batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Background Trauma activation and/or leveling criteria are designed to balance the potential harm to individual patients from undertriage (UT) of severe injuries versus overutilization of resources from overtriage (OT) of lesser injuries. The American College of Surgeons (ACS) recommends an acceptable UT rate ≤5% and OT 25%-50%. To improve UT or OT, an intervention was performed to (1) improve accuracy in following established leveling criteria and (2) modify activation criteria in an evidence-based manner to better identify severely injured children. Methods Results from a prospective, interventional process improvement study performed at an ACS-verified level I pediatric trauma center are reported. The baseline period included all pediatric trauma patients who met registry inclusion criteria for 2010. The intervention period included two consecutive 3-mo periods in 2011-2012; phase I of the study involved moving the leveling responsibility from emergency department physicians to the nursing care team leaders. Phase II of the study implemented revised leveling criteria. Sustainability was assessed by evaluating data from 2014. Results In phase I, accuracy in assigned trauma activation level improved from 70% to 99%. UT decreased 10%-8%, and OT decreased 37.5%-33.3%. In phase II, UT decreased 8%-5.1%, and OT increased 33%-40%. Adherence to the activation criteria remained stable (95%). For 2014, UT was 5.3% and OT was 18.2% demonstrating sustainability. Conclusions Shifting trauma leveling responsibilities to nursing care team leaders improved accuracy. Revising the activation criteria to include Center for Disease Control and ACS guidelines, as well as tailoring the activation criteria to the program-specific population, further reduced UT rates in a sustainable fashion.
Electrochemical capacitors and rechargeable batteries are still limited in applications by the low energy and power densities they can deliver, respectively, holding back their deployment in electric vehicles. Here we develop a type of solid-state hybrid cells (SHCs) composed of graphene nanoribbons and nanosheets-coated metal oxide nanorod arrays ((MOx/GNR)@GNS). GNR and GNS are deposited on the surface of MOx nanorod arrays to improve the electron transport characteristic, and thus enhance the energy storage performance. The (MOx/GNR)@GNS-based SHCs can achieve a maximum volumetric energy density of 0.9 mWh cm−3, and still retain 0.4 mWh cm−3 even at 0.1 W cm−3. The energy storage performance is much better than the electrochemical capacitors reported previously, and can even rival the commercial Li thin-film battery but with a significantly higher power density, lower cost and higher safety. Also demonstrated is the good long-term cycle life with only ∼17% loss after 2500 cycles. These salient features make the (MOx/GNR)@GNS composites-based SHCs a strong contender for electrochemical energy storage.
Vanier M, Mazaux J-M, Lambert J, Dassa C, Levin HS. Assessment of neuropsychologic impairments after head injury: interrater reliability and factorial and criterion validity of the Neurobehavioral Rating Scale–Revised (NRS-R). Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:796-806. Objective: To study interrater reliability and factorial and criterion validity of the Neurobehavioral Rating Scale–Revised (NRS-R). Design: Validity study on persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and test-retest reliability study on a randomly selected subset of patients. Factor analyses, kappa statistics, intraclass correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's alphas were used. Setting: Inpatients from 15 French hospitals, mainly rehabilitation units. Other recruitment sites included a neurology hospital unit and a psychiatry hospital specifically devoted to TBI rehabilitation. Patients: Two hundred eighty-six TBI patients ages 16 to 70 years (convenience sample). Results: For the reliability study, the average of percentages of agreement among the items was 74.3% and the average of kappa statistics was.40. Factor analyses disclosed a maximum likelihood extraction of 5 correlated factors (F), explaining 42.2% of total variance: (F1) deficits in intentional behavior and in memory, (F2) lowering of emotional state, (F3) emotional and behavioral hyperactivation, (F4) lowering of arousal state and of attention, and (F5) language and speech problems. Results support the criterion validity of the factors. Reliability of the factor scores and internal consistencies of factors were very good. Conclusions: Results describe some important properties of the NRS-R and, through an understanding of its underlying structure and relationships with the patients' clinical characteristics, contribute to the conceptual framework of neuropsychologic impairments after TBI. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
The aim of the present preliminary study was to describe a simple protocol for the analysis of the heart rate variability (HRV) that can reveal the different autonomic control between noncomplicated diabetic patients and normal subjects within 15 min. The power spectrum of the HRV was evaluated on 5-min-long electrocardiographic recordings in both the supine and the seated positions in 30 noncomplicated non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) patients and in 30 healthy volunteers. In healthy subjects the low-frequency (LF) value was higher in seated position than in supine position, while in diabetic patients the LF value in seated position did not differ from that in supine position and did not differ from that in healthy subjects in supine position. The present work demonstrates that the protocol described reveals a different autonomic regulation of the heart rate in healthy subjects and in NIDDM patients even if there is no clinically evident autonomic neuropathy.
The graphite material from exhausted Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is reused as a favorable anode for Na-ion batteries (NIBs) and K-ion batteries (KIBs) through a recycling treatment. The optimized electrode delivers improved electrochemical performance, such as 162 mA h g−1 in NIBs at 0.2 A g−1 and 320 mA h g−1 in KIBs at 0.05 A g−1. In addition, the insights into Na/K-ion de-/intercalation model evolution and corresponding electrochemical analysis are conducted through in operando X-ray diffraction and a series of other characterization methods, discovering a visible transitional stage for NIBs and an irreversible initial cycle phase transformation for KIBs. In a word, we not only provide a new recycling concept for waste graphite anodes but also carry out a series of significant intercalation mechanism studies, which contribute to anode recycling and shed light on the development of graphite material for promising alternative ion batteries.
Daily personal exposures to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) of 31 newsagents working in Genoa, Italy, were evaluated throughout 1998 during two different seasonal periods (February–April and May–June). Exposures of smoker and non-smoker subjects were compared. The highest BaP exposures were those of smokers during the cold period (2.20±0.84ng/m3). During this same period, the BaP exposure for non-smoker subjects was 1.00±0.32ng/m3. Both smoker and non-smoker exposures showed a seasonal dependence, with the lowest values occurring in the warm period (smokers: 1.46±0.72ng/m3, non-smokers: 0.65±0.25ng/m3). Compared to the cold period, the warm period produced a nearly 35% reduction in BaP exposures in both smoker and non-smoker subjects. A linear correlation was observed between personal exposures and number of cigarettes smoked daily. An increase in average daily BaP exposure of 0.071±0.009ng/m3 for every cigarette, due to passive smoke, was calculated. Mean BaP concentrations calculated from fixed monitoring stations were nearly 40% higher than mean personal exposures of non-smoker newsagents.
Vacuum-deposited Si–Sn two-component films were prepared by depositing Si and Sn simultaneously on a metal foil substrate. The composition of the films was estimated from the ratio of consumption of the two evaporation sources. SEM and XRD revealed the film structure consisting of two different phases, where Sn nanoparticles were dispersed homogeneously in the amorphous Si matrix. The film with higher Sn content gave unsatisfactory results, which is in contrast to the much improved results obtained with a film containing less Sn. The conductivity of the Si–Sn film was found to be higher than that of a pure Si film, which was attributed to the homogenously deposited Sn nanoparticles. This enabled us to realize a discharge capacity of 400mAhg−1 even after 500charge/discharge cycles at a very high rate of 20C.
Alkaline-based metal-air batteries require a low-resistance, bifunctional oxygen electrode to perform fast oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions (ORR/OER) during discharging and charging cycles, respectively. However, achieving good ORR/OER bifunctionality with single materials has proven challenging. Here we report a composite material as a bifunctional oxygen electrode for ORR and OER. The composite oxygen electrode consists of an ORR-active 20 wt% Pt/C and an OER-active perovskite La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-δ (LSCO). The study focuses on identifying the optimal LSCO:Pt/C ratio through electrochemical DC voltammetry techniques. The results show that the addition of Pt/C into the LSCO catalyst greatly enhances the ORR activity, due to Pt/C’s superior ORR capabilities, while LSCO retains good OER performance, which is known to be poor for Pt/C. The optimal LSCO:Pt/C ratio among the seven compositions studied is found to be 60:40 (wt%) and is tested for stability through using a square-wave potentiostatic method. Overall, this study demonstrates a synergetic effect between LSCO and Pt/C, with each one contributing towards one of the electrode reactions in a positive manner.
Different vegetal biomass resources such as Picea abies bark, Castanea sativa chestnuts shell and Asclepias syriaca plant were considered to provide a source of natural bioactive compounds, which can be properly used in several directions such as: plant growth regulators and amendments in bioremediation. Having in mind a complex processing biomass technology, these raw materials are used in a first step to separate bioactive compounds by an aqueous extraction. The obtained extracts containing polyphenols were tested in germination tests to evaluate their influence on cadmium bioaccumulation in oat plant (Avena sativa). It was observed that the mentioned extracts modulated cadmium bioaccumulation, photosynthesizing pigments biosynthesis, plant growth and its development depending on metal ion concentration (5, 12.5, 25mg/L), and extracts composition determined by vegetal raw material and their total polyphenols content (130, 122, 114mg/L related to gallic acid). FTIR spectra and histo-anatomical cross section of the roots certify that P. abies bark and A. syriaca plant extracts amendments stimulated cadmium bioaccumulation, promoting the translocation of heavy metals to the aerial part of the plant, meanwhile chestnuts shell extract reduced the mobility of cadmium determining in situ inactivation of heavy metal ions.
The dissolution of polysulfides from the cathode remains a key roadblock in the advancement of Li-S batteries. In this work, we have explored the possibility of using sulfur-polypyrrole composite cathodes for suppressing polysulfide dissolution. Tubular polypyrrole was synthesized by a self-degraded template method and the effect of the amount of oxidant (FeCl3) on the electrochemical performance of sulfur-polypyrrole composite cathodes was studied. To achieve the performance suitable for electric vehicle applications, the sulfur loading of the electrode was maintained at 4.5mgcm−2. The sulfur-polypyrrole composite cathode showed a better performance compared to bare sulfur, despite the high sulfur loading and thickness. Further, the amount of polypyrrole synthesized increased with an increase in the oxidant ratio. However, the addition of an excess amount of oxidant beyond 12.6mmol affected the shape of polypyrrole and resulted in spherical clusters, which caused deterioration in the electrochemical performance.
The fatigue of commercial lithium ion batteries after long-term cycling at two different temperatures and cycling rates is investigated. The cells are opened after cycling and post-mortem analysis are conducted. Two main contributions to the capacity loss of the batteries are revealed. The loss of active lithium leads to a relative shift between anodes and cathodes potentials. A growth of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the anode is determined as well as the formation of lithium fluoride species as an electrolyte decomposition product. Those effects are reinforced by increasing cycling rates from 1C/2C (charge/discharge) to 2C/3C as well as by increasing cycling temperatures from 25 °C to 40 °C. The other contribution to the capacity loss originates from a fatigue of the blended cathodes consisting of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM), LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) and LiMn2O4 (LMO). Phase-specific capacity losses and fatigue mechanisms are identified. The layered oxides tend to form microcracks and reveal changes of the surface structure leading to a worsening of the lithium kinetics. The cathode exhibits a loss of manganese at 40 °C cycling temperature. Cycling at 40 °C instead of 25 °C has the major impact on cathodes capacity loss, while cycling at 2C/3C rates barely influences it.
Lithium primary cells in a light weight plastic envelope format have been made using carbon monofluoride (CF x ) as cathode material, because previous work showed that this cathode material has the highest energy density in lithium primary batteries. Energy densities of around 650Whkg−1 were obtained in an envelope cell. Different electrolytes have been examined for high rate and low temperature performance.
The vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) has received wide attention due to its attractive features for large scale energy storage. The key material of a VRB is an ion exchange membrane (IEM) that prevents cross mixing of the positive and negative electrolytes, while still allowing the transport of ions to complete the circuit during the passage of current. This review focuses on all aspects related to IEMs that are of relevance to understand IEMs better. An overview of the general issues of VRBs will be given first, after which the role of the IEM will be outlined together with the material requirements for advanced alternative IEMs. Finally, the recent progress of IEMs in VRBs will be reviewed and directions will be given for the development of next-generation materials.
In terms of advances in technology, especially electronic devices for human use, there are needs for miniaturization, low power, and flexibility. However, there are problems that can be caused by these changes in terms of battery life and size. In order to compensate for these problems, research on energy harvesting using environmental energy (mechanical energy, thermal energy, solar energy etc.) has attracted attention. Ferroelectric materials which have switchable dipole moment are promising for energy harvesting fields because of its special properties such as strong dipole moment, piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity. The strong dipole moment in ferroelectric materials can increase internal potential and output power of energy harvesters. In this review, we will provide an overview of the recent research on various energy harvesting fields using ferroelectrics. A brief introduction to energy harvesting and the properties of the ferroelectric material are described, and applications to energy harvesters to improve output power are described as well.
Blast exposure in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom often results in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), physical, and psychological conditions for Service members. Symptoms associated with mTBI can compromise safe return to duty, but are difficult to assess. Development of an end-user informed functional assessment is an important step in advancing improved return-to-duty decision-making. In 2009, a team of military and civilian occupational and physical therapy researchers were funded by the U.S. Army Medical Research Materiel Command to develop such a measure, since labelled the Assessment of Military Multitasking Performance. The development process involved stakeholder interviews, iterative literature reviews, expert consultation and a subject matter expert summit. This process resulted in a battery of dual- and multi-task scenarios designed to challenge mTBI vulnerable systems, including executive function, attention, memory, high level balance, vestibular function, gaze stability, and physical exertion during military-relevant tasks. 35 interviewees provided guidance [military leadership, researchers, and medical personnel (physicians, therapists, and neuropsychologists), commanders, and civilian experts]; 4 content experts provided methodological advice; and 15 stakeholders/content experts attended an advisory summit to further guide assessment development. The multidisciplinary process resulting in the Assessment of Military Multitasking Performance (AMMP) is described, highlighting end-user priorities, shaped by expert interdisciplinary collaboration. Following refinement and validation, the AMMP will advance evidence-driven return-to-duty decision making, aiming to distinguish those with acceptable task proficiency from those whose mTBI symptoms put themselves and others at risk.
Gaston Planté invented the lead-acid battery by combing a lead/lead sulfate and lead dioxide/lead sulfate electrodes. He demonstrated it before the French Academy of Sciences in 1860. The battery had low capacity because the electrodes were produced by electrochemical cycling of lead plates in H2SO4 solution. Fauré increased the capacity by coating the lead plates with lead oxide paste to form active masses. Volckmar and Sellon replaced the lead sheets with lead-antimony (PbSb) grids. Barton proposed a method of PbO manufacture by oxidation of molten pulverized Pb and Shimadzu by friction of lead balls in mills. The technology evolved into manufacturing pastes from tri- or tetrabasic lead sulfates, pasting of grids and electrochemical formation of electrodes. Thanks to this technology skeleton and energetic structures are formed in both active masses. The capacity of the negative plates was improved by adding lignosulfonates, BaSO4 and carbon to the paste. To reduce water loss during operation of the lead-acid battery the PbSb grids were replaced with PbCa ones. This resulted in premature capacity loss on cycling, which was overcome by the addition of tin to the PbCa alloy. In batteries with PbSnCa grids, the polymer separator was replaced by absorptive glass mat which transferred the oxygen evolved at the positive plates to the negatives, where it was reduced and the water was restored. Maintenance-free valve-regulated lead-acid batteries (VRLAB) were created. Lead-acid batteries are produced for use in automobiles for starting, lighting and ignition (SLI). Other applications include stationary batteries used for back-up power supply, traction batteries, special purpose batteries for aircrafts and submarines, and batteries for hybrid electric vehicles.
Metal nitride-based supercapacitors can provide superb electrical conductivity, high capacitance, and wide operating potential window, but they do not have sufficient fabrication strategy to construct advanced nano-structure beneficial to electrochemical process. In this paper, we report an in-situ preparation approach of vanadium nitride nanoparticles on porous carbon nanospheres (PCNS@VNNP) by the ammonification process of ionic amphiphilic triblock copolymer micelles/vanadium-contained ions system in NH3/N2 atmosphere. The prepared PCNS@VNNP material has a wide operating potential of 1.2V, and a capacitance of 229.7F/g (275.6C/g). A hybrid supercapacitor device of PCNS@VNNP//NiO exhibits a high energy density of 16 Wh/kg at the power density of 800W/kg. The improvement mostly stems from the quantum dot size of vanadium nitride and the supporting of porous carbon, which would dramatically enhance the utilization of active material without affecting its electric conductivity.
A novel type of composite, consisting of a bi-metallic sulfide/carbon nanocomposite system, was developed as a multifunctional electrocatalyst. The nanocomposite system was facilely generated via a one-step simultaneous carbonization and sulfurization of a selected metal-organic framework. Sample Ni1Co4S@C-1000 is one of the most efficient electrocatalysts and exhibited superior activity and stability in oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to the Ni substitution, the high porosity, the homogeneous dispersion of active components and the effect of N, S-codoping. This novel material showed a low onset potential of 1.43 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode) and a stable current density of 10 mA cm−2 at 1.51 V in a 0.1 M KOH alkaline solution over a long-term operation, which is better than IrO2/C and other composites synthesized under the same conditions. The Ni1Co4S@C-1000 sample can also efficiently catalyse oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), with a four-electron pathway for reversible oxygen evolution and reduction. Furthermore, Ni1Co4S@C-800 showed enhanced electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in water splitting. These findings pave a way to develop effective and promising alternative electrocatalysts towards OER, ORR and HER in the next generation of energy storage and conversion technologies.
This paper reports a novel electrode design for use in electrochemical lithium-ion storage. 3-dimensional patterns of tin dioxide nanowires that are grown directly over current collectors are suggested as electrode frameworks, representing the synergetic combination of nanometer-sized 1-dimensional electrode materials and micrometer-scaled hollow channels formed between the patterned nanowire arrays. The lithium-ion storage properties are investigated by changing the pattern geometries of these nanowire arrays in the shape of stripes and squares. The proposed electrode platforms show the enhanced electrochemical storage performances, which might be attributed to the effective diffusion of liquid phase electrolyte through the hollow channels between these patterned nanowire arrays. More interestingly, with increasing the hollow channels in these proposed systems, the high-rate performance and cycling stability are improved even further due to the structural effect of these electrode frameworks.
Corticosteroids are widely used in clinical practice. In dermatology, their application is generally topical. These substances may act as allergens and produce immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Allergic contact dermatitis is the most frequent presentation of corticosteroid allergy and it should be studied by patch testing in specific units. The corticosteroids included in the Spanish standard battery are good markers but not ideal. Therefore, if those makers are positive, it is useful to apply a specific battery of corticosteroids and the drugs provided by patients. Immediate reactions are relatively rare but potentially severe, and it is important to confirm the sensitization profile and to guide the use of alternative corticosteroids, because they are often necessary in several diseases. In this article we review the main concepts regarding these two types of hypersensitivity reactions in corticosteroid allergy, as well as their approach in the clinical practice.
This article introduces methods for modeling compound granules used in algorithms which could successfully construct a mosaic from the images coming from an endoscope capsule. In order to apply the algorithm, combined images must have a common area where the correspondence of points is determined. That allows to determine the transformation parameters to compensate movement of the capsule that occurs between moments when the mosaic images were acquired. The developed algorithm for images from the capsule endoscopy has proved to be faster and comparably accurate as commercial GDB-ICP algorithm.