batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Electrocatalysts are essential to two key electrochemical reactions, oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in renewable energy conversion and storage technologies such as regenerative fuel cells and rechargeable metal–air batteries. Here, we explored N-doped graphene as cost-effective electrocatalysts for these key reactions by employing density functional theory (DFT). The results show that the substitution of carbon at graphene edge by nitrogen results in the best performance in terms of overpotentials. For armchair nanoribbons, the lowest OER and ORR overpotentials were estimated to be 0.405V and 0.445V, respectively, which are comparable to those for Pt-containing catalysts. OER and ORR with the minimum overpotentials can occur near the edge on the same structure but different sites. These calculations suggest that engineering the edge structures of the graphene can increase the efficiency of the N-doped graphene as efficient OER/ORR electrocatalysts for metal–air batteries, water splitting, and regenerative fuel cells.
This review summarizes the technologies in use and in the pipeline for the management of diabetes. The review focuses on glucose meters, continuous glucose monitoring devices, insulin pumps, and getting clinicians connected to technologies. All information presented can be found in the public domain, and was obtained from journal articles, websites, product review tables in patient publications, and professional conferences. The technology concerns, ongoing development and future trends in this area are also discussed.
In order to pursue the low-carbon development around the world, a large scale of renewable generation will be connected to the power systems. Take the Great Britain (GB) as an example, the GB power system has a large wind energy integration potential. The intermittency of wind generation will have great impact on the system frequency stability. Electric vehicles (EVs) have a crucial role in decarbonizing the transport sector. To increase the utilization of wind energy, EVs are suggested to provide frequency response service to the power system due to their quick power reaction characteristic. This paper proposes a general dynamic EV frequency control strategy considering the travelling behavior of the EV users. A droop control method is used to regulate the EV charging/discharging power according to the frequency signal. A Forced-Charge Boundary (FCB) and a Forced-Charge Area (FCA) are proposed to guarantee sufficient energy in the EV battery for user’s travel at the plug-out time. A dynamic Virtual Energy Storage System (VESS) is developed to evaluate the frequency response capacity of the EV clusters. In the case study, the model of the GB power system is used to investigate the frequency control effect of the control strategy. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy provides effective EV frequency response to the power system and thus is able to facilitate the integration of wind energy.
Supercapacitors, with ultrahigh power density, superior rate capability, long-term cyclability, and exceptional safety, are regarded as one highly competitive candidate of electrochemical energy storage devices, filling the gap between batteries and conventional capacitors. Despite of tremendous effort, elaborated screening of high-performance electrode materials, e.g., graphene, is still intensively required. In this review, we describe the most recent progress in the research and development of graphene-based materials for high-performance and new-concept supercapacitors for the targeted applications in next-generation and smart electronics. First, the design and fabrication of high-performance supercapacitors, including electrical double layer capacitors, pseudocapacitors and hybrid supercapacitors, were summarized in term of the charge storage mechanism. Second, new-concept supercapacitors with multiple functionalities of high-voltage, fiber-shape, microscale and shape-diversity in order to fulfill the requirements of future electronics are reviewed. Accordingly, special emphasis is given to the structure-dependent-performance effects of pores, hybridization, dimensionalities of graphene-based materials on performance of supercapacitors, and tremendous potential of graphene-based planar micro-supercapacitors for the direct seamlessly integration with versatile micro-electronics. Finally, perspectives and challenges of graphene-based supercapacitors are briefly discussed.
Tamoxifen is a potent antagonist of estrogen, and hepatic steatosis is a frequent complication in adjuvant tamoxifen for breast cancer. Recently, aromatase-deficient (ArKO, Ar−/−) mice lacking intrinsic estrogen was developed and the molecular mechanism involved in progression of massive hepatic steatosis in estrogen-deficiency was elucidated; impairment in hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation of peroxisomes, microsomes and mitochondria. This impairment is latent, but is potentially serious, because hepatic energy supply depends greatly on fatty acid β-oxidation. Therefore in the present study, we tried to conquer impaired hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation by administrating bezafibrate, a potent peroxisome proliferator, to Ar−/− mice through activating fatty acid β-oxidation via the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α mediated signaling pathway. Northern blot analysis of Ar−/− mice liver revealed a significant restoration of mRNA expression of very long fatty acyl-CoA synthetase in peroxisome, peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase, and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in mitochondria, essential enzymes in fatty acid β-oxidation by administration of bezafibrate. Severe hepatic steatosis observed in Ar−/− mice regressed dramatically. Consistent findings were obtained in the in vitro assays of fatty acid β-oxidation activity. These findings demonstrate that bezafibrate is capable of restoring impaired fatty acid β-oxidation in vivo via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α mediated signaling pathway and is potent enough to regress severe hepatic steatosis in mice deficient in intrinsic estrogen.
This paper summarizes and updates the findings of the North American technology and industrial base organization (NATIBO) study entitled “Rechargeable Battery/Systems for Communication/Electronic Application”. The mission of the NATIBO organization is to promote a cost effective and healthy technology and industrial base that is responsive to the national and economical security needs of the United States and Canada.
The chemical and electrochemical stability of high-purity lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP) as a solid state electrolyte and physical separator in aqueous electrochemical cells was evaluated using LiOH, LiCl, LiNO3, and LiCOOCH3 salts as the Li source. LATP, with formula Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7P3O12, was found to be most stable between pH 8–9, with the longest cell operating continuously at 25 mA cm−2 for 625 h at 40 °C in LiCOOCH3. Biaxial strength was 191 ± 11 MPa when tested in mineral oil, 144 ± 13 MPa as measured in air, and 26 ± 7 MPa after exposure to deionized water, suggesting that LATP undergoes stress-corrosion cracking. After exposure to LiOH, the strength was 76 ± 19 MPa. The decrease in strength was observed despite there being no measurable change in a.c. impedance spectra, x-ray diffraction, or sample mass, suggesting phosphate glasses at grain boundaries. At pH values outside of the 7–10 range, eventual membrane degradation was observed in all aqueous systems under electrochemical conditions. While LATP was surprisingly resistant to static corrosion in a hot, aqueous LiOH solution, electrochemical degradation was observed at the cathode due to subsurface pitting. Strength measurements were more instructive than impedance measurements in detecting this degradation.
The present study is part of a larger project that seeks to identify factors that predict children’s behavioral, social, and cognitive adaptation to epilepsy. Children with seizures are more likely to have internalizing and externalizing behavior problems than either healthy children or children with other chronic illnesses. The present research examines risk factors for behavior problems. Early temperament and neuropsychological functioning, specifically executive function and language abilities, are evaluated as unique and moderating predictors of adverse behavioral outcomes in 229 children with a first recognized seizure. Parents assessed temperament, children were administered neuropsychological tests, and teachers evaluated behavior 36months after seizure onset. Results revealed that early temperament and neuropsychological functioning, specifically executive function, predicted behavioral outcomes 3years after seizure onset.
ABSTRACT Morphology of Mn3O4 is tuned to the nanoparticles / nanorods / nanofiber if ratio of metal precursor to polymer is varied from 0.33:1 to 2:1 in electrospinning solution. The best optimized nanofiber of Mn3O4 in terms of surface area, pore size and its distribution, and aspect ratio are obtained when equal amount of metal precursor and polymer (MN1:1) in electrospinning solution is taken, and sintered precisely at 1°Cmin−1. The structural, morphological and thermal characterizations are carried out by XRD, FESEM, TEM, SAED, BET surface area and TG analysis. Further, these morphologies of Mn3O4 are subjected to the electrochemical characterization for evaluating the supercapacitive performance. The value of specific capacitance of MN1:1 is found to be 210 (±5)Fg−1 and 155 (±5)Fg−1 at 0.3Ag−1 in 1M KCl and 1M Na2SO4, respectively. Improved supercapacitive performance of MN1:1 in both electrolytes is attributed to the unique nanofibric morphology where small nanoparticles are interconnected with good amount of open pores and forms a porous, one dimensional and high aspect ratio nanofibers. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows very low charge transfer resistance in MN1:1 favorable for fast and facile transportation of electrolyte ions to electrode and vice versa.
Results from computational simulations of fuel economy and engine-out emissions are presented for light-duty conventional and hybrid vehicles powered by conventional and high-efficiency combustion engines, including use of port fuel-injected, lean gasoline direct injection, reactivity controlled compression ignition, and conventional diesel combustion. The results indicate that multimode operation with conventional diesel combustion plus reactivity controlled compression ignition, conventional diesel combustion only, and lean gasoline direct injection has the potential to significantly exceed port fuel-injected fuel economy. In all cases, hybridization is predicted to significantly improve fuel economy by permitting the maximum exploitation of high efficiency engine combustion states. Predicted engine-out emissions vary considerably with combustion mode, with reactivity controlled compression ignition generating the highest carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions. On the other hand, reactivity controlled compression ignition is predicted to generate the lowest emissions of nitrogen oxides. Importantly, lean gasoline direct injection and reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion modes are expected to dramatically decrease exhaust temperatures, especially for reactivity controlled compression ignition, which can potentially limit aftertreatment performance. While all results presented are from simulations, the results provide prediction of important details and trends for advanced vehicles that are currently extremely difficult to experimentally study.
The emergence and implementation of advanced smart grid technologies will enable enhanced utilization of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) as MESS which can provide system-wide services. With significant penetration of PEVs in the near future, the concept introduced in literatures as Vehicle to Grid (V2G) will be practically possible. The V2G concept eases the integration of renewable energy resources into power system and gives a new force to the inevitable move towards power generation by clean energy resources. Therefore, trends in utilizing energy stored in PEVs will bring undeniable economic and environmental benefits. The V2G aspect has been the field of many research works in the last few years. This paper intends to present a study conducted to reveal the different features of V2G in power system. In this study, V2G applications are investigated from the perspective of power system as well as electric market. In addition, V2G capabilities are discussed to utilize renewable energy resources as secure power sources and to provide ancillary services. Specifically, the paper has detailed the importance of smart parking lots, their opportunities and challenges in relieving V2G difficulties and improving its utilization. In order to clarify different issues, the authors present practical analyses which are results of a loss optimization problem in a residential power grid. From a realistic standpoint, this work has tried to identify the major barriers towards making V2G practical and addresses remarks which will make V2G concept feasible as fast and simply as possible.
Rechargeable thin-film batteries have recently become the topic of widespread research for use as efficient energy storage devices. Spinel Li4Ti5O12 has been considered as one of the most prospective anode materials for Li-ion batteries because of its excellent reversibility and long cycle life. We report here the sol–gel synthesis and coating preparation of spinel thin-film Li4Ti5O12 electrodes for Li-ion microbatteries using lithium ethoxide produced in situ that reacts with titanium alkoxide to produce the precursor solution without particle precipitation. This synthesis procedure reduces the thermal treatment to obtain a pure phase at only 700°C and 15minutes. The physical and structural characterization of the 300nm Li4Ti5O12 coatings shows a very homogeneous distribution of elements and a pure spinel phase. Galvanostatic discharge-charge tests indicate maximum discharge capacities of 152mA h g−1 when the material is treated at 700°C for 15minutes.
Carboxyfullerene, a water-soluble carboxylic acid derivative of a fullerene, which acts as a free-radical scavenger, was investigated as a protective agent against ultraviolet-light-induced damage in human keratinocytes. First, we demonstrate that carboxyfullerene is not cytotoxic for these cells. In addition, this compound significantly reduces the ultraviolet-B-induced inhibition of keratinocyte proliferation and protects keratinocytes from apoptosis caused by ultraviolet B irradiation in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, the percentage of cells with depolarized mitochondria is significantly lower in ultraviolet-B-irradiated keratinocytes pretreated with carboxyfullerene than in cells provided with diluent alone. Carboxyfullerene also protects human keratinocytes from apoptosis induced by exposure to deoxy-D-ribose, a sugar that causes cell death through a pathway involving oxidative stress. On the other hand, ultraviolet B downregulates bcl-2 levels in human keratinocytes, and carboxyfullerene fails to prevent this effect. These results suggest that carboxy- fullerene protects human keratinocytes from ultraviolet B damage possibly via a mechanism interfering with the generation of reactive oxygen species from depolarized mitochondria without the involvement of bcl-2.
In this work, we have developed a novel polymer composite (MPVDF) by embedding maleic anhydride-grated-polyvinylidene fluoride (MA-g-PVDF) into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as binder of LiCoO2 cathode for lithium ion battery. The cathodes using MPVDF and PVDF as binder have been comparatively investigated with scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical measurements. By using MPVDF as the binder for preparing LiCoO2 cathode, the rate capability and cyclic stability of the LiCoO2 cathode in LiCoO2/Artificial graphite battery are improved significantly. Compared to the cathode using PVDF alone, the discharge capacity of the battery increases by 38.5% at 2 C and the capacity retention of the battery is improved from 84.5% to 90.2% after 300 cycles at 0.5 C when the mass ratio of MA-g-PVDF to PVDF in MPVDF binder is 1:4. The improved performance is attributed to the low crystallinity of MPVDF, which allows larger electrolyte uptake. The electrolyte uptake is 43.5% for the LiCoO2 cathode using MPVDF but only 25.3% for the cathode using PVDF alone.
Effect of high-collated carbon clusters (HCC; soots containing fullerenes and nanopipes) on electrode pastes structure have been studied and their positive effect on characteristics of the obtained active masses has been shown. Effect of partial hydrophobization of negative active mass (NAM) on efficiency of the closed oxygen cycle has been studied. Positive effect of fluoroplastic addition to the NAM on the oxygen reduction rate across the negative electrode has been shown.
Combined computational/Raman spectroscopic analyses of ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC) solvation interactions with lithium salts are reported. It is proposed that previously reported Raman analyses of (EC) n –LiX mixtures have utilized faulty assumptions. In the present studies, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have provided corrections in terms of both the scaling factors for the solvent's Raman band intensity variations and information about band overlap. By accounting for these factors, the solvation numbers obtained from two different EC solvent bands are in excellent agreement with one another. The same analysis for PC, however, was found to be quite challenging. Commercially available PC is a racemic mixture of (S)- and (R)-PC isomers. Based upon the quantum chemistry calculations, each of these solvent isomers may exist as multiple conformers due to a low energy barrier for ring inversion, making deconvolution of the Raman bands daunting and inherently prone to significant error. Thus, Raman spectroscopy is able to accurately determine the extent of the EC…Li+ cation solvation interactions using the provided methodology, but a similar analysis of PC…Li+ cation solvation results in a significant underestimation of the actual solvation numbers.
Amorphous carbon is coated on the surface of ultrasmall SnO2 nanoparticles which are anchored on graphene/TiO2 nanoscrolls via hydrothermal treatment, followed by annealing process. Transmission electron microscope images show that ultrasmall SnO2 nanoparticles are anchored on graphene/TiO2 nanoscrolls and further immobilized by the outermost amorphous carbon layer. The carbon encapsulated SnO2@graphene/TiO2 nanocomposites deliver high reversible capacities around 1131, 793, 621 and 476mAh g−1 at the current densities of 100, 250, 500, and 1000mAg−1, respectively. It is found that SnO2 nanoparticles play a dominant role in the contributions of reversible capacity according to the cyclic voltammetry curves, voltage-capacity curves and dQ/dV vs. potential curves. The substrate of graphene/TiO2 nanoscrolls provides sufficient transport channels for lithium ions and high electron conductivity. While the outermost amorphous carbon layer prevents the peeling of SnO2 nanoparticles from the substrate, therefore making them desirable alternative anode materials for lithium ion batteries.
Simultaneously achieving high voltage and high efficiency in thin-film solar cells is of paramount importance for real-world applications. While solar cells fabricated from the Earth-abundant kesterite absorber Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1−x)4 provide an attractive, non-toxic, energy harvesting solution, their utilization has been constrained by relatively low open-circuit voltages that limit efficiency. Increasing the sulfur content to widen the bandgap boosts the voltage, but usually at the expense of efficiency. Here, we report important progress on this fundamental problem by fabricating solar cells with high sulfur content that exhibit efficiencies up to 11.89% with open-circuit voltages as high as 670 mV. In a multistep process, fully functional solar cells are separated from their growth substrate, and a high-work-function back contact is subsequently deposited. With this approach, we fabricated a series-connected device that produces 5.7 V under 1 Sun illumination and ~2 V under low lighting conditions, below 10−3 Suns.
A new and feasible strategy for preparing Sn@ZnO@N-C composites as high-performance anode materials with respect to lithium ion battery (LIB) was developed through dry spray and followed by high-temperature pyrolysis. Porous MOF ZIF-8 was employed as template to provide spherical interconnected C-N framework as accommodation for active nanosize Sn and ZnO particles (designated as Sn@ZnO@N-C-y, y = 1, 2 and 3). Considering the low melting point of Sn (232 °C), pyrolysis is a sound technique to yield Sn@ZnO@N-C-y products with variable structural features through tailoring the quantity of stock SnCl2 salt in the preparation solutions. Electrochemical performance of the Sn@ZnO@N-C-y composites was examined in a form of anode in coin-type LIB devices. Results indicate that all the produced Sn@ZnO@N-C-y composites exhibit superior electrochemical performance. The quantity of the added raw SnCl2 imposes a profound impact on the formation of physical structures and consequent specific capacity and cycle life of the Sn@ZnO@N-C-y composite based anodes. Of the anode options, it is noted that Sn@ZnO@N-C-2 with a yolk-shell structure delivers the highest cycle stability, which retains a stable capacity of 1114.8 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1. The void space in Sn@ZnO@N-C-2 is beneficial to buffer against volume variations. Meanwhile, the C-N framework enhances electronic conductivity to a great degree and N contributes dramatically to the excellent capacity retention and superior rate capability. Such a newly designed synthesis pathway provides new guidance to the design and manufacturing of nanostructured anode materials with high performance for next-generation LIB.
The electrocatalytic reduction of molecular oxygen (O2) has been performed in O2-saturated 0.5M KOH solution at Au nanoparticles electrodeposited onto two different carbon substrates, namely glassy carbon (GC) and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique has been used in this investigation. The electrocatalytic activity of the Au nanoparticle-based electrodes is inherently related to its electrodeposition conditions (i.e., the absence or presence of some additives) as well as the nature of the substrate. For instance, Au nanoparticles electrodeposited onto GC (nano-Au/GC) from K[AuBr4] in the presence of 25μM cysteine showed a high electrocatalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) as demonstrated by the largest positive shift of the cathodic peak potential (at ca. −0.165V versus Ag/AgCl/KCl (sat)). On the other hand, two well-separated successive reduction peaks corresponding to the 2-step 4-electron reduction of oxygen were observed at the different nano-Au/HOPG electrodes. The relative ratio of the two peak current heights changed significantly depending on the electrodeposition conditions of the Au nanoparticles. The morphology of the different Au nanoparticles electrodeposited onto the different substrates was depicted by scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique.