batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Due to significant social and environmental issues, public transportation is a very influential industry affecting our society and environment. From another perspective, because significant societal problems arise from the use of traditional energy sources such as fossil and nuclear fuels, employing optimized electricity generation systems powered by renewable energy resources is a potential pathway for sustainability while simultaneously minimizing any associated negative environmental effects. Consequently, Daejeon metropolitan city, South Korea, is attempting to introduce electric vehicles (EVs) for local taxis and establish renewable power generation systems. Therefore, the current study explores the use of potential renewable electricity generation systems by local taxi services in Daejeon. Using HOMER (Hybrid Renewable and Distributed Generation System Design) software, systems using solar energy, wind energy, batteries, converters, and the electrical grid are proposed for the third stage of the adoption of electric-powered taxis (EP taxis) in Daejeon. An economic assessment is conducted for renewable electricity generation systems, including the cost of energy (COE) and renewable fractions. Based on the simulations results, the potential system shows a renewable fraction of 0.82 and a COE of 0.425 $/kWh for the most reliable case (with grid connection), 0.79 and 0.180$/kWh for the most optimal case (with grid connection), and 1.00 and 0.461 $/kWh for the most optimal independent case, respectively. Both the implications and limitations of such systems are discussed.
Cobalt–carbon nanotubes composite (Co–CNTs) is synthesized through a facile hydrothermal route. SEM and TEM characterizations reveal that the Co–CNTs composite contains abundance of carbon nanotubes connected by cobalt spheres and some of the CNTs are filled with metallic nanoparticles or nanorods. A series of electrochemical measurements show that the adding CNTs can remarkably enhance the electrochemical activity of the Co, leading to a notable improvement of the discharge capacity and the cycle performance. The practical maximum discharge capacity of the active Co is 495mAhg−1 after deducting the weight contribution of CNTs, which is about 280mAhg−1 higher than that of pure Co. The electrochemical reaction mechanism can be attributed to the dissolution–precipitation mechanism of Co in alkaline solution. And the functions of the CNTs are to improve dispersion of Co particles, increase contact area between Co and alkaline solution and promote the charge-transfer reaction.
Based on the natural abundance, low cost and reliable operating safety of the magnesium metal anode, rechargeable magnesium batteries have become one of the most promising energy storage in recent years. However, their large-scale application is limited for lacking competent considerable capacity and long-term cycling performance of cathode materials. Herein, we synthesize CuSe nano-particles via a rapid and low-cost microwave-assisted method. When used as cathode material for rechargeable magnesium batteries at 20 mA g−1 current density, the CuSe nano-particles can display a remarkable reversible specific capacity at 241.2 mA h g−1 at room temperature. Furthermore, the stable capacity of CuSe nano-particles reveal to 200 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1 (60 cycles). More importantly, the CuSe nano-particles provide long-term cycling stability with reversible capacity maintaining at 107.7 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1 current density over 150 cycles. The rate capacities can be stabilized at 202.7, 201.7, 160.3, and 91.4 mA h g−1 at different current densities of 10, 20, 50 and 100 mA g−1, respectively. Therefore, the CuSe nano-particles make a possibility in investigating more valuable application prospects for rechargeable magnesium batteries.
Silicon is a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries due to its low discharge potential and high theoretical capacity. However, rapid capacity fading caused by large volume change during cycling and poor rate capability came from low lithium ion diffusivity limit its practical use. Here, we report a novel approach to provide higher accessibility of lithium ions to the Si surface and shorter lithium ion diffusion length in Si nanotube structures. Its tubular geometry and large surface area enable effective accommodation of large volume change and large lithium ion flux at the interface between Si and electrolyte, respectively. Hydrogen treated, cap-opened Si nanotubes electrode shows excellent rate capability. The proposed electrode geometry provides a significant new insight into designing high power anode materials for the advanced lithium ion batteries.
Nesidiocoris tenuis (Heteroptera: Miridae) is a zoophytophagous mirid bug that is used as a biological control agent for agricultural pests including whiteflies. N. tenuis is mass-reared commercially and can be easily bred on banker plants. However, there are still difficulties in establishing populations on crops. Light illumination is a promising candidate for recruiting N. tenuis to crop plants. In this study, we investigated whether N. tenuis has a particular spectral preference using a six-arm arena equipped with six monochromatic LED lights: UV (365 nm), violet (405 nm), blue (450 nm), green (525 nm), orange (590 nm), and red (660 nm). Adult bugs were introduced into the arena, and phototactic behavior was observed. A greater number of male bugs chose violet light, whereas female bugs chose violet and UV light equally. We next examined the effects of violet illumination in a tomato greenhouse. In conventional plots, bugs remained near banker plants, whereas in illuminated plots, bugs immediately dispersed from the plants and became uniformly distributed in the greenhouse. Based on these results, we conclude that violet is a promising wavelength for the recruitment and establishment of N. tenuis on crop plants.
Five photographic transects, covering some 830m2 of seafloor in total, were analyzed to characterize the megabenthic community along a bathymetric gradient covering water depths from 1200 to 5500m in the eastern Fram Strait. Megafaunal densities ranged between 11 and 38 ind.m−2. The highest densities were found at 1650m and the lowest densities occurred at 3000m depth. The number of taxa and morphotypes ranged between 4 at 5500m and 27 at 1650m water depth. Ophiocten gracilis, a small white unidentified amphipod, Kolga hyalina, and Bathycrinus carpenteri were the dominant and characteristic species on the slope and continental rise. Elpidia heckeri dominated in the Molloy Hole, the deepest depression known in the Arctic Ocean. Megafaunal zonation patterns appeared to be mainly controlled by food availability, as indicated by phytodetrital matter measured at the seafloor, and by benthic biomass in the sediments, as indicated by sediment-bound particulate proteins and phospholipids. By contrast, physical factors, including water depth and seabed properties such as sediment porosity and hard substrata (e.g., dropstones), appear to play a secondary role in determining megabenthic zonation patterns along the bathymetric HAUSGARTEN gradient.
The present work aimed at the chemical and physical characterization of spent sealed MONO-type Ni–Cd batteries, contributing to a better definition of the recycling process of these spent products. The electrode material containing essentially nickel, cadmium and some cobalt corresponds to approximately 49% of the weight of the batteries. The remaining components are the steel parts from the external case and the supporting grids (40%) containing Fe and Ni, the electrolyte (9%) and the plastic components (2%). Elemental quantitative analysis showed that the electrodes are highly concentrated in metals. The phase identification achieved by X-ray powder diffraction combined with chemical analysis and leaching tests allowed the authors to proceed with the composition of the electrode materials as following: cathode: 28.7% metallic Ni, 53.3% Ni(OH)2, 6.8% Cd(OH)2 and 2.8% Co(OH)2; anode: 39.4% metallic Ni and 57.0% Cd(OH)2. The morphology of the electrodes was studied by microscopic techniques and two phases were observed in the electrodes: (1) a bright metallic phase constituted of small nickel grains that acts as conductor, and (2) the main hydroxide phase of the active electrodes into which the nickel grains are dispersed. The disaggregation of the electrode particles from the supporting plates was easily obtained during the dismantling procedures, indicating that a substantial percentage of the electrodes can be efficiently separated by wet sieving after shredding the spent batteries.
Experiences in maternal and child health in Africa suggest that an alternative approach would be to start with the daily reality of social and practical norms instead of relying on models, and to promote innovations that emerge from within local health systems.
Anesthesia in pregnant women may cause adverse effects in the hippocampus of unborn babies and fetal brain development. The mechanisms underlying pathological changes resulting from anesthetics are unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that exposure to desflurane during pregnancy may impair cognition and memory functions of juvenile offspring. Pregnant mice (at gestational day 14) were administered 10% desflurane for 3 h and compared to sham control and sciatic nerve hemi-transection surgery. Hippocampal tissues of both fetal (G14) and offspring mice (postnatal day 31) were collected and analyzed by real-time qPCR and Western blot. Functional tests were performed to assess fear and memory functions in offspring mice. Primary hippocampal neuronal cultures from postnatal day 0 (without desflurane exposure) were examined for neuronal and synaptic development under desflurane treatment in vitro. In this acute experiment, we showed that neuronal cultures exposed to desflurane significantly increased interleukin (IL)-6 expression and apoptotic gene caspase-3 activation. Desflurane exposure significantly reduced PSD-95 expression in hippocampal neurons. Similar changes were observed in hippocampal tissues from juvenile offspring mice. Inhaled desflurane impaired memory functions in offspring mice compared to sham control. These mice displayed higher sensitivity to fear conditioning. Neurons isolated from the mice exposed to desflurane exhibited significantly lower levels of synaptophysin expression. These results suggest that anesthetic exposure together with surgery during pregnancy may induce detrimental effects in juvenile offspring mice via the induction of cell death and disruption of synaptic integrity.
In this work, the long term calendar life of lithium ion cells for satellite and standby applications has been studied in experiments where the capacity evolution is tracked as a function of storage temperature. Cells containing either LiCoO2 and LiNi x M y O2 positives coupled with a graphite negative were float charged at 3.8 or 3.9V. This study focused on losses at the negative electrode and the data were fit to a model which involved a rate-determining step governed by electronic conductivity of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, following Arrhenius’ law as a function of temperature. When nickel-based positives are used, a “lithium reserve” exists on the negative and this property enhances the calendar life for long life applications.
The characterization of urban solid waste generation is fundamental for adequate decision making in the management strategy of urban solid waste in a city. The objective of this study is to characterize the waste generated in the households of Chihuahua city, and to compare the results obtained in areas of the city with three different socioeconomic levels. In order to identify the different socioeconomic trends in waste generation and characterization, 560 samples of solid waste were collected during 1 week from 80 households in Chihuahua and were hand sorted and classified into 15 weighted fractions. The average waste generation in Chihuahua calculated in this study was 0.676kg per capita per day in April 2006. The main fractions were: organic (48%), paper (16%) and plastic (12%). Results show an increased waste generation associated with the socioeconomic level. The characterization in amount and composition of urban waste is the first step needed for the successful implementation of an integral waste management system.
A 3D (Three-Dimensional) electrochemical-thermal model has been developed to study internal short circuits in a 1 Ah Li-ion cell, which was inspired by the new findings from the controlled internal short tests. Noteworthy difference of the temperature profiles at the short spot were observed between a Anode–Aluminum (current collector) shorting test and a Anode–Cathode shorting test, with the former showing a temperature spike upon incurring short circuit while the later not. Modeling study reveals that the rapid temperature increase observed in the Anode–Aluminum short was the result of high rate discharge while the following sudden temperature drop was due to the lithium transport limitations in the solid and electrolyte phases. By contrast, in the Anode–Cathode short, such limitations were not observed as the discharge rate was much lower. The results of the present study may help design a safer Li-ion cell through the understanding of a specific internal short circuit.
To simultaneously achieve high capacity and good cyclability for silicon suboxide (SiO x ) as a Li-ion battery anode material, we compared two different approaches under the same volume change rate of SiO x during charge/discharge cycling: choosing a SiO x sample with appropriate x and restricting the available capacity in a sample with low x. Herein, the effect of capacity restriction in SiO0.17 on improving the cyclability was examined, by which the volume change of Li–Si alloy decreased. As a result, the SiO0.17 film electrode that was partially lithiated by cutting off the charging potential at 0.2V vs. Li/Li+ exhibited good cyclability similar to the fully lithiated SiO0.68; however, the energy density of the former became eventually lower than that of the latter. These results showthat choosing a SiO x sample with an appropriate x was a better alternative than restricting the capacity of a low x sample.
A new core-shell structured MnO2@Ni2P2O7 (NPO) nanohybrid with unique nano-design is engineered by simple solution process and utilized as promising positive electrode for solid-state hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs). Firstly, two-dimensional (2D) NPO micro-sheets are grown on the Ni foam where the ultrathin MnO2 nanoflakes are decorated on NPO micro-sheets to realise MnO2@NPO core-shell nanohybrid. The as-synthesized MnO2@NPO electrode delivers impressive electrochemical performances with specific capacity of 309 mA h/g with long-term cycling stability over the 12,000 charge-discharge cycles. A solid-state hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) is fabricated using MnO2@NPO and activated carbon (AC) as positive and negative electrodes with polymer-gel electrolyte. The assembled HSC offers an upgraded cell potential of 1.6 V with high specific energy of 66 Wh/kg at specific power of 640 W/kg. More importantly, the HSC delivers excellent cycling stability over the 10,000 cycles (∼93% of capacity retention) with good energy efficiency at all current densities.
A comparative analysis of the properties of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 and Li1+x Ni0.5Mn0.5O2 (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.7) powders, obtained by the freeze drying method, was performed. Lattice parameters of Li1+x Ni0.5Mn0.5O2 decreased considerably with growing amounts of Li until x = 0.3; at x > 0.5 trace amounts of Li2MnO3 are observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis displayed an increase of Ni3+/Ni2+ ratio at 0.3 < x < 0.5, while Mn 2p spectra were almost identical in all samples. Rechargeable capacity values (V = 2.5–4.6V) increased systematically with x reaching its maximum (185–190mAhg−1) at x = 0.5. Samples with superstoichiometric lithium content also demonstrated good C rate characteristics.
With increasing penetration of wind and solar generation the deployment of fast response plant, principally batteries, is currently considered necessary to mitigate reduced system inertia and the possibility of demand-supply imbalances. In this work the impact of these factors on battery cycling rates, taking into account the input from the batteries themselves, are analysed by applying the swing equation to a future inertia based on forecast generation mix. The operational capacity of batteries is a determining factor in their cycling rate, though the depth of discharge appears to be less well correlated. It is found that reducing system inertia does not, of itself, significantly impact on frequency volatility where the volatility of the generation to load imbalance is unchanged. However, the potential for a reduction in the damping of frequency deviations as a result of an increase in inverter connected motor drives may have a large impact on battery cycling characteristics. Provision of reserve services from battery systems requires a more complex operational strategy to ensure services are always deliverable and results in a significantly different cycling profile that may lead to greater battery degradation and consequently higher operational costs.
Differences in thermal contraction/expansion and volume changes during discharge/charge cycles lead to internal stresses that ultimately cause degradation of solid-state composite cathodes and hinder the realization of their practical applications. We employ the smoothed boundary method to solve the mechanical equilibrium equation for the residual stresses induced by cooling from the sintering temperature and by (de)lithiation in polycrystalline composite microstructures that are similar to realistic solid-state composite cathodes. The overall deformations of the composite slabs under these fabrication and operation conditions are also evaluated. The effects of cathode thickness and selections of different cathode materials on the resulting residual stresses and deformations are examined. We find that the (de)lithiation stresses during cycling are more than twice the thermal residual stresses after sintering. Furthermore, the maximum (de)lithiation and thermal residual stresses are sensitive to the cathode thickness only when the cathode-layer thickness is comparable to that of the electrolyte separator layer. We also investigate the impact of the lithium site fraction of the cathode particles prior to sintering on the cycling stresses and deformations, which may pave the path toward an approach to mitigating mechanically induced degradation.
The performances of rechargeable Li-based batteries depend on many factors amongst which is the structural evolution of the electrode materials upon cycling. To address these issues, efforts have been devoted towards reliable, rapid, and facile ways to perform in situ measurements. We show how recent advances in both cell design (e.g. the emergence of plastic cells) and instrumentation have boosted the implementation of in situ X-ray characterisation methods to the field of energy storage. The benefits of such measurements are discussed and commented through descriptive examples of a new insertion electrode material (PNb9O25) and an existing one of commercial interest LiCoO2. The link between the fundamental findings and their relevance to practical applications is highlighted. The rapidly growing field of in situ characterisation techniques in the field of battery materials extending beyond X-rays and involving XANES, Mössbauer, Raman, RMN and microscopy measurements, is also commented on.
Fiber electronic devices show advantages for the direct use as wearable and embedded device units or integrated textile modules. We successfully developed a coaxial-type flexible fiber supercapacitor by using NiCo2O4 nanosheets grown on Ni wire as the fiber electrodes. The volume capacitance of the fiber-shaped supercapacitor reached 10.3F/cm3 at a current of 0.08mA and outstanding cycling stability. An energy density of 1.44mWhcm−3 and a power density of up to 17Wcm−3 were also obtained for the fiber supercapacitor, which are almost 48-fold higher than the previous values. Furthermore, the coaxial-type fiber supercapacitor does not show any apparent degradation in the bending test, illustrating the promise for use as electrodes for portable and wearable energy storage.
Objective. Although major and minor congenital malformations and abnormal growth parameters are known to be increased in children of women with epilepsy, their cognitive performance has not been well characterized. A better understanding of the relative effects of intrauterine exposure to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and maternal seizures during pregnancy on cognitive functioning in the offspring would be helpful in prepregnancy counseling and pregnancy management for women with epilepsy. Methods. Women with epilepsy (n=58) were followed prospectively with frequent monitoring of AED doses, plasma levels, and seizure occurrence during pregnancy. Their school-aged children (n=96, ages 6–16) underwent detailed neuropsychological testing (NPT). Mothers and fathers of these children underwent NPT whenever possible. A control group of 93 children of mothers without epilepsy, matched for age, education, and socioeconomic status, also underwent NPT, as did their parents. Results. Children of epileptic mothers had lower Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) scores (FSIQ=102) than controls (FSIQ=112) (P<0.01). There was no difference between the FSIQ scores of children of mothers with epilepsy who had seizures during pregnancy (FSIQ=102) and those who did not (FSIQ=103) (P=0.96). There was no difference in scores between children of mothers with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (FSIQ=101) and children of mothers with partial epilepsy (FSIQ=103) (P=0.56). Children exposed to polytherapy had lower scores (FSIQ=100) compared with those exposed to monotherapy (FSIQ=104), but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.31). Scores of children exposed to phenytoin (FSIQ=105) and carbamazepine (FSIQ=103) monotherapy in utero did not differ significantly (P=0.68). Conclusions. Cognitive ability was significantly reduced in children of women with epilepsy. Our study suggests that this is due to intrauterine AED exposure rather than to maternal seizures during pregnancy. Further analyses will be carried out by trimester and on specific subtests of the NPT battery.
Solar energy, which is well–known for its inexhaustible and environmentally friendly properties, is among the most promising sources of energy. Solar energy is usually collected by a heat medium–heat transfer fluid (HTF) in the form of heat and is then transported to production and human use. Due to the challenges of variant weather, climate and seasons, solar heating or power supply devices based on thermal energy storage (TES) components that can operate continuously and without interruption are needed. Phase change materials (PCMs) as latent heat storage material have considerably smaller weights and volumes to store larger amount of energy, which can help the solar thermal equipment capture more solar energy. Nevertheless, conventional PCMs with low thermal conductivity (TC) lead to long energy storage/release times for TES components, which significantly reduces the TES efficiency. To improve the overall TES performance, the key is to accelerate the heat storage/release process via boosting the TC of the PCMs. Based on cutting–edge theoretical and experimental studies, we review the typical thermal enhancement advances in micro/nano–PCMs in this field.