batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The aims of this study were to investigate how the energy demand from transportation on a road varies over time and with location, and to identify the impacts from electrification of the road on the stationary electricity system, assuming different electrification options and drivetrains. European highway route 39 (E39) in western Norway is used as a case study. A vehicle model, together with an analysis of detailed traffic data was used to estimate the energy and power demands for transportation work on E39. This study shows that a road with the characteristics of E39 exhibits large variation in the spatial and time distributions of its energy and power demands. The yearly electricity demand for E39, assuming a full electrification of the current traffic flow is comparable to that of a larger industry, such that the peak power demand for the dimensioning hour of the regional electricity system could be increased by 1–2% if static or electric road systems is applied. However, if all the main roads in Norway were installed with electric road systems, the corresponding peak power increase is 7%. In comparison, if instead using an indirect strategy for electrification of transportation via for instance hydrogen or synthetic diesel, the annual electricity demand for E39 would increase even further, albeit with the possibility to distribute such demand both geographically area and in time compared to electric road systems or static charging.
For the first time, WO2.72 nanowires were in-situ grown on carbon cloth by a simple solvothermal reaction. The nanowire WO2.72/carbon cloth (NW WO2.72/CC) electrode showed good electrochemical performance with specific capacitance (C s) reaching up to 398 F g−1 at a current density of 2 A g−1. The capacitance of 240 F g−1 was retained at a high current density of 16 A g−1. To further evaluate the energy storage performance, flexible asymmetric supercapacitors (FASCs) were fabricated using the activated carbon/carbon cloth (AC/CC) as negative electrode and NW WO2.72/CC as positive electrode, respectively. The FASCs delivered a high energy density of 28 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 745 W kg−1 and 13 Wh kg−1 even at a high power density of 22.5 kW kg−1. More impressively, 81% of the specific capacitance of the FASCs was retained after 10,000 cycles, indicating excellent cycle stability. This work indicates the NW WO2.72/CC holds a great potential for application in energy storage devices.
Room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM·PF6) has been successfully immobilized on mesocellular siliceous foams (MSFs) by using a specific annealing method. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images reveal that most pores of MSFs are filled with the RTIL and the outer surfaces of MSFs are covered with the RTIL. When hemoglobin (Hb) is immobilized with the resulting hybrid material on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), a pair of well-defined and quasi-reversible voltammetric peaks for Hb Fe(III)/Fe(II) is obtained. Its formal potential is −0.330V (vs. saturated calomel electrode) in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The peak currents are much larger than those of Hb immobilized with MSFs or BMIM·PF6–MSFs mixture. This indicates that the hybrid material has stronger promotion to the direct electron transfer of Hb, which is related to the effective immobilization of BMIM·PF6 on MSFs. The electron-transfer rate constant (k s) is estimated to be 1.91s−1. The immobilized Hb retains its native conformation and shows high electrocatalysis to the reduction of H2O2. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the catalytic current is linear to the concentration of H2O2 from 0.2 to 28μM, and the detection limit is 8×10−8 M (S/N=3). The linear range is wider than those for Hb immobilized with MSFs or BMIM·PF6–MSFs mixture. Thus, the MSFs supported RTILs hybrid material is an ideal matrix for protein immobilization and biosensor fabrication.
Composite electrodes for surpercapacitors were fabricated by depositing polyaniline (PAn) on the surface of activated carbon powders (ACP) by using the electrochemical method. Their capacitance values were measured in the 1M H2SO4 aqueous electrolytes containing SiO2, which showed the conductivity values of 2.6 × 10−1, 2.3 × 10−1, and 1.5 × 10−1 S/cm for their liquid, gel, and solid-like gel states, respectively, according to the content of SiO2. The Pt/ACP/PAn electrodes showed a specific capacitance value of 270F/g in the 1M H2SO4 solid-like electrolyte, which value was larger than the capacitances of 144 and 209F/g for the Pt/ACP and the Pt/PAn, respectively. This result suggests that the capacitance performance of the ACP can be improved by compositing with PAn, and the 1M H2SO4 solid-like electrolyte is suitable for the use in the supercapacitor.
The parallel-connection of lithium-ion cells and strings is of increasing research interest, mainly due to the energy and power demands of large-scale applications, e.g. electric vehicles (EV). For battery systems an accurate estimation of the current distribution within these parallel configurations is crucial for optimal operation and system design. The present paper provides an analytical model for the current distribution of cells and strings connected in parallel. Eight characteristic values are determined, fully describing these systems. These characteristic values are used to investigate the impacts of cell resistance and capacity distributions on maximum currents, open circuit voltage (OCV) and state of charge (SoC) differences within the parallel-connected cells and strings. It is found, that maximum cell currents and SoC differences within parallel-connected cells increase almost logarithmically with the number of parallel- and serial-connected cells. A linear correlation of these values to the related standard deviation of cell's resistance and capacity is shown by Monte Carlo simulations. Maximum string currents decrease by square root with the number of parallel- and serial-connected cells, due to statistical averaging, which cause a square root correlation of the related standard deviation to the number of parallel- and serial-connected cells.
In this work, the pressure sensing properties of polyethylene (PE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer films were evaluated by integrating them with a wireless data acquisition system. Each device was connected to an integrated interface circuit, which includes a capacitance to frequency converter (C/F) and an internal voltage regulator to suppress supply voltage fluctuations on the transponder side. The system was tested under hydrostatic pressures ranging from 0 to 17kPa. Results show PE to be the more sensitive to pressure changes, indicating that it is useful for the accurate measurement of pressure over a small range. On the other hand PVDF devices could be used for measurement over a wider range and should be considered due to the low hysteresis and good repeatability displayed during testing. It is thought that this arrangement could form the basis of a cost-effective wireless monitoring system for the evaluation of environmental or physiological processes.
Movement control dysfunction [MCD] reduces active control of movements. Patients with MCD might form an important subgroup among patients with non specific low back pain. The diagnosis is based on the observation of active movements. Although widely used clinically, only a few studies have been performed to determine the test reliability. The aim of this study was to determine the inter- and intra-observer reliability of movement control dysfunction tests of the lumbar spine.
Tremella-like hierarchically porous carbon nanosheets (HPCNS) with a carbon interlayer distance of 0.41nm have been simply prepared via hydroxyapatite/KOH-synergetic pyrolysis of low-cost cattle bone at 550°C. The HPCNS possesses high surface heteroatom content (17.1at% oxygen and 6.4at% nitrogen) due to the low-temperature thermal treatment. The HPCNS that is tested in half-cell against metallic Na can deliver a high reversible capacity of 198.5mAhg−1 after 1000 cycles at the current density of 0.7Ag−1, and maintains a capacity of 150.8mAhg−1 even after 10,000 cycles at the current density of 7Ag−1. The further characterization shows that the superior rate performance and the unparalleled long-term cycling stability are attributed to the capacitive storage features of HPCNS and additional Na-ion storage via reversible formation and decomposition of metallic Na in HPCNS. Consequently, the Na-ion capacitor based on the HPCNS anode delivers integrated high energy and power densities (105.2Whkg−1 at 0.07kWkg−1, 32.5Whkg−1 at an ultrahigh power density of 60.4kWkg−1), as well as good long-term cycling stability (85.8% of the capacitance retention after 4000 cycles at the current density of 3.5Ag−1).
An advanced ammonia borane (AB)-based H2 power-pack is designed to continually drive an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for 57 min using a 200-We polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). In a flight test with the UAV platform integrated with the developed power-pack, pure hydrogen with an average flow rate of 3.8 L(H2) min−1 is generated by autothermal H2-release from AB with tetraethylene glycol dimethylether (T4EGDE) as a promoter. During take-off, a hybridized power management system (PMS) consisting of the fuel cell and an auxiliary lithium-ion battery supplies 500 We at full power simultaneously, while the fuel cell alone provides 150–200 We and further recharges the auxiliary battery upon cruising. Gaseous byproducts identified by in situ Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy during AB dehydrogenation are sequestrated using a mixed absorbent in an H2 purification system. In addition, a real-time monitoring system is employed to determine the remaining filter capacity of the purifier at a ground control system for rapidly responding unpredictable circumstances during flight. Separate experiments are conducted to screen potential materials and methods for enhancing filter capacity in the current H2 refining system. A prospective reactor concept for long-term fuel cell applications is proposed based on the results.
Change in electronic structure by lithium ion deintercalation in LiNiO2 was investigated by Ni L-edge and O K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). The Ni L-edge XANES for LiNiO2 indicated the Ni occurs in LiNiO2 as Ni2+ ions. The Ni L-edge XANES for Li x NiO2 showed no chemical shift to indicate that the Ni ion in Li x NiO2 is still Ni2+, even at low x value. The O K-edge XANES for Li x NiO2 also indicated that the holes compensating the lithium ion deintercalation are located primarily in oxygen 2p states rather than in Ni 3d states.
The Vanadium-doped TiNb2O7 (TNO) samples have been investigated as novel anode active materials for application in lithium-ion batteries. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), raman spectrum, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), galvanostatic charge-discharge tests, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests. The XRD results indicate that V-doping expands the lattice parameters of TiNb2O7 samples and facilitates the enhanced lithium ion diffusion. SEM and TEM results show that lattice expansion caused by V-doping doesn’t significantly change the particle size distribution of TiNb2O7 samples. The electrochemical measurements indicate that the TiNb1.98V0.02O7 anode material displays a highly reversible capacity and excellent cycling stability. The initial discharge capacities of TiNb1.98V0.02O7 are 298.48mAhg−1 and 171.99mAhg−1 at 0.3C and 10C, respectively, indicating that the TiNb1.98V0.02O7 material can be utilized as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
Over the last few years, fuel cell technology has been increasing promisingly its share in the generation of stationary power. Numerous pilot projects are operating worldwide, continuously increasing the amount of operating hours either as stand-alone devices or as part of gas turbine combined cycles. An essential tool for the adequate and dynamic analysis of such systems is a software model that enables the user to assess a large number of alternative options in the least possible time. On the other hand, the sphere of application of artificial neural networks has widened covering such endeavours of life such as medicine, finance and unsurprisingly engineering (diagnostics of faults in machines). Artificial neural networks have been described as diagrammatic representation of a mathematical equation that receives values (inputs) and gives out results (outputs). Artificial neural networks systems have the capacity to recognise and associate patterns and because of their inherent design features, they can be applied to linear and non-linear problem domains. In this paper, the performance of the fuel cell is modelled using artificial neural networks. The inputs to the network are variables that are critical to the performance of the fuel cell while the outputs are the result of changes in any one or all of the fuel cell design variables, on its performance. Critical parameters for the cell include the geometrical configuration as well as the operating conditions. For the neural network, various network design parameters such as the network size, training algorithm, activation functions and their causes on the effectiveness of the performance modelling are discussed. Results from the analysis as well as the limitations of the approach are presented and discussed.
The preparation and characterization of spinel LiMn2O4 have been studied. Spinel lithium manganese oxides are prepared by a sol–gel method using LiNO3 and Mn(CH3COO)2 ·4H2O as starting materials in which the obtained gel is heated at various temperatures after pretreatment at 350°C or without pretreatment in air. The LiMn2O4 samples prepared with pretreatment have uniform microsized particles while those obtained without pretreatment have agglomerated particles of irregular shapes. The thermal pretreatment at 350°C improves the electrochemical behaviour in terms of discharge capacity and rate capability. The results can be correlated with an increase in lithium surface reaction sites in these materials, as inferred by this small grain size and large surface area.
The deficiency in the availability of petroleum products has given rise to the incorporation of electric vehicles (EVs) globally as a substitute for the conventional transportation system. Significant research has been pursued over last two decades in the development of efficient EV charging methods. A preliminary review of few methods developed for wireless charging revealed that ICPT is a promising and convenient method for the wireless charging of EVs. This paper includes the equivalent circuit analysis and characteristics of the ICPT system and focuses on the research progress in respect of the designs for the charging coil, leakage inductance compensation topologies, power level enhancement and misalignment toleration. The improvement in these factors has been essential for the implementation of EV charging. A brief discussion over design process and control of ICPT system has been added. Conclusions have been made on the basis of the information extracted from the literature and some future recommendations are provided.
With the desire to lowering the working temperature of Na-β″-Al2O3 solid electrolyte (BASE) based batteries, electrophoretic deposition process is employed to fabricate 300μm thick Na-β″-Al2O3 sheet with densification microstructure and high ionic conductivity. Taguchi design of experiment approach with signal to noise ratio analysis is utilized to optimize the operation parameters. The results show that the TiO2 content in the precursor powders is critical to determine the ionic conductivity of the resulting electrolyte. X-Ray diffraction analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy examination point out that Ti4+ can enter the crystal lattice of Na-β″-Al2O3, which results in the variation of lattice parameters, densifies the microstructure and improves both β″ phase content and ionic conductivity of the resulting sample. The thin Na-β″-Al2O3 disk obtained under the optimized conditions Exhibit 97% β″ phase content and relatively high ionic conductivity. Moreover, a Daniell-typed cell built with this optimized sample disk, using copper/zinc redox couples as electrodes and 1M NaBF4 in DMSO as the secondary electrolyte, shows reversible charge and discharge behaviors at relatively low temperature, 100°C.
We perform molecular dynamics simulations of a typical nanoporous-carbon based supercapacitor. The organic electrolyte consists in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium and hexafluorophosphate ions dissolved in acetonitrile. We simulate systems at equilibrium, for various applied voltages. This allows us to determine the relevant thermodynamic (capacitance) and transport (in-pore resistivities) properties. These quantities are then injected in a transmission line model for testing its ability to predict the charging properties of the device. The results from this macroscopic model are in good agreement with non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, which validates its use for interpreting electrochemical impedance experiments.
Renewable energy technologies are expected to take the leading role in the forthcoming energy generation portfolio in order to achieve sustainable energy generation. The major constraints for increasing penetration of renewable energy sources is their availability and intermittency, which can be addressed through energy storage when available and energy use when needed. This work reviews the energy storage technologies and gives an up to date comparative summary of the performance parameters of the major energy storage options. The parameters compared here include efficiency, energy capacity, energy density, run time, capital investment costs, response time, lifetime in years and cycles, self discharge and maturity of each energy storage option. The choice of storage system will depend on individual requirements, and may even incorporate more than one energy storage system to increase the energy storage capacity and improve energy security.
We present the development of flexible secondary alkaline battery with rechargeability similar to that of conventional secondary alkaline batteries. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added to both electrodes to reduce internal resistance, and a cathode containing carbon black and purified MWCNTs was found to be most effective. A polyvinyl alcohol–poly (acrylic acid) copolymer separator served the dual functions of electrolyte storage and enhancing flexibility. Additives to the anode and cathode were effective in reducing capacity fades and improving rechargeability.
Children’s explicit theory of mind (ToM) understandings change over early childhood. We examined whether there is longitudinal stability in the neurobiological bases of ToM across this time period. A previous study found that source-localized resting EEG alpha attributable to the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) and right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ) was associated with children’s performance on a battery of theory of mind tasks. Here, we investigated a small subset of children (N = 12) in that original study as a preliminary investigation of whether behavioral measures of ToM performance, and/or EEG localized to the DMPFC or RTPJ predicted ToM-specific fMRI responses 3.5 years later. Results showed that preschoolers’ behavioral ToM-performance positively predicted later ToM-specific fMRI responses in the DMPFC. Preschoolers’ resting EEG attributable to the DMPFC also predicted later ToM-specific fMRI responses in the DMPFC. Given the small sample, results represent a first exploration and require replication. Intriguingly, they suggest that early maturation of the area of the DMPFC related to ToM reasoning is positively linked with its specific recruitment for ToM reasoning later in development, affording implications for characterizing conceptual ToM development, and its underlying neural supports.
Chapman JC, Andersen AM, Roselli LA, Meyers NM, Pincus JH. Screening for mild traumatic brain injury in the presence of psychiatric comorbidities. Objective To determine whether or not a battery of neurobehavioral tests, the Brief Objective Neurobehavioral Detector (BOND), could detect mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) among a group of psychiatric inpatients with numerous substance-related and medical comorbidities. The 16-item BOND is comprised of neurologic examination tasks and has been shown to correlate with radiologic and cognitive findings in previous studies. Design Masked comparison. Setting Inpatient psychiatric unit at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Washington, DC. Participants Patients (N=51) sequentially admitted for suicidal ideation in the context of various psychiatric disorders. Interventions No intervention. Main Outcome Measure BOND total and subtest scores. Results Forty-three patients were eligible and analyzed. Twenty-seven had sustained an mTBI in the distant past, and 16 had never sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) (non-TBI group). On average, the mTBI group demonstrated a significantly greater number of abnormal subtests on the BOND (mean, 7.22) than did the non-TBI group (mean, 4.50; P=.003). Although the BOND significantly correlated with the presence of mTBI, it did not correlate with any of the psychiatric, substance-related, or medical comorbidities. Multiple regressions indicated that the BOND total score was not explained by age, posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis, or any combination of the psychiatric, substance-related, or medical comorbidities. High rates of sensitivity (70%) and specificity (69%) were found. Conclusions The results of this pilot study suggest that the inexpensive, brief, and objective BOND instrument may be a useful screening tool for the detection of subtle neurologic brain abnormalities after mTBI, even in the presence of substantial comorbidities.
Highly ordered, body-centered cubic mesoporous phenol–formaldehyde carbon C-FDU-16 is prepared by a facile evaporation induced self-assembly strategy under a basic aqueous condition. Afterwards, in order to increase the active site of surface electrochemical reactions and promote the wettability in aqueous electrolyte, a simple chemical surface modification is carried out on the C-FDU-16 by nitric acid treatment. The C-FDU-16 and the acid-modified C-FDU-16 (N-FDU-16) are used as the active materials for supercapacitors. Although C-FDU-16 has unique 3D mesoporous network combined with high specific surface area, it do not show well supercapacitor properties for its bad wettability with the aqueous electrolyte. However, the N-FDU-16 with acid treatment exhibits the largest specific capacitance of 219 F g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte which is 7 times larger than that of the C-FDU-16 and it also shows good cycling stability as well. Therefore, based on the above investigations, ordered mesoporous phenol–formaldehyde carbon such as C-FDU-16 can be a potential candidate for supercapacitors after the simply acid treatment.
Microscopic magnetism of the electrochemically Li-deintercaleted Li x CoO2 powders has been investigated by muon-spin rotation and relaxation (μ+SR) spectroscopy in the temperature (T) range between 10 and 300K. Weak transverse-field μ+SR measurements indicate that localized moments appear in LiCoO2 below 60K, while both Li0.53CoO2 and Li0.04CoO2 are paramagnetic even at 10K. Zero-field μ+SR measurements for the samples with x =0.53 and 0.04 show that the field distribution width (Δ) due to randomly oriented nuclear magnetic moments of 7Li and 59Co decreases monotonically with increasing T up to 250K, and then it decreases steeper (increasing slope (dΔ/dT)) above 250K. Because the muon hopping rate (ν) is almost T independent for Li0.53CoO2 below 300K, the decrease in Δ suggests that the time scale of Li+ diffusion in Li x CoO2 is within a microsecond scale.