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The role of iron in Na 1.5Fe 0.5Ti 1.5(PO 4)3/C electrode material for Na batteries has been studied by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy in operando mode. The potential profile obtained in the galvanostatic regime shows three plateaus at different voltages due to different reaction mechanisms. Two of them, at 2.2 and 0.3 V vs Na +/Na 0, have been associated to redox processes involving iron and titanium in Na 1.5Fe 0.5Ti 1.5(PO 4)3. The role of titanium was previously elucidated for NaTi 2(PO 4)3 and the effect of the substitution of Fe for Ti was investigated with 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. We show that iron is an electrochemically active center at 2.2 V with the reversible Fe 3+/Fe 2+ transformation and then remains at the oxidation state Fe 2+ along the sodiation until the end of discharge at 0 V.
Flow batteries with high energy density and long cycle life have been pursued to advance the progress of energy storage and grid application. Non-aqueous batteries with wide voltage windows represent a promising technology without the limitation of water electrolysis, but they suffer from low electrolyte concentration and unsatisfactory battery performance. Here, a non-aqueous lithium bromine rechargeable battery is proposed, which is based on Br2/Br− and Li+/Li as active redox pairs, with fast redox kinetics and good stability. The Li/Br battery combines the advantages of high output voltage (∼3.1V), electrolyte concentration (3.0mol/L), maximum power density (29.1mW/cm2) and practical energy density (232.6Wh/kg). Additionally, the battery displays a columbic efficiency (CE) of 90.0%, a voltage efficiency (VE) of 88.0% and an energy efficiency (EE) of 80.0% at 1.0mA/cm2 after continuously running for more than 1000 cycles, which is by far the longest cycle life reported for non-aqueous flow batteries.
One of the great technological challenges in 21st century is the development of renewable energy technologies due to serious problems related with the production and use of energy. A new promising area of research grows rapidly which is called Nanotechnologies are considered nowadays one of the most recommended choices to solve this problem. This review aims to introduce several significant applications of nanotechnology in renewable energy systems. Papers reviewed including theoretical and experimental works related with nanotechnology applications in solar, hydrogen, wind, biomass, geothermal and tidal energies. A lot of literature are reviewed and summarized carefully in a useful tables to give a panoramic overview about the role of nanotechnology in improving the various sources of renewable energies. We think that this paper can be considered as an important bridge between nanotechnology and all available kinds of renewable energies. From the other side, further researches are required to study the effect of nanotechnology to enhance the renewable energy industry especially in geothermal, wind and tidal energies, since the available papers in these fields are limited.
Multi-doped LiFePO4/C has been successfully synthesized using iron powder as an iron source and spent electroless nickel plating solution (SENPS) as phosphorus, carbon and dopants sources. A possible liquid-phase and solid-phase mechanisms for the formation of multi-doped LiFePO4/C are also proposed. The structure, morphology, elemental composition and particle size distribution of the powder are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and laser particle size analyzer, respectively. The charge-discharge tests demonstrate that the electrochemical properties of the material are comparable to that of the similar material prepared from SENPS and ferric oxide or ferrous oxalate, with the initial discharge capacities of 165.1, 158.8, 152, 145.8, 133.1 and 120.2 mAhg−1 at 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10C, respectively, and excellent cycling performance at 1C.
Hollow carbon nanofiber@nitrogen-doped porous carbon (HCNF@NPC) coaxial-cable structure composite, which is carbonized from HCNF@polydopamine, is prepared as an improved high conductive carbon matrix for encapsulating sulfur as a composite cathode material for lithium–sulfur batteries. The prepared HCNF@NPC–S composite with high sulfur content of approximately 80 wt% shows an obvious coaxial-cable structure with an NPC layer coating on the surface of the linear HCNFs along the length and sulfur homogeneously distributes in the coating layer. This material exhibits much better electrochemical performance than the HCNF–S composite, delivers initial discharge capacity of 982 mAh g−1 and maintains a high capacity retention rate of 63% after 200 cycles at a high current density of 837.5 mA g−1. The signiﬁcantly enhanced electrochemical performance of the HCNF@NPC–S composite is attributed to the unique coaxial-cable structure, in which the linear HCNF core provides electronic conduction pathways and works as mechanical support, and the NPC shell with nitrogen-doped and porous structure can trap sulfur/polysulfides and provide Li+ conductive pathways.
Accurately estimating the State of Charge (SOC) of the battery is the basis of Battery Management System (BMS). This paper has introduced a new modeling and state estimation method for the lithium battery system, which utilizes the fractional order theories. Firstly, a fractional order model based on the PNGV (Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicle) model is proposed after analyzing the impedance characteristics of the lithium battery and compared with the integer order model. With the observability of the discrete non-linear model of the battery confirmed, the method of the state observer based on the extended fractional Kalman filter (EFKF) and the least square identification method of battery parameters are studied. Then, it has been applied successfully to estimate the battery SOC using the measured battery current and voltage. Finally, a standard HPPC (Hybrid Pulse Power Characteristic) test is used for parameter identification and several experimental validations are investigated on a ternary manganese-nickel-cobalt lithium battery pack with a nominal capacity of 24 Ah which consists of ten Sony commercial cells (US18650GR G7) in parallels. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the fractional order model and the estimation method.
Liquid metal batteries are proposed for low-cost grid scale energy storage. During their operation, solid intermetallic phases often form in the cathode and are known to limit the capacity of the cell. Fluid flow in the liquid electrodes can enhance mass transfer and reduce the formation of localized intermetallics, and fluid flow can be promoted by careful choice of the locations and topology of a battery's electrical connections. In this context we study four phenomena that drive flow: Rayleigh-Bénard convection, internally heated convection, electro-vortex flow, and swirl flow, in both experiment and simulation. In experiments, we use ultrasound Doppler velocimetry (UDV) to measure the flow in a eutectic PbBi electrode at 160 °C and subject to all four phenomena. In numerical simulations, we isolate the phenomena and simulate each separately using OpenFOAM. Comparing simulated velocities to experiments via a UDV beam model, we find that all four phenomena can enhance mass transfer in LMBs. We explain the flow direction, describe how the phenomena interact, and propose dimensionless numbers for estimating their mutual relevance. A brief discussion of electrical connections summarizes the engineering implications of our work.
The detrimental decomposition of electrolytes, in particular the dehydrogenation of solvents, would accelerate the degradation of batteries and hinder the development of high-energy-density lithium–metal batteries (LMBs). The purpose of building classic concentrated electrolytes is to decrease the proportion of solvents, so that the solvent-related parasitic reactions can be suppressed. However, accompanied by the reduction of solvents, the electrolyte concentration processes would reach their limits when saturated states are achieved. Herein, beyond the concentrated electrolytes (solvent-definite state), an electrolyte with a more aggregative configuration was obtained after further depleting the solvent molecules within a Li+ solvation sheath. The prepared electrolyte demonstrated a largely expanded electrochemical stability window (enlarged from 4.5 V to 5.4 V vs. Li/Li+), enhanced stability towards high-Ni NCM-811 cathode and thin cathode electrolyte interlayer (CEI) films. Assembled with high-voltage cathodes (NCM-811 and 5.0 V-class LiCoMnO4 (LCMO)) and limited excess lithium metal, high-energy-density LMB full cells (above 630 W h kg−1) with ultra-stable cycling performance were achieved. We expect this electrolyte design strategy to expand the family of electrolytes and remedy the inherent defects of conventional electrolytes for high-energy-density LMBs.
The all-solid-state Li-air battery is a promising next-generation energy storage technique because of its high safety and high theoretical specific energy density. The all-solid-state Li-air batteries with LAGP as electrolyte layer, Li foil as anode and a mixture composed of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), RuO2 nanoparticles and Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5P3O12 (LAGP) as composite cathode were investigated in ambient air at room temperature. Charge overpotential was reduced because of the superior catalytic activities of RuO2 nanoparticles. Besides, SEM images showed the formation of chip-like products after discharge to 1000 mA h g-1 and wrinkles-like products after fully discharged to 2 V, respectively. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) demonstrated that the equilibrium voltage of all-solid-state Li-air batteries cycling in oxygen kept stable at 2.96 V while that cycling in ambient air maintained at 3.15 V. These results indicated that the electrochemical reactions of all-solid-state Li-air batteries can be ascribed to the formation and decomposition of lithium peroxide in oxygen and electrochemical reaction with moisture in air.
The reduction and reuse of composting leachate is an issue of importance in the field of decentralized solid waste management. In this study, composting leachate from source-separated food waste was treated and subsequently used as liquid fertilizer to irrigate Impatiens (Impatiens balsamina). The leachate was altered by adjusting storage time and dilution, and through addition of microbial inocula. For each test case, the effects of irrigation were monitored by analyzing the Impatiens extension degree, numbers of leaves and flowers, dry weight, and photosynthetic pigment content to assess fertilizer efficiency. The main results obtained revealed that the addition of microbial inocula and lengthening of storage times may lower COD concentrations, adjust pH value and maintain a comparatively high level of nutrient contents. By adding microbial inocula, a COD concentration of 9.6% and BOD5 concentration of 6.7% were obtained for non-treated leachate with the same storage time. COD concentrations in leachate decreased to 69.4% after 36weeks storage. Moreover, composting leachate promoted growth of Impatiens. The dry weight biomass of Impatiens irrigated using treated diluted leachate was 1.15–2.94 times that obtained for Impatiens irrigated using tap water. Lastly, following the irrigation of Impatiens over a short period, soil did not accumulate VOCs and heavy metals to levels exceeding relative standards. Further research on heavy metal and salinity accumulation in plants should be undertaken to meet the needs of large-scale applications.
To describe spouse caregivers’ perceived gains in their own words from participating in a fully manualized 5-session educational counseling program whose goals were to enhance their self-care and skills to interpersonally support their wife with breast cancer.
This study examined empathy-related responding in male adolescents with disruptive behavior disorder (DBD), high or low on callous-unemotional (CU) traits. Facial electromyographic (EMG) and heart rate (HR) responses were monitored during exposure to empathy-inducing film clips portraying sadness, anger or happiness. Self-reports were assessed afterward. In agreement with expectations, DBD adolescents with high CU traits showed significantly lower levels of empathic sadness than healthy controls across all response systems. Between DBD subgroups significant differences emerged at the level of autonomic (not verbal or facial) reactions to sadness, with high CU respondents showing less HR change from baseline than low CU respondents. The study also examined basal patterns of autonomic function. Resting HR was not different between groups, but resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was significantly lower in DBD adolescents with high CU traits compared to controls. Results support the notion that CU traits designate a distinct subgroup of DBD individuals.
Based on carbon cloth, flexible solid-state supercapacitors from bimetal oxide arrays of NiCo2O4@NiMoO4 deposited by conductive polymers of polyaniline (PANI) are prepared employing a two-step hydrothermal reaction, followed by high-temperature annealing and an in-situ polymerization process. The presence of NiMoO4 nanoplates prepared on NiCo2O4 nanowhires leads to the hierarchical flower-like nanostructures. In order to further enhance the conductivity and wettability, NiCo2O4@NiMoO4 is coated by the three-dimensional networks of PANI nanorods by means of the in-situ polymerization of aniline, the obtained NiCo2O4@NiMoO4/PANI nanocomposites illustrate a specific hierarchical holothurian-like morphology, which facilitates the adsorption and penetration as well as the rapid transportation of electrolyte ions within the nanopores in the active electrode materials, resulting in excellent electrochemical performances. The specific areal capacitance of the flexible carbon cloth-based electrodes reaches 2.38 F cm−2 at current density 1.0 mA cm−2, and the capacitance retention is 92.36% of the initial value after 5000 cycles, which finds applications in flexible and wearable devices.
Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites were prepared through a facile hydrolysis route and subsequent annealing process and used as the electroactive materials for supercapacitors. The as-prepared Fe3O4/rGO composites exhibit much higher specific capacitances than either pure rGO or pure Fe3O4, meanwhile, the electrochemical performance of Fe3O4/rGO composites with different amount of RGO has been compared. The optimized Fe3O4/rGO composites (FG-0.8) exhibit the highest specific capacitance of 350.6Fg−1 at 1mVs−1, 157.6Fg−1 of the specific capacitance can still be retained when the scan rate increases 100 times to 100mVs−1, indicating a good rate capability. These Fe3O4/rGO composites also show excellent cycling performance without any decrease of specific capacitance after 10,000 cycles. These fascinating performances can be attributed to the positive synergistic effect between Fe3O4 and rGO.
In the early part of the seventeenth century in Ireland select harbours along the southwest coast of Munster acted as the North Atlantic headquarters for pirates, primarily made up of English mariners. The places picked by the pirates as their bases were spatially strategic and three harbours in particular dominated this West Cork landscape—Baltimore, Leamcon and Crookhaven. Complicit English officers facilitated this activity and pirates and their families settled on the estates of the local officials while others used this pirate landscape as a staging point for plundering adventures further afield. As a consequence, piracy in Irish waters at that time had a profound influence on local economies, social activities and, in some cases, political events. Indeed the tolerance shown to it in the early seventeenth century in the southwest may be explained by the fact that it facilitated the colonial effort ongoing under the Munster Plantation and thus, inadvertently, suited the purposes of official government.
Stoichiometric LiMn2O4 was prepared by the Pechini method and heat-treated at temperatures between 600 and 800°C for 8h. Crystalline structures and the electrochemical properties of the prepared samples were investigated. The sample heat-treated at 600°C shows a trace amount of Mn2O3 with predominant spinel, whereas those prepared at temperatures between 700 and 800°C show exclusively spinel with similar lattice constants. The crystallinity index calculated from the (111) peak of XRD pattern increases with increasing heat-treatment temperature. All of the prepared samples show similar capacity fading rate. On the same cycle number, the specific capacity increases with increasing temperature of heat-treatment. It is found that samples with similar lattice constant exhibit similar specific discharging capacity on the same cycle number and similar fading rate at the high voltage plateau. The crystallinity index and the initial specific discharge capacity on the low-voltage plateau increase with increasing heat-treatment temperature.
Since carbon material was used as the electrode of perovskite solar cell (PSC), it has attracted wide attention because of its excellent thermal stability and low cost. However, serious charge recombination at the perovskite/carbon interface can lead to poor performance of carbon-based holeless PSCs. In this work, highly efficient and stable carbon-based PSC uses NiO nanoparticles as hole transport layer, which effectively promotes the separation and extraction of photogenerated carriers and inhibits the charge recombination at the perovskite layer/carbon electrode interface, thus improving the performance of the device. By optimizing the concentration of NiO nanoparticles, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of carbon-based PSC reaches 13.6%. This work shows adding NiO nanoparticles between the perovskite film and the carbon electrode efficiently improve the hole extraction and the performance of PSC.
A novel Sb/C polyhedra composite is successfully fabricated by a galvanic replacement reaction technique using metal organic frameworks as templates. In this composite, the ultrasmall Sb nanoparticles with an average size of 15 nm are homogeneously encapsulated into the carbon matrixes, forming a hierarchical porous structure with nanosized building blocks. Used as an anode material for lithium ion batteries, this composite exhibits high lithium storage capacities, excellent rate capability and superior cycle stability, higher than many reported results. Notably, a discharge capacity of 565 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1 is delivered after 100 repeated cycles. Even at a high current density of 1 A g−1, a discharge capacity of 400.5 mAh g−1 is also maintained after 500 cycles. Such superior cycling stability and rate discharge performance of the designed Sb/C composite can be attributed to the synergistic effect between Sb nanoparticles and the porous carbon matrixes.
Since toxicity is time dependent, short-term toxicity tests may overlook mixture effects, because chemical accumulation within an organism takes time. We therefore studied the effects of cadmium on the toxicokinetics of pyrene and its metabolites in the soil-dwelling collembolan Folsomia candida exposed through Lufa 2.2 soil. Single pyrene was rapidly taken up and steady state was reached within the 337-h exposure period. Simultaneous exposure to cadmium significantly decreased the pyrene uptake and elimination rate, resulting in a prolonged half life. Kinetics of the first phase metabolite OH-pyrene was also significantly influenced by cadmium. Cadmium increased the hydroxylation rate of pyrene but slowed down its further metabolization, again resulting in a prolonged half life. We showed that pyrene accumulation and metabolization are significantly influenced by the presence of cadmium. Our results suggest that mixture effects may be dependent on exposure time.
The effects of fluorination (F-treatment) of AB2-type Laves-phase Zr0.9Ti0.1V0.2Mn0.6Co0.1Ni1.1 (AB2) alloys and of mixing with untreated AB5-type MmNi3.68Co0.78Mn0.36Al0.28 (AB5) alloys on their charge–discharge characteristics were investigated. The F-treatment of the AB2 alloy greatly increased initial activation rate and discharge capacity and slightly improved high-rate dischargeability. The mixing of the F-treated AB2 alloy with untreated AB5 (<25 μm) alloy decreased somewhat the maximum discharge capacity compared to the fluorinated AB2 alloy but it greatly improved the high-rate dischargeability. In particular, the high-rate dischargeability for the AB2(F)AB5 (<25 μm) mixture positively deviated from the estimated values based on the maximum discharge capacity for both alloys and their content, suggesting that the AB5 alloy can work as a catalyst for dehydriding the AB2 alloy hydride besides as a hydrogen reservoir; a synergistic effect appeared by the mixing.
Using longitudinal multimodal imaging data collected in healthy older individuals, Jacobs et al. provide in vivo evidence in humans that amyloid deposition facilitates tau spread along connected pathways and memory decline.
Valve regulated lead–acid (VRLA) batteries named SEH65 series for hybrid vehicles have long been used in hybrid inverter-controlled motor and retarder system (HIMR) buses developed by Hino Motors Ltd. In order to elucidate the points for improving the battery performance, the battery performance, which were obtained during field use and by bench test, was analyzed in details. As the result, a new VRLA battery, with which longer life performance can be expected, has been developed by improving the positive grid corrosion resistance and adopting a new additive for the negative plates. In addition, it was found that estimation of residual life of the battery is possible by measuring the battery voltage in high-rate discharging during bus use and by adjusting it with the field use conditions.
Rechargeable aqueous Zn/α-MnO2 batteries are a possible alternative to lithium ion batteries for scalable stationary energy storage applications due to their low cost, safety and environmentally benign components. A critical need for advancement of this battery system is a full understanding of the electrochemical reaction mechanisms, which remain unclear. In this report, operando, spatiotemporal resolved synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping measurements on a custom aqueous Zn/α-MnO2 cell provided direct evidence of a Mn dissolution-deposition faradaic mechanism that governs the electrochemistry. Simultaneous visualization and quantification of the Mn distribution in the electrolyte revealed the formation of aqueous Mn species during discharge and depletion on charge. The findings are supported by ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction, Mn K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements. The elucidated mechanism is fundamentally different from the previously proposed Zn2+ insertion or conversion reactions. These findings provide a foundation for developing dissolution- deposition chemistries suitable for scalable stationary energy storage with aqueous electrolyte.