batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The electrochemical formation of TiO2-polyaniline (PANI) composite layers was studied by anodic polymerization of aniline in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles. The composite layers were investigated for their electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, and surface morphological characteristics. It was found that thick composite layers showed no photoresponse, whereas thin layers, prepared by a few potentiodynamic scans, have small photocurrents almost independent of the layer thickness. Due to the small photocurrents of the composite single-layers, bi-layered structures consisting of a first pristine PANI layer followed by an outer TiO2-PANI composite layer were also studied. The bi-layered structures were found to have up to threefold larger photocurrents than the composite single layers. The TiO2-PANI composite layers were additionally modified by deposition of platinum particles using galvanostatic electroreduction or photoreduction in the presence of hexachloroplatinate anions.
Li2FeSiO4-based materials have attracted a great deal of interest as cathodes for lithium ion batteries for its excellent thermal stability and good cycling ability. Nanoporous Li2FeSiO4/C composites with varying Fe stoichiometry were synthesized by a PVA-assisted sol–gel method. Different gel formation processes were used to control morphology and pore size distribution. The pore size distribution was controlled by adjusting the parameters of the gel ageing process, the carbon content and phase purity was controlled by adjusting the starch content, and the amount of secondary phases was controlled by adjusting the Fe stoichiometry. The electrochemical properties of the Li2FeSiO4/C composite were assessed using coin cells at 24 °C, and the optimized material showed an initial discharge capacity of 163 mAh g−1 at a discharge rate of C/16 (C = 160 mA g−1) and a high capacity retention of 96% after 200 cycles at a discharge rate of 1 C.
This paper describes the design of two different specific speed microhydro turbines operating at heads between 6 and 12m, at small scale and up to heads of 50m at larger scales. The features are specifically tailored for ease of manufacture and uniquely resistant to debris blockage. Test machines are described and test results given; hydraulic efficiencies of over 70% have been achieved in all test models despite the fact that the turbine blades are made from flat plate, specifically to simplify manufacture. Outline drawings are given with key dimensions for each reference model, along with the equations for scaling to arbitrary sizes. These turbines are the mixed- and radial-flow members of a family of turbines developed to cover the microhydro range from 2 to about 50m of head, which is below the range where Pelton wheels are applicable.
Protic ionic liquid based on 2-methoxypyridine and trifluoroacetic acid was used as electrolyte for the functionalization of a glassy carbon electrode surface by electrochemical reduction of in situ generated 4-chlorobenzene diazonium and 4-nitrobenzene diazonium cations. The diazonium cations were synthesized in an electrochemical cell by reaction of the corresponding amines with NaNO2 dissolved in protic ionic liquid. The resulting electrografted organic layers exhibit similar properties to those layers obtained by the derivatization from isolated diazonium salts dissolved in protic ionic liquid. Functionalized glassy carbon electrode surfaces were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. Atomic force microscopy thickness measurements revealed that, in our experimental conditions, the use of protic ionic liquid led to the formation of film with a thickness of about 1.5nm. It is also demonstrated that the nitrobenzene chemisorbed on glassy carbon electrode or dissolved in protic ionic liquid undergoes electrochemical conversion to hydroxyaminobenzene.
Full concentration gradient (FCG) layered cathode materials Li[Ni0.6−xCo0.15+xMn0.25]O2 (x = 0, 0.01, and 0.04) with different outer layer thicknesses are synthesized via a specially developed coprecipitation method. In the FCG cathode, the nickel concentration decreases linearly and the cobalt concentration increases from the center to particle surface throughout the particle at a fixed composition of Mn. The thickness of the FCG primary particle increases in the radial direction with an increasing outer layer thickness of the secondary particles and significantly affects the electrochemical performance. An increase in the stable outer layer thickness improves the cycle performance and thermal stability of the FCG materials at the expense of reversible capacity, whereas the rate capability and low temperature performance are significantly deteriorated by increasing outer layer thickness. All of the FCG materials exhibit superior electrochemical and thermal properties compared to the conventional cathode Li[Ni0.58Co0.17Mn0.25]O2 due to the unique microstructure of the FCG cathode.
This article systematically reviews the current evidence regarding inflammation in Tendinopathy with the aim to increase understanding of a potential common pathophysiology.
Solvothermal synthetic routes can provide energy-savvy platforms to fabricate battery anode materials involving relatively milder annealing steps vis-à-vis the conventional solid-state synthesis. These energy efficient routes in turn restrict aggressive grain growth to form nanoscale particles favouring efficient Li+ diffusion. Here, we report an economic solution combustion synthesis of SrLi2Ti6O14 anode involving nitrate-urea complexation with a short annealing duration of only 2 h (900 °C). Rietveld refinement confirms the phase purity of target product assuming an orthorhombic framework (Cmca symmetry). It delivers reversible capacity of ∼125 mAh.g−1 at a rate of C/20 involving a 1.38 V Ti4+/Ti3+ redox activity with excellent rate kinetics and cycling stability. Bond valence site energy (BVSE) calculations gauge SrLi2Ti6O14 to be an anisotropic 3D Li+ ion conductor with the highest ionic conductivity along the c direction. The electrochemical and diffusional pathways have been elucidated for combustion prepared SrLi2Ti6O14 as an efficient and safe negative electrode candidate for Li-ion batteries.
Sodium has attracted an increasing amount of attention as an alternative element to lithium for energy storage due to its low cost and wide distribution, although the intercalation problem for sodium ions in conventional anode materials, due to their larger ionic size, still has to be overcome in order to utilize this element. Herein, we report a carbon-based hybrid material that is composed of stacked reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes (rGO/CNTs) with a hierarchical and open structure to accommodate Na ions, which was fabricated by a liquid-phase oxidative exfoliation and subsequent reduction. This rGO/CNTs hybrid material features a hierarchical nanostructure with rGO nanosheets homogeneously spaced by monodisperse CNTs. The increased interlayer space between individual rGO nanosheets, which resulted from the inserted CNTs, is beneficial for highly efficient and reversible Na ion intercalation, leading to a high and stable capacity of 295 mAhg−1 at 50 mAg−1 for 200 cycles.
In this paper, four different semi-active hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs), which use both supercapacitors (SCs) and batteries, are compared based on an electric city bus running the China Bus Driving Cycle (CBDC). The SC sizes of the different HESS topologies are optimized by using the dynamic programming (DP) approach, based on a dynamic degradation model of the LiFePO4 battery. The operation costs of different HESSs, including the electricity and the battery degradation costs over a whole CBDC, are minimized in the optimization process. Based on the DP results, near-optimal control strategies of different HESSs for on-line uses are proposed. Finally, the four HESS topologies are comprehensively compared from different aspects, including operation cost, initial cost, and DC bus voltage variation. Simulation results show that all HESS topologies have their merits and drawbacks, and can be used in different applications with different requirements. In addition, about 50% of the operation cost of the energy storage system is reduced by the semi-active HESSs when compared to the battery-only topology. Thus the effectiveness of adopting the SC in the HESS is verified.
Accurate parameter identification and state of charge (SoC) estimation of a Li-ion battery are a critical issue for efficient monitoring, control and utilization of advanced battery management system (BMS) in electric vehicles. The existing single-particle model with electrolyte dynamics (SPMe) can accurately describe the Li-ion cell's macro-micro scale dynamic behaviors, but they are vulnerable as predictive tools under specific operating conditions, which is more prone to erroneous estimation results. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a parameter identification scheme with its systematic validation for an enhanced electrochemical aging model of the cylindrical 18650 Li-ion nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cell under the typical experimental testing scenarios. First, a SPMe-based aging degradation model is developed through including Solid-Electrolyte-Interface (SEI) layer formation at the negative electrode, denoted as eSPMA model. Next, the dozens of parameters in this eSPMA model are evaluated using the conventional genetic algorithm and the validation of these identified parameters is conducted under different operating conditions, and simultaneously, this eSPMA model is used to estimate Li-ion batteries SoC under the same operation scenarios. Finally, the effectiveness of the identified parameter is validated by a comparative study of the simulated and experimental voltage and SoC under the same input current profile based on the eSPMA and the Doyle–Fuller–Newman (DFN) model. The results of this study can assist in the experiment design of battery capacity degradation and facilitate the accurate estimation of state-of-health for advanced battery management system in the electrified vehicle applications.
Two event-related potential (ERP) experiments were conducted to investigate spoken word recognition in Chinese and the effect of contextual constraints on this process. In Experiment 1, three kinds of incongruous words were formed by altering the first, second or both syllables of the congruous disyllabic terminal words in high constraint spoken sentences. Results showed an increase of N400 amplitude in all three incongruous word conditions and a delayed N400 effect in the cohort incongruous condition as compared with the rhyme incongruous and plain incongruous condition. In addition, unlike results in English, we found that the N400 effect in the rhyme incongruous condition disappeared earlier than in the plain incongruous condition. In Experiment 2, three kinds of nonwords derived from sentence congruous words were constructed by altering few or many phonetic features of the onset or the whole of the first syllable, and the resulting nonwords appeared as disyllabic terminal forms in either high or low constraint sentences. All three nonword conditions elicited the N400 component. In addition, in high constraint sentences but not in low, the amplitude and duration of the N400 varied as a function of the degree of phonetic mismatch between the terminal nonword and the expected congruous word.
Nanostructured poly(4-styrene sulphonic acid) and tantalum (IV) oxide-doped polyaniline nanocomposite were synthesised and their electro-conductive properties were determined. The oxide was synthesized using a modified sol-gel method and then dispersed in acidic media through sonication and entrapped in-situ into the polymeric matrix during the oxidative chemical polymerization of aniline doped with poly(4-styrene sulphonic acid). The oxides and novel polymeric nanocomposite were characterised with TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, UV-visible to ascertain elemental and phase composition, successful polymerization, doping, morphology and entrapment of the metal oxide nanoparticles. The electro-conductivity of the nanomaterial was interrogated using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The material was then anchored on activated graphitic carbon and used in the design of an asymmetric supercapacitor cell using 6M KOH aqueous electrolyte. Characteristically high specific capacitance values of 318.4 F/g with a corresponding energy and power densities of 1.57 kWh/kg and 0.435kW/kg, respectively, were demonstrated. The cell also showed high coulombic efficiency of 94.9% with a long cycle life and good cycle stability making the nanomaterial suitable for constructing supercapacitor cell electrodes.
The aim of this paper is to develop a comparative experimental study on the electrochemical features of a Pb–1wt% Sb casting alloy in two different sulfuric acid solutions at room temperature. A water-cooled unidirectional solidification system was used to obtain alloy samples having different microstructural characteristics. These samples were subjected to tests in two different sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solutions: 0.5M and 5.0M H2SO4 and the resulting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) plots, potentiodynamic polarization curves and an equivalent circuit analysis were used to evaluate the corresponding electrochemical behaviour. The experimental current density was found to be similar for all the examined Pb–Sb samples, and decreased with the increase in the cellular spacing, independently of the concentration of sulfuric acid in the solution. However, the EIS parameters demonstrated to be more affected by the scale of the cellular array in a 5M H2SO4 solution. Nevertheless, it is shown that Pb–Sb alloys having coarse cell spacings have higher potential for application as grid material in lead-acid batteries.
MoO3 nanobelts are synthesized by a simple hydrothermal route followed by carbon coating. The effects of the carbon coating on the nanobelts are investigated by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and galvanostatic cycling. As observed from the TEM and SEM images, the C–MoO3 nanobelts have a diameter of 150nm and a length of 5–8μm. In the electrochemical results, the C–MoO3 nanobelts exhibit excellent cycling stability after being cycled at a current rate of 0.1C, maintaining their capacity at 1064mAhg−1 after 50 cycles. These results are better than those for a bare MoO3 nanobelt electrode. The excellent electrochemical performance of the C–MoO3 nanobelts can be attributed to the effects of the carbon coating which stabilizes the structure of the MoO3, enhances the ionic/electrical conductivity, and moreover, can serve as a buffering agent to absorb the volume expansion during the Li+ intercalation process.
Elaborate fabrication of state-of-the-art nanostructure SnO2@C-based composites greatly contributes to alleviate the huge volume expansion issue of the SnO2 anodes. But the preparation processes of most of them are complicated and tedious, which is generally adverse to the development of SnO2@C-based composite anodes. Herein, a unique nanostructure of TiO2@SnO2@C hollow nanobelts (TiO2@SnO2@C HNBs), including the characteristics of one-dimensional architecture, sandwich protection, hollow structure, carbon coating, and a mechanically robust TiO2 support, has been fabricated by a facile approach for the first time. As anodes for lithium-ion batteries, the as-fabricated TiO2@SnO2@C HNBs exhibit an outstanding lithium storage performance, delivering capacity of 804.6 and 384. 5 mAh g−1 at 200 and even 1000 mA g−1 after 500 cycles, respectively. It is demonstrated that thus outstanding performance is mainly attributed to the unique nanostructure of TiO2@SnO2@C HNBs.
is Group Leader  Product Management at Krauss Maffei  Automation GmbH in Oberding-Schwaig (Germany).
Oxygen vacancies (OVs) are reported for the first time as an effective strategy to boost the electrochemical performance for amorphous electrode materials of sodium-ion batteries (SIB). Amorphous SnO2 is used as a model anode material to demonstrate the significant impact of OVs because it has received much attention in the SIB field. Amorphous SnO2 ordered arrays are fabricated using the nanoimprinted anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template and atomic layer deposition and OVs are confined in the material by annealing the arrays in the N2 atmosphere. The OVs-containing amorphous SnO2 ordered arrays, used as binder- and conductive additive-free anodes, exhibit high reversible capacity and good cycle life by retaining the capacities of 376 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.05Ag−1 and 220 mAh g−1 after 800 cycles at 1Ag−1. They also show great rate capability by delivering the capacities of 210 and 200 mAh g−1 at 10 and 20Ag−1, respectively. Electrochemical kinetic study reveals that the presence of OVs greatly enhances charge transfer/transport in the amorphous SnO2, thereby boosts the performance comparing with the OVs-free counterpart. This work highlights the importance of modulating defects in amorphous electrode materials toward promoted sodium storage.
The thermostability and wettability of a separator play key roles in improving the safety and electrochemical properties of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) exhibits excellent thermostability, and fluorinated polymers show improved wettability. However, the use of a fluorinated poly(ether ether ketone) (FPEEK) as a separator for LIBs has not been reported until now. In this work, a series of FPEEK polymers were successfully synthesized and further fabricated into porous LIB separators by an electrospinning method for the first time. The structure, thermal stability, morphology, mechanical strength, liquid electrolyte uptake, porosity, contact angle, ionic conductivity and electrochemical performance of the FPEEK separators were investigated. The FPEEK separators showed much stronger anti-shrinkage properties than the commercial polypropylene separator at 150 °C over 1 h. The FPEEK separator also exhibited superior electrolyte uptake (559%), strong mechanical properties (27.7 MPa), high porosity (88%), and great ionic conductivity (3.12 mS cm−1). More importantly, the cell assembled with this FPEEK separator presented outstanding cycle and C rate performances. The discharge capacity retention of the cell was 85.4% after 300 cycles at 60 °C. Hence, the obtained FPEEK separator improved the safety and electrochemical properties of the corresponding LIB.
There is an increasing interest in replacing non-selective metal catalysts, currently used in low temperature fuel cells, with enzymes as catalysts. Specific oxidation of fuel and oxidant by enzymes as catalysts yields enzymatic fuel cells. If the catalysts can be immobilised at otherwise inert anode and cathode materials, this specificity of catalysis obviates the requirement for fuel cell casings and membranes permitting fuel cell configurations amenable to miniaturisation to be adopted. Such configurations have been proposed for application to niche areas of power generation: powering remotely located portable electronic devices, or implanted biomedical devices, for example. We focus in this review on recent efforts to improve electron transfer between the enzymes and electrodes, in the presence or absence of mediators, with most attention on research aimed at implantable or semi-implantable enzymatic fuel cells that harvest the body's own fuel, glucose, coupled to oxygen reduction, to provide power to biomedical devices. This ambitious goal is still at an early stage, with device power output and stability representing major challenges. A comparison of performance of enzymatic fuel cell electrodes and assembled fuel cells is attempted in this review, but is hampered in general by lack of availability of, and conformity to, standardised testing and reporting protocols for electrodes and cells. We therefore highlight reports that focus on this requirement. Ultimately, insight gained from enzymatic fuel cell research will lead to improved biomimetics of enzyme catalysts for fuel cell electrodes. These biomimetics will mimic enzyme catalytic sites and the structural flexibility of the protein assembly surrounding the catalytic site.
Transposable elements are DNA segments with the unique ability to move about in the genome. This inherent feature can be exploited to harness these elements as gene vectors for genome manipulation. Transposon-based genetic strategies have been established in vertebrate species over the last decade, and current progress in this field suggests that transposable elements will serve as indispensable tools. In particular, transposons can be applied as vectors for somatic and germline transgenesis, and as insertional mutagens in both loss-of-function and gain-of-function forward mutagenesis screens. In addition, transposons will gain importance in future cell-based clinical applications, including nonviral gene transfer into stem cells and the rapidly developing field of induced pluripotent stem cells. Here we provide an overview of transposon-based methods used in vertebrate model organisms with an emphasis on the mouse system and highlight the most important considerations concerning genetic applications of the transposon systems.
Energy crises and environmental issues have promoted research into development of various types of electric vehicles (EVs). Since the control strategy of EVs is essentially dependent on the state-of-charge (SoC) estimation of the batteries, one of the most critical issues of battery management system (BMS) is to accurately estimate the SOC in real-time. This paper proposed an integrated SoC estimator based on the adaptive extended Kalman filter (EKF) and particle filter (PF). The adaptive EKF which can provides more accurate approximate distribution in PF, is used for on-line parameters estimation of polarization voltage and noise covariance. The PF is used for on-line SoC estimation based on the priori knowledge given by the adaptive EKF. In order to get accurate SoC estimation results, the cell model is established based on the integration of the equivalent circuit model and electrochemical model. The combined electrochemical model is employed to simulate the cell electrochemical characteristics and estimate the terminal voltage. What is more, the recursive least-squares (RLS) method is used for parameters identification to improve the model precision. Experiments are performed on the LiFePO4 cell at different temperatures and under dynamic current to verify the reliability and robustness of the proposed method. The results indicated that accurate and robust SoC estimation results can be obtained by the proposed method.