batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia is an environmental stressor that is known to elicit alterations in both the autonomic nervous system and endocrine functions. The free radical or oxidative stress theory holds that oxidative reactions are mainly underlying neurodegenerative disorders. In fact among complex metabolic reactions occurring during hypoxia, many could be related to the formation of oxygen derived free radicals, causing a wide spectrum of cell damage. In present study, we investigated possible involvement of GABAergic mechanism in the protective effect of zolpidem against acute hypoxia-induced behavioral modification and biochemical alterations in mice. Mice were subjected to acute hypoxic stress for a period of 2 h. Acute hypoxic stress for 2 h caused significant impairment in locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, and antinocioceptive effect in mice. Biochemical analysis revealed a significant increased malondialdehyde, nitrite concentrations and depleted reduced glutathione and catalase levels. Pretreatment with zolpidem (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly improved locomotor activity, anti-anxiety effect, reduced tail flick latency and attenuated oxidative damage (reduced malondialdehyde, nitrite concentration, and restoration of reduced glutathione and catalase levels) as compared to stressed control (hypoxia) (P < 0.05). Besides, protective effect of zolpidem (5 mg/kg) was blocked significantly by picrotoxin (1.0 mg/kg) or flumazenil (2 mg/kg) and potentiated by muscimol (0.05 mg/kg) in hypoxic animals (P < 0.05). These effects were significant as compared to zolpidem (5 mg/kg) per se (P < 0.05). Present study suggest that the possible involvement of GABAergic modulation in the protective effect of zolpidem against hypoxic stress.
The comparison of the rate capability of LiCr0.2Ni0.4Mn1.4O4 spinels synthesized by the sucrose aided combustion method at 900, 950 and 1000°C is presented. XRD and TEM studies show that the spinel cubic structure remains unchanged on heating but the particle size is notably modified. Indeed, it increases from 695nm at 900°C to 1465nm at 1000°C. The electrochemical properties have been evaluated by galvanostatic cycling at 25 and 55°C between 1C and 60C discharge rates. At both temperatures, all samples exhibit high working voltage (∼4.7V), elevated capacity (∼140mAhg−1) and high cyclability (capacity retention ∼99% after 50 cycles even at 55°C). The samples also have huge rate capability. They retain more than 70% of their maximum capacity at the very fast rate of 60C. The effect of the particle size on the rate capability at 25 and at 55°C has been investigated. It was demonstrated that LiCr0.2Ni0.4Mn1.4O4 annealed at 900°C, with the lowest particle size, has the best electrochemical performances. In fact, among the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4-based cathodes, SAC900 exhibits the highest rate capability ever published. This spinel, able to deliver 31,000Wkg−1 at 25°C and 27,500Wkg−1 at 55°C is a really promising cathode for high-power Li-ion battery.
In-network data aggregation is favorable for wireless sensor networks (WSNs): It allows in-network data processing while reducing the network traffic and hence saving the sensors energy. However, due to the distributed and unattended nature of WSNs, several attacks aiming at compromising the authenticity of the collected data could be perpetrated. For example, an adversary could capture a node to create clones of the captured one. These clones disseminated through the network could provide malicious data to the aggregating node, thus poisoning/disrupting the aggregation process. In this paper we address the problem of detecting cloned nodes; a requirement to be fulfilled to provide authenticity of the data fusion process. First, we analyze the desirable properties a distributed clone detection protocol should meet. Specifically: It should avoid having a single point of failure; the load should be totally distributed across the nodes in the network; the position of the clones in the network should not influence the detection probability. We then show that current solutions do not meet the exposed requirements. Next, we propose the Information Fusion Based Clone Detection Protocol (ICD). ICD is a probabilistic, completely distributed protocol that efficiently detects clones. ICD combines two cryptographic mechanisms: The pseudo-random key pre-distribution, usually employed to secure node pairwise communications, with a sparing use of asymmetric crypto primitives. We show that ICD matches all the requirements above mentioned and compare its performance with current solutions in the literature; experimental results show that ICD has better performance than existing solutions for all the cost parameters considered: Number of messages sent, per sensor storage requirement, and signature verification. These savings allow to increase the network operating lifetime. Finally, note that ICD protocol could be used as an independent layer by any data aggregation mechanism.
Layered LiMg0.1Co0.9O2 has been synthesized using microwave assisted solution technique. The precursor has been subjected to thermo-gravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and calcined at 850°C. The precursor and the calcined powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm the formation of single-phase layered material. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies were carried out to understand the nature of the metal–ligand bond and the observations were consistent with the XRD spectrum. Scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images have been obtained to understand the surface morphology and the grain orientation of the synthesized material. Coin cells of 2016 type have been assembled using the synthesized layered material as the cathode active material, lithium foil as the counter and reference electrodes and 1M LiPF6 in 1:1 EC/DEC as the electrolyte. Coin cells were assembled and crimp sealed inside an argon filled glove box. The charge/discharge characteristics of the coin cells were evaluated galvanostatically in the potential range 2.7–4.3V. Results indicate that LiMg0.1Co0.9O2 delivers an average discharge capacity of ∼135mAhg−1 over the investigated 20 cycles and is a potential candidate for use as cathode material in lithium rechargeable cells.
Vanadium trioxide material have attracted enormous attention recently, owing to their high theoretical capacity for use as anodes in lithium ion batteries. However, the unstable structure of V2O3 limits its practical application. It is challenge to develop a simple, scalable and economical technique to produce 3D porous carbon-based V2O3 materials with high structure stability. In this work, a facile NaCl template-assisted freeze-drying strategy was used to produce 3D porous carbon-encapsulated V2O3 (3D porous V2O3@C) composites with highly crystalline architecture, uniformly carbon-encapsulated V2O3 nanoparticles and interconnected conductive carbon networks. The resultant 3D porous V2O3@C anode exhibits significantly enhanced rate performance (797 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g, 715 mAh/g at 0.3 A/g, 658 mAh/g at 0.5 A/g, 598 mAh/g at 1 A/g, 480 mAh/g at 3 A/g and 426 mAh/g at 5 A/g) and long-term cycling stability (506 mAh/g at 5A/g after 2000 cycles). The present work suggests a scalable preparation of the 3D porous carbon-based V2O3 materials, which may be extended to preparing other 3D porous materials for potential applications in energy storage, catalysis and sensors.
There is abundance of lost mechanical energy that can be harvested and recycled from our living environment. Here we developed a pendulum motion based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) that sustains its motion with low maintenance providing multiple output peaks from a tiny-scale single mechanical triggering. The triboelectric effect of our device is enhanced by the surface structure of the PDMS that is composed of micro roughness with nanowires. We demonstrated lighting up a commercial LED light bulb by harvesting lost mechanical energy of the pendulum oscillation of a wall clock. Our approach can be a promising platform of developing a sustainable, low maintenance system to harvest lost mechanical energy.
In this article, we report a novel fullerene–polyaniline emeraldine base (C60–PANI-EB) hybrid synthesized through covalent bonding of polyaniline (PANI) onto para-phenylenediamine (PPD)-functionalized fullerene and its capacity properties. C60–PANI-EB exhibits a unique coral-like porous morphology with PANI particles interconnected by nanofibers. In comparison with polyaniline emeraldine base (PANI-EB), C60–PANI-EB shows significantly higher specific capacitance, specific power and specific energy, and better cycling stability. The specific capacitance of C60–PANI-EB and PANI-EB are 776Fg−1 and 492Fg−1 at current density of 1mAcm−2, respectively. The specific capacitance of C60–PANI-EB has 37% enhancement over that of PANI-EB even at high current density of 100mAcm−2. The specific energy of C60–PANI-EB is 64Whkg−1 at 1mAcm−2 and the specific power is 36,595Wkg−1 at current density of 100mAcm−2. The greatly enhanced capacity performance can be attributed to the increased ionic conductivity induced by the loose molecular packing structure and porous morphology as well as the increased electrical conductivity caused by the coral-like interconnected morphology and the strong electron-withdrawing function of the fullerene through its covalent bonding to PANI.
We present a patient with alexia secondary to cerebral lesion whose errors in the reading of non-words affect vowels more than consonants. The interest of the case resides in: (1) the documentation of a vowel–consonant dissociation selectively affecting the reading of non-words; and (2) the localization of the alteration in a specific stage of the perilexical reading pathway, that is, the blending of phonetic chains. The case contributes to the discussion on the nature of representations and the processing of vowels and consonants.
Highly flexible, binder-free, MoO3 nanobelt/graphene film electrode is prepared by a two-step microwave hydrothermal method. Graphene is first prepared by an ultra-fast microwave hydrothermal method and then mixed with MoO3 solution to synthesize the MoO3 nanobelt/graphene composite, which exhibits the combination of stacked graphene sheets and uniform MoO3 nanobelts with widths of 200–500 nm and lengths of 5–10 μm. The charge–discharge measurements show that the as-synthesized MoO3/graphene hybrid materials demonstrate excellent rate capability, large capacity, and good cycling stability compared to the pure MoO3 film. An initial discharge capacity of 291mAhg−1 can be obtained at 100 mA g−1, with a capacity of 172mAhg−1 retained after 100 cycles. The results show that the MoO3/graphene designed in this study can be used as a free-standing cathode material in rechargeable bendable Lithium batteries.
Optimal expansion of medium-voltage power networks because of load growth is a combinatorial problem which is important from technical and economic points of view. The planning solutions consist of installation and/or reinforcement of high voltage/medium voltage (HV/MV) substations, feeder sections, distributed generation (DG) and storage units to expand the capacity of the network. The cost objective function of the system should be minimized subject to the technical constraints. Due to the complicacy and the complexity of the problem, it should be solved by modern optimization algorithms. In this paper, the most famous optimization algorithms for solving the distribution network planning problem are reviewed and compared, and some points are proposed to improve the performance of the algorithms. In order to compare the algorithms in practice, and verify the proposed improvement points, the numerical studies on three test distribution networks are presented. The results show that every algorithm has its own advantages and disadvantages in specific conditions. However, in general manner, the hybrid Tabu search/genetic algorithm (TS/GA) and the improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm proposed in this paper are the best choices for optimal distribution network planning.
Amorphous Mg–Ni–Nd alloys were prepared by melt-spun technique and their discharge capacity was measured. Microstructure of amorphous ribbons after different charge–discharge cycles was observed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The structure evolution of amorphous (Mg60Ni25)90Nd10 alloy during the charge–discharge cycles was investigated in detail. Experimental results showed that the structure evolution of amorphous ribbon was responsible for the decay of discharge capacity. During the charge–discharge cycles of amorphous (Mg60Ni25)90Nd10 alloy, NdMg2Ni9 phase appeared after four cycles and Mg2Ni phase appeared after six cycles. After 20 cycles the stable phases Mg2Ni, α-Mg and Nd2H5 were present and the former NdMg2Ni9 phase disappeared. With crystallization of amorphous ribbon, the discharge capacity of amorphous (Mg60Ni25)90Nd10 alloy dropped off. After 10 cycles the curve of discharge capacity tended to be smooth.
Olivine structure LiFePO4/C composite powders are synthesized as cathode materials for Li-ion batteries via a conventional solid-state reaction. Improvement in electrochemical performance has been achieved by using poly(vinyl alcohol) as the carbon sources for the as-prepared materials. The influence of the heat treatment on the physical and the electrochemical properties of LiFePO4/C materials is investigated. To examine the effect of added carbon content on the properties of materials, a one-step heat treatment has been employed with control of the PVA content in the precursor. Six samples were prepared with 0, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 30wt.% PVA added to the raw materials. The particle size of LiFePO4 decreases as the carbon content increases. Materials with medium carbon contents have a small charge-transfer resistance and thus exhibit superior electrochemical performance. Interestingly, for a LiFePO4/C composite with a low PVA content, an unusual plateau at 4.3V is observed. It is considered that this is due to the Fe3+/Fe4+ redox reaction of Fe3+ compounds that are present as an impurity. For samples with a high PVA amount, a thicker carbon coating provides an obstacle to improve the electrochemical properties.
Investigating the overall brightness of planets (and moons) provides insights into their envelopes and energy budgets1–4. Phase curves (a representation of the overall brightness versus the Sun–object–observer phase angle) for Titan have been published over a limited range of phase angles and spectral passbands5,6. Such information has been key to the study of the stratification, microphysics and aggregate nature of Titan’s atmospheric haze7,8 and has complemented the spatially resolved observations showing that the haze scatters efficiently in the forward direction7,9. Here, we present Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem whole-disk brightness measurements of Titan from ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths. The observations show that Titan’s twilight (loosely defined as the view at phase angles ≳150°) outshines its daylight at various wavelengths. From the match between measurements and models, we show that at even larger phase angles, the back-illuminated moon will appear much brighter than when fully illuminated. This behaviour is unique in our Solar System to Titan and is caused by its extended atmosphere and the efficient forward scattering of sunlight by its atmospheric haze. We infer a solar energy deposition rate (for a solar constant of 14.9 W m−2) of (2.84 ± 0.11) × 1014 W, consistent to within one to two standard deviations with Titan’s time-varying thermal emission from 2007 to 201310,11. We propose that a forward scattering signature may also occur at large phase angles in the brightness of exoplanets with extended hazy atmospheres and that this signature has a valuable diagnostic potential for atmospheric characterization.
A tiered approach for testing ingredients in a cigarette matrix was developed and includes chemical–analytical testing and a standard battery of biological toxicity assays. These assays were adapted for comparative evaluation of mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes with or without ingredients at various inclusion levels. This adaptation to test cigarette mainstream smoke may impact assay response. Since it is difficult to a priori determine discriminatory power, it was evaluated using a large experimental dataset from a multi-year program of cigarette ingredient testing performed at two separate laboratories. A statistical method, minimum detectable difference (MDD), was used as a measure of assay discriminatory power. MDD of cigarette smoke constituents ranged from 6% to 29% of the average. Salmonella mutagenicity and cytotoxicity test MDDs ranged from 20% to 81% and 18% to 49%, respectively. Body weight gain in 90-day nose-only inhalation studies yielded an MDD of 30–40%. Histopathological findings with severity scores between 0.5 and 1.5 had the lowest MDDs of 23% and higher. In general, discriminatory power decreased with increasing biological complexity and toxicological relevance of the assay. Beyond statistical analysis, however, a weight-of-the-evidence analysis by experienced researchers is required for toxicological assessment of a cigarette ingredient.
In this paper is presented a rule-based strategy to the predictive management of the energy resources in a residential building one can equip with power generators (i.e. photovoltaic solar panels and a vertical-axis wind turbine) and batteries for electricity storage. The strategy takes the status of the electricity grid into consideration (via grid thresholds) and aims at both favouring self-consumption of the electricity produced from renewables and minimizing the negative impact of local power generation on the grid operation. It is based on anticipating the total-occupant load of the building, the grid load as well as the variable power that comes from renewables, using a rolling forecast horizon. Note that we have previously proposed a non-predictive strategy and pointed out possible improvements, in particular regarding the management of the batteries (Chabaud et al., 2015). So, a grid-connected residential building located in Perpignan (southern France) has been modelled using the TRNSYS software. Performance has been evaluated thanks to energy and economic criteria. Taking a look at the results we have obtained in simulation, one can highlight configurations that offer a good compromise between self-consumption of electricity and the renewable energy coverage rate. The combination of photovoltaic solar panels and a vertical-axis wind turbine has been highlighted as a viable energy mix option for residential buildings in southern France. Clearly, optimally designing and managing the power generators and batteries added to the building using the predictive strategy improve the way that building and the electricity grid interact. In particular, the batteries are better handled, allowing electricity to be injected to the grid and extracted from the grid at more favourable times.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect on pain relief in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain after brachial plexus injuries using an implanted peripheral nerve stimulator applied directly to the nerve branch involved into the axillary cavity. Seven patients with post-traumatic brachial plexus lesions or distal peripheral nerve complaining of severe intractable chronic pain were enrolled in a single-centre, open-label trial. Conventional drugs and traditional surgical treatment were not effective. Patients underwent careful neurological evaluation, pain questionnaires and quantitative sensory testing (QST). Surgical treatment consists of a new surgical technique: a quadripolar electrode lead was placed directly on the sensory peripheral branch of the main nerve involved, proximally to the site of lesion, into the axillary cavity. To assess the effect, we performed a complete neuroalgological evaluation and QST battery after 1 week and again after 1, 6 and 12 weeks. All patients at baseline experienced severe pain with severe positive phenomena in the median (5) and/or radial (2) territory. After turning on the neuro-stimulator system, all patients experienced pain relief within a few minutes (>75 % and >95 % in most), with long-lasting pain relief with a reduction in mean Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of 76.2 % after 6 months and of 71.5 % after 12 months. No significant adverse events occurred. We recommend and encourage this surgical technique for safety reasons; complications such as dislocation of electrocatheters are avoided. The peripheral nerve stimulation is effective and in severe neuropathic pain after post-traumatic nerve injuries of the upper limbs.
The effect of Glycaemic Index (GI) and Load (GL) of breakfasts on satiety and aspects of cognitive function in children is inconclusive. We aimed to assess if isocaloric breakfasts differing in GL (by replacing high-GI carbohydrate foods with dairy protein foods) acutely alter cognitive function and satiety in 10- to 12-year-old children.
Sodium-ion batteries are regarded as a complementary drop-in technology to lithium-ion batteries because they promise lower cost and a higher degree of environmental friendliness. Among other reasons, these benefits come from the use of manganese-based materials, whose stabilization via cation substitution is intensively studied to improve the electrochemical performance. Although multiple elements have been considered as substituent, surprisingly, boron has not been reported for layered sodium-ion cathode materials up to date. Our investigation of layered Na2/3B0.11Mn0.89O2 reveals an unexpectedly good electrochemical performance, with charge and discharge capacities of more than 175 mAh g−1 at 10 mA g−1 and 135 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1. The measured capacities are among the highest ever reported for sodium-based layered oxides in the potential range of 4.0–2.0 V vs. Na/Na+.
Indole and its derivatives are important core constituents of several natural, biological and pharmaceutical relevant compounds. In general, electrochemical oxidation of indole on solid electrodes in acid and non-aqueous conditions results in the formation of polyindole like compounds as an end product. Selective and controlled electrochemical oxidation of indole and its derivatives to redox active intermediate compound/s without over-oxidation to the polymeric product is a challenging research task. Herein, we report an electrochemical oxidation of electro-inactive indole to a multi-redox active Indole Tetraone (1H-Indole-2,3,4,7-Tetraone)-a new organic redox species (Ind-Tetraone) and entrapment as a surface-confined redox active species on multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE/MWCNT@Ind-Tetraone) in physiological pH solution. GCE/MWCNT@Ind-Tetraone showed a well-defined surface-confined redox peaks at E1/2, −0.270 V (A1/C1) and +0.270 V (A2/C2) vs Ag/AgCl. From the physicochemical characterizations by Raman and IR spectroscopy, XPS, LC-MS (an ethanolic extract) and control electrochemical experiments with various substituted indole derivatives, it is confirmed the formation of Ind-Tetraone species without any polyindole formation upon the electrochemical oxidation of indole on MWCNT surface. Electrochemical oxidation of nitrogen atom as a radical species and subsequent electron-transfer/water addition reaction is proposed as a possible mechanism for the Ind-Tetraone product formation. A simultaneous electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine and reduction reaction of hydrogen peroxide at two discreet potentials has been demonstrated as a bifunctional application of the GCE/MWCNT@Ind-Tetraone system. In further, the GCE/MWCNT@Ind-Tetraone as a electrochemical detector, simultaneous flow injection analysis of hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide was also demonstrated as a proof of concept for the bifunctional application.