batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A high-efficiency flame-retarding additive, (Ethoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene (N3P3F5OCH2CH3, PFPN), has been synthesized and explored as a safer protection additive for rechargeable lithium batteries. The flammability tests indicate that only the addition of 5 wt% PFPN can make the electrolyte be totally non-flammable. As far as we know, the PFPN additive is the most efficient one of any flame-retarding additive ever synthesized and reported in the literature. The charge–discharge results demonstrate that the PFPN additive shows a good electrochemical compatibility on the graphitic anode and LiCoO2 cathode. Meanwhile, the incorporated PFPN additive can greatly improve the cyclic performance of LiCoO2 electrode at a high cut-off voltage of 4.5 V, showing a prospective flame-retarding additive for the applications in high-voltage lithium ion batteries.
Non-aqueous proton-conducting polymer electrolytes in the film form are synthesized through the complexation of oxalic acid (OA) and polyvinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoro propylene (PVdF-HFP). Interestingly, the addition of a small amount of the basic component dimethylacetamide (DMA) gives rise to a three-order increase in conductivity. The value is found to depend on the concentrations of the weak acid and DMA in the electrolytes. A maximum conductivity of 0.12×10−3 Scm−1 has been achieved at ambient temperature for electrolytes containing 40wt.% OA with DMA. The observed increase in conductivity is considered to be due to interactions taking place between the high dielectric polymer media, the acid and the basic plasticizer. These interactions are confirmed from fourier transform infra red (FTIR) studies and supported by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. Apart from providing acid–base interaction, the base DMA also improves the surface morphology and reduces the pore volume, both of which help to retain the acid–base complex within the membrane.
Large volume changes and limited access to redox sites of high capacity anode materials are great challenges. Although, various strategies were adopted but still results are far from required values for their practical usage. Here, we have designed a unique structure to prevent surface reaction and structural disintegration meanwhile intrinsic conductivity is improved to involve all redox sites in conversion reaction. CoSn x @C–PAn hybrid was synthesized through aqueous chemical route, Co doping in tin make accessible all redox sites by faster conduction of electrons while its hard nature relaxes internal stress, carbon shell prevents surface reaction and brings well control on solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film by maintaining barrier between electrode surface and electrolyte and nitrogen doped porous carbon provides faster diffusion of Li+ deep in electrode make possible high mass loadings and conduction highway for electrons. Furthermore, porous carbon also provides room to compensate volume expansion and keeps electrode structure stable. Because of its unique structure hybrid shows excellent reversible capacity of 2044mAh/g (retention 100%) with mass loading of 3.8mg/cm2 along with long cyclic life up to 1000 cycles and bears high rate capability (20A/g).We believe that present study makes possible the use of high capacity materials in applications.
The adequate control of asthma includes the absence of nocturnal symptoms, minimal use of medication, normal or nearly normal lung function and no limitations to physical activity. The choice of a more sedentary lifestyle can lead to physical de-conditioning, thereby aggravating asthma symptoms and increasing the risk of obesity.
The costs and benefits of clean energy transitions will not be equally distributed. This Review of the literature on potential adverse impacts for specific communities highlights opportunities for future research to contribute to the design of policies and programmes that address these disparities.
A hybrid battery–supercapacitor (LiMn2O4 +AC)/Li4Ti5O12 using a Li4Ti5O12 anode and a LiMn2O4/activated carbon (AC) composite cathode was built. The electrochemical performances of the hybrid battery–supercapacitor (LiMn2O4 +AC)/Li4Ti5O12 were characterized by cyclic voltammograms, electrochemical impedance spectra, rate charge–discharge and cycle performance testing. It is demonstrated that the hybrid battery–supercapacitor has advantages of both the high rate capability from hybrid capacitor AC/Li4Ti5O12 and the high capacity from secondary battery LiMn2O4/Li4Ti5O12. Moreover, the electrochemical measurements also show that the hybrid battery–supercapacitor has good cycle life performance. At 4C rate, the capacity loss in constant current mode is no more than 7.95% after 5000cycles, and the capacity loss in constant current–constant voltage mode is no more than 4.75% after 2500cycles.
The ternary pnictides Li3LaX2 (X = P, As, Sb, Bi) were synthesized by the reaction of the elements in sealed niobium ampoules in a resistance furnace. The new phase Li3LaAs2 was obtained for the first time and completes this pnictide series. The structure of Li3LaAs2 was investigated by X-ray diffraction on a single crystal: Li3LaSb2 type, P3¯
An inventory of mercury emissions from anthropogenic activities in China is compiled for the year 1999 from official statistical data. We estimate that China's emissions were 536 (±236)t of total mercury. This value includes open biomass burning, but does not include natural sources or re-emission of previously deposited mercury. Approximately 45% of the Hg comes from non-ferrous metals smelting, 38% from coal combustion, and 17% from miscellaneous activities, of which battery and fluorescent lamp production and cement production are the largest. Emissions are heaviest in Liaoning and Guangdong Provinces, where extensive smelting occurs, and in Guizhou Province, where there is much small-scale combustion of high-Hg coal without emission control devices. Emissions are gridded at 30×30min spatial resolution. We estimate that 56% of the Hg in China is released as Hg0, 32% as Hg2+, and 12% as Hgp. Particulate mercury emissions are high in China due to heavy burning of coal in residential and small industrial settings without PM controls. Emissions of Hg2+ from coal-fired power plants are high due to the absence of flue-gas desulfurization units, which tend to dissolve the soluble divalent mercury. Metals smelting operations favor the production of elemental mercury. Much of the Hg is released from small-scale activities in rather remote areas, and therefore the activity levels are quite uncertain. Also, emissions test data for Chinese sources are lacking, causing uncertainties in Hg emission factors and removal efficiencies. Overall, we calculate an uncertainty level of ±44% (95% confidence interval) in the estimate of total emissions. We recommend field testing of coal combustors and smelters in China to improve the accuracy of these estimates.
State of charge (SOC) estimation is a key function of the battery management system for human–machine interactions and systems control. This study proposes a new approach for SOC estimation based on computing the amount of Lithium (Li) in the electrode particles. The distribution of the Li concentration in the electrode particles are simulated and dynamically updated by solving the solid phase diffusion equation. By integrating the Li concentration distribution function over the battery volume, the battery SOC is estimated according to the calculated amount of dischargeable Li in the particles. The capacity changes of a LiPFeO4 battery during discharge are measured and calculated using this approach. The calculated capacities agree well with the measured capacities. The maximum difference is approximately 2.4%. The effects of operating temperature and current density on the Li concentration distribution during discharge are investigated. The Li concentration gradient in the particles increases as the operating temperature decreases or as the discharge rate increases. The capacity of dischargeable Li decreases approximately linearly by 52.2% as the operating temperature decreases from 25 °C to −20 °C, while it increases less than 3.5% when the operating temperature increases from 25 °C to 40 °C.
ZEBRA batteries use plain salt and nickel as the raw material for their electrodes in combination with a ceramic electrolyte and a molten salt. This combination provides a battery system related specific energy of 120Wh/kg and a specific power of 180W/kg. With these data the battery is well designed for all types of electric vehicles and hybrid electric buses. The ZEBRA battery technology is industrialised in Switzerland where a new plant has a capacity of 2000 packs a year with expansion prepared for 30,000 packs a year.
Tic frequency was assessed and compared across home and clinic as well as three experimentally-manipulated situations in order to assess the phenomenon of tic reactivity. Forty-three youngsters with chronic tic disorder recruited from two geographically-distinct sites were videotaped over three weekly laboratory visits under each of the following conditions: (1) alone/camera present, (2) other present/camera present, and (3) alone/camera hidden. Contrary to expectation, more tics were observed during overt as compared to covert observation, while the presence of another person had no overall impact on tic expression. Mean tic counts obtained from clinic observation did not significantly differ from those obtained at home collected either one day before or after. Tic frequency counts were remarkably stable over the three weekly assessments both at home and clinic. Study findings are consistent with past observations that tic expression can be influenced by environmental factors and suggest the stability of tic frequency may exhibit greater temporal and setting stability than previously thought. The clinical and research implications of these results are discussed.
The following paper provides a case study of the resistance of the New York Performance Standards Consortium to the state’s unitary high stakes testing policy from 1998 to 2006. After detailing the history of the grass roots actions undertaken by the group of alternative high schools called ‘The Consortium’, the analysis seeks to apply sociological and philosophical theory of, among others, John Rawls and Charles Willie to explain: (1) the success of the subdominant people of power in fighting the implementation of the battery of high stakes graduation tests; and (2) the failures of the dominant state authority to uniformly enforce its policy, with particular regard to the decisions of New York’s Commissioner of Education. Implications of the case are then discussed to place this little known educational struggle in a broader social, political and historical context.
End-of-dose motor fluctuations are regarded as one of the core troublesome symptoms by patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Treatment of levodopa (
A facile approach that combines the chemical etching with sulfidation of the sacrificial templates of the Fe-based MOFs is developed to prepare FeS2@ Porous Octahedral Carbon (FeS2@POC). The porous carbon shell can improve the conductivity of active materials, bring a high reversible capacity. Moreover, the void space between carbon and FeS2 can accommodate the volume changes during cycling and the existence of carbon can prevent the aggregation of pulverized FeS2 particles during Li ions insertion/extraction process, which are favorable to gain superior cycling stability. When used as an anode for lithium-ion batteries, the FeS2@POC shows superior electrochemical performance with a high specific capacity, excellent rate performance (381 mAh g−1 at 5000 mA g−1) and good cyclability (1074 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 after 100 cycles, about 99% capacity retention). The results demonstrate that this product may be considered as a promising anode material for advanced lithium-ion batteries.
A series of Li[Cr x Li(1−x)/3Mn2(1−x)/3]O2 (0.15≤ x ≤0.3) cathode materials was prepared by citric acid-assisted, sol–gel process. Sub-micron sized particles were obtained and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that the crystal structure was similar to layered lithium transition metal oxides (R-3m space group). The electrochemical performance of the cathodes was evaluated over the voltage range 2.0–4.9V at a current density of 7.947mAg−1. The Li1.27Cr0.2Mn0.53O2 electrode delivered a high reversible capacity of up to 280mAhg−1 during cycling. Li[Cr x Li(1−x)/3Mn2(1−x)/3]O2 yielded a promising cathode material.
Presenting Author details:else.marie.loeberg@psych.uib.no Sandviksleitet 1, 5035 Bergen, Norway, Tel.: +47 98 094420. Background: A history of cannabis abuse in schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses may indicate a subgroup with a different neurodevelopmental course. We present data from a study on neurocognitive functioning in this patient group with and without a history of cannabis abuse (can+ and can−), in addition to preliminary data from an ongoing study on neurocognitive changes over time in these groups. Methods: Study A: A heterogeneous group of 31 schizophrenic patients where split into can+/can− groups based on patient's records, a therapist's questionnaire, and Structured Clinical Interview (SCID) interviews and compared on a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery, clinical and demographic data. Study B: 26 patients with acute schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses were examined at admission, after 6 weeks and 3 months. They were split into can+/can− groups based on patient's records and Clinician Drug Use Scale, validated through urine samples. They were compared on neuropsychological functioning (neuropsychological screening test at admission and 6 weeks, comprehensive battery at 3 months) and clinical and demographic data. Results: Study A: The can+ group performed better than the can− group in regard to general abilities, executive functions, attention/working memory and psychomotor speed. Furthermore, the can+ group showed a 4-year younger onset age. Study B: The can+ group showed a different dynamic of neurocognitive functioning over time than the can− group, with larger improvements of their neurocognitive functioning. Conclusions: Both studies suggest a lower neurocognitive vulnerability load in the can+ group. In this group, cannabis abuse, more than neurocognitive vulnerability, may trigger the neurocognitive and psychotic breakdown seen at the acute state. Such a cannabis-induced breakdown may also explain the earlier onset age in this group.
Tunneled metal oxides such as α-Mn8O16 (hollandite) have proven to be compelling candidates for charge-storage materials in high-density batteries. In particular, the tunnels can support one-dimensional chains of K+ ions (which act as structure-stabilizing dopants) and H2O molecules, as these chains are favored by strong H-bonds and electrostatic interactions. In this work, we examine the role of water molecules in enhancing the stability of K+-doped α-Mn8O16 (cryptomelane). The combined experimental and theoretical analyses show that for high enough concentrations of water and tunnel-ions, H2O displaces K+ ions from their natural binding sites. This displacement becomes energetically favorable due to the formation of K2+ dimers, thereby modifying the stoichiometric charge of the system. These findings have potentially significant technological implications for the consideration of cryptomelane as a Li+/Na+ battery electrode. Our work establishes the functional role of water in altering the energetics and structural properties of cryptomelane, an observation that has frequently been overlooked in previous studies.
Tin (Sn) is a candidate material for anodes (negative electrodes) of lithium-ion batteries because of its high theoretical energy capacity. In this paper, we report an observation of Sn-whisker growth on Sn-thin films after lithiation and delithiation. The compressive stress generated by electrochemical lithiation of the Sn-thin films is likely the driving force for the growth of the Sn whiskers. Attention should therefore be paid to the issue of Sn-whisker growth for Sn-based electrodes since Sn whiskers may penetrate through the separator, and short-circuit the electrochemical cell.
The effect of operating parameters such as the duty ratio, the pulse frequency and design parameters (the capacitor configuration index) on the performance of a battery/hybrid system were studied in detail. The highest value of the fractional capacity increase was observed at duty ratios of 0.2–0.3 depending on the frequency of operation. The increase of the discharge capacity of the hybrid system was limited above the maximum Eigen frequency. The hybrid system has smaller internal ohmic losses when compared to the battery. Higher power can be withdrawn from the hybrid system which has the same energy as that of the battery. However when compared on a mass basis, the Ragone plots indicated that the hybrid has lower power and energy densities.
Community energy storage (CES) is becoming an attractive technological option to facilitate the use of distributed renewable energy generation, manage demand loads and decarbonise the residential sector. There is strong interest in understanding the techno-economic benefits of using CES systems, which energy storage technology is more suitable and the optimum CES size. In this study, the performance including equivalent full cycles and round trip efficiency of lead-acid (PbA) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries performing demand load shifting are quantified as a function of the size of the community using simulation-based optimisation. Two different retail tariffs are compared: a time-of-use tariff (Economy 7) and a real-time-pricing tariff including four periods based on the electricity prices on the wholesale market. Additionally, the economic benefits are quantified when projected to two different years: 2020 and a hypothetical zero carbon year. The findings indicate that the optimum PbA capacity was approximately twice the optimum Li-ion capacity in the case of the real-time-pricing tariff and around 1.6 times for Economy 7 for any community size except a single home. The levelised cost followed a negative logarithmic trend while the internal rate of return followed a positive logarithmic trend as a function of the size of the community. PbA technology reduced the levelised cost down to 0.14£/kWh when projected to the year 2020 for the retail tariff Economy 7. CES systems were sized according to the demand load and this approximated the performance of PbA and Li-ion batteries, the capital cost per unit energy storage (kWh) of the latter assumed to be the double.
The increasing use of small-scale, distributed electricity storage for residential electricity storage in individual homes (e.g., Tesla Powerwall® batteries) and storage-based demand response has introduced an emerging challenge for current electricity grids in the form of raised peak loads or “new” peaks on the grid caused by unconstrained charging of the distributed electricity storage. Such a challenge poses a critical need for practical dispatch strategies which have been addressed in previous studies, e.g. for electric vehicles. However, few previous studies were conducted in the context of micro-grids. In addition, although there are alternatives such as distributed and central control strategies, it remains unclear which strategy – and to what extent – could outperform the other in terms of economics and environmental impacts. Here, we study such dispatch strategies for a large number of residential electricity storage devices in a micro-grid, along with their economic and environmental benefits. A central control scheme is proposed for coordinating dispatch among multiple distributed electricity storage devices that are interconnected through a micro-grid network, thus enabling storage-based loadshifting. A case study based on New York State tariffs and generation assets is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Our simulation results show that the proposed central control scheme can yield annual profits (i.e., reduced time-of-use tariff costs minus levelized storage cost) ranging from 4.3% to 24% of the annual cost without storage. These profits are up to 43% higher than those achieved under the distributed control strategy. In addition, the central control strategies yield positive impacts for the environment by effectively alleviating state-wide emissions from electricity generation.
Size effects on the lattice parameter and optical gap energy E g are investigated in SrTiO3 nanoparticles in the range of the average size D for 12–40nm. An anomalous lattice expansion is found in SrTiO3 nanoparticles, i.e., the lattice parameter a increases from 3.909Å at D = 40 nm to 3.920Å at D = 12 nm , which is in contrast with the lattice contraction in metal nanocrystals. We have ascribed the lattice expansion to the negative pressure effects due to the enhanced surface-defect dipole in the smaller particles. Such a model also explains change of the E g-value with particle size.
Summary The use of diagnostic technologies is imperative in today’s healthcare setting, aiding accurate diagnosis and correct treatment. This paper critically reviews the use of X-rays in assessing the need for a total knee replacement, by the confirmation of a diagnosis of degenerative joint disease. It provides a comprehensive potted history of the use of X-rays, from the discovery by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895 through to the development of the technology by the military to the present day usage of computed radiography. By way of a case study this paper explores issues of patient safety and preparation considering professional and legal implications of consent and a student’s perspective of communication difficulties experienced in gaining this.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common clinical features of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, NPS profiles in PD subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have scarcely been investigated. We aimed to describe the NPS profiles of non-demented PD subjects with and without MCI. A total of 410 non-demented PD subjects were included. Of these, 164 were cognitively normal PD subjects (PD-cn), 142 PD had amnestic MCI (PD-aMCI), and 104 had PD with non-amnestic MCI (PD-naMCI). NPS were evaluated in accordance with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). PD-aMCI subjects revealed the highest NPS burden, followed by PD-naMCI and then PD-cn. Overall, the most common NPS in PD-MCI were in order: depression, sleep disturbance, anxiety and apathy. Irritability was significantly associated with PD-aMCI and PD-naMCI. Prospective studies are required to evaluate the significance, clinical correlates and prognostic role of NPS in subject with PD-MCI.
Mobile computation offloading has been identified as a key-enabling technology to overcome the inherent processing power and storage constraints of mobile end devices. To satisfy the low-latency requirements of content-rich mobile applications, existing mobile cloud computing solutions allow mobile devices to access the required resources by accessing a nearby resource-rich cloudlet, suffering increased capital and operational expenditures. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose an infrastructure and architectural approach based on the orchestrated planning and operation of optical data center networks and wireless access networks. To this end, a novel formulation based on a multi-objective nonlinear programming model is presented that considers energy-efficient virtual infrastructure planning over the converged wireless, optical network interconnecting DCs with mobile devices, taking a holistic view of the infrastructure. Our modelling results identify trends and trade-offs relating to end-to-end service delay, mobility, resource requirements and energy consumption levels of the infrastructure across the various technology domains.