batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Na-alginate as a binder in an aqueous solvent has been applied in the preparation of sulfur cathodes for lithium-sulfur batteries. Their electrochemical performances have been investigated by a charge-discharge cycle test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EIS tests indicated that the alginate sulfur cathode had lower resistance and better kinetic characteristics than those of the poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) sulfur cathode using PVDF as a binder in a N-methy-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent. The charge-discharge tests showed that the discharge capacity and the capacity retention rate of Na-alginate sulfur cathode were 508 mAh·g−1 and 65.4% at the 50th cycle with a current density of 335 mA·g−1. Compared with PVDF sulfur cathode, the alginate sulfur cathode showed a remarkably better cycle performance. These results show that the alginate binder has promising potential for lithium-sulfur battery applications.
We report that electropolymerization parameters (duration and voltage) modulate the properties and morphological structures of photoactive polymers which influence both the efficiency of bioreceptor attachment to the polymer surface, and the resulting biosensor assay performance. We have compared two biosensor technologies, optical and electrochemical, for the detection of anti-cholera toxin antibodies using our singular conductive optic fibers, albeit at this stage in separate experiments. Both biosensor systems were more sensitive than conventional detection and pave the way for the possibility to one day make simultaneous optical and electrochemical sensing using the same biosensor.
Lateralization of brain structure and function occurs in typical development, and abnormal lateralization is present in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Autism is characterized by a lack of left lateralization in structure and function of regions involved in language, such as Broca and Wernicke areas.
This article deals with the development of a new model for measuring job quality based on the intrinsic components of work, an European Intrinsic Job Quality Index. The objective is measure job quality on the basis of the characteristics inherent to the labour activity itself, and not from its financial rewards. First, we review the existing literature on current measurement models and justify the need for an index of this nature. Secondly, we explain the fundamental methodological decisions adopted for the construction of the index, and present the descriptive model, the indicators that make up each dimension, and the empirical model. Finally, we present the index scores by European Union countries within the framework of institutional theories. In this work, we have used a quantitative methodology, based on social indicator systems, and it has been carried out mainly with data from the European Working Conditions Survey (2015). The fundamental contribution of this article is the construction of a new model for measuring the quality of work, robust, valid and reliable, which will allow us to monitor the intrinsic job quality of the member countries, and thus provide relevant information that contributes to the framework of public policies.
This research was initiated to study the air quality in the city of Kanpur, India in terms of PM10 and PM2.5 and chemical composition in terms of heavy metals and benzene-soluble organic fraction (BSOF) for PM10. Three sampling locations, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) (control site), Vikas Nagar (VN) (commercial site) and Juhi Colony (JC) (residential site) were selected. Total forty-seven 24-h samples were collected for PM2.5 and PM10 during October 2002–February 2003 at these locations. The collected PM10 samples were subjected to chemical analysis for determination of heavy metals and toxic organic fraction by measuring BSOF. PM10 (45–589μgm−3), PM2.5 (25–200μgm−3), BSOF (1–170μgm−3) and heavy metals were highest at VN followed by JC and IIT. The study concluded that the overall air quality in the city of Kanpur was much inferior to other cities in India and abroad. Similar to PM10 and PM2.5, heavy metals were almost 5–10 times higher than levels in European cities. The study concluded that there was a need to address the issue of PM2.5 monitoring and control. Because regular PM2.5 monitoring may take some time, a linear model for predicting PM2.5 using routinely monitored parameters PM10 and BSOF was suggested for preliminary assessment. The model was checked for its adequacy and it was validated.
Identification of cell SOC (state-of-charge) inconsistency for LiFePO4 battery packs is challenging due to the demanding conditions in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and the relatively flat SOC–OCV (open circuit voltage) curve of LiFePO4 cells compared to others. We experimentally investigate cell voltages in a small battery pack and propose a Mean-plus-Difference Model (M+D Model). The M+D Model uses a cell mean model (CMM) representing the overall performance of the pack in high frequency. Meanwhile cell voltage differences (CVDs) between cells and the “mean cell” are studied by a cell difference model (CDM) in low frequency. A CDM considering SOC and internal resistance differences is subsequently presented and OCV differences are estimated. We further propose an SOC strategy to accurately identify cell SOC inconsistency by intermittently lowering pack SOC to 30% during HEV operation. Finally we discover that SOC differences can be determined with estimated OCV differences using SOC-difference/OCV-difference curve. The proposed method is verified by simulation and experiment. With the proposed method, LiFePO4 cell SOC inconsistency can be precisely estimated with existing measuring technology during HEV operating and cell equalization can be ultimately implemented.
In order to examine the role of left perisylvian cortex in spelling, 13 individuals with lesions in this area were administered a comprehensive spelling battery. Their spelling of regular words, irregular words, and nonwords was compared with that of individuals with extrasylvian damage involving left inferior temporo–occipital cortex and normal controls. Perisylvian patients demonstrated a lexicality effect, with nonwords spelled worse than real words. This pattern contrasts with the deficit in irregular word spelling, or regularity effect, observed in extrasylvian patients. These findings confirm that damage to left perisylvian cortex results in impaired phonological processing required for sublexical spelling. Further, degraded phonological input to orthographic selection typically results in additional deficits in real word spelling.
A zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)/graphene composite was prepared by the solvothermal reaction using different concentrations of graphene oxide to investigate the effect of graphene addition on the electroactivity of the composite. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were conducted to determine the morphology and micro-structure of the composite. Electrochemical characterizations were measured using the CR2016 type coin cell test. Based on the electrochemical properties and structural characteristics of the composite, the roles and effects of graphene in ZIF/graphene composite were studied. The concentration of graphene oxide used during the synthesis process affect the initial specific capacity and cycle performance of the composite.
A fully operational practical Li-rechargeable battery system delivering unprecedented high energy density with excellent cycle life was proposed using the state-of-the-art cathode and anode technologies. Based on the simple ball-milling process, a carbon nanotube (CNT)–Si composite anode with extremely stable long-term cycling, while providing a discharge capacity of 2364 mA h g−1 at a tap density of 1.103 g cm−3, was developed. For the cathode, a two-sloped full concentration gradient (TSFCG) Li[Ni0.85Co0.05Mn0.10]O2 cathode, designed to obtain maximum possible discharge capacity by having a Ni-enriched core and to simultaneously ensure high chemical and thermal stability by having an outer Mn-enriched layer, yielded a discharge capacity of 221 mA h g−1. Integrating the CNT–Si composite and the TSFCG cathode in a full cell configuration, the full cell generated an energy density of 350 W h kg−1 with excellent capacity retention for 500 cycles at 1 C rate, satisfying the energy density limit imposed by the drive range requirement for EVs. The proposed battery system satisfied the demands for energy storage for vehicle applications in terms of energy density, power and cycle life.
In this work, high-performance electrochemical energy storage electrodes were developed based on nickel oxide (NiO)-coated nickel (Ni) foams prepared by a sparking method. NiO nanoparticles deposited on Ni foams with varying sparking times from 45 to 180min were structurally characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, the electrochemical energy storage characteristics of the electrodes were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It was found that NiO nanoparticles sparked on Ni foam with a longer time would be agglomerated and formed a foam-like network with large pore sizes and a lower surface area, leading to inferior charge storage behaviors. The NiO/Ni foam electrode prepared with the shortest sparking of 45min displayed high specific capacities of 920C g-1 (1840 F g-1) at 1 A g-1 and 699 (76% of 920) C g-1 at 20 A g-1 in a potential window of 0-0.5V vs. Ag/AgCl as well as a good cycling performance with 96% capacity retention at 4 A g-1 after 1000 cycles and a low equivalent series resistance of 0.4Ω. Therefore, NiO/Ni foam electrodes prepared by the sparking method are highly promising for high-capacity energy storage applications.
Zinc–air batteries are viewed as a sustainable storage technology, but their commercialization requires a genuine performance leap forwards from the laboratory scale. Here the authors report a cell-level design and demonstrate an ampere-hour pouch cell with exceptionally high energy density and cycle lifespan.
A novel visible-light photoelectrochemical sensor was prepared based on FTO electrode modified with CdS quantum dots (QDs), graphene (GR) and molecularly imprinted polypyrrole (MIP). The electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) indicated that GR facilitated the electron transfer of CdS modified electrode. Small amount of GR doped in CdS film could dramatically improve the photoelectrochemical response of modified electrode under visible-light illumination. While a MIP layer of 4-aminophenol was deposited on CdS-GR nanocomposites modified electrode, the photocurrent response to 4-aminophenol on the modified electrode was obviously promoted due to the specific binding of MIP with 4-aminophenol. The photoelectrochemical response was linearly proportional to the concentration of 4-aminophenol in the range of 5.0×10−8 molL−1 to 3.5×10−6 molL−1, with a detection limit (3S/N) of 2.3×10−8 molL−1. Moreover, the MIP/CdS-GR modified FTO electrode showed excellent selectivity. The proposed visible-light photoelectrochemical sensor based on MIP/CdS-GR/FTO provided a feasible tool for rapid, sensitive and selective determination of 4-aminophenol.
Current oscillations were observed during electrodissolution of copper in nonaqueous lithium-ion battery electrolyte under potentiostatic conditions using copper foil electrodes. Mixed-mode oscillations were observed over certain ranges of stir rate and applied potential. A nonlinear dynamics technique (return map) was applied to characterize the oscillations. The dynamic stir conditions of the electrolyte influenced the frequency and pattern of the oscillations. The amplitude of the oscillations increased with increasing potential. Also, cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed that the oscillatory current was correlated to the oxidation of the copper electrode.
Application of electrochromic anode material has recently attracted tremendous attention for fields of electronics, photonics and energy storage. While limited understanding of mechanisms of performance optimization and electrochromic process is still the hindrance for the development of such materials. Here, we demonstrate a novel lithium doped nickel oxide ultra-thin film with critical structure that can be synthesized via an one-step sputtering process, as a superior anode material for electrochromic device with extraordinary capability of deep coloring (tripled than nickel oxide film), large transmittance contrast (close to 70%) and high charge capacitance (13 mF cm−2). We observed extremely significant pronounced lattice expanding/reducing and in the electrochromic process of doped thin film. Variations of electronic structure were detected and we using the theoretical calculations reveal the presence of electronic defect states induced by lithium doping, which effectively reduces the band gap of nickel oxide and contributes bleaching and coloring. These findings shed new light on future development of electrochromic materials and devices for practical implementation.
Pure hydrogen generation under mild conditions in a controllable way is important for portable devices. Recently, we have found that an aq. ammonia-borane (NH3BH3) solution is a potential hydrogen source with noble metal catalysts. For practical use, the development of a low-cost, efficient and safe system is desired. In this study, we found that solid acids such as cation exchange resins and zeolites, which are low-cost and safe, also exhibit high activities for the dissociation and hydrolysis of NH3BH3 to generate hydrogen with an H2 to NH3BH3 ratio up to 3.0 at room temperature. The reaction rate depends on the type of solid acid. Especially, Dowex and Amberlyst, the two low-cost solid acids often used as catalysts in a variety of reactions, exhibit reaction kinetics higher than the noble metal catalysts. Carbon dioxide is also active as an acid for this reaction. The reaction products in solution have been identified by 11B NMR, and the evolved gases have been analyzed by mass spectrometry which indicates high purity hydrogen. This new system may have a high potential for application in fuel cells.
Background Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiatives (“ADNI”) aim to validate neuroimaging and biochemical markers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Data of the pilot European-ADNI (E-ADNI) biological marker programme of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma candidate biomarkers are reported. Methods Six academic EADC centres recruited 49 subjects (healthy controls, subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD). We measured CSF β-amyloid 42 (CSF Aβ42), total tau-protein (t-tau), phosphorylated tau-proteins (P-tau181, P-tau231), plasma β-amyloid 40 and 42 (Aβ40/Aβ42). Immediate fresh shipment was compared to freezing and later shipment on dry ice. Results CSF T-tau (fresh samples) was increased in AD versus controls (p =0.049), CSF Aβ42 (frozen samples) was decreased in MCI and AD (p =0.02), as well as plasma Aβ40 (fresh and frozen samples) in AD (p =0.049 and p =0.016). Pooled values of neurochemical parameters and ratios thereof were different between centres (p <0.005). Analysis of frozen samples yielded higher diagnostic accuracy than immediate fresh shipment with 100% (fresh: 100%) correctly classified in control subjects, 100% (78%) in MCI, 91% (91%) in AD. Conclusion The use of frozen rather than fresh samples renders higher diagnostic accuracy within a multicentre context. We confirmed the feasibility of a multicentre AD biomarker programme for future clinical trials.
Publisher Summary The chapter reviews how Sciona Ltd., a 10-person British biotech start-up, managed ethical dilemmas and concerns, and the powerful public campaigns aimed against it for pursuing genetic testing. This chapter also examines how the company moved from responding to criticism and opposition, to building a proactive ethical decision-making framework, both internally and externally. From the early formation of its business strategy, Sciona management had recognized the need to address ethical issues associated with the new field of nutrigenomics and, more specifically, their direct-to-the-public business strategy, which had been their original business model. Company executives continued to seek the advice of an ethics expert to help them navigate through the ethical dilemmas surrounding them. The founder and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Sciona, Chris Martin, wanted to capitalize on the new advances in genetics research by offering customized dietary advice based on an individual's genetic make-up. Sciona faced the challenge of commercializing the concept of personalized medicine and translating the new science of nutritional genomics into a viable business strategy. Sciona's strategy was to first commercialize the concept of nutritional genomics, with plans to expand to other areas in genetic diagnostics such as heart disease, skin care, drug metabolism, weight management, and sports.
Due to wide uses of lithium ion batteries and emerging researches on sodium ion batteries, hard carbon (HC) as an anode material comes into sights of research fellows recently. HC anode delivers a considerable reversible capacity at room temperature and increasing capacities at elevated temperatures. However, the electrolyte and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on the electrode surface tend to become instable at elevated temperatures, though the appreciable reservoir ability of HC is alluring. Herein, we report that vinylene carbonate (VC) is a desirable electrolyte additive for HC electrodes especially at elevated temperatures. The influence of VC on electrochemical performance and surface chemistry of HC electrodes at both 25°C and 50°C is investigated in detail using Cyclic voltammograms (CVs), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the presence of VC additive, a stable SEI film is formed upon cycling, which contains increased amounts of Li2CO3 and decreased F species contents. It demonstrates that the SEI formed in the presence of VC helps suppress salt anion (PF6 −) decomposition as well as SEI transformation occurred at 50°C.
The heat of hydride formation is a crucial parameter in characterizing a hydrogen storage alloy for battery applications. Novel AB5-type, non-stoichiometric, lanthanum-rich MmNi3.03Si0.85Co0.60Mn0.31Al0.08 (Mm: Misch metal) hydrogen storage metal hydride alloy electrodes are prepared. Electrochemical hydrogen absorption/desorption and electrochemical impedance measurements are carried out at various temperatures in conjunction with sintered nickel hydroxide positive electrodes. The specific capacity of the prepared metal hydride electrodes decreases from 283mAhg−1 at 303K to 213mAhg−1 at 328K. Electrochemical pressure–composition–temperature (PCT) isotherms are constructed from galvanostatic discharge curves and the change in enthalpy ( Δ H e ° ) and the change of entropy ( Δ S e ° ) of the metal hydride alloy electrodes are evaluated as −41.74kJmol−1 and 146.28Jmol−1 K−1, respectively. Kinetic parameters are obtained by fitting the electrochemical impedance spectrum performed at different temperatures. The charge-transfer resistance decreases with temperature, whereas exchange current density and diffusion coefficient parameters increase with temperature. It is concluded that the deterioration in capacity is due to enhanced surface activity at higher temperatures.
The development of hydrogen storage electrode alloys in the 1980s resulted in the birth and growth of the rechargeable nickel hydride (Ni/MH) battery. In this paper we describe briefly a semi-empirical electrochemical/thermodynamic approach to develop/screen a hydrogen storage alloy for electrochemical application. More specifically we will discuss the AB x Ti/Zr-based alloys. Finally, the current state of the Ni/MH batteries including commercial manufacture processes, cell performance and applications is given.
A “grave-to-cradle” process for the recycling of spent mixed-cathode materials (LiCoO2, LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2, and LiMn2O4) has been proposed. The process comprises an acid leaching followed by the resynthesis of a cathode material from the resulting leachate. Spent cathode materials were leached in citric acid (C6H8O7) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Optimal leaching conditions were obtained at a leaching temperature of 90 °C, a H2O2 concentration of 1.5 vol%, a leaching time of 60 min, a pulp density of 20 g L−1, and a citric acid concentration of 0.5 M. The leaching efficiencies of Li, Co, Ni, and Mn exceeded 95%. The leachate was used to resynthesize new LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 material by using a sol–gel method. A comparison of the electrochemical properties of the resynthesized material (NCM-spent) with that synthesized directly from original chemicals (NCM-syn) indicated that the initial discharge capacity of NCM-spent at 0.2 C was 152.8 mA h g−1, which was higher than the 149.8 mA h g−1 of NCM-syn. After 160 cycles, the discharge capacities of the NCM-spent and NCM-syn were 140.7 mA h g−1 and 121.2 mA h g−1, respectively. After discharge at 1 C for 300 cycles, the NCM-spent material remained a higher capacity of 113.2 mA h g−1 than the NCM-syn (78.4 mA h g−1). The better performance of the NCM-spent resulted from trace Al doping. A new formulation based on the shrinking-core model was proposed to explain the kinetics of the leaching process. The activation energies of the Li, Co, Ni, and Mn leaching were calculated to be 66.86, 86.57, 49.46, and 45.23 kJ mol−1, respectively, which indicates that the leaching was a chemical reaction-controlled process.
Polyethylene separator of 300% uni-axial stretching ratio is dip-coated with sol-gel synthesized NiO nanoparticles. The crystalline structure and the porous nature of the synthesized NiOnano particles are confirmed using X-Ray diffractometer (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The dip-coated stretched PE separator is to be observed with high ionic conductivity of 2.12 mS cm-1 and lower MacMullin number of 3.9 compared to the uncoated stretched PE separator. With regard to the thermal behavior coated separator has around six times lower enthalpy value, lower weight loss, and lower thermal shrinkage behavior as proven by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and even when exposed to high temperature, respectively. The above characteristics of coated separator enhance the safety of Li-ion batteries. The electrochemical property is tested using electrochemical cycler and Li-ion cells with coated separator possess a similar initial discharge capacity but with enhanced capacity retention ratio of 95.73%. The obtained cycling behavior is well scrutinized by plotting the discharge profile and also by measuring its interfacial stability i.e., charge transfer resistance (R ct) based on cycle numbers using electrochemical impedance spectroscope (EIS). Improved rate capability behavior of Li-ion cells with coated separator is also demonstrated.
Aluminum-doped lithium iron phosphate was synthesized with a modified sol–gel process. The sol–gel derived cathodes show much higher conductivity than those prepared by a solid-state method. The conductivity is 8×10−2 Scm−1 for the Al-doped LiFePO4/carbon composite powders synthesized at 850°C for 2h, as determined using AC impedance spectroscopy. The electrodes consisting of the Al-doped LiFePO4/carbon composite powders were fabricated for the electrochemical characterization and showed a specific capacity of about 150mAhg−1 at C/40 rate. Not only the conductivity of the crystal lattice but also the conductivity of the grain boundary is enhanced for the nano-sized Al-doped LiFePO4/carbon composite powders.