batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Structure, stability, and ionic conductivity of the SEI layer on Sn anodes in Na-ion batteries (NIBs) are studied using experimental and theoretical methods. Raman spectra show that the SEI layer consists of Na2O and Na2CO3, the latter becoming more dominant close to the discharged state (at 0.3 V). According to our theoretical phase diagrams, Na2O can be stable in the whole voltage range of charge/discharge (from 0.0 V to 1.90 V), but Na2CO3 can decompose under carbon and/or oxygen poor conditions, leading to the formation of Na2O. These findings are in agreement with our experimental cyclic voltammetry and Raman spectra as function of voltage. Both compounds of the SEI layer have very low ionic conductivity close to the discharge state (0.2–0.3 V), but the ionic conductivity of Na2O is much larger than that of Na2CO3 for a wide range of voltages from 0.4 V to the charge state (∼1.5 V). This work suggests that engineered artificial SEI with Na2O or naturally formed SEI in a carbon and/or oxygen poor environment can improve the conductivity of the SEI layer in NIBs.
We present progress in simulation of electrochemical interfaces. The problem is one of a larger class of materials related simulation challenges in which one needs to couple calculations spanning about 10 orders of magnitude in length and time scale in order to produce macroscopic predictions. Generally, methods within each scale are available but robust and reliable methods for coupling one scale to another are not. We discuss methods for coupling the electronic structure scale to the atomic scale and the atomic scale to higher length scales. At the electronic scale, quantum chemical, Hartree-Fock based methods and solid-state, density functional methods, while working from the same principles, are both useful in the appropriate electrochemical context. To study oxides, methods in which tight binding molecular dynamics models are fitted to plane wave local density electronic structure results with applications to titania and other rutile structure oxides are described in more detail. At the higher scale, we discuss progress on renormalization of molecular dynamics to permit it to be used on longer time and length scales in the context of studies of polymer electrolytes of interest in battery development programs.
A practical technique to prepare transmission electron microscopy (TEM) thin foil containing powder particle was described and the data for the codeposition of two type particles with copper in the electroplating were presented. By depositing the particles which were distributed in CuSO4 electrolyte on cathode together with Cu2+ in electrodeposition bath, composite coating with suitable thickness could be formed. The thin coating was separated from the substrate and cut into a disc with diameter of 3mm for electropolishing. When the Cu matrix was thinned during electropolishing, the particles contained in the coating plate were also thinned to meet the suitable thickness for TEM observation. Various experimental results revealed that during electrodepositing the current density, pH-value of electrolyte and stirring mode all have significant effects on the distribution of particles in composite coating and the surface quality of the composite coating. The proper parameters used during electrodepositing to prepare TEM thin foil containing powder particle were discussed.
Understanding the severe voltage hysteresis in the first cycle of Li-rich cathodes is essential to realize their full potential in batteries. P. G. Bruce and colleagues report the formation of molecular O2 on charging rather than other oxidized O species is the cause for the voltage hysteresis.
Cognitive functions show large variation in elderly people and are substantially heritable. Animal studies revealed that dynorphins influence cognition and memory, especially in aged animals. Thus, we tested the effect of four SNPs (rs7272891, rs1997794, rs2235751 and rs910080) and the VNTR promoter polymorphism in the prodynorphin gene (PDYN) on episodic memory and verbal fluency in a large (n = 1619) sample of elderly people (mean age: 80 ± 3.39 years; range 75–90 years) recruited through the German study on ageing, cognition and dementia in primary care patients (AgeCoDe). We found that carriers of the minor alleles of rs1997794 (P < 0.002) and rs910080 (P < 0.005) presented with higher episodic memory scores than homozygote carriers of the major allele. Also, a three marker haplotype including these two SNPs and rs2235751 was associated with better episodic memory scores. Verbal fluency scores were non-significantly better in carriers of these respective alleles. Thus, our results suggest a role of PDYN gene variations in determining memory function also in elderly humans.
Global generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is about 40 million tons per year. Constant increase in WEEE generation added to international legislations has improved the development of processes for materials recovery and sustainability of electrical and electronic industry. This paper describes a new hydrometallurgical route (leaching process) to recycle printed circuit boards (PCBs) from printers to recover copper. Methodology included PCBs characterization and a combined route of physical and hydrometallurgical processing. Magnetic separation, acid digestion and chemical analysis by ICP-OES were performed. On leaching process were used two stages: the first one in a sulfuric media and the second in an oxidant media. The results showed that the PCBs composition was 74.6wt.% of non-magnetic material and 25.4wt.% of magnetic one. The metallic fraction corresponded to 44.0wt.%, the polymeric to 28.5wt.% and the ceramic to 27.5wt.%. The main metal was copper and its initial content was 32.5wt.%. On sulfuric leaching 90wt.% of Al, 40wt.% of Zn and 8.6wt.% of Sn were extracted, whereas on oxidant leaching tests the extraction percentage of Cu was 100wt.%, of Zn 60wt.% and of Al 10wt.%. At the end of the hydrometallurgical processing was obtained 100% of copper extraction and the recovery factor was 98.46%, which corresponds to a 32kg of Cu in 100kg of PCB.
A growing body of research indicates that noncognitive factors are important predictors of students’ academic and life success (e.g., Garcia, The need to address noncognitive skills in the education policy agenda (Briefing Paper No. 386), http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED558126.pdf, 2014). Despite this evidence base, there are few psychometrically sound measures of such factors appropriate for use in research and practice. One currently available measure is the Academic Competence Evaluation Scales (ACES; DiPerna and Elliott, Academic Competence Evaluation Scales, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX, 2000) which assesses the skills, attitudes, and behaviors of students that contribute to school success. The length of the ACES (73 items) may limit its use at the primary and secondary levels within a multi-tiered service delivery system or for large-scale educational research. To address this need, the current study piloted a short form of the ACES (ASF) with a sample of 301 elementary students. Results provided initial evidence for the reliability and validity of scores from the ASF.
Remote areas around the world predominantly rely on diesel-powered generators for their electricity supply, a relatively expensive and inefficient technology that is responsible for the emission of 1.2million tons of greenhouse gas (GHG) annually, only in Canada [1]. Wind–diesel hybrid systems (WDS) with various penetration rates have been experimented to reduce diesel consumption of the generators. After having experimented wind–diesel hybrid systems (WDS) that used various penetration rates, we turned our focus to that the re-engineering of existing diesel power plants can be achieved most efficiently, in terms of cost and diesel consumption, through the introduction of high penetration wind systems combined with compressed air energy storage (CAES). This article compares the available technical alternatives to supercharge the diesel that was used in this high penetration wind–diesel system with compressed air storage (WDCAS), in order to identify the one that optimizes its cost and performances. The technical characteristics and performances of the best candidate technology are subsequently assessed at different working regimes in order to evaluate the varying effects on the system. Finally, a specific WDCAS system with diesel engine downsizing is explored. This proposed design, that requires the repowering of existing facilities, leads to heightened diesel power output, increased engine lifetime and efficiency and to the reduction of fuel consumption and GHG emissions, in addition to savings on maintenance and replacement cost.
Dye-sensitized solar cells have attracted intense academic interest over the past two decades. For a long time, the development of new redox systems has fallen far behind that of the sensitizing dyes and other materials. However, the field has received renewed attention recently. In particular, in 2011, the Grätzel group published a record DSC efficiency of 12.3% by using a new Co-complex-based electrolyte. In this review, we will provide an overview of iodine/iodide-free redox systems for liquid electrolytes, and reveal that the design of an efficient redox system should combine with appropriate sensitizing dyes which is the pivotal challenge for highly efficient DSCs.
We report herein the effects of various surrounding confinements of Si nanoparticles on the electrochemical performance of Si nanoparticles based anode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Three different types of surrounding confinements are incorporated onto or around the surface of Si nanoparticles: Si nanoparticles-embedded carbon nanofibers (Si@CNF) via electrospinning, carbon nitride encapsulated Si nanoparticles with core/shell structure (Si@CND), and binder enriched Si nanoparticles-based anode (Si@RBD). Morphology and microstructure of the samples are characterized using X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and the results were discussed in relation to the electrochemical performances. It is found that Si@CNF which has conducting hard surrounding confinements and Si@RBD exhibited high reversible specific capacity of 620mAhg−1 and 1200mAhg−1, up to 30th cycle, respectively. Meanwhile, Si@CND that has mechanically hard but poor electrical conductivity exhibits low specific capacity compared with the other two samples.
The influence of the Si particle size (85 nm versus 230 nm) on the mechanical stability of composite Si/C/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) electrodes is evaluated from in-operando dilatometry and acoustic emission measurements. A lower, more progressive and more reversible expansion/contraction of the electrode is observed with the Si 230 nm powder, with a maximum expansion of ∼140% and a residual irreversible expansion of ∼25% measured during the first cycle compared to ∼350% and ∼90% for the Si 85 nm based electrode. Moreover, during the 2nd cycle, an abrupt and very large expansion/contraction (up to ∼400%) is observed for the Si 85 nm based electrode, which results in the irreversible cracking and exfoliation of the electrode as confirmed by post-mortem scanning electron microscopy observations. This is also in accordance with the more intensive acoustic activity measured during the Si 85 nm electrode cycling. The lower mechanical strength of the Si 85 nm electrode is interpreted as the consequence of an insufficient amount of CMC binder relative to the larger specific surface area of the Si 85 nm powder. This tends to be confirmed by the significant improvement of its electrochemical cycling performance as its CMC content is increased.
Ultrathin free-standing electrospun carbon nanofiber web (ECNFW) used for the electrodes of the vanadium flow battery (VFB) has been fabricated by the electrospinning technique followed by the carbonization process in this study to reduce the ohmic polarization of the VFB. The microstructure, surface chemistry and electrochemical performance of ECNFW carbonized at various temperatures from 800 to 1400°C have been investigated. The results show that ECNFW carbonized at 1100°C exhibits the highest electrocatalytic activity toward the V2+/V3+ redox reaction, and its electrocatalytic activity decreases along with the increase of carbonization temperature due to the drooping of the surface functional groups. While for the VO2+/VO2 + redox couple, the electrocatalytic activity of ECNFW carbonized above 1100°C barely changes as the carbonization temperature rises. It indicates that the surface functional groups could function as the reaction sites for the V2+/V3+ redox couple, but have not any catalytic effect for the VO2+/VO2 + redox couple. And the single cell test result suggests that ECNFW carbonized at 1100°C is a promising material as the VFB electrode and the VFB with ECNFW electrodes obtains a super low internal resistance of 250mΩcm2.
Ultrathin galvanic cells, which can comply with a variety of form factors and electronic system packages, are of technological importance, as they show promise for flexible electronic systems. Here we describe a high energy density flexible galvanic cell, which is non-toxic and environmentally friendly. It operates with a zinc anode and hydrated ruthenium(IV) oxide cathode, where RuO2·nH2O nanoparticles are utilized in amounts that are not cost-prohibitive. As the battery utilizes aqueous electrolytes, it is safe in operation, which enables its use in a number of settings and surroundings. It can be optimized for volume manufacture at low cost. Given that they function at much lower cell voltage than Li-ion batteries do, Zn–RuO2·nH2O cells can be recharged remotely, at a conveniently low voltage, by harvesting, for example, radio-frequency (RF) energy or microwaves. As an additional asset, Zn–RuO2·nH2O electrodes enable battery-supercapacitor hybrid power sources. At present, this cell demonstrates a specific charge capacity of 84.4 mAh per cm2 of projected electrode area, which is, so far, the largest value reported for thin film cells. Also, its cycle life of up to 400 charge–discharge cycles is very promising for use as a secondary battery.
Cupric oxide is an inexpensive material with electrochemical behavior that can be used for energy storage applications. Here, we prepare CuO materials by a simple bipolar electrochemical process in deionized water, where a high voltage is applied between two stainless steel feeding electrodes symmetrically surrounding an electrically floating copper plate. CuO is mainly formed in the locally alkaline region facing the anodic pole of the copper plate, where electro-dissolved Cu2+ undergo successive reactions of complexation–dehydration with OH− ions. The morphology, composition, and phase structure of as-prepared materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and Vis-near-IR spectroscopy. We have found that CuO materials are self-assembled in three-dimensional dendritic structures that can grow up to millimeters in size. The electrochemical characterization in 1molL−1 KOH by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows a capacitive behavior of CuO structures, with an average capacitance value reaching 202Fg−1 at 10Ag−1, giving an energy density of 7.0Whkg−1 for a power density of 2.5kWkg−1. At 20Ag−1 current density, the materials exhibit 90% capacitance retention over 2000 charge/discharge cycles with a coulombic efficiency exceeding 95%.
In this paper, an interactive multi-agent system (MAS) is applied to the problem of optimal sizing of a cooperative self-sustainable multi-carrier microgrid that includes various privately-owned entities. The proposed microgrid includes photovoltaic (PV) arrays, batteries, an electrolyzer, a hydrogen tank, a fuel cell (FC), a reactor-reformer system, a hydrogen compressor-dispenser system, a converter, residential electrical loads, and a charging/refilling station. The proposed MAS enables information exchange required for the application of demand-side management (DSM) strategy and has five agents, namely generation agent (GA), electrical load agent (LA), charging/refilling station agent (SA), control agent (CA), and design agent (DA). The GA is responsible for managing the distributed energy resources of the microgrid. The LA aggregates the residential electrical loads. The SA is responsible for charging of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and refilling of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). The CA coordinates the interactions between the field level agents. The DA finds the optimal sizes of the system’s components by minimizing the total cost of the system through particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system can reduce the overall cost of the microgrid in comparison with non-interactive methods.
In this paper the results of an experimental study on LiAlH4 (lithium alanate) as hydrogen source for fuel cell propulsion systems are reported. The compound examined in this work was selected as reference material for light metal hydrides, because of its high hydrogen content (10.5wt.%) and interesting desorption kinetic properties at moderate temperatures. Thermal dynamic and kinetic of hydrogen release from this hydride were investigated using a fixed bed reactor to evaluate the effect of heating procedure, carrier gas flow rate and sample form. The aim of this study was to characterize the lithium alanate decomposition through the reaction steps leading to the formation of Li3AlH6 and LiH. A hydrogen tank was designed and realized to contain pellets of lithium alanate as feeding for a fuel cell propulsion system based on a 2-kW Polymeric Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC) stack. The fuel cell system was integrated into the power train comprising DC–DC converter, energy storage systems and electric drive for moped applications (3kW). The experiments on the power train were conducted on a test bench able to simulate the vehicle behaviour and road characteristics on specific driving cycles. In particular the efficiencies of individual components and overall power train were analyzed evidencing the energy requirements of the hydrogen storage material.
Zinc-air batteries will be a promising candidate for storage energy and power supply due to their high specific energy, environmental compatibility, and economic availability. However, the problem of cycle life of rechargeable zinc-air battery remains unresolved mainly because of dendrite growth of electrodeposited zinc and performance degradation of air electrode. Here we show that rechargeable zinc-air battery with an optimized structure can stably run at large current densities, where air electrode is connected to the charging electrode through a stainless steel frame, and the effective area of charging electrode is larger than that of zinc electrode by way of a trapezoidal structure. This battery structure can control morphological change of zinc electrode and monitor dendrite growth without increasing the battery volume. The results demonstrate that the charge-discharge efficiency of rechargeable zinc-air battery can be improved by nickel foam as gas diffusion layer of air electrode, calcium oxide additive to the electrolyte, or a permanent magnet in parallel with the electrode. The lifetime of rechargeable zinc-air battery can be extended by electrolyte flow or battery structure optimization. These findings will be available for other metal-air batteries and electrolytic metal industry.
Knowledge of the battery lifetime of the wireless sensor network is important for many situations, such as in evaluation of the location of nodes or the estimation of the connectivity, along time, between devices. However, experimental evaluation is a very time-consuming task. It depends on many factors, such as the use of the radio transceiver or the distance between nodes. Simulations reduce considerably this time. They allow the evaluation of the network behavior before its deployment. This article presents a simulation tool which helps developers to obtain information about battery state. This simulator extends the well-known TOSSIM simulator. Therefore it is possible to evaluate TinyOS applications using an accurate model of the battery consumption and its relation to the radio power transmission. Although an specific indoor scenario is used in testing of simulation, the simulator is not limited to this environment. It is possible to work in outdoor scenarios too. Experimental results validate the proposed model.
Superior nanomaterials have been developed and applied to many fields, and improved characteristic of nanomaterials have been studied. Measurement of the mechanical properties for nanomaterials is important to ensure the reliability and predict the service life times of products containing nanomaterials. However, it is challenging to measure the mechanical properties of nanomaterials due to their very small dimensions. Moreover, macro-scale measurement systems are not suitable for use with nanomaterials. Therefore, various methods have been developed and used to in an effort to measure the mechanical properties of nanomaterials. This paper presents a review of various evaluation systems and the measurement methods which are used to determine the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) and carbon nanofiber (CNF), representatively. In addition, we measured the tensile strength and elastic modulus of the CNT and CNF in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) installed the nano-manipulator and the force sensor and this measurement system and results would be introduced in detail.
Zero-dimensional quantum dots (QDs) are desired to enhance electrochemical response in energy storage. Here, we successfully synthesize well-dispersed and ultrafine TiO2-QDs, which are in situ embedded into the three-dimensional porous graphene-like networks (denoted as TiO2-QDs-3D GNs) via a simple low-temperature mixed solvothermal method, aiming at a fast electrochemistry with high-efficient electron and ion transport for lithium ion battery (LIB) anodes. By combining the advantages of the porous 3D GNs and ultrafine TiO2-QDs, the as-prepared TiO2-QDs-3D GNs hybrid electrode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 219mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1Ag−1, accompanied with an ultrahigh-rate capability of 121mAhg−1 and a super-long lifespan of 3000 cycles with ∼82.0% capacity retention at 10Ag−1. Detailed electrochemical analysis reveals that the superior rate capability and cycle performance are the main results of the integrated intercalation-based and interfacial lithium storage as well as the 3D fast electron/ion transfer of materials, which is attributed to the ultra-small size and high surface-to-volume ratio of TiO2-QDs as well as the 3D conducting networks of the integrated hybrid electrode. This study demonstrates the distinct advantages of our material design strategy, making it promising for the fast and ultralong-life anodes in LIBs.
Stationary storage in buildings can help make better use of intermittent renewable power, but safer and cheaper alternatives to lithium-ion batteries are needed to accelerate deployment. Now, demonstration of an aqueous potassium-ion full cell offers a way forward.
In this paper, a new integrated multifunctional flexible device called the Energy Storage Smart Window (ESS window) was designed and fabricated. The proposed ESS window comprises an integrated supercapacitor and electrochromism function in one flexible device using ordered polyaniline nanowire arrays as electrodes. The ESS window showed high areal capacitance and high stability as a supercapacitor, and in situ optical measurements proved its electrochromic function. Furthermore, the ESS window can be integrated with a conventional solar cell to form a smart device system, which can simultaneously harvest, store, and use renewable energy efficiently.