batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric rehabilitation refers to a treatment philosophy and to a set of assessment and treatment techniques designed to reduce disability and maximize environmental adaptation. The field of psychiatric rehabilitation of schizophrenia is now well developed, and successful interventions exist for teaching many essential community-living skills and for promoting maintenance and generalization of these gains. Recent developments include the creation of new skills-training interventions and cognitive rehabilitation techniques and improvements in the delivery of vocational and substance abuse treatments. As a field, psychiatric rehabilitation is continuing to develop in a manner that is responsive to perceived treatment needs, shortcomings of existing interventions, and developments in related fields (e.g., social psychology, neuroscience of schizophrenia). Some of these developments in theory and research point to areas of conceptual/theoretical weaknesses in existing treatments and assessment measures and suggest directions for further development. This article reviews the current status of a number of areas within the psychiatric rehabilitation of schizophrenia, highlighting future needs.
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are emerging as a new panacea for sustainable energy generation through the conversion of random mechanical motion into useful electrical energy. The present TENGs are fabricated via bottom-up approaches using novel nanomaterials (e.g., graphene and carbon nanotubes) and patterned polymers (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane or PDMS), which limit the deployment of TENGs at scales ranging from microelectronics to grid integration. Here we demonstrate a top-down approach for fabricating low-cost and ultra-simple TENGs (U-TENGs) using off-the-shelf materials for immediate proliferation into the present energy landscape. Specifically, U-TENGs constructed using indium-tin oxide (ITO) transparent conducting nanofilms on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyimide/Kapton adhesive tapes is demonstrated. U-TENGs are robust (>20,000 cycles) and inexpensive (~$0.06cm−2) with <5min fabrication time, can achieve a peak voltage of ~500V and power densities as high as ~490μWcm−2 without the need for any nanopatterning, and operate over a wide range of temperatures up to 60°C. Several practical applications of U-TENGs such as LED lighting, powering electronic calculator, textile integration, and passive vehicle/pedestrian monitoring are demonstrated.
Nickel sulfide (NiS) is an attractive and promising cathode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) with a high theoretical capacity of 590 mAh g−1, which is much higher than that of LiMO2 (M = Co, Fe, Mn, etc.). Here, we demonstrate a facile synthesis of hybrid materials by in situ polymerization of a conducting polymer of polypyrrole (PPy) on NiS-carbon nanofiber (CNF) films to form high-performance freestanding LIB cathodes. PPy coating maintains the structural integrity and accommodates volumetric change of NiS upon cycling, and also helps enhance electronic conduction. CNF film provides a good mechanical and effective electrical interconnection in the entire electrode. Using the freestanding NiS-PPy-CNF hybrid film with a high NiS loading of 5.5 mg cm−2 as a cathode, we demonstrate a high discharge capacity of 635 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and exceptional areal capacity of 3.03 mAh cm−2 at 0.7 mA cm−2 with long cycling life over 700 cycles, representing the best performance of NiS-based electrodes so far.
Today’s rechargeable Li-ion batteries, whose principle goes back to the 1980s, operate by an electrochemical process entailing intercalation reactions that necessitate the use of electrode materials having very specific structures and properties, thus limiting considerably their number. Through the discoveries of new Li electrochemical-driven reactivity mechanisms involving either conversion or displacement reactions, we are showing herein that in the quest for new electrode materials, we no longer need materials with open structures or good electronic ionic conductivity, thus opening a new era for Li-ion research. A review of such new reaction schemes is presented, and their potential impact on applications is discussed. To cite this article: J.-M. Tarascon et al., C. R. Chimie 8 (2004) .
A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack module is presented that is designed for operation on diesel reformate in an auxiliary power unit (APU). The stack was designed using a top-down approach, based on a specification of an APU system that is installed on board of vehicles. The stack design is planar, modular and scalable with stamped sheet metal interconnectors. It features thin membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), such as electrolyte supported cells (ESC) and operates at elevated temperatures around 800°C. The stack has a low pressure drop in both the anode and the cathode to facilitate a simple system layout. An overview of the technical targets met so far is given. A stack power density of 0.2kWl−1 has been demonstrated in a fully integrated, thermally self-sustaining APU prototype running with diesel and without an external water supply.
Transition metal oxides anode with high theoretical capacity is still not meeting the commercial utilization due to the low initial coulombic efficiency and poor cycle stability. We herein report the fabrication of bimetallic oxides CoFe2O4 nanoplates with porous feature through a dealloying method for the first time. The electrochemical properties were investigated as anode material for Li-ion batteries. The material presented stable cycling properties with a reversible capacity of 1280.8mAhg−1 after 100 discharge/charge cycles at a current density of 500mAg−1, and a reversible capacity of 810mAhg−1 after 1000 discharge/charge cycles at a current density of 2Ag−1, among one of the best performance of the reported CoFe2O4 anodes. The improved Li storage properties could be ascribed to the interconnected sheet-like micro/nano-architecture with rich spaces, as well as the relatively stable geometrical characteristic, rare cracks and reduced resistance after cycles. Moreover, the paper also provides us a new route to synthesize other bimetallic oxides for various applications by well-designed alloy composition and dealloying process, which is a feasible route to large-scale production.
The synthesis of new materials for supercapacitors is considered. Alloying of active dielectrics based on potassium polytitanates yields nanohybrids with specified properties and high dielectric permittivity. These materials are suitable for the construction of a new generation of supercapacitor structures.
To investigate the electrochemical properties of LiMn2O4−x F x (0< x <1) as a cathode material for 4-V class lithium secondary batteries, spinel phases synthesized at 800°C are examined. Although the initial discharge capacity of LiMn2O4 is improved by substitution of F− for O2− in the single-phase region, the cycle performance is reduced considerably compared with that of parent LiMn2O4. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data show that the single-phase region of x in LiMn2O4−x F x is 0< x <0.2. A secondary phase (Mn2O3) is observed in the region 0.4< x <1.0. Voltammetric peaks between 3 and 4.5V region and XRD data suggest that the oxidation state of Mn in the parent LiMn2O4 increases at the expense of creating second phase (Mn2O3). These results also imply that a second phase spinel can improve the cycling performance of LiMn2O4 by suppressing the Jahn–Teller instability. The oxidation state of Mn in the single-phase spinel and the second-phase coexisting spinel is compared by means of XPS measurements. The electronic conductivity and activation energy of LiMn2O4 is also discussed.
Lithium-ion batteries are widely used throughout the world for portable electronic devices and mobile phones and show great potential for more demanding applications like electric vehicles. Unfortunately, lithium-ion batteries still lack the required level of energy storage to completely meet the demands of such applications as electric vehicles. Among advanced materials being studied, silicon nanoparticles have demonstrated great potential as an anode material to replace the commonly used graphite. Silicon has been shown to have a high theoretical gravimetric capacity, approximately 4200mAh/g, compared to only 372mAh/g for graphite. Though silicon nanoparticles have remarkably high capacity, they suffer from rapid degradation with each cycle due to electrode volume expansion of approximately 400% during lithiation, placing a large strain on the material. With each cycle that strain creates cracks in the electrode particles and causes them to break down into smaller particles, which create void spaces between the particles and lead to poor contact as reflected in poor conductivity. In this review, we discuss exciting new research on silicon-based anodes conducted during the past couple of years. Besides stressing the importance of well-designed nanostructures of Si, we focus on optimization of the Si electrode and resulting performance enhancement by properly selecting binders and synergistically integrating them with various carbon materials during electrode design and fabrication. Importantly, although each improvement strategy has its own advantage, appropriate combination of them will yield much higher anode performance. We summarize the core issues in developing the silicon anode and effective strategies in yielding more promising results.
Objective Although there is no definitive consensus on the impairment of neuropsychological functions, most studies of adults with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) find impaired functioning in cognitive domains such as visual–spatial abilities. The objective of this study is to assess the cognitive functions in adolescents with AN before and after weight recovery and to explore the relationship between cognitive performance and menstruation. Methods Twenty-five female adolescents with AN were assessed by a neuropsychological battery while underweight and then following six months of treatment and weight recovery. Twenty-six healthy female subjects of a similar age were also evaluated at both time points. Results Underweight patients with AN showed worse cognitive performance than control subjects in immediate recall, organization and time taken to copy the Rey's Complex Figure Test (RCFT). After weight recovery, AN patients presented significant improvements in all tests, and differences between patients and controls disappeared. Patients with AN and persistence of amenorrhea at follow-up (n=8) performed worse on Block Design, delayed recall of Visual Reproduction and Stroop Test than patients with resumed menstruation (n=14) and the control group, though the two AN groups were similar in body mass index, age and psychopathological scale scores. Conclusion Weight recovery improves cognitive functioning in adolescents with AN. The normalization of neuropsychological performance is better in patients who have recovered at least one menstrual cycle. The normalization of hormonal function seems to be essential for the normalization of cognitive performance, even in adolescents with a very short recovery time.
CoFe2O4 spheres were synthesized using a microwave-hydrothermal reaction and characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and electrochemical analysis. This simple synthesis method led to a uniform dispersion of nanosized building blocks in the spheres, which exhibit significantly improved cycling performance and rate capability in lithium cells. The excellent electrochemical performances of CoFe2O4 sphere are attributed to an increased lithium wetting property at the electrode–electrolyte interface, facile lithium-ion diffusion, and better alleviation of the structure pulverization during charge–discharge process.
The main aim of this work was to evaluate the possibility of using microwave or ultrasound to assist the efficient and selective leaching of Zn from spent alkaline batteries and compare the results with those obtained using the conventional method. Two different strategies were applied: acid leaching of a washed residue and alkaline leaching of the original residue. In both (acid and alkaline) approaches, the use of microwave- or ultrasound-assisted leaching increased the extraction of Zn compared with the best results obtained using conventional leaching [acid leaching (1.5mol/L H2SO4, 3h, 80°C), 90% of Zn extracted; alkaline leaching (6mol/L NaOH, 3h, 80°C), 42% of Zn extracted]. With acid leaching, 94% of the Zn was extracted using microwave-assisted leaching (1 cycle, 30s, 1mol/L H2SO4), and 92% of the Zn was extracted using ultrasound-assisted leaching (2min, 0.1p, 20% amplitude, 1mol/L H2SO4). Ultrasound-assisted leaching resulted in a more selective (Zn/Mn ratio of 5.1) Zn extraction than microwave-assisted leaching (Zn/Mn ratio of 3.5); both processes generated a concentrated Zn solution (⩾18.7g/L) with a purity (83.3% and 77.7%, respectively) that was suitable for electrowinning. With alkaline leaching, microwave- (1 cycle, 3 min, 4mol/L NaOH) and ultrasound-assisted (14min, 0.1p, 20% amplitude, 4mol/L NaOH) leaching extracted about 80% of the Zn and less than 0.01% of the Mn, which resulted in lesser concentrated Zn solutions (approximately 16.5g/L) but with high purity (>99.5%) that was suitable for the recovery of Zn by precipitation. The microwave- and ultrasound-assisted leaching strategies used in this work proved to be efficient and environmentally-friendly approaches for the extraction of Zn from spent alkaline residues since a concentrated Zn solution with adequate purity for subsequent Zn recovery was obtained using significantly decreased leaching times and concentrations of chemicals.
TMEM106B has recently been identified as a genetic risk factor for frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions (FTLD-TDP). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), like FTLD-TDP, is characterized by pathological TDP-43 inclusions. We therefore investigated whether FTLD-TDP-associated risk genotypes at TMEM106B (1) contribute to risk of developing ALS or (2) modify the clinical presentation in ALS. Detailed clinical and pathological information from 61 postmortem ALS patients was collected by database query, retrospective chart review, and histopathological slide review. DNA from these patients, as well as 24 additional ALS patients, was genotyped for three TMEM106B single nucleotide polymorphisms known to confer increased risk of FTLD-TDP. Associations between TMEM106B genotype and ALS were investigated by comparing TMEM106B genotypes in ALS patients (n = 85) and normal controls (n = 553), and associations between TMEM106B genotype and clinical and pathologic features were explored using linear regression. Multivariate linear models were used to evaluate the contributions of TMEM106B genotype and TDP-43 pathology to cognitive performance in ALS as measured by a phonemic verbal fluency test. We found that TMEM106B genotypes did not differ between ALS patients and normal controls. However, protective alleles at TMEM106B were significantly associated with preserved cognition in ALS patients, with the strongest association seen under a major-allele-dominant genetic model. While lower TDP-43 pathology scores and protective alleles at TMEM106B both correlated with better cognitive scores, these factors were not correlated with each other and demonstrated independent effects. These findings implicate the FTLD-TDP risk gene TMEM106B in the development of cognitive impairment in ALS.
The thermal management systems using EG-based phase change materials (PCMs) can provide power batteries with a proper operating temperature, slow temperature rise rate and uniform temperature distribution. In this study, a systematical investigation on the effects of thermo-physical properties of the used PCMs on the performance of the systems has been conducted. A series of paraffin/expanded graphite (EG) composites have been applied to a simulative battery thermal management system and to find out the PCM with the best thermal properties. The performances of PCMs varying with the kind of paraffin used, the paraffin mass fraction in composites and the packing density of the composites have been compared. It is found that the paraffin with the melting point of 44°C offers batteries the best operating temperature. Furthermore, the synergetic effect of the mass fraction of paraffin in the composite PCM and the packing density of the composite in the thermal management system has been studied. The temperature rise can be slowed down by increasing the composites density and the temperature uniformity can be improved by the increase in EG mass fraction and composite density. After cycle tests, the paraffin/EG composite with paraffin mass fraction of 75% and density of 890kgm−3 shows the best thermal management performance. In addition, numerical research with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, FLUENT was also carried out. The numerical results are in a good agreement with the experiment data.
Ordered arrays of anodic alumina nanopores with uniform pore diameters have been fabricated by self-organized anodization of aluminum. However, gradient or alternating diameter nanopore arrays with designed interpore distances have not been possible. In this study, focused ion beam lithography is used to fabricate hexagonally arranged concaves with different diameters in designed arrangements on aluminum surfaces. The patterns are then used to guide the further growth of alumina nanopores in the subsequent oxalic acid anodization. Gradient and alternating nanopore arrangements have been attained by FIB patterning guided oxalic acid anodization. The fundamental understanding of the process is discussed.
Lithium/solid polymer electrolyte (SPE)/sulfur cells were studied in operando by two techniques: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy (UV–vis). During the operation of the cell, extensive polysulfide dissolution in the solid polymer electrolyte (cross-linked polyethylene oxide) leads to the formation of a catholyte. A clear micrograph of the thick passivation layer on the sulfur-rich anode and the decreased SPE thickness by cycling confirmed the failure mechanism; the capacity decays by reducing the amount of active material, and by contributing to a charge inhibiting mechanism called polysulfide shuttle. The formation of elemental sulfur is clearly visible in real time during the charge process beyond 2.3 V. The non-destructive in operando UV–vis study also shows the presence of characteristic absorption peaks evolving with cycling, demonstrating the accumulation of various polysulfide species, and the predominant formation of S4 2− and of S6 2− during discharge and charge, respectively. This finding implies that the charge and discharge reactions are not completely reversible and proceed along different pathways.
The Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE has developed a fuel cell system to power a portable computer. The components are a four-cell polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system, a six-phase DC/DC-converter, an air pump, two cylindrical metal hydride storage tanks, a valve and a pressure sensor to adjust the hydrogen flow [national patent applied, DE 101 19 339, 03 (2001)] and a control unit for the management of the whole system. Prominent characteristics of the system are a flat design of the fuel cell stack and the integrated DC/DC-converter [national patent granted, DE 198 10 556 C1, 11 (1999)]. The system provides a nominal power output of about 42W at 12V. Extensive physical investigations of different flow field combinations as well as the system design are presented.
Two kinds of ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC), hexagonal mesoporous carbon CMK-3 and cubic mesoporous carbon CMK-8, are prepared by a hard template nanocasting method. Afterwards, nitric acid modification is conducted to explore the influence of surface functional groups on the supercapacitive characteristics of the OMC electrodes. The electrochemical performances of CMK-3, CMK-8, acid-modified CMK-3 (H-CMK-3) and acid-modified CMK-8 (H-CMK-8) electrodes are investigated in three-electrode cells using alkaline (2M KOH), acidic (2M H2SO4) and neutral (2M Na2SO4) aqueous media. After nitric acid modification, the capacitive performances of two OMCs are improved in KOH, decreased in H2SO4, but showed no change in Na2SO4. The correlations among the change of surface functional groups after acid modification, electrolyte category and the capacitive performance of the OMCs are studied in detail. It can provide a guideline for proper usage of OMC-based materials for the next generation of supercapacitors.
Lithium sulfide (Li2S) is considered as an attractive cathode material for Li/S batteries due to its high theoretical specific capacity. In order to overcome its poor conductivity, Li2S is often compounded with carbon materials. However, the composites prepared by the traditional physical mixing method have low loading content, poor dispersion, large particle size of Li2S and lack of binding effects for polysulfides shuttle. Herein, we prepare nano-sized Li2S/graphene aerogel composite by in-situ lithiation of nano-S precursor. The Li2S loading in this composite is high (69.0 wt%) and variable, the nanoscaled particle size (ca. 10 nm) retains well from the elemental S precursor and disperses evenly on the three-dimensional porous graphene aerogel. More importantly, COS chemical bonding is retained between Li2S and graphene skeleton, thus the dissolution of polysulfide species and the shuttle effect can be effectively suppressed. After the lithiation process, the specific surface area is also unexpectedly increased by a factor of 10, greatly improving the lithium ion transport path, and contributing to an increase in rate performance. As a result, the in-situ lithiated Li2S/graphene aerogel composite exhibits higher specific capacity and stability compared to that via ex-situ infiltration route.
A silicon/graphene composite anode for lithium-ion batteries was fabricated with a high loading of Si by combining surface-modified silicon with graphene. The Si nanopowder was modified by a binder-like organic moeity (1-(bromoethyl) benzene and polyacrylic acid) grafted on the surface of hydrogenated silicon by diazonium chemistry and surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The graphene was produced by electrochemical exfoliation of natural graphite. The optimum composite electrode prepared without a binder, with silicon loading as high as 85 wt% and a mass loading of 1.1 ± 0.1 mg cm−2 yielded a discharge capacity of 1020 mAh per gram of electrode mass (or 1200 mAh per gram of Si) after 586 charge/discharge cycles at a rate of 3.4 A g−1. It showed first cycle Coulombic efficiency of more than 90% in the absence of electrolyte additives at a current rate of 0.05 A g−1.