batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Emergence of advanced network analysis techniques utilizing resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) has enabled a more comprehensive understanding of neurological disorders at a whole-brain level. However, inferring brain connectivity from R-fMRI is a challenging task, particularly when the ultimate goal is to achieve good control–patient classification performance, owing to perplexing noise effects, curse of dimensionality, and inter-subject variability. Incorporating sparsity into connectivity modeling may be a possible solution to partially remedy this problem since most biological networks are intrinsically sparse. Nevertheless, sparsity constraint, when applied at an individual level, will inevitably cause inter-subject variability and hence degrade classification performance. To this end, we formulate the R-fMRI time series of each region of interest (ROI) as a linear representation of time series of other ROIs to infer sparse connectivity networks that are topologically identical across individuals. This formulation allows simultaneous selection of a common set of ROIs across subjects so that their linear combination is best in estimating the time series of the considered ROI. Specifically, l1-norm is imposed on each subject to filter out spurious or insignificant connections to produce sparse networks. A group-constraint is hence imposed via multi-task learning using a l2-norm to encourage consistent non-zero connections across subjects. This group-constraint is crucial since the network topology is identical for all subjects while still preserving individual information via different connectivity values. We validated the proposed modeling in mild cognitive impairment identification and promising results achieved demonstrate its superiority in disease characterization, particularly greater sensitivity to early stage brain pathologies. The inferred group-constrained sparse network is found to be biologically plausible and is highly associated with the disease-associated anatomical anomalies. Furthermore, our proposed approach achieved similar classification performance when finer atlas was used to parcellate the brain space.
Today, the whole world is fighting a public health emergency called ‘COVID-19’ caused by a new infectious virus called SARS-CoV2. Any person can catch COVID-19 from an infected person via aerosol droplets when the person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. To limit such a transmission, World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended people to wear masks and physically distance themselves by staying at least 1 m (3 feet) away from others. As aerosol droplets (by cough or sneeze) land on objects and surfaces around the person such as tables, doorknobs and handrails, and remain active on these surfaces for hours to days, people are advised to use soaps for at least 20 s. and alcohol-based sanitizers as well. As the public made efforts, clinicians and researchers investigated and found that drugs which were initially used to treat other diseases may work as a treatment option for COVID-19. One of those drugs was Chloroquine and its related derivative called hydroxychloroquine. In this review article, we have systematically searched for details of COVID-19 pandemic till May 2020 and assembled few data pertaining to (i) Corona viruses; (ii) SARS-CoV2, the virus that causes COVID-19’ and (iii) How chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine mediates anti-viral effect in both prophylactic and therapeutic setting. These data have been acquired mostly from PubMed and websites of WHO and Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR). We did a systematic search and found that the properties of chloroquine are very much essential for the COVID-19 scenario. We also bring to you some evidence that the anti-lysosomal activity of chloroquine may be increased by botanicals like betulinic acid.
Purpose We examined the frequency of adolescents’ and their parents’ mobile phone use while driving (MPUWD) in the context of their peer and parent-child interlocutors (i.e., communication partners), considering individual differences in perceived risk and symptoms of technology addiction. Methods Ninety-four participants (47 parent-adolescent dyads) completed a survey battery measuring their symptoms of technology addiction, perceived risk of MPUWD, and MPUWD with family members and with their peers as assessed via the proportion of trips when drivers used a mobile phone to communicate. Results For both adolescents and their parents across both types of interlocutors (parent-child, peer), stronger risk perceptions were associated with less MPUWD, and stronger symptoms of technology addiction were associated with more MPUWD. A three-way interaction among technology addiction, interlocutor (parent-child, peer), and driver (parent, adolescent) was observed. For adolescents, the association between technology addiction and MPUWD was significantly stronger for MPUWD with their peers than it was for their MPUWD with their parents; this association was not observed for parents. Parents engaged in MPUWD with their children as frequently as adolescents engaged in MPUWD with their peers. Conclusions Symptoms of technology addiction play a stronger role for adolescents’ MPUWD with their peers than it does for adolescents’ MPUWD with their parents. These and other driver-by-interlocutor interactions should be considered in future research on distracted driving and in prevention efforts.
In this work, multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) bonded graphene (M-GR) composites were prepared using the chemical reduction of graphite oxide (GO) and acid treated MWNTs with different ratios. The M-GR/polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites (M-GR/PANI) were prepared using oxidation polymerization. The effect of the M-GR ratio on the electrochemical performances of the M-GR/PANI was investigated. It was found that the substrate 2D graphene was coated with 1D MWNTs by chemical reduction and the M-GR was further coated with PANI, leading to increased electrical properties by the π–π interaction between the M-GR and PANI. In addition, the electrochemical performances, such as the current density, charge–discharge, and specific capacitance of the M-GR/PANI were higher than those of graphene/PANI and the highest specific capacitance (1118F/g) of the composites was obtained at a scan rate of 0.1A/g for the PANI containing a 0.5 M-GR ratio compared to 191F/g for the graphene/PANI. The dispersion of the MWNTs onto the graphene surface and the ratio of M-GR had a pronounced effect on the electrochemical performance of the PANI-based composites, which was attributed to the highly conductive pathway created by the M-GR incorporated in the PANI-based composites and the synergistic effect between M-GR and PANI.
Dispersal to efficiently locate future breeding areas in young animals has important consequences for survival, life history and future breeding success, and therefore population dynamics and evolution. Long-distance migrant birds that have little time immediately pre-breeding may use the post-fledging period to locate their future breeding territory. We radio-tracked 37 juvenile Cyprus Wheatears, Oenanthe cypriaca, a long-distance migrant passerine, to investigate movements for 10 weeks post-fledging. We measured how distance from the nest and distance of consecutive movements changed with age. We tested whether distance from the nest stopped increasing and consecutive movement distance became similar to pre-dispersal distances, consistent with a fledgling adopting a post-fledgling home range that could reflect scoping out a future local breeding territory. Fledglings had a very high survival rate. Directed movements away from the natal territory started at about 18 days until about 45 days when individuals adopted a more fixed location on average about 600 m (range 0–1500) from their natal site, and further movements were at a scale equivalent to movements within an adult-sized breeding territory. Our results suggest dispersal followed by settlement in a fixed home range prior to first migration that could function to identify the breeding site location for the following year.
Electrode compression is an effective approach to enhance the performance of vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Electrode compression can decrease the contact resistance between the electrode and the current collector. Porous electrode compression and deformation are not uniform because of the rib-channel patterns and part of the fibers pressed into the channel. The effects of the non-uniform deformation of a compressed electrode on the performance of a VRFB with flow field are not fully analyzed. In this study, a non-uniform model is proposed to consider the electrode shape deformation and non-uniformity of physical properties inside a compressed electrode. Morphological features of a deformed electrode including the intrusion ratio and local porosities under compression are investigated. Non-uniformly compressed electrodes with different local porosity and permeability are obtained. The predicted cell performance is initially validated using experiment data. The performance of VRFB with non-uniformly compressed electrode and serpentine flow field are investigated under different compression ratios (CRs). The non-uniform model can reasonably predict the charge/discharge and flow behavior. The velocity profile, local current density, and overpotential fluctuation along the rib and channel regions are obtained. The bulk velocity associated with species transport is improved because of the decreased cross-section areas of the flow channel inside the compressed electrode. An appropriate compression can improve the VRFB performance because of the enhanced species transport and increased reaction area when the intrusion part is considered. An optimized electrode CR of 55.7% is found to exhibit the maximum concentration uniformity as well as the minimum current density and overpotential. The present model can guide the VRFB design when the compressed electrode is considered.
In this paper, we present a study of the effect of electrode intrusion into the flow channel in an all-vanadium redox flow battery. Permeability, pressure drop and electrochemical performance have been measured in a cell with active area 100 cm2and 414 cm2 fitted with a carbon felt electrode of thickness of 3, 6 or 9 mm compressed to 1.5, 2.5 or 4 mm, respectively, during assembly. Results show that the pressure drop is significantly higher than what can be expected in the thick electrode case while its electrochemical performance is lower. Detailed flow analysis using computational fluid dynamics simulations in two different flow fields shows that both these results can be attributed to electrode intrusion into the flow channel leading to increased resistance to electrolyte flow through the electrode. A correlation is proposed to evaluate electrode intrusion depth as a function of compression.
Acer oblongum is unique among maples because of the leaf structure and cryptic monoecy. In the present study, an in-depth investigation of reproductive biology has been carried out to study the pollination biology and breeding system of the tree species. The flowers show mixed characteristics of both entomophilous and anemophilous pollination in structure and pollen characteristics, respectively, and can thus be considered as ambophilous (exhibiting traits conducive to both insect and wind pollination). The wind was the primary means of pollination, but exclusion experiments showed that insects (Apis dorsata and syrphid fly) also facilitated pollination by 3–5%. The stigma of hermaphrodite flowers is located 2–3 cm above the level of indehiscent anthers. Interestingly, the insect pollinators hardly came in contact with the pistil; they only brought the pollen close to the stigma and shed it in its vicinity, to be trapped almost like the wind-borne pollen grains on the stigmatic papillae. Anthers of hermaphrodite flowers serve a relict function by attracting insect pollinators, but not contributing to self or cross-pollination. Fruit set following manual geitonogamous and xenogamous pollination showed a difference. The probable reason accounting for low fruit set seems to be the limited number of pollen donors (Staminate type II flowers), high pollen sterility, sparse distribution of individual trees, and geitonogamous pollen. Fruits are dry, indehiscent samaras. Mature fruits do not invariably bear seeds inside since hollow fruits are formed even when ovules inside remain unfertilized.
This paper presents an overview of methods that have been used to estimate the state of stress in rock masses, with the emphasis on methods applicable to hard rocks and Scandinavia. Rock stress is a difficult quantity to estimate because the rock stress measuring techniques consist of perturbing the rock, measuring displacements or hydraulic parameters, and converting the measured quantities into rock stresses. There are two main types of method: those that disturb the in situ rock conditions, i.e. by inducing strains, deformations or crack opening pressures; and those that are based on observation of rock behaviour without any major influence from the measuring method. The most common methods are briefly described including their application areas and limiting factors.
A Si/porous reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite film synthesized by evaporation and leavening method are developed as a high-performance anode material for lithium ion batteries. The porous structure as buffer base can effectively release the volume expansion of the silicon particles, increase the electrical conductivity and reduce the transfer resistance of Li ions. The Si/porous rGO composite film presents high specific capacity and good cycling stability (1261mAhg−1 at 50mAg−1 up to 70 cycles), as well as enhanced rate capability. This approach to prepare such a unique structure is a low-cost and facile route for the silicon-based anode materials.
As the fourth phase of the Three Gorges reservoir project commenced in 2008, the rate of water flow in the Yangtze River has obviously decelerated further downstream and water clarity within the storage facility has decreased. Meanwhile, the rate of urbanization in the region is adding to the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) being generated by every day life. The composition of the waste is becoming more diversified and complicated, thereby presenting an increasing threat to the ecological environment and water resources of the Three Gorges region. This paper is a probe into MSW in terms of its characteristics as well as methods of storage, collection, transportation, recycling, treatment and disposal, the protection of environmental ecosystems. Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is one of the major environmental problems in the Three Gorges region, and indeed the whole of China. Based on the analysis of the present situation of MSWM and its treatment/disposal, some methods of sorting, recycling, decomposing, incineration and reuse are described, sanitary landfill as the main disposal method in Chongqing city, incineration being the second. Sanitary landfill or dump was also used for MSW treatment in the Three Gorges region, and this paper also provides some suggestions for improving MSWM in the Three Gorges region.
Three-dimensional self-supported cathode nanoarchitectures are the key to develop high-performance thin film lithium-ion microbatteries and flexible lithium-ion batteries. In this work, we have developed a facile “hydrothermal lithiation” strategy to prepare vertically aligned porous LiMn2O4 nanowall arrays, comprising highly crystallized spinel nanoparticles, on various conductive substrates without high temperature treatment. The “hydrothermal lithiation” can effectively convert Mn3O4 spinel nanowall arrays into LiMn2O4 spinel nanowall arrays without severe morphology change. The binder-free three-dimensional porous LiMn2O4 nanowall arrays exhibit high specific reversible capacity up to 131mAhg−1 (or 0.29mAhcm−2) as well as outstanding cycling stability and rate capability, making them promising as cathodes for both three-dimensional thin film lithium-ion microbatteries and flexible lithium-ion batteries. A flexible lithium-ion full cell is demonstrated by using LiMn2O4 nanowall arrays on carbon cloth as the cathode and Li4Ti5O12 nanowall arrays on carbon cloth as the anode. The flexible Li4Ti5O12//LiMn2O4 full cell device, employing three-dimensional nanoarchitectures for both cathode and anode, can deliver specific reversible capacities of 124.8mAhg−1 (based on the weight of cathode material) at 1C and 92.1mAhg−1 at 20C with excellent cycle performance. Our work demonstrates the great potential for flexible energy storage technology using low cost fabrication method of nanoarchitectures.
Microglia-driven cerebral spreading inflammation is a key contributor to secondary brain injury after SAH. Genetic depletion or deactivation of microglia has been shown to ameliorate neuronal cell death. Therefore, clinically feasible anti-inflammatory approaches counteracting microglia accumulation or activation are interesting targets for SAH treatment. Here, we tested two different methods of interference with microglia-driven cerebral inflammation in a murine SAH model: (i) inflammatory preconditioning and (ii) pharmacological deactivation.
To improve the chemical reaction rate of oxygen charging on a manganese dioxide electrode of a fuel cell/battery system, we used highly dissolved oxygen in an electrolyte. For this chemical reaction, a discharged electrode was placed in a pressure-resistant chamber containing an electrolyte and then oxygen was supplied at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0MPa to the electrolyte for 20, 40, and 60min. Electrochemical characterization and X-ray diffraction were carried out to measure the amount of charge and the changes in the crystal structure before and after the chemical charging process. The results obtained from the chemical charge/electrochemical discharge experiments indicate that the dissolved oxygen in the alkaline solution can chemically charge the discharged electrode. The charge rate and amount were found to increase with O2 partial pressure and supply time. Additionally, X-ray diffraction confirmed that the chemical charging process with dissolved oxygen is accompanied by a crystal structure change with the emission of protons and electrons from MnOOH in the same manner as in the electrochemical charging process.
The thick bi-layered gel-like film has been grown by anodizing iron in a novel electrolyte composition based on dimethyl sulfoxide and silica hexafluoride acid (H2SiF6) and examined. The thickness of the anodic film composed of the inner orange-colored nanoporous layer and the outer cherry-colored gel-like layer increased at a constant rate up to 40–50μm depending on the bath composition and anodizing conditions. Under drying and subsequently annealing, the gel layer shrinks and cracks producing hierarchical morphology of thick films mainly composed of hematite (a-Fe2O3). Scanning electron microscopy, Mössbauer, Raman and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopies, and X-ray diffraction have been applied to reveal the composition and morphology of these novel films before and following various post-treatments.
Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is associated not only with knee instability and impaired neuromuscular control, but also with altered postural orientation manifested as observable "substitution patterns". However, tests currently used to evaluate knee function in subjects with ACL injury are not designed to assess postural orientation. Therefore, we are in the process of developing an observational test set that measures postural orientation in terms of the ability to stabilize body segments in relation to each other and to the environment. The aim of the present study was to characterise correlations between this novel test set, called the Test for Substitution Patterns (TSP) and commonly used tests of knee function.
The influence of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) on the electrochemical and thermal properties of graphite anodes is examined. The dQ/dV graph of graphite/Li cells shows that the electrochemical reduction peak of an electrolyte shifts to higher potential in the presence of FEC. The DSC results for graphite anodes cycled in FEC-containing electrolytes clearly exhibit that an exothermic peak at around 120°C mostly disappears. It is demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) that SEI formed by the electrochemical reduction of FEC consists of a relatively high proportion of LiF and gives low interfacial resistance for graphite/Li/Li cells.
During the last decades, huge efforts have been made to enhance the efficiency as well as performance of lead–acid batteries. The configuration of grid wires plays an important role in minimizing the ohmic drop and hence, improving its current collecting ability. In the current study, numerical methods have been employed to investigate the effects of grid configuration on the performance of a positive electrode in lead–acid batteries. Potential and current density distributions have been modeled through grid wires, active material and adjacent electrolyte to the surface of each grid. The modeling results are consistent with experimental findings in the literature saying that the optimized diagonal design for grid configuration provides lower total grid weight as well as enhanced current collecting role comparing to other designs such as, conventional, diagonal and expanded metal. This confirms that numerical modeling is a fast, inexpensive and effective method for optimization of the battery grid configuration.
The differences in the safety behaviour between un-aged and aged high-power 18650 lithium-ion cells were investigated at the cell and material level by Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) and Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA). Commercial cells containing a Li x Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2/Li y Mn2O4 blend cathode, a carbon/graphite anode and a PP/PE/PP trilayer separator were aged by high-rate and low temperature cycling, leading to (i) mechanical deformation of the jelly roll and (ii) lithium plating on the anode. The results show a strong influence of the ageing history on the safety behaviour. While cycling at high current does not have a strong influence on the cell safety, lithium plating leads to a significant increase of heat formation during thermal runaway and thus to a higher hazard of safety.
Accurate assessment of isometric hand grip strength (HGS) and isometric lower limb strength (LS) are often limited to specialized clinics due to high costs and need for specialized equipment and personnel. A mobile and user-friendly device would facilitate a wider use of these measures in the clinical setting. The Nintendo Wii Balance Board (WBB) is a novel and pragmatic tool that has been validated for measuring muscle strength and other clinically relevant physiological variables. However, reference data for HGS and LS are lacking. The purpose of the current study is to establish reference data for HGS and LS in individuals ≥20 years of age using the WBB method, and to characterize the effects of age in these measurements.
Silicon nitride thin films deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) were evaluated for their performance as lithium ion battery anodes. PECVD is a mature technique in the semiconductor industry, but has been less utilized in battery research. We show that PECVD is a powerful tool to control the chemical composition of battery materials and its corresponding specific capacity. A 250 nm nitride anode was shown to have a stable reversible capacity of 1800 mAh g−1 with 86% capacity retention after 300 cycles. The capacity dropped for thicker films (1 μm), where it retained 76% after 100 cycles. The high reversible capacity of the PECVD nitride anode was attributable to a conductive Li3N matrix and excellent adhesion between PECVD films and copper current collectors.