batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The main purpose of the paper is to describe a small size hybrid vehicle having ultracapacitors as on-board storage unit. The vehicle on-board main power supply is achieved by a genset being formed of a 250cm3 internal combustion engine and a permanent magnet synchronous electric generator, whereas 4 16V-500F ultracapacitors modules are connected in series in order to supply as well as to store the power peaks during respectively acceleration and braking vehicle modes of operation. The traction power is provided by a permanent magnet synchronous electric motor, whereas a distributed power electronic interface is in charge of all the required electronic conversions as well of controlling the operating conditions for each power unit. The paper discusses the implemented control strategy and shows experimental results on the modes of operation of both generation unit and storage unit.
Mg2Si films, prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD), were amorphous, as prepared, and nanocrystalline following annealing. Their micro-structure and electrochemical characteristics were studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and electrochemical cycling against lithium. HRTEM analysis revealed that some excess Si was present in the films. The more amorphous thinner film exhibited excellent cyclability. However, when the film becomes crystalline, the irreversible capacity loss was more significant during the initial cycling and after ∼50 cycles. Interpretations of the superior stability of the amorphous films are examined.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM–IV: Parent Version (ADIS–P) is a valid diagnostic tool for the assessment of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in youth. Although there is considerable evidence that the ADIS–P is effective in diagnosing anxiety disorders in youth, no studies have yet examined its validity in assessing ODD. In contrast, a number of studies support the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children–Version IV (DISC–IV) as a reliable and valid tool in the assessment of ODD. In the present study, the ADIS–P and DISC–IV ODD modules were administered in a counterbalanced order to the parents of a clinical sample of 106 children between 7 and 14 years of age referred for the treatment of ODD. It was hypothesized that the ODD module of the ADIS–P would be valid as determined by its concurrent and convergent validity with the DISC–IV, the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) Aggression and Conduct Problems scales, and the Disruptive Behavior Disorders rating scale (DBD). Results demonstrated that ADIS–P ODD diagnoses had moderate agreement with DISC–IV ODD diagnoses (κ = .46, p < .001) and that Pearson correlations of ADIS symptom counts with questionnaire scales were similar in magnitude with correlations of DISC–IV symptom counts with the same questionnaires. Overall, findings suggest that clinicians and researchers can use the ADIS–P as an empirically-supported diagnostic interview for assessing children’s oppositional problems.
In this work, we report a basic study on the mechanism of lithium ion de-insertion/insertion process from/into LiMn2O4 cathode material in aqueous Li2SO4 solution using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). An equivalent circuit distinguishing the kinetic parameters of lithium ion de-insertion/insertion is used to simulate the experimental impedance data. The fitting results are in good agreement with the experimental results and the parameters of the kinetic process of Li+ de-insertion and insertion in LiMn2O4 at different potentials during charge and discharge are obtained using the same circuit. The results indicate that the de-insertion/insertion behavior of lithium ions at LiMn2O4 cathode in Li2SO4 aqueous solution is similar to that reported in the organic electrolytes. The charge transfer resistance (R ct), warburg resistance, double layer capacitance and chemical diffusion coefficient ( D L i + ) vary with potentials during de-insertion/insertion processes. R ct is lowest at the CV peak potentials and the important kinetic parameter, D L i + exhibits two distinct minima at potentials corresponding to CV peaks during de-insertion–insertion and it was found to be between 10−8 and 10−10 cm2 s−1during lithium de-insertion/insertion processes.
Recovery of sensibility after peripheral nerve injury and repair needs to be assessed using psychometrically robust measures. In this study the literature was reviewed to identify what tests are available to quantify sensibility and to assess their validity, reliability and responsiveness. The databases Medline, CINAHL, Embase and AMED were searched for studies reporting the psychometric properties of sensibility tests. While there is a plethora of tests and studies reporting the outcomes after peripheral nerve suture only a few of the tests have evidence of validity, reliability and responsiveness. Currently the touch threshold test using monofilaments such as the Weinstein Enhanced Sensory Test (WEST) or Semmes–Weinstein Monofilament Test (SWMT) and the shape–texture identification (STI™) test for tactile gnosis are the only tests which meet criteria for a standardized test and have had their psychometric properties evaluated and quantified. Journal of Hand Surgery (British and European Volume, 2004)
The development of robust systems for the conversion of solar energy into chemical fuels is an important subject in renewable energy research. Key aspects are efficient and rapid catalysis of both fuel production (reduction of H2O or CO2), and water oxidation. Enzymes often have extraordinary and unique capabilities as electrocatalysts, and in this Perspective we consider the role that these molecules can play through their incorporation into model systems for solar fuel production, or as inspiration for synthetic catalysts.
The electroactive lithium vanadium fluorophosphate phase, LiVPO4F (P 1 ¯ , a =5.1687(2)Å, b =5.3062(2)Å, c =7.5031(3)Å, α =66.856(2)°, β =67.004(2)°, γ =81.583(2)° and cell volume=174.21(1)Å3) has been synthesized by a two-step reaction scheme based on a carbothermal reduction (CTR) process. High-resolution electrochemical measurements reveal a structured voltage response for the lithium extraction process while the lithium insertion process proceeds via a two-phase reaction mechanism centered at around 4.2V versus Li. Performance evaluation of a graphite||LiVPO4F lithium-ion cell indicates an average discharge voltage of 4.06V coupled to an initial material utilization for the LiVPO4F of around 123mAhg−1. Long-term cycling of this lithium-ion system demonstrates good capacity retention over the first 300 cycles. Based on the available data we believe the LiVPO4F offers considerable promise as a viable cathode replacement for LiCoO2.
New R&D is needed to provide the nonlegacy world with the “fast food” equivalent of solar energy—light-weight and highly manufacturable solar capture and storage systems
Daniel G. Nocera
Daniel G. Nocera is the Henry Dreyfus Professor of Energy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Director of the Solar Revolutions Project and Director of the Eni Solar Frontiers Center at MIT. His group studies the basic mechanisms of energy conversion in biology and chemistry. He has accomplished a solar fuels process that captures many of the elements of photosynthesis outside of the leaf. His recent efforts are devoted to bringing personalized, carbon-neutral energy to the poor and those of the non-legacy world.
US Air Force veterans of Operation Ranch Hand sprayed herbicides contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in Vietnam from 1962 to 1971. Comparisons served in Southeast Asia (SEA) during the same time period but did not spray herbicides. Here we investigate a potential association between exposure to TCDD and prostate cancer. Data were available for 2516 veterans (1019 Ranch Hand and 1497 Comparison) who participated in at least one of six physical examinations starting in 1982 and had a measurement of serum TCDD. We assigned Ranch Hands to two exposure categories: Lower and Higher, based on their median 20-year cumulative TCDD level. In total, 81 Comparison and 59 Ranch Hand prostate cancers were identified between 1 January 1982 and 31 December 2003. We found no overall increase in the risk of prostate cancer in Ranch Hand veterans versus the Comparisons. There was a positive association in Ranch Hand veterans in the Higher TCDD category who served in SEA before 1969 (RR=2.27, 95% CI 1.11–4.66) when more contaminated herbicides were used, but the number of cases was small (n=15). A within-group comparison found that in Comparison veterans, time served in SEA was associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (RR=2.18, 95% CI 1.27–3.76, >789 days versus ≤789 days). No increase in the risk of prostate cancer was observed within the Ranch Hand group in association with TCDD or time served in SEA. These analyses suggest that a longer service in SEA and exposures other than TCDD may have increased the risk of prostate cancer in Comparison veterans.
Nano-CuCo2O4 is synthesized by the low-temperature (400°C) and cost-effective urea combustion method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) studies establish that the compound possesses a spinel structure and nano-particle morphology (particle size (10–20nm)). A slight amount of CuO is found as an impurity. Galvanostatic cycling of CuCo2O4 at 60mAg−1 in the voltage range 0.005–3.0V versus Li metal exhibits reversible cycling performance between 2 and 50 cycles with a small capacity fading of 2mAhg−1 per cycle. Good rate capability is also found in the range 0.04–0.94C. Typical discharge and charge capacity values at the 20th cycle are 755(±10)mAhg−1 (∼6.9mol of Li per mole of CuCo2O4) and 745(±10)mAhg−1 (∼6.8mol of Li), respectively at a current of 60mAg−1. The average discharge and charge potentials are ∼1.2 and ∼2.1V, respectively. The underlying reaction mechanism is the redox reaction: Co↔CoO↔Co3O4 and Cu↔CuO aided by Li2O, after initial reaction with Li. The galvanostatic cycling studies are complemented by cyclic voltammetry (CV), ex situ TEM and SAED. The Li-cycling behaviour of nano-CuCo2O4 compares well with that of iso-structural nano-Co3O4 as reported in the literature.
Successful demonstration and promising characterization of a solar reactor pilot plant for thermal reduction of ZnO as part of a two-step water and CO2 splitting cycle has been accomplished at the 100kWth scale in a 1MW solar furnace. The solar reactor pilot plant was operated for over 97h and achieved sustained reaction temperatures well above 2000K, while demonstrating ZnO dissociation rates as high as 28g/min totaling over 28kg of processed reactant during 13 full days of experimentation. In-situ, high temperature, flow visualization of the quartz window enabled the unimpeded operation of the solar reactor. As many as three consecutive full day experiments were conducted without complication. Solar power delivered to the reaction cavity ranged between 90 and 128kWth, at peak solar concentrations as high as 4671kW/m2. The products Zn and O2 were quenched with Ar(g) and recovered in a filter battery, where collected particles contained molar Zn-content as high as 44%. During experimentation, switching between product collection filter cartridges resulted in 54 unique experiments, where a maximum solar-to-chemical efficiency of 3% was recorded for the solar reactor. Robust characterization of the product quenching device revealed inherent limitations in its effectiveness, and thus solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency was limited to 0.24% if it would have been possible to supply 4640Ln/min of Ar(g). Further, only a limitation on available experimental time prohibited the demonstration of significantly higher dissociation rates, achievable with higher ZnO reactant feed rates. While the use of large volumes of quenching Ar(g) to separate the reaction products remains a significant obstacle to achieving higher solar-to-fuel efficiencies, demonstration of solar reactor technology at the pilot-scale represents significant progress toward the realization of industrial-scale solar fuels production.
Adverse birth and neonatal outcomes disproportionately affect African American women and infants compared to those of other races/ethnicities. While significant research has sought to identify underlying factors contributing to these disparities, current understanding remains limited, constraining prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment. With the development of next generation sequencing techniques, the contribution of the vaginal microbiome to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes has come under consideration. However, most microbiome in pregnancy studies include few African American women, do not consider the potential contribution of non-vaginal microbiome sites, and do not consider the effects of sociodemographic or behavioral factors on the microbiome.
This paper investigates relationships between men’s testosterone and family life in a sample of approximately 350 Jamaican fathers of children 18–24 months of age. The study recognizes the role of testosterone as a proximate mechanism coordinating and reflecting male life history allocations within specific family and cultural contexts. A sample of Jamaican fathers and/or father figures reported to an assessment center for an interview based on a standardized questionnaire and provided a saliva sample for measuring testosterone level. Outcomes measured include subject demographics such as age and relationship status as well as partnership quality and sexuality and paternal attitudes and behavior. The variation in these fathers’ relationship status (e.g., married co-residential fathers, fathers in new non-residential relationships) was not associated with men’s testosterone. Too few stepfathers participated to enable a direct test of the prediction that stepfathers would have higher testosterone than biological fathers, although fathers who reported living with partners’ (but not his own) children did not have higher testosterone than fathers not reporting residing with a non-biological child. Fathers’ relationship quality was negatively related to their testosterone. Measures of paternal attitudes and behavior were not related to fathers’ testosterone. Consistent with previous ethnography, this sample of Jamaican fathers exhibited variable life history profiles, including residential status. We discuss why fathers’ relationship quality was found to be negatively related to their testosterone level, but other predictions were not upheld.
Thin films of nanostructured lead dioxide are investigated as a positive electrode material for a lightweight lead-acid battery. The films are obtained by constant current deposition from electrolytes of lead methanesulfonate in methanesulfonic acid. The films are tested in two conditions namely (a) cyclic voltammetry and (b) constant current battery cycling in sulfuric acid. The charge and discharge current density, charge density and charge efficiency are measured as a function of cycle number. The effect of deposition conditions, such as solution temperature (295 and 333K), type of substrate and electrolyte additive (hexadecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide), on the electrochemical performance of the PbO2 in sulfuric acid is investigated. It is found that the as-deposited lead dioxide film is compact and nanostructured β-phase structure. Following successive cycling in sulfuric acid, the compact thin film gradually transforms into a porous microstructure consisting of positive active material (PbO2 and PbSO4), several tens of nanometres size. The charge density, discharge density and peak discharge current density of the PbO2 improve with cycling of the thin film electrode.
Cobalt/graphitic carbon catalysts were prepared from Co-MOF crystals, which were synthesized by a solvothermal method in a Teflon-lined autoclave. The MOF crystals were calcined for 2 h to produce Co-MOF-derived catalysts. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that calcination of the Co-MOF at 600 °C favors the formation of Co3O4, while calcination at 700 °C produced a catalyst composes of metallic Co embedded in a carbon matrix. Raman spectra showed the carbon layer on the Co particles has graphitic properties. The Co-MOF calcined at 700 °C was observed to have the highest surface area and catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively. During charge/discharge cycling of the Co-MOF-derived catalyst (N700), the potentials were changed within 10–50 mV from the initial potential after 250 h. This catalyst showed excellent stability for ORR and OER, which were superior to these kinds of catalysts reported in the literatures, because graphitic carbon layers covered on the cobalt nanoparticles.
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe psychiatric condition that is, among other features, characterized by marked impairment in social functioning. Although theoretically plausible with regard to neurobiological underpinnings of OCD, there is little research about possible impairments in social cognitive and meta-cognitive abilities and their connections with social functioning in patients with OCD. Accordingly, we sought to examine social cognitive skills and metacognition in OCD. Twenty OCD patients and age-, sex-, and education-matched 20 healthy controls were assessed using neurocognitive and diverse social cognitive skills including the Ekman 60 Faces test, the Hinting Task, the faux pas test, and a proverb test. In addition, the Metacognition Questionnaire-30 was administered to both the OCD and the control groups. Social functioning was measured using the Personal and Social Performance Scale. Symptom severity in patients was determined by the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale and the Maudsley Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory. No group differences emerged in basic social cognitive abilities. In contrast, compared to controls, OCD patients scored higher on all MCQ dimensions, particularly negative beliefs about worry, uncontrollability, and danger; beliefs about need to control thoughts; and cognitive self-consciousness. There were no significant correlations between social or metacognitive parameters and OCD symptom severity. However, in the patient group, depression and metacognition predicted social functioning. OCD patients show normal basal social cognitive abilities, but dysfunctional metacognitive profiles, which may contribute to their psychosocial impairment.
Activated carbons (AC) powder was coated onto Al current collectors with different thickness (∼30 and ∼80μm) for use as electrodes of supercapacitors. The relationship between the electrode thickness and the specific capacitance of the supercapacitor cells using a non-aqueous electrolyte was investigated under different charge–discharge current density and for charge–discharge cycling at constant current density. Two types of microporous AC powders of which specific surface areas were 1454 and 2587m2/g were deposited using a binary binder composed of styrene-butadiene rubber and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. The rate stability of the specific capacitance was shown to be independent of the electrode thickness, and thinner electrodes could maintain higher specific capacitance regardless of the AC type. Thicker electrodes allowed a larger increase in equivalent series resistance with cycling, decreasing the voltage allocated to the formation of the electrical double-layer and thus reducing the specific capacitance. Microscopic surface observation showed that the thicker electrodes exhibited voids resulting from reduced adhesion among AC particles. The reduced adhesion and the electrolyte decomposition in the thicker electrodes were likely to be connected to their performance deterioration.
Cerebral emboli identified as high-intensity transient signals (HITS) occur during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Their effects on cognitive outcome remain speculative. Intraoperative HITS and postoperative complications were correlated with the cognitive function of TKA patients. Cognitive function was assessed both before and after surgery (1 week and 3 months). High-intensity transient signals occurred in 22 of 37 patients. Counts of HITSs were higher in patients with sonographically detected intracardiac shunts. Cognitive dysfunction was found in 41% of patients at 1 week, but in only 18% at 3 months. High-intensity transient signal counts were not associated with the prevalence of cognitive deficits. At 1 week, 58% of patients with cognitive deficits had at least 1 postoperative complication (6% in nondeficit patients). All cognitively impaired patients at 3 months had complications (17% in the nondeficit group). This raises the possibility that postoperative complications might be associated with cognitive dysfunction in TKA patients.
Developing powerful Li-ion batteries require advanced nanostructured electrodes. Transition metal carbides or nitrides, known as MXenes, are an emerging family of two-dimensional materials. However, the lacking of an environmental-friendly preparation of colloidal MXene with few nanosheets-restacking greatly limits their usage in batteries and compromises the electrochemical performances. Here, we obtained the aqueous titanium carbonitride (Ti3CNTx) colloidal solution in the absence of hydrofluoric acid or organic solvents’ intercalation processes. We further suppressed the notorious nanosheets restacking issue through a freeze-drying strategy of the colloidal dispersion. The resulted Ti3CNTx powder, with a “fluffy” morphology and quite few percentage of restacked nanosheets, displays good charge storage capacities, high rate handling and excellent cycling performance, for example, a discharge capacity of 300mAhg−1 at 0.5Ag−1 after 1000 cycles has been achieved.
In recent years, the ability to examine the processes that cause the catastrophic failure of batteries as a result of thermal runaway has improved substantially. In this work, the effect of thermal runaway on the microstructure of the electrodes of a Na-ion battery is examined using X-ray computed tomography for the first time. The thermal failure induced via accelerating rate calorimetry enabled the examination of failed electrodes, which were subsequently compared with fresh samples. Pre- and post-mortem microstructural analysis shows changes in both electrodes as a result of the thermal runaway process at the micrometre length-scale. It is seen that the cathode shows the largest changes in structure, with the anode remaining morphologically similar post-failure at the sub-micron length-scale. The formation of a highly X-ray attenuating layer, which is proposed to be a metallic product of the thermal runaway reaction, is observed, indicating that the thermal runaway mechanisms which occur in Na-ion batteries may be similar to those reported for Li-ion systems.
Evidence continues to demonstrate neonatal hypothermia and hyperthermia on admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). This article focuses on review of current literature and a description of recent research comparing intra-hospital transfers from the delivery room to the NICU, in the Giraffe OmniBed® and a traditional infant in-house transport system. Additionally a comparison of newborn NICU admission temperature measured at the rectum is described between the two transport systems. Secondary goals to reduce unnecessary transfer between thermal microenvironments and to examine staff efficiencies are discussed. Results demonstrated the use of the Giraffe OmniBed reduced bed transfers from 4 microenvironments (delivery room warmer, delivery scale, transport incubator, and NICU incubator) to 1 microenvironment (Giraffe OmniBed). Staff efficiencies also improved as time of birth to NICU admission was reduced to less than 26 min with the Giraffe OmniBed compared to 34 min under traditional approaches. The Giraffe OmniBed for stabilization through to NICU admission showed temperature 0.49 °C higher in the Giraffe OmniBed compared to the conventional transport incubator.