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A novel design of microbial fuel cells (MFC) fuelled with undiluted urine was demonstrated to be an efficient power source for decentralised areas, but had only been tested under controlled laboratory conditions. Hence, a field-trial was carried out to assess its feasibility for practical implementation: a bespoke stack of 12 MFC modules was implemented as a self-sufficient lit urinal system at UK's largest music festival. Laboratory investigation showed that with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 44 h, a cascade of 4 modules (19.2 L displacement volume) was continuously producing ≈150 mW. At the same HRT, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced from 5586 mg COD·L−1 to 625 mg COD·L−1. Field results of the system under uncontrolled usage indicate an optimal retention time for power production between 2h30 and ≈9 h. When measured (HRT of ≈11h40), the COD decreased by 48% and the total nitrogen content by 13%. Compared to the previous PEE POWER® field-trial (2015), the present system achieved a 37% higher COD removal with half the HRT. The 2016 set-up produced ≈30% more energy in a third of the total volumetric footprint (max 600 mW). This performance corresponds to ≈7-fold technological improvement.
The paper presents a frequency superimposed robust coordinated control technique for the precise power bifurcation among the multiple energy storage elements. In the proposed control principle, a dynamically computed low voltage virtual frequency is injected into the dc control network. According to the total power demand, and the energy density of the battery units, the virtual frequency is computed in the master controller units. Further, with respect to the measured virtual frequency and their specified drooping gain, the slave units interact. In consequence of the conditional drooping factors, the slave units can locally decide their spell of execution. Thus, the proposed scheme ensures a precise power management among the multiple energy storage elements without introducing any virtual resistance in the dc network. In an addition, accounting the system stability, the proposed scheme controls the amount of ac grid interference into the dc microgrid. Considering two numbers of battery as master controllers and a compressed air storage as a slave unit, the performance and the stability are evaluated and found to be satisfactory.
A simple co-precipitation method utilizing SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) as template and ammonia as precipitant is successfully employed to synthesize nickel cobalt oxide/graphene oxide (NiCo2O4/GO) composite. The as-prepared composite (NCG-10) exhibits a high capacitance of 1211.25 F g−1, 687 F g−1 at the current density of 1 A g−1, 10 A g−1 and good cycling ability which renders NCG-10 as promising electrode material for supercapacitors. An asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) (full button cell) has been constructed with NCG-10 as positive electrode and lab-made reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as negative electrode. The fabricated NCG-10//rGO with an extended stable operational voltage of 1.6 V can deliver a high specific capacitance of 144.45 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. The as-prepared NCG-10//rGO demonstrates remarkable energy density (51.36 W h kg−1 at 1 A g−1), high power density (50 kW kg−1 at 20 A g−1). The retention of capacitance is 88.6% at the current density of 8 A g−1 after 2000 cycles. The enhanced capacitive performance can be attributed to the improved specific surface area and 3D open area of NCG-10 generated by the pores and channels with the substantial function of SDS.
The La2O3-doped ZnO was synthesized successfully via a simple calcination method subsequent to a co-precipitation process. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that the as-prepared sample has a main wurtzite structure and a pie-like morphology. The electrochemical performances were investigated through galvanostatic charge–discharge, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. As the anode material, La2O3-doped ZnO has an initial discharge capacity of 455.7mAhg−1 and a capacity retention ratio of 83.5% at 90th cycle, showing an obviously superior stability of cycle life compared with pure ZnO. Furthermore, La2O3-doped ZnO has a lower resistance and a better reversibility. All these results prove that the La2O3-doped ZnO can deliver a better electrochemical performance than pure ZnO in alkaline electrolyte.
It is hypothesized that performance on frontal-lobe neuropsychological tests and intelligence tests may independently contribute to variation in academic achievement in higher education. We examined the ability of an IQ test (the WAIS-IV) to predict grade point averages (GPA) in a sample of 64 undergraduate students. We also included a battery of five neuropsychological assessments of frontal-lobe functions, all known to be unrelated to general intelligence and linked to right-prefrontal function. Regression analysis with stepwise entry of variables revealed separate contributions to the variation in GPA scores explained by general intelligence and two different measures of response inhibition (Stop-signal and Hayling). The addition of the inhibition measures more than doubled the amount of variance in GPA explained by general intelligence alone, from adjusted R 2=.115 to adjusted R 2=.239, suggesting an important role of right prefrontal-mediated response inhibition in high-level academic achievement. This contrasts with the mainly left-hemisphere contribution from general intelligence.
We modify a nickel-rich layered LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) positive electrode material by substituting the transition metals with Zr to mitigate its structural instability and capacity degradation. We show that Zr, over a concentration range of 0.5–5.0 at.%, can simultaneously reside on and expand the lattice of NCM811 and form Li-rich lithium zirconates on their surfaces. In particular, Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)0.99Zr0.01O2 (1% Zr-NCM811) exhibits the best rate capability among all the compositions in this study. It shows higher cycling durability than the raw NCM811 at both low and high current density lithiation and de-lithiation. According to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry measurements, the 1% Zr-NCM811 sample is more chemically/electrochemically stable than the raw. In addition to comparing the diffusivities in the coin-cell measurements, we demonstrate that Zr modification can facilitate Li-ion diffusion in the NCM811 balk material by direct-current polarization measurements. The superior performance of Zr-NCM811 results from the lattice expansion induced by Zr doping and the presence of ion-conducting lithium zirconates partially coated on the surface of Zr-NCM811 particles.
Groin pain in athletes is caused by a wide range of musculoskeletal disorders. Occasionally, a palpable bulge at the external ring or ultrasound may not demonstrate a hernia. When athletes do not respond to conservative treatment, a “sports” hernia should be considered.
Tin sulfides have attracted significant interests as the anode materials of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high capacity and layered structure. However, metal sulfides suffer from a fast capacity decay caused by the large volume change during cycling, and poor conductivity. In this work, we report on a rational design of lamellar nanostructure consisting of N-doped carbon layers, graphene nanosheets, and SnS nanoparticles. The SnS/graphene nanosheets with and without N-carbon coating have been investigated as the anode for LIBs to study the structure effect. It is found that N-carbon/SnS/graphene nanosheets deliver a high reversible capacity of 840 mA h g−1 after 150 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1 and higher rate properties in comparison to SnS/graphene. The improved electrochemical performances are attributed to the special lamellar structure with a combined synergic effect derived from the N-carbon coating layers and graphene nanosheets, which conduce to a faster lithium diffusion dynamics in the composite nanosheets, which has been analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This work propose an efficient pathway to manipulate metal sulfides based nanomaterials for use as anodes in LIBs with enhanced lithium storage performances.
High-capacity Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 has been successfully synthesized as a cathode material for Li-ion battery by hydrothermal method. The prepared materials are characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS, XPS and electrochemical measurements. The XRD result shows that Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 material formed a pure phase. SEM and TEM images present a uniformly distributed nanosize of 20–200nm. The results of CV, charge–discharge tests indicate that this material possesses high discharge capacity and quite good cycling stability. It delivers 251.9mAhg−1 and 107.5mAhg−1 for the first cycle and remains 139.4mAhg−1 and 82.7mAhg−1 after 500 cycles, respectively, corresponding to 1C and 10C.
We evaluated the performance and durability of platinum–iron–copper with an L10 ordered face-centered tetragonal structure (fct–PtFeCu) as cathode catalysts of membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. The exchange current density per unit active surface area of Pt in fct–PtFeCu/C, measured in the MEA, was sufficiently higher than that of commercial Pt/C. The durability of the MEAs was evaluated by three accelerated degradation tests: (1) a load cycle durability test, which mainly accelerates the degradation of catalysts; (2) an open-circuit voltage (OCV) hold test, which mainly degrades membranes; and (3) a hybrid of the load cycle test and OCV hold test. Despite the possible negative effects of dissolved transition metals on the durability of MEAs, fct–PtFeCu/C showed higher durability than commercial Pt/C and at least comparable durability with in-house Pt/C in the OCV hold test, and showed high durability in the hybrid test up to 200 h. These results suggest that the presence of Fe and Cu did not negatively affect the durability of the MEA with fct–PtFeCu/C, and rather the other factor, carbon support, affected more in retaining the durability.
Based on the known effectiveness of ZnO as a hypothetical coating, its ability to expand the rate capability of nanosized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 was examined. The additive was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The intensity of the 2p peak for Zn in the XPS concentration depth profiles remained unchanged over a long sputtering period; therefore, rather than forming a coating layer over the spinel particles, as commonly described in the literature, ZnO seemingly deposits as uniformly dispersed nanoparticles in the bulk material. TEM images were consistent with this alternative model for explaining where the oxide is located. ZnO-treated spinel cycled at low rates (C/4) at room temperature was found to exhibit an increase in delivered capacity (more than a 10%) with good capacity retention. The increase was less marked at high cycling rates (8C). Cells cycled at 50°C exhibited similarly improved properties; however, the increase in capacity at low cycling rates was somewhat lower. These changes are explained in the light of the results obtained by treating the spinel with HF at room temperature: ZnO clearly hindered dissolution of the spinel. In fact, ZnO partially protects the spinel from the attack of HF traces in LiPF6 based electrolyte during prolonged contact between the two. This protective effect, however, is insubstantial at high charge/discharge rates, where contact between the spinel and electrolyte is shorter.
Objective This study aimed to validate the Computerized UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment (C-UPSA), a newly developed scale for assessing functional capacity in patients with schizophrenia. Methods The C-UPSA was administered to 21 middle-aged and older adults with schizophrenia and 20 healthy comparison (HC) subjects. Schizophrenia participants also completed the original UPSA and a symptom inventory (during a separate visit), and cognitive functioning was assessed in both groups using a brief neuropsychological screening battery. Results The C-UPSA total score was significantly correlated with UPSA total scores, and the magnitude of the correlation was comparable to the test–retest reliability of the original UPSA. The C-UPSA was also significantly correlated with UPSA-Brief scores and neuropsychological status among schizophrenia participants. Furthermore, the schizophrenia group scored significantly lower than the HCs on the C-UPSA. ROC curves were generated to determine the optimal C-UPSA value for discriminating between the two groups, with results indicating an optimal cutoff of 75, which is consistent with the derived cutoff from the original UPSA. The C-UPSA identified persons with schizophrenia with 95% accuracy. Conclusions The C-UPSA appears to be highly related to the original UPSA. It has several advantages over the standard version, including increased portability, decreased administration time, and minimized examiner impact on participant performance. Future research would benefit from establishing this test as a clinical and research tool to effectively assess functional capacity.
The all-vanadium redox-flow battery is a promising candidate for load leveling and seasonal energy storage in small grids and stand-alone photovoltaic systems. The reversible cell voltage of 1.3 to 1.4V in the charged state allows the use of inexpensive active and structural materials. In this work, studies on the performance of inexpensive active materials for use in vanadium redox-flow batteries are reported. Additionally, a cost analysis for a load leveling and a seasonal energy storage system is given based on a flow battery technology well established in Zn-flow batteries.
With the development of science and technology, lithium ion batteries have become a representative of modern high-performance batteries due to their excellent performance. In this work, BiNbO4 with the nanowire morphology is fabricated by a simple electrospinning method on a stainless steel mesh cage collector. Here, we demonstrate that the BiNbO4 nanowires display a reversible capacity of 165 mAh g−1 and remarkable cycling stability at a current density of 50 mA g−1. When cycled at 700 mA g−1, BiNbO4 nanowires can maintain the capacity retention of 60% after 700 cycles, revealing better cycling properties than other Bi-based anode materials. In addition, in-situ X-ray diffraction analysis suggests that BiNbO4 nanowires have good electrochemical reversibility. BiNbO4 is transformed into Bi nanocrystallites and Li3NbO4 during the first discharge process. With the continuation of the discharge, active Bi nanocrystallites react with lithium ions to form Li3Bi alloys. This is a reversible process that provides reversible capacity as the reaction proceeds.
The experiment took place at a sparse evergreen oak woodland in southern Portugal. Seasonal courses of sap flow, measured in eight points of the stem of a Quercus rotundifolia tree, were monitored during a 2-year period. Plant water relations (predawn and midday leaf water potential, canopy conductance and whole-plant hydraulic conductance) as well as meteorological variables were also measured during the experimental period (May 1996–August 1998). All evidence showed that the plants remained well watered throughout the observation period. The highest transpiration rates occurred during the summer, when only vestigial amounts of rain fell on the shallow soil with a low water storage capacity. This could only be explained by the direct access of the root system to a 13m deep water table. Although there was no increase in water stress during the summer drought, the transpiration rates showed an upper limit well below the atmospheric evaporative demand. This was consistent with the occurrence of a maximum limit for the root water uptake capacity determined by the summer value of whole-plant hydraulic conductance and by stomatal control, which prevented leaf water potential from falling below a cavitation threshold.
An estimated 147,741 maternal deaths occurred in 2010 in 45 of the 47 countries in the African Region of the World Health Organization (WHO). The objective of this study was to estimate the indirect cost of maternal deaths in the Region to provide data for use in advocacy for increased domestic and external investment in multisectoral policy interventions to curb maternal mortality.
The use of nanoparticles in composite electrodes for Li batteries may have considerable kinetic advantages due to the reduction of the diffusion length for lithium insertion in the active mass, and also because of the reduction of the overall charge transfer resistance of the electrodes. We report herein on the synthesis of various types of nanomaterials for rechargeable lithium batteries and their testing as active mass in anodes and cathodes. These include SnO, VO x , Li x MnO2, and various types of carbon nanotubes. Sonochemistry was applied for the synthesis of part of the nanophases. The tools for this study included X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and standard electrochemical techniques (CV, SSCV, chronopotentiometry and impedance spectroscopy).
Pure magnesium reveals a previously unreported combination of enhanced anodic kinetics and unaltered cathodic kinetics in 0.1 M sodium chloride in the presence of 1 mM indium chloride. The corrosion potential of magnesium is lower than the electrode potential for indium/indium (+3) ions equilibrium causing deposition of indium on the magnesium surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the presence of indium species on the magnesium surface. Despite the 1 millimolar indium chloride + 0.1 M sodium chloride solution exhibiting an acidic pH close to 4, the hydrogen evolution kinetics on magnesium remains close to that of the 0.1 M sodium chloride of near neutral pH indicating an inhibitive effect of indium on hydrogen evolution. On the contrary, the presence of 1 millimolar indium ions in 0.1 M sodium chloride has increased the anodic dissolution of Mg. The former is expected to result in higher magnesium anode efficiencies and the latter, high anode current output. Thus, the electrochemical characteristics exhibited by pure magnesium in 1 millimolar indium chloride +0.1 M sodium chloride solution have implications on magnesium as an anode, which is relevant in the context of higher performance and stable aqueous primary magnesium batteries.
An activity gradient carbon felt (AGCF) electrode is prepared by a simple thermal oxidation method, which is composed of both a low activity electrode near the inlet side and a high activity electrode near the outlet side. The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) full cell with AGCF electrodes shows higher discharge capacity (18.7 Ah L−1) and coulomb efficiency (93.6%) than non-gradient carbon felt electrodes (14.3 Ah L−1, 88.4%) at a current density of 80 mA cm−2. From the computational analysis, the AGCF electrodes exhibit reduced overpotential results as well as improved uniform activity at low reactant concentration condition during charging and discharging at the current density. These results suggest that the AGCF electrode is an effective electrode design for high-performance VRFB featuring high energy density by improving electrolyte utilization as well as high roundtrip efficiency by improving energy efficiency.
In this paper, we have presented the cooperative free space optical (FSO) communication system with radio frequency (RF) backup as an application to the level crossing warning systems for Railways. Reliability and bit error rate (BER) performance has been carried out to ensure the performance improvement over single link. Cooperative FSO link continues to work in the presence of rain in which the RF system fails. BER performance improvement includes the study of various combining schemes including multiple gain combiner (MGC) which is simple and provides close to optimum performance. FSO system fails in the presence of fog whereas the RF system continues to work. The complementary nature of the system ensures that one of them gives desired performance in the presence of rain/fog. The effect of equipment failure, turbulence, pointing error, fog and rain has been studied in reliability analysis. Different relaying techniques and various combining techniques are the part of study in BER analysis. With the use of reflect and forward relaying scheme including cyclic redundancy check and 3 out of 5 majority voting scheme, we can achieve the desired tolerable hazard rate which meets the international standards of safety integrity level 4.
Various wt.% of Al2O3 derived from methoxyethoxy-alumoxane (MEA-alumoxane) were coated by a simple mechano-thermal method on the LiCoVO4 particles, which were synthesized by a citric acid–urea polymeric method. Powder XRD patterns confirmed that the prepared LiCoVO4 crystalline sample had an inverse spinel structure when heated at 773K for 5h in air and the LiCoVO4 materials coated with Al2O3 showed no evidence of secondary phase peaks. TEM images of LiCoVO4 identified that the nanosized particles ranged ∼100–120nm and Al2O3 coating had an average thickness of ∼20nm over the fine particle of LiCoVO4. XPS binding energy data indicated that the presence of two different types O 1s ions corresponds to alumina and core LiCoVO4 material. The charge and discharge study indicated that the 0.5wt.% Al2O3 derived from MEA-alumoxane coated material delivered an initial discharge capacity of 68mAhg−1 at 3.0–4.5V and the cycle stability after 20 cycles was stable without any drastic capacity fade normally exhibited by inverse spinel materials. The dQ/dV versus voltage plots revealed that the slower impedance growth for the Al2O3 surface coated LiCoVO4 cathode material.
A complete 57Fe Mössbauer study was undertaken to elucidate the electrochemical mechanism occuring during the cycling of the FePx (x = 1,2)/Li batteries. Upon discharge, for FeP, the conversion reaction FeP + 3Li → Fe + Li3P was confirmed, whereas for FeP2, FeP and a disordered magnetic unknown phase A are observed. On charge, the starting material is partially reconstructed only in the case of FeP. Once the first cycle is achieved, the same redox process occurs in both the FeP/Li and FeP2/Li cells, between LiFeP, FeP, Fe° (or phase A) and Li3P.
Composite electrolytes containing calix[6]pyrrole derivative as an anion complexing agent for I−, BF4 − and CF3SO3 − anions are studied. The 19F NMR and IR spectroscopy were used to check how the complexation of anions with calix[6]pyrrole derivative changes in different non-aqueous solutions characterized by various dielectric constants. The influence of cation (Li+ versus Et4N+) was also tested. The conductivity data were collected for liquid systems based on polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether (PEODME) as a solvent and with varying concentrations of the supramolecular additive. The observed decrease of conductivity is attributed to the anion complexation. The conductivity and electrochemical properties of poly(vinylidene difluoride)-based (PVdF-based) calix[6]pyrrole-containing gel electrolytes were also tested.