batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We report 7Li, 29Si, and 13C NMR studies of two different carbon-rich SiCN ceramics SiCN-1 and SiCN-3 derived from the preceramic polymers polyphenylvinylsilylcarbodiimide and polyphenylvinylsilazane, respectively. From the spectral analysis of the three nuclei, we find that only the 13C spectrum is strongly influenced by Li insertion/extraction, suggesting that carbon phases are the major electrochemically active sites for Li storage. Temperature (T) and Larmor frequency ( ω L ) dependences of the 7Li linewidth and spin-lattice relaxation rates T 1 − 1 are described by an activated law with the activation energy E A of 0.31 eV and the correlation time τ 0 in the high temperature limit of 1.3 ps. The 3 / 2 power law dependence of T 1 − 1 on ω L which deviates from the standard Bloembergen, Purcell, and Pound (BPP) model implies that the Li motion on the μs timescale is governed by continuum diffusion mechanism rather than jump diffusion. On the other hand, the rotating frame relaxation rate T 1 ρ − 1 results suggest that the slow motion of Li on the ms timescale may be affected by complex diffusion and/or non-diffusion processes.
Little research has been conducted regarding the use of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) in law enforcement screening and selection. The limited body of research that does exist appears to support its utility in the selection process. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Psychological Rating Risk Factor Statement (PRRFS) developed by Roberts, Thompson, and Johnson (2004) in predicting and discriminating problem from non-problem New Mexico State Police (NMSP) applicants. PAI profiles for each officer were obtained and transferred into the PAI Law Enforcement, Corrections, and Public Safety Selection software program, which generated probability estimates (PRRFS) to predict the likelihood that participants were not well-suited for a career in law enforcement. Subsequent logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) statistical analyses revealed that the PRRFS was ineffective in predicting and discriminating between problem and non-problem officers. Potential explanations for this finding are discussed.
To reduce the large first-cycle irreversible capacity loss of the Li-rich layered cathode material Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2, MoO3 has been introduced by a simple high-energy ball milling process. The electrochemical properties of cathode material Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 and the influences of different MoO3 amount on its electrochemical properties are discussed in detail. The first charge–discharge dQ/dV curves suggest that the MoO3 component provides additional sites for lithium ion insertion to compensate the lost Li sites caused by the simultaneous removal of Li+ and O2− during the activation of Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2. With increasing MoO3 content from 0 wt.% to 20 wt.%, the first-cycle irreversible capacity loss of the composite decreases from 81.8 mAh g−1 to 1.2 mAh g−1. The composite with 5 wt.% MoO3 exhibits a good cycling stability with the discharge capacity of 242.5 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles, and the thickness of the MoO3 coating layer on the surface of Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 is about 3–4 nm. However, with the increase of the addition content of MoO3, the cycling stability of the Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2–MoO3 composite is decreased.
This paper presents a novel control strategy for the optimal management of microgrids with high penetration of renewable energy sources and different energy storage systems. The control strategy is based on the integration of optimal generation scheduling with a model predictive control in order to achieve both long and short-term optimal planning. In particular, long-term optimization of the various microgrid components is obtained by the adoption of an optimal generation scheduling, in which a statistical approach is used to take into account weather and load forecasting uncertainties. The real-time management of the microgrid is instead entrusted to a model predictive controller, which has the important feature of using the results obtained by the optimal generation scheduling. The proposed control strategy was tested in a laboratory-scale microgrid present at the University of Seville, which is composed of an electronic power source that emulates a photovoltaic system, a battery bank and a hydrogen production and storage system. Two different experimental tests that simulate a summer and a winter day were carried out over a 24-h period to verify the reliability and performance enhancement of the control system. Results show an effective improvement in performance in terms of reduction of the microgrid operating cost and greater involvement of the hydrogen storage system for the maintenance of a spinning reserve in batteries.
Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) has allowed the realization of ubiquitous tracking and monitoring of physical objects wirelessly with minimum human interactions. It plays a key role in a wide range of applications including asset tracking, contactless payment, access control, transportation and logistics, and other industrial applications. On the other side, RFID systems face several technical challenges that need to be overcome in order to achieve their potential benefits; tags collisions and localization of tagged objects are two important challenges. Numerous anti-collision and localization protocols have been proposed to address these challenges. This paper reviews the state-of-art tags’ anti-collision and localization protocols, and provides a deep insight into technical issues of these protocols. The probabilistic and deterministic anti-collision protocols are critically studied and compared in terms of different parameters. We further review distance estimation, scene analysis, and proximity localization schemes and provide useful suggestions. We also introduce a new hybrid direction that utilizes power control to spatially partition the interrogation range of a reader for more efficient anti-collision and localization. Finally, we present the applications of RFID systems in healthcare sectors.
Development of a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) mass flux model, using conventional transport theory, is presented and used to predict the fluid phase superficial velocity, methanol and water molar fluxes, and the chemical species (methanol and water) dimensionless concentration profiles in the polymer electrolyte membrane, Nafion® 117, of a DMFC. Implementation of these equations is illustrated to generate the numerical data as functions of the variables such as the pressure difference across the membrane, methanol concentration at the cell anode, temperature, and position in the membrane.
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes, ECIGs) were introduced into the market a decade ago as an alternative to tobacco smoking. Whether ECIGs are safe and whether they qualify as smoking cessation tool is currently unknown. Their use has markedly expanded in that period, despite the fact that potential toxic effects of the vapour created by the e-cigarette and the nicotine-containing cartridge fluid have been incompletely studied. Marketing targets diverse groups including older smokers but also young people. Whereas the adverse health effects of nicotine inhaled by users of ECIGs has been well documented, less is known about the other components. An increasing number of in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate a range of adverse effects of both the vapour created by ECIGs as well as the nicotine-containing fluid. Importantly, these studies demonstrate that toxicity from ECIGs, although this may be less than that caused by tobacco products, not only arises from its nicotine content. Furthermore, there are no data on the long-term consequences of ECIG use. The wide range of ECIG products available to consumers and the lack of standardisation of toxicological approaches towards ECIG evaluation complicates the assessment of adverse health effects of their use. Here we review the current data on preclinical studies on ECIGs describing their effects in cell culture and animal models.
Renewable energy encompasses a broad range of energy resources. Bangladesh is known to have a good potential for renewable energy, but so far no systematic study has been done to quantify this potential for power generation. This paper estimates the potential of renewable energy resources for power generation in Bangladesh from the viewpoint of different promising available technologies. Estimation of the potential of solar energy in Bangladesh is done using a GIS-based GeoSpatial Toolkit (GsT), Hybrid System Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) model and NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) solar radiation data. The potential of wind energy is estimated by developing a Bangladesh wind map using NASA SSE wind data and HOMER model. A review of country's biomass and hydro potential for electricity generation is presented. The technical potential of gird-connected solar PV is estimated at 50,174MW. Assuming that 1000h per year of full power is the feasible threshold for the exploitation of wind energy, the areas that satisfy this condition in the country would be sufficient for the installation of 4614MW of wind power. The potential of biomass-based and small hydro power plants is estimated at 566 and 125MW, respectively. The renewable energy resources cannot serve as alternative to conventional energy resources, yet they may serve to supplement the long-term energy needs of Bangladesh to a significant level.
An electrochemical atomic force microscope (EC-AFM) was used to study the reaction of a lead dioxide electrode in sulfuric acid solution, while the reaction corresponding to what occurs at the positive electrode of a lead-acid battery took place. We observed continuous in situ morphology change of the lead dioxide electrode and the potentiostatic transient, when the oxidation and reduction potentials were applied to the electrode. As a result, it was confirmed that lead sulfate crystals began to deposit from the moment when the reduction potential was applied and the reduction transient showed a sharp peak shape at the same time. On the other hand, the dissolution of lead sulfate crystals was delayed from the moment when the oxidation potential was applied. It took about 2min for all the crystals to dissolve, and the oxidation transient was recorded as a broad shaped curve.
In the present study, flexible and freestanding solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) films based on poly ethylene oxide (PEO) and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) complexed with lithium nitrate (LiNO3) have been developed by solution casting method. Morphological features of the synthesised SPE films have been investigated in detail using X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy and Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques. These films have smooth surface morphology and porous nature along with good thermal stability above 400°C. The novelty of the present work is the introduction of these flexible SPE films for Li storage applications. The films exhibit room temperature ionic conductivity around 1.13×10−3 Scm−1 which is quite comparable to that of liquid electrolytes. For these SPE films, the total ion transport number and lithium ion transference number are 0.9997 and 0.332 respectively. Electrochemical characterizations have been carried out by assembling prototype Li-ion cells with LiFePO4 as the cathode active material, lithium as the anode and the SPE film of the present work serving both as the separator film and the solid electrolyte. These cells show an open circuit voltage of 3.26V and good electrochemical activity as evidenced from the cyclic voltammetry studies. These novel type of flexible SPE films from PEO/PVP/LiNO3 composites with remarkable room temperature ionic conductivity, good thermal stability and promising electrochemical activity offer excellent application prospects for realizing all solid state Li ion cells and other solid state, electrochemical energy storage devices.
The chemical diffusion coefficients of lithium ions ( D L i + ) in Li3V2(PO4)3 between 3.0 and 4.8V are systematically determined by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). The D L i + values are found to be dependent on the voltage state of charge and discharge. Based on the results from all the three techniques, the true diffusion coefficients ( D L i + true ) measured in single-phase region are in the range of 10−9 to 10−10 cm2 s−1. Its apparent diffusion coefficients ( D L i + app ) measured in two-phase regions by CV and GITT range from 10−10 to 10−11 cm2 s−1 and 10−8 to 10−13 cm2 s−1, respectively, depending on the potentials. By the GITT, the D L i + varies non-linearly in a “W” shape with the charge–discharge voltage, which is ascribed to the strong interactions of Li+ with surrounding ions. Finally, the chemical diffusion coefficients of lithium ions measured by CV, EIS and GITT are compared to each other.
Panayiotopoulos syndrome (PS) is a common epilepsy syndrome associated with rare clinical seizures and unknown localization of the epileptogenic area. Despite findings of normal development in patients with PS, recent neuropsychological studies point to subtle and diverse cognitive impairments. No well-outlined hypothesis about the localization of the brain dysfunction responsible for these impairments has been proposed. We further explored the cognitive dysfunctions in PS and made inferences on the most likely anatomical localization of brain impairment. A group of 19 patients (aged 6–12) with PS was rated according to spike activity and lateralization. The patients were submitted to a neuropsychological evaluation to assess general intelligence, memory, language, visual–perceptual abilities, attention, and executive functions. Using 35-channel scalp EEG recordings, the N170 face-evoked event-related potential (ERP) was obtained to assess the functional integrity of the ventral pathway. All patients with PS showed normal IQ but subtle and consistent neurocognitive impairments. Namely, we found abnormalities in the copy task of the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure and in the Narrative Memory Test. There was no correlation between neuropsychological impairments with spike activity and hemispheric spike lateralization. The N170 ERP was normal in all patients except for one. Our neuropsychological findings demonstrate impairments in visual–perceptual abilities and in semantic processing. These findings, paired with the absence of occipital lobe dysfunction in all neuropsychological studies of PS performed to this date, support the existence of parietal lobe dysfunction.
The effect of oxygen non-stoichiometry on the electrochemical performance of lithium manganese oxide spinels is investigated. Spinels with different oxygen contents are obtained from citrate gel synthesis followed by calcination in air in the temperature range 200–850°C. Spinels that were formed at low temperatures are found suitable for 3V applications, whereas those formed at high temperatures perform better at 4V. Both type of spinels cycle well in their respective potential regimes.
Sesbania virgata (Leguminosae) is tolerant of long periods of soil inundation. However, its morphological adaptations to anoxia and its response to possible damage from oxidative stress are still unknown. Here, we provide new information that helps to explain the ability of S. virgata plants to grow in flooded environments. Plants containing six expanded leaves were placed in masonry tanks and were subjected to the following conditions: control (well watered), soil waterlogging (water to the setup level of 1 cm above the soil surface—roots and parts of the stems flooded), and complete submergence (whole plant flooded). Plants exposed to flooding (soil waterlogging and complete submergence) significantly increased their production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), indicating the extent of oxidative injury posed by stress conditions. We demonstrate that plants exposed to flooding develop an efficient scavenger of ROS (generated during stress) in the roots through the coordinated action of nonenzymatic ascorbic acid (Asc) and dehydroascorbate (DHA) as well as the enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR) that are present in the tissues. Moreover, we observed the development of morpho-anatomical structures such as adventitious roots, lenticels, and cracks in the stem of plants under soil waterlogging. The secondary root of plants under soil waterlogging showed a thinner cortex and larger number of elements of small diameter vessels. Numerous aerenchymas were observed in the newly formed in the adventitious roots. We conclude that these antioxidative responses and morpho-anatomical adaptations in the roots are part of a suite of adaptations that allow S. virgata plants to survive long periods of flooding, notably under waterlogged conditions.
This work aimed at explaining the enhancement of hydrogen entry into iron from alkaline solution occurring at definite potentials. Hydrogen permeation rate (HPR) through a 35-μm thick iron membrane was measured with the electrochemical technique in 0.1M NaOH at 25°C during cathodic and anodic polarizations. Enhanced HPR was observed at potentials of oxide reduction or iron oxidation, and potentials more cathodic than about −1.65VNHE during prolonged galvanostatic polarization. XPS analysis showed that after the polarization, surface layers contained hydrated iron oxides and that amount of these products increased with the polarization time. It is suggested that the enhanced hydrogen entry can be explained by acidification of the near-metal solution due to iron oxidation and/or oxide reduction, and probably by a promoting effect of some Fe-O species. It is proposed that these effects are associated with surface layers. They can affect hydrogen entry as a source of protons in the oxide reduction, as a diffusion barrier making the near-metal acidification possible, and as a resistance causing an IR drop. Strong enhancement of HPR after prolonged galvanostatic polarizations can be associated with the formation of thick surface layers with IR drop enabling anodic oxidation of iron under these layers.
Potassium vanadate K0.25V2O5 has been successfully prepared by a facile sol–gel route and its electrochemical performance has been investigated. It is interesting that the as-prepared K0.25V2O5 exhibits the unique layer-by-layer stacked flake-like structure. Due to the novel tunneled crystal structure, the long-term cycling stability and high-rate capability of K0.25V2O5 are reported here for the first time. High specific discharge capacities of 256, 217, 180, 144, and 116 mA h g−1 can be achieved at the current densities of 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 mA g−1, respectively. Moreover, the K0.25V2O5 compound demonstrates excellent long-term cycling stability with a capacity fading rate of only 0.023% per cycle over 500 cycles at 500 mA g−1. The superior electrochemical performance suggests that the tunneled structure K0.25V2O5 could be a potential cathode candidate for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.
The present study established the psychometric properties of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Neutropenia (FACT-N), a self-report instrument to assess neutropenia-specific concerns and health-related quality of life (HRQL), in a sample of adults 65 years of age and older.
Novel composite membranes of a semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) coated on the surfaces of a porous Celgard 2400 support are prepared and investigate for application in a non-aqueous redox flow battery (RFB). A natural polymer, urushi, is used for the matrix because of its high mechanical robustness, and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) provides anionic exchange sites. The PDDA/urushi (P/U) semi-IPN film is prepared by the photo polymerization of urushiol in the presence of PDDA. The thin layer composed of the P/U semi-IPN on the porous support provides selectivity while maintaining the ion conductivity. The coulombic and energy efficiencies increase with increasing amounts of PDDA in the P/U semi-IPN layer, and the values reach 69.5% and 42.5%, respectively, for the one containing 40 wt% of PDDA. These values are substantially higher than those of the Neosepta AHA membrane and the Celgard membrane, indicating that the selective layer reduces the crossover of the redox active species through the membrane. This result implies that the formation of composite membranes using semi-IPN selective layers on the dimensionally stable porous membrane enable the successful use of a non-aqueous RFB for future energy storage systems.
Zinc anodic dissolution has been studied by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The kinetic study of the oxidation mechanism has allowed us to propose a theoretical impedance function for this system in deaerated sulphate medium. Relevant information on the faradaic process is provided by analysis of the theoretical impedance function. Kinetic parameters of this system can be calculated from the fitting of experimental data to the faradaic impedance function deduced theoretically. The physical measurements of this function are analysed by means of the dependence of simulated EIS spectra on kinetic parameters.
Owing to sluggish Mg-ion dissociation and diffusion, Mg-based batteries have low power densities. Here the authors carry out rational designs for both the cathode and the electrolyte to enable ultrafast kinetics of a Mg metal battery.
This article provides an up-to-date perspective on the use of anion-exchange membranes in fuel cells, electrolysers, redox flow batteries, reverse electrodialysis cells, and bioelectrochemical systems (e.g. microbial fuel cells). The aim is to highlight key concepts, misconceptions, the current state-of-the-art, technological and scientific limitations, and the future challenges (research priorities) related to the use of anion-exchange membranes in these energy technologies. All the references that the authors deemed relevant, and were available on the web by the manuscript submission date (30th April 2014), are included.
The role of the stroke units in improving morbidity, mortality, and recovery from stroke is clearly demonstrated. However, acute management of language disorders in these specialized units remains controversial, and management of swallowing disorders is usually nonstandardized. The recent validation of a scale for rapid screening of language disorders (LAST [Language Screening Test]) in acute stroke patients should allow optimization of their detection and early management. Swallowing disorders should be screened and managed using a standardized protocol. Following early initial evaluation repeated on a daily basis, they justify tailored rehabilitation sessions, adaptation of food textures, team formation, and families’ information. The use of these protocols implies the cooperation and coordination of the medical and paramedical teams and the daily presence of speech therapists. These aspects are crucial for patients in the stroke units to achieve full benefits from the management proposed in this paper, leading to diminution of complications and better long-term functional prognosis.