batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Transient type canopy chambers are still the only currently available practical solution for rapid screening of gas-exchange in agricultural fields. The technique has been criticized for its effect on canopy microclimate during measurement which affects the transport regime and regulation of plant gas-exchange. Field studies in which the technique has been compared against independent methods are still fragmentary. The aims of this study were to quantify the changes of the physical environment during chamber placement, to determine optimum flux measuring windows, to compare three flux-calculation procedures, and to test the performance of the method against independent measurements of sap-flow. Two wheat experiments were conducted for these purposes under German temperate climate conditions. Leaf transpiration and sap-flow remained relatively constant during the first 120s after chamber deployment, but changed considerably afterwards. Canopy H2O fluxes could thus be inferred from concentration measurement series during this interval. A saturation function, previously not mentioned in the literature, was compared against the commonly used constant and quadratic regression methods and identified as the most suitable method for calculating vapor fluxes. The study reconfirmed that small proportional changes of CO2 concentrations during the calculation interval facilitate the application of the frequently applied quadratic regression method for calculating CO2 fluxes. Sap-flow, leaf and canopy gas-exchange were severely perturbed after chamber removal. Revisiting times of same sample locations need to be planned accordingly. The study confirms that the transient chamber technique can be applied for determining canopy gas-exchange, provided that characteristic time intervals within concentration measuring series are determined and their non-linearity tested to establish appropriate flux calculation procedures.
The indiscriminate use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has motivated researchers to investigate the mutagenic action of these substances. The present study, using the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test, evaluates the genotoxic potential of testosterone cypionate (deposteron). Male Swiss mice received intramuscular injections of deposteron at three doses. The animals were sacrificed 24, 48, or 72h after treatment and bone marrow was removed immediately, followed by scoring to count the micronuclei in 2000 polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE). Two hundred erythrocytes/animal were analyzed to determine the PCE–NCE (normochromatic erythrocyte) relationship and to determine the cytotoxic effects. The animals treated with deposteron at the highest dose presented greater numbers of micronuclei. The highest dose caused a decrease in the PCE/NCE relationship, indicating a cytotoxic effect. We conclude that deposteron is genotoxic and cytotoxic in mice.
LiFePO4 is the new generation cathode material for lithium ion batteries. To improve the powders’ pile density is considered as the important researching direction. One effective way is to prepare powders composed of spherical particles. Spherical amorphous FePO4·xH2O powders were synthesized by controlled crystallization method, using Fe(NO3)3, H3PO4 and NH3 as the raw materials. The FePO4·xH2O powders were pre-heat treated at 520°C for 20h in air to obtain spherical hexagonal FePO4 powders. The FePO4 powders were homogeneously mixed with Li2CO3, Cr(NO3)3 and sucrose with certain molar ratios, and then sintered at 800°C for 16h in N2. The spherical olivine Li0.97Cr0.01FePO4/C powders were finally obtained through carbothermal reduction process. The composition, structure, morphology, and physicochemical properties of FePO4·xH2O, FePO4 and Li0.97Cr0.01FePO4/C powders were characterized in detail by DTA/TGA, ICP, XRD, SEM, XPS, laser particle size analysis, and tap-density testing. It is observed the tap-density of the spherical Li0.97Cr0.01FePO4/C powders is as high as 1.8gcm−3, which is remarkably higher than the non-spherical LiFePO4 powders reported. At current of 0.005, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25 and 1.0C, the composite cathode materials have initial discharge specific capacity of 163, 151, 142, 131 and 110mAhg−1, respectively. The material also shows excellent cycling performance. The high-density spherical Li0.97Cr0.01FePO4/C cathode material can be used in the lithium ion batteries to greatly increase the batteries’ energy density. To further improve the material's pile density and rate capability is considered as the researching direction.
The derivatives of 1,3-benzodioxan (DBBD1) and 1,4-benzodioxan (DBBD2) bearing two tert-butyl groups have been synthesized as new redox shuttle additives for overcharge protection of lithium-ion batteries. Both compounds exhibit a reversible redox wave over 4V vs Li/Li+ with better solubility in a commercial electrolyte (1.2M LiPF6 dissolved in ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate (EC/EMC 3/7) than the di-tert-butyl-substituted 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (DDB). The electrochemical stability of DBBD1 and DBBD2 was tested under charge/discharge cycles with 100% overcharge at each cycle in MCMB/LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12/LiFePO4 cells. DBBD2 shows significantly better performance than DBBD1 for both cell chemistries. The structural difference and reaction energies for decomposition have been studied by density functional calculations.
An Au-coated TiO2 nanotubular array, in the vertically aligned form, was investigated as a highly porous nanostructured electrode for the electrochemical reduction of H2O2 in an acidic sulphate electrolyte at 295 K. The TiO2 nanotubular arrays were formed via a two-stage anodising then nanosized Au particles were sputter deposited onto the surface. The following aspects were studied: (a) the shape evolution of Au particles on the nanotubular array (via surface microstructural imaging), (b) the effect of different degrees of Au loading on the nanotubular array (via voltammetric analysis) and (c) the electrochemical response of an Au–TiO2 nanotubular array compared to a plain, 2-D Au foil. The Au particles could be deposited as a thin 3-D coated layer or as nodular nanostructures on the array. The highly nanoporous structure of the Au–TiO2 electrode led to a large enhancement in the limiting current (enhancement factor up to 6.6) and charge density (enhancement factor up to 8.9) for peroxide reduction compared to a plain Au foil due to the architecture of the ordered, high surface area of the nanotubular array.
This work demonstrates a quantitative method to determine the hydrogen evolution rate occurring at the negative carbon electrode of the all vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Two carbon papers examined by buoyancy measurements yield distinct hydrogen formation rates (0.170 and 0.005 μmol min−1 g−1). The carbon papers have been characterized using electron microscopy, nitrogen gas adsorption, capacitance measurement by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We find that the specific electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of the carbon material has a strong influence on the hydrogen generation rate. This is discussed in light of the use of high surface area material to obtain high reaction rates in the VRFB.
Amorphous LiFePO4 was obtained by lithiation of FePO4 synthesized by spontaneous precipitation from equimolar aqueous solutions of Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2·6H2O and NH4H2PO4, using hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent. Nano-crystalline LiFePO4 was obtained by heating amorphous nano-sized LiFePO4 for different periods of time. The materials were characterized by TG, DTA, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and BET. All materials showed very good electrochemical performance in terms of energy and power density. Upon cycling, a capacity fading affected the materials, thus reducing the electrochemical performance. Nevertheless, the fading decreased upon cycling and after the 200th cycle the cell was able to cycle for more than 500 cycles without further fading.
The current model for health care is built around hospitals, doctors, nurses, and other medical personnel. This model has, up to now, well served the needs of developed countries and relatively young, healthy, and less mobile communities, by sharing costly infrastructure and medical personnel. However, if we continue with this model, the health care system will be stressed to the point of collapse for a number of reasons, and alternative solutions need to be developed to reduce health care costs while preserving or enhancing the quality of life of a country's citizens. Some of the reasons are: u • Health care is becoming too expensive to deliver. For example, the U.S. Congress, already overburdened with an annual health care bill of more than $1.5 trillion, fears that the health care system will be unable to deal with the increase of potential patients [1]. • Population demographics are changing. The worldwide population of people over the age of 65 is expected to double from 375 million in 1990 to 761 million by 2025 [1]. This implies that preventive and/or assistive care must remove the expensive components of health care. Hospital visits and face-to-face consultations with medical personnel are required only when absolutely necessary. • Society is increasingly mobile. With the advance of the Internet and mobile technologies, people are becoming extremely mobile, both at work and in their social activities. Health services must follow people on the move, not expect people to come to the service. • Home care is increasingly preferred. Many people prefer living in their own homes during treatment rather than being in a hospital or nursing home, provided there are satisfactory means for assisting them with home health care services.
This study examined the impact of seizure-related items and selected comorbid medical conditions on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Second Edition (MMPI-2), Scales 1 and 3 and the psychogenic nonepileptic seizure (PNES) profile [Wilkus RJ, Dodrill CB, Thompson PM. Intensive EEG monitoring and psychological studies of patients with pseudoepileptic seizures. Epilepsia 1984;25:100–7] in patients with epileptic seizures (ES) and PNES. Sixty patients with a long-term video/EEG monitoring diagnosis of either ES (N =30) or PNES (N =30) and valid MMPI-2 profiles were included in this study. MMPI-2 seizure-related items [Derry PA, Harnadeck MCS, McLachlan RS, Sontrop J. Influence of seizure content on interpreting psychopathology on the MMPI-2 in patients with epilepsy. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1997;19:396–404] were removed to determine if their inclusion overpathologizes and/or misclassifies patients with epilepsy. Removal of seizure-related items did not result in any clinically meaningful changes in MMPI-2 profiles for patients with ES. The presence of comorbid medical conditions was not associated with greater Scale 1 or 3 scores or the likelihood of a PNES profile in either group. Results suggest that clinical elevations on MMPI-2 profiles may not be explained by the presence of seizures or comorbid medical conditions.
This paper provides a comprehensive review of fuel cell science and engineering with a focus on hydrogen fuel cells. The paper provides a concise, up-to-date review of fuel cell fundamentals; history; competing technologies; types; advantages and challenges; portable, stationary, and transportation applications and markets; current status of research-and-development; future targets; design levels; thermodynamic and electrochemical principles; system evaluation factors; and prospects and outlook. The most current data from industry and academia have been used with the relation between fuel cell fundamentals and applications highlighted throughout the manuscript.
Far infrared (FIR) textiles are a new category of functional textiles that have putative health and wellbeing functionality. FIR exerts strong rotational and vibrational effects at the molecular level with the potential to be biologically beneficial. The underpinning targeted benefit of FIR textiles is the enhancement of blood circulation. These materials are based on the principle of absorbing energy from sunlight and then radiating this energy back onto the body at specific wavelengths. This chapter explores the basic principles of electromagnetic radiation as they relate to FIR, examines the putative mechanism and therapeutic effects of FIR therapy, and surveys what objective evidence currently exists of health benefits. The role of FIR fibres and fabrics in functional textiles is also evaluated, together with existing and potential applications of these textile products. A summary of the benefits, limitations and anticipated future trends of current products and technologies is then provided.
Equilibrium potential hysteresis of electrode materials refers to the phenomenon that discharge equilibrium potential is lower than charge equilibrium potential. It is induced by the strain accommodation energy of phase transformation. Taking LiFePO4 as an example, the equilibrium potential hysteresis and accommodation energy of two LiFePO4 with different particle sizes were characterized using galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The LiFePO4 sample with 40nm particle size has lower accommodation energy than that of 100nm LiFePO4, which is due to a narrower miscibility gap and smaller potential hysteresis of 40nm LiFePO4 comparing to 100nm LiFePO4. The phase transformation of LiFePO4 occurs only at potential levels above delithiation (charge) equilibrium potential and below lithiation (discharge) equilibrium potential. No phase transformation occurs when charge/discharge is limited in the potential hysteresis range, i.e. LiFePO4 behaves like a solid solution in the potential hysteresis range. A reliable EIS can only be obtained when it is performed at the center of potential hysteresis and the potential amplitude does not exceed the range of equilibrium potential hysteresis. The analysis on strain accommodation and potential hysteresis of LiFePO4 cathodes during Li ion insertion/extraction is also suitable for other phase transformation electrodes.
Radiation-induced leukoencephalopathy (RIL) is the most threatening delayed complication of cerebral radiotherapy (RT) and remains roughly defined by cognitive dysfunction associated with diffuse FLAIR MRI white matter hyperintensities after brain irradiation. We documented clinical, neuropsychological, and radiological aspects of RI in order to refine diagnostic criteria.
Human body motion is highly regarded as a promising source of energy for powering body-worn electronic devices and health monitoring sensors. Transforming the human biomechanical energy into an electrical energy provides a sustainable energy to drive those devices and sensors, reducing their battery dependency. This work presents a fully-enclosed wrist-wearable hybridized electromagnetic-triboelectric nanogenerator (FEHN) for effectively scavenging energy from the low-frequency natural human wrist-motion (≤ 5 Hz). The FEHN incorporates the rolling electrostatic induction and electromagnetic induction using a freely moving magnetic ball inside a hollow circular tube. The materials used in 3D printing technology are used as energy harvesting material for easy, quick and worthwhile fabrication of the FEHN. A thin flexible flux concentrating material is introduced to increase the emf and enhances the electromagnetic output performance. The FEHN can harvest energy under the diverse circumstances and irregular wrist-motions, such as swinging, waving, shaking, etc. Following the experiments, the FEHN achieves an average power density of 0.118 mW cm−3 and can drive a commercial wrist-watch continuously for more than 23 min from just 5 s of wrist motion. This successful demonstration renders an effective approach for scavenging wasted biomechanical energy and provides a promising solution towards the development of sustainable power supply for wearable electronic devices and self-powered healthcare monitoring sensors.
The rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery is regarded as a promising option for electrochemical energy storage systems owing to its high energy density, low cost and environmental friendliness. Further development of the Li–S battery, however, is still impeded by capacity decay and kinetic sluggishness caused by the polysulfide shuttle and electrode/electrolyte interface issues. Herein, a new type of metal–organic-framework-derived sulfur host containing cobalt and N-doped graphitic carbon (Co–N-GC) was synthesized and reported, in which the catalyzing for S redox, entrapping of polysulfides and an ideal electronic matrix were successfully achieved synchronously, leading to a significant improvement in the Li–S performance. The large surface area and uniform dispersion of cobalt nanoparticles within the N-doped graphitic carbon matrix contributed to a distinct enhancement in the specific capacity, rate performance and cycle stability for Li–S batteries. As a result of this multi-functional arrangement, cathodes with a high sulfur loading of 70 wt% could operate at 1C for over 500 cycles with nearly 100% coulombic efficiency and exhibited an outstanding high-rate response of up to 5C, suggesting that the S@Co–N-GC electrode was markedly improved by the proposed strategy, demonstrating its great potential for use in low-cost and high-energy Li–S batteries.
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) chemistry has been considered for an alternative future generation of rechargeable lithium batteries because of its higher theoretical capacity, safer operation and lower material cost. Here, we report on the impact of temperature on Li–S cell performance. The Li–S coin-cells were prepared by using S infiltrated vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays (S-CNT) as cathodes and lithium metal foils as anodes. The cells were operated at 25, 50, 70 and 90 °C. Higher temperature operation resulted in higher specific capacity, better rate capability and more stable performance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies reveal the major impact of temperature on the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on Li foil. Thicker SEI with higher content of inorganic phase formed at elevated temperatures greatly reduced both the dendrite formation and the capacity fading resulted from the irreversible losses of S. At 70 °C specific capacities up to ∼700 mAh g−1 were achieved at an ultra-high current density of 3.3 A g−1. At 90 °C and the same current density Li–S cells showed an average capacity of ∼400 mAh g−1 and stable performance for over 150 cycles.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic rheumatic disease. Patients suffer daily discomforts such as pain, fatigue, stiffness, and mood disturbances. Their exercise capacity is decreased to a variable degree and physical activity levels may be impaired. To prevent long-term cardiovascular risks associated with JIA and medication, it is important to encourage physical activity. To achieve this we developed Rheumates@Work (R@W), a combined internet-based and in person instruction model, an interactive, educational, and cognitive behavioral program. The aim of this study is twofold: to describe the theoretical background and design of R@W based on Pender’s Health Promotion Model, and to assess its acceptance.
In present study, fluorine substituted Li1.23Ni0.13Co0.14Mn0.56O2−z F z (z =0–0.20) are synthesized by simple and low-temperature co-precipitation process and observed enhancement in their electrochemical properties are investigated as function of fluorine substitutions. 19F MAS NMR analyses revealed the presence of fluorine as metal fluoride on the surface, and as oxy-fluoride in bulk Li1.23Ni0.13Co0.14Mn0.56O2−z F z . Li1.23Ni0.13Co0.14Mn0.56O2−z F z (z =0.15) showed improved cycling performance and reduced cell impedance as a result of the fluorine doping. In addition, fluorine substitution controlled the amount of stabilizing transition metals in the lithium layers of spinel-like regions, which in turn resulted in countering the capacity loss and voltage decay compared to Li1.23Ni0.13Co0.14Mn0.56O2.
The spherical LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode material synthesized by a co-precipitation method has been modified by Fe2O3 through a simple chemical precipitation method. The effects of Fe2O3 coating on the structure and property of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode have been carefully investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results show that the Fe2O3 coating layer covered the surfaces of the spherical LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 particles does not change the crystallographic structure of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, but it can protect the surface of the active materials from electrolyte erosion and suppresses the dissolution of transition metal elements. The effects of Fe2O3 coating layer on the electrochemical performances of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 have also been investigated systematically by the charge-discharge testing and AC impedance spectroscopy. Compared with the pristine LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, the Fe2O3 modified material exhibits remarkably enhanced cyclic stability and excellent rate capability. In addition, surface modification of the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 is found to be an effective route for suppressing the increase of the impedance during the storage process at elevated temperatures.
Marine transport has been essential for international trade. Concern for its environmental impact was growing among regulators, classification societies, ship operators, ship owners, and other stakeholders. By applying life cycle assessment, this article aimed to assess the impact of a new-build hybrid system (i.e. an electric power system which incorporated lithium ion batteries, photovoltaic systems and cold-ironing) designed for Roll-on/Roll-off cargo ships. The study was carried out based on a bottom-up integrated system approach using the optimised operational profile and background information for manufacturing processes, mass breakdown and end of life management plans. Resources such as metallic and non-metallic materials and energy required for manufacture, operation, maintenance, dismantling and scrap handling were estimated. During operation, 1.76×108 kg of marine diesel oil was burned, releasing carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, particulate matter, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide which ranged 5–8 orders of magnitude. The operation of diesel gensets was the primary cause of impact categories that were relevant to particulate matter or respiratory inorganic health issues, photochemical ozone creation, eutrophication, acidification, global warming and human toxicity. Disposing metallic scrap was accountable for the most significant impact category, ecotoxicity potential. The environmental benefits of the hybrid power system in most impact categories were verified in comparison with a conventional power system onboard cargo ships. The estimated results for individual impact categories were verified using scenario analysis. The study concluded that the life cycle of a new-build hybrid power system would result in significant impact on the environment, human beings and natural reserves, and therefore proper management of such a system was imperative.