batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this work, a novel lithium storage material Li5Cr9Ti4O24 is reported as anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. We prepare Li5Cr9Ti4O24 by two different routes, sol-gel method and solid state reaction. Li5Cr9Ti4O24 nanocrystalline can be achieved by sol-gel method, while solid state reaction delivers micro-sized product. Electrochemical results show that Li5Cr9Ti4O24 nanocrystalline exhibits reduced charge transfer resistance, decreased redox polarization and improved lithium-ion diffusion coefficient compared with micro-sized product. As a result, Li5Cr9Ti4O24 nanocrystalline shows excellent lithium storage capability with 100% capacity retention after 200 cycles. Cycled at 600mAg−1, it still can deliver a charge specific capacity of 110.3mAhg−1. In contrast, micro-sized Li5Cr9Ti4O24 only reveals the reversible capacity of 66.8mAhg−1 at the same current density. In addition, Li5Cr9Ti4O24 nanocrystalline also shows outstanding structural stability for repeated lithium storage. In-situ structural observation reveals that the entire volume expansion of Li5Cr9Ti4O24 is only 0.62% during the charge/discharge process, which is similar with the zero-strain Li4Ti5O12. Therefore, Li5Cr9Ti4O24 nanocrystalline can be used as high performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
Although the utilization of mildly acidic electrolyte can enhance the stability and reversibility of Zn anode, it is still challenging to achieve long cycling life for aqueous Zn batteries at low currents, due to the structural instability of cathode materials during the charge/discharge processes. Herein, we report a series of polypyrenes with different linking patterns and electronic structures as Cl−-hosting organic cathodes for aqueous Zn dual-ion batteries (AZDIBs). The comparative study demonstrates that the electronic structures are pivotal to the redox activity of the polypyrenes, which can be tuned by altering the linking patterns on the pyrene unit. Owing to the high surface area, the highly delocalized HOMO distribution, the high HOMO level and the narrow band gap, the polymer CLPy with 1,3,6,8-linking pattern delivers a much higher capacity of 180 mA h g−1 than the two linear counterparts (24 mA h g−1 for LPy-1 and 44 mA h g−1 for LPy-2). Impressively, CLPy exhibits ultra-stable cyclabilities with the capacity retentions of 97.4% after 800 cycles at 50 mA g−1 and 96.4% after 38000 cycles at 3 A g−1. CLPy also shows a low self-discharge rate with around 90% capacity retention after resting for 28 days. The excellent electrochemical performance demonstrates that CLPy can be a promising cathode material for high-performance AZDIBs.
L-edge X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy and Kβ emission spectroscopy were applied to monitor ex situ chemical valence changes of manganese in battery electrode materials as they appear during electrode processing and battery operation. We found that significant chemical shifts of the spectra occur already during electrode fabrication, prior to any electrochemical treatment. Employment of these two different techniques allows for the qualitative separation of contributions originating from the surface and from the bulk of the electrode particles.
A two-step method with high-efficiency is developed to prepare nitrogen doped activated carbons (NACs) with high surface area and nitrogen content. Based on the method, series of NACs with similar surface area and pore texture but different nitrogen content and nitrogen group species are successfully prepared. The influence of nitrogen doping on electrochemical performance of carbon/sulfur composites cathode is studied deeply under the conditions of similar surface area and pore texture. It presents the directly experimental demonstration that both nitrogen content and nitrogen group species play crucial roles on electrochemical performance of carbon/sulfur composites cathode. NAC/sulfur composites show the much improved cycling performance, which is about 3.5 times as that of nitrogen free carbon. Improved electrochemical performance is due to synergistic effects between nitrogen content and effective nitrogen groups, which enables effective trapping of lithium polysulfides within carbon framework. Besides, it is found that oxygen groups exist in carbon materials obviously influence electrochemical performance of cathode, which could be ignored in most of studies. Based on above, it can be concluded that enhanced chemisorption to lithium polysulfides by functional groups modification is the effective route to improve the electrochemical performance of Li-S battery.
The accumulations of both natural (U) and depleted (DU) uranium in the earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were studied to evaluate corresponding biological effects. Concentrations of metals in the experimental soil ranged from 1.86 to 600mgkg−1. Five biological endpoints: mortality, animals’ weight increasing, lysosomal membrane stability by measuring the neutral red retention time (the NRRT), histological changes and genetic effects (Comet assay) were used to evaluate biological effects in the earthworms after 7 and 28 days of exposure. No effects have been observed in terms of mortality or weight reduction. Cytotoxic and genetic effects were identified at quite low U concentrations. For some of these endpoints, in particular for genetic effects, the dose (U concentration)-effect relationships have been found to be non-linear. The results have also shown a statistically significant higher level of impact on the earthworms exposed to natural U compared to depleted U.
Layered lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) cathode films were successfully deposited onto an aluminum substrate with a large surface area by electrostatic spray deposition (ESD). Highly porous films were prepared by ESD using cobalt acetate tetrahydrate (CoOAc) and lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH) dissolved ethyl alcohol (15vol.%) and di(ethylene glycol)butyl ether (85vol.%) as a precursor solution. An LiCoO2 film, the crystal structure of which contained a combination of layered and spinel regions, was synthesized by heat treatment for 2h at 400°C. Charge–discharge curves showed that the capacity of this film was 120mAhg−1. Heat treatment at 650°C was shown to be a low enough temperature for the resulting film to be used with an aluminum substrate and to allow the retention of the morphology of the surface on which the film is deposited. The discharge capacity for the layered LiCoO2 region of this film was 140mAg−1 at a rate of 1C and it achieved a good cycle and a rate performance without the need for auxiliary materials.
The effects of mixed LiBOB and LiPF6 salts as electrolyte for lithium ion batteries are investigated by electrochemical testing and thermal stability analysis. Elevated temperature cycle, specific power, DCIR and EIS tests reveal that mixed salts electrolyte has a distinct effect on cycle life and effectively stabilize impedance increase, as optimum concentration of LiBOB is between 0.1 and 0.25M. Fading mechanism analyses demonstrate that the mixed salts system could decrease Mn dissolution and LiBOB decomposition at elevated temperature application. Accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) shows that the thermal stability of mixed salts electrolyte is also acceptable. In short, the mixed salts of LiBOB and LiPF6 provide a possible solution to improve the instability of LiMn2O4 as cathode in lithium ion batteries at elevated temperature conditions and show a promising capability in high current discharge for high power application such as hybrid electrical vehicles.
Three dimensional printing technologies represent a revolution in the manufacturing sector because of their unique capabilities for increasing shape complexity while reducing waste material, capital cost and design for manufacturing. However, the application of 3D printing technologies for the fabrication of functional components or devices is still an almost unexplored field due to their elevated complexity from the materials and functional points of view. This paper focuses on reviewing previous studies devoted to developing 3D printing technologies for the fabrication of functional parts and devices for energy and environmental applications. The use of 3D printing technologies in these sectors is of special interest since the related devices usually involve expensive advanced materials such as ceramics or composites, which present strong limitations in shape and functionality when processed with classical manufacturing methods. Recent advances regarding the implementation of 3D printing for energy and environmental applications will bring competitive advantages in terms of performance, product flexibility and cost, which will drive a revolution in this sector.
The growing market share of electric vehicles embodies the remarkable progress of transportation electrification. Battery swapping station serves as a critical infrastructure for efficient electric vehicles refueling. To coordinate the scheduling of a battery swapping station and a microgrid managed by non-cooperative entities, we develop two shadow price-based coordination methods, namely peer-to-peer method and leader-follower method. The context is of great importance for mitigating potential barriers of integration of battery swapping stations and microgrids. The peer-to-peer method only requires the exchange of individual shadow price and power trading requests between two entities. This mechanism is the first-of-its-kind solution that allows for co-ordination between two systems without releasing proprietary information. An iterative heuristic algorithm is developed to obtain outcomes of the co-ordination mechanism. For the leader-follower method, microgrid entity gets access to proprietary information of battery swapping station that is managed by an independent entity. A bi-level optimization model is developed to model the gameplay between two non-corporative entities, which is solved by a modified nested column-and-constraint generation algorithm. For both methods, we use an AC optimal power flow model to optimize operation of microgrid while battery swapping station operation is determined by a mixed-integer linear programming model. This work is also the first-of-its-kind study that incorporates AC power flow equations into relevant research. We demonstrate the effectiveness of both methods using an integrated system comprising a standard IEEE 33-bus system and a battery swapping station serving multiple private electric sedans or public electric buses. Nearly 10% of total operational cost saving can be attained if the proposed methods are applied for coordinating two systems, compared to implementing a baseline method.
In this paper, we present the development of flexible zinc–air battery. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added into electrodes to improve their performance. It was found that MWCNTs were effective conductive additive in anode as they bridged the zinc particles. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) was applied as a co-binder to enhance both the conductivity and flexibility. A poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coated paper separator was used to enhance the battery performance where the PVP–PAA layer facilitated electrolyte storage. The batteries remained functional under bending conditions and after bending. Multiple design optimizations were also carried out for storage and performance purposes.
Lithium-Tellurium (Li-Te) batteries are regarded as a prospective candidate for novel electrochemical energy-storage technologies on account of their inundatory advantages in superior volume capacity density and excellent electrochemical stability. Finding accommodation material of Te is the key issue for Li-Te batteries. Here, rib-like hierarchical porous carbon (RHPC) derived from lotus seedpod as host for tellurium is synthesized by facile hydrothermal-pyrolyzation method. Benefiting from the effective accommodation of RHPC reservoir, together with the preeminent electronic conductivity of Te, this unique RHPC/Te electrode is able to deliver a reversible capacity of 288mA h g−1 (1797mAhcm−3) at 2C and keep stability for a ultra-long cycling number as long as 3600 cycles, and could undergo a high current density of 10C and get capacity of 196mAhg−1 (1223mAhcm−3), showing especially excellent performance for Li-Te batteries. We believe that the RHPC/Te electrode will exert great influence in Li-Te batteries.
Graphene ribbon-supported Pd nanoparticles (Pd/GR) have been prepared by a simple, clean process in aqueous medium, involving only a Pd precursor and graphene ribbon (GR) as both a reducing agent and a catalyst support. A high density of Pd nanoparticles with a small average particle size (∼2.8±0.8nm) could be successfully deposited on graphene ribbons. The as-obtained Pd/GR electrocatalysts show increased electrochemical surface area and significantly enhanced catalytic activity for formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR) compared to the conventional Pd/C electrocatalysts in terms of peak current density (1.4Amg−1 vs. 0.79Amg−1) and peak potential (−0.15V shift). Both the good dispersion and the relatively small particle size of the Pd nanoparticles on graphene ribbon and the synergetic effect between Pd and GR lead to high initial catalytic activity for FAOR. More importantly, a dramatic enhancement in durability is found with Pd/GR for FAOR due to the strong interaction between Pd and GR.
Electrochemical properties of TiO2 hollow microspheres from a green and template-free route were investigated by charge–discharge, cyclic voltammograms, cycle performance, and high rate capacities measurements. The storage capacity of Li ions in the first discharge process was 290.3mAhg−1. During the successive 10 cycles, the reversible capacity stayed in the range from 290 to 130mAhg−1 with a capacity fading of 8.96% per cycle. Cyclic voltammograms measurement exhibited only a pair of reduction/oxidation peaks, indicating TiO2 hollow microspheres with a good crystalline quality was approached in this route.
In view of current energy crisis, scientists are increasingly trying hard to find affordable energy sources alternative to fossil fuel. Solar energy is one such alternative energy source which is being more vigorously pursued now than ever. While there is a host of literature on modeling different kinds of solar cells often with a motive about how to enhance the efficiency of a solar cell, this modeling effort did not become very attractive to the experimentalists. We attempt to present here the possible causes for unattractiveness and suggest a practical remedy based on divide and conquerapproach, that involves a series of local (stage-by-stage) models which are validated against the corresponding experimental result and finally combined to produce a global mathematical model that works and that satisfies the experimentalists. Besides, the ease of usage of the model by the experimentalist is important and hence is required.
Social cognition broadly refers to the processing of social information in the brain that underlies abilities such as the detection of others' emotions and responding appropriately to these emotions. Social cognitive skills are critical for successful communication and, consequently, mental health and wellbeing. Disturbances of social cognition are early and salient features of many neuropsychiatric, neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, and often occur after acute brain injury. Its assessment in the clinic is, therefore, of paramount importance. Indeed, the most recent edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5) introduced social cognition as one of six core components of neurocognitive function, alongside memory and executive control. Failures of social cognition most often present as poor theory of mind, reduced affective empathy, impaired social perception or abnormal social behaviour. Standard neuropsychological assessments lack the precision and sensitivity needed to adequately inform treatment of these failures. In this Review, we present appropriate methods of assessment for each of the four domains, using an example disorder to illustrate the value of these approaches. We discuss the clinical applications of testing for social cognitive function, and finally suggest a five-step algorithm for the evaluation and treatment of impairments, providing quantitative evidence to guide the selection of social cognitive measures in clinical practice.
In order to obtain electricity in off-grid areas and in emergency conditions (earthquake, hurricane, tidal wave, military field, etc.), a prototype of stove-powered thermoelectric generator (STEG) without battery embedded was built and tested. A novel type of heat collector, i.e. two copper heat conducting flat plates installed oppositely, was designed to integrate a relative large number of thermoelectric (TE) modules (eight TE modules in the present work). The heat collector works with optimized heat sinks and cooling fans to maintain large temperature difference and low cold end temperature, and to insure the self startup of the STEG. Hard charcoal was used to test the performance of the STEG, including the startup performance, power load feature, response dynamics when adding a load and thermoelectric efficiency. Results showed that the STEG can be self startup. The measured maximum electricity power is 12.9 W, and the thermoelectric efficiency lies between 2.4% and 2.8% when the temperature difference ranges from 119 °C to 147 °C. The response time is short enough (several seconds) to stable the outputs, and the cold end temperature is low enough, i.e. less than 65 °C to install normal cooling fans.
Alkaline fuel cells (AFC) are an interesting alternative to polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC). In AFC no expensive platinum metal is necessary; silver can be used for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) (cathode catalyst). For technical use of AFC the long term behavior of AFC components is important, especially that of the electrodes. The investigated cathodes for AFC consist of a mixture of silver catalyst and polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) as organic binder rolled onto a metal web. The electrodes were electrochemically investigated through measuring V–i curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrochemical characterization and the long term tests were performed in half-cells at 70°C using pure oxygen (1bar) under galvanostatic conditions. The cathodes were electrochemically investigated in half-cells using reference electrodes (Hg/HgO) by periodically recording V–i curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In addition, the cathodes were physically characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
This paper presents an approximate time-domain solution for physics-based electrochemical lithium-ion cell battery models. The time-domain solution is represented in state-space form and can be easily used for the design of a state estimator or controller. It uses an interconnection-of-system approach to derive a state-space representation of a battery impedance model and provides a reduced order model based via the balanced truncation method. Simulation results are also provided to show the performance of the proposed model in the frequency domain.
New mixtures of 3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propanenitrile, fluoroethylene carbonate and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether are introduced as safe electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. The electrolytes with 30 wt% 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether can own high safety and better wettability to separator and electrodes than the conventional electrolyte. The oxidation potentials of these electrolytes are about 4.8 V versus Li/Li+, and their conductivity can reach 5.42 mS cm−1 at 25 °C. Graphite/LiMn2O4 coin cells are used to evaluate the electrochemical performances, and this kind of safe electrolytes can exhibit better rate and cycle performances than the conventional electrolyte. These results indicate that such ternary electrolytes have a great potential for practical application.
In the present work, the effects of different energy substrates and nickel ions (Ni2+) and cadmium ions (Cd2+) on the growth of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans) were investigated. Ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) was the optimum energy substrate for A. ferrooxidans growth, among the selected substrates. When cultured together with FeSO4 and sulphur (S), A. ferrooxidans first oxidised the ferrous ions (Fe2+), and the S was utilised as the concentration of Fe2+ decreased. After adapting to culture with Ni2+ and Cd2+, A. ferrooxidans presented good tolerance to both ions, with the maximum concentration reaching 4.11 g/L Ni2+ and 1.69 g/L Cd2+. A preliminary simulation of industrial application was also performed on used Ni-Cd batteries. With bioleaching, the highest concentrations of Cd2+ and Ni2+ were 3003 mg/L at day 8 and 1863 mg/L at day 14, respectively.
A vanadium electrolyte for redox-flow batteries (VRFB) with different VIII and VIV mole fractions has been studied by UV–vis spectroscopy. Spectrophotometric detection enables a rough estimate of the VIV and VIII content, which can be used to detect an electrolyte capacity imbalance, i.e. a deviation in the mole fraction of VIV or VIII away from 50%. The isosbestic point at 600 nm can be used as a reference point in the analysis of common VRFB electrolyte batches. The VRFB electrolyte is observed to have an imbalance after prolonged storage (a couple of years) in a tank under ambient conditions. A regeneration procedure, which involves pre-charging the unbalanced electrolyte and mixing part of it with a portion of initial unbalanced electrolyte, has been tested. The resulting rebalanced electrolyte has been compared with a common electrolyte in a charge–discharge cell test and is shown to be suitable for cell operation.
Lead slags from two different metallurgical technologies (primary slag from Pb-ore processing and secondary slag from car battery recycling) were submitted to 12-year batch leaching at a L/S ratio of 10 and the leaching data were compared with the previously obtained results from a ⩽1-year leaching test. In the long-term, the Pb release is efficiently controlled by the precipitation of cerussite (PbCO3), Pb-phosphates and anglesite (PbSO4) and by sorption onto newly formed hydrous ferric oxides. In contrast, Zn is the most important contaminant that is continuously released from the primary slag and, after leaching for 12years, its concentration exceeds more than 40× the regulatory limit value for hazardous wastes (200mg/kg). For this reason, the recycling of primary slag for civil engineering purposes (concrete technology, gravel-like material) cannot be recommended, because of the long-term Zn leaching. In terms of the leaching of metals (Pb, Zn, Cu) and metalloids (As, Sb), the secondary slag mostly fulfils the limit criteria for inert waste according to the EU legislation even for long-term leaching. However, high release of Ba exceeding more than 10× the limit values for hazardous waste was observed, despite the massive formation of barite (BaSO4) on the slag surface. These results indicate that less common contaminants (e.g. Ba), which have been overlooked so far, should also be considered during assessment of the leaching behaviour of smelting slags with a view to their safe recycling in civil engineering.
Provider recognition of level of functioning may be suboptimal in the dialysis setting, and this lack of recognition may lead to less patient-centered care. We aimed to assess whether delivery of an app-based, individualized functioning report would improve patients’ perceptions of patient-centeredness of care.