batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Using panel micro data fro\m Community Innovation Survey in the Czech Republic, Norway and the UK, we estimate dynamic random effects models, in which the innovation output of firms is the function of their cooperative behaviour and other observed characteristics, while accounting for unobserved heterogeneity. The results indicate that the capacity of firms to build on external domestic linkages is what matters most for their innovation output and that external foreign cooperative linkages lead to superior innovative performance only if combined with the domestic ones. Hence, the findings support the take on globalization prevalent in innovation studies that the home base continues to matter and back up the arguments in geography of innovation on the importance of combining local and distant interactions.
Rice paper (RP) is thermally carbonized in nitrogen to prepare three-dimensionally porous carbon films, which are used for the first time as both a free-standing active anode material and a current collector of a cathode (LiFePO4 here) for lithium-ion batteries. The latter is fabricated through a one-step co-sintering of a Li–Fe–P–O precursor top layer supported on the rice paper. The rate and cycling performances of both these electrodes are found to be rather good or even better than the traditional electrodes due to the three-dimensionally porous structure of the RP-derived carbon. We also design and fabricate an RP-based full cell constructed with the above mentioned anode and cathode together with an RP membrane as the separator. Without using traditional metallic current collectors and separator membranes, such a cell exhibits reversible cycling performance.
Goverover Y, O'Brien AR, Moore NB, DeLuca J. Actual Reality: a new approach to functional assessment in persons with multiple sclerosis. Objective To examine the use of an innovative approach for assessing everyday life activities of people with multiple sclerosis (MS): Actual Reality. Actual Reality is a performance-based assessment approach that involves the use of the internet to perform real, everyday life activities. Design A between-subjects design. Setting Outpatient rehabilitation institute. Participants Persons (n=21) with clinically definite MS and healthy controls (HCs) (n=18) without any reported neurologic disabilities participated in this study. Participants were between the ages of 21 to 60 years, and the sample consisted of volunteer sample. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Participants were asked to access the internet to purchase airline tickets for a round trip flight and were administered the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Functioning in Multiple Sclerosis. Participants also completed questionnaires to assess quality of life (Functional Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis), functional status (Functional Behavior Profile), and prior Internet experience. Results The MS group displayed significantly more difficulties than the HC group in accurately and independently completing the Actual Reality task primarily because of cognitive impairment. Self-report of quality of life and functional status were not correlated with Actual Reality performance in the group of people with MS. However, the self-report measures were significantly associated with affective symptomatology. Conclusions These results provide initial evidence supporting the use of the Actual Reality approach in assessing persons with MS performing everyday life activities. Actual Reality is a significant step forward in increasing the sensitivity, accessibility, and relevancy of functional assessments in people with cognitive and physical disabilities.
An organic phosphorus source, a complex of dodecylamine and H3PO4, was used to prepare carbon coated LiMPO4 (M=Mn, Fe or Co) particles with a solid phase reaction. The obtained LiMnxFe1-xPO4-C particles were only about 50nm, resulting from the restriction of the in-situ carbon coating layer formed by the decomposition of dodecylamine-H3PO4 complex. When used as the cathode materials of Li-ion batteries, LiMn0.7Fe0.3PO4 particles displayed a high discharge capacity of 158mAh/g and good rate performance. Using these kinds of organic phosphorus salt, no other carbon source was required to be added in preparing carbon coated LiMPO4 (M=Mn, Fe or Co) particles. This method was extended to other kind of organic amine including ethylenediamine, diaminopropane, butylamine and tetradecylamine.
Fatty acid profile analysis is a tool for dietary investigation that may complement traditional stomach contents analysis. While recent studies have shown that the liver of sharks fed different diets have differing fatty acid profiles, the degree to which diet is reflected in shark blood serum and muscle tissue is still poorly understood. An 18-week controlled feeding experiment was undertaken using captive Port Jackson sharks (Heterodontus portusjacksoni). Sharks were fed exclusive diets of artificial pellets treated with fish or poultry oil and sampled every 6 weeks. The fatty acid profiles from liver, blood serum, and muscle were affected differently, with the period from which significant differences were observed varying by tissue and diet type. The total fatty acid profiles of fish oil and poultry oil fed sharks were significantly different from week 12 onwards in the liver and blood serum, but significant differences were only observed by week 18 in the muscle tissue of sharks fed different diets. The drivers of dissimilarity which aligned with dietary input were 14:0, 18:2n-6, 20:5n-3, 18:1n-9 and 22:6n-3 in the liver and blood serum. Dietary fatty acids accumulated more consistently in the liver than in the blood plasma or muscle, likely due to its role as the central organ for fat processing and storage. Blood serum and muscle fatty acid profiles were influenced by diet, but fluctuated over-time. The low level of correlation between diet and muscle FA profiles is likely a result of low levels of fat (<1 %) in the muscle and the domination of structural, cell-membrane phospholipids in shark muscle tissues. Our findings describe inter-tissue differences in the incorporation of fatty acids from the diet to consumer, which should be taken into account when interpreting dietary patterns from fatty acid profiles.
Load transfer of the graphene/carbon nanotube (CNT)/polyethylene hybrid nanocomposite is studied here from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Simulations of this composite material under uniaxial tension were conducted by varying CNT’s position and diameter in the polymer matrix. The obtained results show that: (1) The peak strength of stress and strain evolution in the polymer matrix is lower than the peak strength of the graphene/graphene and graphene/polymer interfaces. Hence, the damage zone is always located in the polymer matrix. (2) Agglomerated two-layer graphenes do not possess an increased value in the peak strength compared with single-layer graphene-reinforced polymer nanocomposite (PNC), while two separate layers of graphene show slightly higher peak strength. (3) The largest peak strength is observed before CNT moves to the center of the polymer matrix. The damage location moves from the upper to the lower part of CNT when the CNT is located at the centre of polymer matrix. (4) The influence of the CNT diameter on the peak strength is not obvious, while the damage location and shape in the polymer matrix changes with respect to varying CNT diameters. In addition, the damage zone always falls outside the interphase zone.
In recent decades, factors such as the worldwide growing concern for pollution induced climate changes, increasingly stringent emission norms for vehicles and depleting petroleum resources coupled with volatility in their prices have motivated and accelerated development of sustainable and clean alternatives for transportation systems. Electrification of vehicular technology (EVT) is considered as a promising and sustainable alternative for future transportation systems. In evolution of EVT, instability of fuel price, fuel economy, range, performance and costs are the governing factors and prime concerns for researchers, auto manufacturers and customers. These factors are decided by the design of the electric propulsion system (EPS) for vehicular application and its suitable integration with various electrical and mechanical components. In this paper, a comparative overview of EVT along with a comprehensive analysis of EPS and a brief discussion on power flow control and management algorithms for EVT is presented. The paper also highlights the ongoing technological advancements and future challenges in the roadmap of EPS for the electrification of vehicular technology.
We first report the ultra-fast charge–discharge capability of organic–inorganic (Li(Mn1/3Ni1/3Fe1/3)O2–Polyaniline (PANI)) nanocomposites prepared by mixed hydroxide route and followed by polymerization of aniline monomers with different concentrations (0.1 and 0.2 mol concentration of PANI). Li-insertion properties are evaluated in half-cell configuration, test cell (Li/Li(Mn1/3Ni1/3Fe1/3)O2–PANI) comprising 0.2 mol. PANI delivered the reversible capacity of ∼127, ∼114 and ∼110 mAh g−1 at ultra-high current rate of 5, 30 and 40 C, respectively with exceptional cycleability between 2 and 4.5 V vs. Li. Such an exceptional performance is mainly due to the conducting pathways promoted by PANI network and it is revealed by impedance measurements. This result certainly provides the possibility of using such layered type Fe based cathode materials in high power Li-ion batteries to drive zero emission vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles or electric vehicles applications in near future.
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have stimulated the modern technology due to their unique and tunable electronic, optical, and chemical properties. Therefore, it is very important to study the control parameters for material preparation to achieve high quality thin films for modern electronics, as the performance of TMDs-based device largely depends on their layer number, grain size, orientation, and morphology. Among the synthesis methods, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is an excellent technique, vastly used to grow controlled layer of 2D materials in recent years. In this review, we discuss the different growth routes and mechanisms to synthesize high quality large size TMDs using CVD method. We highlight the recent advances in the controlled growth of mono- and few-layer TMDs materials by varying different growth parameters. Finally, different strategies to control the grain size, boundaries, orientation, morphology and their application for various field of are also thoroughly discussed.
N-doped hierarchical porous carbon was prepared by the carbonization of a polypyrrole precursor and activated using potassium hydroxide. The resulting carbon material has a specific area as high as 3271m2 g−1 and a hierarchical porous structure consisting of mixed parts microporous (<2nm) and low-range mesoporous (2–50nm) volumes with majority of pores less than 3nm in diameter. Sulfur/carbon composites with 80wt% and 90wt% sulfur contents were obtained using a simple wet chemical deposition method. It is found that the sulfur is uniformly dispersed inside the nanopores, which is favorable for both the good utilization of sulfur and the confinement of intermediated soluble lithium polysulfides. N-doping can further enhance the chemical interaction between polar polysulfides and the carbon host. When used as a cathode, this composite with high sulfur content exhibited good cycle and rate performance.
The lithium ion batteries using Li4Ti5O12 as the anode material are easily being inflated during charge and discharge, which, however, does not occur in the batteries using graphite as the anode material. The high reduction reactivity of electrolyte on the Li4Ti5O12 material may be the main reason. In this work, the reduction reactivities of electrolyte on the uncoated and carbon-coated Li4Ti5O12 electrodes are compared for the first time. The results show that the reduction decomposition of electrolyte does occur on the uncoated Li4Ti5O12 electrode at around 0.7V, while it only takes place at the first cycle on the carbon-coated Li4Ti5O12 electrode. The carbon coating layers cover the catalytic active sites of Li4Ti5O12 particles and separate the Li4Ti5O12 particles from the electrolyte. A successive solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film is formed on the carbon layer during the formation process, which can prevent the further reduction decomposition of electrolyte at around 0.7V. The impurity phases of rutile and anatase TiO2 do not influence the reduction reactivity of electrolyte. This work is not only important to understand the reduction decomposition mechanism of electrolyte on the Li4Ti5O12 electrode, but also provides an effective solution to suppress the reduction decomposition of electrolyte in the batteries.
Li2MnSiO4 is considered as a promising cathode candidate for high energy density Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to its high theoretical capacity, favorable working potential as well as the low-cost and non-toxic nature of manganese element. However, it suffers from low capacity utilization and inferior cycling performance, due to the structural rearrangement upon cycling, phase impurities and manganese dissolution. To address these issues, nanostructure construction and carbon coating proves to be effective approach. In this work, we introduce an in situ template synthesis of a phase-pure Li2MnSiO4@C (MP-LMS@C) composite, which exhibits unique mesoporous morphology with nanosized Li2MnSiO4 granules homogenously encapsulated in the interconnected carbon networks. Such unique Li2MnSiO4@C structure not only facilitates electron conduction and Li+ transport, but also suppresses the manganese dissolution, as a result, the mesoporous Li2MnSiO4@C cathode exhibits greatly improved electrochemical performance, with a high specific capacity of 230 mAh g−1, good rate capability and superior capacity retention of 81% over 100 cycles.
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a widespread hypersensitivity reaction of the skin. The cellular mechanisms underlying its development are complex and involve close interaction of different cell types of the immune system. It is this very complexity which has long prevented straightforward replacement of the corresponding regulatory in vivo tests. Recent efforts have already resulted in the development of several in vitro testing alternatives that address key steps of ACD. Yet identification of suitable biomarkers is still a subject of intense research. Search strategies for the latter encompass transcriptomics, proteomics as well as metabolomics approaches. The scope of this review shall be the application and use of proteomics in the context of ACD. This includes highlighting relevant aspects of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying ACD, the exploitation of these mechanisms for testing and biomarkers (e.g., in the context of the OECD's adverse outcome pathway initiative) as well as an outlook on emerging proteome targets, for example during the allergen-induced activation of dendritic cells (DCs).
We have studied lithiation of graphene oxide (GO) as a function of oxygen coverage using first principles calculations. Our results show that the lithiation potentials and capacities in GO can be tuned by controlling the oxygen coverage. We find a range of coverages where the lithiation potentials are above the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation threshold, but with capacities comparable to, or larger than graphite. In highly oxidized and mildly reduced sheets, lithiation occurs through formation of Li–O bonds, whereas at low coverages, typical of reduced-GO (rGO) (O:C∼12.5%), both Li–O bonds and LiC6 configurations are observed. The covalent Li–O bond is much stronger than the bonds in the LiC6 ring and the lithiation potentials for epoxides at high and medium coverages are generally large (>1eV). For these configurations, as for Li4Ti5O12 anodes, there is no formation of SEI, but with the additional advantage of higher lithium storage capacity. In rGO, the presence of residual oxygen atoms allows formation of covalent Li–O bonds leading to storage capacities and lithiation potentials higher than that of graphite. Finally, our calculations show high lithiation potentials for the edges of graphene nanoribbons, which impede the formation of SEI and lead to large reversible capacity.
Quick response is critical during an emergency situation. This paper describes a system based on mobile electronic triage tags that makes victim information available at the base of operations as soon as possible, thus allowing an early medical resource allocation and immediate action. The cornerstone of the system is mobile agent technology, which allows information to be transported asynchronously and reliably from terminal to terminal and not requiring any network infrastructure at all. This novel approach is ready to be used in the worst case scenario, where only small handheld devices carried by the emergency personnel are available, but also integrates well when synchronous connections are possible, for instance when a mesh network can be created. The system has been successfully implemented, showing the feasibility of the proposal. By using this low-budget system, the number of casualties during the triage stage of an emergency is expected to drop off.
Succinic acid is one of the most interesting platform chemicals that can be produced in a biorefinery approach. The paper reports the characterization of the growth kinetics of Actinobacillus succinogenes DSM 22257 using glucose as carbon source. Tests were carried out in a continuous bioreactor operated under controlled pH. Under steady-state conditions, the conversion process was characterized in terms of concentration of glucose, cells, acids, and pH. The effects of acid—succinic, acetic, and formic—concentration in the medium on fermentation performance were investigated. The fermentation was interpreted according to several models characterized by substrate and product inhibition. The selected kinetic model of biomass growth and of metabolite production described the microorganism growth rate under a broad interval of operating conditions. Under the investigated operating conditions, results pointed out that: no substrate inhibition was observed; acetic acid did not inhibit the cell growth and succinic acid production.
We have investigated a low production cost anhydrous proton conductor consisting of a composite of chitosan, one of the world's discarded materials, and methanediphosphonic acid (MP) having a high proton exchange capacity. This chitosan–200wt.% MP composite material showed the high proton conductivity of 5×10−3 Scm−1 at 150°C under anhydrous conditions. Additionally, the proton conducting mechanism of the chitosan–MP composite material was due to proton transfer to the proton defect site without the assistance of diffusible vehicle molecules. The utilization of a biopolymer, such as chitosan, for PEMFC technologies is novel and challenging where biological products are usually considered as waste, non-hazardous, and environmentally benign. Especially, the low production cost of the biopolymer is an attractive feature. Anhydrous proton conducting biopolymer composite membranes may have potential not only for PEMFCs operated under anhydrous conditions, but also for bio-electrochemical devices including an implantable battery, bio-sensors, etc.
High performance electrocatalysts based on nickel nanoparticles and biomass derived carbon were fabricated via a sustainable, inexpensive synthetic route utilizing waste carrot as a naturally occurring carbon precursor containing abundant amounts of phosphorus and oxygen. The electrocatalytic performance of the fabricated electrodes with variable nickel mass loadings (0 ̶ 30 wt%) was investigated. For Ni mass loading of 19.3 wt%, the resulting Ni/P-doped carbon exhibits optimum catalytic activity for oxygen reduction (ORR), oxygen evolution (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The electrocatalyst reveals onset and half-wave potentials of 0.81 and 0.67 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), and a kinetic limiting current density of 13.66 mA cm−2 at 0.1 V vs. RHE for ORR. The material exhibits modest Tafel slopes of 67.6 and 134.9 mV dec−1 and overpotentials of 368 and 297 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for OER and HER, respectively. The results on the composite physicochemical characteristics, electrochemically active surface area, ionic conductivity and ionic diffusivity reveal a sustainable process to fabricate eco-friendly, trifunctional electrocatalysts having high efficiency.
MnIIICl–salen complex of tetradentate Schiff base ligand was incorporated into layers of clay montmorillonite by using an in situ flexible ligand method. The obtained modified clay was examined by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and by using a cavity microelectrode (CME) to perform the electrochemical studies of the catalyst in the supported solid phase. Experiments show a well-defined and chemically reversible redox system of the manganese complex incorporated into the clay, similar to that observed in solution but with apparent diffusion coefficient around 2.3×10−9 cm−2 s−1. Dioxygen activation in catalytic conditions that was found to be efficient in the modified material is studied with the CME. It demonstrates the absence of formation of μ-oxo dimers and peroxo-bridged compounds and a good penetration of the different reactants into the clay. Moreover, this analysis illustrates the interest of CME as a powerful tool for the study of similar supported catalyst implying the biomimetic activation of molecular oxygen.
FeCO3 nanomaterials have been intensely investigated as anode materials for LIBs due to their high capacity, low cost and natural abundance. Nevertheless, the slow diffusion of lithium ions and its low electronic conductivity in the bulk materials limit the power performance of FeCO3. Developing an efficient strategy to promote the durability of FeCO3 is important. Here, an effective method is reported to significantly enhance the capacity and durability of the FeCO3 as anode materials. The FeCO3/carbon nanotubes composites (FeCO3/CNTs) are prepared via a facile, economical and effective single step in situ crystallization route, using carbon nanotubes, ferrous sulfate and urea as raw materials. The effects of CNTs content on the morphology, electrochemical performances and cyclic stability are fully investigated for these FeCO3/CNT electrodes. The addition of moderate CNTs can remarkably improve the electrochemical performances of FeCO3. FeCO3/CNT-15 delivers an initial discharge capacity of 1436 mAh·g−1 at the current density of 200 mA·g−1 and maintains a capacity of 694 mAh·g−1 after 140 cycles. With the merits of high-performance, low cost and facile synthesis route, FeCO3 nanorods interwind with CNTs should be an attractive candidate as anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.