batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Mesoporous hollow TiO2 microboxes synthesized by a two-step solvothermal method via CaTiO3 intermediate were applied as host materials for sulfur cathodes of lithium-sulfur batteries. 3TiO2/7S composite containing 70 wt% sulfur exhibited the best electrochemical performance among all composites. A high discharge capacity of 924.8 mAh g−1 was achieved for the 1st cycle and 67.4% of it could be retained after 200 cycles at 0.2 C. Even at a higher C-rate of 1 C, more than 600 mAh g−1 of discharge capacity could be delivered after 500 cycles. The efficient polysulfide adsorption of TiO2 microboxes demonstrated by visualized adsorption test and UV–vis measurement as well as the mesoporous hollow feature was responsible for the large discharge capacity, excellent capacity retention and decent rate capability.
Peaking power plants are used to provide power during periods that have both high load and limited supply from intermittent renewable energy. Wind power is intermittent and does not always provide electricity during periods of maximum demand. Despite this, it has grown to produce a significant portion of the electricity in some jurisdictions. Electricity systems require firm capacity that operate when called upon. Fossil fuel peaking plants are costly, providing a fraction of the annual energy at a great cost, but ensure system reliability. Utilizing storage systems to provide these services during peak times could allow integration of higher penetrations of renewable energies. Prince Edward Island, Canada has over 40% of its load produced by wind power but requires diesel generators during high load and low wind periods. The diesel generators ensure that the submarine cables are not overloaded and provide on-island power during other curtailments. The 1 MW/2 MWh storage system provided energy and capacity from December 2015 to March 2016 and was paid for these services by their local utility. The payment only covered 9% of the costs due to the high capital cost and short life expectancy of their storage system.
Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and evolution reaction (OER) are one pair of the most important electrochemical reactions associated with energy conversion and storage technologies, such as fuel cells, metal–air batteries, and water electrolyzers. However, the sluggish ORR and OER requires a significantly large quantity of precious metals (e.g., Pt or Ir) to enhance reaction activity and durability. Highly active and robust nonprecious metal catalysts (NPMCs) are desperately required to address the cost and durability issues. Among NPMC formulations studied, carbon-based catalysts hold the greatest promise to replace these precious metals in the future due to their low-cost, extremely high surface area, excellent mechanical and electrical properties, sufficient stability under harsh environments, and high functionality. In particular, nitrogen-doped carbon nanocomposites, which were prepared from “metal-free” N–C formulations and transition metals-derived M–N–C (M=Fe or Co), have demonstrated remarkably improved catalytic activity and stability in alkaline and acidic electrolytes. In this review, based on the recent progress in the field, we aim to provide an overview for both types of carbon catalysts in terms of catalyst synthesis, structure/morphology, and catalytic activity and durability enhancement. We primarily focus on elucidation of synthesis–structure–activity correlations obtained from synthesis and extensive characterization, thereby providing guidance for rational design of advanced catalysts for the ORR. Additionally, a hybrid concept of using highly ORR active carbon nanocomposites to support Pt nanoparticles was highlighted with an aim to enhance catalytic performance and reduce required precious metal loading. Beyond the ORR, opportunities and challenges of ORR/OER bifunctional carbon composite catalysts were outlined. Perspectives on these carbon-based catalysts, future approaches, and possible pathways to address current remaining challenges are also discussed.
Car manufactures have announced the launch in coming months of vehicles with reduced emissions due to the introduction of new functions like stop–start and regenerative braking. Initial performance request of automotive lead-acid batteries are becoming more and more demanding and, in addition to this, cycle life with new accelerated ageing profiles are being proposed in order to determine the influence of the new functions on the expected battery life. This paper will show how different lead-acid battery technologies comply with these new demands, from an improved version of the conventional flooded SLI battery to the high performance of spiral wound valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery. Different approaches have been studied for improving conventional flooded batteries, i.e., either by the addition of new additives for reducing electrolyte stratification or by optimisation of the battery design to extend cycling life in partial state of charge conditions. With respect to VRLA technology, two different battery designs have been compared. Spiral wound design combines excellent power capability and cycle life under different depth of discharge (DoD) cycling conditions, but flat plate design outperform the latter in energy density due to better utilization of the space available in a prismatic enclosure. This latter design is more adequate for high end class vehicles with high electrical energy demand, whereas spiral wound is better suited for high power/long life demand of commercial vehicle. High temperature behaviour (75°C) is rather poor for both designs due to water loss, and then VRLA batteries should preferably be located out of the engine compartment.
In this report, graphene nanosheets (GNS)/nickel sulfide (NiS) based material for high-performance supercapacitor is prepared by “dip and dry” and electrodeposition methods. Commercial flexible make-up cottons (MCs) are chose as skeletons to construct homogeneous three-dimensional (3D) interconnected graphene-wrapped macro-networks, which can support structures for high loading of active electrode materials and facilitate the access of electrolytes to active electrode materials. The hybrid GNS/NiS based MCs (denoted as MCs@GNS@NiS) electrode yields relatively high specific capacitance of 775 F g−1 at a charge/discharge specific current of 0.5 A g−1 and good capacitance retention of 88.1% after 1000 cycles at 2 A g−1. Furthermore, the MCs@GNS@NiS electrode delivers a high energy density of 11.2 Wh kg−1 at even a high power density of 1008 W kg−1. Therefore, such low-cost and high-performance energy MCs based on GNS/NiS hierarchical nanostructures offer great promise in large-scale energy storage device applications.
Cognitive abilities are complex human traits influenced by genetic factors. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a unique polypeptide growth factor, has an influence on the differentiation and survival of neurons in the nervous system. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs6265) in the human gene, resulting in a valine to methionine substitution in the pro-BDNF protein, was thought to associate with psychiatric disorders and might play roles in the individual difference of cognitive abilities. However, the specific roles of the gene in cognition remain unclear. To investigate the relationships between the substitution and cognitive abilities, a healthy population-based study and the PCR-SSCP method were performed. The results showed the substitution was associated with digital working memory (p = 0.02) and spatial localization (p = 0.03), but not with inhibition, shifting, updating, visuo-spatial working memory, long-term memory, and others (p > 0.05) among the compared genotype groups analyzed by general linear model. On the other hand, the participants with BDNFGG had higher average performance in digital working memory and spatial localization than the ones with BDNFAA. The findings of the present work implied that the variation in BDNF might play positive roles in human digital working memory and spatial localization.
The development of novel sodium-ion batteries has been hindered by the lack of ideal anode materials. Herein, we report both experimental and theoretical assessment of layered MoSe2 nanoplates as the anode materials. The MoSe2 nanoplates are successfully synthesized by a facile thermal-decomposition process. As the anode, the MoSe2 nanoplates are capable of delivering the initial discharge and charge capacities of 513 and 440 mAh g−1 at the current of 0.1C in a voltage of 0.1–3 V, respectively. The analysis of Ex-situ XRD patterns reveals that there is no slippage between layers and the change of coordination of molybdenum when the MoSe2 electrode is discharged to 0.6 V and conversion reactions during the following discharge/charge process are also demonstrated. In addition, the electronic structure, Na ions transport and conductivity are investigated by first-principles calculation. A quasi-2D energy favorable trajectory is proposed to illustrate the sodium ion vacancy-hopping migration mechanism form octahedron to tetrahedron in MoSe2 lattice. The results suggest great potential of MoSe2 as an anode material for Na ion batteries.
Finding the optimal balance between electricity demand and production constrained to economic and comfort variables requires intelligent decision and control. This article addresses the formulation of three models that optimize control of a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system in an experimental room, which are coupled with two thermal models of the indoor temperature. Electricity is supplied by the grid and a photovoltaic system with batteries. The primary objective is to maximize users comfort while minimizing cost constrained to: thermal comfort; variable electricity price; and available electricity in batteries that are charged by a PV system. Three models are developed: (i) dynamic programming with simplified thermal model (STM), (ii) genetic algorithm with STM, and (iii) genetic algorithm with EnergyPlus. The genetic algorithm model that uses EnergyPlus to simulate indoor temperature generally achieves higher convergence to the optimal value, which also is the one that uses more electricity from the PV system to operate the HVAC. The dynamic programming performs better than the genetic algorithm (both coupled with STM). However, it is limited by the fact that uses STM, which is a less accurate model to simulate indoor temperature especially because it is not considering thermal inertia.
Thanks to today’s modern imaging examination techniques and especially to the common use of intracranial electrodes for localizing seizure foci, more and more patients with partial epilepsy can be treated microsurgically. The results of such neurosurgical therapies are very good, particularly in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. In recent years, good results (60–70% seizure freedom) have also been achieved in extratemporal epilepsy surgery, so that such procedures can now be recommended for carefully selected patients. In this review, presurgical evaluations and the different surgical approaches are presented.
There is much confusion and uncertainty in the literature concerning the useable power capability of batteries and ultracapacitors (electrochemical capacitors) for various applications. Clarification of this confusion is one of the primary objectives of this paper. The three approaches most often applied to determine the power capability of devices are (1) matched impedance power, (2) the min/max method of the USABC, and (3) the pulse energy efficiency approach used at UC Davis. It has been found that widely different power capability for batteries and ultracapacitors can be inferred using these approaches even when the resistance and open-circuit voltage are accurately known. In general, the values obtained using the energy efficiency method for EF =90–95% are much lower than the other two methods which yield values corresponding to efficiencies of 70–75%. For plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicle applications, the maximum useable power density for a lithium-ion battery can be higher than that corresponding to 95% efficiency because the peak power of the driveline is used less frequently and consequently charge/discharge efficiently is less important. For these applications, the useable power density of the batteries can be closer to the useable power density of ultracapacitors. In all cases, it is essential that a careful and appropriate measurement is made of the resistance of the devices and the comparisons of the useable power capability be made in a way appropriate for the application for which the devices are to be used.
Chlorhexidine is among the most used biocides in Europe, however its toxicity to aquatic organisms is scarcely known. The main objective of this study was to assess the lethal and sub lethal effects of chlorhexidine digluconate (ChD) on four aquatic model organisms: the bacteria Vibrio fischeri, the algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, the crustacean Daphnia magna and the embryos of the fish Danio rerio. ChD was very toxic to algae and crustaceans, with a 72 h-EC50 of 62.2 μg/l and a 48 h-EC50 of 45.0 μg/l, respectively. Toxicity to fish embryos and the bacteria was lower, with a 96 h-EC50 of 804.0 μg/l and a 15 min-EC50 of 1,694.0 μg/l, respectively. Concerning sub lethal effects on D. magna (feeding inhibition) a 6 h-EC50 of 503.7 μg/l was obtained. In fish, ChD caused developmental abnormalities, namely alterations in the amniotic fluid (48 h-EC20 of 753.6 μg/l) and early hatching. Moreover, enzymatic biomarkers on fish embryos showed an induction of cholinesterase activity in all ChD tested concentrations (80–900 μg/l). The catalase activity was also induced at the highest concentration tested (900 μg/l) whereas no changes were observed for glutathione-S-transferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. The toxicity of ChD to the algae and crustacean raises concerns about its potential effects in aquatic food webs, since these organisms are in the base of trophic chains, and highlights the need for further studies on ChD toxicity to aquatic organisms.
The spinel LiMn1.94MO4 (M = Mn0.06, Mg0.06, Si0.06, (Mg0.03Si0.03)) compounds are successfully synthesized by citric acid-assisted sol–gel method. The crystal structures and morphologies of synthesized compounds are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. All the compounds possess the cubic spinel structure of LiMn2O4 with space group of Fd-3m. The electrochemical properties of synthesized compounds are investigated by galvanostatic charge-discharge test, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that the Si-doping can increase the discharge capacity of LiMn2O4 due to the more expanded and regular MnO6 octahedra. In particular, for the LiMn1.94Mg0.03Si0.03O4 compound, the addition of Si4+ ions can make up for the shortage of Mg-doping in term of the discharge capacity. As a result, the Mg2+ and Si4+ co-doping has the effect of synergistic enhancement, which can make full use of the respective advantages of Mg-doping and Si-doping. The optimal LiMn1.94Mg0.03Si0.03O4 can deliver the initial discharge capacity of 128.3 mAh g−1 with good capacity retention of 92.8% after 100 cycles at 0.5 C in the voltage range of 3.20–4.35 V. Compared with the undoped LiMn2O4, the co-doped compound also presents superior rate performance, especially the capacity recovery performance.
Energy harvesting and storage devices, including lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), supercapacitors (SCs), nanogenerators (NGs), biofuel cells (BFCs), photodetectors (PDs), and solar cells, play a vital role in human daily life due to the possibility of replacing conventional energy from fossil fuels. However, these isolated devices only have limited performance and/or sole applicability, and cannot provide enough energy for application with long-term run and the ever-changing working positions. This suggests that it is urgent to develop the fine self-powered systems to meet the growing demand of energy for long-term use in different environment scenes. Developing integrated power pack, combining energy harvesting and storage, is an effective path to obtain a small size, light weight, high density and high reliability energy system. In this review, eight types of multifunctional integrated devices, such as LIB&SC, LIB&NG, BFC&NG, PD&BFC, SC&PD, SC&solar cells, NG&SC&solar cell, and LIB&solar cells, for energy harvesting and storage are reviewed in a broad sense, and a comprehensive summary of the recent development trends and highlights in the integrated device fields is given. Finally, the challenges and future outlooks for their successful commercialization are featured based on the recent advances and important findings.
In an endeavour to improve not only the thermal shrinkage but also the electrochemical performance of separators in lithium-ion batteries, a novel composite separator is developed, i.e., a close-packed SiO2/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) binary nanoparticles-coated polyethylene (PE) separator. The introduction of SiO2 nanoparticles to the coating layer effectively suppresses thermal shrinkage of the composite separator. In contrast to a SiO2/PMMA coating layer having a film-shaped PMMA binder, the SiO2/PMMA binary nanoparticle coating layer employs PMMA particles as a binder. As a consequence, a highly porous structure, i.e., well-connected interstitial voids, is formed between the binary SiO2 and PMMA nanoparticles. The unique porous morphology allows favourable liquid electrolyte wettability and facile ionic conduction, which play a crucial role in improving cell performance such as the discharge capacity and the C-rate capability of the composite separator.
The use of latent heat thermal energy storage for thermally buffering vehicle systems is reviewed. Vehicle systems with transient thermal profiles are classified according to operating temperatures in the range of 0–800°C. Thermal conditions of those applications are examined relative to their impact on thermal buffer requirements, and prior phase change thermal enhancement studies for these applications are discussed. In addition a comprehensive overview of phase change materials covering the relevant operating range is given, including selection criteria and a detailed list of over 700 candidate materials from a number of material classes. Promising material candidates are identified for each vehicle system based on system temperature, specific and volumetric latent heat, and thermal conductivity. Based on the results of previous thermal load leveling efforts, there is the potential for making significant improvements in both emissions reduction and overall energy efficiency by further exploration of PCM thermal buffering on vehicles. Recommendations are made for further material characterization, with focus on the need for improved data for metallic and solid-state phase change materials for high energy density applications.
In order to develop the new anode materials for Al/air batteries, electrochemical properties of pure aluminium (99.999 %), technical grade aluminium (99.8 %) and the alloys with indium and tin, i.e. Al—0.1 % In, Al—0.2 % Sn and Al—0.1 % In—0.2 % Sn have been investigated in 2 mol dm−3 NaCl solution. The aluminium materials were polarized anodically in the range 20–100 mA cm−2 for a 30 min period. During the anodic polarization variation in potential was recorded as a function of time and the simultaneous hydrogen evolution was measured. The rate of hydrogen evolution reaction was found to increase with increasing anodic polarization which is characteristic of the negative difference effect. The additional information concerning the corrosion behaviour of the tested materials was provided by light microscope imaging. The results show that the examined technical grade aluminium alloys could serve as suitable anodes for Al/air batteries containing sodium chloride electrolyte; with Al–In exhibiting the most remarkable characteristics. The addition of In as alloying component to aluminium reduces electrode polarization, decreases hydrogen evolution rate and increases the anode efficiency.
Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) have attracted intensive attention in recent years due to the resource-abundance and low cost of potassium. Here, for the first time, SnO 2 nanosheets grown on stainless steel mesh (SnO 2 /SSM) were used as a novel binder free anode for KIBs. A high capacity of 351mAhg−1 is achieved after 100cycles at current density of 50mAg−1. Even more, a high capacity of 128mAhg−1 can be obtained at 1000mAg−1 after 200cycles. These good electrochemical performances are mainly due to the large surface area of SnO 2 nanosheets and the roles of current collector and stable conductive skeleton SSM played.
The reduction of oxygen was studied in 0.1M KCl at 70°C using the rotating disk electrode (RDE) technique on platinum and electrodeposited ZnO thin film electrodes deposited on platinum substrates. In the absence of Zn2+ ions in solution, a Tafel slope of 139mVdec−1 was obtained, a value close to that measured on bare platinum electrode (133mVdec−1) and ascribed to the limitation of the reaction rate by the first electron transfer. The main difference between the noble metal and the oxide electrode was a shift of the curves towards more negative potentials. In the presence of Zn2+ ions, the current density decreased significantly and the Tafel slope was measured at 282mVdec−1 showing that the electrode was partially blocked by zinc oxide formation reaction intermediates.
Application of municipal solid waste and sewage sludge to supplement soil is an age-old agronomic practice due to its rich organic contents. These soil-supplements also contain significant amount of non-essential heavy metals, posing threat to crop yield and human health. The present study aims to compare the phytotoxicity of the heavy metals and potential dietary toxicity of some selected vegetables grown in soil supplemented with municipal solid waste and sewage sludge. To assess the phytotoxicity of the supplements, plants were grown in three different sets; (1) Hoagland’s nutrient media [as control] (2) municipal solid waste and (3) sewage sludge soil mix. To study the phytotoxic markers, photosynthetic pigments, proline, protein content and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured and metal content of the vegetables were measured to estimate the potential dietary toxicity. It was observed from the study that vegetables grown in supplemented soils showed reduced chlorophyll and protein content while carotenoid, proline and antioxidative enzymes showed enhanced activity. In both the supplemented soil, it was observed that cadmium was present above the maximum allowable limits, amount of lead was marginal and that of chromium was below the level. It was observed that the two leafy vegetables, i.e., Lagenaria sp. and Cucurbita sp. accumulated more lead in their aerial parts, Lagenaria grown in sewage sludge supplemented soil also accumulated significant amount of cadmium in the aerial parts. Edible parts of Raphanus and maize grains also accumulated considerable amount of cadmium, which were above the value of daily tolerable limits.