batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We assess and review spatio-temporal patterns, habitat affiliations, pathways, impacts, and management experience of bryophyte invasions in extra-tropical countries and regions (n = 82) from five continents and maritime islands spanning both hemispheres. Distribution data were extracted and critically checked from a wide range of sources and supplemented with data on biology and introduction history. We identified 139 bryophytes species which we consider to be alien in at least one of our study regions (106 mosses, 28 hepatics and 5 hornworts). Numbers of average alien bryophyte species are significantly higher on islands than in continental regions of similar size, and peak on maritime islands. Cumulative numbers of first records have grown slowly until 1950 and have strongly increased since then. Accidental import as hitch-hiker (34 species) or with ornamental plants (27 species) constitute the most important introduction pathways. We found a remarkably high contribution from distant donor regions to alien bryophyte floras, especially from the complementary hemisphere. Most alien bryophytes prefer strongly modified habitats (e.g. ruderal vegetation, roadsides, lawns), and only few natural ecosystems (forests, rocks) are regularly invaded. Evidence for an ecological impact of bryophyte invasions is scarce and competitive replacement of native moss species, or vascular plant seedlings, by alien bryophytes has only been documented in a few cases. We conclude that bryophytes differ profoundly in many respects from vascular plants, and so do their invasion patterns at large scale. Our global bryophyte invasion state assessment provides the basis for future, more explicit considerations of this largely neglected taxonomic group in invasion ecology, a step we suggest to be urgently needed as studying them might provide novel insights into patterns and processes of plant invasions in general.
ABSTRACT The paper reported a facile synthesis of lithium titanate/nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene quantum dots(LTO/N,S-GQDs). Tetrabutyl titanate was dissolved in tertbutanol and heated to refluxing state by microwave irradiation. Then, lithium acetate was added into the mixed solution to produce LTO precursor. The precursor was hybridized with N,S-GQDs in ethanol. Followed by drying and thermal annealing at 500°C in Ar/H2 to obtain LTO/N,S-GQDs. The synthesis creates fully crystalline interconnected porous framework composed of nanoscale LTO crystals. The unique architecture achieves to maximize the high-rate performance and enhance the power density. More importantly, the introduction of N,S-GQDs don't almost influence on the electrolyte transport, but greatly improve the electron transfer and the storage lithium capacity. The LTO/N,S-GQDs anode exhibits remarkably enhanced electrochemical performance for lithium ion battery. The specific discharge capacity is 254.2mAhg−1 at 0.1C and 126.5mAhg−1 at 10C. The capacity remains 96.9% at least after 2000 cycles at 2C. The battery performance is significantly better than that of pure LTO electrode and LTO/graphene electrode.
To improve the initial coulombic efficiency and bulk density of ordered mesoporous carbons, active Fe2O3 nanoparticles were introduced into tubular mesopore channels of CMK-5 carbon, which possesses high specific surface area (>1700 m2·g−1) and large pore volume (>1.8 cm3·g−1). Fine Fe2O3 nanoparticles with sizes in the range of 5–7 nm were highly and homogenously encapsulated into CMK-5 matrix through ammonia-treatment and subsequent pyrolysis method. The Fe2O3 loading was carefully tailored and designed to warrant a high Fe2O3 content and adequate buffer space for improving the electrochemical performance. In particular, such Fe2O3 and mesoporous carbon composite with 47 wt% loading exhibits a considerably stable cycle performance (683 mAh·g−1 after 100 cycles, 99% capacity retention against that of the second cycle) as well as good rate capability. The fabrication strategy can effectively solve the drawback of single material, and achieve a high-performance lithium electrode material.
Adsorption of Li2S x on pristine and defective (Stone-Wales (SW) and vacancy) graphene is studied using density functional theory. Results show that the interaction between Li2S x and graphene is dominated by dispersion interaction (physisorption), which depends on the size of molecule as well as the existence and type of defect sites on graphene. We find that single Li2S x molecules interact only slightly stronger to the SW sites than to the defect-free sites, but they interact very strongly with single-vacant defects. In the later cases, the vacant site catches one S atom from the Li2S x molecule, leading to the formation of a Li2S x−1 molecule, which adsorbs weakly on the created S-doped graphene. This study suggests that defect sites can not improve the ability of graphene to catch lithium polysulfides in Li-S batteries.
LiFePO4/C composite cathode material was prepared by carbothermal reduction method, which uses NH4H2PO4, Li2CO3 and cheap Fe2O3 as starting materials, acetylene black and glucose as carbon sources. The precursor of LiFePO4/C was characterized by differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that the LiFePO4/C is olivine-type phase, and the addition of the carbon reduced the LiFePO4 grain size. The carbon is dispersed between the grains, ensuring a good electronic contact. The products sintered at 700°C for 8h with glucose as carbon source possessed excellent electrochemical performance. The synthesized LiFePO4 composites showed a high electrochemical capacity of 159.3mAhg−1 at 0.1C rate, and the capacity fading is only 2.2% after 30 cycles.
Animal models indicate that the neuroactive steroids 3α,5α-THP (allopregnanolone) and 3α,5α-THDOC (allotetrahydroDOC) are stress responsive, serving as homeostatic mechanisms in restoring normal GABAergic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function following stress. While neurosteroid increases to stress are adaptive in the short term, animal models of chronic stress and depression find lower brain and plasma neurosteroid concentrations and alterations in neurosteroid responses to acute stressors. It has been suggested that disruption in this homeostatic mechanism may play a pathogenic role in some psychiatric disorders related to stress. In humans, neurosteroid depletion is consistently documented in patients with current depression and may reflect their greater chronic stress. Women with the depressive disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), have greater daily stress and a greater rate of traumatic stress. While results on baseline concentrations of neuroactive steroids in PMDD are mixed, PMDD women have diminished functional sensitivity of GABAA receptors and our laboratory has found blunted allopregnanolone responses to mental stress relative to non-PMDD controls. Similarly, euthymic women with histories of clinical depression, which may represent a large proportion of PMDD women, show more severe dysphoric mood symptoms and blunted allopregnanolone responses to stress versus never-depressed women. It is suggested that failure to mount an appropriate allopregnanolone response to stress may reflect the price of repeated biological adaptations to the increased life stress that is well documented in depressive disorders and altered allopregnanolone stress responsivity may also contribute to the dysregulation seen in HPA axis function in depression.
Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the development of neurosurgical approaches in the treatment of epilepsy, which begins with the impact of electroencephalography (EEG) and the emergence of temporal lobe surgery. EEG is the most important advance in the development of modern surgical treatment for epilepsy as a laboratory tool for diagnosing epileptic disorders and localizing focal epileptogenic abnormalities. Furthermore, neurocognitive testing is an important part of modern presurgical evaluation. The discipline of neuropsychology has benefited enormously from studies of patients with focal epilepsy in an epilepsy surgery setting, both before and after surgical resection. X-ray computed tomography (CT) was the first computerized tomographic approach to visualizing the entire brain in three dimensions. The development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) greatly improved resolution of discrete structural lesions that might be epileptogenic, particularly disorders of cortical malformation, such as focal cortical dysplasia, making lesion-directed surgery increasingly possible in patients who, in the past, would have been diagnosed as having cryptogenic focal epilepsy and considered to be poor surgical candidates.
In this work, the strong influence of the anion on both electropolymerization and redox processes of poly(5-amino 1-naphthol) (poly(5-NH2 1-NAP)) is studied by using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (ECQM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Studies were carried out in the presence of different acid eletrolytic solutions: hydrochloric acid (HCl) and camphorsulphonic acid (HCSA) to investigated the role played by anions taking into account the very different characteristics of chloride and camphorsulfonate anions such as size, ionic mobility, charge/mass ratio, etc. The electropolymerization process of poly(5-amino 1-naphtol) leads to the formation of adherent and electroactive films but the electroactivity depends on the chemical nature of the counter anion used in the electropolymerization and electrochemical studies. Charge compensation during redox processes occurs by mainly the expulsion/insertion of protons from the polymeric matrix during oxidation/reduction but the participation of anions cannot be neglected and it plays a relevant role in film electroactivity.
A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) based on the metal-free organic sensitizer and the cobalt (II, III) polypyridyl electrolyte was integrated here within an asymmetric supercapacitor utilizing cobalt-doped nickel oxide and activated carbon as positive and negative electrodes, respectively. A low cost nickel foil served as intermediate (auxiliary) bifunctional electrode separating two parts of the device and permitting the DSC electrolyte regeneration at one side and charge storage within cobalt-doped nickel oxide at the other. The main purpose of the research was to develop an integrated photocapacitor system capable of both energy generation and its further storage. Following irradiation at the 100 mW cm−2 level, the solar cell generated an open-circuit voltage of 0.8V and short-circuit current of 8mAcm−2 which corresponds to energy conversion efficiency of 4.9%. It was further shown that upon integration with asymmetric supercapacitor, the photogenerated energy was directly injected into porous charge storage electrodes thus resulting in specific capacitance of 32 F g−1 and energy density of 2.3 Wh kg−1. The coulumbic and total (energy conversion and charge storage) efficiency of photocapacitor were equal to 54% and 0.6%, respectively.
In many places, the electricity sector is transitioning towards greater share of renewable energy technologies. In the initial phase of the transition, a primary concern for research and policy was to establish renewables as technically and economically viable options. Today, the situation is different: renewables are diffusing rapidly in many electricity grids, thereby generating major changes for existing technologies, organizations and infrastructures. In this new phase of the energy transition, we do not just witness an acceleration of earlier transition dynamics, but also qualitatively new phenomena. These include a complex interaction of multiple technologies, the decline of established business models and technologies, intensified economic and political struggles of key actors such as utility companies and industry associations, and major challenges for the overall functioning and performance of the electricity sector (for example, when integrating renewables). Drawing on a transition studies perspective, this paper compares the two phases and discusses implications for research and policymaking.
A rechargeable lithium/iodine battery using commercial organic electrolyte, composed of iodine–conductive carbon black composite as cathode and metallic lithium as anode, is first proposed in this work. The fabricated lithium/iodine battery presents superior high-rate capability and good reversibility based on the contributions from both the capacitive characteristics of conductive carbon black, and the redox capacity of active iodine in the composite.
The electrical mobility of LiPF6 in acetonitrile–dimethyl sulfoxide (ACN–DMSO) mixtures, a potential electrolyte in oxygen cathodes of lithium-air batteries, has been studied using a very precise conductance technique, which allowed the determination of the infinite dilution molar conductivity and association constant of the salt in the whole composition range. In the search for preferential Li+ ion solvation, we also measured the electrical conductivity of tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6), a salt formed by a bulky cation, over the same composition range. The results show a qualitative change in the curvature of the LiPF6 molar conductivity composition dependence for ACN molar fraction (x ACN)∼0.95, which was not observed for TBAPF6. The dependence of the measured Li/Li+ couple potential with solvent composition also showed a pronounced change around the same composition. We suggest that these observations can be explained by Li+ ion preferential solvation by DMSO in ACN–DMSO mixtures with very low molar fractions of DMSO.
A layered structure of orthorhombic MoO3 (α-MoO3) was investigated as a new electrode material for calcium-ion batteries in a Ca-based organic electrolyte. Ground α-MoO3 with a low reactivity carbon additive demonstrated a relatively high capacity of ~120 mAh/g per one-electron reaction even though a large irreversible capacity was obtained because of electrolyte decomposition during the 1st discharge (Ca2+ insertion). In addition, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns after the 1st discharge and charge showed decreased intensities of the 0k0 reflections with increased peak widths in comparison with the XRD patterns of an as-prepared pellet, which suggests that structural damage occurs in the layered structures. However, the XRD patterns, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) of the discharged and discharged–charged electrodes indicated that Ca2+ ions are inserted into and extracted from the crystal structures via a two-phase reaction.
Passive sampler concentration measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ammonia (NH3) were performed in the framework of a transect study to investigate the impact of vehicle emissions on ecosystems dissected by highways. The concentrations of both gases decrease markedly with distance from highway to regional background pollution values. Modelling the functional form of the decay is of interest for reducing the amount of measurements, for exposure assessment, and for predicting background concentrations. Three modelling approaches are compared: the exponential decay function, the shifted power-law function, and the linear-logarithmic function. The models were fitted to four compound- and year-specific data sets from one transect, applying mixed-effects models for repeated-measurement designs. The goodness-of-fit did not differ consistently between the model classes. Combined data from four transects with different characteristics were analysed with the exponential decay model, allowing for transect-specific random coefficients. From the empirical point of view, none of the three model classes is consistently superior to the others. But for prediction beyond the observed distance range it is essential to consider a model with meaningful parameters. The final choice of a model depends on the amount of data and on the characteristics to be represented by the model.
Potassium-ion capacitors (PICs) have received increasing attention because of their high energy/power densities and the abundance of potassium. However, achieving high-rate battery-type anodes to match the capacitor-type cathodes is still a great challenge. Herein, we design a freestanding anode by supporting carbon-coated WS2 nanosheets on carbon nanofibers (C-WS2@CNFs) for PICs. Benefiting from its unique nanostructure and the high purity of WS2, the C-WS2@CNFs anode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 319 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1 and a high rate performance of 168 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1. An intercalation–conversion reaction mechanism with an intermediate phase of K2S5 is verified by in situ Raman, in situ XRD, and ex situ XRD and TEM. First-principles calculations confirm that the C-WS2@CNFs anode possesses fast K+ diffusion kinetics and a high K-adsorption ability. The potassium ion capacitor, assembled from the anode of C-WS2@CNFs and the cathode of activated carbon nanofibers, delivers a superior energy density up to 180.4 W h kg−1, a good rate capability, and a long cycle life.
A two-step method consisting of an in-situ transformation and an in-situ oxidative polymerization is employed to fabricate polypyrrole@Mn3O4/reduced graphene oxide composites. The resulting materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman. The XRD analysis reveals the formation of Mn3O4/reduced graphene oxide and polypyrrole@Mn3O4/reduced graphene oxide. Mn3O4 particles coated with reduced graphene oxide and polypyrrole get an average diameter of ca.27nm. The TEM images of polypyrrole@Mn3O4/reduced graphene oxide demonstrate that Mn3O4/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites are indeed coated by a transparent polypyrrole film. The FT-IR studies disclose the characteristic functional groups between the respective materials. Moreover, Raman measurements confirm the reduction of graphite oxide to reduced graphene oxide. The result of electrochemical measurement demonstrates that it gets a high initial discharge capacity of ca.1600mAhg−1 at 60mAg−1 and the initial charge/discharge efficiency delivers a nice optimization after coated with polypyrrole (ca.45% VS ca.70%). The capacity of polypyrrole@Mn3O4/reduced graphene oxide can maintain at a level of ca.1000mAhg−1 in the first five cycles and the rate performance of it is much better than that of Mn3O4/graphene.
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) converts to Alzheimer's disease within a few years of diagnosis in up to 80% of patients. The identification among such a population of a rare form of epilepsy (transient epileptic amnesia [TEA]), characterized by mixed anterograde and retrograde amnesia with apparent preservation of other cognitive functions, excessively rapid decay of newly acquired memories, and loss of memories for salient personal events of the remote past, strongly affects prognosis and medical treatment. Our aim was to define the clinical utility of routine high-density electroencephalography (EEG) in patients with MCI for the detection of epilepsy, especially TEA. Using high-density EEG (256 channels), we were able to single out 3 cases of TEA previously misdiagnosed as MCI in this cohort of 76 consecutive patients with MCI diagnosed at our center. Antiepileptic treatment effectively stopped the acute episodes of memory loss. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an incidence of 4% of TEA recorded in such a cohort.
A battery energy storage system (BESS) can smooth the fluctuation of output power for micro-grid by eliminating negative characteristics of uncertainty and intermittent for renewable energy for power generation, especially for wind power. By integrated with lithium battery storage system the utilization and overall energy efficiency can be improved. However, this target could be obtained only if the BESS is optimal matched. For this issue, the degradation of battery capacity has a significant impact on the operating costs of Wind-ESS system. The research focus on the optimal method for components sizing of BESS in Wind-ESS system with independent system operators. We present an operating cost model for the hybrid energy storage system considering capacity fading of lithium battery in the cycle life. For the optimal objective of component sizing, the global optimization method of dynamic programming (DP) is adopted by setting operating costs and capacity degradation as optimal objectives under the constrains of performance for lithium battery and requirement for grid operation. Based on the DP algorithm and capacity degradation of battery model, the optimal output of the wind power is obtained. The rule based method and genetic algorithm are also be used for simulation. The simulation results show that compared with other two optimal approaches, capacity degradation and operation cost of energy storage for wind power generation system are significantly reduced.
Genomic information on tumors from 50 cancer types cataloged by the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) shows that only a few well-studied driver genes are frequently mutated, in contrast to many infrequently mutated genes that may also contribute to tumor biology. Hence there has been large interest in developing pathway and network analysis methods that group genes and illuminate the processes involved. We provide an overview of these analysis techniques and show where they guide mechanistic and translational investigations.
In this work, we report the facile synthesis of mesoporous nickel cobalt oxide (Ni0.3Co2.7O4) hierarchical structures with excellent supercapacitive performance. Nickel cobalt oxalate hydrate (Ni0.1Co0.9C2O4·nH2O) is first synthesized as the precursor via a facile precipitation method, followed by controlled annealing to obtain mesoporous Ni0.3Co2.7O4 hierarchical structures. The sample prepared at a relatively low annealing temperature (400 °C) possesses more abundant mesopores and higher specific surface area, and exhibits excellent supercapacitive performance in aqueous alkaline electrolytes. An exceptionally high specific capacitance of 960 and 805 F g−1 is obtained under current densities of 0.625 and 6.25 A g−1, respectively, with excellent cyclic stability. The remarkable electrochemical performance is attributed to the desirable composition and the unique hierarchical mesoporous architectures.
New Co- and Al-substituted manganese dioxide materials have been prepared by electrochemical synthesis under hydrothermal conditions. The hollandite (α), pyrolusite (β) and γ structures can be stabilized using different experimental conditions. For each structure, the substitution leads to nanostructured compounds with various morphologies made of nanosized crystals and to much larger surface areas. Some substituted compounds display larger reversible Li insertion capacities than their non-substituted parents compounds.