batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Investigation of electrocatalytic reactions and processes at molecule level is of essential importance in the successful development of electrocatalyst. It is critical to understand the detail pathways and mechanism of complex electrocatalytic processes in order to control the reaction and suppress the formation of byproducts. Based on its fingerprint and surface selection rules, electrochemical in-situ FTIR spectroscopy (in-situ FTIRS) is a powerful method to acquire real-time information about the chemical nature of adsorbates and the solution species involved in electrochemical reactions. These unique features make this technique well-suitable and widely applicable in electrocatalytic reactions. In this paper, we review recent progresses of in-situ FTIRS and its application in the investigation of electrocatalytic reactions and processes. First, we focus on the in-situ FTIR studies of electrocatalytic oxidation of small organic molecules. Next, in-situ FTIR characterization of electrocatalysts through employing a probe molecule, i.e. CO, is reviewed. Finally, the application of in-situ FTIRS to analyze some important electrochemical processes such as CO2 electroreduction, biomolecule reaction and Lithium ion battery is reviewed. The body of work has advanced the knowledge of electrode process and summarized the frontier in study of electrocatalytic reactions and processes at molecular level.
Nickel sulfide (Ni3S4) has been recognized as one of the most advanced anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) on account of its cost effectiveness, commendable redox reversibility and high theoretical capability. However, like other metal sulfide (MS) anodes, the Ni3S4 suffers from poor cycle life and inferior rate capability owing to large volume changes during the repeated Na+ de/insertion process and unsatisfied electronic conductivity. Herein, we fabricated porous Ni3S4/carbon aerogels (Ni3S4/CAs) using carrageenan-Ni hydrogels as the precursor via the pyrolysis route. The sulfate groups located uniformity and confinement for Ni2+ ions in carrageenan double-helix structures converted into uniform Ni3S4 nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in porous carbon through the decomposition. Remarkably, the as-prepared Ni3S4/CAs-1 sample as the anode material for SIBs exhibits a high reversible capacity of 297 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 after 100 cycles. This work develops a facile way to synthesize Ni3S4/CAs as a promising anode material for SIBs from marine biomass resources.
Material flows and emissions in all the stages of production of zinc, copper, aluminum, cadmium, indium, germanium, gallium, selenium, tellurium, and molybdenum were investigated. These metals are used selectively in the manufacture of solar cells, and emission and energy factors in their production are used in the life cycle analysis (LCA) of photovoltaics. Significant changes have occurred in the production and associated emissions for these metals over the last 10 years, which are not described in the LCA databases. Furthermore, emission and energy factors for several of the by-products of the base metal production were lacking. This review article aims in updating the life cycle inventories associated with the production of the base metals (Zn, Cu), and defining the production paths and emission and energy allocations for the minor metals (Cd, Ge, In, Mo, Se, and Te) used in photovoltaics.
There are inherent safety risks associated with inactive lithium ion batteries leading to greater restrictions and regulations on shipping and inactive storage. Maintaining all cells of a lithium ion battery at near zero voltage with an applied fixed load is one promising approach which can lessen (and potentially eliminate) the risk of a lithium ion battery entering thermal runaway when in an inactive state. However, in a conventional lithium ion cell, a near zero cell voltage can be damaging if the anode electrochemical potential increases to greater than the potential where dissolution of the copper current collector occurs (i.e. ∼3.1 V vs. Li/Li+ at room temperature). Past approaches to yield lithium ion cells that are tolerant to a near zero volt state of charge will be reviewed and their anticipated tradeoffs discussed. Additionally, the present work introduces a novel method to prevent the anode potential from increasing to greater than ∼3.1 V vs. Li/Li+ during near zero volt storage by modifying the amount of reversible lithium in a conventional cell using a pre-lithiated anode. Specifically, LiCoO2/MCMB pouch cells fabricated with a pre-lithiated anode maintained 99% of their original capacity after three, 3 day and three, 7 day storage periods at near zero volts under fixed load. A LiCoO2/MCMB pouch cell fabricated with a pre-lithiated anode also maintained its original discharge performance after three, 3 day storage periods under fixed load at 45 °C. Thus, modifying the amount of reversible lithium in a cell with anode pre-lithiation is a promising concept to achieve lithium ion cells with high tolerance to near zero volt storage without modification to typical cell construction parameters or use of unconventional materials.
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell hybridized with lithium-ion battery possesses significant advantages, including the combination of large energy carrier feature with high power density to provide a power source for large fluctuated areas such as a vehicle or a construction equipment. A hybrid system obviously requires a suitable power management means to distribute each power source optimally and ensure safe and efficient power system operation. This study investigates hybrid system power distribution and the protection of power sources, namely, PEMFC and/or LIB, to extend their lifetimes under the condition of external load variations. Power distribution with the purpose of power source protection is developed to balance the power and stabilize the DC-link voltage with the developed hybrid model. In particular, two new power splitting methods are proposed: coordinated current–voltage control and dual-voltage control. Moreover, these two control schemes are selected depending on the threshold load current. The threshold load current is decided by fuzzy logic rules to prevent power shortage in PEMFC by current control for higher load and to regulate LIB's state-of-charge for lower load. To validate the proposed power management approach, experimental tests are conducted on a hybrid PEMFC/LIB power system prototype.
Previous research has suggested that the use of the fingers may play a functional role in the development of a mature counting system. However, the role of developmental vision in the elaboration of a finger numeral representation remains unexplored. In the current study, 14 congenitally blind children and 14 matched sighted controls undertook three different test batteries that examined (a) general cognitive abilities, (b) the spontaneous use of finger-counting and finger-montring strategies (where “finger-montring” is a term used to characterize the way people raise their fingers to show numerosities to other people), and (c) the canonicity level of the finger-counting and finger-montring habits. Compared with sighted controls, blind children used their fingers less spontaneously to count and in a less canonical way to count and show quantities. These results demonstrate that the absence of vision precludes the development of a typical finger numeral representation and suggest that the use of canonical finger-counting and finger-montring strategies relies on the visual recognition of particular hand shapes.
The aim of the current pilot study is to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the NOX T3TM (T3) portable sleep monitor (PM) to that of simultaneously recorded in-lab polysomnogram (PSG).
Solid electrolyte interface (SEI) films formed on Li1−x CoO2 electrodes were observed with hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HX-PES). This paper particularly focuses on film thickness estimation using HX-PES with theoretical calculation. The validity of the calculation was proven by experiments using model SEI films. The native film formed on a LiCoO2 composite electrode was estimated to be LiF with its thickness of 5nm. Formation of Co (II) species on top of LiCoO2 was also indicated. Storage of the electrode at 60°C brought about considerable film growth (30–40nm) with carbonate compounds formation. SEI film changes during charging of the LiCoO2 electrode were also examined. The main component in the film was deduced to be LiF or a kind of fluorite, with its thickness decreased during charging. The SEI formation mechanisms are also elucidated.
One of the most frequently used tools to measure intelligence, which has been accepted to be measurable, is the Wechsler Intelligence Scales. The first of the scales which were prepared for three different age groups is “Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children” the first form of which was brought forth by Wechsler in 1949. There are four revisions of this 1949 test. This study examines the changes the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children has undergone throughout this process, what kind of changes has taken place in its number and structure of sub-scales, the changes in the score types and scoring, and it also examines the techniques used in putting forth its psychometric qualities and the data related to the studies.
Energy management strategy plays a key role for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles (FCHEVs), it directly affects the efficiency and performance of energy storages in FCHEVs. For example, by using a suitable energy distribution controller, the fuel cell system can be maintained in a high efficiency region and thus saving hydrogen consumption. In this paper, an energy management strategy for online driving cycles is proposed based on a combination of the parameters from three offline optimized fuzzy logic controllers using data fusion approach. The fuzzy logic controllers are respectively optimized for three typical driving scenarios: highway, suburban and city in offline. To classify patterns of online driving cycles, a Probabilistic Support Vector Machine (PSVM) is used to provide probabilistic classification results. Based on the classification results of the online driving cycle, the parameters of each offline optimized fuzzy logic controllers are then fused using Dempster-Shafer (DS) evidence theory, in order to calculate the final parameters for the online fuzzy logic controller. Three experimental validations using Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) platform with different-sized FCHEVs have been performed. Experimental comparison results show that, the proposed PSVM-DS based online controller can achieve a relatively stable operation and a higher efficiency of fuel cell system in real driving cycles.
Portable fuel cells are receiving great attention today mainly because their energy density is higher than any portable battery solution. Among other types, portable polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are an established technology where research on increasing their efficiency is leading product development and manufacturing. The objective of this work was to study and evaluate the redesign of a commercial portable fuel cell, improving its efficiency. A three-dimensional model of the original PEM fuel cell with parallel plus a transversal flow channel design was developed using Comsol Multiphysics, including the effects of liquid water formation and electric current production. Using this model, the effects of different channel geometries and respective cathode flow rates on the cell’s performance, including the local transport characteristics, were studied. Laboratory tests with various fuel cell stacks using the new channels structure were effectuated for an evaluation of the fuel cell’s performance, showing improvements in its efficiency of up to 26.4%.
A large body of cognitive research has shown that people intuitively and effortlessly reason about the biological world in complex and systematic ways. We addressed two questions about the nature of intuitive biological reasoning: How does intuitive biological thinking change during adolescence and early adulthood? How does increasing biology education influence intuitive biological thinking? To do so, we developed a battery of measures to systematically test three components of intuitive biological thought: anthropocentric thinking, teleological thinking and essentialist thinking, and tested 8th graders and university students (both biology majors, and non-biology majors). Results reveal clear evidence of persistent intuitive reasoning among all populations studied, consistent but surprisingly small differences between 8th graders and college students on measures of intuitive biological thought, and consistent but again surprisingly small influence of increasing biology education on intuitive biological reasoning. Results speak to the persistence of intuitive reasoning, the importance of taking intuitive knowledge into account in science classrooms, and the necessity of interdisciplinary research to advance biology education. Further studies are necessary to investigate how cultural context and continued acquisition of expertise impact intuitive biology thinking.
This paper presents Google speech API based aid for deaf and blind people. The live streaming speech on the microphone is sent to Google API server which converts the speech signal into text and displaying onto a LCD screen and amplifies the speech via speaker. The aid will use Request procedure protocol to send the encoded Mp3 audio to Google API server where the speech signal is converted into suitable text and sent back to the Raspberry pi using repeated request protocol. This aid is designed to address issue with mild deafness and blind person. This will enable the deaf and blind persons to work effectively at home, office and any public places with ease. The aid works at low latency at good internet connectivity.
Socioeconomic disparities are associated with differences in cognitive development. The extent to which this translates to disparities in brain structure is unclear. We investigated relationships between socioeconomic factors and brain morphometry, independently of genetic ancestry, among a cohort of 1,099 typically developing individuals between 3 and 20 years of age. Income was logarithmically associated with brain surface area. Among children from lower income families, small differences in income were associated with relatively large differences in surface area, whereas, among children from higher income families, similar income increments were associated with smaller differences in surface area. These relationships were most prominent in regions supporting language, reading, executive functions and spatial skills; surface area mediated socioeconomic differences in certain neurocognitive abilities. These data imply that income relates most strongly to brain structure among the most disadvantaged children.
Three renewable energy technologies (RETs) were analyzed for their feasibility for a small off-grid research facility dependent on diesel for power and propane for heat. Presently, the electrical load for this facility is 115kW but a demand side management (DSM) energy audit revealed that 15–20% reduction was possible. Downsizing RETs and diesel engines by 15kW to 100kW reduces capital costs by $27000 for biomass, $49500 for wind and $136500 for solar. The RET Screen International 4.0® model compared the economical and environmental costs of generating 100kW of electricity for three RETs compared to the current diesel engine (0 cost) and a replacement ($160/kW) diesel equipment. At all costs from $0.80 to $2.00/l, biomass combined heat and power (CHP) was the most competitive. At $0.80 per liter, biomass’ payback period was 4.1 years with a capital cost of $1800/kW compared to wind's 6.1 years due to its higher initial cost of $3300/kW and solar's 13.5 years due to its high initial cost of $9100/kW. A biomass system would reduce annual energy costs by $63729 per year, and mitigate GHG emissions by over 98% to 10t CO2 from 507t CO2. Diesel price increases to $1.20 or $2.00/l will decrease the payback period in years dramatically to 1.8 and 0.9 for CHP, 3.6 and 1.8 for wind, and 6.7 and 3.2 years for solar, respectively.
The fabrication of a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) without carbon components is described. It is therefore suitable for use as a bifunctional oxygen electrode in alkaline secondary batteries. The electrode is fabricated in two stages (a) the formation of a PTFE-bonded nickel powder layer on a nickel foam substrate and (b) the deposition of a NiCo2O4 spinel electrocatalyst layer by dip coating in a nitrate solution and thermal decomposition. The influence of modifications to the procedure on the performance of the GDEs in 8 M NaOH at 333 K is described. The GDEs can support current densities up to 100 mA cm−2 with state-of-the-art overpotentials for both oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction. Stable performance during >50 successive, 1 h oxygen reduction/evolution cycles at a current density of 50 mA cm−2 has been achieved.
The LiCoO2 cathode material was surface treated with the Li4Ti5O12 particles by a simple mechano-thermal process, followed by calcination at 723K for 10h in air. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) patterns showed a single-phase hexagonal α-NaFeO2-type structure for the surface treated LiCoO2 without any structure modification and new phase formation. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) image exposed a uniform layer Li4Ti5O12 particulate over the surface of the LiCoO2 particles that had an average thickness of ∼20nm. The electrochemical performance studies indicated that a 1.0wt.% Li4Ti5O12 coated LiCoO2 sample heated at 723K for 10h in air exhibited an initial discharge capacity of 171mAhg−1 and excellent cycle stability of about 148 cycles for a cut-off voltage of 80% when cycled between 2.75 and 4.40V. The differential capacity plots for LiCoO2 surface treated with Li4Ti5O12 confirmed that the enhanced performance can be attributed to slower impedance growth and increased resistance to Co dissolution into the electrolyte during the (de)intercalation processes.
Summary Objective The objective of this study was to develop and validate a transparent, fair and objective assessment programme for the selection of surgical trainees into higher surgical training (HST) in plastic surgery in the Republic of Ireland. Methods Thirty-four individuals applied for HST in plastic surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) in the academic years 2005–2006 and 2006–2007. Eighteen were short-listed for interview and further assessment. All applicants were required to report on their undergraduate educational performance and their postgraduate professional development. Short-listed applicants completed validated objective assessment simulations of surgical skills, an interview and assessment of their suitability for a career in surgery. Results When applicants' short-listing scores were combined with their interview scores and assessment of their suitability for a career in surgery, individuals who were selected for HST in plastic surgery performed significantly better than those who were not (P <0.002). However, when the assessment of technical skills scores were added the significance level of this difference increased further (P <0.0001) as did the statistical power of the difference to 99.9%, thus increasing the robustness of the selection package. Conclusion The results from this study suggest that the assessment protocol we used to select individuals for HST in plastic surgery reliably and statistically significantly discriminated between the performances of candidates.
The growth of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) at the surface of a polymer electrolyte has been shown to inhibit the formation of the passivating layer that forms when the polymer is in contact with lithium metal. In this work, ac impedance spectroscopy was used to monitor the formation of SAM layers on polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer electrolyte thin films as a function of time. To monitor SAM growth, thin PEO films were cast onto interdigitated electrodes. The electrodes were subsequently immersed in a saturated SAM solution and the film impedance was measured. SAM molecules with the general formula: H(CH2)32 (CH2CH2O) y H (y =2, 10, 40) were used. Growth occurred due to interactions with the ethylene oxide portion of the SAM molecules with the PEO surface. To visualize SAM growth impedance data at a single frequency sensitive to changes at the solution interface was plotted verses time. At the point of immersion, a sharp increase in impedance was observed. With time, the rate at which the impedance increased slowed and ultimately leveled off presumably indicating the point at which a nearly complete monolayer had formed. SAM growth was verified using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR).
Vehicle routing problems are at the heart of most decision support systems for real-life distribution problems. In vehicle routing problem a set of routes must be determined at lowest total cost for a number of resources (i.e. fleet of vehicles) located at one or several points (e.g. depots, warehouses) in order to efficiently service a number of demand or supply points. In this paper an efficient evolution strategies algorithm is developed for both capacitated vehicle routing problem and for vehicle routing problem with time window constraints. The algorithm is based on a new multi-parametric mutation procedure that is applied within the 1+1 evolution strategies algorithm. Computational testing on six real-life problems and 195 benchmark problems demonstrate that the suggested algorithm is efficient and highly competitive, improving or matching the current best-known solution in 42% of the test cases.
Recent studies found that the non-contact screening device SleepMinder (ResMed Sensor Technologies, Dublin, Ireland) detects sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) with high diagnostic accuracy in cohorts suspected of this disorder. However, it was reported that in patients with periodic limb movement in sleep (PLMS), this non-contact device overestimates the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). We aimed to overcome this limitation by introducing the novel sleep disorder index (SDI) which is sum of the AHI and the period limb movement index (PLMI).
Two strategies for improving the electroactivity towards VO 2 + / VO 2 + redox pair, the limiting process in all-vanadium redox flow batteries (VFBs), were presented. CuPt3 nanoparticles supported onto graphene substrate and nitrogen and oxygen polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-functionalized electrodes materials have been evaluated. The morphology, composition, electrochemical properties of all electrodes prepared was characterized with field emission-scanning electrode microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cell charge–discharge test. The presence of the CuPt3 nanocubes and nitrogen and oxygen functionalities enhance the electrocatalytic activity of the electrodes materials accelerating the oxygen and electron transfer processes. The battery performance was also evaluated using PAN-functionalized electrodes exhibiting a high of energy efficiency of 84% (at current density 20mAcm−2) up to 30th cycle, indicating a promising alternative for improving the VFB.
This paper presents a novel optimization method for sizing and design of stand alone photovoltaic systems. Loss of power supply probability analysis is set as a benchmark to determine all possible PV array and battery capacity. Then, the optimum design is proposed based on the lowest levelized cost of energy. The case study, with reference to Malaysia's meteorological data and typical load profile of rural area, has been simulated and compared to selected three past researches.