batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Increasing energy density of Li-ion batteries (LiBs) along with fast charging capability are two key approaches to eliminate range anxiety and boost mainstream adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Either the increase of energy density or of charge rate, however, heightens the risk of lithium plating and thus deteriorates cell life. The trilemma of fast charging, energy density and cycle life are studied systematically in this work utilizing a physics-based aging model with incorporation of both lithium plating and solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) growth. The model is able to capture the key feature of temperature-dependent aging behavior of LiBs, or more specifically, the existence of an optimal temperature with the longest cycle life. We demonstrate that this optimal temperature is a result of competition between SEI growth and lithium plating. Further, it is revealed that either the increase of charge rate or of energy density accelerates lithium plating induced aging. As such, the optimal temperature for cell life increases from ∼20 °C for a high-power cell at 1C charge to ∼35–45 °C with the increase of charge rate and/or energy density. It would be beneficial to further increase the charge temperature in order to enable robust fast charging of high energy EV cells.
In the development of Li metal solid-state batteries, understanding the mechanism that governs fundamental processes such as Li stripping and plating is pivotal. Now, researchers uncover a pressure dependence on Li stripping and higher pressures are suggested for faster discharging.
We report a new sodium superionic conductor, Na11Sn2PS12, that crystallizes in an unprecedented three-dimensional structure type and exhibits an ionic conductivity of 1.4 mS cm−1, with a very low activation energy barrier for Na-ion mobility of 0.25 eV. A combination of structural elucidation via single crystal X-ray diffraction and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations show that Na+-ion conduction pathways flow through equi-energetic sodium–sulfur octahedra interconnected by partial vacancy cross-over sites in all crystallographic dimensions, providing an understanding of the underlying isotropic 3D fast-ion conduction in this material.
Aim To outline the perspectives for future control of cervical cancer in Europe. Methods Review of current status for major cervical cancer control tools. The review was based on PubMed searches for cervical cancer prevention, Human Papillomavirus, HPV-test, HPV-vaccination, and treatment with large loop excision of the transformation zone, LLETZ. Results Recent studies suggest that condom use offers some but not complete protection against HPV-infection. High quality cytology screening with good population coverage reduces the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. Randomised controlled trials have found HPV-testing to increase the detection rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2+, CIN2+, compared with cytology. Two studies found a decreased detection rate of CIN3+ in the HPV-testing arm at the subsequent screening. Randomised controlled trials found that women not infected with vaccine HPV-types at vaccination are well protected against CIN2+ from these HPV-types, but the vaccine does not protect against CIN2+ from other HPV-types and neither does it protect already HPV infected women. There is an increased risk of adverse obstetric outcomes following excisional treatment. Conclusions The future of cervical cancer control may become a diversified strategy, one for non-vaccinated birth cohorts and another for vaccinated cohorts. It will take another 50 years before the non-vaccinated cohorts have passed the screening age. With the current uncertainty concerning the long term protection from HPV-vaccination it will furthermore be precautionary to continue screening practice for the first cohorts of HPV-vaccinated women. Organised vaccination and screening programmes with good record keeping are necessary to optimise the future control of cervical cancer.
Membrane desalination does help at procuring an increasing freshwater (FW) global demand. Energy requirements of desalination technologies compromise the environmental sustainability of desalination. The integration of renewable energies with desalination technologies might improve the sustainability of desalinated water over other alternative FW sources. This paper discusses the sustainability of Electrodialysis (ED) powered by photovoltaic solar (PV) energy as one of the most promising configurations for the desalination of brackish water. Environmental, with special focus on energy consumption as a function of salinity, economic, and social issues have been considered and main figures for an ED–PV case study in the Canary Islands focused in FW production are given. Energetic considerations have also been deeply discussed in the section of environmental issues. Reverse Osmosis has been taken as the reference technology. The reference energy consumption for ED of brackish water (2500–5000mgL−1) includes a range of 0.49–0.91kWhm−3. Due to this range and regarding to the environment, the use of ED–PV is in the range of 0.02–0.03kgCO2 m−3 (only due to energy supply), which is a decrease of one order of magnitude compared to grid mix supply. A medium-term forecast for ED–PV is presented in which might be economical over conventional grid mix supplied ED before 2020 under the most optimistic scenario, leading to a production costs around 0.15–0.4€m−3. With respect to social issues, renewable desalination contributes to a significant increase of local direct and indirect employment but under a wide range of 0.1–4 permanent positions per 1000m3 day−1. Finally, the main identified barriers for ED–PV preventing a larger market penetration are the matching of the intermittent output of renewable energies with water demand, lifetime of membranes, efficiency of solar panels and the high production cost of freshwater compared to its low market price as commodity.
Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) was used as a flame retardant additive to 1M LiPF6/EC+DEC system. The flammability, electrochemical stability and cycling performance of electrolyte containing DMMP were studied. The addition of DMMP to electrolytes provides a significant suppression in the flammability of the electrolyte concluded from the measurements of self-extinguish time and limited oxygen index. The totally nonflammable electrolytes can be achieved with only 10wt.% DMMP addition—the highly efficient retardant additive. The addition of DMMP causes little damage on the cell electrochemical performance. DMMP is a promising flame retardant additive to improve the safety of lithium-ion batteries.
Li-ion-conducting solid electrolytes are the potential solution to the severe safety issues that occur with conventional batteries based on solvent-based electrolytes. The ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes is in general too low, however, due to a high grain-boundary (GB) resistance. A thorough understanding of the ionic transport mechanism at GBs in these materials is critical for a revolutionary development of next-generation Li batteries. Herein we present the first atomic-scale study to reveal the origin of the large GB resistance; (Li3xLa2/3−x)TiO3 was chosen as a prototype material to demonstrate the concept. A strikingly severe structural and chemical deviation of about 2–3 unit cells thick was revealed at the grain boundaries. Instead of preserving the ABO3 perovskite framework, such GBs were shown to consist of a binary Ti–O compound, which prohibits the abundance and transport of the charge carrier Li+. This observation has led to a potential strategy for tailoring the grain boundary structures. This study points out, for the first time, the importance of the atomic-scale grain-boundary modification to the macroscopic Li+ conductivity. Such a discovery paves the way for the search and design of solid electrolytes with superior performance.
Neurodegenerative diseases share various pathological features, such as accumulation of aberrant protein aggregates, microglial activation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These pathological processes are associated with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause oxidative stress and subsequent damage to essential molecules, such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. Hence, enhanced ROS production and oxidative injury play a cardinal role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. To maintain a proper redox balance, the central nervous system is endowed with an antioxidant defense mechanism consisting of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Expression of most antioxidant enzymes is tightly controlled by the antioxidant response element (ARE) and is activated by nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). In past years reports have highlighted the protective effects of Nrf2 activation in reducing oxidative stress in both in vitro and in vivo models of neurodegenerative disorders. Here we provide an overview of the involvement of ROS-induced oxidative damage in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease and we discuss the potential therapeutic effects of antioxidant enzymes and compounds that activate the Nrf2–ARE pathway.
Hydrogen (H2) production through water electrolysis is widely discussed as a means of storing renewable electricity in chemical bonds. Hydrogen can be used for transportation in fuel cell vehicles, but it can also be reacted with carbon dioxide (CO2) to form other fuels. While many concepts have been proposed, detailed comparisons of different pathways are still scarce. Herein, we present a technical, environmental, and economic comparison of direct H2 use in fuel cells, and production of methane, methanol, and dimethyl ether (DME) for use in internal combustion engines for light-duty vehicle applications. The scenario considered uses renewable electricity for water electrolysis, and CO2 which is supplied continuously from biogas upgrading. All four fuels enable significant reductions (79–93%) in well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions as well as pollutant formation compared to fossil fuels, but they require very cheap H2 to be competitive to fossil fuels, confirming intuitive expectations. While direct use of H2 has obvious advantages (no conversion losses, high efficiency of fuel cells compared to internal combustion engines) in terms of overall electricity consumption, emissions, and fuel cost, its drawbacks compared to the other fuels are the need for an H2 infrastructure, the high fueling pressure, and lower driving range. Among the three combustion engine fuels, DME has the lowest fuel cost and electricity consumption per distance driven because of the more efficient use of H2 in its production, as well as the highest volumetric energy density, while methane has slightly lower greenhouse gas emissions. Cost and energy demand are dominated by H2 supply, meaning that integrated solutions could be more attractive than separate electrolysis and fuel production.
A mathematical model for a porous, silver-based electrode for the oxygen reduction in alkaline solutions, based on the thin film flooded agglomerate theory, was developed. These electrodes are employed in the energy-efficient chlor-alkali electrolysis with oxygen depolarized cathodes. The model parameters were determined from overpotentials at different oxygen concentrations obtained in half-cell measurements. For the description of the reaction kinetics, it was necessary to introduce two Tafel equations, which might be explained by a change of the adsorption isotherm of the intermediate species during oxygen reduction. The model allows for a successful description of the overpotentials in the region of industrially relevant current densities. The analysis of the oxygen concentration distribution in the liquid electrolyte reveals that massive diffusion limitations occur although the calculated size of the agglomerates is only in the range of a few micrometers.
This study was conducted to detect Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection in ixodid ticks from the Patagonia region in the south of Argentina. Therefore, ticks were collected on rodents in the provinces of Chubut, Río Negro and Santa Cruz. These ticks were identified as nymphs of Ixodes cf. neuquenensis and Ixodes sigelos. The B. burgdorferi s.l. infection was tested by a battery of PCR methods targeting the gene flagellin (fla) and the rrfA-rrlB intergenic spacer region (IGS). Three pools of I. sigelos nymphs from Chubut and Santa Cruz provinces as well as one pool of I. cf. neuquenensis nymphs from Río Negro province were tested positive in the fla-PCR. The samples of I. sigelos were also positive for the IGS-PCR. Phylogenetically, the haplotypes found in the positive ticks belong to the B. burgdorferi s.l. complex, and they were closely related to Borrelia chilensis, a genospecies isolated from Ixodes stilesi in Chile. The pathogenic relevance of the Borrelia genospecies detected in both I. neuquenensis and I. sigelos is unknown.
Pyrite (FeS2) with the advantages of high capacity, low cost and environmental benign has been considered as a promising anode material for alkali metal (Li, Na, K) ion batteries. However, the large volume expansion and its semiconductor nature result in poor battery performance and hamper its practical applications. To overcome these drawbacks, we rationally construct a two-dimensional FeS2-carbon architecture, from which porous FeS2 nanoparticles are distributed within reduced graphene oxide matrix and carbon coating shell with abundant interior void space. Benefiting from its structure properties with conductive carbon network, protective carbon layer, and interior void room, as-prepared rGO@p-FeS2@C composite displays superior electrochemical performance as anode materials for sodium/potassium ion batteries. For sodium storage, it exhibits good cyclic performance with a high capacity 598 mA h g−1 sustained after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1, and excellent rate capability (428 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1). For potassium storage, it also maintains a superior rate capacity of 298 mA h g−1 at 2 A g−1. Moreover, pseudocapacity has been proved to be dominated in charge/discharge process, accounting for the excellent rate performance.
The nexus between stock markets and exchange rates is examined in the case of eight European countries. The sample consists of four economies with national currencies and four that have adopted the euro. Thus, if differences between the two groups in the relationship governing the two markets exist, they will be unveiled. To this effect, a threshold cointegration methodology is adopted that allows for more reliable inferences to be drawn for both the short and long run nexus between the two markets. Monthly data is used covering the period 01/2000–12/2014. The findings reported herein offer support in favor of the portfolio approach thesis over the recent economic crisis period, but this finding is not the case for the entire sample. Bidirectional causality is found for Norway and the UK, pointing to a currency effect on stock markets. In view of the findings reported herein, policies aiming at reducing uncertainty in the stock markets can exert beneficial effects on currency markets.
Rechargeable aqueous batteries are attractive energy storage technologies owing to their low cost and high safety, but suffer from poor electrochemical performance. Now, an aqueous mild-acid-based Zn/MnO2 battery that operates via a conversion mechanism is shown to have a long-term cycling stability.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) loaded with Ag and TiO2 nanoparticles (Ag–TiO2/CNTs) are a composite showing promise as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries. Here we prepare Ag–TiO2/CNTs via hydrolysis and reduction processes. The morphology, structure, and electrochemical performance of the composite were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and a variety of electrochemical techniques. The results show that the TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles were uniformly deposited on the surface of CNTs with crystallite sizes of ∼12 and 30nm, respectively. The Ag–TiO2/CNTs anode materials showed superior cycling stability and a high reversible capacity of 172mAh/g after 30 cycles. Ag addition not only increases the electronic conductivity of the composites, but also allows convenient transfer of Li-ion in the composite structure.
A cell-resolved model that simulates the dynamic thermal behavior of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery during charge and discharge is presented. It takes into account, at a cell level, the reversible entropic heat of the electrochemical reactions, irreversible heat due to overpotentials, self-discharge reactions due to ion crossover, and shunt current losses. The model accounts for the heat transfer between cells and toward the environment, the pump hydraulic losses and the heat transfer of piping and tanks. It provides the electrolyte temperature in each cell, at the stack inlet and outlet, along the piping and in the tanks. Validation has been carried out against the charge/discharge measurements from a 9kW/27 kWh VRFB test facility. The model has been applied to study a VRFB with the same stack but a much larger capacity, operating at ±400 A for 8 h, in order to identify critical thermal conditions which may occur in next-generation industrial VRFB stacks capable to operating at high current density. The most critical condition has been found at the end of a long discharge, when temperatures above 50 °C appeared, possibly resulting in V O 2 + precipitation and battery faults. These results call for heat exchangers tailored to assist high-power VRFB systems.
The Occupational Therapy-Drive Home Maze Test (OT-DHMT) is part of the OT-DORA Battery used in licensing recommendations for older and/or functionally impaired drivers. Previously published research has been conducted to investigate the predictive validity, inter-rater reliability and establish norms for this timed test with normal and cognitively impaired drivers. Anecdotal evidence from this research indicated there could be a bias against right-handers (dextrals) who may need to lift their hand to view the maze, thus increasing the time taken. Therefore this study investigated the validity of the OT-DHMT when administered to left and right handed individuals. The OT-DHMT was individually administered to a new sample of 144 healthy drivers aged 18–69 years. From this, 34 participant pairs were matched for age and gender, according to their dexterity. The results show that there were no significant differences in time taken when completing the maze test, for participants who complete the test with either writing hand t(33)=1.59, p =0.12 (95%CI: −0.63 to 5.08). While further testing is required with samples from different cultures and with more participants aged 30–69 and 70 years and over to extend generalizability of these findings, the results suggest the OT-DHMT is suitable to be administered and scored using the methods published as part of the OT-DORA Battery.
Electrochemical performance of Cu2MoS4 was evaluated. When the cutoff potential is limited between 1.6 and 3.0V, the material can give stable cycle performance of up to 100mAhg−1. However, the material shows slow kinetics within this region. The material can give a discharge capacity of up to 653mAhg−1 when discharged to 0.6V vs. Li/Li+, with a first cycle efficiency of 61.3%. This corresponds to an insertion of 8.5Li and an extraction of 5.2Li from the material. XRD and XPS measurements both suggest Cu displacement from the material during discharge and charge, which is a possible reason for the poor cycle stability of the material. A reaction mechanism is proposed based on the XPS analysis. Better cycle performance is observed for Cu2MoS4/GO composite.
Publisher Summary Radio technology provides a means to send information without wires and offers the flexibility that is becoming increasingly important in today's highly mobile world. The performance of radio sets is being improved all the time and new facilities are being introduced. The introduction of wideband frequency modulation (FM) represented a major improvement. Stereo facilities are now taken for granted and other enhancements such as Radio Data System (RDS) are available in many countries today. Beyond this, digital radio or digital audio broadcasting has started. This brings true CD quality to radio broadcasts as well as allowing data to be broadcast at the same time. Cellular telecommunications is another technology that has been made possible by the development of radio. The first generation systems used analogue technology. The second generation systems use digital technology, and now the third generation (3G) systems offers high data rate capabilities that enables them to provide far more facilities and flexibility.
In this report for the first time the effect of different metal hexacyanoferrate (MHCF) films on hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was studied. Some single and mixed MHCFs including CoHCF, CuHCF, NiHCF, PbHCF, Ba–NiHCF, Co–NiHCF, Co–PbHCF, Co–CuHCF, Cu–NiHCF, Cu–PbHCF, Mn–NiHCF, Ni–PbHCF and Ni–ZnHCF were simply electrodeposited on carbon paste electrode (CPE) and their performance for HER were examined in acidic, neutral and alkaline media. Presence of these mediators caused to improvement of hydrogen generation on CPE. Among these mediators Ni–PbHCF had the best efficiency with the lowest over potential for hydrogen evolution in 2M H2SO4. Also, applying several successive potential cycles for HER on the electrode modified with Ni–PbHCF did not reduce the performance of the electrode for hydrogen generation.
Most of the studies about chronic insomnia focused only on specific features, providing in this way a partial outlook of the problem. The aim of this study was to examine a sample of chronic insomniacs from different points of view, by estimating the prevalence of stress, psychopathological symptoms, psychiatric disorders, changes in quality of life and illness behaviour. Forty-three patients (54.4%) experienced some psychosocial stressors in the last 6 months preceding the enrolment in the study. More than 55% of insomniacs reported symptoms of psychopathology. One or more than one psychiatric disorder was diagnosed in 61.5% of insomniacs. Life events could play a role in facilitating the transformation of a psychopathological symptom in a psychiatric disorder, since patients with a psychiatric diagnosis showed a higher percent of stress. The more noticeable disability in the group of insomniacs with psychiatric disorders and the absence of a corresponding worsening in illness behaviour suggests that insomniacs feelings about their health status are so negative to be not fatherly worsen by comorbidity in spite of a worsen disability. The evaluation of insomniacs should be as much detailed as possible, without neglecting tests for the evaluation of disability and illness behaviour, which are important not only for a correct diagnosis but also for monitoring the effects of therapies.