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LiCoO2 thin films were deposited using radio frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering system on stainless steel substrates. Different rf powers, up to 150W, were applied during deposition. The as-deposited films exhibited (101) and (104) preferred orientation and the nanocrystalline film structure was enhanced with increasing rf power. The film crystallinity was examined using X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The compositions of the films were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. The average discharge capacity of as-deposited films is about 59μAh/(cm2 μm) for cut-off voltage range of 4.2 and 3.0V. From the electrochemical cycling data, it is suggested that as-deposited LiCoO2 films with a nanocrystalline structure and a favorable preferred orientation, e.g. (101) or (104) texture, can be used without post-annealing at high temperatures for solid-state thin film batteries.
To improve the electrochemical performance of CF x for lithium primary batteries, a ball milling treatment of CF x and urea with various mass ratios is carried out in this paper. It is shows that the weight ratio of urea/CF x significantly affects the electrochemical performance of the ball-milled CF x . Electrochemical tests show that the modified CF x material exhibits excellent electrochemical performance with much enhanced rate capacity, improved discharge platform, and lowered initial potential delay compared with the untreated CF x . In detail, when the weight ratio of urea/CF x is 5, the material delivers a discharge capacity of 550.6 mAh g−1 with a high power density of 10309 W kg−1 (at 5000 mA g−1 and 25 °C) and exhibits an excellent electrochemical stability at low temperature of 5 °C (power density up to 5922.5 W kg−1 at 3000 mA g−1). The outstanding electrochemical performance is mainly due to the synergistic effect of enlarged interlayer distance, decreased particle size, and increased surface area, which resulting in improved the electrochemical reaction activity, decreased reaction resistance, and facilitated lithium ions diffusion.
Ohmic resistance at the interface of the electrode and the interconnect in Fuel Cells influences the overall performance of a cell. In the present work, contact resistances between interconnect and electrodes in planar type Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) under various compression loads and at different temperatures are measured in laboratory scale experiments. The roughness of the electrode and interconnect surfaces is characterized and a mathematical model to determine the contact resistance at the interfaces with known morphology, is proposed. The experimental results are found to be in good agreement with the values obtained from the model.
A series of lithium borates with two oligoether chains and two electron withdrawing groups directly bonded to the ate complex center were prepared. Ionic conductivity as high as 4.5×10−5 S/cm was achieved at 30°C for Salt A(n=7.2). Lithium borates exhibited much higher ionic conductivities than corresponding lithium aluminates, which was explained by the partial charges on oxygen atoms obtained from MOPAC calculation and by the results of fitting Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher (VTF) equation to conductivity data. Lithium borates also exhibited high lithium ion transference numbers (T +) and satisfactory electrochemical stabilities. They were considered as promising materials for lithium battery application.
FePO4·xH2O precursor was synthesized by using raw materials, FeSO4·7H2O waste slag and H3PO4, without any purifying process. Crystalline metals-doped LiFePO4 was prepared by heating an amorphous LiFePO4. The amorphous LiFePO4 was obtained via a novel ambient temperature reduction method, using the as-prepared FePO4·xH2O, oxalic acid and Li2CO3 as raw materials. ICP analysis confirms that a small amount of Ti, Al and Ca deposited in precursor. XRD and Rietveld-refined results show that the metals-doped LiFePO4 is single olivine-type phase and well crystallized, Ti atoms occupy Li (M1) site, resulting in the formation of cation-deficient solid solution. From SEM and corresponding elemental mapping images, it could be found that the particle size of LiFePO4 is about 200–500nm, and the distribution of elements (Fe, P and Ti) is homogeneous. The electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 cathode was evaluated by galvanostatic charge/discharge test. The results indicate that the metals-doped LiFePO4, prepared from the FeSO4·7H2O waste slag, delivers a capacity of 161, 153, 145, 134 and 112mAhg−1 at 0.1C, 0.5C, 1C, 2C and 5C rate, respectively, and shows an excellent cycling performance at moderate current rates (up to 2C).
Comparative analysis of two LiCoO2 powders with mean grain size 3–5μm and 50–60nm, obtained by freeze drying synthesis, is performed. Both samples belong to high temperature (HT) hexagonal modification of LiCoO2 and display good crystallinity by XRD while local electron diffraction patterns indicate the traces of disorder in the nanocrystalline powder. Differential capacity versus voltage curves of nanosized LiCoO2 demonstrate perfect reproducibility of Li intercalation since 1st cycle. Electrochemical capacity of nanomaterial is decreased to 115mAh/g during first cycles with little or no further changes. Dependence of the electrochemical performance on the grain size is referred to the existence of distorted areas in the nanocrystalline sample.
A novel Co3O4/N-doped porous carbon hybrid with dodecahedrons structure was synthesized by a facile, two-step, thermal transformation of a cobalt-based zeolitic imidazolate framework. Well-dispersed Co3O4 nanoparticles were embedded in nitrogen-doped porous carbon networks, forming a unique nanopolyhedron. When tested as anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the hybrid exhibited superior electrochemical performance, including excellent rate capability of 560mAhg−1 at 10Ag−1 which is close to 46% of the rate capacity at 100mAg−1, outstanding cycling stability with 91.7% capacity retention of the second cycle after 110 cycles, and considerably large discharge capacity of 1730 mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1. Moreover, the hybrid also showed enhanced electrocatalytic activity for electrochemical oxygen evolution from water splitting.
Carbon nanotubes were modified by RF (radio frequency) oxygen–plasma at different power levels and times, and subsequently annealed at different temperatures. At the 1000th cycle of potential cycling, maximum specific capacitance of 128Fg−1 was obtained in 0.1M H2SO4 and with better plasma treatment conditions (power=100W and time=30min) and annealing temperature (350°C). These show its high electrochemical stability and good specific capacitance at a higher sweep rate of 100mVs−1. In addition, the higher the power and time, the higher the carbonyl functional group (CO), leading to higher specific capacitance.
Effective conductivity and mechanical properties of composite polymer electrolytes, in which the reinforcement phase is a sintered packed bed of Li-ion conductive ceramics particles, were estimated using finite element analyses. The computations targeted estimation of the effect of sintering degree, i.e. size of the inter-particle connective necks, on the overall properties of the composite. Methods for microstructure generation and computational procedures were presented. The mechanical ability of the membrane to block lithium dendrites was assessed based on a stability criterion, which depends on the computed effective stiffness. It was found that the minimum size of the inter-particle connections necessary to provide mechanical stability without losing the enhancement in conductivity was 0.05 times the mean particle radius.
La1−x Ca x MnO3 perovskite–graphene composites are synthesized as catalysts for Zn-air cell cathodes. The samples are characterized by thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results show that perovskite particles are homogeneously dispersed on graphene nanosheets, and that doping Ca does not change the perovskite structure. Electrochemical properties are investigated by galvanostatic discharge, linear sweep voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. LaMnO3–graphene composites show superior performance than pure LaMnO3. Doping Ca into the composites can tune their catalytic activity and sample prepared with x = 0.4 possesses the highest electrocatalytic activity. The measurement of the rotating ring-disk electrode reveals that the electron transfer number of La0.6Ca0.4MnO3–graphene is 3.6. These results indicate that the La1−x Ca x MnO3–graphene composites are potential air electrodes catalysts.
Gel polymer electrolytes composed of methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymers (PMS) and electrolyte solution (LiTFSI in EC/DMC) were prepared and characterized. Depending on the molar composition of the copolymer, these gel polymer electrolytes exhibited different electrochemical and mechanical properties. In order to investigate the physical interactions among organic solvents, polymer, and lithium ions occurred in the gel polymer electrolyte, Raman spectroscopy and solid state 7Li NMR spin–spin relaxation measurements were performed.
The present work applies novel methodologies to the study of sublittoral benthic biotopes, by combining the information given by underwater acoustic and biological survey techniques. The acoustic seabed classification system QTC VIEW™ was used to map the acoustic diversity between 5 and 40 m water depth on the shelf off “Ria de Aveiro”, Western coast of Portugal. Ground-truth was undertaken using an analysis of superficial sediments grain-size, and compared to the species composition and distribution of macrofaunal communities. Sedimentary and biological data were submitted to ordination analysis, and the acoustic data to both ordination and cluster analysis. The acoustic classes identified were mapped using a geographical information system. The acoustic results showed a very clear geographic pattern, with the acoustic classification being coincident where survey lines crossed, confirming the stability of the classification procedure. At the optimal splitting level, three acoustic classes were obtained. These classes were correlated to differences in coarse, fine and very fine sands. Additional real bottom differences in the grain-size of the coarser sand classes were not detected by the acoustic method, possibly due to the fact that they showed a similar degree of compactness. The benthic ecological data suggests only two main communities, which correspond to the outcomes of a two-class acoustic split. Therefore, a mismatch was noticed between the optimal acoustic split and the number of major biological communities present. However, by dropping the acoustic solution down to two classes, an optimal relationship to benthic communities is achieved. Overall, results suggest that the acoustic system provides very valuable and important data for mapping soft sediment biotopes, even in areas of relative bottom monotony such as the one analysed, but careful ground-truth is required to ensure that the acoustic class splits are biologically relevant.
A polyaniline/titanium nitride (PANI/TiN) nanotube hybrid was prepared and used for an electrochemical supercapacitor application. Firstly, the well-aligned TiN nanotube array was prepared by anodization of titanium foil and subsequent nitridation through ammonia annealing. Then, PANI was deposited into TiN nanotube through the electrochemical polymerization process. The obtained PANI/TiN nanotube hybrid had an ordered porous structure. A high specific capacitance of 1,066 F g−1 was obtained at the charge–discharge current density of 1 A g−1 when only the mass of PANI was considered. The specific capacitance can even achieve 864 F g−1 at 10 A g−1 and still keep 93 % of the initial capacity after 200 cycles. An aqueous supercapacitor, consisting of two symmetric PANI/TiN nanotube hybrid electrodes and 1.0 M H2SO4 electrolyte solution, showed the specific capacitance of 194.8 F g−1, energy density of 9.74 Wh kg−1, and power density of 0.3 kW kg−1.
Most medical schools in Japan have incorporated mandatory courses on medical ethics. To this date, however, there is no established means of evaluating medical ethics education in Japan. This study looks 1) To develop a brief, objective method of evaluation for moral sensitivity and reasoning; 2) To conduct a test battery for the PIT and the DIT on medical students who are either currently in school or who have recently graduated (residents); 3) To investigate changes in moral sensitivity and reasoning between school years among medical students and residents.
The growth of China’s road transport sector has driven huge increases in China’s oil demand and CO2 emissions over the last two decades, and these trends are likely to continue in the absence of specific measures to reduce the average carbon intensity of road vehicles. This paper describes a model, provided in full online, to undertake scenario analysis on the cost and CO2 emissions impact of substituting current vehicle drivetrain types with alternatives during the period 2010–2050. A detailed decomposition of the additional costs and CO2 emissions savings of each low-carbon vehicle type into their component parts is undertaken to calculate the marginal abatement cost of each vehicle and drivetrain type in 2050. The results indicate that passenger cars and heavy-duty trucks constitute the majority of future CO2 emissions savings potential, but that, using the central cost assumptions, alternative vehicle drivetrains are significantly more cost-effective for trucks than passenger cars. The low-carbon scenario sees demand for oil products (gasoline and diesel) more than 40% below the business-as-usual scenario in 2050. The total mitigation cost in 2050 is (US2010)$64 billion per year, or 1.3% of the total annual expenditure on road transport in China in 2050, using a discount rate of 5% to annualise vehicle purchase costs, although this cost increases with higher discount rates. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that measures in addition to those assumed in the low-carbon scenario could achieve further emissions reductions, in some cases at negative costs. The availability and transparency of the model allows testing and development of a range of further scenarios and sensitivities, to aid in planning an optimal decarbonisation strategy for this highly carbon-intensive sector.
3D image reconstruction is important for the understanding of materials and their function in devices. A generative adversarial network architecture reconstructs 3D materials microstructures from 2D images.
Five different analogues of 1,2,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene were prepared and characterised for their potential use in Li-ion batteries. The samples constitute two pairs of substituted redox quinone/hydroquinone samples and a 1,2,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene sample. More specifically, the first pair was 2,5-hydroxy-substituted (non-methylated) quinone whereas the second one was 2,5-methoxy-substituted (double methylated). The quinonic structures showed a better electrochemical stability in Li-ion environment compared to the hydroquinonic structures that showed large irreversible consumption of charge during the first oxidation. Double methylation of quinone led to organic molecules with electrochemical activity at lower potential. Although non-methylated and double methylated quinonic molecules can reversibly exchange two electrons, the observed capacity was lower and only the double methylated sample showed a two-plateaux behaviour. The 1,2,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene sample that showed a formation of radical cation at a potential of 3.6 V versus metallic lithium was tested as a shuttle molecule in a combination with a LiFePO4 cathode material. The results indicate that this molecule can probably effectively prevent overcharging of batteries based on the LiFePO4 cathode material.
Interest in transthoracic ultrasound (US) procedures increased after the availability of portable US equipment suitable for use at the patient’s bedside. It is possible to detect space-occupying lesions of the pleura, pleural effusion, focal or diffuse pleural thickening and subpleural lesions of the lung, even in emergency settings. Transthoracic US is useful as a guidance system for thoracentesis and peripheral lesion biopsy, where it minimises the occurrence of pneumothorax and haemorrhage. Transthoracic US imaging is strongly influenced by physical interaction of the ultrasonic beam at the tissue/air interface, which gives rise to reverberations classified as simple (A-line), “comet tail” and “ring down”(B-line) artifacts. Although these artifacts can be suggestive of a disease condition, they are essentially imaging errors present even in normal subjects and in empty-pleura post-pneumonectomy patients. In order to clarify some confusion and to report on the state of the art, we present a review of the literature on transthoracic US in diseases of the pleura and peripheral lung regions and our own clinical experience over 3 decades. The review focuses on quality assurance procedures and their value in diagnostic imaging and patient monitoring and warns against possible inappropriate indications and misleading information. Thoracic US is much more than “fishing for the moon in the well”.
SnS nanoparticles were mechnochemical synthesized and then co-heated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) at various temperatures to obtain carbon coating. All amorphous carbon-coated SnS particles had average particle size of about 20–30nm, revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). During discharge–charge, ex situ XRD results indicated that SnS firstly decomposed to Sn, then lithium ions intercalated into Sn. The reaction of Li+ and Sn was responsible for the reversible capacity in cycling process. The lithium ion insertion and extraction mechanism of SnS anode was similar to that of Sn-based oxide. Electrochemical capacity retention of carbon-coated SnS obtained at 700°C was superior to that of other prepared SnS anodes and especially the rate capability was obviously enhanced due to good electric conductivity and buffering matrix effects of carbon coating.
ABSTRACT A scalable production of high surface area nanoporous carbon material (∼2994m2 g−1) with good distribution of micro-, meso- and macro-pores was hydrothermally synthesized using both cheap polymers and graphene foam as carbon sources. The as synthesised material shows a unique interconnected porous graphitic structure. The electrochemical double-layer capacitor fabricated from this nanoporous carbon material exhibited a superior supercapacitive performance of 188Fg−1 at current density 0.5Ag−1. This corresponded to areal capacitance of 6.3μFcm−2 coupled with a high energy of 0.56μWhcm−2 (16.71Whkg−1) and a power density of 13.39μWcm−2 (401Wkg−1) due to extended potential window of 1.6V in KOH aqueous electrolyte. Moreover, no capacitance loss after 10,000 cycles was observed, owing to the unique structure and large surface area of the active material. The outstanding performance of this material as supercapacitor electrode shows that it has great potential for high performance energy-related applications.
Mood disorders are common among patients seeking bariatric surgery although little data exist regarding the prevalence of bipolar symptoms in this population and how they influence surgical outcomes. Our aim was to describe baseline rates of bipolar symptoms and their relationship to psychological factors and completing surgery in a sample of adults seeking bariatric surgery at an academic medical center.
The electrochemical performance of one-dimensional porous La0.5Sr0.5CoO2.91 nanotubes as a cathode catalyst for rechargeable nonaqueous lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries is reported here for the first time. In this study, one-dimensional porous La0.5Sr0.5CoO2.91 nanotubes were prepared by a simple and efficient electrospinning technique. These materials displayed an initial discharge capacity of 7205mAhg−1 with a plateau at around 2.66V at a current density of 100mAg−1. It was found that the La0.5Sr0.5CoO2.91 nanotubes promoted both oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions in alkaline media and a nonaqueous electrolyte, thereby improving the energy and coulombic efficiency of the Li-O2 batteries. The cyclability was maintained for 85 cycles without any sharp decay under a limited discharge depth of 1000mAhg−1, suggesting that such a bifunctional electrocatalyst is a promising candidate for the oxygen electrode in Li-O2 batteries.
Electrocatalysts based on mercaptopropyl functionalized mesoporous silica supported cobalt phthalocyanine (MPS-CoPc) are prepared by co-condensation of 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane and tetraethyl orthosilicate in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a templating agent followed by incorporation of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc). Further, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are introduced into/onto the MPS-CoPc materials (i.e. Au-MPS-CoPc). Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV–vis diffuse reflectance are employed to investigate structural and physical properties of catalysts. The electrocatalytic behavior of the above materials for dioxygen reduction is evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The CV results show that the MPS-CoPc and Au-MPS-CoPc modified electrodes are highly active towards the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. With the incorporation of Au NPs, significant increase in current and considerable decrease in oxygen reduction potential is observed.
Cognitive performance is essential for children's functioning and may also predict school readiness. The suitability of Western standardized assessments for cognitive performance among children from different cultures needs to be elaborated. This study referred to the existence of differences in cognitive performance between and within children from the middle-east—Israeli and Palestinian on the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA), by elucidating cultural effects on the construct validity of the LOTCA using factor analysis. Participants included 101 Israeli and 125 Palestinian children from kindergarten, first and second grade who underwent the LOTCA. Factor analysis revealed four factors underlying items on the LOTCA, explaining the differences found between Israeli and Palestinian children in most of LOTCA subtests. Culture may affect the construct validity of the LOTCA and may explain the difference in performance between both cultural groups. LOTCA's validity as well as the validity of other instruments on which norms and decisions regarding the child's development and performance are made should be further evaluated among children from different cultural backgrounds.