batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the formation, mission, and operation of the Ethics Advisory Board (EAB) established by PharmaSNPs to address its ethical issues. For PharmaSNPs to provide this set of tools and services, it had to perform some preliminary SNP collection and diagnostic work. This process involved collecting DNA samples for SNP detection from an ethnically and geographically diverse panel of individuals. PharmaSNPs' EAB was set up to be true to its title and strictly advisory, with a focus on the area of research and clinical practice, not on ethical questions related strictly to business activities. The company could disagree and choose not to move ahead with the EAB's recommendations. This helped shield the EAB members from liability, both for the advice they gave and the decisions the company ultimately took, making it much easier to attract members. The Chair drafted a constitution for the EAB. It was reviewed by another PharmaSNPs' ethics consultant, whom the Chair invited to join the EAB to tap her wealth of international and legal experience.
The vanadium oxide (VOx)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanocomposites were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The morphologies and structures of composites were characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM. The results indicated that the VOx/CNTs nanocomposites have a crossing network structure. The electrochemical cycling stability of the nanocomposites as cathodes could be improved with the increase of CNTs content. Specially, when the CNTs content was 20wt%, the initial discharge capacity of the nanocomposites was about 190mAh/g in 2.0–4.0V vs. Li+/Li, and the capacity could remain 93.1% after fiftieth cycle.
The reaction between lignin and the surface oxide layer on Pb plates was studied by dipping experiments in ultra pure water with lignin, anodic polarograms in sulfuric acid solution with or without lignin and also scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of the sample surface after anodic polarization. It is found that the lignin reacts with the surface oxide on the Pb plates in ultra pure water with lignin to reaction products containing Pb and the lignin and they grew preferentially at the interface between Pb and the surface oxide. The deposits formed on the surface suppress to passivate the Pb surface under sulfuric acid solution.
A negative bay-shaped anomaly in radon volume activity (VA Rn) with an advance time of 10 days was recorded at a network of subsoil gas observing stations in the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii Test Site area before the Zhupanov earthquake (ZhE) of January 30, 2016 whose magnitude was 7.2 and the depth of focus was equal to 177 km. The anomaly was simultaneous with a positive anomaly in the concentration of molecular hydrogen. After a lapse of 98 hours after the ZhE, a sharp increase in VA Rn was recorded by gas-discharge counters at the INS site installed in a well. The increase lasted approximately 2 days and is treated as a postseismic effect in the subsoil radon field. This disturbance was followed by two periods (February 5 through 19 and February 23 to March 15) of “high-frequency” oscillations at frequencies of 0.3–6 day–1. These are thought to have been due to self-excited processes in the annular space. The oscillations are separated by a disturbance that is interpreted as a precursory anomaly before the magnitude 6.4 March 20, 2016 earthquake that occurred at a distance of ~300 km from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii. The precursory anomaly before the March 20 earthquake is believed to have been due to a high strain sensitivity of the hydrogeological system due to a change in the state of stress and strain in the earth after the ZhE whose epicenter was 100 km from the recording site.
An investigation is made of the high-rate capability (up to 10C) of all-solid-state thin-film lithium batteries that comprise of Li/LiPON/LiCoO2 on a flexible substrate, as well as of the effect of high-rate cycling on the structure of these batteries. Raman spectroscopic analysis results reveal that an increase in the rate promotes film orientation of the LiCoO2 cathode with (101)/(104) planes and limited lithium intercalation and deintercalation within the layered hexagonal structure without a phase transition to monoclinic. Although with high-rate cycling the LiCoO2 columnar grains tend to aggregate and lose grain orientation, as observed by scanning electron microscopic imaging, the film morphology is efficiently preserved when there is exterior multilayered encapsulation on thin-film batteries. Encapsulated thin-film batteries at 10C show excellent capacity retention of 95% over 800 cycles, delivering>22μAhcm−2 μm−1. The data contribute to a basic understanding of the structure–rate performance relationship of all-solid-state battery systems.
A distinctive alteration of speech has been reported in patients suffering from ephedrone-induced parkinsonism. However, an objective assessment of dysarthria has not been performed in ephedrone users. We studied 28 young Caucasian men from Georgia with a previous history of ephedrone abuse and compared them to 25 age-matched healthy controls. Speech examination, brain MRI, and NNIPPS-Parkinson plus scale were performed in all patients. The accurate differential diagnosis of dysarthria subtypes was based on the quantitative acoustic analyses of 15 speech dimensions. We revealed a distinct variant of mixed dysarthria with a combination of hyperkinetic and hypokinetic components representing the altered motor programming of dystonia and bradykinesia in ephedrone-induced parkinsonism. According to acoustic analyses, all patients presented at least one affected speech dimension, whereas dysarthria was moderate in 43 % and severe in 36 % of patients. Further findings indicated relationships between motor subscores of dystonia and bradykinesia and speech components of loudness (r = −0.54, p < 0.01), articulation (r = 0.40, p < 0.05), and timing (r = −0.53, p < 0.01). In ephedrone-induced parkinsonism a prominent mixed hyperkinetic–hypokinetic dysarthria occurs that appears related to marked dystonia and bradykinesia and probably reflects manganese induced toxic and neurodegenerative damage to the globus pallidus internus and substantia nigra.
Platinum group elements (PGEs: Pt and Ir) and rare earth elements (REEs) were analyzed in rainwater samples collected in Seoul during the summer of 2008 to identify their sources and quantify their wet-deposition fluxes to the Earth’s surface environment. Major (Na, K, Mg, Ca, NH4 +, SO4 2−, NO3 −, Cl− and F−) and minor (Fe, Ba, Y and Hf) elements were also measured to facilitate interpretation. Evaluation of elemental correlations, crustal enrichment factors, Ir/Pt ratios and REE patterns indicated meteoric/volcanic sources for Pt and Ir and additional anthropogenic sources for Pt. REEs were predominantly of crustal origin. The relationship between concentrations and rainfall indicated that below-cloud scavenging (wash-out) was the main scavenging mechanism for most elements. The wet-deposition fluxes in Seoul were higher than those recorded in polar ice cores for Pt and Ir and were comparable to those from other rainwater studies of REEs in East Asia.
The present paper presents a new method for sizing and techno-economical optimization of an autonomous wind system. The main objective of the present study is to find the optimum size of system, able to accomplish the energy requirements of a given load distribution, for a specific site, and to analyze the impact of different parameters on the system size. Modeling of the autonomous wind system is considered as the first step in the optimal sizing procedure. In this paper, more accurate mathematical models for characterizing the main subsystems (wind generator and unit of storage) are proposed. Based on lack of energy to generate probability (LEGP), percentage of the surplus of energy produced (PSEP) and the cost of the kilowatt-hour produced (C kWh), the second step consists in optimizing the sizing of a system. A simulation software code has been developed to carry out the analysis for optimizing the size of the system. Also, a case study using the software code has been presented to determine the optimal system configuration used to satisfy the requirements of a typical residential home (5kWh/day) located in Sfax, Tunisia.
The electrochemical properties of the LiFePO4/C (LFP/C) and Li3V2(PO4)3/C (LVP/C) samples are investigated using Li-ion half cells at various low temperatures of 23, 0, −10 and −20°C in the electrolyte 1.0M LiPF6/EC+DMC (1:1w/w). In the voltage range of 2.5–4.3V at 0.3C rate, the LFP/C electrode shows a stable reversible discharge capacity of 45.4mAhg−1 at −20°C, which is 31.5% of the capacity obtained at 23°C. In the voltage range of 3.0–4.3V at 0.3C rate, the LVP/C electrode delivers a high stable reversible discharge capacity of 108.1mAhg−1 at −20°C, being 86.7% of the capacity at 23°C. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements illustrate that the resistance and cell polarization of LFP/C at various low temperatures are larger than those of LVP/C. In addition, using CV method, the apparent chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium ions ( D L i + app ) in LFP and LVP at various low temperatures are in the magnitude of 10−11 and 10−10 cm2 s−1, respectively, and the D L i + app decreasing rate of LFP as the temperature is much larger than LVP, meaning that the kinetics of the LFP electrode is relatively slow. The activation energies of LFP and LVP are calculated to be 47.48 and 6.57kJmol−1, respectively, which further indicates that the extraction/intercalation of Li+ in LVP is much easier than in LFP. The high reversible capacity of LVP/C at −20°C makes it an attractive cathode for low-temperature lithium ion batteries.
A mobile thermal battery is a new concept in renewable energy technologies and provides effective and innovative solutions for solar energy utilization in various applications. A thermal battery mimics a volumetric solar receiver, which uses phase change material and metallic meshes in the energy storing medium. In the present study, performance analysis of a mobile thermal battery is presented. LiNO3 is used as the phase change material and aluminum meshes are incorporated to enhance the heat diffusion inside the receiver. The concentrated solar heating is incorporated resembling the actual field data. In order to achieve uniform heating of the phase change material inside the receiver, the rotation of the receiver is introduced along its symmetry axis. It is found that the aluminum meshes improve the heat diffusion significantly and enhances the melting rate of the phase change material inside the receiver. This, in turn, minimizes the local excessive heating and early initiation of the phase change process inside the thermal battery. The rotation of the receiver reduces the maximum temperature of the working fluid through suppressing local excess heating. In addition, receiver rotation lowers the maximum and minimum temperature difference inside the receiver; however, with increasing rotational speed, a small delay is observed for the time completing the phase change process inside the receiver.
Highly crystallized perovskite-type NaFeF3 has been investigated as the cathode for sodium-ion batteries through the roll-quench method. In the charge–discharge measurement, the first discharge capacity was 197mAhg−1 at a rate of 0.076mAcm−2 between 1.5V and 4.5V. Reversible Fe2+/Fe3+ redox reaction on cycle was confirmed by XPS. The ex situ XRD measurements for charged or discharged NaFeF3 pellets revealed the reversible vibration on cycle, due to the structure strength and flexibility of the corner-sharing matrix. The peak intensities of (112) and (004) were changed with accompanying insertion/extraction of sodium, suggesting the extracted sodium has returned to the original 4c site on discharge.
We evaluated the therapeutic effects of non-pharmacological interventions (cognitive training, physical activity, and non-invasive brain stimulation) on cognitive symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. A comprehensive literature search for non-pharmacological intervention randomized controlled trials was performed and effect sizes were calculated for each suitable study intervention approach and cognitive domain. Despite the heterogeneity of the study results, we report level B evidence for the probable efficacy of cognitive training in improving or maintaining attention/working memory and memory domains. Level C (possible efficacy) evidence was found for specific physical training types with respect to enhancing executive functions. Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques and combinatorial approaches show preliminary but promising results. Prediction markers evaluating distinct treatment responses should be identified that would help to choose the best candidates for specific treatment strategies and cognitive symptoms. Future directions and recommendations are discussed.
When lithium is intercalated into graphite in ethylene carbonate (EC) containing electrolytes, solvent co-intercalation leading to the exfoliation of the graphite structure could occur. The exfoliation can be suppressed if an efficient solid electrolyte interphase (SEI, a passivation layer) is formed. Here we study the role played by the active surface area (ASA) of graphite materials during their first electrochemical reduction. ASA (related to the presence of defects at the carbon surface) appears as a critical graphite surface parameter influencing the surface passivation mechanism and the graphite exfoliation. The ASA of TIMREX® SLX50 synthetic graphite was modified by thermal treatment in argon and air. The electrochemical performance was characterized in 1M LiPF6, EC:DMC electrolyte and post mortem analyses were performed by SEM imaging. It turned out that a decrease of the graphite ASA, i.e., an increase of the graphite structural order, hinders the formation of the passivation layer and favors the exfoliation process. In contrast, the exfoliation of the same graphite can be suppressed if its ASA is increased for example by air treatment. The ASA of the graphite kinetically controls the formation of an efficient SEI film and accordingly the irreversible charge loss is much lower in the case of graphite with a high ASA value.
Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is rare neurodegenerative dementia, clinically characterized by a progressive decline in higher-visual object and space processing. After a brief review of the literature on the neuroimaging in PCA, here we present a study of the brain structural connectivity in a patient with PCA and progressive isolated visual and visuo-motor signs. Clinical and cognitive data were acquired in a 58-years-old patient (woman, right-handed, disease duration 18 months). Brain structural and diffusion tensor (DT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) were obtained. A voxel-based morphometry (VBM) study was performed to explore the pattern of gray matter (GM) atrophy, and a fully automatic segmentation was assessed to obtain the hippocampal volumes. DT MRI-based tractography was used to assess the integrity of long-range white matter (WM) pathways in the patient and in six sex- and age-matched healthy subjects. This PCA patient had a clinical syndrome characterized by left visual neglect, optic ataxia, and left limb apraxia, as well as mild visuo-spatial episodic memory impairment. VBM study showed bilateral posterior GM atrophy with right predominance; DT MRI tractography demonstrated WM damage to the right hemisphere only, including the superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculi and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, as compared to age-matched controls. The homologous left-hemisphere tracts were spared. No difference was found between left and right hippocampal volumes. These data suggest that selective visuo-spatial deficits typical of PCA might not result from cortical damage alone, but by a right-lateralized network-level dysfunction including WM damage along the major visual pathways.
Nowadays, there is an increased interest in using computer games for educational purposes. Educational computer games attempt to increase the students’ motivation and engagement. However, they should provide adaptivity to learners’ different needs and characteristics for better educational results. Towards this direction, this paper presents a novel adaptive educational game named FuzzEG, which teaches the knowledge domain of HTML programming language. It uses fuzzy sets to represent the learner’s knowledge level more realistically. Taking into consideration the learner’s progress, the game decides about the level of difficulty of the quizzes and whether the scenario is going to be dynamically expanded or not. The gain of this is that it provides the learner with a personalised learning and gaming experience. The game has been evaluated, and the results are very encouraging.
The development of hybrid electric two wheelers in recent years has targeted the reduction of on road emissions produced by these vehicles. However, added cost and complexity have resulted in the failure of these systems to meet consumer expectations. This paper presents a comparative study of the energy economy and essential costs of alternative forms of small two wheelers such as scooters or low capacity motorcycles. This includes conventional, hybrid, plug-in hybrid and electric variants. Through simulations of vehicle driving range using two popular driving cycles it is demonstrated that there is considerable benefit in fuel economy realised by hybridising such vehicles. However, the added costs associated with electrification, i.e. motor/generator, power electronics, and energy storage provide a significant cost obstacle to the purchase of such vehicles. Only the pure electric configuration is demonstrated to be cost effective over its life in comparison to conventional two wheelers. Both the hybrid electric and plug-in equivalents must overcome significant upfront costs to be cost competitive with conventional vehicles. This is demonstrated to be achieved if the annual driving range of the vehicle is increased substantially from the assumed mean. Given the shorter distances travelled by most two wheeler drivers it can therefore be concluded that the development of similar hybrid electric vehicles are unlikely to achieve the desired acceptance that pure electric or conventional equivalents currently achieve.
Nanostructured Co x Ni1−x (OH)2 (x = 0, 0.053, 0.068, 0.116, 0.192) composites are synthesized via a simple template-free growth process onto nickel foam by using a mixed aqueous solution of nickel nitrate, cobalt nitrate and ammonia. Their structure and surface morphology are characterized by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The SEM images show changes in the microstructure of β-Ni(OH)2 by the doping of cobalt. The effects of cobalt content on the electrochemical behaviors of β-Ni(OH)2 are investigated by cyclic voltammetries, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the Co0.116Ni0.884(OH)2 composite electrode exhibits a drastic improvement in the capacitive characteristics of β-Ni(OH)2 with a specific capacitance increase from 386.4 to 1082.6 F g−1 at a high discharging current density of 6 A g−1. This work suggests that the as-prepared Co0.116Ni0.884(OH)2 composite electrode has a promising future as higher charging/discharging rate materials for pseudo-supercapacitors.
2,2-Dimethoxy-propane (DMP) was studied as an additive in 1moldm−3 LiPF6 ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate (1:1, w/w) for lithium-ion battery, which was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and half cell tests. Cyclic voltammetry and half cell data show that the use of DMP as an additive to the organic solutions at very low level (ca. 0.005wt%) offers the advantage of forming fully developed passive films on the graphite anode surface. The electrochemical performance of the additive-containing electrolytes in combination with LiCoO2 cathode and graphitic anode was also tested in commercial cells 103448. The results reveal that the cyclic life test and storage performance at high temperature (ca. 60°C) in electrolyte with DMP additive was better than that in an electrolyte without additive. Therefore, DMP can be considered as a desirable additive in electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries operating at high temperature, ca. 60°C.
Lithium pre-doping of graphite anode is a key process to achieve high energy density lithium-ion capacitor. In this study, in situ synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering examinations directly revealed that the direct contact (DC) method, simply achieved through direct physical contact between graphite electrode and sacrificial lithium metal in electrolyte, provides much faster phase transformation from stage 1ʹ to stage 1 than conventional electronic charger (EC) and external short circuit (ESC) methods at the same doping time level. The observations indicate that DC method achieves faster pre-lithiation rate of graphite electrode than EC and ESC processes.
A future widespread application of electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies strongly depends on the substitution of precious metal-based electrocatalysts for the high-overpotential oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions. We report a novel Co/Co–Fe nanoparticles/N-doped carbon composite electrocatalyst (Co/CoxFey/NC) obtained by pyrolysis of CoFe layered double hydroxide (CoFe LDH) embedded in a film of a bisphenol A and tetraethylenepentamine-based polybenzoxazine poly(BA-tepa). During pyrolysis poly(BA-tepa) forms a highly conductive nitrogen-doped carbon matrix encapsulating Co/Co–Fe nanoparticles, thereby circumventing the need of any additional binder material and conductive additives. Optimization with respect to pyrolysis temperature, the CoFe LDH/BA-tepa ratio, as well as of the gas atmosphere used during the thermal treatment was performed. The optimized Co/CoxFey/NC composite material catalyst exhibits remarkable bifunctional activity towards oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions in 0.1 M KOH represented by a potential difference of only 0.77 V between the potentials at which current densities of −1 mA cm−2 for the ORR and 10 mA cm−2 for the OER were recorded. Moreover, the Co/CoxFey/NC composite material pyrolyzed in ammonia atmosphere exhibits promising stability during both the ORR and the OER.
Cu-modified Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) with various Cu-doping contents was prepared via simple hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate in the water solution of LiOH·H2O and Cu(NO3)2 ·3H2O, followed by sintering the dried mixture at 600°C for 5h. By virtue of the slightly increased lattice constant, refined grains with relatively large surface area, improved electronic and ionic conductivities, the modified products exhibit excellent long-term cycling stability at a high current rate of 10C and outstanding rate performance at 0.1–40C. Particularly, the product with a Cu-doping content of 0.08 demonstrates prominent long-term cycling performance up to 2500 cycles at 10C and superior capacity retention even at 10–40C. The Cu-modified LTO could be used as efficient anode materials for long-life and high-rate lithium ion batteries.