batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Static and dynamic thermomechanical analysis was performed with a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) to identify thermal and mechanical transitions for commercially available polymer separators under mechanical loading. Clear transitions in deformation mode were observed at elevated temperatures. These transitions identified the onset of separator “shutdown” which occurred at temperatures below the polymer melting point. Mechanical loading direction was critical to the overall integrity of the separator. Anisotropic separators (Celgard 2320, 2400 and 2500) were mechanically limited when pulled in tensile in the transverse direction. The anisotropy of these separators is a result of the dry technique used to manufacture the micro-porous membranes. Separators prepared using the wet technique (Entek Gold LP) behaved more uniformly, or biaxially, where all mechanical properties were nearly identical within the separator plane. The information provided by the DMA can also be useful for predicting the long-term durability of polymer separators in lithium-ion batteries exposed to electrolyte (solvent and salt), thermal fluctuations and electrochemical cycling. Small losses in mechanical integrity were observed for separators exposed to the various immersion environments over the 4-week immersion time.
A high performance vanadium-doped LiFePO4 (LFP) electrode is synthesized using a continuous hydrothermal method at a production rate of 6 kg per day. The supercritical water reagent rapidly generates core/shell nanoparticles with a thin, continuous carbon coating on the surface of LFP, which aids electron transport dynamics across the particle surface. Vanadium dopant concentration has a profound effect on the performance of LFP, where the composition LiFe0.95V0.05PO4, achieves a specific discharge capacity which is among the highest in the comparable literature (119 mA h g−1 at a discharge rate of 1500 mA g−1). Additionally, a combination of X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis and hybrid-exchange density functional theory, suggest that vanadium ions replace both phosphorous and iron in the structure, thereby facilitating Li+ diffusion due to Li+ vacancy generation and changes in the crystal structure.
A detailed investigation of the structural and electrochemical impact of lithium and fluorine substitutions on the 4.7 V LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4−δ (LMNO) positive electrode for Li-ion batteries was accomplished. Impact of subsequent transition metal substitution on the tetrahedral 8a sites was also investigated relative to rate and elevated temperature cycling stability. Significantly improved cycling in excess of 600 cycles was established for an anion modified spinel relative to an optimized benchmark material at 60 °C.
A new synthetic method using biotemplating for fabrication of LiCoO2 (LCO) for batteries of mobile products is developed. The LCO can be manufactured in various forms, and rapidly charged and discharged, even when using a thick electrode. Among three types of candidate biotemplates wood, cotton, and grass pollen, cotton was selected as the biotemplate considering its performance and potential for commercialization. Both the size of the primary particle and the shape of the secondary particle are controllable by using cotton. When using a thin electrode, the difference in capacitance between the LCO fabricated by the general method (solid-LCO) and the LCO made by using cotton (cotton-LCO) is within 3%, regardless of current density. On the other hand, the capacity difference in the case of a thick electrode between two samples is approximately 1.5 times higher than that observed for solid-LCO at very high current density (6C). The capacity retention values are 1.4% and 75.1% at 6C after the 100th cycle for solid-LCO and cotton-LCO, respectively. The superior performance at high current density for the cotton-LCO likely arises from decreasing the distance that the Li+ ion must diffuse in the solid-state by connected nanoparticles.
The additive of 15-crown-5 for liquid electrolyte for primary Li/CFx cells is proposed. In their presence the cells with 1 M LiBF4 in GBL and 1 M LiPF6 in EC/DMC/EMC are workable at low temperatures. Their discharge capacities are 140 and 110 mAh g− 1 at −45 ÷ −50 °C respectively. The 15-crown-5 additive probably is adsorbed on electrodes surfaces and form Li+ conducting layers. This mechanism approved by quantum-chemical modeling.
Residential and commercial photovoltaic (PV) battery systems are increasingly being deployed for local storage of excess produced PV energy. However, battery systems aimed at increasing self-consumption are not constantly put to use. Additional battery storage capacity is available for a second application to improve the profitability of an energy storage system. One of these options is the provision of frequency restoration reserves (FRR) to the electricity balancing market. This provision can be either negative to compensate for excess power supply, or positive to compensate for excess demand on the power market. This study assesses the benefits for residential and commercial PV-battery systems by combining PV energy storage for higher self-consumption with provision of FRR. Six battery storage dispatch strategies were developed and assessed on the technical and economic performance of 48 residential and 42 commercial PV-battery systems. These systems were modelled over their economic lifetime with a time resolution of 5 min and with historical energy consumption measurements and market prices. FRR provision results in a small drop in the self-consumption rate of 0.5%. However annual revenues are significantly increased. Using battery storage systems only for self-consumption is not profitable with the assumptions used in this study. Provision of negative FRR substantially reduces the electricity bought with the consumption tariff and increases investment attractiveness substantially. Prioritizing the provision of FRR over self-consumption enhancement results in even higher revenues, but significantly reduces self-consumption. We recommend FRR provision to economically investment in residential battery storage systems. Commercial systems need prioritization of both positive and negative FRR provision over self-consumption for a cost-effective investment. In conclusion, combining enhancement of PV self-consumption with the provision of frequency restoration reserves leads to profitable investments.
A nonflammable polymeric gel electrolyte has been developed for rechargeable lithium battery systems. The gel film consists of poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) swollen with lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) solution in ternary solvent containing trimethyl phosphate (TMP). High ionic conductivity of 6.2mScm−1 at 20°C was obtained for the gel electrolyte consisting of 0.8M LiPF6/EC+DEC+TMP (55:25:20) with PVdF-HFP, which is comparable to that of the liquid electrolyte containing the same electrolytic salt. Addition of a small amount of vinylene carbonate (VC) in the gel electrolyte improved the rechargeability of a graphite electrode. The rechargeable capacity of the graphite in the gel containing VC was ca. 300mAhg−1, which is almost the same as that in a conventional liquid electrolyte system.
An efficient all-solid-state battery (ASSB) was designed using a hybrid system composed of a thin film solid electrolyte and a thick composite electrode fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The optimized parameters for preparing the composite electrode were identified, including the optimal SPS conditions to inhibit decomposition of the active material and the most suitable composite electrode formulation (active material/solid electrolyte/electrical conductor ratios) to ensure good ionic and electronic percolation. The composite electrode fabricated by SPS exhibited good mechanical properties. The all-solid-state battery fabricated using the thin and thick film process displayed a maximum surface capacity of 0.30 mAh cm−3 at 80 °C. The battery also showed good stability of the interfacial contact between the composite electrode and thin film solid electrolyte. Furthermore, no diffusion of solid electrolyte materials from the composite electrode to the thin film electrolyte was observed after several cycles.
In this paper, Cu/V oxide thin films were prepared by reactive d.c./r.f. co-sputtering. Nanostructured films were obtained and their composition and crystallinity were investigated. The electrochemical behavior of the thin film electrodes was studied, in order to evaluate their performance as cathodes in miniaturized systems. The behavior of the mixed oxide films and the pure vanadium pentoxide in thin film form are compared. All films presented a high insertion capacity in the first cycle. The film with composition Cu4.0VO5.5 presented the highest capacity and stability in comparison with all the other films.
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of using claw pole automotive alternator as a generator for small wind turbine and to compare its energy yield and generated electricity cost with commercially available systems. The comparison is based on the energy yield per swept area and cost per energy produced in a low wind speed climate. Concepts such as the selection of suitable turbine parameters and gear ratio were used to achieve good matching of the turbine characteristics with measured alternator performance in order to improve the energy yield from the alternator in battery charging application. The energy yield from the alternator integrated to a 3.9 m diameter turbine is comparable with many commercially available turbines. The generated electricity cost of a commercially available turbine can be reduced by more than a factor of 2 by replacing its generator with our proposed alternator. The alternator-based turbine system is therefore a low cost solution aimed at making wind energy available to areas where the current cost of wind technology makes it prohibitive.
A two-phase experimental study examined the effects of weight balance in 3D TV shutter type glasses by subjective discomfort and physical contact load on the nose. Four 3D glasses with different weight-concentrated locations (Front, Middle, Ear, and Rear) and one Reference glasses were investigated. Subjective discomfort ratings on the overall, nose, and posterior edge of the ear were obtained using a 100 point visual analogue scale, and physical load on the nose was measured by force sensing resistor (FSR) film sensors. The overall and nose discomforts for Front were significantly higher than other conditions; the ear discomfort for Ear was significantly worse than the others. The nose load for Front (0.34 N) was significantly higher than Middle (0.22 N), Ear (0.20 N), Rear (0.16 N), and Reference (<0.05 N). A correlation analysis presented that the overall and nose discomforts were closely related (r > 0.9) to the nose load. Relevance to Industry Effects of weight balance in 3D TV shutter type glasses were examined in terms of subjective discomfort and physical nose load. Overall discomfort and physical nose load significantly declined while the weigh-concentrated location moved from the front to the rear of temples.
Mechanical alloying process was introduced to produce nanocrystalline TiNi alloy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that, after 8 h of milling, the starting mixture of elements was decomposed into an amorphous phase. XRD confirmed formation of CsCl-type structure after annealing at 750 °C for 0.5 h. Atomic force microscopy observations revealed that 70% of grains had size below 100 nm. TiNi electrode alloy with and without palladium and/or multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was prepared by ball co-milling. Scanning electron microscopy observations showed that after co-milling with 5 wt.% MWCNTs, particles size of TiNi alloy decreased. The TiNi + 5 wt.% Pd + 5 wt.% MWCNTs nanocomposite showed the highest discharge capacity (266 mAh/g at 3rd cycle). Addition of MWCNTs improved the electrode cycle stability.
Testing was conducted to measure electrical performance and safety of the General Electric Durathon™ E620 battery module (600 V class 20 kWh) during cell overcharge. Data gathered from this test was consistent with SAE Electric Vehicle Battery Abuse Testing specification J2464 [1]. After cell overcharge failure and 24 A current flow for additional 60 minutes, battery was then discharged at 7.5 KW average power to 12% state of charge (SOC) and recharged back to 100% SOC. This overcharging test was performed on two cells. No hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas was detected during front cell (B1) test, and small amount (6.2 ppm peak) was measured outside the battery after center cell (F13) overcharge. An additional overcharge test was performed per UL Standard 1973 – Batteries for Use in Light Electric Rail (LER) Applications and Stationary Applications [2]. With the battery at 11% SOC and 280 °C float temperature, an individual cell near the front (D1) was deliberately imbalanced by charging it to 62% SOC. The battery was then recharged to 100% SOC. In all three tests, the battery cell pack was stable and individual cell failure did not propagate to other cells. Battery discharge performance, charge performance, and electrical isolation were normal after all three tests.
Flower-like manganese-cobalt (Mn-Co) oxysulfide supported on Ni foam substrate is synthesized by two-step hydrothermal method as binder-free faradaic electrode for charge storage. The crystalline phase and morphology of as-fabricated materials are well-characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scan electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS). The results demonstrate that the Mn-Co oxysulfide exists as polycrystal and sulfide are successfully partially substituted into Mn-Co oxide. Impressively, the Mn-Co oxysulfide electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance with an ultrahigh specific capacity of 490Cg−1 at 2Ag−1 and 415Cg−1 at 20Ag−1 which is much higher than 301Cg−1 at 2Ag−1 and 174Cg−1 at 20Ag−1of the Mn-Co oxide nanosheets electrode. Moreover, the flower-like Mn-Co oxysulfide electrode also reveals good cycling stability with 86.5% capacity retention at high current density of 20Ag−1 after 3000 cycles. Because of the flower-like structure and partial substitution by sulfide, which provides large reaction surface area and more flexible structure, Mn-Co oxysufide electrode with excellent electrochemical performances would have great prospect for energy storage device applications.
Lymphocytes play important roles in the balance between body defense and noxious agents involved in a number of diseases, e.g. autoimmune diseases, allergic inflammation and cancer. The proteomic analyses have been applied to identify and validate disease-associated and disease-specific biomarkers for therapeutic strategies of diseases. The proteomic profiles of lymphocytes may provide more information to understand their functions and roles in the development of diseases, although proteomic approaches in lymphocytes are still limited. The present review overviewed the proteomics-based studies on lymphocytes to headlight the proteomic profiles of lymphocytes in diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, allergic inflammation and cancer, with a special focus on lung diseases. We will explore the potential significance of diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets from the current status in proteomic studies of lymphocytes and discuss the value of the currently available proteomic methodologies in the lymphocytes research.
Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emission targets can only be met by significantly decarbonising road transport. The only long term way to do this is via the electrification of powertrains combined with the production of low carbon electricity or hydrogen. Current assumptions and models, such as the IEA BLUE Map, demonstrate that this is technically possible, but assume growth in demand for transport services will only double by 2035 and triple by 2050, largely driven by growth in developing economies. However, another transport revolution, automated vehicles, could drive growth in transport services significantly further, which without electrification will have a large negative impact on efforts to curb transport related emissions. In contrast, it is shown in this paper that automated vehicles could significantly improve the economics of electric vehicles, and therefore make the electrification of powertrains more likely, which could help reduce emissions. Despite this uncertainty, little work has been done on understanding how these factors will affect each other, particularly the timing and uptake of automated vehicles and their effect on future transport related GHG emissions and economics, yet the impact on transport policy, infrastructure and society will be profound and should be of interest to policy makers, the automotive and energy industries, and society as a whole.
Approximately half of Ghana’s overall population has access to electricity and, of this, much of it is in urban areas. Often in regions where modern energy is not available, kerosene lamps, for example, are used for indoor lighting. This produces harmful emissions, leading to poor respiratory effects. Implementation of hydrokinetic power (HKP) within nearby streams can provide low impact, robust energy to rural communities. Such a system lends itself to a simple design with ease of maintenance, which can be used as a stand alone power system (SAPS). With Ghana’s renewable energy policies coming to fruition, it is sought to establish the economic viability and sustainability of this technology. This paper discusses site selection and the HKP technology in rural areas of Ghana.
The electronic properties of semiconducting electrocatalysts are of fundamental research interest and of great importance for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) from water splitting. Engineering the band levels is a promising route to design and fabricate nonprecious earth-abundant semiconducting electrocatalysts for OER. Herein, p-type semiconductor electrocatalysts of ultrathin nickel-cobalt inorganic-organic hydroxide hybrid nanobelts [CoxNi1-x(OH)(BzO)·H2O, x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, BzO: benzoate] with favorable band structures are proposed. The CoxNi1-x(OH)(BzO)·H2O with the energetically favorable flat band level and well matched p-p junction exhibit remarkable OER performances in alkaline environment. The optimal Co0.8Ni0.2(OH)(BzO)·H2O nanobelt electrocatalyst with nearly 4 nm in thickness achieves the superior OER performance, showing earlier onset potential (Eonset: 1.50 V vs RHE), smaller overpotential (η10: 319 mV) as well as significantly enhanced stability compared with those of IrO2 reference (Eonset: 1.51 V vs RHE and η10: 343 mV) and most previously reported OER electrocatalysts. This electronic engineering strategy would provide a new insight to the fundamental understanding of underlying OER mechanism as well as open a new avenue to rational design of semiconducting electrocatalysts with high performances.
The electrochemical performance of a typical carbonyl-based organic electrode material dilithium terephthalate is improved remarkably by using sodium alginate as an aqueous binder. Compared to the conventional poly (vinylidene fluoride) binder, the electrode with sodium alginate as a binder shows significant improvement in electrochemical performance. It delivers a high capacity of 200 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1C. Even at 1C, it still remains a capacity of 130 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles with approximately 100% Coulombic efficiency. Due to its high water solubility, dilithium terephthalate distributes uniformly and is surrounded well by electron conductive carbon in the organic electrode with sodium alginate as aqueous binder. The excellent electrochemical performances result from the faster electron transfer, less interfacial impedance and lower polarization of the organic electrode, because the carboxyl and hydroxyl rich groups of sodium alginate facilitate the ion-transporting in the electrode. This work can provide an approach to enhance the performance of not only organic dilithium terephthalate anode, but also other organic electrode materials in various battery systems.
Photogrammetry is a promising set of methods for generating photorealistic 3D models of physical objects and structures. Such methods may rely solely on camera-captured photographs or include additional sensor data. Digital twins are digital replicas of physical objects and structures. Photogrammetry is an opportune approach for generating 3D models for the purpose of preparing digital twins. At a sufficiently high level of quality, digital twins provide effective archival representations of physical objects and structures and become effective substitutes for engineering inspections and surveying. While photogrammetric techniques are well-established, insights about effective methods for interacting with such models in virtual reality remain underexplored. We report the results of a qualitative engineering case study in which we asked six domain experts to carry out engineering measurement tasks in an immersive environment using bimanual gestural input coupled with gaze-tracking. The qualitative case study revealed that gaze-supported bimanual interaction of photogrammetric 3D models is a promising modality for domain experts. It allows the experts to efficiently manipulate and measure elements of the 3D model. To better allow designers to support this modality, we report design implications distilled from the feedback from the domain experts.
Mutations in the X-linked cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene cause a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD). CDKL5 is fundamental for correct brain development and function, but the molecular mechanisms underlying aberrant neurologic dysfunction in CDD are incompletely understood. Here we show a dysregulation of hippocampal and cortical serotonergic (5-HT) receptor expression in heterozygous Cdkl5 knockout (KO) female mice, suggesting that impaired 5-HT neurotransmission contributes to CDD. We demonstrate that targeting impaired 5-HT signaling via the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) sertraline rescues CDD-related neurodevelopmental and behavioral defects in heterozygous Cdkl5 KO female mice. In particular, chronic treatment with sertraline normalized locomotion, stereotypic and autistic-like features, and spatial memory in Cdkl5 KO mice. These positive behavioral effects were accompanied by restored neuronal survival, dendritic development and synaptic connectivity. At a molecular level, sertraline increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and restored abnormal phosphorylation levels of tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) and its downstream target the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2). Since sertraline is an FDA-approved drug with an extensive safety and tolerability data package, even for children, our findings suggest that sertraline may improve neurodevelopment in children with CDD.