batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Improvements in performing demanding and complex task situations are typically related to the optimization of executive functions and efficient behavioral control. The present study systematizes and reviews the optimization of different executive function types: Shifting, Inhibition, Updating, and Dual tasking. In particular, we focus on optimisations of these functions with training and on transfer effects of related training skills to non-trained situations. The aim of the study’s empirical part (see also Appendix) was to investigate the specific mechanisms of executive functions in the context of Dual tasking, leading to improved dual-task performance after practice. More specifically, we tested the Efficient Task Instantiation (ETI) model that includes specific assumptions regarding practice-related improvements of executive task coordination skills: Dual-task performance is improved with practice because of an efficient and conjoint instantiation of sets of relevant task information in working memory at the onset of a dual task. According to our knowledge, the ETI model is one of the first that allows illustrating the contribution of cognitive mechanisms underlying practice-related improvements in performing dual tasks and the impact of task coordination skills on this performance.
In this study, we introduce AlF3-coated LiMn2O4 cathodes, which are cost-effective and environmentally benign, for use in the aqueous rechargeable lithium-ion battery. The homogeneous AlF3 coating on the LiMn2O4 powder is synthesized by a simple chemical deposition method. The thickness of the coating is controlled by varying the quantity of AlF3 used, in order to optimize the balance between polarization and surface stabilization. The optimized LiMn2O4, having 2 wt% coating of AlF3, exhibits a long cycle life having a capacity retention of 90% after 100 cycles, and a highly improved rate capability, when compared with the pristine LiMn2O4 material, in 1 M Li2SO4 aqueous electrolyte solution. The systematic surface analyses, comprising scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical analyses, indicate that the AlF3 coating on the LiMn2O4 surface successfully reduces the surface deterioration of LiMn2O4 caused by side reactions between the electrolyte solution and the active material.
We present the results of the second flight of the Collisions Into Dust Experiment (COLLIDE-2), a space shuttle payload that performs six impact experiments into simulated planetary regolith at speeds between 1 and 100 cm/s. COLLIDE-2 flew on the STS-108 mission in December 2001 following an initial flight in April 1998. The experiment was modified since the first flight to provide higher quality data, and the impact parameters were varied. Spherical quartz projectiles of 1-cm radius were launched into quartz sand and JSC-1 lunar regolith simulant targets 2-cm deep. At impact speeds below ∼20 cm/s the projectile embedded itself in the target material and did not rebound. Some ejecta were produced at ∼10 cm/s. At speeds >25 cm/s the projectile rebounded and significant ejecta was produced. We present coefficients of restitution, ejecta velocities, and limits on ejecta masses. Ejecta velocities are typically less than 10% of the impact velocity, and the fraction of impact kinetic energy partitioned into ejecta kinetic energy is also less than 10%. Taken together with a proposed aerodynamic planetesimal growth mechanism, these results support planetesimal growth at impact speeds above the nominal observed threshold of about 20 cm/s.
The electrochemical characteristics of the electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) single cell based on the nanoporous carbon electrode in 1M (C2H5)3CH3NBF4 (TEMA) solution in various non-aqueous organic carbonate and organic ester binary, ternary and quaternary solvent systems (ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), methyl formate (MF), methyl acetate (MA) and ethyl acetate (EA)) mixed in the x:y, x:y:z and x:y:z:f volume ratios, respectively) have been studied using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The specific capacitance, phase angle, series and parallel resistance values dependent on the solvent system used have been calculated. The region of ideal polarisability of nanoporous carbon electrodes ΔE ⩾3.0V for 1M TEMA in various binary, ternary and quaternary non-aqueous solvent systems has been achieved. Specific conductivity values for 1M TEMA solution in various organic carbonate – organic ester based electrolytes have been obtained at −40°C< T <50°C and compared with electrochemistry data.
Interests in the feasibility of micro-direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) for commercialization, especially in the portable applications area, have encouraged the R&D sections in companies and institutions to create a better, simpler and more economical prototype. Despite the increase in knowledge on how to handle this type of cells, many challenges still remain to be conquered. There is also the question of individuality for each prototype created, which is similar to what is faced in MEMS with its lack of a single driving market, and until one dominant application can be established, fuel cell designs will continue to evolve and bringing with each of them a host of pros and cons. This paper will draw out the current challenges and development of micro-DMFC. Besides that, this paper will also show some marketing prediction in term of economics view.
The amorphous hydrated precursor of Li1.2V3O8 was synthesized by soft chemistry method, and then heat-treated in air at several temperatures within the range 200–400°C. The heat-treatment changed its morphological, structural and charging/discharging performance. The product obtained upon the treatment at 300°C, consisting of uniform, rod-shaped particles, 100–150nm in diameter and 300–800nm in length, displayed the best electrochemical performance in aqueous LiNO3 solution. Its initial discharge capacity amounted to 136.8mAhg−1 at a rate of C/5, which upon 50 charging/discharging cycles decreased for only 12%.
Electrochemical recovery of zinc from spent Zn–MnO2 batteries has been developed. Deposit morphology and charge efficiency depends on current density. A smooth deposit is formed for a current density equal to 50.0mAcm−2, while a porous deposit is formed for a current density equal to 10.0mAcm−2. It was observed that pore size decreases with the increase in current density. In contrast, charge efficiency reaches up to 85.0% for a current density equal to 10.0mAcm−2, and decreases with further increase in current density. Potassium, sulphur, and oxygen are adsorbed onto the zinc deposit. Zinc recovery was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX).
Variation in transpiration and conductance between individual trees of Scots pine and Norway spruce was investigated in a mixed 50-year-old stand in central Sweden. Daily transpiration rates were measured by the tissue heat balance method on five trees of each species during a dry, warm growing season. Daytime averages of sapflow, climatic variables and soil water content were used to fit an empirical model of tree conductance for each tree. Conductance per unit needle area was about twice as high in pine as in spruce, while equal-sized trees transpired similarly in both species. Conductance generally decreased more steeply with increasing vapour pressure deficit and increased faster with increasing light in pine than in spruce, although one individual spruce behaved more like the pines. Inclusion of a linear or exponential function for air temperature improved the model for pine, but of the spruces, only one tree showed a clear temperature dependency. The response to decreasing soil water content varied widely; the spruces tended to be more sensitive to drought than the pines. When the drought was at its worst, no sapflow could be detected in some of the trees. On average, the reduction in transpiration began when ca. 80% of the extractable water in the rooting zone had been depleted.
Nano-sized composite powder which consisted of two manganese-based oxides, alpha manganese dioxide (α-MnO2) and spinel Li–Mn–O, was successfully formed by intergrowth of the spinel phase inside α-MnO2. This composite oxide was synthesized by precipitation and heat treatment in air; α-manganese dioxide powder was firstly prepared by oxidative precipitation of Mn(II) with K2S2O8 in an aqueous solution, and then a mixture of the obtained manganese oxide powder and LiOH methanol solution was heat-treated in air. Electron microscopy and diffraction observations confirmed that the manganese oxide composite consisted of nano-sized grains of the spinel LiMn2O4 and α-MnO2 phases. It was found that this α-MnO2/spinel LiMn2O4 composite electrode exhibited highly reversible lithium insertion compared to the pristine α-MnO2 and conventional LiMn2O4, that is, the composite demonstrated high discharge capacity of 148mAhg−1 as a cathode material of lithium cells in the potential range of 2.5–4.3V with no significant capacity fading. It was thought that the intimately mixing of two oxides on a nanometer scale helped to maintain structural integrity on charge–discharge cycling, which leads to excellent capacity retention for both of the spinel and alpha-type manganese oxide.
Impaired expression and function of several major neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF) has been proposed to contribute to the neurodevelopmental pathology of schizophrenia. However, the evidence in the majority of studies is based on variable and inconsistent levels of plasma NGF in diverse populations of early psychosis or medicated patients with chronic schizophrenia. We report here the first study comparing NGF levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma from a unique patient cohort (unmedicated, early psychotic patients with similar racial and dietary patterns) and matched healthy controls. Significantly lower levels of NGF in both CSF (p =0.038) and plasma (p =0.002) were observed in drug-naïve first-episode psychosis patients as compared to controls. The levels of NGF in the CSF correlated (p =0.05) to the plasma values in controls. The data on plasma NGF confirm the reported deficits of NGF in drug-naïve first-episode psychosis. The reduced levels first time observed here may have important implications to repeatedly reported neurobiological and clinical deficits which are discussed.
A new cathode material, K2V3O8, is reported reports as a new active material for potassium storage. The K2V3O8 is stabilized into tetragonal structure with P4bm space group, and we verify the unique crystal structure that is coordinated with four hendecahedra of KO11, VO5, and VO4, in which one VO5 shares its four oxygens with four VO4 tetrahedra to produce four penta-shaped voids that allows insertion and extraction of potassium ions. The K2V3O8 modified with carbon exhibits a reversible capacity of 75 mAh (g-oxide)−1, and its electrochemical activity originates from the reversible de-/intercalation of potassium ions into/out of the hendecahedrally coordinated K2V3O8–carbon composite cathode, accompanied by a reversible V5+/4+ redox pair, which is retained for 200 cycles with 80% retention of its initial capacity.
Several factors including fossil fuels scarcity, prices volatility, greenhouse gas emissions or current pollution levels in metropolitan areas are forcing the development of greener transportation systems based on more efficient electric and hybrid vehicles. Most of the current hybrid electric vehicles use electric motors containing powerful rare-earth permanent magnets. However, both private companies and estates are aware of possible future shortages, price uncertainty and geographical concentration of some critical rare-earth elements needed to manufacture such magnets. Therefore, there is a growing interest in developing electric motors for vehicular propulsion systems without rare-earth permanent magnets. In this paper this problematic is addressed and the state-of-the-art of the electric motor technologies for vehicular propulsion systems is reviewed, where the features required, design considerations and restrictions are addressed.
Parents try to adopt a parental style adapted to their own sons and daughters’ needs, some of them consider opportune educating adolescents like they were once educated, and others wish to act differently from their parents’ education. The present study proposes to highlight the relationship between the level of development of emotional intelligence and parental styles. There were implied 90 adolescents and their parents. The adolescents completed 2 individual tests which evaluate the developmental level of emotional intelligence and its components: Emotional Intelligence Scale – EIS (Schutte et al., 1998) and Battery of Emotional Intelligence Profile – BTPIE (Wood, Tolley, 2003). The parents were asked to fill in the Questionnaire for the parental styles– CSP. The results show the fact that the development level of emotional intelligence is influenced by the five parental styles: authoritarian, dictatorial, permissive, democratic and rejecting / neglecting. The manner in which parents raport to their own adolescents, marks the level of development of emotional intelligence.
This paper reviews publications in the literature on performance degradation of and mitigation strategies for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Durability is one of the characteristics most necessary for PEM fuel cells to be accepted as a viable product. In this paper, a literature-based analysis has been carried out in an attempt to achieve a unified definition of PEM fuel cell lifetime for cells operated either at a steady state or at various accelerated conditions. Additionally, the dependence of PEM fuel cell durability on different operating conditions is analyzed. Durability studies of the individual components of a PEM fuel cell are introduced, and various degradation mechanisms are examined. Following this analysis, the emphasis of this review shifts to applicable strategies for alleviating the degradation rate of each component. The lifetime of a PEM fuel cell as a function of operating conditions, component materials, and degradation mechanisms is then established. Lastly, this paper summarizes accelerated stress testing methods and protocols for various components, in an attempt to prevent the prolonged test periods and high costs associated with real lifetime tests.
The paper represents results of research of a perspective power unit based on the solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) fueled by the synthetic gas (syn-gas). As compared with the fuel cells of other types, SOFC has an opportunity to work with the hydrocarbon fuels converted into the syn-gas. Application of nanocatalytic membranes for a syn-gas generation is analyzed. The paper predicts an efficient technology of energy and pure water production from an alternative renewable sources.
A series of 61 Indian medicinal plants belonging to 33 different families used in various infectious disorders, were screened for their antimicrobial properties. Screening was carried out at 1000 and 500μg/ml concentrations by agar dilution method against Bacillus cereus var mycoides, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Twenty-eight plant extracts showed activity against at least one of the test organisms used in the screening. On the basis of the results obtained, we conclude that the crude extracts of Dorema ammoniacum, Sphaeranthus indicus, Dracaena cinnabari, Mallotus philippinensis, Jatropha gossypifolia, Aristolochia indica, Lantana camara, Nardostachys jatamansi, Randia dumetorum and Cassia fistula exhibited significant antimicrobial activity and properties that support folkloric use in the treatment of some diseases as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. This probably explains the use of these plants by the indigenous people against a number of infections.
Accurate estimation of the remaining useful life of lithium-ion batteries is critically important for electronic devices. In the existing literature, the widely applied model-based approaches for remaining useful battery life estimation are limited by the complexity of the electrochemical modeling required. In addition, data-driven approaches for remaining useful battery life estimation commonly define unreliable sliding window sizes empirically and the prediction accuracy of these approaches needs to be improved. To address the above issues, use of a hybrid neural network with the false nearest neighbors method is proposed in this paper. First, the false nearest neighbors method is used to calculate the sliding window size required for prediction. Second, a hybrid neural network that combines the advantages of a convolutional neural network with those of long short-term memory is designed for model training and prediction. Remaining useful life prediction experiments for batteries with various rated capacities are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach, and the results demonstrate that the proposed approach offers wide generality and reduced errors when compared with the other state-of-the-art methods.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been identified as a significant health problem among veterans. Recent research demonstrates the potential interaction and magnification of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD) in veterans with a history of TBI; however, there is very limited research on the co-occurrence of the three conditions. Veterans (N = 115) with comorbid PTSD and SUD completed a baseline assessment for enrollment into a larger treatment study. As part of that assessment, participants completed a TBI screener as well as self-report measures for pain and physical health, affective symptoms, and substance use. Almost half of the sample (48 %) endorsed a history of a previous head trauma with loss of consciousness (LOC). Participants with and without head trauma with LOC were compared across various measures of functioning. Increased severity of physical health complaints and affective symptoms were reported by the TBI group compared to controls. However, the increases in affective symptoms were relatively small. No group differences were observed for alcohol use. Together, the findings suggest that treatment-seeking veterans with a history of head trauma with LOC may present with roughly equivalent symptoms of PTSD and SUD to those without said history.
This paper presents a numerical model used for analyzing heat propagation as a safety feature in a custom-made battery pack. The pack uses a novel technology consisting of an internal short circuit device implanted in a cell to trigger thermal runaway. The goal of the study is to investigate the importance of wrapping cylindrical battery cells (18650 type) in a thermally and electrically insulating mica sleeve, to fix the cells in a thermally conductive aluminum heat sink. By modeling the full-scale pack using a 2D model and coupling the thermal model with an electrochemical model, good agreement with a 3D model and experimental data was found (less than 6%). The 2D modeling approach also reduces the computation time considerably (from 11h to 25min) compared to using a 3D model. The results showed that the air trapped between the cell and the boreholes of the heat sink provides a good insulation which reduces the temperature of the adjacent cells during thermal runaway. At the same time, a highly conductive matrix dissipates the heat throughout its thermal mass, reducing the temperature even further. It was found that for designing a safe battery pack which mitigates thermal runaway propagation, a combination of small insulating layers wrapped around the cells, and a conductive heat sink is beneficial.
Polyaniline (PANI) film electrodeposited in HCl medium using cyclic voltammetry (CV) with an upper potential limit of 0.90 V, exhibited an inductive behavior. PANI films deposited with different conditions were subjected to various applied potentials and the impedance characteristics were recorded through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The impedance results clearly reveal the existence of inductive behavior to PANI. Inductive behavior was observed for PANI films deposited with conditions which favor benzoquinone/hydroquinone (BQ/HQ) formation and further evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A comparative analysis of the EIS and XPS results of PANI films prepared under similar conditions with the upper potential limits of 0.75 and 0.90 V, respectively, clearly documented that the presence of BQ/HQ, the degradation product of PANI, formed during the electrochemical polymerization at the upper potential limits causes inductive behavior to PANI.
An aqueous solution of carbon colloid was prepared by electrochemical oxidation of a graphite anode. It was found that the addition of this colloid into the electrolyte of lead acid batteries enhanced the charge–discharge capacity and extended life. The mechanism for this could be as follows: As a result of electrochemical oxidation the surface of the carbon particles is subjected to a chemical modification, and is endowed with hydrophilic groups such as carboxyl. This was confirmed with ESCA spectroscopy. When the carbon colloid is added to an electrolyte in a lead acid battery, the cathode (PbO2) is electrochemically doped with the carbon particles. This is supported by the results of voltammetric and optical absorption spectroscopic studies. Since PbO2 is a semiconductor and is used in a granular form, some of the particles probably do not have good electrical connection, and are not fully utilized. It is expected that doped carbon particles could provide electrical connection to non-utilized PbO2 particles, which enhances the charge–discharge capacity and extends the life of lead acid batteries.
Herein, a new fabrication method for CNT nanofiber composite (pPC-FP) through non-covalent interaction between porphyrin monomers with CNTs is reported. This led to the alleviated agglomeration of pristine CNT without acid pre-treatment, producing a highly porous material with high surface area of 444 m2/g and narrow pore size distribution for all pPC-FP nanofiber composites. Enhanced performances of pPC-FP3 and pPC-FP5 (CNT nanofiber with porphyrin monomers) were brought about by the enhanced CNT dispersion, hence, better porosity as compared to pPC. Moreover, through the incorporation of porphyrin monomer, M-NC bond was simultaneously formed and served as a contributor to the excellent capacitive performance of the material, resulting in the highest capacitance of 150 A/cm2 at 0.25 mAh/cm2 with 77 A/cm2 at 2.5 mAh/cm2. The composites also exhibited stable performance even after cycling at different current densities (0.25–2.5 mAh/cm2) for 3000 cycles with almost 100% columbic efficiency. Through π-π stacking interaction, the agglomeration was prevented and CNT was aligned along the axis of the polymer which rendered the nanofibers highly porous resulting to a conductive composite material with excellent electrochemical performance.