batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The Cannabis sativa herb contains over 100 phytocannabinoid (pCB) compounds and has been used for thousands of years for both recreational and medicinal purposes. In the past two decades, characterisation of the body's endogenous cannabinoid (CB) (endocannabinoid, eCB) system (ECS) has highlighted activation of central CB1 receptors by the major pCB, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) as the primary mediator of the psychoactive, hyperphagic and some of the potentially therapeutic properties of ingested cannabis. Whilst Δ9-THC is the most prevalent and widely studied pCB, it is also the predominant psychotropic component of cannabis, a property that likely limits its widespread therapeutic use as an isolated agent. In this regard, research focus has recently widened to include other pCBs including cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), Δ9tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ9-THCV) and cannabidivarin (CBDV), some of which show potential as therapeutic agents in preclinical models of CNS disease. Moreover, it is becoming evident that these non-Δ9-THC pCBs act at a wide range of pharmacological targets, not solely limited to CB receptors. Disorders that could be targeted include epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, affective disorders and the central modulation of feeding behaviour. Here, we review pCB effects in preclinical models of CNS disease and, where available, clinical trial data that support therapeutic effects. Such developments may soon yield the first non-Δ9-THC pCB-based medicines.
Zenyatta Ventures Ltd has reported the positive economic results of a preliminary economic assessment (PEA) on its hydrothermal graphite project located in northern Ontario, Canada. The report concluded that the PEA is positive and the project should be advanced to the pre-feasibility stage. The company plans for the 3000 tonne per day open-pit mine and process plant to produce 30,000 tonnes of high purity (>99.9% Cg) graphite annually over 22 years. ‘The PEA indicates that the Albany graphite project has excellent potential to be a low-cost source of high purity graphite without the use of dangerous and environmentally harmful hydrofluoric acid (as in China) or costly thermal upgrading (as in synthetic graphite derived from petroleum coke),’ the company said in a press release. ‘The company is exceptionally pleased with the strong PEA results presented by RPA and will now proceed to a pre-feasibility stage where further project definition and optimization is expected,’ added Aubrey Eveleigh, president and CEO of Zenyatta. ‘This is a very important milestone for Zenyatta that started with the discovery of a rare graphite deposit in 2011 and has now gained global recognition for its unique purity and crystallinity.’ According to Zenyatta, independent testing has also indicated that the performance of Albany graphite makes it suitable for use in powder metallurgy (PM) applications and hydrogen fuel cells while preliminary testing has indicated that is within the range of anode materials that are presently used for lithium-ion batteries. At this time Zenyatta anticipates having a targeted market application segmentation which includes 25–30% in batteries, 20–25% for fuel cell products, 25–30% for high purity graphite in PM and 15–30% from other applications. Zenyatta;www.zenyatta.ca
Three-dimensional carbon fiber electrodes prepared by electrospinning and solution blowing are shown to be excellent electrode materials for bioelectrochemical systems such as microbial fuel cells or microbial electrolysis cells. The bioelectrocatalytic anode current density is shown to reach values of up to 30 A m−2, which represents the highest reported values for electroactive microbial biofilms.
The Navy has a need for monitoring conditions and gathering information in marine environments. Sensors can monitor and report environmental parameters and potential activities such as animal movements, ships, or personnel. However, there has to be a means to power these sensors. One promising enabling technology that has been shown to provide long-term power production in underwater environments is the benthic microbial fuel cells (BMFC). BMFCs are devices that generate energy by coupling bioanodes and biocathodes through an external energy harvester. Recent studies have demonstrated success for usage of BMFCs in powering small instruments and other devices on the seafloor over limited periods of time. In this effort, a seven-stranded BMFC linear array of 30 m was designed to power a seafloor magnetometer to detect passing ship movements through Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The BMFC system was connected to a flyback energy harvesting circuit that charged the battery powering the magnetometer. The deployment was demonstrated the BMFC supplied power to the battery for approximately 38 days. This is the first large-scale demonstration system for usage of the SeptiStrand BMFC technology to power a relevant sensor.
A novel SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs)/expanded graphite (EG) multiscale hybrid composite was prepared via an elaborately designed solvent-thermal reaction and the following anneal treatment. A mixed solvent system of acetone-H2O with volume proportion of 3:1 was employed for the solvent-thermal reaction in order to realize moderate hydrolysis rate of Sn4+ and favorable wettability between solvent molecules and EG surface. Acetone played a very positive role for the uniform nucleation and crystal growth of SnO2-NPs, which could be proved by the ultrafine sizes of 3–6nm and well-crystallized texture of SnO2-NPs, as well as their homogeneous anchor on the surface of EG. As an anode material for Li-ion batteries, the SnO2-NPs/EG composite exhibited excellent long-term cycling stability, e.g. decay-free reversible capacity of 976mAhg−1 after 100 cycles, and good rate capability (>400mAhg−1 at 2000mAg−1). The extraordinary electrochemical performances arise from the structural advantages of the composite: the ultrafine SnO2-NPs with high dispersity on conductive EG matrix supply not only large quantity of accessible active sites for lithium-ion insertion but also good conductivity and short diffusion length for lithium ions. These results suggest the SnO2-NPs/EG composite would be a promising candidate as anode material for next-generation LIBs.
MnF2 particles with the average size of around 26nm have been prepared successfully with NH4HF2 as a fluorine source by a simple solvothermal method. Compared with previous reports, as-prepared MnF2 shows evidently improved cycle performance with a high reversible capability 481.9mAhg−1 at 0.1C for the first cycle and stable discharge capability 530.5mAhg−1 and 359.2mAhg−1 at 0.1C and 1C for 250cycles respectively, which indicates its promising application as anode for lithium-ion batteries.
Thin films of VN with different thickness were prepared by D.C. reactive magnetron sputtering. Crystalline films with a preferential growth in the direction (111) were obtained. The electrochemical performances of the films with different thickness have been investigated. The mechanism of charge storage depends on the nature of the electrolyte. In the presence of KOH fast and reversible redox reactions take place while only double layer capacitance is observed when NEt4BF4 in acetonitrile is used as electrolyte. Thin films with a thickness of 25nm show the highest specific capacitance (422 F.g−1) in 1M KOH electrolyte. Films possess an active volume in which the charge is stored and a bulk volume for electron conduction. The active volume of the films is of the same order of magnitude regardless of the electrode thickness. Real devices with a symmetric configuration were prepared. The devices were tested in 1M KOH electrolyte and PVA-KOH gel electrolyte. VN films with a thickness below 100nm can reach the volumetric power of electrolytic capacitors (125 Wcm−3) with much higher volumetric energy density (0.01Whcm−3), thus emphasizing the usefulness of combining high capacitance together with high electronic conductivity.
This paper analyses the present situation of renewables international cooperation in China and India and the reasons, basis and conditions of China-India cooperation for renewable energy and explores China-India cooperation strategies for renewable energy. This study indicates that (1) the two countries have made a lot of progress in the international cooperation of renewable energy, but China-India cooperation for renewable energy is still in its primary stage; (2) there are not only the common benefits but also the solid basis and good conditions for China-India cooperation in the field of renewable energy; (3) there is need to explore and design the cooperation strategies for renewable energy of China and India in order to strengthen renewables cooperation between two countries.
The success of future preventative treatments for dementia might rely on early and accurate identification of individuals who have a high risk of developing this condition. Here, Stephan et al. examine models of dementia risk prediction that have been tested in population-based samples. The authors discuss the predictive utility of both mild cognitive impairment criteria, and population screening models that combine cognitive deficits with other known dementia risk factors.
The ionic conductivities of EC-based multi-component electrolytes in various solvent compositions were measured over a wide temperature range of +40 to −40 °C, and the factors affecting the low temperature conductivities of the electrolytes were discussed. It is revealed from the experimental results that the co-solvents with high dielectric constant and low viscosity can improve the ionic conductivity at room temperature, whereas, only the co-solvents which possess low melting points can effectively expand the operating temperature range of the electrolyte. The Li-ion batteries using the optimized electrolyte of 1M LiPF6/EC–DMC–EMC (8.3:25:66.7) show the capacity retentions about 90.3% of their nominal capacities when discharged to 2.0V at −40°C at 0.1C, demonstrating excellent low temperature performances.
Mobile computing devices have improved substantially. Such a development fosters the usage of those devices for various purposes, including health care as a prominent example. Mobile health (mHealth) is a subfield of electronic health (eHealth) that refers to the practice of medicine and public health supported by mobile devices. A specific concern for mHealth is the limitation of power supply for the mobile devices, since interruptions on power supply can result in critical situations. This paper proposes analytical models to identify the mean time of one life cycle of the battery, and thus identify the average battery lifetime considering some device utilization characteristics. We evaluate the impact of both network connectivity (local and wide areas) and communication protocols (Polling, Long polling, WebSockets, and XMPP) on the discharging rate, and subsequently on the lifetime of batteries with different power capacities. We observed a noteworthy impact of these factors on battery usage and, thus, on mHealth applications. We use a hierarchical modeling approach that enables efficient representation of system complexity and provides accurate results for planning the autonomy of mobile devices in an mHealth context.
The lead acid batteries are widely used in automobile and provide spent electrodes composed of PbO2/PbSO4 and Pb/PbSO4. Today, batteries are treated and recycled using the pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical techniques. However, these techniques have some important disadvantages: i) the small lead recovery rate (due to the rapid oxidation of the electrolytic Pb powder in the atmosphere); ii) the important amount of energy and time spent to convert oxides and sulfates into metal, which is subsequently reconverted to oxides; iii) the harmful emissions and their negative environmental impact. In this work, we propose a method of recycling batteries by a melt quenching route in order to improve the present practice. Is the melt quenching method a new eco-innovative approach for lead recycling of spent lead acid batteries? We think that yes, since economically is more favorable (in terms of low production cost, energy and time saving) and environmentally more friendly. Focus was addressed on both the structural characterization (by X-ray diffraction) of the samples obtained by melt quenching of spent electrodes proceeded from car batteries, as well as on their electrochemical and electrical characterization by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as potential raw materials in obtaining new and more performing battery electrodes. Our results suggest that the increase of Pb concentration in the recycled electrodes implies the formation of a regulated lead sulfate layer in the oxidation process and the dissolving of PbSO4 crystals followed by the hydrogen evolutions in reduction process of lead ions.
A set of two-component guest–host nanocomposites composed of conducting polymers and vanadium oxide are prepared via a single-step, solvent-free synthesis. The composition, structure, physical and electrochemical properties of these materials are studied. The nanocomposites have a guest–host structure, with the conducting polymer located in the interlayer space of the inorganic nanoparticles. The nanocomposites are capable of reversible cycling as the positive electrode in a lithium ion cell, and retain their capacity over one hundred full charge–discharge cycles. After cycling at a current of ∼0.2Ag−1, their capacity is restored when cycling at lower current, demonstrating the stability of their structure.
A nitrogen-doped carbyne polysulfide (N-CAS) has been prepared by heating the mixture of nitrogen-doped carbyne analogue (N-CA) and sulfur. The nitrogen-doped carbyne analogue was synthesized by the dehydrochlorination and polymerization of 1, 1, 2-trichloroethane and urea. The XPS characterization indicated that nitrogen atoms have been effectively doped into the carbon skeleton with a nitrogen content of 4.32wt%, and the obtained N-CAS cathode has a porous structure with uneven pore width. The electrochemical results showed that the N-CAS cathode can deliver a high initial capacity (1570mAh/g at a current density of 200mA/g) and rate capability (500mAh/g at 2000mA/g), and after 300 cycles, it displays a reversible capacity as high as 900mAh/g in carbonic ester electrolyte, which are better than that of non-doped carbyne polysulfide. These results suggest that doped nitrogen have electrostatic interaction on the lithium polysulfides to improve electrochemical stability and accelerate redox dynamics.
We describe the synthesis and liquid-crystalline properties of two ferrocene-containing liquid-crystalline dendrimers of second generation, which differentiate by the position of the ferrocene unit within the structure and by the nature of the mesomorphic promoters. Both dendrimers gave rise to smectic phases in agreement with their structures. The title compounds were prepared by applying a convergent synthesis. To cite this article: T. Chuard et al., C. R. Chimie 6 (2003).
An egg shell-yolk NiO/C porous composite has been prepared as lithium-ion battery anode material by two-pot hydrothermal method. Thermogravimetry(TG), X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), Raman spectroscopy, and nitrogen isothermal adsorption-desorption have been used to study the microstructure of the material. LANHE cell tester and electrochemical workstations are used to investigate electrochemical performance. Results show that amorphous carbons exist in porous NiO/C, which possesses an internal loose spherical structure. The discharge capacity for the 100th cycle is maintained at 625.3mAh/g, and the capacity retention ratio is 94.1% relative to the 2nd discharge capacity. The composite has a unique egg shell-yolk porous structure, which buffers the volume change and prevents the aggregation of active NiO material during cycling to enhance material performance. When the current density is increased to 800mA/g, the capacity stabilizes at 400.1mAh/g, reflecting an outstanding rate performance.
Background Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) appears to have modulatory effects on the excitability of cortical brain tissue. Though tDCS as presently applied causes no apparent harm to brain structure or function, a number of uncomfortable sensations can occur beneath the electrodes during stimulation, including tingling, pain, itching, and burning sensations. Therefore, we investigated the effect of topically applied Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) on tDCS-related discomfort. Methods Nine healthy adults received both anodal and cathodal 2.0 mA tDCS for 5 minutes over the prefrontal cortex with the skin pretreated for 20 minutes with either EMLA or placebo cream. Participants rated procedural discomfort six times across eight dimensions of sensation. Results On average, the mean sensation ratings for EMLA-associated tDCS stimulation were significantly lower than placebo-associated stimulation for every cutaneous sensation evaluated. Cathodal stimulation was associated with higher ratings of “sharpness” and intolerability than anodal stimulation. Conclusions Topical EMLA may reduce tDCS-related discomfort.
Publisher Summary Embedded multimedia design is not complete without a thorough analysis of the power supply architecture. There are a number of ways to tune the power profile of a system to meet application requirements. This chapter discusses specific processor features derived from Blackfin's Dynamic Power Management subsystem and examines important relationships among frequency, voltage, and power in an embedded processor. The subsysytem features that allow manipulations in clock rates and voltages to optimize a system's power profile for a given activity level include: a facility for dynamically changing frequency and voltage; flexible power management modes; separate power domains; efficient architectural constructs; software profiling tools; and intelligent voltage regulation. Many applications involve a set of operating modes that differ markedly with respect to processing needs. Processors differ in the exact power modes they implement, but there are usually some commonalities among platforms. Blackfin processors have distinct operating modes (corresponding to different power profiles) that provide selectable performance and power dissipation characteristics. The “sleep” mode requires no computational power and the processor reads in sporadic packets of telemetry data. There could also be a “standby” or “hibernate” mode that provides ultra-low power dissipation, when no sensor information is expected and no processing is required. One of the means of reducing power consumption for a given application is to choose an efficient processor architecture for that application. The features such as specialized instructions and fast memory structures can reduce power consumption significantly by lessening overall algorithm execution time. Battery selection is a very important process that takes into account peak and average energy needs, device form factor, time between recharges and replacements, and voltage requirements. The chapter also briefly describes the fundamentals of batteries and their types: primary and rechargeable.
A novel polyol synthesis was adopted to synthesize nano-structured LiMnPO4. This route yields well-crystallized nanoparticles with platelet morphology that are only ∼30nm thick oriented in the b direction. The obtained material presented a good rate behavior and a very long cyclic life both at room temperature (RT) and 50°C. The sample exhibited a specific capacity of 145mAhg−1 at C/20, 141mAhg−1 at C/10 rate and 113mAhg−1 1C rate. This represents is the highest performance results reported to date for this material. The high rate performance is ascribed to the platelet shape of the LiMnPO4 as it minimizes the paths for Li diffusion. At elevated temperature (50°C) this material demonstrated improved reversible capacity of 159mAhg−1 at C/10 and 138 at 1C. The electrode retained 95% of its capacity, over 200 cycles, both at RT and 50°C. This electrochemical stability is ascribed to the structural strength of the P–O bond and the stability of the electrolyte–LiMnPO4 interface. It allows us to conclude that the impact of a possible Jahn–Teller distortion is not critical. These excellent results clarified some ambiguities on LiMnPO4 as cathode materials, and demonstrate its promise for its practical application.
As the major energy storage device and power supply source in numerous energy applications, such as solar panels, wind plants, and electric vehicles, battery systems often face the issue of charge imbalance among battery cells/modules, which can accelerate battery degradation, cause more energy loss, and even incur fire hazard. To tackle this issue, various circuit designs have been developed to enable charge equalization among battery cells/modules. Recently, the battery power module (BPM) design has emerged to be one of the promising solutions for its capability of independent control of individual battery cells/modules. In this paper, we propose a new current allocation method based on charging/discharging space (CDS) for performance control in BPM systems. Based on the proposed method, the properties of CDS-based current allocation with constant parameters are analyzed. Then, real-time external total power requirement is taken into account and an algorithm is developed for coordinated system performance control. By choosing appropriate control parameters, the desired system performance can be achieved by coordinating the module charge balance and total power efficiency. Besides, the proposed algorithm has complete analytical solutions, and thus is very computationally efficient. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated using simulations.
Poly 1-amino-9, 10-anthraquinone (PAAQ) films were prepared by the electropolymerization of 1-amino-9,10-anthraquinone (AAQ) on platinum substrate from aqueous media, where 5.0×10−3 molL−1 AAQ and 6.0molL−1 H2SO4 were used. The kinetics of the electropolymerization process was investigated by determining the change of the charge consumed during the polymerization process with time at different concentrations of both monomer and electrolyte. The results have shown that the process follows first order kinetics with respect to the monomer concentration. The order of the reaction with respect to the aqueous solvent i.e. H2SO4 was found to be negative. The polymer films were successfully used as sensors for the electroanalytical determination of many hazardous compounds, e.g. phenols, and biologically important materials like dopamine. The electroanalytical determination was based on the measurements of the oxidation current peak of the material in the cyclic voltammetric measurements. The cyclic voltammograms were recorded at a scan rate of 100mVs−1 and different analyte concentrations. A calibration curve was constructed for each analyte, from which the determination of low concentrations of catechol and hydroquinone (HQ) as examples of hazardous compounds present in waste water and also for ascorbic acid and dopamine as examples of valuable biological materials can be achieved.
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2, LiNi0.475Al0.05Mn0.475O2, and LiNi0.5Mn0.45Ti0.05O2 were prepared via the emulsion drying method. The as-prepared materials showed different degrees of cation mixing. Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction data revealed that Al and Ti doping in LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 was significantly effective to decrease the cation mixing in the octahedral Li layers. The cation mixing consequently affected to the charge and discharge capacities. The irreversible capacity was the smallest for the Al doped LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2, which showed the smallest cation mixing. Al and Ti doped LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 delivered a stable capacity of about 175mAhg−1 with high reversibility. Such higher capacities were possible to be obtained by the achievement of structural stabilization and enhancement of structural integrity by Al and Ti doping in LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2.