batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In agreement with the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, prenatal exposure of rats to the antimitotic agent methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) at gestational day 17 produced long-lasting behavioral alterations such as social withdrawal and cognitive impairment in the social interaction test and in the novel object recognition test, respectively. At the molecular level, an increased cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1) mRNA and protein expression, which might be due to reduction in DNA methylation at the gene promoter in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), coincided with deficits in the social interaction test and in the novel object recognition test in MAM rats. Both the schizophrenia-like phenotype and altered transcriptional regulation of CB1 receptors were reversed by peripubertal treatment (from PND 19 to PND 39) with the non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (30 mg/kg/day), or, in part, by treatment with the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist AM251 (0.5 mg/kg/day), but not with haloperidol (0.6 mg/kg/day). These results suggest that early treatment with cannabidiol may prevent both the appearance of schizophrenia-like deficits as well as CB1 alterations in the PFC at adulthood, supporting that peripubertal cannabidiol treatment might be protective against MAM insult.
Metal–organic frameworks have emerged as one of the most diverse new families of materials in the past few years. Their hybrid structures, combinations of inorganic and organic moieties, give a wide range of complex architectures with resultant properties that are suitable for numerous important fields, including porosity for molecular sieving and sensing, heterogeneous catalysis, drug delivery, and energy storage. If applications of these materials are to be realised then scalable synthesis is required, taking laboratory batch reactions towards industrial production. Continuous flow reactors offer the most versatile method for scaling their solvothermal synthesis, with the largest range of materials accessible, in high yield, and with control over crystal form.
The electrolyte additive, 3,9-divinyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5,5] undecane (TOS), was investigated as a means to improve the life of mesocarbon microbead (MCMB)/Li1.1[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]0.9O2 (NCM) cells for high-power applications. With the addition of an appropriate amount of TOS (no more than 1wt%) to MCMB/NCM cells, the capacity retention was significantly improved at 55°C compared with cells containing pristine electrolyte. Aging tests at 55°C indicated that the capacity retention of the negative electrode had benefited as a result of the formation of a stable passivation film at the surface of the carbon electrode due to TOS reduction. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that a TOS addition of more than 0.5wt% increased the cell interfacial impedance. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the thermal stability of lithiated MCMB was also improved with the TOS addition.
We report a facile approach to synthesize Fe-Sb-based hybrid oxides nanocomposites consisting of Sb, Sb2O3, and Fe3O4 for use as new anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The composites are synthesized via galvanic replacement between Fe3+ and Sb at high temperature in triethylene glycol medium. The phase, morphology, and composition changes of the composites involved in the various stages of the replacement reaction are characterized using X-ray diffractometry, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The as-prepared composites have different compositions with very small particle sizes (<< 10 nm). The FexSbyOz-18 h composite, for instance, exhibits high capacity, better cyclic stability, and rate performance than other composites, with a highly stable specific capacity of 434 mAh g−1 at 500 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the high interfacial contact area between the nanocomposite and electrolyte, stable structure of the composites owing to a mixture of inactive phases generated by the conversion reaction between Li+ and oxide metal—whose structure serves as an electron conductor, inhibits agglomeration of Sb particles, and acts as an effective buffer against volume change of Sb during cycling—and high Li+ diffusion ability.
To evaluate the propulsion system capabilities of a Flapping Micro Air Vehicle (FMAV), a new aeroelastic model of a typical flexible FMAV is developed, utilizing the Euler–Bernoulli torsion beam and quasi steady aerodynamic model. The new model accounts for all existing complex interactions between the mass, inertia, elastic properties, aerodynamic loading, flapping amplitude and frequency of the FMAV, as well as the effects of several geometric and design parameters. To validate the proposed theoretical model, a typical FMAV, as well as an instrumented test stand for the online measurement of forces, flapping angle and power consumption, has been constructed. The experimental results are initially utilized to validate the flight dynamic model, and several appropriate conclusions are drawn. The model is subsequently used to demonstrate the flapping propulsion characteristics of the FMAV via simulation. Using dimensionless parameters, a set of new aeroelastic coordinates are introduced. In this reduced design space, new generalized performance curves have been deduced. The results indicate that by proper adjustment of the wing stiffness parameter, as a function of reduced frequency, the FMAV will attain its optimum propulsive efficiency. This fact raises additional ideas of utilizing intelligent variable stiffness materials and/or an active morphing technology for the sustained flight of FMAVs.
Electrochemical performance of spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) at elevated temperature is improved by solid-state electrolyte Li2O–Al2O3–TiO2–P2O5 (LATP) coating. Crystallinity and thickness of coatings are controlled by adjusting the coating process at two different temperatures (550 and 650 °C). 2.0 wt.% LATP-modified LNMO cathode materials obtained at 650 °C exhibits remarkably promoted electrochemical performance compared to that of the pristine one in terms of cycling and rate ability at 55 °C. The enhanced performance of the surface-modified samples can be accounted for the suppressed side reactions between the cathode materials and electrolyte solution. What is more important is that LATP cannot only protect the active materials from electrolyte solution but also improve Li+ mobility. The higher crystallinity of glass-ceramic LATP coating layer with thinner thickness implies more unobstructed, stable and shorter diffusion path of Li+ transport. It is found that the coating process is in favor of the disordered to ordered phase transition, implying that the heating process of coating plays a role of anneal as well.
As electric cars become more widespread, the disposal and recycling of used batteries will become an important challenge. Typically, vehicle batteries are replaced if their capacity drops to 70–80% of initial capacity. However, they may still be useful for stationary applications. In this paper, results from a field test of a molten salt high-temperature electric vehicle battery repurposed as stationary storage for grid balancing are presented. In a previous study, we have shown that a mixed integer linear programming control strategy driven by a spot-market price for electricity is best suited for an implementation on hardware with limited computational resources. A 14-day experiment resulted in a round-trip energy efficiency (converter-battery-converter) of about 74.4%. The earnings per battery capacity per day achieved in this period amounted to 7.38 €/MWh. An error analysis of the model underlying the optimization showed a root mean square error of 7.6% between the estimated and measured state of charge. The field test implementation shows a substantial economic deviation of 37.3% between theoretical and physical potential of grid-balancing measures due to model inaccuracies and technical characteristics, thereby demonstrating the urgent need for field tests of repurposed electric vehicle batteries for stationary applications.
Graphite felts modified with atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) are applied as electrodes in an all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). APPJ flow penetrates deeply into the graphite felt, improving significantly the wettability of the graphite felt inside out and, thereby, enhancing graphite fiber-electrolyte contact during battery operation. The energy efficiency of a VRFB was improved from 62% (untreated) to 76% (APPJ-treated with the scan mode) at a current density of 80 mA cm−2, an improvement of 22%. The efficiency improvement is attributed to the oxygen-containing groups and nitrogen doping introduced by N2 APPJs on the fiber surfaces of graphite felt, both of which enhance electrochemical reactivity.
The goal of this study was to determine whether a phosphodiesterase-4D (PDE4D) allosteric inhibitor (BPN14770) would improve cognitive function and behavioral outcomes in patients with fragile X syndrome (FXS). This phase 2 trial was a 24-week randomized, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover study in 30 adult male patients (age 18–41 years) with FXS. Participants received oral doses of BPN14770 25 mg twice daily or placebo. Primary outcomes were prespecified as safety and tolerability with secondary efficacy outcomes of cognitive performance, caregiver rating scales and physician rating scales (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:
We applied conversation analysis in an unselected continuous series of 70 patients to discriminate patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) from patients with epilepsy. Two psychologists examined the patients' recorded reports. Patients were also submitted to an extensive neuropsychological battery in order to verify whether specific cognitive deficits or mental health problems are typical of patients with PNES and whether some cognitive deficits could prevent the correct diagnosis. The results showed a good percentage of correct diagnosis, with a sensitivity of 0.795 and a specificity of 0.83, while no difference in the cognitive profile was found between patients with PNES and patients with epilepsy. The results also suggest that psychologists can apply the conversation analysis as well as linguists, which is an important finding since psychologists are employed in specialized centers, while linguists in general are not part of the team.
Gamma irradiation-induced removal of cadmium ion (Cd2+) and lead ion (Pb2+) in different kinds of water was investigated. It is observed that solution pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, sodium carbonate and EDTA played an important effect on Cd2+ and Pb2+ removal. Low solution pH, low DO concentration and sodium carbonate were favorable for removal of Cd2+ and Pb2+ by reducing species, while the presence of EDTA in solution restrained Cd2+ and Pb2+ reduction. Pb2+ removal percentage was higher compared to that of Cd2+ at the same experimental conditions. Cd2+ and Pb2+ removal under different conditions was well described by the pseudo-first-order kinetics model. Cd2+ and Pb2+ removal in different water followed an increasing order: water inflow<surface water<effluent<ground water. In addition, gamma irradiation resulted in a slight decrease in pH and TOC values of water inflow of municipal sewage treatment plant.
Background Pediatric ADHD is associated with impairments in working memory, but these deficits often go undetected when using clinic-based tests such as digit span backward. Aims The current study pilot-tested minor administration/scoring modifications to improve digit span backward’s construct and predictive validities in a well-characterized sample of children with ADHD. Methods and procedures WISC-IV digit span was modified to administer all trials (i.e., ignore discontinue rule) and count digits rather than trials correct. Traditional and modified scores were compared to a battery of criterion working memory (construct validity) and academic achievement tests (predictive validity) for 34 children with ADHD ages 8–13 (M =10.41; 11 girls). Outcomes and results Traditional digit span backward scores failed to predict working memory or KTEA-2 achievement (all ns). Alternate administration/scoring of digit span backward significantly improved its associations with working memory reordering (r =.58), working memory dual-processing (r =.53), working memory updating (r =.28), and KTEA-2 achievement (r =.49). Conclusions and implications Consistent with prior work, these findings urge caution when interpreting digit span performance. Minor test modifications may address test validity concerns, and should be considered in future test revisions. Digit span backward becomes a valid measure of working memory at exactly the point that testing is traditionally discontinued.
In 1978 Henri Cartier-Bresson reminded us that Photography has not changed since its origin except in its technical aspects, which for me are not a major concern. (Zakia, 2000, p. xv) This statement, by one of the great artists in photography, is worth pondering particularly with the increasingly sophisticated imaging technology now available. Regardless of the medium used, how high tech it might be, and with what speed images can be captured, manipulated, and transported, it is the human factor that is most important. Pictures, regardless of how they are created and re-created, are intended to be looked at. This brings to the forefront not the technology of imaging, which of course is important, but rather what we might call the “eyenology” (knowledge of the visual process—seeing). What is known about vision and the visual process is overwhelming; what is directly applicable to pictures is not, and this is some of what will be covered in this section.
Valid measures of physical activity are critical research tools. The objective of this study was to develop a Spanish translation of the Yale Physical Activity Survey, and to provide preliminary evidence of its validity in a population of Dominican patients with lower extremity arthritis.
Silicon, a promising high-capacity anode material of lithium ion batteries, suffers from its volume expansion leading to pulverization and low conductivities, showing capacity decay during cycling and low capacities at fast charging and discharging. In addition to popular active-material-modifying strategies, building lithium-ion-rich environments around silicon surface is helpful in enhancing unsatisfactory performances of silicon anodes. In this work, we accelerated lithium ion transport to silicon surface by using an organogel binder to utilize the electroactivity of silicon in a more efficient way. The cyanoethyl polymer (PVA-CN), characterized by high lithium ion transference number as well as appropriate elastic modulus with strong adhesion, enhanced cycle stability of silicon anodes with high coulombic efficiency even at high temperature (60 °C) as well as at fast charging/discharging rates.
Hydrogen plasma processing offers improved thermodynamics, kinetics and optimal reductive environment over conventional, thermal processing. In the current work, we report the first demonstration of hydrogen plasma treatment as a simple and effective strategy to fundamentally improve the performance of TiO2 nanowires for lithium storage. In comparison to pristine TiO2 nanowires, the hydrogen plasma treated TiO2 (H-TiO2) samples show substantially enhanced electron conductivity due to Ti3+ introduction, which are successfully confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy and four-probe testing instrument. More importantly, the H-TiO2 electrode exhibits a higher rate capability and better reversibility. At charge/discharge current of 200, 800, 1600 and 3350mA/g (10C), the discharge capacity of the H-TiO2 electrode is 200, 162, 144 and 130mAhg−1. After 200 cycles at current of 200mA/g, its capacity retention was 99.8% with almost no capacity fading. The electrochemical impedance spectra analyses and theoretical energy calculations using density functional theory (DFT) finally suggest that the hydrogenation process not only improves electronic conductivity due to the formation of Ti3+ in the hydrogenation process but also dramatically augments lithium-ion mass transport within the crystalline lattice due to the introduction of Ti3+.
Layer-structured LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3−y Al y O2 has been synthesized via a sol–gel method. The lattice constants of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3−y Al y O2 decrease with the concentration of aluminum ions. XANES analysis further confirms that the valence of cobalt ion is 3+, and that of Ni is between 2+ and 3+ in LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3−y Al y O2. With doping aluminum ions, the redox centers for the electrochemical reaction change from nickel ions alone to both nickel and cobalt ions. The amounts of de-intercalatable lithium ions are affected by the concentration of aluminum ions; however, the extracting efficiency of lithium ions is improved by doping aluminum ions. Among all the samples, LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn0.23Al0.1O2 exhibits the best capacity retention and the least irreversible capacity.
Solid polymer electrolytes show great potential in electrochemical devices. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) has been studied as a matrix for solid polymer electrolytes because it has relatively high ionic conductivity. In order to investigate the effect of zwitterions on the electrochemical properties of poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (G5)/lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl) amide (LiFSA) electrolytes, a liquid zwitterion (ImZ2) was added to the G5-based electrolytes. In this study, G5, which is a small oligomer, was used as a model compound for PEO matrices. The thermal properties, ionic conductivity, and electrochemical stability of the electrolytes with ImZ2 were evaluated. The thermal stabilities of all the G5-based electrolytes with ImZ2 were above 150°C, and the ionic conductivity values were in the range of 0.8–3.0mScm−1 at room temperature. When the electrolytes contained less than 5.5 wt% ImZ2, the ionic conductivity values were almost the same as that of the electrolyte without ImZ2. The electrochemical properties were improved with the incorporation of ImZ2. The anodic limit of the electrolyte with 5.5 wt% ImZ2 was 5.3V vs. Li/Li+, which was over 1V higher than that of G5/LiFSA.
The present work focuses on the influence of the process steps dispersing by extrusion and calendering on the electrode characteristics, particularly on the structure of Carbon Black (CB)-binder-matrix, electrode resistance and pore structure, as well as the electrochemical performance in regard to rate capability and long term performance. This work wants to draw attention to the importance of a distinct process know-how and an in-depth product analysis regarding to the production of electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. Different effects of the dispersing and calendering step are discussed in context of present scientific knowledge. Furthermore, the distinct role of CB in the structure of electrodes is demonstrated. A different CB deagglomeration has a significant influence on the structure and performance of electrodes, while the formulation of electrodes remains constant. An important part is played by the CB surface to binder ratio, which varies with CB agglomeration state. On the other hand, the interaction of dispersing and calendering steps and their diverging impact on anodes and cathodes is illustrated. To summarize, this work should enable the reader to make decisions regarding the formulation of recipes and the processing of intermediates in electrode production and gain a better understanding of their structure.
Membranes of dicyclohexano-24-crown-8 (I) as an ion-selective compound in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) based matrix have been tried for cadmium(II)-selective sensors. The effect of anion excluder, sodiumtetraphenylborate (NaTPB) and plasticizers dibutylphthalate (DBP), dioctylphthalate (DOP), di(butyl)butylphosphonate (DBBP), 1-chloronaphthalene (CN), tri-butylphosphate (TBP) and tris-(2-ethyl hexyl)phosphate (TEHP) on the performance of the membrane sensor has also been studied. It was observed that the membrane having the composition I: NaTPB:DBBP:PVC in the ratio 10:1:100:100 exhibited the best performance with a wide working concentration range of 3.0×10−5 to 1.0×10−1 M, a Nernstian slope of 30.0±1.0mV/decade of activity, and with a response time of 23s. It was found selective to cadmium ions over a number of mono-, bi- and trivalent cations. The sensor works satisfactorily in the pH range of 2.0–5.4 and can successfully determine cadmium ions in partially non-aqueous medium having up to 40% (v/v) non-aqueous content. The sensor could be used as an indicator electrode in the titration of Cd2+ ions with EDTA.
High-surface-area, nanostructured carbon is widely used for encapsulating sulfur and improving the cyclic stability of Li–S batteries, but the high carbon content and low packing density limit the specific energy that can be achieved. Here we report an approach that does not rely on sulfur encapsulation. We used a low-surface-area, open carbon fibre architecture to control the nucleation and growth of the sulfur species by manipulating the carbon surface chemistry and the solvent properties, such as donor number and Li+ diffusivity. Our approach facilitates the formation of large open spheres and prevents the production of an undesired insulating sulfur-containing film on the carbon surface. This mechanism leads to ~100% sulfur utilization, almost no capacity fading, over 99% coulombic efficiency and high energy density (1,835 Wh kg−1 and 2,317 Wh l−1). This finding offers an alternative approach for designing high-energy and low-cost Li–S batteries through controlling sulfur reaction on low-surface-area carbon.
The fundamental electrochemical reaction mechanisms and the phase transformation pathways of layer-structured α-MoO3 nanobelt during the sodiation/desodiation process to date remain largely unknown. To observe the real-time sodiation/desodiaton behaviors of α-MoO3 during electrochemical cycling, we construct a MoO3 anode sodium-ion battery inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Utilizing in situ TEM and electron diffraction pattern (EDP) observation, α-MoO3 nanobelts are found to undergo a unique multi-step phase transformation. Upon the first sodiation, α-MoO3 nanobelts initially form amorphous Na x MoO3 phase and are subsequently sodiated into intermediate phase of crystalline NaMoO2, finally resulting in the crystallized Mo nanograins embedded within the Na2O matrix. During the first desodiation process, Mo nanograins are firstly re-oxidized into intermediate phase NaMoO2 that is further transformed into amorphous Na2MoO3, resulting in an irreversible phase transformation. Upon subsequent sodiation/desodiation cycles, however, a stable and reversible phase transformation between crystalline Mo and amorphous Na2MoO3 phases has been revealed. Our work provides an in-deepth understanding of the phase transformation pathways of α-MoO3 nanobelts upon electrochemical sodiation/desodiation processes, with the hope of assistance in designing sodium-ion batteries with enhanced performance.