batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) are less physically active than their healthy peers and are at high risk of missing out on the general health benefits of physical activity. Wearable activity trackers are a promising option for intervening in this population with potential advantages over traditional exercise prescriptions. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the feasibility of a wearable activity tracker intervention in adolescents with JIA; and (2) estimate the variability in response to a wearable activity tracker intervention on the physical activity levels of adolescents with JIA.
The influence of current density on the discharge reaction of Li–S batteries is investigated by discharge tests (first discharge curve), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) (discharge products), and scanning electron microscopy (the surface morphology of sulfur electrodes). The first discharge capacity and the plateau potential both decrease with increasing current density. When the current density is increased from 100 to 1600mAg−1 S, the discharge capacity decreases from 1178 to 217mAhg−1 S. When the Li–S battery is discharged at low current density, i.e., below 400mAg−1 S, elemental sulfur is fully converted to Li2S, which is observable from XRD and DSC data. Only one plateau is observed in the discharge curve for current densities above 400mAg−1 S. Part of the elemental sulfur still remains after discharging at high current densities (over 800mAg−1 S). Thus the discharge capacity at high current density is smaller than that at low current density due to un-reacted elemental sulfur after discharge.
High energy density Li-ion capacitor (LIC) pouch cell prototypes were assembled with lab-scale equipment using activated carbon cathode and hard carbon/lithium stabilized metal power (SLMP) anode. The specific energy and energy density as high as 30 Wh kg−1 and 39 Wh L−1 have been achieved, respectively. The pouch cells can deliver over 50% of the maximum stored energy at a discharge rate over 100 C-rate. After 10,000 cycles, the LIC pouch cell still has 80% of the initial capacitance. The average leakage current is 0.3 μA cm−2 during the first 72 h.
Manganese dioxides (MnO2) with controllable crystalline structure were synthesized by varying the synthesis conditions through a hydrothermal route with KMnO4 and MnSO4·H2O as precursors. Crystalline structures and morphologies of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy. The paper studied the nanowires growth mechanism under different experimental conditions, and the resulting lithium storage performance of MnO2 nanowires with different crystalline structure was also discussed.
Treatment of peritoneal recurrence following surgical resection of intra-abdominal sarcomas presents a significant challenge to clinicians. Historically, treatment with systemic chemotherapy has been ineffective and surgical resection alone has not been durable. We prospectively evaluated the feasibility of cytoreductive surgery followed by hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) with cisplatin (CDDP) alone or in combination with mitoxantrone (MITOX) for the treatment of sarcomatosis.
We propose a generic strategy for microsupercapacitor fabrication that integrates layers of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and pseudocapacitive materials to create electrode heterostructures with significantly improved cycling stability and performance. Our approach involves a combination of photolithography and a simple transfer method of free-standing reduced graphene oxide film onto an Au/patterned photoresist bilayer. The resulting stack (rGO/Au/patterned resist/substrate) is then used for the electrochemical deposition of various pseudocapacitive materials before the final step of lift-off. To prove the viability of this method, we have successfully fabricated microsupercapacitors (MSCs) with the following interdigitated electrode heterostructures: MnO2/rGO, Co(OH)2/rGO and PANI/rGO. These MSCs show better performance and cycling stability compared to the single layer, (i.e., rGO-free) counterparts. The interdigitated electrode heterostructures result in MSCs with energy densities in the range of 3–12mWh/cm3 and power densities in the range of 400–1200mW/cm3, which is superior to the Li thin film batteries (E=10mWh/cm3), carbon, and metal oxide based MSCs (E=1–6mWh/cm3) while device energy densities are in the range of 1.3–5.3mWh/cm3, corresponding power densities are in the range of 178–533mW/cm3. These results can be explained by a facilitated nucleation model, where surface topology of the rGO film creates a favorable environment for the nucleation and growth of pseudocapacitive materials with strong interfacial contacts and enhanced surface area. This approach opens up a new avenue in fabricating MSCs involving a variety of heterostructures combining electrical double layer carbon type with Faradaic pseudocapacitive materials for enhanced electrochemical performance.
The anion-exchange composite polymer membrane based on quaterized poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(epichlorohydrin) (designated as Q-PVA/PECH) was prepared by a solution casting method and a quaternization process. The characteristic properties of the Q-PVA/PECH anion-exchange composite polymer membranes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and AC impedance method. Alkaline direct methanol fuel cells (ADMFC) comprised Q-PVA/PECH anion-exchange composite polymer membranes were assembled and examined. Experimental results indicate that an alkaline DMFC employing an inexpensive non-perfluorinated Q-PVA/PECH composite polymer membrane shows excellent electrochemical performances. The peak power densities of the DMFC using 4 M KOH + 1 M CH3OH, 2 M CH3OH, and 4 M CH3OH fuels are 17.22, 22.30, and 20.81 mW cm−2, respectively, under ambient conditions. The Q-PVA/PECH composite polymer membrane appears as a viable candidate for use in an ADMFC.
This study compared the ability of binary logistic regression (BLR) and non-linear causal resource analysis (NCRA) to utilize a range of cognitive, sensory–motor, personality and demographic measures to predict driving ability in a sample of cognitively healthy older drivers. Participants were sixty drivers aged 70 and above (mean=76.7 years, 50% men) with no diagnosed neurological disorder. Test data was used to build classification models for a Pass or Fail score on an on-road driving assessment. The generalizability of the models was estimated using leave-one-out cross-validation. Sixteen participants (27%) received an on-road Fail score. Area under the ROC curve values were .76 for BLR and .88 for NCRA (no significant difference, z =1.488, p =.137). The ROC curve was used to select three different cut-points for each model and to compare classification. At the cut-point corresponding to the maximum average of sensitivity and specificity, the BLR model had a sensitivity of 68.8% and specificity of 75.0% while NCRA had a sensitivity of 75.0% and specificity of 95.5%. However, leave-one-out cross-validation reduced sensitivity in both models and particularly reduced specificity for NCRA. Neither model is accurate enough to be relied on solely for determination of driving ability. The lowered accuracy of the models following leave-one-out cross-validation highlights the importance of investigating models beyond classification alone in order to determine a model's ability to generalize to new cases.
Direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFCs) convert an aqueous soluble, high specific energy density borohydride fuel directly to electrical energy. The lack of effective anode electrocatalysts for the anodic oxidation of borohydride limits the efficiency and power density attainable in these devices. The complexity of the eight electron reaction makes experimental determination of the reaction mechanism extremely challenging, thereby hampering the development of a rationale for optimizing catalyst composition. Computational quantum mechanical methods provide a unique tool for evaluating elementary step reaction kinetics in this system, and can be applied to guide a rational catalyst design procedure. In this perspective, we review the experimental literature on borohydride oxidation catalysis and discuss the usefulness of quantum mechanical methods towards electrode design. Mechanistic insights provided by these computational methods are discussed as well as the prospects of applying a computationally guided design procedure towards developing novel catalyst compositions.
The research reports a novel green method to use citrus fruits for the management of spent NMC based lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Citrus fruit juice (CJ) can provide an excellent chemical combination to remove the binder and support the leaching with efficiency in between 94% to 100%. CJ have many advantages in LIBs recycling as an economic and green method due to rich in many organic acids like citric and malic acid as complexing agents with ascorbic acid and citrus flavonoids, for the reduction of many heavy metals. Application of CJ can avoid the use of N-Methylpyrrolidine, γ-Butyrolactone, dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide like toxic solvents commonly used for peeling off Al/Cu. Furthermore, counterions (like Na+, Mg+, Ca2+) present in CJ was responsible for the improvement in the leaching efficiency of organic acids. A mechanistic pattern of the overall reaction was also proposed and duly supported by various spectroscopic techniques. Binder removal experiment was supported by analytical techniques like XRD, XRF, IR, and FE-SEM, while the metal concentration was monitored by using ICP-MS analysis.
Unknown ‘Note: Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures and “t” indicate tables.’
The key issue of developing the metal phosphides based electrode material is to explore the green synthesis approach and maintain the structural stability during practical applications. Herein, we report a facile electrodeposition approach combined with subsequent thermal treatment to grow Fe–Co–P on the porous carbon membrane with Magnolia leaves as precursor (Fe–Co–P/C). The three-dimensional porous carbon frameworks as substrate provide superior electrical conductivity for Fe–Co–P/C electrodes. The strong coupling between Fe–Co–P and porous carbon framework keeps the stable electron and ion transport channels for the electrode materials in the sodium ion batteries and oxygen evolution reactions. The Fe–Co–P/C as anode materials for sodium ion batteries deliver a high discharge capacity of 464 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. After 500 cycles at the current density of 0.5 A g−1, the capacity of the electrode still retain 293 mAh g−1, which is attributed to the porous carbon framework to confine the Fe–Co–P in the composites and prevent the Fe–Co–P nanoparticles from aggregating. On the other hand, the Fe–Co–P also exhibit high-efficient performance for oxygen evolution reaction with the overpotential of 151 mV to reach the current density of 10 mA cm−2, and the Tafel slope of 77.78 mV dec−1 in 1.0 M KOH. Our research provides a unique carbon substrate material with hierarchical nanostructure and new design stagey for bimetallic phosphide based electrode for sodium ion batteries and electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reactions.
Small crystallites LiFePO4 powder with conducting carbon coating can be synthesized by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Cheaper trivalent iron ion is used as the precursor. The pure olivine phase can be prepared with the duplex process of spray pyrolysis (synthesized at 450, 550 or 650°C) and subsequent heat-treatment (at 650°C for 4h). The results indicate that the pyrolysis temperature of 450°C is appropriate for best results. The carbon coating on the LiFePO4 surface is critical to the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 cathode materials of the lithium secondary battery, since the carbon coating does not only increase the electronic conductivity via carbon on the surface of particles, but also enhance the ion mobility of lithium ion due to prohibiting the grain growth during post-heat-treatment. The carbon of 15wt.% evenly distributed on the final LiFePO4 powders can get the highest initial discharge capacity of 150mAhg−1 at C/10 and 50°C.
Fuel cells directly convert chemical energy stored in fuels into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions and have been identified as one of the most promising technologies for the clean energy industry of the future. In recent years, fuel cells have been applied in the medical field in both exploratory research and prospective products, as they offer multiple advantages over conventional batteries, including ease of recharging, environmentally friendly character and high security. In this paper, we summarize the up to date progress of this energy system in implantable medical devices which use microorganisms, enzymes and precious metals as catalysts, respectively. Safety is the most concerned issue in this application. In addition, we introduce a variety of applications of fuel cells on the vitro medical equipments (such as blood glucose meter, alcohol tester, wound treatment instrument). The introduction of fuel cells on implementable medical devices is in early stage of research, nonetheless the prospects/potential of this application are grant. Evidently, mankind could come across a new medical revolution upon the successful introduction of fuel cells to the human body.
Rational design and self-assembly of nanostructured electrode materials for high-performance energy-storage devices is highly desirable but still challenging. Herein, we design and synthesize hierarchical porous nanocomposite architectures consisting of mesoporous NaTi2(PO4)3 (MNTP) nanocrystals (NCs) with a pore size of about 10 nm and multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) networks for high-performance sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Our strategy is based on the hetero-assembly of MWCNTs and nanostructured building units by utilizing the screening effect of electrostatic repulsion in a solution engineered ionic strength using highly soluble ammonium salt to form three-dimensional hierarchical assemblies of MWCNT networks and packed MNTP NCs. Subsequent freeze-drying and calcination convert the assemblies into robust hierarchical porous MWCNTs-threaded particles. Calcination of residual ammonium salt introduces nitrogen into the MWCNTs. Such nanoarchitecture enhances electron/ion conductivity and structural stability as anode materials for SIBs. The nanocomposite has high initial Coulombic efficiency of 99%, high rate capability of 74.0 mAhg−1 at 50C, as well as long-term cycling stability with capacity retention of 74.3 mAhg−1 after 2000 cycles with only 0.012% loss per cycle at 10C. The results provide a general and scalable hetero-assembly approach to different types of nanocomposites for high-performance energy storage devices such as LIBs and SIBs.
The effects of introduced supporting electrolyte on the galvanic deposition of Cu2O crystals have been investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the chemical nature of supporting electrolytes plays very important roles in the galvanic deposition of Cu2O crystals. The chloride stabilizes the (100) planes of Cu2O crystals, resulting in the formation of cubic crystals, while nitrate, sulfate and fluoride stabilize the (111) planes of Cu2O crystals, leading to the deposition of truncated octahedral and octahedral Cu2O crystals. It provides a facile way to control the morphology of galvanically obtained Cu2O crystals by indirectly adjusting the inorganic adsorption agents.
Among others, the performance of lithium-ion batteries is determined by the structure and material distribution of the electrodes. These electrodes are known to develop an inhomogeneous inactive material distribution during drying of the wet-coated film. The segregation of the conductive additive and the binder was found for the graphite anodes studied in this work and was proven by indirect and direct analyses. Segregation reduces the adhesion strength between coating and substrate and increases the electrical resistance as well as the elasticity of the anode. It was found by spectroscopic analysis that binder concentration and by association carbon black concentration increase from bottom to top of the coating. This Segregation increases with drying temperature and the amount of solvent that needs to evaporate. An auxiliary parameter is introduced to determine a combined, critical value for the driving force of the solvent evaporation (drying temperature) and the anodes’ mass loading. Finally, the mass loading and/or the drying temperature to avoid segregation can be estimated with regard to the final product and the existing drying equipment.
Executive function deficits in depression implicate involvement of frontal–striatal circuits. However, studies of hypothalamic–pituitary-axis (HPA) function suggest that stress-related brain changes of hippocampus may also implicate prefrontal–hippocampal circuits, which may explain the profile of both executive dysfunction and memory deficits. In this study we examined the performance of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) on tasks of memory and executive function in relation to melancholic features and to cortisol levels. Our hypothesis was that raised cortisol levels in melancholic patients would correlate with these deficits.
This work investigated the effects of current density and deposition time on the properties of electrodeposited PbO2. The PbO2 preparation was conducted on Ti/SnO2–Sb substrates by galvanostatic anodic deposition in a newly proposed methanesulfonate electrolytic solution. Phase constituents and microstructures of the deposited PbO2 coatings were characterized. Increasing current density in the range ≤ 100 mA cm− 2 leads to the formation of highly textured coatings with an increased content of α-PbO2 phase. Concurrently, a high current density favors a compact and flat surface morphology. The study of deposition time indicates a change of crystallite growth manner from an initially random growth to a later-stage preferred growth along distinct orientations. The change of crystallite growth is corroborated by the cross-sectional microstructures of the PbO2 deposits. The microstructural transition occurs only in the initial deposition stage. After a brief period, prolonged electrodeposition barely changes the surface morphology of PbO2 coatings.
In this paper we propose a carbon-coated, nano-sized TiO2 anode for application in lithium-ion batteries. The lithiation-delithiation process characteristic of this mixed anatase/rutile material has been investigated in detail, in order to define the optimal operating voltage range and to further enhance the electrode cycle life. Ex-situ x-ray diffraction measurements demonstrate that the rutile phase becomes electrochemically inactive toward lithium intercalation after the first cycle and remains inactive by cycles. The TiO2 electrochemical behavior is studied by means of various techniques, including galvanostatic cycling and potentiodynamic cycling with galvanostatic acceleration. We show that the combination of the TiO2 anode with a high-voltage, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel cathode results in an advanced li-ion battery able to exchange reversibly a capacity higher than 100 mAh/g for over 70 cycles at the high rate of 1C. Considering an average working voltage of about 2.9V, the theoretical energy content of the cell here disclosed is about 300 Wh kg−1. Taking into account the energy content and high safety level of the full cell, due to the use of a TiO2-based electrode, by operating at a voltage value well far from the one associated to the common electrolyte decomposition, i.e. about 1.7V, we may propose the anode here studied as suitable material for advanced energy storage systems.
This paper describes a hybrid capacitor based on identical activated carbon (AC) electrodes and the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium selenocyanate, [EMIm][SeCN], liquid salt as redox-active electrolyte. [EMIm][SeCN] is a fluorine-free ionic liquid (IL) which combines good charge and mass transport properties (σ = 25 mS cm−1 and η = 17 mPa s−1), as well as redox activity originating from the pseudohalide anion. Owing to the impact of the SeCN−/(SeCN)2 redox couple, the AC/AC capacitor based on this electrolyte displays remarkable discharge (from 1.5 V) capacitance of 49 and 56 F g−1 (expressed per total active mass of electrodes) using aluminum and stainless steel (SSt) current collectors, respectively. Although higher capacitance values were displayed for the hybrid capacitor with SSt components, more advantageous E0 localization for cell hybridization was observed when using Al current collectors.
Tetrabasic lead sulfate, 4 PbO·PbSO4 (4BS), was prepared from an aqueous suspension of leady oxide by using a simple hydrothermal method. Digesting the paste at a moderate temperature (125°C) and heating for a short time (30min) ensured the obtainment of particles of small, uniform size. The material was deposited on a lead alloy substrate 0.2mm thick by spraying from aqueous suspensions. The deposits were highly uniform and homogeneous, with a coating thickness of 100μm. A multi-step charge algorithm involving no preliminary soaking provided the best 4BS→PbO2 conversion. The resulting electrodes delivered a capacity of 115Ahkg−1 with excellent capacity retention over more than 500 cycles at 100% depth of discharge (DOD).
In the present study, we have synthesised carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) through a relatively simple process using a hydrocarbon precursor. These synthesised CNPs in the form of elongated spherules and/or agglomerates of 30–55 nm were further used as a support to anchor platinum nanoparticles. The broad light absorption (300–700 nm) and a facile charge transfer property of CNPs in addition to the plasmonic property of Pt make these platinized carbon nanostructures (CNPs/Pt) a promising candidate in photocatalytic water splitting. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated using ethanol as the sacrificial donor. The photocatalyst has shown remarkable activity for hydrogen production under UV-visible light while retaining its stability for nearly 70 h. The broadband absorption of CNPs, along with the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) effect of PtNPs singly and in composites has pronounced influence on the photocatalytic activity, which has not been explored earlier. The steady rate of hydrogen was observed to be 20 μmol h−1 with an exceptional cumulative hydrogen yield of 32.16 mmol h−1 g−1 observed for CNPs/Pt, which is significantly higher than that reported for carbon-based systems.