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A highly reactive composite cathode material incorporating nano-particles of the popular Li-ion battery cathode material Li2FeSiO4 (LFS) is here studied to probe the activation of the controversial Fe3+/Fe4+ redox couple in exploiting the second Li-ion in the formula unit – for use in rechargeable Li-ion batteries. A novel form of in situ Mössbauer spectroscopy is used to monitor the oxidation state of the Fe-ions in symmetric LFS || LFS cells. This is based on mapping the poorly resolvable Mössbauer spectra from the expected Fe3+/Fe4+ redox couple in the working electrode onto the highly resolvable Fe2+/Fe3+ spectra from the counter electrode. Comparison of such data from half-delithiated Li(1)Fe3+SiO4 || Li(1)Fe3+SiO4 and almost lithium-free “Li(0)Fe4+SiO4 || Li(0)Fe4+SiO4” symmetric cells is demonstrated – to distinguish the electrode reactions from the those involving the electrolyte. Lithium is shown to cycle reversibly in the symmetric cells. However, a large proportion of the cycled lithium (∼70%) does not derive from the bulk of the electrodes, but is rather a result of high-V electrolyte degradation, where charge balance is maintained by leaching lithium from the electrolyte and inserting it into the electrodes.
It is of great importance to improve the electrochemical performance of graphitic anode materials since they are dominantly used in practical lithium ion battery and still will be the main component as anode material in the future. By SEM, XPS, Micro-Raman and EDX analyses of graphite electrodes before and after discharge/charge cycle, it is found that capacity fading is strongly related to the dispersion of conductive. Homogeneous dispersion of conductive resulted in good cycle performance. However, for the poorly fabricated electrode, with heterogeneous dispersion of conductive, it gives rise to the formation of imperfect SEI film in the first cycle and subsequent continual decomposition of the electrolyte, leading to large amounts of nonconductive surface deposits consisting of Li2CO3 and LiF. As a result, its irreversible capacity is high and capacity retention is poor. Thus, homogeneous dispersion of conductive is necessary to obtain good performance for graphitic anode electrode. The formation of Li2CO3 and LiF during repeated cycling is attributed to the inhomogeneous distribution of the overpotential throughout the fabricated electrode.
This article presents an overview of the pyrite FeS2 used as cathode material in thermally activated (“thermal”) batteries. A large emphasis was placed on the physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance of the pyrite FeS2, including the discharge mechanisms, self-discharge phenomena, and recent developments.
The modern electric power systems are going through a revolutionary change because of increasing demand of electric power worldwide, developing political pressure and public awareness of reducing carbon emission, incorporating large scale renewable power penetration, and blending information and communication technologies with power system operation. These issues initiated in establishing microgrid concept which has gone through major development and changes in last decade, and recently got a boost in its growth after being blessed by smart grid technologies. The objective of this paper is to presents a detailed technical overview of microgrid and smart grid in light of present development and future trend. First, it discusses microgrid architecture and functions. Then, smart features are added to the microgrid to demonstrate the recent architecture of smart grid. Finally, existing technical challenges, communication features, policies and regulation, etc. are discussed from where the future smart grid architecture can be visualized.
Ni3S2 nanoarrays directly growing on Ni foam are fabricated via an electrochemical corrosion method and used as freestanding electrode for sodium ion batteries. Based on high electronic conductivity facilitated by the 3D Ni backbone and fast surface redox reactions rendered by the ultrathin thickness of the Ni3S2 nanoarrays, high pseudocapacitive contribution for the charge storage is induced in the Ni3S2-Ni electrode. Remarkably, the capacitive contribution is self-adaptively enhanced in cycling owing to the gradually reduced and stabilized charge transfer resistance, triggering exceptional electrochemical performance. The Ni3S2-Ni electrode delivers ultra-stable cycling with charge/discharge capacities of 344.2/350.6 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 150 mA g−1 as well as high capacity recovery of 427 mAh g−1 after 70 cycles from 150 to 3000 mA g−1. Meanwhile, practical application for the Ni3S2-Ni electrode is also preliminarily assessed. It exhibits promising fast discharge/slow charge (750/150 mA g−1) performance with initial discharge/charge capacities of 285.4/275.7 mAh g−1 and 244.8/242.2 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles. When matching with Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode, it delivers discharge capacity of 347.8 mAh g−1 after 180 cycles at 200 mA g−1.
Here, we propose a novel strategy to prepare dense stacks composed of alternating CoO and graphene layers for an anode in lithium ion batteries (LIBs), which contributes to enhanced stability and relatively large reversible capacity. This is accomplished by spontaneously pre-aligning negatively charged CoO-anchored graphene oxide (CG) and positively charged amine-functionalized graphene (GN) in an acidic medium, followed by thermal reduction. The performance of this product is contrasted with that of CG prepared under the identical conditions without the addition of GN, in which CoO nanoparticles are sandwiched between relatively loose and randomly oriented graphene stacks. For example, the composite delivers a capacity greater than 800 mAh g−1 with a fading rate of 0.04 mAh g−1 cycle−1 during 1000 charge/discharge (C/D) cycles at 1.0 A g−1, in contrast to ca. 400 mAh g−1 and 0.24 mAh g−1 cycle−1 for thermally reduced CG without the addition of GN. The origin of the superior electrochemical performance in the dense stacks is ascribed to the enhanced reversibility of a conversion reaction, which in turn contributes to a persistent formation/dissolution of gel-like polymer films (i.e., stable pseudo-capacitance). Experimental evidences that substantiate the aforementioned behaviors (improved reversibility for both processes) are presented.
Balancing the benefit of extensive tumor resection with the consequence of potential postoperative language deficits remains a challenge in glioma surgery involving language areas. This study is designed to evaluate the impact of intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) and functional neuronavigation on surgical outcome in patients with gliomas involving language areas. Two hundred seventeen patients were prospectively enrolled, 124 in the study group underwent iMRI and functional neuronavigation-guided microsurgery and 93 in the control group underwent conventional navigation-guided microsurgery. Extent of tumor volume resection (EoR) and rate of gross total resection (rGTR) were calculated perioperatively. Aphasia quotient (AQ) was assessed to evaluate the change of language function perioperatively and at 6-month follow-up. Survival outcome for glioblastoma, including progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), were recorded. In 198 glioma patients (112 in the study group and 86 in the control group), EoR (95.50 versus 89.85 %, p < 0.001) and rGTR (69.60 versus 47.70 %, p = 0.002) were significantly higher in the study group, and language functions were also better at 6-month follow-up in the study group (87.47 versus 78.73, p = 0.001). Furthermore, postoperative new aphasia occurred in 34.8 % of the control group, whereas it occurred only in 2.3 % of the study group (p < 0.001). In addition, PFS (12.5 versus 6.6 m, p = 0.003) and OS (19.6 versus 13.0 m, p < 0.001) for patients with glioblastomas were dramatically prolonged in the study group than in the control group. These results indicated that iMRI and functional neuronavigation may help maximize tumor resection, minimize language deficits in patients with gliomas involving language areas, and improve survival time for patients with glioblastomas.
Owing to the heavy fossil fuel dependence of South Korean energy-supply systems, the South Korean government has advised educational facilities, including universities, which have high electricity consumption, to use more renewable energy facilities. The present study uses the HOMER software to explore possible solutions for providing various energy resources among diesel generator, solar energy, wind energy, batteries, and the grid system to satisfy the load demand at Kyung-Hee University׳s Global Campus. The renewable fraction, cost of energy (COE), and total net present cost (NPC) of various scenarios for renewable power generation systems are calculated. The simulation results indicate that the suggested systems achieve a COE value in the range from $0.509 to $0.515 (on-grid) and from $0.525 to $0.531 (off-grid). Recommendations and limitations are discussed.
An increasing number of inhalation devices are presently available in the market. They are differently characterized in terms of their handling and usability, both factors which may affect the outcomes of respiratory treatment.
Anode materials for Li-ion batteries based on a conversion mechanism show very high theoretical specific capacities. In particular, phosphide materials display volumetric and gravimetric capacities far beyond graphite, approaching those of silicon-based materials. However, the slow kinetics and large mechanical strain during the conversion process are challenging issues toward enabling phosphide-based anode materials. Here, we synthesize a copper phosphide free-standing membrane and show the benefits of this approach, which provides lighter electrodes with faster kinetics during lithiation and delithiation. The Cu3P membrane is both binder-free and carbon black-free, and its synthetic process involves a simple chemical vapor deposition of phosphorus on a composite polymer-copper membrane at a moderate temperature of 429 °C. Microscopic and other methods show the purity of the phase and of the porous structure within the membrane. Galvanostatic cycling reveals an initial discharge reaching the theoretical capacity, high reversible capacity of 320 mAh/gelectrode (including the current collector), and good kinetics for phosphide-based materials at C/5 rate.
Objective The purpose of this study is to compare the diagnostic accuracy of four depression screening tools commonly used in patients with medical disorders, relative to a reference diagnostic standard—a structured psychiatric interview. Methods The Depression in the Medically Ill-18 (DMI-18) questionnaire was administered to 167 patients with medical disorders; of those, 53 completed the Beck Depression Inventory for Primary Care (BDI-PC), 67 the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and 46 the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The entire sample was also interviewed with a structured psychiatric interview conducted by a mental health professional. Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios (LRs), and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated and compared for the different measures. Results At their respective recommended cutoff points, sensitivities [95% confidence interval (CI)] were 86% (70–95), 82% (63–94), 93% (86–97), and 68% (47–85) for the HADS-D, BDI-PC, DMI-18, and PHQ-9, respectively, while specificities ranged from 72% (47–90) for BDI-PC to 89% (72–98) for PHQ-9. The sensitivities of DMI-18 were significantly higher compared to those of HADS-D (P=.045) and PHQ-9 (P=.01). The PHQ-9 questionnaire obtained the most favorable positive LR (6.35; 95% CI, 2.48–18.36). In contrast, the DMI-18 showed the best negative LR (0.09; 95% CI, 0.04–0.18). Areas under the curves (95% CI) ranged from 0.92 (0.83–1.02) to 0.84 (0.74–0.94). Statistically significant differences were found between the AUCs of the DMI-10 and the BDI-PC. Conclusion Our results suggest that all evaluated scales have acceptable abilities and can be used as screening instruments for depression in patients with medical disorders. The DMI stands out for its sensitivity.
Electronic telemetry devices have enabled many novel and important data collection and experimental opportunities for difficult to observe species. Externally attached devices have limited retention and may affect thermoregulation, energetics, social and reproductive behavior, visibility, predation risk and entanglement. Internally placed, surgically implanted devices can mitigate some of these effects and may open additional experimental opportunities. However, improper implementation can significantly affect animals and data. From a review of recent studies using fully implanted tags and studying their effects, we present 15 specific best practice recommendations for the use of such tags in pinnipeds. Recommendations address issues including device size, coating and sterilization, implantation surgery and effect assessment, within the framework of the Three R’s: Reduction, Refinement, Replacement. While developed for pinnipeds, these recommendations could apply to other aquatic mammals and vertebrates and to partially implanted or even external tags.
Numerous studies indicate that social dysfunction is associated with negative symptoms of schizophrenia during the chronic phase of illness. However, it is unclear whether social abnormalities exist during the premorbid phase in people who later develop schizophrenia with prominent negative symptoms, or whether social functioning becomes progressively worse in these individuals from childhood to late adolescence. The current study examined differences in academic and social premorbid functioning in people with schizophrenia meeting criteria for deficit (i.e., primary and enduring negative symptoms) (DS: n =74) and non-deficit forms of schizophrenia (ND: n =271). Premorbid social and academic functioning was assessed for childhood, early adolescence, and late adolescence developmental periods on the Premorbid Adjustment Scale (PAS). Results indicated that both DS and ND participants showed deterioration in social and academic functioning from childhood to late adolescence. However, while ND schizophrenia demonstrated greater deterioration of academic compared to social premorbid functioning from childhood to late adolescence, the DS group exhibited comparable deterioration across both premorbid domains, with more severe social deterioration than the ND group. Findings suggest that people with DS show poorer social premorbid adjustment than those with ND as early as childhood, and are particularly susceptible to accelerated deterioration as the onset of schizophrenia becomes imminent. Thus, poor premorbid social adjustment and significant social deterioration from childhood to adolescence may be a hallmark feature of people who later go on to develop prominent negative symptoms and a unique marker for the DS subtype of schizophrenia.
Presenting Author details:nsegarra@clinic.ub.es Villarroel 170, 6,9, 08036 Barcelona, Spain, Tel.: +34 932275420. Background: While executive dysfunctions are very prevalent in schizophrenia they have traditionally been related only to frontal lobe integrity. The involvement of the cerebellum in schizophrenia has been documented in anatomical post-mortem, functional and volumetric neuroimaging studies, although the results are contradictory. Its possible role with respect to executive impairment in schizophrenia remains unclear. This study aims to establish the relationship between structural changes in the cerebellum and executive dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia using the voxel-based morphometry technique. Methods: We compared 28 outpatients with clinically stable schizophrenia (paranoid subtype) with 33 healthy controls. A widely used executive battery and the VBM approach were employed to investigate possible structural cerebellum changes on MRI. Results: Patients performed significantly worse on executive assessments and showed less symmetric and bilateral grey matter volume in both cerebellar hemispheres and vermis. Only in the schizophrenic group was an impairment in mental flexibility correlated with reductions in white matter volume in both symmetric and bilateral cerebellar hemispheres (r=−0.759 p<0.0001). Conclusions: This new evidence supports a role for cerebellar circuitry in mental flexibility, one of the executive dysfunctions observed in schizophrenia.
Electronic devices that are low in cost and capable of working without an external power supply are desirable for many applications. Conventional electronic circuits are based on semiconductors and the controlled transport of electrons and holes by electric field manipulation, diffusion, and injection. We describe electronic circuits based on the flow of femtoliter quantities of an electrolyte controlled by the lateral self-oxidation of a nanoscale aluminum film. The circuits provide basic functions such as clocks, electrical switches, pseudo transistors and display elements. The elements operate in a self-consuming mode and therefore do not require external power. They operate slowly over long periods of time and can form the basis of smart systems, smart labels, and many other applications.
Important dimensions of emotional experiences include the level of arousal elicited and the source of that arousal, yet memory for events differing on these constructs is often compared within and across studies. One important factor for emotional memory is attachment security, which predicts how parents and children relate to each other and to the world around them. The present study investigated differences in 8- to 12-year olds’ recall of emotional stimuli varied in relevance to attachment themes of separation and reunion. Moreover, memory was examined as predicted by children's attachment security, parents’ attachment avoidance and anxiety, and parental elaboration during an interaction about the laboratory experience. Results revealed that recall was best for stimuli involving separation. Moreover, recall for separation stimuli was positively predicted by children's attachment security and parental avoidance, and negatively predicted by parental anxiety and elaborative interaction style. These findings highlight the importance of considering the effect of multiple dimensions of emotional events on children's memory and how contextual factors may differentially predict those memories.
Tin oxide (SnO2) has been considered as one of the most promising anodes for advanced rechargeable batteries due to its advantages such as high energy density, earth abundance and environmental friendly. However, its large volume change during the Li-Sn/Na-Sn alloying and de-alloying processes will result in a fast capacity degradation over a long term cycling. To solve this issue, in this work we design and synthesize a novel honeycomb-like composite composing of carbon encapsulated SnO2 nanospheres embedded in carbon film by using dual templates of SiO2 and NaCl. Using these composites as anodes both in lithium ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries, no discernable capacity degradation is observed over hundreds of long term cycles at both low current density (100 mA g−1) and high current density (500 mA g−1). Such a good cyclic stability and high delivered capacity have been attributed to the high conductivity of the supported carbon film and hollow encapsulated carbon shells, which not only provide enough space to accommodate the volume expansion but also prevent further aggregation of SnO2 nanoparticles upon cycling. By engineering electrodes of accommodating high volume expansion, we demonstrate a prototype to achieve high performance batteries, especially high-power batteries.
Sponsorship: This study was supported by a grant from The Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO), the Netherlands.
In recent years, phase change materials (PCM) which are recommended as potential thermal energy storage medium have been receiving significant attention. The encapsulation technology of PCM is an effective way to enhance the thermal conductivity and solve the issues of leakage and corrosion during the melting process. As a good choice of thermal energy storage materials, the nanoencapsulated phase change materials (NanoPCM) have many advantages, such as small size, large specific surface and high heat transfer rate. Up to now, there has been no complete literature review on the preparation, characterization and application of NanoPCM. In this paper, a comprehensive summary has been presented based on the research of NanoPCM in recent years. The following four aspects have been reviewed in detail: preparation and characterization of NanoPCM, application of NanoPCM in latent functional thermal fluid, dynamics simulation study of NanoPCM and heat transfer enhancement of NanoPCM. It is expected that this review article has certain reference value for the further understanding of NanoPCM.
CoFe2O4 nanoparticles anchored into in-situ formed carbon nanofibres were synthesized by a simple solvent-free and template-free pyrolysis-oxidation process and have been investigated as a promising anode material for Li-ion batteries. Ferrocene and cobaltocene as precursor materials, act as both metal and carbon sources. Carbon contents in the composite can be easily adjusted by varying oxidation conditions. The as-prepared composites show a high and stable capacity. More than 700 mAh g−1 based on the total mass of the as-prepared composite was obtained in the composite with 36% carbon content after long-term cycling of 250 cycles. The superior electrochemical properties are suggested to be benefited from the synergistic effects by combining CoFe2O4 and carbon and also their intimate contact developed in the synthetic process. This work opens a facile and broadly applicable way for fabrication and utilization of metal oxide/mixed metal oxide-carbon composites for Li-ion batteries.
The broad temperature adaptability of vanadium redox flow battery (VFB) has been studied in our two previous works, including the study on the broad temperature adaptability of the vanadium electrolytes (Electrochim. Acta, 2016, 187, 525) and battery performance (Electrochim. Acta, 2016, 191, 695) with a fixed electrolyte composition of 1.5 M vanadium in 3.875 M total sulfate. As a follow-up study, the stability of the vanadium electrolytes with different valences, total vanadium concentrations and sulfuric acid concentrations is studied at a broad temperature range. In this work, the static stability of the vanadium electrolytes with four valences (V2+, V3+, VO2+ and VO2 +), different total vanadium concentrations (0.4–2.2 M) and various sulfuric acid concentrations (1.5–3.0 M) is researched over a wide temperature range (−35 to 60 °C). Subsequently, the cell performance of VFBs with selected electrolyte compositions was evaluated at different temperatures and different current densities. This work systematically investigates the effects of the total vanadium concentration and sulfuric acid concentration on the temperature adaptability of VFBs for the first time as we know, which is an important reference for the battery's application.
Abstract We begin with sound-form symbolism (the “Bouba-Kiki effect”) and point out its relevance to a wide range of psychological phenomena such as (1) the origin of words, (2) cross-sensory metaphors (e.g., the “loud”-ness of a shirt and the “sharp”-ness of cheese), conceptual metaphors (“Juliet is the sun”), and (3) sensory-motor congruence exemplified by the mirror neuron system. We suggest that these diverse aspects of the mind involve cross-domain interactions. Such interactions, and the dissolution of rigid barriers between brain modules, appeared as an evolutionary novelty giving the human brain its unique, “abstract attitude”—resulting partly from the accelerated expansion of the dominant inferior parietal lobule and Wernicke's area. Cross activation from late to early stages of visual processing may also enable more vivid imagery in humans—an ability that is amplified in grapheme color and “calendar line” synesthetes.