batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The electrochemical catalytic durability can be enhanced by the post treatment of diazonium reaction. The diazonium salts which have fluorine, acid, and nitrile functional groups were grafted on the surface of Pt based catalyst with 1–3 wt%. Pt/GKB6-Dia4F, which was a catalyst with fluorine functional group, showed the excellent properties in durability as well as in mass activity. After the durability test, electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and mass activity of the Pt/GKB6-Dia4F were maintained by 81.9% and 75.3%, respectively. These were higher than those of pristine catalyst, which were 60.8% and 58.9%, respectively. The causes of these enhancements were investigated in the aspect of electrostructure of platinum or wettability of the catalyst. In XPS, the valid Pt4f peak shifts of the treated-catalysts were not detected, but the indisputable changes of the surface properties via diazonium reaction were detected. This indicates that the main factor affecting the catalytic durability is the wettability of the catalyst. Therefore, we conclude that diazonium reaction is an effective method to change the surface property of the catalyst, which can enhance the catalytic durability.
The development of high-performance and robust catalysts with low-cost is the major demand for electrochemical water oxidation. Here, a unique and facile method is reported for the synthesis of NiFe alloy derived from templated Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) on carbon cloth, exhibiting excellent water oxidation activity and stability in alkaline solution. The best water oxidation activity is obtained with O-NiFe@C-600, in which overpotential of 250 mV is required for generating water oxidation current density of 10 mA cm−2 and overpotential of 300 mV was needed for affording 100 mA cm−2. In addition, outstanding long-term stability over 25 h in chronoamperometric measurements was achieved for O-NiFe@C-600. The catalysts considerably outperform the activity and stability of the other PBA derived catalysts and even the noble metal catalysts RuO2. The excellent performance is attributable to unique self-supported structures of the PBA-derived NiFe catalysts on carbon cloth as well as the incorporation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by in-situ O2 plasma activation which further increases the number of active sites for water oxidation. Additionally, well-defined graphitized cells largely enhances stability of the catalyst by acting as chemical protective layers.
Cu-doped Li2O, synthesized by mechanochemical reactions between Li2O and CuO, is demonstrated as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. The X-ray diffraction and absorption analyses suggest that in the Cu-doped Li2O, Cu2+ ions are located at 48g sites less symmetrical than 8c sites for Li+ ions, distorting the arrangement of surrounding O2− ions slightly from tetrahedral to square-planar, while the Cu2+ ions are doped in an antifluorite-type Li2O. The Cu-doped Li2O cathode has a charge capacity of 360 mAh g−1 without an irreversible O2 gas evolution reaction and exhibits a reversible capacity of 300 mAh g−1. Cu K-edge XANES spectroscopy and quantitative analysis of peroxide species reveal that redox of copper ions, formation/neutralization of O 2p electron holes, and generation/annihilation of peroxide species take place during charge/discharge.
The individual components of electrode pastes (4PbO·PbSO4, 3PbO·PbSO4·H2O, PbO·PbSO4) have been synthesized, their behavior has been studied during soaking and formation, and the characteristics of the active materials made of these monopastes have been determined. This approach allows purposeful optimization of electrode paste composition to meet the requirement specified for batteries.
Lithium oxalatodifluoroborate (LiODFB) has been synthesized and used as a novel electrolyte additive. Standard and modified electrolytes were flame-sealed in NMR tubes and stored at 60 °C for 3 months. Multiple nuclear NMR (1H, 11B, 13C, 19F, 31P) studies confirmed that the modified electrolyte (2% LiODFB added) showed no signs of decomposition as that of regular electrolyte, which is possibly due to the –F of LiPF6 and oxalate of LiODFB ligand exchange effect. The high temperature stabilization mechanism of the added LiODFB was studied using quantum mechanical calculations. Electrochemical tests of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC)–Graphite full-cells with and without LiODFB as the electrolyte additive were conducted. When cycling with the NMC–Graphite full-cell at elevated temperature (60 °C), the 100th cycle capacity retention rate of the modified electrolyte was 60%, compared to 27% with the standard electrolyte. The EIS study indicates the full-cells with LiODFB have much lower interfacial impedance than the standard cells. Theoretical calculations reveal that LiODFB generates a layer of thin and resilient SEI on the graphite surface at a higher reduction potential than ethylene carbonate (EC) due to its higher ring strain and protects graphite from the toxic Mn2+ resulting in improved electrochemical performance of NMC–Graphite based cells.
Unknown A Handbook of Lead–Acid Battery Technology and its Influence on the Product Detchko Pavlov AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Magnesium manganese silicate (Mg1.03Mn0.97SiO4) was prepared by a sol–gel method and evaluated as an intercalation electrode material for rechargeable magnesium batteries. The crystalline Mg1.03Mn0.97SiO4 phase was obtained after heating at 900°C and its electrochemical performance was characterized at room temperature. The pure magnesium manganese silicate exhibits a relatively low reversible specific capacity in the electrolyte comprising 0.25molL−1 Mg(AlCl2EtBu)2/THF owing to its poor electronic conductivity. Using a ball mill in the presence of acetylene black, and in situ carbon coating, the resulting composites present an improved discharge voltage plateau (1.6V vs. Mg/Mg2+) and increased discharge specific capacity (92.9mAhg−1 at a C/50 rate). The Mg lower price and its feasibility for rechargeable batteries make magnesium manganese silicate an attractive candidate for rechargeable magnesium based batteries.
A composite membrane of a nonwoven fabric with poly(vinylidene fluoride) exhibiting high safety (self-extinguishing), good mechanical property and low cost is reported. The ionic conductivity of the as-prepared gel membrane saturated with 1 mol l−1 LiPF6 electrolyte at ambient temperature can be up to 0.30 mS cm−1, higher than that of the corresponding well-used commercial separator (Celgard 2730), 0.21 mS cm−1. Moreover, the lithium ion transference in the gel membrane at room temperature is almost twice that in the commercial separator. Furthermore, the absorbed solvent is difficult to evaporate at elevated temperature. Its electrochemical performance is evaluated by using a LiFePO4 cathode. The obtained results suggest that this gel-type composite membrane is very attractive for large-capacity battery systems requiring high safety and low cost.
This paper proposes and validates a semi-empirical cycle-life model for lithium-ion pouch cells containing blended spinel and layered-oxide positive electrodes. For the model development and validation experimental data obtained during an aging campaign is used. During the campaign the influence of charge sustaining/depleting operation, minimum state of charge (SOC), charging rate and temperature on the aging process is studied. The aging profiles, which are prescribed in power mode, are selected to be representative of realistic plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) operation. The proposed model describes capacity fade and resistance increase as function of the influencing stress factors and battery charge throughput. Due to its simplicity but still good accuracy, the applications of the proposed aging model include the design of algorithms for battery state-of-health (SOH) monitoring and prognosis, PHEV optimal energy management including battery aging, and the study of aging propagation among battery cells in advanced energy storage systems.
The Republic of Turkey, located in Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe). Nowadays, Turkey with its young population and growing energy demand per person, its fast growing urbanization, and its economic development, has been one of the fast growing electrical energy markets of the world for the last two decades. Unfortunately, Turkey's energy is largely dependent on foreign countries and the country's energy is imported spending billions of dollars each year. On the other hand, the effects on global and environmental air quality of pollutants released into the atmosphere from fossil fuels in electric power plants provide strong arguments for the development of renewable energy resources. Solar energy is one of the best available among renewable energy sources. There are possess many advantages of solar energy such as relativity, viability, silent, non-polluting, little maintenance, suitable for remote site application, not require any fuel and independent from electricity network. Turkey has advanced a great deal in the generation of electricity from solar energy because of much higher solar energy potential than lots of developed countries on solar energy applications. This study is taken into account that overview of the photovoltaic technology status and perspective in Turkey and the contains of photovoltaic power systems utilization and potential status in the world, energy consumption and demand in Turkey, geographic description of the solar energy in Turkey, PV industry current and potential status in Turkey, solar energy legislation framework in Turkey, R&D status of photovoltaic industry in Turkey, future strategy of PV industry in Turkey, current and future status photovoltaic power systems economics in the world. Also, this paper on the basis of this subjects is analyzed the SWOT of Turkey's photovoltaic industry, its advantages, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
The electrochemical conversion of CO2 to carbon through the reductive electrolysis of molten carbonate-containing salts has been studied by a range of groups. These groups have examined the yields, mechanisms of deposition and physical characteristics of carbon synthesized through electrolysis using a variety of electrolytes, substrates, temperatures, current densities and deposition potentials. The findings of these research groups have been compiled and compared, with particular significance being placed on findings relating to the influence of variables on the physical properties of carbon obtained in this manner. Research on potential applications of carbon derived from the electrolysis of molten carbonate-containing salts has been presented and the energetics of these carbons have been discussed. The possibility of using this form of carbon synthesis as a manner of permanent waste CO2 sequestration has been considered.
The increasing diffusion of renewable energy sources are posing new challenges to the power grid due to their intrinsic unpredictability causing poor power quality, line congestion and unreliable and unsecure grid operations. In the future, power grid operators may require to the customers/producers a prescribed exchange profile, leading to a diffusion of storage systems or prime movers (especially small combined heat and power for distributed resources) able to balance renewable sources fluctuations. In this latter case, one of the major issue is the efficient use of the heat co-generated: the adoption of thermal storages appears to be necessary. In this paper, the energy performance of a Smart User, i.e. a dwelling with renewable energy sources, a combined cooling, heat, and power system, and heat and cooling back-up generators, is estimated by means of a purposely developed TRNSYS unsteady model. A virtual stand-alone operating condition is imposed for the analysed building as an arbitrary profile of power exchange with the grid. The balancing of renewable sources fluctuations imposes a non-negligible part of the heat from the prime mover to be wasted and a sensible consumption for auxiliary devices (i.e. the auxiliary boiler and the compression chiller). By applying a thermal storage, and increasing its capacity, the fraction of heat wasted and the supply from other devices is remarkably changed, showing different plant performance and efficiencies. The Smart User primary energy consumptions of the different configurations are compared to several options, showing appreciable differences in the performance.
Undernutrition is a prevalent problem in older, community-dwelling individuals. Aim of this study was to determine the effects of a dietetic treatment in older, undernourished, community-dwelling individuals.
Direct reactions between an aprotic electrolyte and the Li–Si alloy in a lithium-ion battery anode can cause rapid capacity fading during cycling. The extent of these reactions reduces drastically as the value of x in SiO x , i.e., the inactive phase content in lithiated SiO x , increases. Herein, we analyzed the surfaces of SiO x films that had been cycled in carbonate electrolytes using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to study the mechanism by which the direct reactions are suppressed on SiO x electrodes with larger x values. Similar solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layers were formed on SiO x samples with different values of x. The fully lithiated Si (Li4Si) in the outer layer of the bulk SiO0.17 was converted to partially lithiated Si and oxygenated products after cycling. In contrast, the Li4Si content remained unchanged in SiO1.02 samples. The correlation between the lithiation state and x is supported by the binding energy position of the Si 2p peak corresponding to the Li–Si alloy. These results suggest that the inactive species, rather than the SEI, plays a more dominant role in protecting the Li–Si alloy against carbonate solvents.
The TiO2 nanofibers and nanoparticles are prepared by electrospinning and molten salt method, respectively. The materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and a thermal analysis. The SEM and TEM studies showed that fibers were of average diameter ∼100nm and composed of nanocrystallites of size 10–20nm. Electrochemical properties of the materials are evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetric studies show a hysteresis (ΔV) between the cathodic and the anodic peak potentials for TiO2 nanofibers and nanoparticles (sizes ∼15–30nm) are in the range, 0.23–0.30V and a redox couple Ti4+/3+ around ∼1.74/2.0V. Electrochemical cycling results revealed that the TiO2 nanofibers have lower capacity fading compared to that of the nanoparticles. The capacity fading for 2–50 cycles was ∼23% for nanofibers, which was nearly one-third of that of corresponding nanoparticles (∼63%). We discussed the effect of particle size on hysteresis and cycling performance of TiO2 nanoparticles. Impedance analysis of TiO2 nanofibers and nanoparticles during first discharge cycle is analyzed and interpreted.
Anaerobic microorganisms (anaerobes) possess a fascinating metabolic versatility. This characteristic makes anaerobes interesting candidates for physiological studies and utilizable as microbial cell factories. To investigate the physiological characteristics of an anaerobic microbial population, yield, productivity, specific growth rate, biomass production, substrate uptake, and product formation are regarded as essential variables. The determination of those variables in distinct cultivation systems may be achieved by using different techniques for sampling, measuring of growth, substrate uptake, and product formation kinetics. In this review, a comprehensive overview of methods is presented, and the applicability is discussed in the frame of anaerobic microbiology and biotechnology.
Recent years have witnessed an explosive interest in branched TiO2 nanostructures (BTNs) due to their promising applications in a wide range of energy-related fields. As anode materials for solar cells (dye- or quantum dot-sensitized solar cells and perovskite solar cells), photoelectrochemical synthetic cells and energy storage devices (e.g., Li-ion batteries), BTNs with inherent nature of structural hierarchy and porosity, provide fascinating optical, electrical and electrochemical properties such as high surface area, superior light scattering and confinement, and fast electron transport. This review summarizes the recent advances in the preparation of BTNs with tailored host-guest morphologies, branches compositions and structural complexity. Their promising progress achieved in the field of energy conversion and storage is discussed. Two blossoming representatives, including the tree-like branched TiO2 nanoarrays and urchin-like branched TiO2 spheres, are highlighted to shed light on the effect of smart surface branched modification on improving the solar-to-electricity or solar-to-fuel conversion efficiencies, and increasing energy (power) densities. In addition, we also provide perspective on the new trend and future directions of novel multifunctional BTNs for next-generation energy conversion and storage devices.
The purpose of this work is to detect the performance of carbon nanotubes with different nitrogen contents as anodes in lithium ion batteries. Carbon nanotubes with different nitrogen contents were synthesized by a floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition method. Melamine was employed as nitrogen precursor to effectively monitor nitrogen content in the nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (CN x -NTs) and to modify their structures. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to indicate the correlation between the nitrogen content and precursor amount. The study shows that with the increase of melamine amount, the growth rate of the tubes was enhanced and the diameter became bigger. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results demonstrated Bamboo-like structure of CN x -NTs. Investigation of their electrochemical properties as anodes for lithium ion batteries showed the discharge capacity of CN x -NTs anodes improved as their nitrogen concentration increased. Also, higher reversible capacities and better rate capabilities were observed. The superior electrochemical performance could be related to the high electrical conductivity and the larger number of defect sites. These performances revealed that the electrochemical activities of carbon nanotubes have been enhanced by the incorporation of nitrogen atoms.
Ultrathin δ-MnO2 nanosheets were synthesized via in-situ reduction of KMnO4 on graphene oxide using graphene oxide as both reductant and self-sacrificing template. The layered δ-MnO2 nanosheets with a thickness of about 2–4 nm inherit the two-dimensional lamellar morphology of graphene oxide. When used as cathode for aqueous zinc ion batteries, the prepared δ-MnO2 nanosheets exhibit a reversible capacity of 133 mAh/g at a current density of 100 mA/g over 100 cycles and a capacity of 86 mAh/g at 500 mA/g due to the layered structure and ultrathin morphology, which is much better than δ-MnO2 microspheres. The electrochemical and structural investigation indicates a possible mechanism of two-step co-insertion of H+ and Zn2+ into the interlayer of δ-MnO2 during discharge process. It's believed that the unique ultrathin morphology of δ-MnO2 can well facilitate ion diffusion and structure stability during cycling, making ultrathin δ-MnO2 nanosheets a promising cathode in aqueous zinc ion batteries.
Germanium-based composites have been recognized as attractive candidates of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), on account of their high capacity properties, prominent ion diffusivity and high electronic conductibility. Nevertheless, similar to other alloy materials, the large volume expansion of germanium (Ge) presents during cycling, resulting in limited development of their practical application. Recently, co-doped heteroatom (e.g., N, S, B, and P) has been considered to be a promising strategy with the synergetic effect, the mesoporous carbon also shows advantage for enhancing electrochemical stability. Herein, we design an effective route to fabricate Ge nanoparticles confined within N, S co-doped ordered mesoporous carbon via nanocasting route. Benefited from the synergistic function of the ultra-small dispersed Ge nanoparticles and N, S co-doped mesoporous carbon matrix, the Ge/OMC-N-S delivers the outstanding lithium storage behaviour. As results, when used as an anode for LIBs, Ge/OMC-N-S exhibits a high reversible capacity of 1271 mA h g−1 after 200 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, remarkable rate performance (623 mA h g−1 at 2.0 A g−1), and exceptional long-term cycling life (capacity of 641 mA h g−1 in 1000 cycles). Furthermore, we expect the potential of such an optimized configuration of carbon-encapsulating to enable the application of other alloy-type anodes.
Pitch-based carbon foam with large pore size in the cell walls was prepared and evaluated as possible current collectors of lead acid batteries. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge experiments were performed on the material to evaluate its electrochemical properties. The carbon foam is electrochemically stable in the voltage range where the negative electrodes of lead acid batteries operate, while oxygen evolution at the foam occurs below the voltage related to the oxidation of PbSO4 to PbO2. Initial charge–discharge characterization of the carbon foam coated with lead oxide pastes shows that the carbon foam is suitable for use as negative current collectors of lead acid batteries, but cannot be used as positive current collectors due to the oxygen evolution. To use the carbon foam as positive current collectors, further study is necessary to increase the overpotential for the oxygen evolution.
Hybrid lithium-ion capacitors (HyLICs), combining a battery-type negative electrode and a composite positive electrode, can display a more comprehensive performance than conventional lithium-ion capacitors (LICs), e.g. high energy density. However, owing to the coexisting of non-Faradaic and Faradaic energy storage mechanism in the composite positive electrode, the insufficient cycle stability of device becomes an urgent problem. In this paper, we discussed the influence of electrode matching on the cycling stability of HyLICs with a L30/HC@SLMP structure. The three L30/HC mass ratios were 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2, respectively. Three full cells with above ratios exhibit great difference in cycle stability when charging/discharging at a current density of 1 A g−1. Various methods, including galvanostatic charging/discharging, three-electrodes test and scanning electron microscopy, were used to analyze the performance of difference cells. It turns out that the poor rate performance of HC electrode is the main limited factor in HyLICs' cycling stability. Compared with the composite positive electrode, HC electrode is more sensitive to the current densities. Under high current density, solid electrolyte interface layers on the HC electrode surface accumulated fast, which leads to the increase in the impedance of HC electrode. From the Ragone plot, the best matching strategy of L30/HC electrode was achieved when the mass ratio of L30/HC was 1.0. Finally, the optimal HyLICs with L30/HC mass ratio of 1.0 were assembled and performed an excellent cycle stability of more than 80% retention after 62,000cycles in 40C, as well as better power and energy density compared with LICs.