batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Two potential applications of fuel cell power plants in passenger cars: drive and auxiliary power units are presented. Then, specific constraints for fuel cell stack and power plants are evaluated for each application. After the description of the different fuel cell technologies, they are compared mainly at the stack level and power plant level if significant, depending on various criteria corresponding to the different vehicle applications. Finally, technologies of potential interest for use in vehicles are evaluated. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), providing short starting and response times at the stack level seems the most suitable technology for drive application. In an auxiliary power unit application, the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), which allows easier operating with a traditional engine fuel because of simplified fuel processing and presents good performance, may find an application.
Information on access and adherence to positive airway pressure (PAP) treatment is lacking at the regional level in Latin America. This study characterized access and adherence to PAP in patients with moderate-severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in Latin America.
The intentional distortion of test results presents a fundamental problem to self-report-based psychiatric assessment, such as screening for depressive symptoms. The first objective of the study was to clarify whether depressed patients like healthy controls possess both the cognitive ability and motivation to deliberately influence results of commonly used screening measures. The second objective was the construction of a method derived directly from within the test takers’ responses to systematically detect faking behavior. Supervised machine learning algorithms posit the potential to empirically learn the implicit interconnections between responses, which shape detectable faking patterns. In a standardized design, faking bad and faking good were experimentally induced in a matched sample of 150 depressed and 150 healthy subjects. Participants completed commonly used questionnaires to detect depressive and associated symptoms. Group differences throughout experimental conditions were evaluated using linear mixed-models. Machine learning algorithms were trained on the test results and compared regarding their capacity to systematically predict distortions in response behavior in two scenarios: (1) differentiation of authentic patient responses from simulated responses of healthy participants; (2) differentiation of authentic patient responses from dissimulated patient responses. Statistically significant convergence of the test scores in both faking conditions suggests that both depressive patients and healthy controls have the cognitive ability as well as the motivational compliance to alter their test results. Evaluation of the algorithmic capability to detect faking behavior yielded ideal predictive accuracies of up to 89%. Implications of the findings, as well as future research objectives are discussed. Trial Registration The study was pre-registered at the German registry for clinical trials (Deutsches Register klinischer Studien, DRKS; DRKS00007708).
LiCoO2/SrLi2Ti6O14 Li-ion rechargeable batteries with ∼6 Ah capacities are designed and assembled for use in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) applications. For comparison, LiCoO2/Li4Ti5O12 batteries are also constructed using similar processing parameters. Power tests are carried out using the hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) method. Experimental results show that the LiCoO2/SrLi2Ti6O14 batteries have better power performance and more stable charge/discharge direct current (DC) resistances compared with the LiCoO2/Li4Ti5O12 batteries. At a 50% depth of discharge (DOD), LiCoO2/SrLi2Ti6O14 batteries have an excellent specific charge power density of 3973 W kg−1, which can be attributed to the high Li diffusion capability and high electronic conductivity of the SrLi2Ti6O14 material.
A polyaniline (PANI)/silica (SiO2) composite film was prepared by a simple in situ electrodeposition method, and its electrochromic (EC) properties were studied. When PANI was electrodeposited in the presence of SiO2 particles, the resulting PANI/SiO2 composite films possessed higher surface areas, larger redox charge capacities, and higher doping levels, thus enhanced optical contrasts. By incorporating SiO2 particles into the PANI film, the transmittance change at 700nm from 10.7% to 16.4%, or an enhancement of ca. 50%, was achieved when operating between −0.5V and 0V. In addition, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated that the formation of the highly oxidized PANI might have been retarded through the addition of SiO2 particles. Furthermore, the growth mechanism of the PANI/SiO2 composite film was proposed.
Tin oxide (SnO2) has versatile applications in a variety of areas. It also shows ability to improve the flame retardancy of flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (fPVC) composite and substitute the conventional toxic flame retardant-antimony trioxide (Sb2O3). However, low flame retardant efficiency and ruined thermal stability of the PVC composite in presence of SnO2 remain to be the most prominent challenges. To address these issues, in this study, hematite (α-Fe2O3) zero-dimensional nanoparticles elaborately encapsulated SnO2 one-dimensional nanorod assemblies and such nanocasting facilitated the formation of hierarchical porosity in favor of high specific surface area and pore volume. The hierarchically nanoporous hybrid was synthesized via a facile and fast bottom-up method in a large scale and all-sided characterization was conducted on the investigation of its structure and fPVC compositions. The extra benefits imparted by α-Fe2O3 in the hybrid improved the flame retardancy of fPVC composite strikingly with reduced amount of harmful HCl gas and suppressed smoke production, without deterioration of thermal stability and mechanical property, showing much better performance than those of Sb2O3-based fPVC composite. It indicated that this new eco-friendly nanohybrid had a great potential to totally replace antimonial additive. It is expected to pave the pathway about the construction of neoteric porous hybrid nanostructures and open a new avenue to develop high performance nanocomposites.
The ability to charge battery electric vehicles (BEVs) on a time scale that is on par with the time to fuel an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) would remove a significant barrier to the adoption of BEVs. However, for viability, fast charging at this time scale needs to also occur at a price that is acceptable to consumers. Therefore, the cost drivers for both BEV owners and charging station providers are analyzed. In addition, key infrastructure considerations are examined, including grid stability and delivery of power, the design of fast charging stations and the design and use of electric vehicle service equipment. Each of these aspects have technical barriers that need to be addressed, and are directly linked to economic impacts to use and implementation. This discussion focuses on both the economic and infrastructure issues which exist and need to be addressed for the effective implementation of fast charging at 400 kW and above. In so doing, it has been found that there is a distinct need to effectively manage the intermittent, high power demand of fast charging, strategically plan infrastructure corridors, and to further understand the cost of operation of charging infrastructure and BEVs.
Three structurally related phenyltetrahydropyridinyl butylazole (PTHPB)-derived drug candidates with sigma receptor-binding properties were evaluated for genotoxic potential in the ICH standard battery of genetic toxicology assays. These comprised an Ames test, a mouse-lymphoma assay, and a mouse bone-marrow micronucleus test. The maximum test concentrations in the in vitro assays were determined by the solubility and/or the cytotoxicity of the compounds. In the mouse micronucleus assay, the compounds were administered orally at three levels up to the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Negative results were obtained for all three drug candidates in the Ames test and in the mouse-lymphoma assay, both in the absence or presence of metabolic activation. In the mouse micronucleus test, there was no effect on the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) in bone marrow after oral administration of any of the three test compounds, at any dose level or sampling time (24 and 48h). Administration of all three compounds at the MTD induced a clear decrease in mouse body-temperature of 3.1–4.8°C below normal; the temperature returned to normal within 8h of dose administration. The produced mild hypothermia and absence of micronucleus induction was in contrast to the induction of MNPCE secondary to marked hypothermia reported for a structurally similar PTHPB-derived sigma-receptor ligand, the antipsychotic compound E-5842. The results obtained in the current series of studies suggest that exposure to the three tested PTHPB-derived drug candidates would not pose a genotoxic risk under clinical conditions.
Lithium-ion (Li+) batteries are widely used in portable electronics and vehicles. However, fast charging and discharging at room temperature and charging at subzero temperature are still great challenges. Graphite is presently the most common anode material for lithium-ion batteries, but the long diffusion distance of Li+ limits its rate performance. Herein, to shorten the diffusion path, we develop a favorable electrode consisting of thin graphite sheets with through-holes and carbon nanotube. The carbon nanotube can effectively prevent the restack of graphite sheets. Combining with low desolvation energy electrolyte, which facilitates Li+ transport through electrode/electrolyte interface, the fabricated battery exhibits not only an excellent rate performance (almost be fully charged and discharged at 8 C-rate) at room temperature but also an improved low-temperature performance. These findings pave a way for the design of robust graphite-based lithium-ion batteries with high performance at both room and low temperatures.
The effect of silica and water content on the glass transition temperature, T g, of MPEG2000–silica–LiClO4 ormolytes was assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The sol–gel synthesized ormolytes consisted of various amounts of poly(ethylene glycol) monomethylether (M.W.=2000g/mol; i.e., MPEG2000) tethered to silica gel through the hydroxyl terminus via a urethane linkage. DSC features corresponding to physisorbed and hydrogen-bonded water, as well as the glass transition of the polyether, were identified. Both silica and LiClO4 raise the T g and suppress crystallization of the polyether component. Water plasticizes the polyether and stoichiometrically solvates and sequesters Li+, thereby, lowering T g.
Manganese sulfide (MnS), a member of transition metal sulfides, has been considered as a promising anode material for reversible Li storage due to its high theoretical capacity and structural advantages. However, the intrinsic electrochemical performance of MnS with different phases in lithium-ion batteries is yet to be fully investigated. Herein, high purity rock-salt (RS), zinc-blende (ZB) and wurtzite (WZ) MnS nanocrystals with different morphologies were successfully synthesized via a facile solvothermal method. The RS-MnS, ZB-MnS and WZ-MnS electrodes showed the capacities of 232.5 mAh g−1, 287.9 mAh g−1 and 79.8 mAh g−1 at the 600th cycle, respectively. ZB-MnS displayed the best performance in terms of specific capacity and cyclability in comparison to RS-MnS and WZ-MnS nanocrystals. Interestingly, all the three kinds of MnS electrodes exhibited an unusual phenomenon of capacity increase upon cycling along with reduced particle sizes and without change in crystallinity. The main contribution of capacity increase was ascribed to the decreased cell resistance and enhanced interfacial charge storage, which facilitated more effective Li+ diffusion into electrode materials.
For the first time, Si–Mo–O helices have been produced by the ion-assisted glancing angle electron beam co-evaporation of molybdenum oxide and silicon. Since the electron beam evaporation process forms metastable particles through the dissociation of the source material, a film that contains compounds of different combinations of molybdenum, silicon, and oxygen atoms is produced. This complex structure’s lithiation mechanism is different from that of the traditional electrodes in lithium-ion batteries. In the paper, the nanostructured Si–Mo–O anode was cycled in different potential windows (0.2–1.2 V, 0.2–3.0 V, 5 mV–3.0 V vs. lithium) at different rates. The anode remained cycling even at 0.7 mA cm−2, which makes it practical for micro- and solid-state battery applications. This research reveals that by adjusting the cutoff voltages, different particles could be activated in the anode structure to react with lithium, resulting in different performances. The electrode delivers higher capacity when cycled between 5 mV and 3.0 V windows and keeps cycling for 200 cycles under the load of 5 µA cm−2. This performance is believed to be related to the structural, morphological, and the compositional properties of the coating.
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) rechargeable batteries are used as one of the major energy storage components for implantable medical devices. Reliability of Li-ion batteries used in these devices has been recognized as of high importance from a broad range of stakeholders, including medical device manufacturers, regulatory agencies, patients and physicians. To ensure a Li-ion battery operates reliably, it is important to develop health monitoring techniques that accurately estimate the capacity of the battery throughout its life-time. This paper presents a sparse Bayesian learning method that utilizes the charge voltage and current measurements to estimate the capacity of a Li-ion battery used in an implantable medical device. Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) is employed as a probabilistic kernel regression method to learn the complex dependency of the battery capacity on the characteristic features that are extracted from the charge voltage and current measurements. Owing to the sparsity property of RVM, the proposed method generates a reduced-scale regression model that consumes only a small fraction of the CPU time required by a full-scale model, which makes online capacity estimation computationally efficient. 10 years' continuous cycling data and post-explant cycling data obtained from Li-ion prismatic cells are used to verify the performance of the proposed method.
LiNi1/2Mn1/2O2 electrodes with layered structure were synthesized by solid-state reaction between lithium hydroxide and mixed Ni,Mn oxides obtained from co-precipitated Ni,Mn carbonates and hydroxides and freeze-dried Ni,Mn citrates. The temperature of the solid-state reaction was varied between 800 and 950°C. This method of synthesis allows obtaining oxides characterized with well-crystallized nanometric primary particles bounded in micrometric aggregates. The extent of particle agglomeration is lower for oxides obtained from freeze-dried Ni,Mn citrates. The local Mn4+ surrounding in the transition metal layers was determined by X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. It has been found that local cationic distribution is consistent with α,β-type cationic order with some extent of disordering that depends mainly on the precursors used. The electrochemical extraction and insertion of lithium was tested in lithium cells using Step Potential Electrochemical Spectroscopy. The electrochemical performance of LiNi1/2Mn1/2O2 oxides depends on the precursors used, the synthesis temperature and the potential range. The best electrochemical response was established for LiNi1/2Mn1/2O2 prepared from the carbonate precursor at 900°C. The changes in local environment of Mn4+ ions during electrochemical reaction in both limited and extended potential ranges were discussed on the basis of ex situ EPR experiments.
Predictive knowledge of ion transport in electrolytes which bridges microscopic and macroscopic length scales is imperative to design new ion conductors and to simulate device performance. Here, we employed a novel approach combining operando X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, X-ray absorption microscopy, continuum modelling, and molecular dynamics simulations to probe the ion transport in a baseline polymeric lithium-ion battery electrolyte. In a Li/PEO–LiTFSI/Li symmetric cell under polarization, we determined and rationalized microscopic properties including local electrolyte velocities and ion correlations and connected this insight to measured and simulated macroscopic ion concentration gradients. By relating our results across length scales, we suggest a fairly concentration-independent transference number of about 0.2. Our study shows the broad applicability of operando X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy to the understanding of dynamic phenomena.
Objective Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a hereditary small vessel disease responsible for an early onset cognitive impairment. Aim of our study was to test the cortical cholinergic innervation in CADASIL by short latency afferent inhibition (SAI) technique. Methods We applied SAI in ten CADASIL patients and in ten age-matched normal controls. SAI is a phenomenon observed on motor evoked potential when transcranial magnetic stimulation is delivered after a time ranging from 2 to 8ms longer than the time needed by the peripheral nerve afferent input to reach the somatosensory cortex. Results The amount of short latency afferent inhibition was significantly smaller in CADASIL patients than in controls (79.5±21.7% Vs 42.7±14.1% of test size; p <0.001, two tailed Mann–Whitney test). The mean resting motor threshold (RMT) was significantly lower in CADASIL patients than in controls (49.4±14.4% Vs 65.6±15.4%; p =0.02). Conclusions We demonstrated by SAI technique a central cholinergic impairment in CADASIL. Significance SAI could be used to evaluate the cholinergic dysfunction and potentially the efficacy of cholinomimetic therapy in CADASIL.
A tapered-end flow Zn–air fuel cell (ZAFC), mechanically refuelable with Zn microspheres, was employed to study the effect of aging of KOH electrolyte on the Zn anode. A complete description of the architecture of the adopted cell is reported. The electrochemical characterization of the ZAFC was performed by long-term current discharge tests in galvanostatic mode. An insightful investigation on the particulate Zn anode consisting of spheres of diameter 0.4 mm was performed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy in order to characterize the crystallographic structure, surface morphology, and chemical nature of residual metal and solid corrosion products. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) allowed to obtain information on the charge-transfer mechanism of zinc anode reaction and on the thickness, compactness, and blocking features of the passive film as a function of the aging of the electrolyte. The results of our analysis revealed the formation of a passive layer of zinc consisting of a white and porous film of ZnO precipitate (type I) and a light-gray to black compact film (type II). The failure of the particulate anode was chiefly caused by the increase in zincate concentration in the electrolyte, but it was enhanced by the nonuniform spatial current distribution due to the instability of the passive film at high pH.
Community engagement within biomedical research is broadly defined as a collaborative relationship between a research team and a group of individuals targeted for research. A Community Advisory Board (CAB) is one mechanism of engaging the community. Within genomics research CABs may be particularly relevant due to the potential implications of research findings drawn from individual participants on the larger communities they represent. Within such research, CABs seek to meet instrumental goals such as protecting research participants and their community from research-related risks, as well as intrinsic goals such as promoting the respect of participants and their community. However, successful community engagement depends on the degree to which CABs legitimately represent and engage with communities targeted for research. Currently, there is little literature describing the use of CABs in genomics research taking place in developing countries, and even less in the field of genomics research relating to mental illness. The aim of this article is to describe and consider the contributions made by a researcher-driven, population-specific CAB in a genomics of schizophrenia research project taking place in South Africa, from the perspective of the research team.
We report a high-voltage Na4NiTeO6 cathode material for Na-ion batteries. It delivers 111 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C with 87% contribution from the inductive effect at the voltage beyond 3.5 V. With addition of fluoroethylene carbonate, stable fluorine-containing solid electrode interface is formed, which significantly improve its cyclic performance. Our results provide insights into designing sodium layered cathode materials with high voltage, which will benefit for the development of high energy Na-ion batteries.
Electrochemical properties of cast films of a prototypical polythiophene, regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), were investigated in the lithium-ion battery (LIB) cell. The discharge curve shows both the oxidative high-V (~3.7V) and reductive low-V (~1.5V) plateaus. The observed capacities for both the plateaus are 60–80% of the ideal value (Q ideal =162.45mAh/g) calculated based on the monomer unit. Significantly, the material shows very rapid discharge process up to ~1500C. The rapid discharge process was ascribed to the formation of electric double layer (EDL) like state, in which charged polymers are electrically neutralized by the approach of the Li+ (ClO4 −) at the surface region of the polymer aggregates.
Hierarchical CuO architectures and monodisperse CuO nanoplates are synthesized via a hydrothermal method with the assistance of ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl). The products are characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM, BET, and XPS, and the results indicate that the CuO architectures are composed of nanosheets with exposed (001) facets and the CuO nanoplates are single crystals enclosed by (200) facets. More specially, it is found that [Bmim]Cl serves as an effective template for the synthesis of CuO nanoplates by adsorbing on the (200) planes of monoclinic CuO. When evaluated as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, CuO architectures possess higher discharge capacity, better cycling stability, and better rate capability than CuO nanoplates. The initial discharge capacity of CuO architectures is 1096 mAh g−1 at a rate of 0.5 C, whereas CuO nanoplates exhibit a lower capacity of 878.4 mAh g−1. Moreover, after 50 cycles, CuO architectures and CuO nanoplates can deliver discharge capacities of 465.6 and 281.6 mAh g−1, respectively.