batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Black carbon (BC) is the dominant component of the light absorbing aerosols in the atmosphere, changing earth's radiative balance and affecting the climate. The mixing state and size distribution of atmospheric BC are largely unknown and cause uncertainties in climate models. BC is also a major component of diesel PM emissions, recently classified by World Health Organization as Category I Carcinogen, and has been associated with various adverse health effects. This study presents a novel approach of direct and continuous measurement of BC mass size distribution by tandem operation of a differential mobility spectrometry and a refined Aethalometer. A condensation particle counter was deployed in parallel with the Aethalometer to determine particle number size distribution. A wide range of particle sizes (20–600 nm) was investigated to determine the BC modal characteristics in fresh diesel engine tailpipe emissions and in different urban environments including a typical urban ambient site and a busy roadside. The study provided a demonstration of a new analytic approach and showed the evolution of BC mass size distribution from fresh engine emissions to the aged aerosols in the roadside and ambient environments. The results potentially can be used to refine the input for climate modeling to determine the effect of particle-bound atmospheric BC on the global climate.
Vibration is one of the most popular phenomena that exists in our daily life. Detection of mechanical vibration usually uses laser technology. Here, we demonstrated the first application of a piezoelectric nanogenerator (NG) as a self-powered sensor for detecting the vibration status of a cantilever. By attaching a NG at the surface of a cantilever near the fixed end, the resonance frequency and amplitude damping have been quantified using the output voltage of the NG without a power source. This study proves another exciting application of NG in the self-powered vibration detection systems.
Silicon (Si) has been considered as one of the most promising anode material for the next generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy densities, due to its high theoretical capacity, abundant availability and environmental friendliness. However, silicon materials with low intrinsic electric and ionic conductivity suffer from huge volume variation during lithiation/delithiation processes leading to the pulverization of Si and subsequently resulting in severe capacity fading of the electrodes. Coupling of Si with carbon (C) realizes a favorable combination of the two materials properties, such as high lithiation capacity of Si and excellent mechanical and conductive properties of C, making silicon/carbon composite (Si/C) ideal candidates for LIBs anodes. In this review, recent progresses of Si/C materials utilized in LIBs are summarized in terms of structural design principles, material synthesis methods, morphological characteristics and electrochemical performances by highlighting the material structures. The mechanisms behind the performance enhancement are also discussed. Moreover, other factors that affect the performance of Si/C anodes, such as prelithiation, electrolyte additives, and binders, are also discussed. We aim to present a full scope of the Si/C-based anodes, and help understand and design future structures of Si/C anodes in LIBs.
Experiencing an environment by navigating in it or reading a map (route and survey views, respectively) is a typical activity of everyday life. Previous research has demonstrated that aging coincides with a decline in spatial learning, but it is unclear whether this depends to some degree on how the learning conditions relate to the method used to assess the recall. The present study aims to shed light on this issue. Forty-six young, 43 young-old and 38 old-old adults learned outdoor environments from a map and a video, then performed sketch map and route repetition tasks. Participants were assessed on their visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM), and reported their self-assessed visuo-spatial inclinations. The results showed that young adults completed the sketch maps more accurately after learning from a map rather than a video. The same was true of the young-old participants (but not of the old-old), though their performance was not as good as the younger group’s. The learning condition had no effect on the route repetition task, however, and only age-related differences emerged, with both older groups performing less well than the young adults. After controlling for learning condition and age group, VSWM and participants’ reported propensity to explore places predicted their accuracy in both types of spatial task. The overall results, discussed in the light of spatial cognitive and aging models, show that learning condition (combined with recall tasks) and visuo-spatial factors influence spatial representations, even in aging.
Data forwarding is an essential function in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It is well-known that geographic forwarding is an efficient scheme for WSNs as it requires maintaining only local topology information to forward data to a central gathering point, called the sink (or base station), for further analysis and processing. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient data forwarding protocol for WSNs, called Weighted Localized Delaunay Triangulation-based data forwarding (WLDT), with a goal to extending the network lifetime. Specifically, WLDT selects as forwarders the sensors with high remaining energy and whose locations lie nearer the shortest path between source sensors and a single sink, thus helping the sensors minimize their average energy consumption. More precisely, WLDT defines checkpoints to build energy-efficient data forwarding paths and uses a 1-lookahead scheme to guarantee data delivery to the sink. We show that WLDT, which favors data forwarding through short Delaunay edges, achieves an energy gain percentage in the order of 55% for the free space model and close to 100% for the multi-path model compared to BVGF and GPSR, which forward data through long distances and which we have slightly updated to account for energy in the selection of next forwarders. We prove that these checkpoints yield an energy gain percentage in the order of 30% in comparison with a similar protocol, called WLDT-w/c (or WLDT without checkpoints), which forwards data via short distances but does not use checkpoints.
Sodium metal is a very promising anode for energy storage and conversion in the post lithium ion battery era because of its high capacity (1166 mA h g−1), earth-abundance and low cost. However, the sodium metal anode suffers from unstable plating and stripping cycling and thus low Coulombic efficiency. One of the important reasons for the situation is the high overpotential for sodium nucleation and thus non-uniform deposition and even dendrites growth. Herein we report a facile method by introducing a “sodiophilic” layer of Au-Na alloy onto the Cu substrate that acts as the current collector to significantly reduce the nucleation overpotential. Thus, the sodium metal can be plated on and stripped from the modified current collector with good reversibility. The average Coulombic efficiency maintains 99.8% at the current of 2.0 mA cm−2 for 300 cycles. As a proof of concept, an anode-free full cell consisting of Cu@Au and presodiated FeS2 was assembled. Our work demonstrates the great importance of sodiophilic modification of substrate to the deposition process for sodium metal battery.
This paper treats an experimental study of the electrical and the thermal behavior of supercapacitors for power electronics and transportation applications. In this study, the charge and discharge of supercapacitors have been characterized by taking into account the temperature variations of the device and its environment. Thermal dependence of supercapacitor serial resistance and capacitance is determined experimentally. An equivalent circuit is proposed to describe the electrical and the thermal behavior of the supercapacitors. The equivalent circuit is implemented in Saber and Spice software for simulations. Experimental and simulation results are presented, analyzed and compared.
The European badger (Meles meles) is involved in the maintenance of bovine tuberculosis infection and onward spread to cattle. However, little is known about how transmission occurs. One possible route could be through direct contact between infected badgers and cattle. It is also possible that indirect contact between cattle and infected badger excretory products such as faeces or urine may occur either on pasture or within and around farm buildings. A better understanding of behaviour patterns in wild badgers may help to develop biosecurity measures to minimise direct and indirect contact between badgers and cattle. However, monitoring the behaviour of free-ranging badgers can be logistically challenging and labour intensive due to their nocturnal and semi-fossorial nature. We trialled a GPS and tri-axial accelerometer-equipped collar on a free-ranging badger to assess its potential value to elucidate behaviour-time budgets and functional habitat use.
With ever-increasing demand for balancing CO2 emissions and maximizing electrical energy supplies, Li–CO2 electrochemistry, coupled with dual characteristics of advanced energy storage and effective CO2 fixation, has been attracting considerable attention from researchers. Herein, we offer a real-time, in-depth, and overall review of the latest research progress concerning CO2 reduction/evolution reaction mechanisms in Li–CO2/O2 and Li–CO2 electrochemical systems. Meanwhile, affecting factors on the reaction pathways and the identification of discharge products are summarized and discussed. Then, Li anode/electrolyte interface construction, electrolyte properties and selection of cathode materials/catalysts and design strategy, especially their effect on the performance of Li–CO2/O2 and Li–CO2 batteries, are explored and possible solutions and suggestions are provided. Building on an in-depth understanding of Li–CO2 electrochemistry, novel flexible Li–CO2 batteries and key factors are summarized. Furthermore, based on advanced research progress in the past several years, we identify the main problems, controversies, and challenges currently existing in various battery components that remain to be addressed to design more practicable Li–CO2/O2 and Li–CO2 batteries. Finally, future research directions and opportunities are presented.
Li10GeP2S12-type sulfide solid electrolytes possess an obvious advantage in Li-ion conductivity, while show rather poor interfacial stability and compatibility against electrodes. Herein, the compositional tune via incorporating LiBr into Li10GeP2S12 matrix has been conducted to obtain a novel LiBr-Li10GeP2S12 composite electrolyte. It is interestingly found that high-conducting Li6PS5Br and Li10GeP2S12 co-exist, and Br substitution at the partial S sites of Li10GeP2S12 phase occurs in the composite electrolyte through the combination of Rietveld refinement against X-ray diffraction with Raman spectroscopy. In comparison with Li10GeP2S12 electrolyte itself, no appreciable change in ionic conductivity and activation barrier can be observed with respect to LiBr-Li10GeP2S12 composite electrolyte. While there is obvious improvement in interfacial conduction properties and chemical compatibility between cathode/anode and LiBr-Li10GeP2S12 electrolyte in terms of room-temperature interfacial resistances and temperature-dependence exchange current densities. Moreover, an all-solid-state cell containing the LiBr-Li10GeP2S12 composite electrolyte exhibits the distinct enhancement in discharge capacity and cycling stability during room-temperature galvanostatic cycling. In-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements are discussed, suggesting that favorable interfacial modification of the cells can be provided in an internal way of the emergence of argyrodite Li6PS5Br in the new Li10GeP2S12-based electrolyte materials.
Operation of the sodium–nickel chloride battery at temperatures below 200 °C reduces cell degradation and improves cyclability. One of the main technical issues with operating this battery at intermediate temperatures such as 175 °C is the poor wettability of molten sodium on β″-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE), which causes reduced active area and limits charging. In order to overcome the poor wettability of molten sodium on BASE at 175 °C, a Pt grid was applied on the anode side of the BASE using a screen printing technique. Cells with their active area increased by metallized BASEs exhibited deeper charging and stable cycling behavior.
We revisit the metallothermic reduction process to synthesize shape-preserving macro-/nanoporous Si particles via aluminothermic and subsequent magnesiotheric reaction of porous silica particles. This process enables us to control the specific capacity and volume expansion of shape-preserving porous Si-based anodes. Two step metallothermic reactions have several advantages including a successful synthesis of shape-preserving Si particles, tunable specific capacity of as-synthesized Si anode, accommodation of a large volume change of Si by porous nature and alumina layers, and a scalable synthesis (hundreds of gram per batch). An optimized macroporous Si/Al2O3 composite anode exhibits a reversible capacity of ~1500mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at C/5 and a volume expansion of ~34% even after 100 cycles.
Metal and F co-substituted LiM0.05Co0.95O1.95F0.05 (M=Mg, Al, Zr) cathode materials were successfully synthesized via a solid-state reaction. XRD measurements showed that cobalt and oxygen sites in LiCoO2 are successfully substituted for metal (Mg, Al, Zr) and fluorine, respectively. The co-substituted materials exhibited stable cycling performance, improved rate capability, and thermal stability compared to pristine LiCoO2. Furthermore, Co dissolution tests revealed that fluorine substitution stabilizes the cathode surface and thus suppresses Co dissolution. Among the materials, LiMg0.05Co0.95O1.95F0.05 showed the best electrochemical and thermal properties.
A new green recycling process (named as direct regeneration process) of cathode material mixture from scrapped LiFePO4 batteries is designed for the first time. Through this direct regeneration process, high purity cathode material mixture (LiFePO4 + acetylene black), anode material mixture (graphite + acetylene black) and other by-products (shell, Al foil, Cu foil and electrolyte solvent, etc.) are recycled from scrapped LiFePO4 batteries with high yield. Subsequently, recycled cathode material mixture without acid leaching is further directly regenerated with Li2CO3. Direct regeneration procedure of recycled cathode material mixture from 600 to 800 °C is investigated in detail. Cathode material mixture regenerated at 650 °C display excellent physical, chemical and electrochemical performances, which meet the reuse requirement for middle-end Li-ion batteries. The results indicate the green direct regeneration process with low-cost and high added-value is feasible.
Thiophene capped polystyrenes (TCP1, TCP2) were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene followed by Suzuki condensation with 2-thiophene boronic acid. Electrically conducting graft polymers of TCP1 and TCP2 with thiophene were achieved by electrochemical methods. Characterization of the graft polymers were performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy analyses. Electrochromic properties of the conducting copolymers were investigated by spectroelectrochemistry, kinetic and colorimetry studies. The observed λ max and band gap values were found to be at 432nm, 2.10eV and 453nm, 2.13eV for P(TCP1-co-Th) and P(TCP2-co-Th), respectively. Also, we successfully established the utilization of dual-type complementary colored polymer electrochromic devices using P(TCP1-co-Th)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) in sandwich configuration. The switching ability, stability and optical memory of the electrochromic device were investigated with UV–Vis spectrophotometer and CV. P(TCP1-co-Th)/PEDOT switches between blue and brown.
Extensive research is underway to yield greater insights into the intrinsic properties of electrode materials for lithium storage. Presently, nanostructured thin-film electrodes without any additives and binders used in powder-based electrodes have been employed as the “ideal” system for fundamental research because of their low resistance, cleanliness and purity. This review summarizes the research on, and progress in such nanostructured thin-film electrode materials for lithium storage and for all-solid-state thin film batteries. Nanostructured thin film electrodes with various electrochemical reaction mechanisms based on nanometer-size effects, chemical composition and structure are summarized. Thin film electrodes used in all-solid-state thin film batteries are also described.
A high performance germanium (Ge) based anode is achieved through an appropriate air annealing post-treatment. Annealed Ge is fabricated by sputtering of Ge onto a stainless steel (SS) current collector and then annealed in air. It shows high specific and volumetric capacities of 1186mAhg−1 and 5887.4mAhcm−3, respectively, at the rate of 812mAg−1 up to 50 cycles. These specific and volumetric capacities are approximately a factor of 20 higher than those from as-deposited Ge on the SS substrate. In addition, the annealed Ge has a higher initial Coulombic efficiency of 90.8% than the as-deposited Ge of 81%. The improved performance of the annealed Ge can be attributed to the enhanced adhesion of annealed Ge film to SS substrate through interdiffusion at the SS/Ge interface due to the annealing post-treatment.
A series of composites manganese oxide/carbon with one-dimensional structure are synthesized using electrospinning. The phase composition, morphology and electrochemical performance of MnO x /carbon are studied, which affected by the manganese concentration in precursor and subsequent carbonization conditions. The manufacture of MnO x /carbon is composed of two steps including thermal stabilization (at 250 °C in air) and carbonization (at 700 °C in nitrogen). The main functional groups of samples are well identified by FT-IR spectra. The sample Mn33_3h with the lowest manganese content presents the construction structure which amorphous and/or nanosized MnO x with smaller crystal size are grown and enwrapped in carbon fiber during carbonization. Mn33_3h presents the initial charge and discharge capacities of 1054.1 and 665.6 mAh g−1, and the discharge capacity at the 50th cycle remains 99.7% of that at the 2nd cycle. Beside the well rate capability at the range of current densities from 20 to 1000 mA g−1, Mn33_3h presents very good recovery ability after high rate cycling at 1000 mA g−1. The advantages of this composite structure as well as its high capacity make manganese oxide a very attractive candidate as an anode material for the next generation of rechargeable lithium ion batteries.
Degradation is a complex and intricate process which relates strongly to the state of health (SoH) of a lithium-ion battery. Due to the ambiguous mechanism and sensitivity to the objective factors of lithium-ion batteries, it is difficult to recognize the degradation state and monitor the SoH of a battery. A recognition method for the degradation state to estimate the remaining capacity online has been presented. First, through the analysis of the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests at different SoHs, the degradation level can be detected by the EIS measurement. Second, according to the fractional order theory, an online parameter identification approach with the fractional order impedance model has been proposed for the degradation analysis. Third, the correlation between variation of parameters and degradation level is discussed and the SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interphase) resistance is extracted to predict the remaining capacity by selecting an appropriate fitting function. Finally, the effectiveness of the presented method is validated by the test data, and the estimation error of the remaining capacity can be guaranteed within 3%.
Submicro-/nano-sized MnF2 rods and hierarchical CoF2 cuboids are respectively synthesized via a facile precipitation method assisted by ionic liquid under a mild condition. The as-prepared MF2 (M = Mn, Co) submicro/nanoparticles exhibit impressive specific capacitance in 1.0 M KOH aqueous solution, especially at relatively high current densities, e.g. 91.2, 68.7 and 56.4 F g−1 for MnF2, and 81.7, 70.6 and 63.0 F g−1 for CoF2 at 5, 8 and 10 A g−1, respectively. The mechanism of striking capacitance of MF2 is clarified on the basis of analysing the cycled electrodes by different characterization techniques. Such remarkable capacitance is ascribed to the redox reactions between MF2 and MOOH in aqueous alkaline electrolytes, which can not be obtained in aqueous neutral electrolytes. This study for the first time provides direct evidences on the pseudocapacitance mechanism of MF2 in alkaline electrolytes and paves the way of application of transition metal fluorides as electrodes in supercapacitors.
The effect of succinic anhydride (SA) as an electrolyte additive on the cycling performance of Li electrode is discussed. As the SA content in the electrolyte increased from 2 to 5 to 10 wt%, the capacity retention of LiCoO2/Li cell is greatly improved owing to the modification of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer and the suppression of dendrite growth on the Li electrode. In particular, when 10 wt% SA is introduced into the electrolyte, the Li electrode thickness increases only about 45μm (from 100 to 145μm) after 40 cycles, whereas an increase of about 210μm occurs without SA. This amazing enhancement in cycling performance is also augmented by a much smaller increase in the bulk resistance of the LiCoO2/Li cell after cycling with 10 wt% SA.
The paper details the results of sintering kinetics studies on submicron sized fine cobalt metal powders prepared through oxalate decomposition route using both conventional sintering method as well as stepwise isothermal dilatometry (SID) technique. Powder preparation and processing parameters such as decomposition temperature, compaction pressure and sintering atmosphere, etc. were optimized to achieve highest sintered density with lowest activation energy through conventional sintering. Role of submicron sized powder and surface contamination layers on initial shrinkage was explained towards early shrinkage of cobalt compacts by dilatometric analysis. Measured step isothermal shrinkage data were analyzed by Makipirtti–Meng method. The shrinkage data were found to fit well with the rate equation proposed in this method and its validity was established for the metallic systems also. Kinetic parameters were evaluated and sintering was found to occur through three major mechanisms operative successively, which are grain boundary diffusion, lattice diffusion and plastic/viscous flow with the energy of activation as 135, 234 and 373kJ/mol, respectively. The results were well supported by microstructural analysis of sintered specimens.
A highly preferred orientation of I2-LiI(HPN)2 film on the paper was found. The electrochemical property of a new flexible all-solid-state Li/I2-LiI(HPN)2 film paper battery was examined at wide temperatures for the first time. This paper battery is capable of achieving a high discharge energy of 250 Wh/kg with a plateau potential region at 2.70 V versus Li/Li+ at 70 °C. The interfacial layer of (LiI)(1+x)I(2−x) (HPN)2 instead of LiI between lithium and I2-LiI(HPN)2 film should be responsible for the high electrochemical activity of the lithium–iodine paper battery.