batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Objective We investigated the psychosocial consequences of genetic counseling and testing (GCT) for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) at follow-up in a “real-life” sample of counselees at an Austrian tertiary care center. Methods The study cohort included counselees who had undergone genetic counseling for HBOC and completed a follow-up self-report questionnaire battery on psychosocial outcomes (quality of life, psychological distress, satisfaction with counseling and decisions). For comparison of distress, we recruited a reference sample of breast cancer survivors (BCS; n =665) who had not requested GCT in the same setting. Results Overall, counselees did not exhibit increased levels of anxiety and depression when compared to BCS. No specific follow-up deleterious psychosocial consequences were detected among the former group. Of the 137 counselees, 22.6% and 9.8% experienced clinically relevant levels of anxiety and depression, respectively, at an average follow-up time of 1.8years. However, both anxiety and depression significantly decreased with time and were alike between counselees with and without cancer diagnosis. Follow-up cancer worry seems to be significantly higher among counselees who had not undergone genetic testing or were undecided about it than among counselees who had been tested. Conclusion Our results strongly support GCT as part of routine care for patients with HBOC. The risk factors of increased distress in specific subgroups of counselees, such as recent cancer diagnosis or uncertainty about testing, warrant further exploration and specific attention in clinical routines. Particularly, the psychological needs of undecided counselees warrant ongoing attention and potential follow-ups.
Apatite-type Lanthanum silicate (LSO) is among the most promising electrolyte for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) owing to the high conductivity and low activation energy at lower temperature than traditional doped-zirconia electrolyte. The ionic conductivity as well as the sintering density of lanthanum silicate oxy-apatite, La10Si6-x Cu x O27-δ (LSCO, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2), was effectively enhanced through a small amount of doped copper. The phase composition, relative density, ionic conductivity and thermal expansion behavior of La10Si6-x Cu x O27-δ was systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Archimedes' drainage method, scanning electron microscope (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and thermal dilatometer techniques. With increasing copper doping content, the ionic conductivity of La10Si6-x Cu x O27-δincreased, reaching a maximum of 4.8 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 800 °C for x = 1.5. The improved ionic conductivity could be primarily associated with the enhanced grain conductivity. The power output performance of NiO-LSCO/LSCO/LSCF single cell was superior to that obtained on NiO-LSO/LSO/LSCF at different temperatures using hydrogen as fuel and oxygen as oxidant, which could be attributed to the enhanced oxygen ionic conductivity as well as the sintering density for the copped doped lanthanum silicate. In conclusion, the apatite La10Si4.5Cu1.5O25.5 is a promising candidate electrolyte for IT-SOFCs.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill is regarded as an important emission source of atmospheric mercury (Hg), which is associated with potential health and environmental risks, as outlined by the Minamata Convention on Hg. This review presents the current state of knowledge with regards to landfill Hg sources, Hg levels in MSW and cover soils, Hg emission to the atmosphere, available Hg biogeochemical transformations, research methods for Hg emission, and important areas for future research. In addition, strategies for controlling landfill Hg emissions are considered, including reducing the Hg load in landfill and in situ controls. These approaches mainly focus on Hg source reduction, Hg recycling programs, public education, and in situ technology such as timely soil cover, vegetation, and end-of-pipe technology for controlling Hg emission from landfill gas.
This paper is an overview of a program that is in the final stages of developing a modular set of cost-effective microhydro schemes for site heads below those currently serviced by Pelton Wheels. The rationale has been that there is a multitude of viable low-head sites in isolated areas where microhydro is a realistic energy option, and where conventional economics are not appropriate, especially in Third World countries. The goals of this project have been to provide low-cost, soundly based turbine design solutions that systematically cover the 0.2–20kW supply, that are uniquely resistant to debris blockage and are easily built by tradesmen of medium skills in regional workshops. The paper presents the results as a matrix of the most cost-effective penstocks matched to modular turbines using established electronic controls. It discusses practical issues of site selection and options for sites where exact matches are not achieved. It has been an object of the program to establish a benchmark for cost-effectiveness in the microhydro field.
Homogeneous distribution of the electrolyte over the porous electrode is a critical issue hindering the commercialization of vanadium redox flow batteries, owing to increased overpotential at high current and limited power density of the system. Therefore, an understanding of the physical phenomena regulating mass transport of the electrolyte is crucial to improving system performance. The present work describes the development and experimental validation of a 3D computational fluid dynamic model of a vanadium redox flow battery in a half-cell configuration with an active area of 25 cm2. The model simulates the influence of a single serpentine and an interdigitated flow field. The adoption of the half-cell configuration allows the negative electrode to be considered as a pseudo-reference electrode with zero potential loss, leading to a reduction in computation time and the number of fitting parameters, which can be determined with reduced uncertainty. The developed model includes a traditional fluid dynamic analysis of the electrolyte in the flow field and in the porous electrode, coupled with the electrochemistry of the reactions involved. In both the experiments and the simulations, the single serpentine distributor exhibits better performance and higher pressure drops compared to those of the interdigitated geometry under all the investigated operating conditions. In the analysis of the local reaction rate, both distributors experienced increased reaction rates under the rib, induced by a by-pass flow between adjacent channels. The reaction rate shows a highly heterogeneous distribution in the serpentine geometry, while it is more uniform in the interdigitated configuration.
The “dual-circuit redox flow battery” takes advantage of a conventional all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) combined with a separated catalytic hydrogen evolution reactor. Depending on demand, the VRFB can be conventionally discharged or supply H2 by using the catalytic reactor. However, during hydrogen generation, protons are consumed and a state-of-charge imbalance is created. Therefore, the corresponding discharge of the positive compartment is necessary to maintain proton and charge balance. Water oxidation is a suitable reaction providing regeneration of the positive electrolyte (reduction of VO2 + to VO2+) and also protons. VO2 +/VO2+ does not possess a potential high enough to spontaneously drive the oxygen evolution reaction thus an additional energy input is required. We introduce the V–O2 cell, a secondary flow cell to integrate into the “dual-circuit redox flow battery” that provides a high rate of conversion while minimizing the energy required. This was tested in a complete dual-circuit system and required 140 mW cm−2 of additional energy at 110 mA cm−2. The total efficiency of the coupled system in term of electricity to hydrogen was between 42 and 62% depending on the current density and stable operation was demonstrated during extended tests.
Although some have questioned the value of the neonatal examination, the yield of abnormal findings remains high and it is likely to remain standard practice. Furthermore, the formal contact offers an opportunity to provide reassurance and healthcare advice, and to detect maternal depression. The way in which the medical examination is conducted has not changed, but this article reviews new material which is available on the ways in which screening for important neonatal conditions might be improved.
In this work, we describe an evaluation of an Mg–Li alloy (Li: 13 wt %) for possible use in magnesium primary reserve batteries. Higher OCP for the Mg–Li alloy have been observed in 2 M MgCl2 and MgBr2 electrolyte. The corrosion rate of the Mg–Li alloy is found to be in the order: MgCl2 < Mg(COOCH3)2 < MgSO4 < MgBr2 < Mg(ClO4)2. Mg–Li alloys exhibit higher (81%) anodic efficiencies even when the current density is increased to 8.6 mA cm −2. It has been observed that Mg–Li/MgCl2/CuO cells offer higher operating voltage and capacity than those with the conventionally used Mg–Al alloy.
Background Life-threatening injury from battery ingestion has mandated changes in the manufacture of battery-operated devices. Whilst esophageal burns are commonly publicized, there is scarce literature on vaginal burns and their potential morbidity. Case An 8-year-old girl presented with self-report of a “fluffy toy” per vagina. Under general anesthesia, her vagina was examined and the mucosa appeared coated in a “blue fur.” It was soon identified as corrosive damage from an alkaline button battery. Fistula and rectal injury were excluded. Symptomatic relief was achieved with the use of estradiol lidocaine intravaginal concoction following removal. Summary and Conclusions Optimal management of a vaginal foreign body relies upon clinical suspicion, familiarity with prepubertal vaginal instrumentation, and expeditious removal of inserted batteries to avoid serious morbidity.
A novel method, self-directed chemical method, is proposed to synthesize lithium-rich layered oxide Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 as cathode of lithium ion batteries with improved rate capability. In this method, Li2CO3 powder that has low dissolvability in aqueous solution is introduced as precipitating agent to induce the formation of transition-metal carbonate, resulting in the precursor Ni0.25Mn0.75CO3 with a hierarchical structure: secondary particles assembled with interconnected primary particles. This hierarchical structure remains in subsequent product (Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2-T). Electrochemical measurements indicates that Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2-T delivers a capacity of 222mAhg−1 at 1st cycle (0.05C, 1C=263mAhg−1) and holds 207mAhg−1 at 50th cycle, which is slightly better than the sample from a traditional co-precipitation method (Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2-L). More importantly, Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2-T is able to stably offer 156mAhg−1 at 0.5C, 136mAhg−1 at 1C and 108mAhg−1 at 2C, much better than Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2-L. The improved performance is attributed to the tightly interconnected structure and smaller particle size, which facilitates the diffusion of Li+ ions in the material bulk and reduces the barrier of charge transfer reaction.
The electrochemical performance of a tin electrode synthesized on copper foil by electrodeposition in a pyrophosphate-based bath is examined by modifying its morphology via controlling the cathodic current density. As this current density increases, the morphology of the tin electrodeposit changes from a smooth and compact structure to a microscopically multi-layered structure with open spaces between adjacent layers. The porosity of the multi-layered tin electrode is more than 60% of its volume. The cycle performance and coulombic efficiency of the multi-layered tin electrode are higher than those of the smooth tin electrode, primarily due to the buffering effects of the open spaces between the layers against the volume expansion of the tin anode during cycling.
Lithium–oxygen batteries have recently received attention due to their extremely high theoretical energy densities, which far exceed that of any other existing energy storage technology. The significantly larger theoretical energy density of the lithium–oxygen batteries is due to the use of a pure lithium metal anode and the fact that the cathode oxidant, oxygen, is stored externally since it can be readily obtained from the surrounding air. Before the lithium–oxygen batteries can be realized as high performance, commercially viable products, there are still many challenges to overcome, from designing their cathode structure, to optimizing their electrolyte compositions and elucidating the complex chemical reactions that occur during charge and discharge. The scientific obstacles that are related to the performance of the lithium–oxygen batteries open up an exciting opportunity for researchers from many different backgrounds to utilize their unique knowledge and skills to bridge the knowledge gaps that exist in current research projects. This article is a summary of the most significant limiting factors that affect the performance of the lithium–oxygen batteries from the perspective of the authors. The article indicates the relationships that form between various limiting factors and highlights the complex yet captivating nature of the research within this field.
The electrochemical performance of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) is investigated to be improved by coating with Co3O4 via a facile and efficient preparation method. The transmission microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements show that the Co3O4 layer is successfully coated on the surface of NCA cathode material. Notably, the 0.3 wt% Co3O4-coated NCA cathode material provides a high capacity retention of 95.2% at 1C between the potential from 2.7 to 4.3 V after 60 cycles, which is higher than the corresponding value of 86.1% for the bare NCA sample. In addition, Co3O4-modified NCA cathode material possesses high rate capability. It showed discharge specific capacity of 163 mAh g−1 at 5C rate, whereas the bare NCA sample only exhibits 141 mAh g−1. The Co3O4 coating layer can suppress the direct contacting and reaction between NCA and the electrolyte, thus enhancing the cycling stability of NCA. Moreover, Co3O4 can react with residual Li2CO3/LiOH on the surface of NCA and decrease the charge-transfer resistance, which improve the rate capability.
We report here for the first time the reversible electrochemical lithium insertion in the potassium vanadium bronze K0.5V2O5 leading to LixK0.5V2O5 with 0<x≤1.5. Long and thin platelets of K0.5V2O5 are prepared by a fast and facile synthesis route. A specific capacity of 210 mAh g−1 is available at an average voltage of 2.6V without any significant structural changes even after extended cycling experiments. This vanadium bronze exhibits an excellent capacity retention with still 200 mAh g−1 at C/10 after 70 cycles and a good rate capability with 140 and 120 mAh g−1 at 1C and 1.4C respectively. The electrochemical performance of this cathode material is one of the best among vanadium bronzes.
In this work, we present a one-dimensional model for the discharge behavior of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. In addition to the consideration of multiple-step polysulfide dissolution and reductions, the surface nucleation and growth kinetics coupled with electrochemical reactions is particularly exploited for describing the Li2S precipitation. Unlike previous models that overlook the rate-dependent precipitation phenomenon, our model reveals that discrete Li2S particle growth becomes suppressed at higher rates, resulting in smaller Li2S precipitates with a more uniform particle size distribution and a limited discharge capacity. Experimental discharge curves and discharge product observation adequately confirm our numerical results. It is further predicted that promoting the growth of Li2S particles, including lowering the initial nucleation rate and providing a suitable amount of initial nucleation sites, can efficiently prolong the Li-S battery's discharge capacity.
Solid-state-batteries (SSBs) present a promising technology for next-generation batteries due to their superior properties including increased energy density, wider electrochemical window and safer electrolyte design. Commercialization of SSBs, however, will depend on the resolution of a number of critical chemical and mechanical stability issues. The resolution of these issues will in turn depend heavily on our ability to accurately model these systems such that appropriate material selection, microstructure design, and operational parameters may be determined. In this article we review the current state-of-the art modeling tools with a focus on chemo-mechanics. Some of the key chemo-mechanical problems in SSBs involve dendrite growth through the solid-state electrolyte (SSE), interphase formation at the anode/SSE interface, and damage/decohesion of the various phases in the solid-state composite cathode. These mechanical processes in turn lead to capacity fade, impedance increase, and short-circuit of the battery, ultimately compromising safety and reliability. The article is divided into the three natural components of an all-solid-state architecture. First, modeling efforts pertaining to Li-metal anodes and dendrite initiation and growth mechanisms are reviewed, making the transition from traditional liquid electrolyte anodes to next generation all-solid-state anodes. Second, chemo-mechanics modeling of the SSE is reviewed with a particular focus on the formation of a thermodynamically unstable interphase layer at the anode/SSE interface. Finally, we conclude with a review of chemo-mechanics modeling efforts for solid-state composite cathodes. For each of these critical areas in a SSB we conclude by highlighting the key open areas for future research as it pertains to modeling the chemo-mechanical behavior of these systems.
Carbon nanofilms of less than 20nm in thickness were prepared on alumina nanoparticles by pyrolysis of a citric acid precursor to test high-rate charging anode material in lithium ion battery. The electrochemical reaction mechanism of the anode was investigated by changing the voltage from 1.5V to 0.01V with a counter Li metal electrode. The specific capacity of ∼20nm thick carbon nanofilm was 2180mAhg−1, much larger than those of conventional carbon anode materials. The high capacity of carbon nanofilm was attributed to adsorption of Li ion multi-layers on carbon nanofilm surfaces and adsorption on defects, functional groups or micropores of amorphous carbon, in addition to Li intercalation in hard carbons. Very short diffusion path length from ∼20nm ultrathin film (∼20nm) with high specific capacitance was mainly responsible for achieving high-rate charging performance while maintaining reasonable charging capacity compared to soft carbon. The fabricated anode with ∼20nm thick carbon film on alumina nanoparticles improved the specific charging capacity by 9.4% at 1C rate and 8.3% at 10C rate compared to conventional soft carbon.
Compressed-air energy storage could be a useful inter-seasonal storage resource to support highly renewable power systems. This study presents a modelling approach to assess the potential for such storage in porous rocks and, applying it to the UK, finds availability of up to 96 TWh in offshore saline aquifers.
A critical limitation to conventional electrochemical double-layer capacitors is their low energy densities. This has triggered significant interest in developing new pseudocapacitive materials, which utilize faradaic mechanisms to increase their energy densities. In this work, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and Ti3C2T x MXene are hybridized to form a unique two-dimensional (2D) heterostructure, which delivers remarkable pseudocapacitive characteristics and robust stability towards lithium storage. Interestingly, the improved kinetics is reflected by insignificant influence of (dis)charge rates on the pseudocapacitance even when testing at a 120C rate, and small peak potential offsets at high scan rates, revealing that there are no significant diffusion limitations in the heterostructure. This unexpected fast kinetics is related to the intrinsic chemical and electronic coupling effects between g-C3N4 and MXene, which can synergistically improve both electron transfer and lithium diffusion kinetics compared to MXene itself.
Positive-electrode materials for lithium and lithium-ion batteries are briefly reviewed in chronological order. Emphasis is given to lithium insertion materials and their background relating to the “birth” of lithium-ion battery. Current lithium-ion batteries consisting of LiCoO2 and graphite are approaching a critical limit in energy densities, and new innovating materials are needed in order to continue the advance of lithium-ion batteries. In particular, the recent trends on material researches for advanced lithium-ion batteries, such as layered lithium manganese oxides, lithium transition metal phosphates, and lithium nickel manganese oxides with or without cobalt, are described. Trials on new applications of lithium insertion materials for high-power lithium-ion batteries as well as hybrid capacitors leading for 12V lead-free accumulators are also highlighted.
The shuttling of soluble polysulfides between electrodes is the main factor leading to the rapid capacity fading of Li-S batteries. A functional rich amine porous organic polymer/acetylene black-polypropylene (RAPOP/AB-PP) separator was prepared using a straightforward coating modification of the commercial PP separator to improve the electrochemical performance of Li–S batteries. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and discharge/charge tests using S electrodes as research electrodes determined that the abundant amount of imine groups of RAPOPs exhibited strong anchoring properties toward Li polysulfides. The tests also confirmed that the RAPOP/AB-PP separator could effectively inhibit the shuttling of polysulfides. During discharge, the modified separator adsorbed the polysulfides from the electrolyte on the surface of the S electrode and formed a thin layer of Li polysulfide. In addition, this accumulation layer inhibited the diffusion of Li polysulfide through the separator toward the Li electrode. The initial and 800 cycle discharge capacity densities of the RAPOP/AB-PP-1.7 membrane were 1322 and 897 mAh g−1 (at the current density of 0.2 mA cm−2), respectively which were much higher than the 1121 and 481 mAh g−1 corresponding values for the polypropylene separator. In addition, the RAPOP/AB-PP separator possessed a higher electrolyte uptake capacity (114%) than the PP separator (88%). Outstanding electrolyte wettability caused the ion conductivity (1.08 × 10−1 mS cm−1) of the RAPOP/AB-PP membrane to be much higher than that of the PP separator (1.19 × 10−2 mS cm−1). Therefore, the excellent electrochemical performance of the RAPOP/AB-PP separator could be ascribed to the polar RAPOP/AB coating not only alleviating the shuttle effect but also facilitating Li+ ions migration.