batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Zn3P2 has been studied as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochemical studies demonstrate that the initial discharge and charge capacities are 1056 and 710mAhg−1, respectively. The discharge–charge reaction mechanism of lithium with Zn3P2 is analyzed by ex situ X-ray diffraction. On initial discharge, LiZn alloy is formed in a matrix of Li3P. Upon charge, LiZn alloy is transformed completely into Zn metal and Li3P is converted partially to P, which reacts with Zn to form the original Zn3P2 phase. The reversible capacity of Zn3P2 is improved when cycled in the limited voltage window.
Si thin films were deposited directly on stainless steel substrates that act as current collectors using the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. Amorphous Si films of different thicknesses were obtained at the Ar gas pressure of 5×10−5 Torr and a temperature of 500°C but different deposition times. The microstructure and morphology of the films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The anodic electrochemical performance of the films was examined in the range of 0.005–1.5V, which revealed excellent cyclic stability without any large capacity fade up to the 70th cycle. The PLD process was suitable for improving the density and adhesion behavior of the films.
An emission sensor/sampler system was coupled to a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) hexacopter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to characterize gases and particles in the plumes emitted from open burning of military ordnance. The UAV/sampler was tested at two field sites with test and sampling flights spanning over 16 h of flight time. The battery-operated UAV was remotely maneuvered into the plumes at distances from the pilot of over 600 m and at altitudes of up to 122 m above ground level. While the flight duration could be affected by sampler payload (3.2–4.6 kg) and meteorological conditions, the 57 sampling flights, ranging from 4 to 12 min, were typically terminated when the plume concentrations of CO2 were diluted to near ambient levels. Two sensor/sampler systems, termed “Kolibri,” were variously configured to measure particulate matter, metals, chloride, perchlorate, volatile organic compounds, chlorinated dioxins/furans, and nitrogen-based organics for determination of emission factors. Gas sensors were selected based on their applicable concentration range, light weight, freedom from interferents, and response/recovery times. Samplers were designed, constructed, and operated based on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methods and quality control criteria. Results show agreement with published emission factors and good reproducibility (e.g., 26% relative standard deviation for PM2.5). The UAV/Kolibri represents a significant advance in multipollutant emission characterization capabilities for open area sources, safely and effectively making measurements heretofore deemed too hazardous for personnel or beyond the reach of land-based samplers.
Lead is a potentially harmful element that has caused serious environmental pollution during its mining and use along with serious human health problems. This study assessed lead in Chinese coals based on published literature, with a particular focus on data reported since 2004. The analysis included 9447 individual samples from 103 coalfields or mines in 28 provinces in China. The arithmetic mean content of lead in the studied coals was 15.0 μg/g. Considering the coal reserves, the weighted-average lead concentration in Chinese coals was calculated to be 19.6 μg/g. Lead was significantly enriched in the coals from Henan Province and enriched in the coals from the Tibet Autonomous Region. The coals from Tibet–Western Yunnan and the southern areas of China had elevated lead concentrations. Sulfides are the primary hosts of lead in Chinese coals, although other hosts include silicates, organic matter, carbonates, and other minerals. Source rocks in the sediment-source region and marine environments may be the most significant factors contributing to lead enrichment in Chinese coals. Hydrothermal fluids and peat-forming plants also contribute to lead enrichment in some Chinese coals.
Mesoporous manganese oxides (MnO2) microspheres were synthesized by the first chemical deposition of manganese carbonate (MnCO3) precursors at room temperature and followed by the low-temperature calcinations under 300, 350 and 400°C. The obtained MnO2 materials exhibit the Akhtenskite type MnO2 crystalline microstructures and the microspherical morphologies with the diameter of about 1μm. The as-synthesized MnO2 microspheres under 300°C exhibit the largest specific area (240.5m2 g−1) and the optimal mesopore volume (0.231cm3 g−1) than the other two samples under 350 and 400°C (111.4, 106.3m2 g−1; 0.055, 0.021cm3 g−1), which contribute to the optimal electrochemical performances for supercapacitors. Moreover, the as-synthesized MnO2 microspheres under 300°C possess the highest tap density (1.156gcm−3) than the other two samples (1.126, 1.043gcm−3), leading to the more feasibility for practical applications in supercapacitors. The as-fabricated MnO2 electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance (129Fg−1 at 0.25Ag−1) and high-rate capability (68Fg−1 at 4Ag−1). The as-assembled activated carbon (AC)//MnO2 hybrid capacitor exhibits a wide working voltage (1.8V), high power and energy densities (2197Wkg−1 and 12.8Whkg−1 at 4Ag−1), excellent cycling behavior (94.3% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles at 1Ag−1), and excellent capacitance recovery performances under different rates (0.25–4Ag−1) for tested 4500 cycles, indicating the promising prospective of the easily fabricated mesoporous MnO2 microspheres for practical applications in supercapacitors.
A lithium ion battery is developed using fiber-type Li-rich cathode and carbon anode materials. The cathode material is synthesized onto the carbon fiber by a two-step reaction process, namely, the electrodeposition for forming the precursor and the hydrothermal treatment for synthesizing the active material. The active material layer is composed of nanoparticles, which can be identified as a 94.8 wt.% primary Li2MnO3 phase together with a 5.2 wt.% minor Li4Mn5O12 phase based on a synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis. This cathode possesses a typical irreversible capacity during the first charge/discharge cycle, which can be utilized to compensate for the anode one, enabling the full cell to work without an initial predoping. In addition, the cell exhibits a rapid activation, favorable coulomb efficiency and high-rate performance, suggesting that the fiber-type electrodes are structurally beneficial for the electrical conduction and ion diffusion. On the other hand, its discharge capacity fades with cycling, which can be attributed to the phase transformation from the layered Li2MnO3 to the spinel LiMn2O4.
Spherical Al-substituted α-Ni(OH)2 for alkaline rechargeable batteries was prepared by a complexation-coprecipitation method. The morphology and structure of the samples were characterized by SEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Their electrochemical performance including charge–discharge behavior, diffusion coefficient of proton ( D H + ), stability in strong alkaline solution and cycle life was also investigated. The results showed that the Al-substituted α-Ni(OH)2 prepared by this method manifests perfect spherical shape and the specific discharge capacity of the sample with 18.3mol% Al reaches 477mAhg−1 when the pH value of synthesis solution is 11.75. The interlayer distance, the oxygen evolution potential and the half discharge potential of the sample increase greatly with the increase of Al content. Compared with β-Ni(OH)2 without Al substitution, there are large amounts of proton defects in Al-substituted α-Ni(OH)2 which increases the diffusion coefficient of proton ( D H + ) measured by current pulse relaxation (CPR). The Al-substituted α-Ni(OH)2 sample shows an excellent structural stability during ageing treatment in 6M KOH solution and the loss of Al can be neglected.
NiFe batteries are emerging as an important energy storage technology but suffer from a hydrogen-producing side reaction which has safety implications and reduces coulombic efficiency. This manuscript describes a systematic improvement approach for the production of Fe/FeS-based anodes at high concentrations of iron sulphide. Electrodes were made by mixing varying amounts of iron sulphide in such a way that its concentration ranges from between 50 and 100 % (compositions expressed on a PTFE-free basis). Electrode performance was evaluated by cycling our in-house-produced anodes against commercially available nickel electrodes. The results show that anodes produced with larger concentrations outperform their lower concentration counterparts in terms of coulombic efficiency although a slight decrease in the overall cell performance was found when using pure FeS anodes. At high FeS concentrations a hydrogen-producing side reaction has been virtually eliminated resulting in coulombic efficiencies of over 95 %. This has important implications for the safety and commercial development of NiFe batteries.
Silicon has long been recognized as a high-energy battery electrode but its commercialization faces significant barriers. Here the authors report scalable synthesis of silicon-nanolayer-embedded graphite electrodes that display cycling stability at the industrial electrode density.
Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) with Inspire is a novel treatment indicated for moderate or severe obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS), intolerant to or unable to be treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).
Assembly of the efficient flexible energy storage devices is indispensable for widening the application of the wearable electronics which require electricity for operating. The flexible substrate such as Ni foam and carbon cloth is one of the key components for establishing flexible energy storage devices. However, the effects of the substrate for growing the active materials on the physical and electrochemical properties of the energy storage devices are rarely investigated. In this work, the Ni foam and the carbon cloth are used as the flexible substrates for fabricating the positive electrodes composed of the nickel cobalt oxide and the nickel cobalt oxide@nickel molybdenum oxide active materials for battery supercapacitor hybrids. The larger surface area and the pore volume are obtained for the electrodes based on the carbon cloth with the 360° growing sites, whereas the higher electrical conductivity and extra nickel hydroxide and nickel oxide are obtained for the electrodes based on the Ni foam. The best electrochemical performance is obtained for the battery supercapacitor hybrid based on the Ni foam substrate with the nickel cobalt oxide@nickel molybdenum oxide as the active material. This device provides the highest energy density of 11.90 Wh kg−1 at the maximum power density of 800 W kg−1. This work proposes a novel investigation of the substrate effect on the energy storage ability for the battery supercapacitor hybrids. The unique physical properties of the electrodes composed of the Ni foam and carbon cloth flexible substrates are also understood. Another feasible ways are expected to apply for improving the energy storage ability of the battery supercapacitor hybrids with the understanding of the flexible substrate features.
A novel approach of fabricating vertical-contact separation mode triboelectric nanogenerator employing three-dimensional (3D) printed functional layers and mechanical spring is presented with the ultimate goal of direct integration of triboelectric sensors with smart 3D objects. Commercially available elastomer TangoBlack is investigated for the first time as soft active triboelectric layer, and rigid polymers, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polyamide (PA), are considered as active triboelectric layers and spring mechanism in a triboelectric touch sensor. Amongst rigid layers, the spring mechanism is prepared using 3D printed PA material since it exhibits structural rigidity along with flexibility. TangoBlack is measured to be slightly above other commercial rigid positive layers in the triboelectric series. We implement a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer printed by direct ink writing which demonstrates, when pairing with TangoBlack, ~ 300% higher average power output than nearest other pairs considered. The touch sensor behavior is evaluated for varying operational active areas, frequencies and applied forces using an automated setup, and for hand and finger tapping. For the load resistance of 273.7 MΩ, hand tapping at 2.0 ± 0.1 Hz provides peak power (P P ) of 1.2 mW (peak power density of 186.4 μW/cm2), whereas finger tapping at 2.0 ± 0.1 Hz generates P P of 62.9 μW (peak power density of 48.4 μW/cm2). This work represents a major step towards the digital manufacturing of triboelectric nanogenerators which would enable their integration in 3D smart objects, notably soft wearables and robotics.
A series of graphite/LFP commercial cells, stored under 3 different conditions of temperature (30, 45, and 60 °C) and SOC (30, 65, and 100%) during up to 8 months, are disassembled and analyzed in order to identify aging phenomena. The recovered positive and negative electrodes are studied using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and electrochemical testing. The maximum lithium stoichiometry in the recovered cathodes, derived both from XRD data and from electrochemical titration, decreases with an increase of storage temperature and storage SOC. This result confirms that the capacity fade of the commercial cells is caused by the loss of cyclable lithium. From capacity measurements on individual electrodes, any loss of active material is ruled out. Cyclable lithium loss arises from the growth of the solid electrolyte interphase at the anode, as outlined by the presence of a thick and fluffy film at the graphite particle surface for severe aging conditions (e.g., T = 60 °C and SOC = 100%) and an increase of the impedance. Evidence for side reactions at the LFP electrode is provided as well, as demonstrated by the presence of F-rich particles and an impedance increase for the electrodes that aged the most.
The vanadium dioxide/activated expanded graphite (VO2/AEG) composite and carbon-vanadium oxynitride (C-V2NO) porous web-like structures were successfully synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The X-ray diffraction analysis of the VO2/AEG composite revealed the diffraction peaks of the monoclinic VO2 and hexagonal AEG structures respectively while for the C-V2NO material, a cubic crystal structure was observed. The Raman spectroscopy analysis of VO2/AEG composite and C-V2NO depicted vibration brands linked to vanadium dioxide with the distinct D, G, and D′ peaks confirming the presence of disordered carbon into the main vanadium-based matrix. The electrochemical performance of the electrode material (VO2/AEG//C-V2NO) was evaluated in a two-electrode asymmetric device with the VO2/AEG composite as the positive electrode and C-V2NO as the negative electrode operating in a 6 M KOH electrolyte. The asymmetric device exhibited a specific energy of 41.6 Wh kg−1 with a corresponding specific power of 904 W kg−1 at a 1 A g−1 specific current in a large operating voltage of 1.8 V. The specific energy was still retained at 9 Wh kg−1 at an amplified specific current of 20 A g−1 with a specific power of 18 kW kg−1. The supercapacitor showed a 93% capacity retention for up to 10,000 constant gravimetric current cyclic stability test at a specific current of 10 A g−1 with a good rate capability. A notable device stability was maintained without any failure via voltage floating tests for up to 100 h.
Inactive lithium (more frequently called dead lithium) in the forms of solid–electrolyte interphase and electrically isolated metallic lithium is principally responsible for the performance decay commonly observed in lithium metal batteries. A fundamental solution of recovering dead lithium is urgently needed to stabilize lithium metal batteries. Here we quantify the solid–electrolyte interphase components, and determine their relation with the formation of electrically isolated dead lithium metal. We present a lithium restoration method based on a series of iodine redox reactions mainly involving I3−/I−. Using a biochar capsule host for iodine, we show that the I3−/I− redox takes place spontaneously, effectively rejuvenating dead lithium to compensate the lithium loss. Through this design, a full-cell using a very limited lithium metal anode exhibits an excellent lifespan of 1,000 cycles with a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.9%. We also demonstrate the design with a commercial cathode in pouch cells.
A large scale direct thermal decomposition method has been developed to prepare NiO/MWCNT nanocomposites. The as-prepared NiO nanoparticles are uniformly coated onto the surface of MWCNTs. The well crystallized NiO/MWCNT composites show superior electrochemical performance in Li ion batteries. The lithium storage capacity maintains at ∼800mAhg−1 after 50 discharge/charge cycles, which is much larger than those reported for NiO and its composites. Therefore, the NiO/MWCNT composites have significant potentials for application in energy storage devices. The direct thermal decomposition method is a versatile route for preparing carbon nanotube-inorganic hybrid electrode materials for lithium ion batteries.
The prohibitive cost and scarcity of the platinum-based eletrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells and metal-air batteries hamper dramatically the commercialization of theses clean-energy technologies. Here, we develop a highly active nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber (N-CNF) aerogel metal-free ORR electrocatalyst, prepared by direct pyrolysis of a cheap, green, and mass-producible biomass, i.e., bacterial cellulose, followed by NH3 activation. The N-CNF aerogel inherits the three-dimensional nanofibrous network of bacterial cellulose and meanwhile possess high density of N-containing active sites (5.8at%) and high BET surface area (916m2/g). Such N-CNF aerogel shows superior ORR activity (half-wave potential of 0.80V versus reversible hydrogen electrode) and high selectivity (electron-transfer number of 3.97 at 0.8V), and excellent electrochemical stability (only 20mV negative shift of half-wave potential after 10,000 potential cycles) in alkaline media. The ORR activity of N-CNF aerogel exceeds that of NH3-treated carbon blacks, carbon nanotubes as well as reduced graphene oxide aerogels, and that of most reported metal-free catalysts. Importantly, when used as a cathode catalyst for constructing the air electrode of Zn-air battery, the N-CNF aerogel exhibits high voltages of 1.34 and 1.25V at the discharge current densities of 1.0 and 10mAcm−2, respectively, which are highly comparable with the state-of-the art Pt/C catalyst (20wt% Pt, BASF), indicating the great potential of this metal-free catalyst as a promising alternative to the Pt/C for alkaline fuel cells and metal-air batteries.
Royal Navy Junior Warfare Officers (JWO) undergo a comprehensive training package in order to prepare them to be officers of the watch. One aspect of this training relates to their knowledge of the ‘Rules of the Road’ or ‘COLREGS’; the rules for the manoeuvring and signalling that approaching vessels make in order to avoid collision. The training and assessment exercises undertaken predominantly use non-interactive static materials. These do not exercise the required skill in reconciling information from maritime charts, radar displays and ‘out-of-the-window’ monitoring. Consequently, performance during assessment on the VR-based bridge simulator falls short. This paper describes The Rules of the Road SIMulator (RORSIM)—a proof of concept interactive 3D (i3D) simulator developed to bridge the training gap between classroom teaching and VR bridge simulator assessment. RORSIM’s differentiation and its key functionality in terms of visualisaton, physics/interaction and game mechanics are influenced by the consideration of pedagogical learning models during requirements capture. This capture is formalised by a ‘Training Gap Use Case’—a graphical viewpoint using the Universal Modelling Language which can assist developers in requirements capture and development of i3D tools for existing training programmes. Key functionality, initial JWO feedback and a planned pilot study design are reported.
NiO nanoparticles with average particles size of 30nm are synthesized using a one-pot metal–organic framework-combustion (MOF-C) technique, for use as an anode material in rechargeable lithium ion batteries (LIBs). The structural and electronic properties of these nanoparticles are studied using various techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and N2 adsorption/desorption studies. The as-synthesized NiO nanoparticles sustained reversible stable capacities of 748 and 410 mAh/g at applied current densities of 500 and 1000mA/g, respectively, after 100 cycles. Furthermore, the anode displays a notable rate capability, achieving a stable capacity of ∼200 mAh/g at a high current density of 10 A/g. These results indicate that the size of the NiO nanoparticles and their high surface area influence their electrochemical properties. Specifically, this combustion strategy is clearly favorable for improving the cyclability and rate capability of various metal oxides in rechargeable battery electrodes.
The properties and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) characteristics of Pt/C and Corich core–Ptrich shell/C, which were prepared by the thermal decomposition and the chemical reduction methods, annealed in the various conditions were investigated. The alloying degree and grain size of Corich core–Ptrich shell/C analyzed by XRD was increased from 13.10% and 2.45nm to 42.83% and 2.62nm by increasing the time for annealing at 400°C in N2 (annealing condition 1) from 0 to 15h. When the Corich core–Ptrich shell/C was annealed in air at 250°C and then reduced in 6% H2 at 400°C (annealing condition 2), the alloying degree and grain size were obtained to be 47.26% and 3.79nm, respectively. The decrease in the atomic ratio of Co/Pt from 4.77 to 1.34 by annealing Corich core–Ptrich shell/C in condition 1 from 0 to 15h was deduced to be the increase in the Pt loading by the reduction of residual Pt precursor to Pt. The mass and specific activities (MA, SA) of the ORR at 0.9V (versus RHE) on Pt/C annealed in condition 2 were obtained to be 4.11Ag−1 and 6.12μAcm−2, respectively. The MA and SA of Corich core–Ptrich shell/C annealed by condition 2 were 10.07Ag−1 and 11.27μAcm−2.
In the present study, an attempt is made to synthesis LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 compounds by adopting a novel solution combustion route, because this compound is a promising candidate to replace commercial LiCoO2 in secondary lithium batteries. LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 is synthesized at 750°C for 3, 12 and 24h in an air atmosphere. Its structural and electrochemical properties are characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry, and charge–discharge studies. The charge–discharge behaviours suggests that the initial discharge capacities are different for different charging cut-off voltages. LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 shows high specific discharge capacity and good cycle-life performance.