batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Physico-chemical properties of NaOH and KOH electrolytes are studied as possible state of charge indicators for the alkaline zinc-air redox flow battery. In order to predict the available energy of the battery and to prevent degradation as the result of unsuitable operating conditions, its state of charge has to be known. The state of charge is directly related to the composition of the negative electrolyte. A battery charging operation is simulated by electrodepositing zinc on a rotating cylinder electrode from NaOH electrolyte, while the simulation of a discharging operation is accomplished by dissolving ZnO in KOH electrolyte. The refractive index, conductivity, and density of NaOH- and KOH-electrolytes as well as the rest potential of the zinc electrode in these media are measured for different zincate and alkali concentrations at several temperatures. The electrolyte density and electrolyte conductivity are both linearly correlated with the zincate concentration. A linear correlation is found also between the rest potential and the logarithmic concentration term in the Nernst equation for the zinc half-cell reaction. These indicators permit a simple and straightforward monitoring of the state of charge of alkaline zinc-air redox flow batteries.
Based on low-cost and rich resources, sodium-ion batteries have been regarded as a promising candidate for next-generation energy storage batteries in the large-scale energy applications of renewable energy and smart grids. However, there are some critical drawbacks limiting its application, such as safety and stability problems. In this work, a stable symmetric sodium-ion battery based on the bipolar, active O3-type material, Na0.8Ni0.4Ti0.6O2, is developed. This bipolar material shows a typical O3-type layered structure, containing two electrochemically active transition metals with redox couples of Ni4+/Ni2+ and Ti4+/Ti3+, respectively. This Na0.8Ni0.4Ti0.6O2-based symmetric cell exhibits a high average voltage of 2.8 V, a reversible discharge capacity of 85 mA h g−1, 75% capacity retention after 150 cycles and good rate capability. This full symmetric cell will greatly contribute to the development of room-temperature sodium-ion batteries with a view towards safety, low cost and long life, and it will stimulate further research on symmetric cells using the same active materials as both cathode and anode.
A team at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed a tool to monitor changes in widely used composite materials known as fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), which can be found in applications from aerospace and infrastructure to wind turbines. The new tool, integrated into these materials, can help measure the damage that occurs as they age.
Recent studies clarify that NiO is actually a battery material, rather than the widely considered pseudocapacitive material. Self-oxidized sponge-like nanoporous Ni-Co alloy (ss-npNi) in three-dimensions (3D) is fabricated by dealloying Mg80Ni19.2Co0.8 metallic glass ribbon in citric acid and naturally surface self-oxidizing in air. The ss-npNi is found to be a battery material in nature while exhibiting pseudocapacitive behavior. The redox reactions at the peaks are controlled by surface processes with fast charge-transfer, and the pseudocapacitive contribution of the redox current is dominant throughout the whole potential range. The pseudocapacitive behavior originates from the fast charge/discharge processes occurring on the ultrathin metal oxide surface of the three-dimensional conductive ligaments. The ss-npNi exhibits high specific capacitance of 1424 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, enhanced rate capability with ∼82.4% retention at a high current density of 40 A g−1 and excellent cycle stability with ∼95.7% retention even after 10000 continuous charge-discharge cycles at 40 A g−1. This work renders the dealloying method a promising way of endowing battery materials with pseudocapacitive behavior.
DC microgrids have recently attracted research interest. A DC microgrid is composed of different dispatchable and non-dispatchable power generators and energy buffers, such as fuel cells and ultracapacitors, which are employed to provide the steady-state and transient power demanded by the load. To interface these generation resources to a common DC bus-bar, different configurations of power electronic converters have been proposed in the literature. For the fuel cell, a unidirectional DC–DC converter is utilised, for the ultracapacitor, however, a bidirectional DC–DC converter is needed to maintain the state-of-the-charge of the ultracapacitor. The overall efficiency of the microgrid will depend on the efficiency of these converters. High efficiency and low cost converters are very important to obtain a cost-effective solution. In addition, the power electronics converters must be chosen in respect to the characteristics of these generation resources. In this regard, this paper introduces an overview on different of DC–DC converter topologies and investigates their applicability for fuel cell and ultracapacitor electricity generators based on the electrical output characteristics of these resources. Thus, the fuel cell and ultracapacitor characteristics and properties are presented in this paper. A number of configurations that can be employed to interface the ultracapacitor with the fuel cell generator forming part of a DC bus microgrid are also presented.
Experiments with carbon nanotubes, conducted at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, show carbon nanotubes can contain roughly twice the energy density of graphite, making possible longer-lasting batteries. It also suggests that it should be possible to store more energy in batteries using the nanotubes rather than conventional graphite electrodes.
To make a Lithium Ion Battery (LIB) reliably rechargeable over many cycles, its graphite-based negative electrode requires the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) as a protection layer. The SEI is formed through chemical and particularly electrochemical side reactions of electrolyte components in the first charging cycle(s) after manufacturing of a LIB. The SEI ideally serves two purposes: (i) act as a sieve permeable to Li ions but not to other electrolyte components and (ii) passivate the electrode against further electrolyte decomposition. Core element of conventional SEI formation is a lengthy, low-current galvanostatic charging step, which due to its time consumption contributes heavily to cell manufacturing costs. Here, we report on some non-conventional SEI formation protocols for composite carbon electrodes, inspired by recent experimental findings at smooth model electrodes. Acknowledging that the SEI forms in two main steps, taking place in a high-potential and a low-potential region, respectively, we demonstrate that less time spent in the high-potential region not only makes the process faster but even yields SEIs with superior kinetic properties. We tentatively explain this via basic rules of thin film growth and the role of grain boundaries for ion transport. We also report on the positive influence of multi-frequency potential modulations applied between high-potential and low-potential formation. Given that any new cell chemistry in principle requires its own tailor-made formation process, technologic success of future LIB cells will benefit from a systematic, well-understood toolbox of formation protocols. This paper is meant as a first step, highlighting potentially low-hanging fruits, but also flagging the demand for further systematic studies on model systems and on commercially manufactured cells.
A new kind of nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) electrocatalyst with well-defined mesoporous structure has been for the first time fabricated by a scalable and templateless technique of directly annealing of pre-synthesized graphene oxide–polydopamine (GO/PDA) nanocomposites. Although with the high-temperature treatment, the obtained NG nanosheets in well-dispersed state are possessed with well-defined mesoporous architecture and large specific surface area owing to the pre-polymerization of dopamine on the GO nanosheets as the spacing. Furthermore, the prepared NG as the electrode material exhibits much more enhanced oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activities with positive onset potential and large current density than the control samples. Moreover, compared with the commercial Pt/C, the optimized NG electrocatalyst displays better cycling stability and stronger tolerance to methanol crossover effect, making it a promising metal-free methanol–tolerant cathodic catalyst for practical fuel cells.
One important component with particular relevance in battery performance is the cathode, being one of the main responsible elements for cell capacity and cycle life. Carbon coated lithium iron phosphate, C–LiFePO4, active material is one of the most promising cathode materials for the next generation of large scale lithium ion battery applications and strong research efforts are being devoted to it, due to its excellent characteristics, including high capacity, ∼170 mAh/g, and safety. This review summarizes the main developments on C–LiFePO4 based cathode film preparation and performance. The effect of the binder, conductive additive, relationship between active material–binder–conductive additive and drying step, in the electrode film fabrication and performance is presented and discussed. Finally, after the presentation of the cell types fabricated with C–LiFePO4 active material and their performance, some conclusions and guidelines for further investigations are outlined.
Wildlife traps are used in many countries without evaluation of their effect on animal welfare. Trap-capture of wild animals should minimise negative effects on animal welfare, irrespective of whether the animals are trapped for hunting, research, or management purposes. Live-trap capture of wild boar (Sus scrofa) followed by killing inside the trap by gunshot is a recently introduced but disputed hunting method in Sweden. Approval of trap constructions is based on gross necropsy findings of 20 trapped and shot wild boars. For improved animal welfare evaluation, our aim was to study wild boar behaviour during live-trapping in a 16 m2 square corral-style trap. Behavioural assessments were conducted after filming 12 capture events of in total 38 wild boars (five adults, 20 subadults, 13 piglets). Selected behavioural traits were compared with pathological changes (trap-related lesions) found at necropsy of the 20 subadults, to determine if these variables were useful proxies of capture-induced stress in wild boar.
This article examines the problem of identifying the physical parameters of fundamental electrochemistry-based battery models from non-invasive voltage/current cycling tests. The article is particularly motivated by the problem of fitting the Doyle–Fuller–Newman (DFN) battery model to lithium-ion battery cycling data. Previous research in the literature identifies subsets of the DFN model's parameter experimentally. In contrast, this article makes the two unique contributions of: (i) identifying the full set of DFN model parameters from cycling data using a genetic algorithm (GA), and (ii) assessing the accuracy and identifiability of the resulting full parameter set using Fisher information. The specific battery used within this study has lithium iron phosphate cathode chemistry and is intended for high-power applications such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). We use seven experimental cycling data sets for model fitting and validation, six of them derived from PHEV drive cycles. This makes the identified parameter values appropriate for PHEV battery simulation and model-based design and control optimization.
The development of metallic anodes for next-generation high-energy batteries is largely hindered by dendritic growth issues. Now, an interface between metals and substrates is engineered to facilitate their strong chemical bonding, leading to uniform metal deposition and high battery cycling reversibility.
Osmium oxide/hexacyanoruthenate films have been prepared using repeated cyclic voltammetry, and their electrocatalytic properties have been investigated. The osmium oxide/hexacyanoruthenate films were deposited directly from mixed Os3+ and Ru ( CN ) 6 4 - ions in a pH 2 solution. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), cyclic voltammetry, and UV–visible spectroscopy were used to study the growth mechanism of the osmium oxide/hexacyanoruthenate films. The EQCM data indicated that the redox process was confined to the immobilized osmium oxide/hexacyanoruthenate film, which showed a single redox couple with a formal proton-dependent potential at 0.35V. The electrocatalytic oxidation of dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine and S 2 O 3 2 - and SO 5 2 - by the osmium oxide/hexacyanoruthenate films was studied. The electrocatalytic reactions of the osmium oxide/hexacyanoruthenate films were also investigated by the rotating ring-disk electrode method.
The thermodynamic solar power plant of the National Institute for Scientific Research in Tunisia has been in operation since 1984. The plant served as a pilot unit for exploring the technical reliability and evaluating the economic feasibility of the process of converting solar thermal energy into electricity. This paper consists of a close evaluation and analysis of the long-term performance of the system and a review of 15 years of successful operation. The aim of this study was to go over the main problems and technical difficulties encountered and pinpoint the major factors affecting the plant operation in order to identify the optimal operating policies toward the enhancement of the plant efficiency. Even though the thermal performance of the plant was relatively low, the impact of such a plant on the energy sector of the country was significant in terms of energy saving and environmental protection. In regions with high solar radiation such as Tunisia with a daily mean insolation of 4.8kWhm−2, the use of solar power plants — similar to this one — essentially for heat production prove to be a good alternative especially for remote and rural areas.
In this contribution, we are presenting the study of structural and thermal decomposition kinetics of synthesized calcium hydroxyzincate dihydrate CaZn2(OH)6·2H2O (CZO). The characterization of the prepared and calcined precursors was done by X-ray diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared techniques and indicates that CZO exhibits a monoclinic structure with space group P21/c. Calcining this material at 200 °C leads to a heterogeneous mixture composed of ZnO, Ca(OH)2, and an amorphous Zn(OH)2. When the temperature is >400 °C, only ZnO and CaO phases were detected by XRD analysis. The thermal decomposition kinetics of CZO was evaluated by thermogravimetry and derivative thermogravimetry in N2 atmosphere under non-isothermal conditions. The kinetic parameters such as the activation energy (Eα) and reaction model (f(α)) revealed the complex nature of the decomposition process, consisting of several steps. The separation of overlapped peaks was performed by applying the Fraser–Suzuki procedure to the experimental DTG data and the activation energy was then calculated for each individual peak by Friedman method confirming the fair single-step mechanism of the first three processes. On the basis of kinetic results, a thermal decomposition mechanism of CZO material has been proposed and correlated to structural nature and stability of the resulting phases. The CaO∙ZnO based catalyst is formed according to a limited nucleation and growth mechanism at low temperatures and three complex processes occur afterwards when the structure cleaves.
Does pervasive technology have a role to play in supporting the communication of busy couples? Especially when they are already living together and already have a high degree of awareness of each other’s rhythms of daily life, their whereabouts and needs? A two week long field study of an awareness system allowed eight working couples to automatically exchange place, activity and calendar information as well as messages and photos. Data analysis provides both qualitative and quantitative evidence which suggest strongly that such a system can provide support for availability, coordination, reassurance and affection for this group. Findings which inform the design of such systems are: the need for transitions in places instead of location information to support coordination, the two tracks of daily communication of busy parents (reassurance and emergency) and usability barriers in current mobile applications which prevent this group from engaging in photo sharing. The contexts and unexpected uses that participants found in the system are described in detail.
The Electrical Vehicle (EV) has become a potential solution for enhancing the sustainability of our road transportation, in view of the environmental impacts traditional vehicles have regarding emissions and use of fossil fuel dependence. However, the widespread use of EVs is still restrained by the energy storage technologies, and the electrification of road transportation is still in its early stages. This paper focuses on the technical aspects related to the ‘electrification of roads’ (called ‘eRoads’) infrastructure that aims to diminish the limitations for using EVs. A historical overview of the technology development towards the electrification of road transportation is presented, along with an overview of prospective technologies for implementing an eRoad charging infrastructure. Of these, the Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) technology is examined in further details. The main objective of this paper is to explore the potential knowledge gaps that need to be filled for a successful integration of IPT technology within actual road infrastructure. As such, this paper can be used as an overview of the current state-of-the-art of eRoad infrastructure and also as guidance towards future research directions in this domain.
A structurally hierarchical MnO2/TiO2 composite (Nano-MnO2@TiO2) is fabricated by calcining MnCO3 microspheres and coating a thin layer of TiO2 through the heat decomposition of tetrabutyl titanate, and evaluated as anode of gravimetrically and volumetrically high energy density lithium ion battery. The characterizations from FESEM, TEM, HRTEM and XRD, indicate that the resulting Nano-MnO2@TiO2 takes a spherical morphology with a core of about 2 μm in diameter, consisting of compact MnO2 nanoparticles, and a shell of 60 nm thick, consisting of smaller TiO2 nanoparticles. The charge/discharge tests demonstrate that Nano-MnO2@TiO2 exhibits excellent performance as anode of lithium ion battery, delivering a capacity of 938 mAh g−1 at 300 mA g−1 after 200 cycles, compared to the 103 mAh g−1 of the uncoated sample. The microsphere consisting of compact nanoparticles provides Nano-MnO2@TiO2 with high specific gravity. The dimensionally and structurally stable TiO2 maintains the integrity of MnO2 microspheres and facilitates lithium insertion/extraction. This unique structure yields the excellent cyclic stability and rate capability of Nano-MnO2@TiO2.
Herein we present a new redox-flow battery (RFB) that employs a (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) containing copolymer (P1) as catholyte and the viologen derivative N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride (MV) as anolyte in an aqueous sodium chloride solution. This is the first time that a combination of an organic polymer and a low-molar-mass organic redox-active material is presented. The electrochemical behavior of the utilized charge-storage materials were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and feature reversible redox-reactions at E½ = 0.7 V (TEMPO/TEMPO+) and E½ = −0.6 V vs. AgCl/Ag (MV++/MV+•), which lead to a promising cell voltage of 1.3 V in the subsequent battery application. Studies were performed to determine the most suitable anion-exchange membrane (AEM), the ideal conducting salt concentration and the optimal flow rate. The resulting battery reveals a stable charge/discharge performance over 100 consecutive cycles with coulombic efficiencies of up to 95%, a high energy efficiency of 85% and an overall energy density of the electrolyte system of 3.8 W h L−1.
Nb-doped TiO2 powders with various Nb contents (0%, 5% and 10%) were prepared using a sol–gel process and annealed at 450, 650 and 1050°C with the aim to be used as a conductive support for bifunctional electrocatalysts in rechargeable metal-air batteries, substituting the more conventional carbon particles which slowly corrode at high potentials during cell recharge. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that niobium hinders the anatase–rutile transformation and prevents the grain growth, which is important to achieve a conductive support with high specific surface area. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements have shown that the powders possess surface Ti4+and Nb4+species, and that the Nb0.05Ti0.95O2 (1050°C) sample also contains Ti3+and Nb5+ ions. Composite film electrodes containing CuCo2O4 particles (60w/w%), Nb0.05Ti0.95O2 or Vulcan XC72R or Ebonex powder (25%), and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (15%) were formed on the glassy carbon disk surface of a rotating ring-disk electrode and studied for both the O2 evolution and O2 reduction reactions in 1M KOH solution and O2-saturated 1M KOH solution, respectively. Rutile Nb0.05Ti0.95O2 (1050°C) powder was chosen owing to its larger overpotential for H2 evolution (detrimental to the performance of bifunctional electrodes) and its low and stable anodic activity, whereas anatase Nb0.05Ti0.95O2 (450°C) powder was mainly selected due to its higher specific surface area. The results have shown that the Nb0.05Ti0.95O2 powders are more suitable than Vulcan XC72R for use as a conductive support material, based on the higher electrode intrinsic current densities recorded for O2 evolution and reduction reactions.
Si has been regarded as one of the most promising next generation lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes due to its exceptional capacity and proper working voltage. However, the dramatic volume change during lithiation/delithiation processes has caused severe detrimental consequences, leading to very poor cyclic stability. It has been one of the critical problems hampering the practical applications of the silicon based LIB anode. Extensive research has been carried out to resolve the problem since early 1990s. For the first time, the studies on the Si anode in the time frame more than two decades are summarized and discussed in this review with a novel chronicle perspective. Through this article, the evolution of the concept, fundamental scientific and technology development of the silicon LIB anode are clearly presented. It provides unique eyesight into this rapid developing field and will shed light on the future trend of the Si LIB anode research.