batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We present a new double-sided, single-chip monolithic integration scheme to integrate the CMOS circuits and MEMS structures by using through-silicon-via (TSV). Neural sensing applications were chosen as the implementation example. The proposed heterogeneous device integrates standard 0.18 μm CMOS technology, TSV and neural probe array into a compact single chip device. The neural probe array on the back-side of the chip is connected to the CMOS circuits on the front-side of the chip by using low-parasitic TSVs through the chip. Successful fabrication results and detailed characterization demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the neural probe array, TSV and readout circuitry. The fabricated device is 5 × 5 mm2 in area, with 16 channels of 150 μm-in-length neural probe array on the back-side, 200 μm-deep TSV through the chip and CMOS circuits on the front-side. Each channel consists of a 5 × 6 probe array, 3 × 14 TSV array and a differential-difference amplifier (DDA) based analog front-end circuitry with 1.8 V supply, 21.88 μW power consumption, 108 dB CMRR and 2.56 μVrms input referred noise. In-vivo long term implantation demonstrated the feasibility of presented integration scheme after 7 and 58 days of implantation. We expect the conceptual realization can be extended for higher density recording array by using the proposed method.
Redox polymers bearing stable nitroxyl radical groups, such as poly-TEMPO-methacrylate (PTMA), are attractive candidates for application in power sources of novel kind, which combine the high power output of supercapacitors and high energy of rechargeable batteries. An important advantage of PTMA is the availability and low cost of the starting materials combined with high charging/discharging voltage, fast electron transfer kinetics and good mechanical properties of the polymer. However, low electron conductivity and high solubility in common organic electrolytes hamper the broad application of TEMPO-based compounds as cathode materials. In the present work, we report a simple strategy to overcome these limitations by the use of a practical and polymer-rich electrode based on redox-conducting polymer blends of polymerized nickel complexes with salen-type Schiff bases and PTMA. Electrochemical properties of the material are tested both in thin film systems and in asymmetric supercapacitor prototypes with aqueous electrolyte, which demonstrate high specific capacity (83 mAh g−1 at 1C, 53 mAh g−1 at 5C and 47 mAh g−1 at 10C), high rate capability as well as cycling stability (55% capacity retention after 1000 cycles).
A glycol based solvothermal process combined with carbon coating is attempted to prepare nano particle LiFePO4 cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. Different concentration of starting materials, process time, pH values and process temperature are tried. Samples are characterized by XRD and SEM analysis. A carbon coating process with sucrose is used to make LiFePO4/C composites. The optimized sample delivers capacity retention of 100% after 100 cycles at 100% depth of discharge with initial columbic efficiency of 98.9%, cycling capacity of about 163 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C-rate, 159 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C-rate, 157.8 mAh g−1 at 1 C-rate, and 145.9 mAh g−1 at 5 C-rate, under the electrode formula of 80% LiFePO4/C composites, 10% carbon black and 10% binder. This study shows that proposed process can be a potential promising way to prepare high performance LiFePO4 cathode materials for lithium ion batteries.
For organic radical batteries, poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl methacrylate) (PTMA) has been reported as a promising positive electrode material. The PTMA/C composite electrode prepared with polyacrylate binder demonstrated the fast redox performance for the application to aprotic secondary batteries. When the variation in discharge capacities of the PTMA/C composite electrode was tested galvanostatically at 20C rates, the electrode retained 96% of the initial capacity after 1000 cycles. This is attributed to the fact that the redox of PTMA is a simple reaction to form the oxoammonium salt doped with ClO4 − anions in the electrolyte. When the PTMA/C composite electrode was discharged at different C rates, the electrode retained 81% of the theoretical capacity even at 50C rates. This remarkably high rate capability originates from the fast electron-transfer kinetic of the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (so-called TEMPO) radical, partially jelled polyacrylate binder, and the improved conductivity throughout the electrode by thoroughly mixing with carbon.
Ordered porous carbon with pore size of 80nm (C80) was treated in concentrated nitric acid to investigate the effect of the functional groups on the electrochemical properties in supercapacitors. The optimum oxidation time for C80 with good supercapacitive performance in acidic and basic electrolytes was determined. The increase of nitrogen and oxygen groups in the surface results in the improvement of wettability. Though the decreased specific surface area, a remarkable increase in the specific capacitance was observed in the as-modified C80 due to the introduction of the nitrogen and oxygen functional groups. The modification of C80 via oxidation approach demonstrates an effective way to improve the wettability and electrochemical properties.
Closely in line with advances in next-generation energy storage materials, anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high capacity and long cycle life have been widely explored. As part of the current effort, nickel molybdate (NiMoO4) microspheres with empty nanovoids are synthesized via spray drying process and subsequent one-step calcination in air. Dextrin in the atomized droplet is phase segregated during the spray drying process and calcined in air atmosphere, resulting in numerous empty nanovoids well-distributed within a microsphere. The empty nanovoids alleviate volume expansion during cycling, shorten lithium-ion diffusion length, and facilitate contact between electrode and electrolyte materials. Along with the high discharge capacity of NiMoO4 material, as high as 1240 mA h g−1 for the 2nd cycle at a high current density of 1 A g−1, uniquity of the structure enables longer cycle life and higher quality performances. The discharge capacity corresponding to the 500th cycle is 1020 mA h g−1 and the capacity retention calculated from the 2nd cycle is 82%. In addition, a discharge capacity of 413 mA g−1 is obtained at an extremely high current density of 10 A g−1.
Different morphologies of Li-rich layered oxides, Li1.2Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13O2 (LMNCO), were synthesised using a rapid nucleation and post-solvothermal method followed by calcination. After the process of rapid nucleation, the as-prepared mixture of M(OH)2 using NaOH as the precipitator showed nanoplate aggregation, while the mixture of MCO3 using (NH4)2CO3 as the precipitator presented a spherical morphology. After subsequent solvothermal processing and calcination, Li1.2Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13O2 samples with uniform nanoplate particles (LMNCO-P) and spherical particles (LMNCO-S) were obtained. The as-prepared LMNCO-P and LMNCO-S samples exhibited excellent electrochemical performance and delivered high initial discharge capacities of 282 and 278mA h g−1, respectively, at 0.1C with a cut-off voltage in the range 2.0–4.8V. The LMNCO-S cathode material exhibited outstanding cycling performance with capacity retention ratios of 88%, 89%, and 92% at 1, 2, and 5C, respectively, after 100 cycles. Furthermore, after a stepped pre-cycling treatment, the capacity retention of the LMNCO-S cathode material reached 79% after 500 cycles at 5C. The superior cycling performance can be ascribed to the spherical morphology with a small surface area, which decreased side reactions with the electrolyte and enhanced the crystal structure stability after the pre-cycling treatment.
LiCoO2 thin films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si (Pt) and Au/MgO/Si (Au) substrates, respectively. Crystal structures and surface morphologies of thin films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The LiCoO2 thin films deposited on the Pt substrates exhibited a preferred (003) texture with smooth surfaces while the LiCoO2 thin films deposited on the Au substrates exhibited a preferred (104) texture with rough surfaces. The electrochemical properties of the LiCoO2 films with different textures were compared with charge–discharge, dQ/dV, and Li diffusion measurements (PITT). Compared with the (104)-textured LiCoO2 thin films, the (003)-textured thin films exhibited relatively lower electrochemical activity. However, the advantage of the (104)-textured film only remained for a small number of cycles due to the relatively faster capacity fade. Li diffusion measurements showed that the Li diffusivity in the (003)-textured film is one order of magnitude lower than that in the (104)-textured film. As discussed in this paper, we believe that Li diffusion through grain boundaries is comparable to or even faster than Li diffusion through the grains.
Publisher Summary A fully developed control system consists of thermocouples, pressure transducers, methanol/hydrogen sensors, and mass flow controllers, which measure and control data using a data acquisition program. The fuel cell catalyst, membranes, and flow field plates are important areas to be considered for fuel cell design, modeling, and improvement. This chapter focuses on modeling these important subsystems. Fuel cell system designs range from very simple to very complex depending upon the fuel cell application and the system efficiency desired. A fuel cell system can be very efficient with a few plant components. Humidifiers, fans, blowers, compressors, turbines, and pumps are the plant components that are reviewed. Other additional components often found in the fuel cell plant include: heat exchangers, pumps, fans, blowers, compressors, electrical power inverters, converters and conditioners, water handling devices, and control systems. Most of the fuel cell system components are used to distribute air and hydrogen flows into and out of the fuel cell stack. A series of quick models aid the fuel cell stack designer to make the best design decisions. The larger the fuel cell stack, the more complex the fuel cell plant subsystem. Modeling the fuel cell system efficiency and output allows the system designer to be more efficient when creating new systems.
Sustained attention is affected by schizophrenia. The simplest form of Continuous Performance Test (CPT-X) is a purer test of vigilance than more demanding variants but widely thought too insensitive to detect abnormalities in those with genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. We used a 7-minute CPT to compare 61 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, 45 of their never-psychotic relatives, and 47 control subjects. We found a significant impairment in stimulus discrimination in both patients (p =0.001) and their relatives (p =0.006). There was no difference in stimulus discrimination between relatives of patients with impaired and unimpaired stimulus discrimination. Relatives of patients with unimpaired stimulus discrimination were still inferior to controls (p =0.02). Reactions slowed in all groups equally as the test progressed. Patients showed increased mean reaction time (p <0.0001) and interquartile range (p =0.003). Relatives showed slower reaction times (p =0.01) but normal interquartile range. Groups did not differ in respect of individuals' fastest reaction times. We conclude that genetic predisposition to schizophrenia reduces performance even during a task placing minimal cognitive load on working memory and perceptual processing, suggesting impaired vigilance. Increased reaction time in the disease and its predisposition appear to be due to changes in response distribution rather than by a limitation of maximum speed. Our results raise the possibility of separating the cognitive components of vigilance, working memory and perceptual processing tapped by more demanding variants of the CPT, and draw attention to the need for consideration of dynamic neurocognitive processes in schizophrenia.
The ultrafine Cr2O3 modified carbon aerogel (Cr-CA) composites were successfully synthesized through in situ and sol-gel method as cathode material for lithium sulfur battery. The chromium doping remarkably controls structure, decreases carbon sphere size and promotes network interconnect. The nano Cr-CA composites with large pore volume and high specific surface present stronger adsorption ability and effectively immobilize polysulfides. The Cr-CA/S composite cathodes display excellent electrochemical performance with high specific capacity and long cycling stability. Especially, the Cr2-CA/S cathode with 65.9 wt% of sulfur delivers initial specific capacity of 1343 and 987 mAh g−1 at the rate of 0.2 C and 2 C, respectively. It exhibits the outstanding long-term cyclic stability with the discharge capacity of 873 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C for the 300th cycle. The excellent performance is mainly attributed to special anchoring role of Cr2O3 to polysulfides and its catalytic effect for redox reaction process. Furthermore, the adsorb energy between polysulfides and Cr2O3 and theoretic analysis by DFT definitely reveals and supports immobilizing and catalytic mechanism.
Contemporary psychiatry is becoming more biologically oriented in the attempt to elicit a biological rationale of mental diseases. Although mental disorders comprise mostly functional abnormalities, there is a substantial overlap between neurology and psychiatry in addressing cognitive disturbances. In schizophrenia, the presence of cognitive impairment prior to the onset of psychosis and early after its manifestation suggests that some neurocognitive abnormalities precede the onset of psychosis and may represent a trait marker. These cognitive alterations may arise from functional disconnectivity, as no significant brain damage has been found. In this review we aim to revise A.R. Luria’s systematic approach used in the neuropsychological evaluation of cognitive functions, which was primarily applied in patients with neurological disorders and in the cognitive evaluation in schizophrenia and other related disorders. As proposed by Luria, cognitive processes, associated with higher cortical functions, may represent functional systems that are not localized in narrow, circumscribed areas of the brain, but occur among groups of concertedly working brain structures, each of which makes its own particular contribution to the organization of the functional system. Current developments in neuroscience provide evidence of functional connectivity in the brain. Therefore, Luria’s approach may serve as a frame of reference for the analysis and interpretation of cognitive functions in general and their abnormalities in schizophrenia in particular. Having said that, modern technology, as well as experimental evidence, may help us to understand the brain better and lead us towards creating a new classification of cognitive functions. In schizophrenia research, multidisciplinary approaches must be utilized to address specific cognitive alterations. The relationships among the components of cognitive functions derived from the functional connectivity of the brain may provide an insight into cognitive machinery.
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Although the myelin proteolipid protein gene (Plp1) is highly expressed in the central nervous system encoding the most abundant myelin protein in oligodendrocytes, it is also expressed in other tissues, including testis. Transgenic studies with mice that harbor Plp1–lacZ fusion genes suggest that Leydig cells are the source of Plp1 gene expression in testis. However, virtually nothing is known about Plp1 gene regulation in Leydig cells, which is the focus of this study. The first intron contains both positive and negative regulatory elements that are important in regulating Plp1 gene expression in oligodendrocytes. To test whether these elements are functional in Leydig cells, a battery of Plp1–lacZ fusion genes with partial deletion of Plp1 intron 1 sequence was transfected into the mouse Leydig cell line, TM3. Results presented here suggest that an enhancer, which is very potent in oligodendrocytes, is only nominally active in TM3 cells. The intron also contains several negative regulatory elements that are operative in TM3 cells. Moreover a new exon (exon 1.2) was identified within the first ‘intron’ resulting in novel splice variants in TM3 cells. Western blot analysis suggests that these splice variants, along with those containing another alternatively spliced exon (exon 1.1) derived from intron 1 sequence, give rise to multiple Plp1 gene products in the mouse testis.
A polyterthiophene (PTTh)/multi-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) composite was synthesised by in situ chemical polymerisation and used as an active cathode material in lithium cells assembled with an ionic liquid (IL) or conventional liquid electrolyte, LiBF4/EC–DMC–DEC. The IL electrolyte consisted of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIBF4) containing LiBF4 and a small amount of vinylene carbonate (VC). The lithium cells were characterised by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling. The specific capacity of the cells with IL and conventional liquid electrolytes after the 1st cycle was 50 and 47mAhg−1 (based on PTTh weight), respectively at the C/5 rate. The capacity retention after the 100th cycle was 78% and 53%, respectively. The lithium cell assembled with a PTTh/CNT composite cathode and a non-flammable IL electrolyte exhibited a mean discharge voltage of 3.8V vs Li+/Li and is a promising candidate for high-voltage power sources with enhanced safety.
The convergent and discriminant validity of the Early Development Instrument (EDI), a teacher-rated assessment of children’s “school readiness”, was investigated in a multicultural sample of 267 kindergarteners (53% male). Teachers evaluations on the EDI, both overall and in five domains (physical health/well-being, social competence, emotional maturity, language/cognition, communication/general knowledge), were related to direct, child-based assessments of performance on two standardized measures of school readiness, and measures of phonological awareness and early social competence. Regression analysis indicated that together the four comparison measures accounted for 36% of variance in overall EDI scores, each making a significant and unique contribution. Results supported the convergent validity of overall EDI scores but not the discriminant validity of EDI domain scores. Moreover, correlations between EDI scores and comparison measures varied widely across teachers, suggesting considerable individual differences in teacher’s ability to evaluate school readiness relative to direct, child-based assessments, and confirming that the EDI is more appropriate for deriving inferences at higher aggregated levels such as community or region. The validation of EDI domain scores remains an important challenge in future research.
Nano-particulate gold-based materials along with commercial gold supported over carbon were investigated as possible alternative electrocatalysts for the oxidation of borohydride in alkaline media. Cyclic voltammetry experiments conducted on these materials show very high activity for the nano-particulate materials compared to the commercial materials despite a lower loading of gold (0.8mgcm−2 compared to 1.0mgcm−2) and lower interface area in the nano-particulate materials. The presence of BH4 − appears to have detrimental effect on the performances of the air-electrode for oxygen reduction. The current density recorded at −0.6V versus Hg/HgO has decreased by a factor of six for silver nitrate AC65 while for MnO2 a reduction in the current density by a factor of two only was observed. The implementation of the nano-particulate gold-based materials and the air-electrodes along with a low-cost anionic membrane in QinetiQ's tubular cell design has led to power density exceeding 28mWcm−2 obtained at ambient temperature.
ABSTRACT Searching the high rate Fe3O4-based materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is still a great challenge. Here we tackle this problem by developing a facile and green method which uses the natural cotton as a biotemplate and a activity biocarbon source. By this new method, we synthesized the mesoporous biocarbon fibers adhered with Fe3O4/Fe nanoparticles (Fe3O4/Fe/MBCFs). Fe3O4/Fe/MBCFs are a highly stable anode material for high-rate LIBs due to its excellent cycling performance at higher current and fast charging feature. This anode shows a high reversible capacity of 472mAhg−1 after 500 cycles and can be rapidly charge to 100% in 28.3min. After 160 cycles at varied current densities from 1Ag−1 to 10Ag−1, it still delivered a high discharge capacity of 524.6mAhg−1 and an ultra-high coulombic efficiency close to 100%. This is attributed to the synergistic effects of several factors including the unique mesoporous hybrid construction, the graphitized biocarbon fibers and the chemical bonding between Fe3O4 and Fe nanoparticles. This work is instructive for fabrication and design of nanostructured electrodes with extraordinary properties from biomass renewable resources.
Application of battery power systems increases in the marine and offshore industry. Most applications target to reduce the energy consumptions when the battery power system is wholly or partially used. The hardware and software of the battery power system design for underwater application are described. The testing of the battery power system is successfully performed in a water tank at low temperature of 4 °C that mimics subsea operating condition where most remotely-operated vehicle (ROV) operates. The average variation of state-of-charge for the 12-cell is approximately 5 percent after active cell balancing. The battery management system is capable of estimating the state-of-charge and using the data to perform the active cell balancing on each cell with different imbalanced state-of-charge values of at least 30 percent.
Battery versus hybrid power sources performance is examined in the manuscript. Passive, semi-active and fully active battery–ultracapacitor hybrids show obvious superiority over battery only powered pulsed current loads. Passive hybrid is the most simple and cheap arrangement, however its uncontrolled nature results in several drawbacks during the operation. On the other hand, the fully active hybrids achieve superior performance at the expense of two DC–DC converters and the corresponding control circuitry. The trade off between the topologies is the semi-active hybrid, employing only one DC–DC converter and attaining a compromising performance. The thorough characterization of each topology and sub-topology is presented in the manuscript and design methodology is derived for a particular case of pulsed current load.