batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Using flame retardants (FRs) in lithium ion battery (LIB) electrolytes is usually a tradeoff between electrochemical performance and electrolyte flammability. Fluorinated FRs are a promising class of FRs which are currently under investigation. During this work, three FRs originating from triethyl phosphate with varying degree of fluorination were investigated regarding their electrochemical stability on cathode (LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2, NCM) and anode (graphite) in half cells. During long-term cycling, changes in performance were observed. Especially on the anode side the FR addition showed a decrease in performance in comparison to the standard electrolyte (DEC/EC 1:1, 1M LiPF6). The electrolytes containing the three FRs were extracted from the cells and analyzed regarding their changes in composition and structural degradation. The decomposition products were investigated by gas chromatography (GC) with electron impact (EI) ionization and mass selective (MS) detection. To obtain more information with regard to the identification of unknown decomposition products further GC‐MS experiments with positive chemical ionization (PCI) and negative chemical ionization (NCI) were performed. Twelve different volatile organic decomposition products were identified. These decomposition products can be subdivided regarding their basic structure. Ether based, carbonate based and phosphate based fluorinated and non-fluorinated decomposition products were identified. Furthermore, possible formation pathways for all groups of decomposition products were postulated taking existing literature into account.
A series of ion-exchange membranes for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRBs) are prepared by filling the pores of a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) substrate with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and microporous Engelhard titanosilicate-10 (ETS-10). The effects of ETS-10 incorporation and PTFE reinforcement on membrane properties and VRB single-cell performance are investigated using various characterization tools. The results show that these composite membranes exhibit improved mechanical properties and reduced vanadium-ion permeabilities owing to the interactions between ETS-10 and SPEEK, the suppressed swelling of PTFE, and the unique ETS-10 framework. The composite membrane with 3 wt% ETS-10 (referred to as “SE3/P”) exhibits the best membrane properties and highest ion selectivity. The VRB system with the SE3/P membrane exhibits higher cell capacity, higher cell efficiency, and lower capacity decay than that with a Nafion membrane. These results indicate that this composite membrane has potential as an alternative to Nafion in VRB systems.
This research investigated the relation between executive function and emotion regulation. Children (N=23) ages 7-8 (M=90.67) were assessed on batteries of tests. We constructed a battery of tests that measure adequately, executive function and emotional regulation. Thanks to this battery of assessment, we get general profiles of functioning of the areas evaluated. There is a tendency of general functioning according to the sociometric status. In a future research, we would like to make this study with children with disabilities in order to understand the functioning of executive function and emotional regulation in altered development.
Using phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage is an effective technique of energy management to address the mismatch problems between energy supply and demand. Shape-stabilized composite PCMs could efficiently solve their leakage problem during the solid-liquid phase change process, which have been widely used and extensively reviewed in literature. However, those reviews mainly focused on microencapsulated PCMs and the broad properties and applications of composite PCMs but paid little attention to the nanoporous shape-stabilized composite PCMs. The nanoporous shape-stabilized composite PCMs do solve the leakage problem and show excellent chemical stability and thermal cycling stability, but most of their enthalpy values were much lower than that of the pure PCMs component. So in this review we have highlighted recent progress in the research of nanoporous shape-stabilized PCMs, such as the design concept of porous support, fabrication and characterization techniques, and especially the nanoconfinement effects of the porous support on the thermal properties of the PCMs confined in the nanopores. Finally, we have provided a brief outlook of the future challenges and potential prospects of nanoporous shape-stabilized composite PCMs. This review paper will help to explore and develop better nanoporous shape-stabilized composite PCMs for practical applications and offer basic understanding of nanoconfinement effects on thermal properties.
In all animals, hypoxia triggers a defensive response that is orchestrated by the conserved transcription factor HIF-1. The authors find that HIF-1 induces new serotonin synthesis in certain sensory neurons in C. elegans. This serotonin then activates a previously unknown circuitry that enhances the worms' salt sensation.
In this paper two hydrometallurgical processes were analyzed for recovery of lithium and cobalt from lithium ion batteries. The effect of adding a secondary purification step by solvent extraction was evaluated in terms of product purity and economical feasibility of the process. Process routes were made of the following steps: mechanical pretreatment, leaching, primary (and secondary) purification, product recovery. Electrodic material used in leaching experiments was produced in a large scale pre-treatment plant for waste recycling. Leaching tests were performed both using chloridric acid and sulphuric acid plus glucose. In optimized conditions quantitative extraction of Co and Li were obtained for both tested systems. Iron, aluminum and copper were removed by precipitation as hydroxides, while Ni can be separated only using solvent extraction. Process simulations showed that, for the same input flow rate of batteries, the addition of solvent extraction improves the economical feasibility of the process for lithium ion battery recovery.
In many cases, impedance spectroscopy on electrochemical systems is performed in combination with a potentiostat. The common way of combining a potentiostat and a frequency response analyzer has a number of restrictions. Bandwidth limitations and artifacts from the setup distort the impedance data in sometimes unpredictable manners, and special care has to be taken in physical interpretation of such data. Therefore, potential controlled measurement of artifact-free impedance spectra in a wide range of frequencies is desirable. In this work, a novel experimental method is presented in which the more reliable two-probe impedance spectroscopy is combined with a potential control by a potentiostat without interfering each other. Results obtained on passive zinc by two-probe EIS, the classical potentiostat—EIS combination and the new setup are compared with each other. For an application of the proposed method in measurements of solid state systems, the specific problems are discussed.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) affects cognition, behavior, and functional activities. Because the disease is most common among the elderly, dissociating pathological changes from those that are the result of normal aging is critical. In the current chapter, we discuss how structural magnetic resonance imaging has been used to characterize morphological changes, including gray and white matter macro- and microstructure, in normal aging and in AD and how these morphological changes are associated with cognitive abilities. AD has well recognized morphological changes, such as whole brain and temporal lobe atrophy, which are particularly striking in patients in more severe stages. Although in earlier stages, there is considerable overlap in morphological findings, normal aging is characterized by relatively greater frontal volume loss, whereas AD shows greater posterior involvement, particularly in the mesial temporal lobe.
An acid-pasting approach is developed in this work to prepare the composites of 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) and carbon black (CB) by mixing both components in concentrated sulfuric acid. Different from the traditional powder processing, the solution-based fabrication strategy easily renders the effective combination of PTCDA and CB in the resultant CB/PTCDA composites, thus greatly improving their electrochemical performances. As the results, the composite with 20 wt% PTCDA shows excellent rate performances as the cathode material for both lithium ion battery (88 mAh g−1 at 5000 mA g−1) and sodium ion battery (100 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1). As a facile and efficient processing strategy, the acid-pasting approach is expected to have wide application in the fabrication of organic electrodes in secondary batteries.
ABSTRACT The application of GaInNAs to heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) enables re-engineering the band structure of these devices to provide a variety of benefits. Conventional GaAs-based HBTs have emitters of GaInP (or AlGaAs), base and collector regions of GaAs and are grown on a GaAs substrate. GaInNAs is used to replace the GaAs in the base region of the transistors. The lower band gap of GaInNAs leads to devices which have lower input turn-on voltages (VBE) than those of conventional devices, which is highly beneficial for battery-operated power-efficient circuits. The difference in band gap between the GaInNAs base and GaAs collector also contributes to reducing the offset voltage (Voffset) and lowering the knee voltage of the transistors, which leads to enhanced efficiency in microwave power amplifiers. Although the material transport characteristics of GaInNAs are not as favorable as those of GaAs due to lower electron and hole mobilities, and higher recombination rates, it has been shown that the HBT dc current gain, current gain cutoff frequency (fT), and maximum frequency of oscillation (fmax) can be as good as (or better than) those of conventional devices by proper engineering–for example, by grading of the composition of the GaInNAs material across the base region. It is also critical to compensate for the discontinuities of the conduction band at the base-emitter and base-collector junctions. This chapter outlines the key strategies to improve HBT characteristics, and describes device design and fabrication with GaInNAs base regions. It also summarizes reported HBT characteristics and circuit performance with these devices.
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate memory beliefs and their relationship to actual memory function in fibromyalgia (FM) patients. Methods Twenty-three FM patients, 23 age- and education-matched controls, and 22 older controls completed the Metamemory in Adulthood (MIA) questionnaire, which assessed beliefs about seven aspects of memory function. Group differences on the seven scales were assessed, and scores on the capacity scale were correlated with objective memory performance. Results FM patients reported lower memory capacity and more memory deterioration than did either control group. Patients reported lower control or self-efficacy over memory, higher achievement motivation, higher strategy use, and higher anxiety about memory than age-matched controls did. Among the patients, perceived capacity, achievement motivation, and self-efficacy were significantly correlated with objective memory performance on a recall task. Conclusion FM patients' complaints about memory function have some accuracy.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) charging of batteries was tested by using high efficiency crystalline and amorphous silicon PV modules to recharge lithium-ion battery modules. This testing was performed as a proof of concept for solar PV charging of batteries for electrically powered vehicles. The iron phosphate type lithium-ion batteries were safely charged to their maximum capacity and the thermal hazards associated with overcharging were avoided by the self-regulating design of the solar charging system. The solar energy to battery charge conversion efficiency reached 14.5%, including a PV system efficiency of nearly 15%, and a battery charging efficiency of approximately 100%. This high system efficiency was achieved by directly charging the battery from the PV system with no intervening electronics, and matching the PV maximum power point voltage to the battery charging voltage at the desired maximum state of charge for the battery. It is envisioned that individual homeowners could charge electric and extended-range electric vehicles from residential, roof-mounted solar arrays, and thus power their daily commuting with clean, renewable solar energy.
In recent years due to the decreasing fossil fuel reserves and the increasing social stress, complex power networks have no other choices except to seek for alternative energy sources to eliminate the environmental issues caused by the traditional power systems. Thus, the scheduling of energy sources in a complex Micro-Grid (MG) comprising Micro Turbine (MT), Photo Voltaic (PV), Fuel Cell (FC), battery units and Wind Turbine (WT) has been investigated in this paper. Furthermore, a multi-objective framework is presented to simultaneously handle the two objective functions including minimization of total operation cost and minimization of emission. In this regard, Normal Boundary intersection (NBI) technique is employed to solve the proposed multi-objective problem and generate the Pareto set. Besides, a fuzzy satisfying method is used for decision making process. Afterward, the results obtained from the presented method are compared to the ones derived from other methods. Finally, it is verified that the proposed solution method results in better solutions for operation cost, emission and the execution time.
Freshwater and energy are essential commodities for well being of mankind. Due to increasing population growth on the one hand, and rapid industrialization on the other, today's world is facing unprecedented challenge of meeting the current needs for these two commodities as well as ensuring the needs of future generations. One approach to this global crisis of water and energy supply is to utilize renewable energy sources to produce freshwater from impaired water sources by desalination. Sustainable practices and innovative desalination technologies for water reuse and energy recovery (staging, waste heat utilization, hybridization) have the potential to reduce the stress on the existing water and energy sources with a minimal impact to the environment. This paper discusses existing and emerging desalination technologies and possible combinations of renewable energy sources to drive them and associated desalination costs. It is suggested that a holistic approach of coupling renewable energy sources with technologies for recovery, reuse, and recycle of both energy and water can be a sustainable and environment friendly approach to meet the world's energy and water needs. High capital costs for renewable energy sources for small-scale applications suggest that a hybrid energy source comprising both grid-powered energy and renewable energy will reduce the desalination costs considering present economics of energy.
The separator is a porous membrane located between the negative and the positive electrodes. In this work, a nano-fiber reinforced composite separator was developed. Compared with the commercial polyolefin separator, the composite separator showed superior (a) dimensional stability at elevated temperatures relative to conventional separators and (b) wettability by the liquid electrolyte. After being saturated with a commercial LiPF6-ethylene carbonate-dimethyl carbonate electrolyte, the composite separator enabled a high effective ionic conductivity ( σ e f f ) of 1.25 mS/cm. A stable cycle performance and an improved rate capability have been observed in the coin cells with the composite separator. This initial study shows that this type of composite membranes can be a promising alternative separator for lithium ion batteries.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) have been performed to study the formation of surface film on TiSnSb, a promising conversion anode material for lithium ion battery. TiSnSb electrodes were cycled using a standard EC/PC/3DMC (1 M LiPF6) electrolyte containing vinylene carbonate (VC) as a primary filming agent. Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) was added as an additional additive intended to improve the stability of the surface film and, hence, the cyclability of the electrode. Surface analysis was performed by a combined XPS core peaks and quantification data analysis to establish the main components of the solid electrolyte interphase film (SEI) were identified. The key observation is that the thickness and the chemical nature of the SEI layer is strongly related to the nature of the electrolyte additives. From XPS and EIS results, the role of FEC as an effective SEI improver in alkylcarbonate based electrolyte has been enlighten.
Polyethylene terephthalate-multiwall nanotube (PET-MWNT) composites were prepared by the melt mixing technique of neat PET with a PET/MWNT masterbatch at various ratios. Uniaxially stretched samples were studied by means of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The populations of the trans conformers as well as of the trans non-crystalline conformers (TX structure) of the stretched samples were monitored with respect to the nanotube content. The effect that the presence of the nanotubes bears on the conformations of polyethylene terephthalate's chains under the application of uniaxial stress was evaluated. It was shown that the addition of the nanotubes leads to higher populations of trans segments in comparison to neat PET after the drawing process. In particular, the addition of small amounts of nanotubes (0–1.5%) leads to slight increase of the trans crystalline segments (TC structure) and a respective decrease of the gauche segments (G structure). The sample with 2% of nanotubes (NT) demonstrated a decrease of G structure in favor of the TX structure. Finally, only the sample with the highest NT content (3%) demonstrated severe increment of the TC. Thus, it was shown that when it comes to mechanically stretched PET low NT concentrations assist slightly the crystallization of PET. At higher NT contents PET adopts initially TX structure that eventually transforms to the corresponding crystalline TC structure as NT content increases.
This article examines the proposed relabeling of “capacities” as “performance” in the Demands and Capacities Model of stuttering in terms of four issues involving the model's demands component, theoretical versatility, genetic potential, and current clinical uses. Although the proposed changes should resolve the measurement issues of concern, it is suggested that this change may not be of sufficient value or significance for a Demands and Performance Model to supplant the Demands and Capacities Model.
Epilepsy is associated with academic and neurocognitive disorders, with the latter often assumed to explain the former. We examined utilization of special education services (SpES) in relation to neurocognitive test scores in a case-matched sibling control study. In a follow-up assessment 8–9years after entry into a prospective study of childhood-onset epilepsy, cases and siblings participated in an interview and standardized neurocognitive testing. Analyses included 142 pairs in which both had Full Scale IQ ≥80 and the case had normal examination and imaging. Sixty-four (45%) cases and 25 (17.6%) controls reported SpES utilization, (matched odds ratio [mOR]=5.3, P <0.0001). Adjustment for neurocognitive test scores resulted in a mOR of 4.6 (P <0.0001). Types and duration of services were similar in cases and controls. Twenty-four percent of school-aged cases were already receiving services at the time of initial epilepsy diagnosis. Young people with epilepsy have academic difficulties that are not explained simply by cognitive test scores.
Phenological observations of the anthesic phases of olive flowering in a central Mediterranean area were recorded over a 9-year period. The aim of this research was to compare the flowering dates in relationship to the meteorological changes. Pollen emission from anthers was monitored by remote instrumentation placed directly in olive groves and phenological data regarding daily pollen concentrations (pollen/m3) were recorded using a pollen monitoring methodology. The rhythm of the phenological phases emerged as dependent on the meteorological trend of the spring forcing temperature. Generally, the phenomenon of pollen emission occurred progressively earlier prior to 2001, while in the following 5 years, the trend seemed to be inverted, showing a progressive delay of flowering. The spring quarterly mean temperature trends registered by GISS data in Europe confirmed the presence of diverse meteorological behavior during the study period, probably causing the biological divergences that were monitored. The principal result of the present contribution is to evidence the relativity of empirical investigations and observations considering different time intervals. This is due to the partial, brief series (9 years) of flowering dates which have to be considered as part of a longer series (26 years) in order to have a complete vision of the true phenomenon.
The effects of surface modification of the La–Mg–Ni based alloys through doping a trace of Y2O3 on the electrochemical properties are researched in this study. The electrochemical hydrogen storage capacities and cycle stabilities of the Y2O3@La1.7Mg1.3Ni9 samples are all significantly improved and the performance reaches the best for the 10 h milled sample. Comparing to the previous data, the comprehensive performances have already surpassed the most alloys, especially in the cyclic stability properties. The Y2O3 coating layer with the amorphous structures will be formed on the alloys surface during the milling process, which has a certain capability of electricity catalysis to further improve the electrochemical hydrogen storage properties. Meanwhile, the results also indicate that much longer milled duration is harmful to the electrons transfer process, and the point is further confirmed through XPS analyses.
A novel carbon foam with microporous structure (CFMS), with the advantages of a simple fabrication process, low energy consumption, large specific surface area and high conductivity, has been prepared by a facile one-step carbonization. In addition, the carbon foam possesses suitable interlayer spacing in short range which is flexible to accommodate the deformation of carbon layer caused by the ion insertion and deinsertion at the charge and discharge state. Furthermore, a low cost carbon-based symmetric potassium dual-ion capacitor (PDIC), which integrates the virtues of potassium ion capacitors and dual-ion batteries, is successfully established with CFMS as both the battery-type cathode and the capacitor-type anode. PDIC displays a superior rate performance, an ultra-long cycle life (90% retention after 10000 cycles), and a high power density of 7800 W kg−1 at an energy density of 39 Wh kg−1. The PDIC also exhibits excellent ultrafast charge and slow discharge properties, with a full charge in just 60 s and a discharge time of more than 3000 s.
Interactome3D is an interactive resource allowing biologists to use available structural information to model protein-protein interactions and structurally annotate protein interaction networks.