batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this study, we examined a large sample of 231 generally healthy older adults across 4 years with regard to several brain anatomical measures (volumes of total grey matter volume: GM, normal appearing white matter: NAWM, lateral ventricle: LV, and white matter hypointensities: WMH) and psychometric intelligence (verbal and non-verbal). The dataset comprised four measurement occasions (baseline, 1-, 2-, and 4-year follow-ups). With this longitudinal data set, we evaluated level–level, level–change, and change–change relationships between the anatomical and psychometric measures using latent growth curve models. Our analyses indicate that GM and NAWM decreased significantly over the course of 4 years with annual percent changes of − 0.73% and − 0.79%, respectively. WMH and LV volumes increase with annual percent changes of 7.3% and 4%, respectively. Verbal and nonverbal IQ measures remained stable in our sample. In addition, we uncovered evidence for level–level and -change associations between several of the brain anatomical measures. With regard to brain-IQ associations, we observed a positive level–level association for GM and NAWM, indicating that participants with larger brain volumes demonstrate higher IQ measures. No substantial evidence was identified for level- or change–change associations between any of the brain metrics and the IQ measures. Taken together, these results suggest that while healthy older adults demonstrated age-related neuroanatomical decline over a time span of 4 years, these degenerative changes are not necessarily linked to simultaneous cognitive deterioration.
Photogrammetric studies performed with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have recently become more popular as they present an interesting low-cost alternative. A novel application of thermography with UAVs has been validated during the last years: aerial thermography for inspection of photovoltaic plants as a useful diagnostic technique to assess performance of photovoltaic modules, superseding time-consuming traditional manual methods. This paper describes the current state of thermographic cameras and UAV technology, with the aim of examining the general principles of aerial thermographic measurement and required instrumentation, detailing the most important system aspects, discussing new developments and future trends in aerial thermography sensors and instrumentation, and evaluating them for specific application of aerial thermographic inspection of photovoltaic plants.
In this paper, we adopted three different commercial activated carbon samples (ACs) having different particle size, specific surface area and pore size to make sulfur–carbon (S-AC) nanocomposites for rechargeable lithium sulfur batteries. The effect of the physical parameters of ACs and the combined effect of electrolyte molarity were investigated. The performance of the cells at two different temperatures of 25 and 70 °C were compared. For room temperature operation of the cells, the capacities of S infiltrated into microporous AC having smaller pore size and stronger interactions with sulfur and sulfides were lower than those of the S infiltrated into micro- and mesoporous ACs containing larger pores. In contrast, the microporous AC demonstrated higher capacity at the elevated temperature due to the improved ion transport rate. The effect of electrolyte molarity on the performance of Li/S cells was found to depend on the AC pore size and particle size distributions. Increasing electrolyte molarity from 1 to 3 M demonstrated improved cell performance and reduced polysulfide dissolution in all the studied S-AC samples. However, further increasing electrolyte salt concentration resulted in a high polarization and reduced cell performance in S-ACs having large particle size or smaller pores.
Artificial reef communities undergo long periods of succession prior to becoming stable, but funding challenges often prevent post-deployment monitoring from evaluating long-term successional changes. The present study employed baited remote underwater video surveillance (BRUVS) to compare the species richness, diversity, abundance, and age structure of fishes across a 4-year-old artificial reef, a 41-year-old artificial reef, a representative natural reef, and a bare control in Nantucket Sound, MA, USA, to address whether the perceived success of an artificial reef can be determined 5 years after deployment. Results indicated that, while species richness and diversity were largely uniform throughout the Sound, fish appeared on camera 93.4% faster at artificial reef sites than they did at the bare sand control. Reef-associated fish were 103.7% more abundant on the older artificial reef than on the younger artificial reef. Therefore, although the younger artificial reef is in its fifth year of monitoring, abundances of economically important fishes on the reef may continue to increase in future years and current numbers may not accurately reflect reef success or failure. Future management plans should consider extending monitoring programs longer than 5 years and implementing temporal fishing closures on newly deployed reefs to facilitate earlier post-deployment community stabilization.
Oxygen evolution reaction is a key half reaction in overall water splitting process and metal air batteries. However, this reaction is kinetically unfavorable and requires a large overpotential when conducted in the absence of a precious metal catalyst. Substituting these precious metal catalysts with more abundant transition metal oxide such as Fe2O3 is a key challenge for widespread applications of water splitting. The catalytic activity of the Fe2O3 for water oxidation is mostly limited by the poor electric conductivity and low electrolyte permeability on catalyst surface. To overcome these limitations in this work, we have synthesized a composite between Fe2O3 nanorods and oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes via a simple urea assisted co-precipitation method. The Fe2O3 nanorods with hollow interior and low crystallinity provided improved electrochemically active surface area and larger number of transportation channels for diffusion of electrolyte. While, introduction of the carbon nanotube caused significant drop in resistance associated with faradic process. Consequently, the Fe2O3/carbon nanotube composite displayed excellent catalytic activity which is superior to Fe2O3, carbon nanotubes and their physical mixture. It is noted that the present work provides a simple strategy for the development of high performance oxygen evolution catalyst based on Fe2O3.
A generalized method is introduced to extract critical information from series of ranked correlated data. The method is generally applicable to all types of spectra evolving as a function of any arbitrary parameter. This approach is based on correlation functions and statistical scedasticity formalism. Numerous challenges in analyzing high throughput experimental data can be tackled using the herein proposed method. We applied this method to understand the reactivity pathway and formation mechanism of a Li-ion battery cathode material during high temperature synthesis using in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction. We demonstrate that Pearson's correlation function can easily unravel all major phase transition and, more importantly, the minor structural changes which cannot be revealed by conventionally inspecting the series of diffraction patterns. Furthermore, a two-dimensional (2D) reactivity pattern calculated as the scedasticity along all measured reciprocal space of all successive diffraction pattern pairs unveils clearly the structural evolution path and the active areas of interest during the synthesis. The methods described here can be readily used for on-the-fly data analysis during various in-situ operando experiments in order to quickly evaluate and optimize experimental conditions, as well as for post data analysis and large data mining where considerable amount of data hinders the feasibility of the investigation through point-by-point inspection.
Due to the 2012 change in the renewable energy act the feed-in tariffs, and therefore the number of newly installed photovoltaic systems decreased dramatically in Germany. Particularly in the residential sector as the biggest market new business ideas for photovoltaic systems were developed. Hence a photovoltaic and combined heat-and-power system, which provides not only electricity but also heat. This complex system requires flexible control strategies. A new combined control algorithm is proposed that in contrast to the standard strategies can operate even under incorrect weather and load forecasts without creating discomfort. Furthermore is it applicable for cloud-based solutions. In this paper a high-level model predictive control based on a mixed integer linear programming problem is combined with an additional low-level, rule-based controller. The low-level control compares the set-points of the optimization with the actual values and corrects the set-points according to each system component until the next optimization takes place. The results show that a hybrid system can be successfully controlled by a combined control approach. In case of a cloud-based application the need for an optimization can be reduced by a factor of four without diminishing comfort or facing much higher operational costs. It has also been shown that the combined control algorithm can be used as an energy management of microgrids.
Both NASA and the US Army have interest in developing secondary energy storage devices with improved low temperature performance to meet the demanding requirements of space missions and man-portable applications. Lithium-ion systems have been identified as having the most promise due to their high specific energy density and wide operational temperature ranges from the use of organic solvent-based electrolytes, rather than aqueous-based systems. Initially, the SOA lithium-ion technology was limited to operation above −10°C, due primarilly to the fact that the electrolytes employed had high melting points and were highly viscous at low temperatures, resulting in low ionic conductivity. However, due to recent developments in electrolyte formulations at the Army and at JPL, improved low temperature performance of lithium-ion cells have been demonstrated, with efficient cell operation to temperatures as low as −30°C. This was achieved by developing multi-component solvent systems, based on mixtures of cyclic and aliphatic alkyl carbonates. In the course of investigating the viability of a number of advanced electrolyte systems, it was identified that the protective surface films which form on the carbonaceous-based anodes can strongly influence the low temperature capabilities of lithium-ion cells, in addtion to the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. Thus, in order to optimize an electrolyte for low temperature applications, it is necessary to balance the inherent physical properties of the formulations (i.e. freezing point, viscosity, and ionic conductivity) with the observed compatibility with the chosen cell chemistry (i.e. the nature of the passivating films formed on the electrodes).
This work represented the preliminary results in developing the anodic deposition of nickel oxides and examining their electrochemical and textural properties for the application in aqueous batteries. Nickel oxides were anodically deposited onto the graphite substrate by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and potentiostatic techniques from the aqueous solution containing NiCl2. Based on the linear sweep voltammogram (LSV) measured from the chloride solution, the anodic deposition of nickel oxides commenced at the onset of the Ni(II)/Ni(III) transition. The electrochemical characteristics, including the specific charge capacity and charge–discharge reversibility, of nickel oxides prepared by the anodic deposition were demonstrated to be the promising electrode materials for nickel-based batteries, which were obviously affected by the potential ranges of CV and the potentials of potentiostatic deposition. The morphologies and crystalline structures of these nickel oxides were respectively examined by scanning electron microscopic photographs and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra.
A method is described herein to immobilize dispersed unsupported high area Pt particles (ca. 30 m2 g−1) on the surface of a glassy carbon (GC) disk of a rotating Pt(ring)/GC(disk) electrode (RRDE) assembly, without the use of Nafion® or other additives, allowing electrochemical measurements to be performed under forced convection with only minimal losses of Pt from the surface. Diffusion limiting currents, I lim, and half-wave potentials for O2 reduction recorded with dispersed Pt/GC electrodes at the highest attainable loadings (ca. 8.3 equivalent Pt monolayers and rotation rates 400≤ω≤2500 rpm, were found to be differ only slightly from those observed with a bulk Pt RDE of the same cross sectional area, e.g. I lim(Pt) ca. 1.06I lim(Pt/GC), under otherwise identical conditions. In addition, this novel strategy enables in situ surface modification of dispersed Pt particles on the GC disk of the RRDE by ad-atoms and subsequent voltammetric and electrocatalytic characterization for a wide spectrum of redox reactions.
Music is important in most children’s lives. To advance efficacious pediatric supportive care, it is necessary to understand young cancer patients’ thoughts about music. Concern about inviting unwell children to express opinions has resulted in scant research examining their views. “Mosaic” research examines children’s experiences through investigating multiple perspectives which inform a “co-constructed meaning.” This study examines pediatric cancer patients’ and their parents’ perspectives about music and music therapy’s role in the children’s lives.
Layered two-dimensional MoSe2 has raised much interest in lithium/sodium ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs) due to its unique structure and high theoretical capacity. In this work, we have fabricated MoSe2@carbon cloth (MoSe2@CC) composites through an in situ hydrothermal approach followed by an annealing treatment. The as-synthesized MoSe2@CC composites are constructed by MoSe2 nanoflowers anchored on CC network, which can be directly used as binder-free anodes for LIBs and SIBs. As an anode for LIBs, the MoSe2@CC performs excellent rate capacity (1337, 1092, 952, 831 and 749 mAh g−1 at current densities of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 A g−1) and super long-life cycling stability (638 mAh g−1 remains after 1200 cycles at 5 A g−1). As for SIBs, the MoSe2@CC electrode delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 839 mAh g−1 and excellent long-life cycling stability, retaining 202 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles. Kinetics results indicate that the Li+ and Na+ storages in MoSe2@CC are both dominated by surface-based pseudocapacitive process, which greatly improves the rate performance of LIBs/SIBs. The CC provides a conductive network and an excellent utilization rate of the active material MoSe2 to improve the electrochemical performance.
Herein, a mesoporous silicon film (5 μm thick, diameter of pores ranging from 60 to 70 nm) was prepared through an electrochemical etching of a silicon wafer, and its performance for lithium-ion microbatteries was investigated. A sluggish penetration of the electrolyte into the pores of the material along its depth was clearly observed thanks to cyclic voltammetry measurements, as in fact, the lithiation and delithiation peaks raise during scanning. The penetration of the electrolyte in the mesoporous layer was monitored by elemental analysis and by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy coupled with scanning electron microscopy. Herein, it is clearly reported that after 50 voltammetric cycles, electrochemical reactions take place in the whole depth of the porous silicon layer. In contrast, after only 10 cycles, the bottom part of the silicon pores seems to not be affected. Galvanostatic cycling at a rate of 300 μA cm− 2 was performed for two different lower cut-off voltages. A charge limitation of 0.1 V resulted in a stable specific capacity of 1910 mAh g− 1. For a deeper charge with a potential limitation of 0.07 V, a higher specific capacity of 2480 mAh g− 1 was reached but, unfortunately, this was accompanied by a severe fading of the performances. This phenomenon was attributed to the strong mechanical damages in the porous structure of the silicon negative electrode.
We present the first vibrational spectroscopic investigation of a novel non-aqeous proton conducting polymer gel electrolyte consisting of a PMMA matrix and a solvent mixture (ethylene carbonate (EC)/propylene carbonate (PC) or EC/PC/-N,Ndimethylformamide (DMF)) with a dissolved organic acid (benzoic or salicylic acid). The protonic conductivity of the gels is of the order ∼10−4–10−5 S/cm at room temperature. We show that the conductivity is proportional to the degree of dissociation of the acid, the latter determined from Raman spectroscopic data, and that the degree of dissociation depends on the properties of the solvent mixture. Finally, we comment on the relation between the proton conductivity and the solvent diffussion dynamics as studied by PCS.
Poole JL, Sadek J, Haaland KY. Meal preparation abilities after left or right hemisphere stroke. Objective To examine meal preparation ability after right or left hemisphere damage (RHD, LHD) caused by stroke and whether cognitive (spatial abilities, aphasia, limb apraxia) and motor deficits are differentially associated with meal preparation. Design Observational cohort design. Setting Primary care Veterans Affair Medical Center and private medical center. Participants Volunteer right-handed sample of adults with LHD (n=30) or RHD (n=16) caused by stroke and healthy demographically matched adults (n=63) (N=109). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Total completion time, number and type of errors, and level of independence for a meal preparation task consisting of making a hot beverage and toast, eating part of the meal, and clean-up. Results Both stroke groups took significantly more time to complete the meal preparation task than the control group. Total errors and level of independence were worse in the group with LHD than other groups, but individual errors did not significantly differ between the 2 stroke groups. While correlations should be interpreted cautiously, especially in the relatively small RHD group, poorer ipsilesional motor performance was associated with longer completion time in the RHD group, and poorer contralesional motor performance and greater aphasia were associated with less independence in the LHD group. Conclusions These findings demonstrate impaired meal preparation after LHD or RHD but greater impairment after LHD. Poorer meal preparation is associated with different cognitive and motor deficits in the 2 stroke groups.
Layered Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 (NCM) materials have been investigated at high working potential and elevated temperature to correlate electrochemical performance with changes to the electrode interface. Graphite/NCM cells were cycled to either 4.2 or 4.5 V vs Li/Li+ at room temperature (25 °C) followed by moderately elevated temperature (55 °C). Cells cycled to 4.2 and 4.5 V have similar capacity retention, but the cells cycled to 4.5 V have poorer first cycle efficiency, efficiency upon cycling at 55 °C, and greater increases in cell resistance. Surface analyses indicate thicker surface films on the cathode after cycling to 4.5 V, compared to cycling at a lower voltage of 4.2 V. The thicker surface film on the cathode is the result of electrolyte oxidation to generate poly(ethylene carbonate) and lithium alkyl carbonates. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of three-electrode cells reveals that the cathode dominates the cell impedance and the cathode impedance is much greater for cells cycled to 4.5 V than cells cycled to 4.2 V.
Objective: There are few prospective comprehensive controlled studies of the neuropsychiatric outcome in people who attempt suicide with carbon monoxide (CO). The present study aimed to evaluate this. Methods: A consecutive series of 41 adults (81% men) with CO exposure presenting over 3 years, and 20 matched controls, were evaluated with instruments to assess orientation, attention, concentration, speed of information processing, verbal memory, premorbid intellect, executive function (working memory, verbal fluency and set-switching), mood disorder, psychotic disorder, alcohol dependence and obsessive–compulsive disorder, levels of depression, hopelessness, suicide intent, anxiety, neurobehavioural function and social and interpersonal functioning. At 2 months follow-up, the neuropsychological battery was extended to include further tests of executive function (including problem-solving) and memory (including visual memory), Results: At initial assessment, control subjects showed similar levels of cognitive impairment as CO-exposed subjects (except in the case of four CO subjects with very severe impairment), but were more depressed. At 2-months follow-up, the trends were generally towards improvement in all subjects, with no between-group differences. Conclusions: Indirect effects on cognitive state may be at least as great as direct CO neurotoxicity in suicide attempters. The study did not support CO exposure exacerbating mood disorder in this sample.
LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 materials coated with AlPO4 are prepared by a sol–gel method with citric acid to improve their electrochemical performance; the physical and electrochemical properties are characterized by various analytical techniques. The coated AlPO4 layer completely covers the surfaces of the LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 particles and the thickness of the coated layer is ∼15nm. 1wt.% AlPO4-coated LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 has much lower surface and charge-transfer resistances and shows a higher lithium diffusion rate in comparison with the pristine sample. The modified material demonstrates dramatically enhanced electrochemical reversibility and stability under elevated temperature conditions. This is because the coated AlPO4 layer reduces the contact area between the electrode and electrolyte and suppresses the formation of undesirable solid electrolyte interface films.
The graphene wrapped hollow Zn2SnO4 boxes are fabricated via the electrostatic interaction. The flexible graphene wrapping layers, as a physical buffering matrix to reinforce the hollow structure, prevent interparticle agglomeration and improve the electronic conductivity of the hollow Zn2SnO4 boxes. Compared with our previous studies, graphene wrapping Zn2SnO4 boxes show an enhanced electrochemical performance (678.2 mAhg−1 after 45 cycles) and high rate capability. With rational and delicate design, this kind of composites may be the potential anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
Solid-state reactions are used for synthesizing Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) of high purity and crystallinity. However, it is not easy to control the particle size of LTO in these reactions. In this study, an entanglement structure for an LTO/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite is prepared by a ball-milling-assisted solid-state reaction. The LTO nanoparticles are confined in the interspace of the MWCNT matrix via this architecture control. The additive of MWCNTs can prevent the aggregation of LTO particles during the calcination process of the solid-state reaction. In addition, the entanglement of the MWCNTs and LTO creates an effective conductive network, which improves the conductivity of LTO. Therefore, the entanglement structure improves the electrochemical properties of LTO, such as the rate capability and cycle performance.