batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) fills a significant need for a standardized battery of cognitive tests to use in clinical trials for schizophrenia in adults aged 20–59. A need remains, however, to develop norms for younger individuals, who also show elevated risks for schizophrenia. Toward this end, we assessed performance in healthy adolescents. Baseline MCCB, reading and IQ data were obtained from healthy controls (ages 12–19) participating in two concurrent NIMH-funded studies: North American Prodromal Longitudinal Study phase 2 (NAPLS-2; n=126) and Boston Center for Intervention Development and Applied Research (CIDAR; n=13). All MCCB tests were administered except the Managing Emotions subtest from the Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test. Data were collected from 8 sites across North America. MCCB scores were presented in four 2-year age cohorts as T-scores for each test and cognitive domain, and analyzed for effects of age and sex. Due to IQ differences between age-grouped subsamples, IQ served as a covariate in analyses. Overall and sex-based raw scores for individual MCCB tests are presented for each age-based cohort. Adolescents generally showed improvement with age in most MCCB cognitive domains, with the clearest linear trends in Attention/Vigilance and Working Memory. These control data show that healthy adolescence is a dynamic period for cognitive development that is marked by substantial improvement in MCCB performance through the 12–19 age range. They also provide healthy comparison raw scores to facilitate clinical evaluations of adolescents, including those at risk for developing psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia-related conditions.
The thermal behavior of five lithium salts commonly used in the electrolytes of lithium-ion battery and one non-lithium salt used as a dominant salt of electrochemical capacitor was studied using simultaneous thermogravimetry (TG)–derivative thermogravimetry (DTG)–differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under a dynamic nitrogen atmosphere. The results showed that the amount of free acid remained in the five lithium salts and their initial revolution temperature are different and the stability of all six salts falls in the order LiClO4 >LiCF3SO3 >LiTFSI>TEABF4 >LiBF4 >LiPF6. In addition, the reaction heat values associated with their decomposition processes were measured, which showed the stages for the evolution of free acid are endothermic with lower reaction heat, while for the decomposition of salts either endo- or exothermic, mainly depending on their chemical compositions. Kinetic parameters for these decomposition reaction processes were obtained by jointly using two thermal kinetic analysis methods.
Background Nonlocalizing neurologic deficits detectable by clinical evaluation–“soft signs”–are a robust finding in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, but their conceptual and neuroanatomical correlates remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the organization of these deficits and their clinical correlates using the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES). Methods Ninety-three male veterans with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder were evaluated using a detailed clinical assessment that included the NES, the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale, the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), the Barnes Akathisia Scale, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome (SDS), and the Digit Symbol Substitution Task (DSST). Results Four factors explained 73% of the variance and had distinct clinical and neuropsychological correlates. Factor 1 reflected deficits involved with memory and sensory integration, and was associated with lower PANSS positive and higher AIMS scores. Factor 2 reflected impairments in motor control, and was associated with lower intelligence, more cognitive deficits, and deficit-syndrome schizophrenia. Factor 3 was related to lower intelligence and more perseverative errors on the WCST. Factor 4 was related to increasing age, more extrapyramidal symptoms, more perseverative errors, and worse scores on the DSST. Conclusions Neurologic deficits in schizophrenia have an intrinsic organization that appears to have clinical significance, highlighting the continued utility of the NES in studies of neurological deficits in schizophrenia patients. The theoretical underpinning of this organization remains unclear.
Microsupercapacitors (MSCs) are used as power sources or energy storage units in microelectronic devices. This study fabricates all-solid-state MSCs using a laser for the micromachining of substrates coated with activated mesophase pitch (aMP) to produce in-plane interdigitated microelectrodes for use in conjunction with gel-state electrolytes. Due to the inclusion of hierarchically-connected micropores and mesopores, aMP carbon has considerable capability for charge storage and the delivery of energy at high rates. Through reduction in the finger width, the proposed laser-patterned design substantially reduces the resistance to ion drift in the electrolyte bulk and ion diffusion across the carbon-film network. The use of an ionogel enables the MSC to reach stack capacitance of 12Fcm−3, stack energy of 16mWhcm−3, and stack power of 160Wcm−3. These energy and power values approach those obtained from thin-film lithium ion batteries and aluminum electrolytic capacitors, respectively; this synergy between high energy and power is unprecedented for MSCs. The proposed MSCs exhibit outstanding cycling stability and those using ionogel present high thermal stability. The proposed fabrication methods enable the on-chip integration of microelectronic devices and therefore provide an opportunity for the development of a variety of micro/nano-sized energy devices.
The ImX-MCM-41 (X = Cl, Br and I) catalysts were synthesized via grafting technique using MCM-41 synthesized by simple sol-gel method. These catalysts were characterized using FT-IR, N2-sorption, 13C CP/MAS NMR, XRD, TEM and SEM/EDS techniques. 13C CP/MAS NMR and FT-IR discovered the effective anchorage of imidazole and 1,2-dihaloethane on the MCM-41. SEM analysis images demonstrated that the catalysts comprise worm-like agglomerated structure which was alike to MCM-41. The catalysts were then used in cycloaddition of carbon dioxide and phenyl glycidyl ether under solvent less and co-catalyst free conditions. Among the prepared catalyst, ImBr-MCM-41 showed higher catalytic activity (96.7%) under ambient reaction conditions (100 °C, 20 bar initial CO2 pressure, 300 mg catalyst mass and 3 h). It was found that the use of ImI-MCM-41 and ImCl-MCM-41 resulted in a conversion of 77.3% and 26.4% respectively under the same reaction conditions. These results verified that the synergic effect owing to the strong nucleophilic characteristics of Br− and amine could have promoted the reaction efficiently. The catalyst was reproduced and reused four times without a substantial decrease in performance or product selectivity. A possible site for CO2 activation by ImBr-MCM-41 catalyst has been proposed.
The power output curves of solar photovoltaic (PV) system have multiple peaks under partially shaded condition. As the same as traditional MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) search methods, bat algorithm often makes optimized results fall into local extremum. So an improved bat algorithm is proposed. Chaos search strategy is introduced in initial arrangement to improve the uniformity and ergodicity of population. Adapting weight is introduced to balance the global searching ability and the local searching ability. Dynamic contraction regain decreases the search range more effectively. Compared with the original algorithm, the rapidity and accuracy of algorithm have been improved. The simulation shows that improved bat algorithm can find the globally optimal point fast, with high precision, under the partially shaded condition.
This study examined a novel method to identify carcinogens that employed expanded data sets composed of in silico data pooled with actual experimental genetic toxicity (genetox) and reproductive and developmental toxicity (reprotox) data. We constructed 21 modules using the MC4PC program including 13 of 14 (11 genetox and 3 reprotox) tests that we found correlated with results of rodent carcinogenicity bioassays (rcbioassays) [Matthews, E.J., Kruhlak, N.L., Cimino, M.C., Benz, R.D., Contrera, J.F., 2005b. An analysis of genetic toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, and carcinogenicity data: I. Identification of carcinogens using surrogate endpoints. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol.]. Each of the 21 modules was evaluated by cross-validation experiments and those with high specificity (SP) and positive predictivity (PPV) were used to predict activities of the 1442 chemicals tested for carcinogenicity for which actual genetox or reprotox data were missing. The expanded data sets had ∼70% in silico data pooled with ∼30% experimental data. Based upon SP and PPV, the expanded data sets showed good correlation with carcinogenicity testing results and had correlation indicator (CI, the average of SP and PPV) values of 75.5–88.7%. Conversely, expanded data sets for 9 non-correlated test endpoints were shown not to correlate with carcinogenicity results (CI values <75%). Results also showed that when Salmonella mutagenic carcinogens were removed from the 12 correlated, expanded data sets, only 7 endpoints showed added value by detecting significantly more additional carcinogens than non-carcinogens.
ZnMn2O4 spinel is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) which can utilize both conversion reaction and alloying reaction to provide its lithium storage capacity. In this study, we developed hierarchical porous ZnMn2O4 microspheres with more porous interior as high-performance anode for LIBs by adjusting the parameters of hydrothermal synthesis (e.g., temperature and time). With increasing hydrothermal temperature, the morphology of the microspheres progressively changed from a hollow interior to a porous interior, while the thickness of the more dense shell was reduced. The crystallinity of the spinel phase increased with hydrothermal temperature and time. The resultant morphologies of the samples indicate the dominant formation of hollow microspheres at 140 and 160°C and porous microspheres with more dense shell at 180°C. N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms reveal the dominant presence of mesopores and increased porosity with increasing temperature and time durations. Tested in a coin-type half-cell with Li counter electrode, a sample with optimized hydrothermal condition at 180°C for 9hours provides the optimal anode performance, retained 726mAhg−1 capacity after 90 cycles at 500mAg−1 current discharge rate.
We describe the electrochemical behavior of solid copper hexacyanoferrate (powder) investigated in the absence of contact with a liquid external supporting electrolyte. In addition to a typical hexacyanoferrate(III,II) redox transition, the system is characterized by a second electrode process which appears at more negative potentials. Diagnostic experiments, which include spectrochemical and solid-state voltammetric characterization, support our view that the latter redox reaction most likely originates from reduction of the system's lattice copper(II) ions. The overall dynamics of charge transport in the material, when discussed in terms of effective diffusion, is moderately high (on the level of 10−8 cm2 s−1). Comparison has been also made to the electrochemical behavior of solid Prussian blue and to the voltammetric characteristics of conventional electrodes modified with thin films of copper hexacyanoferrate.
LiCoO2 cathode materials have been prepared by a spray-drying technique. The stoichiometry of the materials, their morphology, and the phase composition and electrochemical performance have been studied. The effects of thermal annealing and decomposition processes on the structure are discussed in detail. The changes of Li content in materials were monitored by ICP spectrometry. It was established that the decomposition of the acetates at around 450°C is a slurry-making process that compacts the powder. It was found that well lithiated samples with good life cycle and high capacity can be prepared using acetate precursors and a spray solution technique. The morphology, grain size and texturing can be controlled by the sintering time and temperature in combination with intermediate grinding.
The chemical stability between Li metal and garnet-type solid electrolytes is currently under debate, mainly catalyzed by theoretical studies. Here, we investigate the stability of Li5La3Ta2O12 (LLTaO) towards lithium experimentally. Using a surface science approach, lithium is stepwise evaporated on an LLTaO thin film grown by CO2-laser assisted chemical vapor deposition. By annealing of the LLTaO thin film, the Li2CO3 surface layer can be removed, leaving only small traces of Li2CO3, Li2O2 and Li2O behind. The interface formation of LLTaO towards lithium is then monitored by means of X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Neither reaction products related to decomposition nor structural changes in the matrix of the Ta-based garnet-type solid-electrolyte can be detected, indicating that LLTaO exhibits chemical stability under equilibrium conditions. Furthermore, a model for the energy level alignment at the LLTaO/Li interface is discussed.
Low-cost and efficient electrocatalysts for water splitting hold a significant position in future renewable energy system. Herein, we first fabricated a self-standing bimetallic FeCo Prussian blue analogue nanosheet array (FeCo PBA) on Ni foam through ion exchange between K3[Fe(CN)6] and hydrothermal synthesized Co3(PO4)2·8H2O nanosheet arrays. Then the obtained FeCo PBA were facilely transformed into FeCo/C and FeCoP/C nanosheet arrays through hydrogenation and phosphidation, respectively. Benefiting from the enhanced mass transfer in porous structure, the intimate contact with Ni framework and the synergistic effect of bimetal sites, the resultant FeCo/C NS and FeCoP/C NS demonstrate superior oxygen and hydrogen evolution activity in alkaline media, respectively. Impressively, a low cell voltage of 1.55 V is sufficient to afford a current density of 10 mA cm−2 by coupling FeCo/C NS and FeCoP/C NS in a two-electrode water splitting electrolyzer, surpassing the performance of PtC based couple (Vcell,10 = 1.60 V). This work provides a new approach to construct highly efficient and cost-effective water splitting electrodes.
Background Calcific aortic stenosis (CAS) is the most common acquired valvular disorder in industrialized countries. This study investigates the correlation of different known biomarkers for CAS as a first step towards the development of a panel of biomarkers that can be used in prognostic staging. Methods Venous blood samples were obtained from both patients with CAS scheduled for surgery and healthy individuals. Plasma levels of fetuin-A, NT-proBNP, BNP, homocysteine and osteopontin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CAS was measured by echocardiography and was defined as an aortic valve area of less than 2.0 cm2. Non-paired t-tests were used for comparison. Results CAS was present in 33 subjects (mean age 75.9 y) and absent in 11 subjects (mean age 55.36 y). Individuals with CAS exhibited higher plasma levels of NT-proBNP (1.33 versus 0.73 pmol/mL, P < 0.05), BNP fragment (1.47 versus 0.34 ng/mL P < 0.05), and osteopontin (60.79 versus 25.42 ng/mL P < 0.05) compared with controls. Fetuin-A levels were lower in individuals with CAS than in healthy controls (0.25 versus 0.34g/L, P < 0.05). Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) were lower (1.08 versus 1.1 μmol/L, P > 0.05) while homocysteine levels (20.34 ± 2.14 versus 19.23 ± 4.19 P > 0.05) were higher in the CAS patients. Conclusion This study demonstrates a direct correlation of NT-pro-BNP, BNP, and osteopontin and the presence of CAS, while fetuin A showed an inverse correlation. Plasma ADMA and homocysteine levels were comparable in the CAS patients and healthy individuals. This is the first study in which several biomarkers previously studied independently in patients with CAS have been investigated simultaneously in the same study population.
Energy conversion efficiency was studied in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) with an air-breathing cathode using Nafion 117 as electrolyte membrane. The effect of operating conditions, such as methanol concentration, discharge voltage and temperature, on Faradic and energy conversion efficiencies was analyzed under constant voltage discharge with quantitative amount of fuel. Both of Faradic and energy conversion efficiencies decrease significantly with increasing methanol concentration and environmental temperature. The Faradic conversion efficiency can be as high as 94.8%, and the energy conversion efficiency can be as high as 23.9% if the environmental temperature is low enough (10°C) under constant voltage discharge at 0.6V with 3M methanol for a DMFC bi-cell. Although higher temperature and higher methanol concentration can achieve higher discharge power, it will result in considerable losses of Faradic and energy conversion efficiencies for using Nafion electrolyte membrane. Development of alternative highly conductive membranes with significantly lower methanol crossover is necessary to avoid loss of Faradic conversion efficiency with temperature and with fuel concentration.
Abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a new class of low melting point materials with tunable properties that make them attractive for cleaning applications. These properties include high solubility for a wide range of contaminants, thermal and chemical stability, low melting point, very low volatility, and high conductivity. IL solvents do have some disadvantages including high cost, complex synthesis, need for purification for reuse, and high toxicity and non-biodegradability of many formulations. DESs have been developed to overcome some of these limitations. Successfully demonstrated cleaning applications range from brush cleaning for removal of microcontaminants to electropolishing of metals and soil decontamination.
Li-rich cathode materials have attracted substantial attention because of their high energy density, but they still suffer from structural instability and voltage decay in cycling. Herein, a dynamic observation of the initial structural conversion and transformation is achieved by in situ Raman spectroscopy, and the effect of cut-off voltage on the intrinsic structure transformation is investigated by the using of three strategic charging protocols. The clear peak evolution related to the post-discharge spinel transformation is found that more obvious for the higher cut-off (4.8 V) protocol than for the lower cut-off (4.6 V) one after 300 cycles. In soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy, as demonstrated by the Mn L-edge spectra, more surface spinel-like Li1-xMnO2-δ (Mn3+) structure is formed as the cycle number and cut-off voltage increased, whereas the Ni L-edge spectra exhibited the same features throughout the cycling. The significant variations in the O K-edge also provide evidence distinguishing the structure transformation from the surface to the bulk material and the change in the lower cut-off protocol. Such spectroscopic analysis clearly confirm how the protocol control with an overall restricted charge cut-off voltage of 4.6 V significantly reduces the adverse effects of cycling on the oxygen plateau of the Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 cathode.
Nanoporous LiFePO4/C composite cathodes have been synthesized by a novel one-pot, glycine-assisted combustion (GAC) method in presence of 2wt.% Super P carbon in both Ar and 90% Ar–10% H2 atmospheres at 750°C for a short time of 6h. While the Ar atmosphere offers phase pure samples, the Ar–H2 atmosphere leads to the formation of impurity phases as indicated by X-ray diffraction data. The combustion-initiated expulsion of gases aids the formation of a nanoporous LiFePO4/C composite structure as evident from electron microscopic analysis, which could allow easy penetration of the electrolyte and realization of an electronic–ionic 3D network. The nanoporous LiFePO4/C sample synthesized in Ar atmosphere exhibits a high discharge capacity of 160mAhg−1 with 3% capacity fade in 50 cycles and high rate capability. With a short reaction time, the GAC method offers an energy efficient approach to synthesize high performance olivine LiFePO4/C composite cathodes.
The innovative solution proposed in this paper to improve both cycling life and performances of a very low cost lead–acid battery is the combination of the compression concept and the use of micro-porous additives added in the active mass. The influence of different rates of compression (10–100kPa) applied on 2V pre-industrial modules slightly modified has been studied in accelerated cycling test as well as the effect of different kinds of additives on 2V lab cells performances in a compressed application. It appears that a pressure minimum of 10kPa is necessary to stabilise the performances and multiply, by close to 10, the cycling life of the modules. Nevertheless, a 100kPa pressure allows to perfectly maintain the electrode integrity during the cycling test and prevent effectively the shedding phenomenon. The idea of the insertion of porous additives into the active mass has been validated during this study since a significant improvement of the cell performances has been observed with two kind of additives tested: Zeolite and Carbon Graphite.
To determine effects of the antiparasitic veterinary drug abamectin on the isopod Porcellio scaber, animals were exposed for 21 days to Lufa 2.2 soil spiked at concentrations of 3–300 mg/kg dry soil. After exposure, abamectin residues in the isopods were analysed using a novel analytical method. Toxicity was evaluated on different levels of biological organisation: biochemical, cellular and the individual organism. Measurements included glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and stability of cell membranes in the digestive gland, animal mass gain or loss, food consumption, behaviour and mortality. LC50 for the effect of abamectin on survival of P. scaber was 71 mg/kg dry soil. The most obvious sublethal effects were reduced food consumption and decreased body mass (NOEC 3 mg/kg dry soil). Additionally, loss of digging activity and reduced GST activity (NOEC 30 mg/kg dry soil) and cell membrane destabilization (NOEC 10 mg/kg dry soil) were recorded. Abamectin only slightly accumulated in the isopods, with bioaccumulation factors always being <0.1. Based on these results and current information on environmental levels of abamectin, it is not likely that isopods will be affected by abamectin, but further studies with exposure through faeces are recommended.