batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Tools to assess time-location patterns related to environmental exposures have expanded from reliance on time-location diaries (TLDs) and questionnaires to use of geospatial location devices such as data-logging Global Positioning System (GPS) equipment. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution obtained typical time-location patterns via questionnaire for 6424 adults in six US cities. At a later time (mean 4.6 years after questionnaire), a subset (n=128) participated in high-resolution data collection for specific 2-week periods resulting in concurrent GPS and detailed TLD data, which were aggregated to estimate time spent in various microenvironments. During these 2-week periods, participants were observed to spend the most time at home indoors (mean of 78%) and a small proportion of time in-vehicle (mean of 4%). Similar overall patterns were reported by these participants on the prior questionnaire (mean home indoors: 75%; mean in-vehicle: 4%). However, individual micro-environmental time estimates measured over specific 2-week periods were not highly correlated with an individual’s questionnaire report of typical behavior (Spearman’s ρ of 0.43 for home indoors and 0.39 for in-vehicle). Although questionnaire data about typical time-location patterns can inform interpretation of long-term epidemiological analyses and risk assessment, they may not reliably represent an individual’s short-term experience.
A thorough study of a unique aluminum (Al)-air battery utilizing a pure Al anode, an air cathode, and hydrophilic room temperature ionic liquid electrolyte 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium oligofluorohydrogenate [EMIm(HF)2.3F] is reported. The effects of various operation conditions, both at open circuit potential and under discharge modes, on the battery components were discussed. A variety of techniques were utilized to investigate and study the interfaces and processes involved, including electrochemical studies, electron microscopy, spectroscopy and diffraction. As a result of this intensive study, the upon-operation voltage drop (“dip”) obstacle, occurring in the initial stages of the Al-air battery discharge, has been resolved. In addition, the interaction of the Al anode with oligofluorohydrogenate electrolyte forms an Al-O-F layer on the Al surface, which allows both activation and low corrosion rates of the Al anode. The evolution of this layer has been studied via impedance spectroscopy genetic programming enabling a unique model of the Al-air battery.
Several neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are caused by mutations in genes expressed in fetal brain, but little is known about these same genes in adult human brain. Here, we test the hypothesis that genes associated with NDDs continue to have a role in adult human brain to explore the idea that NDD symptoms may be partially a result of their adult function rather than just their neurodevelopmental function. To demonstrate adult brain function, we performed expression analyses and ChIPseq in human neural stem cell(NSC) lines at different developmental stages and adult human brain, targeting two genes associated with NDDs, SATB2 and EHMT1, and the WNT signaling gene TCF7L2, which has not been associated with NDDs. Analysis of DNA interaction sites in neural stem cells reveals high (40–50 %) overlap between proliferating and differentiating cells for each gene in temporal space. Studies in adult brain demonstrate that consensus sites are similar to NSCs but occur at different genomic locations. We also performed expression analyses using BrainSpan data for NDD-associated genes SATB2, EHMT1, FMR1, MECP2, MBD5, CTNND2, RAI1, CHD8, GRIN2A, GRIN2B, TCF4, SCN2A, and DYRK1A and find high expression of these genes in adult brain, at least comparable to developing human brain, confirming that genes associated with NDDs likely have a role in adult tissue. Adult function of genes associated with NDDs might be important in clinical disease presentation and may be suitable targets for therapeutic intervention.
Metal combustion is currently under discussion as a possible basis for a closed energy loop. One potential metal with several benefits for such a process is lithium. While the reaction products in conventional combustion processes are gaseous, the reaction products of lithium combustion are solid (Li2CO3, Li2O) and, hence, easy to capture and to recycle. The current paper describes the lay-out and optimization of a 100 MWth lithium slag tap furnace by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using CO2 as oxidizer for the lithium. ANSYS Fluent has been extended by two lithium combustion models developed by the authors. The first reference model is one-step model directly converting Li to Li2CO3, neglecting the intermediate species Li2O. The second extended model is a two-step model considering Li2O as intermediate species. Simulations were carried out using a fixed geometry of the slag tab, varying the injection angle of gas and lithium spray and the CO2-Li ratio with respect to the lithium conversion level and lithium product capture efficiency. The simulations show that a high capture efficiency of lithium combustion products is possible when a large injection angle is used. The conversion level is highly dependent on injection angle, CO2-Li ratio and the Li combustion model used. While the conversion level of the reference model is inherently limited and lies between 84 and 87.6%, the extended model predicts significantly higher conversion levels in the order of 96.7–99.2% which would be needed for industrial application.
The nickel hydroxide electrode is used as the positive plate of many rechargeable battery systems such as the nickel/cadmium, nickel/hydrogen, and nickel/metal hydrides. The electrochemical energy storage in the nickel hydroxide electrodes is related to the reversible characteristics of the redox couple nickel hydroxide/ox hydroxide. In the present work we describe the use of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique as a tool to characterize the dynamic behaviour of nickel hydroxide electrodes at different states of discharge (SOD) in KOH 7M electrolytic solutions. The parameter identification procedure allows the estimation of the active area per unit volume, the solution conductivity as well as diffusion and kinetic constants related to the process, that represent very important parameters to evaluate the electrode performance.
The novel thermal–chemical activation method is proposed to prepare the graphite felt with highly functionalized surface and enhanced active surface area, to be used as the positive half-cell electrode for the vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). The prescribed treatment consists of boiling the felt within K2Cr2O7 solution in 5 M H2SO4, at different temperatures and time durations. It is time efficient, effective and durable. The cyclic voltammetry analysis enable to optimize the operating conditions i.e. boiling at 140 °C for 2 h. The activation treatment creates different surface oxygen functional groups, as characterized by FTIR, that act as catalytic sites toward the positive half-cell redox couple reaction (VO2+⇌VO2 +). Moreover, the improvement of various other properties of the graphite felt, resulted due to activation are also quantified, such as the surface roughness of fibers, the wettability toward electrolyte, the adsorption affinity against the vanadium and the surface energy of the graphite felt. The improved reversibility of VO2+/VO2 + redox couple reaction against graphite felt is also evaluated and confirmed by the increase of intrinsic heterogeneous electronic transfer constant by 2.2 and 5.5 folds for the oxidation and reduction reactions, respectively. The performance evaluation of electrode at stack level by charge–discharge cycles, shows the improvement of the voltage efficiency and faradaic yield, as well as, the consistency of the performance over three cycles (∼16 h).
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is currently in clinical study for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, preclinical investigations are required to better understand AD-relevant outcomes of IVIg treatment and develop replacement therapies in case of unsustainable supply.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has become a potential anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) by showing decent cell performance but it suffers poor electronic conductivity and large volume expansion during sodiation. Here we design a nanocomposite with hollow nitrogen doped carbon and polypyrrole modified MoS2 for improving the performance for SIBs. The designed nanocomposite shows a much-improved electronic conductivity and the design of the architecture provides sufficient channels for mass transport and accommodates large volume change. This C@MoS2@PPy anode delivers a high specific capacity of 713 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 for 100 cycles, and an excellent rate capacity of 294 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 for 500 cycles. This specific architecture of C@MoS2@PPy could guide the future design of the electrode material in SIBs and its superior electrochemical performance indicates the great potential application for SIBs.
Finding an alternative to glass fiber (GF) separators is a crucial factor for the fast commercialization of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), because GF separators are too thick for use in SIBs, thereby decreasing the volumetric and gravimetric energy density. Here we propose a microporous composite separator prepared by introducing a polymeric coating layer of polyvinylidene fluoride–hexafluoropropylene (PVdF-HFP co-polymer) with ZrO2 nanoparticles to a polyethylene (PE) separator. The coated separator efficiently enhances the cell performance of SIBs. The ZrO2 nanoparticles, finely dispersed on the polymeric coating layer, induce the formation of many micropores on the polymeric coating layer, suggesting that micropore formation on the coating layer renders the composite separator more open in structure. An ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate liquid electrolyte for SIBs is not absorbed by PE separators even after 1 h of electrolyte droplet testing, while the proposed separator with many micropores is completely wetted by the electrolyte. Sodium ion migration across the composite separator is therefore effectively enhanced by the formation of ion transfer pathways, which improve ionic conductivity. As a result, the microporous composite separator affords stable cycle performances and excellent specific capacity retention (95.8%) after 50 cycles, comparable to those offered by a SIB with a GF separator.
We are witnessing an unprecedented expansion of Internet of Things ( IoT ) market, whose nodes are already outnumbering human population several times. Despite the huge popularity of IoT , its further expansion is slowed down by a lack of viable power supply methods capable to replace wires or batteries. Due to IoT demand for alternative supply, energy harvesting ( EH ) gathers attention from scientific groups all around the world. In particular, thermoelectricity ( TE ) seems to be a natural and intuitive candidate for IoT owing to magnitude and omnipresence of heat losses and amenability to direct, vibrationless, noiseless and reliable conversion. This review provides up-to-date comparison and evaluation of a recent progress in the field of thermoelectricity, resulting primarily from multidisciplinary optimization of materials, topologies and controlling circuitry. The improvement in materials integrates two trends: nanostructural modulation of pre-existing, conventional thermoelectric materials and synthesis of novel ones. Regarding topology, TE responds better and better to miniaturization trend of semiconductor industry, driven by miniaturization trend, by proposing alternatives to conventional π-type topology. And finally, recently developed controlling circuits consume extremely low power while idle, exhibit above-90% efficiency and start-up with ultra-low input voltages. Combined, these improvements position TE closer to marketization than ever before.
Objective To determine the influence of cognitive functioning on gait recovery after total hip arthroplasty. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Rehabilitation hospital. Participants Patients (N=40) who underwent a total hip arthroplasty, with normal cognitive functioning and without any other relevant medical condition, were recruited and studied before surgery and at the beginning and the end of the rehabilitation program. Main Outcome Measures Gait speed (10-Meter Walk Test [10MWT]) and gait functional mobility (Timed Up and Go [TUG] test), measured at the time of discharge from the rehabilitation unit, were the primary outcomes. The candidate predictors were the cognitive and psychological variables collected in the presurgery phase, together with other potentially informative measures such as age, education, perceived pain, body mass index, presurgical gait speed and functional mobility. Results Our results suggest the existence of a direct relationship between cognitive functioning, with specific reference to high-level frontal executive functions, and the postoperative gait progress: the better the cognitive functioning in the preoperative phase, the better the course of recovery in terms of gait speed and functional mobility. In particular, the performance of the Frontal Assessment Battery test, together with age, perceived pain. Presurgical gait speed and functional mobility, was the best predictor of recovery of walking measured by 10MWT and TUG. Conclusions The present study highlights the importance of cognitive functioning, together with clinical and demographic features, in the postsurgical recovery of walking, even in the absence of cognitive decline. In particular, these data show the crucial role of higher-order cognitive processes, such as executive functions, involved in the formulation of motor plans and their integration with proprioceptive and visual cues.
The determinants that underlie a healthy or unhealthy pregnancy are complex and not well understood. We assess the relationship between the built environment and maternal psychosocial status using directly observed residential neighborhood characteristics (housing damage, property disorder, tenure status, vacancy, security measures, violent crime, and nuisances) and a wide range of psychosocial attributes (interpersonal support evaluation list, self-efficacy, John Henryism active coping, negative partner support, Perceived Stress Scale, perceived racism, Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression) on a pregnant cohort of women living in the urban core of Durham, NC, USA. We found some associations between built environment characteristic and psychosocial health varied by exposure categorization approach, while others (residence in environments with more rental property is associated with higher reported active coping and negative partner support) were consistent across exposure categorizations. This study outlines specific neighborhood characteristics that are modifiable risk markers and therefore important targets for increased research and public health intervention.
A facile single step preparation method of fluorinated MWCNTs and metal ion co-doped gadolinium-doped ceria composite is reported. The fluorination was carried out by hydrothermal method using NaF as a fluorinating agent. Fluorination was confirmed by XPS and powder XRD with representative example F-MWCNT-CeO2−x-Ag. The presence of 21.53 wt% or 18.72 at.% of fluoride was confirmed by EDX mapping along with 12.9 wt% or 1.52 at.% of ceria. Its utilisation in non-gassing electroosmotic pump is reported along with other material like F-MWCNT-CeO2, F-MWCNT-CeO2−x-Pt; F-MWCNT-CeO2−x-Mn and F-MWCNT-CeO2-H2O2. The pump with silver doping showed best performance with 36 μL min−1 cm−2 electroosmotic flux of water. The evaluation of electroosmotic flux in different electrolyte solutions of same concentration follow the trend of hydrated size of ions H+ > Li+ > Na+ > K+. The stability of the pump was evaluated by continuous operation of the pump. The pump was stable till 90% coulombic capacity consumed. To assess the practical utility like use in insulin pump; the assembled electroosmotic pump was operated for five minutes three times a day to mimic the insulin delivery associated with meals. The pump was stable for 200 h within 10% of error suggesting its efficient practical utility.
Ensuring safety during operation is a major issue in the development of lithium-ion batteries. Coating the electrode current collector with thermoresponsive polymer composites is now shown to rapidly shut the battery down when it overheats, and to quickly resume its function when normal operating conditions return.
A graphene composite with potassium-doped FeO nanoparticles (K-FeO/graphene) is synthesized by the thermal diffusion of potassium into Fe2O3/graphene using polyol reduction. This is applied as anode material in lithium ion batteries in order to enhance the electrochemical performance of conventional iron oxides (hematite or magnetite). Rhombohedral Fe2O3 crystals are transformed into face-centered cubic FeO crystals, which show a broad d-spacing (5.2 Å) between their (111) crystal planes, by the calcination of potassium-added Fe2O3/graphene. Because of its structural characteristics, the K-FeO/graphene composite demonstrates an excellent discharge capacity of 1776 mA h g−1 at the 50th cycle at a current of 100 mA h g−1 with stable capacity retention. Even with the very high current density of 18.56 A g−1, its capacity remains at 851 mA h g−1 after 800 cycles.
Amorphous and crystalline Zn2GeO4 nanoparticles were prepared and characterized as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. A higher reversible specific capacity of 1250mAh/g after 500 cycles and excellent rate capability were obtained for amorphous Zn2GeO4 nanoparticles, compared to that of crystalline Zn2GeO4 nanoparticles. Small particle size, amorphous phase and incorporation of zinc and oxygen contribute synergetically to the improved performance by effectively mitigating the huge volume variations during lithiation and delithiation process.
Despite having the capability of achieving high energy densities, Li–O2 batteries still suffer from many inherent disadvantages such as electrolyte stability, sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction/evolution reactions in the aprotic environment and electrodes stability. Our research demonstrates by combining electrochemical and analytical techniques that the performances of Li–O2 batteries based on LiTFSI-Tetraglyme electrolyte and Au-coated carbon electrodes are manly hindered by the instability of the lithium metal anode in the oxygen-saturated environment. Although the Au-coated carbon electrodes are able to minimize side reactions arising from electrolyte decomposition, oxygen crossover on the lithium metal results in the formation of decomposition products (LiOH, Li2CO3) that are clearly detrimental for the battery performance. Finally it is demonstrated that the Au-coated carbon electrodes in combination with the LiTFSI-Tetraglyme electrolyte can sustain extended cycling (100 cycles) when a more stable source of Li-ion, namely lithium iron phosphate (LFP), is used.
Objective Letter-speech sound integration in fluent readers takes place automatically and is dependent on temporal synchrony between letters and sounds. In developmental dyslexia, however, letter-speech sound associations are hard to learn, compromising accurate and fluent reading. We studied the effect of printed text on processing speech sounds in dyslexic and fluent adult readers. Methods Visual stimuli were presented with sequences of spoken syllables including vowel or consonant changes, or changes in syllable intensity, frequency, or vowel duration. As visual material, written syllables or their scrambled images were used. The auditory stimuli were presented either synchronously with the visual stimuli or time delayed. The mismatch negativity (MMN), an index of automatic neural change detection, was recorded. Results MMN amplitudes were larger to syllable changes in combination with written syllables than with scrambled images in fluent readers. However, dyslexic readers showed no difference between syllables vs. scrambled image condition. Furthermore, MMNs to consonant and frequency changes peaked later in dyslexic than fluent readers. Conclusions Our results suggest deficient and sluggish audiovisual integration in dyslexic individuals, which is not dependent on the phonological relevance of the deviant type. Significance Unlike previous studies, our study included several different types of syllable changes presented with concurrent print, enabling us to determine in more detail the nature of the audiovisual deficit in dyslexia.
The limited resources and uneven distribution of lithium stimulate strong motivation to develop new rechargeable batteries that use alternative charge carriers. Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are at the top of the list of alternatives because of the abundant raw materials and relatively high energy density, fast ion transport kinetics in the electrolyte, and low cost. However, several challenges still hinder the development of PIBs, such as low reversible capacity, poor rate performance, and inferior cycling stability. Research on the cathode is currently focused on developing materials with high energy density and cycling stability, mainly including layered transition metal oxides, polyanion compounds, organic compounds, etc. Anodes based on intercalation reactions, conversion reactions, and alloying with potassium are currently under development, and promising results have been published. This review comprehensively summarizes the research effort to date on the electrode material optimization (e.g., crystals, morphology, reaction mechanisms, and interface control), the synthesis methods, and the full cell fabrication for PIBs to enhance the electrochemical potassium storage and provide a platform for further development in this battery system.
Objectives To determine whether the ergogenic effects of caffeine ingestion on neuromuscular performance are similar when ingestion takes place in the morning and in the afternoon. Design Double blind, cross-over, randomized, placebo controlled design. Methods Thirteen resistance-trained males carried out bench press and full squat exercises against four incremental loads (25%, 50%, 75% and 90% 1RM), at maximal velocity. Trials took place 60min after ingesting either 6mgkg−1 of caffeine or placebo. Two trials took place in the morning (AMPLAC and AMCAFF) and two in the afternoon (PMPLAC and PMCAFF), all separated by 36–48h. Tympanic temperature, plasma caffeine concentration and side-effects were measured. Results Plasma caffeine increased similarly during AMCAFF and PMCAFF. Tympanic temperature was lower in the mornings without caffeine effects (36.7±0.4 vs. 37.0±0.5°C for AM vs. PM; p <0.05). AMCAFF increased propulsive velocity above AMPLAC to levels similar to those found in the PM trials for the 25%, 50%, 75% 1RM loads in the SQ exercise (5.4–8.1%; p <0.05). However, in the PM trials, caffeine ingestion did not improve propulsive velocity at any load during BP or SQ. The negative side effects of caffeine were more prevalent in the afternoon trials (13 vs. 26%). Conclusions The ingestion of a moderate dose of caffeine counteracts the muscle contraction velocity declines observed in the morning against a wide range of loads. Caffeine effects are more evident in the lower body musculature. Evening caffeine ingestion not only has little effect on neuromuscular performance, but increases the rate of negative side-effects reported.