batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The limited battery life of modern mobile devices is one of the key problems limiting their use. Even if the offloading of computation onto cloud computing platforms can considerably extend battery duration, it is really hard not only to evaluate the cases where offloading guarantees real advantages on the basis of the requirements of the application in terms of data transfer, computing power needed, etc., but also to evaluate whether user requirements (i.e. the costs of using the cloud services, a determined QoS required, etc.) are satisfied. To this aim, this paper presents a framework for generating models to make automatic decisions on the offloading of mobile applications using a genetic programming (GP) approach. The GP system is designed using a taxonomy of the properties useful to the offloading process concerning the user, the network, the data and the application. The fitness function adopted permits different weights to be given to the four categories considered during the process of building the model. Experimental results, conducted on datasets representing different categories of mobile applications, permit the analysis of the behavior of our algorithm in different applicative contexts. Finally, a comparison with the state of the art of the classification algorithm establishes the goodness of the approach in modeling the offloading process.
Multi-phase integration and structural hydration are effective material design strategies for advanced electrode materials with high capacity and fast lithiation. Herein, a novel layered-spinel lithium manganite hydrate is successfully synthesized through a one-step hydrothermal lithiation process. Structure characterizations, electrochemical properties, reaction mechanisms and kinetic analysis are investigated in detail. The layered-spinel coexistence, stable intercalated water, abundant interfaces/defects and mesoporous architectures comprising 2D nanosheets help to shorten the Li-ion transport pathway, promote electronic/ion conductivity, increase Li storage sites and maintain structural stability. With combined diffusion-controlled and pseudocapacitive reaction mechanisms, the layered-spinel lithium manganite hydrate exhibits superior electrochemical behaviors, showing great potentials for high-capability and ultrafast lithium storage. The comprehensive utilization of multi-phase integration and structural hydration promotes the diversity of material and structure systems, and further paves new way for the design of other high-performance electrode materials.
A ternary composite of CNT/polypyrrole/hydrous MnO2 is prepared by in situ chemical method and its electrochemical performance is evaluated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), impedance measurement and constant-current charge/discharge cycling techniques. For comparative purpose, binary composites such as CNT/hydrous MnO2 and polypyrrole/hydrous MnO2 are prepared and also investigated for their physical and electrochemical performances. The specific capacitance (SC) values of the ternary composite, CNT/hydrous MnO2 and polypyrrole/hydrous MnO2 binary composites estimated by CV technique in 1.0M Na2SO4 electrolyte are 281, 150 and 35Fg−1 at 20mVs−1 and 209, 75 and 7Fg−1 at 200mVs−1, respectively. The electrochemical stability of ternary composite electrode is investigated by switching the electrode back and forth for 10,000 times between 0.1 and 0.9V versus Ag/AgCl at 100mVs−1. The electrode exhibits good cycling stability, retaining up to 88% of its initial charge at 10,000th cycle. A full cell assembled with the ternary composite electrodes shows a SC value of 149Fg−1 at a current loading of 1.0mAcm−2 during initial cycling, which decreased drastically to a value of 35Fg−1 at 2000th cycle. Analytical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface area measurement and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) are also used to characterize the composite materials.
It is likely that ten years of economic crisis have eroded the support of democracy in Europe. But how much? The existing research is divided on this issue. Some claim that the degree of satisfaction with democracy has declined across the whole of Europe during the Great Recession. Other researchers have found no empirical evidence that the support of democracy as a core value has declined across Europe. They claim that merely the specific support has decreased in some countries. This article will use the data from the European Social Survey to verify both claims. It shows that the Great Recession did not lead to a legitimacy crisis of European democracies and that the diffuse support of democracy remains high in most regions. The degree to which the specific support of democracy has been weakened is moderated by the type of welfare regime. In countries where the economic crisis did strike hard and the welfare state is weakly developed, the support of democracy has dropped dramatically. This outcome takes a middle position between two extremes in the ongoing academic debate on the support of democracy. Both positions regarding the increase or decrease of support of and satisfaction with democracy are in need of more nuance by taking into account the impact of welfare regimes. Existing research often assumes a uniform European context that shows either increasing or decreasing levels of satisfaction with democracy. Our research has shown that the response of citizens to the Great Recession has been influenced by the welfare regime.
Anecdotal reports suggest that abused synthetic cannabinoids produce cannabis-like “highs,” but some of their effects may also differ from traditional cannabinoids such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This study examined the binding affinities of first-generation indole-derived synthetic cannabinoids at cannabinoid and noncannabinoid receptors and their effects in a functional observational battery (FOB) and drug discrimination in mice. All seven compounds, except JWH-391, had favorable affinity (≤159 nM) for both cannabinoid receptors. In contrast, binding at noncannabinoid receptors was absent or weak. In the FOB, THC and the six active compounds disrupted behaviors in CNS activation and muscle tone/equilibrium domains. Unlike THC, however, synthetic cannabinoids impaired behavior across a wider dose and domain range, producing autonomic effects and signs of CNS excitability and sensorimotor reactivity. In addition, mice acquired JWH-018 discrimination, and THC and JWH-073 produced full substitution whereas the 5-HT2B antagonist mianserin did not substitute in mice trained to discriminate JWH-018 or THC. Urinary metabolite analysis showed that the compounds were extensively metabolized, with metabolites that could contribute to their in vivo effects. Together, these results show that, while first-generation synthetic cannabinoids shared some effects that were similar to those of THC, they also possessed effects that differed from traditional cannabinoids. The high nanomolar (or absent) affinities of these compounds at receptors for most major neurotransmitters suggests that these divergent effects may be related to the greater potencies and/or efficacies at CB1 receptors; however, action(s) at noncannabinoid receptors yet to be assessed or via different signaling pathways cannot be ruled out.
Access to a reliable source of electricity is a basic need for any community as it can improve the living standards characterized via the improvement of healthcare, education, and the local economy at large. There are two key factors to consider when assessing the appropriateness of a micro-grid system, the cost-effectiveness of the system and the quality of service. The tradeoff between cost and reliability of the system is a major compromise in designing hybrid systems. In this way, optimization of a Hybrid Micro-Grid System (HMGS) is investigated. A hybrid wind/PV system with battery storage and diesel generator is used for this purpose. The power management algorithm is applied to the load, and the Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) method is used to find the best configuration of the system and for sizing the components. A set of recent hourly wind speed data from three meteorological stations in Iran, namely: Nahavand, Rafsanjan, and Khash, are selected and tested for the optimization of HMGS. Despite design complexity of the aforementioned systems, the results show that the MOPSO optimization model produces appropriate sizing of the components for each location. It is also suggested that the use of HMGS can be considered as a good alternative to promote electrification projects and enhance energy access within remote Iranian areas or other developing countries enjoying the same or similar climatic conditions.
Nanosized tin powder was prepared by laser-induced vapor deposition and studied as an alternative anode material for lithium ion batteries. The nano tin particles are spherical, and their size varies from 5nm to 80nm. The prepared powder consists of two compounds: a major amount of Sn and a minor amount of SnO. Results of cyclic voltammograms (CVs) indicate that SnO is deoxidized to Sn almost completely in the first cycle. The reaction of tin with lithium proceeds in two steps. At first, a Li-deficient phase is formed, later a Li-rich phase. Reaction kinetics are controlled by a diffusion step, and the diffusion coefficient of lithium ions in the anode is calculated to be 4.15×10−8 cm2 s−1. The initial charge capacity is nearly to the theoretical reversible capacity of lithium insertion into tin, resulting in Li22Sn5.
Although an inverse-spinel MnCo2O4 has been widely used as a promising supercapacitor material due to its high theoretical capacitance (>3000 F g−1), the supercapacitor device of MnCo2O4 exhibits poor capacity retention, only 79% after 2500 cycles, limiting its practical application. In situ electrochemical X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), in situ mass detection electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), ex situ field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and ex situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) were used to investigate charge storage mechanism of the MnCo2O4 and the origin of its capacity retention fading. It was found that the capacity retention of MnCo2O4 supercapacitors is sensitive to the concentration of electrolyte. High concentration (e.g., 6 M) of KOH electrolyte provides poor capacity retention due to the Jahn-Teller distortion at the positive electrode and the phase transformation at the negative electrode. More interestingly, the MnCo2O4 used at the negative electrode is less stable than that used at the positive electrode. Using low concentration of KOH (i.e., 1 M) and the asymmetric supercapacitor design using MnCo2O4 at the positive electrode would enhance their charge storage performance with high capacity retention.
Highly porous membranes composed of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) [P(VdF-HFP)] and poly(ethylene oxide-co-ethylene carbonate) [P(EO-EC)] were prepared by a phase inversion method. The existence of viscous P(EO-EC) in the membranes not only contributed to the flexibility and high porosity but also led to a decrease in the mechanical strength. In an attempt to enhance the mechanical properties of porous membranes, a thermal annealing technique was considered a promising approach. When the membranes were annealed at 110°C for 2h in an ordinary vacuum oven, they showed a highly ordered pore structure (i.e., honeycomb-like structure) and had a smaller pore size than unannealed membranes. This contributed to enhancement of mechanical strength in the membranes. Instead of organic solvent, viscous P(EO-EC) complexed with LiCF3SO3 was added to the pores of annealed and unannealed membranes, thereby producing solvent-free polymer electrolytes. Polymer electrolytes based on annealed membranes exhibited a high uptake value of the P(EO-EC)/LiCF3SO3 mixture and had a maximum conductivity value of 3.5×10−5 Scm−1 at room temperature, which is similar to that of unannealed membrane-based polymer electrolytes. Their conductivities were observed to increase with increasing P(EO-EC) content in the membranes due to this high uptake. Considering the foregoing facts, the mechanical properties of porous membranes can be improved by the thermal annealing without risking any deterioration of porosity, uptake, and electrochemical performance.
Silicon is a promising anode active material for lithium ion batteries due to improvements to overcome the volume expansion problem and preserve the electrode structural integrity during the lithiation and delithiation processes. Significant studies have been performed to overcome this problem and make silicon available for commercial applications. In this study, we developed a facile and functional method to demonstrate the possibility of widespread usage of silicon anode. Here, two methods were investigated; neutralization of poly(acrylic) acid (PAA) and calendering process during electrode production. PAA without neutralization is commonly used in silicon based anodes. Calendering is a typical process for cathode preparation. However, it is not generally utilized for making silicon anodes. This study aims to show the effect of PAA neutralization and anode calendering on the electrochemical performance of cells in comparison to anodes prepared by conventional processes. Furthermore, a high mass loading is a critical step for the use of Si anode commercially. The electrode was successfully loaded in this study as 1 mg/cm2. Electrochemical performance measurements showed that 1370mAh/g specific capacity was achieved after neutralization of PAA and calendering of the electrode at the 100th cycle. Meanwhile, the calendered electrode prepared with PAA polymer showed a specific capacity of 511 mAh/g after 100 cycles. Traditionally, graphite is used as anode material in commercial batteries and theoretical specific capacity is 372mAh/g. Our observations with quite high specific capacity achieved by the process applied in this study show an important promise for the use of silicon based anode materials in the future utilization of Li ion batteries.
The three-dimensionally porous MnO thin-film electrodes supported on nickel foam and stainless steel substrates were prepared by the improved electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) technique. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and galvanostatic cell cycing are employed to characterize the structures and electrochemical performance of the MnO thin-film electrodes. The results show that these as-prepared MnO thin-film electrodes have a special three dimensional porous network structure and also have stable cycling performance with a reversible capacity of over 850 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 80mAg−1. The MnO thin-film deposited on the nickel foam shows the highest initial columbic efficiency (83.9%), the lowest initial capacity loss (14.2%), and the best rate performance with a high capacity of 498.4 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1200mAg−1. The experimental results suggest that such the MnO thin-film with a special structure is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
The vanadium pentoxide (V2O5)/carbon nanofiber composites (CNFCs) were prepared from polyacrylonitrile/V2O5 in N,N-dimethylformamide by a simple electrospinning method, and their electrochemical properties as supercapacitor electrodes were investigated. Different loadings of V2O5, the microstructures of the CNFCs (e.g., nanometer-size diameters, high specific surface areas, narrow pore size distributions, and tunable porosities) were changed, and the textural parameters significantly affected the electrochemical properties of the composites. The CNFC capacitors delivered the high specific capacitances of 150.0Fg−1 for the CNFCs in an aqueous, with promising energy densities of 18.8Whkg−1, over a power density range of 400–20,000Wkg−1. The CNFCs simultaneously exhibited excellent capacity retention.
Advanced imaging and characterization methods have permitted the 3-D and phase-specific reconstruction of dense and opaque samples with features that have a length scale on the order of tens of nanometers and comprised of materials with large X-ray mass absorption coefficients. Engineered materials, like those found in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes, use complex materials that have often limited opportunities to perform 3-D characterization and analysis. Still, characterization and analysis methods are needed to better understand these structures and their functional impact. The development, verification, and validation of methods used by the authors for the characterization and analysis of the heterogeneous SOFC anode are discussed in this work [1,2]. These methods include the measurement of the volume fractions of the individual phases, contiguity or volumetric connectivity, tortuosity, and interfacial properties. A second and complementary part of this work will examine quantitative methods that provide detailed descriptions of the structure and its relations to the transport processes that it must support [3]. These efforts are intended to describe the formulation of methods developed to provide insight into the SOFC anode nano/microstructure.
Patients’ understanding of the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) has been linked to better diabetes care outcomes (glycemic control, self-care). This is concerning given low documented rates of HbA1c understanding. In this non-blinded, randomized trial, we compared two formats for communicating the HbA1c, selected based on input from people with diabetes, to standard presentation to assess their impact on participants’ glycemic control and diabetes-related perceptions.
Biological microstructures display an unparalleled degree of complexity that can be employed as templates to create exquisite architecture of metal oxides in the burgeoning field of materials. In this work, sea cucumber-like LiMn2O4/C composites aggregated by nano-/micro-crystals have been fabricated via a facile biotemplating method using commercial spirulina as sacrificial templates and a simple carbon coated approach. The structure and morphology of the as-obtained products are characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) techniques. The electrochemical test indicates that these unique LiMn2O4/C composites possess the excellent capacity retention and rate property, and the reversible discharge capacity can retain 94% of its initial capacity after 200 cycles at a rate of 10C. The performance improvement may be attributed to the Li+ rapid diffusion in the hierarchical porous structure, and the excellent electron transport of carbon coating as well as their barrier effect for the manganese ions dissolution in cycling.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses two types of zinc -halogen batteries: zinc-chlorine secondary batteries and zinc-bromine secondary batteries. The rechargeable zinc-chlorine battery currently under development by Energy Development Associates, Michigan is proposed as a new approach to energy saving power systems for vehicles. This is an interesting new concept in battery design, which proves to have applications in the small-battery field. The object that Energy Development Associates have in mind is to produce a battery capable of propelling a 1 tonne vehicle 322 km at a steady speed of 80.5 km/h with 120km/h excursions. Experimentally, it is found that, with a 50 kWh, 363 kg battery system, the vehicle could accelerate from 0 to 64 km/h in 10 s. This requires a minimum power density of 10W/kg. To maintain an average speed of 80.5 km/h on level ground requires 12 kW, equivalent to an energy density of 23 W h/kg. At a 4 h discharge rate, this yields a 322km range between charges. On the other hand zinc-bromine secondary batteries are also in development mode and has potential in future application in load travelling and vehicle propulsion. The theoretical density is 430Wh/kg-1 against a practically realized value of 15-85W/kg-1.
Single phased and well-crystallized β-AgCuPO4 thin films were grown by pulsed laser deposition in an oxygen atmosphere (PO2 =3×10−1 mBar) at a temperature of about 500°C. Their potentiometric response was tested in silver containing solutions. It obeys a Nernstian voltage variation with a fast response time (<60s), a good reversibility and present a good selectivity with the silver in absence of copper and/or mercury cations. The conductivity of this material has been evaluated to better understand the response of this material.
Copper foam with dendritic copper nanostructure was synthesized by an electrodeposition process using hydrogen bubbles as dynamic templates. To modify the morphology of the copper nanostructure in the foam walls, (NH4)2SO4 and BTA (benzotriazole) were introduced into the electrolytic bath as chemical additives, and their influences on the morphologies and the structural characteristics of copper deposits were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanical strength and stiffness of the copper foam were evaluated by the compression test. The corncob-like deposits of the copper foam were changed to needle-like nanodendrites by the addition of (NH4)2SO4, which significantly improved the mechanical strength and stiffness due to the self-supporting effects of the tightly interlocked needle-like nanodendrites. In contrast, the copper foam prepared from the solution with (NH4)2SO4 and BTA shows high ductility but low mechanical strength due to the formation to grape-like copper deposits. Both the copper foams exhibited higher mechanical properties than the one with corncob-like deposits formed in the additive-free solution. The reaction mechanism of (NH4)2SO4 and BTA on the nanostructure of the copper foam at high cathodic current density was clarified by analyzing the effects of the additives on the copper deposition reaction and hydrogen gas evolution reaction, respectively.
Membraneless microfluidic fuel cells (M2FCs) are promising portable power sources, but they suffer from limited scalability. This paper presents a scaling-out strategy for general M2FC applications with their characteristics studied by both experiments and mathematical modeling. The present strategy addresses the issues of flow distribution non-uniformity and shunt current losses by integrating a well-designed fluid circuit. With the present strategy, parallel and series connections of four cells in an array results in a scaling-out efficiency of 93% and 82%, respectively. The effects of different parameters on the array performance as well as further device scalability are also investigated in this paper. Preferable conditions for the array operation include a high branch ionic resistance, small unit cell difference and high unit-cell performance, which can be achieved by appropriately designing the branch geometry, employing high-precision fabrication/assembly techniques and improving the single-cell materials/chemistries. It is expected that the present array can be incremented to 50 cells or above in series with over 75% efficiency as long as there is sufficiently high branch resistance or cell performance.