batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Direct laser-reduction of graphene oxide (GO), as a lithography-free approach, has been proven effective in manufacturing in-plane micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) with fast ion diffusion. However, the power density and the charge/discharge rate are still limited by the relatively low conductivity of electrodes. Here, we report a facile approach by exploiting femtolaser in situ reduction of the hydrated GO and chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) nanocomposite simultaneously, which incorporates both the patterning of rGO electrodes and the fabrication of Au current collectors in a single step. These flexible MSCs boast achievements of one-hundred fold increase in electrode conductivities of up to 1.1 × 106 S m−1, which provide superior rate capability (50% for the charging rate increase from 0.1 V s−1 to 100 V s−1), sufficiently high frequency responses (362 Hz, 2.76 ms time constant), and large specific capacitances of 0.77 mF cm−2 (17.2 F cm−3 for volumetric capacitance) at 1 V s−1, and 0.46 mF cm−2 (10.2 F cm−3) at 100 V s−1. The use of photo paper substrates enables the flexibility of this fabrication protocol. Moreover, proof-of-concept 3D MSCs are demonstrated with enhanced areal capacitance (up to 3.84 mF cm−2 at 1 V s−1) while keeping high rate capabilities. This prototype of all solid-state MSCs demonstrates the broad range of potentials of thin-film based energy storage device applications for flexible, portable, and wearable electronic devices that require a fast charge/discharge rate and high power density.
The operating temperature and internal water accumulation influence the fuel cell performance significantly, and various regions inside the fuel cell still have non-uniformity. At present, only external, invasive, theoretical and simulation methods are available. The real information inside the fuel cell cannot be known instantly. This study used micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology to develop a temperature, pressure and flow 3-in-1 micro sensor. First, the PI foil (Polyimide foil, 50 μm thick) was used to develop a 3-in-1 micro sensor, and then the 3-in-1 micro sensor was embedded in the low-temperature fuel cell for real-time microscopic monitoring of internal temperature, pressure and flow of fuel cell. In terms of temperature inside the fuel cell, as the upstream and midstream formed heat can be carried away by sufficient gas at the inlet, and the downstream reaction is violent, the downstream temperature is higher than upstream and midstream temperatures. In terms of pressure, in long-term observation, the internal pressure fluctuates, the pressure increases momently and reverts at some time points. This is possibly due to the removal of accumulated water from the flow channel. In terms of flow, the flow supplied by flow controller is higher than the upstream and downstream micro flow sensors, and the difference matches the gas leakage value.
The primary objective of this study was to study the impact of ASD/ADHD on general intellectual ability and profile, executive functions and visuo-motor skills in children and adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). A secondary aim was to study if gender, age, heart disease, ASD, ADHD or ASD in combination with ADHD had an impact on general intellectual ability and profile. One hundred consecutively referred individuals aged 1–35 years with 22q11DS were given in-depth neuropsychological assessments. Mean full scale IQ was 71 with a normal distribution around this mean. Higher IQ for females than males, and a negative trend for IQ with higher age were found. Intellectual impairment, as well as visuo-motor dysfunction, was found to be related to 22q11DS per se and not to ASD/ADHD. In the area of executive function, the presence of ASD/ADHD predicted poor planning ability in the children in the study.
Lithium ion batteries are a proven technology for automotive applications and their continued use in the future electric vehicle fleet is undeniable. In addition to battery performance and durability, battery safety is paramount to ensure confidence and widespread adoption of electromobility in our society. This comprehensive review aims at presenting the various international standards and regulations for safety testing of lithium ion batteries in automotive applications under various abusive environments. Safety tests are presented and analysed including mechanical, electrical, environmental and hazards of chemical nature. The intention of this review is compiling the most relevant standards and regulations to identify shortcomings and areas for future improvement.
Nitroxide polymer brushes grafted on silica nanoparticles as binder-free cathodes for organic radical batteries have been investigated. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and electron spin resonance confirm that the nitroxide polymer brushes are successfully grafted onto silica nanoparticles via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The thermogravimetric analysis results indicate that the onset decomposition temperature of these nitroxide polymer brushes is found to be ca. 201°C. The grafting density of the nitroxide polymer brushes grafted on silica nanoparticles is 0.74–1.01chainsnm−2. The results of the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance indicate that the non-crosslinking nitroxide polymer brushes prevent the polymer from dissolving into organic electrolytes. Furthermore, the electrochemical results show that the discharge capacity of the polymer brushes is 84.9–111.1mAhg−1 at 10C and the cells with the nitroxide polymer brush electrodes have a very good cycle-life performance of 96.3% retention after 300 cycles.
A team of chemists at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, USA, claims that it has consistently created, for the first time, uniform platinum nano-cubes – a development that could make hydrogen fuel cells more efficient and less costly.
By immersion of macroporous polystyrene beads covalently bound with negatively charged sulfonate groups in tungstic acid and subsequent carbonization in presence of sulfur vapor, the polystyrene-derived porous carbon (PDPC) with uniformly embedded WS2 nanoparticles of ∼20wt% (denoted as PDPC/WS2) was fabricated as an anode material for Li-ion batteries. Compared to the pure PDPC, the uniform chemical vapor synthesized embedment of WS2 nanoparticles lead to the highly improved electrochemical performance. At the high current rate of 1A/g, it delivers the continuous increase in capacity with cycling and ∼100% Coulumbic efficiency over more than 1000 cycles, and reversible capacity of 282mAh/g is retained after the 1220 cycles. By tuning again up to 2A/g, the PDPC/WS2 anode can maintain the impressive capacity retentions of 81% and 70% after 1000 and 2000 more cycles, respectively. The cycling test of the PDPC/WS2 anode at the high rate of 4A/g demonstrate the cycling stability over more than 7000 cycles.
The amorphous citrate precursor method was employed to prepare perovskite of La0.6Ca0.4Co0.8Ir0.2O3 as a bi-functional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution in an alkaline electrolyte. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the as-synthesized powders exhibited a majority phase identical to that of La0.6Ca0.4CoO3, indicating successful incorporation of Ir4+ at the Co cation sites. Scanning Electron Microscope images demonstrated a foam-like microstructure with a surface area of 13.31m2 g−1. For electrochemical characterization, the La0.6Ca0.4Co0.8Ir0.2O3 particles were supported on carbon nanocapsules (CNCs) and deposited on commercially available gas diffusion electrodes with a loading of 2.4mgcm−2. In current–potential polarizations, La0.6Ca0.4Co0.8Ir0.2O3/CNCs revealed more enhanced bi-functional catalytic abilities than La0.6Ca0.4CoO3/CNCs. Similar behaviors were observed in galvanostatic profiles for oxygen reduction and evolution at current densities of 50 and 100mAcm−2 for 10min. Moreover, notable changes from zeta potential measurements were recorded for La0.6Ca0.4Co0.8Ir0.2O3 relative to La0.6Ca0.4CoO3. In lifetime determinations, where a repeated 3h sequence of oxygen reduction/resting/oxygen evolution/resting was imposed, La0.6Ca0.4Co0.8Ir0.2O3/CNCs delivered a stable and sustainable behavior with moderate degradation.
Heat generated in electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) during charging or discharging includes irreversible and reversible heat, the former is caused by the Joule effect, the latter is attributed to the ion adsorption/desorption at the electrode/electrolyte interface. In this study, the reversible heat of EDLCs is discussed with the surface Gibbs free energy at the electric double-layer, with the model the calculated temperature behaviors for the EDLCs with liquid electrolyte are compared with some experimental data. Temperature profiles and oscillation amplitudes in galvanostatic cycling which are affected by reversible and irreversible heats are discussed in detail. The relations of reversible heat with current as well as electrolyte temperature and concentration are analyzed as well.
Liquid metal battery (LMB), with three-liquid-layer structure and high operating temperature (300–700 °C), is a newly emerging technology for large scale energy storage applications. A thermal management system is critical to achieve satisfied LMB performance and extend the life of batteries. In this work, an improved coupling model composing of a 3D heat-transfer model and a 1D electrochemical model is developed for the thermal analysis of a Li||Sb–Sn LMBs module (5.5 kWh). Key results including transient values, the contribution ratio of heat sources, temperature homogeneity and distribution, as well as the energy efficiency of the battery module, are presented. Based on the coupling model, the changeable-power-heating mode, sand filling material and vacuum insulation are further proposed to achieve the high energy efficiency and optimal performance of the LMBs module. Moreover, the LMBs module can achieve “self-heating” when operated at 0.2 C charge/discharge, under the vacuum insulation (0.01 W m−1 K−1 thermal conductivity, 100 mm thickness), requiring no external heating to keep the batteries at operating temperature.
Assisted by graphene oxide (GO), nano-sized LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 with excellent electrochemical performance was prepared by a facile hydrothermal method as cathode material for lithium ion battery. SEM and TEM images indicate that the particle size of LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 (S2) was about 80 nm in diameter. The discharge capacity of LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 nanoparticles was 140.3 mAh·g−1 in the first cycle. It showed that graphene oxide was able to restrict the growth of LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 and it in situ reduction of GO could improve the electrical conductivity of LiMn0.6Feo.4PO4 material.
Herein, we present a detailed study by N2 sorption and Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) of the carbonization and KOH activation of lignin for its application as active material for electrochemical energy storage. It has been observed that i) the carbonization of lignin above 700 °C leads to a hard carbon with a large amount of bulk (buried) fine structure microporosity and a good performance as Na-ion negative electrode, ii) when KOH activation is done after complete carbonization it is mainly increasing the accessibility of the initial bulk microporosity, leading to a carbon with good performance as symmetric supercapacitor in aqueous electrolyte and iii) when carbonization and KOH activation are done simultaneously, a distinct pore structure is generated with a large amount of mesopores, suitable for symmetric supercapacitor in organic electrolyte. By combining SAXS, which is sensitive to bulk as well as surface porosity, and N2 sorption which probes surface porosity, it has been possible to follow the intricate mechanism of microporosity development. Finally, it is believed that these results can be extrapolated to various biomass based precursors.
Both beta thalassemia and restless legs syndrome (RLS) patients share some common pathophysiological characteristics related to iron handling. In the present study, the aim was to explore the prevalence of RLS as well as to explore potential association between the syndrome and various quality of life-related parameters in a sample of beta thalassemia patients.
A novel network polymer electrolyte based on the polymethylsiloxane system has been designed and synthesized. In the network polymers, different numbers of PEO chains with various molecular weights were introduced onto the networks as immobile internal plasticizer through a hydrosilylation reaction. The presence of internal plasticizers pendant on the network backbones can lower the glass transition temperatures (T g) of the electrolytes, make the lithium salt easily dissolved and accelerate the migration of free lithium ions migration. The ambient ionic conductivity (σ RT) was significantly enhanced compared with that of network polymer electrolytes without internal plasticizers. The optimum ionic conductivity was 10−4.1 S cm−1 at room temperature and 10−3.0 S cm−1 at 80°C.
The present study analyzes the correlation between the optimal angle for a fixed Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system and the latitude of the system's site as measured in degrees according to estimates made with PVSYST 3.41 software. Calculations were made for a BIPV south orientated tilted roof at 20 different locations in 14 countries, ranging from 0° to 85° latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. In order to prove the reliability of using the latitude angle as the angle for the tilted panel, the correlation was made between the performance obtained with the system using the optimal angle and the system with the site's location angle. Results indicate that an average of 98.6% a system's performance with the optimal angle can be obtained using the latitude angle for the tilted panel.
The increasing share of uncertain wind generation has changed traditional operation scheduling of power systems. The challenges of this additional variability raise the need for an operational flexibility in providing both energy and reserve. One key solution is an effective incorporation of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) into the power system operation process. To this end, this paper proposes a two-stage stochastic programming market-clearing model considering the network constraints to achieve the optimal scheduling of conventional units as well as PEV parking lots (PLs) in providing both energy and reserve services. Different from existing works, the paper pays more attention to the uncertain characterization of PLs takes into account the arrival/departure time of PEVs to/from the PL, the initial state of charge (SOC) of PEVs, and their battery capacity through a set of scenarios in addition to wind generation scenarios. The results reveal that although the cost saving as a consequence of incorporating PL to the grid is below 1% of total system cost, however, flexible interactions of PL in the energy and reserve markets can promote the integration of wind power more than 13.5%.
The mechanical degradation of electrodes caused by lithiation and delithiation is one of the main factors responsible for the short cycle life of lithium-based batteries employing high capacity electrodes. In this report, we introduced a simple patterning approach to improve the cycling stability of silicon electrode, which is considered as the next generation negative electrode due to its high Coulombic capacity and low cost, but is limited by the mechanical degradation associated with large volume variations during cycling. The pattern design is based on the observation of a critical size for the crack gap in continuous films. An improvement in cycle life was noted when the pattern size was below the critical (7–10μm) size, in which case the Si electrode patches adhered well to the Cu substrate after many cycles. By taking the plastic deformation in both Si thin film and substrate into consideration, the calculated crack spacing is consistent with experimental observations. Theoretical considerations gave a feasible explanation for the failure of Si pattern above the critical size. These results suggest a new approach to extend the cycle life of Si-based electrode materials using size to control and relax the stress due to lithiation and delithiation.
Mutations in nicotinic receptor subunits have been identified in some families with autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE). Normal intelligence has currently been considered the rule, although anecdotal cases with intellectual disability have been reported. We aimed to evaluate the frequency and degree of neuropsychological disorders in ADNFLE associated with nicotinic receptor mutations by testing 11 subjects from four families with a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. General intellectual function was below the normal range in 45% of the subjects. All were abnormal in one or more executive task. Memory was either more affected than executive functions or equally affected in two thirds of subjects, suggesting a frontotemporal pattern of cognitive impairment. Cognitive dysfunction appears to be an integral part of the broad phenotype of ADNFLE with nicotinic receptor mutations, a fact that has been underestimated until now. The cognitive disorder affects executive functions as well as memory in most subjects.
Abstract Energy harvesters are being developed to meet the power requirements of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and remote monitoring devices to enhance the lifetime and limitations of conventional batteries. There are many different mechanisms that can be utilized to scavenge the energy from the environment, including piezoelectric, magnetoelectric, inductive, photovoltaic, electrostatic, thermoelectric, and dielectric. Among the various possibilities for vibration and magnetic field energy harvesting, magnetoelectric (ME) composites combining the piezoelectric and magnetostrictive phase provide great potential. In this chapter, we will systematically describe the development of ME composites and their application as magnetoelectric energy harvesters. A self-biased magnetoelectric composite that can generate voltage in the absence of direct current (DC) bias will be discussed in detail. The principles behind the design to harvest energy from mechanical vibrations and magnetic fields, individually or simultaneously, will be illustrated. Other considerations, such as the arc-based concept that ensures low resonance frequency across different length scales while providing the wideband, will also be discussed.
The emerging body-electric closed-loop system may significantly contribute to disease treatment or other healthcare areas. Here, a flexible electronic smell detector linking to brain (mimicking olfactory epithelium) has been designed for constructing artificial olfactory-substitution perception-behavior closed-loop systems. Driven by the body motion, the device can output a series of triboelectric-sensing signal like a specific code for differentiating gas species (e.g. methanol: 11011111). The signal transmitted into mouse brain at somatosensory barrel cortex can participate in mouse perception and act as the brain stimulator. The brain can accordingly control the body to engage in particular behavior, and this movement can operate the device in turn. An artificial olfactory closed loop is formed among the device, brain and body. This new approach can promote the development of closed-loop human-machine interactions and self-powered multifunctional systems.
Owing to its abundance and high theoretical capacity, phosphorus has attracted intense research interest as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, the adaption of phosphorus for batteries is still limited by its poor electrochemical performance, which is associated with its poor electronic conductivity and large volume change during charging and discharging. We herein report a facile and cost-effective method, which is based on high-energy mechanical milling, for the synthesis of phosphorus nanoparticles within carbon matrix as high-performance anode materials. Red phosphorus was readily transformed into orthorhombic black phosphorus at ambient temperature and pressure, forming phosphorus nanocrystals homogenously dispersed in carbon matrix. Such composites provide superior electrochemical performance, exhibiting reversible capacity of 1000 mA h g−1 after 300 cycles. Full cells based on such phosphorus-carbon composites against LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode offer a capacity retention of 92% after 200 cycles at 0.5 C.
An accurate understanding of the characteristics of battery heat generation is essential to the development and success of thermal management systems for electric vehicles. In this study, a calorimeter capable of measuring the heat generation rates of a prismatic battery is developed and verified by using a controllable electric heater. The heat generation rates of a prismatic A123 LiFePO4 battery is measured for discharge rates ranging from 0.25C to 3C and operating temperature ranging from −10 °C to 40 °C. At low rates of discharge the heat generation is not significant, even becoming endothermic at the battery operating temperatures of 30 °C and 40 °C. Heat of mixing is observed to be a non-negligible component of total heat generation at discharge rates as low as 0.25C for all tested battery operating temperatures. A double plateau in battery discharge curve is observed for operating temperatures of 30 °C and 40 °C. The developed experimental facility can be used for the characterization of heat generation for any prismatic battery, regardless of chemistries.
This paper presents a 3D microstructure model to predict mechanical behaviors of the anisotropic battery separator. A statistical characterization and stochastic reconstruction method is established to enable 3D microstructure modeling based on 2D microscopic images. Statistics of the key microstructure characteristics, such as porosity and the shape of the voids, are quantified by image-based characterization. Furthermore, a stochastic reconstruction algorithm is proposed to generate random but statistically equivalent 3D microstructure models for mechanical property analysis and uncertainty quantification. The proposed method is demonstrated on a commercial separator. Uniaxial tensile simulations are conducted with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and the results are validated by experimental data. The 3D microstructure model captures anisotropic properties of the separator, and gives insights about the microstructure features under tensile load.
A gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is prepared from tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate monomer, benzoyl peroxide, and 1.0M LiPF6/ethylene carbonate:diethyl carbonate (1:1vol.%). The LiCoO2|graphite cells are assembled and their electrochemical properties are evaluated at various current densities and temperatures. The viscosity of the precursor containing 5vol.% tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate monomer is around 4.6mPas. The ionic conductivity of the gel polymer electrolyte at 20°C is around 5.9×10−3 Scm−1. The gel polymer electrolyte has good electrochemical stability up to 4.5V versus Li/Li+. The capacity of the cell at the 1.0C rate is 89% of the discharge capacity at the 0.2C rate. The capacity of the cell at temperature of −10°C is 81% of the discharge capacity at 20°C. The discharge capacity of the cell with gel polymer electrolyte is stable with charge–discharge cycling.