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Electrochemical properties of the graphite anode and the LiFePO4 cathode, working together with the 1 M LiPF6 in TMS (sulpholane) at 90 °C have been studied. The general aim of the investigation was to demonstrate a potential application for a Li-ion cell working in the cooling system of a car heat engine (90 °C). Electrodes were characterized with the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as galvanostatic charging/discharging tests. SEM images of both electrodes after charging/discharging processes were covered with a film (electrochemical SEI formation). The charge transfer resistance at 90 °C, R ct, of the C6Li|Li+ anode and the LiFePO4 cathode was 24 Ω and 110 Ω, respectively. Reversible capacity of the LiC6 anode after 10–20 cycles, at a low current rate was close to the theoretical value of 370 mAh g−1 however an increasing current rate decreased to ca. 200 mAh g−1 (for 1C). The reversibility of the process was close to 95%. The capacity of the LiFePO4 cathode was ca. 150 mAh g−1, almost independent of the current rate and close to the theoretical value of 170 mAh g−1.
This manuscript discusses the development of a 3D thermal model for a power-split hybrid powertrain, including its battery modules and power electronics. The 3D model utilizes a finite differencing (FD) heat transfer algorithm, complemented with experimental boundary conditions. The experimental setup is configured to acquire the battery current, voltage, and its inner and surface temperatures in discrete and in full-field scans. The power-split hybrid configuration is tested using a standard and artificial driving cycles. A battery resistance model is then used to couple the experimental boundary conditions with the finite differencing code, which employed a cell-based internal heat generation model to describe the pack chemical reaction mechanism. This study presents a complete analysis based on battery current and voltage in relation to vehicle speed. The proposed model also predicts the powertrain spatial and temporal temperature profiles in agreement with the vehicle actual conditions as indicated by the On-Board Diagnosis (OBD) module.
Surface morphology changes of LiMn2O4 thin film positive electrodes in lithium-ion batteries after repeated potential cycling or storage at elevated temperatures were observed by in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) to elucidate the origin of capacity fading of LiMn2O4. After repeated potential cycling in the overall potential range from 3.50 to 4.30V at elevated temperatures, the entire thin film surface was covered with small round-shaped particles accompanied by capacity fading of the electrode, while no significant changes were observed at 25°C. The discharge capacity decreased more significantly when cycled in the lower potential range (3.81–4.07V) than when cycled in the higher potential range (4.04–4.30V). After storage at elevated temperatures at a depth of discharge (DOD) of 75%, which is located in the lower potential range, similar surface morphology changes were observed. In addition, discharge capacity markedly decreased, and the crystallinity of the LiMn2O4 thin film was lowered after storage. Hence, the observed changes in morphology at elevated temperatures are closely related to capacity fading of the LiMn2O4 thin film. The loss of crystallinity was caused by the formation of small particles on the LiMn2O4 surface, which would be accelerated on the LiMn2O4 surface in contact with an electrolyte solution through some kind of dissolution/precipitation reaction.
This study investigated the effects of Na2SO4 additive in the positive electrode on the performance of sealed lead-acid cells. The additive Na2SO4 in the cured plates can reduce the 4BS crystal size, which produces a smaller α-PbO2 and β-PbO2 crystal size in the formed plates, which will have a larger surface area. The plate's chemical composition is independent of the amount of Na2SO4 additive in the positive electrodes. Plate composition relies only on the cure temperature conditions. Increasing amounts of Na2SO4 additive to the positive electrode will not decrease the crystal size appreciably. The optimal amount of Na2SO4 additive is 0.01–0.05 M, which produces the smallest crystal size and largest specific surface area. Cells with Na2SO4 additive in the positive plates have a smaller surface area, causing a higher initial capacity and average capacity per cycle for both testing methods: the standard cycle testing and the electric scooter (ES) driving pattern cycle testing. The initial capacity and average capacity can be increased up to 4% in the standard cycle testing and up to 8% in the ES driving pattern cycle testing.
The inhibition mechanism of alkylamines that have different numbers of primary amine groups adsorbed on sodium bentonite has been investigated using isothermal adsorption, adsorption kinetics, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis (EA), cation exchange capacity (CEC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), linear expansion experiments and rolling recovery. The saturated adsorption capacity of alkylamines on sodium bentonite decreased with the increase in the number of primary amine groups. The adsorption rate constant increases rapidly with the increase in the number of primary amine groups on the premise that they are both water-soluble and hydrophobic. A flat-lying monolayer of each alkylamine was intercalated, replacing sodium ions in the interlayer and becoming firmly embedded in the interlayer space of sodium bentonite between the primary amine groups and silicon-oxygen tetrahedra. As a result, the water molecules present in the clay interlayer space were expelled, and the interlayer space of the clay decreased to the maximum extent. The inhibition performance of alkylamines on bentonite clearly increases with the increasing of number of primary amine groups. Therefore, a mixture of alkylamines with multiple primary amine groups is a promising intercalating inhibitor that can be used along with water-based drilling fluids has broad application prospects.
A stress assisted diffusion model considering concentration-dependent elastic modulus of active material has been established for the multi-layered electrodes of lithium batteries. The physical mechanism for the effect of modulus variation on the Li-ion diffusion and corresponding biaxial stress is well elucidated. Moreover, the analytic solutions of maximum stress in both active layer and collector are respectively derived. It has been found that the modulus stiffening gives rise to the additional stress gradient and enhances Li-ion diffusion, therefore to increase the biaxial stress in the plate electrode. In contrast, modulus softening makes the stress assisted diffusion less significant and the corresponding stresses are reduced. These coupled effects are more significant during potentiostatic charging and galvanostatic charging with high charging rates. Moreover, the maximum stress in the active layer is independent of charging process, but depends upon the elastic modulus variation due to Li-ion insertion. Finally, with increasing thickness ratio between collector and active material, the impacts of concentration dependent modulus on the Li-ion diffusion in active layer decreases, whereas this effect on maximum stress in the current collector increases.
A short process for the efficient utilization of transition-metal chlorides in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is proposed. A uniformly dispersed tri-component nanocomposite of Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O1.1 microspheres with a porous structure has been prepared from the solution of transition-metal chlorides via spray pyrolysis. When evaluated as anode for LIBs, the Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O1.1 nanocomposite exhibits a reversible capacity of 1180 mAh g−1 after 120 cycles. More strikingly, the nanoparticles-assembled Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O1.1 precursor has its unique advantages in synthesizing well-ordered layered LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, owning to its excellent atomic uniformity, porous structure and Ni3+-rich surface. The as-prepared cathode material shows excellent structural stability. Discharge capacities of 173 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 1 C (1 C = 180 mA g-1) between 2.8 and 4.3 V are consistently obtained, corresponding to 95.6% capacity retention. These outstanding electrochemical results are obtained with minimal process optimization, indicating that spray pyrolysis is an efficient, robust synthesis technique for the production of Ni-rich layered cathode from solution of transition-metal chlorides.
The energy produced by thermal solar plants does not have to be limited solely to hours of sunlight. It is possible to conceive a storage system and it is possible to extend the production of heat beyond the hours of full sunshine. The main aim of this paper is to propose and test the validity and effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy multi-criteria method (TOPSIS fuzzy) to compare different heat transfer fluids (HTF) in order to investigate the feasibility of utilizing a molten salt. The thermal processes involved in CSP will not analyzed. The use of molten salt offers the potential to reduce electricity production cost and to increase the energy performance in an eco-compatible way. Salt is less expensive and more environmentally benign than currently used HTFs but unfortunately the high freezing point leads to significant O&M challenges and requires an innovative freeze protection system.
Due to their merits of high capacity, abundant resources and environmental benignity, Fe monosulfides are considered as attractive electrode materials for Li-ion batteries. However, inferior cyclability and rate performances resulted from inherent low conductivity limit their applications. Herein, we present novel 3D flower-like micro/nano-structure FeS/N-doped-C composites which are directly synthesized from low-cost organosulfur compounds through facile precipitation and subsequent calcination and for the first time applied as cathodes for lithium storage. The FeS nanoparticles are coated by highly conductive N-doped-C shells. Such a confinement of coating microstructures, especially outer N-doped-C, is highly beneficial for the conversion reactions (FeS+2Li++2e−↔Fe + Li2S), and could strengthen conductivity and simultaneously better protect FeS from electrolyte corrosions, ensuring stable conductive frameworks. Also, such N-doped-C anchor FeS, Fe, and Li2S effectively, as confirmed by density functional theory calculations. Thus, the FeS/N-doped-C cathodes exhibit remarkable cycling stability (621 mAh g−1 at 200th cycle at 1C, with a decay of 0.07%/cycle), and high rate performances (600 mAh g−1 even at 10C), delivering higher energy density than commercial LiCoO2 cathodes. This work discloses a novel and paramount route to exploit transition metal sulfides for lithium storage and helps us further understand the key role of N-doping in electrochemical energy storage.
Developmental dyslexia is a heterogeneous syndrome with a phonological core deficit and frequent association with other developmental disorders. Controversies exist about the influence of motor difficulties frequently encountered in dyslexia. According to different theoretical approaches, these motor impairments would reflect either a frequent co-morbid entity or a cerebellar dysfunction that could constitute the causal factor of reading disabilities. The principal aim of this study was to determine the frequency of motor impairments in a population of children with phonological dyslexia and specify possible links with attention deficit. We analysed retrospectively motor and attention abilities of 58 children with phonological dyslexia. An important sub-group of children with dyslexia (40–57% depending on the severity of motor difficulties) presented a motor impairment affecting co-ordination, balance and manual dexterity suggesting a cerebellar dysfunction. There was a significant association between attention deficit and motor impairments, with a specific impact on balance and co-ordination deficits. The comparison of performance in four groups defined according to the presence versus absence of attention deficit and motor impairment, respectively, were not in favour of a unequivocal causal link between reading disabilities and motor or attention disorders.
Reduction on cobalt reliance is an urgent requirement in the development of sustainable cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. Here the authors analyse the roles of cobalt and its interplay with other ions in high-nickel layered oxides, and deduce a material formula for promising cobalt-free cathodes.
This study analyzes the attitude of Italian youngsters toward the adoption of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), using the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis. An internet and face-to face questionnaire survey collects the intensity of knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes toward alternative fuel vehicles of Italian university students. A survey among youngster allows understanding the view of the future generation regarding alternative fuel vehicles technologies. The findings from the survey (n=330) indicate the relevant determinants that spur the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles, the type of technology preferred among such vehicles, the specific related environmental benefits and the related barriers that youngsters perceive. Consumers' acceptance is crucial in the development of AFVs. This article also includes practical implications for both policymakers and manufacturers.
Here, we report an efficient surface decorated, e.g. oxidation and nitrogen doped, cobalt sulfide (O-N-Co9S8) oxygen electrocatalyst, which shows excellent activity especially for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and good stability over 900 charge-discharge cycles at 10 mA cm−2 in Zinc-air battery. Moreover, we found that O-N-Co9S8 was completely converted into Co3O4 after OER, showing oxide is actual active phase. Density functional theory calculations reveal the continuous exposure of oxidized surface Co sites during O-N-Co9S8 → Co3O4 is essential for its high OER activity. These Co sites promote the kinetics for OH∗ transformation to O∗ and also ensure fast O2 desorption. Once Co3O4 is generated, the high activity is contributed by its resulting characteristic surfaces. Thus, we propose and demonstrate that oxides in-situ generated during OER are more active than the directly calcined oxides. This work advances fundamental insight of metal chalcogenides “catalysts” and guides the design of active OER catalysts.
Lithium metal penetrations through the liquid-electrolyte-wetted porous separator and solid electrolytes are a major safety concern of next-generation rechargeable metal batteries. Penetrations were frequently discovered to occur through only a few isolated channels, as revealed by “black spots” on both sides of the separator or electrolyte, which manifest a highly localized ionic flux or current density. Predictions of the penetration time have been difficult due to the hidden and unclear dynamics in these penetration channels. Here, using glass capillary cells, we investigate for the first time the unexpectedly sensitive influence of channel geometry on the concentration polarization and dendrite initiation processes. The characteristic time for the complete depletion of salt concentration at the surface of the advancing electrode, i.e. Sand's time, exhibits a nonlinear dependence on the curvature of the channel walls along the axial direction. While a positively deviated Sand's time scaling exponent can be used to infer a converging penetration area through the electrolyte, a negatively deviated scaling exponent suggests that diffusion limitations can be avoided in expanding channels, such that the fast-advancing tip-growing dendrites will not be initiated. The safety design of rechargeable metal batteries will benefit from considering the true local current densities and the conduction structures.
A mobile recording system, with integrated laser speed gun, video from CCD-cameras and auxiliary battery system, was used to observe driving behavior at an urban intersection and a suburban analog. After removal of instances of interference, 1538 driving behaviors were recorded. Multiple regression was then utilized to examine the factors affecting approaching speed. Speed limit violation was considered a dichotomous variable with two categories, violation and compliance. Binary logistic regression was also used to examine the risk of speeding as a function of covariates and interaction terms. The results of analysis revealed that the major contributing factors for approaching speed were site, rush-hour-status, traffic light condition, vehicle type and driver gender. In particular, light status was the highest contributor to speed. In addition, the results of logistic regression showed significant sites and rush-hour effects on speeding, with the risk of limit violation in the suburbs nearly six-fold that in urban areas. The relative risk of speeding for travelling in non-rush hours is three times higher than that for rush-hour. In terms of driver characteristics, male drivers under 55 years of age had the greatest speeding propensity in our sample. The results of the present study may provide meaningful information applicable to the design and operation of signalized intersections.
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a technique that utilizes the salinity gradient through ion exchange membranes to generate electrical power. In order to make this technology feasible, innovation is required to improve a critical subcomponent, the ion exchange membrane, especially in the selection of appropriate membrane materials and the design of proper RED membranes. This study presents a novel and cost-competitive method for the design of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) by organic-organic hybridization. The low-cost and charge-possessing polymer, poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (abbreviated as PDDA and PVA, respectively) are blended in different mass ratios to form an AEM. The effect of various PDDA loadings on the electrochemical characterizations of the membranes was investigated. The key properties such as electrical resistance, permselectivity and ion exchange capacity were found to be improved with increasing the mass blend ratio of PDDA. Specifically, the increase of PDDA mass ratio significantly decreased the level of membrane resistance, which majorly contributed to the performance of RED power generation: reached the maximum power density of 0.58 W/m2. Such fabrication method of AEMs may provide the feasible design strategy of potential ion exchange membranes for a viable RED energy conversion.
Phase change materials (PCMs) have been extensively characterized as constant temperature latent heat thermal energy storage (TES) materials. Nevertheless, the widespread utilization of PCMs is limited due to the flow of liquid PCMs during melting, phase separation, supercooling and low heat transfer rate. In order to overcome these inherent problems and to improve thermo-physical properties, the confinement of PCMs at the nanoscale has been identified as a versatile strategy, which ensures the encapsulation of PCMs in much smaller nano-containers. Such strategies including core–shell, longitudinal, interfacial and porous confinement have been widely presented in recent years to efficiently encapsulate PCMs in nanospaces and are presenting attractive ways to enhance thermal performance. This review summarizes the recent advancement and critical issues of nanoconfinement technologies of PCMs from the point of view of material design. In addition, the potential applications of nanoconfined PCMs in diverse fields, including energy conversion and storage, thermal rectification and temperature controlled drug delivery systems, are presented in detail. Finally, the major drawbacks associated with nanoconfined PCMs and their prospective solutions are also provided.
Preliminary evidence suggests that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), the val108/158met SNP, within the gene that codes for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a key enzyme involved in regulating dopamine (DA) transmission within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), is related to cognitive function in schizophrenia and cognitive improvement with atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs). Specifically, several studies have identified an association between working memory and executive functions, and COMT val108/158met genotype in schizophrenia; although there have been several negative findings that are likely related to small sample sizes and, possibly, medication status of patients at the time of testing. The association between COMT val108/158met genotype, cognitive function, and cognitive improvement with clozapine was investigated in a relatively large prospective sample of patients with schizophrenia, most of whom were unmedicated at baseline. Patients were genotyped for the COMT val108/158met SNP after completing a cognitive battery consisting of tests of attention, working memory, verbal learning and memory, executive function, and verbal fluency at baseline and after 6 weeks and 6 months of treatment with clozapine. Consistent with several previous studies, an association between COMT genotype and tests of executive function and working memory was identified at baseline. In addition, a novel interaction between genotype and improvement on tests of attention and verbal fluency was identified. Specifically, met homozygous and val/met heterozygous patients demonstrated significantly greater improvement than val homozygous patients following 6 months of treatment with clozapine. The results are discussed in relation to previous cross-sectional studies and prospective investigations of the associations between COMT genotype, cognition, and cognitive improvement with atypical APDs in schizophrenia.
A mixture of vinyl monomer, a natural polyelectrolyte—hyaluronic acid—and crosslinker was polymerized and crosslinked to entrap the natural polymer into the synthetic gel. The controlled release of the model drug from the obtained gel was studied under the on–off switching of electric field. It was proved that electric-responsive drug releases were possible using hyaluronic acid entrapping gel and the electro-responsiveness was greatly affected by various factors such as degree of swelling, crosslinking density, kind and composition of vinyl monomer and crosslinkers.
Mesoporous Pt–Ru alloy has been successively prepared by the chemical co-reduction of hexachloroplatinic acid and ruthenium trichloride both dissolved in aqueous domains of the liquid crystalline phases of an oligoethylene oxide surfactant using Zn metal reductant. The resultant material containing mesoporous structures has a high specific electrochemical surface area and has been examined as an electrocatalyst towards the electrooxidation of CO and methanol using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The rate of electrooxidation of adsorbed CO on the mesoporous Pt–Ru electrode can be modelled by the nucleation and growth of CO free holes under a process that involves 2D nucleation and 2D surface diffusion-controlled growth. Methanol is oxidized mainly via a direct pathway to soluble products on the mesoporous Pt–Ru electrode and steady-state kinetics can be attained even at low potentials. The electrocatalytic activity of the mesoporous PtRu towards methanol oxidation is favourable compared to an ultrafine Pt–Ru electrocatalyst with similar bulk composition.