batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We report that a partially oxygen deficient LiTi2(PO4)3 shows a much better rate capability as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries compared to stoichiometric LiTi2(PO4)3. A combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemistry, and first-principles calculations was used to determine and rationalize the structural and electrical changes that occur with different heat treatment atmospheres. XRD and XPS experiments confirmed that some Ti4+ transformed to Ti3+ in oxygen deficient LiTi2(PO4)3 heat treated under N2; Ti3+ was detected and the lattice parameter increased compared to that of LiTi2(PO4)3. Electrical conductivity measurements indicated an increase in the electronic conductivity of nearly two orders of magnitude for the oxygen deficient LiTi2(PO4)3 sample compared to LiTi2(PO4)3. First-principles calculations suggest that the oxygen vacancies could be formed in LiTi2(PO4)3 under oxygen-poor conditions, and this may significantly decrease the donor levels of other possible donor defects and thus improve the electronic mobility.
The thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogen (H2) release from ethane 1,2-di-amineborane (EDAB, BH3NH2CH2CH2NH2BH3) were measured using Calvet and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), pressure-composition isotherms, and volumetric gas-burette experiments. The results presented here indicate that EDAB releases ∼ 10 wt.% H2 at temperatures ranging from 100 °C to 200 °C in two moderately exothermic steps, approximately −10 ± 1 kJ mol−1 H2 and −3.8 ± 1 kJ mol−1 H2. Isothermal kinetic analysis shows that EDAB is more stable than ammonia borane (AB) at temperatures lower than 100 °C; however, the rates of hydrogen release are faster for EDAB than for AB at temperatures higher than 120 °C. In addition, no volatile impurities in the H2 released by EDAB were detected by mass spectrometry upon heating with 1 °C min−1 to 200 °C in a calorimeter.
The aim of the present study is to compare the pragmatic ability of right- and left-hemisphere-damaged patients excluding the possible interference of linguistic deficits. To this aim, we study extralinguistic communication, that is communication performed only through gestures. The Cognitive Pragmatics Theory provides the theoretical framework: it predicts a gradient of difficulty in the comprehension of different pragmatic phenomena, that should be valid independently of the use of language or gestures as communicative means. An experiment involving 10 healthy individuals, 10 right- and 9 left-hemisphere-damaged patients, shows that pragmatic performance is better preserved in left-hemisphere-damaged (LHD) patients than in right-hemisphere-damaged (RHD) patients.
Background Distraction enterogenesis is a novel method for increasing small bowel length by the application of linearly directed forces. However, the magnitude of distractive forces that human and animal small bowel can safely withstand is unknown. Methods Acute ex vivo force-displacement curves for human (n = 5) and pig (n = 6) small intestine (with and without mesentery) were made by applying increasing amounts of distractive forces to bowel immersed in normal saline (39°C). Progressive load was applied until gross disruption of the tissue was detected, or the applied force reached 1000 gram-force (gf). Histology was used to detect evidence of load-induced damage. In vivo blood flow to pig bowel with distractive loads (30–200 gf) was measured by laser Doppler. Results The relationship between the level of force and degree of displacement was linear. The presence of a mesentery increased stiffness of pig bowel, but did not affect human bowel. Gross tissue disruption in pig and human tissue was seen at forces between 235 and 295 gf, respectively. However, in grossly undamaged areas, histology was unchanged even after application of higher loads. With in vivo testing, mesenteric blood flow was present up to 200 gf; however, blood flow to the bowel wall was reduced to undetectable levels at loads exceeding 100 gf. Conclusions While whole bowel tissue may tolerate greater applied loads, blood flow to the bowel wall was compromised at loads over 100 gf, suggesting that any higher forces place the bowel at risk for ischemia. These measurements will help guide the clinical application of distraction enterogenesis.
Accurate estimations of cell state-of-charge for series-connected battery pack are remaining challenge due to the inhabited inconsistency characteristic. This paper tries to make three contributions. (1) A parametric modeling method is proposed for developing model-based SoC estimation approach. Based on the analysis for the mapping relationship between battery parameters and its SoC, a three-dimensional response surface open circuit voltage model is proposed for correcting erroneous SoC estimation. (2) An improved battery model considering model and parameter uncertainties is developed for modeling multiple cells in battery pack. A filtering process for selecting cell having “average capacity” and “average resistance” of battery pack has been developed to build the nominal battery model. Then a bias correction for single cells based on an average cell model is proposed for improving the expansibility of the nominal battery model. (3) A novel model-based dual-scale cell SoC estimator has been proposed. It uses micro and macro time scale to estimate the SoC of the selected cell and unselected cells respectively. Lastly, the proposed approach has been verified by two lithium-ion battery packs. The results show that the maximum estimation errors for cell voltage and SoC are less than 30 mV and 1% respectively against uncertain diving cycles and battery packs.
In this paper, a gradient-free optimization technique, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, is utilized to identify specific parameters of the electrochemical model of a Lithium-Ion battery with LiCoO2 cathode chemistry. Battery electrochemical model parameters are subject to change under severe or abusive operating conditions resulting in, for example, over-discharged battery, over-charged battery, etc. It is important for a battery management system to have these parameter changes fully captured in a bank of battery models that can be used to monitor battery conditions in real time. Here the PSO methodology has been successfully applied to identify four electrochemical model parameters that exhibit significant variations under severe operating conditions: solid phase diffusion coefficient at the positive electrode (cathode), solid phase diffusion coefficient at the negative electrode (anode), intercalation/de-intercalation reaction rate at the cathode, and intercalation/de-intercalation reaction rate at the anode. The identified model parameters were used to generate the respective battery models for both healthy and degraded batteries. These models were then validated by comparing the model output voltage with the experimental output voltage for the stated operating conditions. The identified Li-Ion battery electrochemical model parameters are within reasonable accuracy as evidenced by the experimental validation results.
Developing highly active and low-cost electrocatalysts with superior durability for both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a grand challenge to produce hydrogen by electrolysis of water. Here, we report on a facile and scalable approach to fabricate highly efficient three-dimensional (3D) bulk catalysts of core–shell nanostructures, in which few-layer NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets are grown on Cu nanowire cores supported on Cu foams, toward overall water splitting. Remarkably, benefiting from the 3D hierarchical nanoarchitecture with large surface areas, fast electron transport, and open-channels for effective gas release, the resulting 3D self-standing catalysts exhibit outstanding OER activity as well as excellent HER performance in an alkaline medium. Using them as bifunctional catalysts for overall water splitting, a current density of 10 mA cm−2 was achieved at a voltage of 1.54 V, and 100 mA cm−2 at 1.69 V with excellent durability, which is much better than the benchmark of IrO2(+)//Pt(−) electrodes. Our 3D core–shell electrocatalysts significantly advance the research towards large-scale practical water electrolysis.
Anhydride organic materials are promising candidates for lithium batteries on account of reversible insertion and de-insertion of Li+ on the conjugated carbonyl structure. However, anhydride compounds suffer from drawbacks that rapidly attenuate the capacity of lithium batteries. This study aims to reveal the essential reason for the rapid capacity attenuation of four anhydride organic compounds by characterizing the morphological features of the lithium foil surface and the loss of active materials before and after charge-discharge cycles, to speculate the reasons for the electrochemical property attenuation along with molecular weight decreases. This study proposes that the phenomenon is because the anhydride monomer react Li+ during the charge and discharge processes, then cross the separator and deposits on the surface of lithium foil (Li-foil), leading to loss of active materials and low utilization of the Li-foil. Based on the mechanism study, anhydride compounds will face the new development in the field of energy storage.
Human mining activities tend often to generate greatly impacted areas which remain contaminated for long periods of time, giving rise to extreme habitats. Mining sites are usually characterized for the production of metal rich effluents with very low pH. In this work we analyzed physical and chemical parameters of water from a deactivated uranium mine pond (M) and a reference site (REF) as well as their metal content. Furthermore, we determined and compared metal accumulation in liver, kidney, bones, muscle and skin of Pelophylax perezi from REF with P. perezi from M. We also determined the enzymatic activities of glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (Gred), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx; both selenium-dependent and selenium-independent) in liver, kidney, lung and heart. Additionally, lipoperoxidation (LPO) was also assessed in the same tissues via thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was determined in muscle. Our results revealed that the majority of metals were in higher concentrations in tissues of organisms from M. This trend was especially evident for U whose content reached a difference of 1350 fold between REF and M organisms. None of the organs tested for antioxidant defenses revealed LPO, nonetheless, with exception for liver, all organs from the M frogs presented increased total GPx activity and selenium-dependent GPx. However, this response was significant only for the lung, probably as a consequence of the significant inhibition of CAT upstream and to cope with the subsequent increase in H2O2. Lungs were the organs displaying greater responsiveness of the anti-oxidant stress system in frogs from the uranium mine area.
Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 was prepared by mixing uniform co-precipitated spherical metal hydroxide (Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)(OH)2 with 7% excess LiOH followed by heat-treatment. The tap-density of the powder obtained was 2.38gcm−3, and it was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size distribution measurement, scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests. The XRD studies showed that the material had a well-ordered layered structure with small amount of cation mixing. It can be seen from the EDS results that the transition metals (Ni, Co and Mn) in Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 are uniformly distributed. Initial charge and discharge capacity of 185.08 and 166.99mAhg−1 was obtained between 3 and 4.3V at a current density of 16mAg−1, and the capacity of 154.14mAhg−1 was retained at the end of 30 charge–discharge cycles with the capacity retention of 93%.
This paper presents a new numerical simulation method to calculate transient voltage profiles of lithium-ion secondary batteries. The method employs circuit analysis of an internal equivalent electric circuit composed of an electromotive force, an LR parallel circuit, and eight CR parallel circuits. To demonstrate the accuracy and versatility of this approach, the authors measured the transient voltage responses of three types of test batteries with different output power densities, and compared these experimental data with simulation results. Battery performance was tested using different charge/discharge current patterns and a range of values for state of charge (SOC) and operating temperature. The accuracy of the proposed simulation method was confirmed for all test cases using the three different batteries and charge/discharge current patterns, demonstrating that the method is versatile and applicable to various lithium-ion secondary batteries regardless of type. Since the employed internal equivalent electric circuit is composed of only DC voltage source and linear R , L and C elements, all of general purpose software for electric circuit simulations can easily deal with the circuit. This advantage and the obtained results indicate that the proposed simulation method is a useful technique and offers a powerful tool to develop sophisticated battery control systems for various applications.
In this work, cobalt from spent Li-ion batteries of cellular phones was recycled using electrochemical techniques. The efficiency, structure and morphology of deposits were influenced by the pH solution and charge density. Maximum efficiency is obtained for pH = 5.40 for all charge densities analyzed. The presence of the cobalt hcp phase for both pH solutions (5.40 and 2.70) and charge density conditions (10.0 and 50.0 C cm−2) used in the electrodeposition process was detected by X-ray diffraction. The growth of the cobalt deposit is favored in the crystallographic direction [002] for pH = 5.40 and in the direction [110] for pH = 2.70 when the charge density is 10.0 C cm−2. The [100] and [101] crystallographic directions of hcp phase were detected by X-ray diffractogram for both pH conditions when the charge density was increased to 50.0 C cm−2. The potentiodynamic dissolution of the cobalt depends on its structural composition.
Understanding the correlation between the desired morphology of nanostructures and its electrochemical properties is a prerequisite for widespread application of advanced energy materials. Herein, two types of tetragonal α-Fe2O3 single crystals with a mean size of ca. 200 nm, including cubic and thorhombic shapes, have been synthesized via a facile hydrothermal approach. The as-obtained shape of α-Fe2O3 nanocrystals depends on the addition of the metal ions precursor, the Zn2+ ions result in the cubic shape and the Cu2+ ions result in the thorhombic shape, respectively. These two different tetragonal α-Fe2O3 single crystals are used as anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), and the results reveal that cubic α-Fe2O3 single crystal exhibits a better performance than thorhombic α-Fe2O3 single crystal. The discharge capacity of cubic α-Fe2O3 single crystal is up to 1028 mAh/g, and the current density is up to 1000 mA/g (1C) after 222 cycles. Clearly, the α-Fe2O3 single crystal with controlled shapes would improve the electrochemical performance of LIBs as superior anode materials, and this approach could pave a way to develop high performance LIBs.
Ultrasound techniques are becoming increasingly important in animal reproduction, offering both a mean of diagnosis and a useful therapeutic tool. Accordingly, understanding the use of ultrasound technology is critical in contemporary animal sciences, since ultrasound examinations are now a routine component of diagnostic workups in reproduction. Ultrasound technology offers the assessment of pregnancy status and foetal viability early post breeding in order to identify animals that fail to conceive, improving reproductive efficiency; early identification of animals carrying twin foetuses, allowing for the implementation of differential management strategies to avoid the negative effects of twinning on general health of the mother animal and also at parturition; and the visualisation of ovarian and uterine pathologies not accurately detected via rectal palpation, allowing appropriate therapies to be implemented. In addition, determination of foetal sex in utero can be done by ultrasonography. The new information that has been generated through ultrasound has thrown light on therapeutic uses, thereby opening up new areas for research. Moreover, ultrasound-guided interventional techniques can be used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. In this review, advances and applications of ultrasonography in domestic animal reproduction are reviewed.
Polyanthra[1,9,8-b,c,d,e][4,10,5-b,c,d,e]bis-[1,6,6a(6a-S)trithia]pentalene (PABTP) was prepared and investigated as cathode active material for lithium secondary batteries. The organic disulfide polymer was prepared by the direct sulfurization of anthracene and the oxidative coupling polymerization of the sulfide anthracene, characterized by FT-IR, Raman, elemental analysis, XPS and XRD. The polymer was used as cathode active material and the lithium secondary batteries were assembled and tested. The polymer had high specific capacity up to 1500mAhg−1, which remained the value of 800mAhg−1 at the 77th cycle, and kept high charge–discharge efficiency of 85% in the whole test.
We report a failure mechanism of layered lithium-rich oxide/graphite cell and a solution to this failure. Charge/discharge tests demonstrate that Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2/graphite full cell fails when it is performed with cycling and this issue can be solved effectively by using an electrolyte additive, tris (trimethylsilyl) phosphite (TMSPi). Further cycling tests on Li/Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 and Li/graphite half-cells and physical characterizations on the cycled cathode indicate that this failure involves the increased HF concentration and the subsequent corrosion for aluminum current collector of cathode due to the electrolyte decomposition during cycling. TMSPi contributes to the formation of a protective interphase on cathode due to its preferential oxidation compared with the base electrolyte, which suppresses the electrolyte decomposition and the HF formation, preventing aluminum current collector from corrosion.
The present study undertakes an exergy and reliability analysis of wind turbine systems and applies to a local one in Turkey: the exergy performance and reliability of the small wind turbine generator have been evaluated in a demonstration (1.5kW) in Solar Energy Institute of Ege University (latitude 38.24 N, longitude 27.50 E), Izmir, Turkey. In order to extract the maximum possible power, it is important that the blades of small wind turbines start rotating at the lowest possible wind speed. The starting performance of a three-bladed, 3m diameter horizontal axis wind turbine was measured in field tests. The average technical availability, real availability, capacity factor and exergy efficiency value have been analyzed from September 2002 to November 2003 and they are found to be 94.20%, 51.67%, 11.58%, and 0–48.72%, respectively. The reliability analysis has also been done for the small wind turbine generator. The failure rate is high to an extent of 2.28×10−4 h−1 and the factor of reliability is found to be 0.37 at 4380h. If failure rate can be decreased, not only this system but also other wind turbine systems of real availability, capacity factor and exergy efficiency will be improved.
Chitosan membranes cross-linked in sulfuric acid are evaluated for their thermal stability, water absorption and proton conductivity properties as alternative proton exchange membrane (PEM) material for application in fuel cells. Chitosan membranes are found to be more hydrophilic than Nafion 117 in water uptake experiments. Chitosan membranes absorb about 60% water on average compared with about 30% for Nafion 117. Preliminary TGA/DSC thermal stability studies show that after the initial weight loss due to water, chitosan membranes decompose in three stages with the final stage beginning at about 300°C. Chitosan membrane proton conductivities under various temperature and humidity conditions are reported and compared with that for the commercial membrane Nafion 117. Partially-hydrated chitosan membranes at ambient temperature display a proton conductivity of about 0.005Scm−1 as opposed to 0.08Scm−1 for Nafion 117 under the same conditions. At 60°C (full hydration) Nafion 117 membranes have a conductivity of about 0.12Scm−1 and chitosan membranes have 0.02Scm−1.
This paper presents the development and experimental validation of a dynamic model of a Hybridized Energy Storage System (HESS) consisting of a parallel connection of a lead acid (PbA) battery and double layer capacitors (DLCs), for automotive applications. The dynamic modeling of both the PbA battery and the DLC has been tackled via the equivalent electric circuit based approach. Experimental tests are designed for identification purposes. Parameters of the PbA battery model are identified as a function of state of charge and current direction, whereas parameters of the DLC model are identified for different temperatures. A physical HESS has been assembled at the Center for Automotive Research The Ohio State University and used as a test-bench to validate the model against a typical current profile generated for Start&Stop applications. The HESS model is then integrated into a vehicle simulator to assess the effects of the battery hybridization on the vehicle fuel economy and mitigation of the battery stress.
The inter-relationship between the orthogonal alignment of polymer helices and improvement of lithium-transport properties of polymer electrolytes has been determined by scanning electron microscopy, differential-scanning calorimetry and dielectric spectroscopy. It is suggested that ordering of the polymer electrolyte accompanied by increased conduction properties is achieved by mutual coordination of local dipole moments of the polar CH2–CH2–O units during casting under a magnetic field.
Quinoid compounds are important candidates of organic active materials for lithium-ion batteries. However, its high solubility to organic electrolyte solutions and low redox potential are known as their major drawbacks. To circumvent these issues, we have designed and synthesized a tandem-tetracyanoquinonedimethane type cathode-active material, 11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14-octacyano-1,4,5,8-anthradiquinotetramethane (OCNAQ), that has four redox sites per molecule, high redox potential and suppressed solubility to electrolyte solution. Synthesized OCNAQ has been found to have two-step redox reactions by cyclic voltammetry, and each step consists of two-electron reactions. During charge-discharge tests using selected organic cathode-active materials with a lithium metal anode, the cell voltages obtained from OCNAQ are higher than those for 11,11-dicyanoanthraquinone methide (AQM) as expected, due to the strong electron-withdrawing effect of the cyano groups. Unfortunately, even with the use of the organic active material, the issue of dissolution to the electrolyte solution cannot be suppressed completely; however, appropriate choice of the electrolyte solutions, glyme-based electrolyte solutions in this study, give considerable improvement of the cycle retention (98% and 56% at 10 and 100 cycles at 0.5C, respectively). The specific capacity and energy density obtained in this study are 206 mAh g−1 and 554 mWh g−1 with respect to the cathode active material.