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Lithium Ion batteries have to be significantly improved to fulfill the challenging needs in electromobility or large scale energy storage technology. In this context the use of model electrodes such as single-crystals or thin films allows well-defined mechanistic studies. Here we present a detailed electrochemical investigation of the lithiation–delithiation behavior of Au thin film model electrodes in ionic liquid electrolyte. Cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic-, stepwise potentiostatic lithiation–delithiation cycles, as well as galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, GITT, measurements were performed. We found nearly identical mechanism of Li insertion and extraction in these three types of measurements at different current levels. The mechanism of alloying or lithiation deviated from the mechanism of dealloying or delithiation. While during the lithiation process two main plateaus related to phase transformations occur in the potential–time curves three main plateaus appear during delithiation. First results of theoretical simulations confirm a high number of possible metastable phases in the Li–Au system. The measurements also point to the influence of SEI-film formation on the cycling behavior. Based on these insights a mechanistic sequence and a phase evolution diagram for the electrochemical alloying of Li with Au are presented.
In this work, the Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (Zn-Al LDH) is exfoliated. Ambient temperature ion exchange and chemical exfoliation route have been developed to synthesize the exfoliated layered double hydroxide/graphene compounds (Exfoliated LDH/G). The as-prepared Exfoliated LDH/G nanocomposites demonstrate no obvious impurity and good morphology, being characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Here we intensively study the electrochemical performances of Exfoliated LDH/G and pure LDH electrodes for Zn-Ni secondary battery. It was found that the as-prepared Exfoliated LDH/G here exhibits higher and wide discharge voltage plateaus due to the well electrical conductivity and lower self-corrosion, which could promote charge-transfer of the exfoliated LDH. The preliminary results show that the Exfoliated LDH/G displays superior Zn-Ni secondary battery performance with outstanding reversible capacity, prominent cyclic performance (343 mA h g−1 after 1200 cycles at 1 C), highlighting the practicability of the self-assembly Exfoliated LDH/G for maximum anodic utilization of exfoliated LDH for power storage in Zn-Ni secondary battery.
Single-cell isolation following time-lapse imaging (SIFT) enables high-throughput screening of complex and dynamic phenotypes from pooled bacterial libraries. SIFT was used to generate ultraprecise synthetic gene oscillators.
Several metals (Cu, Fe, Al, Ti, and Cr) as current collector for lithium-ion battery were investigated to understand their electrochemical behavior and passivation process in a non-aqueous alkyl carbonate solution containing LiPF6 salt. From cyclic voltammetric study, it was found that Cu and Fe metals were dissolved into the electrolyte below 4V vs. Li/Li+. Alternatively, Al and Ti were stable up to 5V vs. Li/Li+. Their scratched surfaces at 5V vs. Li/Li+ were polarized in a transient mode and it was found that the surfaces were passivated during the polarization test. Formed passive film was composed of two hybrid layers: outer layer by metal (Al and Ti) fluoride and inner by metal oxide, as confirmed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. Presence of HF in the electrolyte was indispensible to form the metal fluoride layer on the oxide layer. The outer fluoride layer would protect the inner oxide layer and metal substrate from HF attack, bringing about satisfactory corrosion resistance under lithium-ion battery environment.
A solvothermal method was used to prepare Na1.25Ni1.25Fe1.75(PO4)3 nanoparticles, a new promising electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. The composition and the crystal structure were determined by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction Rietveld refinements and confirmed by magnetic measurements. The structural formula □0.75Na1.25Ni1.25Fe1.75(PO4)3 was obtained showing a significant amount of Na vacancies, which enhances Li diffusion. Na1.25Ni1.25Fe1.75(PO4)3 was used as negative and positive electrode material and shows excellent electrochemical performances. As negative electrode in the voltage range 0.03-3.5 V vs. Li+/Li, the first discharge at current density of 40 mA g−1 delivers a specific capacity of 1186 mAh g−1, which is almost three times its theoretical capacity (428 mAh g−1). Then, reversible capacity of 550 mAh g−1 was obtained at 50 mA g−1 with high rate capability (150 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1) and capacity retention of 350 cycles. As positive electrode material, specific capacities of about 145 and 99 mAh g−1 were delivered at current densities of 5 and 50 mA g−1, respectively, in the voltage range of 1.5–4.5 V vs. Li+/Li. In addition, we show that the use of solvothermal synthesis contributes to the synthesis of small sized particles leading to good electrochemical performances.
Lithium iron phosphate olivine (LFP) and lithium manganese oxide spinel (LMO) are competitive and complementary to each other as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries, especially for use in hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles. Interest in these materials, due to their low cost and high safety, has pushed research and development forward and toward high performance in terms of rate capability and capacity retention or cyclability at a high temperature of around 60 °C. From the view point of basic properties, LFP shows a higher gravimetric capacity while LMO has better conductivities, both electrically and ionically. According to our comparison experiments, depending on the material properties and operational potential window, LFP was favored for fast charging while LMO led to better discharge performances. Capacity fading at high temperatures due to metal dissolution was revealed to be the most problematic issue of LFP and LMO-based cells for electric vehicles (EVs), with thicker electrodes, in the case of no additives in the electrolyte and no coating to prevent metal dissolution on cathode materials. Various strategies to enhance the properties of LFP and LMO are ready for the realization of EVs in the near future.
Noninvasive detection of innate immune function such as the accumulation of neutrophils remains a challenge in many areas of clinical medicine. We hypothesized that granulocytes could generate volatile organic compounds.
In this study, a novel large-scale stand-alone solar/wind/battery hybrid power generation system is designed and constructed. It consists of a photovoltaic (PV) array, a wind energy conversion system (WECS), a battery bank, a bidirectional DC/DC converter, two unidirectional DC/DC converters, a unified maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller, a control unit, and a DC/AC inverter. The stand-alone solar/wind/battery hybrid system presented in this study combines two renewable resources (solar and wind) with a back-up battery bank used as a standby power source to produce electric energy. Moreover, it maximally converts solar and wind energies into electric energy because it uses a novel fast and highly accurate unified MPPT technique that concurrently tracks the maximum power points of both PV system and WECS. Other works reported in the literature are mostly simulation based works (models), and moreover, there is not any new MPPT consideration in them. It is experimentally verified that the large-scale constructed system is a high-efficient stand-alone solar/wind/battery hybrid power generation system that produces electric energy under different environmental conditions such as cloudy sky, so it can be widely used in remote areas.
Si microwire-array solar cells with Air Mass 1.5 Global conversion efficiencies of up to 7.9% have been fabricated using an active volume of Si equivalent to a 4 μm thick Si wafer. These solar cells exhibited open-circuit voltages of 500 mV, short-circuit current densities (Jsc) of up to 24 mA cm-2, and fill factors >65% and employed Al2O3 dielectric particles that scattered light incident in the space between the wires, a Ag back reflector that prevented the escape of incident illumination from the back surface of the solar cell, and an a-SiNx:H passivation/anti-reflection layer. Wire-array solar cells without some or all of these design features were also fabricated to demonstrate the importance of the light-trapping elements in achieving a high Jsc. Scanning photocurrent microscopy images of the microwire-array solar cells revealed that the higher Jsc of the most advanced cell design resulted from an increased absorption of light incident in the space between the wires. Spectral response measurements further revealed that solar cells with light-trapping elements exhibited improved red and infrared response, as compared to solar cells without light-trapping elements.
Semi Inter penetrating Polymer Network (IPN) of [poly (ethylene glycol)-polyurethane-polymethylmethacrylate] [60:40]-montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites with different weight percentages of MMT are synthesized. The formation of the composite and its structural properties are characterized by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and XRD patterns show the amorphous nature of the composites. The Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) shows the enhanced thermal stability of the composite compared with the semi IPN without fillers. The conductivity behavior, frequency dependent modulus properties and dielectric properties of these prepared composites are studied by using ac impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the frequency range 1Hz-1MHz. It is found from the impedance results that conductivity increases from 2.17×10−7 S/cm to 2.32×10−6 S/cm with increase of MMT concentration up to 5wt % and it decreases with further increase of MMT content. The dielectric analysis shows that dielectric permittivity (ɛ′) and dielectric loss (ɛ″) values decreases with increase in frequency at lower frequency region whereas frequency independent behavior is observed in the high frequency region. The electrical modulus representation shows a peak in the imaginary component. The ionic conduction relaxation times of the composites obtained from this peak maximum are in good correlation with the electrode polarization relaxation time and conductivity values.
Improved interfacial resistance was observed in lithium cells by the use of new additives. The additives, nitrile sucrose and nitrile cellulose and their lithium salts, were evaluated in polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) thin-film gelled electrolytes containing a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC). The electrochemical properties of the films with and without the additives were measured as a function of temperature and compared. The interfacial resistance (R in) of the films with the additives was significantly lower than that without the additives, especially at sub-ambient temperatures. For example, the R in at −20°C for the films with additives was around 7000Ωcm2 and that for the films without the additives was >20,000Ωcm2. Results obtained from using the additives in lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells show significant improvements in the low frequency resistance of the cells.
This work presents an up-to-date information on Na-based battery materials. On the one hand, it explores the feasibility of two novel energy storage systems: Na-aqueous batteries and Na–O2 technology. On the other hand, it summarises new advances on non-aqueous Na-ion systems. Although all of them can be placed under the umbrella of Na-based systems, aqueous and oxygen-based batteries are arising technologies with increasing significance in energy storage research, while non-aqueous sodium-ion technology has become one of the most important research lines in this field. These systems meet different requirements of energy storage: Na-aqueous batteries will have a determining role as a low cost and safer technology; Na–O2 systems can be the key technology to overcome the need for high energy density storage devices; and non-aqueous Na-ion batteries have application in the field of stationary energy storage.
In a hybrid photovoltaic–thermal (PV/T or PVT) module, electricity and thermal energy are generated simultaneously in the same module. By combining a PV module and a solar thermal collector, more of the solar radiation can be harvested, and the total efficiency of the module is increased. The combination of two technologies in one module also has the potential to reduce the use of materials and the required space. In order to assess and quantify these possibilities, several research groups have presented life cycle assessments (LCA) of different PV/T concepts and installations. This paper presents a review of the published results, and aims to find a common ground. In general, the payback time for both energy and greenhouse gas emissions of the PV/T systems are much shorter than their expected lifetime. However, due to the use of different methods and unclear data sources, it is difficult to make any wide-ranging conclusions about the environmental impact of PV/T modules.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) anchored carbon nitride (CN) based nanomaterial have been developed by using the hydrothermal method, which confines sulfur on to the CN and is utilized as a sulfur host for Li-Sulfur (LiS) battery. The prepared material CN/MoS2 demonstrated enhanced electrochemical performance with an initial charge-discharge capacity of 1252 mAh g−1 and 1264 mAh g−1 at 0.5C rate, with a reversible capacity of 680 mAh g−1 after 200cycles. The enhanced capacity and cyclic stability for CN/MoS2 in comparison with the bare CN is attributed to anchored MoS2 which can change the structural, physiochemical and increased electrochemical active surface area of CN/MoS2 based hybrid.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been used widely in portable electronics, and hybrid-electric and all-electric vehicles for many years. However, there is a growing need to develop new cathode materials that will provide higher cell energy densities for advanced applications. Several candidates, including Li2MnO3-stabilized LiM′O2 (M′ = Mn/Ni/Co) structures, Li2Ru0.75Sn0.25O3 (i.e., 3Li2RuO3–Li2SnO3), and disordered Li2MoO3–LiCrO2 compounds can yield capacities exceeding 200 mA h g−1, alluding to the constructive role that Li2MO3 (M4+) end-member compounds play in the electrochemistry of these systems. Here, we catalog the family of Li2MO3 compounds as active cathodes or inactive stabilizing agents using high-throughput density functional theory (HT-DFT). With an exhaustive search based on design rules that include phase stability, cell potential, resistance to oxygen evolution, and metal migration, we predict a number of new Li2MIO3–Li2MIIO3 active/inactive electrode pairs, in which MI and MII are transition- or post-transition metal ions, that can be tested experimentally for high-energy-density LIBs.
Efforts to replace conventional chromatographic methods for environmental monitoring with cheaper and easy to use biosensors for precise detection and estimation of hazardous environmental toxicants, water or air borne pathogens as well as various other chemicals and biologics are gaining momentum. Out of the various types of biosensors classified according to their bio-recognition principle, nucleic-acid-based sensors have shown high potential in terms of cost, sensitivity, and specificity. The discovery of catalytic activities of RNA (ribozymes) and DNA (DNAzymes) which could be triggered by divalent metallic ions paved the way for their extensive use in detection of heavy metal contaminants in environment. This was followed with the invention of small oligonucleotide sequences called aptamers which can fold into specific 3D conformation under suitable conditions after binding to target molecules. Due to their high affinity, specificity, reusability, stability, and non-immunogenicity to vast array of targets like small and macromolecules from organic, inorganic, and biological origin, they can often be exploited as sensors in industrial waste management, pollution control, and environmental toxicology. Further, rational combination of the catalytic activity of DNAzymes and RNAzymes along with the sequence-specific binding ability of aptamers have given rise to the most advanced form of functional nucleic-acid-based sensors called aptazymes. Functional nucleic-acid-based sensors (FNASs) can be conjugated with fluorescent molecules, metallic nanoparticles, or quantum dots to aid in rapid detection of a variety of target molecules by target-induced structure switch (TISS) mode. Although intensive research is being carried out for further improvements of FNAs as sensors, challenges remain in integrating such bio-recognition element with advanced transduction platform to enable its use as a networked analytical system for tailor made analysis of environmental monitoring.
The doped and milled spinels Li1.05M0.02Mn1.98O3.98N0.02 (M=Ga3+, Al3+ or Co3+; N=S2− or F−) are studied aiming at obtaining an improved charge/discharge cycling performance. These spinels are prepared by a solid-state reaction among the precursors ɛ-MnO2, LiOH, and the respective oxide/salt of the doping ions at 750°C for 72h and milled for 30min. The obtained spinels are characterized by XRD, SEM, and determinations of the average manganese valence n. In the charge and discharge tests, the doped spinels present outstanding initial values of the specific discharge capacity C (117–126mAhg−1), decreasing in the following order: C(Li1.05Al0.02Mn1.98S3.02O3.98)> C(Li1.05Al0.02Mn1.98F3.02O3.98)> C(Li1.05Ga0.02Mn1.98S3.02O3.98)> C(Li1.05Ga0.02Mn1.98F3.02O3.98)> C(Li1.05Co0.02Mn1.98S3.02O3.98)> C(Li1.05Co0.02Mn1.98F3.02O3.98). The doped spinel Li1.05Ga0.02Mn1.98S3.02O3.98 presents an excellent electrochemical performance, with a low capacity loss even after 300 charge and discharge cycles (from 120 to 115mAhg−1 or 4%).
The research developments with renewable energy source water pumping systems (RESWPSs) are reviewed in this paper. The reported investigations are categorized into five major groups as follows: (i) solar photovoltaic water pumping systems (SPWPSs), (ii) solar thermal water pumping systems (STWPSs), (iii) wind energy water pumping systems (WEWPSs), (iv) biomass water pumping systems (BWPSs) and (v) hybrid renewable energy water pumping systems (HREWPSs). More than a hundred published articles related to RESWPSs are briefly reviewed. Additionally, the limitations with RESWPSs and further research needs are described. This paper concludes that renewable energy sources (RESs) play a vital role in reducing the consumption of conventional energy sources and its environmental impacts for water pumping applications.
A nanocomposite of polyluminol (poly(5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione)) and reduced graphene oxide nanosheets was electrochemically synthesized, characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electrochemical methods, and its pseudocapacitance behavior was investigated. The excellent supercapacitive properties of the nanocomposite arising from both the electrical double layer capacitance of graphene nanosheets and pseudocapacitance of polyluminol resulted from a synergistic effect of the complementary properties of graphene and polyluminol. The nanocomposite presented a specific capacitance of 218.7Fg−1 at a discharge current of 0.55Ag−1. The nanocomposite was kept >99% of the initial capacitance after 1000 charge/discharge cycles.
The challenges of providing electricity to rural households are manifold. Ever increasing demand–supply gap, crumbling electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure, high cost of delivered electricity are a few of these. Use of renewable energy technologies for meeting basic energy needs of rural communities has been promoted by the Governments world over for many decades. Photovoltaic (PV) technology is one of the first among several renewable energy technologies that was adopted globally as well as in India for meeting basic electricity needs of rural areas that are not connected to the grid. This paper attempts at reviewing and analyzing PV literature pertaining to decentralized rural electrification into two main categories—(1) experiences from rural electrification and technology demonstration programmes covering barriers and challenges in marketing and dissemination; institutional and financing approaches; and productive and economic applications, (2) techno-economic aspects including system design methodologies and approaches; performance evaluation and monitoring; techno-economic comparison of various systems; and environmental implications and life cycle analysis. The paper discusses the emerging trends in its concluding remarks.
A model-based dynamic multi-parameter method for peak power estimation is proposed for batteries and battery management systems (BMSs) used in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The available power must be accurately calculated in order to not damage the battery by over charging or over discharging or by exceeding the designed current or power limit. A model-based dynamic multi-parameter method for peak power estimation of lithium–ion batteries is proposed to calculate the reliable available power in real time, and the design limits such as cell voltage, cell current, cell SoC, cell power are all used as its constraints; more importantly, the relaxation effect also is considered. Where, to improve the model’s accuracy, the ohmic resistance of Thevenin model for the lithium–ion battery has been refined; in order to further improve the polarization parameters identification precision, a genetic algorithm has been used to gain the optimal time constant. Lastly, a test with several consecutive Federal Urban Driving Schedules (FUDSs) profiles is carried to evaluate the model-based dynamic multi-parameter method for peak power estimation. The experimental and simulation results indicate that the model-based dynamic multi-parameter method for peak power estimation can calculate the terminal voltage and the current available power much more reliably and accurately.
Cluster headache is a debilitating primary headache disorder that affects approximately 0.1% of the population worldwide. Cluster headache attacks involve severe unilateral pain in the trigeminal distribution together with ipsilateral cranial autonomic features and a sense of agitation. Acute treatments are available and are effective in just over half of the patients. Until recently, preventive medications were borrowed from non-headache indications, so management of cluster headache is challenging. However, as our understanding of cluster headache pathophysiology has evolved on the basis of key bench and neuroimaging studies, crucial neuropeptides and brain structures have been identified as emerging treatment targets. In this Review, we provide an overview of what is known about the pathophysiology of cluster headache and discuss the existing treatment options and their mechanisms of action. Existing acute treatments include triptans and high-flow oxygen, interim treatment options include corticosteroids in oral form or for greater occipital nerve block, and preventive treatments include verapamil, lithium, melatonin and topiramate. We also consider emerging treatment options, including calcitonin gene-related peptide antibodies, non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation, sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation and somatostatin receptor agonists, discuss how evidence from trials of these emerging treatments provides insights into the pathophysiology of cluster headache and highlight areas for future research.