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We studied an inorganic composite membrane as the separator for Li-ion batteries. Being made of mainly CaCO3 powder and a small amount of polymer binder, the composite membrane has excellent wettability with liquid electrolytes due to its high porosity and good capillarity. Ionic conductivity of the membrane can be easily achieved by absorbing a liquid electrolyte. Additional benefit of such a membrane is that the alkali CaCO3 can scavenge acidic HF, which is inevitably present in the LiPF6-based electrolytes used currently in the Li-ion batteries. In this work, we typically evaluated a membrane with the composition of 92:8 (wt.) CaCO3/Telfon by using a 1.0m LiPF6 dissolved in a 3:7 (wt.) mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) as the liquid electrolyte. Ionic conductivity of the electrolyte-wetted membrane was measured to be 2.4mScm−1 at 20°C versus 8.0mScm−1 of the liquid electrolyte. With the said membrane as a separator, both Li/graphite and Li/cathode half-cells exhibited good capacity retention. We also found that the Li-ion cell fabricated in this manner not only had stable capacity retention, but also showed good high-rate performance.
Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) thin film electrodes were prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The thin films were annealed at various temperatures under argon gas flow and the influence of annealing temperature on their electrochemical performance was studied. The thin films annealed at 773 and 873K exhibited a couple of redox peaks at 3.4V (versus Li/Li+) that are characteristics of the electrochemical lithium insertion/extraction of LiFePO4. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) observation revealed that the film annealed at 773K (773K-film) consisted of small grains with 50nm in thickness, and the grain size increased with an increase of annealing temperature. Because of its small-sized grains, the 773K-film showed high rate capability and the discharge capacity at 10μA maintained 65% of that at 25nA. However, the discharge capacity of the 773K-film was ca. 10% smaller than that of the film annealed at 873K, indicating that annealing at 773K is slightly insufficient to obtain well-crystallized LiFePO4. From these results, it was concluded that a point of optimization between high rate capability and capacity would be found between 773 and 873K.
Very little is known about factors that underlie the behavioral health status of LBGT compared with heterosexual soldiers. To address this knowledge gap, the current study explored the potential mechanistic roles of perceived prejudice and support for the LGBT community as they related to observed differences in behavioral health symptoms between LGBT and heterosexual soldiers.
LiNi0.6Co0.4−x Mn x O2 (0.15≦ x ≦0.25) cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries are synthesized by calcining a mixture of Ni0.6Co0.4−x Mn x (OH)2 and Li2CO3 at 890–950°C for 15h in a flowing oxygen atmosphere. The Ni0.6Co0.4−x Mn x (OH)2 precursor is obtained by a chemical co-precipitation method at pH=11. Thermal analysis of the precursor for LiNi0.6Co0.4−x Mn x O2 (0.15≦ x ≦0.25) shows that the weight loss is about 30% until the temperature reaches 750°C. The X-ray diffraction patterns indicate the pure, layered, hexagonal structure of LiNi0.6Co0.4−x Mn x O2. Scanning electron micrographs reveal that the morphology of the samples is characterized by larger agglomerates (5–15μm) of rather small layered particles (around 100nm). The particle size tends to decrease with increasing Mn content. The electrochemical behaviour of LiNi0.6Co0.4−x Mn x O2 powder is examined by using test cells cycled within the voltage range 3–4.3V at the 0.1C rate for the first cycle and then at the 0.2C rate. LiNi0.6Co0.4−x Mn x O2 (0.15≦ x ≦0.25) cathode materials exhibit good initial discharge capacity (165–180mAhg−1) and a capacity retention of above 95% after 20 cycles. It is demonstrated that LiNi x Co y Mn1−x−y O2 electrodes are promising candidates for application as cathodes in lithium-ion batteries.
Ordered mesoporous materials, due to its potential applications in catalysis, separation technologies, and nano-science have attracted much attention in the past few years. In this work, a novel PEO-based composite polymer electrolyte by using organic–inorganic hybrid EO20PO70EO20 @ mesoporous silica (P123 @ SBA-15) as the filler has been developed. The interactions between P123 @ SBA-15 hybrid and PEO chains are studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and FT-IR techniques. The effects of P123 @ SBA-15 on the electrochemical properties of the PEO-based electrolyte, such as ionic conductivity, lithium ion transference number are studied by electrochemical ac impedance spectroscopy and steady-state current method. The experiment results show that P123 @ SBA-15 can enhance the ionic conductivity and increase the lithium ion transference number of PEO-based electrolyte, which are induced by the special topology structure of P123 in P123 @ SBA-15 hybrid, at the same time. The excellent lithium transport properties and broad electrochemical stability window suggesting that PEO–LiClO4/P123 @ SBA-15 composite polymer electrolyte can be used as candidate electrolyte materials for lithium polymer batteries.
Energy storage and conversion is a very important link between the steps of energy production and energy consumption. Traditional fossil fuels are natural and unsustainable energy storage medium with limited reserves and notorious pollution problems, therefore demanding for a better choice to store and utilize the green and renewable energies in the future. Unitized regenerative fuel cell (URFC), a compact version of regenerative fuel cell with only one electrochemical cell, is one of the competent technologies for this purpose. A URFC can produce hydrogen fuel through an electrolysis mode to store the excess energy, and output power in a fuel cell mode to meet different consumption requirements. Such a reversible system possesses several distinctive advantages such as high specific energy, pollution-free, and most importantly, the decoupled energy storage capacity with rated power. Based on the different electrolytes utilized, current available URFC technologies include the most common proton exchange membrane (PEM)-based URFC, and other types of URFC such as the alkaline, solid oxide and microfluidic URFCs. This part of the URFC review emphasizes on the PEM-based URFC. Specifically, the research progress on both cell components and systematic issues is introduced. Benefiting from its fairly mature technology stage, the PEM-based URFC has already been applied in aerospace and terrestrial areas. However, for large-scale application, their cost and efficiency are still the obstacles when competing with other energy storage technologies. As for the alkaline, solid oxide and microfluidic types of URFC, their research progress is reported independently in part B of this review.
The process of neurogenesis in which new neurons are generated by proliferation and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs) has been a topic of intensive recent investigation. Investigations of the factors which regulate this process have recently begun to include immune factors including immune cells and cytokines, however the class of immune proteins designated as chemokines have been relatively neglected. Increasing evidence for novel brain-specific mechanisms of chemokines beyond their classical chemotactic functions has suggested that they may play a role in the regulation of NSC/NPC biology.
The sources and formation of atmospheric particulate mercury, Hg(p), in the Tokyo metropolitan area were investigated. Nine municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators are located within 10km of the study site. Airborne particles >10μm in diameter were collected on a quartz fiber filter, and Hg(p) was measured by AAS following thermal desorption and gold trap amalgamation. Total gaseous mercury (TGM) was also determined using a continuous analyzer employing gold trap amalgamation and AAS. An average Hg(p) level of 0.098±0.051ngm−3 (3.5±1.4% for total Hg=Hg(p)+TGM) was observed during the period from April 2000–March 2001, and Hg(p) levels tended to decrease during the summer. We investigated the relationship between concentrations of Hg(p) and Pb, a marker element for particles from MSW incineration. The propriety of using Pb as the marker element was verified based on the lead isotope ratios and the relationship between Pb, Cd and Zn concentrations. The results showed that Hg(p) concentration was correlated positively with Pb concentration and negatively with air temperature. On the other hand, the results of chemical leaching treatment for airborne particles indicated that most of the Hg in the particles might exist in the elemental form, Hg0. This suggests that some of the Hg0 emitted from MSW incinerators was adsorbed onto MSW incinerator particles in the atmosphere due to an abrupt decrease in temperature after emission, depending on air temperature. Thus, it is likely that the Hg(p) level in the Tokyo metropolitan area is closely related to the gaseous Hg0 emissions from MSW incinerators. In addition, from the thermodynamic analysis, it is inferred that the formation of Hg(p) is governed by the physical adsorption equilibrium of Hg0 between gas and particle phases.
Spherical Ni-rich LiNi0.8CoxMn0.2-xO2 (x=0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) positive-electrode materials were synthesized by calcining the mixtures of LiOH·H2O and Ni0.8CoxMn0.2-x(OH)2 precursor formed from a simple continuous co-precipitation method. The influences of Co content on the microstructures and electrochemical properties of LiNi0.8CoxMn0.2-xO2 positive-electrode materials were investigated through X-Ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and electrochemical tests. The results showed that the intensity ratio of I(003)/I(104) for positive-electrode material became higher with increasing Co content, implying the layered structure became better. The electrochemical tests confirmed LiNi0.8Co0.15Mn0.05O2 (x=0.15) exhibited the best discharge capacity of 180.8mAhg−1 after 100 cycles between 2.75 and 4.3V at 0.2C, with an excellent capacity retention of 97.31% and an high capacity of 165.2mAhg−1 at 5C. Importantly no obvious structure and morphology change was observed for LiNi0.8Mn0.05Co0.15O2 before and after cycling processes. The improved cycling stability and rate capability maybe resulted from low Li/Ni cation mixing, high electric conductivity and good structure stability.
An environmental, economic, and highly effective method based on microwave treatment was firstly used to improve the electrochemical activity of graphite felt as the positive electrode in all vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The graphite felt was treated by microwave and characterized by Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical performance of the prepared electrode was evaluated with cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results show that graphite felt treated by microwave for 15 min at 400 °C exhibits excellent electro-catalytic activity and reactive velocity to vanadium redox couples. The coulombic, voltage, and energy efficiency of the VRFB with as-prepared electrodes at 50 mA cm−2 are 96.9%, 75.5%, and 73.2%, respectively; these values are much higher than those of cell-assembled conventionally and thermally treated graphite felt electrodes. The microwave-treated graphite felt will carry more hydrophilic groups, such as –OH, on its defects, and rough degree of the surface which should be advantageous in facilitating the redox reaction of vanadium ions, leading to the efficient operation of a vanadium redox flow battery. Moreover, microwave treatment can be easily scaled up to treat graphite felt for VRFB in large quantities.
Diabetes is a debilitating illness requiring lifelong management. Treatments can be varied in terms of mode of administration as well as type of agent. Unfortunately, most patient reported outcome measures currently available to assess the impact of treatment are specific to diabetes type, treatment modality or delivery systems and are designed to be either a HRQoL or treatment satisfaction measure. To address these gaps, the Treatment Related Impact Measure-Diabetes and Device measures were developed. This paper presents the item development and validation of the TRIM Diabetes/Device.
The Irish government set a target in 2008 that 10% of all vehicles in the transport fleet be powered by electricity by 2020. Similar electric vehicle targets have been introduced in other countries. In this study the effects of 213,561 electric vehicles on the operation of the single wholesale electricity market for the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland is investigated. A model of Ireland’s electricity market in 2020 is developed using the power systems market model called PLEXOS for power systems. The amount of CO2 emissions associated with charging the EVs and the impacts with respect to Ireland’s target for renewable energy in transport is also quantified. A single generation portfolio and two different charging scenarios, arising from a peak and off-peak charging profile are considered. Results from the study confirm that off-peak charging is more beneficial than peak charging and that charging EVs will contribute 1.45% energy supply to the 10% renewable energy in transport target. The net CO2 reductions are 147 and 210 kt CO2 respectively.
Electrochemical properties and porous-structure-dependent capacitive ability of commercial carbon blacks, Black Pearls 2000® (BP) and Vulcan® XC 72R (XC), were investigated in H2SO4 solution by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The capacitance in-depth profile is correlated to microscopic appearance of carbon blacks in the form of a thin layer applied over Au substrate from water suspensions of BP and XC. The capacitance calculated from voltammetric charge was found to depend on the sweep rate, due to porosity of investigated materials. Impedance (EIS) characteristics upon frequency-dependent charge/discharge process indicate transmission line electric behavior of BP and XC. Capacitance and resistance values obtained by simulations of EIS data, enabled estimation of capacitance and resistance profile throughout carbon black porous electrodes. Capacitance of BP carbon layer increases going from the outer surface towards the bulk of the layer. External capacitance originates from capacitive characteristics of the macroscopic surface consisting of relatively large agglomerates, while internal capacitance originates from “inner” surface of micro-porous agglomerates. Contrary to BP, opposite distribution of the total capacitance to external and internal part was found for XC, caused by its loose structure and considerably lower real surface area in comparison to BP. The XC morphology makes additionally the pseudocapacitive contribution of surface functionalities more pronounced, which indirectly shifts also the “internal” double-layer capacitive response to higher frequencies through the effect of increased wettability of the layer. Thus, the capacitance of XC surface directly exposed to the electrolyte is larger than that of the inner one, which makes it a “fully-utilized” capacitor, while increased capacitive performance of BP emerges only at very low frequencies of charging/discharging process.
This article presents the results obtained from the analysis of the I–V electrical characteristics of photovoltaic arrays that were tested in a region of the Sahara. Experiments were carried out at Adrar in the southern part of Algeria. The study includes the determination of the most representative parameters of the arrays by using numerical methods for the one exponential model. After having determined these parameters, they were numerically used in order to carry out the plotting of the theoretical I–V characteristics of modules for the considered environmental variables such as ambient temperature and solar irradiance. Other model (Rauschenbach's model) has also been considered in this article to make a comparison with the previous one. The study has been completed by carrying out the translation of the experimental characteristics for the standard conditions. This translation allowed the comparison to be made between the performances of tested modules. In the last part of the paper, some elements related to the degradation of arrays performances have been presented.
This paper reviews approaches to the design of advanced electrolyte solutions for Li and Li-ion batteries. Important challenges are wide electrochemical windows, a wide temperature range of operation, acceptable safety features, and most important, appropriate surface reactions on the electrodes that induce efficient passivation, but not on the account of low impedance. We describe research tools, quick tests, and discuss some selected examples and strategies for R&D of solutions of improved performance.
Well-crystallized LiFePO4 nanoparticles have been directly synthesized in a short time via hydrothermal process in the presence of organic acid, e.g. citric acid or ascorbic acid. These acid-mediated LiFePO4 products exhibit a phase-pure and nanocrystal nature with size about 50–100nm. Two critical roles that the organic acid mediator plays in hydrothermal process are recognized and a rational mechanism is explored. After a post carbon-coating treatment at 600°C for 1h, these mediated LiFePO4 materials show a high electrochemical activity in terms of reversible capacity, cycling stability and rate capability. Particularly, LiFePO4 mediated by ascorbic acid can deliver a capacity of 162mAhg−1 at 0.1C, 154mAhg−1 at 1C, and 122mAhg−1 at 5C. The crystalline structure, particle morphology, and surface microstructure were characterized by high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. And the electrochemical properties were thoroughly investigated by galvanostatic test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
This paper proposes a novel solid oxide steam electrolyser with in-situ hydrogen storage by integrating a magnesium hydride (MH) section with proton-conducting solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) section. Dynamic simulation results show that it takes 1950 s to fully charge the MH section with a 56% H2 storage efficiency without any flow recirculation, when the electrolyser is operated at 1.4V and 4atm, yielding a current density of 4956.40 A/m2. The evolution of temperature, H2 partial pressure and reaction of Mg powder through the charging process are analysed. It is found that the exothermic H2 absorption process of MH section can enhance the performance of the electrolysis process of SOEC section. The effects of operating parameters including operating pressure, electrolysis voltage, and cooling air temperature on the performance of the novel design are investigated by sensitivity studies. Results show that it is beneficial to operate the electrolyser at elevated pressure for shorter absorption time and higher H2 storage efficiency. Increasing the operating voltage can shorten the absorption time, but lower H2 storage efficiency. An optimal cooling air temperature is found at 521K when the electrolyser is operated at 1.4V and 4atm.
Solid-state lithium batteries have become more important than ever, because their high reliability as well as high energy density meet the requirements for energy storage in many aspects of the coming low carbon society. Solid electrolytes with high ionic conductivities are inevitable for realizing the solid-state lithium batteries, and the studies have been focused mainly on sulfide and oxide-based electrolytes. Sulfide-based solid electrolytes are advantageous to batteries owing to their high ionic conductivities and deformability. Although they show high resistance at the interface to cathode materials, interposing thin films of oxide-based solid electrolytes into the interface has successfully reduced the interfacial resistance. Combination of the highly-conductive sulfide electrolyte and the interface design have made performance of the sulfide-type solid-state batteries comparable or superior to current lithium-ion batteries. On the other hand, oxide-based electrolytes show higher chemical stability than sulfides, which is beneficial for manufacturing process. Although the highest conductivities have reached 10−3 S cm−1 also in oxides, practical performance has not been achieved in the oxide system due to the high grain boundary resistance.
Active middle ear implants (AMEIs) have been available for a number of years and yet most radiologists have never heard of them. Some bear a striking resemblance to cochlear implants whereas others are more similar to conventional hearing aids. The aims of this review are to provide an introduction as to the types of implants available, how they work and when they are indicated. Also, to highlight important pre-operative imaging features that can influence surgery and to consider the role of imaging in the post-operative setting. As patient choice increases, it becomes more likely that radiologists will encounter these devices in daily practice and knowledge of them may prove useful.
The cobalt sulfides/graphene nanosheets (GNS) composite is prepared by a facile one-pot solvothermal route in the presence of graphene oxide sheets (GOS). XRD, SEM and TEM characterizations show that sphere-like cobalt sulfides particles with an average size of about 150 nm, which are complicated phases of CoS2, CoS and Co9S8, are highly dispersed on or wrapped in the creasy graphene. The selective nucleation and growth of cobalt sulfides particles on GOS make the particles more uniform in morphology and size. The as-fabricated cobalt sulfides/GNS composite exhibits very high electrochemical lithium storage reversible capacity of about 1018 mAh g−1. Moreover, the cobalt sulfides/GNS composite still remains reversible capacity of above 950 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1 as well as at the different current densities from 100 to 1000 mA g−1, proving its excellent cycling durability and high-rate capability. The superior electrochemical performances of the composite may be attributed to the robust composite structure and superior conductivity, high charger mobility, large surface area and good flexibility of graphene.
This study has been attempted to present the state of art review on the research work carried out for the operation of wind and pumped storage plant (Wind–PSP) under deregulated market. Due to the uncertain characteristics of the wind, power generated by wind turbines is mostly variable and may affect the power system operation. Therefore integrated operation of Wind–PSP requires the knowledge of various factors such as: technology/concept to be used, number and capacity of the generating units, control, management, scheduling and cost of imbalance etc. In order to overcome the effect of variability and above said factors, a joint operation of a wind turbine and energy storage systems (ESS)/technologies is required. Among all the ESSs, PSP is the most mature and large capacity system, which can compensate the wind power uncertainties optimally. Variable operations of PSP, balance the load and generation uncertainty, and thus enhance the ability of power system to incorporate wind power. The present study has been aimed to cover the review of basics of wind energy, PSP, Wind–PSP system and their current status, applications and challenges involved with Wind–PSP, Operation of Wind–PSP under deregulated market and optimization techniques used in the scheduling of Wind–PSP system. An attempt has also been made to compare the techniques suitable for scheduling of Wind–PSP systems based on earlier research.