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Lithium zinc titanate (Li2ZnTi3O8) anode materials have been firstly synthesized via a molten-salt method using 0.38LiOH·H2O–0.62LiNO3 as eutectic molten salts. The effects of sintering temperature and sintering time on the structures and physicochemical properties of the Li2ZnTi3O8 materials are also studied in detail. It is found that Li2ZnTi3O8 obtained by sintering at 700°C for 3h exhibits a typical cubic spinel structure with P4332 space group. Nano-sized particles are presented and the particles are homogeneous for the Li2ZnTi3O8 prepared by sintering at 700°C for 3h. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that the sample possesses large capacities. The largest capacities of 167.8 and 142.4 mAh g−1 are delivered at 2 and 3Ag−1, respectively. 137.8 and 113.3mAhg−1 are kept for the sample at the 100th cycle at the two current densities, respectively. The large discharge specific capacities may be attributed to the good crystallinity, small particle size and low charge-transfer resistance of Li2ZnTi3O8.
The synthesis of a new anhydrous sodium manganese oxide α-Na0.66MnO2.13 obtained via a sol–gel process in organic medium is reported. The partial and limited removal of sodium ions from the layered host lattice (hexagonal symmetry; a =2.84Å, c =11.09Å) allows to get a high and stable specific capacity of 180mAhg−1 at C/20 in the cycling limits 4.3/2V with a mean working voltage of 3V without the emergence of a spinel phase. By introducing acetylene black in solution during the sol–gel reaction, a composite material containing 8wt.% AB has been obtained. The rate capability is shown to be significantly improved leading to an increase of the available specific capacity with for instance 200 and 90mAhg−1 at C/20 and C rate. This effect is ascribed to a better electronic contact between particles and/or the modification of the oxide surface which makes the intercalation process more homogeneous and more efficient.
Aim This study investigated the relationship between working memory (WM) and reading abilities among students with visual impairment (VI). Seventy-five students with VI (visually impairment and blindness), aged 10–15 years old participated in the study, of whom 44 were visually impaired and 31 were blind. Methods The participants’ reading ability was assessed with the standardized reading ability battery Test-A (Padeliadu & Antoniou, 2008) and their verbal working memory ability was assessed with the listening recall task from the Working Memory Test Battery for Children (Pickering et al., 2001). Results-Implications : Data analysis indicated a strong correlation between verbal WM and decoding, reading comprehension and overall reading ability among the participants with VI, while no correlation was found between reading fluency and verbal WM. The present study points out the important role of verbal WM in reading among students who are VI and carries implications for the education of those individuals.
Different types of hybrid and gel polymer electrolytes (HPEs and GPEs) based on polymers and organic solvents combined with organic or inorganic gelation agents for Li/pyrite battery were studied. Ionic conductivity of 0.1–2.5mS/cm at room temperature (RT) was achieved for HPE and 5mS/cm for GPE. At 70°C tetraglyme (TG)-based HPE had conductivities of 1–4mS/cm, almost one order of magnitude higher than that of “dry” solid polymer electrolytes. An interfacial lithium/HPE resistance (R SEI) of 6–10Ωcm2 was stable for about 3000h. The specific capacity of the first discharge Li/pyrite cells with both HPEs and GPEs varied from 650 to 1000mAh/g. The reversible specific capacity at 70°C ranged from 250 to 600mAh/g; the maximal capacity is similar to that of solid-electrolyte Li/FeS2 batteries at 135°C. After the initial capacity loss, stable cycling behavior with 0.1% per cycle degradation rate was observed.
Development of Na-ion battery electrolyte with high-performance electrochemical properties and high safety is still challenging to achieve. In this study, we report on a NASICON (Na3Zr2Si2PO12)-based composite hybrid solid electrolyte (HSE) designed for use in a high safety solid-state sodium battery for the first time. The composite HSE design yields the required solid-state electrolyte properties for this application, including high ionic conductivity, a wide electrochemical window, and high thermal stability. The solid-state batteries of half-cell type exhibit an initial discharge capacity of 330 and 131 mA h g−1 for a hard carbon anode and a NaFePO4 cathode at a 0.2C-rate of room temperature, respectively. Moreover, a pouch-type flexible solid-state full-cell comprising hard carbon/HSE/NaFePO4 exhibits a highly reversible electrochemical reaction, high specific capacity, and a good, stable cycle life with high flexibility.
Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) has attracted tremendous attention as an electrode material for next-generation lithium-rechargeable battery systems due to the use of low-cost iron and its electrochemical stability. While the lithium diffusion in LFP, the essential property in battery operation, is relatively fast due to the one-dimensional tunnel present in the olivine crystal, the tunnel is inherently vulnerable to the presence of FeLi anti-site defects (Fe ions in Li ion sites), if any, that block the lithium diffusion and lead to inferior performance. Herein, we demonstrate that the kinetic issue arising from the FeLi defects in LFP can be completely eliminated in lithium-excess olivine LFP. The presence of an excess amount of lithium in the Fe ion sites (LiFe) energetically destabilizes the FeLi-related defects, resulting in reducing the amount of Fe defects in the tunnel. Moreover, we observe that the spinodal decomposition barrier is notably reduced in lithium-excess olivine LFP. The presence of LiFe and the absence of FeLi in lithium-excess olivine LFP additionally induce faster kinetics, resulting in an enhanced rate capability and a significantly reduced memory effect. The lithium-excess concept in the electrode crystal brings up unexpected properties for the pristine crystal and offers a novel and interesting approach to enhance the diffusivity and open up additional diffusion paths in solid-state ionic conductors.
In this paper, the results of a study concerning the utilization of sewage sludge as an alternative fuel at cement kilns, covering all process, health and safety and environmental matters, are presented. Trials have started in Vassiliko Cement Plant (Cyprus), on how to treat and utilize wet sewage sludge, of moisture content 65–70%, as an alternative fuel at the cement kilns of the plant. Environmental gaseous emission measurements, with emphasis on heavy metal concentrations, especially those of mercury (Hg), have been performed. At Vassiliko Plant, 22000m3 of wet sludge has been treated during the years 2003 and 2004. The new technology involves mixing of sewage sludge with pet coke and then incinerating the mixture at high temperatures. Since cement plants burn fuel at 1400°C, the new sewage sludge-based fuel does not emit dioxin harmful to human health.
A novel electrolyte additive, tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile (TFTPN), is proposed to improve the cyclic stability of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2)/graphite lithium-ion full cells up to 4.4V. Electrochemical measurements indicate that TFTPN can be reduced on graphite electrode and oxidized on LiCoO2 electrode preferentially compared to the baseline electrolyte, 1.0M LiPF6 in EC/DEC/EMC (1/1/1, in weight), and thus improves the cyclic stability of graphite/Li and LiCoO2/Li half cells, respectively. Further charge/discharge tests demonstrate that the cyclic stability of LiCoO2/graphite full cell can be significantly improved by TFTPN. A high capacity retention of 91% is achieved for the full cell using 0.5% TFTPN-containing electrolyte after cycling at 0.5C between 3.0 and 4.4V for 300 cycles, compared to the 79% for that using the baseline electrolyte. This effect is attributed to the simultaneously formed protective interphase films on graphite and LiCoO2 by TFTPN due to its preferential reduction or oxidation. The resulting interphase films are verified by physical characterizations and theoretical calculations.
Solid composite polymer electrolytes based on polyethylene oxide (PEO)/LiClO4 with the star-shaped liquid-crystalline copolymer, 3-arm- poly {10-[(4-cyano-4′-biphenyl) oxy] decatyl methacrylate}-block-poly [methoxy -poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate] (3PMALC-PPEGMA), and 4-cyano-4′-[(10-hydroxyalkyl) oxy] (10-BPCN) biphenyl are prepared. The star-shaped liquid-crystalline copolymer 3PMALC-PPEGMA is composed of a conductive block (PPEGMA block) and an orientation block (PMALC block). Incorporation of star-shaped liquid-crystalline copolymer into the system promotes the better miscibility of composites and suppresses the crystallinity of PEO to favor the chain mobility. At the same time, the strong assembly ability of star-shaped liquid-crystalline copolymer ensures the composite systems to develop an ordered morphology for efficient lithium transportation. It is worthy to note that such ordered assembly could be further strengthened by adding the appropriate amount of small molecular liquid crystals (10-BPCN) to repair the stacking defects of star copolymer. As a results, composite polymer electrolytes based on the ternary blend containing 70/25/5 (PEO/3PMALC-PPEGMA/10-BPCN) mass percent with lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) exhibit the best performance with the maximum value of 1.3×10−5 S/cm (25°C) after annealed from liquid crystal state, enhanced by more than two orders of magnitude than the pristine PEO/LiClO4 electrolytes. The high lithium ion transference number and wide electrochemical stability window also show the acceptable performance of this system. Therefore the better miscibility and reduced crystallinity as well as the efficient transport channel in the present system pave a potential way to develop solid state polymer electrolytes for Li-ion batteries.
In this communication, we investigate the effect regioregularity of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) on the specific capacitance. P3HTs with regioregularities 96, 70 and 58% have been synthesized by Grignard metathesis (GRIM) and FeCl3 methods. The regioregularity of P3HTs are characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), UV–Vis spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Electrochemical characterizations of the P3HTs reveal significant increase in the specific capacitance with increase in regioregularity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis indicates that the charging process is facilitated by increase in regioregularity in P3HT. Stability of P3HTs during repeated charge–discharge cycles, also found to increase with increase in regioregularity.
Effects of modifying the surface of lithium excess layered rock-salt type electrodes by Li3PO4 is investigated using epitaxial Li2RuO3 model electrodes. A 3.6-nm-thick amorphous Li3PO4 layer is deposited on a 25.5-nm-thick Li2RuO3 film by pulsed laser deposition. X-ray absorption near edge structure reveals that the modified Li2RuO3 surface had different electronic states of Ru from the unmodified Li2RuO3 surface, indicating that Li3PO4 deposition changes the structure of the Li2RuO3 surface. Li3PO4-modified Li2RuO3 has a much higher first discharge capacity (296mAhg−1) between 2.8 and 4.2V than unmodified Li2RuO3 (190mAhg−1). The modified and unmodified Li2RuO3 have irreversible capacities in the first charge/discharge process of 22 and 148mAhg−1, respectively. The surface modification induced by Li3PO4 deposition enhances the structural stability of the Li2RuO3 surface during the initial charging process.
Conventional polyethylene (PE) separators are surface-modified by thin coating with conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophen)-co-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEDOT-co-PEG) copolymer and aluminum fluoride particles. The surface-modified separators exhibit a significant reduction in thermal shrinkage and an improved electrolyte uptake. By using these separators, the lithium-ion cells composed of carbon negative electrodes and LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 positive electrodes are assembled and their cycling performances are evaluated. The cells assembled with the surface-modified separators demonstrate superior cycling performance compared to cells prepared with pristine PE separator, both at ambient temperatures and at elevated temperature.
This paper presents a comparison between the dynamic behavior of a 250kW stand-alone proton exchange membrane fuel cell power plant (PEM FCPP) and a 250kW stand-alone microturbine (MT). Dynamic models for the two are introduced. To control the voltage and the power output of the PEM FCPP, voltage and power control loops are added to the model. For the MT, voltage, speed, and power control are used. Dynamic models are used to determine the response of the PEM FCPP and MT to a load step change. Simulation results indicate that the response of the MT to reach a steady state is about twice as fast as the PEM FCPP. For stand-alone operation of a PEM FCPP, a set of batteries or ultracapacitors is needed in order to satisfy the power mismatch during transient periods. Software simulation results are obtained by using MATLAB®, Simulink®, and SimPowerSystems®.
Carbon layer-entangled iron oxides (Fe2O3@carbon) are facilely prepared through the cross-linking assembly of iron oxides induced by the addition of 1,12-diaminododecane (C-12 diamines). The calcined Fe2O3@carbon composites exhibit the XRD patterns attributed to hexagonal phase of hematite (α-Fe2O3) with negligible magnetism. As anode electrode materials for Li-ion batteries, the Fe2O3@carbon exhibits the retained capacity of 614 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C after 35 cycles, while the carbon free Fe2O3 exhibits the retained capacity of 283 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C after 35 cycles. The unique formation of carbon layer entanglement within iron oxide clusters contributes the improved capacity retention capability of the composite electrode (Fe2O3@carbon) by providing buffering space for large volume expansion and enhanced electrical conductivity between the active iron oxides.
In "Making Sense of Animal Disenhancement" Adam Henschke provides a framework for fully understanding and evaluating animal disenhancement. His conclusion is that animal disenhancement is neither morally nor pragmatically justified. In this paper I argue that Henschke misapplies his own framework for understanding disenhancement, resulting in a stronger conclusion than is justified. In diagnosing his misstep, I argue that the resources he has provided us, combined with my refinements, result in two new avenues for inquiry: an application of concepts from political theory to disenhancement, and an inquiry in to the mode of valuation that underlies industrial animal agriculture and disenhancement proposals.
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of nickel oxide nanoparticles on the activity and thermal stability of lysozyme obtained from Rutilus frisii kutum. The synthesis of the nanoparticles was performed by the chemical co-precipitation method. To evaluate the synthesis process, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were evaluated. The size of the nanoparticles was in the range of 20–30 nm with a spherical morphology and gray–black color. To determine thermal stability, the fraction unfolded curve and ΔG° as a function of lysozyme temperature in the absence and presence of the nanoparticles were obtained. With respect to Tm at ΔG° = 0, we obtained Tm of lysozyme from 314 K in the absence of the nanoparticles to 332 K in the presence of 0.0001 g/cm3 nickel oxide nanoparticles. Therefore, thermal stability of lysozyme was increased with the rise of nanoparticles’ concentrations. The reversible unfolding as a result of heating lysozyme was observed at Tm = 318 K. Kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax, of the enzyme were also determined from 0.007 g/cm3 and 172 units/min in the absence of the nanoparticles to 0.005 g/cm3 and 104.166 units/min in the presence of 0.0001 g/cm3 nickel oxide nanoparticles, respectively. The emission intensity of lysozyme decreased in the presence of the nanoparticles, while its absorption intensity increased without any shift at 340 and 280 nm, respectively. Consequently, the nickel oxide nanoparticles can interact with lysozyme that results in decreasing its enzymatic activity due to changes in its active site.
Recent theories of firm dynamics emphasize the role of financial variables as determinants of firm growth. Empirically examining these relationships has been difficult, since there is a lack of financial data on the small, young, and private firms. Using a unique administrative data set, this paper considers the growth of new firms in Canadian manufacturing from a financial perspective. We find that financial factors, such as leverage and initial financial size, impact growth rates for new firms. Further, the inclusion of leverage has little impact on the economic significance of the conditional age and size relationships with firm growth.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting not only the motor system but also the cognitive and behavioral domains. Although there are many studies addressing the issue of cognition, a universally recognized method to diagnose patients with dementia is still lacking. The aim of this study was to determine which neuropsychological test is the most reliable in the diagnosis of dementia in PD and to establish if mini mental state examination (MMSE) is enough to detect this condition. We studied 200 consecutive PD patients through an extensive neuropsychological battery, clinical evaluation and brain magnetic resonance imaging over a period of 4 years. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the interplay between possible risk factors and the accuracy of different neuropsychological tests. PD patients with dementia performed significantly worse in all the tests as compared to patients with PD alone: phonological verbal fluency, attentional matrices, Rey auditory verbal learning test and digit span were the most useful tools. Age and disease duration were correlated with cognitive impairment. No relevant differences were detected in phenotype, affected body side at onset, levodopa equivalent daily dose or neuroimaging findings (except for the occurrence of atrophy). Despite reasonable accuracy of MMSE (90%), its positive predictive value is only 74%. Using at least 3 neuropsychological tests, among those more significant detected with logistic regression analysis, the positive predictive value rises to 91%. In conclusion, the use of an extensive neuropsychological battery is still recommended in the diagnosis of dementia in PD.
Towards rapid development of lightweight, flexible, and even wearable electronics, a highly efficient energy-storage device is required for their energy supply management. Graphene fiber-based supercapacitor is considered as one of the promising candidates because of the remarkable mechanical and electrical properties of graphene fibers. However, supercapacitors based on bare graphene fibers generally suffer a low capacitance, which certainly restricts their potentially wide applications. In this work, hierarchically structured MnO2 nanowire/graphene hybrid fibers are fabricated through a simple, scalable wet-spinning method. The hybrid fibers form mesoporous structure with large specific surface area of 139.9 m2 g−1. The mass loading of MnO2 can be as high as 40 wt%. Due to the synergistic effect between MnO2 nanowires and graphene, the main pseudocapacitance of MnO2 and the electric double-layer capacitance of graphene are improved simultaneously. In view of the practical demonstration, a highly flexible solid-state supercapacitor is fabricated by twisting of two MnO2/graphene fibers coated by polyvinyl alcohol/H3PO4 electrolyte. The supercapacitor exhibits a high volumetric capacitance (66.1 F cm−3, normalized by the total volume of two fiber electrodes), excellent cycling stability (96% capacitance retention over 10,000 cycles), high energy and power density (5.8 mWh cm−3 and 0.51 W cm−3, respectively).
Renewable energy sources are gradually being recognized as important options in supply side planning for microgrids. This paper focuses on the optimal design, planning, sizing and operation of a hybrid, renewable energy based microgrid with the goal of minimizing the lifecycle cost, while taking into account environmental emissions. Four different cases including a diesel-only, a fully renewable-based, a diesel-renewable mixed, and an external grid-connected microgrid configurations are designed, to compare and evaluate their economics, operational performance and environmental emissions. Analysis is also carried out to determine the break-even economics for a grid-connected microgrid. The well-known energy modeling software for hybrid renewable energy systems, HOMER is used in the studies reported in this paper.
Nanofiltration (NF) membranes with in situ assembled silica on the surface and in the pores were proposed and successfully prepared for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) applications to improve the vanadium/proton selectivity. VRBs assembled with the modified membranes exhibited much higher Coulombic efficiency than that with original NF membranes, while with a similar voltage efficiency. The results indicate that silica modification can effectively increase the membranes' ion selectivity and maintain good ion-conducting properties. The concept provides an effective way to fabricate high performance porous membranes for VRB applications.
Na+ superionic conductor (NASICON) type Fe2(MoO4)3 with capacious ion diffusion tunnels and a flat discharge plateau, is a promising cathode material for sodium ion batteries. However, the sluggish electrochemical kinetics limits its further development due to the poor electron conductivity and long Na+ diffusion path. In this work, a graphene wrapped Fe2(MoO4)3 nanoparticle composite was synthesized via a micro-emulsion method followed by annealing. The composite exhibits ultra-high rate capability (64.1mAhg−1 at 100C, better than all the reported works) and good high-rate cycling stability (76% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 10C). The enhanced electrochemical performances are attributed to the unique composite structure with shortened ion diffusion distance and high electron conductivity. Furthermore, the Na+ insertion/extraction mechanism of the composite is systematically investigated, based on in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Our work demonstrates that the graphene wrapped Fe2(MoO4)3 nanoparticle composite has great potential for high-rate sodium ion batteries.
This chapter summarizes a range of historical, current, and emerging proposals about autistic learning, covering accounts of learning in the autism intervention research, including the applied behavior analysis framework, and accounts of autistic learning in the cognitive and savant literatures. We conclude that learning in autism is characterized both by spontaneous – sometimes exceptional – mastering of complex material and an apparent resistance to learning in conventional ways. Learning that appears to be implicit seems to be important in autism, but autistics’ implicit learning may not map directly onto non-autistics’ implicit learning or be governed by the same constraints.