batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
ABSTRACT Background The authors review measures of anxiety and pain used in recent dental studies. In particular, the study identifies the reliability, validity and usefulness of the measures. Type of Studies Reviewed Three computerized databases of published scientific literature were searched over a 10-year period. Only studies that included measures of anxiety or pain were included. Results Information on the reliability and validity of 15 measures of dental care anxiety and three measures of pain and pain-related behaviors is provided. Reliability and validity data for most measures are good. Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale is the most widely used measure of anxiety, although it may not be as sensitive as other measures. The McGill Pain Questionnaire is the measure of choice for the assessment of pain. Clinical Implications The authors have summarized properties of the scales for clinicians and researchers planning to use measures of anxiety, measures of pain, or both.
The monoclinic-type Li3V2(PO4)3 cathode material was synthesized via calcining amorphous Li3V2(PO4)3 obtained by chemical reduction and lithiation of V2O5 using oxalic acid as reducer and lithium carbonate as lithium source in alcohol solution. The amorphous Li3V2(PO4)3 precursor was characterized by using TG–DSC and XPS. The results showed that the V5+ was reduced to V3+ by oxalic acid at ambient temperature and pressure. The prepared Li3V2(PO4)3 was characterized by XRD and SEM. The results indicated the Li3V2(PO4)3 powder had good crystallinity and mesoporous morphology with an average diameter of about 30nm. The pure Li3V2(PO4)3 exhibits a stable discharge capacity of 130.08mAhg−1 at 0.1C (14mAg−1).
Aqueous magnesium ion battery as a new energy storage system is always explored due to excellent properties with high theoretical specific capacity, low-cost and safe aqueous electrolytes. However, the study on available material as anode in aqueous magnesium ion battery is very limited, which is the main reason that the kinetics of multivalent magnesium ions deinserted from the host material is very difficult. In this work, the nanoneedle FeVO4·0.9H2O as available anode material is prepared and further modified by compositing with graphene. The FeVO4·0.9H2O/Graphene composite exhibits the more excellent electrochemical performance, for example, the initial discharge capacity of FeVO4·0.9H2O/Graphene electrode at the current density of 50mAhg−1 in 1.0molL−1 MgSO4 electrolyte is 183.8mAhg−1, but that of the FeVO4·0.9H2O is 150.3mAhg−1. Therefore, the aqueous magnesium ion full battery is successfully assembled by FeVO4·0.9H2O/Graphene as anode, 1.0molL−1 MgSO4 as electrolyte and Mg-OMS-1 as cathode, which can obtain the discharge capacity of 53.1mAhg−1 at a current density by calculate the total mass of two electrodes and the a high energy density of 58.5Whkg−1.
The pristine Li2FeP2O7 and Li2FeP2O7/C nanocomposites with different content of carbon have been successfully synthesized via a simple solid-state reaction, using cheap glucose as carbon source. XRD and EDS patterns demonstrate the high purity of the products. SEM images exhibit that the size of the particles is about 50–500nm. Electrochemical measurements reveal that carbon coating and reducing particle size significantly enhance the electrochemical performances of Li2FeP2O7. Particularly, the Li2FeP2O7/C sample with a carbon content of 4.88wt.% displays the best performance with a specific discharge capacity of 103.1mAhg−1 at 0.1C, which is 93.7% of its one-electron theoretical capacity, meaning 110mAhg−1. Meanwhile, it shows favorable cycling stability and excellent rate performance, indicating its potential applicability in Li-ion batteries in the long term.
Layered LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 was modified by poly(3,4-dioxyethylenethiophene) PEDOT via a facile method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). PEDOT modified samples exhibited both improved rate and cycle performance compared with the pristine LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2. At a charge/discharge current of 1500 mA g−1, the discharge capacity was improved from 44.3 to 73.9 mAh g−1. The sample with 2 wt% and heat treated at 300 °C showed the optimized electrochemical performance. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) results indicated that the battery polarization of coated samples have been suppressed obviously because the PEDOT layer facilitated the electron transfer at the interface of electrode and electrolyte.
Electrospinning is a nano-fabrication technique that easily produces ceramic oxide nanofibres which can find numerous applications as energy storage materials, such as battery electrodes. Vanadium oxide is a viable alternative electrode material with tuneable oxidation states and a layered structure that can reversibly intercalate charge carriers. This review examines the use of vanadium oxide as an electrode material for metal ion batteries with focus on electrospun derivatives. Vanadium oxide-based electrodes are predominantly considered in lithium ion batteries given the amount of published literature in this context. The use of vanadium oxide in energy storage devices, while promising, is limited by its low structural stability and slow electrochemical kinetics associated with charge carrier intercalation resulting in poor cycle stability. Doping with other metallic element and incorporation of carbon derivatives in vanadium oxides can potentially improve its cycle stability and rate retention. Vanadium oxide-based electrodes for sodium ion and aluminium ion batteries are also discussed to highlight its versatility in alternative metal ion battery systems.
The principles and trade-offs of four electrical test methods suitable for on-line measurement of the ohmic resistance (R Ω) of fuel cells is presented: current interrupt, AC resistance, high frequency resistance (HFR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The internal resistance of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell determined with the current interrupt, HFR and EIS techniques is compared. The influence of the AC amplitude and frequency of the HFR measurement on the observed ohmic resistance is examined, as is the ohmic resistance extracted from the EIS data by modeling the spectra with a transmission line model for porous electrodes. The ohmic resistance of a H2/O2 PEM fuel cell determined via the three methods was within 10–30% of each other. The current interrupt technique consistently produced measured cell resistances that exceeded those of the other two techniques. For the HFR technique, the frequency at which the measurement was conducted influenced the measured resistance (i.e., higher frequency providing smaller R Ω), whereas the AC amplitude did not effect the observed value. The difference in measured ohmic resistance between these techniques exceeds that reasonably accounted for by measurement error. The source of the discrepancy between current interrupt and impedance-based methods is attributed to the difference in the response of a non-uniformly polarized electrode, such as a porous electrode with non-negligible ohmic resistance, to a large perturbation (current interrupt event) as compared to a small perturbation (impedance measurement).
Materials with atomically dispersed metal sites (ADMSs) have been recently intensively studied as electrocatalysts for various energy conversion reactions. The well-defined and tunable compositions and structures of the ADMSs offer great opportunities for rational design and fabrication of ADMS-based electrocatalysts with unique electrochemical properties superior to conventional electrocatalysts. Recent progress in this field has demonstrated the potentials and superiority of the practical use of ADMS-based electrocatalysts for energy conversion. However, this field is still in its infancy with a large room for improvement. This review provides general strategies to improve the electrocatalytic performances of ADMS-based electrocatalysts such as precisely controlling the compositions and structures of ADMSs and finely tuning the interactions between ADMSs and supports. An overview of recent developments of ADMS-based electrocatalysts for specific energy conversion reactions including oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR), and nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is presented, while the main challenges and future directions in this field are also discussed.
Pervasive computing deployments are increasingly using sensor networks to build instrumented environments that provide local data to immersed mobile applications. These applications demand opportunistic and unpredictable interactions with local devices. While this direct communication has the potential to reduce both overhead and latency, it deviates significantly from existing uses of sensor networks that funnel information to a static central collection point. This pervasive computing driven perspective demands new communication abstractions that enable the required direct communication among mobile applications and sensors. This paper presents the scene abstraction, which allows immersed applications to create dynamic distributed data structures over the immersive sensor network. A scene is created based on application requirements, properties of the underlying network, and properties of the physical environment. This paper details our work on defining scenes, providing an abstract model, an implementation, and an evaluation.
The present project embarked on an educational intervention, consisting of a series of online ethics learning modules, to aid international graduate students in overcoming the acculturation barriers to understanding and inculcating normative ethical obligations associated with engineering practice and research in the United States. A fundamental initial step in the process of helping international, as well as domestic, engineering graduate students embrace ethical obligations is to provide clear instruction on fundamental engineering ethical principles and values relevant in the United States. Most institutes of higher education do not have a cohesive approach to basic graduate engineering ethics instruction, much less materials that have been calibrated for international students (National Science Foundation, http://www.nspe.org/Ethics/index.html, 2009). Herein the authors describe our instructional intervention, as well as to document the development, design, and assessment of the learning modules intended to provide students with a framework for learning ethical precepts and applying them in the engineering field. Think-Aloud Protocol and Cognitive Task Analysis results were used to improve the content modules and learning experience. Initial pilot findings indicate that the content modules increased student knowledge acquisition compared to pre-test performance, indicating a step-forward in the formulation of a useful learning tool for graduate engineering ethics instruction.
The aim of this study was to study the clinical and neurocognitive variables that best explain poor work adjustment in a sample of bipolar I euthymic patients. Eighty-five euthymic patients at the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona were assessed for this study by means of a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and a work-focused interview to determine work adjustment. Clinical and sociodemographic variables were also collected. Direct logistic regression was performed to assess the impact of demographic, clinical and neuropsychological variables on the likelihood of presenting poor work adjustment. The model that best fitted contained five variables (Hamilton Depression Rating scores, number of manic episodes, number of perseverative errors in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), number of depressive episodes and Trail Making Test-part B). However, only two out of these variables made a unique statistically significant contribution to the model, which were number of manic episodes (OR 1.401; CI 1.05–1.86; p = 0.021) and number of perseverative errors in the WCST (OR 1.062; CI 1.00–1.12; p = 0.044). The model explained up to 36 % of the variance in work adjustment. This study highlights the role of manic relapses and neurocognitive impairment, specifically the role of executive function, in work adjustment.
This paper examines the way in which public space has been appropriated by commercial real estate interests in Los Angeles and how varied forms of resistance have developed. The paper examines the serious outcomes of play in the downtown and the importance of studying human interactions in the grander narratives of urban development.
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery is regarded as one of the most promising candidates for developing advanced energy storage system, but the polysulfide shuttle effect remains the biggest obstacle for its practical application. In this work, nano-hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3(OH)) was used as an additive in the sulfur cathode and carbon-coated separator to prevent the polysulfide shuttle effect and thus to achieve the high performance. The sulfur cathode with nano-hydroxyapatite exhibited a higher reversible capacity and a more stable cycling performance than that of the pristine sulfur cathode. The improved capacity retention from 58% (100th) to 73% (200th) after introducing nano-hydroxyapatite into the sulfur cathode confirmed its strong polysulfide absorption ability. Furthermore, a nano-hydroxyapatite modified separator was developed to suppress the polysulfide shuttle effect and to facilitate the reutilization of sulfur species. The nano-hydroxyapatite particles served as polysulfide absorbents to bind polysulfides and suppress their diffusion to the anode. The batteries assembled with this separator exhibited a high reversible capacity of 886 mAhg−1 at 0.1C and 718mAhg−1 at 0.5C after 200 cycles, with a low capacity fading of ∼0.10-0.11% per-cycle. At the highest sulfur loading of 4.5mgcm−2 used for practical applications, the reversible areal capacity was much higher than the areal capacity (4mAhcm−2) of commercial lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, the strategy using nano-hydroxyapatite as polysulfide absorbent shows great potential for solving the polysulfide shuttle problem and developing high performance Li-S batteries.
The performance of activated carbon catalyst in air-cathodes in microbial fuel cells was investigated over one year. A maximum power of 1722 mW m−2 was produced within the initial one-month microbial fuel cell operation. The air-cathodes produced a maximum power >1200 mW m−2 within six months, but gradually became a limiting factor for the power output in prolonged microbial fuel cell operation. The maximum power decreased by 55% when microbial fuel cells were operated over one year due to deterioration in activated carbon air-cathodes. While salt/biofilm removal from cathodes experiencing one-year operation increased a limiting performance enhancement in cathodes, a washing-drying-pressing procedure could restore the cathode performance to its original levels, although the performance restoration was temporary. Durable cathodes could be regenerated by re-pressing activated carbon catalyst, recovered from one year deteriorated air-cathodes, with new gas diffusion layer, resulting in ∼1800 mW m−2 of maximum power production. The present study indicated that activated carbon was an effective catalyst in microbial fuel cell cathodes, and could be recovered for reuse in long-term operated microbial fuel cells by simple methods.
An international trial comparing remacemide hydrochloride with carbamazepine was undertaken in individuals with newly diagnosed epilepsy using a novel double-blind, parallel-group, double triangular sequential design. Patients with two or more partial or generalized tonic–clonic seizures in the previous year were randomized to remacemide or carbamazepine and titrated to a target dose of 600mg/day. Subsequent dosage adjustments were allowed while maintaining the blind. Repeated assessments of neuropsychological function and mood were carried out using computerized and conventional measures. The trial was completed 20 months after initiation, following the second interim analysis. Efficacy as measured by seizure recurrence showed remacemide to be inferior to carbamazepine. Baseline cognitive and neuropsychological measures showed impairment across the whole patient population. Cognitive/neuropsychological performance at 8, 24, and 48 weeks was compared with that at baseline. Significant deterioration was seen on measures of information processing speed and attention after treatment with carbamazepine. The study data provide evidence for the utility and sensitivity of a number of cognitive assessments, which may be employed in future trials of antiepileptic drugs.
Here, we demonstrate the improved electrochemical performance and stability of end-group cross-linked anion exchange membranes (AEM) for the first time via the introduction of imidazolium groups in poly(arylene ether sulfone) (Imd-PAES). A novel feature of the cross-linking reaction is that basic additives are not required to prevent gelation with the cationic functional groups. In this work, the sodium salt of 3-hydroxyphenylacetylene acted directly as the end-group cross-linker, and it was cross-linked by thermal treatment at 180 °C. The gel fraction and hydroxide conductivity of the cross-linked membranes (XE-Imds) depended on the cross-linking temperature and time. The prepared XE-Imd70 (70 refers to the degree of functionalization) membranes with an ion exchange capacity (IEC) of 2.2 meq g−1 achieved a high hydroxide conductivity (107 mS cm−1). This material also showed good single cell performance (XE-Imd70: 202 mA cm−2 at 0.6 V and a maximum power density of 196.1 mW cm−2) at 80 °C, 100% relative humidity (RH), and improved durability and alkaline stability. The excellent hydroxide conductivity and electrochemical performance of XE-Imd70 was due to the fact that the ion cluster size of XE-Imd membranes was larger (12.1–14 nm) than that of E-Imd (5.5–8.14 nm), indicating that XE-Imd membranes have a closely associated ion-clustered morphology, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements.
Lithium-sulfur batteries using a lithium anode, sulfur-CNT cathode, and gel polymer electrolyte composed of a poly(ionic liquid), an ionic liquid, and lithium salt are reported. Cyclic charge-discharge studies at various discharge and charge rates for 100 cycles and at a fixed rate for 500 cycles show superior performance for the gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) compared to the ionic liquid electrolyte (ILE) containing batteries. Rapid capacity fading for the first few cycles is observed and its causes are studied using an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) approach. EIS reveals a depth-of-discharge dependent impedance growth during the first discharge cycle, that is followed by an interfacial resistance growth between the electrodes and the electrolytes in subsequent cycles.
Interface engineering on 2D layered nanomaterials plays pivotal roles in achieving novel properties and superior device performance. In this work, hierarchical nanotubes consisting of 2D monolayer MoS2 and carbon (MoS2:C) interoverlapped superstructure nanosheets have been synthesized, in which the MoS2 and carbon layers are alternately sandwiched. The hierarchical architectures assembled from the MoS2:C superstructures are beneficial for: (i) providing substantially expanded (002) interlayer spacing (0.98nm) of 2H-MoS2 which facilitates fast Na+ insertion/extraction reaction kinetics, (ii) improving electrical conductivity of MoS2 by carbon monolayer insertion with ideal heterointerface contact, (iii) preventing aggregation of MoS2 nanosheets, and (iv) accommodating volume change upon sodiation/desodiation. The superstructure nanotubes are demonstrated as a robust anode material for sodium storage with superior electrochemical performance. They deliver a high rate-capability and maintain discharge capacities of 295 and 187mAhg−1 at high current densities of 10.0 and 20.0Ag−1, respectively. Furthermore, they show durable cycling life (capacity retention of 101.3%, 108.2% and 107.8% after 200 cycles at current densities of 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 Ag−1, respectively, in comparison to those of the 2nd cycles), and an initial Coulombic efficiency as high as 84%. The MoS2:C superstructure nanotubes perform among the best of current MoS2-based electrode materials.
It is quite necessary for us to pay close attention to the recycling of the spent Li-ion batteries as the worldwide consumption of Li-ion batteries grows year-on-year, and the recycling process today is relatively complex and environmental harmful. So a simple and green recycling process is needed. An acid-free recycling process is proposed and used to recycle spent 18650-type LiCoO2 batteries, and the recycled cathode material has been renovated by thermal treatment with Li2CO3. After dismantling, detachment of an 18650 cell and renovation of pristine cathode material, we recovered plastic, stainless steel, separator, Cu foil, Al foil and renovated cathode material. The total recovery weight ratio could reach 95.78%. X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectroscopy show that the compositions of the pristine cathode material are LiCoO2 and Co3O4. X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy shows that Co3O4 decreased during the renovation process. The mole ratio of Li/Co has been adjusted in the process of renovation to obtain the optimal properties. The initial discharge capacity of the renovated cathode material is 150.3mA h/g and delivers a discharge capacity of 140.1mA h/g after 100 cycles with outstanding cycling stability. The effect of impurities of Al and Cu elements has been evaluated on the electrochemical properties for the renovated cathode material. The results demonstrate that the impact of both elements is in acceptable range. This renovated cathode material by as-proposed method has good electrochemical characteristics for Li-ion batteries, which can possibly meet the commercial requirements for reuse.
The thermal stability of some mixed-solvent electrolytes used in lithium cells was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using airtight containers. The electrolytes used were ethylene carbonate ( EC)+diethylcarbonate (DEC), EC+dimethylcarbonate (DMC), propylene carbonate (PC)+DEC, and PC+DMC in which was dissolved 1M LiPF6 or 1M LiClO4. The influence of water addition and lithium metal addition on the thermal behavior of these electrolytes was also investigated. The exothermic peak of LiPF6 electrolytes containing DEC was found at 255°C, and the peak temperature of the electrolytes containing DEC was 15–20°C lower than that of LiPF6 electrolytes containing DMC. This effect was also observed in the electrolytes including LiClO4. DMC was found to be more reactive than DEC. The thermal behavior of various kinds of LiPF6 electrolytes with lithium metal was measured by DSC. The exothermic reaction of 1M LiPF6/EC+DEC, 1M LiPF6/EC+DMC, and 1M LiPF6/PC+DMC with lithium metal began at the melting point of lithium metal because of the break down of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI). The temperature was approximately 180°C, whereas the self-heating of 1M LiPF6/PC+DEC occurred before the melting point of lithium metal. The temperature at which the self-exothermal reaction began was 140°C. Therefore, the lithium metal in this electrolyte was found to be thermally unstable. When water was added to the above electrolytes with lithium metal, the exothermic reaction began at less than 130°C, probably due to a collapse of SEI in response to the HF that was a product of the reaction between LiPF6 and the added water.