batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Li4Ti4.9V0.1O12 nanometric powders were synthesized via a facile solid-state reaction method under inert atmosphere. XRD analyses demonstrated that the V-ions successfully entered the structure of cubic spinel-type Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), reduced the lattice parameter and no impurities appeared. Compared with the pristine LTO, the electronic conductivity of Li4Ti4.9V0.1O12 powders is as high as 2.9×10−1 Scm−1, which should be attributed to the transformation of some Ti3+ from Ti4+ induced by the efficient V-ions doping and the deficient oxygen condition. Meanwhile, the results of XPS and EDS further proved the coexistence of V5+ and Ti3+ ions. This mixed Ti4+/Ti3+ ions can remarkably improve its cycle stability at high discharge–charge rates because of the enhancement of the electronic conductivity. The images of SEM showed that Li4Ti4.9V0.1O12 powders have smaller particles and narrower particle size distribution under 330nm. And EIS indicates that Li4Ti4.9V0.1O12 has a faster lithium-ion diffusivity than LTO. Between 1.0 and 2.5V, the electrochemical performance, especially at high rates, is excellent. The discharge capacities are as high as 166mAhg−1 at 0.5C and 117.3mAhg−1 at 5C. At the rate of 2C, it exhibits a long-term cyclability, retaining over 97.9% of its initial discharge capacity beyond 1713 cycles. These outstanding electrochemical performances should be ascribed to its nanometric particle size and high conductivity (both electron and lithium ion). Therefore, the as-prepared material is promising for such extensive applications as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles.
A new electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) was constructed by using polymer hydrogel electrolyte prepared from crosslinked potassium poly(acrylate) and KOH aqueous solution, and its electrochemical characteristics were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and charge–discharge cycle tests, compared with a case of the cell using only a KOH aqueous solution as an electrolyte. As a result, the cell with the polymer hydrogel electrolyte was found to exhibit higher capacitance than that with the KOH aqueous solution and excellent high-rate dischargeability. The impedance spectroscopic measurements suggested that the higher capacitance could be ascribed to the pseudocapacitance. These results indicate the potential applicability of the polymer hydrogel electrolyte to EDLCs as an electrolyte with good performance.
The hierarchical structures of nanosheets, micro-roses and micro-woolen like CuO nanosheets were directly fabricated on stainless steel via surfactant-free and inexpensive chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. Further, these CuO nanostructures demonstrate excellent surface properties like uniform surface morphology, high surface area and uniform pore size distribution of CuO samples. The electrochemical properties of CuO nanostructures have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry, charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. The electrochemical studies of the CuO samples show obvious influence of surface properties on the pseudocapacitance performance. The maximum specific capacitances of nanosheets, micro-roses and micro-woolen like CuO nanosheets are found to be 303 Fg− 1, 279 Fg− 1 and 346 Fg− 1, respectively at 5 mV s− 1 scan rate. Further, the EIS analysis shows lower ESR value, high power performance, excellent rate as well as frequency response of micro-woolen like CuO sample. The Ragone plot ascertains better power and energy densities of all three CuO nanostructured samples than other electrical energy storage devices. The long-term cycling performance of CuO is examined at different scan rates and the morphology changes of the electrode materials were studied. Present investigation suggests the inexpensive CBD approach for fine-tuning surface properties of oxide materials for energy storage applications.
Acquired amusia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the fundamental neural architectures of musical processing due to the transition from a functioning to defective music processing system. Yet, the white matter (WM) deficits in amusia remain systematically unexplored. To evaluate which WM structures form the neural basis for acquired amusia and its recovery, we studied 42 stroke patients longitudinally at acute, 3-month, and 6-month post-stroke stages using DTI [tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) and deterministic tractography (DT)] and the Scale and Rhythm subtests of the Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia (MBEA). Non-recovered amusia was associated with structural damage and subsequent degeneration in multiple WM tracts including the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), arcuate fasciculus (AF), inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), uncinate fasciculus (UF), and frontal aslant tract (FAT), as well as in the corpus callosum (CC) and its posterior part (tapetum). In a linear regression analysis, the volume of the right IFOF was the main predictor of MBEA performance across time. Overall, our results provide a comprehensive picture of the large-scale deficits in intra- and interhemispheric structural connectivity underlying amusia, and conversely highlight which pathways are crucial for normal music perception.
A review is given of the factors that mitigate against the successful use of lead–acid batteries in the high-rate partial-state-of-charge (HRPSoC) duties experienced in hybrid electric vehicles, together with a consideration of successful remedies for those factors.
High performance flexible asymmetric supercapacitors based on carbon cloth are continuously prepared by a quick, low-cost, simple and scalable one-step electrochemical process within minutes without any other additives. The Fe2O3 is electrochemically deposition carbon cloth for the negative electrode, while the PEDOT and MnO2 are electrochemically co-deposited on carbon cloth for positive electrode. All processes take place within 1 min, therefore, this method can be applied in a continuous preparation mode for large-scale production, which implies its application potential in the industry. This is the first report of one-step continuous prepare of the flexible electrodes for supercapacitor. In addition, as assembled supercapacitors consisting of Fe2O3@carbon cloth and MnO2-PEDOT@carbon cloth, it achieves a high operating voltage of 2 V and a high energy density of 340 μW h cm−3 at a power density of 1.212 × 105 μW cm−3. This supercapacitor also possesses excellent flexibility and stability with 95% capacitance retained even after 1000 times bending. The larger-sized supercapacitor is further tested as watchband to power an electronic watch or light 41 LEDs for minutes. The low-cost continuous preparation method with high performance endows the flexible carbon cloth various promising applications, such as flexible asymmetric supercapacitors, flexible battery, catalysts and surface treatment.
Seawater desalination is an important process to meet the increasing demand for fresh water demand; however, it is highly energy intensive due to the high salinity of the source. Studies on using solar energy to drive seawater desalination are very actively being pursued. This paper reviews the current solar desalination research activities first, followed by discussions of solar assisted desalination processes and a variety of possible combinations. Solar assisted desalination has been proved technically feasible; however the combined solar and fossil fuel desalination, and desalination using low grade waste heat could be more cost effective at this time. Though solar assisted desalination processes have not been commercialized as yet, with the current ongoing research, they remain a valid option for future desalination plants.
A green low-cost redox flow battery using Zn/Zn2+ redox couple in HAc/NaAc medium and Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couple in H2SO4 medium was first proposed and investigated for potential stationary energy storage applications. The presence of HAc/NaAc in the negative electrolyte can keep the pH between 2.0 and 6.0 even when a large amount of H+ ions move into negative electrolyte from positive electrolyte through ion exchange membrane. In the pH range of 2.0–6.0, the chemical reaction of Zn species with H+ species is very insignificant; furthermore, the electroreduction of H+ ion on the negative electrode is significantly suppressed at this pH range. The zinc-ferrum redox flow battery (Zn/Fe RFB) operated within a voltage window of 0.5–2.0V with a nearly 90% utilization ratio, and its energy efficiency is around 71.1% at room temperature. These results show that Zn/Fe RFB is a promising option as a stationary energy storage equipment.
Reliability assessment of lithium secondary batteries was mainly considered. Shape parameter (β) and scale parameter (η) were calculated from experimental data based on cycle life test. We also examined safety characteristics of lithium secondary batteries. As proposed by IEC 62133 (2002), we had performed all of the safety/abuse tests such as ‘mechanical abuse tests’, ‘environmental abuse tests’, ‘electrical abuse tests’. This paper describes the cycle life of lithium secondary batteries, FMEA (failure modes and effects analysis) and the safety/abuse tests we had performed.
In 2013, two discoveries—that alkylating agent chemotherapy prolongs survival when added to radiotherapy for patients with anaplastic oligodendroglial tumours with 1p19q codeletion, and that bevacizumab prolongs progression-free survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma—have dominated debate in neuro-oncology. These findings could help to define new standards of care in malignant glioma.
Acrylonitrile-grafted poly(vinyl alcohol) copolymer with a branched structure is synthesized and used as binder for a LiNi1/2Mn3/2O4 composite electrode. Electrode performances of composite electrodes with different binders are compared in Li cells at 50 °C. The branched copolymer has better coatability to active materials in comparison to a simple mixture of linear polymers and conventional PVdF as evidenced by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Cyclability is effectively improved by using the branched copolymer at elevated temperatures because of high chemical stability of the coated polymer layer and formation of a protective layer on cycles. Moreover, excellent rate-capability is realized by applying the branched copolymer with high adhesive strength, and the composite electrode delivers 70 mAh g−1 of discharge capacity at a rate of 1280 mA g−1.
In the last decade, the number of patients supported by informal caregivers has substantially increased. In the Italian healthcare context, informal caregivers’ experience of care is a new under-recognized construct, and no assessment tool is available. Measuring caregivers’ experience is important since in Italy the relationship between doctors and patients/relatives is still considered asymmetrical. The current study presented development and initial psychometric properties of the Health Services and Caregiver Experience questionnaire (HSCE), a self-report tool of caregivers’ global experience for inpatient clinical care, including factor structure, reliability and its relations with measures of coping strategies and family strain.
The development of high-efficiency oxygen electrode with well structural and chemical stability is critical to boost the rapid development of lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries. Which are reckoned as a potent contender for next-generation energy storage devices due to their ultra-high theoretical energy density. Here, a flower-like three-dimensional self-standing ZnCo2S4-based electrode without an addition of binders are fabricated and employing as positive electrode for Li-O2 batteries. The bifunctional catalytic activity of flower-like ZnCo2S4 is conducive to improving the hysteresis kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Representative ultrathin petal edge exposes adequate active sites and provides a sufficient contact interface between Li2O2 and positive electrode, which are essential for reducing the charge overpotential during OER. Compared with the control electrodes, the flower-like ZnCo2S4@Ni-based Li-O2 battery shows decreased overpotential (0.78 V) and improved cycle stability (over 500 cycles).
The low temperature electrochemical behavior of β-Li x V2O5 as cathode material was investigated by galvanostatic charge/discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The β-Li x V2O5 cathode exhibited unusual high capacity retention ratio upon 100 cycles under subzero temperatures: 88.6% at −40°C, 79.5% at −20°C, and 82.3% at 0°C while only 55.0% at room temperature. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results indicate that the charge-transfer resistance increases sharply and the lithium diffusion coefficient decreases gradually as temperature dropping to −40°C. According to Randles plot and Arrhenius equation, the activation energies for charge-transfer and solid-state lithium diffusion at 20% state of charge are 43.28 and 47.96kJmol−1, respectively, suggesting that the electrochemical process dynamics of the β-Li x V2O5 electrode is controlled by the sluggish charge-transfer kinetics as well as solid-state ionic diffusion.
The dependency among cells in the battery pack is an objective phenomenon, which can affect the overall degradation, cycle life and reliability of battery packs. To solve this problem, the degradation tests of four configuration lithium-ion battery packs are carried out. The dependency degree of four battery packs is discussed by comparing the parameters difference degree among cells in the charge-discharge profile. The results show that the degradation processes of a battery pack and that of cells in the pack are dependent. The dependence degree of a battery pack is positively correlated with the degradation rate of a battery pack. After eliminating collinearity of independent variables by Principal Component Analysis, the degradation process-dependent model is established by the Linear Regression Model. High regression coefficient (R2 > 0.9) and p-value<0.0001 of models indicate that the degradation process dependency can be quantified. The results can provide a theoretical and methodological basis for designing, managing and optimizing battery packs in practice.
This work has investigated that the electrochemical properties of PEO–lithium bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide (LiBETI)–SiO2 with different surface groups. The ac impedance, cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used for understanding electrochemical characteristics of prepared composite electrolytes. Composite electrolytes prepared with SiO2 covered with trimethylsilyl exhibited good electrochemical properties. The ionic conductivity of composite polymer electrolytes (CPE) reached a maximum of about 1.5×10−5 S/cm at 25°C. This result was obtained since SiO2 covered with trimethylsilyl is suitable for increasing dispersability as well as not impeding the role of the SiO2 surface.
Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and utility of a program of computerized cognitive exercises as an intervention for people with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design: Pilot pre-post study. Setting: Participants' homes in an urban community. Participants: 8 individuals with mild to severe TBI who were 8 months to 22 years post- injury (M=125.75 months, SD=36.6). Interventions: Individual training with InSight, a software program designed to improve processing speed, attention, memory, and visual precision. InSight involves a graduated series of structured exercises. It has been shown to improve cognitive functioning in adults with cognitive impairments. Participants were asked to use the software for 40 minutes per day, 5 days per week for 6 weeks; they received daily reminders to do their training and progress was monitored. Main Outcome Measures: Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM 4), a validated computerized neuropsychological battery that tests processing speed, working memory, attention, encoding, spatial processing, and accuracy. Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ), Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FRSBE), User Experience Survey (UES). Results: All participants were able to use the software. On the UES, participants reported improvements in concentration, executive function, visual processing, memory, and cognitive stamina. Main obstacles were technical difficulties with the software and/or participants' own computers and participants' inability to complete the requested amount of training in the specified time period. On five of seven ANAM 4 measures, small to medium effect sizes were noted (Cohen d of .18 to .44). On the CFQ, effect sizes varied from medium to large (.37 to 1.85) and on the FRSBE from small to large (.23 to .82). Conclusions: Computerized speed and attention training may be a viable intervention for outpatients with TBI. The intervention can be delivered in patients' homes with support provided remotely. Further study in randomized trials is warranted.
The evolution of the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of a Si-based electrode upon cycling (1st discharge, 1st charge and 2nd discharge) is studied by in-situ synchrotron X-ray tomography. The Si-based electrode is constituted of silicon/carbon black/carboxymethylcellulose (Si/CB/CMC) embedded in a commercial carbon fiber paper, acting as a flexible 3D current collector. Its initial areal discharge capacity is 4.9 mAh cm−2. A reconstructed volume of 293 × 293 × 137 μm3 is analyzed with a resolution of ∼0.3 μm. Three phases are identified: (i) the solid phase (C fibers + Si + CB + CMC), (ii) the electrolyte phase (pores filled with electrolyte) and (iii) the gas phase (electrolyte-free pores). Their respective volume fraction, size distribution and connectivity, and also the dimensional changes of the electrode along the three axes are quantified during cycling. At the beginning of the 1st discharge (lithiation), the formation of gas channels attributed to the reductive electrolyte decomposition is observed. During the 1st charge, large cracks are formed through the electrode, which reclose during the subsequent discharge. The electrode expansion/contraction due to the Si volume change is partially irreversible, occurs mainly in the transverse direction and is much larger in the bottom part of the electrode.
The method of self-combustion synthesis was applied to prepare double Al- and Fe-substituted LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.15Al0.025Fe0.025O2 (NMCAF) and non-substituted LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC-3:1:1) cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. The novel NMCAF structure obtained by simultaneous cationic substitution showed an improved capacity and high stability during electrochemical cycling. X-ray diffraction patterns proved that both materials have a layered α-NaFeO2 type structure with a good hexagonal ordering. It was found that NMCAF has increased a and c lattice parameters due to a structural expansion caused by Al and Fe ion substitution. Rietveld refinement analysis revealed a significant decrease of the cationic mixing after the metal substitution, suggesting a structural stabilization. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy showed that Al and Fe substitution markedly influenced the EPR spectrum of NMC-(3:1:1). The EPR spectral lines of both materials are attributed to Mn4+ and Ni2+ present in the structure. The change in the Ni2+ line after the metal substitution suggests a redistribution of the Ni ions in the structure, which can be related to the diminished cation mixing in the NMCAF. The improved electrochemical behavior of NMCAF is closely connected to the stabilization of the layered structure and the reduction of the cation mixing after metal substitution.
Participation is recognized as a key to one's health and well-being and is considered to be a vital part of the development of children and youth. The purpose of this study was to examine the participation patterns of children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) in their out-of-school-time (OST) activities, and to see whether there is a relationship between the children's motor abilities and their choices and participation. Methods: 50 children (5–7 years old), 25 who met diagnostic criteria of DCD and 25 without DCD, completed the Children Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) and were administered the Motor Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) and the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI). Results: A relationship was found between participation patterns and motor ability. Children with DCD had limited participation diversity in which they participated less frequently, and chose activities that were quieter and more socially isolated compared to children without DCD; there were no differences in their levels of enjoyment. Conclusions: The present study emphasizes the importance of looking at the children's participation from a broad perspective, and the many difficulties children with DCD experience in OST participation. Future studies might consider other factors (e.g., environment) while examining participation among children with DCD.
Emotion regulation difficulties are present in many, if not most, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and confer risk for a host of adverse outcomes. Little is known, however, regarding the neurocognitive and behavioral mechanisms that underlie these difficulties. A well-characterized, clinically evaluated sample of 145 children ages 8–13 years (M = 10.33, SD = 1.47; 55 girls; 69% White/non-Hispanic) were administered multiple, counterbalanced working memory tests and assessed for emotion dysregulation and ADHD symptoms via multiple-informant reports. Bias-corrected, bootstrapped conditional effects modeling indicated that underdeveloped working memory exerted significant direct effects on emotion regulation in all tested models as well as indirect effects on emotion regulation via parent-reported hyperactive/impulsive symptoms (95% CIs excluded zero). Interestingly, hyperactive/impulsive symptoms also predicted emotion dysregulation when controlling for the influence of working memory. Inattention failed to predict emotion regulation difficulties in all tested models (all 95% CIs included zero). This pattern of results replicated across parent and teacher models and were robust to control for mono-informant bias, age, and gender. These findings suggest that emotion dysregulation in ADHD reflects, in part, both a direct outcome of underdeveloped working memory and an affective outcome of hyperactive and/or impulsive symptomatology, both attributable to and independent of the role of underlying working memory deficits.
The thin-film electrodes of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 were deposited by pulsed laser ablation. The average thickness of these thin-films was measured by AFM to be approximately 0.62μm. The electrochemical properties of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 thin-films as working electrode in lithium cells were characterized by galvanostatic charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry and ac impedance spectroscopy. The average capacity of these thin-film electrodes is about 60–62.5μA/cm2 μm. The Li+ diffusion coefficient in the LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 thin-film electrode was measured to be in the range of 3.19×10−13–2.48×10−10 m2/s.
In this work we report the use of natural cellulose as the binder for composite electrodes for electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). Composite electrodes containing natural cellulose as the binder can be prepared using either ionic liquid based slurries or aqueous suspensions containing a polymeric stabilizer and a surfactant. These composite electrodes display good mechanical stability, uniform morphology and a thermal stability comparable to those made with conventional binders. Moreover, when used as electrodes in EDLCs, they allow the realization of devices able to display high performance in term of specific capacitance and cycling stability in all type of electrolytes used in EDLCs. Considering the appealing properties of natural cellulose, the introduction of this material as a binder in EDLCs could be an important contribution for the development of cheap, safe and environmentally friendly EDLCs.