batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been linked to dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, indexed by salivary cortisol. The phenotypic and aetiological association of cortisol productivity with ADHD was investigated. A selected twin design using 68 male twin-pairs aged 12–15, concordant or discordant for high ADHD symptom scores, or control twin-pairs with low ADHD symptoms, based on developmentally stable parental ADHD ratings. A genetic growth curve model was applied to cortisol samples obtained across three points during a cognitive-electroencephalography assessment, to examine the aetiological overlap of ADHD affection status (high versus low ADHD symptom scores) with latent intercept and slope factors. A significant phenotypic correlation emerged between ADHD and the slope factor, with cortisol levels dropping faster for the group with high ADHD symptom scores. The analyses further suggested this overlap was mostly driven by correlated genetic effects. We identified change in cortisol activity over time as significantly associated with ADHD affection status, primarily explained by shared genetic effects, suggesting that blunted cortisol productivity can be a marker of genetic risk in ADHD.
Olfactory disorders are common in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). In IPD patients with hyposmia olfactory event-related potentials (ERPs) are typically found to be delayed or absent. Altered ERPs in IPD patients may also be consistent with reduced neuronal activity in the medial temporal lobe following olfactory stimulation, as demonstrated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We analyzed ERPs and fMRI scans of hyposmic IPD patients (n=18) to gain further insight about the brain regions involved in generation of olfactory ERPs. Patients were separated into two groups (n=9 per group), based on the detectability (+) or non-detectability (−) of ERPs. Central activation during olfactory stimulation was examined using fMRI. Both ERP+ and ERP− patients showed activity in brain areas relevant to olfactory processing, such as the amygdala, parahippocampal regions, and temporal regions (BA 37, 21/22). Comparison of both groups revealed higher activation in ERP+ patients, especially in the amygdala, parahippocampal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47), insula, cingulate gyrus, striatum, and inferior temporal gyrus. The relationship between the expression of olfactory ERPs and cortical activation patterns seen during olfactory stimulation in fMRI in IPD patients supports the idea that ERPs are a sensitive marker of neurodegeneration in olfactory regions. In accordance with current neuropathological staging concepts, olfactory ERPs may be reflecting pathological changes in olfactory regions, independent of the typically observed nigro-striatal degeneration in IPD. Reduced activation of primary olfactory areas in the ERP-group may reflect a severe disruption of olfactory processing in these patients.
The discovery of novel modulators of the cannabinoid system is a current topic in medicinal chemistry. In this paper, we report nine novel carboxamides designed as hybrids of Fubinaca family compounds and Rimonabant. These hybrids were obtained by linking the 1-benzyl-2,5-dichloroindazole-3-carboxylic acid to different amino acids bearing a hydrophobic side chain and three different C-terminus. The new chemical entities were tested in vitro to evaluate their bioactivity by means of receptor binding assays and [35S]GTPγS stimulation assays to reveal their affinity and potency. We found that all compounds were able to bind to the cannabinoid receptors in the low nanomolar range with a marked selectivity towards the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. Some of them are full agonists, whereas the others act as partial agonists. These molecules could be potentially used as anti-obesity agents, antiemetic and analgesics.
For a long time, cervical dystonia (CD) has been characterised only by disturbances in motor functioning. Despite accumulating evidence for symptomatology in various non-motor domains, to date no study has investigated social cognition in CD. The aim of this study was to compare performance of CD patients and healthy controls in neurocognitive and socio-cognitive domain. Twenty-five non-depressed patients with CD and 26 healthy controls underwent neuropsychological testing. This involved assessment of cognitive status (general intellect, verbal memory, and executive function), and socio-cognitive functions using a Theory of mind task and self-report on empathy and emotion regulation. In comparison to controls, CD patients displayed significantly decreased cognitive abilities, particularly in executive function and verbal memory tasks. Difficulties in inferring mental states on both cognitive and affective levels were also observed. The largest discrepancies were detected in understanding intentionality in others. Poorer performance in cognitive and socio-cognitive tasks was unrelated to severity of the disease. This is the first evidence of compromised socio-cognitive functions in CD patients, highlighting this domain as another facet of non-motor symptoms of this disease. Future studies should advance our understanding of the extent, nature, and time course of these deficits in other aspects of social cognition in this patient population.
Wearable electronics such as supercapacitors have been extensively explored and developed. Textile-based composites hold excellent promise as suitable hosts for electronic devices for the development of smart garments. In the present work, a textile-based electrode is developed through modification with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets and polypyrrole (PPy) nanospherical particles onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric. The conductive composites are used to fabricate flexible, all-solid-state supercapacitors by using a gel electrolyte. The optimum device delivers an areal capacitance of 0.23 F cm−2 at a scanning rate of 1 mV s−1, a volumetric capacitance of 5.5 F cm−3 at a discharge current density 1.6 mA cm−3, an energy density of 11 μWh cm−2 and a power density of 0.03 mW cm−2 corresponding to 6.86 mg cm−2 of electroactive materials loading. It also retains about 76% of the initial capacitance after 6000 cyclic voltammetric cycles and possesses excellent stability under bending.
Publisher Summary This chapter explores the use of small-scale hardware design. The microcontroller needs to transfer digital data between its CPU and the outside world. Parallel input/output (I/O) is the workhorse for all the basic data interchange of a microcontroller, including interfacing with switches, LED, displays and so on. A group of parallel I/O interconnections, appearing on the pins of the microcontroller, is called a parallel port. The chapter illustrates how simple logic circuits can be developed to give a flexible interface between the microcontroller data bus and the outside world—these are the parallel ports. The chapter explains how external devices can be connected to the parallel port. In addition, the parallel input/output available on the PIC 16F84A is discussed. The 16F84A has diverse and flexible parallel ports. The essential hardware features of power supply and clock oscillator are also discussed in this chapter. A microcontroller needs a clock signal in order to operate. The characteristics of the clock oscillator determine speed of operation and timing stability, and strongly influence power consumption.
Time-of-flight neutron diffraction for a series of lead–acid battery positive plate samples has shown that β-PbO2 is not stoichiometric, but has a deficiency of Pb relative to oxygen giving Pb0.92O2 to Pb0.96O2. The Pb vacancies cause a charge deficiency that is balanced by crystallographic hydrogen on a disordered site. The position of hydrogen is typical of hydrogen bonding as has been previously proposed based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. With either rapid or conventional charging, the amount of hydrogen substitution decreases and the β-PbO2 tends toward a stoichiometric composition at battery failure. High resolution SEM imaging of these and other battery samples shows a progressive change in the morphology of β-PbO2 and these changes appear to be the same for both rapid or conventional charging. The morphology progresses from elongated, well-formed crystals to equidimensional crystals to dense clusters of crystals with a consequent reduction in surface area. Neither stoichiometry nor morphology changes necessarily contribute to battery failure, but both progressively change over the cycle life of the battery.
Nitrogen-doped three-dimensional (3D) porous carbon materials have numerous applications due to their highly porous structures, abundant structural nitrogen heteroatom decoration and low densities. Herein, nitrogen doped hierarchical 3D porous carbons (NHPC) were prepared via a novel metal–organic aerogel (MOA), using hexamethylenetetramine (HMT), 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid and copper (II) as starting materials. The morphology, porous structure of the building blocks in the NHPC can be tuned readily using different amount of HMT, which makes elongation of the pristine octahedron of HKUST-1 to give rise to different aspect ratio rod-like structures. The as-prepared NHPC with rod-like carbons exhibit high performance in lithium sulfur battery due to the rational ion transfer pathways, high N-doped doping and hierarchical porous structures. As a result, the initial specific capacity of 1341 mA h/g at rate of 0.5 C (1 C = 1675 mA h/g) and high-rate capability of 354 mA h/g at 5 C was achieved. The decay over 500 cycles is 0.08% per cycle at 1 C, highlighting the long-cycle Li–S batteries.
Batten disease (also known as neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses) constitutes a family of devastating lysosomal storage disorders that collectively represent the most common inherited paediatric neurodegenerative disorders worldwide. Batten disease can result from mutations in 1 of 13 genes. These mutations lead to a group of diseases with loosely overlapping symptoms and pathology. Phenotypically, patients with Batten disease have visual impairment and blindness, cognitive and motor decline, seizures and premature death. Pathologically, Batten disease is characterized by lysosomal accumulation of autofluorescent storage material, glial reactivity and neuronal loss. Substantial progress has been made towards the development of effective therapies and treatments for the multiple forms of Batten disease. In 2017, cerliponase alfa (Brineura), a tripeptidyl peptidase enzyme replacement therapy, became the first globally approved treatment for CLN2 Batten disease. Here, we provide an overview of the promising therapeutic avenues for Batten disease, highlighting current FDA-approved clinical trials and prospective future treatments.
Residential fire sprinklers have long proven themselves as life-safety technologies to the fire service community. Yet, about 1% of all one- and two-family dwelling fires occur in homes protected by sprinklers. It has been argued that measured sprinkler performance has ignored factors confounding the relationship between sprinkler use and performance. In this analysis, sprinkler performance is measured by comparing ‘like’ structure fires, while conditioning on smoke detection technology and neighborhood housing and socioeconomic conditions, using propensity score matching. Results show that residential fire sprinklers protect occupant and firefighter health and safety, and are comparable to other life-safety technologies.
A new varying current decay (VCD) protocol, which charges the Li-ion battery at a faster rate, was developed. The performance of the battery charged using the VCD protocol was compared with the performance of batteries charged with conventional constant current–constant voltage (CC–CV) and constant voltage (CV) protocols. The destructive physical analysis tests at the end of 150 cycles indicated higher impedance for the cells cycled using the VCD protocol compared to the cell charged using the conventional (CC–CV) mode. The observed increase of the impedance was due to a small increase of the potential above the cut-off value of 4.2 for short times. A complete capacity fade material balance as a function of number of cycles was performed in order to account for the total capacity loss due to different charging protocols used. The loss of primary active material (Li+), the secondary active material (LiCoO2/carbon) and the rate capability losses were determined for Sony US 18650 Li-ion cells and compared for different charging protocols.
The deployment of energy storage systems (ESSs) is a significant avenue for maximising the energy efficiency of a distribution network, and overall network performance can be enhanced by their optimal placement, sizing, and operation. An optimally sized and placed ESS can facilitate peak energy demand fulfilment, enhance the benefits from the integration of renewables and distributed energy sources, aid power quality management, and reduce distribution network expansion costs. This paper provides an overview of optimal ESS placement, sizing, and operation. It considers a range of grid scenarios, targeted performance objectives, applied strategies, ESS types, and advantages and limitations of the proposed systems and approaches. While batteries are widely used as ESSs in various applications, the detailed comparative analysis of ESS technical characteristics suggests that flywheel energy storage (FES) also warrants consideration in some distribution network scenarios. This research provides recommendations for related requirements or procedures, appropriate ESS selection, smart ESS charging and discharging, ESS sizing, placement and operation, and power quality issues. Furthermore, this study identifies future research opportunities in relation to challenges for optimal ESS placement planning, development and implementation issues, optimisation techniques, social impacts, and energy security.
The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is a promising grid-scale energy storage technology, but future widespread commercialization requires a considerable reduction in capital costs. Determining the appropriate battery size for the intended power range can help minimize the amount of materials needed, thereby reducing capital costs. A physics-based model is an essential tool for predicting the power range of large scale VRFB systems to aid in the design optimization process. This paper presents a modeling framework that accounts for the effects of flow rate on the pumping losses, local mass transfer rate, and nonuniform vanadium concentration in the cell. The resulting low-order model captures battery performance accurately even at high power densities and remains computationally practical for stack-level optimization and control purposes. We first use the model to devise an optimal control strategy that maximizes battery life during discharge. Assuming optimal control is implemented, we then determine the upper efficiency limits of a given VRFB system and compare the net power and associated overpotential and pumping losses at different operating points. We also investigate the effects of varying the electrode porosity, stack temperature, and total vanadium concentration on the peak power.
Lithium metal with high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mAh/g) and the lowest electrochemical potential (−3.04 V vs standard hydrogen electrode) has been considered as the most promising anode material for next-generation rechargeable batteries. Since lithium readily reacts with most organic solvents, complete replacement of conventional electrolytes with solid electrolyte has attracted much attention. However, in solid-state lithium batteries uncontrollable lithium dendrites growth and large interface fluctuations during lithium plating/stripping still happens, leading to short circuit or capacity fading. This study employs Neutron Depth Profile (NDP), a unique tool with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution for lithium detection in solid device, to investigate the lithium plating behavior in Li|Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO)|Ti solid-state battery with three-dimensional (3D) Ti electrode. The experiments, together with theoretical modeling, show that the majority of lithium can be deposited in the void space of the Ti 3D electrode which largely diminishes solid electrolyte/electrode interface degradation and suppresses lithium dendrite growth as well. This research demonstrates that a negative electrode with efficiently designed 3D framework can not only undertake the huge volume expansion during lithium plating but also regulate lithium deposition behavior to inhibit Li dendrite growth.
Leaching studies of low-grade pyrolusite, containing 11.84% Mn with high silicon, were carried out using sodium sulfite as a reductant in ammonium sulfate medium. Various process parameters including temperature, leaching time, solid-liquid ratio, quantity of ammonium sulfate, as well as the amount of reducing agent were studied in detail. The manganese extraction yield was the response of the process. Temperature and reagent concentration exerted the most important positive effect on the manganese extraction. The optimized conditions showed that when the amount of reducing agent was a stoichonmetric amount, over 90% manganese extraction and the lowest impurities were achieved, the amount of heavy metal impurities in the manganese leaching liquid was less than 5 mg/L, and almost no iron and aluminum were extracted in 3 mom ammonium sulfate concentration at 100 °c in 45 min.
The Cognitive Assessment Interview (CAI) is an interview-based instrument to assess cognition considering the impact of cognitive impairment on daily activities. We aimed to explore the associations of the Spanish version of the CAI (CAI-Sp) with a neuropsychological battery and a measure of psychosocial functioning in psychosis. The sample consisted of fifty-six first episode psychosis (FEP) patients and 66 non-FEP patients, who were assessed with a neuropsychological battery, the CAI-Sp and the Short Disability Schedule (DAS-S). Patients also underwent clinical assessment. Additionally, 37 controls were assessed with the neuropsychological battery and CAI-Sp, for normalization purposes. The results showed that CAI-Sp scores were overall correlated with the neuropsychological battery in non-FEP patients. In FEP patients, we found fewer significant correlations. Most associations were maintained after controlling for clinical symptoms. CAI-Sp rater scores contributed to the variance in the DAS-S scores in both groups, as did negative and disorganized symptoms. The CAI-Sp may be a good instrument to assess cognition in non-FEP patients. In FEP patients, it was less effective in capturing cognitive impairments and their functional consequences, probably because cognitive deficits have yet to become evident, due to the recency of illness onset, and no functional disturbances were observed due to these cognitive impairments.
SiO/reduced graphene oxide (SiO/rGO) composite was prepared by a simple hydrothermal process involving the capsulation of SiO particles with graphene hydrogel followed by the HF treatment. The prepared composite electrode exhibited higher discharge capacity and better rate capability than the pristine SiO electrode. Such enchancement could be attributed to the efficient conducting/buffering rGO matrix and the successful corrosion of SiO2 shell on the surface of SiO.
Studies of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy provide few descriptions of seizures that arise in the temporopolar and the anterior temporobasal brain region. Based on connectivity, it might be assumed that the semiology of these seizures is similar to that of medial temporal lobe epilepsy. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the anterior temporobasal cortex may play an important role in the language system, which could account for particular features of seizures arising here. We studied the electroclinical features of seizures in patients with circumscribed temporopolar and temporobasal lesions in order to identify specific features that might differentiate them from seizures that originate in other temporal areas. Among 172 patients with temporal lobe seizures registered in our epilepsy unit in the last 15years, 15 (8.7%) patients had seizures caused by temporopolar or anterior temporobasal lesions (11 left-sided lesions). The main finding in our study is that patients with left-sided lesions had aphasia during their seizures as the most prominent feature. In addition, while all patients showed normal to high intellectual functioning in standard neuropsychological testing, semantic impairment was found in a subset of 9 patients with left-sided lesions. This case series demonstrates that aphasic seizures without impairment of consciousness can result from small, circumscribed left anterior temporobasal and temporopolar lesions. Thus, the presence of speech manifestation during seizures should prompt detailed assessment of the structural integrity of the basal surface of the temporal lobe in addition to the evaluation of primary language areas.
A battery energy storage system (BESS) is an available solution for utilities to deal with intermittency issues resulting from renewable energy resources. A BESS needs to have a control algorithm to provide a very good estimation of the load on the grid at each time step. A short-term load forecast (STLF) is necessary for efficient and optimized control of BESSs that are connected to the grid. In this work, two parallel-series techniques for load forecasting are proposed to optimize the performance of a grid-scale BESS (1 MW, 1.1 kWh) in 15-min steps within a moving 24-h window. In both techniques, a complex-valued neural network (CVNN) is used for parallel forecasting. The parallel component is based on the search for similar days of historical data that have a weekly index comparable to the forecast day. For series forecasting, historical data of each day is used within a moving forecast window by CVNN along with the spline method. For both techniques, parallel forecasting is mixed with series forecasting by an adjustment coefficient. Both techniques are tested on a set of real data for a grid with high PV penetration, and the obtained results are compared.
A new structured hollow carbon spheres with an open pore (HCSO) were synthesized by introducing a pore-forming agent PEG. Unlike the conventional hollow particles, the void space is fully utilized due to the presence of the open pore. As a proof-of-concept, MnO2 nanosheets are in-situ grown on both the outer shell and the inner cavity of HCSO forming sandwich structure via a facile redox method, named MnO2@HCSO composite. Meanwhile, the distance for lithium ion diffusion greatly reduces. When tested as an anode material for lithium ion batteries, MnO2@HCSO composite exhibits increased performance compared to MnO2/HCS composites which use traditional closed HCS as carbon matrix. It can still deliver a specific capacity of 398 mAh g−1 based on the whole mass of composite even when the current density was increased to 5 A g−1. This special designed structure would be extended to different fields, such as sensors and catalyst.
A thin film binary library of carbon-rich Fe1-xCx (0.47≤x≤0.97) alloys was prepared by combinatorial sputtering of carbon and iron. The sputtered library was characterized by X-ray diffraction and room temperature 57Fe Mössbauer effect spectroscopy to determine its microstructure. X-ray diffraction results show that the Fe1-xCx film is amorphous in the whole composition range of the library. For 0.52≤x≤0.59, a hyperfine field distribution and a quadrupole splitting distribution as obtained from Mössbauer spectra indicate the presence of a ferromagnetic phase and a paramagnetic phase in this regime. With increasing of carbon content, for 0.61≤x≤ 0.97, the sextet disappears and two paramagnetic doublets splitting appear suggesting two different Fe sites. The electrochemical performance of the Fe1-xCx film was investigated in lithium cells and the presence of Fe was found to increase the reversible capacity per mass of carbon over that of a pure carbon electrode.