batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The gravimetric and dynamic aspects of the ions transfer at SWCNT/Prussian blue (PB) composite film electrode/electrolyte interface was investigated by the electrogravimetric impedance which couples fast quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In contact with an aqueous KCl electrolyte, evidence was found that the kinetic of species is controlled by Faraday and capacitive electrochemical charge storage mechanisms. It was found that the interfacial transfer of K+ was faster than the Cl− transfer in the studied potential window. Through our electrogravimetric method of investigation, it was revealed that both adsorption/desorption and the insertion/expulsion phenomena can occur for K+, while only adsorption/desorption can occur for Cl−. Indeed, for pure PB films, the anion contribution to the charge compensation process has never been observed in the studied medium and for that, it is related to only electroadsorption on the SWCNT part of the film. Present work highlighted tha fact that electrogravimetric response of the SWCNT/PB composite electrode encloses several species contribution probably due to a synergic effect of the two phases and our study contributes to disentangling it both gravimetrically and dynamically.
Despite clinical impressions that cognitive complaints are prominent in patients with a history of craniopharyngioma, formal neuropsychologic documentation is inconsistent. This study assessed everyday cognitive complaints and neuropsychologic test performance to evaluate the prevalence of problems and the relationship of these domains to one another in patients treated for craniopharyngioma in childhood or adolescence. Ten patients treated for craniopharyngioma completed measures of everyday cognitive function (Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test) and a battery of standard neuropsychologic tests. The prevalence of problems was ascertained for each measure. Most patients demonstrated significant deficits in everyday memory (Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, 9/10 patients; Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test, 7/10 patients). Scores were within normal limits, however, for intelligence quotient, achievement, attention, verbal memory, and spatial working memory. Processing speed was slow (5/10 patients). Spatial working memory predicted Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (P < 0.07), as did somatic symptoms from the Beck Depression Inventory (P < 0.01), but these associations appeared independent. Adolescents and young adults with treated craniopharyngioma experience deficits in everyday cognitive functions, many involving memory, that are not easily detected by standard neuropsychologic testing. The extent of self-rated cognitive problems is related to spatial working memory and somatic concerns.
A new composite of TiO2 and carbon co-coated Li2MnSiO4 has been successfully prepared for the first time. The influence of TiO2 on the structure and electrochemical performance is investigated by means of XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS, EIS and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests. The results indicate that TiO2 and carbon have been successfully coated on the surface of Li2MnSiO4 without altering its orthorhombic structure. When assembled as cathode, the electrochemical performance is significantly improved after coating TiO2. Specially, 3wt.% TiO2 coated Li2MnSiO4/C can display a discharge capacity of 186mAhg−1 at 0.1C, and 78mAhg−1 is remained after 25cycles at 0.5C. This excellent electrochemical performance is due to the reason that TiO2 and carbon hybrid layer are coated on the surface of Li2MnSiO4, which can alleviate the structural collapse and Mn dissolution in the electrolyte during charge–discharge process. In addition, the smaller charge transfer resistance and the larger lithium ion diffusion coefficient also contribute to the superior electrochemical performance.
AB5-type hydrogen storage alloys with MmNi4.4−x Co0.6Al x (Mm-mischmetal) composition are synthesized, structurally and thermodynamically characterized, and electrochemically tested in 6M KOH electrolyte. It is shown that an increase of the Al content in the alloy results in expansion of both the alloy lattice cell size and the unit cell volume. These structural changes lead to decrease of the plateau pressure and increase of the plateau width in the pressure-composition-temperature desorption isotherms. Improvement of the specific electrode capacity is also registered with the increase of the cell parameters. In addition to that the higher Al content is found to enhance the stability of the alloy components’ hydrides. Maximum discharge capacity of 278mAhg−1 is measured with an electrode made from a MmNi3.6Co0.6Al0.8 alloy. Cycle life tests of the accordingly prepared electrodes suggest a stability that is comparable to the stability of commercially available hydrogen storage electrodes.
Molecular Dynamics techniques have been used to investigate structure and ion conductivity in the glyme-based crystalline electrolyte LiBF4(CH3O(CH2CH2O)4CH3)0.5. The structure allows ionic transport in two distinct directions in the structure, y or z, resulting in anisotropic effects. MD simulations have also been carried out under external electric fields of 1–5x106 V/m, imposed in y- or z-directions, to induce ion transport on a short time–space scale at room temperature conditions. The MD simulations reproduce the experimentally determined structure satisfactorily, and also the unusually high cationic transport numbers (t + >0.6). The simulations suggest that the ion transport is dominated by the Li-ions inside the glyme complexes, while the Li-ions outside comprise stable complexes with the generally immobilized anions.
N-doped carbon hollow microspheres have been synthesized by a facile interfacial sol-gel coating process using resorcinol/formaldehyde as the carbon precursor and ethylenediamine (EDA) as both the base catalyst and nitrogen precursor. They possessed uniform size of ~ 120nm in diameter with porous shells as thin as ~ 10nm. The BET specific surface area and pore volume were measured to be 267m2 g−1 and 1.2cm3 g−1, respectively. The nitrogen doping of 8.23wt% in carbon matrix could be achieved without sacrificing the hollow spherical morphology. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation results clearly reveal that N-doping could significantly change the interaction sites and enhance the adsorption of PF6 - ions towards carbon framework. Quasi-solid-state full sodium-ion capacitors employing the nanoporous disordered carbon nanoparticles and N-doped carbon hollow microspheres as the battery-type negative and supercapacitor-type positive electrodes with a Na+-conducting gel polymer electrolyte were demonstrated. The devices exhibit a comprehensive and superior electrochemical performance in terms of ultrahigh operating voltage of 4.4V, high energy density of 157Whkg−1 at 620Wkg−1, and prolonged cycling stability over 1000 cycles with ~ 70% of capacitance retention. Such outstanding performances suggest that the quasi-solid-state full sodium-ion capacitors could be potential safe and flexible electrochemical energy storage devices in the near future.
Recent life cycle assessments confirmed the greenhouse gas emission reduction potential of renewable electricity and electric vehicle technologies. However, each technology is usually assessed separately and not within a consistent macro-economic, multi-sectoral framework. Here we present a multi-regional input-output based hybrid approach with integrated scenarios to facilitate the carbon footprint assessment of all direct and indirect effects of a transition to low-emission transportation and electricity generation technologies in Australia. The work takes into account on-road energy consumption values that are more realistic than official drive-cycle energy consumption figures used in previous work. Accounting for these factors as well as for Australia’s grid electricity, which heavily relies on coal power, electric vehicles are found to have a higher carbon footprint than conventional vehicles, whereas hybrid electric vehicles have the lowest. This means that – from a carbon footprint perspective – powertrain electrification is beneficial only to a certain degree at the current stage. This situation can be changed by increasing shares of renewable electricity in the grid. In our best-case scenario, where renewable energy accounts for 96% of the electricity mix in 2050, electric vehicle carbon footprints can be cut by 66% by 2050 relative to 2009. In the business-as-usual scenario (36% renewable electricity share by 2050), electric vehicles can reach a 56% reduction if fossil fuel power plants significantly increase their efficiencies and use carbon capture and storage technologies.
Aqueous soluble organic (ASO) redox-active materials have recently attracted significant attention as alternatives to traditional transition metal ions in redox flow batteries (RFB). However, reported reversible capacities of ASO are often substantially lower than their theoretical values based on the reported maximum solubilities. Here, we describe a phenazine-based ASO compound with an exceptionally high reversible capacity that exceeds 90% of its theoretical value. By strategically modifying the phenazine molecular structure, we demonstrate an increased solubility from near-zero with pristine phenazine to as much as 1.8 M while also shifting its redox potential by more than 400 mV. An RFB based on a phenazine derivative (7,8-dihydroxyphenazine-2-sulfonic acid) at its near-saturation concentration exhibits an operating voltage of 1.4 V with a reversible anolyte capacity of 67 Ah l−1 and a capacity retention of 99.98% per cycle over 500 cycles.
In this study, we demonstrate the benefit of an original vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanostructuration on the electrochemical performances. This new synthesis way of high purity nanosized V2O5 consists in a facile fluorination reaction of micro-V2O5 in aqueous solution followed by a heat-treatment at low temperature (230°C). Highly porous calisson-like particles with crystallite sizes in the 13–30nm range are obtained. Remarkably, this nanostructured V2O5 exhibits outstanding rate capacities and cycling stabilities. This material can deliver reversible capacities of 260mAhg−1 at 15mAg−1 (C/10 rate) and 150mAhg−1 at 300mAg−1 (2C rate), as well as a stable capacity of 200mAhg−1 at C rate after 50 cycles. The unique structural features of nano-LixV2O5 electrodes are determined over the large Li composition range 0≤x<2 based on XRD and Raman microspectrometry experiments. We provide evidence that lithiation in nanosized V2O5 proceeds via solid solution state without domain boundaries: a single phase behavior of the ε’-type whose interlayer distance and unit cell volume linearly increase with x is revealed. This constitutes a disruption of the usual mirco-LixV2O5 phase diagram made of the successive appearance of the (α/ε), (ε/δ) and (δ/γ) wide biphasic regions. These limited and reversible structural changes combined with shorter Li diffusion pathways explain the huge improvement in electrochemical performances of nano-V2O5. These findings fully elucidate the peculiar voltage profile of nanosized V2O5 and give a unique insight into the impact of nanostructures in terms of electrochemistry and solid state chemistry.
A factory consists of numerous production workstations, multiple production lines and many production floors. Due to the characteristics of just-in-time and make-to-order mode manufacturing, small batches of production materials are required for production lines within a short period of time in order to facilitate daily production operations. In this paper, a real-time warehouse operation planning system (R-WOPS) for solving small batch replenishment problems is described. Through using R-WOPS, real-time production and warehouse operations are monitored by radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, and a genetic algorithm (GA) technique is applied to formulate feasible small batch replenishment solutions. Simulation tests show that R-WOPS generates pick-up and delivery route plans for small batch replenishment orders very efficiently.
The present study aimed at investigating the Iranian women's experiences of spousal abuse. The study followed a qualitative and phenomenological research design. 23 Iranian women age-ranged between 17 and 58 formed the sample population of the research. The seven-step Colaizzi procedure was applied for data analysis. The following 5 main themes were developed. The first main theme was deprivation; the second main theme was humiliation; the third main theme was forgotten love; the fourth main theme was assault; and the fifth main theme was patriarchy. All these five themes represented the women's life experiences of spousal abuse.
LiMn2O4 cathode material was prepared by high temperature ball milling combustion using lithium acetate, manganese (II) acetate tetrahydrate as raw materials and citric acid as fuel. The effects of milling temperature improving the electrochemical performance of LiMn2O4 were investigated. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, galvanostatic testing, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to analyze the as-prepared materials in this work. The experimental results showed that the best electrochemical performance of LiMn2O4 was obtained with material synthesized at 600 °C. The initial discharge capacities were 132, 121, 109, 93, 76 and 58 mAh g−1 at rates of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 C, 2.0, 5.0 and 10 C, respectively. Moreover, after 50 cycles, at a rate of 0.1 C, the capacity of LiMn2O4 sample was 125 mAh g−1, and its capacity retention rate achieved 94.7%. It is concluded that this novel synthesis method is a promising method for preparation of LiMn2O4.
Cottonwood/willow forests in the American Southwest consist of discrete, even-aged vegetation patches arranged in narrow strips along active and abandoned stream channels of alluvial flood plains. We used the heat-pulse velocity technique in this study to estimate transpiration in 12 such forest patches along a perennially flowing reach of the San Pedro River in southeastern Arizona, USA during five periods from April to October 1997. Transpiration per unit sapwood area was consistently higher for the larger cottonwood trees found on outer secondary channels compared to that of smaller cottonwood trees along the active channel, but statistically significant differences were found only in August and October. Conversely, transpiration per unit sapwood area in willow was markedly higher for trees along the primary channel than for those few larger trees that were sampled on the outer margins of the forest. Average daily transpiration at the canopy scale among the patches in July was 4.8±0.7mm per day and ranged from 5.7±0.6mm per day in young forest patches adjacent to the primary stream channel to 3.1±0.6mm per day in more successionally advanced patches on secondary channels. Differences in our estimates of transpiration between forest patches along primary and secondary stream channels were related to differences in the ratio of sapwood area to ground area of the forest patches, and leaf area index. Estimates of transpiration from this forest type, and projections of transpiration and groundwater flux over larger areas on the San Pedro River, should take into account structural variation in these forests that relate to population dynamics of dominant trees.
Degradation of polyaniline films electrodeposited on optically transparent gold electrodes has been followed by thin-layer bidimensional spectroelectrochemistry. The influence of the anodic potential reached during multiple potential scans has been assessed. Correlation of changes in the spectral signals in normal and parallel arrangement has enabled identifying species of different nature, both soluble and insoluble, electroactive and inert, during the degradation of the polymer film. The three bidimensional spectroelectrochemistry signals have demonstrated the occurrence of different types of degradation processes depending on the applied potential, ranging from the simple release of oligomers and hydrolysis products retained in the film during electropolymerization to more dramatic modifications of the film.
The linguistic profile of Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by difficulties in processing units which denote bodily movements. However, the available evidence has low ecological validity, as it stems from atomistic tasks which are never encountered in real life. Here, we assessed whether such deficits also occur for meanings evoked by context-rich narratives, considering patients with and without mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI and PD-nMCI, respectively) and matched controls for each group. Participants read two naturalistic stories (an action text and a neutral text) and responded to questions tapping the appraisal of verb-related and circumstantial information. In PD-MCI, impairments in the appraisal of action meanings emerged alongside difficulties in other categories, but they were unique in their independence from general cognitive dysfunction. However, in PD-nMCI, deficits were observed only for action meanings, irrespective of the patients' domain-general skills (executive functions and general cognitive state). Also, using multiple group discriminant function analyses, we found that appraisal of action meanings was the only discourse-level variable that robustly contributed to classifying PD-MCI patients from controls (with an accuracy of 88% for all participants and for each sample separately). Moreover, this variable actually superseded a sensitive executive battery in discriminating between PD-nMCI and controls (with a combined accuracy of 83% for all participants, correctly classifying 79.2% of patients and 87.5% of controls). In sum, action appraisal deficits seem to constitute both a hallmark of naturalistic discourse processing in PD and a sensitive subject-level marker for patients with and without MCI. Such findings highlight the relevance of ecological measures of embodied cognitive functions in the assessment of this population.
Li-ion ceramic electrolyte material is considered the key for advanced lithium metal batteries, and garnet-type oxides are promising ceramic electrolyte materials. To disentangle the thinness-strength dilemma in garnet-type Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) electrolyte, we designed and successfully synthesized a ceramic–ceramic composite electrolyte, i.e. a honeycomb-Al2O3 pellet supported LLZTO membrane. The honeycomb-Al2O3 pellet acts as a supporter to the thin LLZTO membrane and makes the whole composite electrolyte strong enough, while the straight holes in the Al2O3 supporter can be filled with liquid electrolyte and acts as channels for Li+ transportation. Such a composite design eliminates the concern over the LLZTO membrane's fragility, and keeps its good electrical property.
Recently, a novel in vitro reconstructed skin micronucleus (RSMN) assay incorporating the EpiDerm™ 3D human skin model (Curren et al., Mutat. Res. 607 (2006) 192–204; Mun et al., Mutat. Res. 673 (2009) 92–99) has been shown to produce comparable data when utilized in three different laboratories in the United States (Hu et al., Mutat. Res. 673 (2009) 100–108). As part of a project sponsored by the European cosmetics companies trade association (COLIPA), with a contribution from the European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), international prevalidation studies of the RSMN assay have been initiated. The assay was transferred and optimized in two laboratories in Europe, where dose-dependent, reproducibly positive results for mitomycin C and vinblastine sulfate were obtained. Further intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility of the RSMN assay was established by testing three coded chemicals, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, cyclohexanone, and mitomycin C. All chemicals were correctly identified by all laboratories as either positive or negative. These results support the international inter-laboratory and inter-experimental reproducibility of the assay and reinforce the conclusion that the RSMN assay in the EpiDerm™ 3D human skin model is a valuable in vitro method for assessment of genotoxicity of dermally applied chemicals.
Even though Li-ion based energy storages can provide high specific energy and good cycling stability, the scarcity and high price of Li-based materials may limit their applications in the future. In this work, we have investigated Na-ion hybrid capacitors (NICs) with both high specific energy and power. Bio-derived or Jasmine rice-derived hierarchical porous carbon (j-HPC) with a specific BET surface area of 2377 m2 g−1 and a mean pore diameter of 2.53 nm containing 73.17 at.% C, 2.24 at.% N, and 24.59 at.% O is used as a new electrode of NICs. We have found that a fast Na ion diffusion of 10−8-10−11 cm2 s−1 and a fast-standard heterogeneous rate constant of electron transfer of ca. 10−5 cm s−1 are two reasons leading to high-performance NIC. The NIC exhibits a maximum operating cell voltage of 3.8 V, a maximum specific energy of 116 Wh kg−1 (142 μWh cm−2) and a maximum specific power of 11,121 W kg−1 (13,618 μW cm−2) with 90% capacity retention after 5000 cycles. Our NIC using j-HPC may be an ideal device for high power and energy storage technology.
A novel preparation technique was developed to synthesize LiFePO4 nanoparticles through a combination of spray pyrolysis (SP) with wet ball-milling (WBM). Using this technique, the preparation of LiFePO4 nanoparticles was investigated for a wide range of process parameters such as ball-milling time and sintering temperature. The effect of process parameters on the physical and electrochemical properties of LiFePO4 was then discussed through analysis using by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) method, Raman spectroscopy and using an electrochemical cell of Li|1M LiClO4 in EC:DEC=1:1|LiFePO4. LiFePO4 nanoparticles with a geometric mean diameter of 58nm were prepared at a rotating speed of 800rpm and a ball-milling time of 12h in an Ar atmosphere followed by heat treatment at 500°C for 4h in a N2 +3% H2 atmosphere. The sample delivered first discharge capacities of 164 and 100mAhg−1 at charge–discharge rates of 0.1 and 10C in the test cells, respectively. The electrochemical properties of LiFePO4 nanoparticles were strongly affected by the formation of Fe2P, Fe3P and α-Fe2O3 at higher charge–discharge rates.
Lithium p-[methoxy oligo(ethyleneoxy)] benzenesulfonates (LiEOnBS) with different repeating units of ethylene oxide were synthesized, and gel-polymer electrolytes were fabricated using them. The ionic conductivity and lithium ion transport number were measured as a function of salt concentration and repeating unit of ethylene oxide of the LiEOnBS. Temperature dependence of ionic conductivity was well fitted to the Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher (VTF) equation. Lithium ion transport number ( t L i + ) was measured to be in the range of 0.6–0.91 for the gel-polymer electrolytes containing LiEOnBS. The maximum t L i + was obtained to be 0.91 for the 0.1M LiEO3BS in polymer electrolyte. The synthesized LiEOnBS showed single ion transport like characteristics when n was larger than 3.