batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
With the global attention and continuous investment in the field of clean energy and carbon emission reduction, the renewable energy occupies an increasingly large proportion in the power system. China, as the world׳s fastest developing country, the development of renewable energy becomes an inevitable path in the context of low-carbon economy. However, due to the intermittent and stochastic property of renewable energy, the renewable energy system cannot be widely used without the configuration of energy storage system. The aforementioned requirement precipitates the industrial application of energy storage technology becomes increasingly urgent. However, according to the present status of energy storage industry in China, there are enormous difficulties to be overcome promptly. In this work, the development status of China׳s energy storage industry is analyzed from the perspectives of technology, application and policy, by referring to a large number of statistical literatures. Subsequently, the existing problems are categorized in terms of technology, cost, promotion, policy mechanisms. In the end, suggestions to solve the above problems are put forward, aiming at facilitating the rapid development of energy storage industry in China.
Tracer methods have been widely used in many fields of environmental and natural sciences, and also in human health sciences. In particular, tracers are used in the study of karst hydrogeology, typically focusing on phenomena such as sinkholes, sinking rivers and large karst springs. It is known that tracers have been used since antiquity. The aim of tracer tests has been to investigate underground flow paths, transport processes and water–rock interactions, and to get an insight into the functioning of a karst aquifer. In karst hydrogeology, tracer methods are the most important investigation tools beside conventional hydrological methods. In early times, tracer methods were applied only to investigate underground flow-paths. Later they were also used to elucidate transport processes associated with water flow, and today they are often the basis, together with detailed hydrological information, of groundwater protection investigations and aquifer modelling. Many substances (spores, microspheres, bacteriophages, salt tracers, fluorescent dyes, radioactive substances) have been investigated for their properties and potential usage in environmental investigations, in particular the often unknown and inaccessible underground systems of karst areas. A great number of analytical techniques is available. This includes instrumentation for laboratory applications and direct online, on-site or in-situ field measurements. Modern instruments have a high capability for data acquisition, storage and transmission in short intervals, as a basis for quantitative evaluation and modelling. This enables research on the hydrological and hydrochemical dynamics of aquifers and their response to different natural or anthropogenic impacts.
The use of non-stoichiometric lithium nickel oxide, being a part of the activated carbon positive electrode in lithium-ion capacitors, is presented as an alternative to the use of metallic lithium for graphite pre-lithiation. During the first cycle, lithium ions are irreversibly extracted from the Li0.65Ni1.35O2 host structure and intercalated into the graphite negative electrode. Once extraction and pre-lithiation are completed, activated carbon becomes the only active material for electrical double-layer storage at the positive electrode, while reversible lithium intercalation occurs at the graphite negative one. Since the lithium ions extraction occurs at a potential of 4.2V vs. Li/Li+, electrolyte oxidation is prevented, and the cell displays a good cyclability in the potential range from 2.2V to 3.8V.
Three different Ti–Si nanocomposite thin films are prepared by the co-sputtering method with Si target and Ti target. The film thickness ranges between 250 and 480nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron miscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveal significant charge transfer between Ti and Si and uniform dispersion of Ti–Si alloy nanograins in the amorphous Si thin films. It is found that decreasing the grain size of the Ti x Si y alloy below 2nm, can improve the cyclic performance over pure Si thin film electrodes and those containing larger Ti–Si grains. This is mainly related to the improved mechanical properties that result from dispersing small grains of Ti–Si. The throughout thin film cracks formed after 10 electrochemical cycles are finer and more curved compared to the other thin films with the same film thickness. Furthermore, the width of the cracks, as well as, the area and junction angles of the remained fractured particle size of all electrode films considered, is compared and analyzed, after 10 cycles.
In the recent past, the introduction of miniaturised image sensors with low power consumption, based on complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, has allowed the realisation of an ingestible wireless capsule for the visualisation of the small intestine mucosa. The device has received approval from Food and Drug Administration and has gained momentum since it has been more successful than traditional techniques in the diagnosis of small intestine disorders. In 2004 an esophagus specific capsule was launched, while a solution for colon is still under development. However, present solutions suffer from several limitations: they move passively by exploiting peristalsis, are not able to stop intentionally for a prolonged diagnosis, they receive power from an internal battery with short length, and their usage is restricted to one organ, either small bowel or esophagus. However the steady progresses in many branches of engineering, including microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), are envisaged to affect the performances of capsular endoscopy. The near future foreshadows capsules able to pass actively through the whole gastrointestinal tract, to retrieve views from all organs and to perform drug delivery and tissue sampling. In the long term, the advent of robotics could lead to autonomous medical platforms, equipped with the most advanced solutions in terms of MEMS for therapy and diagnosis of the digestive tract. In this review, we discuss the state of the art of wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE): after a description on the current status, we present the most promising solutions.
Normal pulse voltammetric method was used to synthesize nanofibers of polyaniline (PANi) in HCl solution on a platinum electrode. The influences of the synthesis parameters, such as potential increment, pulse duration and monomer concentration on the electrochemical properties of the PANi films were investigated. Scanning electron microscopic micrographs clearly revealed the formation a nanofiber structure with average diameter in range 70–100nm under optimum experimental conditions. The electrochemical properties of PANi films were studied with the impedance analysis, cyclic voltammetry and charge/discharge capacities. FT-IR results revealed that the PANi nanofibers were in emeraldine salt form. The film was employed as a positive electrode (cathode) for a PANi-Zn secondary battery containing 1.0M ZnCl2 and 0.5M NH4Cl as electrolyte. The cells were charged and discharged under a pulse current of 0.31mAcm−2. It was found that the maximum capacity of the PANi-Zn battery is 235.60Ahkg−1 with a columbic efficiency of 97–100% over a wide range of current density of 0.3–5.6mAcm−2. The specific energy was 287.43Whkg−1 and the PANi cathode exhibited good recycleability.
The increasing rate of hydrogen evolving from magnesium (Mg) surfaces under anodic polarization is nowadays well documented and often termed the so-called “negative difference effect” (NDE). Recently, this behavior has been explained by a theory involving an increase in the cathodic exchange current density that arises from the anodic dissolution itself rather than a commonly-mentioned theory involving the formation of univalent Mg and its subsequent chemical reaction with water to produce hydrogen gas. In this work, a series of electrochemical tests were performed to provide evidence in support of the enhanced catalytic surface theory explaining the NDE. Potentiostatic, galvanostatic, and potentiodynamic polarization experiments using high purity Mg electrodes indicated substantial increases in the ability to support the rate of the cathodic reaction following discrete periods of anodic dissolution.
Abstract The Internet of Things includes Smart Objects, small devices with limited abilities, typically made to fulfill a single simple task. They have limited system resources, such as processing power, memory, non-volatile storage, and transmission capacity, are frequently powered from primary batteries, and often lack user interfaces and displays. These devices benefit from being associated with less-constrained devices, in particular for user interactions, as well as for defining their purpose in life in the first place, which includes setting policies relevant to security and privacy. Smart objects will be ubiquitous and attain significant insight into and control over many aspects of everyday life, which makes users expect a very high level of security and privacy of them and of the less-constrained devices controlling them. Cloud-based systems will be hard pressed to fulfill these expectations on their own: The human will need to stay in the loop at least for policy setting.
Adequate pedagogical approaches for integration of technology in the learning process create new opportunities for improving the quality of teaching and learning experiences, raising students’ interest and motivation for the classroom activities at the same time. Game-based learning implemented with different technologies can utilize students’ energy and enthusiasm for educational purposes. In order to increase the quality of experience of the learning process, elements of popular games (e.g., mobile games and augmented reality games) should be used in the educational context. This paper proposes methodological guideline that can be used for the integration of games in education. The methodological guideline defines the two steps process of creating educational games starting from students’ attitudes and needs, and then incorporates educational outcomes. As a case-study augmented reality educational games platform was designed in order to illustrate the possibilities and benefits of the proposed approach.
This study reports on the thorough investigation into the interaction between nanosized carbon-coated Li2MnSiO4 and various electrolytes, which has revealed significant changes of the active material after soaking in the electrolyte. Apart from the standard electrolyte salt lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) and the F-free salt lithium bis-oxalatoborate (LiBOB) were used for soaking tests and compared in terms of corrosion power with Li2MnSiO4. Carbon-coated Li2MnSiO4 samples were obtained by solid-state synthesis and stored in contact with the electrolyte. The aged samples were fully characterized by means of several analytical techniques (XRD, XPS, SEM, ATR-FTIR). The results show that Li2MnSiO4 decomposes in LiPF6-based electrolyte at high temperatures, due to the formation of HF, which causes corrosion of the material and dissolution of Mn. No degradation was observed after soaking in the LiBOB-based electrolyte. The corrosion of the active material in standard electrolyte system, together with irreversible structural changes upon Li electrochemical extraction, are considered as the main reasons for the poor capacity retention upon cycling of the Li2MnSiO4-based cathode.
Electric vehicles using lithium batteries could significantly reduce the emissions associated with road vehicle transport. However, the future availability of lithium is uncertain, and the feasibility of manufacturing lithium batteries at sufficient scale has been questioned. The levels of lithium demand growth implied by electric vehicle deployment scenarios is significant, particularly where scenarios are consistent with global GHG reduction targets. This paper examines the question of future lithium availability for the manufacturing of lithium batteries for electric vehicles. In this paper we first examine some of the existing literature in this area, highlighting the levels of future lithium demand previously considered and pointing to the variables that give rise to the range of outcomes in these assessments. We then investigate the ways in which lithium availability is calculated in the literature based on both lithium demand from electric vehicles and lithium supply from both brines and ore. This paper particularly focuses on the key variables needed to make an assessment of future lithium availability. On the demand side, these variables include future market size of electric vehicles, their average battery capacity and the material intensity of the batteries. The key supply variables include global reserve and resource estimates, forecast production and recyclability. We found that the literature informing assumptions regarding the key variables is characterised by significant uncertainty. This uncertainty gives rise to a wide range of estimates for the future demand for lithium based on scenarios consistent with as 50% reduction in global emissions by 2050 at between 184,000 and 989,000t of lithium per year in 2050. However, lithium production is forecast to grow to between 75,000 and 110,000t per year by 2020. Under this rate of production growth, it is plausible that lithium supply will meet increasing lithium demand over the coming decades to 2050.
We here present finite element methodology simulations of current distribution, materials utilization and electrochemical cell behavior of a rechargeable Li-ion three dimensional microbattery (3D MB) with ‘concentric’ architecture, i.e., with one electrode material deposited through filling a 3D structured pillar template of the other electrode. The electrode materials modelled are LiCoO2 and lithiated graphite, respectively, where thin films of LiCoO2 are coated onto 3D-structured current collectors. Time dependent simulations of a range of template pillar heights (h) and interpillar distances (d) have been performed, and the ionic conduction pathways resulting from the different 3D MB concentric architecture design are analyzed. The dynamics of the discharge curves, Li-ion concentration and concentration gradient for each cell design are compared between the different structures and put into context of the state of charge in the electrodes during one full charge/discharge cycle. It is shown that the architecture with the shortest interpillar distance (d =10μm) provides higher capacity per footprint area without displaying underutilization of the active material. Higher pillars, on the other hand, result in higher areal capacity, and an optimum height is considered to be ca. 70μm by balancing the active material utilization in the electrodes and the effective battery volumetric usage. Moreover, it is shown that there are significant differences in terms of cell capacity and power capabilities depending on if the anode or the cathode is coated onto the pillar current collectors.
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have been implemented for numerous applications, including plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and pure electric vehicles (EV). In an effort to prolong battery life, it is important to understand the mechanisms that cause reduced battery capacity with aging. Past studies have shown that morphological changes occur in aged cathodes. In situ electrochemical studies using atomic force microscopy allow for the direct observation of the morphology of the Li-ion battery cathode, at a nanometer scale resolution, during the cycling of an electrochemical cell. A simple electrochemical cell designed for in situ characterization is introduced. Charge/discharge curves and morphology data obtained during charging and discharging of cells are presented, and relevant mechanisms are discussed.
Nephrolithiasis is a prevalent and costly condition with high recurrence rate. A medical evaluation to identify abnormalities responsible for nephrolithiasis and guide subsequent therapy has been advocated to reduce the risk of stone recurrence. The evaluation of kidney stone formers generally comprises an extensive medical history to identify metabolic, environmental, dietary, and/or genetic factors contributing to stone formation. Imaging studies are utilized to evaluate and follow stone burden. Laboratory studies including stone composition analysis and serum and urinary chemistries are commonly obtained to further assess for any underlying systemic disorders, to detect environmental and metabolic processes contributing to stone disease, and to guide initial and follow-up dietary and pharmacological therapy. The nature and extent of such an evaluation is discussed in this review article.
PUVGCF/S microspheres have been prepared using high-heat treatment with partially unzipped vapor-grown carbon fibers (PUVGCF) as the carbon precursor. The PUVGCF structure is formed via peeling and further lengthwise cutting with highly graphitized vapor-grown carbon fibers (VGCF) using a simple solution-based oxidative process. The composites of PUVGCF/S wrapped with polyaniline (PANi) are synthesized via an in situ oxidative polymerization of aniline using a liquid process. The microsphere structure not only shortens the electron and ion transport pathway but also provides mechanical support to accommodate volume expansion during the discharge/charge process. Additionally, the PANi coating layer further enhances conductivity of the electrode and prevents the polysulfides from dissolving in the electrolyte. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate excellent performance.
Inhibition of low carbon steel (LCS) corrosion in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution by three bipyridinium dihalides (TMbPyBr2, HMbPyBr2 and MPhbPyCl2) was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization curves, EIS and SEM techniques. The effectiveness of the inhibitors is ranked as follows: MPhbPyCl2 ≅ TMbPyBr2 > HMbPyBr2. The compounds behave as mixed-type inhibitors and their adsorption on the steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. EIS measurements indicate that charge transfer controls the corrosion of steel in the absence and presence of the inhibitors and the equivalent circuit Re(RctQdl) represents the electrode/solution interface either at the corrosion potential or at −75 and 30 mV versus Ecorr. The compounds show maximum inhibition efficiency at 35 °C. The mechanism of corrosion inhibition was discussed in the light of the molecular structure of the bipyridinium salts.
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cooling using a phase change material (PCM)/compressed expanded natural graphite (CENG) composite is investigated, for a cylindrical battery cell and for a battery module scale. An electrochemistry model (average model) is coupled to the thermal model, with the addition of a one-dimensional model for the solution and solid diffusion using the nodal network method. The analysis of the temperature distribution of the battery module scale has shown that a two-dimensional model is sufficient to describe the transient temperature rise. In consequence, a two-dimensional cell-centred finite volume code for unstructured meshes is developed with additions of the electrochemistry and phase change. This two-dimensional thermal model is used to investigate a new and usual battery module configurations cooled by PCM/CENG at different discharge rates. The comparison of both configurations with a constant source term and heat generation based on the electrochemistry model showed the superiority of the new design. In this study, comparisons between the predictions from different analytical and computational tools as well as open-source packages were carried out, and close agreements have been observed.
Graphene has been extensively investigated as anode material for Li and Na ion batteries due to its excellent physical and chemical performance. Herein, we report a new member of ‘graphene family’, a reduced graphene nanowire on three-dimensional graphene foam (3DGNW). The novel graphene nanowires were synthesized via a template strategy involving reduction and assembly process of nanosized graphene oxides (nGO), pyrolysis of polystyrene spheres (PS) template and catalytic reaction between GO and PS decomposition products. When evaluated as anodes material for Li and Na ion batteries, the 3DGNW exhibits relatively low discharge-voltage plateau, excellent reversible capacity, rate capability, and durable tolerance. For anode of Na ion batteries, a reversible capacity of more than 301mAhg−1 without capacity fading after 1000 cycles at rate of 1C were achieved. Even at rate of 20C, a high reversible capacity of 200mAhg−1 can be retained. The superior electrochemical performance is ascribed to hierarchical multidimensional graphene architecture, high graphene crystallinity, expansile graphene interlayer distance, and extensively lateral exposed edges/pores, which can promote the electron and ion transport. The realization of assembling reduced graphene sheets to graphene nanowire offers new opportunities for energy storage application of graphene based assembly in future.
A Sn–Co–C composite was prepared by a polymer-pyrolysis route followed with ball milling. The structural and morphological features of the Sn–Co–C composite were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The experimental results revealed that the Sn–Co–C composite can deliver a high reversible capacity of 486mAhg−1 after 40th cycle. This suggests that the polymer-pyrolysis method provides a possible alternative for preparation of the alloy anode for lithium-ion batteries.
Aim To evaluate the benefits and logistical safety of computed tomography (CT) imaging in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy in a single institution. Materials and methods Over a period of 25 months, 134 patients (80 neonates, 19 children, and 35 adults) underwent ECMO therapy at this institution. The imaging of these patients was reviewed to identify patients who had undergone CT imaging whilst on ECMO. Patient notes were retrospectively reviewed. CT findings and subsequent decisions were analysed to assess the benefit of CT imaging. Complications arising due to the logistics of performing the scan were analysed to assess the safety of performing CT in ECMO patients. Results Of 134 patients, 14 (10%) had a total of 15 CT examinations whilst undergoing ECMO therapy. Indications for CT included new neurology, increased respiratory demand, and increasing requirement for high ECMO flows. There were no major complications and two minor complications associated with the logistics of performing a CT examination on an ECMO patient. Significant findings resulted from 73.3% (11/15) of the CT examinations, and in all 15 examinations information was provided that was used in making further management decisions, including, in some cases, withdrawal of ECMO therapy. Conclusion With an experienced team, CT imaging of patients on ECMO can be performed safely. CT provides valuable information for subsequent management of patients undergoing ECMO therapy.
Layered Li–Cr–Mn–O cathode materials related to the LiCrO2–LiMnO2–Li2MnO3 solid solution have been synthesized by the mixed-hydroxide method. The materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical techniques. The XRD patterns reveal that samples are a solid solution of hexagonal and monoclinic structures. The most promising cathode material in terms of high capacity and stable cycling performance exhibits the average discharge capacity of 204mAhg−1 between 2.5 and 4.5V versus Li/Li+.