batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this paper, NiO with ordered mesoporous structure was synthesized by replicating template SBA-15 and its electrochemical capacitance characterization was for the first time studied in 2M KOH electrolyte solution. Electrochemical tests results indicated the ordered mesoporous structure can greatly increase the utilization of NiO, which is attribute to a large effective surface area due to the mesoporous structure. The capacitance of NiO with order mesoporous structure was about 120F/g, about four times larger than that of NiO prepared by direct calcining Ni(NO3)·6H2O at 550°C. On the other hand, the mesoporous NiO showed a good rate capability, which is due to that the ordered mesopores did not limit the ion motion within the pores.
The effect of alumina additives bearing various surface groups on conductivity and lithium cation transference numbers in poly(ethylene oxide) dimethyl ether (PEO-DME)–LiClO4 electrolytes is examined. It is demonstrated that an increase in the conductivity and lithium transference number in composite electrolytes compared to pure PEO-DME–LiClO4 electrolyte is observed in the limited salt concentration range. Both quantities seem to depend mostly on ionic species mobility. Also, their salt concentration dependence resembles that of viscosity of electrolytes studied. The conduction mechanism is discussed on the basis of conductivity, transference numbers and ionic association studies.
According to the recommendations of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Neurocognition Committee, one of the desired characteristics of a cognitive battery for assessing cognition in schizophrenia studies and clinical trials is the availability of normative data. This report describes normative data collected on the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) from 404 healthy controls with demographic characteristics matching the 2005 United States Census of English-speakers. The six test measures demonstrated the expected pattern of correlations with age, gender, and education. Individual test scores were converted into standardized (T and z) scores and composite scores that were corrected for age and gender. An education-correction factor was calculated and recommended only for non-schizophrenia patients. Eight different verbal memory tests were found to have equivalent levels of difficulty.
When 26.8 Ah (one Faraday) of electrcity pass trought an electrochemical cell, one gram equivalent of mass is formed or dissolved at the electrodes through the electrochemical reaction. The electrochemical equivalent weights of the active materials in a lead-acid cell per Ah are: 3.866g Pb Ah−1 (for the Pb/PbSO4 electrode) and 4.463g PbO2 Ah−1 (for the PbO2/PbSO4 electrode). The total weight of the positive or negative active material in a cell is equal to the sum of the weights of the energetic (Ge) and skeleton (Gs) structures. There are three parameters used for calculating the actual amount of active materials needed for producing a cell of a given capacity: active mass utilization coefficient (η); active mass weight coefficient per Ah (β); specific capacity of PAM or NAM per kg active mass (σ). The working concentration region of H2SO4 in the cell is between 1.5 and 5.0M (i.e. from 1.10 to 1.25 relative density). It can generate 72 Ah of electricity. Examples for the following calculations are presented in the chapter: a) active materials in a 50 Ah SLI cell at 50% utilization of PAM and 45% NAM utilization; b) paste composition; c) potentials of Hg/HgSO4 and Ag/Ag2SO4 reference electrodes (used for measuring cell electrode potentials) at different H2SO4 concentrations and temperatures.
A high-voltage (5V) LiCo0.8Fe0.2MnO4 electrode with spinel-type structure has been prepared. 57 Fe Mössbauer spectra reveal high-spin Fe3+ ions in octahedral coordination in the pristine sample, which are oxidized to tetravalent iron ions. Surface treatments with zinc and magnesium have been applied. Zinc and magnesium were homogenously distributed, according to EPMA and mapping analysis, while the spinel structure is maintained. The magnesium and the zinc treatments drive to better electrochemical performance and capacity retention.
This study validated and characterized the suitability of transcutaneous energy transfer (TET) to power a novel low-power intra-aortic micro-axial entrainment pump for long-term partial circulatory support. During long-term use, indwelling power leads represent a significant infection risk. A TET system eliminates this risk by transferring power across the skin through inductive coupling. During the study, key design questions were answered and operating requirements and performance parameters were characterized. The TET system comprises a Class-E power amplifier with a self-oscillating feedback network and a two-way telemetry system. The system autotunes transfer frequency and power output to optimize efficiency and minimize power consumption. Output current and voltage of the TET system were measured over a range of distance and coil orientations. Major system components are shown in Fig 1. The developed system demonstrated capability to transfer sufficient power over several centimeters and a range of coil orientations to drive the pump and simultaneously charge an implantable reserve battery. The battery powers operation during temporary coupling loss of up to an hour, allowing a full range of user activity. The TET system can also transmit various control signals to the device and receive biological and system performance data from the device. The latter is used to optimize transfer frequency and power consumption. This study demonstrates that the developed TET system may be suitable for long term use under practical real world constraints. System design and performance should allow for a high quality-of-life for users in everyday situations.
The simulation of lithium-ion batteries based on a fundamental multi-physicochemical model requires extensive computational resources and remains sluggish for real-time or battery pack analysis applications. In these applications, simplification of the model is required to reduce computational costs while maintaining the model accuracy in estimation of one or more performance parameters. In this study, the effects of neglecting the lithium-ion diffusive charge transfer and the salt concentration gradient in electrolyte on the model accuracy are investigated. The results indicate the feasibility of simplifying the model for a range of cell designs and discharge rates without sacrificing the preciseness of the cell energy and power density predictions.
Inspired by their higher energy density, high voltage lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have been given great attention recently. However, decomposition of traditional liquid electrolyte hinders the development of high voltage LIBs. Herein, we explored a sustainable and rigid-flexible coupling cellulose-supported poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) polymer electrolyte for LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4-based batteries. The incorporating of robust cellulose as skeleton effectively surmounts the drawback of poor mechanical integrity of the gel polymer electrolyte. It was demonstrated that the polymer electrolyte exhibited wider electrochemical window (up to 5.0V), higher ion transference number (0.68) and higher ionic conductivity (1.14mScm⿿1) compared to liquid electrolyte with commercial separator at 25°C. Thus, 5V high voltage batteries with this kind polymer electrolyte display excellent capacity retention and superior rate performance for at room temperature. The Above mentioned attracting characteristics would endow PPC-based polymer electrolyte a promising candidate for high energy density LIBs.
A set of four imidazolium ionic liquids (solid at room temperature) and one imidazolium ionic solid was screened for its potential as electrolytes in manganese dioxide free Leclanché batteries, equipped with a zinc anode and graphite cathode. Electrical impedance spectroscopy allowed to determine the room-temperature ionic solids (RTISs) ionic conductivities, which was the highest for carboxylic acid functionalized RTIS 3 [C2O2MIm][Cl]. The toxic manganese dioxide was substituted by benzoquinone. A systematic ionic conductivity optimization of RTIS 3–benzoquinone–ZnSO4–H2O mixtures at room temperature resulted in the identification of the following conditions for the Leclanché battery studies: 50mg of a 50:50 RTIS:benzoquinone mixture and 96mg of water. The chronopotentiometric experiments with a constant current of 5μA showed a remarkable performance for the RTIS 3 based battery. The potential (1.47V) and stability is comparable to that of the commercial Rayovac® battery filling (model AA). Furthermore, linear potentiodynamic voltammetry (0.01V/s) and chronoamperometric analysis at short-circuit conditions (0.0V) validated the RTIS 3–benzoquinone–water battery as a promising alternative for manganese dioxide free Leclanché batteries.
The scientific community has taken on the challenge to develop innovative methods to exploit low-temperature (<100 °C) heat sources, having large potential to decrease the carbon footprint. In this review, we first summarise the novel proposed techniques, and then we propose a framework for comparing the performances reported in the literature based on two indices, which are currently critical for the technical and economic feasibility: energy efficiency and power density. Two techniques show the best performances; both use distillation to regenerate the working solution of a flow battery. In many papers, schemes based on additional heat exchangers are proposed with the aim of improving the efficiency. Such techniques are also discussed here: first, the power per unit surface of the heat exchangers is discussed as a performance index; then, a method for inherently ranking the techniques, independent of the use of additional heat exchangers, is provided. The analysis shows that the application of such schemes does not significantly change the ranking of the techniques, while having a detrimental effect on the complexity of the whole system. Finally, we discuss the performances of the various techniques based on general thermodynamic principles and methods; in particular, the meaning of the temperature versus entropy graph in this context is considered.
Background Most studies comparing second generation antipsychotics with classical neuroleptics have been conducted in more or less chronic schizophrenia patients. Such studies were usually conducted in highly selected samples, and were generally designed and financed by the manufacturer of the drug tested. These and other facts have stimulated discussions regarding the effectiveness of the new generation of antipsychotics. Aims The aim of the European First Episode Schizophrenia Trial (EUFEST) is to compare treatment with amisulpride, quetiapine, olanzapine and ziprasidone to a low dose of haloperidol in an unselected sample of first episode schizophrenia patients with minimal prior exposure to antipsychotics. Methods 500 patients between the ages of 18–40 meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or schizophreniform disorder are randomly allocated to one year of treatment with one of the drugs under study. The primary outcome measure is retention in treatment, defined as time to discontinuation of study drug. Loss of retention can be the result of insufficient clinical effect, or lack of tolerability or acceptance. Secondary measures include changes in different dimensions of psychopathology, side effects, compliance, social needs, quality of life, substance abuse and cognitive functions. Conclusions At present, more than 400 patients have been recruited and randomized in the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, France, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Rumania, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland: The study should be finished by the end of 2006 and it is expected that results will yield relevant clinical information with regard to the effectiveness of the second generation antipsychotics. This effort represents the first independently designed trans-European schizophrenia treatment trial.
Laparoscopy reduces patient trauma but eliminates the surgeon’s ability to directly view and touch the surgical environment. Although current robot-assisted laparoscopy improves the surgeon’s ability to manipulate and visualize the target organs, the instruments and cameras remain constrained by the entry incision. This limits tool tip orientation and optimal camera placement. This article focuses on developing miniature in vivo robots to assist surgeons during laparoscopic surgery by providing an enhanced field of view from multiple angles and dexterous manipulators not constrained by the abdominal wall fulcrum effect. Miniature camera robots were inserted through a small incision into the insufflated abdominal cavity of an anesthetized pig. Trocar insertion and other laparoscopic tool placements were then viewed with these robotic cameras. The miniature robots provided additional camera angles that improved surgical visualization during a cholecystectomy. These successful prototype trials have demonstrated that miniature in vivo robots can provide surgeons with additional visual information that can increase procedural safety.
Aluminum–air (Al–air) batteries are promising candidates for energy storage applications because of their high theoretical energy density and low cost. Nevertheless, their developments have been severely hindered by multiple obstacles, among which the activation and self-corrosion inhibition of Al anode have been considered to be significant challenges. In neutral electrolytes, the main problem is the activation of Al anode, while the self-corrosion of Al anode becomes dominant in alkaline electrolytes. Considerable efforts have been devoted to overcoming the dilemma associated with the Al anode. This review firstly underscores the underlying mechanisms of passivation and self-corrosion of Al anode in different electrolytes. Then, specific attentions are paid to Al alloy anode, including the role of various elements and standard processing technology. Finally, general conclusions, current limitations, and future perspectives on Al alloy anode are presented.
Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have been receiving a great deal of attention owing to abundant and cost-effective potassium resources. However, the key issue is to explore suitable electrode materials for accommodating the large size K-ions reversibly. In this report, K1.06Mn8O16/CNT hybrids are systematically studied for the first time as bifunctional PIBs-electrodes, in which Mn-ions play as the redox center. As the cathode, it exhibits excellent electrochemical kinetics and reversibility, as well as highly structure stability. The cathode displays an unprecedented capacity of 309.4 mA h g−1 at 20 mA g−1 with the energy density of 733.3 Wh kg−1 and outstanding rate performance (187.1 mA h g−1 at 500 mA g−1). In addition, the high capacity of 636.6 mA h g−1 at 20 mA g−1, ultra-long cycling lifespan over 500 cycles and remarkable rate capability can also be acquired when the material was tested as the anode. The extraordinary electrochemical properties are ascribed to the well-developed conductive network and robust microstructure stability. Meanwhile, the symmetrical K-ions full cell exhibits high discharge capacity of 241.0 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1. This work reveals the K-ions storage mechanism in cryptomelane bifunctional electrodes in depth and the fundamental understanding help us open up a new direction for PIBs.
Li–air batteries have drawn considerable attention due to their high energy density and promising implementation in long-range electric vehicle and wearable electronic devices. Nevertheless, safety concerns, mainly derived from the use of flammable organic liquid electrolytes, have become a major bottleneck to the strategically crucial applications of Li–air batteries. Polymer electrolytes with non-toxicity, low vapor pressure, and non-flammable properties provide a feasible solution to safety issues through the replacement of organic liquid electrolytes, although fundamental understanding of polymer electrolytes for Li–air batteries is still insufficient. Accordingly, substantial research efforts have been devoted to achieving next-generation solid-state Li–air batteries with polymer electrolytes. Herein, we provide a specific review on the development of polymer electrolytes for Li–O2 (air) batteries, from comprehensive insight to emerging horizons, especially in understanding the underpinning chemistry and electrochemistry that govern the properties of polymer electrolytes for the solid-state lithium–air batteries. The discussion will highlight the recent progress in and challenges associated with polymer electrolytes for Li–O2 (air) batteries, as well as corresponding strategic perspectives.
Facile synthesis of carbon coated NiS2 composite through one-step hydrothermal process was demonstrated. Three different composites were synthesized (NCC1, NCC2, and NCC3) by changing the stoichiometric ratio of nickel, sulphur and carbon precursor. The particle size and its distribution depend on the amount of carbon precursor and metal sulphides ratio. The carbon coating on metal sulphides significantly augmented the electrochemical properties of the supercapacitor electrodes. It was found that in an optimum ratio of carbon precursor and metal sulphide, the particles were formed uniformly as seen in the NCC2 composites and exhibited the specific capacitance of 2212 F g−1 at a specific current of 2 A g−1 in a three-electrode system. An asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device was fabricated with NCC2 as positive electrode and thermally reduced graphene oxide as negative electrode. The ASC device showed high specific capacitance of 184.9 F g−1 at 3 A g−1 and specific energy of 50.35 Wh Kg−1 at a specific power of ~2.26 kW kg−1. It showed ~83% retention in specific capacitance after 6000 charge-discharge cycles. High specific capacitance, specific energy and specific power of the ASC device confirmed that the NCC2 composite could be used as energy storage electrode materials for supercapacitor applications.
The analysis of the degradation mechanism of all-solid-state lithium polymer secondary batteries was carried out by using a combination of several electrochemical measurement methods. Although there have been few reports about the technique of identifying various resistances (electrolyte bulk, anode–electrolyte interface, cathode–electrolyte interface), it has become possible to quantitatively separate the resistances in the all-solid-state lithium polymer secondary battery. As a consequence, it was clarified that in the battery, the degradation of the LiCoO2 cathode–solid polymer electrolyte interface is dominant.
In virtue of abundant sodium resources, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have been regarded as one of the most promising alternatives for large-scale energy storage applications. However, the absence of a suitable anode material makes it difficult to realize these applications. Here, we demonstrate an effective synthesis strategy of using a “microreactor” consisting of melamine fiber (inside) and graphene oxide (GO, outside) to fabricate three dimensional (3D) nitrogen doped (N-doped) graphene as high-performance anode materials for sodium ion batteries. Through a controlled pyrolysis, the inside melamine fiber and the outside GO layer has been converted into N-doped graphene and reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) respectively, and thus the “microreactor” is transformed into interconnected 3D N-doped graphene structures. Such highly desired 3D graphene structures show reversible sodium storage capacities up to ∼305 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A g−1 and promising long cycling stability with a stable capacity of ∼198 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1 after 5000 cycles. The high capacity and superior durability in combination with the facile synthesis procedure of the 3D graphene structure make it a promising anode material for SIBs and other energy storage applications.
Manganese dioxide (MnO2) has been recognized as an effective catalyst for the oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions in non-aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries. However, a further improvement in battery performance with the MnO2 catalyst is limited by its low electronic conductivity and catalytic activity, which strongly depend on the morphology and composition. In this work, we develop a carbon- and binder-free MnO2-x nanosheets/stainless steel (SS) cathode via a simple and effective electrodeposition-solvothermal route. The created Mn(III) and oxygen vacancy in MnO2-x nanosheets allows an significant increase in the electronic conductivity and catalytic activity. It is experimentally shown that the use of the present nanostructure MnO2-x/SS cathode in a non-aqueous lithium-oxygen battery results in a rechargeable specific capacity of 7300 mAh g−1 at a current density of 200 mA g−1, which is 39% higher than that with the MnO2/SS cathode. In addition, the specific capacities at 400 mA g−1 and 800 mA g−1 reach 5249 mAh g−1 and 2813 mAh g−1, respectively, which are over 30% higher than that with the MnO2/SS cathode. Furthermore, the discharge/charge cycle test shows no degradation for 120 cycles. All the results show that the present nanostructure MnO2-x/SS cathode is a promising candidate for high-performance lithium-oxygen batteries.
The practical applications of metal oxides in lithium-ion batteries require the robust and fast lithium storage performance in the wide temperature range. Construction of the suitable structure is still considered as an important approach to address metal oxide anode issues (volume expansion and inferior conductivity). Herein, an electrostatic adsorption-carbothermic reduction process is developed to prepare 1D hierarchical CoO@N-doped graphene microrods (CoO@N-rGO). 1D hierarchical microrod-like structure coated by a uniform & tight N-doped graphene not only builds up a bifunctional conductive path for Li+ and electrons, but also enhances the ability to accommodate the volumetric change. Oxygen vacancies caused by incomplete reduction of Co3+ would accelerate the kinetic process of conversion reaction. Moreover, a dominant pseudocapacitive effect (80.06%) induced by above structural features ensures the fast lithium storage properties. When served as anode material in LIBs, the as-prepared CoO@N-rGO manifests the high reversible capacity of 1588 mAh g−1, excellent long-term cycling stability under high current density (948 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 2 A g−1). Particularly, due to the reduced side-reaction between electrolyte and modified electrode, the CoO@N-rGO retains a reversible capacity of 1164 mA g−1 after 1000 cycles under 1 A g−1 at 55 °C.
As one of the substitute power sources with low environmental impact and high energy density, direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) show great potentials in applications of portable devices, automobiles, and stationary power plants for the easy handling of liquid fuel. Challenges hindering the further commercialization of DMFCs rely on different fundamental and engineering aspects, including sluggish methanol electrochemical oxidation, methanol crossover, cathode flooding, and massive noble metal use. Herein this review, strategies addressing these issues reported in recent years are focused on the discussion of their advantages in material and structural designs, with emphasis on catalysts, membrane, electrode architecture, and flow field in multiscale consideration. By reviewing the intensively studied materials and structures for DMFC application, a holistic picture of the key component design is sketched. The future development and perspective of DMFCs in the material aspect is also discussed.