batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The evaluation of mercury (Hg) toxicity in agricultural soil is of great concern because its bioavailability and bioaccumulation in organisms through the food chain can have adverse effects on human health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop sensitive biomarkers for Hg stress in agricultural soil. With the results obtained from a high-throughput cDNA microarray, 12 Hg-responsive genes were selected to examine their concentration-dependent responses to Hg stress at different Hg concentrations. The lowest observable adverse effect concentrations (LOAECs) of Hg were 0.8 mg kg−1 for seed germination, 1.6 mg kg−1 for root biomass, 0.8 mg kg−1 for root elongation, and 0.8 mg kg−1 for root morphology, respectively, whereas the lowest Hg treatments (0.1–0.4 mg kg−1) could generally induce differential expression of genes. These results indicated that the detection of Hg in soil at the molecular level is a highly sensitive method. Moreover, the Hg soil content exhibited a significant positive correlation with the relative expression of probable glutathione S-transferase parA (r = 0.637, p = 0.05), chlorophyll a–b binding protein 13, chloroplastic-like (r = 0.689, p = 0.05) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 1 (r = 0.682, p = 0.05), implying that the three genes are good candidates to detect Hg-contaminated soil.
Lithium–sulfur battery has drawn widely attention due to its high theoretical energy density, in addition to the abundant and affordable sulfur. However, the battery performances are still not satisfied due to the undesired shuttle effect of polysulfides, the sluggish reaction kinetics, together with the intrinsic non-conductivity of active materials. Thus, the preparation of sulfur host materials with polar, catalytic and conductive properties can be an effective tactics. In this work, a cobalt sulfide@reduced graphene oxide composite has been designed and synthesized by a facile method, in which the CoS nanoparticles can provide more polar and catalytic sites to adsorb the polysulfides and accelerate the kinetics of polysulfides conversion. The rGO can serve as composite skeleton that could not only enhance the conductivity of electrodes, but also provide a sheet structure, preventing the aggregation of CoS nanoparticles. Moreover, the C–S bonds between CoS and carbon can further promote charge transfer and stabilize the composite. Benefiting from the trifunctional sulfur-host, the as-prepared cathode exhibits low self-discharge, good cycling stability and high rate performance for 602.0 mAh g−1 at 2 C. This sulfur-host design can be considered an effective and simple strategy for advanced Li-S battery.
We report the template-directed synthesis of sulphur–carbon nanotubes and their use to form a membrane that is binder-free, highly conductive and flexible. This nanostructured membrane is used as a self-supporting cathode without metal current-collectors for Li-S batteries. The membrane cathode has a high electrical conductivity and renders a long life of sulphur of over 100 charge–discharge cycles. High discharge capacity of sulphur was attained at 712 mA h gsulphur−1 (23 wt% S) and 520 mA h gsulphur−1 (50 wt% S) at a high current density (6 A gsulphur−1). The overall capacity of the flexible cathode correspondingly reaches 163 mA h g−1 (23 wt% S) and 260 mA h g−1 (50 wt% S). These results demonstrate the great potential of this nanostructured flexible membrane as a cathode for Li-S batteries with fast charge–discharge performance and long life.
We prepared cathodes with various types of activated carbon and measured the cathodes’ electrochemical performance according to the kind of activated carbon. Activated carbon supplies airflow channels and reaction sites in the cathode of zinc air batteries. When we use activated carbon with a high specific surface area as the cathode's catalyst substrate, we expect high electrochemical performance because this type of carbon provides more air flow channels and reaction sites. We focused on investigating the relationship between the cathode's pore structure and its electrochemical characterizations. We also studied the effects of the various activated carbon materials on the zinc air batteries’ performance. Increasing the macropores or mesopores in the activated carbon resulted in achieving more power from the battery.
Previous studies show increased antibody levels to bovine casein in some individuals with schizophrenia. The immunogenicity of specific domains of bovine casein varies among people with milk sensitivities and thus could vary among different neuropsychiatric disorders. Using ELISAs and immunoblotting, we characterized IgG class antibody specificity to whole bovine casein and to the αs, β, and κ subunits in individuals with recent onset psychosis (n =95), long-term schizophrenia (n =103), and non-psychiatric controls (n =65). In both patient groups, we found elevated IgG to casein proteins, particularly to whole casein and the αs subunit (p ≤0.0001). Odds ratios of casein seroprevalence for recent onset psychosis (age-, gender-, race-, smoking-adjusted) were significant for whole casein (8.13, p ≤0.0001), and the αs (7.89, p ≤0.0001), β (5.23, p ≤0.001) and κ (5.70, p ≤0.0001) subunits. Odds ratios for long-term schizophrenia were significant for whole casein (7.85, p ≤0.0001), and the αs (4.78, p ≤0.003) and κ (4.92, p ≤0.004) subunits. Within the recent onset group, odds ratios were particularly significant for a subgroup of people with psychotic disorders that included major depressive disorders (8.22–16.48, p ≤0.0001). In a different recent onset subgroup (schizophrenia-spectrum disorders), PANSS scores for negative symptoms were correlated with casein antibody levels for the αs and κ subunits (p ≤0.001–0.01). Immunoblotting patterns also exhibited group specificity, with κ predominant in recent onset and αs in schizophrenia (Fisher's Exact Test, p ≤0.001). The elevated IgG and unique patterns of antibody specificity to bovine casein among diagnostic groups provide a rationale for clinical trials to evaluate efficacies of dietary modifications in individuals with neuropsychiatric diseases.
This review is devoted to membrane electrolysis, in particular utilizing ion-selective membranes, as an important part of both existing and emerging industrial electrochemical processes. It aims to provide fundamental information on the history and development, current status and future perspectives of membrane electrolysis. An overview of the history of electromembrane processes is given with the focus on brine electrolysis since it is the predominant electrochemical industrial technology utilizing ion-selective membranes. This is followed by a summary of the wide range of hydrogen-based energy conversion processes with different degrees of maturity, i.e. water electrolysis and fuel cells, which promise to become the next generation of major electromembrane processes. The overview of the state-of-the-art is rounded off by a number of smaller-scale processes utilizing ionically conducting solid electrolytes and ion-selective membranes that are already commercially available. The article concludes by considering potential future developments in this exciting field of electrochemistry.
Safety is the main concern for energy storage-system application in hybrid-electrical vehicles (HEVs) and ionic liquids (ILs) of low vapor pressure and high thermal stability represent a strategy to meet this key requisite. The use of solvent-free ILs in supercapacitors enables the high cell voltages required for increasing supercapacitor energy up to the values for power-assist application in HEVs. In order to exploit the wide electrochemical stability window of ILs, tailored electrode materials and cell configurations have to be used. The performance of asymmetric double-layer carbon supercapacitors (AEDLCs) and carbon/poly(3-methylthiophene) hybrid supercapacitors operating with different pyrrolidinium-based ILs are reported and compared. This study demonstrates that a design-optimized AEDLC operating with safe, solvent-free IL electrolyte meets cycling stability and the energy and power requisites for power-assisted HEVs at the investigated temperatures.
The Hungarian National Growth Study comprises data on 39,035 children and youth aged 3–18 years. We examine the relationship between 15 body measurements and nine family background variables in this data set. After multiple regression analysis which removed curvilinear age effects, family size and population size of the place of residence showed consistent associations with the body measurements. Children from larger families tended to be shorter on average, and have lower weight and skinfold thicknesses whereas children from Budapest were, on average, taller and heavier than children from elsewhere with bigger chest and calf circumferences and lower skinfold thicknesses. Paternal age, mother’s profession and birth order showed few associations with body measurements in both sexes and father’s profession did not associate significantly with any of the measurements in boys.
The high temperatures of sea-floor hydrothermal vents make them good targets for the exploitation of thermal energy. Taking advantage of this prospect, this study developed a thermoelectric converter that harvests thermal energy from hydrothermal fluids through a heat pipe and converts heat to electrical energy with thermoelectric generators. A power management system that enables the thermoelectric converter to continuously power a data logger and a light-emitting diode lamp was also proposed. The thermoelectric converter was field tested at a deep-sea hydrothermal vent with a depth of 2765m at the Dragon Flag Field along the Southwest Indian Ridge. With the use of the thermal gradient between hydrothermal fluids and seawater, the thermoelectric converter obtained a sustained power of 2.6–3.9W during the field test. Our results demonstrate that the thermal energy of hydrothermal fluids can be an alternative renewable power source for seabed observation equipment that requires watt-level power.
This paper reports the study on thermal reactivity of spinel lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12) material. Thermalgravimetry and Differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC) is used to investigate the relevant profiles of Li4Ti5O12 and Li7Ti5O12 electrodes. TG results show Li7Ti5O12 electrode material has higher thermal weight loss, which is 26.7% below 600 °C, significantly larger than that of 20.4% for Li4Ti5O12 electrode. Moreover, the onset exothermal temperature for Li7Ti5O12 electrode material is lower and total exothermal energy is higher. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirms that more CO group containing compound are generated on Li7Ti5O12 electrode. One species can be decomposed below 460 °C, and the other one can be decomposed below 600 °C. It is conclude that the aforementioned two species leads to higher thermal reaction of Li7Ti5O12 electrode.
Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-derived ultramicroporous carbon with a specific surface area of 1012 m2 g−1 and a very narrow pore-size distribution peaked at 0.55 nm is investigated as electrode material for supercapacitors. The unique microstructure features enable the carbon to present not only a high gravimetric capacitance (264 F g−1) but also a high electrode density (0.826 g cm−3), resulting in an outstanding high volumetric capacitance of 218 F cm−3 in 6 mol L−1 KOH aqueous electrolytes. However, the carbon shows a very small capacitance of less than 7 F g−1 in 1 mol L−1 Et4NBF4/PC, which implies the pores are too small to be accessible even for the desolvated ions in the non-aqueous electrolyte.
Well dispersed Co2GeO4 (CGO) nanoplates and CGO/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposites are prepared via hydrothermal method and characterized as novel lithium anode materials for the first time. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the CGO/RGO nanocomposites exhibit a large reversible capacity of 1250mAhg−1 for the first cycle and a capacity retention of 1085mAhg−1 after 100 cycles. Remarkable rate performance was also recorded. The superior electrochemical performance of the CGO/RGO nanocomposites electrode compared to the pure CGO electrode can be attributed to the well dispersed RGO which enhances the electronic conductivity and accommodate the volume change during the conversion reactions.
The effects of a thermally stable co-polyimide-based polymeric binder on the performance of a cathode electrode are investigated. The introduction of co-polyimide (P84) into a conventional polymeric binder system based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) enhances the cycle performance under high-temperature conditions (60 °C). Because of the inherent mechanical and thermal stabilities of the co-polyimide, P84 retains outstanding adhesive/cohesive strength within the electrode composite, as well as between the electrode composite and the aluminum current collector. These findings are further supported by electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analysis, scanning electron microscope, and studies using a Surface and Interfacial Cutting Analysis System (SAICAS®).
Previous studies of Aβ plasma as a biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) obtained conflicting results. We here included 715 subjects with baseline Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 plasma measurement (50% with 4 serial annual measurements): 205 cognitively normal controls (CN), 348 patients mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 162 with AD. We assessed the factors that modified their concentrations and correlated these values with PIB PET, MRI and tau and Aβ1-42 measures in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Association between Aβ and diagnosis (baseline and prospective) was assessed. A number of health conditions were associated with altered concentrations of plasma Aβ. The effect of age differed according to AD stage. Plasma Aβ1-42 showed mild correlation with other biomarkers of Aβ pathology and were associated with infarctions in MRI. Longitudinal measurements of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 plasma levels showed modest value as a prognostic factor for clinical progression. Our longitudinal study of complementary measures of Aβ pathology (PIB, CSF and plasma Aβ) and other biomarkers in a cohort with an extensive neuropsychological battery is significant because it shows that plasma Aβ measurements have limited value for disease classification and modest value as prognostic factors over the 3-year follow-up. However, with longer follow-up, within subject plasma Aβ measurements could be used as a simple and minimally invasive screen to identify those at increased risk for AD. Our study emphasizes the need for a better understanding of the biology and dynamics of plasma Aβ as well as the need for longer term studies to determine the clinical utility of measuring plasma Aβ.
Interest in deciphering the fundamental mechanisms and processes of the human mind represents a central driving force in modern neuroscience research. Activities in support of this goal rely on advanced methodologies and engineering systems that are capable of interrogating and stimulating neural pathways, from single cells in small networks to interconnections that span the entire brain. Recent research establishes the foundations for a broad range of creative neurotechnologies that enable unique modes of operation in this context. This review focuses on those systems with proven utility in animal model studies and with levels of technical maturity that suggest a potential for broad deployment to the neuroscience community in the relatively near future. We include a brief summary of existing and emerging neuroscience techniques, as background for a primary focus on device technologies that address associated opportunities in electrical, optical and microfluidic neural interfaces, some with multimodal capabilities. Examples of the use of these technologies in recent neuroscience studies illustrate their practical value. The vibrancy of the engineering science associated with these platforms, the interdisciplinary nature of this field of research and its relevance to grand challenges in the treatment of neurological disorders motivate continued growth of this area of study.
The Ni-doped lithium manganese oxide, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, has received much attention as a cathode active material in high-energy lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). This active material has two different spinel structures depending on the ordering state of the Ni and Mn ions. The ordered LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel has an inferior cathode performance than the disordered phase because of its poor electronic conductivity. However, the ordered LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel possesses the potential advantage of avoiding dissolution of the Mn ion, which is an issue for the disordered spinel. The improvement of cathode performance is important for future applications. Here, we report a unique approach to improve the cathode performance of the ordered LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel. The mechanical treatment using an attrition-type mill successfully inserted lattice strains into the ordered LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel structure without a phase transformation to the disordered phase. The insertion of lattice strains by mechanical stresses provided an increased discharge capacity and a decreased charge transfer resistance. This limited crystal structure modification improved the cathode performance. The present work has the potential for application of the mechanically treated ordered LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel as a cathode for high-energy LIBs.
Cross-linked polymer electrolytes are prepared from oligo(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylates (OEGDMA) with different ethylene oxide repeating units in the presence of lithium perchlorate as a lithium salt, ethylene carbonate–propylene carbonate as a mixed plasticizer, and poly(ethylene oxide) as a polymer matrix. The ionic conductivities of polymer electrolytes increase with an increasing amount of the ethylene oxide repeating unit in the OEGDMA. Conversely, the glass transition temperatures of the polymer electrolytes decrease with an increasing amount of the unit. The increased ionic conductivity can be explained by the sites of the spaces surrounded by the main chains and the cross-linking spacers in the polymers.
A new simple synthetic method was employed to produce LiV3O8 compound in which LiOH, V2O5 and NH4OH were used as the starting reactants. At first, V2O5 reacted with LiOH and NH4OH in liquid solutions to obtain a compound containing Li and V, which was then calcined at 370, 450 and 550°C for 8 h, respectively. The electrochemical properties of the LiV3O8 compound were studied by galvanostatic charge–discharge, and the highest capacity of 274 mAh g−1 was obtained for the LiV3O8 compound calcined at 370°C in the range of 1.8–4.0 V. In the fifteenth cycle, its capacity remained 257 mAh g−1. The inspections by X-ray diffraction and SEM indicated that different calcining temperatures resulted in different structure, which resulted in different discharge capacity.
We describe a self-contained fully-enclosed cartridge for lab-on-a-chip applications where sample and reagents can be applied sequentially as is performed in a heterogeneous immunoassay, or nucleic acid extraction. Both the self-contained and fully-enclosed features of the cartridge are sought to ensure its safe use in the field by unskilled staff. Simplicity in cartridge design and operation is obtained via adopting a valveless concept whereby reagents are stored and used in the form of liquid plugs isolated by air spacers around a fluidic loop. Functional components integrated in the loop include a microfluidic chip specific to the target application, a novel peristaltic pump to displace the liquid plugs, and a pair of removable tubing segments where one is used to introduce biological sample and while the other is to collect eluant. The novel pump is fabricated through soft-lithography technique and works by pinching a planar channel under stainless-steel ball bearings that have been magnetically loaded. The utility of the cartridge is demonstrated for automated extraction and purification of nucleic acids (DNA) from a cell lysate on a battery-operated portable system. The cartridge shown here can be further extended to sample-in-answer-out diagnostic tests.
A Pd-encapsulated graphite electrode was used as the negative electrode in Li-ion cells. Through dispersion of ultrafine nanoparticles of palladium on the surface of graphite, the interfacial properties of the carbon surface were modified. The presence of the palladium dramatically reduces the initial irreversible capacity of the graphite in propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolyte. Palladium suppresses the solvated lithium ion intercalation and improves the charge–discharge performance and initial coulombic efficiency of graphite. For example, 10-wt.% of Pd-nanoparticles dispersed on the surface of graphite increases the initial charge–discharge coulombic efficiency from 59% to 80.3%. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) indicates that palladium dispersed on graphite increases the ohmic conductivity and also improves the Li insertion rate into graphite. However, an excess amount of palladium on graphite leads to a decrease in the charge–discharge efficiency due to the consumption of lithium by the formation of Li2PdO2.
Joint hypermobility is common in childhood and can be associated with musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction. Current management is delivered by a multidisciplinary team, but evidence of effectiveness is limited. This clinical trial aimed to determine whether a structured multidisciplinary, multisite intervention resulted in improved clinical outcomes compared with standard care.
This article deals with assessment of accuracy of the widely used glucose sensors MMT-7002 (Medtronic, USA), for continuous monitoring of glucose levels. The samples were gained from a 35-year-old sportswoman with diagnosed DM type 1. The sampling was carried out by her common daily as well as extreme physical and sport activities. The evaluated data were collected during 45 months, 56 sensors were used and 603 calibrations were carried out. The tested glucose sensor operates on the principle of a needle sensor, which electrochemically evaluates the reaction products catalyzed by glucose oxidase. Accuracy was evaluated by Clarke error grid analysis and the results were compared with the accuracy given by the sensor manufacturer. The measurements carried out by the tested sensor in the range of the normal glucose levels, realized under usual life conditions and by sport activities were even more accurate than those given by the manufacturer. However, in the regions of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, the number of errors was higher than specified by the manufacturer. The continuous glucose monitoring proved to be sufficiently accurate for prevention of acute complications in patients with DM type 1 during their common as well as extreme sport and physical activities.
Digital audio forensics is used for a variety of applications ranging from authenticating audio files to link an audio recording to the acquisition device (e.g., microphone), and also linking to the acoustic environment in which the audio recording was made, and identifying traces of coding or transcoding. This survey paper provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art (SOA) in digital audio forensics and highlights some open research problems and future challenges in this active area of research. The paper categorizes the audio file analysis into container and content-based analysis in order to detect the authenticity of the file. Existing SOA, in audio forensics, is discussed based on both container and content-based analysis. The importance of this research topic has encouraged many researchers to contribute in this area; yet, further scopes are available to help researchers and readers expand the body of knowledge. The ultimate goal of this paper is to introduce all information on audio forensics and encourage researchers to solve the unanswered questions. Our survey paper would contribute to this critical research area, which has addressed many serious cases in the past, and help solve many more cases in the future by using advanced techniques with more accurate results.