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Porous ZnMn2O4 nanospheres are synthesized through a facile microemulsion method. Crystal structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of the product as anode of lithium ion battery were investigated with FESEM, TEM, HRTEM, BET, XPS, XRD, CV, EIS, and charge/discharge test, with a comparison of ZnMn2O4 microparticle synthesized by sol-gel method. It is found that the microemulsion can effectively control particle size and morphology of the precursor and thus porous ZnMn2O4 nanospheres consisting of smaller primary nanoparticles can be successfully obtained, which exhibit far better rate capability and cyclic stability than ZnMn2O4 microparticles. The porous ZnMn2O4 nanospheres deliver a reversible capacity of 300 mAh g−1 at 6000 mA g−1 and yield a capacity retention of 91% after 120 cycles at 200 mA g−1, compared to the 20 mAh g−1 and 0% of ZnMn2O4 microparticles, respectively. The space in the porous structure of ZnMn2O4 nanospheres buffers the mechanical strain induced by the volume change during cycling, which causes destruction of ZnMn2O4 microparticle, resulting in the excellent cyclic stability. Moreover, the primary nanoparticles in ZnMn2O4 nanospheres reduce the path of lithium ion transportation and increase reaction sites for lithium intercalation/deintercalation, leading to the better rate capability of porous ZnMn2O4 nanospheres than ZnMn2O4 microparticles.
We report a simple and cost-effective synthesis of hierarchically porous structure composed of Birnessite-type manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanosheets on flexible carbon cloth (CC) via anodic electrodeposition technique. Petal-shaped MnO2, having sheet thickness of a few nm and typical width of 100nm, with a strong adhesion on CC is observed. This hierarchically porous MnO2–CC hybrid structure dose exhibit not only excellent capacitance properties, such as up to 425Fg−1 in specific capacitance, but also high crack resistance owing to its efficient release of bending stress, as observed by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements under different curvature of bending configurations. Furthermore, flexible supercapacitors based on this kind of MnO2 nanosheet/CC electrode showed significantly improved stability in capacitive performance over 3000 cycles under the bending test, which is highly promising for future applications in flexible energy storage device.
The production of vehicles utilizing 36V battery systems has begun with the introduction of the Toyota Crown. Other vehicles with 36V batteries are in the near horizon. These vehicles may contain single or dual battery systems. These vehicles will most likely contain valve-regulated lead–acid (VRLA) batteries. The battery systems developed to date utilize significantly more lead than conventional 12V batteries. This paper will evaluate the different proposed 36V battery systems and estimate the lead requirements for each of the competing systems. It will also project the penetration of and resultant increased lead usage of these new batteries into the future.
Poly(aniline-co-o-aminophenol) (PAN–OAP) has been synthesized by electrochemical copolymerization of aniline (AN) and o-aminophenol (OAP) on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). FT-IR, UV–vis and electrochemical characterizations indicate the formation of the PAN–OAP and it has the structure of a head-to-tail coupling of AN and OAP units. When the concentration ratio of OAP–AN is more than 1:20, the voltammetric behaviors for the copolymerization of AN and OAP are similar, while the copolymerization rate decreases with increasing of OAP concentration in the solution. The PAN–OAP can maintain its electroactivity in neutral and even in alkaline media, although the electroactivity of the copolymers decrease with increasing of the concentration ratio of OAP–AN in solution. The PAN–OAP film coated GCE exhibits excellent electrocatalytic responses towards the electro-oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA) in phosphate buffer solution of pH 6.8. The anode peak potential of AA shifts from 0.53V at bare GCE to 0.21V at PAN–OAP/GCE with greatly enhanced current response. A linear calibration graph is obtained over the AA concentration range of 5×10−4–1.65×10−2 molL−1 using cyclic voltammetry. Chronoamperometry has also been employed to investigate the electro-oxidation of AA. The PAN–OAP/GCE shows good stability and reproducibility.
Although Mg metal features high volumetric energy density and electrochemical dendrite-free deposition, Mg-storage cathode materials with desirable capacity and long-term stability have reached a bottleneck due to large diffusion barrier of Mg2+. Herein, we report for the first time Ni-Fe bimetallic diselenides microflowers (Ni0.75Fe0.25Se2, NFS) as cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium batteries. The NFS exhibits a considerable reversible capacity of 190 mAh g−1 and excellent Mg-storage cycling stability (148 mAh g−1 even after 500 cycles). Compared with unary transitional-metal diselenides (NiSe2, NS), the NFS shows more redox active sites and higher Mg2+ diffusion dynamics, contributing to superior reversible capacity and long cycle life. Furthermore, the concept of sequential reaction based on the potential discrepancy for the NFS magnesiation/demagnesiation process at steady stage was put forward and evidenced by electrochemical measurement and structural characterization. This paper paves the way for constructing advanced high-performance cathode materials of rechargeable magnesium batteries.
Currently extensive attentions on application of LiFePO4 batteries in electric vehicles are attracted to the researchers. Owing to the high cost of raw materials and burdensome preparation process, the re-synthesis of LiFePO4 from spent batteries becomes an economical and convenient way. Herein, a novel closed-loop regeneration process simultaneously from spent LiFePO4 cathode and graphite anode is proposed. Spent LiFePO4 cathode material is first successfully regenerated through Li+ compensation and structure reshaping via hydrothermal method, and then graphene oxide is recovered from spent graphite anode via Hummers method. The as-regenerated LiFePO4/reduced graphene oxide composites present spherical morphology, smaller and more uniform particles. The composite mode of LiFePO4 and graphene includes LiFePO4 distributing in the interlayer structure of graphene and the graphene evenly covering on the surface of the particles. The regenerated LiFePO4/reduced graphene oxide batteries exhibit reversible capacities of 162.6 mAhg−1 and high columbic efficiency, stable cycle performances at 0.2 and 1C and excellent rate capacity. Through comparison, the regenerated LiFePO4/reduced graphene oxide composites from hydrothermal process shows better prosperities than those of regenerated LiFePO4 from solid phase roasting method whatever electrochemical properties or economical efficiency in the booming electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles industrialization.
Thermostability and structure transformations upon heating of composite systems consisting of a microporous polyethylene film and a conducting polyaniline (PANI) layer have been investigated by thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Microporous polyethylene films were prepared by melt extrusion with subsequent annealing, uniaxial extension, and thermofixation. Polyaniline layers were formed by polymerizing aniline from solution in situ or by deposition of colloidal polyaniline dispersion on the polyethylene film surface. Composite systems have been found to demonstrate a considerably lower shrinkage upon heating than microporous polyethylene substrates. It has been discovered from DTA, DSC, and WAXS data that oriented phases in the polyethylene melt are formed in composite systems at melting temperature of polyethylene support. Oriented state in polyethylene melt is maintained at heating of composite samples up to the temperatures exceeding polyethylene melting point at several tens degrees.
Olivine lithium iron phosphate (LFPO) assimilated with reduced grapheme oxide (rGO) was prepared via an easy and cost-effective hydrothermal synthesis, and the resultant composites were employed as active positive electrode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The structural and morphological features were studied by XRD, Raman, SEM, TEM and surface area analysis (BET). The electrochemical properties of the LFPO/rGO composite is evaluated by CV, CP and EIS. The LFPO/rGO composite with a high specific area (94.7 m2/g) was constituted with 74% LFPO and 26% rGO. The LFPO/rGO composite as a LIB cathode displayed a superior initial discharge capacity of 163.3 mAh/g at a current density of 0.2 C and sustained a capacity of 110.6 mAh/g at a high current density of 10 C for 150 consecutive cycles. The existence of highly conductive rGO and a short transportation span for both Li-ions and electrons made LFPO/rGO composite as a promising cathode in LIBs even at high rates.
Fish is consumed as a common food by humans due to its nutritional and therapeutic benefits. However, they can accumulate toxic chemicals (such as heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants) from water and food chain. Very few studies have been investigated on heavy metal contents in fish from Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. In order to study heavy metals levels in fish from aquaculture farms and evaluate the risk that human consume fish in this area, we collected four types of aquaculture fish species (6 big-head carps, 5 grass carps, 5 carps and 5 tilapias) from fisheries around Lhasa city in this study. 9 heavy metals (Cr, As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ba, Co, Mn and V) in different tissues of fish were determined by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Cr, Ba, Co, Mn and V could easily accumulate in the gill, and Cu was detected in the hearts of all the fishes. Toxic metal (As, Cd and Pb) contents were higher in the liver than those in other tissues, heavy metal levels were the lowest in the muscle among all tissues. Most of heavy metal concentrations in the tilapia tissues were higher than those in other fish tissues, especially arsenic. Arsenic content in the tilapia samples was ~2–4 times higher than the maximum levels (MLs) of contaminants in the national standard, and other metals were all lower than the MLs. Compared the estimated daily intake of heavy metals through fish consumption with tolerable daily intakes recommended by FAO, the metals daily intake of As, Cd and Pb from fish consumption might not pose serious health risk to the local inhabitants. It is therefore necessary to determine the dose level for human, which is considered to be taken daily over a lifetime without adverse effects.
LiFePO4/carbon nanowires with three-dimensional (3D) nano-network structure were successfully synthesized via evaporative self-assembly method induced by amylose. The morphologies and structures are investigated by X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The co-axis one-dimensional LiFePO4/C nanowires, which are 50nm in diameter and between 400nm and 1μm in length, are tightly connected into 3D nano-network structure by the amorphous carbon from the short branched chains of amylase. They deliver high capacities of 167 and 138mAhg−1 at 0.1C and 50C respectively. After 100 cycles at 50C rate, the capacity retention of the composite can still maintain 92.8% (128mAhg−1).The unique 3D nano-network structure can effectively increase the contact between active materials and electrolyte, and improve the poor electronic and ionic conductivity.
Mg–O2 batteries appear to be a promising alternative to Li-O2 system due to the high abundancy and volumetric energy density of Mg. Although much effort has been put into research on Li-O2 batteries, little is known about the oxygen reduction and evolution in Mg2+-containing aprotic electrolytes. In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of the ORR in Mg2+-containing DMSO using RRDE and DEMS-techniques and derive a more general reaction mechanism of ORR in aprotic electrolytes using the results for Li+, Na+ and K+-containing DMSO. O2 first reacts via an initial adsorption step to superoxide which, in the presence of Mg2+, is subsequently reduced to peroxide as the main reaction product. However, this product undergoes further reactions leading to a deactivation of the electrode. Regarding the reversibility, unfortunately no OER was observed and reactivation of the electrode proved difficult.
The ecological catastrophe produced by the Prestige oil spill (November 2002) caused severe damage in both North Spanish and French coastal communities. Wild mussel populations of Mytilus galloprovincialis in a zone with marginal introgression of Mytilus edulis were affected at all levels, from high DNA damage to increased polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content in tissues. In this article, we describe cytological and population genetic changes of wild mussel populations from the northwestern Iberian coast following the catastrophe. The micronucleus test was employed as an indicator of cytological damage, and the Barcoding mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and the nuclear Glu-5′ genes were analyzed for determining the species and assessing population genetic diversity. Immediate increase of micronuclei counts after the oil spill was found, with a further decrease in consecutive months although the counts did not recover pre-Prestige levels. Reduced variation at mitochondrial sequences in the most exposed areas and reduction of M. edulis traces in the regional genetic pool also suggest long-term impact that may result in evolutionary changes. These results highlight the need of adopting more strict measures in order to prevent this type of accidents and avoid long-term effects on wild populations.
Rice husk is produced in a massive amount worldwide as a byproduct of rice cultivation. Rice husk contains approximately 20 wt% of mesoporous SiO2. We produce mesoporous silicon (Si) by reducing the rice husk-originating SiO2 using a magnesio-milling process. Taking advantage of meso-porosity and large available quantity, we apply rice husk-originating Si to lithium ion battery anodes in a composite form with commercial graphite. By varying the mass ratio between these two components, trade-off relation between specific capacity and cycle life was observed. A controllable pre-lithiation scheme was adopted to increase the initial Coulombic efficiency and energy density. The series of electrochemical results suggest that rice husk-originating Si–graphite composites are promising candidates for high capacity lithium ion battery anodes, with the prominent advantages in battery performance and scalability.
In traditional folk medicine, Xanthoxylum plants are referred to as 'toothache trees' because their anesthetic or counter-irritant properties render them useful in the treatment of pain. Psychophysical studies have identified hydroxy-α-sanshool as the compound most responsible for the unique tingling and buzzing sensations produced by Szechuan peppercorns or other Xanthoxylum preparations. Although it is generally agreed that sanshool elicits its effects by activating somatosensory neurons, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain a matter of debate. Here we show that hydroxy-α-sanshool excites two types of sensory neurons, including small-diameter unmyelinated cells that respond to capsaicin (but not mustard oil) as well as large-diameter myelinated neurons that express the neurotrophin receptor TrkC. We found that hydroxy-α-sanshool excites neurons through a unique mechanism involving inhibition of pH- and anesthetic-sensitive two-pore potassium channels (KCNK3, KCNK9 and KCNK18), providing a framework for understanding the unique and complex psychophysical sensations associated with the Szechuan pepper experience.
Understanding how cytokines interact with multimeric cell receptors to generate signals governing cell behavioral responses is crucial for the development of these promising pharmacological agents. A powerful quantitative approach is reported that was used to analyze the complicated case of binding of the GDNF family member artemin to the heteromeric GFRα3-Ret receptor.
Graphene has a unique atom-thick two-dimensional (2D) structure, high conductivity and charge mobility, huge specific surface area, excellent mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. Thus, it has been regarded as an important component for functional materials, especially for developing a variety of catalysts. In this review, we summarize the recent advancements in synthesizing graphene based new catalysts, and their applications in organic synthesis, sensors, environmental protection and energy related systems.
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, responding to GABA positive allosteric modulators, are present in the freshwater polyp Hydra vulgaris (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa), one of the most primitive metazoans to develop a nervous system. We examined the occurrence and distribution of GABAA receptor subunits in Hydra tissues by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Antibodies against different GABAA receptor subunits were used in Hydra membrane preparations. Unique protein bands, inhibited by the specific peptide, appeared at 35, 60, ∼50 and ∼52 kDa in membranes incubated with α3, β1, γ3 or δ antibodies, respectively. Immunohistochemical screening of whole mount Hydra preparations revealed diffuse immunoreactivity to α3, β1 or γ3 antibodies in tentacles, hypostome, and upper part of the gastric region; immunoreactive fibers were also present in the lower peduncle. By contrast, δ antibodies revealed a strong labeling in the lower gastric region and peduncle, as well as in tentacles. Double labeling showed colocalization of α3/β1, α3/γ3 and α3/δ immunoreactivity in granules or cells in tentacles and gastric region. In the peduncle, colocalization of both α3/β1 and α3/γ3 immunoreactivity was found in fibers running horizontally above the foot. These data indicate that specific GABAA receptor subunits are present and differentially distributed in Hydra body regions. Subunit colocalization suggests that Hydra GABA receptors are heterologous multimers, possibly sub-serving different physiological activities.
In this work, detailed studies on Li dendrite formation in Li–S Batteries are reported. Li dendrites can grow rapidly, may pierce through or can easily grow around the separator. Dendrites can even lead to short circuits when cathode and/or anode are wrapped with the separator. By replacing the Li metal anode with a pre-lithiated Si anode, these dendrite problems could be successfully prevented and were not observed for more than 200 cycles. The here used Si microwire array anodes are examined with ether and carbonate based electrolytes and different charging conditions vs. a Li metal counter electrode and demonstrate very high capacities matching the theoretical values. Electrochemical pre-lithiated Si microwire array anodes are examined in full cells with binder free, sulfur infiltrated carbon nanotube cathodes (CNT-S) and various polysulfide or Li2S containing electrolytes. The average polysulfide chain length and the presence of LiNO3 in the electrolyte have a great impact on the cycle stability of the cell, next to the charging conditions.
As the deployment of solar and wind electrical energy increases, the intermittency of these power plants necessitates some means of energy storage for rebalancing the load and the supply. Storage of excess produced energy in electrochemical cells (batteries) is an obvious choice, and perhaps even the most practical method. However, the challenge is to find batteries that would be reliable, widely available, effective and cost-attractive. Within electrochemical storage the redox flow batteries constitute an important subgroup of storage and both the concepts and a number of redox systems is discussed here. The possible chemistries cover the more traditional vanadium redox flow cell. The modern trends are covered in the bromine-hydrogen, flow-through lead, zinc-bromine, cells with organic electrolytes and chemically regenerated redox fuel cells. A table comparing these systems is included.
Rechargeable lithium-air batteries offer great promise for transportation and stationary applications due to their high specific energy and energy density. Although their theoretical discharge capacity is extremely high, the practical capacity is much lower and is always cathode limited. A key for rechargeable systems is the development of an air electrode with a bifunctional catalyst on an electrochemically stable carbon matrix. The use of graphene as a catalyst matrix for the air cathode has been studied in this work. A Li-air cell using an air cathode consisting of nano-Pt on graphene nanosheets (GNS) has shown promising performance at 80% energy efficiency with an average capacity of 1200 mAh g−1 and more than 20 cycles without significant loss of total energy efficiency. Replacement of Pt with a bifunctional catalyst resulted in more than 100 cycles with an average capacity of 1200 mAh g−1 and total energy efficiency of about 70%. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data revealed increasing solution and charge transfer resistance during cycling, which hindered the cycle life. The increased solution resistance can be attributed to the evaporation and decomposition of electrolyte especially at high charge voltages. Further investigation on ionic liquid based electrolytes in Li-air systems is being conducted.
Early diagnosis of cognitive disorders in older adults is a major healthcare priority with benefits to patients, families, and health systems. Rapid advances in digital technology offer potential for developing innovative diagnostic pathways to support early diagnosis. Brief self-administered computerized cognitive tools in particular hold promise for clinical implementation by minimizing demands on staff time. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of self-administered computerized cognitive assessment measures designed for the detection of cognitive impairment in older adults. Studies were identified via a systematic search of published peer-reviewed literature across major scientific databases. All studies reporting on psychometric validation of brief (≤30 minutes) self-administered computerized measures for detection of MCI and all-cause dementia in older adults were included. Seventeen studies reporting on 10 cognitive tools met inclusion criteria and were subjected to systematic review. There was substantial variability in characteristics of validation samples and reliability and validity estimates. Only 2 measures evaluated feasibility and usability in the intended clinical settings. Similar to past reviews, we found variability across measures with regard to psychometric rigor and potential for widescale applicability in clinical settings. Despite the promise that self-administered cognitive tests hold for clinical implementation, important gaps in scientific rigor in development, validation, and feasibility studies of these measures remain. Developments in technology and biomarker studies provide potential avenues for future directions on the use of digital technology in clinical care.
Short-range orders of Cd x Se70−x Te30 amorphous alloys of a chalcogenide system with 2≤x≤10 have been studied by wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Once the hypotheses on the local order of the alloy had been formulated, the radial distribution function (RDF) analysis have make it possible to evaluate them referring specifically to the coordination of the atoms. The structural parameters such as atomic distance between the different possible pairs of atoms in each element J(r), the structure factor F(q), the pair distribution function G(r) and the coordination numbers for amorphous samples have been discussed. Moreover, in our system, under study, the average coordination numbers of the three different atoms involved and their distance to the first coordination sphere have been determined. However, the extraction of the inverse Fourier transforms to generated atomic distribution function has led us to a simulated reduced interference function Q(q).