batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Li-ion insertion and extraction were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on a single particle mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) (heat-treated at 2800°C) of 30 μm diameter in 1 M LiClO4/propylene carbonate+ethylene carbonate solution. The impedance spectra were modeled using an equivalent circuit comprising: (i) Li-ion conduction in the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film. (ii) Two charge transfer processes related to the particle/SEI interface, and the SEI/electrolyte interface. (iii) A semi-infinite Warburg-type element, reflecting solid state Li-ion diffusion. (iv) An intercalation capacitance reflecting the accumulation of lithium into the particle. The resistance for Li-ion conduction in the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film was found to be independent of the potential. On the other hand, the charge transfer resistance decreased/increased monotonously when the electrode potential shifted to cathodic/anodic direction. This behavior is due to an activation process. The apparent chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium in the MCMB particle was found to be within the range 10−6–10−10 cm2 s−1, varying as a function of electrode potential with minima at the potentials corresponding to the voltammetric peaks.
Disability is a vital public health issue for health care programs. Affluent countries usually prioritize disability-related research, while often it remains neglected in resource-poor countries like Nepal. The aim of this study was to make available a translated and culturally adapted version of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) for measuring disability in the Nepalese population.
Regarding the importance of supplying energy to regions that are far from power systems, this study is devoted to analyzing and modeling of a stand-alone micro-grid. In spite of many studies in the case of demand response programming for optimal management and operation cost reduction of the micro-grids, and regarding the importance of size optimization of micro-grids, this paper seeks to examine and investigate the ability of demand response programming in the case of component size optimization of a micro-grid. Due to deficiency or unavailability of dispatchable energy recourses, only the nondispatchable renewable energy resources (wind and solar energy) are considered to supply the required energy. Applied strategy for effective component size optimization as well as relevant costs reduction is implemented by reducing or eliminating the mismatch between the generation and consumption profiles by time shift and schedule of dispatchable loads. Furthermore, the effect of demand response utilization on loss of generated energy reduction is studied. The optimized results with and without demand response are extracted and compared to each other. For each case, the optimum configuration was determined. Obtained results indicated that application of the demand response program, reduced the number of required batteries, the required inverter and photovoltaic cells capacity, and, consequently, the total net present costs. Furthermore, demand response implementation reduced the peak of consumed loads and increased the consumed load factor and correlation factor. The micro-grid components have been modeled mathematically within the framework of the mixed integer linear programming method. The optimization program has been performed by HOMER software together with GAMS software via the CPLEX solver.
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) porous membranes with tunable morphology are facilely prepared via dual-coagulation bath by phase inversion method and investigated in vanadium flow battery (VFB). Water/ethanol solutions with different compositions are selected as the coagulation baths and the effect of water/ethanol including content ratio and immersion time on membrane morphology is studied in detail. SEM results indicate the increased degree of crystallization and surface roughness of prepared membranes with higher ethanol content in coagulation bath and longer immersion time. In addition, β phase is a dominated crystalline form in these membranes. The upper surface pore size variety and overall crystalline structure lead to a non-monotonous change of ions permeability and area resistance. As a result, the coulombic efficiency decreases on the whole with volume ratio of water/ethanol ranging from 10:0 to 3:7, whereas there is a raised peak at the ratio of 5:5. Meanwhile, the voltage efficiency of these membranes exhibits an opposite tendency. Therefore, the morphology and property of PVDF porous membranes can be adjusted via changing the composition of coagulation bath. This research presents an effective and feasible method to optimize the fabrication parameters of PVDF porous membranes for VFB application.
In the present work, we provide insight in the degradation mechanism of Li-organic batteries utilizing the cathodes based on the NDI-С2 polyimide formed by naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride and ethylene diamine. The introduction of the C2H4 spacers between the imide units in the polymer backbone makes it stable with respect to the reductive fragmentation upon lithiation. However, NDI-С2 features conformationally flexible linear polymer chains, which can be converted under lithiation into very compact and energetically favorable zigzag-type structures. This conversion can be almost irreversible, since unfolding and delithiation of the zigzag-type architectures is strongly hampered by the steric and kinetic factors. The formation of “frozen” lithiated states of the redox-active material explains the severe capacity fade under cycling. Since the polymer chain mobility is largely enhanced when the material undergoes swelling, the solvent has a strong impact on the degradation kinetics. In particular, we confirmed that using ether-based solvents delivers more stable devices compared to the batteries assembled with standard carbonate electrolyte. As the main conclusion, our findings strongly suggest that conformationally-flexible redox-active polymers offer limited promise with respect to the battery applications. On the contrary, more attention should be paid to the use of rigid low molecular weight or polymer-based electroactive structures as advanced cathode and anode materials for all organic-based energy storage devices.
The air electrode performance of various carbon materials, such as Ketjen black (KB), acetylene black (AB and AB-S), Vulcan XC-72R (VX), and vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) with and without La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 (LSCF) catalyst were examined in an aqueous solution of saturated LiOH with 10 M LiCl in the current density range 0.2–2.0 mA cm−2. The best performance for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions was observed for the KB electrode, which has the highest surface area among the carbon materials examined. A steady over-potential of 0.2 V was obtained for the oxygen reduction reaction using the KB electrode without the catalyst, while the over-potential was 0.15 V for KB with the LSCF catalyst at 2.0 mA cm−2. The over-potentials for the oxygen evolution reaction were slightly higher than those for the oxygen reduction reaction, and gradually increased with the polarization period. Analysis of the gas in the cell after polarization above 0.4 V revealed the evolution of a small amount of CO during the oxygen evolution reaction by the decomposition of carbon in the electrode. The amount of CO evolved was significantly decreased by the addition of LSCF to the carbon electrode.
In this paper, we address the accuracy of a posteriori error estimators for finite element solutions of problems with high orthotropy especially for cases where rather coarse meshes are used, which are often encountered in engineering computations. We present sample computations which indicate lack of robustness of all standard residual estimators with respect to high orthotropy. The main culprit is the coarseness of the finite element meshes relative to the thickness of the boundary and interface layers in the solution. This is often imposed by the size of the problem domain, the capabilities for mesh generation, and the employed finite element software and cannot be changed. Hence, there is need for a posteriori error estimation approaches which are robust for coarse meshes and which are constructed using non-intrusive approaches with respect to the employed software.
Marijuana’s effects in humans are most often reported as intoxicating or therapeutic; yet, some humans report dysphoria or other negative affect. To evaluate whether differences in endocannabinoid levels might account for this variability, the present study examined whether sensitivity to cannabinoids changed when anandamide (AEA) metabolism was inhibited through administration of phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) a non-specific irreversible amidase inhibitor. Male Long Evans rats were trained to discriminate 3 mg/kg Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) versus vehicle in 2-lever drug discrimination procedure. ED50s for THC and CP 55,940 were lower when administered with PMSF than alone. PMSF administration also potentiated characteristic cannabimimetic effects of THC in ICR mice. Potentiation of AEA’s in vivo effects by PMSF were also observed, primarily as a consequence of PMSF inhibition of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase. Enhancement of the effects of THC and CP 55,940 through this mechanism is unlikely, as these cannabinoids are predominantly metabolized through the P450 system. Mass spectrometry revealed that, in the presence of THC, endogenous AEA levels in the brain decreased and that this decrease was prevented by PMSF, suggesting that increased AEA levels may have acted additively with exogenously administered cannabinoids to increase cannabimimetic effects. These findings may account for the varying affect in response to marijuana in humans or cannabinoids in animals while also suggesting that metabolic inhibitors of AEA may potentiate marijuana’s intoxicating effects in humans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder’.
Hydrothermal LiFePO4 has been successfully synthesized using iron powder as an iron source and as an in situ reducing agent. The 100% atom economy delivered by iron metal (Fe0) makes this process green and inexpensive. A plausible mechanism for the formation of hydrothermal LiFePO4 powder is also proposed. The structure of the LiFePO4 powder is well characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The discharge capacity of the LiFePO4 electrode is found to be 165mAhg−1 at 0.1 C-rate, and the cycle-life performance is comparable to the conventionally synthesized LiFePO4.
Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the explanation of sodium-sulfur secondary batteries, which relies on the recently discovered properties of β-alumina; namely, that it combines very low electronic conductivity with an unusually high ionic conductivity which is specific to sodium ions as charge carriers. In the sodium-sulphur battery, instead of solid electrodes separated by a liquid electrolyte, sodium β-alumina is used as a solid electrolyte, specifically conducting sodium ions between liquid electrodes of sodium metal and sulfur. An alternative design is developed by Chloride Silent Power (UK). This cell is unusual because it embodies liquid electrodes and a solid electrolyte. This cell has a theoretical e.m.f, of 2.076 V at the cell operating temperature of 350°C for 70% discharge. Reaction products are molten at this temperature. Discharge is normally terminated between 1.76 and 1.9 V. During cell discharge sodium ions migrate through the solid electrolyte phase into the positive compartment, to combine with the S2- ions produced there. The sodium ions are pumped through the β-alumina to the negative compartment during recharge. The role of β-alumina is critical. β-Alumina is a member of a class of solid materials with high ionic conductivities that are variously called optimized ionic conductors, superionic conductors and, more usually, fast-ion conductors.
Four different types of nano-tin-polyaniline (nano-Sn-PAni) lithium-ion composite anode microstructures have been examined to investigate the relationship between this parameter and anode characteristics. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) show that the electrochemical properties of nano-tin composite electrodes can be significantly affected by microstructure variation. To simultaneously obtain high capacity and long cycle life, the active materials should be encased in a polymer matrix to accommodate volume changes during cycling, and porosity is required to offer low interfacial lithium insertion/extraction impedance. The polymer matrix should have a high binding strength to prevent the anode cracking.
Dynamic windows with electronically controlled transmission reduce glare without obstructing views while increasing the energy efficiency of buildings and automobiles via lighting, heating and cooling savings. Electrochromic materials, which change colour with voltage, are widely explored for use in dynamic windows, but they have not been extensively commercialized due to problems associated with colour, cost, switching speed and durability. Here, we develop a class of dynamic windows that combines reversible metal electrodeposition with ion insertion chemistry. These devices function through the reversible electroplating of Bi and Cu at the working electrode and Li+ insertion in a nickel oxide counter electrode. In one minute, 100 cm2 windows uniformly switch between a clear state with 75% transmission and a colour-neutral black state possessing 10% transmission, which represents a significant improvement over previous metal-based architectures. We demonstrate that these hybrid windows cycle at least 4,000 times without degradation and are compatible with flexible substrates. Lastly, we discuss how this approach can be used to design practical large-scale windows.
A simple dynamic model, taking into account the change of proton concentration and dynamic diffusion of vanadium ions, is developed to predict the performances of the vanadium flow battery (VFB). The model is verified via the cycle experiment on the single cell battery assembled with Nafion 115 membrane. The simulated voltage of the VFB single cell during a charge-discharge cycle is in agreement with the experimental results. The efficiency and capacity vs. number of cycles evaluated by this model agree quite well with the experimental data as well. Comparing with the model neglecting the proton concentration change and dynamic diffusion of vanadium ions, the presented model can better forecast the performances of the VFB.
This paper deals with the internal dispatch policy for Hybrid Power Stations (HPS) consisting of renewable energy source (RES) based generation and storage facilities, operating in isolated island power systems in a coordinated manner to provide dispatchable power. Objective of the proposed dispatch method is the maximization of HPS revenues during real time operation, while avoiding deviations from the dispatch orders (DOs) issued by the System Operator (SO). DOs can be met either by RES production directly injected to the grid or by the storage facilities of the station. A Model Predictive Control (MPC) method is implemented to regularly update the internal dispatch decisions for HPS components, relying on an optimization problem built upon the Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP). In the proposed formulation the technical and operating constraints of the examined HPS configuration are taken into consideration, while a variable time resolution technique is also adopted to reduce computational complexity and achieve feasible solutions within acceptable time limits.
Magna Steyr's paint shop has always had to be highly flexible in order to be able to integrate new models from different customers quickly into its production process without the need for major interventions. For example, it has already painted the Mini Countryman and Paceman, the Peugeot RCZ, the Aston Martin Rapide and two models from another premium manufacturer in parallel. However, the current product range is presenting the paint shop with new challenges. The following varying requirements have to be accommodated in the multiple manufacturer facility: Fluctuating production volumes which have an impact on the seasonal and daily throughputs Varying product ranges, including starting up and discontinuing  derivatives at short notice  Different body shapes with holder concepts specific to each manufacturer Differing quality requirements and material strategiesA variety of substrates Colour palettes specific to each  manufacturer
Zn-doped Fe3O4 particles with carbon coating are prepared by combining a co-precipitation method with an efficient carbonization process using pyrrole as carbon source. The Zn/Fe molar ratio is controlled by adjusting the addition amount of Zn and Fe precursors. Among the carbon-coated products, the sample with a Zn/Fe molar ratio of 0.05:1.95 achieves a reversible capacity of 713.6 mAh g−1 after 60 cycles at a current density of 100mAg−1 and the capacities of 670.9, 625.0, 599.1, 566.2, 454.2, and 223.3 mAh g−1 at 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, and 3200mAg−1, respectively. The enhanced electrochemical performance is attributed to the improved electronic conductivity and Li-ion diffusion kinetics resulted from the Zn-doping in Fe3O4 and the nitrogen-doped carbon coating for buffering the volume change and improving the electronic conductivity.
The use of mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has great potential for the clinical setting. The purpose of present study is to compare the hemodynamics and ventilation during and after the load-distributing band CPR, versus the manual CPR in a porcine model of prolonged cardiac arrest, and to investigate the influence of rescue breathing in different CPR protocols.
Owing to the high energy density and low cost, the zinc-bromine flow battery is regarded as one of the most promising candidates for large-scale energy storage. However, the widespread applications of this type of battery are hindered by its low power density, resulting primarily from the large polarization in the positive electrode. Here, we develop a highly active mesoporous carbon material for zinc-bromine flow batteries by carbonizing pomelo peel impregnated with nickel salts followed by acid washing. The nickel species not only acts as a catalyst for graphitization, but also etches the carbon surface to generate pores, both of which improve the electrochemical performance of the carbon material. It is demonstrated that the obtained carbon exhibits a remarkable activity toward Br2/Br− redox reactions, and enables the zinc-bromine flow battery to operate at 100 mA cm−2 with an energy efficiency of as high as 81.2%. By contrast, the batteries assembled with the carbon material obtained by directly carbonizing pomelo peel without nickel salts and the pristine graphite-felt electrode can only deliver energy efficiencies of 74.0% and 68.7%, respectively. In addition, no degradation is observed for 100 cycles, indicating the outstanding stability of the prepared carbon for zinc-bromine flow batteries.
Resumen Afasia progresiva primaria (APP) representa un síndrome clínico relacionado con varias enfermedades degenerativas. El diagnóstico de la APP se realiza cuando el lenguaje es la única área de disfunción destacada y progresiva durante al menos los dos primeros años de la enfermedad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia y tipo de manifestaciones neuropsiquiátricas en pacientes con APP y compararlos con los controles normales. 26 sujetos con APP (afasia progresiva no fluente (APPNF, n = 12); afasia progresiva fluente (APRF, n = 8); afasia progresiva logopénica (APPL, n = 6) se evaluaron en una amplia serie Neuropsiquiátrica / Neuropsicológica y se agruparon por edad y formación con los 20 controles normales. Los síntomas neuropsiquiátricos se evaluaron mediante el Inventario Neuropsiquiátrico (NPI-Q) y por la Escala de Depresión de Beck (BDS). La depresión (70%), la apatía (61%) y la ansiedad (52%) fueron los síntomas más comunes en el grupo de APP. Estadísticamente se observaron diferencias significativas entre los APP y los grupos de control en relación con los síntomas mencionados anteriormente (p < 0,05). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los síntomas neuropsiquiátricos y las tres variantes clínicas. La APP se asocia con una alta tasa de síntomas neuropsiquiátricos (depresión, apatía y ansiedad). Estos síntomas tienen graves consecuencias diversas.
The practical application of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries is limited by the easy dissolution of polysulfides in the electrolyte, resulting in the lithium polysulfide (LPS) shuttle effect. Several two-dimensional (2D) materials with abundant active binding sites and high surface-to-volume ratios have been developed to prepare functional separators that suppress the diffusion of polysulfides. However, the influence of modified layer thickness on Li+ transport has not been considered. Herein, we synthesized individual and multilayered 2D Ti3C2T x MXene nanosheets and used them to fabricate a series of Ti3C2T x -PP modified separators. The separators had mass loadings ranging from 0.16 to 0.016 mg cm−2, which is the lowest value reported for 2D materials to the best of our knowledge. The corresponding reductions in thickness ranged from 1.2 µm to 100 nm. LPS shuttling was effectively suppressed, even at the lowest mass loading of 0.016 mg cm−2. Suppression was due to the strong interaction between LPS intermediates and Ti atoms and hydroxyl functional groups on the separator surface. The lithium-ion diffusion coefficient increased with the reduction of Ti3C2T x layers on the separator. Superior cycling stability and rate performance were attained when the separator with a Ti3C2T x -PP mass loading of 0.016 mg cm−2 was incorporated into a Li–S battery. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were introduced into the separators to further improve the electrical and Li+ ionic conductivity in the cross-plane direction of the 2D Ti3C2T x layers. With the ultra-lightweight Ti3C2T x /CNTs modified PP separator, the cell maintained a capacity of 640 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 1 C with a capacity decay of only 0.079% per cycle.
Electric buses (EBs) are undergoing rapid development because of their environmental friendliness. Different from private electric vehicles, EBs are scheduled by a public transport company and required to be charged as soon as possible during operation hours. Consequently, the implementation of fast charging stations (FCSs) is essential to support the operation of EBs. Usually, the size of an FCS is constrained by the residual capacity of the connected distribution network and the investment budget. An energy storage system (ESS) is considered as a potential supplement not only to reduce the network integration cost for FCSs but also to reduce the charging cost of EBs through electricity price arbitrage. To quantify the value of ESS in an electric bus FCS, a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) formulation for optimal sizing and control of FCS and ESS is built. A simplification method is proposed to convert the MINLP problem to a linear one without any loss in optimality, which accelerates the solving process. Simulations are performed based on historical data of a practical FCS. Numerical results indicate that ESS can significantly help reduce the overall investment and charging cost of the FCS. Meanwhile, the parameters of investment cost, lifespan and time-of-use electricity price have significant influences on the overall value of ESS for an FCS.