batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This work is focused at optimizing an ethanol reforming process over a Ni/Cu catalyst to produce a hydrogen rich stream in order to feed a solid polymer fuel cell (SPFC). The effect of the reaction temperature, H2O/EtOH and O2/EtOH molar ratios of the feed to the reformer was studied under diluted conditions in order to maximize the hydrogen content and the CO2/CO x molar ratio at the outlet of the ethanol reformer. Based on the experimental results, a detailed kinetic scheme of the ethanol reforming was discussed as a function of the temperature, special attention was paid to the role of oxygen in the reaction selectivity and coke formation. Moreover, the coke nature was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and TPO and TPH experiments. The tests carried out at on-board reformer conditions allowed a hydrogen rich mixture (33%) in the outlet reformer flow that can be even increased by water gas sift reactions downstream. The high hydrogen content of the flow to the fuel cell together with the stability of the Ni/Cu catalyst, fully demonstrated by long time runs, can be considered of high interest for SPFC applications.
Asbestos-containing fire sleeves have been used as a fire protection measure for aircraft fluid hoses. This investigation was conducted to determine the level of airborne asbestos fiber exposure experienced by mechanics who work with fire sleeve protected hoses. Duplicate testing was performed inside a small, enclosed workroom during the fabrication of hose assemblies. Personal air samples taken during this work showed detectable, but low airborne asbestos fiber exposures. Analysis of personal samples (n =9) using phrase contract microscopy (PCM) indicated task duration airborne fiber concentrations ranging from 0.017 to 0.063 fibers per milliliter (f/ml) for sampling durations of 167–198min, and 0.022–0.14f/ml for 30min samples. Airborne chrysotile fibers were detected for four of these nine personal samples, and the resulting asbestos adjusted airborne fiber concentrations ranged from 0.014 to 0.025f/ml. These results indicate that work with asbestos fire sleeve and fire sleeve protected hose assemblies, does not produce regulatory noncompliant levels of asbestos exposure for persons who handle, cut and fit these asbestos-containing materials.
Background Advances in neonatal intensive care have improved the survival rate of preterm babies over the last decades. However, despite the increased survival rate of these babies, the risk for cognitive and behavioral problems at school age has increased too. These problems are often attributable to specific attentional deficits. The early detection of attentional problems is therefore a challenging but important endeavor for clinicians. Objective The investigation of attentional functioning and all its subcomponents in preterms at preschool age. Methods Preterm (N=56) and full-term children (N=56) between 5;5 and 6;11 years (average 5;7), matched for age and gender, were assessed for the following attentional components: alertness, sustained attention, processing speed, orienting, perception, focused attention, go/nogo, distractibility, divided attention and flexibility. Each construct was assessed through subtests of the following neuropsychological batteries: KITAP/TAP and HAWIK-IV. Further factors such as parental ratings and descriptive item-based evaluation of the child's behavior during the neuropsychological assessment were also considered. Results Preterms show poor attentional performance in sustained attention, focused attention and distractibility, as well as a reduction of processing speed in the visual search task, divided attention and flexibility. Decrease of volitional attention compared to automatic attention was also identified. No problems were detected in alertness and inhibition (go/nogo). In addition, a higher rate of test-aborts, decreased motivation, and poor parental ratings were detected among the preterm population. Conclusion The results highlight the difference of attentional functioning between preterm and full-term children, pointing out the importance of new neuropsychological techniques for the detection of specific attentive disorders.
This study reports the cognitive and arithmetic improvement of a mathematical model based on the program PASS Remedial Program (PREP), which aims to improve specific cognitive processes underlying academic skills such as arithmetic. For this purpose, a group of 20 students from the last four grades of Primary Education was divided into two groups. One group (n =10) received training in the program and the other served as control. Students were assessed at pre and post intervention in the PASS cognitive processes (planning, attention, simultaneous and successive processing), general level of intelligence, and arithmetic performance in calculus and solving problems. Performance of children from the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group in cognitive process and arithmetic. This joint enhancement of cognitive and arithmetic processes was a result of the operationalization of training that promotes the encoding task, attention and planning, and learning by induction, mediation and verbalization. The implications of this are discussed.
The central goals of this manuscript are (1) to better characterize what appears to be the most parsimonious account of schizophrenic long-term memory impairment in the neuropsychological literature: a contextual binding deficit rooted in the medial temporal lobes; (2) to link this deficit to concrete abnormalities at the level of the hippocampus; and (3) to suggest that this deficit could lead to the functional impairment experienced by schizophrenia patients in their daily lives. As far as long-term memory is concerned in schizophrenia, there seems to be a general agreement to conclude that explicit mechanisms are disturbed compared to relatively spared implicit mechanisms. More precisely, both subsystems of explicit memory (i.e., episodic and semantic) appear to be dysfunctional in this patient population. Errors during the encoding processes could be responsible for this dysfunction even if retrieval per se is not totally spared. Recently, a number of studies have suggested that impairments in conscious recollection and contextual binding are closely linked to episodic memory deficit. Since the hippocampal formation is considered to be the central element in the neural support for contextual binding and episodic memory, we have conducted an extensive review of the literature concerning the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia. Emerging evidence from varying disciplines confirm the coherence of the different anomalies reported concurrently at the neuroanatomical, neurodevelopmental, biochemical, and genetic levels. It seems highly probable that the synaptic disorganization in the hippocampus concerns the regions crucial for encoding and contextual binding memory processes. The consequences of these deficits could result in schizophrenia patients experiencing major difficulties when facing usual events which have not been encoded with their proper context.
Silane-based electrolyte is a promising candidate for safer electrochemical energy storage devices because it is thermally and electrochemical stable, less flammable and environmental benign. In this paper, electrochemical properties of one of the silane-based electrolytes, tri(ethylene glycol)-substituted trimethylsilane (1NM3)–lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB) was studied using LiMn2O4 as cathode and MAG graphite as anode. When combined with LiBOB as lithium salt, the 1NM3–LiBOB electrolyte can provide solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation due to the reductive decomposition of LiBOB at first charging cycle. Compared to the electrolyte used in the conventional lithium-ion batteries, 1NM3–LiBOB electrolyte showed compatible battery performance in LiMn2O4/MAG chemistry. The AC impedance measurement indicates that the activation energy (E a ) obtained from the charge transfer impedance for 1NM3–LiBOB was higher than that of the state-of-the-art electrolyte. Due to its low conductivity, the rate capability of 1NM3–LiBOB electrolyte needs to be improved.
First-principles calculations within the spin-polarized generalized gradient approximation framework are performed on rhombohedral and its Jahn–Teller distorted monoclinic LiMnO2 with different spin configurations. It is found that the Jahn–Teller (JT) effect is driven by high-spin Mn3+ ion and it should disappear in low-spin state. With JT distortion, the initially degenerate eg states is split by a gap of 687meV, which responds for the semiconduction of monoclinic LiMnO2. Based on the analyses of the changes induced by JT distortion in the crystal, electronic structures and chemical bondings, approaches to suppress the JT effect and synthesize rhombohedral LiMnO2 are suggested. At last, the JT effect is decomposed into an electronic and an elastic term.
The electronic spatial extent (ESE) of ions was defined as a major concept for assessing the cause of overpotential in the charging and discharging processes of a nanoporous activated carbon (AC) electrode. The performance degradation of AC/Li half-cells was caused by the overpotential, which was in discord with the electrolyte conductivity and ion size. Compared to the overpotential with the salt concentration, the AC/Li half-cell with a high concentration had a smaller overpotential, and its discharge patterns were similar to the curves obtained from the half-cells with a smaller ESE of BF4 − ion. The ESE is a more realistic solution for determining the overpotential of the nanoporous capacitor, such as supercapacitor and Li ion capacitor, because its capacity is dependent on the electron density at the electric double layer of the capacitor electrode.
Understanding the fundamental properties, particularly identifying the independent effect of factors that govern catalytic activities, is crucial to design strategies for synthesizing efficient electrocatalysts. Here, we have explored the independent effect of mixed valence and oxygen defects on the catalytic origin by artificially engineering the stoichiometry of Li2RuO3. On the basis of the operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) results, we demonstrated that the mixed valence enhanced the redox reversibility of ruthenium ions and the oxygen defects provided more electrocatalytic active sites. Consequently, non-stoichiometric Li2−xRuO3−y exhibited superior performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and Zn–air batteries in alkaline media compared to state-of-the-art Pt/C and RuO2. Moreover, the applicability of the nonstoichiometric effect in various electrocatalytic reactions was systematically verified. Therefore, artificially induced non-stoichiometry is a feasible strategy to design efficient multifunctional electrocatalysts and this strategy can be applied to general metal oxide electrocatalysts for various electrocatalytic reactions.
In this report, the potential of diethyl carbonate (DEC) as a plasticizer influence the conductivity and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) efficiency. PVA-PC-EC-DMSO-TBAI-KI-DEC based gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) have been prepared and utilized in DSSCs. The GPEs contain DEC have been characterized using X-ray diffraction and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). X-ray diffraction indicates the amorphousness of the prepared GPEs. The highest conductivity derived from the EIS measurement is (6.64 ± 0.07) mS cm−1 exhibited GPE containing 5.47 wt.% PVA: 10.95 wt.% PC: 8.21 wt.% EC: 60.22 wt.% DMSO: 8.05 wt.% TBAI: 3.45 wt.% KI: 1.08 wt.% I2: 2.57 wt.% DEC gel polymer electrolyte. The highest conducting electrolyte was dominated by the highest charge carrier mobility and diffusivity. The conductivity-temperature plotted is Arrhenius. The DSSCs with the highest conducting GPE exhibits the highest efficiency of 7.50%. Other parameters are short-current density (Jsc) of 16.05 mA cm−2, open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.64 V and fill factor (FF) of 0.73. In short, the DEC plasticizer improves the conductivity and DSSCs efficiency precisely.
Mesoporous single crystal (PSC) oxides have been reported as presenting higher electrochemical performances than bulk materials in lithium ion batteries operating via intercalation processes. Here, we extend this study to the electrochemical behaviour of mesoporous Cr2O3 versus Li+/Li0. We confirm that the Cr2O3 reacts towards Li through a conversion reaction mechanism leading, upon discharge, to the formation of large metallic chromium nanoparticles (10nm); the latter are embedded into a Li2O matrix together with, in this specific case, a copious amount of polymeric materials coming from electrolyte degradation, surrounding the particles, and filling the pores. During the following charge, re-oxidation of the nanoparticles occurs with the formation of CrO1−x , with the main difference, as opposed to bulk Cr2O3 electrodes, being the preservation of the polymeric layer at the end of the charge. We believe the material mesoporosity, via capillary effects, to be at the origin of such a difference. These electrolyte degradation products are shown to help in maintaining the material mesoporosity for a great number of cycles; and interestingly they are not detrimental to the cell performance in terms of capacity retention while presenting great advantages in terms of charge transfer by reducing diffusion lengths, namely for Li+ ions. The positive attributes of mesoporous material-based electrodes noticed for insertion reactions can then be extended to conversion reaction electrodes as long as we can master their synthesis while controlling their mesoporosity through either soft or hard templating techniques.
Background The reasoning bias of jumping to conclusions (JTC) consists of a tendency to make assumptions having little information. Objective The aim of this study was to estimate the differences in neuropsychological functioning between recent onset psychotic patients who jump to conclusions and those who do not jump to conclusions. Materials and methods One hundred and twenty-two patients with a recent onset of a psychotic disorder were assessed with three JTC tasks and a neuropsychological battery exploring verbal learning, memory, attention, psychomotor speed, visuoperceptual abilities, working memory, problem solving, executive functioning. Results A total of 29.7% (n=36) of the individuals jumped to conclusions in Task 1, 14.0% (n=17) in Task 2, and 15.7% (n=19) in Task 3. People who jump to conclusions in three tasks scored significantly worse in many neuropsychological domain deficits, including attention (p<0.001–0.020), psychomotor speed (p<0.001), working memory (p<0.001–0.040), and executive functioning (p<0.001–0.042). Discussion The present study demonstrates that JTC is present even in early stages of the illness, and that there is a relationship between JTC and neuropsychological functioning.
Sudden cardiac death is recognised as a devastating consequence of non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Although implantable cardiac defibrillators offer protection against some forms of sudden death, the identification of patients in this population most likely to benefit from this therapy remains challenging and controversial. In this review, we evaluate current guidelines and explore established and novel predictors of sudden cardiac death in patients with non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy.
The implementation of high potential materials as positive electrodes in high energy Li-ion batteries requires to develop scalable and smart synthetic routes. In the case of the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) spinel material, a successful preparation strategy must drive the phase formation in order to obtain structural, morphological and surface properties capable to boost performances in lithium cells and minimize the electrolyte degradation. Here we discuss a novel simple and easily scalable mechanochemical synthetic route, followed by a high temperature annealing in air, to prepare LMNO materials starting from oxides. A synergic doping with chromium and iron has been incorporated, resulting in the spontaneous segregation of a CrOx-rich surface layer. The effect of the annealing temperature on the physico-chemical properties of the LMNO material has been investigated as well as the effect on the performances in Li-cells.
Lead-acid (PbA) batteries are a key component in contemporary conventional and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), as they play the key role of providing starting-lightning-ignition (SLI) functionality in the vehicle. In this paper, a semi-empirical model of a 12 V SLI PbA battery is developed that incorporates major electrochemical phenomena of the battery, including major degradation mechanisms that are relevant to SLI PbA batteries. The purpose of the model is to establish the feasibility of extracting features of the battery state of health (SOH) from its step response. An aging campaign based on a modified version of the IEC 60095-1 standard is used to age a battery, and the resulting data is used to validate the model. By estimating the exchange current and charge transfer resistances of the electrodes at regular intervals, it is shown that they exhibit a monotonic correlation with battery capacity degradation. The model is further validated with data from a battery aged under real-world conditions. The novelty of this work lies in the demonstration that the effect of the dominant aging mechanisms on battery capacity can be extracted using data obtained from a short step response (roughly 7 seconds), paving the way for real-time SOH estimation algorithms.
Ordered hierarchical architectures are attractive candidates for electrochemical energy storage applications. Herein, a facile self-template strategy is applied to prepare Fe7Se8 architectures with a monolithic structure via a self-synthesized single precursor and subsequent calcination at high temperature. With the support of oleylamine, the precursor is structurally targeted to engineer the Fe7Se8 microstructure, featuring nanorod bundles arranged along the longitudinal direction. Because of their ordered hierarchical structure, the Fe7Se8 nanorod bundles deliver a high reversible capacity of 300 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, along with exceptional rate capability up to 20 A g−1 and long-term cycle life over 8000 cycles, which represents the highest stability of Fe7Se8 anodes for sodium-ion batteries reported to date. The feasibility of the present strategy to prepare metal selenide structures highlights its promising potential for the rational and effective engineering of electrode materials responsible for the electrochemical performance of energy storage systems.
The beak of the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas is a fascinating example of how seamlessly nature builds with mechanically mismatched materials. A 200-fold stiffness gradient begins in the hydrated chitin of the soft beak base and gradually increases to maximum stiffness in the dehydrated distal rostrum. Here, we combined RNA-Seq and proteomics to show that the beak contains two protein families. One family consists of chitin-binding proteins (DgCBPs) that physically join chitin chains, whereas the other family comprises highly modular histidine-rich proteins (DgHBPs). We propose that DgHBPs play multiple key roles during beak bioprocessing, first by forming concentrated coacervate solutions that diffuse into the DgCBP-chitin scaffold, and second by inducing crosslinking via an abundant GHG sequence motif. These processes generate spatially controlled desolvation, resulting in the impressive biomechanical gradient. Our findings provide novel molecular-scale strategies for designing functional gradient materials.
In this study, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-modified separator is developed by using a simple and facile method for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. CTAB is coated on only one side of separator using a doctor blade. The coated CTAB on the separator improves wettability between separator and electrolyte and ionic conductivity of separator. In addition, CTAB also inhibits the migration of dissolved polysulfides to the anode side. These phenomena improve the electrochemical properties of Li–S batteries using CTAB-coated separators. Cells using the CTAB-coated separator exhibit an initial capacity of 1136 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C-rate. In addition, they can maintain a higher capacity (765 mAh g−1) and capacity retention rate (67.3%) after 150 cycles as compared to pristine Li–S batteries (549 mAh g−1 and 48.5%, respectively). These results indicate that the CTAB-coated separator can enhance the performance of Li–S batteries.
In order to improve the electrochemical performance of rare-earth-based AB5-type electrode alloy, the AB5-type Mm(NiMnSiAl)4.3Co0.6−x Fe x (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) electrode alloys were quenched by melt-spinning. The phase structures and microstructure morphologies of the as-cast and quenched alloys were analyzed by XRD, SEM and TEM. The effects of the rapid quenching on the microstructures and electrochemical performances of the alloys were investigated in detail. The obtained results show that the as-quenched alloys have an excellent activation performance and can be completely activated through two to five charge–discharge cycles. The effect of the rapid quenching on the capacities of the alloys with Fe content x ≤ 0.2 is minor, and the capacities and high rate discharge abilities of the alloys with Fe content x > 0.2 decrease significantly with the increase of quenching rate. The cycle lives of the alloys increase greatly with the increase of the quenching rate.
Derma roller, a device rolled onto the skin to form micropores, is extensively used for cosmetic purposes. The pores thus created are utilized to either result in the induction of collagen production, leading to glowing and wrinkle-free skin or for permeating the applied formulations to the site of action within the skin. Recent studies have shown the benefits of using derma rollers for transdermal delivery of drugs. In the nascent stage, this approach paves a way to successfully breach the stratum corneum and aid in the movement of medications directed towards the dermis and the hair follicles. The review essentially summarizes the evidence of the use of derma rollers in cosmetic setup, their designing, and the preclinical and clinical reports of efficacy, safety, and concerns when translated for pharmaceutical purposes and transdermal drug delivery.
We confirmed the existence of LiO2 by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) in TEGDME based Li-O2 batteries. Our results indicated that Li2O2 is generated through stepwise electrochemical reactions rather than disproportionation. We report for the first time that the formed Li2O2 oxidizes to LiO2 at relative negative potential and O2 at positive potential respectively. Our conclusions were based on both experimental observations and quantitative analysis. This may enlighten us to reconsider the Li-O2 batteries mechanisms in a quantitative way.