batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
To improve the safety of lithium ion battery, cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP) is used as a flame-retardant additive in a LiPF6 based electrolyte. The electrochemical performances of LiCoO2/CDP-electrolyte/Li and Li/CDP-electrolyte/C half cells are evaluated. The thermal behaviors of Li0.5CoO2 and Li0.5CoO2–CDP-electrolyte, and Li x C6 and Li x C6–CDP-electrolyte are examined using a C80 micro-calorimeter. For the LiCoO2/CDP-electrolyte/Li cells, the onset temperature of single Li0.5CoO2 is put off and the heat generation is decreased greatly except the one corresponding to 5% CDP-containing electrolyte. When Li0.5CoO2 coexists with CDP-electrolyte, the thermal stability is enhanced. CDP improves the thermal stability of lithiated graphite anode effectively and the addition of 5% CDP inhibits the decomposition of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) films significantly. The electrochemical tests on LiCoO2/CDP-electrolyte/Li and Li/CDP-electrolyte/C cells show that when less than 15% CDP is added to the electrolyte, the electrochemical performances are not worsen too much. Therefore, the addition of 5–15% CDP to the electrolyte almost does not worsen the electrochemical performance of LiCoO2 cathode and graphite anode, and improves theirs thermal stability significantly; thus, it is a possible choice for electrolyte additive.
Hexagonal P2-structure sodium manganese-based NaLi0.2Mn0.8O2 oxide is successfully synthesized by a simple conventional solid-state reaction method. XRD analysis reveals that the NaLi0.2Mn0.8O2 material has layered structure, space group P63/mmc, and lattice parameters of a =2.8616Å, and c =11.0659Å. Lithium ions can stabilize the P2-structure of sodium manganese-based NaxMnO2 oxides even though the mole ratio of alkali metals to transition metal is as high as 1.5. The NaLi0.2Mn0.8O2 material has a high initial discharge capacity of 241mAhg−1 between 1.5–4.5V at a current density of 26.6mAg−1. The structure of the NaLi0.2Mn0.8O2 material is stable over a wide range of sodium concentrations during the charge-discharge process, and capacity retention is 78% after 40 cycles.
We have investigated the structural and electrochemical properties of Cu–Si nanocomposite electrode fabricated by co-sputtering method. Reversible capacity of an amorphous Si electrode is degraded continuously with increasing cycle number up to 40 cycles. However, a Cu–Si nanocomposite electrode, where Cu nano-dots are embedded in an amorphous Si matrix, shows an excellent reversible capacity with a stable value of ca. 400μAhcm−2 μm−1 up to 40 cycles. The improved reversible capacity of the Cu–Si nanocomposite electrodes is attributed to the enhanced structural stability of the electrodes due to the presence of the Cu nano-dots evenly distributed throughout the Si matrix.
Suicide is a tremendous threat to global public health, and a large number of people who committed suicide suffered the pain of mental diseases, especially major depressive disorder (MDD). Previous study showed that ketamine could reduce suicidal ideation (SI), potentially by improving the impaired working memory (WM). The objective of current study was to illuminate the relationship between WM and SI in MDD with repeated ketamine treatment. MDD patients with SI (n = 59) and without SI (n = 37) completed six intravenous infusions of ketamine (0.5 mg/kg over 40 min) over 12 days (Day 1, 3, 5, 8, 10 and 12). The severity of depressive symptoms, SI and WM were assessed at baseline, day 13 and day 26. We found that WM was significantly improved after 6 ketamine infusions (F = 161.284, p = 0.009) in a linear mixed model. Correlation analysis showed that the improvement of depressive symptom was significantly associated with WM at baseline (r =  − 0.265, p = 0.042) and the reduction in SSI-part I was related to the change of WM (r = 0.276, p = 0.034) in the MDD patients with SI. Furthermore, Logistic regression analysis showed that improvement in WM might predict the anti-SI response of ketamine. Our findings suggest that the improvement of working memory may partly account for the anti-SI effect of ketamine, and intervention of improving working memory function may be capable of reducing suicidal ideation.
In this paper, a study of the lithiation mechanism of micro-grain structured silicon anode is presented. Micro-grain amorphous silicon was deposited on special copper foil and it is shown that after several decades of galvanostatic cycles, it preserves its granular nature with minor degradation. In order to shed light on the lithiation mechanisms of the micro-grain silicon, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was conducted on silicon half-cells at various State-of-Charge (SoC) and various discharging current values and the Solid-Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) RSEI and polarization resistance Rpol were determined. Results reveal that Rpol highly increases for cell voltages lower than 0.2 V and it strongly depends on the discharging C-rate. From X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) measurements combined with surface sputtering, the existence of a LixSiyOz interlayer between SEI and silicon is confirmed, which is believed to play an important role to the lithium kinetics. Finally, combining our results, a lithiation mechanism of the micro-grain silicon anode is proposed.
Graphene nanoscrolls encapsulated TiO2 (B) nanowires have been fabricated through a self-scrolling and template-free process for the first time. Transmission electron microscope images reveal that graphene tightly encompassed TiO2 (B) nanowires to construct nanoscrolled architectures. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrates that pseudocapacitive behavior dominates fast lithium storage rather than diffusion-controlled insertion in the hybrids. Galvanostatic cycling tests show that the reversible specific capacity of the hybrids remains 153 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 10 C with capacity retention of 94%. The excellent lithium storage performance can be attributed to the unique nanoscrolled structure, which provides abundant channels for lithium ions transport, as well as accommodates volume variation during fast lithiation and delithiation.
Powders of Li2MMn3O8 (M=Fe, Co) were prepared by glycine nitrate combustion from the corresponding metal nitrates. The reaction products were pressed into pellets with the addition of 20wt.% excess LiNO3, which were used as targets for e-beam evaporation. A high-voltage all-solid-state thin-film lithium ion battery was demonstrated by the sequential deposition of spinel structured Li2MMn3O8 (M=Co, Fe) as positive electrode by e-beam evaporation, LiPON as electrolyte, and metallic Al as negative electrode by sputtering in N2 and Ar gas mixtures with specific power and gas flow rates. A lithium ion conductivity of ∼10−6 Scm−1 was observed for the optimized thin-film LiPON electrolyte prepared under the condition of a chamber pressure of 2.6×10−2 mbar and a power of 60–100W. The chemical diffusion coefficient ( D ˜ ) was found to be in the range 10−13 to 10−12 cm2 s−1 for any composition x of Li2−x MMn3O8 (M=Fe, Co) in the range from 0.1 to 1.6 by employing the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). AC impedance studies revealed a charge transfer resistance of 260–290Ω, a double layer capacity of ∼45–70μF for an electrode area of 6.7cm2.
Sleep deprivation (SD) negatively affects various cognitive performances, but surprisingly evidence about a specific impact of sleep loss on subjective evaluation of emotional stimuli remains sparse. In the present study, we assessed the effect of SD on the emotional rating of standardized visual stimuli selected from the International Affective Picture System. Forty university students were assigned to the sleep group (n =20), tested before and after one night of undisturbed sleep at home, or to the deprivation group, tested before and after one night of total SD. One-hundred and eighty pictures (90 test, 90 retest) were selected and categorized as pleasant, neutral and unpleasant. Participants were asked to judge their emotional reactions while viewing pictures by means of the Self-Assessment Manikin. Subjective mood ratings were also obtained by means of Visual Analog Scales. No significant effect of SD was observed on the evaluation of pleasant and unpleasant stimuli. On the contrary, SD subjects perceived the neutral pictures more negatively and showed an increase of negative mood and a decrease of subjective alertness compared to non-deprived subjects. Finally, an analysis of covariance on mean valence ratings of neutral pictures using negative mood as covariate confirmed the effect of SD. Our results indicate that sleep is involved in regulating emotional evaluation. The emotional labeling of neutral stimuli biased toward negative responses was not mediated by the increase of negative mood. This effect can be interpreted as an adaptive reaction supporting the “better safe than sorry” principle. It may also have applied implications for healthcare workers, military and law-enforcement personnel.
Effects of polymeric binders on both the dissolution of manganese (Mn) and electrochemical properties of spinel LiMn2O4 (LMO) electrodes are investigated in detail. Three promising polymers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylic acid (PAA), and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) are chosen as binders for the LMO electrodes and compared to currently popular polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF). For LMO electrodes fabricated with the selected binders, physicochemical properties including surface coverage, adhesion strength, and electrolyte uptake are examined. Also, electrochemical performance factors such as Mn dissolution behavior, rate capability, cycle performance, and thermal stability are investigated. PAN is revealed to be an outstanding binder for LMO electrodes based on its excellent rate capability, superior cycle performance, and high thermal stability when compared to the other three binders. This can be ascribed to an appropriate amount of electrolyte uptake and low impedance of the PAN despite the relatively large surface coverage of the LMO that leads to lower Mn dissolution.
Many parts of the world as well as the western US are rural in nature and consequently do not have electrical distribution lines in many parts of villages, farms, and ranches. Distribution line extension costs can run from USD 10,000 to USD 16,000/km, thereby making availability of electricity to small water pumping projects economically unattractive. But, ground water and sunlight are available, which make solar photovoltaic (SPV) powered water pumping more cost effective in these areas’ small scale applications. Many western states including Wyoming are passing through the sixth year of drought with the consequent shortages of water for many applications. The Wyoming State Climatologist is predicting a possible 5–10 years of drought. Drought impacts the surface water right away, while it takes much longer to impact the underground aquifers. To mitigate the effect on the livestock and wildlife, Wyoming Governor Dave Freudenthal initiated a solar water pumping initiative in cooperation with the University of Wyoming, County Conservation Districts, Rural Electric Cooperatives, and ranching organizations. Solar water pumping has several advantages over traditional systems; for example, diesel or propane engines require not only expensive fuels, they also create noise and air pollution in many remote pristine areas. Solar systems are environment friendly, low maintenance, and have no fuel cost. In this paper the design, installation, site selection, and performance monitoring of the solar system for small-scale remote water pumping will be presented. This paper also presents technical, environmental, and economic benefits of the SPV water pumping system compared to stand alone generator and electric utility.
In a wireless sensor network (WSNs), probability of node failure rises with increase in number of sensor nodes within the network. The, quality of service (QoS) of WSNs is highly affected by the faulty sensor nodes. If faulty sensor nodes can be detected and reused for network operation, QoS of WSNs can be improved and will be sustainable throughout the monitoring period. The faulty nodes in the deployed WSN are crucial to detect due to its improvisational nature and invisibility of internal running status. Furthermore, most of the traditional fault detection methods in WSNs do not consider the uncertainties that are inherited in the WSN environment during the fault diagnosis period. Resulting traditional fault detection methods suffer from low detection accuracy and poor performance. To address these issues, we propose a fuzzy rule-based faulty node classification and management scheme for WSNs that can detect and reuse faulty sensor nodes according to their fault status. In order to overcome uncertainties that are inherited in the WSN environment, a fuzzy logic based method is utilized. Fuzzy interface engine categorizes different nodes according to the chosen membership function and the defuzzifier generates a non-fuzzy control to retrieve the various types of nodes. In addition, we employed a routing scheme that reuses the retrieved faulty nodes during the data routing process. We performed extensive experiments on the proposed scheme using various network scenarios. The experimental results are compared with the existing algorithms to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in terms of various important performance metrics.
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery with new configuration is demonstrated by inserting a flexible activated carbon nanofiber (ACNF) interlayer between the sulfur cathode and the separator. The ACNF with tunable pore structure is fabricated by a combination of electrospinning polyimide and a subsequent activation treatment. The influence of the textual characteristics of ACNFs on the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries has been studied. The highly porous ACNF not only effectively intercepts/stabilizes the shuttling migration of polysulfides within the cathode region, but also provides reliable ionic/electronic conductivity for fast kinetics. The lightweight ACNF interlayer with higher specific surface area can yield enhanced cell performance at a low mass ratio of ACNF/sulfur (0.4). An initial specific capacity of 1224mAhg−1 along with high Coulombic efficiency, long cycling stability and good rate capability is achieved in the modified Li-S cell.
A typical operating condition of storage batteries requires to deliver and absorb small currents in large intervals of time, in order of minutes or hours. However, in the last years lithium batteries have been more and more considered in “power oriented” applications, in which they are required to manage large currents in short intervals of time, typically a few seconds or tens of seconds. Unfortunately, very limited information about this kind of usage is available in literature, in terms of battery performance and aging. Therefore, the paper focuses firstly on the experimental evaluation of performance of high power and super high power lithium batteries also in comparison to other power oriented storage systems adequate for use onboard hybrid vehicles, such as supercapacitors (SCs). The evaluation has been performed through experimental tests. Results have shown that these batteries are able to guarantee significant performance, even higher than data declared by manufacturer, with slight over-temperature. Then, for high power lithium batteries aging is discussed, when they are subjected to shallow-depth charge/discharge cycles. The aim is to evaluate if the battery life corresponding to such micro-cycles can reach several hundreds of thousands that are required for applications such as hybrid vehicles and hybrid stationary generation systems. Also in this case experimental tests able to prove it have been executed. They have shown a substantially unaltered capacity fade during the execution of hundreds of thousands of micro-cycles, thus confirming the vocation of these devices for power-oriented applications.
Room-temperature rechargeable sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), in view of the large availability and low cost of sodium raw materials, represent an important class of electrochemical systems suitable for application in large-scale energy storage. In this work, we report a novel, high power SIB formed by coupling the layered P2-Na0.7CoO2 cathode with the graphite anode in an optimized ether-based electrolyte. The study firstly addresses the electrochemical optimization of the two electrode materials and then the realization and characterization of the novel SIB based on their combination. The cell represents an original sodium rocking chair battery obtained combining the intercalation/de-intercalation processes of sodium within the cathode and anode layers. We show herein that this battery, favored by suitable electrode/electrolyte combination, offers unique performance in terms of cycle life, efficiency and, especially, power capability.
This work discusses a method to suppress the fugitive emissions of total solid particles (TSP) and save energy for industrial lead smelters. Pilot scale experiments simulating the industrial short rotary furnace (SRF) in lead smelters were studied. An energy study was manifested on a typical lead smelter. Factors affecting the objectives of this work have been investigated. The results obtained revealed that the rate of fuel consumption of heavy fuel (mazout) is highest in the early period of smelting. The flue gases in the existing small lead smelters are heavily loaded, with TSP outweighing the constrains given by law 4/94. About 60% of the energy input in the SRF escapes to the environment causing pollution hazards of TSP and spreading out excessive heat. Applying clean technology including pelletization of battery paste saved about 35% and 12.5% of heat and total energy consumption, whereas fugitive TSP decreases by about 67%. A theoretical model explaining the lead recovery process is given. It is based on heat and mass transfer and the thermodynamic properties of the species and reactions involved. Prediction of the findings of this model has been experimentally verified with a marginal accuracy of 4%. On an economic basis, nearly 14% of the plant turnover is saved annually.
In the present work, we developed a gel polymer electrolyte via the incorporation of a room temperature ionic liquid into a cross-linked polymer matrix. The cross-linked gel electrolyte was prepared using a free radical polymerization of methacrylate and dimethacrylate oligomers dissolved in 1-propyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide. Combining the advantages of the ionic liquids and of conventional polymers, the cross-linked gel polymer electrolyte was used both as a separator and as an electrolyte for a leakage-free and non-flammable EDLC supercapacitor. The quasi-all solid-state supercapacitors showed rather good capacitance, power and energy densities by comparison to a liquid electrolyte-based EDLC.
Since power batteries have different requirements than traditional energy-oriented lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and their design concept is also different than energy-type cells, some new problems not encountered in energy-oriented LIBs must be carefully considered. This study illustrates that cathode impedance, a contributor to total cell impedance which can be ignored in the traditional energy-type LIBs, plays a very important role in power cells. This study uses 18650 cylindrical power cells consisting of a LiMn2O4 cathode and graphite anode with a basic electrolyte of PC/EC/DMC = 1/3/6 by weight containing 1.2 M LiPF6 as model power LIBs. This study also investigates the charge–discharge performance of these model batteries made from cathodes with the same recipe but dried at different oven temperatures. The high impedance cathode produced under a high drying temperature causes the cell to fail during high-power applications. Cell heating during extreme high rate discharging periods not only causes pore closure in the porous separator, but also cathode peeling from the substrate. These phenomena, increasing the cell resistance and reducing the transfer rate of charged species, are believed to be the main causes for the poor cycle life of model batteries in high rate discharge tests.
The goal of this study was to investigate which working memory and long-term memory components predict vocabulary learning. We used a nonword learning paradigm in which 8- to 10-year-olds learned picture–nonword pairs. The nonwords varied in length (two vs. four syllables) and phonology (native sounding vs. including one Russian phoneme). Short, phonologically native nonwords were learned best, whereas learning long nonwords leveled off after a few presentation cycles. Linear structural equation analyses showed an influence of three constructs—phonological sensitivity, vocabulary knowledge, and central attentional resources (M capacity)—on nonword learning, but the extent of their contributions depended on specific characteristics of the nonwords to be learned. Phonological sensitivity predicted learning of all nonword types except short native nonwords, vocabulary predicted learning of only short native nonwords, and M capacity predicted learning of short nonwords but not long nonwords. The discussion considers three learning processes—effortful activation of phonological representations, lexical mediation, and passive associative learning—that use different cognitive resources and could be involved in learning different nonword types.
Lithium vanadyl phosphate (LiVOPO4) sample, as one potential cathode materials, was synthesized via a route of coordination and microwave sintering. The precursors were prepared by coordination reactions among LiOH·H2O, NH4VO3, NH4H2PO4, C6H8O7·H2O and a small amount of water, and then they were sintered in a microwave furnace at 600°C for 50min. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the formation of crystallized LiVOPO4 with orthorhombic structures belonging to the space group of Pnma. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements indicated that the average particle size was less than 500nm. After undergone an “activation” process, the sample exhibited a high discharge capacity for about 154mAhg−1 by the 22nd cycle at a current of 18.5mAg−1, which was very close to the theoretical values. Though the discharge capacity decreased obviously with the increased current, 110 as well as 80mAhg−1 can still be sustained within 40 cycles at 38 and 75mAg−1 respectively. This paper showed that submicron-sized LiVOPO4 materials prepared through above way should be prospective for the application to 4V system of lithium ion batteries.
In this study, a novel single-ion conducting polymer electrolyte, lithium polyvinyl alcohol oxalate borate (LiPVAOB), from the reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with different molar ratio of boric acid, oxalic acid and lithium carbonate was prepared. The prepared materials were characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and linear sweep voltammetry. Ionic conductivity of these polymer electrolytes from adding an assistant (about 20wt.% propylene carbonate) is dependent on molar ratio of the reactants and can up to 6.11×10−6 Scm−1 at ambient temperature. Their electrochemical window can be stable up to 7V (vs. Li+/Li), which is of great attraction for high voltage lithium ion batteries with high energy density.