batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Li4Ti5O12/TiN nanocomposites are fabricated through high-energy ball-milling of the mixture of spinel lithium titanate and TiN powder with different mass ratios of 100:1, 100:2, 100:4, and 100:8 (resultant nanocomposites are denoted as LTO–TiN-1B, LTO–TiN-2B, LTO–TiN-4B, and LTO–TiN-8B). All ball-milled samples exhibit markedly improved electrochemical properties than pristine Li4Ti5O12. Particularly, LTO–TiN-2B electrode has a high capacity of 130 mA h g−1 at a charge/discharge rate of 20C and the capacity retention was 85% after 1000 cycles at 10C, showing the best electrochemical performance and great potential as an anode material for high-rate lithium-ion batteries. The transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction results indicate that amorphous TiN is generated on the surface of LTO. The improved electrochemical performance may be attributed to TiN which can significantly enhance the electronic conductivity of the nanocomposites.
The recalcitrance of negative symptoms in the face of pharmacologic treatment has spurred interest in understanding the psychological factors that contribute to their formation and persistence. Accordingly, this study investigated whether deficits in metacognition, or the ability to form integrated ideas about oneself, others, and the world, prospectively predicted levels of negative symptoms independent of deficits in neurocognition, affect recognition and defeatist beliefs. Participants were 53 adults with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Prior to entry into a rehabilitation program, all participants completed concurrent assessments of metacognition with the Metacognitive Assessment Scale—Abbreviated, negative symptoms with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, neurocognition with the MATRICS battery, affect recognition with the Bell Lysaker Emotion Recognition Task, and one form of defeatist beliefs with the Recovery Assessment Scale. Negative symptoms were then reassessed one week, 9weeks, and 17weeks after entry into the program. A mixed effects regression model revealed that after controlling for baseline negative symptoms, a general index of neurocognition, defeatist beliefs and capacity for affect recognition, lower levels of metacognition predicted higher levels of negative symptoms across all subsequent time points. Poorer metacognition was able to predict later levels of elevated negative symptoms even after controlling for initial levels of negative symptoms. Results may suggest that metacognitive deficits are a risk factor for elevated levels of negative symptoms in the future. Clinical implications are also discussed.
Lithium phosphorus oxynitride (Lipon) films have been synthesized by a plasma-assisted directed vapor deposition (PA-DVD) approach. In this approach, a hollow cathode technique was used to create an argon plasma through which was propagated an electron-beam generated Li3PO4 vapor entrained in a N2-doped helium gas jet. Without plasma assistance, amorphous, mud cracked and highly porous Li3PO4 films were formed. When plasma-assistance was used, nitrogen was incorporated creating a Lipon film whose composition, morphology, structure, and deposition rate could be manipulated by modifying the substrate bias. Films with spiral or very smooth surfaces could be made in this way. Fully amorphous films or films with locally crystallized regions in an amorphous matrix could be synthesized by varying the bias voltage. The presence of these local regions of crystallinity within a Lipon film decreased the Li-ion conductivities from the 10−7 Scm−1 to 10−10 Scm−1 range.
A definitive diagnosis of zygomycosis caused by Mucorales can be made by histopathological examination with or without isolation of the fungus from the same site. Histopathological examination of the tissues affected typically shows characteristic broad, hyaline, ribbon-like, irregular fungal hyphae with wide-angle branching, accompanied by tissue necrosis and angioinvasion of the fungi. Tissue invasion by the fungal hyphae as seen by microscopy is essential to establish the diagnosis. Fungal elements can be stained with Gomori methenamine-silver, periodic acid-Schiff or Calcoflour white stain. All Mucorales grow rapidly on most fungal media such as Sabouraud dextrose agar incubated at 25–30 °C. Mucorales from a sterile site or repeated positive cultures of the fungi from a non-sterile site are considered significant in a high-risk patient with predisposing factors for acquisition of zygomycosis. Positive cultures from non-sterile specimens should be interpreted with caution and will require correlation between the finding and the clinical situation.
Energy saving power amplifier design methodologies are gaining increasing momentum in the exponential growth of wireless communications due to the demand of high data rates. The demand in high data rates bottlenecks linear transmission specifications for the power amplifier, thus mandates the device to drain more battery energy. In other words, the efficiency of the PA degrades significantly. The improvement in PA׳s overall efficiency is possible with the innovation of various circuit topology, which has paved the path to reduce the overall battery energy consumption. In this paper, these techniques are reviewed, explicitly. Also reviewed are recent reported works which attempts low voltage headroom implementation in complementing the reduction of battery energy consumption and design cost through the use of Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) process.
A series of Li x CoPO4 (x =0.90, 0.95, 1, 1.05) compounds with different lithium content in the starting compositions were prepared by the sol–gel method. The phase identification was carried out by X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction. The structure, atom positions, and occupancies were characterized by neutron diffraction. The morphology of Li x CoPO4 (x =0.90, 0.95, 1, 1.05) was examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical analysis indicated that Li0.95CoPO4 presented the highest discharge capacity at various current densities among all the different x value compounds. The Li0.95CoPO4 showed better cycling stability and coulombic efficiency in the room temperature ionic liquid electrolyte ([C3mpyr][NTf2] containing 1M LiNTf2) at various current densities in the voltage range of 3.5–5.0V than in the conventional electrolyte (1M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate:diethyl carbonate).
Recent work has examined behavioral reactivity associated with personal awareness of electronic sensors monitoring the use of environmental health products, including cookstoves. These studies suggest that sensors could be used as behavior change tools.
Semiconductor based photocatalytic technology has attracted substantial research attention based on its potential to overcome environmental and energy crisis. The conventional photocatalysts with their issues such as rapid charge recombination are considered unfavorable candidates for practical applications. Herein, a novel direct Z-scheme based photocatalyst composed of Bi2O3/Bi2MoO6 hetrojunction is proposed for efficient photo-degradation of phenol and hydrogen (H2) production reaction. The hetrojunction comprises of ultra-thin (2D) Bi2O3 nanosheets, in-situ grown over 3D Bi2MoO6 microspheres via simple alkali treatment of Bi2MoO6 succeeded by air calcination step. The relative mass ratio of Bi2O3 and Bi2MoO6 could be fine-tuned by controlling the alkali dosage (i.e. NaOH or KOH). Unlike the conventional Bi2O3/Bi2MoO6 hetrojunction, the proposed catalyst follow a direct Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism which permits superior photocatalytic activity with 96.4% phenol degradation efficiency and high hydrogen evolution rate of 52 μmol·g−1 under visible light irradiation. The exuberant performance is accredited to the spatially separated redox charge carriers, excellent light harvesting capability and fast-charge transportation characteristics of the proposed photocatalyst. The present work serves as a primary pathway to design and develop efficient Bi2MoO6-based direct Z-scheme photocatalysts with promising applications in environmental remediation and solar fuel production.
Consumer acceptance of electric vehicles (EV) is considered one of the primary barriers to their widespread adoption, and paramount to this barrier is the negative perception of the higher initial purchase prices of EVs. This paper presents a comparative analysis on the costs of ownership of EVs and similar internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) under an assortment of cost scenarios focusing on the myriad of options and variables available to EV users. The study incorporates a 10-year analysis period and as such differing electricity and gasoline price forecasts are utilised. Elements of real data returned from an EV trial are used to inform the analysis. Additional factors include the allowance of incentives to EV users since most incentives have limited availability, the potential effects of battery replacement, long-term vehicle ownership costs, and the costs of electric fleet vehicles. The results show that EVs are already cost-competitive with ICEVs when considering the 10-year analysis period, but the extent to which EVs are competitive with ICEVs depends on a number of factors, and payback period analyses quantify the results. It is recommended that governments continue to provide incentives to EV consumers beyond current capacity limits, and significant funding should be designated to EV battery technology development.
In this study, size effect of NiO particles has been studied as the anode material of lithium ion battery. It is found that NiO nanoparticles synthesized in confined space of ordered mesoporous silica behave anomalous high capacity and higher energy efficiency than sub-micro-sized NiO does. The higher energy efficiency is resulted from the reduction of the hysteresis loop between charge and discharge voltage plateaus, the main drawback of conversion reaction-based metal oxide anode materials. The interesting behavior is proposed to be the reversible formation/dissolution of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers associated with 3-D porous, originally nanostructured NiO electrode that is able to remain stable during charge–discharge process.
Free-standing Co3O4 on nickel foam is synthesized by a simple hydrothermal route, using cobalt nitrate hexahydrate as the cobalt source, and urea as the precipitator. The effects of urea on the structural and electrochemical characteristics are investigated in detail. As the urea increased, the morphology of the free-standing Co3O4 turns from hexagonal nanosheets to nanoflakes, and finally turns to nanoflakes/nanowires hybrid structure. This hybrid structure is made up of ultrathin porous nanoflakes, and short nanowires anchored at the edge of the nanoflakes, which may enhance the diffusion rate of the electrolyte and O2 and provide more active sites for both O2 reduction and evolution reactions. When applied as a free-standing cathode for the LiO2 cells, it shows better performance for the nanoflakes/nanowires hybrid structure than the others. It exhibits a high specific capacity of 5958 mA h g−1 at 0.1 mA cm−2, a long cycle life of 108 cycles with a limited capacity of 500 mA h g−1, and unique morphology of the discharge products.
Miller LA, Lipschutz RD, Stubblefield KA, Lock BA, Huang H, Williams III TW, Weir RF, Kuiken TA. Control of a six degree of freedom prosthetic arm after targeted muscle reinnervation surgery. Objectives To fit and evaluate the control of a complex prosthesis for a shoulder disarticulation-level amputee with targeted muscle reinnervation. Design One participant who had targeted muscle reinnervation surgery was fitted with an advanced prosthesis and his use of this device was compared with the device that he used in the home setting. Setting The experiments were completed within a laboratory setting. Participant The first recipient of targeted muscle reinnervation: a bilateral shoulder disarticulation-level amputee. Interventions Two years after surgery, the subject was fitted with a 6 degree of freedom (DOF) prosthesis (shoulder flexion, humeral rotation, elbow flexion, wrist rotation, wrist flexion, and hand control). Control of this device was compared with that of his commercially available 3-DOF system (elbow, wrist rotation, and powered hook terminal device). Main Outcome Measure In order to assess performance, movement analysis and timed movement tasks were executed. Results The subject was able to independently operate all 6 arm functions with good control. He could simultaneously operate 2 DOF of several different joint combinations with relative ease. He operated up to 4 DOF simultaneously, but with poor control. Work space was markedly increased and some timed tasks were faster with the 6-DOF system. Conclusions This proof-of-concept study shows that advances in control of shoulder disarticulation-level prostheses can improve the quality of movement. Additional control sources may spur the development of more advanced and complex componentry for these amputees.
A cost effective, low temperature, scalable route is presented for the synthesis of Selenium nanoparticles-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Se NPs@CTAB-MWCNTs) composite. The Se content in the carbon black (CB) free Li-Se NPs@CTAB-MWCNTs cell is ∼72 wt%, which is much higher than that reported in previous studies on Li-Se composite cells, where the Se loadings typically vary between 40 and 50 wt% in full cells. The high loading of Se imparts a high capacity to the composite cell due to a high electrical conductivity of Se NPs (∼0.1 S cm−1). The initial Li-ion storage capacity delivered by the same CB free cell is ∼709 mAh gSe −1 (at 0.5 current (C)-rate), and a reversible capacity of 157 mAh gSe −1 is retained after 500 cycles. In comparison, the reversible capacities offered by the Li-Se NPs-CB cell (at 80 wt% Se loading), and the Li-Se NPs@CTAB-MWCNTs-CB cell (at 64 wt% Se loading) are 13.8 and 172.5 mAh gSe −1 at the same C-rate, after 500 cycles. For the CB free cell, the capacity decay is 0.14% per cycle from 8th to 500th cycle. Though present in small quantities of 18 and 16 wt% in the two composite based cells without and with CB, CTAB-MWCNTs confer the following functional attributes to the cells. They (a) restrict polyselenide shuttle, (b) buffer the volume expansion during discharge and (c) allow Li-ion storage, without the use of any conducting CB additive (due to the composite's high inherent electrical conductivity). The electrochemical performance of the CB free Li-Se composite cell opens up opportunities to develop eco-friendly and robust Li-Se batteries.
The contributions of this paper are threefold. First, we present the linear quadratic solution to optimally charge a Li-ion battery in a general form. Although the battery model considered here is a circuit comprised of an open-circuit voltage (OCV), a series resistance, and an RC circuit, the methodology is applicable to any electrical circuit model of a battery. A combination of different cost functions is considered including: time-to-charge, energy loss, and temperature rise index. We discuss the effect of different weightings in the cost functions on the current and voltage profiles. Second, we present two models for normalized battery capacity as a function of the number of cycles and two charge control parameters, viz., maximum terminal voltage of the battery and maximum charge current. These models are compared to a bi-exponential capacity model. The effectiveness of the proposed models for forecasting the battery capacity is validated using the experimental data. Third, these models are used for battery life management by developing an optimal charging parameter selection method which provides the best setpoint values for the control variables to achieve a pre-specified desired “useful cycle life” while attaining the fastest possible time-to-charge. The proposed optimal charging parameter selection method is illustrated via numerical results.
The paper presents some outputs of renewable energy power plants in Brazil, focusing in the case of wind energy. The information data are mainly acquired from a project developed by the authors with financial resources of Electric Energy National Agengy (ANEEL), United Nations Development Program (PNUD) and Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT). It was used as the socio environmental impacts to evaluate the acceptance aspect, using as examples some case studies implemented in Brazil and the previous experience of the authors.
While energy poverty is a particularly large problem in rural areas, rapid urbanization in developing countries is also raising concerns about energy access in urban areas. How can policymakers improve energy access for the urban poor? We address this question by investigating the use of solar power for improved lighting for urban street vendors. We conduct a field study of the centralized charging station model in Patna, Bihar, India. A solar panel is installed in a marketplace and vendors can rent and charge the batteries of the lights for a daily fee. Our findings reveal potential problems with the approach. Key issues include opposition by local strongmen who operate diesel generators, the difficulty of finding local entrepreneurs to operate the system, vendor misuse of the lights, and physical barriers such as land availability. Policy recommendations include considering the sales of standalone devices and relying on the urban electricity grid for connections.
N-doped coaxial CNTs@α-Fe2O3@C nanofibers have been successfully synthesized according to a facile solvothermal/hydrothermal method. The obtained CNTs@α-Fe2O3@C nanofibers composites exhibited special three-dimensional (3-D) network structure, which endows they promising candidate for anode materials of lithium ion battery. The coaxial property of CNTs@α-Fe2O3@C nanofibers could significantly improve the cycling and rate performance owing to the acceleration of charge/electron transfer, improvement of conductivity, maintaining of structural integrity and inhibiting the aggregation. The α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with small size and high percentage of N-doped amount could further improve the electrochemical performance. As for the CNT@α-Fe2O3@C nanofibers, the capacity presented a high value of 1255.4 mAh/g at 0.1 C, and retained at 1213.4 mAh/g after 60 cycles. Even at high rate of 5 C, the capacity still exhibited as high as 319 mAh/g. The results indicated that the synthesized N-doped coaxial CNTs@α-Fe2O3@C nanofibers exhibited high cycling and rate performance.
This study assessed whether three patients with Alzheimer's disease could learn to use a basic orientation technology to reach different rooms within a day center. At each travel instance, the technology provided verbal messages (cues) from the room to reach. For the first two patients, the messages were presented at intervals of about 15s. For the third patient (who had more extensive orientation problems), shorter intervals combined with the voice of the research assistant were initially used. Results showed that all three patients were successful in using the technology to orient their travel and find the rooms correctly. A social validation assessment, in which university psychology students were asked to rate the patients’ travel performance with the technology and with the help of a caregiver, provided generally higher (more positive) scores for the technology-assisted performance. The implications of the findings for daily programs of patients with Alzheimer's disease are discussed.
The development of an electrodynamic energy harvester (EDEH) for operating a wireless temperature monitoring system for electrical transformer is reported in this work. Analytical modeling, fabrication and characterization of EDEH prototype are performed. The developed EDEH consists of a mild steel core, a wound copper coil and Teflon housing. COMSOL Multiphysics software is used to optimize the design of the harvester. The split-cylindrical design of the developed EDEH permitted the harvester to be wrapped around the output power cable of the electrical transformer without shutting-off the power or disconnecting the power cable. From the electrical transformer, at current levels of 27, 72 and 155 A in the main power line, the energy harvester produced maximum RMS load voltages of 0.356, 1.09 and 2.58 V respectively, when connected to 100 Ω load resistance. However, at matching impedance of 24 Ω (resistance of the coil), the EDEH produced the maximum power levels of 2.99, 19.66 and 112.03 mW for a cable currents of 27, 72 and 155 A respectively. The simulation results of the devised analytical model of the harvester are in good agreement with the experimental results. Moreover, at a cable current of 93 A, when the harvester is connected to the rectifying circuit, the optimum impedance shifted to 185 Ω and the maximum power of 19 mW is generated at that load. The reduction in power generation is attributed to the power consumption of the rectifying circuit. When the rectified DC voltage is used to charge a 3.8 V, Nickel–Cadmium (Ni–Cd) rechargeable battery, it took 3 h to completely charge the battery from 1 to 3.85 V. With the charged battery a wireless temperature sensor node is successfully operated for monitoring the temperature of the electrical transformer.
LiFePO4 can be used as a positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries by making composite with electrical conductive carbonaceous materials. In this study, LiFePO4/C (carbon) composite was prepared by a soft chemistry route, in which sucrose was used as a carbon source of a low price. We tried to optimize a Li/(LiFePO4/C) cell performance through changing synthetic conditions and discussed the factors affecting the electrochemical performances of the cell, such as the amount of the carbon source, synthetic temperature, gas flow rate of pyrolysis and the formation of secondary phases. It was found that the connection of the residual carbon and Fe2P to LiFePO4 particles and the amount of these two phases were important factors. In our experimental conditions, LiFePO4/C including 9.72wt.% of residual carbon, prepared at 800°C for 12h showed the highest reversible capacity and the best C rate performance among the synthesized materials; 130mAhg−1 at 10C rate and 50°C.
Compact energy storage with high volumetric performance is highly important. However, the state-of-the-art electrodes and devices remain far from the requirements due to the lack of consideration from a device perspective, which not only demands a high specific gravimetric capacity, but also needs to take into account operation voltage, material density and electrode thickness. We develop a novel approach to fabricate a monolithic ultra-thick and dense carbon electrode for symmetric supercapacitors, starting with graphene assembly and taking all the above factors into consideration. We found that zinc chloride is an ideal sacrificial pore former, and taken together with capillary drying can tune the specific surface area of the monolithic graphene from 370 to over 1000 m2 g−1 while the monoliths maintain a high density from 1.6 to 0.6 g cm−3. Having a good balance of porosity and density, the directly sliced graphene pellet electrode with a thickness up to 400 μm delivers a capacitance of 150 F cm−3 in an ionic liquid electrolyte, corresponding to a volumetric energy density of ∼65 W h L−1 for a symmetrical supercapacitor device, the highest value reported to date for supercapacitors. This study presents a design principle for electrode materials towards next-generation energy storage devices, not limited to supercapacitors, which are becoming smaller, lighter but more energetic.