batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The relationship between the structure and crystallinity of lithium titanate Li4Ti5O12, at different synthesis post-treatment conditions on the electric energy storage capacity is discussed. Li4Ti5O12 was synthesized by solid-state reaction at a high temperature and time (950°C, 24h) and the resulting material was post-treated with a ball milling process at different times. Additional samples were prepared with a post-calcination after and adding graphite carbon previously to the longer applied ball-milling time. All the obtained materials were structurally and morphologically characterized by XRD and SEM techniques. To study the effect of ball milling time on the lithium-ion storage capacity, electrochemical experiments of galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling, cyclic voltammetry, and rate capability experiments were performed. The application of high-energy milling showed that the obtained specific capacity increased with particle size reduction as long as the crystallinity degree of the LTO material remained high. The Li-ion diffusion coefficient for each material was obtained, as well as its specific resistivity and the intrinsic rate constant for the electrochemical process. It was possible to observe that the ball-milling treatment producing improvements in the charge storage capacity leads also to improvements in mass transport and electrical conduction, although not necessarily produce better electrochemical kinetic behavior. The inter-particle connectivity was analyzed in terms of state-of-the-art percolation modeling.
Enhancing redox reactions and electrical conductivities is indispensible to design efficient electrocapacitive materials for battery supercapacitor hybrid devices (BSH). Nickel cobalt molybdenum quaternary metal oxides based on Al, Cu, Fe, and Zn are synthesized on Ni foam via a facile hydrothermal reaction and applied as the electrocapacitive material for battery-type electrodes. Structure and electrocapacitive performance for quaternary metal oxides are highly dependent on metal species. The best electrocapacitive performance is attained for the nickel cobalt molybdenum copper oxide electrode due to the preferable nanosheet structure with high surface area and compatibility between Ni, Co, Mo and Cu. An areal capacity of 0.78 mAh/cm2 is obtained at 10 mV/s for the optimized nickel cobalt molybdenum copper oxide electrode prepared using the Cu ratio of 1.0. A BSH composed of the nickel cobalt molybdenum copper oxide positive electrode and an activated carbon negative electrode presents an areal capacity of 1.57 mAh/cm2 at 10 mA/cm2 with a potential window of 1.4 V and the capacitance retention of 70% after 4000 times repeatedly charge/discharge process. The successful synthesis of novel quaternary metal oxides with highly efficient electrochemical performance provides new blueprints for improving the electrocapacitive ability of BSH by applying multiple metal oxides with careful-designed compositions.
Batteries generally do not perform well at extreme temperatures, and electrolytes are mainly to blame. Here, the authors dissolve fluorinated electrolytes in highly fluorinated non-polar solvents, enabling batteries that can operate at a wide temperature range (−125 to +70 °C).
Monodispersed core-shell porous Fe3O4@C nanospheres are prepared through hydrothermal treatment and subsequent chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Specially, the magnetite reduction and carbon coating are completed via CVD simultaneously and the process is verified by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Fe3O4@C composites exhibit high reversible capacity (∼1100mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1 after 60 cycles), excellent cyclic stability and good rate performance. The carbon coating layer serves as a highly conducting framework and provides a flexible space for buffering strain and stress, and the pores facilitate ion transport during electrochemical cycling. More importantly, the core-shell Fe3O4@C composite is connected by carbon to form a three-dimensional network, which contributes to the relief of inner strain and the fast transport of electrons and lithium ions.
UML sequence diagrams are visual representations of object interactions in a system and can provide valuable information for program comprehension, debugging, maintenance, and software archeology. Sequence diagrams generated from legacy code are independent of existing documentation that may have eroded. We present a framework for static generation of UML sequence diagrams from object-oriented source code. The framework provides a query refinement system to guide the user to interesting interactions in the source code. Our technique involves constructing a hypergraph representation of the source code, traversing the hypergraph with respect to a user-defined query, and generating the corresponding set of sequence diagrams. We implemented our framework as a tool, StaticGen (supporting software: StaticGen), analyzing a corpus of 30 Android applications. We provide experimental results demonstrating the efficacy of our technique (originally appeared in the Proceedings of Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering—20th International Conference, FASE 2017, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2017, Uppsala, Sweden, April 22–29, 2017).
Abstract Today, nanotechnology has generated an increase in the design of new nanomaterials that cut across biological barriers for application in the human body. On the other hand, the application of quantum chemistry models allow modeling, predicting, and designing new nanomaterials with specific properties and structure for specific applications due to manipulation of nanoscale materials. In this investigation, the crosslinking of the PU/graphene nanocomposite (NMC) applied AM1 model was studied, in which graphene was introduced in order to improve the properties of PU and its wide medical application, then the minimum amount was determined for PMMA absorption in the NMC. By applying the Monte Carlo method, the effect of temperature (273, 308, 310, and 313K, respectively) was studied to determine the behavior of NMC/PMMA in the prosthetic design. Calculations were: (1) molecular geometry whereby regarding Gibbs free energy (ΔG) minimal changes of 0.1% with respect to different temperatures was observed; (2) The partition coefficient (Log P) shows a positive value (24.77), which would verify that this reaction with polar solutions in the human body; (3) the main signals FTIR about the NMC/PMMA, where it is seen that the temperature only causes displacements in the different signals; it was observed that the crosslinking of the PU/graphene occurs in the carbonyl bonds and CH forming hydrogen bonds and PMMA is added when the adsorption is carried out through the CH-graphene; (4) electrostatic potential maps (MESP) of the NMC/PMMA at different temperatures shows that the nucleophilic zones (CH bonds) identified bonds, while electrophilic zones were located in the carbonyl group. These results verify that the prosthesis has excellent physicochemical properties independent of changes in body temperature.
Background Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been used for neuropsychiatric disorders in clinical and research settings for almost 50 years now. Recent evidence demonstrates some efficacy in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression in patients refractory to other treatment modalities beyond single case reports. This has led to a considerable surge of clinical and commercial interest in DBS for psychiatric indications. Because of the high vulnerability of psychiatric patients, the lack of extensive short- and long-term data about effectiveness and adverse effects and the haunting history of psychosurgery, this new field in psychiatry raises important and specific ethical issues that have only rarely been systematically addressed so far. Objective and Methods We here review an evidence-based systematic ethical analysis of psychiatric DBS using the criteria of beneficence, nonmaleficence, and autonomy. Conclusions These criteria can easily be applied to research and future clinical application of DBS in neuropsychiatric disorders. This will prepare the ground for ethically justified, empirically comprehensive DBS in this highly vulnerable population and allow stringent future societal discussions about its legitimation.
The primary aim of any anti-collision protocols is to identify tags quickly, as doing so ensures that a Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) reader incurs minimal energy wastage and achieves high identification rate. To date, researchers have proposed various protocols to minimize tag collisions and idle slots–key factors that determine a reader’s read rate and energy expenditure. Most of these protocols, however, are designed for single reader systems. To this end, we propose E2MAC, an energy efficient, distributed Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for identifying and monitoring tags in RFID-enhanced wireless sensor networks. E2MAC exploits the low power capability of a ultra-wideband transceiver and distinct pulses to address the reader collision problem. In addition, it uses ResMon, an enhanced dynamic frame slotted Aloha protocol to read and monitor tags. Lastly, E2MAC uses a novel load balancing algorithm to amortize the cost of reading and monitoring tags to multiple readers. These E2MAC features ensure that the contention level at each reader is kept at a minimum and distributed fairly. As a result, E2MAC has a high reading rate and low energy consumption. In addition, E2MAC helps in minimizing the impact of the tag orientation problem, where a tag becomes unreadable if its antenna is parallel to a reader’s field lines. In particular, the use of multiple readers increases spatial diversity and hence increases the likelihood that a tag is readable by at least one reader. Our simulation results show E2MAC to have very low energy consumption, reading delay and per-reader collision. More importantly, system designers have the flexibility to lower these metrics further with additional readers, bigger frame sizes, or by dividing tags into small groups.
Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent in Parkinson disease (PD) and is known to contribute to cognitive impairment and daytime sleepiness. We investigated feasibility of continuous positive airway pressure treatment (CPAP) and its effects on subjective daytime sleepiness and cognitive profile in PD plus OSA subjects in a longitudinal three months follow up study. Methods Seventy (age 71.7 ± 7.6, disease duration 9.9 ± 12.3, UPDRS-III 33.7 ± 12.5, MMSE 25.3 ± 3.6; years of education 7.7 ± 3.2) out of 228 consecutive PD patients undergoing in-lab video-polysomnography were found to have obstructive sleep apnea. Thirty-six subjects accepted to titrate therapeutic CPAP. Video-polysomnography, neuropsychological battery evaluating different cognitive domains and subjective scales for daytime sleepiness were scheduled at baseline and after three months. All the patients were given educational informations relative to diagnosis of OSA and benefits of OSA treatment, and an individualized training with CPAP. Results Twenty-seven (75%) subjects dropped out of the study due to CPAP intolerance. No demographic or disease-related variables (in particular, severity of OSA), could be found between subjects who completed the study versus those who dropped out. Nine subjects completed the three-month follow up, and there were no significant changes in subjective sleepiness, neuropsychological scores and sleep structure (except for reduction in apnea/hypopnea index and a trend toward increase in stage N3 sleep). Conclusion Our data show that feasibility of CPAP treatment can be significantly threatened by overall attrition rates. Further studies should consider well-structured adherence promoting interventions. The actual role of OSA as a determinant of the profile of subjective daytime sleepiness and cognition in PD, and the effects of CPAP in PD need to be further studied.
Various attempts have been made to use impedance measurements for online analysis and offline modelling of lead–acid batteries. This presentation gives an overview on the latest and successful approaches based on impedance measurements to assess state-of-charge (SoC), state-of-health (SoH) and cranking capability of lead–acid batteries. Furthermore, it is shown that impedance data can serve as a basis for dynamic battery models for the simulation of vehicle power-supply systems. The methods and procedures aim for a reliable prediction of battery performance in electric vehicles, hybrid cars and classical automotive applications. Although, it will become obvious that impedance measurements give valuable information on the battery state, typically the information needs to be combined with other conventional algorithms or self-learning tools to achieve reliable and stable results for real-world applications.
According to the Procedural Deficit Hypothesis (PDH), abnormalities of brain structures underlying procedural memory largely explain the language deficits in children with specific language impairment (SLI). These abnormalities are posited to result in core deficits of procedural memory, which in turn explain the grammar problems in the disorder. The abnormalities are also likely to lead to problems with other, non-procedural functions, such as working memory, that rely at least partly on the affected brain structures. In contrast, declarative memory is expected to remain largely intact, and should play an important compensatory role for grammar. These claims were tested by examining measures of working, declarative and procedural memory in 51 children with SLI and 51 matched typically-developing (TD) children (mean age 10). Working memory was assessed with the Working Memory Test Battery for Children, declarative memory with the Children’s Memory Scale, and procedural memory with a visuo-spatial Serial Reaction Time task. As compared to the TD children, the children with SLI were impaired at procedural memory, even when holding working memory constant. In contrast, they were spared at declarative memory for visual information, and at declarative memory in the verbal domain after controlling for working memory and language. Visuo-spatial short-term memory was intact, whereas verbal working memory was impaired, even when language deficits were held constant. Correlation analyses showed neither visuo-spatial nor verbal working memory was associated with either lexical or grammatical abilities in either the SLI or TD children. Declarative memory correlated with lexical abilities in both groups of children. Finally, grammatical abilities were associated with procedural memory in the TD children, but with declarative memory in the children with SLI. These findings replicate and extend previous studies of working, declarative and procedural memory in SLI. Overall, we suggest that the evidence largely supports the predictions of the PDH.
Electroactive copolymers of m-toluidine (MT) and o-phenylenediamine (OPD) were prepared electrochemically in aqueous sulfuric acid by potential cycling and characterized with cyclic voltametry, in situ conductivity measurements and FT-IR spectroscopy. The voltammograms of the copolymers exhibit different behavior for different concentrations of OPD in the comonomer feed. At optimum conditions the resulting poly(OPD-co-MT) shows an extended useful potential range of the redox activity as compared to the corresponding homopolymers. The effect of scan rate and pH on the electrochemical activity was studied. The copolymer was electrochemically active even at pH 8.0. The stability of the copolymer film was also tested. The copolymer has a potential region of maximum conductivity different from that of PMT and POPD. The conductivity of the copolymer is between the conductivity of the homopolymers. The vibrational bands at 3122/3450 and 2922/875cm−1 in the FT-IR spectra of the copolymer indicate the presence of both OPD and MT units, respectively, in the copolymer backbone.
In this paper a 3D model based on the thermal material characteristics of an automotive prismatic Li–NiMnCoO2 (NMC) cell was created in COMSOL Multiphysics® in order to simulate the temperature propagation in the cell during short term thermal stress. The thermal characteristics of the battery components were experimentally determined via laser flash analysis (LFA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and used as an input parameter for the models. In order to validate the modelling approach, an experimental setup was built to measure the temperature propagation during thermal stresses within a dummy cell, equipped with temperature sensors. After validating, the model is used to describe the temperature propagation after a short-term temperature stress on automotive prismatic lithium-ion cells, simulating welding of the contact leads.
Shoulder disorders are a common health problem in western societies. Several treatment protocols have been developed for the clinical management of persons with shoulder pain. However available evidence does not support any protocol as being superior over others. Systematic reviews provide some evidence that certain physical therapy interventions (i.e. supervised exercises and mobilisation) are effective in particular shoulder disorders (i.e. rotator cuff disorders, mixed shoulder disorders and adhesive capsulitis), but there is an ongoing need for high quality trials of physical therapy interventions. Usually, physical therapy consists of active exercises intended to strengthen the shoulder muscles as stabilizers of the glenohumeral joint or perform mobilisations to improve restricted mobility of the glenohumeral or adjacent joints (shoulder girdle). It is generally accepted that a-traumatic shoulder problems are the result of impingement of the subacromial structures, such as the bursa or rotator cuff tendons. Myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in shoulder muscles may also lead to a complex of symptoms that are often seen in patients diagnosed with subacromial impingement or rotator cuff tendinopathy. Little is known about the treatment of MTrPs in patients with shoulder disorders.
A one-pot and template-free solvothermal method was developed to synthesize the hierarchical WO3 hollow microspheres with porous shells. The porous shell of as-synthesize WO3 hollow microspheres are constructed from primary nanoplates clusters of 50nm. The as-synthesize WO3 hollow microspheres are not monodisperse, and most of hollow microspheres are interconnected by sharing one wall. Importantly, the as-synthesize WO3 hollow microspheres exhibit excellent electrochemical performance. At current density of 100mAg−1, they can deliver a specific capacity of 1700mAhg−1 in the first discharge and retain a specific capacity of 700mAhg−1 after 100 cycles. Meanwhile, even at a high current density of 1600mAg−1, they also exhibit a specific capacity of 213mAhg−1 after 500 cycles. This superior electrochemical performance of the as-synthesized WO3 hollow microspheres could be ascribed to its unique hierarchical architecture.
This paper presents a methodology to predict the evolution of state-of-health for lead-acid battery under controlled aging conditions. The results are based on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data. We show that by collecting impedance data for the battery for two states of charge (fully charged and at 75% SOC, respectively) it is possible to predict the lifetime of the battery with high accuracy. Our conclusion is based on the effect of linear decay for the values of constant phase element in the equivalent circuit of the battery during the aging. In order to validate our conclusions we perform analysis over three separate cells. We show that the linear decay as a function of cycle index is a robust feature, present for all samples. Potential application of our methodology include the rapid evaluation of the industrial products, the possibility to test the effect of technological changes over the battery quality as well as the development of optimized battery management systems.
Alcohol can cause a spectrum of untoward structural and functional changes in the brainThe spectrum of disruption includes alcohol-related brain damage at one end and complications such as hepatic encephalopathy, Wernicke encephalopathy, Korsakoff syndrome, Marchiafava–Bignami disease and central pontine myelinolysis at the otherThe clinical diagnoses of alcohol-related brain damage and even Wernicke encephalopathy can be difficult to make, and many cases of these conditions are missedChanges to the brain associated with alcohol intake are regionally specific and can affect both gray and white matter; some of these changes are reversible with abstinencePathogenic mechanisms associated with alcoholism are under investigation, with neuroinflammation currently receiving particular attention
Alcoholism is an addictive disorder with multifaceted biological underpinnings (Box 1). Frequent concomitants of alcoholism are liver disease (steatosis, hepatitis and cirrhosis),1 cardiovascular disease2 and malnutrition.3 The neurological consequences associated with this addictive disorder include hepatic encephalopathy, Wernicke encephalopathy (WE), Korsakoff syndrome (KS), Marchiafava–Bignami disease (MBD) and central pontine myelinolysis (CPM). Each of these relatively well-characterized alcohol-related CNS disorders is associated with a unique clinical presentation and a discrete neuropathological and neuroradiological signature (Figure 1).4 The structural changes to the brain and functional consequences that occur with chronic alcohol consumption in the absence of diagnosable neurological concomitants of alcoholism (that is, in cases of uncomplicated alcoholism) are grouped under the term 'alcohol-related brain damage' (ARBD).Figure 1Brain regions targeted by alcohol-related disease.Figure courtesy of A. Pfefferbaum, SRI International, CA, USA and E. V. Sullivan, Stanford University, CA, USA.
In this work, spinel Li2MnTi3O8 is successfully prepared by using a simple sol-gel route and evaluated as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Charge-discharge tests exhibits than spinel Li2MnTi3O8 can deliver an initial discharge capacity of 273.5mAhg−1 and the reversible capacity is kept at 206.1mAhg−1 after 50 cycles, corresponding to 94.5% of the initial charge capacity. The electrochemical reaction mechanism between Li2MnTi3O8 and lithium is investigated based on the results of various in-situ and ex-situ observations. The result indicates that the (Li0.505Mn0.495)tet(Li0.495Mn0.005)octTi1.5 octO4 has multiple interstitials to accommodate lithium ions during the lithiation process, in which the octahedral sites (4a) would be occupied by lithium ions at high working potential and the tetrahedral sites (8c) would be occupied by lithium ions at low working potential. As a result, two two-phase transitions between three end-number phases Li2MnTi3O8, Li3MnTi3O8 and Li5MnTi3O8 can be observed during the reversible electrochemical reaction between Li2MnTi3O8 and lithium.