batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The human brain organoids derived from pluripotent cells are a new class of three-dimensional tissue systems that recapitulates several neural epithelial aspects. Brain organoids have already helped efficient modeling of crucial elements of brain development and disorders. Brain organoids’ suitability in modeling glioma has started to emerge, offering another usefulness of brain organoids in disease modeling. Although the current state-of-the organoids mostly reflect the immature state of the brain, with their vast cell diversity, human brain-like cytoarchitecture, feasibility in culturing, handling, imaging, and tractability can offer enormous potential in reflecting the glioma invasion, integration, and interaction with different neuronal cell types. Here, we summarize the current trend of employing brain organoids in glioma modeling and discuss the immediate challenges. Solving them might lay a foundation for using brain organoids as a pre-clinical 3D substrate to dissect the glioma invasion mechanisms in detail.
Complexity in strongly correlated oxides such as perovskite strictly dominates their performance for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Precise control of the physical correlations among spin, charge, orbital, and lattice degrees of freedom in these oxides can exercise considerable enhancement of ORR activity, but has until now remained elusive. Here, we show that nonmagnetic hexavalent molybdenum (Mo6+) atomically dispersed within oxide lattice steers the intrinsic activity of catalytically active sites by entrapping extrinsic electrons at their 3d orbitals, without the occurrence of lattice symmetry breaking and magnetic perturbation. With double perovskite La2Co2+Mn4+O6 as a model catalyst, the atomic-scale electron trap generates additional high-spin, catalytically active Mn3+(t32ge1g) sites and highly conductive Co2+(e2g)–O–Mn3+(e1g) double exchange channels, leading to five-fold improvement in ORR activity. First-principles calculations reveal a substantial increase of the spin density on Mn sites caused by electron trapping, and unambiguously confirm a more exothermic reaction pathway as well as a lower barrier of the rate-limiting surface hydroxide regeneration on Mo1/La2CoMnO6. We can also extend this strategy with atomic precision easily to other four oxide catalysts and achieve large enhancement in their ORR activities as anticipated, indicating its broad utility. This work embodies the theories of condensed matter physics in rational design of ORR catalysts, and may inspire further development of the control of electron correlation in strongly correlated electron systems.
In May 2005, an international, interdisciplinary group of researchers gathered in Bethesda, MD, USA, for a workshop to discuss the development of treatments for patients with nonepileptic seizures (NES). Specific subgroup topics that were covered included: pediatric NES; presenting the diagnosis of NES, outcome measures for NES trials; classification of NES subtypes; and pharmacological treatment approaches and psychotherapies. The intent was to develop specific research strategies that can be expanded to involve a large segment of the epilepsy and psychiatric treatment communities. Various projects have resulted from the workshop, including the initial development of a prospective randomized clinical trial for NES.
In this study, gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) with two catalyst layers were fabricated and tested for their electrode performance for oxygen reduction in an alkaline solution. The LaMnO3/carbon black catalyst layers were fabricated using a reverse micelle method to finely disperse the LaMnO3 particles onto the carbon matrices, for which commercial Ketjen Black (KB) (1270 m2 g−1) and Vulcan XC-72R (VX) (254 m2 g−1) were used. The three-layer-structured GDE with the two LaMnO3/KB and LaMnO3/VX catalyst layers exhibited a superior oxygen reduction activity when compared to that of a conventional GDE with only one LaMnO3/KB catalyst layer. Pore size distribution and gas permeability measurements revealed that the LaMnO3/VX layer was more porous and had higher gas permeability than the LaMnO3/KB layer. These results suggest that the intermediate layer of LaMnO3/VX can efficiently supply oxygen to reaction sites dispersed in the LaMnO3/KB and LaMnO3/VX catalyst layers, which consequently leads to an improvement in the electrode performance.
Cobalt sulfide (Co1−xS) is studied extensively as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to high theoretical capacity, however, low electronic conductivity and large volume change during the discharge/charge process limit its actual application. In this study, we synthesize Co1−xS-reduced graphene oxide (Co1−xS-rGO) composite through a simple solvothermal reaction and then freeze-drying process. The introduction of rGO not only improves electronic conductivity and redox kinetics of electrode material but also prevents Co1−xS nanoparticles from aggregation. At a current density of 200mAg−1, the discharge capacity of Co1−xS-rGO maintains 643mAhg−1 after 100cycles. Even at high current density of 1000mAg−1, the discharge capacity of 625mAhg−1 is retained after 200cycles, which is close to theoretical capacity (683mAhg−1). And then, Co1−xS-rGO delivers good rate performance and cycling stability. In the meanwhile, in-situ synthesis method is facile. These results indicate that Co1−xS-rGO could be a promising anode material for LIBs.
An efficient synthesis method to grow well attached NiO nanobelts from 3D graphene sheets (3DGS) is reported herein. Ni-ion exchanged resin provides the initial Ni reactant portion, which serves both as a catalyst to form 3DGS and then as a seeding agent to grow the NiO nanobelts. The macroporous structure of 3DGS provides NiO containment to achieve a high cycling stability of up to 445 mAh g−1 after 360 cycles (and >112% capacity retention after 515 cycles) at a high current density of 2 A g−1. With a 26.8 wt.% content of NiO on 3DGS, increases in specific and volumetric capacity were 41.6 and 75.7% respectively over that of 3DGS at matching current densities. Therefore, the seeded growth of NiO nanobelts from 3DGS significantly boosts volumetric capacity, while 3DGS enables high rate long term cycling of the NiO. The high rate cycling stability of NiO on 3DGS can be attributed to (i) good attachment and contact to the large surface of 3DGS, (ii) high electron conductivity and rapid Li-ion transfer (via the interconnected, highly conductive graphitized walls of 3DGS) and (iii) buffering void space in 3DGS to contain volume expansion of NiO during charge/discharge.
In this paper, graphene and MnO2 nanoparticle were programmed to synthesize a nanocomposite, which was used to modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The presence of Gr-MnO2 nanocomposite has enhanced the electrochemical performance of the GCE towards the mercuric chloride (HgCl2). Electrochemical behaviors of HgCl2 on different electrodes were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, the result shows that the Gr-MnO2 nanocomposite modified electrode showed higher chemical activity with HgCl2 than bare GCE, MnO2/GCE and Gr/GCE. In PBS solution (pH=5.5), the oxidation peak current raised as the concentration of HgCl2 increased from 12.1 to 210.8μM, the detection limit was 2.0μM (S/N=3). The modified electrode showed good selectivity, high stability and excellent regeneration.
Accurate estimation for the state of charge (SOC) is one of the most important aspects of a battery management system (BMS) in electric vehicles (EVs) as it provides drivers with the EVs' remaining range. However, it is difficult to get an accurate SOC, because its value cannot be directly measured and is affected by various factors, such as the operating temperature, current rate and cycle number. In this paper, a modified equivalent circuit model is presented to include the impact of different current rates and SOCs on the battery internal resistance, and the impact of different temperatures and current rates on the battery capacity. Besides, a linear–averaging method is presented to calculate the internal resistance and practical capacity correction factors according to data collected from the experimental bench and saved as look-up tables. The unscented Kalman filter (UKF) algorithm is then introduced to estimate the SOC according to the presented model. Experiments based on actual urban driving cycles are carried out to evaluate the performance of the presented method by comparing with two existed methods. Experimental results show that the proposed method can reduce the computation cost and improve the SOC estimation accuracy simultaneously.
Energy harvesting from ambient radio frequency waves has the potential for realizing long lived wireless sensor networks, by reducing their dependence on the limited and irreplaceable on-board batteries. We propose two cross-layer approaches, called device-agnostic (DA) and device-specific (DS) protocols, for such networks composed of energy harvesting boards connected to off-the-shelf available sensors. These protocols determine the routing paths and the harvesting-transmission duty cycle at each hop under different conditions. The DA scheme relies purely on the local measurements on the harvesting capability of a node after the sensors are deployed, and is useful for single-flow networks. The DS scheme provides a joint hardware–software optimization by allowing the selection of the energy storing capacitor, apart from the route and duty cycle determination. Both schemes rely on a rich set of device-level experimental studies that help provide exact performance characteristics in practical scenarios, and results reveal significant performance improvement over other existing schemes.
Heteroatoms (B, N, O)-containing porous manganese oxide (MnO2)/carbon nanofiber (MnB-CNF) materials are prepared by one-step electrospinning method via polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and manganese(II) chloride (MnCl2) in dimethylformamide (DMF) solution containing different concentrations of B2O3. The MnB-CNF electrode exhibits optimized electrochemical behavior with a high energy density of 22.6Whkg−1 at a power density of 400Wkg−1 and a specific capacitance range of 210–160Fg−1 in the discharge current density range of 1.0 to 20mAcm−2 in aqueous KOH electrolyte. The higher electrochemical performance of MnB-CNF as a result of the electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC), compared to regular Mn-CNF without B-based functional groups, is attributed to well-balanced meso- and micropores affecting the easy adsorption and transport of electrolyte ions, in addition to the pseudocapacitive redox reactions from MnO2, N, O, and extra numerous B in alkaline electrolytes. Thus, tailoring the pore structures with proper specific surface area, pore size, and number of heteroatoms is crucial for optimizing their electrochemical properties in the combined efforts to develop EDLCs and pseudocapacitance.
Composite polypyrrole–polysaccharide (PPyPSacc) films, such as polypyrrole–heparin (PPyHep), polypyrrole–chondroitin sulfate A (PPyCS-A) and polypyrrole–hyaluronic acid (PPyHA) have been successfully obtained by optimized electrochemical syntheses. The PPyPSacc samples show dopant-mediated tunable physical properties and good stability in air and in biological fluids. The immobilization of PSacc within the polymer matrix renders the surface samples suitable for cell/substrate communication studies. In order to check the viability of PPyPSacc thin films as electrodes for cell electrostimulation, we studied their interface evolution upon aging in a simulated physiological solution (pH=7.4, 37°C) by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy. At open circuit conditions, the overall impedance of the electrodes increases upon aging as a consequence of a fast accumulation of ions at the interface, also related to the increase of porosity and wettability. As the interface impedance increases, the ionic and electronic transport into the polymer is hindered. Nevertheless, no mechanical degradation of the PPyPSacc samples is observed on aging. After 10 days of aging the PPyHep samples keep about 60% of their initial redox capacity. As a consequence the studied materials are capable to supply electrical stimulations to cells in a biological environment well beyond the conventional time-range.
This paper proposes an adaptive mode switch strategy (AMSS) based on simulated annealing (SA) optimization of a multi-mode hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for electric vehicles. The proposed SA-AMSS is derived from a rule-based strategy to achieve the adaptive mode selection and energy management optimization. To improve the overall system efficiency of the multi-mode HESS, the state of charge (SOC) level of the supercapacitor (SC), the power level and the component efficiencies are discussed. On this basis, the objective function for the AMSS is established, focusing on selecting the most suitable mode. Furthermore, to accomplish a global energy management optimization based on the driving cycles, the SA approach is introduced into the optimizations of the reference SC SOC and battery power, rather than the direct power distribution optimization between the battery and SC. The AMSS is implemented based on the SA optimization. Simulations and experiments are presented to verify the effectiveness of the SA-AMSS for the multi-mode HESS. Results show that the SA-AMSS can not only reduce the frequency of the mode switching, but also avoid the sudden excessive power output of the battery. The SC can respond to all peak power demands and absorb all the braking energy. So the SA-AMSS is very flexible and effective, and the battery safety can be guaranteed. Compared with the rule-based strategy, the overall system efficiency of the multi-mode HESS is significantly improved.
The mixed cation system, Li10(Ge1−x M x )P2S12 (M = Si, Sn), was synthesized and the ionic conductivities of the resulting solid solutions were determined. The Si–Ge and Ge–Sn systems provided single phase solid solutions for the composition 0 ≤ x < 1.0 and 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 in Li10(Ge1−x Si x )P2S12 and Li10(Ge1−x Sn x )P2S12, respectively. The lattice size gradually increased from Si to Sn through the Ge systems, reflecting the ionic size of these elements. On the other hand, conductivity did not follow the increase in lattice volume. Conductivity increased in the Si to Ge system, with the maximum conductivity value of 8.6 × 10−3 S cm−1 provided by the compressed powder with the composition Li10Ge0.95Si0.05P2S12, which is close to the original Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS) composition. The conductivity decreased with increasing Sn content, indicating that lattice volume is not the only parameter that affects ionic conduction in this structure. The relationship between conductivity and lattice volume is discussed.
Electrochemical materials are under rigorous search for building advanced energy storage devices. Herein, supercapacitive properties of highly crystalline and ultrathin cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanowires (diameter ∼30–60 nm) synthesized using an aqueous polymeric solution based electrospinning process are reported. These nanowire electrodes show a specific capacitance (C S) of ∼1110 F g−1 in 6 M KOH at a current density of 1 A g−1 with coulombic efficiency ∼100%. Asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) (C S ∼175 F g−1 at 2 A g−1 galvanostatic cycling) are fabricated using the Co3O4 as anode and commercial activated carbon (AC) as cathode and compared their performance with symmetric electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) fabricated using AC (C S ∼31 F g−1 at 2 A g−1 galvanostatic cycling). The Co3O4//AC ASCs deliver specific energy densities (E S) of 47.6, 35.4, 20 and 8 Wh kg−1 at specific power densities (P S) 1392, 3500, 7000 and 7400 W kg−1, respectively. The performance of ASCs is much superior to the control EDLCs, which deliver E S of 9.2, 8.9, 8.4 and 6.8 Wh kg−1 at P S 358, 695, 1400 and 3500 W kg−1, respectively. The ASCs show nearly six times higher energy density (∼47.6 Wh kg−1) than EDLC (8.4 Wh kg−1) without compromising its power density (∼1400 W kg−1) at similar galvanostatic cycling conditions (2 A g−1).
The reductive electrochemical activation of three C2 freons, and one C1 freon, in four different room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), is reported. Electrochemistry was performed using glassy carbon (GC), platinum and silver cathodes. The apparent reduction potentials for the freons ranged from −1.0V vs. Pt to −2.8V vs. Pt, depending on the freon structure, cathode material and RTIL medium. Discharge potentials were found to be distinctly more cathodic in RTIL media, relative to organic solvents (dimethylformamide), due to the significant ohmic loss within the cell as a consequence of the viscous nature of the RTIL media. Similarly, cathodic currents were greatly suppressed in RTILs due to low mass transport rates. The electrocatalytic nature of Ag cathodes is maintained in RTIL media with some systems exhibiting over 1V reduction in discharge potentials.
Phase change materials (PCM) are widely used for energy storage applications worldwide. The objective of the study is to review the current state of research on PCM materials, energy storage, environmental aspects and identifying potential research areas which needs focus to make this technology widely marketable and economically promising. The paper presents PCM research status, material properties, microencapsulation, shape stabilization techniques, commercial applications and environmental issues and also covers areas which have not been given much attention in previous studies like toxicity, health hazards, fire retardation techniques and current market scenario. The study shows that salt hydrates are safe if carefully handled and commercial grade paraffins being flammable, release toxic vapors thus are potential health hazard so need to be used carefully. Further research on fire retardation of PCM is found lacking in literature. Critical issues to ensure long term performance, are discussed which will help researchers to identify appropriate PCM for different commercial applications. New innovative PCM materials are identified although these are not used in real applications as yet. The commercial potential of PCM products is presented which shows that these materials have promising solutions for textiles, heat or cold storage during transits, pain relief packs, vaccine and blood storage where maintenance of a critical temperature is important. These materials could significantly cut down the air conditioning demands in future provided the current challenges are met. With increased awareness and stricter environmental regulations in future, PCM market potential is expected to rise.
Microbes are microscopic living organisms that surround us which include bacteria, archaea, most protozoa, and some fungi and algae. In recent years, microbes have been explored as novel precursors to synthesize carbon-based (nano)materials and as substrates or templates to produce carbon-containing (nano)composites. Being greener and more affordable, microbe-derived carbons (MDCs) offer good potential for energy applications. In this review, we describe the unique advantages of MDCs and outline the common procedures to prepare them. We also extensively discuss the energy applications of MDCs including their use as electrodes in supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries, and as electrocatalysts for processes such as oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, and hydrogen evolution reactions which are essential for fuel cell and water electrochemical splitting cells. Based on the literature trend and our group's expertise, we propose potential research directions for developing new types of MDCs. This review, therefore, provides the state-of-the-art of a new energy chemistry concept. We expect to stimulate future research on the applications of MDCs that may address energy and environmental challenges that our societies are facing.
We describe a four-probe electrical technique that enables real-time temperature monitoring of the carbon anode in a 53Ah lithium-ion rechargeable cell during charging and discharging. This technique uses only electrical contacts to the positive and negative terminals of the cell, eliminating the need to insert temperature sensors inside the cell. Our method is based on the intrinsic relationship of anode temperature with phase shift between an applied sinusoidal current and the resulting voltage, valid within the 5% and 95% range of the state-of-charge (SoC) of the cell. Using this technique, we demonstrate that the anode temperature (T anode ) can deviate from the temperature measured at the outside surface (T surf ) of the cell during charge and discharge. Additionally, we show that anode temperature is primarily determined by entropy change at the anode or by resistive impedance of the anode, depending on the environment temperature (T env ).
A rural forested site was selected to measure Al, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and V (soluble and insoluble fractions), and the major inorganic ions Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg2+, NH4 +, H+, Cl−, NO3 − and SO4 2−. A total of 44 samples were collected during the rain seasons of 2001–02. Trace metals were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy with a graphite furnace accessory. As for ion analysis a Perkin Elmer liquid chromatograph was used. The volume-weighted mean concentration (VWMC) results indicated that highest concentration was that of aluminum followed in decreasing order by Mn, V, Pb, Cr and Cd. Solubilities were calculated in rain samples at pH<5 and pH>5, solubilities at pH<5 were higher than the solubilities at pH>5, as it has been reported by other authors. The rains from Rancho Viejo had a pH of 4.5 indicating an acid nature. Comparing the VWMC of Ca2+ (7.79μeql−1) with NH4 + (46.36μeql−1), indicated that the NH4 + was the main neutralizing compound. The scatter plots showed that the acidity of rain was due mainly to H2SO4 plus HNO3 (55% and 22.7%, respectively). Backward trajectories using the NOAA HYSPLIT Model were calculated at 3000m above mean sea level (AMSL) and indicated significant differences in the mean concentrations that depended on the wind direction. Good and positive correlations were found among all trace metals that indicate a common origin. Factor Statistical Analysis 6.4 was applied to all data to have a better knowledge of the origin of the trace metals in rainwater. To evaluate the contribution of non-crustal sources an enrichment factor was also applied.
Hybrid organic/inorganic films, composed of polyaniline (PANI) matrix and Prussian blue-like nickel hexacyanoferrate redox centers, showed reversible electrochromic behavior in acidic potassium salt electrolytes. The system's coloration properties were assessed from various spectroelectrochemical measurements including voltabsorptometry that involved monitoring of the time-derivative signal of absorbance at 700 and 410 nm as a function of linearly scanned potential. Gold-covered foil was used as a conductive, optically transparent, substrate onto which the composite film was electrodeposited by potential cycling in the mixture for modification consisting of aniline monomer, Ni2+, Fe(CN)6 3− and electrolyte containing K+ and H+ ions. An important feature of hybrid (composite) material was that its electrochromic properties were dominated by color changes occurring in the PANI component. Coloration originating from nickel hexacyanoferrate barely affected the system's electrochromic characteristics. But the cyanometallate redox centers distributed in the PANI matrix behaved reversibly as expected for a system capable of fast charge transport.