batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The environmental issues in the transport sector are numerous and CO2 capture is not even plausible for vehicles at the moment. This report describes a number of different emergent power train technologies (ICE, BEV, PHEV, FCEV) before providing an inter-comparison of these technologies within a technical and economic context. The economical benefits are discussed in terms of the “Difference of Total Cost of Ownership” (DTCO) and take: electric driving distances, energy (fuel, electricity, hydrogen) prices, batteries and fuel cells costs. To simulate electric driving distances, the model uses several functional parameters such as the battery range and the ‘range anxiety’ based on the assumption of one recharge per day. The potential electric driving distances are evaluated according to the segmentation statistics of daily trips. The results show the yearly mileages, as well as the range and cost of batteries and fuel cells, together with their relative impact on the DTCO and on the competitiveness of electric vehicles. The price of electric vehicles remains high with strong dependency on the battery׳s capacity, but the benefits in terms of fuel cost savings can be considerable. The price of electricity is currently noticeably lower than petroleum-based fuels, which balances the high costs of the batteries. 50% or more of LDV yearly mileages can be electric-driven, even for limited battery ranges (ca. under 50km). There are stakes for the battery costs (competitiveness under €215/kWh) and lifetimes, while the low battery ranges (100km in our case) provide the best margins. As regards FCEVs, the hydrogen target price at the pump should be achievable (less than €6.5/kg) with reasonable gasoline prices (€1.7/liter at the pump) and fuel cell costs (€20/kW). CO2 taxes and ICE efficiency gains will lead to opposite impacts of the H2 target prices at the pump.
A field experiment was executed to measure static pressure differences around a forest edge. So-called ‘Quad-Disks’ were used to measure static pressure unaffected by the dynamic pressure induced by the probe itself. Flow obliquity appeared to have little influence on the results. For a smooth to rough transition, the results showed a maximum pressure difference within the forest at x=0.6h relative to the probe at x=−4h, where the height of the forest h=25m. For a rough to smooth transition the normalised pressure differences were only weak. A maximum pressure difference was found just outside the forest at x=0.6h relative to the probe at x=4h probably related to a reattachment point. A negative pressure was present at the probe at x=−4h.
Participants were candidates for bariatric surgery at Mt. Sinai St. Luke’s Hospital, a hospital located in New York City that serves a predominantly African-American and Hispanic population. Eligibility criteria for surgery included either a BMI ≥40 or a BMI ≥35 kg/m2 with at least one illness related to obesity (e.g., type 2 diabetes, hypertension). Ineligibility criteria included active smoking, alcohol or other drug misuse, unstable major psychiatric disorder, severe food intake disorder, and any medical contraindication to anesthesia (e.g., uncontrolled respiratory or cardiac failure). Patients typically initiate the program by signing up for a weekly orientation, attending the first consult (which happens immediately after the orientation), and receiving a psychological evaluation. Patients were counted in our denominator if they attended at least the psychological evaluation. Patients who initiated, withdrew, and reinitiated were counted only once.
In order to enable future missions involving the exploration of the surface of Mars with Landers, and Rovers, NASA desires long life, high energy density rechargeable batteries which can operate well at very low temperature (down to −40°C). Lithium-ion technology has been identified as being the most promising chemistry, due to high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, as well as, long life characteristics. However, the state-of-art (SOA) technology is not sufficient to meet the needs of many applications that require excellent low-temperature capabilities. To further improve this technology, work at JPL has been focused upon developing electrolytes that result in lithium-ion cells with wider temperature ranges of operation. These efforts have led to the identification of a number of ternary and quaternary, all carbonate-based electrolytes that have been demonstrated to result in improved low-temperature performance in experimental three-electrode MCMB–carbon/LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cells. A number of electrochemical characterization techniques were performed on these cells (i.e. Tafel polarization measurements, linear polarization measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)) to further enhance our understanding of the performance limitations at low temperature. The most promising electrolyte formulations, namely 1.0M LiPF6 EC+DEC+DMC+EMC (1:1:1:2 v/v) and 1.0M LiPF6 EC+DEC+DMC+EMC (1:1:1:3 v/v), were incorporated into SAFT prototype DD-size (9Ah) lithium-ion cells for evaluation. A number of electrical tests were performed on these cells, including rate characterization as a function of temperature, cycle life characterization at different temperatures, as well as, many mission specific characterization tests to determine their viability to enable future missions to Mars. Excellent performance was observed with the prototype DD-size cells over a wide temperature range (−50 to 40°C), with high specific energy being delivered at very low temperatures (i.e. over 95Wh/kg being delivered at −40°C using a C/10 discharge rate).
A solid-state reaction to synthesize a lithium multi-transition metal phosphate LiCo1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3PO4 is used in this work, which has a high voltage of 3.72V and capacity of 140mAhg−1 at a 0.05C rate. From the in-situ XRD analysis, LiCo1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3PO4 has shown a high stability during cell charge/discharge, even operating at 5V, which is due to the stable olivine structure. Although all the transition metals Co2+, Mn2+ and Fe2+ are at the same 4c site of the LiCo1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3PO4 structure, they seem to have different chemical activities and reflect on the electrochemical performance. The capacity contributed by the Co2+/Co3+ redox couple is only 20mAhg−1, which is less than that of the Fe2+/Fe3+ and Mn2+/Mn3+ redox couples. This is because of the fact that the diffusivity of lithium ion for the Co2+/Co3+ redox couple is 10−16 cm2 s−1 which is one order less than that of the Fe2+/Fe3+ and Mn2+/Mn3+ redox couples in LiCo1/3Mn1/3Fe1/3PO4.
Unlike modeling at other levels as described in this workshop, the role of modeling at the atomic level has its main usefulness in the selection and design of materials for high performance batteries. We describe recent progress in studies of transport mechanisms of lithium in polymer electrolytes which suggest new approaches to the search for electrolytes with higher conductivity.
The cerebellum is historically implicated in motor coordination, but accumulating modern evidence indicates involvement in non-motor domains, including cognition, emotion, and language. This correlates with the symptoms observed in postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome (CMS). Profound knowledge of cerebellar functional topography and tractography is important when approaching cerebellar tumors, as surgical trauma to relevant structures of cerebellar pathways plays a role in the pathogenesis of CMS. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a concise overview of relevant modern neuroimaging data and cerebellar functional tracts with regard to neurosurgical procedures.
Operando color microscopy and ex situ AFM were used to investigate the lithiation process in pure (a-Si:H) and methylated (a-Si1-x(CH3)x:H) amorphous silicon thin layers. Color analysis of optical images allows for monitoring thickness changes of a-Si:H layers. Unlike pure a-Si:H, the first lithiation of a-Si1-x(CH3)x:H is found to be spatially non-uniform: lithiation starts at a limited number of locations then expands radially, forming circular lithiation spots. The morphology of the lithiation spots and their evolution is accurately measured by ex situ AFM. A mechanism is proposed to explain this phenomenon, involving the high resistivity of methylated silicon and the existence of low-resistance point defects.
Transmission Mössbauer spectroscopy and CEMS are powerful tools to study the changes in which iron-containing active materials of conversion electrodes are involved during lithium cell charge and discharge. The usual spectrum of pristine CoFe2O4 spinel with two sextets ascribable to Fe3 +  ions in both tetrahedral and octahedral environments, changes dramatically after cell discharge to 0 V vs. Li, and can be interpreted as the result of iron reduction to the metallic state in the form of superparamagnetic metal nanoparticles dispersed in a Li2O matrix. After cell charge to 3 V, the MS of the pristine sample is not recovered. Instead, two new doublets are visible with IS ascribable to Fe3 +  ions. 57Fe CEMS evidences the different environment of iron atoms in the surface of the nanodispersed material found in the used electrodes.
Separators are an integral component for optimising performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries; therefore, a clear understanding of how their microstructure affects cell performance and safety is crucial. Phase contrast X-ray microscopy is used here to capture the microstructures of commercial monolayer, tri-layer, and ceramic-coated lithium-ion battery polymer separators. Spatial variations in key structural parameters, including porosity, tortuosity factor and pore size distribution, are determined through the application of 3D quantification techniques and stereology. The architectures of individual layers in multi-layer membranes are characterised, revealing anisotropy in porosity, tortuosity factor and mean pore size of the three types of separator. Detailed structural properties of the individual layers of multi-layered membranes are then related with their expected effect on safety and rate capability of cells.
Mycoremediation is one of the biotechniques that recruits fungi to remove toxic pollutants from environment in an efficient and economical manner. Mushrooms, macro-fungi, are among the nature’s most important mycoremediators. Pleurotus species (also called oyster mushrooms) are considered to be the most popular and widely cultivated varieties worldwide and this might be attributed to their low production cost and higher yields. Apart from their nutritive and therapeutic properties, Pleurotus species have high biosorption potential due to their extensive biomass, i.e. mycelial production. The genus has been reported to accumulate high levels of heavy metals. The current state-of-the art review mainly summarises previous investigations carried out by researchers on different roles and mechanisms played by Pleurotus species on heavy metals mycoremediation.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and ablative neurosurgical procedures are established interventions for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), but their use may be limited in part by neuropsychological adverse effects. Additional neuromodulation strategies are being developed that aim to match or exceed the efficacy of ECT/ablative surgery with a better neurocognitive side effect profile. In this review, we briefly discuss the neurocognitive effects of ECT and ablative neurosurgical procedures, then synthesize the available neurocognitive information for emerging neuromodulation therapies, including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, magnetic seizure therapy, transcranial direct current stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, and deep brain stimulation. The available evidence suggests these procedures may be more cognitively benign relative to ECT or ablative neurosurgical procedures, though further research is clearly needed to fully evaluate the neurocognitive effects, both positive and negative, of these novel neuromodulation interventions.
Lithium transference numbers, salt diffusion coefficients and effective lithium conductivities are investigated with the steady state polarization method for poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) based polymer electrolytes containing lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB) or lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). We compare the commonly used evaluation technique with our approach. Here, the focus is laid on the potential relaxation of the polarized sample which delivers information about the salt diffusion and the potential distribution in symmetric Li/electrolyte/Li cell. The new approach circumvents the well-known initial current issue and thus increases the reliability of the experiment. The temperature dependence of the lithium transference numbers and the importance of data acquisition time are also discussed. The highest lithium transference numbers are 0.19 for P(EO)60·LiTFSI at 90°C.
The potential for operating automotive battery packs at high upper cutoff voltages (UCV) has been explored using preliminary data on eight cathode materials. The pack level energy density, specific energy, and battery cost are calculated using the spreadsheet tool BatPaC. The tool used experimental data for some cathode materials such as the lithiated oxides of nickel manganese cobalt (NMC), nickel cobalt aluminum (NCA), layered lithium- and manganese-rich nickel manganese cobalt (LMRNMC). The half-cell data were obtained at UCVs between 4.2 and 4.7 V vs. Li/Li+. The experimental data showed LMRNMC with the highest lithiation capacity gain, increasing from 176 mAh·g−1 at 4.2 V to 260 mAh·g−1 at 4.7 V; this advantage is partly offset by its lower average voltage. Assuming optimized cell materials/design and an area-specific impedance of 12 Ω⋅cm2 for all the materials, the BatPaC results indicate that the specific energies or energy densities of the battery electric vehicle (BEV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) battery packs with the LMRNMC and NMC cathodes can exceed 180 (BEV) and 160 (PHEV) Wh·kg−1 at UCV>4.6 V vs. Li/Li+. The costs of these battery packs are lowest at UCV = 4.7 V (vs. Li/Li+); estimated at 135–145 and 210–220 $·kWh−1 for BEV and PHEV packs, respectively.
To improve the poor solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formed with propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolyte on a graphite electrode, 2(5H)-furanone was assessed as a novel electrolyte additive together with fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). The mass change during the formation of the SEI was monitored with different 2(5H)-furanone to FEC ratio using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. The single addition of FEC was insufficient to prevent the decomposition of the electrolyte and damage of graphite electrode, due to FEC's more negative reduction potential compared to PC, leading to serious irreversible charge loss during the 1st charge-discharge process. On the other hand, 2(5H)-Furanone suppressed the graphite damage effectively, which resulted in relatively higher discharge capacity. However, for the electrolyte containing only 2(5H)-furanone, minor charge loss due to electrolyte reduction continued even after the SEI formation. This led to SEI with excessive amount and resistance, which resulted in a severe capacity drop at rapid discharge rates. The mixed additive of 2(5H)-furanone and FEC suppressed both the damage of the graphite electrode and residual reduction currents. The LIBs with this co-additive system exhibited much lower film resistance associated with the SEI and showed superior electrochemical performances.
Energy storage plays a crucial role in saving energy and protecting the environment. The research on phase change latent heat storage materials has been in the forefront of the thermal storage research. However, the low thermal conductivity and the leakage during phase transition have limited the application of the phase change materials (PCMs). Carbon materials can be used to improve the properties of PCMs because of their excellent properties. Carbon materials have high thermal conductivity and excellent adsorption properties. Some carbon materials can improve the mechanical properties, electrical properties and flame retardant properties of PCMs. In this paper, performances and applications of one-dimensional carbon (carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers and graphite fibers) based composite PCMs, two-dimensional carbon (graphite, graphene, graphene oxide and exfoliated graphite nanoplates) based composite PCMs and three-dimensional carbon (expanded graphite, carbon based foam, graphene aerogel material and activated carbon) based composite PCMs were summarized and discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of the carbon materials with various dimensions in the application were also pointed out. References for thermal energy storage application were provided by this paper.
In traumatic brain injury (TBI), severe disruptions occur in the choroid plexus (CP)–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) nexus that destabilize the nearby hippocampal and subventricular neurogenic regions. Following invasive and non-invasive injuries to cortex, several adverse sequelae harm the brain interior: (i) structural damage to CP epithelium that opens the blood–CSF barrier (BCSFB) to protein, (ii) altered CSF dynamics and intracranial pressure (ICP), (iii) augmentation of leukocyte traffic across CP into the CSF–brain, (iv) reduction in CSF sink action and clearance of debris from ventricles, and (v) less efficient provision of micronutritional and hormonal support for the CNS. However, gradual post-TBI restitution of the injured CP epithelium and ependyma, and CSF homeostatic mechanisms, help to restore subventricular/subgranular neurogenesis and the cognitive abilities diminished by CNS damage. Recovery from TBI is faciltated by upregulated choroidal/ependymal growth factors and neurotrophins, and their secretion into ventricular CSF. There, by an endocrine-like mechanism, CSF bulk flow convects the neuropeptides to target cells in injured cortex for aiding repair processes; and to neurogenic niches for enhancing conversion of stem cells to new neurons. In the recovery from TBI and associated ischemia, the modulating neuropeptides include FGF2, EGF, VEGF, NGF, IGF, GDNF, BDNF, and PACAP. Homeostatic correction of TBI-induced neuropathology can be accelerated or amplified by exogenously boosting the CSF concentration of these growth factors and neurotrophins. Such intraventricular supplementation via the CSF route promotes neural restoration through enhanced neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and neuroprotective effects. CSF translational research presents opportunities that involve CP and ependymal manipulations to expedite recovery from TBI.
The Co-free layered xLi2MnO3–(1− x)MO2(M=Mn1/3Ni1/3Fe1/3) solid solution was synthesized by a two steps approach including co-precipitation and calcination. The samples were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron miscroscopy (SEM), dQ/dV plots and electrochemical tests. The results indicated that the material possesses a layered α-NaFeO2 structure with R-3m space group and exhibits excellent electrochemical performances. The initial discharge capacity is 220mAhg−1 in the voltage range of 2.0–4.8V under current density of 30mAhg−1 at 30°C, and 232mAhg−1 in the second discharge process. Meanwhile, the discharge capacity maintains 192.4mAhg−1 after 20 cycles in the voltage range of 2.0–4.8V. Moreover, the initial discharge capacity is 263mAhg−1 in the cut-off voltage of 2.0–4.8V at 50°C. The high reversible capacities are attributed to reduction of Mn4+/Mn3+ during initial discharge process and the redox-reaction of Mn4+/Mn3+ during further cycles.
In this paper we report an X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical study of the Li10GeP2S12 lithium ion conducting solid electrolyte. The XRD results confirm the structure of the electrolyte, the Raman spectroscopy evidences the composite nature of the solid solution showing some spectral features typical of the starting Li2S, GeS2, and P2S5 materials, whereas a band peaked at about 495 cm−1 is identified as the specific fingerprint of the Li10GeP2S12 compound. The electrochemical studies, involving impedance spectroscopy, scan voltammetry and chrono-amperometry, demonstrate an ionic conductivity of the order of 10−3 S cm−1 over a wide temperature range with activation energy of approximately 0.1 eV, lithium transference of 0.99 and a stability window extending from 0 V to 6 V vs. Li. Further tests yield preliminary results obtained by Potentiodynamic Cycling with Galvanostatic Acceleration (PGCA) evaluation, which were carried out on a lithium metal anode as well as on lithium iron phosphate LiFePO4 and lithium nickel manganese oxide LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathodes in cells using Li10GeP2S12 as electrolyte. The material properties described above in conjunction with these tests identify Li10GeP2S12 as a very promising electrolyte for the development of advanced solid-state batteries.
Carbon coated iron oxide nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3, cIO) obtained from ferrocene display very promising performance in terms of both, capacity retention at high current density and cycling stability. Because of these characteristics, cIO can be considered as interesting material for the realization of high energy lithium-ion capacitors (LICs). In this work we investigated for the first time the use of this conversion electrode in LICs. We showed that the use of cIO enables the realization of LICs with an operative voltage of 3.4V, able to display promising values of energy and power. However, due to a degradation process occurring on the cIO electrode, the cycling stability of the investigated LIC was limited to some thousand of cycles. Taking into account these results, it is evident that in order to develop cIO-based LICs the improvement of the cycle life of these LICs is presently the main challenge that needs to be overcome.
The development of low-cost, high-performance anode materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is imperative to meet the ever-increasing demands for advanced power sources. Here we report our findings on the design, synthesis, and characterization of a new cation-disordered ZnSiP2 anode. When tested in LIBs, the disordered phase of ZnSiP2 demonstrates faster reaction kinetics and higher energy efficiency than the cation-ordered phase of ZnSiP2. The superior performance is attributed to the greater electronic and ionic conductivity and better tolerance against volume variation during cycling, as confirmed by theoretical calculations and experimental measurements. Moreover, the cation-disordered ZnSiP2/C composite exhibits excellent cycle stability and superior rate capability. The performance surpasses all reported multi-phase anodes studied. Further, a number of the cation-disordered phases in the Zn(Cu)–Si–P family with a wide range of cation ratios show similar performance, achieving large specific capacities and high first-cycle coulombic efficiency while maintaining desirable working potentials for enhanced safety.
MnO/C nanocomposites are successfully fabricated via a facile in situ interfacial polymerization followed by carbonization. The MnO/C nanocomposite exhibits unique one-dimensional core–shell nanostructure with an average diameter of 50nm and a ∼10nm thick carbon shell that uniformly encapsulates the MnO core. When used as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the MnO/C composite nanowire shows a high reversible capacity of 903mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1 after 100 cycles and a high-rate specific capacity of 483mAhg−1 even at 2Ag−1. In addition, the MnO/C anode demonstrates excellent recoverability when cycled at different cut-off voltages ranging from 1.5 to 3.0V. The scalability and outstanding Li-ion storage properties enable the present synthesis strategy to open up the possibility of fabricating MnO/C nanocomposites for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.