batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical characteristics of the electrical double layer capacitor based on the two identical microporous carbide derived carbon C(TiC 950) electrodes in 1M LiPF6 ethylene carbonate–dimethyl carbonate (1:1 by volume) mixture have been studied using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Specific capacitance, phase angle, series and parallel resistances, characteristic time constant, energy and power densities etc. have been calculated and found to be dependent on the cell potential applied. Wide region of ideal polarisability ΔE ≤3.2V, short characteristic time constant and high limiting capacitance 129Fg−1, complex power and maximal energy and power density values have been obtained, indicating that this electrolyte can be used for high energy and power density supercapacitors. Additionally, the supercapacitors based on the partially graphitized C(VC) (applied as negatively charged electrode) and amorphous C(TiC 950) (applied as positively charged electrode) were completed and tested. The calculated energy and power densities were for asymmetrical C(VC 1100)|C(TiC 950)|1M LiPF6 +EC+DMC cell 26.2Whkg−1 and 57.2kWkg−1, respectively, but for symmetrical C(TiC 950)|C(TiC 950)|1M LiPF6 +EC+DMC cell somewhat higher energy density 36.7Whkg−1 and power density 83.6kWkg−1 values were established.
Return to sport (RTS) criteria are widely being used to identify anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed (ACLR) athletes ready to return to sportive activity and reduce risk of ACL re-injury. However, studies show a high rate of ACL re-injury in athletes who passed RTS criteria. This indicates that the current RTS criteria might not be sufficient to determine return to sport time in ACLR athletes. Previous studies have reported a close association between altered lower limb kinematics and ACL re-injury. However, it is not clear how lower extremity kinematics differs between ACLR athletes who passed the RTS-criteria and who failed. This study compared lower extremity kinematics in a jump-landing task between ACLR athletes who passed the RTS criteria (Limb symmetry in hop tests, quadriceps strength and questionnaires) to those who failed and to the healthy individuals.
The supercapacitive behavior of the metallic cobalt recycled from Li-ion batteries has been studied in this work. The reversibility of both redox process (CoII/CoIII) and (CoIII/CoIV) in KOH 6 mol L−1 is very high and promising for capacitive applications in electrochemical devices. The specific capacitances calculated from cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy show a good agreement, giving the value of 625 Fg−1. The electrode morphology presents a high porosity, thus an electrical equivalent circuit composed of two parallel resistance and capacitance elements in series was proposed. The specific capacitance values calculated from charge/discharge curves at 0.23 and 2.3 mA/cm2 are 601 and 384 Fg−1, respectively. Thereby, it was observed that metallic cobalt recycled from ion-Li batteries is compatible with other supercapacitive materials. This shows that cobalt recycling from Li-ion batteries is economically and environmentally viable for application in supercapacitor devices.
Exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) may have adverse health effects. Central monitoring stations do not represent the personal exposure to UFP accurately. Few studies have previously focused on personal exposure to UFP. Sixty non-smoking residents living in Copenhagen, Denmark were asked to carry a backpack equipped with a portable monitor, continuously recording particle number concentrations (PN), in order to measure the real-time individual exposure over a period of ∼48 h. A GPS logger was carried along with the particle monitor and allowed us to estimate the contribution of UFP exposure occurring in various microenvironments (residence, during active and passive transport, other indoor and outdoor environments) to the total daily exposure. On average, the fractional contribution of each microenvironment to the daily integrated personal exposure roughly corresponded to the fractions of the day the subjects spent in each microenvironment. The home environment accounted for 50% of the daily personal exposure. Indoor environments other than home or vehicles contributed with ∼40%. The highest median UFP concentration was obtained during passive transport (vehicles). However, being in transit or outdoors contributed 5% or less to the daily exposure. Additionally, the subjects recorded in a diary the periods when they were at home. With this approach, 66% of the total daily exposure was attributable to the home environment. The subjects spent 28% more time at home according to the diary, compared to the GPS. These results may indicate limitations of using diaries, but also possible inaccuracy and miss-classification in the GPS data.
The low electronic conductivity and Li ion diffusion ability are two major obstacles to realize its wide application for LiFePO4 materials. The material with hierarchical conductive structure and lower antisite defects concentration can effectively enhance the electronic conductivity and Li ion diffusion ability. We firstly report here a modified solvothemal process for the fabrication of hierarchical conductive C/LiFePO4/CNTs composite with less antisite defects. It is found that the modified solvothemal process is facilitated to decrease FeLi antisite defects and enhance the electronic continuity between LFP and CNTs. In favor of its unique properties, the C/LFP/CNTs composites can deliver superior rate capability and cycling stability. Remarkably, even at a high rate of 20C (3400mAg−1), a high initial discharge capacity of 91.6mAhg−1 and good cycle retention of 95% with almost 100% coulombic efficiency are still obtained after 100 cycles.
We studied how category typicality and out-of-category relatedness affect speeded category verification (vote “yes” if pictured object is clothing) in typically developing 4- to 14-year-olds and adults. Stimuli were typical and atypical category objects (e.g., pants, glove) and related and unrelated out-of-category objects (e.g., necklace, soup). Typical and unrelated out-of-category objects exhibited preferential processing (faster reaction times and fewer errors). Variations in typicality and relatedness disproportionately influenced children’s performance, with developmental improvement associated with both verbal and nonverbal factors. Underextension versus overextension errors seemed to be associated with independent factors, namely multifaceted maturational factors versus receptive vocabulary skill, respectively. Errors were infrequent, suggesting spontaneous taxonomic classification by all participants. An experiment with printed words in adults replicated results, indicating that typicality and relatedness effects reflected organizational principles of the semantic system, not picture-related processes. This research establishes the viability of an online approach to assessing automatic components of semantic organization in children.
The design and synthesis of efficient electrocatalysts are important for electrochemical conversion technologies. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a key process in such conversions, having applications in water splitting and metal–air batteries. Here, we report ultrathin metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as promising electrocatalysts for the OER in alkaline conditions. Our as-prepared ultrathin NiCo bimetal–organic framework nanosheets on glassy-carbon electrodes require an overpotential of 250 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2. When the MOF nanosheets are loaded on copper foam, this decreases to 189 mV. We propose that the surface atoms in the ultrathin MOF sheets are coordinatively unsaturated—that is, they have open sites for adsorption—as evidenced by a suite of measurements, including X-ray spectroscopy and density-functional theory calculations. The findings suggest that the coordinatively unsaturated metal atoms are the dominating active centres and the coupling effect between Ni and Co metals is crucial for tuning the electrocatalytic activity.
Burgeoning demands for mobility and private vehicle ownership undermine global efforts to reduce energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. Advanced vehicles powered by low-carbon sources of electricity or hydrogen offer an alternative to conventional fossil-fuelled technologies. Yet, despite ambitious pledges and investments by governments and automakers, it is by no means clear that these vehicles will ultimately reach mass-market consumers. Here, we develop state-of-the-art representations of consumer preferences in multiple global energy-economy models, specifically focusing on the non-financial preferences of individuals. We employ these enhanced model formulations to analyse the potential for a low-carbon vehicle revolution up to 2050. Our analysis shows that a diverse set of measures targeting vehicle buyers is necessary to drive widespread adoption of clean technologies. Carbon pricing alone is insufficient to bring low-carbon vehicles to the mass market, though it may have a supporting role in ensuring a decarbonized energy supply.
The electrochemical performance of fulvic acid-based electrospun hard carbon nanofibers (PF-CNFs) as anodes for sodium-ion batteries is reported. PF-CNFs were prepared, stabilization in air at 280 °C and then carbonized in N2 at 800, 1000, 1300 or 1500 °C. The PF-CNFs prepared at 1300 °C had abundant oxygen functional groups, large interlayer spaces and stable morphologies and when used as anodes in sodium-ion batteries, a reversible sodium intercalation capacity of 248 mAh g−1 was obtained with capacity retention ratio of 91% after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1. This large capacity combined with the superior cycling performance indicates that fulvic acid-based carbon nanofibers are promising electrode materials for use in rechargeable sodium-ion batteries.
Influenza like pandemics are a severe threat to any established health care system as many thousands of patients would need emergency ventilator support during the acute respiratory failure stage, and this quickly overloads the existing facilities. The present article addresses the design and development of a human breathing assist machine (ventilator) prototype for use by qualified medical professionals in the emergency room, as well as in other locations, where a regular ventilator machine cannot be made available. The ventilator has been designed using readily available locally sourced materials, which can be assembled in a short time. This ensures the minimum required features to ventilate a patient in emergency conditions. The popular crank-rocker mechanism has been used to meet some of the vital design requirements of the emergency ventilator. The size of the links has been chosen to maintain a fixed inspiratory-to-expiratory (I:E) time ratio of 1:2. The kinematic linkage design has been kept modular by introducing a feature to adjust the location of the rocker tip to control the tidal volume from 100 ml to 600 ml of oxygenated air per breath. A virtual CAD model, based on the above-mentioned linkage design, has been designed to assess the variation of the position and velocity with time. Finally, a working prototype has been made, and it was observed that the I:E time ratio of 1:2 was achieved satisfactorily.
Summary The purpose of this investigation was to describe anthropometric and physical performance characteristics of Division I college female lacrosse players. An additional aim of the study was to examine positional differences in this sample of athletes. Eighty-four university lacrosse players (age=19.8±1.1 years; height=168.3±5.9cm; body mass=64.7±6.9kg) volunteered to participate and were evaluated at the end of their off-season. Test items included standing height, body mass, linear sprint speed (9.14–36.58m), agility (pro-agility and Illinois), countermovement jump height and the 20 Meter Shuttle Run Test (MSRT). Standing height was different between positions, pairwise comparisons indicating that attackers were taller than defenders (p =0.029). No other dependent variable differed between positions. Homogeneity between positions for women's lacrosse players indicates that the tests used do not have a high discriminatory value or could reflect the lack of development of positional specificity due to relatively minimal playing experience by participants. Although positional distinctions were not observed in this study, quartiles and ranges provide evidence that performance in female lacrosse players varies markedly.
The massive spread of mobile computing in our daily lives has attracted a huge community of mobile application (apps) developers. These developers can take advantage of the benefits of semantic technologies (such as knowledge sharing and reusing, and knowledge decoupling) to enhance their applications. Moreover, the use of semantic reasoners would enable them to create more intelligent applications capable of discovering new knowledge, inferred from the available information. However, using semantic APIs and reasoners on current mobile devices is not a trivial task. In this paper, we show that the most popular current available Description Logics (DL) reasoners can be used on Android-based devices, and detail the efforts needed to port them to the Android platform. We also analyze the performance of these reasoners on current smartphones/tablets against more than 300 ontologies from the ORE 2013 ontology set, showing that, despite a notable difference with respect to desktop computers, their use is feasible.
Every investment decision by organizations is an implicit expression of a prediction on the future state of companies, demand trends, future challenges, or politics. Usually, decision makers can chose between different options to invest and also tend to diversify investments in order to reduce risk. Research on cognitive processing, however, showed that unconscious heuristics triggered by “heuristic cues” influence such decisions in an irrational manner. Partition dependence, the partition of the state space, is such a heuristic cue that leads to an irrational bias in the assessment of probabilities towards a uniform distribution. This work demonstrates that this bias is also persistent in group-based forecasting. We explain and predict the occurrence of the partition dependence bias by applying the Dual-Process Theory of cognitive processing. The results of our three consecutive experiments suggest that besides task complexity, individual expertise, and motivation are moderators for the occurrence of partition dependence. We contribute to the research of biases in forecasting by applying approaches of the Dual-process Theories to explain the occurrence of partition dependence for the first time and shed light on future pathways in this research field.
In the present paper new generation of imidazole-derived lithium salts (LiTDI—lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazolide, LiPDI—lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-(pentafluoroethyl)imidazolide and LiHDI—lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-(n-heptafluoropropyl)imidazolide) applied in a model liquid electrolyte, with propylene carbonate used as a solvent, is described. Room temperature ionic conductivities measured by Impedance Spectroscopy are as high as 10−2 to 10−3 Scm−1 for the 0.1–1moldm−3 salt concentration range. Lithium cation transference numbers calculated using the Bruce–Vincent method exceed 0.4 at salt concentration equal to 1moldm−3. Interface resistance measurements showed good stability at high—0.5moldm−3 or low—0.01moldm−3 salt concentrations. Ionic associations were estimated using Fuoss–Kraus semiempirical method revealing relatively low association rates. The effect of anion structure on ionic interactions and electrochemical characteristics of the studied electrolytes is discussed.
Spherical porous tin oxide was fabricated via a spray pyrolysis technique. TEM revealed that the primary SnO2 crystals had an average size of 5–10nm. Good interconnection between SnO2 crystals is also observed. The electrochemical measurements showed that the spherical porous SnO2 samples have excellent cyclability, which can deliver a reversible capacity of 410mAh/g for up to 50 cycles as a negative electrode for lithium batteries. Our approach for enhancing the structural stability of tin oxide is to incorporate spherical porous structures as a buffer zone to alleviate the volume expansion of the tin oxide anode during lithiation/delithiation.
Poly(acrylonitrile) films were deposited electrochemically onto vitreous carbon electrodes from air-saturated acrylonitrile. Electrodeposition on gold was investigated with the use of an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). It was found that the onset of deposition coincided with the reduction of dissolved oxygen at the electrode surface, indicating that the polymerisation reaction is initiated by the nucleophilic superoxide anion. The chemical composition of the film was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Such electrodeposited polymer films may have applications as polymer electrolytes for 3D microbattery applications.
Manganese hexacyanoferrate (Mn-HCF) is a promising cathode material for sodium-ion secondary batteries (SIBs). We investigated the effects of partial substitution of Fe, Co, and Ni for Mn in Mn-HCF on the SIB rate and cycle performance. The discharge capacity is discernible at 50C in the substituted samples, while it disappears at 20C in the non-substituted samples. We ascribed the enhancement of the rate performance to the suppression of the Jahn-Teller distortion of Mn3+ and the resultant activation of the Mn reduction reaction.
In this paper, ZnMn2O4 nanofibers were synthesized by a facile electrospinning and calcination method. Electrochemical properties of the nanofiber anode material for lithium-ion batteries were investigated. The as-prepared ZnMn2O4 nanofibers, containing PVP and PAN with ratio of 1:9, exhibited a high initial discharge capacity of 1274mAhg−1, and the stabilized capacity was as high as 603mAhg−1 after 60 cycles at a current density of 50mAg−1. Besides the high specific capacity and good cyclability, the electrode also showed good rate capability. Even at 2000mAg−1, the electrode could deliver a capacity of as high as 352mAhg−1. The results suggest a promising application of the electrospun ZnMn2O4 nanofibers as anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
An automated transient-state closed-system canopy-chamber for gas-exchange determinations of field-crops was developed to allow unattended day and night, high frequency CO2 and H2O exchange measurements, with short measurement time (15s) and high scanning rate (0.5s). Environment tests on the chamber performance indicated that: atmospheric pressure variation during operation was 10–20Pa and limited to a few seconds; leaks introduced maximum errors of 1% in the flux calculation; turbulence effect on CO2 and H2O fluxes was not detectable; during the measurement period, temperature build-up inside the chamber was typically within 1–2°C range; photosynthetic photon flux density (R p) attenuation by the chamber as a whole was in the 15–20% range; whereas, net radiation (R n) inside the chamber was always higher than outside by 10–20%. The flux determinations of the automated canopy-chamber were compared with other methods. Daily evapotranspiration (E) of artichoke obtained by canopy-chamber was at the most 4.2% lower than E obtained by high-precision weighing lysimeter. Diurnal E and carbon exchange rates (A) of sugarbeet and marjoram crops obtained by canopy-chamber closely followed the pattern of those obtained by the Bowen-ratio/energy-balance (BREB) method, with maximum daily underestimations of 6–8 and 5–6% for E and A, respectively. No differences in flux calculations came out when the rate of change in CO2 and H2O concentrations was derived either by linear or quadratic regressions (QR). The results of all tests and comparisons showed that the automated chamber presented is a valuable and accurate tool for monitoring day and night CO2 and H2O fluxes.
Carbon spheres (CSs) with an average diameter of around 500∼700nm are prepared by a extended Stöber method. Urchin-like MnO2 nanorods were deposited on the carbon spheres by hydrothermal method and the thickness of α-MnO2 shell is about 700∼800nm. Pd particles with a diameter of around 8∼15nm are dispersed on the surface of vertically aligned α-MnO2 rods which have a diameter of 40∼50nm. Three-dimensional (3D) Pd-MnO2/CS shows better activity and stability than Pd/CS and MnO2/CS for anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water electrolysis, which shows that Pd-doped urchin-like CS-MnO2 core-shell structure material would be a superiority catalyst for the OER. The onset potential shifts negatively and current density improves on the Pd-MnO2/CS for the OER, showing a synergistic effect between Pd and MnO2.
To aid design of exercise trials for people with pelvic and lower limb fragility fractures a systematic review was conducted to identify what types of exercise interventions and mobility outcomes have been assessed, investigate intervention reporting quality, and evaluate risk of bias in published trials.
In this paper a new approach for prediction of the available power of a lithium-ion battery pack is presented. It is based on a nonlinear battery model that includes current dependency of the battery resistance. It results in an accurate power prediction not only at room temperature, but also at lower temperatures at which the current dependency is substantial. The used model parameters are fully adaptable on-line to the given state of the battery (state of charge, state of health, temperature). This on-line adaption in combination with an explicit consideration of differences between characteristics of individual cells in a battery pack ensures an accurate power prediction under all possible conditions. The proposed trade-off between the number of used cell parameters and the total accuracy as well as the optimized algorithm results in a real-time capability of the method, which is demonstrated on a low-cost 16 bit microcontroller. The verification tests performed on a software-in-the-loop test bench system with four 40 Ah lithium-ion cells show promising results.
Owing to the strict restrictions imposed by the Marine Pollution Protocol and the rapid development of renewable energy, the use of solar generation and energy storage systems in ship power systems has been increasingly attracting attention. However, the improper sizing of a hybrid power generation system in a ship power system will result in a high investment cost and increased greenhouse gas emission. This paper proposes a method for determining the optimal size of the photovoltaic (PV) generation system, the diesel generator and the energy storage system in a stand-alone ship power system that minimizes the investment cost, fuel cost and the CO2 emissions. The power generation from PV modules on a ship relies on the date, local time, time zone, longitude and latitude along a navigation route and is different from the conditions of power systems on land. Thus, a method, which takes the seasonal and geographical variation of solar irradiations and temperatures along the route from Dalian in China to Aden in Yemen into account, for correcting the output of PV modules is developed in this paper. The proposed method considers five conditions along the navigation route to model the total ship load. Four cases are studied in details to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed algorithm.