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Different graphite fluorides were prepared by three different synthesis ways: fluorination at room temperature, at 600°C, and refluorination at 400 and 530°C of a fluorinated graphite prepared at room temperature. All the samples have been characterized by 19F MAS NMR and FT-IR spectroscopies. Their electrochemical performances as cathode materials in primary lithium batteries have been investigated at room temperature and at 60°C and as a function of the current density. Ageing behavior has been also studied using some liquid electrolytes. Refluorinated sample at 400°C exhibits the best performances because of both its good average discharge potential and its discharge capacity, i.e. 2.54V and 848Ahkg−1, respectively. For this sample, the best specific energy density and specific power density are 2149Whkg−1 and 902Wkg−1, respectively.
Experimental study of the phase transition in the lithium-excess lithium–manganese spinel over the pressure range 0–13GPa has shown its suppression. This observation implies that the Li/Mn ratio, associated with the manganese oxidation state, plays an important role in the high-pressure phase transformation of the lithium–manganese spinels. As indicated by the results, the occupation of the octahedral sites with Li+ and Mn4+ ions stabilizes the crystallographic structure of this cubic spinel even at a high pressure.
Banco Santander Central Hispano SA has signed a collaboration agreement with the public body Instituto para la Diversificacion y Ahorro de la Energia (IDAE), to finance incentives for solar energy projects.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been used in the synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbons exhibiting a hierarchical porous structure. The CO2 sorption capacity of these solid sorbents was extraordinary because of their relatively high nitrogen content and their bimodal porous structure where micropores provide high surface areas (ca. 700 m2 g−1) and macropores provide accessibility to such a surface. DESs were composed of resorcinol, 3-hydroxypyridine and choline chloride in 2:2:1 and 1:1:1 molar ratios. Polycondensation of resorcinol and 3-hydroxypyridine (with formaldehyde) promoted DES segregation in a spinodal-like decomposition process by the formation of a polymer rich phase and a depleted polymer phase. Thus, DESs played a multiple role in the synthetic process; the liquid medium that ensured reagents homogenization, the structure-directing agent that is responsible for the achievement of the hierarchical structure, and the source of carbon and nitrogen of the solid sorbent obtained after carbonization. Interestingly, the homogeneous incorporation of nitrogen at the solution stage of the synthetic process (rather than by post-treatment of the preformed carbon) allowed the achievement of significant nitrogen contents even in carbons obtained at relatively high temperatures (e.g. 8–12 at% for 600 °C and ca. 5 at% for 800 °C). It is worth noting that, despite thermal treatments at high temperatures tend to decrease the nitrogen content, the high surface area of the solid sorbents obtained at 800 °C contributed to a significant enhancement of CO2 capture while providing superior selectivity, recyclability and stability.
The genotoxic effects of gliotoxin, a known fungal secondary metabolite, were studied. Gliotoxin was purified from cultivation medium of Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from the indoor air of a moisture problem house. The genotoxicity of gliotoxin was assessed both in bacterial test systems including bacterial repair assay, Ames Salmonella assay and SOS-chromotest, and in mammalian cells using single cell gel (SCG) electrophoresis assay and sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) test. Gliotoxin was found to be genotoxic in the bacterial repair assay but, not in the Salmonella test or SOS-chromotest. A dose-related increase in DNA damage was observed in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to gliotoxin for 2h in plain medium in the SCG assay. In contrast to the positive response in the SCG assay, gliotoxin did not induce any clear, dose-related increase in SCEs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells.
As electrolytes for sodium secondary batteries operating over a wide temperature range, Na[FSA]-[C3C1pyrr][FSA] (FSA = bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide, C3C1pyrr = N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium) ionic liquids have been investigated. The effects of Na ion concentration (0–60 mol% Na[FSA]) and operation temperature (253–363 K) on the viscosity and ionic conductivity and charge–discharge performance of Na/Na[FSA]-[C3C1pyrr][FSA]/NaCrO2 cells are studied. Results show that Na ion concentration strongly affects the rate capability of the cells, and that the best rate capability at 363 K is obtained at 40 mol% Na[FSA]. The operation temperature also significantly influences the charge–discharge performance, especially at low temperatures. At operation temperatures below 273 K, 25 mol% Na[FSA] is found to be the optimum Na ion concentration. There exist different optimum ranges of Na ion concentration depending on the operation temperatures.
Li metal has been regarded as one of the most promising anodes for high-energy-density storage systems due to its high theoretical capacity and lowest electrochemical potential. Unfortunately, an unstable and non-uniform solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) deriving from the spontaneous reaction between Li metal anode and electrolyte causes uneven Li deposition, resulting in the growth of Li dendrites and low Coulombic efficiency, which have greatly hindered the practical application of Li metal batteries. Thus, the construction of a stable SEI is an effective approach to suppress the growth of Li dendrites and enhance the electrochemical performances of Li metal anode. In this review, we firstly introduce the formation process of inferior SEI of Li metal anode and the corresponding challenges caused by the unstable SEI. Next, recent progresses to modify SEI layer through the regulation of electrolyte compositions and ex-situ protective coating are summarized. Finally, the remained issues, challenges, and perspectives are also proposed on the basis of current research status and progress.
This article reports on a pilot study which aimed to consider the e-book reading experiences of young children and their families, with currently available portable e-reader devices: Amazon Kindle, Nintendo DS-lite and Apple iPod Touch. Three families, each with two children in the 7–12 year age range, experienced an e-reader for a two-week period. They recorded their experiences in a diary and were interviewed at the beginning and end of the study. Key findings include the fact that, of the six children involved, four rate themselves as ‘enthusiastic’ readers, one ‘average’ and one ‘reluctant’; whilst all six of the parents enjoy reading. At the end of the study, all of the participants chose the Kindle as their preferred device and found it the easiest to use. In addition, there were indications that the one reluctant young reader (a boy aged eight years) was inspired to read by the Kindle. His parents were pleased with this enthusiasm, noting that he was reading rather than watching television, excited by downloading and choosing books and it was the only time they had known him to ask to read voluntarily. When asked whether they prefer printed or electronic books, all of the adults chose printed books, whilst the children were more ambivalent, with half preferring electronic books.
The microstructure and electrochemical properties of MlNi3.7Co0.75Mn0.5Ti0.05 alloys prepared by both rapid solidification and conventional cast methods were comparatively investigated. SEM and XRD studies showed that the microstructure of conventional cast alloy cooled slowly from its melt was of dendrite, where obvious segregation of Mn and trace second phase TiNi3 were found. However, the rapidly solidified alloy (cooling at a rate of about 106 Ks−1) was found to be in columnar structure, and contained CaCu5 type single phase only, Mn segregation was restrained effectively as well. Electrochemical measurements showed that the rapidly solidified alloy had higher discharge capacity, more flat discharge potential plateau and longer cycle life than conventional cast alloy, but its activation process was longer. The improved cyclic stability of rapidly solidified alloy was attributed to its composition homogeneity and the fine columnar structure, which showed a good resistance to pulverization and corrosion during charging/discharging cycles.
In an uncertain business environment, competitive intelligence requires peripheral vision to scan and identify weak signals that can affect the future business environment. Weak signals are defined as imprecise and early indicators of impending important events or trends, which are considered key to formulating new potential business items. However, existing methods for discovering weak signals rely on the knowledge and expertise of experts, whose services are not widely available and tend to be costly. They may even provide different analysis results. Therefore, this paper presents a quantitative method that identifies weak signal topics by exploiting keyword-based text mining. The proposed method is illustrated using Web news articles related to solar cells. As a supportive tool for the expert-based approach, this method can be incorporated into long-term business planning processes to assist experts in identifying potential business items.
High-dose use of benzodiazepines (BZDs) and Z-drugs was found to be associated with adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and multidomain cognitive deficits, but the interplay between these factors and its effect on quality of life (QoL) is unclear. We explored (a) whether cognitive dysfunction differs in high-dose BZD/Z-drug users with and without adult ADHD and (b) the impact of cognitive deficits and adult ADHD on QoL in this substance-use disorder (SUD). From January 2015 to December 2019, we recruited 207 high-dose BZD/Z-drug users seeking treatment. We assessed the presence of adult ADHD with a screening tool, which was validated in SUD patients, and collected demographic, clinical and QoL data from the 76 included patients. A neuropsychological battery explored five cognitive domains. We found that: (a) screening for adult ADHD was frequently positive; (b) Short Form-36 (SF-36), a self-administered QoL questionnaire, was worse than the general population and worse in patients positive (ADHD+) vs. those negative (ADHD−) to ADHD screening tool; (c) executive function was significantly worse in ADHD+ than ADHD− patients; (d) some SF-36 dimensions were negatively influenced by executive dysfunction; (e) multivariate analysis showed an interplay between adult ADHD and cognitive dysfunction in worsening QoL. We documented a complex interplay between adult ADHD, cognitive dysfunction and QoL in high-dose BZD/Z-drug users. Assessing adult ADHD, neuropsychological measures and QoL may offer a full scenario of these patients, who are frequently impaired in everyday activities. Future research should explore whether pharmacological treatment might improve cognitive dysfunction and QoL in this SUD.
The compounds in lead slag are transformed into [PbCl4]2− in a mixed solution of HNO3 and NaCl, which is converted into PbC2O4 by the addition of sodium oxalate and polyethylene glycol dispersant. Novel lead oxides are prepared via a combustion-calcination process from lead oxalate precursor. Key properties of the new oxides, such as crystalline phases and morphology, have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that lead oxides synthesized at different calcination temperatures comprise mainly α-PbO and β-PbO phases. In battery testing, the results reveal that the α-PbO phase exhibits higher initial capacity as positive active material, discharging about 150 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1. While β-PbO yields a relatively improved cycle life, in 50 cycles, its capacity loss is 5%. Further work is being carried out with the aim to optimize the battery manufacturing process or to find out the optimum ratio of α-PbO to β-PbO in order to sustain high discharge capacity and acceptable cycle life.
We fabricated thick films of cubic garnet solid electrolyte Al y Li7-3y-z La3Zr2-z Ta z O12 (ALLZTO) by the Aerosol Deposition Method (ADM). Due to the room temperature impact consolidation (RTIC) mechanism, the films become dense. A thermal post-treatment of the film revealed the morphological and process-related impact on the ionic conductivity. As-deposited films show a reduced conductivity around 2·10−7 S/cm. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and high-temperature X-ray diffraction, we found the lattice distortion and nano-crystallinity of the films to be the decisive effect for the conductivity reduction. In our case, post-deposition annealing at 400 °C lead to an increase of the ionic conductivity to 2·10−5 S/cm. With a beginning of sintering at 600 °C, the conductivity successively increased further, reaching values of 7·10−5 S/cm.
FHL1-related myopathies are rare X-linked dominant myopathies. Though clinically classified into several subgroups, spinal and scapuloperoneal muscle involvement are common to all. In this study, we identified c.449G > A, p.C150Y mutation by clinical exome sequencing in two patients from same family (son and mother) of Indian origin who presented with multiple contractures. Muscle biopsy showed numerous intracytoplasmic aggregates intensely stained on HE and MGT. The strong reactions to M-NBT revealed aggregates to be reducing bodies and positively labeled to anti-FHL1 antibody. Ultrastructurally, Z-band streaming and granular and granulofilamentous material were seen. Further, the translational evidence of mutant peptide was confirmed using mass spectrometric analysis. To establish p.C150Y as the cause for protein aggregation, in vivo studies were carried out using transgenic Drosophila model which highlighted Z-band abnormalities and protein aggregates in indirect flight muscles with compromised physiological function. Thus, recapitulating the X-linked human disease phenotype. Additionally, the molecular dynamics simulation analysis unraveled the drastic change in α-helix of LIM2, the region immediately next to site of C150Y mutation that could be the plausible cause for protein aggregation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of p.C150Y mutation in FHL1 identified in Indian patients with in vivo and in silico analysis to establish the cause for protein aggregation in muscle.
The supercapacitive properties of nickel(II) tetraaminophthalocyanine (NiTAPc)/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposite films have been interrogated for the first time and found to possess a maximum specific capacitance of 981 ± 57 F g−1 (200 ± 12 mF cm−2), a maximum power density of 700 ± 1 Wkg−1, a maximum specific energy of 134 ± 8 Wh kg−1 and excellent stability of over 1500 charge-discharge continuous cycling. Impedimetric study proves that most of the stored energy of the MWCNT-NiTAPc nanocomposite can be accessible at high frequency (720 Hz). When compared to MWCNTs modified with unsubstituted nickel(II) phthalocyanine (MWCNT-NiPc) or nickel(II) tetra-tert-butylphthalocyanine (MWCNT-tBuNiPc), MWCNT-NiTAPc exhibited superior supercapacitive behaviour, possibly due to the influence of nitrogen-containing groups on the phthalocyanine rings.
The instability of silver(II) oxide electrodes used in silver/zinc reserve batteries is the well known cause of capacity loss and delayed activation in reserve batteries after they are stored in the dry, unactivated state for extended periods of time. Metal contaminants in sintered/electroformed electrodes destabilize the oxide and the solid state reaction between AgO and elemental silver results in the formation of the lower capacity monovalent oxide Ag2O. Chemically prepared (CP) AgO can be used to avoid the metal contaminants and to minimize the interfacial contact area between AgO and Ag, thus minimizing the affects of aging on the electrodes. Electrodes were fabricated with CP AgO and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) binder and expanded silver metal current collectors. Experimentally, both electrode active material compacts (AgO and binder only) and electrodes complete with AgO/binder and silver current collector were tested to evaluate the influence of the current collector on aging. The electrode samples were discharged at a constant rate of 50mAcm−2 before and after storage at 60°C for 21 days as well as after storage at room ambient temperature conditions for 91 months. The results indicate that the affects of aging upon the AgO/binder compacts are insignificant for long term storage at room temperature. However, thermally accelerated aging at high temperature (60°C) affects both transient and stabilized load voltage as well as capacity. In terms of capacity, the AgO/binder mix itself looses about 5% capacity after 21 days dry storage at 60°C while electrodes complete with current collector loose about 8%. The 60% increase in capacity loss is attributed to the solid state reaction between AgO and elemental silver.
A reliable and non-invasive electrochemical immunosensor for nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) was presented based on reduced graphene oxide-tetraethylenepentamine (rGO-TEPA) and gold nanoparticles‑platinum nanoparticles-metal organic frameworks (AuNPs-PtNPs-MOFs) nanomaterial. rGO-TEPA is a promising template to enhance the loading ability of electrode for its large specific surface area and abundance in amino groups. AuNPs-PtNPs-MOFs nanomaterial was synthesized by NaBH4 reduction method and applied to immobilize biomolecules due to their good biocompatibility, well conductivity, and excellent H2O2 electrocatalytic ability. The electrochemical response signal was primarily originated from the obstruction of immobilized NMP22 antigen towards electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2 and the signal was recorded by differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimum conditions, the immunosensor showed a sensitive response towards NMP22 at a broad concentration range from 0.005ng·mL−1 to 20ng·mL−1. Two strong linear ranges could be observed at 0.005ng·mL−1 to 0.5ng·mL−1 (R2 =0.9833), and 0.5ng·mL−1 to 20ng·mL−1 (R2 =0.9909), with a low LOD of 1.7pg·mL−1 (S/N=3). Satisfactory reproducibility, stability and selectivity were obtained for NMP22 detection in real urine samples compared with standard ELISA assay, demonstrating the good analytical performance and potential non-invasive clinical application of this label-free electrochemical immunosensor.
The purpose of this paper was to explore innovative entrepreneurship and to gain insight into the educational practices and experiences that increase the likelihood that a student would graduate with innovative entrepreneurial intentions. To this end, we administered a battery of assessments to 3,700 undergraduate seniors who matriculated in the spring of 2007; these students attended one of five institutions participating in this study. Results showed that, after controlling for a host of personality, demographic, educational, and political covariates, taking an entrepreneurial course and the assessments faculty use as pedagogical strategies for teaching course content were significantly related to innovation intentions. Implications for higher education stakeholders are discussed.
Introduction of bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI) as an anion to an ambient-temperature ionic liquid electrolyte based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI) as well as lithium (Li) cations can provide a reversible Li intercalation into a graphitized electrode, while such intercalation is completely irreversible without FSI. The surface-layer components on the graphitized electrodes, cycled in the ionic liquid electrolytes with and without FSI, were found to be chemically similar based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Ac impedance spectroscopy revealed that the resistance of the electrode charged with FSI was much lower even than that charged in a solvent electrolyte system containing ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). On the basis of these physicochemical analyses, the origins of cycleability in the presence of FSI are discussed.
Supercapacitor is an electrochemical energy storage device which has drawn attention of the researchers in recent years due to its high power density and long cycle life. Recently, an enormous effort has been imposed to improve the energy density of supercapacitor and might be attained through asymmetric cell configuration that offer wider potential window. Until now, a significant advancement has been achieved in the fabrication of positive electrodes for asymmetric cell. Nevertheless, the electrochemical performance of negative electrode materials is less explored, especially Hematite (α-Fe2O3). The α-Fe2O3 has been proved to be a promising negative electrode in supercapacitor application due to its wide operating potential, high redox activity, low cost, abundant availability and eco-friendliness. In this review, we have chosen α-Fe2O3 as the negative electrode and discussed its latest research progress with emphasis on various surface engineering synthesis strategies such as, carbon, polymer, metal-metal oxide, and ternary based α-Fe2O3 composites for supercapacitor. Besides, the importance of their synergistic effects over the supercapacitive performance in terms of specific capacitance, energy density, power density, cycling life and rate capability are highlighted. Also, an extensive analysis of the literature about its symmetric/asymmetric cell performance is explored.
is Manager CAE at  National Electric  Vehicle Sweden (NEVS) in Trollhättan (Sweden).
Production of hydrogen (H2) by splitting water using the electrolysis effect is a potential source of clean and renewable energy. However, it usually requires an external power source to drive the oxidation or reduction reactions of H2O molecules, which largely limits the development of this technology. Here, we fabricated a hybrid energy cell that is an integration of a triboelectric nanogenerator, a thermoelectric cell, and a solar cell, which can be used to simultaneously/individually harvest mechanical, thermal, and/or solar energies. The power output of the hybrid energy cell can be directly used for splitting water without an external power source. The volume of the produced H2 has a linear relationship with the splitting time at a production speed of 4 × 10−4 mL s−1. Moreover, the produced energies can also be stored in a Li-ion battery for water splitting as well as other uses.
Backed by various promotional schemes and policies of the government, share of renewable energy sources (RES) is increasing in a faster way in India. Country has to promote the exploitation of renewable resources for a sustainable power system and economy. Increased penetration of intermittent RES affects the grid stability. Electrical Energy Storage (EES) systems are promising solution for grid stability issues. Different types of EES systems are developed all over the world and a number of storage technologies are under experimentation. This paper is mainly focusing on the status of the development and future prospects of large scale electrical energy storage systems in India. Significance of EES systems in modern power systems, overview of the existing large-scale EES systems, Comparison of large-scale EES systems and advantages and disadvantages of various storage technologies etc. are discussed in this paper. List of existing and developing large scale EES projects in India is introduced. Challenges in EES development in India and its significance in future are also studied.