batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A two dimensional simulation approach is proposed for examining the influence of geometry and morphology on current and potential distribution in Li-ion batteries at a microscopic scale. The study was focused on two different geometries of graphite anodes: close packed spheres and flakes (in different aspect ratios). The simulation output, which includes charge/discharge curves, concentration and voltage gradients in the cells, and the current density at each point in the cells, allows studying the significance of the particles’ geometry and the layered structure of composite electrodes. We found that at high electrolyte solutions conductivities, when the secondary aspect of current distribution is dominant, interspacing the particles in the same layer, perpendicular to the ion flow (e.g. from 0.2μm to 0.4μm), leads to a significant moderation of the maximum solution current density (e.g. from 190A/m2 to 97A/m2). The results also show that when the cells are changed from an anode containing spherical particles to an anode containing flaky particles, the intercalation reaction becomes intensively nonuniform with anodes comprising flaky particles and the solution over-potential increases, so that the cell voltage decreases by up to ∼70mV. In addition, a small vertical increase in the interspacing between the graphite flake particles leads to a significant increase in the cell voltage (i.e. decreasing the solution overvoltage), and we also show that 10% expansion of the particles active surface area, leads to an additional improvement of ∼150mV in the cell voltage. However, there is no significance change in the solution’s current density.
Compared with other commonly used batteries, lithium-ion batteries are featured by high energy density, high power density, long service life and environmental friendliness and thus have found wide application in the area of consumer electronics. However, lithium-ion batteries for vehicles have high capacity and large serial-parallel numbers, which, coupled with such problems as safety, durability, uniformity and cost, imposes limitations on the wide application of lithium-ion batteries in the vehicle. The narrow area in which lithium-ion batteries operate with safety and reliability necessitates the effective control and management of battery management system. This present paper, through the analysis of literature and in combination with our practical experience, gives a brief introduction to the composition of the battery management system (BMS) and its key issues such as battery cell voltage measurement, battery states estimation, battery uniformity and equalization, battery fault diagnosis and so on, in the hope of providing some inspirations to the design and research of the battery management system.
Voices have been raised that the link between economic sentiment and hard macroeconomic data has considerably weakened over time, bringing agents’ macroeconomic assessments of normal growth to a more modest, new normal level. We empirically test this hypothesis by linking consumer confidence to consumption growth for all individual EU member states, as well as for the EU and the euro area. Applying a battery of nonlinear econometric techniques, we find that normal consumption growth rates (as assessed by consumers) have recorded a long-term decline in about half of countries (dominantly old EU member states), while all other economies either contradict such a hypothesis or exhibit intermittent intervals of increasing and decreasing normal growth. Our calculations reveal that normal consumption growth rates are highly positively related to macroeconomic volatility, reflecting the postulates of psychophysics. In that sense, the new modesty hypothesis can to some extent be attributed to the Great Moderation era, which has diminished consumers’ perceptive reactions to macroeconomic stimuli.
Carbon nanofiber-supported MnOx composites were prepared by electrodepositing MnOx nanoparticles directly onto electrospun carbon nanofibers. The morphology and size of MnOx nanoparticles were controlled by the surface treatment of carbon nanofibers and the electrodeposition duration time. SEM, TEM/EDS, elemental analysis, and XRD were used to study the morphology and composition of MnOx on the nanofibers. The resultant MnOx/carbon nanofiber composites were used directly as the anode material in lithium half cells and their electrochemical performance was characterized. Results show that MnOx/carbon nanofiber composites prepared by different deposition durations have high reversible capacity, good capacity retention, and excellent structural integrity during cycling.
It is an exciting time for cancer researchers in the field of apoptotic cell death. The avalanche of discoveries over the past decade or so regarding how apoptosis is regulated begins to be exploited for therapeutic benefit as the first apoptosis-targeted drugs enter early clinical trials. This chapter provides a selective review on the development of such drugs. We also outline issues regarding the regulation and design of early clinical trials of this type of molecularly targeted agent. Finally, we discuss the biomarkers and surrogate pharmacodynamic endpoint assays currently available to chart the efficacy of apoptosis-inducing anticancer therapy.
We evaluated the ability of hen-egg antibodies (HEA) to reduce intestinal colonization by Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. Antibodies against C. perfringens or cholera toxin (negative control) were obtained from the eggs of laying hens hyperimmunized using a C. perfringens bacterin or cholera toxin. Eggs were collected, pooled, and egg antibodies were concentrated by polyethylene-glycol precipitation. An initial experiment was conducted to determine the in vivo activity of the administered antibody along the length of the intestine. Thereafter, two feeding trials were performed to assess the efficacy of feed amended with the egg antibodies in reducing the level of colonization of C. perfringens in challenged birds. Antibody activity declined from proximal to distal regions of the intestine but remained detectable in the cecum. In the first experiment there was no significant reduction in the number of C. perfringens in the birds fed the diet amended with the anti-C. perfringens egg antibody, compared to the birds that received the anti-cholera toxin egg antibody (n =10), at any of the sampling times. In the second experiment there was a significant decrease in C. perfringens intestinal populations 72h after treatment (n =15) as assessed by culture-based enumeration, but there was no decrease as measured by quantitative PCR based on the C. perfringens phospholipase C gene. Intestinal-lesion scores were higher in the birds that received the anti-C. perfringens HEA. Our work suggests that administration of HEA did not reduce the level of C. perfringens intestinal colonization and conversely might exacerbate necrotic enteritis.
We conduct a techno-economic analysis of electrochemical water deionization technologies. The objective of the analysis is to compare cost, volume, and energy consumption of membrane capacitive deionization (mCDI) to intercalative deionization techniques. Here, we first explore the concept of hybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI), i.e., a cation intercalation electrode paired with an activated carbon capacitive electrode. Then we explore in detail a novel device concept, fully intercalative water deionization (IDI), which relies entirely on the cation intercalation principle. The intercalation host materials in our study are Prussian blue analogs (PBAs), e.g., NiFe(CN)6 or CuFe(CN)6, that offer ∼3–5× higher gravimetric salt removal capacities than typical activated carbon. Our analysis shows that IDI should be superior to mCDI in module cost, volume, and energy efficiency, despite a more complex module architecture. Making careful assumptions on material costs, we provide a cost breakdown for mCDI, HCDI, and IDI modules and show that IDI is the only concept that is not dominated by ion exchange membrane costs. The environmental impact of electrochemical water deionization is illustrated by estimating the carbon footprint of currently installed reverse osmosis capacity in different world regions and comparing it to the respective carbon footprint of mCDI, HCDI, and IDI at similar capacity.
Graphene-based nanohybrids are very appealing materials for energy storage and conversion applications. Strong binding of nanostructured guest materials with favorable properties and coupling effect to graphene is highly desirable to enhance the structural stability, interfacial characteristics and reaction kinetics of the nanohybrids. In this work, we present the fabrication of novel multifunctional nanohybrids by chemically coupling ultrafine metal oxide (e.g., Fe3O4) nanoparticles to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with a thin layer of nitrogen-rich carbon (CN x ) as 2D crosslinker. The combination and synergy of rGO and CN x layer with extremely high N content (59wt%) modify the interfacial properties for homogenous and firm growth of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on rGO without compromising the intrinsic properties of rGO. When evaluated as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries, Fe3O4/CN x /rGO nanohybrids exhibit very long lifespan of 1000 cycles with high capacities at high current densities of 2–5Ag−1, as well as excellent high-rate capability of up to 10Ag−1. As a non-precious metal catalyst, these nanohybrids also exhibit comparable catalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reaction to commercial Pt/C catalyst in terms of high electron transfer number, high current density, good durability and methanol tolerance capability.
GPS and accelerometer tracking presently revolutionises the fields of ecology and animal behaviour. However, the effects of tag characteristics like weight, attachment and data quality on study outcomes and animal welfare are important to consider. In this study, we compare how different tag attachment types influence the behaviour of a group of tagged large waterbirds, GPS accuracy and behaviour classification success from accelerometer data.
N-doped graphene/Co nanocomposites (NG/Co NPs) have been prepared by a simple one-step pyrolysis of Co(NO3)2∙6H2O, glucose and dicyandiamide (DCDA). The products with nitrogen doped and suitable graphitic degree perform high electrocatalytic activity (with the reduction peak at −0.099V vs Ag/AgCl) and near four-electron selectivity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), with excellent stability and durability in alkaline medium comparable to a commercial Pt/C catalyst. Owing to the superb ORR performance, low cost and facile preparation, the catalysts of NG/Co NPs have great potential applications in fuel cells, metal-air batteries and ORR-related electrochemical industries.
This study examines the specificity of the contribution of the right hemisphere to the processing of metaphoric meaning of words. Ten right- and 10 left-hemisphere-damaged subjects, and 20 normal control subjects were submitted to: (1) a word-triad task where they had to associate alternative metaphoric and non-metaphoric words to a target word, and to (2) a word-dyad task where they had to decide whether or not there was a semantic relationship between two words. The two tasks aimed at differentiating between the subjects’ preference for a given semantic meaning versus a genuine semantic deficit for a particular meaning. Results revealed that both right- and left-hemisphere-damaged groups presented a genuine semantic deficit for the processing of metaphoric meaning. The absence of a double dissociation between the two brain-damaged groups does not support the hypothesis of a specific contribution of the right-hemisphere to the processing of metaphoric meaning of words.
The importance of telehealth strategies in addressing the health needs of rural residents has been well documented. A core problem in enacting telehealth strategies for patient education in rural settings, however, is a lasting perception that rural residents do not have access to, comfort with, or willingness to use varying emerging technologies. The current study was undertaken to simultaneously investigate access to technologies, comfort with technologies, and willingness to participate in technology-based interventions among high-need rural clinical populations. A sample of 199 patients was recruited at a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) in the rural South using convenience sampling. Participants completed a battery of assessments addressing technology access, use, and comfort as well as likelihood of participating in intervention modalities. Access to technologies among this underserved group was remarkably high; rural patients reported having high levels of access (near or above 50%) for all technologies assessed except for mp3 players. Comfort with using technologies was even higher, and participants reported being most likely to participate in programs taking place at a doctor’s office or in a church. The most likely technology to be embraced for interventions was interactive DVDs. The current study indicates that access to and comfort with emerging technologies is strong among highly underserved patients. Because of their ability to address transportation, access, and privacy concerns in rural settings, technology-based interventions (particularly those using DVDs or texting or delivered at a doctor’s office or church) should be developed and tested specifically for rural populations.
We present a molecular phylogenetic analysis for two families within the Pleosporomycetidae (Dothideomycetes), the Hysteriaceae, and the Mytilinidiaceae, using four nuclear genes, the ribosomal LSU and SSU, transcription elongation factor 1 α and the second largest RNA polymerase II subunit. Multigene phylogenies provide strong support for the monophyly of the Hysteriaceae and of the Mytilinidiaceae, both within the Pleosporomycetidae. However, sequence data also indicate that both families are not closely related within the subclass. Although core groups for many of the genera in the Hysteriaceae have been defined, Hysterium, Gloniopsis, and Hysterographium are polyphyletic, with affinities not premised on spore septation and pigmentation. Glonium is also polyphyletic, but along two highly divergent lines. The genus lies outside of the Hysteriaceae, and finds close affinities instead with the family Mytilinidiaceae, for which we propose Gloniaceae fam. nov. to accommodate the type, G. stellatum and related forms. The genus Psiloglonium is reinstated within the Hysteriaceae, with P. lineare, as type, to accommodate non-subiculate species, with apically obtuse didymospores. Farlowiella is removed from the Hysteriaceae, but remains within the Pleosporomycetidae. In contrast, despite divergent spore morphologies, the genera Mytilinidion and Lophium form a strongly supported clade, thus defining a highly monophyletic Mytilinidiaceae, adjacent to the Gloniaceae, for which we propose the Mytilinidiales ord. nov. The genus Ostreichnion, previously in the Mytilinidiaceae, is here transferred to the Hysteriaceae. It is concluded that the evolution of the hysterothecium occurred multiple times within the Pleosporomycetidae, and alone it is not a synapomorphic character state for the Hysteriaceae.
We describe a simple route for synthesizing electrically conductive Ag-coated Si anode materials with a high surface coverage via a simple chemical reduction process. A one-pot reduction process in the presence of alkylamine leads to a formation of Ag-coated Si particles at low temperature. The Ag-coated Si particles are highly dispersive and stable in aqueous and alcoholic solvents, and significantly enhance the poor electrical conductivity of Si particles. The electrically conductive Ag-coated Si electrodes exhibited excellent electrochemical performances, including a high reversible capacity (1550mAhg−1 at 0.1C rate), a stable cycling performance (a specific capacity of 1320mAhg−1 at 0.2C rate after 100 cycles), and excellent rate capability (a charge capacity of 640mAhg−1 at 5C rate). This simple route may open up an effective way to make other anode and cathode materials for practical lithium-ion battery applications.
A novel coated current collector has been applied to improve the electrochemical performance of sulfur cathode. The conductive adhesion layer was successfully coated onto an Al foil by a simple slurry-coating method, as examined by scanning electron microscopy. The effect of the conductive adhesion layer on the electrochemical performance of sulfur cathode was investigated by charge–discharge cycle tests, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results of electrochemical tests demonstrate that introducing conductive adhesion layer not only increases the rate capacity, but also greatly enhances the cycle performance of sulfur cathode with a specific capacity of 497.5 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles. The remarkable enhancements can be attributed to the reduction in charge transfer resistance. The curves of CV indicate that the sulfur cathode containing conductive adhesion layer displays an improved electrochemical reversibility.
Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) cathode material has been synthesized by a solid-state reaction which uses Li3PO4 and Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O as starting materials. These materials were mixed with alumina balls and treated thermally at various temperatures in an argon and hydrogen atmosphere. The crystalline intensity of LiFePO4 powder prepared at 700°C is higher than that of powders prepared at 600 and 800°C. The particle size increases as the heat-treatment temperature increases. The material prepared at 700°C gives a higher discharge capacity than the other materials, namely, 100mAhg−1 at the C/5 rate, which corresponds to 0.25mAcm−2 and at room temperature. Although the capacity increases as the operating temperature is raised, the degree of capacity fade also increases.
This study was performed to determine the tick species that infest cattle and humans throughout an altitudinal gradient in the Yungas Biogeographic Province of Argentina. The presence of tick-borne bacteria of the genera Rickettsia, Ehrlichia and Borrelia in the collected ticks was also evaluated. Samples of ticks parasitizing cattle and humans were carried out in different seasons. Questing ticks (adults and nymphs) were collected from vegetation and analyzed to detect the presence of Rickettsia, Ehrlichia and Borrelia by a battery of different PCRs. Five species of hard ticks were found parasitizing cattle: Amblyomma sculptum, Amblyomma tonelliae, Amblyomma hadanii, Haemaphysalis juxtakochi and Ixodes pararicinus. Amblyomma sculptum (immature and adults), A. tonelliae (immature and adults), A. hadanii (larvae) and one nymph of I. pararicinus were found attached to humans. Rickettsia amblyommatis was detected in one nymph of A. hadanii. DNA of a Borrelia genospecies belonging to the B. burgdorferi s.l. complex (phylogenetically related to haplotypes previously reported in Ixodes aragaoi from Uruguay and I. pararicinus from Argentina) was detected in adults of I. pararicinus. Amblyomma sculptum and I. pararicinus appear to be the tick species more frequent on cattle in the YBP from Argentina, and A. sculptum and A. tonelliae, were the main ticks found attached to humans. The medical importance of the bacteria of the genus Rickettsia and Borrelia detected in this work remains unknown.
An integrated self-charging power cell (SCPC) is realized from a CuO/PVDF nanocomposite piezo-anode. The efficiency of the integrated SCPC is higher than that of the non-integrated SCPC. The intimate and large contact between CuO and PVDF results in an effective use of the piezoelectric field in the internal piezo-electrochemical process.
Review of US medical and recreational marijuana laws (MML and RML), their effects on cannabis potency, prevalence of non-medical cannabis use and cannabis use disorder (CUD) in adolescents and adults, and implications for neuroscience research, given what is known about the relationship of cannabis to neurocognitive impairments and underlying brain functioning.
A new energy harvester by coupling the electromagnetic induction and the pitch vibration of a rigid wing is built up in this paper. It is aimed: (1) to harvest energy from the pitch limit cycle oscillation (LCO) of the wing due to the preloaded free-play nonlinearity; (2) to introduce a theoretical analysis scheme based on the equivalent linearized method into the design of this harvester. With the equivalent linearized method, the domains of the single stable LCO and double stable LCOs are respectively obtained. Combining the analytical and numerical solutions, the single stable LCO along with the stable limit cycle amplitude greater than its corresponding unstable one is recognized as the better mode for harvesting, since the larger limit cycle domain is induced and the more energy are yielded. Based on such chosen mode, analyses of varying parameters are conducted with respect to the plunge stiffness, pitch stiffness, distance of elastic axis from center of gravity, distance of geometric center from elastic axis, load resistance and magnetic flux density. Meanwhile, three indicators are applied to reveal their effects on the harvesting performances: (1) the size of limit cycle domain, (2) the onset velocity of LCO, and (3) the energy output.
The electrical and mechanical properties of hot-pressed versus sintered Li0.33La0.57TiO3 at temperature of 1050°C were investigated. It was observed that hot-pressed Li0.33La0.57TiO3 exhibited a higher total Li-ion conductivity (∼20×) and hardness (∼11×) compared to sintered Li0.33La0.57TiO3 as a result of its higher density. Hot-pressed Li0.33La0.57TiO3 had a similar relative density and total Li-ion conductivity when compared to Li0.33La0.57TiO3 sintered at 1250°C, where significant Li2O loss occurs. These results suggest that hot-pressing can be used as a consolidation method to reduce Li2O loss to obtain dense Li0.33La0.57TiO3.
Layered MnO2 is very attractive cathode material for zinc-ion battery (ZIB) due to its large interlayer distance, high discharge capacity, low cost, and environmental benignity. However, layered MnO2 exhibits capacity fading. Therefore, detailed studies of the structural transformation and electrochemical mechanism of layered MnO2 during cycling are urgently required for performance improvement. In this contribution, we have utilized in situ synchrotron, ex situ X-ray diffraction, and ex situ synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyses in order to evaluate the structural transformation of a layered MnO2 during Zn-ion insertion. We found that during initial cycles, the electrode was able to maintain its layered structure; however, after prolonged cycles, it completely transformed into an irreversible spinel structure. We also observed the manganese dissolution from the electrode into the electrolyte during continuous cycling. The formation of irreversible spinel phase and manganese dissolution are responsible for capacity fading. Our findings provide the understanding for further improvement of layered MnO2 as cathode material for next generation ZIB systems.
To improve the cycle-life performance of LiFePO4/Cu-Sn lithium ion battery, a new methodology using a foam-type three-dimensional current collector was investigated. By applying the three-dimensional nickel substrate for the negative electrode, instead of conventional copper foil, the cycle performance of the Cu-Sn electrode was improved. In addition, a heat treatment of the electrode was revealed to suppress the capacity decline drastically: the heat treated electrode showed the capacity above 400mAhg−1 even after 50 cycles. A full-cell which combined the developed negative electrode and a positive electrode based on LiFePO4 also showed a favorable cycle performance. Furthermore, a full-cell using aqueous slurry was prepared, and the cell exhibited an excellent cycle-life performance in which it maintained above 90% of the maximum capacity even at the 200th cycle.