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The effect of cerium as an inhibitor on the discharge and hydrogen evolution at a lithium anode in alkaline electrolyte with additives was evaluated. The electrochemical behaviors of lithium and lithium–cerium alloy are assessed by hydrogen evolution collection, discharge current density, anodic potential, XRD (X-ray diffraction) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). For these conditions, the results show that minor addition of cerium to lithium decreased the hydrogen evolution on the surface of lithium–cerium alloy in an alkaline electrolyte containing corrosion inhibitors. SEM and XRD observation showed that the slow dissolution of lithium–cerium alloy generates the formation of LiOH, LiOH·H2O and Ce(OH)3. The lithium–cerium surface is less porous than the lithium surface. Hydrogen evolution decrease, prompted by adding cerium to lithium, which is related to reduced porosity of the film enhanced by Ce(OH)3.
A novel CuO-nanotubes/SnO2 composite was prepared by a facile solution method and its electrochemical properties were investigated as the anode material for Li-ion battery. The as-prepared composite consisted of monoclinic-phase CuO-nanotubes and cassiterite structure SnO2 nanoparticles, in which SnO2 nanoparticles were dramatically decorated on the CuO-nanotubes. The composite showed higher reversible capacity, better durability and high rate performance than the pure SnO2. The better electrochemical performance could be attributed to the introducing of the CuO-nanotubes. It was found that the CuO-nanotubes were reduced to metallic Cu in the first discharge cycle, which can retain tube structure of the CuO-nanotubes as a tube buffer to alleviate the volume expansion of SnO2 during cycling and act as a good conductor to improve the electrical conductivity of the electrodes.
Publisher Summary This chapter presents useful applications for real-time control circuits designed to perform some specific low-level task and interface with a master controller for instructions and overmonitoring. The focus is to provide introductory-level information on how to interface with some common robotics-type sensors and actuators, and in particular to show how these can be tied into the system. An overall system configuration is discussed where all devices are connected directly to the Linux SBC. This configuration is easy to develop and test and is an excellent basis for many types of projects. The concepts of E2BUS PC-host interface, host-to-module communications protocol, stepper motor controller, speed-controlled DC motor, and RS-422–compatible indicator panel are also discussed.
Abstract This chapter gives an overview of the conduction mechanisms in semiconducting metal oxide (SMOX) sensing films and their impact on the transduction of surface chemistry into a measurable sensor signal (relative change of resistance). Following general discussion on the functioning of sensors based on SMOX porous, sensing films, modeling of the conduction in p- and n-type materials is performed. The theoretical results explain why the sensor signals are lower for p-type oxides when compared with n-type oxides. The modeling concepts are verified by applying them to experimental results obtained with sensors based on both n- and p-type SMOXs with good results. In combination with the modeling results, further experiments in more realistic conditions (exposure to CO in humid air) demonstrate that also in these conditions the switch between conduction mechanism controlled by surface depletion layer to one controlled by surface accumulation layer may occur.
Over the last few years, the political discussion on global change has become focused on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports and anthropogenic CO2 emissions, as well as on scientific data of climate change, and on new rules and regulation. This paper puts CO2 emissions into the wider context of sustainability. This broadens the view and changes the focus to issues of global ethics and the necessity for industrial countries to drastically reduce their resource consumption. Insurance companies can influence global climate change (GCC) directly through their investment and underwriting strategies, but also in daily operations. An overview and examples are given in the paper. The biggest impact insurance might have is in helping to speed up the adaptation to GCC, for instance by making available its pool of knowledge in prevention measures through risk engineering services. By promoting a stricter application of the concept of “insurability of risks”, politicians could exploit the link between insurance, technological innovation and sustainable development to develop numerous opportunities within the market economy. A rapid adaptation to the challenges of GCC will give industrialised countries a competitiveness pull, or enable less developed countries to leapfrog industrialised countries. But the key to a new vision of the future may be the development of a holistic view of nature, man and climate, and science and technology as a source of innovative ideas and solutions.
Electrochemical reactions in the LiS batteries are considered as a multistep reaction process with at least 2–3 equilibrium states. Here we report a possibility of having a conversion of Li2S into sulfur without detectible formation of polysulfides. That was confirmed by using a novel material system consisting of carbon coated Li2S particles prepared by carbothermal reduction of Li2SO4. Two independent in operando measurements showed direct oxidation of Li2S into sulfur for this system, with almost negligible formation of polysulfides at potentials above 2.5 V vs. Li/Li+. Our results link the diversity of first charge profiles in the literature to the Li2S oxidation mechanism and show the importance of ionic wiring within the material. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the Li2S oxidation mechanism depends on the relative amount of soluble sulfur in the electrolyte. By controlling the type and the amount of electrolyte within the encapsulating carbon shell, it is thereby possible to control the reaction mechanism of Li2S activation.
The aluminum energy conversion processes have been characterized to be carbon-free and sustainable. However, their applications are restrained by aluminum production capacity as aluminum is never found as a free metal on the earth. This study gives an assessment of typical aluminum-based energy processes in terms of overall energy efficiency and cost. Moreover, characteristics associated with different processes are identified. Results in this study indicate the route from which aluminum is produced can be a key factor in determining the efficiency and costs. Besides, the aluminum–air battery provides a more energy-efficient manner for the conversion of energy stored in primary aluminum and recovered aluminum from products compared to aluminum-based hydrogen production, whereas the aluminum-based hydrogen production gives a more energy-efficient way of utilizing energy stored in secondary aluminum or even scrap aluminum.
Molecular imaging techniques developed to ‘visualize’ amyloid in vivo represent a major achievement in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research. This pooled analysis of four studies determined the level of association between uptake of the fibrillar amyloid β positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent [18F]flutemetamol (Pittsburgh Compound B analog with a 5.5 times longer half-life to enable it to be used in the clinical setting) and neuritic plaques and fibrillar amyloid β measured by pathologic staining of cortical region biopsy samples. Fifty-two patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus underwent prospective (n = 30) or retrospective (n = 22) [18F]flutemetamol PET imaging for detection of cerebral cortical fibrillar amyloid β and cortical brain biopsy during intracranial pressure measurement or ventriculo-peritoneal shunting. [18F]Flutemetamol uptake was quantified using standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) with cerebellar cortex as the reference region. Tissue fibrillar amyloid β was evaluated using immunohistochemical monoclonal antibody 4G8 and histochemical agents Thioflavin S and Bielschowsky silver stain, and an overall pathology result based on all available immunohistochemical and histochemical results. Biopsy site and contralateral [18F]flutemetamol SUVRs were significantly associated with neuritic plaque burden assessed with Bielschowsky silver stain (rspearman’s = 0.61, p = 0.0001 for both), as was the composite SUVR with biopsy pathology (rspearman’s = 0.74, p < 0.0001). SUVR and immunohistochemical results with 4G8 for detecting fibrillar amyloid β were similar. Blinded image evaluation showed strong agreement between readers (κ = 0.86). Overall sensitivity and specificity by majority read were 93 and 100 %. Noninvasive in vivo [18F]flutemetamol PET imaging demonstrates strong concordance with histopathology for brain fibrillar amyloid β, supporting its promise as a tool to assist physicians with earlier detection of the disease process and making diagnostic decisions about concomitant AD and other diseases associated with brain amyloidosis.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique to understand the electrode-electrolyte interaction and to evaluate degradation, resistive behaviour and electrochemical activity of energy storage materials used in batteries, pseudocapacitors and supercapacitors among others. However, it can sometimes be misused or under-interpreted. To effectively acquire EIS results, the voltages imposed to the working electrode at which EIS spectra are obtained, shall be critically selected. This work follows a previous study on the EIS response of Nickel-Cobalt hydroxide, and highlights how the Mott-Schottky model can be used as a complementary tool to explain EIS results obtained at different potentials. The Mott-Schottky model is used to understand further the fundamental processes occurring at the electrode-electrolyte interface of nickel-cobalt hydroxide in alkali media and to explain the changes in conductivity of the material that ultimately determine the electrode electrochemical activity. The applicability of the model to assist in the potential selection for EIS studies on other important charge storage materials such as MnOx and MoOx is discussed too.
Since acetaminophen (ACAP) and 4-aminophenol (4-AP, the degradation product from ACAP) have different properties and toxicities, the simultaneous electrochemical determination of ACAP and 4-AP is very important. In this work, nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres wrapped with MoS2 nanosheets (MoS2@NHCSs) novel hybrids were synthesized via a simple step-by-step method and consecutively the obtained MoS2@NHCSs was successfully used to construct a reliable electrochemical sensor for simultaneously detecting acetaminophen (ACAP) and 4-aminophenol (4-AP). Owing to the synergetic properties of each component in MoS2@NHCSs nanohybrids (MoS2 has highly catalytic activity and can offer many active sites; NHCSs can impede the aggregation tendency and enhance the effective surface area of MoS2 as well as increasing the conductivity of the nanohybrids), the experimental results demonstrated that the electrochemical responses of both 4-AP and ACAP at MoS2@NHCSs modified electrode are much better than those at NHCSs or MoS2 modified electrodes. Importantly, the MoS2@NHCSs nanohybrids can show excellent electrochemical sensing performance for the sensitive and selective as well as simultaneous determination of ACAP and 4-AP. After optimizing various conditions, the proposed MoS2@NHCSs-based sensor has wide linear range and low detection limit for ACAP and 4-AP analysis.
The Ni-rich layered oxide (NLO) cathode materials play a key role in developing high-energy-density lithium ion battery (LIB) for wide scale deployment of clean transportation technologies. However, surface reconstruction from a layered structure to a mixed spinel/rock-salt structure during charge/discharge cycles is related to the severe voltage decay and capacity fading of the stoichiometric NLO cathode materials, thus thwarting the practical implementation. Herein, we report a heterostructured NLO cathode that tackles the structural degradation and related voltage decay problems. The efficient internal “incore” volumetric heating by direct coupling of microwave energy induces formation of Ni, Co-rich core and Al-rich shell. As a result of the encapsulation of the atomically ordered NiAl2O4 after heat treatment, the solid/electrolyte interphase and surface structure of NLO cathode remains stable. By applying this NiAl2O4/NLO heterostructured material as a cathode, we demonstrate its robustness in suppressing the voltage decay (0.8% after 100 cycles) during high-voltage cell operation. Rather than the typical modifications, our work explores a more efficient structure engineering process for applications in nano-/micro-manufacturing transition-metal based electrode materials and sheds light on developing high-performance LIB in the near future.
Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are a promising replacement for the widely prevalent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) as an efficient energy storage technology. Development of electrode materials with high energy density and high power density is the key to achieving high performance SIBs. Here, we demonstrate a high-capacity and high-rate SIB cathode which is made of one-dimensional FeS2 nanorods, where an extrinsic pseudocapacitance contribution is found and verified by cyclic voltammetry. The carbon coated FeS2 nanorods exhibit ultra-long lifespan (9000 cycles), high reversible capacity (506.9 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1), and outstanding rate capability (140 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1).
In this paper, a new type of wind turbine that is called INVELOX has been used. INVELOX has many advantages such as six times more power generation than previous types, work at low speed, inconsiderable maintenance and investment costs, and reduce the environmental effects of previous wind turbines. Moreover, other renewable and nonrenewable generators are used in the energy management and scheduling of the microgrid. The test case is a microgrid with selling and buying energy capability in which the cost and pollution are considered as the objective functions. In the following, Uncertainties of wind speed, solar radiation and electrical-thermal loads are investigated and a multi-objective stochastic mixed integer linear programming is solved in the first scenario. Then, in the second scenario, the effects of fuel cost uncertainty on generation units and objective functions have been studied. The Epsilon constraints method and fuzzy satisfying are utilized to solve the problem and choose the best solution, respectively. By using of INVELOX turbines, total cost and pollution of the microgrid in both deterministic and stochastic planning are reduced from 192.68 $ to 97.23 $ and 249.28 $ to 126.38 $, as well 3334.76 Kg to 3302.7 and 3925.63 to 3910.2 Kg respectively.
Commercial microporous polypropylene (PP) membranes were modified by plasma-induced graft polymerization of acrylic acid (AAc) under UV irradiation. Under optimized conditions obtained membranes are hydrophilic and may be serviceable as separator in nickel–cadmium cell. Electrolytic resistance of modified membranes is evaluated and compared with that of commercial separators: conventional cellophane separation and hydrophilic polypropylene separation (Celgard 3501). This paper reports the maximum power test data for nickel–cadmium cells equipped with different separators. Cells with modified PP membrane show very good high-rate performance.
Motivated by previous experiences in identifying active reaction zones on plant pheophytins of the so-called semi-derivative morphology, for the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen gas, this current research aimed for similarly suggestive sites within DNA base pairs which exist in all living matters. Verified by the 1st-principle quantum mechanical simulations and subsequent wet and dry hydrogen fuel cell experiments, the feasibility of room-temperature DNA-catalyzed hydrogen oxidation reaction was unambiguously established. This implies that very low-cost DNA-catalyzed fuel cells, which contain no expensive, CO-sensitive platinum on the negative electrode side, can be put to work under room condition and thus might be practically available in every household in the very near future.
Recently, binary metal oxides have been considerably researched for energy storage since it can provide higher electrical conductivity and electrochemical activity than single components. Besides, rational arrays structure design can effectively enhance the utilization of active material. In this article, we synthesis a porous NiCo2O4 nanowires arrays, which were intimate contact with flexible carbon cloth (CC) by a facile hydrothermal reaction and calcination treatment. The rational array structures of NiCo2O4 facilitate the diffusion of electrolyte and effectively increase the utilization of active material. The as-obtained NiCo2O4@CC electrode exhibits a high capacitance of 1183 mF cm−2 and an outstanding capacitance retention of 90.4% after 3000 cycles. Furthermore, a flexible asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) using NiCo2O4@CC as positive electrode and activated carbon cloth (ACC) as negative electrode was fabricated, which delivers a large capacitance of 750 mF cm−2 (12.5 F cm−3), a high energy density of 0.24 mWh cm−2 (3.91 mWh cm−3), as well as excellent cycle stability under different bending states. These remarkable results suggest that as-assembled NiCo2O4@CC//ACC ASC is a promising candidate in flexible energy storage applications.
Both TiC and core-shelled TiC@TiO2 are investigated as catalyst supports for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). TiC is thermally stable, possesses both low solubility in sulphuric acid and high electronic conductivity. However, TiC undergoes irreversible electrochemical oxidation in dilute perchloric acid and the operating potential range of 0–1.2VRHE. TiC@TiO2 core–shell composite is found to be more stable than TiC. Both these materials are used as supports for Pt and Pt–Pd alloy catalysts (Pt/TiC, Pt3Pd/TiC and Pt3Pd/TiC@TiO2) and are synthesized by microwave-assisted polyol process. The catalytic activities of both Pt3Pd/TiC and Pt3Pd/TiC@TiO2 toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are much higher than those for Pt/TiC. Accelerated durability tests show that TiC supported catalysts are not electrochemically stable. The corresponding TiC@TiO2 supported catalyst is more stable than that supported by TiC, indicating that with a protective oxide layer on the TiC core, TiC@TiO2 is a promising PEMFC catalyst support.
This publication reports a design optimization study of all-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRBs), including performance testing, distributed current measurements, and flow visualization. Additionally, a computational flow simulation is used to support the conclusions made from the experimental results. This study demonstrates that optimal flow field design is not simply related to the best architecture, but is instead a more complex interplay between architecture, electrode properties, electrolyte properties, and operating conditions which combine to affect electrode convective transport. For example, an interdigitated design outperforms a serpentine design at low flow rates and with a thin electrode, accessing up to an additional 30% of discharge capacity; but a serpentine design can match the available discharge capacity of the interdigitated design by increasing the flow rate or the electrode thickness due to differing responses between the two flow fields. The results of this study should be useful to design engineers seeking to optimize VRB systems through enhanced performance and reduced pressure drop.
Patients with psychosis display alterations in social cognition as well as in the realm of neurocognition. It is unclear, however, to what degree these cognitive domains represent two separate dimensions of liability or the pleiotropic expression of a single deficit. The purpose of the present study was to investigate (i) to what extent alterations in social cognition represent an independent area of vulnerability to psychosis, separate from neurocognitive deficits and (ii) whether social cognition is one construct or can be divided into several subcomponents. Five social cognition and three neurocognitive tasks were completed by 186 participants with different levels of vulnerability for psychosis: 44 patients with psychotic disorder; 47 subjects at familial risk; 41 subjects at psychometric risk and 54 control subjects. The social cognition tasks covered important basic subcomponents of social cognition, i.e. mentalisation (or theory of mind), data gathering bias (jumping to conclusions), source monitoring and attribution style. Neurocognitive tasks assessed speed of information processing, inhibition, cognitive shifting and strategy-driven retrieval from semantic memory. The results of factor analysis suggested that neurocognition and social cognition are two separate areas of vulnerability in psychosis. Furthermore, the social cognition measures lacked significant overlap, suggesting a multidimensional construct. Cognitive liabilities to psychosis are manifold, and include key processes underlying basic person–environment interactions in daily life, independent of cognition quantified by neuropsychological tests.
Dietary supplementation with prebiotics may result in the stimulation of the growth of beneficial bacteria such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract. The effect of water-unextractable arabinoxylans (WU-AX) derived from wheat on the modulation of gut bacterial composition was investigated using a mixed culture fermentation system. A prebiotic index (PI) score of 2.03 was obtained after addition of 1% (w/v) WU-AX to a pH-controlled stirred anaerobic fermentation vessel. Pretreatment of the WU-AX with endo-β-1,4-xylanase resulted in significantly higher PI value (3.48) indicating that pretreatment provided oligomers that were better utilised by the gut bacteria. The extracellular hydrolytic enzymes xylanase and ferulic acid esterase are both required for bacterial metabolism of WU-AX and both activities were present in supernatants derived from the mixed batch cultures. Addition of the WU-AX substrates to the batch cultures produced several fold increases of bacterial synthesis of both enzymes, and these increases were greater when the WU-AX substrate was pretreated with xylanase.
Understanding of the fundamental mechanisms causing significant enhancement of Li-ionic conductivity by Al3+ doping to a solid LiGe2(PO4)3 (LGP) electrolyte is pursued using first principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations combined with experimental measurements. Our results indicate that partial substitution Al3+ for Ge4+ in LiGe2(PO4)3 (LGP) with aliovalent (Li1+xAlxGe2−x(PO4)3, LAGP) improves the Li-ionic conductivity about four-orders of the magnitude. To unveil the atomic origin we calculate plausible diffusion paths of Li in LGP and LAGP materials using DFT calculations and a nudged elastic band method, and discover that LAGP had additional transport paths for Li with activation barriers as low as only 34% of the LGP. Notably, these new atomic channels manifest subtle electrostatic environments facilitating cooperative motions of at least two Li atoms. Ab-initio molecular dynamics predict Li-ionic conductivity for the LAGP system, which is amazingly agreed experimental measurement on in-house made samples. Consequently, we suggest that the excess amounts of Li caused by the aliovalent Al3+ doping to LGP lead to not only enhancing Li concentration but also opening new conducting paths with substantially decreases activation energies and thus high ionic conductivity of LAGP solid-state electrolyte.