batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Raw graphite can be processed industrially in large quanta but for the graphite to be useful in lithium ion batteries (LIB's) certain parameters needs to be optimized. Some key parameters are graphite morphology, active surface area, and particle size. These parameters can to some extent be manipulated by surface coatings, milling processes and heat treatment in various atmospheres. Industrial graphite materials have been investigated for use as anode material in LIB's and compared with commercial graphite. These materials have been exposed to two different milling processes, and some of these materials were further heat treated in nitrogen atmosphere above 2650 °C. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory combined with density functional theory (DFT) has been employed to study the ratio of basal to non-basal plane and to determine the relative amount of defects. Thermal properties have been investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). High ethylene carbonate (EC) content improved the thermal stability for graphite with high amount of edge/defect surface area, but showed no improvement of graphite with lower amount of edge/defects. High irreversible capacity loss (ICL) combined with low surface area improved the thermal properties. DFT combined with ICL could potentially be used as a tool to predict thermal stability.
Optimization of the cell configuration utilizing various carbon felts for obtaining better performance in zinc-bromine redox flow battery (ZBRFB) system is reported. It is clearly observed that the reaction kinetics of both Zn and Br are enhanced when used in different cell configurations with carbon felts. Redox flow cells having carbon felts on both half-cells showed improved performance thanthe other cell configurations tested in the present study. Further, Rayon based carbon felt is evaluated as an electrode on both sides. It is noted that the Rayon carbon felt based cell exhibited good performance in terms of coulombic (96.26%), voltaic (83%) and energy efficiency (79.4%) at a current density of 20 mA.cm−2. In addition to that, Rayon felt based system showed good performance even at 40 mA.cm−2 (3250 mW h. l−1) which indicates the significance of the flow cell configuration on the overall cell performance.
Ex-situ investigation of the structure of negative lead-acid electrodes faces the problem of fast electrode degradation when taken out of the electrolyte. Examining the formed negative electrode structure, whether by optical, chemical, or crystallographic means, retains its central purpose only if the electrode structure is preserved unchanged, at least during the measurement itself. The research showed that an appropriate choice of the solvent to wash the electrode after extraction from the cell is a crucial factor; the best results were obtained when using ethanol in combination with drying in a nitrogen atmosphere.
Abstract The importance of having consent to medical treatment that is truly informed is considered and the way in which it developed through case law set out so that the reader can understand how this evolved into the current requirements for the healthcare professions. Specific reference is given to the application within the police custodial environment where the dual role of the forensic physician makes this a particularly challenging concept. Reference is particularly made to law in the England and Wales and Scottish jurisdictions.
New distributed energy resources (DER) are rapidly replacing centralized power generation due to their environmental, economic and resiliency benefits. Previous analyses of DER systems have been limited in their ability to account for socio-technical complexities, such as intermittent supply, heterogeneous demand and balance-of-system cost dynamics. Here we develop ReMatch, an interdisciplinary modelling framework, spanning engineering, consumer behaviour and data science, and apply it to 10,000 consumers in California, USA. Our results show that deploying DER would yield nearly a 50% reduction in the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) over the status quo even after accounting for socio-technical complexities. We abstract a detailed matching of consumers to DER infrastructure from our results and discuss how this matching can facilitate the development of smart and targeted renewable energy policies, programmes and incentives. Our findings point to the large-scale economic and technical feasibility of DER and underscore the pertinent role DER can play in achieving sustainable energy goals.
A porous layered composite of Li2MnO3 and LiMn0.35Ni0.55Fe0.1O2 (composition:Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.22Fe0.04O2) is prepared by inverse microemulsion method and studied as a positive electrode material. The precursor is heated at several temperatures between 500 and 900°C. The X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy studies suggested that well crystalline sub-micronsized particles are obtained. The product samples possess mesoporosity with broadly distributed pores around 10∼50nm diameter. Pore volume and surface area decrease by increasing the temperature of preparation. However, the electrochemical activity of the composite samples increases with an increase in temperature. The discharge capacity values of the samples prepared at 900°C are about 186 mAh g−1 at a specific current of 25mAg−1 with an excellent cycling stability. The composite sample also possesses high rate capability. The high rate capability is attributed to the porous nature of the material.
Nano LiFePO4/C particles with high capacity and high rate were fabricated by one-step solid-state reaction using nano Fe2O3, LiH2PO4 and sucrose as raw materials. The effect of synthesis temperature on the morphology and the electrochemical performance was investigated. LiFePO4/C materials were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the elemental analyzer. The results show that nano Fe2O3 can reduce and make uniform the LiFePO4 grain size (<100nm) effectively as well as accelerate the solid-state reaction kinetics which is a convenient way for industrialization. The precursor sintered at 740°C for 5h exhibits the highest electrochemical capacity (166.9mAh/g at 0.1C) and the best rate performance.
In this work we study the effect of LiNO3 on the Li anode and sulfur cathode, respectively, of Li/S battery by using a Li/Li symmetric cell and a liquid Li/Li2S9 cell. On the Li anode, LiNO3 participates in the formation of a stable passivation film, and the resulting passivation film grows infinitely with the consumption of LiNO3. The passivation film formed with LiNO3 is known to effectively suppress the redox shuttle of the dissolved lithium polysulfides on Li anode. On the cathode, LiNO3 undergoes a large and irreversible reduction starting at 1.6V in the first discharge, and the irreversible reduction disappears in the subsequent cycles. Moreover, the insoluble reduction products of LiNO3 on the cathode adversely affect the redox reversibility of sulfur cathode. These results indicate that both the Li anode and sulfur cathode consume LiNO3, and that the best benefit of LiNO3 to Li/S battery occurs at the potentials higher than 1.6V. By limiting the irreversible reduction of LiNO3 on the cathode, we have shown that the Li/S cell with a 0.2m LiNO3 as the co-salt can provide a stable capacity of ∼500mAhg−1.
Instruments for the measurements of radon and its decay products in earthquake research are based mostly on the detection of alpha particles. The devices and methods used, depend on whether the techniques measure radon or radon decay products, and the duration of the measurements, of which there are three types: (i) grab or instantaneous; (ii) integrating; and (iii) continuous. Other criteria used in the design of these instruments are field measurements applicability, portability, convenience and reliability. With the recent increased demand for radon and radon decay products measurements, instruments development has focused on the design of appropriate devices for short-term measurements, as well as on more complex and sophisticated instruments for long-term measurements used in radon research for geophysical, geochemical and hydrological studies.
In order to address lithium dendrite formation and low cycling efficiency issues, Pulse Plating (PP) and Reverse Pulse Plating (RPP) have been systematically investigated for lithium electrodeposition with a modified button cell device. Compared with Direct Current (DC) electrodeposition, PP waveforms with short and widely spaced pulses improve lithium deposition morphology and cycling efficiency under diffusion-controlled conditions. While RPP waveforms with high current density anodic pulses further improve lithium cycling efficiency, no obvious improvement in morphology was seen under the conditions tested. This study suggests that PP and RPP could be powerful tools for utilizing lithium metal anodes in high energy density rechargeable battery systems, especially when high instant power is required.
Cribriform sheet-like carbon-coated ZnO are prepared using pyrrole as the carbon source. It is found that a sheet-like precursor will form when polymerizing pyrrole in the presence of ZnO particles. After the carbonization of precursor, cribriform sheet-like carbon-coated ZnO can be obtained. Morphology and structure analysis of as-prepared carbon-coated ZnO is conducted by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The carbon overlayer not only present a barrier layer on the surface of the ZnO particles, which keeps relative high discharge capacity by inhibiting the active materials in electrode from dissolving into electrolyte, but also modify the surface status of ZnO particles so as to obtain more uniform current distribution and improved conductivity. As a result, when evaluated as an anode material for Zn/Ni cell, carbon-coated ZnO exhibit a more stable cycle performance than bare ZnO electrode.
This paper summarizes battery modeling capabilities in ADVISOR—the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s advanced vehicle simulator written in the Matlab/Simulink environment. ADVISOR’s Matlab-oriented battery models consist of the following: (1) an internal resistance model, (2) a resistance–capacitance (RC) model, (3) a PNGV capacitance model, (4) a neural network (nnet) lead acid model, and (5) a fundamental lead acid battery model. For the models, the electric schematics (where applicable), thermal models, accuracy, existing datasets, and sample validation plots are presented. A brief summary of ADVISOR’s capabilities for co-simulation with Saber is presented, which links ADVISOR with Saber’s lead acid battery model. The models outlined in this paper were presented at the workshop on ‘Development of Advanced Battery Engineering Models’ in August 2001.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, pathology, and management of dementia associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). It also highlights the areas of deficiency related to PD and the relationship between Parkinson's disease (PD) dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) is a common complication, affecting 80% of patients with PD during the course of their illness. Neuropsychiatric features, which may dominate clinical presentation and therapeutic prioritization, are an invariable feature of this dementia syndrome. Predictive risk factors involved in PDD are also discussed. The loss of dopaminergic innervation of the caudate nucleus and functional deafferentation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may produce cognitive deficits in PD sufficient to qualify for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Impaired attention and executive and visuospatial dysfunction are prominent in PDD. Behavioral and neuropsychiatric disturbances, termed “neuropsychiatric symptoms,” are extremely common in PDD and frequently predate the onset of dementia. The diagnosis of dementia is based on the presence of deficits in at least two of four core cognitive domains—attention, memory, executive, and visuospatial functions. The clinical diagnostic criteria for levels of “probable” and “possible” PDD are proposed. The guidelines for diagnosis of PDD are presented. Dementia and its predictors are investigated through screening blood tests, structural magnetic resonance imaging, single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography, genetic predictors, and other biomarker measures.
In the last decade, the impressive growth of the portable systems market has attracted the interest of the semiconductor industry in non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies for both code and mass storage applications. The current NVM mainstream is based on Flash technology and it is expected that NOR and NAND Flash will be the high volume NVM production for several years. There is industrial interest in alternative technologies that exploit new materials and concepts to go beyond Flash technology, to allow better scaling and to enlarge memory performance. We review the current status of charge-storage based Flash memory technology and introduce the most promising alternative memory concepts. Expected trends and future perspectives are also discussed.
The objective of this research is to examine the representation of numerical versus verbal product information in consumer memory. Information about products in the marketing environment is often conveyed through numerical and verbal modes. However, consumers may either store the information that they are exposed to without modification or translate it into a different form. This match or mismatch between conveyed and stored information has important consequences for consumer behavior. A conceptual framework based on surface versus meaning level processing of information is developed to examine the representation of numerical versus verbal information in consumer memory. The basic proposition tested here is that numerical information may be represented in memory identical to its form at presentation in the external environment to a greater degree than verbal information. Research bearing on memory representations is discussed to bring out the methodological importance of using a recognition paradigm. This paradigm is adopted here, and hypotheses are developed about the recognition of numerical versus verbal product information following a learning task. The details of two experiments conducted to test the hypotheses are presented. Implications of this research for consumer behavior are discussed.
Effects of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and aminomethylsulfonic acid (AMSA) as additives for positive electrolyte on thermal stability and electrochemical performance are investigated. Both additives can improve the thermal stability of V(V) electrolyte, and AMSA has better effect, especially. The electrochemical results show that V(IV)/V(V) exhibits superior electrochemical activity and reversibility with additives, and the diffusion coefficient of V(IV) species, exchange current density and reaction rate constant become larger with additives in positive electrolyte. Among the two additives, AMSA has better effect for improvement of electrochemical activity and kinetics. The cell using positive electrolyte with additive of AMSA was assembled and the charge–discharge performance was evaluated. The assembled cell using AMSA as positive electrolyte additive shows good cycling performance, with higher energy efficiency (81.5%) and larger discharge capacity retention (40 cycles: 82.7%). The improved electrochemical performance may be ascribed to more active sites provided by NH2 group and the enhanced hydrophilicity of the electrode provided by NH2 and SO3H groups.
Analytical high resolution transmission electron microscopy has been used to clearly evidence the electrochemical reactivity of Cr2O3 thin films versus lithium. We showed that during the reduction process, chromium sesquioxide (+III) transforms first into chromium monoxide (+II) and then into metallic chromium nanoparticles embedded into a Li2O matrix at 0V. On the subsequent recharge up to 3V, we did not convert back to Cr2O3, but only to a chromium monoxide implying a partial re-oxidation process, thus explaining the irreversibility measured during the first cycle. We extended this study to the comprehension of the electrochemical performances of Cr2O3-based electrodes obtained by thermal treatment, under different atmospheres, of chromium rich stainless steel disks. In addition to the characterization of the particles forming the so-obtained electro-active layers, we showed, using nano-probe EDS, that a mixed “Fe–Cr–O” oxide could react versus lithium, through a conversion reaction mechanism, leading to alloyed metallic nanoparticles upon reduction and nanograins of mixed oxide during the following oxidation.
The lithium-rich layered cathode material Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 with high capacity and excellent cycling stability, is successfully synthesized through a facile organic co-precipitation route. The as-obtained material exhibits a well-crystallization and uniform size distribution, above which have been characterized and observed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, FT-IR spectra proves that the addition of metal ions Mn+ induces a red-shift of the bond of C–N groups of the 8-hydroxyquinoline, which is used as the precipitant in this work, and most probably due to the strong complexation effect of metal ions Mn+ with N and O atoms of 8-hydroxyquinoline, and simultaneously the co-precipitation process occurred. The electrochemical results reveal that the cathode material derived from this novel organic co-precipitation route exhibits improved electrochemical performance, of which could provide an initial discharge capacity of 287.2 mAhg−1at 0.2C within a potential range of 2.0–4.8 V at room temperature, even at high C-rate of 2C, this material could also deliver a capacity of 212.1 mAh g−1 with 97.7% capacity retention after 100 cycles. Therefore, it is proposed that this organic co-precipitation might be a high-efficiency strategy to synthesize alternative electrode materials with improved performance.
Proof-of-concept has been successfully established and, with further development, we are likely to optimize the system by reducing tag size and weight to limit effects on bee behaviour, and by increasing the detection distance. We envisage the production system being used to detect and track bee movement pathways within a designed network of field-deployed low-cost readers and aerials. The production system could be used in a wide variety of scientific and commercial applications.
Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) is a simple, convenient and widely used tool for the measurement of body composition in population surveys and surveillance. Prediction equations based on BIA applicable to preschool children are available but are based on total body water estimation and have not been developed across multiple ethnic groups. Our aim was to develop a BIA-based equation in a multi-ethnic sample of 2-year old using fat-free mass (FFM) from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as criterion measure.
Large aspect ratio single crystalline cobalt antimony (CoSb) nanowire arrays were synthesized by a pulsed electrodeposition technique. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the as-synthesized nanowires have a highly preferential orientation. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy indicate that high-filling, ordered, and single-crystalline nanowires were obtained. Energy dispersive spectrometry analysis shows that the atomic ratio of Co to Sb is very close to 1:1, and the growth mechanism and the electrodeposition process are below discussed, together with a chemical composition analysis. The electrochemical performance shows that the discharge capacity is very high for the CoSb nanowire/AAM electrodes, and the electrodes exhibit better capacity retention than the pure metal Sb electrodes.
Intraosseous (IO) access represents a reliable alternative to intravenous vascular access and is explicitly recommended in the current guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council when intravenous access is difficult or impossible. We therefore aimed to study the efficacy of the intraosseous needle driver EZ-IO® in the prehospital setting.
A poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer precursor was developed via solution polymerization with different mass ratios of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and PPC. Then, PPC/PMMA-coated Celgard PE membranes were prepared by the dip-coating method with this polymer precursor and activated to fabricate gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs). The structure and performance of the samples were characterized with FTIR, DSC, SEM, water contact angle analysis and electrochemical performance tests, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements. The effect of the ratio of MMA to PPC on the performance of the as-prepared PPC/PMMA-coated Celgard PE GPEs was considered. Benefiting from the composite structure, the GPE produced from the Celgard PE coating polymer with a PPC to MMA ratio of 8:2 (by weight) had the highest ionic conductivity and showed superior electrolyte wettability with 347% electrolyte uptake. Additionally, the as-prepared GPEs displayed good compatibility with the anodes and cathodes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and their oxidation potentials were stable to 5.0V (vs Li/Li+). The LiFePO4 battery using this PPC/PMMA-coated Celgard PE GPE exhibited an excellent initial discharge capacity of 154mAhg−1, cyclic stability and rate capability.
While previous studies suggested that perfusion abnormalities in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are driven by dementia, our study aimed to identify perfusion underpinning of cognitive alteration in non-demented PD patients. Cerebral blood flow was measured using arterial spin labelling (ASL) in 28 PD patients (age 65 years ± 9.9 SD) and 16 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age 65 years ± 7.8 SD), who also underwent neurological and cognitive testing. The 3D pseudocontinuous ASL and T2-weighted scans from 22 PD patients and 16 HC were analysed in a voxel-wise manner using SPM8 software. Associations between the ASL values in volumes of interest (VOIs) and behavioural and cognitive measures were assessed by Spearman correlation analysis. Posterior cortical hypoperfusion was found in PD patients compared to HC in the left supramarginal gyrus/superior temporal gyrus (VOI1) and left posterior cingulate/precuneus (VOI2). Positive correlation was revealed between perfusion in the VOI2 and Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R) scores after filtering out the effect of age, levodopa equivalent dose (LED), and total intracranial volume (TIV) (R = 0.51, p = 0.04). Conversely, negative correlation between VOI1 and ACE-R was detected (R = −0.62, p = 0.01) after regressing out the effects of motor impairment, age, LED, and TIV. In non-demented subjects with PD, blood flow abnormalities in precuneus/posterior cingulate were linked to the level of motor impairment and global cognitive performance. Oppositely, perfusion abnormalities in supramarginal gyrus might serve as a compensatory mechanism for brain degeneration and decreased cognitive performance.