batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The glycine transporter-1 inhibitor Org25935 is a promising candidate in a treatment concept for alcohol use disorder targeting the glycine system. Org25935 inhibits ethanol-induced dopamine elevation in brain reward regions and reduces ethanol intake in Wistar rats. This study aimed to further characterise the compound and used ethanol consumption, behavioral measures, and gene expression as parameters to investigate the effects in Wistar rats and, as pharmacogenetic comparison, Alko-Alcohol (AA) rats. Animals were provided limited access to ethanol in a two-bottle free-choice paradigm with daily drug administration. Acute effects of Org25935 were estimated using locomotor activity and neurobehavioral status. Effects on gene expression in Wistar rats were measured with qPCR. The higher but not the lower dose of Org25935 reduced alcohol intake in Wistar rats. Unexpectedly, Org25935 reduced both ethanol and water intake and induced strong CNS-depressive effects in AA-rats (withdrawn from further studies). Neurobehavioral effects by Org25935 differed between the strains (AA-rats towards sedation). Org25935 did not affect gene expression at the mRNA level in the glycine system of Wistar rats. The data indicate a small therapeutic range for the anti-alcohol properties of Org25935, a finding that may guide further evaluations of the clinical utility of GlyT-1 inhibitors. The results point to the importance of pharmacogenetic considerations when developing drugs for alcohol-related medical concerns. Despite the lack of successful clinical outcomes, to date, the heterogeneity of drug action of Org25935 and similar agents and the unmet medical need justify further studies of glycinergic compounds in alcohol use disorder.
Graphene nanosheet (GNS)/Co3O4 composite has been rapidly synthesized by microwave-assisted method. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy observation reveals the homogeneous distribution of Co3O4 nanoparticles (3–5nm in size) on graphene sheets. Electrochemical properties are characterized by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A maximum specific capacitance of 243.2Fg−1 has been obtained at a scan rate of 10mVs−1 in 6M KOH aqueous solution for GNS/Co3O4 composite. Furthermore, the composite exhibits excellent long cycle life along with ∼95.6% specific capacitance retained after 2000 cycle tests.
Rechargeable zinc–air batteries, having high energy densities and cost-effectiveness, are important environmentally-benign energy storage solutions. Here we developed a facile strategy for fabricating a nanoporous alkaline-exchange electrolyte membrane from natural cellulose nanofibres, exhibiting high ionic-conductivity and water retention as well as high bending flexibility. These advantages render the membrane a promising solid-state electrolyte for rechargeable zinc–air batteries in lightweight and flexible electronic applications.
is Research Associate in the workingfield Lightweight Construction and Hybrid Designs of the Institute of Vehicle Concepts of the DLR in Stuttgart (Germany).
Polypyrrole (PPy) thin film electrode was galvanostatically synthesized and characterized in 0.1M HCl on graphite electrode as cathode materials for the aqueous-based rechargeable zinc batteries. The charge/discharge characteristics of PPy and zinc electrode in 0.1M ammonium chloride and in the 0.1M ammonium chloride with addition of 0.1M sodium citrate were investigated. Electrochemical characteristic of possible Zn|PPy cell in chloride/citrate containing electrolyte was discussed and simulated.
Triclinic Na2−x Fe1+x/2P2O7/C composite was prepared by glass-ceramics method. We found that Na2−x Fe1+x/2P2O7/C composite can be used as cathode active materials for Sodium ion battery with high current density rate performance over 10C (2 mA cm−2) condition and stable electrochemical cycle performance. A 2 μm glass precursor powder in composition of Na2−x Fe1+x/2P2O7 (x = 0–0.44) was crystallized in tubular furnace around 600 °C with carbon source to reduce iron valence state and to coat grain surface with carbon. By means of charge–discharge testing Na2FeP2O7/C composite exhibits 86 mAh g−1 (253 Wh kg−1) as reversible discharge energy density that is half amount of that for LiFePO4, however in 10C condition they kept 45 mAh g−1 (110 Wh kg−1) even in 2 μm grain size.
The self-discharge behaviour of Li–S cell, is investigated through changes in the open-circuit voltage (OCV) and discharge capacity with storage time. A fresh Li–S cell experiences 72% sulfur utilization during the first discharge, as based on the theoretical capacity for the formation of Li2S. After 30 days of storage, the OCV has fallen from 2.48 to 2.16V and the discharge capacity has decreased from 1206 to 924mAhg−1 (based on sulfur). Analysis of the self-discharged sample by a variety of techniques shows the formation of lithium polysulfides, such as Li2S n (n ≥ 1) from the reaction of lithium and sulfur, which is related to the corrosion of the stainless current-collector. Stainless steel is not the most appropriate current-collector material for Li–S cells. The extent of self-discharge can be decreased by using a gold-coated current-collector that offers protection against corrosion.
In this work, we examined the electrochemical behaviour of lithium ion batteries containing lithium iron phosphate as the positive electrode and systems based on Li–Al or Li–Ti–O as the negative electrode. These two systems differ in their potential versus the redox couple Li+/Li and in their morphological changes upon lithium insertion/deinsertion. Under relatively slow charge/discharge regimes, the lithium–aluminium alloys were found to deliver energies as high as 438Whkg−1 but could withstand only a few cycles before crumbling, which precludes their use as negative electrodes. Negative electrodes consisting solely of aluminium performed even worse. However, an electrode made from a material with zero-strain associated to lithium introduction/removal such as a lithium titanate spinel exhibited good performance that was slightly dependent on the current rate used. The Li4Ti5O12/LiFePO4 cell provided capacities as high as 150mAhg−1 under C-rate in the 100th cycle.
Monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3 can be synthesized by solid-state reaction using either hydrogen or carbon as the reducing agent when sintering temperatures are higher than 800°C. The initial capacity of Li3V2(PO4)3 synthesized using hydrogen as the reducing agent increases with increasing sintering temperature T and then for T >900°C decreases monotonically, and the sample synthesized at 900°C present the highest initial capacity of 146.3mAhg−1, but exhibit poor cycle performance. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that Li3V2(PO4)3 particles with small uniform particle size can be obtained at 900°C. X-ray diffraction patterns of electrodes before and after cycling indicate that the capacity fading is not related to structure collapse. The carbon-coated Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP/C) composites are synthesized by carbo-thermal reduction method at the optimized temperature of 900°C. The LVP/C exhibit good cycle performance (137.5mAhg−1 at 50th cycle under 1C rate, 94.6% of initial discharge capacity) and rate behavior (111.0mAhg−1 under 5C rate for initial discharge) for the fully de-lithiated (3–4.8V) samples. Our results suggest, based on the SEM images, that the good capacity retention and rate performance are owing to the nanometer size carbon webs coated the Li3V2(PO4)3 particles with both the greater specific surface area and the small uniform particle size.
The broad temperature adaptability of vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is one of the key issues which affects the large-scale and safety application of VRFB. Typically, five types of vanadium electrolytes, namely V2+, V3+, V3.5+ (V3+:VO2+ = 1:1), V4+ (VO2+) and V5+ (VO2 +), are the most common electrolytes' status existing in VRFB system. In this work, the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of these vanadium electrolytes are studied in detail at a broad temperature range (-35°C–50°C). The results show that all types of vanadium electrolytes are stable between -25°C–30°C. The temperature fluctuation will largely influence the conductivity and viscosity of the electrolytes. Besides, the electrochemical properties of the positive (VO2+) and negative (V3+) electrolytes are greatly affected by the temperature; and the charge transfer process fluctuates more greatly with the temperature variation than the charge diffusion process does. These results enable us to better and more comprehensively evaluate the performance of the electrolyte changing with the temperature, which will be beneficial for the rational choice of electrolyte for VRFB operation under various conditions.
In order to enhance the electrochemical capacity of the Co-free AB5-type electrode alloy, Mm in the alloys was substituted with La and Co-free La x Mm1−x (NiMnSiAlFe)4.9 (x = 0, 0.45, 0.75, 1.0) hydrogen storage alloys were prepared by casting and rapid quenching. The effects of the substituting Mm with La on the electrochemical performances of the as-cast and quenched alloys were investigated in detail. The obtained results show that substituting Mm with La can enhance markedly the capacities of the as-cast and quenched alloys. When the amount of substituting Mm with La, x increased from 0 to 1.0, the maximum capacity of the as-cast alloys at 0.2C rate increased from 273.45 to 304.47mAhg−1, and the capacity retaining rate (R h) increased from 59.16 to 59.86%. The capacity of the as-quenched alloys with a quenching rate of 10ms−1 increased from 236.83 to 300.31mAhg−1, and the capacity retaining rate (R h) decreased from 78.69 to 62.29%. The substituting Mm with La had an insignificant effect on the activation capabilities of the as-cast and quenched alloys.
Semantic indexing is a way of coding digital texts and images to represent their associated abstract meanings in database form. Databases encoded in this way enable users to answer complex questions and provide multiple, organized, summary views of their contents. In this article, the author discusses the techniques used in creating a semantically indexed database and provides examples of the utility thereby gained. The author examines the differences between traditional indexing and semantic indexing, and provides insight into the methodology of semantic indexing, using examples.
First-principles calculations are performed to investigate interface properties, Li defects formation and migration mechanism across the interface between negative metal electrode and solid electrolyte (Li/γ-Li3PO4). We have analyzed the band alignment between Li and Li3PO4, interfacial charge distribution and electronic properties to elucidate the properties of the model interface. Our results show that the high Li-ion (Li+) defect formation energy is determined by the Li metal Fermi level leading to low ionic conductivity of Li metal/electrolyte interface. The electronic structure study of this Li metal/Li3PO4 interface provides information on the Li defect formation and migration, which will help us to improve the ionic conductivity for future Li-ion battery.
The structural change of the porous sulfur cathode using gelatin as a binder was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The original sulfur cathode exhibited a homogenous distribution of sulfur, carbon and pores. During the discharge process, the pores and elemental sulfur disappeared gradually. However, those changes were reversed and elemental sulfur was reformed after the charge process, which improved the electrochemical performance of lithium–sulfur batteries.
Three-dimensional (3D) porous materials of Sn–Ni alloy with reticular structure were prepared by electroplating using copper foam as current collector. The structure and electrochemical performance of the electroplated 3D porous Sn–Ni alloys were investigated in detail. Experimental results illustrated that the 3D porous Sn–Ni alloy consists of mainly Ni3Sn4 phase with a hexagonal structure. Galvonostatic charging/discharging of annealed 3D porous Sn–Ni alloy confirmed its excellent performances: at 50th charge–discharge cycle, the discharge specific capacity is 505mAhg−1 and the corresponding charge (delithiation) specific capacity is 501mAhg−1, yielding columbic efficiency as high as 99%. It has revealed that the porous structure of the alloy can restrain the pulverization of electrode in charge/discharge cycles, and accommodate partly the volume expansion and phase transition, resulting in a significant improvement of cycle life of the Sn–Ni electrode.
Analyzing the multiple regression model for the composite criterion, the multiple correlation coefficient, evidence a high and statistically significant correlation between the predictors and the criterion (r=0.741, p<0.05). Also, the beta coefficients provide that the variables of the tests are predictors for the performances registered in traffic (p<0.05). This study based on the findings of the previous research highlight that the Romanian driving schools should improve the psychological assessment batteries with modern and validated instruments. The predictive regression validation model emphasizes the importance of using high performance statistical programs in choosing the psychological tests for evaluation.
A heteroatom-enriched activated carbon with low surface area is prepared from poly(ethyleneterephthalate) and is used as an active electrode material for supercapacitor in 1.28 g cm−3 H2SO4 solution. Thus prepared heteroatom-enriched activated carbon is characterized by nitrogen adsorption/desorption at 77 K, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical characterizations are performed by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge in a three-electrode system. The prepared heteroatom-enriched activated carbon shows an interesting electrochemical activation phenomenon because of which the specific capacitance is significantly increased by charge at high potentials. The activation process involves the insertion of ions into the narrow enclosed free space inside the carbon material to generate new pores. The final results show that the heteroatom-enriched activated carbon electrode has a better discharge rate capability than the commercial activated carbon (Norit AZO) over a wide range of loading current (1–20 A g−1). The highest specific capacitance (201 F g−1) is obtained at 5 mV s−1, which is two fold greater than the one before electrochemical activation. In addition, the specific capacitance of the heteroatom-enriched activated carbon is retained approximately 92% of the initial value after 20,000 cycles, indicating its excellent cycle stability.
Nanoflowers-like CuO/Cu(OH)2 hybrid thin films have been synthesized by simple and inexpensive successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. Prepared CuO/Cu(OH)2 samples have been used for the structural and morphological characterization with different characterization techniques. The electrochemical supercapacitive properties of CuO/Cu(OH)2 nanoflowers were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results showed that, CuO/Cu(OH)2 nanoflower exhibits the maximum specific capacitance of 459Fg−1 at 5mVs−1 in 2M KOH electrolyte. Further, EIS analysis shows lower ESR value, high power performance, excellent rate as well as frequency response of CuO/Cu(OH)2 nanoflowers. Ragone plot ascertains good power and energy densities of CuO/Cu(OH)2 nanoflowers which confirms their suitability for energy storage devices. Thus, present investigation successfully reports the applicability of easy and inexpensive SILAR method for synthesis of CuO/Cu(OH)2 nanostructure to be utilized in supercapacitors.
This communication presents a model of electrochemical cells developed in order to simulate their electrical, chemical and thermal behavior showing the differences when thermal effects are or not considered in the charge–discharge process. The work presented here has been applied to the particular case of the Pb,PbSO4|H2SO4 (aq)|PbO2,Pb cell, which forms the basis of the lead-acid batteries so widely used in the automotive industry and as traction batteries in electric or hybrid vehicles. Each half-cell is considered independently in the model. For each half-cell, in addition to the main electrode reaction, a secondary reaction is considered: the hydrogen evolution reaction in the negative electrode and the oxygen evolution reaction in the positive. The equilibrium potential is calculated with the Nernst equation, in which the activity coefficients are fitted to an exponential function using experimental data. On the other hand, the two main mechanisms that produce the overpotential are considered, that is the activation or charge transfer and the diffusion mechanisms. First, an isothermal model has been studied in order to show the behavior of the main phenomena. A more complex model has also been studied including thermal behavior. This model is very useful in the case of traction batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles where high current intensities appear. Some simulation results are also presented in order to show the accuracy of the proposed models.
To determine the psychometric properties of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in patients with breast cancer and determine the suitability of the instrument for use with this clinical group.
Survival rate is an essential component of population dynamics; therefore, identification of variation in mortality rates and the factors that influence them might be of key importance in understanding why populations increase or decrease. In Denmark, the Little Owl Athene noctua, a species strongly associated with anthropogenically modified landscapes, is declining fast and may soon face extinction. The population decline is ultimately associated with reduced survival of independent offspring, but reduced survival rates of adults may possibly contribute to the observed decline. To explore the causes of current survival rates, we estimated age- and season-specific survival rates and causes of mortality in Danish Little Owls on the basis of ringed birds 1920–2002, radio tagged adult and juveniles 2005–2008 and nest surveys 2006–2008. We estimate that 32 % of all eggs fledge and survive to 2 weeks post hatching (age of ringing) and 47 % of the nestlings from ringing to fledging. Fifty-five percentage of the radio-tracked fledged young survived to dispersal, i.e. a total survival rate from egg to dispersal of 8 %. Analyses of combined ringing and radio tracking data showed a lower survival rate in the 1st year of life and a much lower rate in the first 3 months of life. Furthermore, the analyses indicated that survival was lower in the winter months for ringing data during 1920–2002 but not for radio-tagged owls during 2005–2008 that experienced the highest mortality rates during the breeding season. In radio-tagged adults and fledged juveniles, accidents in buildings and other human infrastructures were responsible for two-thirds of all fatalities. Anthropogenic habitats currently comprise the nesting and roosting habitats for the last Danish Little Owls. The accidental deaths associated with these might to some extent be considered as a contributing factor to the present negative population growth rate of this population.
It is generally agreed that workday durations of 12h or more are not advisable where workload levels are very high. However, there is no clear research basis for the identification of workload levels which should preclude the introduction of extended shifts. In the present study, the effects of varying workload levels and shift durations were investigated both in the laboratory and in a workplace. In the laboratory study subjects performed either cognitive work (two workload levels) or physically demanding work (heart rate maintained at 35beats/min above resting), and there were significant effects of both shift duration and workload level on various performance tests, bodily discomfort, hand steadiness and alertness. In the physically demanding condition, perceived workload was higher on 12h days despite heart rate being unchanged. In a field study, 34 workers participating for three days each, half of them on 8h days and half on 12-h days; workload data were obtained for each subject at each half-day data collection point. The combination of higher workload and 12-h workdays produced greater fatigue, as manifested in increased bodily discomfort, decreased alertness, decreased hand steadiness and increased errors on the grammatical reasoning task. In addition to these interacting effects of workload and work duration, there were main effects of both workload and work duration on bodily discomfort, and of workload on hand steadiness. Relevance to industry The results have relevance for managers and employees regarding the adoption of extended shift systems, particularly in relation to the nature of job demands, overall workload levels, and the criticality of human performance for system safety and efficiency.
For the first time, carbon-mixed LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode materials have been prepared by spray solution technology. Nominal addition of 15 or 20wt.% C was used in order to simulate the industrial practice for preparation of electrode materials. The prepared powders consist of a single LiFePO4 phase: small crystallites with a highly developed surface area, beneficial for the surface electrochemical processes limited by the low Li diffusion. The combination of spray technology and carbon addition increased the specific surface area above 20m2/g at a relatively high sintering temperature (700°C). The initial discharge capacity was up to 140mAh/g compared to 125mAh/g for conventionally prepared (using a solid state reaction) LiFePO4 electrode materials.
The electrodes of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are known to be brittle and to fail earlier than the separators during an external crush event. Thus, the understanding of mechanical failure mechanism for LIB electrodes (anode and cathode) is critical for the safety design of LIB cells. In this paper, we present experimental and numerical studies on the constitutive behavior and progression of failure in LIB electrodes. Mechanical tests were designed and conducted to evaluate the constitutive properties of porous electrodes. Constitutive models were developed to describe the stress-strain response of electrodes under uniaxial tensile and compressive loads. The failure criterion and a damage model were introduced to model their unique tensile and compressive failure behavior. The failure mechanism of LIB electrodes was studied using the blunt rod test on dry electrodes, and numerical models were built to simulate progressive failure. The different failure processes were examined and analyzed in detail numerically, and correlated with experimentally observed failure phenomena. The test results and models improve our understanding of failure behavior in LIB electrodes, and provide constructive insights on future development of physics-based safety design tools for battery structures under mechanical abuse.