batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
While the biological substrates of brain and behavioural changes in persons with schizophrenia remain unclear, increasing evidence implicates that inflammation is involved. In schizophrenia, including first-episode psychosis and anti-psychotic naïve patients, there are numerous reports of increased peripheral inflammation, cognitive deficits and neuropathologies such as cortical thinning. Research defining the relationship between inflammation and schizophrenia symptomatology and neuropathology is needed. Therefore, we analysed the level of C-reactive protein (CRP), a peripheral inflammation marker, and its relationship with cognitive functioning in a cohort of 644 controls and 499 schizophrenia patients. In a subset of individuals who underwent MRI scanning (99 controls and 194 schizophrenia cases), we tested if serum CRP was associated with cortical thickness. CRP was significantly increased in schizophrenia patients compared to controls, co-varying for age, sex, overweight/obesity and diabetes (p < 0.006E-10). In schizophrenia, increased CRP was mildly associated with worse performance in attention, controlling for age, sex and education (R =− 0.15, p = 0.001). Further, increased CRP was associated with reduced cortical thickness in three regions related to attention: the caudal middle frontal, the pars opercularis and the posterior cingulate cortices, which remained significant after controlling for multiple comparisons (all p < 0.05). Together, these findings indicate that increased peripheral inflammation is associated with deficits in cognitive function and brain structure in schizophrenia, especially reduced attention and reduced cortical thickness in associated brain regions. Using CRP as a biomarker of peripheral inflammation in persons with schizophrenia may help to identify vulnerable patients and those that may benefit from adjunctive anti-inflammatory treatments.
The discussion on electrification pathways tends to dangle between the merits of centralized on-grid versus decentralized off-grid electrification, and most of the time, both routes are promoted in parallel. However, the basis for choosing pathways has neither been very clear nor rational. This study compares three pathways for rural electrification considering (i) off-grid renewable energy (RE) technologies for individual households (ii) mini grids (with micro hydro and diesel generators) and (iii) grid extension. Different technological pathways are analyzed considering various technical and socio-economic parameters in two country cases: Nepal and Afghanistan. Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is taken as the main basis for comparison of the various options, in which both environmental externalities and life cycle costs are considered. The analysis shows that the micro hydro based mini grid technology is the most competitive alternative for electrifying isolated and remote rural areas in both countries. Individual household technology should be promoted only in places with scattered households where there is no possibility of mini grid solution. The choice of technology and the pathway adopted in Nepal seems functional, though some flaws within the pathways need to be addressed. In Afghanistan, the technological pathways for rural electrification are not well-defined and the country lacks a clear cut national policy framework for rural electrification. Here, micro hydro based mini grid would be a more sustainable proposition rather than diesel generators as promoted in the transitional phase. Afghanistan can benefit from lessons learnt in Nepal not least in the formation of markets for renewable technologies.
Lithium-rich material 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 is successfully prepared by a co-precipitation method. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is measured under various charge/discharge voltages in the first and second cycles. A reasonable equivalent circuit model is designed for EIS analysis and the fitting curves are aligned well with the experimental curves, suggesting that the proposed equivalent circuit model is an ideal model for lithium battery. According to the analysis on the shape changes of the semicircle in high-frequency and mid-frequency regions during the charging and discharging process, it can be considered that the lithium-rich material is a composite structure of Li2MnO3 phase and LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 phase after its preparation, but it becomes a solid solution structure after the first charging process. The changes of Rct also support above conclusions. According to the changes of the straight line in the low-frequency region and the changes of RSEI during the charging and discharging process, it can be confirmed that the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film on the surface of the cathode is gradually formed during the first charging process, and it has been very stable and has stable Li+ migration ability after two cycles. The calculation results of Li+ solid-phase diffusion coefficient also supports above conclusions.
The current study aimed to investigate associations between grazing and different facets of executive functioning in persons with obesity with and without significant eating disorder psychopathology, compared to a healthy-weight control group.
Nanostructured silicon has been intensively investigated as a high capacity Li-ion battery anode. However, the commercial introduction still requires advances in the scalable synthesis of sophisticated Si nanomaterials and electrodes. Moreover, the electrode degradation due to volume changes upon de-/lithiation, low areal electrode capacity, and application of large amounts of advanced conductive additives are some of the challenging aspects. Here we report a Si electrode, prepared from direct deposition of Si nanoparticles on a current collector without any binder or conducting additives, that addresses all of the above issues. It exhibits an excellent cycling stability and a high capacity retention taking advantages of what appears to be a locally protective, yolk-shell reminiscent, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. Cycling an electrode with a Si nanoparticle loading of 2.2mgcm−2 achieved an unrivalled areal capacity retention, specifically, up to 4.2mAhcm−2 and ~ 1.5mAhcm−2 at 0.8mAcm−2 and 1.6mAcm−2, respectively.
In this paper, macro homogenized material models are adopted to simulate an in-plane constrained punch indentation test of a small-scale lithium-ion battery module specimen. The macro material models are based on the compressive stress–strain curves obtained from representative volume element (RVE) module specimens under in-plane constrained compression tests. The ABAQUS implicit solver is used for simulation of the punch test. The hyperfoam and the crushable foam material models in ABAQUS are adopted to fit the nominal stress–strain curves of the module RVE specimens under in-plane constrained compression. The load–displacement responses and the deformation patterns of the module specimen from the finite element analyses of the punch test based on the hyperfoam and crushable foam material models compare fairly well with the experimental results. However, the initial yielding and the corresponding unloading of the load–displacement curves of the module specimen due to micro buckling could not be modeled distinctively by the macro homogenized models. The computational results show that the material models available in commercial finite element software can be used to reasonably model lithium-ion battery modules under non-uniform compression loading conditions.
Poly(ethylene oxide)-lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PEO-LiTFSI-Pyr14TFSI)-based 4 V-class composite cathodes, incorporating either Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 or Li(Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05)O2 were prepared by a hot-pressing process and successively investigated in terms of their morphological, thermal, and electrochemical properties. Thereby, excellent mechanical and thermal properties could be demonstrated for all composite cathodes. The electrochemical performance of truly dry all-solid-state Li/P(EO)10LiTFSI-(Pyr14TFSI)2/composite cathode batteries at temperatures as low as 40 °C revealed high delivered capacities. However, in comparison with LiFePO4, the 4 V-class composite cathodes also indicated much lower capacity retention. In-depth investigations on the interfacial properties of Li(Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05)O2 composite cathodes revealed a strong dependence on the anodic cut-off potential and the presence of current flow through the cell, whereby different degradation mechanisms could be characterized upon cycling, according to which the finite growth of a surface films at both electrode/polymer electrolyte interfaces inhibited continuous decomposition of the polymer electrolyte even at potentials as high as 4.3 V. Moreover, the presence of Pyr14TFSI in the 4 V-class composite cathodes sustainably reduced the cathode interfacial resistance and presumably diminished the corrosion of the aluminum current collector.
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of termination in drug development programs and removal of drugs from the market; this is partially due to the inability to identify patients who are at risk1. In this study, we developed a polygenic risk score (PRS) for DILI by aggregating effects of numerous genome-wide loci identified from previous large-scale genome-wide association studies2. The PRS predicted the susceptibility to DILI in patients treated with fasiglifam, amoxicillin–clavulanate or flucloxacillin and in primary hepatocytes and stem cell-derived organoids from multiple donors treated with over ten different drugs. Pathway analysis highlighted processes previously implicated in DILI, including unfolded protein responses and oxidative stress. In silico screening identified compounds that elicit transcriptomic signatures present in hepatocytes from individuals with elevated PRS, supporting mechanistic links and suggesting a novel screen for safety of new drug candidates. This genetic-, cellular-, organoid- and human-scale evidence underscored the polygenic architecture underlying DILI vulnerability at the level of hepatocytes, thus facilitating future mechanistic studies. Moreover, the proposed ‘polygenicity-in-a-dish’ strategy might potentially inform designs of safer, more efficient and robust clinical trials.
Aging encompasses life itself so understanding requires frameworks that forge unity amidst complexity. The free radical theory of aging is one example. The original focus on damage was augmented recently by appreciation that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are essential to normal signaling and cell function. This paradigm is currently undergoing an explosive expansion fueled by the discovery that regulatory organization is a merry-go-round of redox cycling seamlessly fused to endogenous clocks. This might best be described as an “Electroplasmic Cycle.” This is certainly applicable to dopaminergic neurons with their exceptional metabolic, electrical and rhythmic properties. Here I review normal aging of dopamine systems to highlight them as a valuable model. I then examine the possible integration of free radical and ion channel theories of aging. Finally, I incorporate clocks and explore the multifaceted implications of electroplasmic cycles with special emphasis on dopamine.
Spherical lithium manganese oxide spinel was synthesized by an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method, and has been characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transimission electron microscopy and electrochemical cycling at 3V regions. The LiMn2O4 powders were composed of about 10nm-sized primary particles. The delivered discharge capacity of the synthesized nano-material was 125mAhg−1 between 2.4 and 3.5V and its retention was about 96% upon 50 cycling. From the high resolution transmission electron microscopic study, it was found that structural transition of the parent material did not occur even after the 50th electrochemical cycling on the 3V region. It seems that the reversible structural change is possible for nanocrystalline LiMn2O4 as observed by the X-ray diffraction and transition electron microscopic observations.
Patterns of correlates, comorbidity and impairment associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and youth were examined in representative samples from the community and from treatment facilities serving medically indigent youth in Puerto Rico. Information from caretakers and youths was obtained using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, (version IV), measures of global impairment, and a battery of potential correlates. In the community (N = 1,896) and the treated samples (N = 763), 7.5 and 26.2% of the children, respectively, met criteria for DSM-IV ADHD in the previous year. Although the prevalence rates and degree of impairment differed, the general patterns of correlates, comorbidity and impairment were similar in both populations. The exceptions were associated with conduct disorder, anxiety, impairment in the ADHD comorbid group, and age factors that appeared to be related to selection into treatment.
The potential impact of the atmospheric emission of mercury from a new waste gasification plant is assessed by means of a probabilistic approach based on probability density functions for the description of the input data (namely, emission rate of mercury gaseous and particulate species) and the model parameters involved in the individual risk exposure assessment through the pathways of inhalation, soil ingestion, dermal contact, and diet. The use of probability functions allowed the uncertainty in the input data and model parameters to be accounted for; the uncertainty was propagated throughout the evaluation by Monte Carlo technique, resulting in the probability distributions for the ambient air and soil concentrations nearby the plant and for the subsequent individual risk, estimated in terms of hazard index for both an adult and a child receptor. The estimated median concentration levels in air and soil are respectively in the 1.6×10−3–2.2×10−2 ngm−3 range and in the 3.5×10−4–1.7×10−2 mgkg−1 range, that is at least two orders of magnitude lower than the current background concentration in the ambient air and one order of magnitude lower than the concentration locally measured in the soil. The diet pathway is responsible for the most part (>80%) of the daily mercury intake, which, however, is at least four (median estimated values) and three orders (estimates for a reasonable maximum exposure) lower than the reference dose in the most part of the modeling domain. According to the locally measured background mercury levels in air and soil the additional contribution of the plant emissions to the environmental mercury levels appears of small significance, with an almost negligible impact on the hazard index for the population living in the neighborhood of the plant.
In this paper, the authors show that mice lacking Dlg genes each show distinct deficits in various learning paradigms. In addition, they find that humans with DLG2 mutations show similar cognitive deficits to their murine counterparts, suggesting an evolutionary conservation of function.
A nano-sized MoO2/C composite was synthesized using a spray pyrolysis technique, and investigated as an anode material for Li-ion batteries. Spherical MoO2/C particles with the monoclinic phase were obtained without any impurities, and with a primary particle size in the range 30–50 nm. Structural variation of the prepared MoO2/C during Li+ insertion was examined by in situ X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction analyses. The structural analysis results indicated that no conversion reaction was activated in the MoO2/C composite. The electrochemical tests demonstrated that the rate-capability and capacity retention of the synthesized materials were improved significantly, which could be attributed to the effective carbon distribution and nano-sized primary particle resulting from the low-synthesis temperature. Therefore, control of the powder morphology and minimization of the primary particle size are found to be essential for achieving the enhanced electrochemical properties in MoO2 anode materials.
Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) CoCr2O4 was synthesized by a colloidal crystal templating route and used as an anode material for lithium ion batteries. Benefiting from the porous structure and smaller particle size, the 3DOM-CoCr2O4 anode exhibits a high specific capacity and excellent rate capability. After an initial specific capacity decrease from 1588 to 709mAhg−1 during the first three cycles at 50mAhg−1, the capacity exhibits an increasing trend in subsequent cycles. After 100 cycles, a high specific capacity of 1218mAhg−1 is achieved, which is much higher than that of non-templated n-CoCr2O4 (499mAhg−1). Even at a very high current density of 3000mAg−1, a specific capacity of 328mAhg−1 could be obtained. The impact of calcination temperature for 3DOM-CoCr2O4 composites on electrochemical performance is also explored, and possible electrochemical processes involving CoCr2O4 during charging and discharging are proposed in this work. During the charge process, oxidation may occur not only from Co0 to Co2+, but also partly from Co2+ to Co3+. It is also found that the 3DOM architecture of the CoCr2O4 compounds can be preserved even after 100 charge and discharge cycles.
Publisher Summary This chapter describes the production plants and different plant types with particular attention given to multiproduct and multipurpose plants, which dominate in fine chemicals manufacture. This is intended to bring new process into account while thinking about new commercialized plants. Equipment in plants for the manufacture of fine chemicals is very much diversified and includes all types of chemical apparatuses and machinery. Some economic data on chemical equipment are also given to extend economical thinking of laboratory chemists. In sections on plant design and production planning and scheduling, typical design and planning procedures that exemplify the kind of information from the laboratory is needed to specify appropriate equipment for a process under development or to compose optimal production plans and schedules are discussed. There are three basic types of plants for the manufacture of fine chemicals namely dedicated plants, multiproduct and multipurpose plants, and mixed plants. The basic principles of good manufacture practice and guidelines are also provided.
This study evaluated changes in range of motion (ROM) in competitive male and female junior tennis players participating in a specific conditioning program over a two-year period. Subjects were also compared to an age and sex-matched control group of players not performing the exercises. Fifty-one tennis players, 29 male (mean age 13.6) and 22 female (mean age 13.2) entered the study. Baseline ROM measurements were performed on all players upon entering the study. The conditioning program employed standardised stretch-hold-relax flexibility exercises for all the areas tested. These exercises were taught to the players and each athlete was given a video of the exercises. Compliance with the program was assessed by exercise logs, the parents, and the athletes. High compliers were compared to low compliers. Mean changes in the combined ROM measurements over time indicate improvement in flexibility in most anatomical areas after one year of participation, with small improvements in the second year. With the exception of forearm supination, there were no differences between high compliers and low compliers. Compared to controls, the experimental group showed significant improvement in sit and reach, dominant and nondominant shoulder internal rotation, dominant and nondominant shoulder external rotation, nondominant gastrocnemius, dominant iliotibial band, dominant and nondominant hip internal rotation, dominant and nondominant hip external rotation, dominant and nondominant forearm pronation, and dominant wrist flexion. The areas of greatest significant change were in the shoulder and back, which correspond to the areas of most clinical risk of injury. In conclusion, joint ROM can be positively influenced with a specific conditioning program.
An advanced anode material for lithium ion batteries, amorphous red phosphorous/active carbon composite (P/AC) with a high P content of 60.0 (wt.%), is prepared via a vaporization adsorption method. In the composite, amorphous red phosphorous is mainly loaded into the micropores of the AC matrix. The P/AC composite delivers an excellent capacity up to about 1550mAhg −1 that is calculated on the basis of composite weight. The high capacity means that approximate 3 electrons are involved in the electrode reaction. At the same time, the P/AC composite exhibits a good cyclability with a capacity retention ratio of 83.6% after 50 cycles. Furthermore, the coulombic efficiency maintains above 97.5% in all the cycles except for the first cycle (76.1%). During the initial cycle, the lithiated and delithiated P/AC anode are further investigated. The formation of SEI film in the initial active process is confirmed. The high and stable electrochemical performance of P/AC composite benefits from the nanoscale of active mass P particles and its homogeneous dispersion onto the conductive AC substrate.
MoO3 nanofibers have been synthesized by hydrothermal reaction from acidified ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate precursor. Characterization included X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SQUID magnetometry and Raman scattering (RS) spectroscopy. Structural analysis shows that MoO3 nanofibers 50–80 nm in diameter and a several micrometers in length are grown in the orthorhombic system (Pbnm S.G.). The composition MoO2.9975 was determined by Rietveld refinement and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The electrochemical performance of Li//MoO3 cells with nanofibers deliver a better discharge capacity after 40 cycles than MoO3 bulk. Raman spectroscopy studies revealed the structural modulation upon Li intercalation in MoO3 nanofibers. The possible mechanism of intercalation is discussed.
In this work, we report the one-pot synthesis of highly exfoliated graphene oxide-polypyrrole-Ag (GO-PPy-Ag) ternary nanocomposite using graphene oxide, silver nitrate and pyrrole. Formation of highly exfoliated GO-PPy-Ag ternary nanocomposite was systematically investigated by using FT-IR, Raman, XRD, XPS, TGA, BET, FE-SEM and TEM. Based on the surface morphology, it is concluded that the PPy-Ag nanoparticles are uniformly distributed over the highly exfoliated graphene oxide nanosheets. From the electrochemical study, GO-PPy-Ag ternary nanocomposite exhibits a highest specific capacitance of 370.6 F g−1 than the corresponding PPy-Ag binary nanocomposite (103.4 F g−1). The GO-PPy-Ag ternary nanocomposite showing the high rate performance of 87.4% at a current density ranging from 1 to 10 A g−1. The improved electrochemical properties are attributed to the good contact between PPy-Ag nanoparticles and graphene oxide nanosheets.