batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A conductive Li2ZrO3 layer is successfully coated on the surface of Li-rich layered cathode Li[Li0.2Ni0.17Co0.07Mn0.56]O2 to enhance its electrochemical performances. The crystal structures, electrochemical properties and thermal stabilities of the bare and coated materials are studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It has been found that the electrochemical performances of Li-rich cathode material are obviously improved by Li2ZrO3 surface modification. Especially, the 1 wt.% Li2ZrO3-coated material demonstrates the best cycling performance, with capacity retention of 89% after 50 cycles, much better than that of the pristine one, 64%. Intensive explorations indicate that the improved electrochemical properties can be attributed to the Li2ZrO3 surface layer, which not only stabilizes the cathode structure by decreasing the loss of oxygen, but also protects the Li-rich cathode material from side reaction(s) with the electrolyte and thus suppressing the fast growth of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film on the surface of oxide particles.
Tide gates form a temporal barrier to fish migration, closing during the flood tide and opening during the ebb, primarily for flood prevention and land reclamation. Their impact on downstream adult migration of the critically endangered European eel, Anguilla anguilla, is unknown. The River Stiffkey, UK, has three top-hung tide gates (one counterbalanced, two not) through which it discharges into the North Sea. Adult eels of silver appearance (n = 118) were caught between 0.5 and 6.0 km upstream from the tide gates in Autumn 2011 and implanted with 23 mm half-duplex passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags. Tagged individuals were detected by PIT antennae located near the tide gates. Of the eels tagged, 80 were detected actively migrating downstream to the gates. Escapement past the gates was 98.3 %. Speed of migration was slower near the gates than for an unimpeded upstream reach and was positively and negatively related to mean degree of gate opening and mean light intensity, respectively. When the largest gate was modified through installation of an orifice intended to improve upstream passage of sea trout and juvenile eels, downstream migration was more rapid when it was operating. However, video analysis revealed that eels did not pass through the orifice, meaning that faster migration may have been a result of the gates being open on more occasions when eels initially approached them, or the lower tides and upstream saline intrusion that occurred during these periods. Top-hung tide gates in the River Stiffkey delayed eel migration, potentially increasing the risk of predation and energy expenditure immediately prior to a 5000–6000 km migration to spawning grounds in the Sargasso Sea.
Electric vehicle routing problems (E-VRPs) extend classical routing problems to consider the limited driving range of electric vehicles. In general, this limitation is overcome by introducing planned detours to battery charging stations. Most existing E-VRP models assume that the battery-charge level is a linear function of the charging time, but in reality the function is nonlinear. In this paper we extend current E-VRP models to consider nonlinear charging functions. We propose a hybrid metaheuristic that combines simple components from the literature and components specifically designed for this problem. To assess the importance of nonlinear charging functions, we present a computational study comparing our assumptions with those commonly made in the literature. Our results suggest that neglecting nonlinear charging may lead to infeasible or overly expensive solutions. Furthermore, to test our hybrid metaheuristic we propose a new 120-instance testbed. The results show that our method performs well on these instances.
As electric vehicles (EVs) have been popularized, research on battery management systems (BMSs) in their core technology has drawn considerable attention. Among the various functions of a BMS, estimating the state-of-health (SOH) of the battery is crucial; this estimation is used to determine the replacement time of the battery or to assess driving mileage. While most studies utilize capacity fading or resistance growth as SOH metrics, they all define SOH using fairly constrained assumptions, e.g., full cycling with constant current. Unfortunately, those assumptions cannot be applied to EV batteries that are, for the most part, cycled partially and dynamically. In clear contrast, this paper studies how SOH can be estimated in more practical environments where the batteries must support real-world driving patterns. In particular, this paper proposes a data-driven approach to trace SOH on the fly by using sensible BMS data such as current, voltage, and temperature while leveraging their historical distributions. We validated that our approach provides highly accurate results under actual EV driving conditions, with an average error less than 2.18%.
Fuel cells represent an attractive technology for tomorrow's energy vector because hydrogen is an efficient fuel and environmentally clean, but one of the important challenges for fuel cell commercialization is the preparation of active, robust and low-cost catalysts. The synthesis and processing of molecularly-capped multimetallic nanoparticles, as described in this report, serves as an intriguing way to address this challenge. Such nanoparticles are exploited as building blocks for engineering the nanoscale catalytic materials by taking advantage of diverse attributes, including monodispersity, processability, solubility, stability, capability in terms of size, shape, composition and surface properties. This article discusses recent findings of our investigations of the synthesis and processing of nanostructured catalysts with controlled size, composition, and surface properties by highlighting a few examples of bimetallic/trimetallic nanoparticles and supported catalysts for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction.
In our preliminary research, an in situ fabrication of the lithium polymer cell starting from Li/1M LiTFSI in DOL+DME (2:1 by weight)/LiCoO2 cell is successfully achieved owing to the electro-polymerization of DOL solvent. Basing on previous work, a comprehensive investigation on the new technology is conducted and some significant result is presented in this paper. The influence of three leading factors such as: current rate, upper limit voltage and temperature are laid a heavy emphasis. It is found that upper limit voltage is a prerequisite to the initiation of DOL polymerization as long as the operating temperature is kept far below the temperature limit for the occurrence of thermal-initiated polymerization. Once this requirement is satisfied, the current rate exerts a positive influence on DOL's electro-polymerization and helps to the formation of a conductive polymer electrolyte, but as another two factors are concerned, the case is just the reverse. And besides, benefiting from the “regulation” effect of current rate, the lack of capacity retentivity that is encountered during the high-temperature or high-voltage cycling can be compensated by an electrochemical pretreatment. And finally, it is indicated that all the influential mechanism tightly related to the variation in the cell internal resistance.
The new automotive architectures will require high-voltage, high-power batteries that are completely different from existing 12V flooded lead–acid products. Battery requirements for these applications are reviewed first from the standpoint of the vehicle, and then from an electrochemical/thermal performance perspective. Design and performance characteristics are then critically evaluated for the three major candidates for the new 36/42V systems, namely: valve-regulated lead–acid (VRLA), nickel–metal-hydride (Ni–MH), and lithium-ion (Li-ion). Design and manufacturing requirements, performance strengths and weaknesses, reliability issues, markets and pricing are then examined for the VRLA battery, which appears to be the leading candidate at this time.
Ewing’s sarcoma family of tumours (ESFT) are childhood cancers whose aggressive behaviour and propensity to relapse prompts the need for new treatment approaches. In this study, the role of cellular antioxidants in determining the sensitivity of ESFT cell lines to the cytotoxicity of the antineoplasic agent fenretinide was investigated with a view to identifying targets for the development of new treatment strategies. ESFT cell lines differentially express cellular antioxidants, although cellular glutathione (GSH) was identified as the major determinant of sensitivity to fenretinide. The importance of GSH in ESFT physiology was demonstrated by the depletion of intracellular GSH using l-buthionine (S,R) sulphoximine (BSO), which decreased cell viability. Furthermore, pre-treatment of ESFT cells with BSO sensitised them to fenretinide-induced death. Overall, these results demonstrate that ESFT cells are sensitive to changes in intracellular redox environment, and that targeting specific cellular antioxidants might be a viable strategy in treating ESFT.
Sulfonated polymeric surfactants integrated polypyrrole composites have been prepared and exploited as electrode material for supercapacitor application where sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) SPEEK and poly (styrene sulfonate) PSS have been used as surfactant as well as dopant in polypyrrole (PPy). These composites are conveniently prepared via in-situ chemical oxidation polymerization of pyrrole using FeCl3 as oxidant at varying weight ratio of SPEEK/PSS and investigated through Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, Thermal gravimetric analysis/Derivative thermal gravimetric, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical performance. Field emission scanning electron micrographs divulge granular morphology of composite with spongy and baggy structure. Electrochemical performance of all the composites has been investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Results reveal that electrochemical properties of composites significantly depend upon different feeding ratio of SPEEK or PSS due to the availability of sulfonating groups. After comparative study, high specific capacitance 330F/g of SP4 (PPy:SPEEK (w/w) 60:40) at scan rate of 2mV/s, that also correlates well with the GCD findings. High energy density obtained as 23.8Wh/kg of SP4 composite at power density of 1000W/kg demonstrates as new promising electrode material for supercapacitors.
Studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of using feed containing 5, 10, 12.5, and 15% rapeseed cake on broiler chickens of the Habbard F-15 cross. The aim of this work was to establish the efficiency of feed with different levels of cake derived from the Podmoskovny variety of spring rapeseed of a new generation bred by the Williams Federal Scientific Center for Fodder Production and Agroecology in feeding of broiler chickens. Feed costs per 1 kg of live weight gain of broilers in the experimental groups were reduced. The digestibility of the main nutrients when 5 and 10% rapeseed cake was included in the feed compared with the control did not differ much, except for fiber, and the average daily increase in live weight of broiler chickens increased by 1.6 and 2.0%. An increase in the content of rapeseed cake in the feed to 12.5 and 15.0% led to a decrease in the main zootechnical and economic indicators for growing young poultry. It is recommended to include the cake obtained from the Podmoskovny variety of rapeseed bred by the Williams Federal Scientific Center for Fodder Production and Agroecology in the compound feed for broiler chickens in an amount of 10% by weight. This content of rapeseed cake contributes to an increase in the live weight of young animals by 2.0%, an increase in the efficiency of feed use by 2.7%, and an increase in the European productivity index by 22 units.
The mass production of the sixth generation flexible cell phone screen is boosting the demand for flexible lithium ion batteries with high energy density and longer lifetime. CoS with high theoretical capacity and graphene foams with excellent flexibility can be candidates. In this work, CoS nanosheets are synthesized by electrodeposition and sulfuration. For the first time, free-standing porous CoS nanosheets supported on graphene foams with N and S doped carbon shells are synthesized by carbonization and sulfuration of polydopamine, which enhances conductivity. With controllable precursors, three types of morphologies were obtained and the influences of void spaces, carbon shells and the inner pores are studied. The void space and porous structure of CoS nanosheets can benefit the lithium ion diffusion and rate capability while the void space and conformal carbon shells can improve the stability of electrodes and long cycling performances. By combining the advantages of void spaces, shells and porous nanosheet structures, a high cyclic capacity of 481.7 mA h g-1 is delivered, evaluated by the overall weight of the electrode at 0.1C (1C = 600 mA h g-1) after 100 cycles and good rate capability.
Vanadium oxide films have been fabricated on Si3N4-film-coated silicon substrates by direct current reactive magnetron sputtering method. Conditions of deposition are optimized making use of parameters such as sputtering time, dc power, oxygen partial pressure and substrate temperature. X-ray diffraction indicates that the film is a mixture of VO2, V2O3, and V3O5. Four-probe measurement shows that the VO x thin film owns high temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR ∼−2.05%/°C) and suitable square resistance 18.40kΩ/□ (measured at 25°C), indicating it is a well candidate material for uncooled IR detectors. In addition, IR absorption in the wavelength of 2–16μm has been characterized. It is worth noting that the films are sputtered at a relatively low temperature of 210°C in a controlled Ar/O2 atmosphere. Compared to traditional craft, this method needs no post-anneal at high temperature (400–500°C).
Chlorophylls (Chls), and associated chlorophyll derivatives, are one of the oldest, most versatile organic semiconductors found in nature. Herein, we present two easily semi-synthesized chlorophyll derivatives, namely, chlorin e6 trimethyl ester (Ce6Me3) and its copper complex (Cu–Ce6Me3), as the p-type dopants for organic semiconductors and their impact in organic solar cells (OSCs). In our study, both Chls showed intense Soret and Qy bands in the UV-visible spectra, leading to an effect means for capturing solar light and energy. Chls also exhibited high carrier mobility owing to the partial formation of aggregates through the spin-coating process. Using Chls, we fabricated OSCs in both planar-heterojunction (PHJ) and bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell configurations, together with C70/PC70BM as electron acceptors. In PHJ solar cells, we received solar power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of only 0.85% and 0.93% for Cu–Ce6Me3- and Ce6Me3-based devices, respectively, with the thickness of the donor layer at 5 nm. In BHJ cells, we achieved much higher PCEs of 1.53% and 2.05% for Cu–Ce6Me3:PC70BM and Ce6Me3:PC70BM respectively, where both blending ratios were set to 1:8. The improvement on PCE in BHJ cells may be attributed to the better charge separation increase at the donor–acceptor interface.
El funcionamiento adecuado de un sistema de estimulación cardiaca depende de una indicación, modo de estimulación y seguimiento correctos. El seguimiento debe seguir un protocolo que incluya personal especializado, test de umbral de estimulación y detección, análisis de batería, electrodos y arritmias, con una periodicidad determinada, directamente con el paciente y/o por contactos telemétricos desde el domicilio del paciente. En segundo lugar, se analizan los problemas objetivados tanto en estimulación como en detección en cada una de las cámaras cardiacas. Por último, se lleva a cabo una actualización del síndrome de marcapasos.
Electrical conductivities of pure tetraalkylammonium- (N+Me4, N+Et4, N+Bu4, N+Me3Hex) and imidazolium- (EMIM+, BMIM+) based ionic liquids (ILs) with bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TFSI−) anion and their acetonitrile solutions were measured in two temperature ranges of 298–368 and 298–348 K. Acetonitrile was used as an organic solvent to decrease the viscosity of ILs and, therefore, to increase the mobility of charge carriers. The maximum conductivity of acetonitrile solutions of both tetraalkylammonium- and imidazolium-based ILs was found to decrease with cation size. The conductivity – temperature dependencies of pure ILs and their acetonitrile solutions were analyzed using three approaches based on the Arrhenius equation for non-associating electrolytes, the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation for ionic conductivity of glass-forming liquids and the Litovitz equation for associated liquids. The dilution of ILs with acetonitrile significantly reduced their activation energies of conductivity. At the same time, the activation energy decreased with increasing the alkyl chain length because of the deceleration of the ion transfer and the growth of the viscosity.
Large quantities and many varieties of agricultural organic wastes are produced in China annually. Applying agricultural organic wastes to soil plays an essential role in coping with the environmental pollution from agricultural wastes, solving the energy crisis and responding global climate change. But there is little information available on the effects of different agricultural organic wastes on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The objectives of this study were to investigate and compare the impacts of different organic wastes on soil GHG emissions during a 4-year field experiments in the North China Plain, as well as analyze the influential factors that may be related to GHG emissions. The treatments were: crop straw (CS), biogas residue (BR), mushroom residue (MR), wine residue (WR) and pig manure (PM) returning to soil, as well as a control with no organic waste applied to soil but chemical fertilizer addition only (CF). The results showed that compared with CF treatment, organic material applied to soil significantly increased GHG emissions and emissions followed the order of WR(27,961.51 kg CO2-eq/ha/yr) > PM(26,376.50 kg CO2-eq/ha/yr) > MR(23,366.60 kg CO2-eq/ha/yr) > CS(22,434.44 kg CO2-eq/ha/yr) > BR (22,029.04 kg CO2-eq/ha/yr) > CF(17,402.77 kg CO2-eq/ha/yr), averagely. And considering the affecting factors, GHG emissions were significantly related to soil temperature and soil water content. Different organic wastes also affected soil total organic carbon (TOC), microbial carbon (MBC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents, which related to GHG emissions. Further analysis showed that characteristics of organic wastes affected GHG emissions, which included C-N ratio, lignin, polyphenol, cellulose and hemicellulose. Our study demonstrates that biogas residue returning to soil emitted minimum GHG emissions among these different types of organic wastes, which provided a better solution for applying organic wastes to mitigate soil GHG emissions.
Purpose To evaluate the protective effect of different ophthalmic viscosurgical devices on corneal endothelial cells during phacoemulsification in a rabbit model. Setting Harlan Biotech Israel and Ophthalmology Department, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel. Design Experimental study. Methods Rabbit eyes were randomly assigned to 3 equally sized groups. Endothelial cell counts were performed in all eyes before initiation of the study. The aqueous humor was completely replaced by Biolon (sodium hyaluronate 1.0%) in Group A, by a combination of Viscoat (sodium chondroitin sulfate 4.0%–sodium hyaluronate 3.0%) and Provisc (sodium chondroitin sulfate 1.0%) using the soft-shell technique in Group B, and by a combination of Visiol (sodium hyaluronate 2.0%–mannitol 0.5%) and Biolon using the soft-shell technique in Group C. The eyes were exposed to alternating 10 seconds of phacoemulsification and a 10-second pause until a total exposure time of 2.5 minutes elapsed. Endothelial cell counts were repeated 3 days after surgery. Results The study used 18 rabbit eyes, 6 in each group. Group A had the highest endothelial cell loss (13%) followed by Group B (7%), and Group C (4%). The difference in cell loss between Group C and Group A was statistically significant (P = .037). Conclusion The study showed the efficiency and advantages of the soft-shell technique using the combination of Visiol and Biolon over Biolon alone. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Heat generation due to electrochemical side-reaction during high-rate pulse cycling has been studied. In order to measure the value, calorimetry was carried out. The excess heat was observed comparing with the electric energy loss for each cycle, which was thought to be caused by side-reactions. Some side-reactions affect the surface characteristics of the electrodes and enlarge the impedance of the battery resulting in more heat generation.
Graphene-MnO composite and hollow-structured MnO powders are prepared by a simple one-pot spray pyrolysis process. The graphene content in the graphene-MnO composite powder is estimated to be 10wt.%. The fine MnO crystals of size several tens of nanometers are uniformly distributed all over the graphene. The BET specific surface areas of the graphene-MnO composite and hollow-structured MnO powders are found to be 20 and 5 m2 g−1, respectively. The graphene-MnO composite powders have high initial discharge and charge capacities of 1207 and 849mA h g−1, respectively, at a current density of 500mAg−1. The initial discharge and charge capacities of the hollow-structured MnO powders are 1004 and 673mA h g−1, respectively. The discharge capacities of the graphene-MnO composite and hollow-structured MnO powders for the 130th cycle are 1313 and 701mA h g−1, respectively.
In juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), occurrence of seizures and epileptiform EEG discharges is influenced by internal and external factors. The most important internal factor is the chronodependency: the occurrence of myoclonic jerks in the early morning is one of the hallmarks of JME. Approximately two-thirds of the patients with JME report that seizures are provoked by a variety of general factors like stress, fatigue, fever, and sleep and more specific precipitants like flashing sunlight, music, reading, thinking, and excess alcohol. The prevalence rate of photosensitivity (photoparoxysmal EEG response) in patients with JME ranges from 8 to 90%; it is seen more often in females and adolescents and depends on drug use. Since both JME and photosensitivity are connected with generalized types of epilepsy and myoclonus, the two traits are comorbid for that reason. Epileptiform EEG discharges can be provoked by other activation methods: sleep, hyperventilation, and specific cognitive tasks. Attention seems to have a non-specific, inhibitory effect of the epileptiform discharges. Hyperventilation can induce absence seizures in patients with JME, while cognitive tasks are efficient in precipitating myoclonic seizures. This article is part of a supplemental special issue entitled Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy: What is it Really?