batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We report a patient with a hemorrhagic lesion encroaching upon the posterior third of the corpus callosum but sparing the splenium. She showed marked difficulties in recognizing objects and shapes perceived through her left hand, while she could appreciate elementary sensorial features of items tactually presented to the same hand flawlessly. This picture, corresponding to classical descriptions of unilateral associative tactile agnosia, was associated with finger agnosia of the left hand. This very unusual case report can be interpreted as an instance of disconnection syndrome, and allows a discussion of mechanisms involved in tactile object recognition.
The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of three 1-alkyl-2,3,5-trimethylpyrazolium cation-based room-temperature ionic liquids with various alkyl chain lengths were investigated. The temperature dependences of density, viscosity, and ionic conductivity were obtained by precise measurements. Electrolyte properties of these room-temperature ionic liquids were also examined from the viewpoint of their uses in lithium secondary batteries ([LiCoO2 positive electrode|electrolyte|lithium metal negative electrode]). It was found that the alkyl chain length affects the charge–discharge performances of cells.
The microstructure of Li2PtO3, isostructural with Li2MnO3, and β-Ni(OH)2 is analyzed from powder diffraction data using two approaches. Firstly, the recently developed FAULTS program (a modification of the DIFFaX program to allow refinement of the diffraction pattern) is used to include different amounts and types of stacking faults in the microstructural description of the material. This approach treats size effects mostly isotropically and assigns most of the anisotropic peak broadening to stacking faults. On the other hand, the FullProf program is also used to perform Rietveld refinement with microstructural models that treat the effects of anisotropic size and hence considers that this is the main contribution to broadening. The simultaneous use of these two approaches allows choosing the most adequate model in each particular case in order to obtain an accurate description of the microstructure of the material.
Carbon nanotube (CNT)/polypyrrole (PPy) composites with controlled pore size in a three-dimensional entangled structure of a CNT film are prepared as electrode materials for a pseudocapacitor. A CNT film electrode containing nanosize silica between the CNTs is first fabricated using an electrostatic spray deposition of a mixed suspension of CNTs and nanosize silica on to a platinium-coated silicon wafer. Later, nanosize silica is removed leaving a three-dimensional entangled structure of a CNT film. Before removal of the silica from the CNT/silica film electrode, PPy is electrochemically deposited on to the CNTs to anchor them in their entangled structure. Control of the pore size of the final CNT/PPy composite film can be achieved by changing the amount of silica in the mixed suspension of CNTs and nanosize silica. Nanosize silica acts as a sacrificial filler to change the pore size of the entangled CNT film. Scanning electron microscopy of the electrochemically prepared PPy on the CNT film substrate shows that the PPy nucleated heterogeneously and deposited on the surface of the CNTs. The specific capacitance and rate capability of the CNT/PPy composite electrode with a heavy loading of PPy of around 80wt.% can be improved when it is made to have a three-dimensional network of entangled CNTs with interconnected pores through pore size control.
Chemical composition and liberation are critical attributes in characterizing a resource stock for beneficiation investigations. Though end-of-life printed circuit board is recognized as a valuable secondary resource stock, no procedural standard exists for the determination of its chemical composition, nor for the −75μm fines generated during its comminution. The effect of the digestion procedure on the final assays in wet spectroscopic analyses was assessed in this work. Liberation was also explored against literature background. Determination of assays of all constituent elements in printed circuit board comminution fines was found to require comparison of data from more than one digestion condition, while composite particles still persist at the fines sizes, though very few. The discussion reflects how these impact the beneficiation investigations.
LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM) is a promising cathode material for lithium-ion battery. In this research, a facile co-precipitation process is employed, during which the mixed solution of NH3·H2O, H2O2 (30% aqueous solution) and LiOH·H2O is added into the nitrate solution. Notably, H2O2 is introduced as the oxidant and dispersant during the co-precipitation process to oxidize the metal ions and decrease the agglomeration of the precursor by giving out O2, and then improves the specific capacity, stability and energy density of NCM. Additionally, O3 is employed to further oxidize NCM to enhance the stability during the calcination process. The obtained NCM material with single crystal structure exhibits a high initial discharge specific capacity of 208.9 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C (1 C = 280 mA g−1), an excellent cycle stability with high retained capacity of 176.3 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles, and a high initial discharge specific capacities of 150.6 mAh g−1 at 5 C even at a high cutoff potential (4.6 V).
A number of methods have been attempted to suppress the shuttle effect in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries to improve battery performance. Conventional methods, however, reduce the ionic conductivity, sacrifice the overall energy density and increase the cost of production. Here, we report a facile synthesis of an acrylate-based hierarchical electrolyte (AHE). This quasi-solid electrolyte is assembled by in-situ gelation of a pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PETEA)-based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) into a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based electrospun network. The structural similarity and synergetic compatibility between the electrospun network and GPE provide the AHE an ester-rich robust structure with a high ionic conductivity of 1.02×10−3 Scm−1 due to the strong uptake ability and the elimination of commercial separator. The S/AHE/Li polymer battery also renders a high rate capability of 645mAhg−1 at 3C, while maintaining excellent retention at both high and low current densities (80.3% after 500 cycles at 0.3C and 91.9% after 500 cycles at 3C). First-principle calculations reveal that the reduced shuttle effect can be attributed to a strong polysulfide anchoring ability of ester functional groups, while cell modeling shows that the geometric design effectively suppresses polysulfide flux. This in-situ integrated method opens up an avenue for the future development of solid-state and polysulfide redox flow sulfur-based batteries.
Rolandic epilepsy (RE) is the most common type of childhood focal epilepsy. Although there is no intellectual deficit, children with RE may have specific cognitive impairments. The aims of this study were to identify changes in executive functions in children with RE and to verify the influence of epilepsy and seizure variables. We evaluated 25 children with RE and 28 healthy controls. A comprehensive neuropsychological battery was utilized. The results showed that the RE children had worse performance than the control group in some categories of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Trail Making Test part B, and the Verbal Fluency Test (FAS). Children with earlier onset of epilepsy had worse performance when compared with children with later onset of epilepsy. We conclude that children with RE may show a deficit in executive function despite their normal IQ. The set of tests was more extensive than what was previously used in other studies. Our study suggests that early seizures can interfere with brain development. Regarding cognition, the term benign should be used cautiously in RE.
Extremely adhesive polybithiophene (PBT) films were grown on TiO2 in a new, two-step procedure using a silyl substituted thiophene derivative as a surface coupling agent and a subsequent chemical polymerization process. Electrochemical impedance and photocurrent measurements were carried out in order to achieve information on the semiconducting properties of both materials. When a PBT film deposited onto TiO2 is reduced it can be described as a p-type semiconductor with a flatband potential of about 0.65 V (vs. SCE), whereas the n-type semiconductor TiO2 gives a flatband potential of about −0.4 V (vs. SCE). The photocurrent measurements show an anodic photocurrent at wavelength of between 300 and 400 nm and a cathodic photocurrent of between 400 and 600–700 nm, confirming the impedance measurements. The results of the impedance and photocurrent measurements are summarized in a band structure model which explains the behaviour of the semiconductor electrode Ti/n-TiO2/p-PBT.
We successfully prepared NASICON-type Na3V2(PO4)2F3 (NVPF) and a Na3V2(PO4)2F3/carbon nanotubes (CNT) composite by spray-drying followed by heat treatment in argon for 2hours at 600°C. The addition of CNT in the spray-drying solution creates a CNT network within the NVPF particles. After grinding, the smaller NVPF particles remain linked by CNT. Thanks to this conducting network, the composite powder displays competitive electrochemical performance when cycled against lithium in hybrid-ion batteries (2–4.6V vs. Li+/Li) with specific capacities of 125mAhg−1 at C/10, 103mAhg−1 at 1C and 91mAhg−1 at 4C, together with 97.5% capacity retention at 1C over 100 cycles with coulombic efficiency of 99.4%. These results demonstrate that sodium vanadium (III) fluorophosphate electrode material can be obtained in a time-efficient way using the easily up-scalable spray-drying method.
A composite material of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Hong Kong University of Science and Technology-1 (HKUST-1) metal organic framework (MOF) was produced and used as the supercapacitor electrode material. Pure HKUST-1 has a microporous structure with poor conductivity limiting its electrochemical applications while loading rGO to HKUST-1 leads to a novel composite with a mesoporous structure and good electrochemical properties. 10wt.% rGO/HKUST-1 has a high BET surface area of 1241m2 g−1, a specific pore volume of 0.78cm3 g−1, and an average pore diameter of 8.2nm, which is a proper pore size to allow uptaking and releasing of electrolytes. A half-cell electrode of 10wt.% rGO/HKUST-1 coated on flexible carbon fiber paper (CFP) exhibits a high specific capacitance of 385Fg−1 at 1Ag−1 while pure HKUST-1 stores only 0.5Fg−1. A 1.8″×4.0″ symmetric solid-type supercapacitor of the 10wt.%rGO/HKUST-1 exhibits a specific power of 3100Wkg−1 and a specific energy of 42 Wh kg−1. The supercapacitor can practically supply electricity to a spinning 3-V motor over 9-min discharging time.
In this work, the ordered mesoporous silica, SBA-15, is chosen as the matrix for the first time to prepare quasi-solid-state electrolytes (QSSEs) with an ionic liquid, LiTFSI salt and PVdF-HFP. The as-obtained QSSEs are evaluated by electrochemical methods. Lithium metal batteries containing these QSSEs exhibit high discharge capacity and good cycle performance at room temperature, indicating successful battery operation.
Venous leg ulcers affect >600,000 Americans costing $2 billion USDs yearly costs. Compression stockings and bandages are the standard of care in speeding healing rate. However, this therapeutic benefit requires a sub-garment pressure of at least 30-40 mmHg. Several medical associations have echoed the need for sensors capable of accurately, and repeatedly measuring interface pressure. PicoPress® (Microlabitalia, Padua, Italy) is the gold-standard. While accurate and repeatable, the air-bladder requires a larger base unit that precludes wearability, lacks wireless communication, and highly expensive (>$2,000 USDs). Using advanced materials science approaches, we report a flexible, battery-less, and wearable pressure sensor capable of wireless communication with any standard smartphone adhered between the human leg and compression garments. We fully encapsulate a piezoresistive sensor (Flexiforce 401, Tekscan, Boston, MA), underlying circuitry, and a NFC chip connected with serpentine copper interconnects to enable stretching and bending within a soft silicone elastomer. The 1.7 mm thick, 2 cm radius sensor (r2>0.95) from 0-100 mmHg with no appreciable hysteresis or drift. Preliminary testing on 3 healthy volunteers indicate minimal bending effects with excellent agreement (<10% mean difference) with PicoPress® from 0-60 mmHg in 10 mmHg increment applied through an adjustable inelastic compression stocking (Circaid Juxtafit, medi GMBH). This sensor has the potential to increase the real-world efficacy of compression garments. Future experimental testing should involve more human subjects of varying leg anatomies.
TiO2 hollow microspheres with the shell consisting of nanotubes have been successfully synthesized via a template-free hydrothermal process and subsequent treatments. The electrochemical properties of the anatase sample have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic method. The initial Li insertion/extraction capacity at a current density of 0.2C reach 290 and 232mAhg−1 respectively. Moreover, as-prepared TiO2 delivers a reversible capacity of ca. 150mAhg−1 after 500 cycles at 1C, and it also shows superior high rate performance (e.g., 90mAhg−1 at 8C) without any modification.
A series of butyrolactone derivatives with various side chains mainly at the 5-position were used as additives in 1M LiClO4–propylene carbonate (PC) electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries with graphite anodes. When more than 0.3M of 2-acetyloxy-4,4-dimethyl-4-butanolide (AcBL1) was added to 1M LiClO4–PC solution, exfoliation of graphite, co-intercalation and decomposition of PC was suppressed and lithium insertion and extraction into/from graphite anode proceeded. 13 C NMR measurements suggested that the suppression of PC co-intercalation and decomposition was due to the decrease of the number of PC molecules coordinated to the lithium ion and increase of AcBL1 coordination. Addition of butyrolactone derivatives with acetoxyl or carbonate groups at the 5-position into 1M LiClO4–PC solution led to better charge–discharge anode performance.
Publisher Summary This chapter explores the world of embedded systems in today's scenario, which has one or multiple computers inside it which work like the core controller of all functions. The embedded computer inside is actually a small microcontroller, which is a type of microprocessor designed and adapted to control embedded applications. It consists of microprocessor core, memory, and peripherals, whose features are easy to understand. However, this is quite unlike working with a desktop computer used for word processing or computer-aided design, where the internal workings are skillfully hidden from the user. The microchips, as this chapter outlines, can have a huge range of microcontrollers wherein they can be differentiated into different families. The 8- bit PIC family can be divided three categories: baseline, that are ideal for really tiny applications; mid-range, that contains several simple but important developments, when compared to the baseline device; and high-performance, where Microchip has come to grips with some of the issues of sophisticated processors. These vary in instruction of word size, stack size, number of instructions, and interrupt vectors. Each segmented family has a similar structure and distinct set. The chapter reviews microprocessors and microcontrollers separately and notes that although there are commonalities in the family of microcontrollers, the knowledge of one type builds on the knowledge of the other. To begin with the simplest of the microcontrollers can be a good example to understand the features of its architecture. The basic one may be a good microcontroller for learning the general features, specifically PIC microcontrollers.
Ternary copper oxides/reduced graphene oxide (Cu2O-CuO-RGO) composites were successfully synthesized in situ by a self-assembly solvothermal method in a water-ethanol mixture and used directly as the anode material for lithium ion batteries. The Cu2O-CuO-RGO composites delivered a reversible capacity of 842.5mAhg−1 after 80 cycles at a current density of 100mAg−1, and after every 10 cycles at current densities of 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 100mAg−1, respectively, the specific capacities of the composites were approximately 840, 723, 511, 402, 336, 224, and 703mAhg−1, respectively. The improved electrochemical performance of the composites is closely related to its sandwich structure, with multicomponent Cu2O-CuO nanospheres adhering tightly to both sides of RGO nanosheets. This structure could shorten the transport pathways for both electrons and lithium ions, prevent the RGO nanosheets from stacking, enhance the electrical conductivity and accommodate the volume expansion that occurs during prolonged cycling.
This paper presents the results of the study which examined the effects of carefully designed physical exercise programs on the development of physical fitness in children with ID. The study sample consisted of 42 children with ID and 45 typically developing children. All the participants were assessed using Eurofit Test Battery. The results were analyzed in terms of participation in the exercise program and level of intellectual functioning. While ID children scored significantly lower on fitness tests when compared with typically developing children, the study revealed an association between degree of ID and physical fitness.
The diffusion of energy saving technologies is an important part of UK energy and climate policy. Innovation diffusion can be influenced by both technological and behavioural factors. A computational model is presented to capture how changing technology attributes can influence consumer adoption. The UK vehicle market is case analyzed showing how efficiency improvements in advanced internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles might affect future diffusion of alternative fuelled vehicles (AFVs) which is not often considered in the debate on AFV competitiveness. Scenarios are developed for mass and early market adopters to account for consumer heterogeneity. Simulation results indicate that if AFV performance can keep pace or exceed ICEs this will positively affect AFV diffusion despite increasing competition from ICEs on attributes that currently favour AFVs, such as fuel economy and carbon emissions. However, much of the gains are made at the expense of diesels rather than petrols that also benefit from improved performance. Additional policy measures will likely be necessary to induce rapid AFV diffusion.
LiFePO4/carbon composite was synthesized at 600°C for 4h in an Ar atmosphere by a stearic acid assisted rheological phase method using amorphous nano-FePO4 as the iron source. XRD, SEM and TEM observations show that the LiFePO4/carbon composite has good crystallinity, ultrafine and well-dispersed particles of 60–150nm size and in situ carbon coated on the surface of LiFePO4 crystallites. The synthesized LiFePO4/carbon composite shows a high discharge capacity of 160mAhg−1 and 155mAhg−1 at rates of 0.5C and 1C, respectively. Even at a high current density of 30C, the material still presents a discharge capacity of 93mAhg−1 and exhibits an excellent cycling performance.
The zinc deposition and dissolution reaction in methanesulfonic acid (2.5molL−1 Zn(II) in 6.5molL−1 MSA) on indium modified graphite electrodes aiming to suppress the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), was studied on the negative electrode reaction in the zinc-cerium redox flow battery. Cyclic voltammetry, Tafel extrapolation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy found that elevated temperatures 40°C improved the kinetics (jo =1×10−2 Acm−2) of the zinc reaction and shifted the nucleation potential positively by 65mV. The modified graphite electrodes exhibited higher coulombic efficiencies (81%) than the “as received” electrode due to the reduction of HER. Higher voltage efficiencies (84%) were found at elevated temperatures irrespective of charging time or the modification method. The highest energy efficiency was 65% at 40°C and 600rpm for the modified electrode treated with the highest concentration of indium (0.2molL−1) and longest dipping period (5h). Scanning electron microscopy showed no signs of dendritic growth but confirmed the formation of spikes and clusters. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of the modified graphite electrodes after 340 galvanic cycles showed that indium was still present at the surface of the electrode suggesting good durability.
To reveal how graphite electrodes change with cycling in lithium-ion batteries, electrochemical experiments involving charge–discharge cycling at different current density conditions are performed on commercial pouch cells and the graphite electrodes after cycling. This research shows that the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder does not degrade, confirmed by the stable molecular weight after different cycling conditions. Particle size analysis results indicate that the diameter of graphite particles after cycling is ∼10% larger than that of the graphite before cycling, which results in a ∼30% volume expansion after cycling. For the cells cycled at the same current density, the graphite particle size increases with cycle time. For the cells with the same cycle numbers, the graphite particle size is larger in the cells cycled at lower current density. X-ray diffraction characterization shows that the d-spacings of the graphite particles in all the cells at different cycling conditions are identical. These results suggest that the graphite particle size increase associated with cycling may arise specifically when primary particles inflate the secondary particle size, leading to dramatic volume expansion of graphite secondary particles.
Defects and defect migration are detrimental for perovskite solar cell efficiency and long-term stability. Li et al. show that fluoride is able to suppress the formation of halide anion and organic cation vacancy defects by restraining the relative ions via ionic and hydrogen bonds.
In this study, sodium metal hybrid capacitors (SMHCs) composed of a metal anode and capacitive cathode are reported for the first time. The sodium metal anode was designed using catalytic carbon nanotemplates (C-CNTPs) and exhibited highly reversible sodium metal plating/stripping behaviors with an average Coulombic efficiency of ∼100% over 1000 galvanostatic cycles and significantly low cell-to-cell variations. Further, nanoporous pyroproteins (N-PPts) with a specific surface area of ∼4216 m2 g−1 and pore volume of 1.937 cm3 g−1 were fabricated as the capacitive cathode, exhibiting a high specific capacity of 168 mA h g−1, high rate capability of 0.5–10 A g−1, and stable cycling performance over 1000 cycles. The SMHCs based on C-CNTPs/N-PPts were operated in a voltage window of 1.0–4.0 V, delivering a high specific energy of ∼237.7 Wh kg−1 at ∼462 W kg−1 and a maximum power of ∼4800 W kg−1 at ∼66.7 Wh kg−1. In addition, stable cycling performance was maintained during 500 cycles, with a capacity retention of ∼82%.