batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Studies that investigate the environmental health risks to Cairo residents invariably conclude that lead is one of the area’s major health hazards. The Cairo Air Improvement Project (CAIP), which was implemented by a team led by Chemonics International, funded by USAID in partnership with the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), started developing a lead emission inventory for the greater Cairo (GC) area in 1998. The inventory contains a list by major source of the annual lead emissions in the GC area. Uses of the inventory and associated database include developing effective regulatory and control strategies, assessing emissions trends, and conducting modeling exercises. This paper describes the development of the current lead emissions inventory (1999–2010), along with an approach to develop site specific emission factors and measurements to validate the inventory. This paper discusses the major sources of lead in the GC area, which include lead smelters, Mazout (heavy fuel oil) combustion, lead manufacturing batteries factories, copper foundries, and cement factories. Included will be the trend in the lead emissions inventory with regard to the production capacity of each source category. In addition, the lead ambient measurements from 1999 through 2010 are described and compared with the results of Source Attribution Studies (SAS) conducted in 1999, 2002, and 2010. Due to EEAA/CAIP efforts, a remarkable decrease in more than 90% in lead emissions was attained for 2007.
MgNi-based alloys have high electrochemical capacity as anode of nickel-metal hydride (Ni/MH) battery (≥500 mAh g−1). However the capacity decay seriously in charge-discharge cycling, which is previously ascribed to the corrosion of Mg. To solve this problem and reveal the related mechanism, the electrochemcial properties of Mg0.50Ni0.50, Mg0.45Ti0.05Ni0.05 and Mg0.40Ti0.10Ni0.50 alloys are studied in combination with their hydrogen storage properties and microstuctural evolution during cycling. This work demonstrates the amorphous phase in milled Mg0.45Ti0.05Ni0.50 and Mg0.40Ti0.10Ni0.50 alloys has higher resistance to hydrogenation-induced crystallization than milled Mg0.50Ni0.50 alloy. Thus, they show better hydrogen absorption/desorption reversibility and contribute to the reversible electrochemical capacity. Therefore, the cycle performance of the Mg0.50Ni0.50 alloy electrodes shows obvious improvement after partially substituting Mg by Ti. The capacity retention rate increases from 24.0% (Mg0.50Ni0.50) to 55.7% (Mg0.40Ti0.10Ni0.50) after 30 cycles. In addition, the Ti addition results in the formation of TiNi phase, and thus, the alloys show better electrochemical reaction kinetics and their high-rate dischargeability (HRD) is significantly improved. At 300 mA g−1, the HRD values of Mg0.50Ni0.50, Mg0.45Ti0.05Ni0.50 and Mg0.40Ti0.10Ni0.50 alloys are 41.7%, 83.7% and 90.3%, respectively. At higher discharge current density of 1200 mA g−1, the HRD values are 26.7%, 34.8% and 46.2%, respectively.
Exposure science is a holistic concept without prejudice to exposure source. Traditionally, measurements aimed at mitigating environmental exposures have not included exposures in the workplace, instead considering such exposures to be an internal affair between workers and their employers. Similarly, occupational (or industrial) hygiene has not typically accounted for environmental contributions to poor health at work. Many persons spend a significant amount of their lifetime in the workplace, where they maybe exposed to more numerous chemicals at higher levels than elsewhere in their environment. In addition, workplace chemical exposures and other exogenous stressors may increase epigenetic and germline modifications that are passed on to future generations. We provide a brief history of the development of exposure science from its roots in the assessment of workplace exposures, including an appendix where we detail current resources for education and training in exposure science offered through occupational hygiene organizations. We describe existing successful collaborations between occupational and environmental practitioners in the field of exposure science, which may serve as a model for future interactions. Finally, we provide an integrated vision for the field of exposure science, emphasizing interagency collaboration, the need for complete exposure information in epidemiological studies, and the importance of integrating occupational, environmental, and residential assessments. Our goal is to encourage communication and spur additional collaboration between the fields of occupational and environmental exposure assessment. Providing a more comprehensive approach to exposure science is critical to the study of the “exposome”, which conceptualizes the totality of exposures throughout a person’s life, not only chemical, but also from diet, stress, drugs, infection, and so on, and the individual response.
Ethylene sulfate (DTD), propylene sulfite (1,2-PS) and trimethylene sulfate (1,3-PCS) were investigated as electrolyte additives in lithium ion battery. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation shows that DTD, 1,2-PS and 1,3-PCS possess relatively low lowest unoccupied molecule orbital (LUMO) energies, which is easier to be reduced on the graphite anode. The CV curves, cycling performance and AC impedance of Li/graphite half cells reveal that DTD and 1,3-PCS were preferentially reduced to form stable SEI films. The initial efficiency, cycling performance and high temperature storage properties were greatly improved in the electrochemical tests by adding 1% DTD to LiCoO2/graphite battery. The SEM images show that the graphite electrode surface with SEI film formed by adding 1% DTD became smoother and more homogeneous. IR analysis results show that the SEI film included both inorganic components (Li2SO3 and Li2CO3) and organic components (ROCO2Li and ROSO2Li).
The lithium-ion battery has become the main power source of many electronic devices, it is necessary to know its state-of-health and remaining useful life to ensure the reliability of electronic device. In this paper, a novel hybrid method with the thought of error-correction is proposed to predict the remaining useful life of lithium-ion battery, which fuses the algorithms of unscented Kalman filter, complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD) and relevance vector machine. Firstly, the unscented Kalman filter algorithm is adopted to obtain a prognostic result based on an estimated model and produce a raw error series. Secondly, a new error series is constructed by analyzing the decomposition results of the raw error series obtained by CEEMD method. Finally, the new error series is utilized by relevance vector machine regression model to predict the prognostic error which is adopted to correct the prognostic result obtained by unscented Kalman filter. Remaining useful life prediction experiments for batteries with different rated capacities and discharging currents are performed to show the high reliability of the proposed hybrid method.
During the last decade, public bike-sharing systems have gained momentum and popularity. Many cities worldwide have put their trust in bike-sharing to promote bicycle use and move towards more sustainable mobility. This paper presents a parsimonious model from which to derive the optimal strategical design variables for bike-sharing systems (i.e. the number of bicycles, the number of stations and the required intensity of rebalancing operations). This requires an integrated view of the system, allowing the optimization of the trade-off between the costs incurred by the operating agency and the level of service offered to users. The approach is based on the modelling technique of continuous approximations, which requires strong simplifications but allows obtaining very clear trade-offs and insights. The model has been validated using data from Bicing in Barcelona, and the results prove, for example, the existence of economies of scale in bike-sharing systems. Also, station-based and free-floating system configurations are compared, showing that free-floating systems achieve a better average level of service for the same agency costs. In spite of this, the performance of free-floating systems will tend to deteriorate in the absence of a strong regulation. Furthermore, if electrical bikes are used, results show that battery recharging will not imply an active restriction in station-based configurations. In conclusion, the proposed modeling approach represents a tool for strategic design in the planning phase and provides a better understanding of bike-sharing systems.
This article reviews the mechanisms by which glucosinolate breakdown products are thought to inhibit carcinogenesis. It describes how isothiocyanates, thiocyanates, nitriles, cyano-epithioalkanes and indoles are produced from glucosinolates through the actions of myrosinase, epithiospecifier protein and epithiospecifier modifier protein released from cruciferous vegetables during injury to the plant. The various biological activities displayed by these phytochemicals are described. In particular, their abilities to induce cytoprotective genes, mediated by the Nrf2 (NF-E2 related factor 2) and AhR (arylhydrocarbon receptor) transcription factors, and their abilities to repress NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) activity, inhibit histone deacetylase, and inhibit cytochrome P450 are outlined. Isothiocyanates appear to alter gene expression through modification of critical thiols in regulatory proteins such as Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) or IKK (IκB kinase), causing activation of Nrf2 and inactivation of NF-κB, respectively. Certain indoles act as ligands for AhR. Isothiocyanates and indoles are also capable of affecting cell cycle arrest and stimulating apoptosis. The mechanisms responsible for these anti-proliferative responses are discussed.
The SrHPO4-coated LiMn2O4 composite materials are prepared through co-precipitation method. The phase structures and morphologies of pristine and SrHPO4 coated LiMn2O4 are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The cycling performances are thoroughly investigated and discussed both at room and elevated temperature. The results indicate that 2.0wt% SrHPO4 coated LiMn2O4 can efficiently improve the cycling performance with capacity retention of 92.3% and 83.6% under room temperature (25°C) and elevated temperature (55°C) after 100 cycles at 1C rate, respectively, which are much better than those of the pristine materials. The CV, EIS and XRF measurements reveal that the enhanced stabilization in the cycling performance can be attributed to the suppression of manganese dissolution into electrolyte with the contribution of SrHPO4 coating on the surface of LiMn2O4.
Mesoporous NiO/reduced graphene oxide composites are successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal route. The XRD, FT-IR, Raman, SEM, TEM, and BET analysis are performed for characterizing the microstructure of the as-prepared composites. It can be found that the NiO particles with mesoporous structure are randomly anchored onto the surface of graphene sheets. The electrochemical performance is evaluated by CV, EIS and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests. Experimental data show that the NiO/RGO composites exhibit very high specific capacitance (1016.6Fg−1) and excellent cycling stability (94.9% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles), which are due to the 3D graphene conductive network and the meosporous structure promoting efficient charge transport and electrolyte diffusion. The results suggest that the NiO/RGO composites are a promising supercapacitor electrode material.
The passivation and pitting corrosion behaviour of a zinc electrode in aerated neutral sodium nitrate solutions was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry techniques, complemented by ex situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) examinations of the electrode surface. Measurements were conducted under different experimental conditions. The potentiodynamic anodic polarization curves do not exhibit active dissolution region due to spontaneous passivation. The passivity is due to the presence of thin film of ZnO on the anode surface. The passive region is followed by pitting corrosion as a result of breakdown of the passive film. SEM images confirmed the existence of pits on the electrode surface. The breakdown potential decreases with an increase in NO3 − concentration and temperature, but increases with increasing potential scan rate. Addition of SO4 2− ions to the nitrate solution accelerates pitting corrosion, while addition of WO4 2− and MoO4 2− ions inhibits pitting corrosion. The chronopotentiometry measurements show that the incubation time for pitting initiation decreases with increasing NO3 − concentration, temperature and applied anodic current density. Addition of SO4 2− ions decreases the rate of passive film growth and the incubation time, while the reverse changes produced by addition of either WO4 2− or MoO4 2− ions.
Background Finger-tapping has been widely studied using behavioral and neuroimaging paradigms. Evidence supports the use of finger-tapping as an endophenotype in schizophrenia, but its relationship with motor procedural learning remains unexplored. To our knowledge, this study presents the first use of index finger-tapping to study procedural learning in individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SCZ/SZA) as compared to healthy controls. Methods A computerized index finger-tapping test was administered to 1169 SCZ/SZA patients (62% male, 88% right-handed), and 689 healthy controls (40% male, 93% right-handed). Number of taps per trial and learning slopes across trials for the dominant and non-dominant hands were examined for motor speed and procedural learning, respectively. Results Both healthy controls and SCZ/SZA patients demonstrated procedural learning for their dominant hand but not for their non-dominant hand. In addition, patients showed a greater capacity for procedural learning even though they demonstrated more variability in procedural learning compared to healthy controls. Left-handers of both groups performed better than right-handers and had less variability in mean number of taps between non-dominant and dominant hands. Males also had less variability in mean tap count between dominant and non-dominant hands than females. As expected, patients had a lower mean number of taps than healthy controls, males outperformed females and dominant-hand trials had more mean taps than non-dominant hand trials in both groups. Conclusions The index finger-tapping test can measure both motor speed and procedural learning, and motor procedural learning may be intact in SCZ/SZA patients.
Objective The cause or the physiological role of déjà vu (DV) in healthy people is unknown. The pathophysiology of DV-type epileptic aura is also unresolved. Here we describe a 22-year-old woman treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the left internal globus pallidus for hemidystonia. At certain stimulation settings, DBS elicited reproducible episodes of DV. Methods Neuropsychological tests and single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) were performed during DBS-evoked DV and during normal DBS stimulation without DV. Results SPECT during DBS-evoked DV revealed hyperperfusion of the right (contralateral to the electrode) hippocampus and other limbic structures. Neuropsychological examinations performed during several evoked DV episodes revealed disturbances in nonverbal memory. Conclusion Our results confirm the role of mesiotemporal structures in the pathogenesis of DV. We hypothesize that individual neuroanatomy and disturbances in gamma oscillations or in the dopaminergic system played a role in DBS-elicited DV in our patient.
The poisoning of platinum anodes by body-fluid constituents such as amino acids is currently the main hurdle preventing the application of abiotic glucose fuel cells as battery-independent power supply for medical implants. We present a novel anode material that enables continuous operation of glucose oxidation anodes in horse serum for at least 30 days at a current density of (7.2 ± 1.9) μA cm−2. The fabrication process is based on the electro-deposition of highly porous platinum onto a 3-dimensional carbon nanofiber support, leading to approximately 2-fold increased electrode roughness factors (up to 16500 ± 2300). The material's superior performance is not only related to its high specific surface area, but also to an improved catalytic activity and/or poisoning resistance. Presumably, this results from the micro- and nanostructure of the platinum deposits. This represents a major step forward in the development of implantable glucose fuel cells based on long-term stable platinum electrodes.
This paper examines key challenges in supporting passenger use of augmented and virtual reality headsets in transit. These headsets will allow passengers to break free from the restraints of physical displays placed in constrained environments such as cars, trains and planes. Moreover, they have the potential to allow passengers to make better use of their time by making travel more productive and enjoyable, supporting both privacy and immersion. However, there are significant barriers to headset usage by passengers in transit contexts. These barriers range from impediments that would entirely prevent safe usage and function (e.g. motion sickness) to those that might impair their adoption (e.g. social acceptability). We identify the key challenges that need to be overcome and discuss the necessary resolutions and research required to facilitate adoption and realize the potential advantages of using mixed reality headsets in transit.
In this work, a high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor has been developed by using porous vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanotubes as positive electrode and activated carbon nanorods as negative electrode in an aqueous 2 M LiNO3 electrolyte. To maximize the energy density of the asymmetric supercapacitor, the initial potentials of work electrodes are tuned to different values (0 V, −0.1 V, −0.2 V, and −0.3 V vs. SCE), and the influence of the electrode potential on the electrochemical properties of the obtained asymmetric supercapacitor has been investigated in depth. The results show that −0.2 V is the optimal initial electrode potential. At this initial electrode potential, the built V2O5//C asymmetric supercapacitor could be cycled reversibly in the voltage region of 0–1.8 V, and exhibits high energy and power density (46.35 Wh kg−1 at 1.8 kW kg−1 and 18 kW kg−1 at 28.25 Wh kg−1). Furthermore, the supercapacitor shows excellent cycling stability, with an almost 100% specific capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. The satisfactory results demonstrate that the adjusting of electrode potential is a very effective method to improve the electrochemical performance of asymmetric supercapacitors.
In search of more viable solid polymer matrices for lithium ion conductors, solid solutions of LiClO4 in polyoxyethylene/polyethylenimine (PEO/PEI) (8:2, 5:5, and 2:8 by repeat units) blends were examined. In the 8:2 blends, conductivities increased with the decrease in the salt content. Conductivities in the 8:2- and the pure PEO systems were comparable at temperatures higher than 350 K. The drastic conductivity drop due to crystallization known for the PEO systems did not occur in the 8:2 systems; the 8:2 systems became ca. three orders of magnitude more conductive at room temperature. In contrast, the 5:5 systems suffered a severe conductivity drop near 330 K. The abrupt conductivity drop disappeared again in the 2:8 systems. They were more conductive than the pure PEI systems. Weak temperature dependence of conductivity made their room temperature condutivities even higher than those for the pure PEO systems.
The Northern Hemisphere forest ecosystem is a major sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide, and the subalpine zone stores large amounts of carbon; however, their magnitude and distribution of stored carbon are still unclear.
The Green Vehicle Routing Problem with Capacitated Alternative Fuel Stations assumes that, at each station, the number of vehicles simultaneously refueling cannot exceed the number of available pumps. The state-of-the-art solution method, based on the generation of all feasible non-dominated paths, performs well only with up to 2 pumps. In fact, it needs cloning the paths between every pair of pumps. To overcome this issue, in this paper, we propose new path-based MILP models without cloning paths, for both the scenario with private stations (i.e., owned by the fleet manager) and that with public stations. Then, a more efficient cutting plane approach is designed for addressing both the scenarios. Numerical results, obtained considering a set of benchmark instances ad hoc generated for this work, show both the efficiency and the effectiveness of this new cutting plane approach proposed. Finally, a sensitivity analysis, carried out by varying the number of customers to be served and their distribution, shows very good performances of the proposed approach.
The light-duty vehicle market has seen some adoption of hybrid electric vehicles that is not reflected in the heavy-duty market. The major challenges associated with the heavy-duty segment are: (i) greater emphasis on economic viability, (ii) reluctance to take on risk associated with new technologies, and (iii) numerous diverse applications that preclude a one-size-fits-all approach to hybrid-electric powertrain design. To overcome these challenges, a model-based framework is required that enables the exploration and optimal design of powertrain architectures for diverse applications while capturing the impact of hybridization on the economics of ownership under different economic scenarios. This paper demonstrates such a framework that incorporates powertrain simulation and battery degradation models to predict fuel consumption, electrical energy consumption, and battery replacements. These results are combined with economic assumptions to enable the exploration of a large design space (which spans powertrain design & control variables, noise variables, and economic scenarios) from a total cost-of-ownership perspective to provide better insights to vehicle integrators, component manufacturers, and buyers of heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles. The methodology is applied to series plug-in hybrid electric and extended-range electric powertrain architectures for medium duty truck applications. The results show that under the assumptions made, economically favorable solutions for series plug-in hybrid electric medium-duty trucks exist in the 2020 time-frame for the NY Composite Truck drive cycle, while for the HTUF Refuse Truck and HTUF Class 6 P&D Truck drive cycles, feasible solutions are not obtained until 2025 and 2030 time-frames respectively.