to the optimizing particle size, morphologies, and structural stability during the proper amount of Cr-doping (x =0.2) in V sites.
A Ge/GeO2 composite embedded in a carbon matrix (Ge/GeO2/C) is synthesized using a one-step mechanical ball-milling method, and its potential as a Li-ion battery anode material is evaluated. Characterization using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy reveal that the uniformly distributed germanium and oxygen elements are embedded in the carbon matrix. In situ X-ray diffraction analysis provides insight into the complex conversion reaction as well as the Li–Ge alloy reaction. The Ge/GeO2/C composite exhibits a fairly high capacity of 915mAhg−1 up to 50 cycles (with good cycling and a high rate capability). The improvement in the electrochemical performance arises from the synergistic effects of the reduced particle size, conductive carbon matrix, and catalytic function of Ge to mitigate mechanical strain and provide an efficient network for electron transfer.
CoSnO3/G nanohybrid has been synthesized by thermal annealing of CoSn(OH)6/G, prepared by a facile in situ solvothermal route using CoSO4, K2SnO3 and GO as precursors and has been investigated as a promising high-performance anode material for Li-ion batteries. The CoSnO3 nanocrystals are uniformly dispersed and immobilized by graphene nanosheets reduced from GO. The CoSnO3/G composite exhibits superior cycling stability and rate capability compared to bare CoSnO3. The improvement in electrochemical performance can be attributed to the combined conducting, confining and dispersing effects of graphene for the CoSnO3 nanocrystals.
Poor Medication adherence causes significant economic impact resulting in hospital readmission, hospital visits and other healthcare costs. The authors developed a smartwatch application and a cloud based data pipeline for developing a user-friendly medication intake monitoring system that can contribute to improving medication adherence. The developed Android smartwatch application collects activity sensor data using accelerometer and gyroscope. The cloud-based data pipeline includes distributed data storage, distributed database management system and distributed computing frameworks in order to build a machine learning model which identifies activity types using sensor data. With the proposed sensor data extraction, preprocessing and machine learning algorithms, this study successfully achieved a high F1 score of 0.977 with 13.313 seconds of training time and 0.139 seconds for testing.
Cognitive dysfunction is core to schizophrenia, and remains poorly treated by existing therapies. A prominent hypothesis suggests that many symptoms arise from N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction. Subsequently, there has emerged a widespread use of many preclinical and clinical NMDAR antagonist models in the search for novel treatments. Clinically, ketamine is broadly purported to induce cognitive symptoms similar to those of schizophrenia. Preclinically, acute, subchronic and neonatal NMDAR antagonist administration models are all utilised in this context, as well as NMDAR transgenic animals. In this review, key strengths and weaknesses of each of these approaches are described with regard to their ability to recapitulate the deficits seen in patients. Given the breadth of literature and vogue for research in this topic, instances of NMDAR antagonist effects in the desired domains can readily be found preclinically. However, it is surprisingly difficult to identify any single aspect of cognitive function that possesses complete translational integrity. That is, there does not seem to be an NMDAR antagonist regimen proven to engage NMDARs equivalently in humans and animals that reliably produces the same cognitive effects in each species. This is likely due to the diverse range of techniques and models used by preclinical researchers, a paucity of research describing pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic relationships of NMDAR antagonist regimens, little capability to measure target engagement, and the lack of harmonized procedures between preclinical and clinical studies. Realizing the potential of the NMDAR hypofunction hypothesis to model cognitive impairment in schizophrenia will require some of these issues to be addressed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Schizophrenia’.
Tuning reactive metal-support interaction (RMSI) is a promising approach to optimizing catalytic active sites via the electronic, geometric and compositional effects. In general, the RMSI is conducted on the reducible oxides via a high-temperature reaction (>550 °C). Herein we report a strong RMSI between Pt single atom (PtSA) and non-oxide-based g-C3N4 built by an in-situ photocatalytic reduction method at a sub-zero temperature. The experimental observation confirms that the rich N vacancies in g-C3N4 produce an obvious electron-deficient effect, which greatly enhances the RMSI. This strong RMSI contributes to the highest PtSA coverage density of 0.35 mg m−2 reported to date in carbon-based materials and outstanding H2-evolution activity of 174.5 mmol g−1 h−1 per PtSA relative to those on the electron-rich g-C3N4. The structure simulation reveals that the RMSI can not only stabilize the PtSA on the electron-deficient g-C3N4 via the strong chemical bond between PtSA and the two-coordinated C (C2C) sites caused by the N vacancies, but also promises the PtSA with an optimized electronic and geometric structures for capturing photogenerated electrons and producing H2. This finding opens a new channel for designing and manipulating single atom-loaded photocatalyst via the RMSI at a sub-zero low temperature.
Well-crystallized, layered, two-dimensional bismuth oxyhalide (BiOX; X=Cl, Br, or I) ultrathin nanosheets have been synthesized via a simple and low-cost hydrothermal method. The nanosheets are assessed as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts for the air electrodes of aluminum-air batteries using linear polarization, constant-current discharge and rotating ring-disk electrode techniques. Electrochemical results show that the obtained BiOI with the highly reactive (001) facets demonstrates higher electrochemical activity than BiOCl and BiOBr under high discharge current density. Koutecky-Levich analysis of the ORR current densities of all compositions indicates that BiOCl and BiOI are mainly dominated by a four-electron pathway.
Copper oxide inclusions were incorporated in polymer matrix (polycarbonate/PC/, polyetheretherketone/PEEK/etc.) during selective laser melting process. The aim of this study was to observe the cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects of the copper oxide nanoparticles on a culture of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells after 3D laser bioprinting. The matrices of polymer coated Cu/CuO nanoparticles (<100 nm) were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The viable cells were counted using light microscopy. It was determined that Cu/CuO nanoparticles have a strong toxic effect on PC matrix unlike background high biocompatible PEEK matrix, which smoothes apoptotic effect. We also discuss the implications of our findings regarding the effects of the intrinsic toxic properties of Cu/CuO nanoparticles, and concluded that the apparent toxicities of metal oxide NPs can largely be understood as a matter of particle toxicity.
These two studies extended previous research on the use of verbal instructions and support technology for helping persons with mild or moderate Alzheimer's disease perform daily activities. Study I included seven participants who were to carry out one of two previously targeted activities (i.e., either coffee preparation or table setting). Study II included four participants who were to carry out two new activities (i.e., preparation of a fruit salad and of a vegetable salad). The effects of activity engagement on mood (i.e., indices of happiness) were assessed by recording the participants’ behavior during the activity trials and parallel non-activity periods. The participants of Study I reached percentages of correct activity performance, which normally exceeded 85. Five of them also showed higher indices of happiness during the activity trials as opposed to the non-activity periods. Three of the participants of Study II reached high percentages of correct performance on both activities available. One of these participants also showed higher indices of happiness during the activity trials. The findings were discussed in relation to previous research outcomes and in terms of their practical implications for intervention programs.
In this work, the electrochemical behavior and the corresponding mass variation of amorphous manganese oxide (denoted as a-MnO x ) are examined simultaneously in a neutral electrolyte containing 10mM Na2SO4 without or with NaHCO3 or Na2HPO4 by cyclic voltammetry with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). a-MnO x was anodically deposited onto the gold-sputtered quartz electrode by means of a potentiostatic method at 1.0V for 60s. The morphology and microstructure of a-MnO x with different potential windows of CV cycling in the above electrolyte were examined by means of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From this EQCM study, a-MnO x is unstable between 1.0 and 1.2V in 10mM Na2SO4 because of significant dissolution of a-MnO x . The repeated potential cycling promotes the electrocatalytic activity of a-MnO x for oxygen evolution, which also enhances the dissolution of a-MnO x . The dissolution phenomenon and oxygen evolution are successfully suppressed by the formation of insoluble manganese carbonate or the adsorption of phosphate by adding NaHCO3 or Na2HPO4 in the Na2SO4 electrolyte, enlarging the potential window for the charge/discharge of a-MnO x .
The term hepatic encephalopathy encompasses a spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities seen in patients with liver dysfunction. Distinct syndromes are identified in acute liver failure and cirrhosis. Rapid deterioration in consciousness level and increased intracranial pressure that may result in brain herniation and death are a feature of acute liver failure whereas manifestations of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis include psychomotor dysfunction, impaired memory, increased reaction time, sensory abnormalities, poor concentration and in severe forms, coma. In patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure the pathophysiology remains undefined. Ammonia has been considered central to its pathogenesis. In the brain, the astrocyte is the main site for ammonia detoxification, during the conversion of glutamate to glutamine. An increased ammonia level raises the amount of glutamine within astrocytes, causing an osmotic imbalance resulting in cell swelling and ultimately brain oedema. Recent studies suggest that inflammation and it modulators may play a synergistic role with ammonia in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Therapy of hepatic encephalopathy is directed primarily at reducing ammonia generation and increasing its detoxification. The currently accepted regimens to treat hepatic encephalopathy such as lactulose and protein restricted diets need further clinical trials and therefore placebo controlled clinical trials in hepatic encephalopathy are justified. In liver failure, ammonia metabolism involves multiple organs and therefore ammonia reduction will require simultaneous targeting of these organs. The present review describes the pathophysiological basis of hepatic encephalopathy and evaluates the available therapies.
The wireless mesh network (WMN) is an emerging multihop, heterogeneous, easily scalable and low cost network. The architecture of the WMN is a connectionless-oriented, mobile and dynamic traffic of routed packets. The mesh infrastructure environment easily forms multiple chains of wireless LANs (WLAN) coupled with the simultaneous multihop transmission of data packets from peripherals via mobile gateways to the wireless cloud. WMN operates as an access network to other communication technologies. This exposes the WMN to numerous security challenges not only in the mesh transmission operation security but also in the overall security against foreign attacks. We surveyed and identified the security vulnerabilities in Internet Protocol (IP) broadband networks, the security challenges in the routing layer of the WMN and explored new concepts to solving security challenges in WMN using traffic engineering (TE) security resolution mechanisms. We analyzed the advantages, comparative strengths and weakness in the use of traffic engineering based on simulation results and evaluations.
Layered Li[Ni x Li(1−2x)/3Mn(2−x)/3]O2 (0≤ x ≤0.5) cathode powders were synthesized by a sol–gel process. The synthesized Li[Ni x Li(1−2x)/3Mn(2−x)/3]O2 (0≤ x ≤0.5) powders were confirmed to be layered structure with a space group of R 3 ¯ m by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The extra diffraction peaks between 20° and 30° in the 2θ scale indicates the superlattice ordering of Li, Ni and Mn in the transition metal layer. Further, there is no change in the structural parameters up to x =0.2, and thereafter, the changes are significant with increase of x value to 0.5. The surface morphology of the synthesized electrode powders was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an average particle size was found to be in an order of 0.1–0.4μm. The charge–discharge curves showed that the two distinguishable charge plateaus at the first cycle which were attributed to the Ni2+/Ni4+redox pair (≤4.5V) and partial loss of oxygen (≥4.5V), respectively. The stable discharge capacity of 260mAhg−1 was obtained at the end of the 20th cycle for the Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 electrode in the potential between 2.5 and 4.7V at 12.6mAg−1. The electrode cell performance at x =0.2 is the best among the studied x value in the Li[Ni x Li(1−2x)/3Mn(2−x)/3]O2 system.
Lithium-rich cathode material Li[Li0.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54]O2 was synthesized via a sol-gel method and Mg was successfully doped into this material. The charge and discharge tests reveal that doping with Mg substitution leads to improved electrochemical performance, which may provide an initial discharge capacity of 275.8 mAh g−1 at a current density of 40mAg−1 or a reversible capacity of 160.5 mAh g−1 at 1000mAg−1 within a potential range of 2.0-4.8V at room temperature. X-ray diffraction studies indicate the Mg substitution enlarges the inter-layer space which facilitates more effective lithium-ion insertion/extraction; cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests consistently show an increased ion diffusion coefficient (D Li). Such doping leads to significantly enhanced rate capability and cycling stability.
A Li[Li0.2Ni0.4Mn0.4]O2 cathode material for lithium battery was synthesized in de-ionized water, ethanol and ethanol with PEG by a combustion method. XPS analysis shows that Ni and Mn are in 3+ and 4+ oxidation states, respectively. Three materials exhibit a layered hexagonal α-NaFeO2 structure, and that prepared in ethanol with PEG displays the best homogeneous morphology in a size distribution of 200–400 nm. The electrochemical tests show that the material prepared in ethanol with PEG displays the best cyclic performance and rate capability, such as the discharge capacity of 254 mAhg−1 in the first cycle at 0.1C and 234 mAhg−1 after 50 cycles. Capacity retention is more than 90% after 50 cycles for the cell with a charge/discharge pre-cycling treatment (one cycle at 4.5–2.0 V and followed by one cycle at 4.8–2.0 V) compared with that without pre-cycling. EIS measurements demonstrate that pre-cycling treatment leads to form a better SEI layer and the cell assembled with the material prepared in ethanol with PEG has the least R SEI and R ct values.
Lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries have extremely high theoretical specific capacities and energy densities when compared with Li-ion batteries. However, the instability of both electrolyte and carbon-based oxygen electrode related to the nucleophilic attack of reduced oxygen species during oxygen reduction reaction and the electrochemical oxidation during oxygen evolution reaction are recognized as the major challenges in this field. Here we report the application of boron carbide (B4C) as the non-carbon based oxygen electrode material for aprotic Li-O2 batteries. B4C has high resistance to chemical attack, good conductivity, excellent catalytic activity and low density that are suitable for battery applications. The electrochemical activity and chemical stability of B4C are systematically investigated in an aprotic electrolyte. Li-O2 cells using B4C-based air electrodes exhibit better cycling stability than those using carbon nanotube- and titanium carbide-based air electrodes in the electrolyte of 1 M lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate in tetraglyme. The performance degradation of B4C-based electrode is mainly due to the loss of active sites on B4C electrode during cycles as identified by the structure and composition characterizations. These results clearly demonstrate that B4C is a very promising alternative oxygen electrode material for aprotic Li-O2 batteries. It can also be used as a standard electrode to investigate the stability of electrolytes.
Objectives To identify differences in health factors, neuromuscular attributes, and performance-based mobility among community-dwelling older adults with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis; and to determine which neuromuscular attributes are associated with performance-based measures of mobility. Design Cross-sectional; secondary data analysis of a cohort study. Setting Outpatient rehabilitation center. Participants Community-dwelling adults aged ≥65 years with self-reported mobility limitations and symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis (N=54). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Short Physical Performance Battery score, habitual gait speed, and chair stand test. Results Symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis was classified using self-reported symptoms of neurogenic claudication and imaging. Among 430 community-dwelling older adults, 54 (13%) met criteria for symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis. Compared with participants without symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis, those with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis had more comorbidities, higher body mass index, greater pain, and less balance confidence. Participants with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis had greater impairment in trunk extensor muscle endurance, leg strength, leg strength asymmetry, knee flexion range of motion (ROM), knee extension ROM, and ankle ROM compared with participants without symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis. Five neuromuscular attributes were associated with performance-based mobility among participants with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis: trunk extensor muscle endurance, leg strength, leg strength asymmetry, knee flexion ROM, and knee extension ROM asymmetry. Conclusions Community-dwelling older adults with self-reported mobility limitations and symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis exhibit poorer health characteristics, greater neuromuscular impairment, and worse mobility when compared with those without symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis. Poorer trunk extensor muscle endurance, leg strength, leg strength asymmetry, knee flexion ROM, and knee extension ROM asymmetry were associated with performance-based mobility among participants with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis.
Problems of low initial Coulombic efficiency and low cycling life are main limitation factors for SnO2-based materials in sodium storage application. Herein, a cobalt-doped SnO2/carbon cluster is prepared via a simple and fast microwave assisted hydrothermal method. It reveals an iconic hierarchical structure including SnO2 nanoparticles and whiskers, to be demonstrated with excellent electrochemical performance in sodium storage application. In details, a high specific capacity of 576 mAh g−1 can be obtained at a current density of 50 mA g−1 after 250 cycles; an impressive rate capacity of 242 mAh g−1 can be obtained even at a high current density of 1600 mA g−1. It is found that the cobalt dopant can inhibit the SnO2 coarsening, increase the overall conductivity and improve the reversibility of conversion reactions of Sn to SnO2. As a result the as-prepared cobalt-doped SnO2/carbon cluster presents a high initial Coulombic efficiency and an enhanced Na+ diffusion rate, corresponding to high specific capacity and excellent rate performance in sodium storage application. This work demonstrated a promising technique to prepared cobalt-doped nanostructured SnO2/carbon nanocomposites with excellent electrochemical performance as anode for sodium storage application.
The objective of this work is to synthesize new and novel superacid-based lithium salts with large anions that will easily ionize in solvent mixtures and in polymer complexes providing improved conductivity and high electrochemical stability. The preparation of lithium imide salts, their solution conductivities and electrochemical stabilities are described. The preparation of solid polymer electrolyte films and their conductivities are described. Experimental data on lithium ion cells fabricated using electrolyte solutions of two representative lithium imide salts are presented.