batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Polycrystalline samples of VOMoO4 are prepared by a solid-state reaction method and their electrochemical properties are examined in the voltage window 0.005–3V versus lithium. The reaction mechanism of a VOMoO4 electrode for Li insertion/extraction is followed by ex situ X-ray diffraction analysis. During initial discharge, a large capacity (1280mAhg−1) is observed and corresponds to the reaction of ∼10.3Li. The ex situ XRD patterns indicate the formation of the crystalline phase Li4MoO5 during the initial stages of discharge, which transforms irreversibly to amorphous phases on further discharge to 0.005V. On cycling, the reversible capacity is due to the extraction/insertion of lithium from the amorphous phases. A discharge capacity of 320mAhg−1 is obtained after 80 cycles when cycling is performed at a current density of 120mAg−1.
We aimed to investigate the association between sleep disturbance and menstrual problems in female Chinese university students.
Ebonex® is a conductive and corrosion-resistant ceramic with the approximate composition Ti4O7. Anodic and/or cathodic polarization of a pair of Ebonex electrodes changed their surface composition, as shown by the development of a potential difference between them. In consequence, the activity of an Ebonex anode with respect to oxidation of an organic substrate depends on its past history. The anodic oxidation of p-nitrosodimethylaniline, which has been used as a model compound for the detection and quantitation of hydroxyl radicals, was studied in order to determine whether hydroxyl radicals are produced upon anodic polarization of Ebonex. The results were ambiguous, because direct oxidation of this substrate and oxidation of water to hydroxyl radicals occur at similar potentials. p-Benzoquinone (BQ) was found to be a more satisfactory mechanistic probe because it is resistant to direct oxidation. The rates of both disappearance and overall mineralization of BQ at Ebonex were intermediate between the corresponding rates at boron-doped diamond (BDD) and Ti/IrO2–Ta2O5 anodes, which promote one-electron and two-electron oxidations respectively. However, it is not yet clear whether mineralization is initiated by hydroxyl radicals formed in lower yield than at ‘active’ materials such as BDD, or whether oxidation involves less reactive intermediates such as HO2 radicals.
One of the crucial challenge for developing high safety and high voltage lithium ion batteries is to find a reliable electrolyte system. In this work, we report a kind of hybrid electrolytes, which are used for high-voltage lithium ion batteries and are expected to be able to effectively enhance the battery safety. The hybrid electrolytes are obtained by incorporating silane-Al2O3 (Al2O3-ST) into liquid electrolyte, which combines the merits of both solid electrolyte and liquid electrolyte. The Al2O3-ST nanoparticles help to increase lithium-ion transference number and to enhance battery safety, while liquid electrolyte contributes to high ionic conductivity. The cycling stability and rate capacity of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li batteries are improved by using the hybrid electrolytes. Nail-penetration tests indicate that LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2/graphite battery with hybrid electrolyte owns obviously enhanced safety than that using traditional liquid electrolyte. This work provides new insight on electrolyte design for high-safety high-voltage lithium ion batteries.
Due to the unique structure of perovskite materials, their capacitance can be improved by introducing oxygen vacancy. In this paper, the LaMnO3- δ material containing oxygen vacancy was synthesized by molten salt method in KNO3 NaNO3 NaNO2 melt. The La–Mn–O crystal grows gradually in molten salt with the increase of temperature. It was confirmed that LaMnO3- δ with perovskite structure and incomplete oxygen content were synthesized by molten salt method and presented a three-dimensional shape. LaMnO3- δ stores energy by redox reaction and adsorption of OH− in electrolyte simultaneously. In comparison with the stoichiometric LaMnO3 prepared by the sol–gel method, LaMnO3- δ prepared by molten salt method proffered higher capacitance and better performance. The galvanostatic charge–discharge curve showed specific capacitance of 973.5 F/g under current density of 1 A/g in 6 M KOH. The capacitance of LaMnO3- δ was 82.7% under condition of 5 A/g compared with the capacitance at the current of 1A/g, and the specific capacitances of 648.0 and 310.0 F/g were obtained after 2000 and 5000 cycles of galvanostatic charging–discharging, respectively. Molten salt synthesis method is relatively simple and suitable for industrial scale, presenting a promising prospect in the synthesis of perovskite oxide materials.
Driving is an important aspect of daily living and for many older people provides autonomy and psycho-social benefits. Cognitive impairment has been found to impact driving skills at the level of dementia, however, uncertainty remains around the impact of a diagnosis of the pre-dementia condition mild cognitive impairment. Current official guidelines are unclear, and assessment of fitness to drive can be problematical. This editorial examines current official guidance available to the clinician and problems with existing assessment as well as the current position of research specifically into MCI and driving, and considers future direction for research in this field.
10-time lithium rate improvement and 4-time photocatalytic performance enhancement have been achieved with TiO2 nanocrystals when coated with a thin layer of amorphous carbon. The enhanced performances can be attributed to lower lithium ion diffusion and electronic conduction resistance across the carbon layer into the TiO2 electrode material and better surface adsorption of the dye molecules and ions. Thus, the current study may provide us an alternative approach in improving the performances of TiO2 nanocrystals in both lithium ion battery and photocatalysis applications.
The aim of the present study was to investigate, which aspects of tinnitus are most relevant for impairment of quality of life. For this purpose we analysed how responses to the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and to the question “How much of a problem is your tinnitus at present” correlate with the different aspects of quality of life and depression.
Abstract Focusing on residential customers, the chapter examines how the electricity utility industry’s model as a monopoly provider of a “universal” essential public good is being challenged by changing customer options, including self-generation, energy efficiency, “enabled” appliances, local energy storage, and electric vehicles. Against a background of falling peak demand and energy usage, the chapter explores the electricity grid’s place in the hierarchy of needs, when faced with the coexistence, competition and coopetition of multiple energy sources and emerging technologies. It considers what electricity customers want, the choices they will face, and how these choices will shape the utility of the future.
Some scientific studies report that the use of nanosized cathode materials can improve the electrochemical performances of a battery. In fact, these materials can open new and important perspectives for cathode materials such as their use for power applications or for technologies for which an optimized interface with the electrolyte is required (e.g all solid state battery or polymer battery). However, the high scale production and the processing of these powders to obtain dense electrodes are difficult. In this study, submicronic particles of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 are synthesized using an easy and scalable coprecipitation synthesis protocol. Isolated particles of 200 nm are obtained and are fully characterized. The non-agglomerated morphology of this material improves the accessibility of the lithium insertion planes, and consequently, the high C-rate behavior is clearly improved as compared to classic agglomerate materials. The difficult processing of submicronic particles is overcome thanks to an environmentally-friendly water-based formulation. Proof-of-concept Li-ion cells have been realized. Although submicronic particles are used, the cell is manufactured with a cathode loading of 18.8 mg cm−2 which is relevant for commercial application.
Mechanochemically coating over-lithiated layered oxide with the multi-functional VOPO4 is studied by using that VOPO4 is capable of accommodating lithium ions that are reversibly inserted/extracted at 3.8 V vs. Li/Li+ and exerts a surface-stabilizing effect. The impregnation with VOPO4 relieves the characteristic irreversible problems of over-lithiated layered oxide, since the initial fully delithiated structure of VOPO4 provides extra lithium storage sites and thus compensates for the unavoidable loss of irreversible charging capacity of VOPO4 during the first cycle. Interestingly, VOPO4 loadings below 1 wt. % improves cycleability, whereas higher loadings result in unfavorable kinetic hindrance. Additionally, VOPO4-coated samples exhibit enhanced thermal stability due to featuring reduced decomposition exothermicity and increase thermal runaway onset temperature.
The poor electrical conductivity of lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) has limited its practical application as high rate performance anode for lithium ion batteries. Having this in mind, we utilize the oxygen vacancy strategy to improve the electrical conductivity of Li4Ti5O12 nanospheres by synthesizing three-dimensional (3D) oxygen-deficient Li4Ti5O12 on a titanium mesh from Ti3+-doped anatase TiO2. When the oxygen-deficient Li4Ti5O12 nanospheres are used as anode material for high-rate lithium ion batteries, the electrode exhibits excellent lithium storage performance delivering a capacity of 143mAhg−1 at a current density of 100C. The outstanding performance is due to the 3D architecture from the 3D substrates with large space and increased surface area that facilitate rapid transfer of lithium ion and small diameter of nanospheres, which provides shorter diffusion path-length.
We report on catalytic growth of poly(2-methoxyaniline) on gold surface by in situ polymerization. The mechanism of catalysis and products of monomer oxidation are elucidated on the basis of complementary investigations including Raman and UV–Vis spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, gel permeation chromatography as well as electrochemical and microscopic techniques. It was shown that chemical oxidation of 2-methoxyaniline in acidic medium results in formation of a linear trimer which is the only stable product yielded in the bulk of the solution. However, introduction of a gold substrate into the reaction mixture induces polymerization of monomers/oligomers and formation of a thin polymeric film on the surface. This catalytic activity of gold is associated with adsorption of trimeric species onto the metal. The oligomers, being in fully oxidized (quinoid) form in the solution, are reduced to radical cations after adsorption onto the gold substrate. Since the radical cations are significantly more reactive than fully oxidized species, the polymerization proceeds on the surface, while it is inhibited in the solution.
Objectives Soccer coaches are always looking to discover the next star player, without investing the necessary resources, time, and effort into a player’s development. In the modern era, talent identification in soccer seems to be a comparative process rather than a developmental process. This article will look at the physiological profiles of soccer players in the modern era and how testing and talent identification processes should coincide with this data. Design An extensive literature search identifying the physiological attributes of soccer players that are required to compete at an elite level was conducted. An examination of the methods to test these attributes was also conducted. Methods Studies were assigned into three areas to understand the physiological aspect of soccer: physiological testing methods, benchmark values, and correlations between different tests. Results A testing battery was established to test the key physiological attributes of prospective youth soccer players. Benchmark levels were also identified to allow coaches to understand areas of improvement. Conclusions Using a physiological testing battery will allow teams to track their players’ progress throughout their developmental years. This allows coaches to consistently identify a player’s strengths and weaknesses, as well as allow players who may experience late maturation to still be identified.
The wide use of portable electronics urgently requires better batteries featuring high energy density, good safety, and biodegradability. Although sugar-powered enzymatic fuel cells (EFCs) could be next-generation, environmentally friendly, micropower sources, they suffer from incomplete oxidation of the sugar fuels and an inability to utilize mixed sugars, which causes the low efficiency of fuel utilization and limits the choice of fuels. In this study, we designed an in vitro 15-enzyme pathway that can co-utilize sucrose, glucose, and fructose in the anodic compartment of EFCs. The EFCs achieved Faraday efficiencies of approximately 95% for these three sugars, suggesting that the fuels were completely oxidized, and yielded a maximum power density of 0.80–1.08 mW cm−2. In addition, EFCs based on this versatile enzymatic pathway were capable of running on mixed sugars, such as commercial soft drinks. These results offer a possible solution for the extraction of the maximum energy stored in mixed sugar fuels and the achievement of high energy densities for EFCs; these EFCs offer good substrate flexibility and commercial potential.
Scheduling Lithium-Ion batteries for energy storage applications in power systems requires an accurate estimate of their state of charge (SOC). The Coulomb counting method is popular in the industry but remains inaccurate. This paper presents an intelligent technique for the SOC estimation in Lithium-Ion batteries. The model is developed offline using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS). It considers the cell nonlinear characteristics, as supplied by the manufacturer, which provide the relationship between the cell SOC and open-circuit voltage (OCV) at different temperatures. The manufacturer data are used to model the cell characteristics by ANFIS in order to yield the cell SOC at any arbitrary OCV and temperature within the given range. The pack SOC is accordingly estimated. For the purposes of comparison, the Coulomb counting method is used at the cell level, rather than the pack level, to estimate the SOC of the battery. Laboratory experiments are conducted on a 5.3kWh battery module where measured SOC is compared to Coulomb counting computations at the cell and pack levels. Results show distinct superiority for the proposed ANFIS technique over the traditional Coulomb counting method.
The performance of a redox flow battery based on chlorocuprates dissolved in an ionic liquid analogue is reported at 50°C. The kinetics of the positive electrode reaction at a graphite electrode are favourable with a heterogeneous rate constant, k 0, of 9.5×10−4 cms−1. Coulombic efficiency was typically 94% and independent of current density. The small cell potential of 0.75V and slow mass transport result in energy efficiencies of only 52% and 62% at current densities of 10 and 7.5mA/cm2 respectively. The successful development of a separator by jellifying the electrolyte using polyvinyl alcohol is reported.
Gel polymer electrolytes (GPE) composed of triethylene glycol diacetate (TEGDA)–2-propenoic acid butyl ester (BA) copolymer and commercial used liquid organic electrolyte are prepared via in situ polymerization. The ionic conductivity of the as-prepared GPE can reach 5.5 × 10−3 S cm−1 with 6 wt% monomers and 94 wt% liquid electrolyte at 25 °C. Additionally, the temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity is consistent with an Arrhenius temperature behavior in a temperature range of 20–90 °C. Furthermore, the electrochemical stability window of the GPE is 5 V at 25 °C. A Li|GPE|(Li[Li1/6Ni1/4Mn7/12]O2) cell has been fabricated, which shows good charge–discharge properties and stable cycle performance compared to liquid electrolyte under the same test conditions.
Replacing Pt-based catalysts to alleviate energy and environmental crises for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells has become increasingly urgent. Herein, Fe and Co dual active sites and leaf-like 2D nanosheets are prepared by a low-cost and facile approach derived from a leaf-like zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-L) precursor. The non-precious dual metal leaf-like 2D electrocatalyst exhibits better positive onset (0.98 V vs. RHE) and half-wave potential (0.831 V vs. RHE) compared with commercial Pt/C in alkaline media. This excellent performance is attributed to the structural characteristics of the leaf-like 2D nanosheet, including the large surface area and the synergistic effect of the Co and FeCo alloy and the nitrogen-doped carbon. The large surface area provides a large number of accessible active sites, and the dual metal and nitrogen-doped carbon enhance the mass transfer kinetics. Above all, the unique leaf-like 2D structure improves the activity and durability of oxygen reduction reaction. It is worth that the Zn-air battery we have made as air cathode demonstrates the excellent power density, specific capacity and stability. Impressively, the flexible battery has the outstanding performance.
An accurate state of charge (SõC) estimation by the battery management system (BMS) is crucial for efficient and non-destructive battery operation in automotive applications. The model identification of these batteries has consistently been the critical point to meet good accuracy. To that extent, a fractional order model (FOM) is derived, which provides a more meaningful insight into the battery physical phenomena without increasing the number of parameters as opposed to electrochemical models. This paper proposes FOM identification for Li-ion batteries in both frequency domain based on recorded impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data and time domain using a recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm. Fractional derivatives are overly sensitive to the value of their fractional order. A straightforward and efficient way to identify the fractional orders based on recorded EIS data is proposed in this paper. Furthermore, an extended Kalman filter (EKF) is also designed based on the derived model to estimate the SõC. The designed fractionasl order filter provides a higher accuracy level in comparison to the classical equivalent electric circuit (EEC). Various results at several temperatures and driving profiles for both PHEV and EV batteries confirm that the FOM provides better accuracy and robustness compared to the classical integer order model.
The influence of iron present in clays in the adsorption of pyrrole and possible in situ formation of polypyrrole (PPy) has been studied. Natural (SWy-1 Wyoming montmorillonite, SWa-1 nontronite from Washington, Fe-rich smectite from Tunisia, hectorite from Hector) and synthetic (Fe3+ tetrahedral substituted saponite) clays have been selected in basis of to their different content (0–23%) and location of iron species (octahedral/tetrahedral sheet and the presence of Fe-oxyhydroxide associated species). To study the role of the interlayer cation towards pyrrole intercalation, clays exchanged with different type of cations (Na+, Fe3+, quaternary-ammonium ions) have been also prepared. The resulting materials have been characterized by means of IR spectroscopy, DRX, CHN chemical and TG–DTA analyses, as well as XPS spectroscopy. High amounts of structural iron, as occurs in the SWa-1 clay, avoid the formation of intercalated PPy because of the fast spontaneous polymerization of the adsorbed pyrrole. Structural iron located in the tetrahedral sheet (synthetic saponites) disfavors pyrrole adsorption. PPy-clay nanocomposites are easily formed in smectites with none or moderate (0–6%) iron content in the octahedral sheet but containing a redox ion, such as Fe3+, as exchangeable cation. The presence of iron oxyhydroxides associated with the clays, as in the iron-rich Gafsa smectite, favors the formation of nanocomposites, even in clays exchanged with non-redox cations such as Na+. Pyrrole also intercalates in the organoclays but the formation of PPy-organoclay nanocomposites requires further treatment with an oxidant agent, such as I2, to induce its polymerization. PPy-clay nanocomposites present mixed ionic–electronic conductivity, whereas in PPy-organoclay nanocomposites predominates electronic conductivity.
Phosphorus compounds have been intensively investigated as potential negative electrode materials of alkali-metal (AM) ion batteries. However, the practical application is greatly hindered by the low conductivity due to the semiconducting nature of phosphorus and rapid structural degradation during cycling. Based on first-principles calculations, we proposed a new two-dimensional phosphorus carbide compound β 0-PC monolayer (PCM) as a promising anode material for AM (AM = Li, Na, and K) ion batteries. The PCM exhibits excellent electric conductivity and high charge/discharge rate due to the low energy barriers for the diffusion of AM atoms, 66 (Li), 39 (Na) and 36 meV (K). The storage capacities of AM ions are Li, Na and K atoms on PCM can be as high as 1247.1 mA h g−1 (Li) 623.5 mA h g−1(Na), and 623.5 mA h g−1(K), respectively. More importantly, the PCM possesses ultrahigh stiffness (C x = 186.08 J/m2 (zigzag), C y = 123.16 J/m2 (armchair)) which can effectively avoid structure degradation during discharging/charging cycles. These interesting properties open avenue to overcome the drawbacks of phosphorus compounds in the AM ion batteries.
A novel electrolyte system having well structurally controlled aliphatic oligoether dendrons with a carbonate core is developed for lithium ion batteries. The synthetic dendrons have high boiling point, much higher dielectric constant up to 7.4–8.7 and better stability against oxidation than the conventional linear carbonates such as DEC. The ionic conductivities of the electrolyte with 80wt% of dendrons and 20wt% of LiTFSI are 0.11–0.61mScm−1 at 20°C. A 463443-type prismatic battery having the electrolyte solution with 20wt% dendrons was prepared and its battery performance such as capacity and cycleability was investigated. The prismatic battery with dendron-based electrolyte has the same level of capacity to that with the conventional carbonate-based electrolyte, and shows good cycleability, suggesting a high possibility to use as a kind of cosolvents for lithium ion batteries.
Lithium ion capacitors (LIC) are capable of delivering higher energy densities than supercapacitors due to their hybrid charge storage mechanism in which Li-ions are stored via Faradaic reactions in negative electrodes and anions are adsorbed via non-Faradaic reactions on positive electrodes. Although there have been concerted efforts to increase the energy and power densities of these devices by engineering the electrodes, little attention has been paid to the critical role of the electrolyte. Here, we investigated the influence of electrolytes on LIC performance by exploring Li-salts with different anions. The individual anionic contributions toward the overall electrolyte conductivity and electrochemical performances in half-cell and full-cell configurations highlights the importance of the electrolyte formulation in LIC. We demonstrated that the energy and power densities achievable by LICs are largely influenced (and perhaps determined) by the anion adsorption at the positive electrodes, and by the ion transport within the electrolytes. Our study suggests the electrolyte properties, metrics and structural features that are relevant during the design of new LIC systems.