batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The poor conductivity of polyindole (PIn) is a major factor to limit its application in supercapacitors. To solve the problem, a simple and efficient immersion method designed to obtain a binary nanocomposite, which composed of polyindole hollow nanospheres (PIn-NS) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). PIn-NS with diameters of 300–600nm and shell thickness of about 50nm were prepared by the chemical oxidative polymerization of indole in the ethanol/H2O miscible solution using ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) as oxidant agent without any surfactants. The pure PIn-NS modified carbon cloth (PIn-NS/CC) shows a low specific capacitance of 110Fg−1 at 0.5Ag−1 in 1.0M H2SO4 aqueous solution. By the immersion of PIn-NS/CC in PEDOT:PSS/ethanol solution, the obtained PIn-NS/CC-PEDOT:PSS shows a large improved specific capacitance of 623Fg−1 at 0.5Ag−1 and good stability with a cycling efficiency of 84.8% after 3000 cycles. The results demonstrate that the electrochemical properties of PIn-NS can be significantly improved with the assistance of PEDOT:PSS as electrically conductive connection. In addition, the symmetric PIn-NS/CC-PEDOT:PSS//PIn-NS/CC-PEDOT:PSS supercapacitor showed a high specific capacitance of 161Fg−1 at 0.5Ag−1 and the low equivalent series resistances (ESR) of 4.4ohm. Therefore, such binary composite is a promising material for application in the next generation high-performance supercapacitors.
In recent years, the evolution of smartphones and their software applications has grown exponentially; together with the advance of the Internet of Things and smart cities, it has raised huge demand for services and applications in these domains. Although the wide range of mobile applications is unquestionable, citizens already demand that applications adapt to their specific needs and situations in real time, that is, that they are context-aware. However, context-aware mobile applications are often very limited and miss out on the opportunity of benefiting from feedback provided by citizen collaboration. In order to fill this gap, this paper proposes a context-aware and collaborative software architecture and mobile application. In particular, we have implemented them in the scope of e-health, more specifically in the area of seasonal allergies, which cause allergic people to experience annoying symptoms that could be avoided by having access to pollen information in real time. Furthermore, they will also benefit from citizen collaboration through the knowledge of the symptoms other allergic people with the same allergy and in the same location are experiencing. To this end, users will be able to provide their symptoms at any time through their mobile application and the proposed architecture will constantly process that information in real time, sending notifications to users as soon as reported symptoms are seen to exceed a certain threshold. The architecture’s performance, the application’s resource consumption and a satisfaction survey of the app’s usability and usefulness have been tested; all results have been fully satisfactory.
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) was polymerized in a propylene carbonate–ethylene carbonate mixed solvent (50:50 wt%) containing LiClO4 (1 M) in the presence of a cross-linking agent, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TGD) or ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGD). The TGD–MMA (or EGD–MMA) molar ratio was 0–8%. A cell was assembled with the resulting gel and lithium electrodes, and was subjected to the electrolysis at 3 mA cm−2 for 1 h. The cross-linked gel electrolytes inhibited lithium dendrite formation. This inhibition effect is explained in terms of the mechanical properties of the gel. More rigid gels suppressed the dendrite formation more effectively, although a brittle gel may result in the formation of sparse, but relatively large dendrites. The EGD-containing gel whose EGD–MMA mol ratio was 4% successfully suppressed the dendrite formation.
An optimized graphene/RuO2/S composite is prepared by hydrothermal growth of RuO2 particles on graphene oxide sheets as the positive electrode for rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries. The electrode with 6.1 wt% RuO2 nanocrystals and a high sulfur content of 79.0 wt% delivers an optimal electrochemical performance with high residual capacities of 508 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles and 389 mAh g−1 after 800 cycles at 1 C with a low capacity decay of 0.054%. The RuO2 nanocrystals promote the redox reaction kinetics and facilitate the transformation of sulfur chemistry, leading to large improvements in reversibility and rate capability of the composite electrode. The density functional theory calculations signify the formation of Li–O and Ru–S bonds through chemical interactions between RuO2 and Li polysulfides while the adsorption energies between graphene and polysulfide species are much higher in the presence of RuO2 than that of the neat graphene acting alone. These discoveries support the efficient entrapment of polysulfides by the composite electrode to the benefit of enhanced cyclic stability of the battery.
Driven by fast advancements in wind and photovoltaic (PV) technologies, onsite renewable electricity generation is becoming attractive to manufacturers since they are able to reduce electricity purchases from the grid and may lower their electricity costs. This paper proposes a methodology to minimize the electricity cost of a grid-connected factory that also has onsite solar power generation and battery storage. Purchases from the grid are subject to time-of-use electricity rate schedules. The problem is formulated asa mixed-integer programming problem and GAMS is used to find the optimal manufacturing and onsite energy flow schedules that have the minimal electricity cost. A case study with one hybrid flow shop, onsite PV power generation, and a battery was used to test the proposed method. Testing results showed that the factory’s electricity cost can be reduced by 54.0% under summer TOU rate on a typical day while a 0.7% electricity cost reduction can be achieved for a representative day under a winter TOU rate. An annual electricity cost savings of 28.1% can be obtained with the optimal schedules. In addition, a parametric study incorporating the optimal schedules was performed to understand the economic performances associated with different PV capacity and battery bank size for the factory.
Connections of motor areas in the frontal cortex of prosimian galagos (Otolemur garnetti) were determined by injecting tracers into sites identified by microstimulation in the primary motor area (M1), dorsal premotor area (PMD), ventral premotor area (PMV), supplementary motor area (SMA), frontal eye field (FEF), and granular frontal cortex. Retrogradely labeled neurons for each injection were related to architectonically defined thalamic nuclei. Nissl, acetylcholinesterase, cytochrome oxidase, myelin, parvalbumin, calbindin, and Cat 301 preparations allowed the ventral anterior and ventral lateral thalamic regions, parvocellular and magnocellular subdivisions of ventral anterior nucleus, and anterior and posterior subdivisions of ventral lateral nucleus of monkeys to be identified. The results indicate that each cortical area receives inputs from several thalamic nuclei, but the proportions differ. M1 receives major inputs from the posterior subdivision of ventral lateral nucleus while premotor areas receive major inputs from anterior parts of ventral lateral nucleus (the anterior subdivision of ventral lateral nucleus and the anterior portion of posterior subdivision of ventral lateral nucleus). PMD and SMA have connections with more dorsal parts of the ventral lateral nucleus than PMV. The results suggest that galagos share many subdivisions of the motor thalamus and thalamocortical connection patterns with simian primates, while having less clearly differentiated subdivisions of the motor thalamus.
Sol–gel derived Nafion/SiO2 hybrid membrane is prepared and employed as the separator for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) to evaluate the vanadium ions permeability and cell performance. Nafion/SiO2 hybrid membrane shows nearly the same ion exchange capacity (IEC) and proton conductivity as pristine Nafion 117 membrane. ICP-AES analysis reveals that Nafion/SiO2 hybrid membrane exhibits dramatically lower vanadium ions permeability compared with Nafion membrane. The VRB with Nafion/SiO2 hybrid membrane presents a higher coulombic and energy efficiencies over the entire range of current densities (10–80mAcm−2), especially at relative lower current densities (<30mAcm−2), and a lower self-discharge rate compared with the Nafion system. The performance of VRB with Nafion/SiO2 hybrid membrane can be maintained after more than 100 cycles at a charge–discharge current density of 60mAcm−2. The experimental results suggest that the Nafion/SiO2 hybrid membrane approach is a promising strategy to overcome the vanadium ions crossover in VRB.
Stakeholders decisions often are based on the construction of an indicative quantity (a composite indicator), which can be obtained by an aggregation process of a series of single indicators. This aggregation process combines single indicators to one quantity, the composite indicator. In the most simple aggregation technique a weighted sum is applied. Unfortunately, stakeholders often have different opinions concerning the individual weights that should be associated with single indicators. The resulting composite indicator applied for an eventual ranking may consequently be different from stakeholder to stakeholder. The present study focuses on a partial order based methodology for evaluating stakeholders’ opinions based on the food sustainability index for 2017 as an exemplary case. The paper presents the methodological background for the use of composite indicators under different weighting schemes. The food sustainability index (FSI) is composed through an aggregation of three main indicators, i.e., food loss and waste, sustainable agriculture and nutritional challenges. In the present case four fictitious ‘stakeholders’, represented by four different weighting schemes, expert-based, political, outcome-based and uniform are included. The study shows that differences between the four weighting schemes are present. Furthermore it is shown that within certain limits the overall ranking of 34 countries based on the FSI leads to a linear ranking of 4 specific groups of countries, virtually summarizing the different stakeholders’ opinions.
Partial loss of psychiatric risk gene Mir137 in mice causes repetitive behavior and impairs sociability and learning via increased Pde10a.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is the most commonly used technique for dynamic analysis of Lithium-ion batteries. EIS, however, limits analysis to linear contributions of the processes. For Lithium-ion batteries with their nonlinear electrochemistry and physics, dynamics are only analysed with regard to linear system behaviour and therefore some dynamic information is not used. Nonlinear Frequency Response Analysis (NFRA) extends dynamic analysis to consider also nonlinearities. Higher excitation amplitudes are applied and higher order frequency responses Y n are measured. The spectra show distinct higher harmonic responses with strong characteristic nonlinear behaviour. We investigate amplitude and temperature dependency of higher harmonic responses as well as the impact of ageing of Lithium-ion batteries with NFRA. By correlating NFRA and EIS, solid diffusion, reaction and ionic transport contributions at and in the SEI can be separated and identified. Thereby the method of NFRA is seen as an important additional dynamic analysis method for Lithium-ion batteries.
The safety is one of the persisting concerns related with Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, among which the internal short-circuit is the most dangerous abusive situation and has always been the root cause for several catastrophic accidents in recent years. In this work, a 3D-layered electrochemical-thermal coupled model is employed to investigate the nail-penetration process in a Li-ion cell. The model is based on multilayer construction of a cell, and an effective strategy to evaluate the short-circuit area equivalent resistance (i.e. the equivalent resistance of short-circuit area that is caused by nail-penetration) during the penetration process is proposed. The developed model is proved to have capability of estimating the thermal runaway time, as well as the temperature distribution during nail-penetration process. It is also found that the active material loss during the nail-penetration process can be reconstructed by utilizing the developed model, which could provide understandings about the side reactions inside the cell during the nail-penetration process. The present study provides some insights about the nail-penetration process, and can be treated as a useful tool that helps the design of Li-ion cells for improving safety.
Structural, electrical and electrochemical properties of Mn-substituted phospho-olivines LiFe1−y Mn y PO4 were investigated and compared to those of LiFePO4. Rietvield refined XRD patterns taken in the course of delithiation process showed apparent difference between phase compositions of these cathode materials upon lithium extraction. Contrary to the LiFePO4 and LiMnPO4 compositions for which a two-phase mechanism of electrochemical lithium extraction/insertion is observed, in case of Mn-substituted LiFe1−y Mn y PO4 samples a single-phase mechanism of deintercalation was observed in the studied range of lithium concentration. Electrochemical characterization of the cathode materials were performed in Li/Li+/Li x Fe1−y Mn y PO4-type cells for y =0.0, 0.25, 0.55, 0.75 and 1.0 compositions. Voltammery studies showed low reversibility of the lithium extraction process in the high-voltage “manganese” range, while in the “iron” range the reversibility of lithium extraction is high. Impedance measurements of the LiFe1−y Mn y PO4 cathode materials, which enabled separation of the ionic and electronic components of their entire electrical conductivity, showed distinct influence of Mn content on the electronic part of conductivity. EIS measurements performed at different states of cell charge revealed that the charge-transfer impedance in Li x Fe1−y Mn y PO4 is much lower than that of Li x FePO4.
The ability to optically excite or silence specific cells using optogenetics has become a powerful tool to interrogate the nervous system. Optogenetic experiments in small organisms have mostly been performed using whole-field illumination and genetic targeting, but these strategies do not always provide adequate cellular specificity. Targeted illumination can be a valuable alternative but it has only been shown in motionless animals without the ability to observe behavior output. We present a real-time, multimodal illumination technology that allows both tracking and recording the behavior of freely moving C. elegans while stimulating specific cells that express channelrhodopsin-2 or MAC. We used this system to optically manipulate nodes in the C. elegans touch circuit and study the roles of sensory and command neurons and the ultimate behavioral output. This technology enhances our ability to control, alter, observe and investigate how neurons, muscles and circuits ultimately produce behavior in animals using optogenetics.
An attempt is undertaken to reveal the conceptual grounds of the opposition and resistance to innovations. The origins and evolution of the views on the reception of new ideas, during the last half a century, have been traced, and the conclusion drawn that the social and personal dimensions are usually overemphasized while the mental ones kept in the shadow. Meanwhile, just the latter play the key role in the relation to the new by the community as a whole. Human mind passes anything through the prism of the concepts in which experience is accumulated and consolidated. And new ideas spring out of the same concepts combined otherwise. The conceptual background of the epoch presets the framework and tendencies of the common knowledge that, in its turn, being learned by people, determines the horizon of their mental outlook. Just that horizon turns, ultimately, into a frontier between accessible and inaccessible ideas. The closer an idea approaches to the frontier, the farther it moves from the scope of the contemporaries’ understanding. As to the insights having broken through the horizon, they become “invisible” and “inappreciable” to the overwhelming majority of the contemporaries. These persons are incapable of getting out from the gripe of the common knowledge as the force field of the epoch’s mentality. The revolutionary innovations are doomed to denial and nonacceptance. Their inner charge is incompatible with the conceptual background of the epoch. Nevertheless, albeit rejected, they exert not evident—indirect and marginal—but tectonic influence on knowledge and mentality and render, therethrough, great benefits even to those communities that turn them down.
Imidazolium zinc tetrahalides, (1-R-3-methylimidazolium)2ZnX2Y2 (R=CH3, C2H5, n-C4H9, CH2C6H5; X=Cl, Br; Y=Cl, Br), prepared by reacting ZnX2 with (1-R-3-methylimidazolium)Y, were found to have surprisingly high activities for the coupling reaction of CO2 and ethylene oxide or propylene oxide to produce corresponding cyclic carbonate. The catalytic activity of imidazolium zinc tetrahalide was greatly influenced by the nature of halide groups bonded to the zinc center. The catalytic activity was found in the order of [ZnBr4]2−>[ZnBr2Cl2]2−⪢[ZnCl4]2−. The turnover frequencies (TOF: h−1) increased with increasing temperature, but remained almost unchanged with the increase of pressure.
Nano-sized metal organic framework-5 (MOF-5) was prepared in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) via consecutive combination of ultrasound (US) and microwave irradiation (MW) methods by exploiting the benefit of obtaining MOF-5 in very short reaction times (∼2 min) and high yields (∼95%). The surface area of MOF-5 was found to be 1203 m2/g. The highly crystalline structure of nano-sized MOF-5 was confirmed by XRD. Vibrational modes and thermal decomposition behavior of nano-sized MOF-5 were verified from ATR FT-IR and TGA results, respectively. Based on SEM and AFM results, MOF-5 nanoparticles are spherical in shape, and their sizes vary in the range of 20–80 nm. The high purity of nanosized MOF-5 was confirmed by XRD and EDS results. A very regular and homogenous distribution of MOF-5 nanoparticles with a size range of 20–30 nm within poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) electrolyte was clearly observed from SEM results. The reason behind size reduction and homogenous distribution of nano-sized MOF-5 was stated as the elimination of any possible aggregation of MOF-5 nanoparticles due to favorable physical interactions between PEO and surface functional groups of MOF-5 during the solution casting process.
Indole monomer was chemically polymerized to produce polyindole (PI) powder for use as a positive electrode material for lithium rechargeable batteries. Although the PI obtained was an oligomer with a low molecular weight corresponding to just 3 indole units, its electrochemical properties exhibited high d.c. electric conductivity comparable to that of the highly conducting polyaniline-LiPF6 or LiAsF6. A charge separation mechanism was also suggested to describe charge/discharge behavior of the oligo-indole (OI) protonated and/or lithiated in the Li||OI battery. Moreover, the lithium rechargeable battery adopting the OI as a positive electrode showed good cycleability with a discharge capacity of ∼55 mAh g−1, which did not decay until after more than 100 cycles.
The use of hydrogen fuel cells for cars is strongly promoted by the governments of many countries and by international organizations like the European Community. The electrochemical behaviour of the most promising fuel cell (polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, PEMFC) is critically discussed, based on results presented in the literature. Moreover, when some non- electrochemical aspects are taken into consideration, it is concluded that the prospects are not too bright. Moreover, the hydrogen-rich gas generated from small organics contains CO2 and a small amount of CO, its use easily leads to poisoning of the platinum gas diffusion anode in the fuel cell. Also the hydrogen storage problems are still not solved.
We performed a cross-sectional study of neurocognitive function in non-brain cancer patients treated with long-term bevacizumab.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can be used to monitor hazardous and inaccessible areas. In these situations, the power supply (e.g. battery) of each node cannot be easily replaced. One solution to deal with the limited capacity of current power supplies is to deploy a large number of sensor nodes, since the lifetime and dependability of the network will increase through cooperation among nodes. Applications on WSN may also have other concerns, such as meeting temporal deadlines on message transmissions and maximizing the quality of information. Data fusion is a well-known technique that can be useful for the enhancement of data quality and for the maximization of WSN lifetime. In this paper, we propose an approach that allows the implementation of parallel data fusion techniques in IEEE 802.15.4 networks. One of the main advantages of the proposed approach is that it enables a trade-off between different user-defined metrics through the use of a genetic machine learning algorithm. Simulations and field experiments performed in different communication scenarios highlight significant improvements when compared with, for instance, the Gur Game approach or the implementation of conventional periodic communication techniques over IEEE 802.15.4 networks.
An inexpensive, abundant electroactive organic molecule, 3,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (ARS) is proposed to serve as the redox active material in the negative side of flow batteries. The electrochemical characteristics and mass transport properties are discussed in this work. The diffusion coefficient of ARS is calculated as 2.14×10−6 cm2 s−1, and the kinetic rate constant of ARS is further measured as 3.6×10−3 cms−1, which is faster than other metal redox active species used in flow batteries, such as Fe3+/Fe2+, Cr3+/Cr2+, VO2 +/VO2+, and Ce4+/Ce3+. Unlike metal redox materials, ARS will not suffer from the resource constraints. Combining 1,2-benzoquinone-3,5-disulfonic acid (BQDS) as the positive electroactive species and H2SO4 solution as the supporting electrolyte, the different charging-discharging behavior and the polarization curves exhibited a good performance with our laboratory design flow cell. It can be concluded that the ARS presents a unique opportunity for developing a promising and cost-effective alternative for metal-free flow batteries.
This paper reports part of the activities in progress in our laboratory in the investigation of electrode and electrolyte materials which may be of interest for the development of lithium-ion batteries with improved characteristics and performances. This investigation has been directed to both anode and cathode materials, with particular attention to convertible oxides and defect spinel-framework Li-insertion compounds in the anode area and layered mixed lithium–nickel–cobalt oxide and high voltage, metal type oxides in the cathode area. As for the electrolyte materials, we have concentrated the efforts on composite polymer electrolytes and gel-type membranes. In this work we report the physical, chemical and electrochemical properties of the defect spinel-framework Li-insertion anodes and of the high voltage, mixed metal type oxide cathodes, by describing their electrochemical properties in cells using either “standard” liquid electrolytes and “advanced” gel-type, polymer electrolytes. The results illustrated here demonstrate that the spinel-framework anodes of the Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4 type can be combined with high voltage cathodes of the Li2M x Mn(4−x)O8 family for the fabrication of new types of lithium-ion battery systems cycling around 3.5V. The development of this interesting concept is however still limited by the availability of highly stable electrolytes.