batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Corrosion of current collectors is one of the most significant issues to tackle in rechargeable magnesium batteries where chloride-abundant electrolytes are commonly used since it can affect the electrochemical performance and the safety of battery system seriously. Here we investigate 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium chloride ionic liquid as an effective corrosion inhibitor of the current collector in an electrolyte containing magnesium chloride complex. We find that adding just 0.2 wt.% ionic liquid increases the anodic stability of common current collectors by 0.1–0.3 V while maintaining the coulombic efficiencies for Mg deposition and stripping at over 98%. In particular, analytical studies of the passive film formed on 316L stainless steel show that the inhibitor efficiently prevents the formation of corrosion pits and preserves the protective property of the passive film upon repeated anodic scans. Furthermore, the inhibitor enables almost 100% efficiencies in the full cell cycling with Mo6S8 cathode, reflecting higher anodic stability of the current collectors in the electrolyte containing the inhibitor. We propose that the formation of an adsorbed layer of the ionic liquid as a plausible corrosion inhibition mechanism.
The concept of Green building is gaining importance in the present energy scenario and related environmental issues. Free cooling or ventilation cooling is truly a green concept since even 1g of carbon is not burnt for the purpose of cooling. Also it ensures that a good indoor air quality is maintained in the building. In this paper a detailed review of work carried out by various researchers on free cooling or ventilation cooling is presented. In addition the major challenges and facts posed in the use of phase change material for free cooling system design such as thermal resistance of air and phase change materials, geometry of encapsulation are discussed in detail. Also the method of energy efficient charging and discharging, effect of phase change temperature, insulation and geographical location are also discussed in this paper. This paper also provides lists the PCM candidates used for free cooling.
Magnetic resonance technology set a new course in the wireless power transfer (WPT) sector. WPT is derived from inductive power transfer (IPT) which is developed many decades back. After this much time, the transfer efficiency increased from 70% to more than 95% and transfer distance from few centimeters to several meters. A converging pattern in the trade off between transfer efficiency and the air gap distance is visible in every novel designs. This pattern is achieved through the optimum selection and design of compensator, wireless transformer and the battery packs. As the conservation of energy and exploration of renewable energy resources became a common aspect in every novel technological entities, solar power and fuel cells made its debut to wireless charging. A detailed analysis of different types of wireless charger topologies implemented and proposed in plugged in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) charging applications are presented in this paper. The recent attempts to integrate the renewable energy sources to the wireless charging is covered. Two winding model is taken for the analysis of the state of art efficiency. For enhancing the performance of wireless charging system, various compensation techniques are validated based on different topologies. Maximum efficiency and charging condition for a given impedance is explained and derived comprehensively. Different winding designs for wireless transformer is described with comparison. Magnetic coupler selection, battery selection and different safety standards for WPT design are mentioned in this paper.
Balance and motor impairments are most evident among inactive individuals with ID that might be particularly susceptible to a loss of basic functioning and further limit the person's autonomy in activities of daily living. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a 12-week trampoline exercise intervention program on motor and balance ability of school aged children with intellectual disability (ID). Eighteen healthy schools aged children (mean age=10.3±1.6 years) with moderate ID were assigned either to an experimental group (n =9) or a control group (n =9). The experiment group attended a 12 weeks trampoline training intervention program consisting of daily individualized 20-min sessions, while the control group followed the regular school schedule. Balance was assessed using three tasks of increased difficulty (double-leg stance with eyes opened or closed, and one-leg stance with eyes opened) performed while standing on an electronic pressure platform (EPS). Motor performance of all participants was tested using sit and reach test and long and vertical jump tests all derived from the Eurofit Test Battery of physical fitness. Trampoline intervention resulted in significant improvements of participants’ performance in all motor and balance tests. In conclusion, trampoline training can be an effective intervention for improving functional outcomes and can be recommended as an alternative mode of physical activity programming for improving balance and motor performance. Furthermore, it also supports the idea that individuals with ID require enjoyable and interesting intervention programs such as the trampoline program used in this study so as to remain active and consequently to facilitate their overall development and promote a more active and healthier way of life.
The purpose of this study is to find the important attributes of subcompact cars that effect customer choice, using conjoint analysis as an analytical tool. Subcompact cars currently make up the biggest segment of the car industry, but before such products are launched, firms should know customer needs in order to determine the most suitable product specifications. However, consumers tend to evaluate the key attributes of a product as a whole, rather than independently, and thus conjoint analysis can be very useful in this context as a result of decomposing such overall evaluations into their individual components. This study thus adopts conjoint analysis to uncover the hidden motivations that may not even be apparent to the respondents themselves when considering the appeal of subcompact cars. As a result, the following six attributes of subcompact cars were identified: power, appearance, safety, fuel efficiency, price and gadgets. Using subjects from Thailand, 201 respondents were asked to rank their preferences for eight subcompact car models with different combinations of these six attributes. The results indicate that a subcompact car’s appearance has the greatest influence on the respondents’ buying intentions, followed by fuel efficiency, price, and safety, which all had similar effects. Power and gadgets are the two least important attributes with regard to purchase intention. Based on the current findings, it is concluded that conjoint analysis is an appropriate tool to identify the key attributes of subcompact cars. Using the results presented in this work, manufacturers can better tailor their subcompact cars to meet the needs of customers, and thus increase sales.
This paper describes a low temperature electrolyte system for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. The electrolyte exhibits high ionic conductivity, good electrochemical stability and no exothermic reaction in the presence of lithium metal. The system features a low lattice energy lithium salt in a specific mixture of carbonate solvents and a novel thermal runaway inhibitor.
This paper discusses the vehicle routing problem with multiple driving ranges (VRPMDR), an extension of the classical routing problem where the total distance each vehicle can travel is limited and is not necessarily the same for all vehicles – heterogeneous fleet with respect to maximum route lengths. The VRPMDR finds applications in routing electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, which can only cover limited distances depending on the running time of their batteries. Also, these vehicles require from long charging times, which in practice makes it difficult to consider en route recharging. The paper formally introduces the problem, describes an integer programming formulation and a multi-round heuristic algorithm that iteratively constructs a solution for the problem. Using a set of benchmarks adapted from the literature, the algorithm is then employed to analyze how distance-based costs are increased when considering ‘greener’ fleet configurations – i.e., when using electric vehicles with different degrees of autonomy.
In this paper, pure-phase ZnMnO3 porous spherulites are uniquely synthesized through the thermal decomposition of Zn-Mn binary carbonate precursors facilely co-precipitated at room temperature, possessing an average diameter of 1.2±0.3μm and acquiring porosity with a specific surface area of 24.3m2 g−1. When tentatively applied as lithium-ion battery anodes for the first time, these porous spherulites deliver an initial discharge capacity of 1294mAhg−1 at 500mAg−1 and retain an reversible value of 879mAhg−1 over 150 cycles. By comparison, the equimolar powder mixture of nano-sized ZnO and MnO2 synergistically shows a higher lithium storage capability than the two unary transition metal oxides, but lower than anode material ZnMnO3. Aside from its nanostructured characteristics, an inner atomic synergistic effect within the cubic lattices may account for the superior electrochemical performance of well-crystallized ZnMnO3.
Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) metallic Mn films have been prepared with ordered polystyrene (PS) templates on electrodeposition from an ionic liquid (IL). A 3DOM Mn core–Mn oxide shell film was prepared on anodizing a 3DOM Mn film in KCl aqueous solution. The varied anodization courses were confirmed to cause variations of the material characteristics of the prepared 3DOM Mn/Mn oxide electrodes and thereby in their pseudocapacitive performance. The 3DOM Mn/Mn oxide electrodes anodized with the cyclic voltammetric method showed the most promising specific capacitance, 1200 ± 60 F g−1 (based on the mass of 3DOM Mn/Mn oxides), with a satisfactory rate capability and cycling performance. Such electrodes can be potentially applied for lithium batteries and supercapacitors.
Microgrids are small-scale power systems with local generation, storage systems and load demands, that can operate connected to the main grid or islanded. In such systems, optimal components sizing is necessary to make the system secure and reliable, while minimizing costs. In this paper, a stand-alone microgrid considering electric power, cooling/heating and hydrogen consumption is built. A unit commitment algorithm, formulated as a mixed integer linear programming problem, is used to determine the best operation strategy for the system. A genetic algorithm is used to search for the best size of each component. The influence of three factors (operation strategy, accuracy of load and renewable generation forecasts, and degradation of fuel cell, electrolyzer and battery) on sizing results is discussed. A 1-h rolling horizon simulation is used to check the validity of the sizing results. A robust optimization method is also used to handle the uncertainties and evaluate their impact on results.
The carbon-coated LiFePO4 and C–Li4Ti5O12 particles of 90 nm in diameter have been tested as active elements of electrodes of Li-ion batteries. The 18650-size cell using the usual electrolyte 1 mol L−1 LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethylene carbonate (DEC) displays a charge capacity of 650 mAh at low C-rate and retains more than 80% of rated capacity at 60C charge rate (1 min). 2032-size coin cells have been tested with different electrolytes: 1.5 mol L−1 lithium tetrafluoroborate LiBF4 in EC+ γ-butyrolactone (GBL), and 0.5 mol L−1 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiTFSI) + 1 mol L−1 LiBF4 in EC + GBL, aiming to replace the less stable LiPF6 salt. The LiTFSI-based electrolyte can be used owing to the low operating voltage that avoids the corrosion of the aluminum of the collector. This electrolyte shows the best results as the performance is even higher at 60 °C. The infrared images show that the temperature of the cell never reaches this temperature during cycling, making this battery a high-power battery with remarkable thermal stability. The maximum temperature reached by the cell is 34 °C at 40C-rate and 40 °C at 60C. The free EC-based electrolytes even operate at 80 °C by using 1 mol L−1 lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) in GBL or 1 mol L−1 LiFSI in PC + GBL, thus increasing importantly the operating temperature range for the battery. The carbon coated on LTO depresses the evolution of gases during charge discharge.
This paper describes the electrochemical deoxidation of thin silica layer on silicon in molten salts. The oxide, 2μm in thickness, is formed on p-type silicon by thermal oxidation and electro-deoxidized in molten calcium chloride at 850°C. Distinctive surface architectures are obtained composed of spheres, nano-fibres and pores. The electro-deoxidized surfaces are formed, which absorb light up to 92% in the visible region of spectrum. This black silicon is attractive in many fields of application where specifically high silicon surface to volume ratio is of importance, in particular, in production of antireflection coatings in solar cells.
Uncontrolled lithium deposition during cycling is a major concern in the development of lithium-based batteries. Here, the authors analyse the lithium nucleation pattern on various metal substrates and demonstrate that lithium can be selectively deposited in a nanoseed inside hollow carbon spheres.
An impregnation–calcination method based on the thermal decomposition of stannous sulfate is developed to prepare carbon cryogel-tin oxide nanocomposites with less impurity for anode materials of lithium-ion batteries. Structural characterization reveals that the tin oxide nanoparticles, arising from the decomposition of stannous sulfate, are homogeneously distributed inside the pores of carbon cryogels. The detail results demonstrate that carbon cryogels with large specific surface area, large porosity, and small mesopores are beneficial to the deposition of tin oxide nanoparticles. As a result, carbon cryogel–tin oxide nanocomposites with optimized structures show a discharge capacity of 590mAh/g after 50 cycles, much higher than that of either carbon cryogels, pure tin oxides or their mechanical mixture. The superior electrochemical properties of carbon cryogel–tin oxide nanocomposites could be attributed to their novel microstructures and the synergistic effects between carbon cryogels and tin oxide.
PVD processes can meet almost all types of requirements, from premium design finishes to practical coatings for everyday use. Characteristic examples of this include the day-night design of buttons in the car interior. These are labelled with their functions, such as "Start/Stop" or "Volume", in the required font and the text is white in daylight and backlit in the dark.
All solid-state comb-like network polymer electrolytes (CNPE) based on poly(methylsiloxane) with pendant PEO chains as internal plasticizing chains (IPC) have been designed and synthesized. Ultraviolet (UV) polymerization method was applied for the curing of CNPEs. Effects of the network structure on the conductive properties and mechanical properties were discussed in details. Ionic conductivity of the prepared CNPE is one order of magnitude larger than those without IPCs, which suggests that the expected drop of conductivity caused by crosslinking has been well compensated by the introduction of IPCs. Maximum conductivity of 1.01×10−4 Scm−1 and maximum tensile strength of 0.66MPa were obtained at 30°C. Electrochemical stability and electrolyte/electrodes interfacial stability properties were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and ac impedance, respectively.
Thermal and electrochemical properties of LiPF6 and LiN(SO2C2F5)2, known as LiBETI, are compared in binary mixtures of ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC). Thermal stability of these electrolytes was tested between 50 and 120°C at 10°C intervals. The electrolytes were kept at temperature for 1 week and every other day they were taken out of the oven and checked visually for any discoloration. Visual inspection showed discoloration of the LiPF6-containing electrolyte even at 60°C (straw brown to dark brown at 120°C) while the electrolyte containing LiBETI showed no or very little discoloration even at 120°C. In lithium-ion “Tee” cells the electrolyte with LiBETI cycled equally well or better than the electrolyte containing LiPF6 at room temperature. Tee cells containing LiBETI showed lower cathode impedance than and comparable anode impedance to the cells containing electrolytes with LiPF6. In a full cell the electrodes performed equally well.
The exploration of oxygen reversible electrocatalysts to boost oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction is critical for the development of high-performance aqueous Zn-air batteries. Since diatomite with porous structure can adsorb metal ions in aqueous solution, herein, we prepare the nanocomposite CoPt-x/Diatomite-C for both oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, and diatomite is found significantly promotes the electrocatalytic activity and durability. With the presence of diatomite, CoPt-1/Diatomite-C shows a lower Tafel slope (63 mV dec−1 at high potential range), larger diffusion-limited current density (4.94 mA cm−2) and superior durability for ORR. Particularly, the specific and mass activities of CoPt-1/Diatomite-C for ORR are 0.74 mA cm−2 and 286 mA mg−1, respectively, which are 2.5 and 3.0 times higher than that of CoPt-1/C without diatomite; For OER, the overpotential of CoPt-9/Diatomite-C decreases nearly 30 mV at 10 mA cm−2, while the Tafel slope also reduces 16 mV dec−1 versus CoPt-9/C catalyst. Moreover, a rechargeable Zn-air battery with these composites as air-cathode is self-assembled, and diatomite boosts the battery performance with desirable properties. CoPt-9/Diatomite-C displays the optimal performance, with a power density of 140 mW cm−2, a specific capacity of 616 mA h g−1 at 10 mA cm−2 and an exceedingly robust cycling life. This work provides a viable and cost-effective strategy for fabricating oxygen reversible electrocatalysts for metal-air battery applications.
A clear consensus exists in the German society that renewable energies have to play a dominant role in the future German energy supply system. However, many questions are still under discussion; for instance the relevance of the different technologies such as photovoltaic systems and wind energy converters installed offshore in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Also concerns exist about the cost of a future energy system mainly based on renewable energies. In order to be able to address the raised issues on a scientifically sound basis we have set up a new simulation model REMod-D (Renewable Energy Model-Deutschland) that models the energy balance of the electricity and heat sector including all renewable energy converters, storage components and loads for a future German energy system for a whole year based on an hourly energy balance. The target energy systems modeled use a high fraction up to 100% of renewable energies to cover the electricity and heat demand (heating and hot water). The model includes also energy retrofit of buildings as a measure to reduce future heat loads of the building sector. A mathematical–numerical optimizer is applied in order to identify system configurations with minimal overall annual cost. In this first part of a two-paper series we describe the methodology of the REMod-D model and discuss cost and performance values of all included components and in the second part we will discuss the results.
We investigate the performance of air-breathing laminar flow-based fuel cells (LFFCs) operated with five different fuels (formic acid, methanol, ethanol, hydrazine, and sodium borohydride) in either acidic or alkaline media. The membraneless LFFC architecture enables interchangeable operation with different fuel and media combinations that are only limited by the actual anode catalyst used. Furthermore, operating under alkaline conditions significantly improves methanol and ethanol oxidation kinetics and stabilizes sodium borohydride. LFFCs operated with hydrazine and sodium borohydride as fuels exhibit power densities of 80 and 101mW/cm2, respectively. To optimize anode performance, particularly for ethanol electro-oxidation, we introduced a hydrogen cathode to the membraneless LFFC design which renders the cell an ideal platform for anode investigation. Here, we highlight two simple diagnostic methods, in situ single electrode studies and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), for characterizing and optimizing the performance of a direct ethanol LFFC anode.
LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM) and LiFePO4 (LFP) electrodes of different active material loadings are prepared. The impact of electrode thickness on the rate capability, energy and power density and long-term cycling behavior is comparatively investigated. Peukert coefficient slightly increases with increasing electrode thickness, showing a severe capacity loss at higher rate for thicker electrode. A power-law relation between the maximum working C rate and electrode loading is obtained. Increase of the specific resistance with increasing electrode thickness is not an important factor responsible for the poor rate performance for thicker electrode. The power–law relationship is typical for a diffusion-related system, indicating that Li ion diffusion within the electrode is the rate-determining step for the discharge process. As the result of the deterioration of rate capability, enhancing energy density through increasing electrode thickness is accompanied by a significant loss of power density. Long-term cycling performance is also deteriorated, which is attributed to the high internal resistance and poor mechanical integrity of thicker electrode.
Nano tin dioxide-carbon (SnO2/C) composites prepared by various carbon materials, such as carbon nanotubes, porous carbon, and graphene, have attracted extensive attention in wide fields. However, undesirable concerns of nanoparticles, including in higher surface area, low tap density, and self-agglomeration, greatly restricted their large-scale practical applications. In this study, novel porous micron-SnO2/C (p-SnO2/C) composites are scalable prepared by a simple hydrothermal approach using glucose as a carbon source and Pluronic F127 as a pore forming agent/soft template. The SnO2 nanoparticles were homogeneously dispersed in micron carbon spheres by assembly with F127/glucose. The continuous three-dimensional porous carbon networks have effectively provided strain relaxation for SnO2 volume expansion/shrinkage during lithium insertion/extraction. In addition, the carbon matrix could largely minimize the direct exposure of SnO2 to the electrolyte, thus ensure formation of stable solid electrolyte interface films. Moreover, the porous structure could also create efficient channels for the fast transport of lithium ions. As a consequence, the p-SnO2/C composites exhibit stable cycle performance, such as a high capacity retention of over 96% for 100 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g−1 and a long cycle life up to 800 times at a higher current density of 1000 mA g−1.