batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this work, sulfur-doped carbon spheres with hierarchical micro/mesopores (denoted as S-MCSs) were fabricated via a sol-gel method combined with surfactant-directing assembly strategy and subsequent sulfuration process. When used as anode materials of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), S-MCSs show excellent electrochemical performance with a high maximum reversible capacity of 443.4mAhg−1 after 50 cycles at 50mAg−1, and even at a high current density of 1Ag−1, a reversible capacity of 238.2mAhg−1 is obtained after 600 cycles, mainly due to their hierarchical micro/mesoporous structure with high specific surface area, large pore volume and high sulfur content. The excellent cycling performance and high capacity enable the S-MCSs to be a promising candidate for SIBs.
A great deal of effort in tackling the Li dendrite issues in Li-metal batteries is ongoing, but stresses caused by Li plating are often overlooked. Here, the authors study the stress-driven dendrite growth mechanism and propose using soft substrates for Li deposition to mitigate Li dendritic growth.
Electrocatalytic water splitting to produce H2 is impeded by slow reaction kinetics over noble-metal-free catalysts at the electrodes. Here, the authors use high-frequency alternating magnetic fields to locally heat FeC–Ni core–shell catalysts, enhancing the kinetics of the oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions.
The main risk factor for familial breast cancer is the presence of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The prevalence of mutations in these genes is heterogeneous and varies according to geographical origin of studied families. In Colombia mutations in these genes have been mainly studied on patients from Andean region. Bogotá and Medellin presented its own battery of mutations. This study aims to identify mutations in BRCA1–2 genes in women with familial breast cancer from different regions of Colombia.
A simple and efficient method for the preparation of N-phosphonio formamidine derivatives of the general formula [R”2N−C(H)=N−P(R’)R2]+X− is described. The data recorded in solution and the single crystal X-ray studies revealed that these compounds are best described by the combination of the two mesomeric N-phosphonio formamidine [R”2N−C(H)=N−P(R’)R2]+ and iminium phosphazene [R”2N=C(H)−N=P(R’)R2]+ forms. Formamidine phosphorus ylides i Pr2N−C(H)=N−P(CH2)R2 were prepared after addition of t BuLi at –78°C from the corresponding N-phosphonio compounds. [(PhCN)2Pd(Cl)2] was reacted with i Pr2N−C(H)=N−P(CH2) i Pr2 to form the dimeric complex [( i Pr2N−C(H)=N−P(CH2) i Pr2)Pd(Cl)(μ-Cl)]2 which was structurally characterized by X-ray analysis. The deprotonation reactions conducted on [ i Pr2N−C(H)=N−PPh3]+X− occurred via an intramolecular rearrangement to give the cyanamide compound i Pr2N−C≡N and PPh3; transient formation of the amino-phosphazene-carbene i Pr2N−C−N=PPh3 was not observed.
A micro direct methanol fuel cell (μDMFC) with active area of 1.625cm2 has been developed for high power portable applications and its electrochemical characterization carried out in this study. The fragility of the silicon wafer makes it difficult to compress the cell for good sealing and hence to reduce contact resistance in the Si-based μDMFC. We have instead used very thin stainless steel plates as bipolar plates with the flow field machined by photochemical etching technology. For both anode and cathode flow fields, widths of both the channel and rib were 750μm, with a channel depth of 500μm. A gold layer was deposited on the stainless steel plate to prevent corrosion. This study used an advanced MEA developed in-house featuring a modified anode backing structure with a compact microporous layer. Maximum power density of the micro DMFC reached 62.5mWcm−2 at 40°C, and 100mWcm−2 at 60°C at atmospheric pressure, which almost doubled the performance of our previous Si-based μDMFC.
Solid-state electrolytes are attracting great interest for their applications in potentially safe and stable high-capacity energy storage technologies. Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) is widely used as a lithium ion source, especially in solid-state polymer electrolytes, due to its solubility and excellent chemical and electrochemical stability. Unfortunately, chemically inert LiTFSI cannot be easily modified to optimize its properties or allow for conjugation to other molecules, polymers, or substrates to prepare single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes. Chemical modifications of TFSI often erode its advantageous properties. Herein, we introduce Fluorinated Aryl Sulfonimide Tagged (FAST) salts, which are derived from successive nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions. Experimental studies and density functional theory calculations were used to assess the electrochemical oxidative stabilities, chemical stabilities, and degrees of ion dissociation of FAST salts as a function of their structures. FAST salts offer a platform for accessing functional sulfonimides without sacrificing many of the advantageous properties of TFSI.
In this work, we have developed a simple approach to rationally design and controllably synthesize custard-apple-like Si@N, O-dual-doped carbon with hierarchical porosity. This material delivers outstanding reversible capacity at high current density with good rate capability and a long cycling life of over 4000 cycles as an anode for Li-ion batteries. A detailed eletrochemical kinetic analysis reveals that the lithium ion charge storage partly depends on the capacitance-controlled behavior, with a high capacitive contribution up to 30.3% for the total capacity at 1mVs−1. The impressive eletrochemical performance demonstrates that the Si@mNOC anode has great potential to meet the challenges arising from the use of Si nanoparticles as anode for next-generation large-scale energy storage.
Three kinds of carbon materials, i.e., graphene sheets (GSs), expanded graphite (EG) and natural graphite (NG) were comparatively investigated as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries via scanning electron microscope, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and a variety of electrochemical testing techniques. The test results showed that the reversible capacities of GS electrode were 1130 and 636mAhg−1 at the current densities of 0.2 and 1mAcm−2, respectively, which were almost twice those of EG electrode and three times those of NG electrode. The first-cycle coulombic efficiency and capacity retention of NG were much bigger than those of GSs and EG. The notable capacity fading observed in GSs and EG may be ascribed to the disorder-induced structure instability. The larger voltage hysteresis in GS and EG electrodes was not only related to the surface functional groups, but also to the active defects in GSs and EG, which results in greater hindrance and higher overvoltage during lithium extraction from electrode. The kinetics properties of GSs, EG and NG electrodes were compared by AC impedance measurements. GS and EG electrodes exhibited higher electrochemical activity and more favorable kinetic properties during charge and discharge process.
The present position paper addresses contemporary waste management options, weaknesses and opportunities faced by Hellenic local authorities. It focuses on state-of-the-art, tested as well as innovative, environmental management tools on a municipal scale and identifies a range of different collaboration schemes between local authorities and related service providers. Currently, a policy implementation gap is still experienced among Hellenic local authorities; it appears that administration at the local level is inadequate to manage and implement many of the general policies proposed; identify, collect, monitor and assess relevant data; and safeguard efficient and effective implementation of MSWM practices in the framework of integrated environmental management as well. This shortfall is partly due to the decentralisation of waste management issues to local authorities without a parallel substantial budgetary and capacity support, thus resulting in local activity remaining often disoriented and isolated from national strategies, therefore yielding significant planning and implementation problems and delays against pressing issues at hand as well as loss or poor use of available funds. This paper develops a systemic approach for MSWM at both the household and the non-household level, summarizes state-of-the-art available tools and compiles a set of guidelines for developing waste management master plans at the municipal level. It aims to provide a framework in the MSWM field for municipalities in Greece as well as other countries facing similar problems under often comparable socioeconomic settings.
The development of microarray-based technologies for characterising tumours, both at the genomic and proteomic levels, has had a significant impact on the field of oncology. Gene expression profiling of various human tumour tissues has led to the identification of expression patterns related to disease outcome and drug resistance, as well as to the discovery of new therapeutic targets and insights into disease pathogenesis. Protein microarray technologies, such as reverse-phase protein arrays, provide the unique opportunity to profile tissues and assess the activity of signalling pathways within isolated cell populations. This technology can be used to identify patients likely to benefit from specific treatment modalities and also to monitor therapeutic response in samples obtained during and after treatment. Routine application of genomic and proteomic microarray technologies in clinical practice will require significant efforts to standardise the techniques, controls and reference standards, and analytical tools used. Extensive, independent validation using large, statistically-powered datasets will also be necessary. Inclusion of concomitant genomic and proteomic-based molecular profiling techniques into clinical trial protocols will bring us closer to the reality of patient-tailored therapy.
Electrochemical properties of micro-size spherical TiO2(B) secondary particles have been investigated in order to develop TiO2(B) anodes for lithium-ion batteries with high-power and long-life performance. The spherical TiO2(B) electrodes with a small amount of a carbon conductor additive had a high electrode density of 2.2 g cm−3 and a volumetric reversible capacity of 475 mAh cm−3 comparable to that of graphite electrodes. Compared with nano-size needle-like TiO2(B) electrodes, the spherical TiO2(B) electrodes exhibited higher-rate discharge capability and longer-cycle life performance. The impedance of the TiO2(B)/electrolyte interface model indicated that the charge transfer resistance R c and the passivating film resistance R f of the spherical TiO2(B) were much smaller than those of the needle-like one. The high-rate discharge and the long-cycle performance of the spherical TiO2(B) electrode are attributed to the superior electronic connective property and R c and R f values smaller than those of the needle-like one. Lithium-ion cells using the spherical TiO2(B) anodes and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode with a capacity of 2.8 Ah exhibited a high energy density of 100 Wh kg−1, a high output power density of 1800 W kg−1 for 10 s pulse, and a long cycle life of more than 3000 cycles.
Load shedding is a common scenario in developing countries to mitigate the high-power demand. Normally, a low power backup supply is used for essential home-loads only, viz. essential lighting and fan loads. However, there always is a need of essential backup power supply for household applications during load shedding hours. Currently, rooftop, grid-connected, solar photovoltaic (PV) based inverters are being extensively used for home based backup power supply. These inverters have unidirectional power flow i.e. from generation side (PV source as well as utility grid supply) towards the home-load side. However, during a fully charged battery condition, as charging is done by the utility grid too, the power of solar PV modules gets underutilized as the solar energy is only partially used for charging the battery. The proposed supervisory switching control system, in conjunction with a conventional, low-cost home based inverter/UPS, adds up improved control features which ensure the reliability of the power supply and/or complete utilization of solar energy while operating in economy mode. In economy mode, only solar energy is utilized to meet the load demand during sunshine hours and thereafter. In case of repeated and prolong load shedding, the proposed controller selects a reliable mode of operation where batteries are allowed to be charged both from utility grid as well as solar PV modules. Thus, two modes of control offer maximum harnessing of solar energy as well as better standby power supply, respectively. The proposed controller has been successfully implemented with the residential microgrid (existing home based inverter system for backup power supply). The proposed system also works as home-to-grid (H2G) system to meet load demand and peak load of utility grid during the sunshine hours by islanding the residential microgrid (home-loads System.)
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for chronic pain is effective, although a number of issues in need of clarification remain, including the processes by which CBT works, the role of cognitive changes in the achievement of outcomes, and the formulation of a coherent theoretical model. Recent developments in psychology have attempted to address these issues by focusing specifically on processes of acceptance, present-focused awareness (e.g., mindfulness), and values-based action. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), perhaps the most widely researched of these developing approaches. Initial evidence suggests that ACT-consistent treatments for chronic pain are effective, although there is a need to study treatment in more traditional pain-management settings, where treatment is generally time-limited, unidisciplinary, and outpatient. Data from two pilot studies are presented. Results support the feasibility of treatment and suggest that effectiveness rates compare favorably with more established forms of treatment, in this case, CBT. Although these data are preliminary, they set a foundation upon which more intensive evaluations can take place.
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a condition that results in an impairment of gross and/or fine motor coordination. Compromised motor coordination contributes to lower levels of physical activity, which is associated with elevated body fat. The impact of elevated body fat on motor coordination diagnostic assessments in children with DCD has not been established. The purpose of this study was to determine if relative body fat influences performance on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd Edition (MABC-2) test items in children with and without DCD. A nested case–control, design was conducted within the Physical Health Activity Study Team longitudinal cohort study. The MABC-2 was used to assess motor coordination to categorize cases and matched controls. Relative body fat was assessed using whole body air displacement plethysmography. Relative body fat was negatively associated with the MABC-2 “balance” subcategory after adjusting for physical activity and DCD status. Relative body fat did not influence the subcategories of “manual dexterity” or “aiming and catching”. Item analysis of the three balance tasks indicated that relative body fat significantly influences both “2-board balance” and “zig-zag hopping”, but not “walking heel-toe backwards”. Children with higher levels of relative body fat do not perform as well on the MABC-2, regardless of whether the have DCD or not. Dynamic balance test items are most negatively influenced by body fat. Health practitioners and researchers should be aware that body fat can influence results when interpreting MABC-2 test scores.
Flow batteries have the potential to provide ancillary grid services such as area regulation. In this paper, a hypothetical 2 MW flow battery is simulated in an area regulation application to find the optimal energy-to-power ratio that maximizes the net present value (NPV) of a 10 year project based on a range of installation costs. Financial and operational results are presented, and candidate battery chemistries are discussed. A simplified model of battery installation costs (dollars per kW h) resulted in a positive NPV for installation costs below $500 kW−1 h−1. For installation costs between $300 and $500 kW−1 h−1, an optimal energy-to-power ratio is 1.39. The traditional advantage of decoupling power and energy capacity may not be realized in area regulation; therefore hybrid flow batteries may be more appropriate. Zinc-bromine and iron-chromium chemistries might fit well with this application, along with lower-cost flow battery chemistries in the future.
The present study was undertaken to test Frith's [The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia, 1992. Erlbaum (UK) Taylor and Francis, East Sussex] model which states that certain symptoms of schizophrenia arise from diminished capacity to regulate willed (goal-directed) and stimulus-driven action systems. A total of 107 patients were administered the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), a task that on interference trials requires individuals to recall target material while suppressing non-target distracting stimuli from memory. Symptom ratings were obtained using the SANS/SAPS [Andreasen, N.C., 1984. Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms/Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms [Manual] University of Iowa Press, Iowa City]. It was predicted that (1) negative symptoms would result in diminished recall, reflecting compromised activation of the willed action system, and (2) disorganized symptoms would be associated with heightened interference susceptibility resulting from diminished ability to suppress the stimulus-driven action system. Results revealed that diminished recall was related to negative, but not disorganized or positive symptoms. Symptom ratings were also evaluated in a subset of patients with intrusion error data (n=38). In this subset, it was found that patients who committed intrusion errors on the interference trials evidenced more disorganized, but not negative or positive symptoms, than individuals failing to commit such errors. These findings provide some support for Frith's hypothesis that impaired regulation of action systems may underlie some of the specific symptoms and cognitive impairments of this illness.
Monolithic hierarchical porous carbon assemblies embedded with mesoporous NaTi2(PO4)3 nanocrystals suitable for flexible anodes in sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are prepared by modified vacuum filtration and annealing. The fabrication involves two-step hetero-assembly induced by electrostatic interactions. In the hierarchical porous carbon assembly, the ultrathin amorphous carbon layers connect the mesoporous NaTi2(PO4)3 nanocrystals with the 3D interconnected carbon networks of reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes. Owing to the synergistic effects rendered by the mesoporous nanocrystals and hierarchical porous carbon networks, the unique monolithic assembly provides continuous 3D pathways for electron/ion conduction and enhances the structural stability during repetitive Na insertion/extraction. As a flexible anode in SIBs, it delivers outstanding room-temperature electrochemical performance with high reversible capacity (125mAhg−1 at 1C), long cycling life (82% capacity retention after 5,000 cycles at 10C), as well as high rate capability (73mAhg−1 at 30C). The flexible monolithic anode which exhibits high Coulombic efficiency and reversible capacity at 0°C and 50°C has large potential in flexible high-performance SIBs.
A study is made of the effect of unreacted monomer on the performance of lithium-ion polymer batteries that use cross-linked polyethylene glycol diacrylate-based polymer electrolytes prepared by free radical polymerization. At high discharge rates and low temperature, the discharge capacities of test cells containing the polymer electrolytes prepared at various concentrations of the initiator decrease as the content of the unreacted monomer in the polymer electrolytes increases. This behaviour is consistent with an increase in the interfacial resistance of the test cells with increase in the content of the unreacted monomer The source of the high interfacial resistance is considered to be due to reaction of the unreacted monomer at the electrode surface to form a resistive film during charging for cell formation.
This study arises from a real world problem. In the problem, a number of university representatives are required to visit a number of exam locations departing from a central location and returning back to the same location. Each location may be visited in one of four different periods; however these visits must be done in pre-specified time windows. Time windows may be different from location to location and across periods for the same location. The problem is modeled as a multi-period multi traveling salesmen problem with time window constraints. Earlier attempts to solve the resulting models using mixed integer linear programming approach proved to be ineffective. Hence two stochastic heuristic search techniques, based on simulated annealing (SA) and robust tabu search (RTS), are used. For this, a new solution representation and associated decoding and encoding mechanisms are developed. Proposed approaches are tested on various problem instances, and performance of the solution approaches are discussed. Finally, a real case is considered for which a method for obtaining travel distance and travel time matrices from Google Distance Matrix API is developed. The results obtained from the real case is also discussed and future research directions are provided.
Resumen Objetivo Determinar los valores normativos de algunos de los diferentes instrumentos de valoración funcional más usados en España. Diseño Estudio transversal del primer corte de una cohorte concurrente de base poblacional. Emplazamiento Área de salud de Albacete capital. Participantes 993 sujetos con edad igual o mayor a 70 años participantes en la cohorte FRADEA. Mediciones principales Se recogieron cuestionarios de discapacidad y función, Barthel, Lawton e Instrumento Abreviado de Discapacidad y Función en la Edad Avanzada (SF-LLFDI), escala de deambulación de Holden (FAC), y pruebas de ejecución: velocidad de marcha (m/s), levántese y ande cronometrado (TUG) (s), tiempo de equilibrio unipodal (s), sentarse y levantarse 5 veces de una silla cronometrado (5STS) (s), Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), fuerza prensora (kg), y fuerza flexora codo (kg). Se describen medias, cuartiles y percentiles en la cohorte global, y en los subgrupos de hombres y mujeres con edad entre 70 y 79 o igual o mayor a 80 años. Resultados Los cuartiles de los diferentes instrumentos fueron respectivamente Barthel (80, 95, 100), Lawton (3, 6, 8), SF-LLFDI (70, 111, 131), FAC (4, 5, 5), velocidad de marcha (0,51, 0,79, 1,00), TUG (13,8, 11,4, 9,8), tiempo de equilibrio unipodal (3, 7, 15), 5STS (16,3, 13,0, 10,7), SPPB (7, 9, 11), fuerza prensora (15, 20, 29), y fuerza flexora de codo (11, 20, 32). Los más jóvenes, los hombres y los residentes en la comunidad, presentaron mejores rendimientos en todos los instrumentos. Conclusiones Se presentan los valores normativos de diferentes instrumentos de valoración funcional de una cohorte de ancianos de Albacete de base poblacional. Éstos pueden ser útiles para su empleo en clínica o en investigación.