batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Objective To conduct a systematic review to determine the efficacy of exercise-based interventions on improving performance-based measures of physical function and markers of physical frailty in community-dwelling, frail older people. Data Sources Comprehensive bibliographic searches in MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, PEDro, and CINAHL databases were conducted (April 2013). Study Selection Randomized controlled trials of community-dwelling older adults, defined as frail according to physical function and physical difficulties in activities of daily living (ADL). Included trials had to compare an exercise intervention with a control or another exercise intervention, and assess performance-based measures of physical function such as mobility and gait, or disability in ADL. Data Extraction Two review authors independently screened the search results and performed data extraction and risk of bias assessment. Nineteen trials were included, 12 of them comparing exercise with an inactive control. Most exercise programs were multicomponent. Data Synthesis Meta-analysis was performed for the comparison of exercise versus control with the inverse variance method under the random-effects models. When compared with control interventions, exercise was shown to improve normal gait speed (mean difference [MD]=.07m/s; 95% confidence interval [CI], .04–.09), fast gait speed (MD=.08m/s; 95% CI, .02–.14), and the Short Physical Performance Battery (MD=2.18; 95% CI, 1.56–2.80). Results are inconclusive for endurance outcomes, and no consistent effect was observed on balance and the ADL functional mobility. The evidence comparing different modalities of exercise is scarce and heterogeneous. Conclusions Exercise has some benefits in frail older people, although uncertainty still exists with regard to which exercise characteristics (type, frequency, duration) are most effective.
Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysers (PEMWE) are a key technology for producing clean (‘green’) hydrogen for decarbonisation of the transport sector and grid stabilisation utilising increasing levels of renewable energy. In this work, acoustic emission analysis is used as a non-destructive, operando diagnostic tool to provide information about the relative number and size of gas bubbles generated locally within a PEMWE, providing effective characterisation of the local flow conditions. An optically transparent single-channel PEMWE is used to investigate the relationship between the acoustic signals obtained and the two-phase flow conditions inside the cell. The number of acoustic hits, their frequency, and average peak amplitude is reported for several flow rates and current densities. Using high-speed imaging, the average bubble number and size in the flow cannels is compared to the acoustic signal. Results show good correlation between the number of acoustic ‘hits’ and the number of bubbles passing through the flow channel. The size of bubbles is also shown to affect the average frequency of the hits. Consequently, the transition between bubbly and slug flow regime can be identified by acoustic emission analysis, paving the way for a simple, low-cost, non-destructive means of mapping flow inside commercial-scale PEMWEs.
A comparative study on the effects of different binders on the electrochemical performance of rechargeable magnesium batteries with Mo6S8 cathode is conducted for the first time. The selected binders are commercial organic-soluble polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), water-soluble poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), gelatin, sodium alginate (SA) and Beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The binders significantly affect the physical properties, thus the electrochemical performance of Mo6S8 cathode. Compared with those using traditional PVDF binder, Mo6S8 electrodes with PAA and PVA exhibit enhanced cycling stabilities and rate capabilities, which are attributed to the improved cohesion among the electrode constituents and adhesion between the electrode laminate and the current collector. In addition, the anodic stability of these binders is not only related to the chemical structure of binders, but also to the uniformity of electrode surface. SA binder shows low anodic stability duo to containing easily oxidized groups. Non-uniform electrode surface decreases the anodic stability of PVDF based Mo6S8 electrode. Gelatin can be used as a binder in the formulation of high voltage cathodes for rechargeable magnesium batteries.
Acoustic telemetry is now a key research tool used to quantify juvenile salmon survival, but transmitter size has limited past studies to larger smolts (> 130 mm fork length). New, smaller, higher-frequency transmitters (“tags”) allow studies on a larger fraction of the smolt size spectrum (> 95 mm); however, detection range and study duration are also reduced, introducing new challenges. The potential cost implications are not trivial. With these new transmitters in mind, we designed, deployed, and tested the performance of a dual-frequency receiver array design in the Discovery Islands region of British Columbia, Canada. We double-tagged 50 juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with large 69-kHz tags (VEMCO model V9-1H) and small 180-kHz tags (model V4-1H). The more powerful 69-kHz tags were used to determine fish presence in order to estimate the detection efficiency (DE) of the 180-kHz tags. We then compared the standard error of the survival estimate produced from the tracking data using the two tag types which has important implications for array performance and hypothesis testing in the sea.
In this paper a mathematical model for the electrochemical impedance of a positive electrode in the lead–acid battery was developed. The mechanisms of the electrode processes involved in the batteries were obtained from the literature. Having selected the rate-controlling step as well as the fast reversible (equilibrated) and irreversible steps, we embarked on the formulation of I–V behavior using Butler–Volmer and Fick's law for charge and mass transfer process, respectively. The equivalent circuit consists of resistors, capacitors and mass transfer elements. Each electrical element expresses physico-chemical parameters such as diffusion coefficient, concentration, rate constant, etc. So, impedance plots can be used to determine the effects of each parameter on the performance of the cells. The simulation model also shows that the state-of-charge (SOC) plays an important role in the Nyquist plot of the positive electrode. Model results are compared with experimental results for cell potential and different SOC.
Verbal fluency performance is commonly evaluated in clinical neuropsychology, in particular for assessment of executive functioning. Fluency is usually assessed by the person’s ability to produce as many words as possible from a given cue within a specific timeframe. The cues are typically phonemic, e.g. words beginning with a specific letter, or semantic, e.g. words within a given category. Important components underlying fluency performance include clustering (the production of words within subcategories) and switching (the switch between clusters). Previous studies have demonstrated good performance on verbal fluency tasks in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), but have not investigated the underlying components of this performance. The aim of the present study was to compare phonemic fluency performance in patients with AN to healthy controls (HC) and to investigate the use of clustering and switching in the two groups. Fifty-two patients with AN were compared with 37 HC on a phonemic fluency task. The patient group produced more words in total but the results were not significantly different compared to the HC sample. There were no differences between the two groups with regard to clustering, but patients with AN performed significantly more switches. In addition, switching was significantly more related to total output score in the patient sample. In contrast with previous studies of other areas of cognitive flexibility in AN, patients with AN appear to have good verbal set-shifting skills.
In this study, we reported an intermediate-temperature (∼150 °C) sodium–sulfur (Na–S) battery. With a relatively low operating temperature, this novel battery could reduce the cost and safety issues associated with the conventional high-temperature (300–350 °C) Na–S battery. A dense β′′-Al2O3 solid membrane and tetraglyme were utilized as the electrolyte separator and catholyte solvent in this battery. Solubility tests indicated that a cathode mixture of Na2S4 and S exhibited extremely high solubility in tetraglyme (e.g., >4.1 M for Na2S4 + 4 S). CV scans of Na2S4 in tetraglyme revealed two pairs of redox couples with peaks at around 2.22 and 1.75 V, corresponding to the redox reactions of polysulfide species. The discharge/charge profiles of the Na–S battery showed a slope region and a plateau, indicating multiple steps and cell reactions. In situ Raman measurements during battery operation suggested that polysulfide species were formed in the sequence of Na2S5 + S → Na2S5 + Na2S4 → Na2S4 + Na2S2 during discharge and in a reverse order during charge. This battery showed dramatic improvement in rate capacity and cycling stability over room-temperature Na–S batteries, which makes it more attractive for renewable energy integration and other grid related applications.
In this study, uniform Co3O4 nanoparticles are prepared via a simple and facile hydrothermal synthesis without calcination treatment. When the Co3O4 nanomaterials are investigated as anodes for lithium ion batteries, a good electrochemical property is achieved. Particularly, the reversible capacity of the as-synthesized Co3O4 nanoparticle has a significant growth from 383 mAh g−1 of the initial cycle to 471 mAh g−1 of the 300th cycle at 2 A g−1. Moreover, when it recovers to 50 mA g−1 after different current densities, a superior reversible capacity of 695 mAh g−1 can be reached. Such favorable electrochemical properties will make the as-obtained Co3O4 have a good application prospect as anode material for lithium ion batteries.
Chocolate Pots Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park are high in ferrous iron, silica and bicarbonate. The springs are contributing to the active development of an iron formation. The microstructure of photosynthetic microbial mats in these springs was studied with conventional optical microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The dominant mats at the highest temperatures (48–54°C) were composed of Synechococcus and Chloroflexus or Pseudanabaena and Mastigocladus. At lower temperatures (36–45°C), a narrow Oscillatoria dominated olive green cyanobacterial mats covering most of the iron deposit. Vertically oriented cyanobacterial filaments were abundant in the top 0.5 mm of the mats. Mineral deposits accumulated beneath this surface layer. The filamentous microstructure and gliding motility may contribute to binding the iron minerals. These activities and heavy mineral encrustation of cyanobacteria may contribute to the growth of the iron deposit. Chocolate Pots Hot Springs provide a model for studying the potential role of photosynthetic prokaryotes in the origin of Precambrian iron formations.
Positive electrode with uniform lead dioxide nanostructures was directly synthesized by pulsed current electrochemical method on the lead substrate in 4.8M sulfuric acid solution. The effect of synthesis parameters were studied by the “one at a time” method on the morphology and particle size of lead dioxide. The composition, morphology and structure were investigated using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction techniques (XRD). The effect of conventional organic expanders including humic acid, 1,2-acid (α-hydroxy β-naphtoic acid) and Vanillex was studied on the electrochemical behaviors of the prepared positive electrodes by cyclic voltammetry and on the discharge capacity and cyclelife of commercial positive plates. The used organic expanders improve the performance of negative plates but, they have not positive effects on the performance of positive electrodes of lead-acid batteries.
Understanding why accidents occur in the work place has a long and convoluted history. This paper adds to this corpus of research by investigating the relationship between an individual's level of cognitive failure, psychological stress, and work place accident occurrence. Retrospective analysis of accident-case individuals vs. control-match individuals on the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) was undertaken from amalgamated data of two Royal Navy databases. Individuals in the accident-case sub-sample had higher GHQ and CFQ scores when compared to matched-controls. Mediated regression analysis revealed high GHQ score predicted accidents but was transmitted through high CFQ scores. Individuals who are stressed are more likely to have an accident in the workplace because of a propensity for cognitive failures. A specific recommendation to reduce accident risk in the work-place is discussed.
Second-life applications of automotive lithium-ion batteries are currently investigated for grid stabilization. Reutilization depends on reliable projections of the remaining useful life. However, reports on sudden degradation of lithium-ion-cells near 80% state of health challenge these extrapolations. Sudden degradation was demonstrated for different positive active materials. This work elucidates the cause of sudden degradation in detail. As part of a larger study on nonlinear degradation, in-depth analyses of cells with different residual capacities are performed. Sudden degradation of capacity is found to be triggered by the appearance of lithium plating confined to small characteristic areas, generated by heterogeneous compression. The resulting lithium loss rapidly alters the balancing of the electrodes, thus generating a self-amplifying circle of active material and lithium loss. Changes in impedance and open-circuit voltage are explained by the expansion of degraded patches. Destructive analysis reveals that sudden degradation is caused by the graphite electrode while the positive electrode is found unchanged except for delithiation caused by side reactions on the negative electrode. Our findings illustrate the importance of homogeneous compression of the electrode assembly and carbon electrode formulation. Finally, a quick test to evaluate the vulnerability of cell designs toward sudden degradation is proposed.
The European Society for Biomaterials 2015 Translational Research Symposium focused on ‘Innovating in the Medical Device Industry – Challenges & Opportunities’ from different perspectives, i.e., from a non-profit research organisation to a syndicate of small and medium-sized companies and large companies. Lecturers from regulatory consultants, industry and research institutions described the innovation process and regulatory processes (e.g., 510K, PMA, combination product) towards market approval. The aim of the present article is to summarise and explain the main statements made during the symposium, in terms of challenges and opportunities for medical device industries, in a constantly changing customer and regulatory environment.
A novel method for preparing ultrafine PbS powders involving sulfurization combined with inert gas condensation is developed in this paper, which is applicable to recycle Pb from lead paste of spent lead-acid batteries. Initially, the effects of the evaporation and condensation temperature, the inert gas pressure, the condensation distance and substrate on the morphology of as-obtained PbS ultrafine particles are intensively investigated using sulfur powders and lead particles as reagents. Highly dispersed and homogeneous PbS nanoparticles can be prepared under the optimized conditions which are 1223 K heating temperature, 573 K condensation temperature, 100 Pa inert gas pressure and 60 cm condensation distance. Furthermore, this method is successfully applied to recycle Pb from the lead paste of spent lead acid battery to prepare PbS ultrafine powders. This work does not only provide the theoretical fundamental for PbS preparation, but also provides a novel and efficient method for recycling spent lead-acid battery with high added-value products.
Alkaline fuel cells (AFCs), although known to have a high efficiency, were considered to be only useful for space applications due to their high price, their low lifetime and their high carbon dioxide sensitivity. In fact, AFCs can be built low-cost and CO2 reconcilable with sufficient lifetimes for vehicles and backup systems. The key is a liquid circulating electrolyte which avoids many problems membrane systems have, like the water and the heat management. The drawbacks of AFCs diminishing the lifetime were also discussed, whereby solutions to overcome these problems were given. Finally, ammonia (NH3) as alternate fuel for an 300W alkaline fuel cell system was introduced.
We have prepared a high-density polyaniline (PANI) paste (50 mg/mL), with similar physical properties to those of paints or pigments. The synthesis of PANI is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The morphologies of PANI, doped PANI, and doped PANI paste are confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Particles of doped PANI paste are approximately 40–50 nm in diameter, with a uniform and cubic shape. The electrochemical performances of doped PANI paste using both liquid and solid polymer electrolytes have been measured by galvanostatic charge and discharge process. The cell fabricated with doped PANI paste and the solid polymer electrolyte exhibits a discharge capacity of ∼87 µAh/cm2 (64.0 mAh/g) at the second cycle and ∼67 µAh/cm2 (50.1 mAh/g) at the 100th cycle.
This study is an attempt to extract useful thermodynamic information from experimental free energy of mixing of Si–Ti binary liquid alloy at different temperatures. A number of temperature dependent thermodynamic functions are calculated in the frame of a simple approach based on a statistical mechanical model. It is reported that the thermodynamic functions of Si–Ti alloy exhibit strong negative deviation from Raoult’s law across the whole concentration range and the impact of temperatures on the liquid alloy is explained. The energetics of mixing in the alloy has been explained through the study of activity, free energy of mixing, concentration fluctuations in the long-wavelength limits, chemical short-range order and diffusion. In addition, it is also observed that the tendency for intermetallic associations, which leads to the formation of SiTi compounds, decreases with the increase in temperature. This study reinforces further that useful thermodynamic information may be obtained from experimental data obtain using FactSage Thermo-Chemical Software and databases for binary liquid alloys.
Cardiac conduction devices (CCDs), including pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), are implanted in a significant part of the population, especially as the population becomes older. CCDs play an important role in forensic medicine; they are a valuable identification tool as the manufacturer information and unique serial numbers of the device can be matched with the medical records of the person of suspected identity after the device has been removed from the body. Radiological examinations such as X-ray or computed tomography (CT) can illustrate specific CCD features. A series of 12 selected cases is presented to highlight the ability of postmortem CT to visualize CCD details, contributing to possible comparative radiological identification in the case of suspected identity without the requirement of invasive removal. To date, unique patient-specific serial numbers, which are usually not radiopaque, cannot be visualized by imaging. However, a positive match of specific CCD radiologic features combined with other peculiar body findings between ante- and postmortem images can lead to a pure radiologic comparative identification.
The chemical composition and leachability of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash are important parameters determining its suitability for utilisation. The objective of the present study is to investigate the chemical composition of individual size and material fractions and their contribution to the total elemental contents of bottom ash. Nine bottom ash samples with a mass of 3000 kg each were sieved to eight size fractions and sorted into different materials. The materials (mineral material, glass, batteries) were separately analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after acid digestion. Additionally, x-ray fluorescence measurements and leaching tests were performed. Metals were further analysed by sorting analysis. The chemical analysis revealed that large particles have higher contents of Fe and Si, but lower contents of Ca and S compared to smaller particles. All mineral fractions exceed the legal limit values for utilisation in Austria mainly because of the total contents of Pb and Tl and the leachate contents of Cr and Sb. Glass from bottom ash is enriched in As, Na, Si and Tl compared to the mineral material. Although battery contents contribute only 0.2% to the total mass of bottom ash, they contribute at least 30% to the total content of Cd. Most previous studies neglected large metallic pieces and batteries, which contain most of the Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni present in bottom ash. This practice can result in an underestimation of the total contents of these elements by up to about 70%.
Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation behavior was carefully tracked on the well-defined edge and basal surfaces of carbon nanofibers. The effects of boron doping on SEI formation were also examined. Platelet carbon nanofibers (PCNFs) successfully afforded well-defined edge and basal surfaces. Surface morphology and chemistry were controlled by graphitization, nitric acid treatment and boron doping. The surface morphologies of various well-defined PCNFs were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The SEI of PCNF with edge surfaces was more abundant and four times thicker than those of PCNF-G and PCNF-B-G with basal surfaces. The SEI of PCNF-G-NA without boron doping was much more abundant and three times thicker than that of PCNF-B-G-NA with boron doping.
The core-shell structural Fe3O4@C nanospheres have been facilely fabricated using ferrocene as a starting material.(*) The obtained architecture shows unique morphology and, as an anode of half cell lithium-ion batteries, delivers an initial coulombic efficiency as high as 80% and a high reversible capacity of 736mAhg−1 at 0.3Ag−1 after 80 cycles. Even at an ultrahigh current density of 10Ag−1, the reversible capacity is 234mAhg−1. Also, Fe3O4@C nanospheres electrode was paired with commercial LiCoO2 electrode to design a novel full cell, which shows a superior electrochemical performance.
Owing to large specific surface area, high electronical conductivity and low mass, carbon materials have been widely used as cathode for non-aqueous lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries. However, carbon cathodes usually present poor catalytic activities toward oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER), resulting in a large charge over-potential and a short cycling life. In this work, a non-aqueous Li-O2 battery with a bifunctional catalyst, ruthenium dioxide (RuO2)-decorated carbonized tubular polypyrrole, is reported. Compared with conventional catalysts, the bifunctional catalyst has two special features: i), a high content of graphitic N, and ii), a large number of RuO2 nanoparticles. The battery with the novel bifunctional catalyst shows a large discharge capacity (10095mAhg−1 at a current density of 200mAg−1), a high rate capacity (6758mAhg−1 at a current density of 1000mAg−1) and a long cycling life (55 cycles at the current density of 500mAg−1). In addition, at the first cycle with a fixed capacity of 1000mAhg−1, the discharge and charge over-potentials are only 0.28 and 0.78V, which are 180 and 360mV lower than those of the batteries fitted with pristine carbonized tubular polypyrrole cathode.