batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
For children, second-order planning in object manipulation, as demonstrated by the end-state comfort (ESC) effect, is constrained by numerous factors. As a step towards delineating the influence of object size, children (ages 6–10, n = 113) and adults (ages 18–25, n = 17) performed an overturned cup task with 8 cup sizes (4.7–8.4 cm diameter). Contrary to the hypothesis, cup size did not predict the overall proportion of trials with ESC. An increase in age and hand length did result in more ESC. Subsequent analyses with children, which focused on each cup size, revealed an increase in the ratio of hand size to cup size resulted in an increase in ESC with the 4.7, 5.2, 6.2, and 6.7 cm cups, age was a significant predictor with 4.7, 5.2, and 6.2 cm cups, and the interaction was significant for the 6.2 cm cup. No other significant results emerged. Together, findings offer preliminary support for the notion that object size does constrain children’s motor planning skills to a certain degree (i.e., with large cups); however, further inquiry is warranted to elucidate the link between object size and hand size in children’s performance of tasks requiring second-order planning.
Objective Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with sympathetic hyperactivity, excessive nocturnal sweating, sleepiness, and neurobehavioral cognitive alterations. However, it is not well known if cognitive consequences of OSA are independent from autonomic alterations. Thus, we assessed the association between polysomnographic, autonomic, and cognitive tests performance in OSA patients. Methods Fifty eight OSA patients (53 male) were administered with questionnaires assessing demographic, Epworth, Beck Depression Inventory, Syndrom Kurz test (SKT), Trail Making part B (TMT-B), and Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) tests. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) and night sweating symptoms (NSwS) score were used to assess autonomic function. Results Global cognitive function (SKT) was normal in mild-moderate (M-OSA) and severe (S-OSA) patients. In S-OSA patients AHI was correlated with TMT-B (r = 0.30 P < 0.05) and with FAB (r = −0.31 P < 0.05). Oxygen desaturation was correlated with TMT-B (r = −0.45 P = < 0.001) and FAB (r = 0.29 P = < 0.05). Sympathetic overactivity was correlated with oxygen desaturation: HRV (r = −0.39 P < 0.05) and NSwS score (r = −0.49 P < 0.01), but HRV and NSwS score were not correlated with TMT-B and FAB. Conclusion Frontal cognitive dysfunction and predominance of sympathetic drive occur in OSA patients. Abnormal frontal cognitive function and sympathetic hyperactivity were related to oxygen desaturation, but not between each other. We conclude that neurobehavioral changes and autonomic imbalance in OSA patients take place independently from each other, suggesting different pathophysiological pathways.
An in situ polymerization assisted fast sol–gel method was introduced to synthesize high performance Li3V2PO4/C (LVP/C) cathode material. The crystal structure, surface morphology and electrochemical performances of the LVP/C samples sintered at different temperatures were investigated. The composite sintered at 750°C exhibits the highest specific discharge capacity of 119.02mAhg−1 (440.35Whg−1) at 10C rate. The Li+ diffusion coefficient ranges from 10−6 to 10−8 cm2 s−1 based on different scanning rates and the electronic conductivity is about 10−5 Scm−1. For comparison, an ex situ polymerization method was also employed to obtain the LVP/C composite. A novel charge/discharge testing mode was designed to investigate the electrochemical behavior of the as-prepared LVP/C composite for practical application in electric vehicle cells. The obtained high power density and the special testing mode prove the LVP/C composite would be a promising candidate for the electric vehicle application and deserves further investigation.
Seed treatments are widely used for crop protection and present a particular risk to granivorous birds. UK risk assessment for seed treatments has tended to focus on highly granivorous species; however, under some conditions, non-granivorous birds will take seeds. Better data is needed on which species eat seeds for which pesticide treatments are used. To identify which species will take and eat a range of crop seeds in common usage in the UK, birds visiting bait stations at which untreated seed was presented were video recorded. Information was also obtained on how much seed is taken by individual birds. The seeds tested were wheat, barley, maize, oilseed rape, grass, peas and pelleted sugar beet. For many of the species observed at the bait stations, the amounts of seed consumed during single visits were sufficient to pose a potential risk (toxicity-exposure ratio<10) if the seed had been treated with one of the more acutely toxic seed treatments. Previous studies have shown that de-husking of seeds can substantially reduce birds’ exposure. This paper provides information on which of the species recorded de-husked which seeds, in field conditions. The use of these data in pesticide risk assessment is considered.
One prominent, long-standing view is that individuals with schizophrenia smoke cigarettes more than the general population to “self-medicate” cognitive deficits and other symptoms. This study tested the self-medication hypothesis by examining the effects of smoking abstinence and resumption on cognition in patients with schizophrenia. Nicotine-dependent smokers with schizophrenia (n=26) were trained on a cognitive battery and then hospitalized to achieve and maintain confirmed abstinence from smoking for ~1 week. Cognition was tested while smoking as usual (baseline), one day after smoking cessation (early abstinence), ~1 week later (extended abstinence), and within ~3 weeks of resuming smoking (resumption). The test battery included measures of processing speed, attention, conflict resolution, verbal memory, working memory, verbal fluency, and executive function to evaluate multiple cognitive domains affected by schizophrenia. Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, depressive symptoms, and dyskinesia were also measured at baseline and after prolonged abstinence. There were no significant changes in global cognitive test performance with smoking cessation, abstinence, or resumption. There were small decreases in a measure of processing speed and delayed verbal recall with abstinence, but these findings failed to survive adjustments for multiple comparisons. Surprisingly, in this within subject “On-Off-Off-On” design, there were no significant effects of early or prolonged abstinence from smoking on cognitive and behavioral measures in smokers with schizophrenia. The results of this study challenge the widely held “self-medication” hypothesis of smoking and schizophrenia, question the extent of pro-cognitive effects of smoking and nicotine in schizophrenia, and support encouraging smoking cessation in schizophrenia.
M1/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 (M=Mg or Zn) is sucessfully synthesize from Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 via a electrochemical conversion method. The structure and morphology of the as-prepared material are systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The nano-sized morphology of M1/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 is beneficial for the reduction of diffusion length and transfer acceleration of cations from the surface into the bulk interiors. XRD patterns reveal that crystal structure is maintained after the reversible Mg2+ or Zn2+ intercalation/deintercalation. Its performance for Mg2+ and Zn2+ intercalation/deintercalation in aquesous electrolytes is evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Mg1/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 exhibits an initial capacity of 170.5mAhg−1 in 1molL−1 Mg(NO3)2, Zn1/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 displays capacity of 113.7mAhg−1 in 1molL−1 ZnSO4. Mg1/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 shows a good cycling performance and maintains 52.7mAhg−1 at 1.0C after 200 cycles in 1.0molL−1 MgSO4.
Compared with conventional freight vehicles, electric freight vehicles create less local pollution and are thus generally perceived as a more sustainable means of goods distribution. In urban areas, such vehicles must often perform the entirety of their delivery routes without recharging. However, their energy consumption is subject to a fair amount of uncertainty, which is due to exogenous factors such as the weather and road conditions, endogenous factors such as driver behaviour, and several energy consumption parameters that are difficult to measure precisely. Hence we propose a robust optimization framework to take into account these energy consumption uncertainties in the context of an electric vehicle routing problem. The objective is to determine minimum cost delivery routes capable of providing strong guarantees that a given vehicle will not run out of charge during its route. We formulate the problem as a robust mixed integer linear program and solve small instances to optimality using robust optimization techniques. Furthermore, we develop a two-phase heuristic method based on large neighbourhood search to solve larger instances of the problem, and we conduct several numerical tests to assess the quality of the methodology. The computational experiments illustrate the trade-off between cost and risk, and demonstrate the influence of several parameters on best found solutions. Furthermore, our heuristic identifies 42 new best solutions when tested on instances of the closely related robust capacitated vehicle routing problem.
The high-temperature and high-humidity storage behaviors and electrochemical degradation mechanism of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode material are investigated systematically. After stored at 55 °C and 80% relative humidity, three kinds of changes are observed compared to the fresh materials. The first change is adsorbed species on the surface of the materials caused by atmospheric H2O and CO2. The second is a layer of impurities consisting of LiOH and Li2CO3 coated on the surface of the materials non-uniformly. The third is a delithiation layer directly contacting with the bulk materials in the near-surface region, which is believed to be formed by lithium-ions migrating out from the lattice accompanied by the generation of the impurities. A different combination of heating temperature, heating time and heating atmosphere is performed to achieve the separation of the adsorbed species and the delithiation layer (together with the impurities) and study the role of different part in electrochemical degradation, respectively. For the first and the following cycles, the effect of the adsorbed species on the electrochemical properties takes a larger proportion than that of the delithiation layer and impurities.
In the United States, value-based purchasing has created the need for healthcare systems to prospectively identify patients at risk for high healthcare utilization beyond a physical therapy episode for musculoskeletal pain. The purpose of this study was to determine predictors of pain-related healthcare utilization subsequent to an index episode of physical therapy for musculoskeletal pain.
Due to the unique three-dimensional open framework with large interstitial sites, Prussian blue analogues offer great advantages in energy storage, however, besides solid cubic or hollow structure obtained by post treatments of etching or annealing, the fine structure of Prussian blue analogues remains difficult to control by one-step method. This may somewhat hinder its full application in energy storage. Herein, for the first time, a yolk-shell K0.86Mn[Fe(CN)6]0.74·2.35H2O microboxes with self-assembled hierarchical subunits are synthesized through a facile one-step approach. This growth process utilizes the self-assembly driving force of poly-vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) to motivate the consumption of the interior bulky crystal to outward rearrangement, and meanwhile preserving the outer shell. By virtue of the flexible reaction time, controllable structures with specific surface area and pore size can be realized. As a cathode for lithium ion battery it exhibits a high specific capacity of over 160 mAh g−1 and excellent rate performance, owing to the tailored high specific surface area yolk-shell structures. The nano-structured shell and the porous voids provide large active surface to build up the electrolyte/electrode interface and enable fast kinetics for reversible Li+ insertion and removal. With the help of highly reversible phase transition and sufficient expansion space for discharge/charge, the cathodes show an impressive cycling lifespan of 500 with over 80% capacity retention. This work highlights new insights into the rational design of Prussian blue analogues for rechargeable batteries.
Genistein is a major isoflavonoid in dietary soybean, commonly consumed in Asia. Genistein exerts inhibitory effects on the proliferation of various cancer cells and plays an important role in cancer prevention. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of genistein on human ovarian cancer cells are still little known. We show that exposure of human ovarian cancer HO-8910 cells to genistein induces DNA damage, and triggers G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, we also found that checkpoint proteins ATM and ATR are phosphorylated and activated in the cells treated with genistein. It is also shown that genistein increases the phosphorylation and activation of Chk1 and Chk2, which results in the phosphorylation and inactivation of phosphatases Cdc25C and Cdc25A, and thereby the phosphorylation and inactivation of Cdc2 which arrests cells in G2/M phase. Moreover, genistein enhances the phosphorylation and activation of p53, while decreases the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and Bcl-xL/Bax and the level of phosphorylated Akt, which result in cells undergoing apoptosis. These results demonstrate that genistein-activated ATM-Chk2-Cdc25 and ATR-Chk1-Cdc25 DNA damage checkpoint pathways can arrest ovarian cancer cells in G2/M phase, and induce apoptosis while the cellular DNA damage is too serious to be repaired. Thus, the antiproliferative, DNA damage-inducing and pro-apoptotic activities of genistein are probably responsible for its genotoxic effects on human ovarian cancer HO-8910 cells.
An In Situ Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer (ISUS) was coupled to a benthic chamber to characterize the bisulfide flux emanating from a warm spring at the Extrovert Cliff locality within Monterey Bay, California. The chamber was periodically flushed with bottom seawater to reset chemical concentrations, which enabled deployments over multiple days. Data from several deployments, each lasting at least 10 days, were used to calculate flow rates, fluid concentrations, and fluxes over time. The bisulfide concentration of the fluid entering the chamber varied from 75 to 4500μmoll−1. Positive temperature anomalies up to 3.5° were associated with these elevated concentrations. Linear flow rates ranged from 2 to >17mday−1, while the bisulfide fluxes varied from 0.2 to 80molm−2 day−1. The bisulfide originated at depth and was not produced in the surface sediments via an anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to sulfate reduction. Tides modulated the flow as well as the composition of the fluid entering the chamber. It appeared that a deep sourced fluid, which supplied the bisulfide, was mixed with a second, ambient seawater-like fluid before entering the flux chamber. At low tides, flow rates were at their highest and the contribution of the deep sourced fluid to the fluid entering the chamber was at a maximum.
The thermal swelling of rechargeable lithium-ion battery cells is investigated as a function of the charge state and the charge/discharge rate. The thermal swelling shows significant dependency on the state of charge and the charge rate. The thermal swelling follows a quadratic form at low temperatures, and shows linear characteristics with respect to temperature at high temperatures in free-swelling conditions. Moreover, the equivalent coefficient of thermal expansion is much larger than that of each electrode and host materials, suggesting that the separator and the complex shape of the cell play a critical role in thermal expansion. Based on the experimental characterization, a novel thermal swelling model is proposed. The model introduces an equivalent coefficient of thermal expansion for the cell and also considers the temperature distribution throughout the battery by using heat transfer theory. The comparison between the proposed model and experiments demonstrates that the model accurately predicts thermal swelling at a variety of charge/discharge rates during operation and relaxation periods. The model is relatively simple yet very accurate. Hence, it can be useful for battery management applied to prolong the cycle life of cells and packs.
Researchers from the U.S. Army Research Laboratory have shown that early fatigue damage behavior in structures may be predicted through the study of the microscale mechanical behavior of the material. Daniel Cole explained, “Many current structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques are limited to detecting very late stage damage;… our group is interested in fundamental material behavior prior to damage in the conventional sense, such as a macro-scale fatigue crack.” He said that if the behavior of the material prior to damage is better understood, this could lead to vehicle structures that act as sensors themselves, with the ability to report their health state and adapt to varying conditions.
The wind energy potential for generation of electricity and for domestic water pumping has been investigated for Marsabit, Kenya. Marsabit (37° 58′N, 2° 19′E) lies in Eastern province approximately 560km from Nairobi. Wind data from the Kenya Meteorological department for the period 2001–2006 has been used to study the Diurnal, monthly and inter-annual variability using empirical methods including the Power law and Weibull statistics. Average wind speeds greater than11m/s at a height of 10m are prevalent in this area. The available power density at a height of 100m is between 1776W/m2 and 2202W/m2 which is in the wind class range of 7 and 8. The maximum extractable power density at 100m varied between 1417W/m2 and 1757W/m2. Values of Weibull parameters k (dimensionless) and c (m/s) ranged between 2.5–3.05 and 11.86–12.97 respectively. Wind Rose analysis revealed no marked variation in wind direction and frequency throughout the year (mean direction between 150 and 160 degrees with highest standard deviation of 33.5 degrees). From the analysis, the site was found suitable for grid connected power generation and also for other stand-alone generators that can be used for water pumping and battery charging.
The next-generation wireless network is envisioned as a convergence of different wireless access technologies, and can offer mobile users the best service anywhere anytime. While mobile users roam between heterogeneous access networks, vertical handoff may take place and vertical handoff decision (network selection) would be a clear challenge. Because game theory is an effective mathematical theory to deal with models for studying interaction among decision makers, in this paper, the competition between mobile users and heterogeneous access networks can be formulated as a multi-tenderee bidding model; at the same time, the competition among heterogeneous access networks can be formulated as a cooperative game process to seek for larger total payoff. Then, the proposed algorithm is evaluated by network utility and standard deviation through simulation, and the experimental results show that it is effective to achieve the load balancing and meet the quality of service (QoS) requirements of various applications.
The phosphate-containing cobalt mixtures of non-calcined, calcined, and composite materials were synthesized in atmospheric conditions and characterized by different measurement techniques. Thermal study of these materials was carried out using DSC and TG–DTA techniques. From the study of thermal behaviour, it is observed that the composite material can not only be used as a sensible thermal heat storage material, but also can be used as a heat-dissipating material. The thermal behaviour of calcined mixture indicates its potential application towards use as a sensible thermal heat storage material due to its endothermic nature at high temperature. Average crystallite sizes were determined using the well-known Debye–Scherrer equation and are found to be 37.0 nm and 28.6 nm for the non-calcined and calcined mixture, respectively. The calculated band gap, Eg, of both the mixtures indicates their semiconducting behaviour at room temperature, and the calculated refractive index using the Moss and Ravindra relation are 2.52 and 2.62 for the non-calcined and calcined mixtures, respectively.
We present detailed observations of internally generated turbulence in a sheared, stratified natural flow, as well as an analysis of the external factors leading to its generation and temporal variability. Multi-month time series of vertical profiles of velocity, acoustic backscatter (0.5Hz), and turbulence parameters were collected with two moored acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) in the Hudson River estuary, and estuary-long transects of water density were collected 30 times. ADCP backscatter is used for visualization of coherent turbulent structures and evaluation of surface wave biases to the turbulence measurements. Benefits of the continuous long-term turbulence record include our capturing: (1) the seasonality of turbulence due to changing riverflow, (2) hysteresis in stratification and turbulence over the fortnightly cycle of tidal range, and (3) intermittent events such as breaking internal waves. Internal mixing layers (IMLs) are defined as turbulent regions above the logarithmic velocity layer, and the bottom boundary layer (BBL) is defined as the continuously turbulent range of heights above the bed. A cross-correlation analysis reveals how IML and BBL turbulence vary with stratification and external forcing from tidal range, river flow, and winds. Turbulence in both layers is maximal at spring tide and minimal when most stratified, with one exception—IML turbulence at a site with changing channel depth and width is maximal at times of maximum stratification and freshwater input.
The determination of state-of-health (SOH) and state-of-charge (SOC) is challenging and remains as an active research area in academia and industry due to its importance for Li-ion battery applications. The estimation process poses more challenges after substantial battery aging. This paper presents an inline SOH and SOC estimation method for Li-ion battery packs, specifically for those based on LiFePO4 chemistry. This new hybridized SOC and SOH estimator can be used for battery packs. Inline estimated model parameters were used in a compounded SOC + SOH estimator consisting of the SOC calculation based on coulomb counting method as an expedient approach and an SOH observer using an extended Kalman filter (EKF) technique for calibrating the estimates from the coulomb counting method. The algorithm's low SOC and SOH estimation error, fast response time, and less-demanding computational requirement make it practical for on-board estimations. The simulation and experimental results, along with the test bed structure, are presented to validate the proposed methodology on a single cell and a 3S1P LiFePO4 battery pack.