batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Oxygen reduction/evolution bi-functional air electrodes with high activity are required for constructing high-performance metal–air secondary batteries. Conventionally, carbon-supported electrocatalysts have been used as the air electrode materials. However, these types of air electrodes have a problem that the carbon black is corroded to water-soluble organic compounds during oxygen evolution reaction. Therefore, we have investigated reduced graphene oxides as an alternative to the conventional carbon black. Cyclic voltammetry in the range of the potential in which the oxygen evolution reaction occurs revealed that the reduced graphene oxide is stable against corrosion during the oxygen evolution reaction. This result indicates that the reduced graphene oxide is a promising candidate electrode material for bi-functional air electrodes. To improve the oxygen reduction and evolution activities of reduced graphene oxides, doping of nitrogen species and loading of perovskite-type oxide catalysts to reduced graphene oxide were examined. It was found that doping of nitrogen species was effective for improving both the oxygen reduction and evolution activity. LaMnO3 and LaNiO3 catalysts were effective for improving the oxygen reduction and evolution activities, respectively. The best oxygen reduction and evolution activity was obtained by the LaMnO3-loaded nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide and LaNiO3-loaded nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide, respectively.
Introduction We present a prospective series of tuberculum sellae meningioma (TSM) resected via a superior interhemispheric (IH) approach in 10 patients who preoperatively and postoperatively underwent extensive olfaction testing using a standardised test battery. Patients and methods This prospective longitudinal study evaluated the olfactory function after TSM resection. The resection was performed via a superior interhemispheric (IH) approach. The quantitative and qualitative analyses of the olfactory function were assessed with the Biolfa® olfactory test (at 6 months). Results Between November 2009 and April 2012, 10 consecutive patients with symptomatic TSM and preserved olfactory function were operated via a superior IH approach. For the self-evaluation criteria of the olfactory function, the mean preoperative visual analog scale score was 8.8. The mean preoperative total quantitative (/27) scored 18.2±6.3 for this cohort of 10 patients. In the postoperative period, the mean total score decreased non-significantly to 15.8±8.8 (Wilcoxon test, P =0.085). The mean preoperative qualitative score (/8) was 5.5±1.7 and in the postoperative period decreased, non-significantly, to 4.7±2.6 (Wilcoxon test, P =0.12). The olfactory function was quantitatively and qualitatively preserved in 6 patients (60%), but a postoperative deterioration occurred in 2 (20%) and an anosmia in 2 (20%). Size and invasive characteristics of the meningioma determined the post-surgical deterioration. Conclusion Olfaction is an important factor of emotional and social life, which needs to be integrated into the challenge regarding the resection of TSM. The risks of nerve damage are reviewed.
Nano materials are usually difficult to prepare. This work presents a simple way of preparing LiMn2O4 nano powders using the high-energy ball milling method. This method has the advantage of producing pure, single-phase and crystalline nano powders. The milling method is carefully controlled to avoid unwanted chemical reactions that may change the stoichiometry of the material. Nano powders of between 30 and 50nm are obtained. Structural studies of the nano powders, as well as the more conventional micron-sized LiMn2O4, are made using X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction methods. Electrochemical evaluation of the materials is undertaken with a three-probe cyclic voltammetry technique and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements. Structural studies reveal that not only are the crystallites of the nano powders much reduced in size from the normal powders, but their cell parameters are also smaller. The performance characteristics of the nano material show an improvement over that of the micron-sized material by about 17% in the 1st cycle and 70.6% in the 5th cycle, at which the capacity is 132mAhg−1. The normal material suffers from severe capacity fading but the nano material shows much improved capacity retention.
In-doped ZnO (IZO) samples were synthesized by a simple co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, Raman spectra and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that IZO with 2.5wt% In2O3 has a pure wurtzite structure and a plate-like morphology. IZO with 16.3wt% In2O3 (theoretical value) mainly shows a wurtzite structure. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurement were utilized to examine the electrochemical performances of IZO with 2.5wt% In2O3 as anode material for Ni–Zn simulated cells. Compared with the physical mixture of ZnO with In2O3, IZO increases the charge-transfer resistance of zinc electrode. Furthermore, the initial discharge capacity of IZO is 569mAhg−1, and the discharge capacity decays slightly with the capacity retention ratio of 95.2% over 73 cycles, which is much higher than that of the physical mixture of ZnO with In2O3.
In this study, novel temperature stable electrolyte mixtures are investigated with respect to their use in Li-ion cells. Sulfolane, 3-methylsulfolane, and the ionic liquid N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl) ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) azanide (DMMA-TFSA) are chosen as main components in the electrolyte mixtures. The electrolytes are studied in cell tests with LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) as cathode and graphite as anode material. The performance of the cells is tested at room temperature and at elevated temperatures (40 °C) which demonstrates the significant improvement of the cell performance by raising the temperature slightly. Furthermore, the additives vinylene carbonate and hexamethyldisilazane are used to improve the electrolyte properties with respect to cell performance and long term stability.
Publisher Summary The toxicity of a substance is its capacity to cause injury once inside the body. The main modes of entry of chemicals into the body in industry are inhalation, ingestion and absorption through the skin. Gases, vapors, mists, dusts, fumes and aerosols can be inhaled and they can also affect the skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Ingestion is rare, but possible as a result of poor personal hygiene, subconscious hand-to-mouth contact, or accidents. The skin can be affected directly by contact with the chemicals, even when intact, but its permeability to certain substances also offers a route into the body.
Although the association between deficits in effortful control and later externalizing behavior is well established, many researchers (Nigg Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(3-4), 395–422, 2006; Steinberg Developmental Review, 28(1), 78–106, 2008) have hypothesized this association is actually the product of the imbalance of dual systems, or two underlying traits: approach and self-regulation. Very little research, however, has deployed a statistically robust strategy to examine that compelling model; further, no research has done so using behavioral measures, particularly in longitudinal studies. We examined the imbalance of approach and self-regulation (effortful control, EC) as predicting externalizing problems. Latent trait models of approach and EC were derived from behavioral measures collected from 102 children in a community sample at 25, 38, 52, and 67 months (2 to 5 ½ years), and used to predict externalizing behaviors, modeled as a latent trait derived from parent-reported measures at 80, 100, 123, and 147 months (6 ½ to 12 years). The imbalance hypothesis was supported: Children with an imbalance of approach and EC had more externalizing behavior problems in middle childhood and early preadolescence, relative to children with equal levels of the two traits.
18650-type cylindrical cells using LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) and hard carbon as positive and negative electrode material, respectively, were fabricated and degraded by cycle tests. The capacity of the cells remained more than 95% and 85% after cycle tests at 25 and 50°C, respectively. After the cycle tests, Li-deficient cubic phase was observed on the surface of NMC. This phenomenon should be related to the degradation mechanism of this type of cell.
Lithium poly(4-styrenesulfonyl(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) (PSTFSI) polyelectrolytes made up of SO2 N− SO2 CF3 anionic groups associated with a lithium cation and attached to a polystyrene chain have been prepared. In these polymers the transference number of the lithium cation is expected to be unity while the ionic conductivity is kept high. Two different single-ion polymers with a similar final structure were synthesized by two ways, monomer free radical polymerization and polymer modification (PSTFSI (a) and PSTFSI (b), respectively). These polyelectrolytes were mixed with poly(ethylene oxide) PEO into a composite membrane to form solid electrolytes for lithium batteries. These polymer alloys were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal analysis and impedance spectroscopy to measure the ionic transport properties. Interestingly, ionic conductivity is about ten times higher for a membrane with PSTFSI (a) (≈10−5 Scm−1) compared to a membrane with lithium poly(styrene sulfonate) or with PSTFSI (b) above PEO melting temperature.
The increasing penetration of renewable energy resources in integrated energy system makes it necessary to consider uncertainty, appropriate investment and scientific operation for energy storage systems, including battery energy storage systems and thermal energy storage systems. In this paper, we propose a two-stage robust planning-operation co-optimization method for Energy Hub considering uncertainties from renewable energy resources as well as multi-load demands, the sizing problem and precise economic model of energy storage systems, in which lifetime loss cost of battery energy storage systems and static loss of thermal energy storage systems are mainly included. Integer variables exist in both stages, thus in the proposed method, dual norms are used to transform uncertain constraints into robust counterparts with which the worst cases are calculated directly, then the problem is merged into a single stage mixed integer linear program. In case studies, optimal planning strategies including multiple storages in Energy Hub are explored under the consideration of sizing problem and uncertainties, and it’s found that simultaneously constructing multiple energy storages can have mutually beneficial relationships and propose more economic planning/operation strategies. Then it’s validated that precise energy storage model can better improve economics and flexibility of Energy Hub both in longer term and short term planning optimization. Meanwhile, convergence speed of the model and solution algorithm in this paper is acceptable for practical planning problem.
Objective: To determine the critical assessment characteristics, functional domains, and performance-based measures to include in the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) Toolbox, a uniform assessment battery being developed under the aegis of the NIH's Blueprint for Neuroscience Research for use in clinical trials and cohort studies. Design: Online surveys, in-depth interviews, and systematic evidence-based literature review. Setting: More than 15 collaborating academic and clinical research centers. Participants: 191 experts in clinical and epidemiologic research (Internet survey, n=147; expert interviews, n=44). Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Survey data were analyzed descriptively using t tests and 1-way analysis of variance to determine assessment priorities and core constructs. Descriptive analysis of expert interview rankings coupled with findings from the evidence-based literature reviews were used to identify appropriate outcomes measures. Results: The full Toolbox should: take less than 2 hours to administer; be precise and accurate across the range of normal function for people aged 3 to 85 years; be easy to administer, score, and interpret; and involve minimal cost. 54 construct areas and appropriate measures for each were identified across 4 core domains of motor function, cognition, sensation, and emotional health. Modifications to standard measures and development of new ones are recommended to meet the Toolbox's inclusion criteria. Implications for rehabilitation research are discussed using the motor and cognitive domains as exemplars. Conclusions: The NIH Toolbox will set the standard for measurement in NIH-funded research; will enable quick, precise measurement of key functional domains; and will facilitate cross-study comparisons.
A new anode composition comprising SiO and graphite(C) is prepared through a high-energy ball milling process. During the first cycle, the anode delivers high discharge and charge capacity values of 1556 and 693mAhg−1, respectively. The electrode shows a reversible charge capacity value of 688mAhg−1 at the 30th cycle with 99% Coulombic efficiency. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that ball milling does not produce any new compound, but only causes a reduction in particle size. The irreversible and reversible capacities appear to be interdependent.
RBFOX1 (also known as FOX1 or A2BP1) regulates alternative splicing of a variety of transcripts crucial for neuronal functions. Physiological significance of RBFOX1 during brain development is seemingly essential since abnormalities in the gene cause autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders such as intellectual disability, epilepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. RBFOX1 was also shown to serve as a “hub” in ASD gene transcriptome network. However, the pathophysiological significance of RBFOX1 gene abnormalities remains to be clarified.
Nickel–metal hydride (Ni/MH) batteries are nowadays the most promising system, in the mid-term, for hybrid vehicles. Battery power requirements for the hybrid vehicle application are quite high, both for acceleration and for an effective quick battery recharging. This paper deals with the design and development of metal hydride electrodes and of prismatic Ni/MH batteries for high power automotive applications: hybrid vehicle and energy systems for the future 42V electrical network in conventional ICE vehicles. Electrode studies have focused on the substrate characteristics, the electrode preparation conditions and the additives to improve the performance of the active material, in terms of conductivity and avoidance of the active material shedding. The 25Ah Ni/MH batteries have been designed to achieve maximum power drain (minimum electrical resistance), with a minimum weight and a valve regulated maintenance-free system.
In this work it is established for the first time that the internal parameters of the electrical equivalent circuit of vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) are variable not only with flow rate and stack current but also the state of charge (SOC) and operational cycle number. The dynamic internal circuit parameters are extracted by using the charge-discharge characteristics of a practical 1 kW 6 h VRFB system as input to the proposed model. The role of temperature on the VRFB internal parameters is also discussed. It is further demonstrated that the average error in estimation of VRFB stack voltage using dynamic parameters reduces by 28% (charging) and 14% (discharging) compared to that of using static internal parameters. The proposed model exhibits robustness and validity for large scale applications as evidenced by further extracting the internal parameters of a 125 kW 2 h VRFB system. Another significant contribution of this paper is the optimization of flow rate by considering both the stack internal power loss and pump power loss simultaneously to achieve optimal performance of the VRFB system. The proposed model involving dynamic parameter extraction and loss optimization is very useful for designing suitable battery management system (BMS) for interfacing VRFB with renewable energy sources.
In this report, a novel magnetic levitated bearing suitable for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) is introduced, fabricated and tested. The bearing system generates a magnetic force, which can support the weight of the wind turbine rotor. A Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation shows how low the torque of this bearing is. A small scale prototype model of this novel magnetic levitated bearing system was constructed and tested successfully. The test results show how low the torque of this novel bearing is.
Zinc-ion batteries built on water-based electrolytes featuring compelling price-points, competitive performance, and enhanced safety represent advanced energy storage chemistry as a promising alternative to current lithium-ion battery systems. Attempts to develop rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) can be traced to as early as the 1980s; however, since 2015, the research activity in this field has surged throughout the world. Despite the achievements made in exploring electrode materials so far, significant challenges remain at the material level and even on the whole aqueous ZIBs system, leading to the failure of ZIBs to meet commercial requirements. This review aims to discuss how to pave the way for developing aqueous ZIBs. The current research efforts related to aqueous ZIBs electrode materials and electrolytes are summarized, including an analysis of the problems encountered in both cathode/anode materials and electrolyte optimization. Some concerns and feasible solutions for achieving practical aqueous ZIBs are discussed in detail. We would like to point out that merely improving the electrode materials is not enough; synergistic optimization strategies toward the whole battery system are also deeply needed. Finally, some perspectives are provided on the subsequent optimization design for further research efforts in the aqueous ZIB field.
High contributions of the electricity generation and transportation sectors to criteria pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions have resulted in an increased interest and shift towards low to non-carbon generation options such as renewable wind and solar, and alternative transportation options including plug-in electric vehicles. Since plug-in electric vehicles transfer the tailpipe emissions to the electric grid, it is important to study the interaction between the two sectors. In this paper, a previously developed spatially and temporally resolved unit commitment model is used to determine the dispatch schedule of resources with and without battery electric vehicles for 2050 in a fictitious balancing area located within the South Coast Air Basin of California. Cases studied include various charging profiles, penetration in light-duty fleet, imports mix, and grid dispatch strategies. Results of the analysis include average cost of electricity production, market clearing price, temporal production of individual generators, and emissions from electricity generation and the transportation sectors. The results show that deploying battery electric vehicles (1) has little impact on the average cost of electricity generation-maximum of $2.5 per MWh for the cases studied with 40% penetration in the light-duty fleet, (2) reduces the overall criteria pollutant emissions except for one case, and (3) results in a smoother load profile, reduces the use of peaking units, and reduces the average emission intensity of the grid through controlled off-peak charging.
Sediment toxicity of different areas of Spanish littoral was evaluated using an internationally recommended 10 day acute toxicity test with the amphipod Ampelisca brevicornis. Sediment samples from Santander Bay (N Spain), Las Palmas of Gran Canaria (SW Spain), Algeciras Bay (S Spain) and Ría of Huelva (SW Spain) were collected and organic carbon, fines, metals Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Co and Hg, PAHs and PCBs were analyzed for their characterization. Significant toxic effects compared with control site (P < 0.05) were observed after exposure to the sediments from Las Palmas of Gran Canaria port, from 83.3% of the sites studied in Algeciras Bay and from Ría of Huelva. These effects were associated (P < 0.05) with PCBs and metals Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in Ría of Huelva and to Ni and Co in the rest of sites. Chemical measurements were compared with international sediment quality guidelines and site-specific guidelines were derived.
LiCoO2 thin films with different orientations were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition, and Li-ion transfer at the interface between the electrolyte and a LiCoO2 thin film electrode was investigated. This study particularly focused on the effect of orientation on Li-ion transfer. The thin films were shown to be highly crystallized by X-ray diffraction. Charge transfer resistance ascribed to Li-ion transfer at the interface was observed by ac impedance spectroscopy. While charge transfer resistance was strongly influenced by the preferred orientation of LiCoO2 thin film, the activation energy evaluated from the temperature-dependence of Li-ion transfer resistance appeared to be independent of the orientation.
A simplified mathematical model is developed for designing high-energy-density Si alloy/graphite coatings. The design is discussed based on a set of metrics related to their implementation in practical cells including volumetric capacity, average voltage, volumetric energy density, particle expansion, and cell expansion. To achieve the same energy density improvement, one can use either high capacity Si alloys at a lower weight ratio in Si alloy/graphite coatings or low capacity Si alloys at a higher weight ratio. However, high capacity Si alloys have high volume expansion at the particle level, which tends to have SEI stabilization issues, while low capacity Si alloys lead to high volume expansion at cell level. Gravimetric energy density is also calculated in the model, and it is found that the energy density improvement based on a gravimetric basis is smaller than that of a volumetric one. The findings from this model are highly beneficial for Si alloy/graphite coating design for achieving maximum energy density with respect to the volume expansion issue.
High-performance solid electrolytes are critical for realizing all-solid-state batteries with enhanced safety and cycling efficiency. However, currently available candidates (sulfides and the NASICON-type ceramics) still suffer from drawbacks such as inflammability, high-cost and unfavorable machinability. Here we present the structural manipulation approaches to improve the sodium ionic conductivity in a series of affordable Na-rich antiperovskites. Experimentally, the whole solid solutions of Na3OX (X = Cl, Br, I) are synthesized via a facile and timesaving route from the cheapest raw materials (Na, NaOH and NaX). The materials are nonflammable, suitable for thermoplastic processing due to low melting temperatures (<300 °C) without decomposing. Notably, owing to the flexibility of perovskite-type structure, it's feasible to control the local structure features by means of size-mismatch substitution and unequivalent-doping for a favorable sodium ionic diffusion pathway. Enhancement of sodium ionic conductivity by 2 magnitudes is demonstrated by these chemical tuning methods. The optimized sodium ionic conductivity in Na2.9Sr0.05OBr0.6I0.4 bulk samples reaches 1.9 × 10−3 S/cm at 200 °C and even higher at elevated temperature. We believe further chemical tuning efforts on Na-rich antiperovskites will promote their performance greatly for practical all-solid state battery applications.