batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Exothermic reactions at elevated temperatures (T) between Li-intercalated C6Li x negative electrodes and nonaqueous electrolytes play a crucial role in the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries. However, despite intensive studies so far, the origin of the reactions has not been fully understood, particularly from the viewpoint of a material balance. In this paper, we performed differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses up to 450 °C for samples with x = 0.22, 0.45, 0.67, and 0.89, which were prepared from a graphited mesophase-pitch-based carbon fiber. The DSC profiles for C6Li x with 1 M LiPF6 dissolved in ethylene carbonate (EC)/diethylene carbonate (DEC) solution (EC/DEC = 3/7 by volume) were found to be divided into four different T regions regardless of x. That is, Region (I) below 150 °C, Region (II) for 150 °C < T ≤ 240 °C, Region (III) for 240 °C < T ≤ 270 °C, and Region (IV) above 270 °C. By combining with results for X-ray diffraction measurements and scanning electron microscopic analyses, we have rationalized the change in enthalpy (ΔH) of each Region taking into account the given material balance. Strategies for inhibiting the thermal runaway of LIBs are also discussed.
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are promising next-generation high energy density batteries but their practical application is hindered by several key problems, such as the intermediate polysulfide shuttling and the electrode degradation caused by the sulfur volume changes. Binder acts as one of the most essential components to build the electrodes of Li-S batteries, playing vital roles in improving the performance and maintaining the integrity of the cathode structure during cycling, especially those with high sulfur loadings. To date, tremendous efforts have been devoted to improving the properties of binders, in terms of the viscosity, elasticity, stability, toughness and conductivity, by optimizing the composition and structure of polymer binders. Moreover, the binder modification endows them strong polysulfide trapping ability to suppress the shuttling and decreases the swelling to maintain the porous structure of cathode. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on the binders for Li-S batteries and discuss the various routes, including the binder combination use, functionalization, in-situ polymerization and ion cross-linking, etc., to enhance their performance in stabilizing the cathode, building the high sulfur loading electrode and improving the cyclic stability. At last, the design principles and the problems in further applications are also highlighted.
Background Leukocyte esterase (LE) was recently reported to be an accurate marker for diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) as defined by the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) criteria. However, the diagnostic value of the LE test for PJI after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), the reliability of the subjective visual interpretation of the LE test, and the correlation between the LE test results and the current MSIS criteria remain unclear. Methods This study prospectively enrolled 60 patients undergoing revision TKA for either PJI or aseptic failure. Serological marker, synovial fluid, and histological analyses were performed in all cases. The PJI group comprised 38 cases that met the MSIS criteria and the other 22 cases formed the aseptic group. All the LE tests were interpreted using both visual judgment and automated colorimetric reader. Results When “++” results were considered to indicate a positive PJI, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy were 84, 100, 100, 79, and 90%, respectively. The visual interpretation agreed with the automated colorimetric reader in 90% of cases (Cronbach α = 0.894). The grade of the LE test was strongly correlated with the synovial white blood cell count (ρ = 0.695) and polymorphonuclear leukocyte percentage (ρ = 0.638) and moderately correlated with the serum C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Conclusion The LE test has high diagnostic value for diagnosing PJI after TKA. Subjective visual interpretation of the LE test was reliable and valid for the current battery of PJI diagnostic tests according to the MSIS criteria.
Loss of natural habitat and increased use of man-made materials have led to higher temperatures in tropical urban landscape. One way to handle this issue is by using paving materials that absorb less amount of heat and provide lower surface temperatures. This paper identifies several pavement materials with low surface temperatures for potential use in a tropical climate. The study was conducted in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Paving materials selected were Blue Impala polished granite (BIPG), Rosa Tanggo polished granite (RTPG), Fontana concrete (FC), and asphalt (AS) based on their popularity of use locally. Surface temperatures of these materials were measured using infrared thermal imaging camera in three different environments namely open space (OS), near water (NW), and under shade (US). The readings were recorded for 28 consecutive days from 6:00 to 24:00. Results indicate that BIPG was 15.5°C cooler than AS during 12:00–15:00 in OS locations. However, BIPG and RTPG surface temperatures increased in NW locations as compared to OS and US locations from 12:00 to 18:00. This study provides information on the use of suitable paving materials to reduce surface temperatures of urban areas in tropical climates.
Electricity storage will benefit from both R&D and deployment policy. This study shows that a dedicated programme of R&D spending in emerging technologies should be developed in parallel to improve safety and reduce overall costs, and in order to maximize the general benefit for the system.
The effects of different additives including selenium, silver, ytterbium, lanthanum, and samarium with a dosage of 0.02 wt.% ± 0.005 wt.% on the electrochemical behavior of Pb–Ca–Sn–Al alloy have been studied in sulfuric acid solutions. The electrochemical properties were evaluated by linear potential sweep (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Metallurgical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed to investigate the morphology-property relationships of the corrosion layer and corrosion section of Pb–Ca–Sn–Al alloys. It was found that the additives including Ag, La and Sm can to some extent refine the grain and regular grain boundary of Pb–Ca–Sn–Al alloy, which was confirmed by metallurgical microscope. The formation of a uniform and dense corrosion layer on the surface of these three alloys can effectively reduce the corrosion rate of the alloy. Furthermore, the growth of Pb (II) and PbO2 in corrosion layer on Pb–Ca–Sn–Al alloy is remarkably inhibited by adding Ag, La, and Sm as determined by the results of CV, EIS, and SEM. These experimental facts indicate that adding Ag, La and Sm can improve the corrosion resistance of the alloy.
Abstract A number of nanoscale materials have been developed and utilized for the physical, chemical, and physicochemical property improvement of parts and devices used in the automotive industry. The quantity of these nanomaterials has been growing rapidly because of their extraordinary properties. Nevertheless, recent studies conducted on their toxicity have shown that some of them, in differing surface areas, sizes, shapes, surface charges, and compounds, interact with human cells or organs and damage them, block blood flow, and cause other serious illnesses. If we understand the causes and mechanisms of these nanomaterial interactions in the automotive industry, it’s more than likely we will find cures for the deadly diseases associated with them. In this chapter, we report, in detail, on those nanomaterials, health and safety issues, and protection methods and present recent developments in the field that may be useful for workers’ protection.
Fe2SeS is successfully synthesized by facile solid-state reaction and the electrochemical investigation of Fe2SeS as anode for lithium ion batteries is reported for the first time. Fe2SeS deliverers a large initial discharge capacity of 471 mAh g−1. The initial coulombic efficiency (92.56%) is higher than most of double-anion compounds reported previously. It is unexpected to find that Fe reacts simultaneously with Li2S and Li2Se to reform Fe2SeS during charging process, which is different from most double-anion compounds.
Lithium-sulfur batteries are now commercially available, offering high specific energy density, low production costs and high safety. However, there is no commercially-available battery management system for them, and there are no published methods for determining state of charge in situ. This paper describes a study to address this gap. The properties and behaviours of lithium-sulfur are briefly introduced, and the applicability of ‘standard’ lithium-ion state-of-charge estimation methods is explored. Open-circuit voltage methods and ‘Coulomb counting’ are found to have a poor fit for lithium-sulfur, and model-based methods, particularly recursive Bayesian filters, are identified as showing strong promise. Three recursive Bayesian filters are implemented: an extended Kalman filter (EKF), an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) and a particle filter (PF). These estimators are tested through practical experimentation, considering both a pulse-discharge test and a test based on the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). Experimentation is carried out at a constant temperature, mirroring the environment expected in the authors' target automotive application. It is shown that the estimators, which are based on a relatively simple equivalent-circuit–network model, can deliver useful results. If the three estimators implemented, the unscented Kalman filter gives the most robust and accurate performance, with an acceptable computational effort.
Due to importance of the quantity of water loss in the life cycle of lead-acid batteries, water consumption tests were performed on 72 lead-acid batteries with low antimony grid alloy at different charge voltages and temperatures. Weight loss of batteries was measured during a period of 10 days. The behavior of batteries in different charge voltages and temperatures were modeled by artificial neural networks (ANNs) using MATLAB 7 media. Four temperatures were used in the training set, out of which three were used in prediction set and one in validation set. The network was trained by training and prediction data sets, and then was used for predicting water consumption in all three temperatures of prediction set. Finally, the network obtained was verified while being used in predicting water loss in defined temperatures of validation set. To achieve a better evaluation of the model ability, three models with different validation temperatures were used (model 1=50°C, model 2=60°C and model 3=70°C). There was a good agreement between predicted and experimental results at prediction and validation sets for all the models. Mean prediction errors in modeling charge voltage–temperature–time behavior in the water consumption quantity for models 1–3 were below 0.99%, 0.03%, and 0.76%, respectively. The model can be simply used by inexpert operators working in lead-acid battery industry.
Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been demonstrated as a neuroprotective strategy, but its effect on perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is still unknown. The current study was designed to shed light on the potential beneficial effect of PBM on neonatal brain injury induced by hypoxia ischemia (HI) in a rat model. Postnatal rats were subjected to hypoxic-ischemic insult, followed by a 7-day PBM treatment via a continuous wave diode laser with a wavelength of 808 nm. We demonstrated that PBM treatment significantly reduced HI-induced brain lesion in both the cortex and hippocampal CA1 subregions. Molecular studies indicated that PBM treatment profoundly restored mitochondrial dynamics by suppressing HI-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. Further investigation of mitochondrial function revealed that PBM treatment remarkably attenuated mitochondrial membrane collapse, accompanied with enhanced ATP synthesis in neonatal HI rats. In addition, PBM treatment led to robust inhibition of oxidative damage, manifested by significant reduction in the productions of 4-HNE, P-H2AX (S139), malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as protein carbonyls. Finally, PBM treatment suppressed the activation of mitochondria-dependent neuronal apoptosis in HI rats, as evidenced by decreased pro-apoptotic cascade 3/9 and TUNEL-positive neurons. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that PBM treatment contributed to a robust neuroprotection via the attenuation of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and final neuronal apoptosis in the neonatal HI brain.
A rational design of well-dispersed and high-level ultrasmall metal oxide (MO x , M=Sn or Fe) nanoparticles anchored on 3D hierarchical porous graphene-like (HPG) networks and fabrication via a simple hydrothermal process have been achieved for the first time. By taking the advantages of the 3D HPG composites like that the well-dispersed MO x nanoparticles in ultrasmall size with the high mass loadings (more than 70%) on conductive 3D HPG substrates provide abundant active sites for Li ion insertion and good conductivity and short diffusion length for Li ions, which are beneficial for high capacity and rate capability. Meanwhile, 3D HPG can hold the ultrasmall MO x nanoparticles tightly by the pores, which avoids serious volume change and agglomeration of the ultrasmall MO x nanoparticles caused by lithium insertion/extraction. This ensures the material high capacity and cycling stability. The as-prepared SnO2-3D HPG and Fe2O3-3D HPG electrodes exhibit high reversible capacity of 986mAhg−1 and 907mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at 100mAg−1, respectively. In addition, the two electrodes exhibit excellent cycling performance at various rates and superior rate performance at 10Ag−1 and a long lifetime of 1000 cycles with nearly 90% capacity retention. Such high performance is superior to those reported recently. It is a chance to extend this present synthesis method to prepare other electrode materials with high electron/Li ion transfer kinetics for practical and large-scale applications in electrochemical fields.
The restacking-inhibited N-doped graphene (GN) is prepared for supercapacitor material based on the sol–gel method. Meanwhile, the graphene oxide (GO) is reduced and modified by melamine-resorcinol-formaldehyde (MRF). The reduced graphene oxide (RG) is characterized with the ultraviolet visible absorption spectrum, Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the morphology of GN is measured by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption. The doped N content is confirmed by elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The result shows that GO is reduced by resorcinol derivatives. With the specific surface of 518 m2 g− 1and N content of 9.77 wt%, laminated GN with 2.5 wt% GO exhibits the outstanding specific capacitance (245 F g−1), low charge-transfer resistance and superior cycle stability (94.8% retention after 2000 cycles).
In this paper, a novel approach for battery state of charge (SOC) estimation in electric vehicles (EVs) based on an adaptive switching gain sliding mode observer (ASGSMO) has been presented. To design the ASGSMO for the SOC estimation, the state equations based on a battery equivalent circuit model (BECM) are derived to represent dynamic behaviours of a battery. Comparing with a conventional sliding mode observer, the ASGSMO has a capability of minimising chattering levels in the SOC estimation by using the self-adjusted switching gain while maintaining the characteristics of being able to compensate modelling errors caused by the parameter variations of the BECM. Lyapunov stability theory is adopted to prove the error convergence of the ASGSMO for the SOC estimation. The lithium-polymer battery (LiPB) is utilised to conduct experiments for determining the parameters of the BECM and verifying the effectiveness of the proposed ASGSMO in various discharge current profiles including EV driving conditions in both city and suburban.
Porous Li4/3Ti5/3O4 (LTO) and LTO/M (M=Ni, Co) composites have been synthesized using a template-free sol-gel procedure. Porosity is simply controlled by varying the metal content. Due to the porous morphology and enhanced electronic conductivity, these materials display a superior electrochemical performance as anode materials in lithium ion batteries. Oxidation of the LTO/M composites in air yields a dispersion of M/MOx nano-(micron-sized) particles that are regularly distributed on a 3D macroporous LTO matrix and exhibit a reversible electrochemical activity with lithium. In this new architecture (LTO/M/MOx), the ratio and composition of M/MOx particles are readily controlled by varying the synthesis/oxidation conditions. The new substrate (porous LTO) participates in capacity, with no change in volume, and overcomes drawbacks of using metallic substrates such as high cost, fragile structure and the low volumetric specific capacity.
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is an insidiously progressive clinical syndrome that includes at its core an impairment in language. From a clinical perspective, there are a variety of diagnostic challenges; international consensus has only recently been reached on the nomenclature for specific clinical subtypes. There are at present no established treatments, and efforts to develop treatments have been hampered by the lack of standardized methods to monitor progression of the illness. This is further complicated by the multiplicity of underlying neuropathologies. Although measures developed from work with stroke aphasia and from work with disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia have provided a valuable foundation for monitoring progression, PPA presents unique challenges to clinicians aiming to quantify impairments for the purposes of full characterization and monitoring, and ultimately with the goal of designing clinical trials of interventions to make a meaningful difference in patients’ lives. In this review, I will summarize the main points made in my presentation at the 2010 International Conference on Frontotemporal Dementia, expand from there to summarize our current approach to monitoring progression of PPA, and finally will outline some ideas about goals for the development of better tools for this purpose.
Despite successful commercialization of graphite in lithium ion batteries (LIBs), it is still necessary to develop cost-efficient carbon materials with high capacity and rate capability. Here we report a nitrogen-rich (17.72 at%), hierarchically porous carbon (NHPC) produced by low-cost and large-scale synthetic method through spray granulation followed by pyrolysis under flowing NH3. The synthetic approach featuring using low-cost raw materials (glycine as carbon/nitrogen source and NaCl as template) and industrial spray granulation shows promising application in commercial practice. Benefitting from the rich nitrogen doping and homogeneously porous structure, the NHPC delivers a reversible capacity as high as 1276.5 mA h g−1 at current density of 100 mA g−1 when used as anode for LIB. After 200 cycles at current density of 500 mA g−1, a reversible capacity of 930.6 mA h g−1 remains without any capacity fading compared to the second cycle, showing good electrochemical performance. Even at higher current density of 2 A g−1, a reversible capacity of 582.6 mA h g−1 is achieved, highlighting the superior rate capability compared with most reported carbon-based materials. The mechanism of lithium storage in NHPC is studied in depth by kinetic analysis to figure out the reason for the achieved much higher capacities and rate capability than the theoretical capacity (372 mA h g−1, by forming LiC6) and most reported ones. It is found that there exists considerable capacitive charge storage owing to the adsorbed lithium on the surface of carbon in NHPC, which resulted in the superior rate capability and cycling stability. Besides the adsorbed lithium (capacitive charge storage) and inserted lithium (by forming LiC6 or LiC6@Li4C3N4), deposited lithium in micropores is also found to contribute to achieving the high lithium storage of NHPC.
Proper water management in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) is very critical and complicated because of many interacting physicochemical phenomena. Among these, the liquid saturation in the cathode side is believed to have a very strong effect on water crossover through the membrane, a key parameter to determine water balance between the anode and cathode. In this paper, based on an interfacial liquid coverage model implemented in a three-dimensional (3D) two-phase DMFC model, the liquid saturation variations in the cathode are examined in detail and their effects on the net water transport coefficient through the membrane discussed.
Electrochemical behavior of potassium ferrate(VI) (K2FeO4) coated with different content of 2,3-Naphthalocyanine (H2Nc) is investigated as a function of exposure time in electrolyte. Galvanostatic discharge curves indicate that the stability of K2FeO4 cathode is improved by coating a layer of H2Nc. In short exposing time of 3h, the capacity of coated K2FeO4 shows slight decrease with increase of H2Nc content. But in longer exposing time of more than 6h, the K2FeO4 cathode coated with more than 2% H2Nc shows better capacity. Open-circuit potential curves indicate that the stability of K2FeO4 increases with increasing H2Nc content. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results reveal that H2Nc partially hinders the contact between K2FeO4 and the aqueous media, and enhances the ability of electron transfer in the electrode, which are responsible for the enhancement of K2FeO4 stability.
Nest-like TiO2 hollow microspheres composed of nanowires have been successfully synthesized via a simple process including hydrothermal treatment and calcination. The hydrothermal treatment time plays important roles in the morphologies and crystallographic structures for the final products. The obtained nest-like TiO2 hollow microspheres gives a reversible capacity of 228mAhg−1 at 0.5C rate. Furthermore, the nest-like TiO2 hollow microspheres could possess relatively high reversible capacities even at higher charge/discharge rates. The reversible capacities of approximately 210, 191, 166, 150 and 130mAhg−1 are obtained at 1C, 2C, 5C, 10C and 20C, respectively. The superior electrochemical performance of hollow TiO2 microspheres composed of nanowires is mainly related to its efficient hierarchical nanostructures.
Liquid Metal Batteries (LMBs) are a promising concept for cheap electrical energy storage at grid level. These are built as a stable density stratification of three liquid layers, with two liquid metals separated by a molten salt. In order to ensure a safe and efficient operation, the understanding of transport phenomena in LMBs is essential. With this motivation we study thermal convection induced by internal heat generation. We consider the electrochemical nature of the cell in order to define the heat balance and the operating parameters. Moreover we develop a simple 1D heat conduction model as well as a fully 3D thermo-fluid dynamics model. The latter is implemented in the CFD library OpenFOAM, extending the volume of fluid solver, and validated against a pseudo-spectral code. Both models are used to study a rectangular 10 × 10 cm² Li||Bi LMB cell at three different states of charge.