batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Brain networks and cognition have recently begun to attract attention: studies suggest that more efficiently wired resting-state brain networks are indeed correlated with better cognitive performance. “Small-world” brain networks combine local segregation with global integration, hereby subserving information processing. Furthermore, recent studies implicate that gender effects may be present in both network dynamics and its correlations with cognition. This study reports on the relation between resting-state functional brain topology with overall and domain-specific cognitive performance in healthy participants and possible gender differences herein. Healthy participants underwent neuropsychological tests, of which individual scores were converted to z-scores. Network analysis was performed on resting-state, eyes-closed magnetoencephalography (MEG) data, after determining functional connectivity between each pair of sensors. The clustering coefficient (local specialization), average path length (overall integration and efficiency) and “small-world index” (i.e. ratio between clustering and path length) were calculated in six frequency bands. 14 male and 14 female participants were included. Better total cognitive performance was related to increased local connectivity in the theta band, higher clustering coefficient (in delta and theta bands) and higher small-worldness (in theta and lower gamma bands). Women showed less clustering and shorter path length in the delta band. There were no significant correlations between network topology and cognitive functioning in females. In contrast, higher cognitive scores in men were associated with increased theta band clustering and small-worldness. These results provide further evidence for the value of functional brain network topology for cognitive functioning and suggest that gender is an important factor in this respect.
The spatial distribution, sources, and potential ecological risk of heavy metals and metalloid were evaluated in sediments of the Wuyuer River and its tributaries. Metal and metalloid concentrations and chemical speciation (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, As, Zn and Hg) in 187 surface sediment samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Metals and metalloid in the sediments of the Wuyuer River were greater than the background values of the Songnen Plain, and mean heavy metal concentrations were greater in downstream segments of the river than in upstream segments. Speciation results indicated that Cd was chemically mobile and Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Ni were potentially bioavailable. Mercury and As existed mainly in the residual fraction. Hakanson’s potential risk index indicated that the total potential ecological risk of these elements was moderate in the Wuyuer River. Among the selected metals and metalloid, Hg and Cd were the most potentially toxic and mainly distributed near the cities of Keshan, Yi’an and Fuyü. Because the speciation of Cd in the river sediments is highly bioavailable, the concentrations of Cd should be closely monitored. This research provides managers with information needed to better regulate the environment of the Wuyuer River.
The performance of lead-acid battery is improved in this work by inhibiting the corrosion of negative battery electrode (lead) and hydrogen gas evolution using ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethyl phosphate). The results display that the addition of ionic liquid to battery electrolyte (5.0 M H2SO4 solution) suppresses the hydrogen gas evolution to very low rate 0.049 ml min−1 cm−2 at 80 ppm. Electrochemical studies show that the adsorption of ionic liquid molecules on the lead electrode surface leads to the increase in the charge transfer resistance and the decrease in the double layer capacitance. I also notice a noteworthy improvement of battery capacity from 45 mAh g−1 to 83 mAh g−1 in the presence of ionic liquid compound. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis confirm the adsorption of ionic liquid molecules on the battery electrode surface.
The optimum conditions for synthesising LiNiO2 by a sol–gel method and its electrochemical properties are investigated. Single-phase LiNiO2 powder is synthesised by the sol–gel method using citric acid as chelating agent and LiNO3, Ni(NO3)2·6H2O as starting materials. The optimum conditions for the synthesis of LiNiO2 are calcination at 800°C for 13h in an oxygen stream after preheating at 600°C for 5h in air. The particles of LiNiO2 powder are generally in the form of a smoothly edged polyhedron and their average size is approximately 3–5μm. The resulting LiNiO2 electrode shows relatively large discharge capacities and good cycle performance. The initial discharge capacity and that at the 20th cycle are 168 and 155mAhg−1 at a current density of 7.5mAg−1 in a voltage range 3.0–4.2V. The decrease in the quantity of the intercalated Li ions during the first discharge as compared with that of the de-intercalated Li ions is considered to result from the destruction of the unstable tetrahedral sites and the diminution of Li atoms contained in excess.
Utilizing silicon as an anode material for Li-ion batteries has been the subject of many studies. However, due to the huge volume change of silicon during lithiation, the electrochemical performance of silicon is poor. Here, we have investigated a novel yet simple approach to synthesize nanostructured silicon/graphite composites with a carbon coating and engineered voids. High-energy ball mill is employed to convert micrometer-sized silicon and graphite to nanostructured silicon/graphite composite building blocks, while a thin carbon coating is applied to encapsulate these composite agglomerates, followed by partial etching of silicon to create engineered voids inside the composite agglomerates. The batteries made with this tailored nanostructure exhibit improved electrochemical performance over the counterparts made with silicon nanoparticles and exhibited a specific capacity of ∼1800 mA h g−1 discharge capacity at the first cycle, 580 mA h g−1 after 40 cycles, and 350 mA h g−1 after 300 cycles. This study has established a novel method scalable at industry environment and capable of producing low cost Si anodes and clearly shown that the cycle stability of the tailored nanostructure improves with increasing engineered voids in the range we have investigated.
Electrochemical characterisation of LiNi1−x−y Co x Al y O2 cathode material was conducted and a high reversible capacity of 184mAhg−1 was obtained with good capacity retention. Evaluation of LiNi1−x−y Co x Al y O2 performance with a graphitic carbon anode was undertaken in several alternative high energy density Li-ion cell configurations. These included a D-size (33,600) cell design, a flat, “soft-packaged” 10Ah cell design and a high capacity 75Ah metal case cell design. Energy densities of 160, 150 and 130Whkg−1 were achieved, respectively, for these cell designs. Further optimisation of these designs is envisaged to lead to projected energy densities, respectively, of 175, 180 and 150Whkg−1.
In this work the metallic cobalt was electrodeposited on 430 steel in order to obtain a low electrical resistance film made to Co3O4. Pure cobalt was obtained by acidic dissolution of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) present in exhausted Li-ion battery cathode. The electrodeposition was performed with a 96% efficiency at a potential of 1.50 V versus Ag/AgCl. The electrodeposited cobalt showed the face-centered cubic (23%) and hexagonal centered (77%) phases. After oxidation at 850 °C for 1000 h in air, the cobalt layer was transformed into the Co3O4 phase. On the other hand, a sample without cobalt showed the usual Cr2O3 and FeCr2O4 phases. After 1000 h at 850 °C, in air the area specific resistance of the sample with the cobalt oxide layer was 0.038 Ω cm−2, while it was 1.30 Ω cm−2 for the bare sample.
Molecular studies of the guenons suggest that the arboreal Cercopithecus species form a monophyletic group within the tribe Cercopithecini. However, the evolutionary relationships among these arboreal congeners remain poorly resolved. The present work marks the first attempt to reconstruct the history of this group through the phylogenetic analysis of long nuclear sequences. We surveyed 19 guenons and seven outgroup taxa for a ∼9.3kb fragment of X-chromosomal DNA homologous to a portion of human Xq13.3. Parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of these sequences consistently recover two strongly-supported patterns within the arboreal Cercopithecus clade: (1) a clustering of members of the cephus and mitis species groups, and (2) a monophyletic aggregate including the mona, neglectus, and diana species groups. Although guenons occasionally hybridize in the wild, interbreeding forms of different species groups do not cluster together as sister-taxa in the X-chromosomal tree, suggesting that the two clades inferred here are not reticulate patterns due to recent gene flow. These clades are most likely the result of either ancestral hybridization or true phylogenetic history. We advocate the latter explanation because the same two aggregates (cephus/mitis and mona/neglectus/diana) are recovered, albeit with weak support, by a number of earlier analyses. Finally, X-chromosomal divergence dates are estimated for a number of nodes in the guenon radiation. The divergence of guenon and papionin lineages at 11.5 (±1.3) MYA appears to be a particularly robust estimate since it is inferred from both mitochondrial and X-chromosomal studies, each using different fossil calibration points.
Alternative anode materials with more positive lithium intercalation potential than that of graphite are desirable for lithium ion batteries with high safety particularly required for electric vehicles and sustainable energy sources. Thermally stable, mesoporous anatase TiO2 spheres are successfully synthesized, using ethylene diamine as a precursor, via a facile solution-phase process incorporating a nanoscopic carbon coating doped with a relatively high nitrogen content which formed a conducting network with mesoporous TiO2 upon calcination. The structural characterizations demonstrate the crucial function of ethylene diamine in stabilizing and maintaining the well-confined mesoporous structure for TiO2 during calcination. The porous TiO2 material with a conducting network exhibits a highly reversible capacity of 182mA h g −1 after 60 cycles at the current density of 0.5C and an improved rate capability compared to porous TiO2 without modification, indicating the composite is a promising anode material for Li-ion batteries.
Hierarchical pore structures in the composite electrode materials can offer greater accessibility to active sites for the lithium ions, shorter ion diffusion distances and quicker lithium ion diffusion, which can enable the high-rate and high-energy Li-ion batteries (LIBs). In this work, hierarchically porous cocoon-like MnO/C composites (PCM) have been prepared using natural agaric as raw materials via a sustainable and facile method associated with the hydrothermal and annealing treatment. The as-prepared porous PCM composites show a high reversible capacity of 981 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and remain an high discharge capacity of 640 mAh g−1 after 900 cycles at 1 A g−1. Even at the high current density of 5 A g−1, the electrode can still deliver a high capacity of 440 mAh g−1. More importantly, the high MnO content (∼78 wt %) and micron-scale structure of PCM composite greatly improve the high specific capacity and tap density of electrode materials, and help to meet the requirements for practical application. Therefore, such novel preparation strategy of composite electrode from agaric also develops a new route to fully utilize the biomass resources for high-performance LIBs and other energy storage devices.
Parkinsons disease is a complex neurodegenerative disorder for which patients present many symptoms, tremor being the main one. In advanced stages of the disease, Deep Brain Stimulation is a generalized therapy which can significantly improve the motor symptoms. However despite its beneficial effects on treating the symptomatology, the technique can be improved. One of its main limitations is that the parameters are fixed, and the stimulation is provided uninterruptedly, not taking into account any fluctuation in the patients state. A closed-loop system which provides stimulation by demand would adjust the stimulation to the variations in the state of the patient, stimulating only when it is necessary. It would not only perform a more intelligent stimulation, capable of adapting to the changes in real time, but also extending the devices battery life, thereby avoiding surgical interventions. In this work we design a tool that learns to recognize the principal symptom of Parkinsons disease and particularly the tremor. The goal of the designed system is to detect the moments the patient is suffering from a tremor episode and consequently to decide whether stimulation is needed or not. For that, local field potentials were recorded in the subthalamic nucleus of ten Parkinsonian patients, who were diagnosed with tremor-dominant Parkinsons disease and who underwent surgery for the implantation of a neurostimulator. Electromyographic activity in the forearm was simultaneously recorded, and the relation between both signals was evaluated using two different synchronization measures. The results of evaluating the synchronization indexes on each moment represent the inputs to the designed system. Finally, a fuzzy inference system was applied with the goal of identifying tremor episodes. Results are favourable, reaching accuracies of higher 98.7 % in 70 % of the patients.
Fe/Fe3C decorated 3-D porous N-doped graphene (F-PNG) is designed and synthesized via a one-step carbonization route. During the process, MIL-100(Fe), a kind of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) plays a structure-directing role. It is found that F-PNG with 3-D porous structure is constituted by N-doped graphene and extremely small Fe/Fe3C particles uniformly distribute on the surface of graphene. This rationally designed F-PNG possesses excellent oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction bifunctional electrocatalytic activity. While the material is explored as a cathode of Li–O2 batteries, it exhibits excellent electrochemical performances, delivering a discharge voltage platform of ∼2.91V and a charge voltage platform of ∼3.52V at 0.1mAcm−2, showing a good cycle performance and having a discharge capacity of ∼7150mAhg−1 carbon+catalyst at 0.1mAcm−2. The excellent performance of the F-PNG electrode is attributed to the good catalytic activity of uniformly distributed extremely small Fe/Fe3C particles and N-doped graphene, the high electronic conductivity, and the 3-D porous structure. These results indicate that F-PNG can be an excellent cathode material for Li–O2 batteries, and MOFs-assisted synthesis method would be a promising new strategy for the synthesis of 3-D porous graphene materials.
We propose a novel composite (hybrid) organic/inorganic system that can be prepared as a coating (on 1μm level) on glassy carbon and metal electrode substrates. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) or PEDOT based composite coatings were electrodeposited using cyclic voltammetry on glassy carbon and stainless steel substrates in the presence of 4-(pyrrole-1-yl) benzoic acid (PyBA) and phosphododecamolybdic acid (PMo12). The coating growth was facilitated by the addition of polyoxyethylene-10-laurylether (BRIJ10) neutral surfactant at the level of 0.04moldm−1 to improve solubility of the 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene monomer and to form an aqueous micellear solution in the reaction medium. The fact that carboxylate-containing PyBA units link positively charged PEDOT structures tends to improve overall stability and adherence of composite coatings to stainless steel. The PEDOT/PyBA composite serves as a stable host matrix for large negatively charged polymolybdate inorganic species. Consequently, due to the formation of denser polymeric structures and to the existence of electrostatic repulsion effects, the polyanion-containing composite coatings are capable of largely blocking the access of pitting-causing anions (chlorides) to the surface of stainless steel. Interaction of phosphomolybdate with metal ions, namely with chromium(III) or even iron(III) or iron(II) that exist at the stainless steel–composite coating interface, may lead to the formation of insoluble deposits and exhibit overall passivating effect.
Lithium iron phosphate is a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, despite its low electrical conductivity and lithium-ion diffusion kinetic. To overcome the reduced rate performance, three dimensional (3D) architectures were generated in composite cathode layers. By using ultrashort laser radiation with pulse durations in the femtosecond regime the ablation depth per pulse is three times higher compared to nanosecond laser pulses. Due to the 3D structuring, the surface area of the active material which is in direct contact with liquid electrolyte, i.e. the active surface, is increased. As a result the capacity retention and the cycle stability were significantly improved, especially for high charging/discharging currents. Furthermore, a 3D structure leads to higher currents during cyclic voltammetry. Thus, the lithium-ion diffusion kinetic in the cell was improved. In addition, using ultrashort laser pulses results in a high aspect ratio and further improvement of the cell kinetic was achieved.
A proton conducting polymeric gel membrane was first developed from poly(ethylene oxide)-modified poly(methacrylate) (PEO-PMA) containing poly(ethylene glycol) dimethylether (PEGDE). Acetic acid (HAc) was doped by immersing the polymeric film directly in the aqueous solution of HAc. Characterization by FT-IR, XRD and AC conductivity measurements were carried out on the film electrolytes consisting of different gel compositions. The ionic conductivity of the membrane showed a sensitive variation with the immersion time and concentration of the acid in the doping solution through the changes in the contents of acid and water in the gel. The ionic conductivity also depended on the PEGDE content in the polymer. The proton conductivity was 6.2×10−4 S cm−1 at 20°C and 1.0×10−3 S cm−1 at 80°C for the gel prepared from HAc concentration of 3.0 mol l−1. The temperature dependence of the conductivity was found to be consistent with Arrhenius-type relationship at a temperature range from 20 to 80°C, except for the films with low PEGDE contents. The apparent activation energy for the proton conduction was in the range of 5–30 kJ mol−1, depending on the HAc concentration and the polymer matrix composition. The FT-IR spectra of the polymeric membranes showed that HAc does not protonate the carbonyl or ester groups of the polymer matrix, but interacts with them by the hydrogen bonding interaction or weak molecular interactions.
Individuals with cancer are at high risk for restricted participation in meaningful life activities such as work, school, and social activities. Evaluating participation in life activities is identified as a critical component of rehabilitation referral and triage systems. This scoping review investigates what assessments are used to measure participation in life activities in individuals with cancer.
Planar on-chip micro-supercapacitor (POMS), as a new energy storage device, can be easily used for integration with micro/nano electronic devices to provide an effective power source. In this work, a modified liquid–air interface self-assembly method is introduced to fabricate reduced graphene oxide (RGO) films on the silicon wafer for POMSs. The RGO films have good surface morphologies, uniform thickness (31 ± 3.073 nm) and high conductivity (640.3 S cm−1) after hydroiodic acid treatment. The POMS exhibits a maximum stack capacitance of 351.59 mF cm−3 and 98.17% capacitance of POMSs was retained after charging and discharging for 2000 cycles at a scan rate of 1000 V s−1. Specially, there is still a high power density (587.85 mW cm−3) at an ultra-high scan rate of 5000 V s−1 as well as an ultra-fast charging–discharging time (14 ms). The demonstrated POMS has a good application foreground in the preparation of high-performance integrated micro-devices.
Marked by high energy density and low material cost, lithium sulfur batteries are considered to be one of the most promising energy storage devices. However, the poor electrochemical performance impedes their practical application. In this work, MoS2 is decorated on carbon nanotubes paper (CNTP) through magnetron sputtering technique to fabricate interlayers for high-performance lithium sulfur batteries. Due to the catalysis of MoS2 on the conversion of sulfur species, lithium sulfur batteries present enhanced electrochemical performance. The initial discharge capacity reaches 1233 mA h g−1 and maintains 850 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.5C even the sulfur loading is about 3.4 mg cm−2. In addition, the coulombic efficiency is over 96% among all 100 cycles.
The performance of a Li-ion battery (LIB) is mainly governed by the diffusion capabilities of lithium in the electrodes. Thus, for LIB improvement it is essential to characterize the lithium distribution. Most of the traditionally used techniques for lithium characterization give information about the local scale or in the macroscopic scale. However, the lithium behavior at the local scale is not mirrored at the macroscopic scale. Therefore, the lithium characterization in the mesoscopic scale would be of help to understand and to connect the mechanisms taking place in the two spatial scales. In this paper, we show a general description of the capabilities and limitations of ion beam analysis techniques to study the distributions of lithium and other elements present in the electrodes in the mesoscopic scale. The potential of the 7Li(p,α0)4He nuclear reaction to non-invasively examine the lithium distribution as a function of depth is illustrated. The lithium spatial distribution is characterized using particle induced γ-ray (μ-PIGE) spectroscopy. This technique allows estimating the density of the active particles in the electrode effectively contributing to the Li intercalation and/or de-intercalation. The advantages of the use of ion beam analysis techniques in comparison to more traditional techniques for electrode characterization are discussed.
Despite considered as promising lithium ion cathode materials, the practical applications of vanadium oxide and its derivatives still suffer from the poor kinetics linked to the low electronic conductivity and slow lithium ion diffusion upon cycling. Engineering three-dimensional (3D) architectures assembled from low-dimensional nanostructures has recently been of particular interests and proved an effective approach to enhance the electrochemical performances since the high surface area and intrinsic structural stability. Herein, we demonstrate the successful preparation of vanadium-based microspheres via a facile one-pot hydrothermal method. After the post-calcining in air, 3D hierarchical AlV3O9 nanostructures constructed from the assembly of ultrathin nanosheets were successfully obtained . When employed as lithium ion cathodes, the as-synthesized products exhibit outstanding reversible capacity (264mAhg−1 retained after 100 cycles) and excellent rate performance (145mAhg−1 at a high current density of 5Ag−1) for lithium storage. The superior electrochemical performances of the AlV3O9 microspheres can be ascribed to the unique 3D hierarchical morphologies with the ultrathin nanosheets building blocks.