batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This paper discusses miniaturized Pb/HBF4/PbO2 reserve batteries (MRB) for military applications as in-flight power sources for small-caliber electronic fuzes, where the setback acceleration and high-spin force in firing environments are used to activate the MRB. The MRB is composed of a series configured 23 bipolar electrodes, an isolated glass ampoule filled with an electrolyte and an internal cutter for breaking the glass ampoule. The MRB is designed to furnish high-voltage electrical energy with a fast activation time in gunfire environments and must have a 20-year shelf life. The electrolyte volume is determined from the simulation results of a CFD program (FLUENT) for reduction in design time and cost. Two kinds of MRBs have been designed and fabricated: MRB-S with one narrow electrolyte-filling microchannel and MRB-D with two. In the experimental study, spin tests under 10,000× g's and ∼20,000rpm conditions and a fire test under 43,000× g's and 57,000rpm conditions have been made. The fabricated MRB with a diameter of 16mm and a height of 13mm has achieved a maximum voltage of 34.6±0.4V, an activation time of 8.6±0.6ms and a maximum capacity of 37.4±0.4Ws at an optimized electrolyte volume of 180mm3. The test results have verified that the activation time of the MRB at a low temperature of −32°C can be improved by decreasing the flow resistance of the electrolyte in spite of the decreased ion mobility.
The structural design of ion-conducting channels within polymer electrolytes (PEs) is of prime importance if their transport properties, especially in high performance electrochemical devices, must be optimized. Although many efforts have been directed towards enhancing the transport properties of PEs through nanoscopic modification, few investigations have successfully used nanofillers to achieve enhanced target ion conduction in composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs). In this work, we show that the transport properties of polymeric ionic liquid (PIL)-based PEs can be optimized by the incorporation of 2D silica nanofillers and that desirable transport properties result from the inclusion of abundant, shorter, continuous and interconnected ion transfer pathways created by a combination of grafted PIL and mesoporous structures in 2D silica nanofillers. The presence of PIL-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoplates (PIL-FMSiNP) increases the ionic conductivity of PIL/IL PEs by 1130% at room temperature (~30°C) while significantly decreasing the ion transport activation barrier (ca. 10kJmol−1). Such nanofillers simultaneously confer both high ionic conductivity [(~10−3 Scm−1 at 130°C) with only a small amount of IL loading (15wt%)], and excellent IL immersion and retention properties to PIL/IL PE. The CPE's favorable transport properties make it well-suited for the fabrication of electrochemical devices including Li batteries, fuel cells, dye-sensitized cells, and supercapacitors. Preliminary Li battery tests have shown that Li/LiFePO4 cells with PIL/IL/PIL-FMSiNP CPE are capable of delivering 135.8mAhg−1 capacity at 60°C during 30 charge/discharge cycles, suggesting that their capacity and capacity retention are superior to cells using unmodified PIL/IL PE (50.0mAhg−1).
Series plug-in hybrid electric vehicles of varying engine configuration and battery capacity are modeled using Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR). The performance of these vehicles is analyzed on the bases of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions on the tank-to-wheel and well-to-wheel paths. Both city and highway driving conditions are considered during the simulation. When simulated on the well-to-wheel path, it is shown that the range extender with a Wankel rotary engine consumes less energy and emits fewer greenhouse gases compared to the other systems with reciprocating engines during many driving cycles. The rotary engine has a higher power-to-weight ratio and lower noise, vibration and harshness compared to conventional reciprocating engines, although performs less efficiently. The benefits of a Wankel engine make it an attractive option for use as a range extender in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.
While conceptualizations of child wellbeing usually include multiple dimensions and complex notions, measurements of child wellbeing often tend to be simpler. This mismatch between concepts and measurements is often rooted in a limitation in the instruments that were originally conceived to assess child wellbeing. This paper aims to help in closing this gap by proposing a model that measures child wellbeing in a multi-dimensional way. With the aid of structural equation modeling (SEM), the model examines the physical health, cognitive ability, motor co-ordination, and emotional competence of around 2,000 children aged four to 6 years in poor rural communities in Mexico. Data is extracted from the Household Evaluation Survey-2003 (Encuesta de Evaluación de Hogares, ENCEL-2003). This paper concludes that further investments in the measurement of child wellbeing are needed, particularly in relation to subjective wellbeing, time use, and the role of children within the household and in society. Nevertheless, while more data is collected, this paper also concludes that SEM appears to be a great aid in exploring multiple dimensions of child wellbeing simultaneously.
Two novel isomorphous 2D NiII/CoII-NiII Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) with tetrazole-1-acetate ligands have been synthesized and structurally characterized. And then they were calcined in air to obtain Ni/Co3O4-doped NiO electrodes. Compared to the homometallic MOF-derived oxide, the heterometallic MOF-derived bimetal oxides presented higher coulombic efficiency, better cycle performance, larger specific capacity as lithium-ion batteries anodes.
We systematically investigate polysaccharide binders for high-capacity silicon anodes in lithium ion batteries to find critical factors for the binder function. Analogous to the millipede's strong adhesion based on adhesive pads located on each leg, xanthan gum exhibits the best performance by utilizing its double helical superstructure with side chains and ion–dipole interactions, revealing the great importance of the superstructure and charge interactions in the Si binder design.
Through a hydrothermal method, Zn-Al LDHs has been successfully in situ growth on graphene. The obtained LDHs/G composite was characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM. Compared with pure LDHs and LDHs-RGO compound, the as-prepared LDHs/G composite was used as modified anode active material for Zn-Ni battery followed by electrochemical performance test such as cycling performance, cyclic voltammograms (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and charge/discharge performance. The discharge specific capacity of LDHs/G electrode remains at about 356mAhg−1 in the whole process of 800 cycle with the retention ratio of 94.9%. Besides, the charge/discharge test at the 50th cycle shows the electrode with LDHs/G composite presents a lower charge and higher discharge plateau than that of pure LDHs and LDHs-RGO compounds. And the CV test after 50th cycle demonstrates that the use of the LDHs/G composite as the zinc anode material has a less negative reduction peak potential and a more negative oxidation peak with a peak potential difference of 0.201V. And the EIS measurement shows the electrochemical reaction of LDHs/G electrode is the most difficult to occur with the ohmic resistance of its electrode slightly reduced by 1.239Ωcm2 and the charge transfer resistance reduced by 4.311Ωcm2. All the results indicate a great improvement in electrochemical performance of the modified electrode that LDHs/G as an anode material for Zn-Ni secondary battery.
A facile chemical reduction method for preparation of CoNiB was designed and developed. The obtained products showed outstanding electrochemical performances as positive electrode materials in aqueous electrolytes at different current densities (from 1 A g−1 to 20 A g−1). CoNiB nanocomposite exhibited reversible specific capacity of 319.4 mAh g−1, remarkable rate capability over 90% at 20 A g−1, and excellent cyclability with no obvious decay over 100 cycles. The high surface area of CoNiB facilitated the mass and charge transfer, which, in turn, boosted the electrochemical performances.
The electrochemical properties of LiMn2O4 (LMO) based cathode material with conducting polymer binder containing poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) dispersion and carboxymethylcellulose (СМС) were investigated for electrodes of three different thicknesses. The effect of the thickness of LMO cathode layer on the kinetic parameters of electrode processes (R ct, D app, i 0) derived from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been experimentally analyzed. A simple approach for estimating the possible influence of various real surface areas of electrodes with different active masses by plotting the dependencies normalized to the mass of the active component was proposed. This approach assumes that the real active surface area is defined as the total surface of all particles of the active component, and their mass is proportional to the area given that size of active grains is subject to random statistical distribution. It leads to determination of more reliable values of kinetic parameters and gives the base for more reasonable comparison of results of different works, as was illustrated in the example of LMO. It has been shown that the large difference in the values of charge transfer resistance R ct and apparent diffusion coefficients D app for electrodes with various thicknesses becomes insignificant after EIS data normalization to mass loading. While the values obtained from as-recorded non-normalized EIS data referred to the visible area of electrode differ considerably, the normalization of EIS spectra to LMO mass and calculation referred to the real surface area estimated from Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) yields closer values.
For the reliability of lead-acid batteries it is important to have an accurate prediction of its response to load profiles. A model for the lead-sulfate growth is presented, which is embedded in a physical–chemical model with 3D spatial resolution is presented which is used for analyzing the different mechanism influencing the cell response. One import factor is the chemical dissolution and precipitation of lead-sulfate, since its dissolution speed limits the charging reaction and the accumulation of indissolvable of lead-sulfate leads to capacity degradation. The cell performance/behavior is not only determined by the amount of the sulfate but also by the radii and distribution of the crystals. The presented model can be used to for an improved understanding of the interaction of the different mechanisms.
In this work, isolated fine silver nanoparticles and polypyrrole/silver nanocomposites with diameters of about 10nm on gold substrates were first prepared by electrochemical methods. First, an Ag substrate was cycled in a deoxygenated aqueous solution containing 0.1M HCl from −0.30 to +0.30V versus Ag/AgCl at 5mV/s with 30 scans. Subsequently the Ag working electrode was immediately replaced by an Au electrode and a cathodic overpotential of 0.2V was applied under controlled sonication to synthesize Ag nanoparticles on the Au electrode. Then pyrrole monomers were encouragingly found to be polymerized on the deposited Ag nanoparticles. This polymerization is distinguishable from the known chemical or electrochemical one, due to the electrochemical activity of unreduced species of Ag n + clusters inside the nanoparticles. Also, this polymerization may be ascribed to the oxidizing agent of AuCl4 −, which is present on the Au electrode.
A theoretical framework is formulated to analytically quantify the effects of the microstructure on the average properties of porous electrodes, including reactive area density and the through-thickness tortuosity as observed in experimentally-determined tomographic sections. The proposed formulation includes the microstructural non-idealities but also captures the well-known perfectly spherical limit. Results demonstrate that in the absence of any particle alignment, the through-thickness Bruggeman exponent α, reaches an asymptotic value of α ∼ 2 / 3 as the shape of the particles become increasingly prolate (needle- or fiber-like). In contrast, the Bruggeman exponent diverges as the shape of the particles become increasingly oblate, regardless of the degree of particle alignment. For aligned particles, tortuosity can be dramatically suppressed, e.g., α → 1 / 10 for r a → 1 / 10 and MRD ∼ 40 . Particle size polydispersity impacts the porosity-tortuosity relation when the average particle size is comparable to the thickness of the electrode layers. Electrode reactivity density can be arbitrarily increased as the particles become increasingly oblate, but asymptotically reach a minimum value as the particles become increasingly prolate. In the limit of a porous electrode comprised of fiber-like particles, the area density decreases by 24 % , with respect to a distribution of perfectly spherical particles.
The effects of annealing a rapidly-quenched hydrogen-absorbing alloy with a stoichiometric ratio of 4.76 were investigated concerning its hydrogen-absorbing properties, crystal structure and electrochemical characteristics. Annealing at 1073K homogenized the alloy microstructure and flattened its plateau slope in the P–C isotherms. However, annealing at 1273K segregated a second phase rich in rare earth elements, increased the hydrogen-absorbing pressure and decreased the hydrogen-absorbing capacity. As the number of charge–discharge cycles increases, the particle size distribution of the rapidly-quenched alloy became broad due to partial pulverization. However, particle size distribution of the rapidly-quenched, annealed, alloy was sharp, since the annealing homogenized the microstructure, thereby improving the cycle characteristics. A high-capacity rectangular nickel metal hydride battery using a rapidly-quenched, annealed, surface-treated alloy for the negative electrode and an active material coated with cobalt compound containing sodium for the positive electrode was developed. The capacity of the resulting battery was 30% greater than that of a conventional battery.
The tasks of harvesting, transmitting, and storing the energy required to meet global demands are some of the most pressing needs we will face in the near future. Scientists are seeking new technologies to generate renewable and clean energy resources. Nanofiberous materials with high surface areas and porosities have attracted significant attention in recent years and are considered to be promising candidates to address these critical issues. Nanofibers can be produced by many techniques. Of these, electrospinning is a particularly low cost and versatile method. This paper highlights research into the use of electrospinning to create materials suited for four major energy-related applications: (1) fuel cells, (2) dye-sensitized solar cells, (3) Li-ion batteries, and (4) supercapacitors. In addition, electrospun nanofibers used in other areas, such as thermoelectrical and piezoelectric materials, are also discussed. Specific attention is given to the material properties that have been achieved through electrospinning and what limitations of existing processes offer opportunities for future research.
Coffee is rich in compounds such as polyphenols, caffeine, diterpenes, melanoidins and trigonelline, which can stimulate brain activity. Therefore, the possible association of coffee consumption with cognition is of considerable research interest. In this paper, we assess the association of coffee consumption and total dietary caffeine intake with the risk of poor cognitive functioning in a population of elderly overweight/obese adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS).
This work compares the performance of lithium batteries with polymer electrolytes with unity (“ionomer”) and nonunity (“polymer electrolyte”) transference numbers. The study is performed with respect to a particular cell chemistry, Li metal∣polymer∣LiV6O13-composite electrode, which is currently a top candidate for use in electric vehicles. Cell performance was modeled to determine the best possible performance of cells containing four different electrolytes: “ideal” polymer membrane and ionomer with properties defined by USABC goals, and the presently best available polymer electrolyte and ionomer. Positive electrode thickness, porosity, and current density were varied to find the cell geometry with the highest combined energy density and peak power performance for cells with each electrolyte, and concentration and potential profiles are examined to determine the limitations of the electrolytes. The results show that at 40°C, the “ideal” polymer electrolyte can provide 104 W h/kg and 99 Wp/kg, the “ideal” ionomer can provide 94 W h/kg and 58 Wp/kg, and the currently available electrolytes can provide about one-fifth of these values.
The increased penetration of renewable energy sources has prompted the integration of battery energy storage systems in active distribution networks. The energy storage systems not only participate in the backup power supply but also have the potential to provide various distributed ancillary services. In this paper, a new bi-level optimization framework is developed to optimally allocate the intense wind power generation units and battery energy storage systems with the provision of central and distributed ancillary services in distribution systems. Two battery energy storage systems and one shunt capacitor are strategically allocated for coordination of wind power generation. One of the battery is deployed at grid substation to participate in central ancillary services whereas second is participating in distributed ancillary services. At level-1, all the distributed energy resources are optimally allocated while minimizing the annual energy loss of distribution systems. Whereas, level-2 performs hourly optimal energy and ancillary services management of distributed resources deployed at level-1. The objectives considered at level-2 are the minimization of hourly load deviation, reverse power flow towards the grid, power loss, and node voltage deviation. The proposed framework is implemented on a real-life Indian 108-bus distribution system for different cases and solved by using a genetic algorithm. The comparison of simulation results reveal the promising advantages of the proposed optimization framework. It provides more energy loss and demands deviation reduction, improved system voltage and power factor at higher wind penetration as compared to the cases in which distributed ancillary services are ignored in the planning stage.
Objective Differentiating epileptic seizures (ES) from psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) represents a challenging differential diagnosis with important treatment implications. This study was designed to explore the utility of neuropsychological test scores in differentiating ES from PNES. Method Psychometric data from 72 patients with ES and 33 patients with PNES were compared on various tests of cognitive ability and performance validity. Individual measures that best discriminated the diagnoses were then entered as predictors in a logistic regression equation with group membership (ES vs. PNES) as the criterion. Results On most tests of cognitive ability, the PNES sample outperformed the ES sample (medium–large effect) and was less likely to fail the Reliable Digit Span. However, patients with PNES failed two embedded validity indicators at significantly higher rates (risk ratios (RR): 2.45–4.16). There were no group differences on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM). A logistic regression equation based on seven neuropsychological tests correctly classified 85.1% of patients. The cutoff with perfect specificity was associated with 0.47 sensitivity. Conclusions Consistent with previous research, the utility of psychometric methods of differential diagnosis is limited by the complex neurocognitive profiles associated with ES and PNES. Although individual measures might help differentiate ES from PNES, multivariate assessment models have superior discriminant power. The strongest psychometric evidence for PNES appears to be a consistent lack of impairment on tests sensitive to diffuse neurocognitive deficits such as processing speed, working memory, and verbal fluency. While video-electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring is the gold standard of differential diagnosis, psychometric testing has the potential to enhance clinical decision-making, particularly in complex or unclear cases such as patients with nondiagnostic video-EEGs. Adopting a standardized, fixed neuropsychological battery at epilepsy centers would advance research on the differential diagnostic power of psychometric testing.
A novel kind of MnCO3 nanoplatelets-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites, as an anode material in rechargeable Li-ion battery, was prepared by a simple low temperature reaction route. The graphene not only provided an avenue for the transport of Li-ion, but also buffered the volume expansion of MnCO3 nanoplatelets during charge and discharge. Compared to pure MnCO3 nanoplatelets, MnCO3-RGO composites presented the improved electrochemical performances. At a low current density of 100mAg−1, MnCO3-RGO composites delivered a desired performance of 849.1mAhg−1 after 200 cycles. When at a high current density of 500mAg−1, the discharge capacity still maintained at 810.9mAhg−1 after 700 cycles. Our experimental results suggest that this composite will be a candidate as a novel anode material for the power batteries of electric vehicles and the energy storage batteries of smart grids in the future.
Energy resource scheduling becomes increasingly important, as the use of distributed resources is intensified and massive gridable vehicle use is envisaged. The present paper proposes a methodology for day-ahead energy resource scheduling for smart grids considering the intensive use of distributed generation and of gridable vehicles, usually referred as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G). This method considers that the energy resources are managed by a Virtual Power Player (VPP) which established contracts with V2G owners. It takes into account these contracts, the users’ requirements subjected to the VPP, and several discharge price steps. Full AC power flow calculation included in the model allows taking into account network constraints. The influence of the successive day requirements on the day-ahead optimal solution is discussed and considered in the proposed model. A case study with a 33 bus distribution network and V2G is used to illustrate the good performance of the proposed method.
In this study, the capacitances of electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) with nanocomposite electrodes were examined by analyzing their charge–discharge characteristics and cyclic voltammograms. In addition, the internal resistance of these EDLCs was evaluated using two kinds of conductive nanofillers: acetylene black (AB) and Ketjenblack (KB). Usually, KB exhibits higher electronic conductivity than AB. The temperature dependence of the capacitance and internal resistance of the prepared EDLCs at 0–50°C using an aqueous electrolyte, organic electrolyte, and two kinds of ionic liquids was evaluated. Moreover, the influence on the capacitance and internal resistance when KB containing a surface functional group is used as the conductive nanofiller of the polarized electrode was examined. It was found that the KB-containing EDLCs showed fairly high capacitance (150–210F/g) compared to EDLCs containing AB with the aqueous electrolyte. In addition, a maximum specific capacitance of 252F/g was obtained in EDLCs containing 20wt.% KB with a large amount of the surface functional group. Reduction–oxidation reactions were thought to occur at the interface between the electrolyte and surface functional group, which increased the specific capacitance of the EDLCs.