batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Addictions to licit and illicit drugs are chronic relapsing brain disorders that affect circuits that regulate reward, motivation, memory, and decision-making. Drug-induced pathological changes in these brain regions are associated with characteristic enduring behaviors that continue despite adverse biopsychosocial consequences. Repeated exposure to these substances leads to egocentric behaviors that focus on obtaining the drug by any means and on taking the drug under adverse psychosocial and medical conditions. Addiction also includes craving for the substances and, in some cases, involvement in risky behaviors that can cause death. These patterns of behaviors are associated with specific cognitive disturbances and neuroimaging evidence for brain dysfunctions in a diverse population of drug addicts. Postmortem studies have also revealed significant biochemical and/or structural abnormalities in some addicted individuals. The present review provides a summary of the evidence that has accumulated over the past few years to implicate brain dysfunctions in the varied manifestations of drug addiction. We thus review data on cerebrovascular alterations, brain structural abnormalities, and postmortem studies of patients who abuse cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, heroin, and “bath salts”. We also discuss potential molecular, biochemical, and cellular bases for the varied clinical presentations of these patients. Elucidation of the biological bases of addiction will help to develop better therapeutic approaches to these patient populations.
Energy storage devices are usually stacked from two electrodes and a sandwiched separator. The possible delamination of the stacked structure could deteriorate the electrochemical performance under deformed states. Here the cathode (polyaniline) and anode (metal Zn) are separately electrodeposited on a filter paper coated with current collectors to produce an integrated aqueous Zn-ion battery. High energy and power densities of 175.1 mWh/g@0.43 W/g and 12.1 W/g@90.1 mWh/g, together with excellent cyclic stability, are achieved for the integrated aqueous Zn-ion battery. The electrochemical performance is advantageous over that of Li-ion paper batteries with organic electrolytes and asymmetric supercapacitors with aqueous electrolytes. Impressively, the integrated aqueous Zn-ion battery works well under bending, folding and twisting, respectively, with little loss in the electrochemical performance.
Objectives The present study was undertaken to evaluate the cognitive profile of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and to correlate with the clinical stage and polysomnographic variables. Methods The study included 25 PD patients who had RBD and 25 PD patients who based on two questionnaires were determined as not having RBD. These patients underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG) and neuropsychological assessment using a defined battery of tests. Results The mean age of the patients with clinically probable RBD (RBD+) was 60.4 ± 8.2 years and PD patients without RBD (RBD-) was 57.3 ± 6.6 years (p = 0.14). The mean age at onset of the disease was 53.7 ± 9.4 years for RBD+ and 49.8 ± 7.8 years for RBD-patients (p = 0.12). The mean Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III OFF score was 27.4 ± 11.1 for RBD+ and 32.7 ± 8.2 for RBD- (p = 0.06). The total sleep time of the patients was 4.3 ± 1.7 h with sleep efficiency of 53.8 ± 21.0%. Patients with RBD+ were found to have significant impairment in many neuropsychological tests compared to RBD-. Conclusions RBD + patients had significant impairment in MMSE, category fluency test (FAS test), frontal assessment battery, attention (digit span backwards, Corsi span), verbal memory (story recall) and Rey's auditory verbal learning test. These patients also had poor sleep quality.
A new oxysulfide spinel LiCr0.19Mn1.81O3.98S0.02 with well-developed octahedral structure is synthesized by a sol–gel method using glycolic acid as a chelating agent. The LiCr0.19Mn1.81O3.98S0.02 electrode shows no capacity loss in the 3- and 4-V region. This behavior is investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The substitution of S for O in LiMn2O4 stabilizes the structural integrity of the spinel host, which in turn increases the electrochemical cycleability.
With the ever-increasing demands for higher energy densities in Li-ion batteries, alternative anodes with higher reversible capacity are required to replace the conventional graphite anode. Here, we demonstrate a cost-effective hydrothermal carbonization approach to prepare a hard carbon coated nano-Si/graphite (HC-nSi/G) composite as a high performance anode for Li-ion batteries. In this hierarchical structured composite, the hard carbon coating not only provides an efficient pathway for electron transfer, but also alleviates the volume variation of Si during charge/discharge processes. The HC-nSi/G composite electrode shows excellent performance, including a high specific capacity of 878.6 mAh g−1 based on the total weight of composite, good rate performance, and a decent cycling stability, which is promising for practical applications.
Metal-oxide anodes represent a significant future direction for advanced lithium ion batteries. However, their practical applications are still seriously hampered by electrode disintegration and capacity fading during cycling. Here, we report a rational design of 3D-staggered metal-oxide nanocomposite electrode directly fabricated by pulsed spray evaporation chemical vapor deposition, where various oxide nanocomponents are in a staggered distribution uniformly along three dimensions and across the whole electrode. Such a special design of nanoarchitecture combines the advantages of nanoscale materials in volume change and Li+/electron conduction as well as uniformly staggered and compact structure in atom migration during lithiation/delithiation, which exhibits high specific capacity, good cycling stability and excellent rate capability. The rational design of metal-oxide nanocomposite electrode opens up new possibilities for high performance lithium ion batteries.
The paper proposes an analysis of a 100% electric vehicle (EV) scenario on the energy system of the island of Bornholm in Denmark. The paper intends to present challenges and opportunities that a realistic system would face when completely shifting to electric transportation. The EVs are subject to different charging strategies in order to assess the impact on the grid, the potential savings on the charging cost and the effects on battery degradation. In contrast to uncontrolled charging, smart charging strategies are designed not only to satisfy the same charging requirements at the EV departure time, but also maximize the savings on the charging cost and avoid interconnection congestions. Smart strategies bring a reduction in annual charging cost around 12%, on top of a reduction in the degradation because of lower average SOC and number of cycles. Moreover, results show a limited benefit in bidirectional charging because of a marginal increase in savings: this more demanding operation, which allows discharges, leads to higher battery degradation, due to the increase in the number of cycles.
Mn-doped LiNiVO4 and LiCoVO4 were obtained by aqueous method under ambient pressure in the whole 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4 (LiMn x Ni1−x VO4) and 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.3 (LiMn y Co1−y VO4) region. The lattice constants and reversible capacities of the Mn-doped inverse spinel increased by increasing the Mn doping level. In particular, the reversible capacity of the obtained LiMn0.3Co0.7VO4 is around about 100 mAh g−1, which is the largest reported capacity of inverse spinel cathode materials. It suggests that the bottleneck for lithium diffusion in the inverse spinel structure was enlarged by relatively larger Mn substitutional doping to Co or Ni. The ex-situ XRD measurement for charged or discharged inverse spinel pellets revealed a reversible expansion and contraction on cycle due to the structural strength and flexibility.
A new inhibitor targeting the mitochondrial complex I shows antitumor activity in preclinical models of acute myeloid leukemia and glioblastoma relying on oxidative phosphorylation.
Coulter dispersants were investigated as the additive into the positive electrolyte (more than 1.8M vanadium ions) of vanadium redox flow battery (VRB). The electrolyte stability tests showed that, at 45, 50 and 60°C, the addition of 0.050–0.10 w/w Coulter dispersant IIIA (mainly containing coconut oil amine adduct with 15 ethylene oxide groups) into the positive electrolyte of VRB could significantly delay the time of precipitate formation from 1.8–12.3h to 30.3h∼19.3 days. Moreover, the trace amount of Coulter dispersant IIIA as the additive can enhance the electrolyte stability without changing the valence state of vanadium ions, reducing the reversibility of the redox reactions and incurring other side reactions at the electrode. Using the Coulter IIIA dispersant as the additive also improved the energy efficiency of the VRB. The UV–vis spectra confirmed that the trace amount of Coulter IIIA dispersant did not chemically react with V(V) to form new substances. The synergy of Coulombic repulsion and steric hindrance between the macromolecular cationic surfactant additive and the solution reduced the aggregation of vanadium ions into V2O5 and increased the supersaturation of V2O5 crystal in the solution.
Monocytes and macrophages of individuals with allergic diseases express increased levels of the low-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRII or CD23) on their surfaces. The cross-linking of CD23-bound IgE antibody by allergen activates the cells to release inflammatory mediators. In mast cells, the binding of IgE to the high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI) has recently been shown to activate these cells independent of allergen. It has not been determined if such is true of the binding of IgE to the low-affinity receptors. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to determine whether monomeric IgE alone can activate CD23-bearing human monocytes and how this may relate to the activation by IgE/anti-IgE immune complex. Purified monocytes, cultured for 48 h with IL-4 to up-regulate CD23 were sensitized with human myeloma IgE and further cultured for 24 h with or without anti-human IgE antibody. The release of cytokines TNF-α and MIP-1α (as an index of activation) was determined by enzyme immunoassay. Results showed that in IL-4-treated/CD23-bearing monocytes, sensitization with IgE alone caused a release of TNF-α and MIP-1α. The addition of anti-IgE antibody to cross-link the bound IgE resulted in the enhancement of the response. Such activation by monomeric IgE and IgE/anti-IgE immune complex was blocked with an anti-CD23 antibody, confirming the specific involvement of CD23 molecules. Neither of the activation modalities elevated intracellular cAMP, contrary to previous report. These results show for the first time, that in CD23-bearing monocytes, IgE sensitization alone can activate monocytes, and that ligation of such IgE by anti-IgE antibody only enhances the response. These observations have implications for the understanding of the pathophysiology of IgE-dependent inflammation accompanying many allergic diseases.
A new method to calculate energy efficiency for rechargeable batteries is proposed successfully and described in the study. The energy efficiency is divided into three categories, the energy efficiency under charge, the energy efficiency under discharge and the energy efficiency under charge–discharge. A key factor in calculating the energy efficiency is attributed to resolve the chemical energy stored in batteries (referred to as net energy hereafter). The net energy is stated with an equation of a function of the open circuit voltage (OCV) and the state of charge (SOC). Therefore, the relationship of OCV and SOC must be sought to solve the function. The OCV curve is computed by average of the charge curve and the discharge curve at a low rate. The quantitative relation of OCV to SOC is acquired by nonlinear fit. According to the method, LiFePO4 power batteries’ energy efficiencies are measured under the moderate current charging and discharging condition. The quantitative relations of the efficiencies are also analyzed for the batteries.
We report a novel approach to prepare MnO/nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanotubes composites by using a hypercrosslinked tubular porous polymer precursor, which is obtained by a facile strategy of Friedel-Crafts reaction of triphenylamine and formaldehyde dimethyl acetal promoted by ferric trichloride. Owing to the high redox activity of the loaded MnO with uniform distribution on the nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanotubes surface, the enhanced surface area, and the plentiful porous structures of the one dimensional nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanotubes, the lithium-ion batteries fabricated from the MnO/nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanotubes composites exhibit a high electrochemical performance, including a reversible capacity of 652 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and an excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 512 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1 after 250 charge−discharge cycles. The result demonstrates that this kind of MnO/nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanotubes composites are promising candidates for high performance energy storage devices.
The rechargeability of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) cathodes in the presence of small amounts (<5wt.%) of TiB2 and TiS2 additives has been investigated in alkaline cells in the one electron regime and the data are compared with those obtained with the already known Bi2O3 additive. Both the TiB2 and TiS2 additives are found to offer slightly better cyclability at higher number of cycles compared to the Bi2O3 additive. However, the incorporation of small amounts of TiB2 or TiS2 into the Bi2O3 additive leads to a significant improvement in the cyclability compared to the Bi2O3 additive, possibly due to a synergistic effect. X-ray diffraction patterns recorded before and after 30 cycles as well as cyclic voltammograms recorded after 3 and 30 cycles reveal that the better cyclability in the presence of TiB2 and TiS2 additives is due to the suppression of the formation of unwanted, electrochemically inactive birnessite and hausmannite phases and a shifting of the second electron capacity of Mn to higher potentials.
Asbestos containing materials are a component of many vehicle brake systems, including those found in some light aircraft. To characterize the asbestos exposure that results from the installation and maintenance of these components, an aircraft fitted with asbestos containing brake pads had brake changes performed while both area and personal air samples were taken. The brake changing process took place in a closed, unventilated aircraft hanger and all operations were performed according to the manufacturer’s recommended procedure. Personal air samples did not detect any measurable amount of asbestos fibers during the brake changing or subsequent cleanup procedures. Analysis of personal samples (n =9) using phase contrast microscopy indicated airborne fiber concentrations at or below 0.003f/ml as 8-h time weighted averages (TWAs) and less than 0.069f/ml averaged over 28–30min sampling periods. Airborne chrysotile fibers were detected by two area air samples with fiber concentrations remaining at or below 0.0013f/ml over an 8-h TWA. These results indicate that normal brake changing work practices on aircraft with asbestos containing brake pads does not produce a harmful level of asbestos exposure for aircraft mechanics.
Fuel cell (FC) power plants are subject to a number of possible outage and derated states due to partial or full failure of auxiliaries. Furthermore, most of the power system reliability studies reported in the literature assume mean values of the particular measure of reliability. However, the reliability indices for grids such as failure rate, outage duration, etc. vary for different time period due to weather conditions, variety of power demands and random faults. It is essential to obtain the estimation of reliability under all environmental, operational and loading conditions. This paper considers above mentioned seasonal variation of grid reliability indices as well as partial or full failure of fuel cell auxiliaries for grid-connected PEM fuel cell power plants (FCPPs). In the paper, a detailed state–space model of the grid-connected FCPP is presented which is a combination of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) power plant generation model and grid outage model. The state–space generation model of a PEMFC power plant is formed based on the failure modes of system auxiliary components. As for the grid outage state–space modeling, the effects of weather conditions such as normal and adverse weather are taken into consideration in modeling the failure and repair rates. The functional relationship between weather conditions and transition rates, namely failure and repair rates are developed based on the fuzzy set theory and embedded into Markov model (MM). Simulation results are obtained for a 5kW grid-connected PEMFC that supplies a typical residential house using the MATLAB software package.
A photovoltaic (PV) integrated energy system is an ideal alternative to meet the heavy power demand of air conditioners in summer in hot climate areas. This paper presents the practical operation of a grid-connected, photovoltaic-powered, central air conditioner for an office building in South China. Typical operation characteristics have been analyzed regarding three indices such as solar fraction (SF), net solar fraction (NSF) and surplus energy ratio (SER). Different weather patterns such as sunny, cloudy and overcast based on the percentage of cloud coverage have been considered in this study. It is found that the performance of the system was significantly influenced by the meteorological conditions and that the value of SF is in different ranges for the three weather patterns. Additionally, the NSF and SER show meaningful trends for the three weather patterns. In addition, the SF is high in April, September and October due to the low cooling load. The yearly average values of SF, NSF and SER are 51.62%, 104.5% and 52.72%, respectively. The study methods proposed in this paper might be useful to predict and design PV integrated air-conditioning systems in different areas. This paper is presented and recommended by 5th International Conference on Nuclear and Renewable Energy Resources.
The objective of this study was to examine and attempt to confirm our previous findings of an increased frequency of the C4B null allele (C4BQ0) in subjects with autism. Newly identified subjects from Utah and Oregon were studied. Families evaluated included 85 who had a child with autism and 69 control families. Of the subjects with autism studied, 42.4% carried at least one C4BQ0, compared with 14.5% of the control subjects (p = 0.00013), with a relative risk of 4.33. Over half of the C4B null alleles in the subjects with autism involved C4A duplications. A marked increase in the ancestral haplotype 44.1 that lacks a C4B gene and has 2 C4A genes was also observed. The results of this study suggest that the human leukocyte antigen class III C4BQ0 significantly increases the risk for autism.
The development of new electrolytes is a centerpiece of many strategies to improve electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLC) devices. We present here a computational screening-based rational design approach to find new electrolyte materials. As an example application, the known chemical space of almost 70 million compounds is investigated in search of electrochemically more stable solvents. Cyano esters are identified as especially promising new compound class. Theoretical predictions are validated with subsequent experimental studies on a selected case. These studies show that based on theoretical predictions only, a previously untested, but very well performing compound class was identified. We thus find that our rational design strategy is indeed able to successfully identify completely new materials with substantially improved properties.
Electrochemical and thermal properties of LiNi0.74Co0.26O2 cathode material with 5, 13 and 25μm-sized particles have been studied by using a coin-type half-cell Li/LiNi0.74Co0.26O2. The specific capacity of the material ranges from 205 to 210mAhg−1, depending on the particle size or the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area. Among the particle sizes, the cathode with a particle size of 13μm shows the highest specific capacity. Even though the material with a particle size of 5μm exhibits the smallest capacity value of 205mAhg−1, no capacity fading was observed after 70 cycles between 4.3 and 2.75V at the 1C rate. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies of the charged electrode at 4.3V show a close relationship between particle size (BET surface area) and thermal stability of the electrode, namely, a larger particle size (smaller BET surface area) leads to a better thermal stability of the LiNi0.74Co0.26O2 cathode.
A mathematical model is developed by fitting the discharging curve of LiFePO4 batteries and used to investigate the relationship between the state of charge and the closed-circuit voltage. The proposed mathematical model consists of dual exponential terms and a constant term which can fit the characteristics of dual equivalent RC circuits closely, representing a LiFePO4 battery. One exponential term presents the stable discharging behavior and the other one presents the unstable discharging behavior and the constant term presents the cut-off voltage.
According to the European and other countries’ legislation, e.g. USA and Japan, used batteries and accumulators are regarded as hazardous waste. In connection with these regulations spent electrochemical power sources are separately collected and sent to recovery and recycling plants. In the highly developed countries yearly collection levels achieved in practice typically surpass 100g of spent batteries per inhabitant. In this work we present the information about the Polish legislation concerning marketing, collection and recycling of batteries. We also characterize the Polish batteries collection system and give achieved collection levels of used electrochemical power sources in our country.
In this present work, a polymer electrolyte based on polymer/clay nanocomposite has been developed. Montmorillonite (MMT) clay was used as the filler, due to its special size in length and thickness, and its sandwich type structure. The obtained gel polymer electrolytes have high ionic conductivity up to 2.5mScm−1 with high cationic transference number (about 0.64) at room temperature. The influences of the filler on the membrane morphology, the solvent uptake, the ionic conductivity, and the cation transport number were investigated, and thus the significant contribution from the exfoliated organophilic MMT was identified.