batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This paper reports on a new gauge for blast impulse determination close to explosive charges. The gauge is based on the autonomous data recorder g-rec developed at the Ernst-Mach-Institute for data acquisition in harsh environments. Combined with an acceleration sensor these data recorders allow for the direct determination of the momentum transferred to an object by a blast wave even in the immediate vicinity of the explosive charge. From this the blast impulse can be determined. Using autonomous electronics distinct advantages are gained compared to classical passive momentum traps. The paper summarizes the properties of the g-rec recorder and describes the setup of the autonomous momentum trap in detail. Numerical simulations are presented which illustrate the gauge performance and its limitations. Tests with 1 kg charges demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. Good agreement was found between simulations and tests. The application range of the gauges is determined by the measurement range of the built-in acceleration sensor and its overall dimensions and weight. The present configuration is designed for distances between ∼
A detonation is characterized by a rapid exothermic reaction under high pressure via a so-called detonation wave inside the explosive material. The detonation wave leaves behind a hot pressurized cloud of reaction products (fireball) which upon expansion on their part drive a shock front into the ambient air. Shortly after ignition, hence, the central region of a detonation is filled by expanding detonation products (fireball) ahead of which a shock front propagates which accelerates the air.
The use of electronically conducting polymers (ECPs) as pseudocapacitive electrode materials in high-power supercapacitors is a challenge to overcome the performance of carbon-based double-layer supercapacitors for applications requiring high power levels. ECPs provide different supercapacitor configurations but devices with the polymer n-doped form as the negative electrode and the p-doped form as the positive one are the most promising in term of energy and power. This type of supercapacitor has indeed a high operating voltage, it is able to deliver all the doping charge and it has in the charged state both electrodes in the conducting (p- and n-doped) states. Data for poly(3-methylthiophene) positive and negative electrodes, envisioned for a n/p-type supercapacitor, as well as data for cyclability of supercapacitors with composite electrodes based on such conventional polymer are here reported and discussed. The capacitance and cycling stability of poly(3-methylthiophene) are sufficiently high to take this polymer into consideration for supercapacitor technology.
The thermal stability of fluorinated ester electrolytes with and without lithium metal and the positive electrode material at the charged state were investigated, in terms of application for electrolytes in lithium metal anode cells. The fluorinated ester electrolytes are solutions dissolving LiPF6 in carboxylic acid esters whose original carboxylic acids are partially fluorinated. The corresponding non-fluorinated ester electrolytes were also studied for comparison. According to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement, fluorinated ester electrolytes exhibited significant thermal stability when coexisting with lithium metal or Li0.5CoO2. LiPF6/methyl difluoroacetate showed the best stabilization effect, which shifted the exothermic peak of the electrolyte with lithium metal or Li0.5CoO2 to about 300°C. In addition, LiPF6/methyl difluoroacetate exhibited a good lithium anode cycling efficiency. We believe that LiPF6/methyl difluoroacetate is a very promising electrolyte for use in realizing lithium metal anode secondary cells.
The electrochemical properties of FeVO4 are affected by morphology, particle size and structure of the materials. In this paper, the amorphous and crystalline FeVO4 nanoparticles have been synthesized by the liquid precipitation method. The amorphous FeVO4 shows the initial specific capacity of 215mAh/g, with the initial capacity loss of 22% at the current density of 50mAg−1 in the range of 2.0–4.0V after 40cycles. Compared with crystalline materials, the amorphous one shows lower charge transfer resistance, higher rate capability, and better capacity retention. These improvements are mainly attributed to shorter lithium ion diffusion length and high electronic conductivity along the surface of small amorphous particles.
Decision support in health systems is a highly difficult task, due to the inherent complexity of the process and structures involved.
The influence of the supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) on ionic conductivity for polyether electrolytes based on oligo(oxyethylene glycol) methacrylate with lithium triflate, LiCF3SO3, has been investigated. In particular, the present research is a first attempt to improve an ion transport behavior of the polyether electrolytes using scCO2 treatment technique. Consequently, the ionic conductivity of scCO2 treated samples at room temperature was more than ten times elevated by the scCO2 treatment under the condition of 10 MPa and 40°C. From the Raman spectroscopy, decrease of aggregate ions and increase of free ions for the scCO2 treated samples have been observed.
There is a recent trend among low speed electric vehicle manufacturers to update traction batteries from older, heavy chemistries to new, lighter battery chemistries. In this viability study, a Club Car Villager LSV electric golf cart was converted from the original flooded lead acid batteries to hard carbon/mixed oxide lithium batteries. The range and speed of both chemistries are compared. This paper demonstrates a potential operational savings for ight electric vehicle users. Despite a reduction in volume, the lithium batteries outperformed the lead acid in both range (46.7% increase) and charging time (95% reduction). The range increase was due, in part, to a reduction in battery weight of 62.5%. In addition to range test results, implementation of the lithium battery management system and J1772 charger system used to support this conversion are discussed.
This work investigates the ion conduction of polymer electrolytes confined in cylindrical pores having diameters ranging from 400 to 30 nm. The confinement of PEO polymer electrolytes in nanopores increases ionic conduction as the pore size decreases with the greatest conductivity occurring in pores that were 30 nm in diameter where a specific conductivity of 2.43×10−4 S cm−1 was observed. This is almost two orders of magnitude higher than a polymer electrolyte film of the same composition but not confined in nanopores. This enhanced conduction may occur because of an orientation of the polymer chains in the pores. In addition to the advantage of enhanced conduction, these membranes have enhanced conduction perpendicular to the plane of the thin electrolyte film, which is the configuration desired for the construction of polymer electrolyte films for use in batteries.
The Bionor™ HIV-1&2 Confirmatory Test is a semi-rapid simple immunoassay based on magnetic particles for the confirmation of serological status to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The specificity and sensitivity of this assay was evaluated by comparison with the Diagnostic Biotechnology HIV-1 Western blot (WB) 2.2 and the HIV-2/SBL-6669 WB. Bionor’s confirmatory test demonstrated 98% specificity when testing sero-negative blood donors and false positive sera in screening tests compared to 81.5 and 71.6%, respectively, using the HIV-1 WB. The sensitivity of this assay for HIV-1 antibody positive sera was 97.9% compared to the WB which was 99.5%. When testing confirmed HIV-2 antibody positive samples, 2/100 scored negative using this confirmatory test similar to other HIV-2 peptide-based line immunoassays available commercially, whilst 8/100 were indeterminate reacting to HIV-2 membrane antigens only. Bionor’s confirmatory test detected HIV-1 seropositivity earlier than the WB in longitudinal seroconversion panels and could discriminate between HIV-1 and -2 infection. The number of indeterminate responses was generally reduced significantly using Bionor’s confirmatory test compared to the HIV-1 WB. The greater specificity, speed and ease of interpretation of Bionor’s confirmatory test renders it an attractive and cost effective alternative to the WB for confirming HIV serological status worldwide.
To improve the electrochemical performance of LiVPO4F at room and elevated temperature focusing on the stability of LiVPO4F electrode/electrolyte interface, for the first time, MoS2 nanosheets are introduced to modify LiVPO4F/C composites. The coating of MoS2 layers on the surface of LiVPO4F/C nanoparticles is realized via a solution method followed by low-temperature calcination. Morphological observations present that the MoS2 sheets are homogeneously wrapped around the LiVPO4F/C particles. When employed as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries, the MoS2-modified LiVPO4F/C composites exhibit superior high-rate capability and greatly improved cycle ability compared to bare one, and the sample coated with 1.75 wt% MoS2 (2M-LVPF) delivers the best electrochemical performance. In particular, it maintains the capacity retention of 91.7% in 100 cycles at 2.0C and delivers a reversible specific capacity of 112 mAh g−1 at a high rate of 8.0C under room temperature. More importantly, it shows greatly improved cycling stability at elevated temperature (55 °C), maintaining 88.1% of its initial capacity at 0.5C after 50 cycles. The reasons for such improvement lie in the MoS2 coating layer acting as a physical barrier between electrode and electrolyte, as well as electronic/ionic conducting framework for LiVPO4F particles.
As the market and related industry for wearable electronics dramatically expands, there are continuous and strong demands for flexible and stretchable devices to be seamlessly integrated with soft and curvilinear human skin or clothes. However, the mechanical mismatch between the rigid conventional electronics and the soft human body causes many problems. Therefore, various prospective nanomaterials that possess a much lower flexural rigidity than their bulk counterparts have rapidly established themselves as promising electronic materials replacing rigid silicon and/or compound semiconductors in next-generation wearable devices. Many hybrid structures of multiple nanomaterials have been also developed to pursue both high performance and multifunctionality. Here, we provide an overview of state-of-the-art wearable devices based on one- or two-dimensional nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, single-crystal silicon and oxide nanomembranes, organic nanomaterials and their hybrids) in combination with zero-dimensional functional nanomaterials (e.g., metal/oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots). Starting from an introduction of materials strategies, we describe device designs and the roles of individual ones in integrated systems. Detailed application examples of wearable sensors/actuators, memories, energy devices, and displays are also presented.
Background: Treatment compliance is a crucial pronostic factor regarding the longitudinal course of patients with First Episode Psychosis (FEP). The rate of oral antipsychotic treatment discontinuation at first year is about 70% (1). Risperidone injectable long-acting treatment (RILD) has shown high rates of clinical remission, as well as improvement in treatment compliance. As far as we know, there is no RCT that compared RILD vs oral atipic antipsychotics in FEP. Methods: Eighty-seven FEP patients were randomly located on two groups: patients receiving RILD (N=18) and patients receiving oral antipsychotic treatment (N=21). Both underwent a baseline assessment and one year follow-up, including: medical interview, PAS Scale, neuropsychological battery, diagnostic assessment (SCID-I) and stability at one year follow-up, clinical assessment (PANSS; CGI; SUMD; HDRS and YMRS), functional assessment(GAF), quality of life (WHO/DAS), hospitalizations, urgency episodes and treatment compliance (subjective for oral antipsychotics). Results: Both groups significantly reduced positive and general psychopathology scales from PANNS at one year follow-up. There were no differences regarding the course of cognitive symptoms. The group receiving RILD significantly improved in functional disability, quality of life and negative symptoms, and showed a trend toward significance in insight and compliance. Two patients receiving oral antipsychotics were rehospitalized, while the rate of rehospitalization for RILD groups was 0. Discussion: RILD an reasonable and treatment alternative for FEP. It treatment compliance, which turns to improvements in insight, negative symptomatology, functional capacity and quality of life.
We fabricated a lithium tungsten oxide (LWO)-modified LiCoO2 (LCO) thin film electrode by pulsed laser deposition and investigated the reason for its lower resistance as compared with a bare LCO electrode. X-ray diffraction revealed that the LWO layer has a randomly oriented Li2WO4 structure with tetragonal symmetry. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) indicated that the LWO modification changes the LCO particle surface, and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrated that the LWO modification on LCO decreases the lithium ion transfer resistance at the interface between the positive electrode and the liquid electrolyte and increases the frequency factor at the interface. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, EDX, and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) indicated the presence of phosphate on the surface of the unmodified LCO electrode after electrochemical tests, but EDX and EELS did not indicate the presence of phosphate in the LWO-modified LCO electrode. The absence of phosphates apparently alleviates the hindrance of Li+ ion diffusion and increases the frequency factor in LCO, resulting in lowered Li+ ion transfer resistance at the interface.
The dilation of lithium-ion cells is sensitive towards swelling phenomena caused by both graphite staging processes and lithium plating on graphite anodes. In this work, the dilation behavior of graphite/NMC pouch cells is studied with a focus on relaxation phenomena occurring after current pulses. In order to prevent misleading interpretations due to thermal effects, thermal expansion is quantified and a method for the thermal compensation of dilation data is developed. Dilation data are recorded for quasi-equilibrium cycling as well as for current pulses at high rates. In the quasi-equilibrium case, the staging behavior is characterized based on dilation and voltage data. By comparison with a graphite half-cell measurement, the major effects in full cell dilation are confirmed to be anode related. In the high rate case, the dilation responses to the actual pulse and the subsequent relaxation phases are recorded systematically. Positive and negative relaxation phenomena are observed depending on the SOC. They are ascribed to both graphite staging and lithium plating processes. A model is presented explaining the unexpected relaxation effects by a temporary coexistence of three or more staging compounds during high rate lithiation and delithiation. Our data thereby confirm the shrinking annuli model introduced by Heβ and Novák.
Cylindrical lithium-ion cells with a lithium–nickel–cobalt–aluminum oxide (LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2) and a non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon) as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively, were degraded by the storage tests with 50% state-of-charge (SOC). The degraded cells were disassembled and positive electrodes obtained were examined. The cation distribution of lithium and nickel in the positive electrode was clarified using neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements. The degree of lithium and nickel disordering varied with the storage condition. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis demonstrated that the structural change was mainly located near the surface of the positive electrode and the valence state of Ni and Co ions did not change with the storage test. The disordering of the cations near the surface was closely related to the power fade of the cell. The storage condition is an important factor in the power fade of lithium-ion cells.
Nickel hydroxide is prepared by neutralizing NiSO4 solution with 4.8M NaOH, followed by washing the precipitate and treating the slurry hydrothermally at different temperatures. The parameters varied are: initial nickel concentration; effect of presence of sodium ions during hydrothermal treatment; aging time after hydrothermal treatment. The samples so prepared are chemically analyzed and the physical and electrolytic properties such as tap density, percentage weight loss and discharge capacity are determined. On increasing the temperature from 60 to 160°C, the discharge capacity increases from 52 to 112mAhg−1. At 200°C, the discharge capacity decreases to 94mAhg−1. Allowing the hydroxide precipitate to age after hydrothermal treatment also causes a decrease in discharge capacity. The presence of excess sodium ions during hydrothermal treatment yields nickel hydroxide with a very low discharge capacity. The maximum discharge capacity of 160mAhg−1 is obtained for nickel hydroxide prepared under the following conditions: nickel concentration 43gl−1, neutralizing agent sodium hydroxide, time of hydrothermal treatment 2h, temperature during hydrothermal treatment 160°C. XRD patterns and FTIR spectra confirm the precipitate to be β-nickel hydroxide. The sample contains 62.89wt.% Ni with a tap density of 0.96gcm−3. TG–DTA measurements show a weight loss of 19% with an endothermic peak at 325°C which corresponds to the decomposition of nickel hydroxide to nickel oxide. The present method of preparing nickel hydroxide through hydrothermal treatment reduces the aging time to 2h and gives a product with good filtration characteristics.
Performance of six different microbial fuel cells (MFCs) made from baked clayware, having 450 ml effective anodic chamber volume, was evaluated, with different configurations of separator electrode assemblies, to study the feasibility of bioelectricity generation and high-strength wastewater treatment in a single-chambered mediator-less air-cathode MFC. Superior performance of an air-cathode MFC (ACMFC) with carbon coating on both sides of the separator was observed over an aqueous cathode MFC, resulting in a maximum volumetric power of 4.38 W m−3 and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of more than 90 % in a batch cycle of 4 days. Hydrophilic polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was successfully used as a binder. The problem of salt deposition and fouling of cathode could be minimized by using a sock net current collector, replacing the usual stainless steel wire. However, electrolyte loss due to evaporation is a problem that needs to be resolved for better performance of an ACMFC.
Layered Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 was prepared by mixed hydroxide method and characterised by means of X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry and charge–discharge cycling. The hexagonal lattice parameters obtained for the compound are: a=2.864 and c=14.233 Å. XPS studies show that the predominant oxidation states of Ni, Co and Mn in the compound are 2+, 3+ and 4+, respectively with small content of Ni3+ and Mn3+ ions. Initial discharge capacity of 160 mAh/g was obtained in the range 2.5–4.4 V and at a specific current of 30 mA/g of which 143 mAh/g was retained at the end of 40 charge–discharge cycles. At lower current (10 mA/g) and in the voltage window 2.5–4.7 V, discharge capacity of 215 mAh/g is obtainable. From the voltage profile and cyclic voltammetry, the redox processes occurring at ∼3.8 and ∼4.6 V are assigned to the Ni2+/4+ and Co3+/4+ couples, respectively.
Transport is an essential requirement for the growth of any country. Transport of passengers and goods is vital to satisfy the mobility needs, commensurate with today’s lifestyle characterized by social interactions and reliable goods distribution nation-wide. Inadequate and inefficient public transport in India and grossly inadequate infrastructure are some of the key reasons for the sharp imbalance in a modal split of vehicle population, which has led to a sharp spurt in demand for private vehicles. In such a scenario, rapid consumption of fossil fuels such as mineral diesel, gasoline, etc., and associated vehicular pollution have become worrisome. Pollutants emitted by fossil-fuelled conventional vehicles at the ground level significantly deteriorated breathing air, which increased the death rate due to respiratory diseases. This article deals with all these issues related to the Indian road transport sector and proposes a path to resolve them. Sections related to advanced vehicle technology and alternative energy resources for reducing harmful emissions from road transport vehicles are important aspects of this study. A possible pathway for adopting electric vehicles (EVs) in the Indian road transport sector has also been included. Overall, this article summarizes energy and vehicle technology-related issues in the road transport sector and provides different solutions and their implementation strategies.
The aim of this work is to present a critical review on slurry bioreactors (SB) and their application to bioremediation of soils and sediments polluted with recalcitrant and toxic compounds. The scope of the review encompasses the following subjects: (i) process fundamentals of SB and analysis of advantages and disadvantages; (ii) the most recent applications of SB to laboratory scale and commercial scale soil bioremediation, with a focus on pesticides, explosives, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and chlorinated organic pollutants; (iii) trends on the use of surfactants to improve availability of contaminants and supplementation with degradable carbon sources to enhance cometabolism of pollutants; (iv) recent findings on the utilization of electron acceptors other than oxygen; (v) bioaugmentation and advances made on characterization of microbial communities of SB; (vi) developments on ecotoxicity assays aimed at evaluating bioremediation efficiency of the process.
The search of new membranes for vanadium redox flow battery with low vanadium ions permeation rates, high ion conductivity, excellent proton conductivity, low area resistance, chemical stability, and low cost is on a soaring demand. In this work, a simple modification method is applied to improve the performance of commercially available low-cost membranes by applying several polyelectrolytes layers. Particularly, graphene-containing commercial perfluorinated sulfonic acid membrane of GN212C with a thickness of 33 μm is modified by introducing alternate layers of positively charged poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and negatively charged poly(sodium styrene sulfonate). Microscopy and spectroscopy investigations indicate that the polyelectrolytes layers are successfully deposited on the membrane surface. The effects of the layer composition and number of bilayers are evaluated with regard to vanadium ion permeability, proton conductivity and battery performance. The modified membranes exhibit an improved vanadium (VO2+) barrier property, which enhances the VRFB single cell performance in terms of coulombic efficiency and energy efficiency compared to pristine GN212C and Nafion 117 membranes. The overall results suggest that the bi-ionically modified membrane is a potential candidate for application in flow battery despite its small thickness.