batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We have prepared a reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-supported silver (Ag) and manganese dioxide (MnO2) deposited porous-like catalyst (denoted as rGO/MnO2/Ag) through a facile electrochemical deposition route and have been used as a cathode catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline fuel cells. The physical properties of rGO/MnO2/Ag have been investigated via several instrumental methods. This material exhibits a polycrystalline structure characterized by Ag/MnO2 microsphere formation as a result of Ostwald ripening. The X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data reveal that the MnO2 and Ag have been slightly alloyed and Mn presents with the dioxide form on rGO. The electrochemical properties of the electrocatalyst have been studied via several voltammetric methods. The results demonstrated that the rGO/MnO2/Ag has an excellent catalytic activity for ORR in alkaline media compared to the other tested electrodes. Particularly, it shows 1.2 times higher current density and better electron transfer rate at 0.3 V per O2 than that of 20 wt% Pt/C. The other kinetic analysis reveals that the O2 has reduced directly to H2O through a nearly four-electron pathway with better anodic fuel tolerance and duration performance than that of 20% Pt/C.
Graphene quantum dots modified nanoporous SiAl (NP-SiAl/GQDs) composite was easily prepared by a facile dealloying followed by the encapsulation of graphene quantum dots. Nanoporous Si with part of Al residues was first fabricated through incomplete corrosion of binary Si5Al95 precursor alloy. GQDs were then used as the building units to enwrap the positively charged NP-SiAl on the basis of the electrostatic assembly. Owing to the combination of graphene quantum dots and embedded Al, NP-SiAl/GQDs displays dramatically boosted lithium storage performances with excellent reversible capacity, outstanding cyclability, as well as high rate capability. Especially, NP-SiAl/GQDs composite exhibits superior cycling stability with large reversible capacity of 1318.7 and 1005.5 mAh g−1 retained after 120 and 150 cycles under the rate of 200 and 1000 mA g−1, respectively. Moreover, it exhibits high reversible capacity even cycled at 3000 mA g−1. With the merits of facile preparation and exceptional performances, the as-prepared NP-SiAl/GQDs composite presents great application potential as next-generation anode material in lithium ion batteries.
Background The metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cognitive impairments are common in schizophrenia. Both are associated with poor outcomes, which have received increasing medical and mental health attention. Whether MetS is associated with impaired cognitive functions in schizophrenia has not been thoroughly addressed. The aim of this study was to compare the association between patients with and without MetS and its contributing components with neurocognitive performance. We hypothesized that patients with MetS would be associated with more impaired cognitive performance. Methods 159 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, with available metabolic data were included in the study. Patients were classified as either having or not having MetS as defined by the NCEP Adult Panel-III criteria. All patients completed neurocognitive and metabolic tests. Results Of the 159 patients, 43.34% had MetS. Patients without the MetS performed significantly better on tests measuring processing speed (p=0.050), attention/vigilance (p=0.040), working memory (p=0.041) and problem solving/reasoning (p=0.050) compared with those with MetS. Patients with MetS showed significantly lower cognitive domain scores. After Bonferroni correction greater waist circumference was associated with lower scores on attention/vigilance (β=−0.551; p≤.0083), HDL was positively associated with scores on attention/vigilance (β=0.900, p≤.0083) and higher triglycerides were associated with lower scores on attention/vigilance (β=−1.004, p≤.0083). Conclusions Schizophrenia patients with MetS showed significant cognitive impairments in three key cognitive domains. Aggressive medical treatment of the constituent components of MetS may provide the potential for important beneficial effects on patients' cognitive functioning.
A theoretical electrochemical thermal model combined with a thermal resistive network is proposed to investigate thermal behaviours of a battery pack. The combined model is used to study heat generation and heat dissipation as well as their influences on the temperatures of the battery pack with and without a fan under constant current discharge and variable current discharge based on electric vehicle (EV) driving cycles. The comparison results indicate that the proposed model improves the accuracy in the temperature predication of the battery pack by 2.6 times. Furthermore, a large battery pack with four of the investigated battery packs in series is simulated in the presence of different ambient temperatures. The simulation results show that the temperature of the large battery pack at the end of EV driving cycles can reach to 50 °C or 60 °C in high ambient temperatures. Therefore, thermal management system in EVs is required to maintain the battery pack within the safe temperature range.
Layered LiAl1/3−x Co x Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 (0≦ x ≦1/3) compounds were studied via the combination of computational and experimental approach. The calculated voltage curve of LiNi1/3Al1/3Mn1/3O2 compound is presented, indicating it is of great potential for a cathode material of lithium-ion batteries. Unfortunately, it was found that the LiNi1/3Al1/3Mn1/3O2 compound without impurity phase could not be synthesized via a sol–gel process. To obtain a layered compound without impurity phase, partial of Al is replaced by Co in LiNi1/3Al1/3Mn1/3O2 compound in this study. Layered LiAl1/3−x Co x Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 (0≦ x ≦1/3) compounds were synthesized via sol–gel reaction at 900°C under a oxygen stream. Single phase of the LiAl1/3−x Co x Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 in 1/6≦ x ≦1/3 region could be prepared successfully. The discharge capacity and conductivity increased with an increase in the Co-substitution content. The enhancement of the conductivity and phase purity by the introduction of Co content shows profound influence on the performance of the LiAl1/3−x Co x Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 compounds.
The authors of the above-mentioned article would like to state that on page 3031, in the later part of Section 3.3, Cyclic voltammetry, an error in the calculation of lithium diffusivity has been uncovered. For obtaining the slope of Ip vs. ν1/2, current density was used, which was wrong. According to Randles-Sevcic equation, current, not current density had to be used. The corrected text is provided below: The slope of Ip vs. ν1/2 was used for the preliminary calculation of diffusivity [30] assuming that the anodic peak current corresponds to the removal of 2.33 Li+ ions from Li2.33Si, and using the theoretical molar volume of Li2.33Si [31]. The determined diffusivity was 2.35×10−13cm2/s. This value is approximately three orders lower than ~1.12×10−10cm2/s of graphite powder electrode for the formation of LiC6 [32]. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused.
The study objective was to determine the effect of variable power applied to the atomizer of refillable tank based e-cigarette (EC) devices. Five different devices were evaluated, each at four power levels. Aerosol yield results are reported for each set of 25 EC puffs, as mass/puff, and normalized for the power applied to the coil, in mass/watt. The range of aerosol produced on a per puff basis ranged from 1.5 to 28 mg, and, normalized for power applied to the coil, ranged from 0.27 to 1.1 mg/watt. Aerosol samples were also analyzed for the production of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein, as DNPH derivatives, at each power level. When reported on mass basis, three of the devices showed an increase in total aldehyde yield with increasing power applied to the coil, while two of the devices showed the opposite trend. The mass of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein produced per gram of total aerosol produced ranged from 0.01 to 7.3 mg/g, 0.006 to 5.8 mg/g, and <0.003 to 0.78 mg/g, respectively. These results were used to estimate daily exposure to formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein from EC aerosols from specific devices, and were compared to estimated exposure from consumption of cigarettes, to occupational and workplace limits, and to previously reported results from other researchers.
To benefit from the large capacity gain advantages offered by lithium-induced electrochemical alloying and to overcome poor kinetics, a novel concept to tackle such issues by using porous hierarchical microspheres with an interconnected network of nanoplate building blocks, has been introduced and demonstrated with Sn1.0P1.17O4.72 glass as an example. Such desired three-dimensional microarchitectures with exciting nanosize effects can be exploited to fabricate next generation of lithium-ion batteries where outstanding rate capability and sustained reversible capacity are achieved.
Sea anemones in genera Adamsia, Calliactis and Paracalliactis (family Hormathiidae) engage in a mutualistic symbiosis with hermit crabs in which the anemone gains substrate and food in exchange for defending the crab. Some of the sea anemones also expand the living space of the crab by producing a carcinoecium, a chitinous structure that overlies the initial gastropod shell in which the hermit crab lives. The symbiosis is initiated either by the crab, or by the anemone. Although behavioral and physiological aspects of this symbiosis have been studied, interpretations cannot be generalized without an evolutionary framework. After reconstructing relationships among members of Hormathiidae using DNA sequences, we find that the association has evolved at least twice: Adamsia nests within Calliactis in a single clade, and Paracalliactis belongs to a different clade within the family. The carcinoecium and complex behavioral and anatomical features associated with the symbiosis are interpreted as having evolved at least twice within Hormathiidae and seem to be phylogenetically labile.
Current collectors are essential components in lithium-ion batteries, but are typically made of metal foils that do not contribute to the battery capacity. Now, a fire-extinguishing lightweight polymer-based current collector is developed that enhances both the energy density and safety of the battery.
The complexation of two hydroxyethylcellulose, of different molecular weights, SC230 and SC240, with the anionic surfactants perfluorodecanoic acid, PFDA, and perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA, has been studied. For this purpose, the anions transfer current across a water/1,2-dichloroethane interface was employed to quantify PFDA and PFOA concentration in the absence or in the presence of the polyelectrolyte. When polymers were added in increasing amounts to solutions containing PFDA or PFOA, a gradual decrease in current values was observed, evincing the binding of the anions to the polymer. Peak Current values for the transfer, were used for the drawing up the binding isotherms, which were fitted by Satake and Yang theory. Cooperative binding was observed, but all fluorinated acids gave a similar cooperativity parameter, and it was found that both the overall constant as well as the cooperative binding process, increases with the molecular weight of the polymer.
Valve-regulated lead–acid (VRLA) batteries with absorptive glass mat (AGM) separators have been in use for over 20 years in different standby applications. These applications are increasingly varied, especially regarding environmental conditions. Standby batteries are not only for use in applications where conditions are strictly defined and controlled (air conditioning) and it is therefore necessary to review and clarify the key parameters for the use of VRLA batteries with respect to the optimum conditions. Several series of chemical and electrochemical reactions occur in VRLA batteries particularly when in a charge or float charge condition. These reactions give specific properties such as minimal water loss (low maintenance) but also create specific precautions for use. VRLA battery functioning is limited by four main phenomena that are positive grid corrosion, irreversible active mass sulfation, active mass degradation by cycling and dry-out by loss of water. Positive grid corrosion is the usual failure mode in float operation or due to persistent overcharge. Irreversible active mass sulfation occurs due to lack of charge. In cycling, dependent upon the frequency and depth of discharge, the active mass undergoes numerous structural changes that cause degradation. These four limiting phenomena define a framework inside which several parameters determine the service life of VRLA batteries. These parameters are commissioning, temperature, and frequency and depth of discharge. Commissioning is necessary to equalise and fully charge the cells before use. Temperature, and temperature dispersion, is the main factor determining the rate of corrosion. The frequency and depth of discharge determine how the active mass is utilised. This paper, by considering these parameters both qualitatively and quantitatively, attempts to indicate how and why to adjust the charge and float voltages to optimise the use of AGM VRLA batteries according to the environmental conditions.
The undesirable formation and low-efficient decomposition of Li2CO3 on cathode of Li-air battery, is an insurmountable obstacle for its practical applications. High efficient cathode catalysts toward Li2CO3 decomposition still have not been thoroughly studied. Here, we report a porous MnO prepared by heating precursor using a facile ethanol refluxing method and employed as high efficient cathode catalyst in ambient Li-air battery for Li2CO3 decomposition. Compared with the pure carbon electrode, it demonstrated an improved electrochemical performance of more than 100 cycles in ambient air and low charging overpotential. At the 100th cycle, the discharge/charge terminal voltage of MnO cathode remains 2.65/4.00 V, which is much higher/lower than that of pure carbon electrode (2.36/4.44 V). These results reveal that the superior catalytic performance of MnO towards the Li2CO3 decomposition during charging. Additionally, we carefully examined the time- and depth-dependent discharge products distributions in the carbon-containing cathode, especially for the formation of Li2CO3, by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The Li2CO3 was initially formed on the surface of Li2O2, and then gradually into the inner part of the Li2O2, which reveals that the Li2O2 is inclined to react with CO2 rather than the carbon based electrode materials. These results present essential information for the development of high efficient cathode catalysts toward the high-efficient decomposition of Li2CO3 for practical Li-air batteries in ambient air.
The intention of this work was to investigate the concentration dependence of glass transitions and ionic conductivity in a solvent-free polymer electrolyte system based on an amorphous polymer matrix. The study was carried out on an elastomeric random copolymer of butadiene and acrylonitrile (PBAN) containing LiAsF6 in the range from pure PBAN to 3.35molkg−1 (or a CN/Li ratio of 2.25:1), which covered both the homogenous (up to CN/Li=4:1) and two-phase regions of the system. The results demonstrated that both T g and ionic conductivity slightly increased with salt content up to a CN/Li ratio of 10:1, and typical behaviour for amorphous solid polymer electrolytes was observed within this concentration range. For higher salt contents, CN/Li ratios from 8:1 to 6:1, the increases in T g was much larger than expected, and rapid decrease in conductivity were also observed. Near the limit of the homogeneity region of the PBAN–LiAsF6 system (CN/Li=5.75:1 to 4:1), broad dispersion of the experimental T g and conductivity values were observed. In individual cases, abrupt decreases in T g were observed simultaneously with dramatic increase in electrolyte conductivity (up to 10−4 Scm−1). For highly concentrated samples (CN/Li=5.75:1 to 4:1), as well as for two-phase samples up to 3.25:1, glass transitions and conductivity were established to be strongly dependent on the sample pre-history, which is typical for the metastable state of a system. The complicated behaviour of glass transitions and ionic conductivity of the PBAN–LiAsF6 electrolytes must be attributed to the specific transformations of their ionic and molecular structures. Structural changes are related to diffuse phase transitions that have been proposed at moderate (2nd order) and limiting (1st order) salt concentrations.
The investigation of ion-solvent interaction in electrolytes is crucial for basic understanding of ion transport through the bulk electrolyte as well as interphase formation processes on both electrodes, which dictate performances of lithium ion batteries (LIBs). In this report, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to study the solvation behaviors of two typical lithium salts (lithium hexafluorophosphate, or LiPF6, and lithium tetrafluoroborate, or LiBF4) dissolved in ethylene carbonate (EC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC) mixtures. With increasing salt concentration and DMC percentage in both systems, 19F NMR experiences an upfield shift along with decreasing J 31 P − 19 F and J 11 B − 19 F , which evidence the stronger interaction between the Li+ and F− in an environment with diminishing presence of high dielectric medium. The quadrupolar relaxation of 11B dominates the 19F relaxation mechanism and demonstrates that LiBF4 mainly exists as ion pairs in solution either at high salt concentration or in a medium of low polarity. 7Li, 19F, 1H NMR diffusion measurements were conducted to characterize the relative mobility of cation, anion and solvent molecules, the results of which support the conclusion above. Salt concentration and solution polarity have a much stronger effect on cation-anion aggregation and solvation in the LiBF4 system than in the LiPF6 system.
The electrochemical behavior of a new G-2-s-triazine-based dendrimer, 2,4,6-tris-{4-{4,6-bis-{4-{4,6-bis-[(1S,2S)-1,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-prop-2-ylamino]-s-triazin-2-yl}-piperazin-1-yl}-s-triazin-2-yl}-piperazin-1-yl}-s-triazine, (I), was studied in dimethylsulfoxide solution by cyclic voltammetry, on platinum and graphite electrodes. The electrochemical properties of I were compared with that of one of its precursor, N-{4,6-bis{4-{4,6-bis[(1S,2S)-1,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-prop-2-ylamino]-s-triazin-2-yl}-piperazin-1-yl}-triazin-2-yl}-piperazine), (II), together with that of the starting material, (1S,2S)-2-amino-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-propane-1,3-diol (“p-nitrophenylserinol”), (III).
The energy storage market is growing exponentially and residential batteries are being deployed including in grid-connected housing, in order to increase on-site use of PV electricity, i.e. PV self-consumption. However, residential batteries have not reached economic profitability yet in most grid-connected situations, and alternative applications for residential batteries should be explored. This paper presents results from an economic optimization of the operation of a residential battery for two different applications, namely PV self-consumption and demand-load shifting under different dynamic tariff structures. A genetic algorithm was used to identify the optimal operation of the battery for both applications separately as well as combined, in order to investigate whether and under what circumstances the delivery of these two services can help to create an economic case. We find that the greatest monetary value per kWh of storage capacity installed is obtained when a battery is used for PV self-consumption under a single, flat tariff. Furthermore, adding demand-load shifting to the value proposition is economically attractive since it helps to minimize the levelized cost associated with battery storage. We also identify improvements needed for residential batteries to reach economic viability in Switzerland for both PV self-consumption and demand-load shifting, as for example, halving of capital expenditure of the battery system.
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) of poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) - 50% epoxidized natural rubber (ENR50) polymer blend doped with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt (LiTFSI) have achieved an optimum ionic conductivity value of 6.45 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 25 wt % of LiTFSI salt (room temperature). The chronoamperometry analysis indicated that the charge transport in polymer electrolyte is near-dominated by ion with lithium transference numbers (TLi +) of 0.29. Notably, this electrolyte exhibits a good electrochemical stability of 4.2 V (vs. Li/Li+). Further investigation by IR has indicated that polymer-salt complexation occurred between Li+ from dopant salt with oxygen from the ether group (C-O-C). These have weaken the vibrational mode of methylene group (CH2); scissoring and rocking mode on plane as well as twisting mode for out of the plane. The strong complexation between the cations with the polymeric segments have indirectly increased the thermal stability of the polymer electrolytes. Nevertheless, using the facile blending method, the addition of environment benign and natural material of ENR50 has improved the PEO-based electrolyte system.
A new plasticized poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVdF-HFP)/PPG-PEG-PPG diamine/organosilane blend-based polymer electrolyte system has been synthesized and characterized. The structural and electrochemical properties of the electrolytes thus obtained were systematically investigated by a variety of techniques including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile test, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 13C and 29Si solid-state NMR, AC impedance, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and charge–discharge measurements. The FTIR and NMR results provided the information about the interaction among the constituents in the blend polymer membrane. The present blend polymer electrolyte exhibits several advantageous electrochemical properties such as ionic conductivity up to 1.3×10−2 Scm−1 at room temperature, high value of Li+ transference number (t + =0.82), electrochemical stability up to 6.4V vs. Li/Li+ with the platinum electrode, and stable charge–discharge cycles for lithium-ion batteries.
By varying the synthetic temperature and time, Co3O4 with highly optimized electrochemical properties was obtained from the solid state reaction of CoCO3. As a result, Co3O4 showed a high capacity around 700mAh/g and stable capacity retention during cycling (93.4% of initial capacity was retained after 100 cycles). However, its initial irreversible capacity reached about 30% of capacity. Several phenomenological examinations in our previous results told us that the main causes of low initial coulombic efficiency, that is, large initial irreversible capacity, were solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film formation on surface and incomplete decomposition of Li2O during the first discharge process. SEI film formation cannot be restrained without the development of a special electrolyte, and there has been little research on the proper electrolyte composition, whereas in our research, Ni had the catalytic activity to facilitate Li2O decomposition. Thus, in order to improve the low initial coulombic efficiency of Co3O4 (69%), Ni was added to Co3O4 using two methods like physical mixing and mechanical milling. When adding the same amount of Ni, the mechanical milling showed the improvement in initial coulombic efficiency, 79%, but physical mixing had no effect. Finally, when the charge–discharge mechanism of Co3O4 was considered and the morphologies of Ni–Co3O4 mixture obtained by physical mixing and Ni–Co3O4 composite prepared by mechanical milling were compared, it was revealed that the initial coulombic efficiency of Ni–Co3O4 composite depends on the contact area between the Ni and the Co3O4.