batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with their highly ordered structures, high electrical and mechanical stability are considered as promising and effective additives towards improving the performance of lead acid batteries (LAB) especially under high rate partial state of charge conditions (HRPSoC). In this work, carbon nanotubes with different diameter range (MWCNT 1 with diameter >50 nm, MWCNT 2 with diameter 15–50 nm and MWCNT 3 with diameter 110–170 nm) are employed as negative active material (NAM) additives in lead acid batteries operating under HRPSoC cycling conditions. The MWCNTs and NAM (containing MWCNTs) are characterized using various physical and electrochemical techniques. Correlation between key physical parameters (including surface area, dimension and structural defects) and cycle life are investigated. The results show that MWCNTs 1 with high capacitance, surface defects and display best performance regarding specific capacity and cyclability. Incorporation of MWCNT 1 ensures easy access of ions, low polarization and low solution/charge transfer resistance for the NAM. The present study indicates that MWCNT capable of improving the capacitance, conductivity and decreasing the polarization of the electrode is highly beneficial towards improving the cycle life of the lead acid batteries especially operating at HRPSoC cycling conditions.
In this paper, micrometer Co3O4 materials are synthesized via a method of chemical synthesis in combination with calcinations. The effect of calcination temperature on the morphology, structure and catalytic performance as air/oxygen electrode materials are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques. The SEM observation reveals that the morphology of the Co3O4 products changes to a beadlike shape from the rod shape after calcinated at temperature of 700°C. The XRD measurements show that the both morphology Co3O4 products exhibit a cubic phase of Co3O4 spinel with a space group of Fd3m. But the beadlike Co3O4 product has better crystallinity. The electrochemical measurements show that the beadlike Co3O4 material has better active properties for electrochemical O2 reduction and O2 generation reactions. Also it exhibits the bi-functional performance in the oxygen-diffusion electrodes and has potential applications in rechargeable metal–air batteries and regenerative fuel cells.
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) [PEDOT] was obtained from organic electrolytes containing the monomer in a solution of propylene carbonate (PC). Different lithium salts (LiBF4, LiClO4, LiPF6 or LiN(SO2C2F5)2 [LiBETI]) were used as supporting electrolytes. The electrosynthesis was conducted under galvanostatic conditions on to a platinum–quartz microelectrode up to a charge density of 200 mCcm−2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) performed on the deposited polymers reveals that they are obtained as granular films whose porosity is dependent on the supporting electrolyte. When LiBETI is used, the polymer is more compact and the porosity hardly visible by SEM observation. Cycling experiments, using triangular wave or square wave signals, were carried out on PEDOT films immersed in the same electrolyte as used for the electrosynthesis. All polymers exhibit reversible behaviour: the mass, charge and particles exchanges are very reproducible from one cycle to the next. The best results in term of current density and time of discharge are obtained in the presence of anions of intermediate size (PF6 −, ClO4 −) for which the polymer exhibits a mean pore size of 0.12–0.15 μm.
Detailed parallels described between lens fiber cell and neuron morphology, sub-cellular structure, and molecular biology include striking similarities in the ultrastructure of their vesicle transport machinery and the membrane protrusions that occur along the lateral surfaces of both cell types. α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-
The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of life (QoL) in patients affected by osteoarthritis (OA) secondary to congenital hip dysplasia (CHD) and treated by hip arthroplasty.
The ohmic principle for the detection of local current densities with capillary-based microreference electrodes was used for reactivity imaging. Specifically, reactions of adlayers and ion-intercalation and ion deintercalation reactions were imaged that are not directly visible to other electrochemical imaging methods such as scanning electrochemical microscopy. The microreference electrodes were inclined by 45° vs. the surface normal. During the scanning process, cyclic voltammograms (CVs) were performed at each grid point of the image while the voltage between the two reference electrodes was recorded and processed by a lock-in-amplifier. Images of specific electrochemical reaction rates were generated by integration of the corresponding data segments within the CVs. The setup was coupled with a shear force distance control to correlate the electrochemical reactivity with topographical data. The results clearly show that processes like adsorption and intercalation reactions, invisible to SECM, can be imaged by scanning ohmic microscopy with a resolution in the low micrometer range.
Adoption and sustained diffusion of renewable energy technologies (RET) in remote under-serviced communities do not follow conventional trajectories frequently requiring long gestation periods. The intent of this paper is to emphasize that these gestation periods are not dormant times but involve intense adjustment of the RET innovation to local settings. Village level biodiesel (VLB) is an RET innovation introduced into remote Indian subsistence farming communities where traditional service delivery channels either never existed or are defunct. VLB's diffusion trajectory has been benchmarked and reviewed in this paper with a focus on (1) the attributes of the innovation and (2) decision-making processes. Insights gained through this analysis indicate that promoting organizations must possess a wide range of knowledge capacities in order to be able to support a continuous adoption process. This paper does not focus on traditional and proven RET currently introduced through the private sector but on decentralized innovations, where the onus is on the promoting not-for-profit organization to develop hitherto non-existent local service delivery mechanisms and supply chains that could enhance the local economy. Empirical research for the paper was conducted as a participant observer.
The two current major staging systems in use for Lewy body disorders fail to classify up to 50% of subjects. Both systems do not allow for large numbers of subjects who have Lewy-type α-synucleinopathy (LTS) confined to the olfactory bulb or who pass through a limbic-predominant pathway that at least initially bypasses the brainstem. The results of the current study, based on examination of a standard set of ten brain regions from 417 subjects stained immunohistochemically for α-synuclein, suggest a new staging system that, in this study, allows for the classification of all subjects with Lewy body disorders. The autopsied subjects included elderly subjects with Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, incidental Lewy body disease and Alzheimer’s disease with Lewy bodies, as well as comparison groups without Lewy bodies. All subjects were classifiable into one of the following stages: I. Olfactory Bulb Only; IIa Brainstem Predominant; IIb Limbic Predominant; III Brainstem and Limbic; IV Neocortical. Progression of subjects through these stages was accompanied by a generally stepwise worsening in terms of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase concentration, substantia nigra pigmented neuron loss score, Mini Mental State Examination score and score on the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part 3. Additionally, there were significant correlations between these measures and LTS density scores. It is suggested that the proposed staging system would improve on its predecessors by allowing classification of a much greater proportion of cases.
Elaborate electrodes that enable adhesion to the skin surface and effectively collect vital signs are necessitated. In recent years, various electrode materials and novel structures have been developed, and they have garnered scientific attention due to their higher sensing performances compared with those of conventional electrode-based sensors. This paper provides an overview of recent advances in biomedical sensors, focusing on the development of novel electrodes. We comprehensively review the different types of electrode materials in the context of efficient biosignal detection, with respect to material composition for flexible and wearable electrodes and novel electrode structures. Finally, we discuss recent packaging technologies in biomedical applications using flexible and wearable electrodes.
Background Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is regarded as an effective way to treat refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Little is known about the effects of DBS cessation following a longer period of stimulation. Objective To determine the relapse and rebound effects of psychiatric symptoms, and their impact on Quality of Life (QoL) following acute cessation of DBS in OCD patients. Methods We included 16 out of 32 patients who were treated with DBS between April 2005 and January 2011 at the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam. After treatment for at least one year, patients entered a 1-week phase in which DBS was switched off. We evaluated psychiatric symptoms and QoL at three time points: before DBS surgery (pre-DBS), following at least one year of DBS treatment (DBS-on) and following 1 week of DBS off (DBS-off). Psychiatric symptoms were assessed with the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive disorder scale (Y-BOCS), the Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAM-A) and the Hamilton depression rating scale (HAM-D). QoL was assessed using the World Health Organization QOL scale (WHOQOL-Bref). Results Switching from DBS-on to DBS-off, Y-BOCS scores increased with 50%, HAM-A scores with 80% and HAM-D scores with 83%. In the DBS-off period, HAM-A and HAM-D scores exceeded pre-surgery levels with approximately 40%, suggesting a rebound phenomenon. Furthermore, a deterioration of physical and psychological QoL to levels comparable with pre-surgery was found during DBS-off. Conclusion Acute DBS cessation causes a relapse of obsessions and compulsions and a rebound of anxiety and depression. Additionally, improvements on QoL disappear.
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have attracted considerable attention as one of the most promising power sources due to the higher energy density, lower cost and better environmental friendliness. However, Li-S batteries still face a challenge of unsatisfied cycle life due to the so-called “shuttle effect”. Here, a 3D light-weight and porous C3N4 nanosheets@reduced graphene oxide (PCN@rGO) network is prepared to overcome the barrier. The 3D PCN@rGO network can not only firmly anchor polysulfides by strong chemical adsorption, but also offer fast electron and mass transfer paths to enhance kinetics of redox reactions. Meanwhile, the 3D network can hinder aggregation of C3N4 nanosheets or rGO nanosheets to remain a high surface area. As a result, the PCN@rGO cathode delivers high reversible capacities of 1205, 1150, 986, 800, 685, and 483mAhg−1 at the rates of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5C, respectively, and the cathode still delivers a specific capacity of 680mAhg−1 at 0.5C after 800 cycles, demonstrating a very low capacity decay of 0.048% per cycle. The exploration of this light-weight polar C3N4 as a sulfur host provides a promising choice to achieve high energy density and long cycle life Li-S batteries.
In this study, a novel material for the electrochemical determination of bisphenol A using a nanocomposite based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified with antimony nanoparticles has been investigated. The morphology, structure, and electrochemical performance of the nanocomposite electrodes were characterised by field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. A scan rate study and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the bisphenol A oxidation product is adsorbed on nanocomposite electrode surface. Differential pulse voltammetry in phosphate buffer solution at pH 6, allowed the development of a method to determine bisphenol A levels in the range of 0.5–5.0μmolL−1, with a detection limit of 5.24nmolL−1 (1.19μgL−1).
Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems are likely to become a dominant type of small-scale embedded generator (SSEG) on public low voltage (LV) distribution network in Malaysia due to the enormous amount of initiatives and efforts taken by the government to promote the use of BIPV. The growth of BIPV systems on LV distribution networks has the potential to alter the direction of power flow across the distribution networks, hence imposing several serious technical issues relating to power quality, distribution system efficiency and possible equipment overloading. Therefore, the utility companies need to study the following technical issues: (i) voltage regulation, (ii) voltage rise, (iii) voltage unbalance, (iv) network power losses, and (v) cable and transformer thermal limits. This paper describes research carried out to investigate and quantify the impacts of BIPV on LV networks with particular reference to developing countries striving to increase the utilisation of renewable energy. This paper presents and discusses the impacts of BIPV systems on two types of LV distribution network: a commercial LV distribution network and a residential LV distribution network in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. The results of these studies are compared with those from European networks to identify how the differences in the electrical network characteristics influence the allowable penetration of small-scale embedded generators.
Composites of Ag-incorporated carbon nanofibers (CNFs) confined with Fe2O3 nanoparticles (Ag–Fe2O3/CNFs) have been synthesized through an electrospinning method and evaluated as anodes for lithium batteries (LIBs). The obtained Ag–Fe2O3/CNF anodes show good LIB performance with a capacity of 630 mAh g−1 tested at 800 mA g−1 after 150 cycles with almost no capacity loss and superb rate performance. The obtained properties for Ag–Fe2O3/CNF anodes are much better than Fe2O3/CNF anodes without Ag-incorporating. In addition, the low-temperature LIB performances for Ag–Fe2O3/CNF anodes have been investigated for revealing the enhanced mechanism of Ag-incorporating. The superior electrochemical performances of the Ag–Fe2O3/CNFs are associated with a synergistic effect of the CNF matrix and the highly conducting Ag incorporating. This unique configuration not only facilitates electron conduction especially at a relative temperature, but also maintains the structural integrity of active materials. Meanwhile, the related analysis of the AC impedance spectroscopy and the corresponding hypothesis for DC impedance confirm that such configuration can effectively enhance the charge-transfer efficiency and the lithium diffusion coefficient. Therefore, CNF-supported coupled with Ag incorporating synthesis supplied a promising route to obtain Fe2O3 based anodes with high-performance LIBs especially at low temperature.
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a widely used imaging technique with many biomedical and drug development applications. The implementation of this technology requires the availability of selective radiotracers with suitable physicochemical characteristics relevant for each target, disease process/pathology, or physiological application. The purpose of the present review was to outline a typical high-level flow scheme for the discovery of PET radiotracers and discuss a variety of methods employed in the field to prosecute the flow scheme steps. In addition, techniques will be described which may be employed to overcome obstacles encountered during the execution of a radiotracer discovery flow scheme when specific challenges are encountered.
This report describes synthesis and characterization of bis-ligand Mn(II) complexes of bidentate chelators: maltol (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone), ethylmaltol (2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyrone), 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone (DMHP) and dehydroacetic acid. All four Mn(II) complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV/Vis, EPR, cyclic voltammetry, and X-ray crystallography in cases of Mn(dha)2(CH3OH)2 and [Mn(ema)2(H2O)]2 ·2H2O. The bidentate chelator plays a significant role in the solid state structure of its Mn(II) complex. For example, dha forms the monomeric complex Mn(dha)2(CH3OH)2 while ethylmaltol forms the dimeric complex [Mn(ema)2(H2O)]2. Because of smaller size, maltol ligands in Mn(ma)2 are able to bridge adjacent Mn(II) centers to give a polymeric structure in solid state. Despite of the difference in their solid state structures, both Mn(ema)2 and Mn(ma)2 exist in solution as monomeric Mn(II) species, Mn(ema)2(H2O)2 and Mn(ma)2(H2O)2. This assumption is supported by the similarity in their UV/Vis spectra, EPR data and electrochemical properties. Replacing maltol with DMHP results in a decrease (by ∼100mV) in the redox potential for the Mn(II)/Mn(III) couple, suggesting that DMHP stabilizes Mn(III) better than maltol. Since Mn(DMHP)2(H2O)2 is readily oxidized to form the more stable Mn(III) complex Mn(DMHP)3, DMHP has the potential as a chelator for removal of excess Mn(II) from patients with chronic Mn toxicity.
Publisher Summary This chapter explains the types of mercury batteries: mercury-zinc (primary) batteries and mercury-zinc cardiac pacemaker batteries followed by other different types of mercury batteries. Union Carbide and Mallory are two of the major producers of mercury-zinc cells and batteries. There are, of course, other important producers, such as Berec (UK), Crompton-Parkinson (Hawker Siddeley) (UK) and Varta (West Germany). Both Union Carbide and Mallory use a vented construction, which renders their products leak-proof and free from bulging under all normal working conditions. Self-venting occurs automatically if, for example, excessive gas is produced within the cell under sustained short-circuit conditions. Both manufacturers assemble cells in a wide variety of structures to provide batteries of varying size, voltage, and capacity. A wide range of purpose-built batteries isobtained. For maximum reliability, inter-cell connection is by spot-welded strips of nickel-plated steel. Outer containers are made from materials ranging from cardboard to metal. The type I mercury-zinc cardiac pacemaker batteries has a nominal voltage of 1.35 V and a nominal capacity of 1000mAh defined for a load of 1250 Ω, with a cut-off voltage of 0.9 V. Other types of mercury battery discussed are mercuric oxide-indium-bismuth and mercury-cadmium (primary) batteries supplied by Crompton-Parkinson; mercury-cadmium batteries supplied by Mallory; and mercury-cadmium batteries supplied by Varta.
Canadian-based Xantrex Technology has appointed Greg Brown as president and chief operating officer, to lead the company's market units, product development and manufacturing operations.
Decision makers rely on models to make important regulatory, policy, and investment decisions. For power systems, these models must capture (i) the future challenges introduced by the integration of large quantities of variable renewable energy sources and (ii) the role that energy storage technologies should play. In this paper, we explore several different approaches to selecting representative days for generation expansion planning models, focusing on capturing these dynamics. Further, we propose a new methodology for adjusting the outputs of clustering algorithms that provides three advantages: the targeted level of net demand is captured, the underlying net demand shapes that define ramping challenges are accurately represented, and the relationship between annual energy and peak demand is captured. This weighting methodology reduces the magnitude of the error in the representative day based generation expansion planning models estimation of costs by 61% on average. The results also demonstrate the importance of carefully performing the clustering of representative days for both system costs and technology mix. In most cases improvements to the total cost of different representative day based expansion plans are realised where conventional generation capacity is substituted for energy storage. Based on the energy storage technology selected we conclude this capacity is being used to address ramping challenges as opposed to shifting renewable generation from off to on peak periods, reinforcing the importance of capturing detailed intraday dynamics in the representative day selection process.
Porous cobalt aluminum layered double hydroxide (CoAl-LDH) nanoflake arrays on nickel foam were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal synthesis method. The obtained CoAl-LDH film consisted of interconnected nanoflakes with the thicknesses of ~20nm and showed an extended net-like structure. The electrochemical performance of CoAl-LDH nanoflake arrays was tested by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge test. The porous CoAl-LDH nanoflake arrays showed good pseudocapacitive performances with high capacitance and good cycle stability. At room temperature, the porous CoAl-LDH nanoflake arrays exhibited a high specific capacitance of 930F/g at 2A/g and their specific capacitances were still up to 669F/g at 16A/g. A good cycling stability was also observed for the CoAl-LDH nanoflake arrays with a capacitance retention of 88.9% of the highest value after 2000cycles at 2A/g.
In planaria (Dugesia tigrina), scopolamine, a nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist, induced distinct behaviors of attenuated motility and C-like hyperactivity. Planarian locomotor velocity (pLMV) displayed a dose-dependent negative correlation with scopolamine concentrations from 0.001 to 1.0 mM, and a further increase in scopolamine concentration to 2.25 mM did not further decrease pLMV. Planarian hyperactivity counts was dose-dependently increased following pretreatment with scopolamine concentrations from 0.001 to 0.5 mM and then decreased for scopolamine concentrations ≥1 mM. Planarian learning and memory investigated using classical Pavlovian conditioning experiments demonstrated that scopolamine (1 mM) negatively influenced associative learning indicated by a significant decrease in % positive behaviors from 86 % (control) to 14 % (1 mM scopolamine) and similarly altered memory retention, which is indicated by a decrease in % positive behaviors from 69 % (control) to 27 % (1 mM scopolamine). Galantamine demonstrated a complex behavior in planarian motility experiments since co-application of low concentrations of galantamine (0.001 and 0.01 mM) protected planaria against 1 mM scopolamine-induced motility impairments; however, pLMV was significantly decreased when planaria were tested in the presence of 0.1 mM galantamine alone. Effects of co-treatment of scopolamine and galantamine on memory retention in planaria via classical Pavlovian conditioning experiments showed that galantamine (0.01 mM) partially reversed scopolamine (1 mM)-induced memory deficits in planaria as the % positive behaviors increased from 27 to 63 %. The results demonstrate, for the first time in planaria, scopolamine’s effects in causing learning and memory impairments and galantamine’s ability in reversing scopolamine-induced memory impairments.