batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Aims To validate the Spanish version of the University of California Performance Skills Assessment (UPSA) in patients with severe mental disorders. Methods Naturalistic, 6month follow-up, multicentre, validation study. 139 patients with schizophrenia, 57 bipolar patients and 31 controls were evaluated using the following scales: Spanish UPSA (Sp-UPSA), Clinical Global Impression, Severity (CGI-S), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), and Personal and Social Performance (PSP). Results Reliability: Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.81 in schizophrenia and 0.58 in bipolar patients. Test–retest was 0.74 and 0.65 (p <0.0001) respectively. Construct validity: Pearson correlation coefficients between Sp-UPSA and PSP total scores were 0.42 (p <0.0001) for schizophrenia and 0.44 (p =0.001) for bipolar patients. For Sp-UPSA and GAF scores correlation coefficients were 0.43 and 0.52 (p <0.0001) respectively. Discriminant validity: The Sp-UPSA discriminated between patients and controls. In schizophrenia patients it also discriminated among different levels of illness severity according to CGI-S scores. In control versus patients with schizophrenia contrasts, the area under the curve was 0.89 and a cut-off point of 85 provided a sensitivity of 82.7% and a specificity of 77.4%. In bipolar patients, the area under the curve was 0.85 and a cut-off point of 90 provided a sensitivity of 82.5% and a specificity of 64.5%. Conclusion The Spanish UPSA is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing functional capacity in severe mentally ill patients. It seems to be appropriate for use in clinical trials and in everyday clinical practice as a means of monitoring functional outcomes.
Lead acid batteries are typically used in the automotive industry, where they provide a high current pulse to start the vehicle, in traction applications, where they undergo periodic deep discharge and charge, and in stationary applications, where they remain in charged state most of their life. They are used also in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and in remote area power supply systems (RAPS), where they remain in a state of about 50% of charge during their operation. In this state, these batteries can be charged or discharged with high effectivity. In all these applications, it is necessary to monitor and report the battery state of charge (SoC) instead of simply monitoring the battery voltage.
We present the mechanism for the synthesis of a layered Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 compound by a modified radiated gel method. Pure-phase Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 material was achieved when the polymer gel was calcined at 900°C between 15 and 30h. The unit cell parameter c decreased, and a varied slightly with increased sintering time. Electrochemical characterization revealed that the optimized sample (25h) had a high initial discharge capacity of 188mAh/g (2.8–4.5V, 20mA/g), an excellent capacity retention of 90.1% after 30 cycles and a good rate performance.
Smart applications are influencing our life more and more. This paper presents an application where pervasive computing is used in the context of e-Learning. First a short introduction to the ongoing changes concerning pervasive computing and particularly e-Learning is given, followed by a report on an e-Learning framework used in schools, universities and the area of continuing adult education. This framework is the basis for the viewer application, which provides the possibility to present CPS (Content Packaging Specification) packages on handhelds (namely Pocket PCs). The paper concludes with an account of possible extensions and prospective future work.
Dietary flavonoids, including anthocyanins, may positively influence cognition and may be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of dementia. We aimed to assess whether daily consumption of anthocyanin-rich cherry juice changed cognitive function in older adults with dementia. Blood pressure and anti-inflammatory effects were examined as secondary outcomes.
The application of renewable energy in electric power system is growing fast. Photovoltaic and wind energy sources are being increasingly recognized as cost-effective generation sources for remote rural area isolated power system. This paper presents the performance analysis of solar photovoltaic (SPV) system installed at Sagardeep Island in West Bengal state of India. The technical and commercial parameters are used to carry out the performance analysis. The effect of the SPV installation on social life is also studied. SPV installations not only provide electricity to people but also raised their standard of living.
The electrochemical behavior of V2O5·0.6H2O nanoribbons in 0.5mol/L Li2SO4, Na2SO4, and K2SO4 aqueous solutions is compared. The electrochemical reaction of V2O5·0.6H2O in these neutral aqueous electrolyte solutions was elucidated by analyzing the different electrochemical behavior, structural and composition changes of V2O5·0.6H2O electrodes during charge/discharge. Results show, that V2O5·0.6H2O exhibits the largest specific capacity in K2SO4 electrolyte attributed to the most facile intercalation/deintercalation of K+-ions into/from the interlayer space of V2O5·0.6H2O.
Fossil energy depletion and fight against climate change force humanity to decarbonize the economy. By year 2050 CO2 emissions will have to reduce globally at least 85%, and probably over 95% in developed countries. The modeling of the transportation of people and commodities in the Basque Autonomous Community (Spain) in year 2008 has allowed us to draw some conclusions about the challenges ahead. The exploration of several scenarios modeled in order to reduce energy consumption in transport shows that mobility in a decarbonized world will have to be more efficient, electrified when moving people and freight on land, based on renewable generation, and organized in such a way that guarantees very high occupancies of vehicles. All these elements will be indispensable, and even not sufficient if they are still not complemented with a reduction of mobility in absolute terms, so that economic transportation intensity—the ratio between transportation and whole economic activity—recovers to levels seen in the world four decades ago, prior to the development of present hypermobility.
Lithium titanium oxide (LTO) with a ramsdellite structure is an advantageous anode for lithium ion secondary batteries, because of its positive potential, which is beneficial for safety reasons. In addition, compared with other titanate anodes, it has a superior theoretical capacity of 321mAhg−1, which is close to the capacity of a practical carbonaceous anode. Our study showed that this ramsdellite-type LTO had a high discharge capacity that is stable at 250mAhg−1 at a current density of 1mAcm−2. However, this high capacity is only achieved by employing as-synthesized ramsdellite LTO powder. When the same powder was stored and the same evaluation was carried out, the resulting capacity was 200mAhg−1, which is lower than the capacity of as-synthesized powder. An annealing applied to the ramsdellite LTO powder appeared to restore the capacity loss after storage. Annealing at 250°C for 5h produced the best performance, which was even better than that obtained using the as-synthesized ramsdellite LTO powder. Moreover, we investigated the surface property of ramsdellite LTO and found that the presence of a carbon derivative is apparently responsible for blocking the Li ions insertion/extraction, and thus reducing the capacity.
A carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced noble tin anode structure in which CNTs fasten the tin layer to a copper underlayer has been fabricated using plating techniques so as to improve the cyclability of lithium-ion batteries. In this process, a Cu/CNTs composite layer, on one side of which CNTs protrude from the surface, is formed using a reverse current electrodeposition technique. The surface of this composite layer is subsequently coated with a tin layer by a substitution-type electroless plating technique, resulting in the CNT-reinforced noble tin anode structure. The electrochemical characteristics of this noble tin anode structure have been evaluated and compared to those of a tin anode structure without CNTs. The noble tin anode structure shows significantly improved cyclability compared with the tin anode structure and maintains a higher reversible capacity of 591 mAh g−1, a value that is 1.6 times the theoretical capacity of graphite, even after 30 cycles.
A quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of Colorado Tick Fever (CTF) viral RNA in human clinical samples is presented. The sensitivity of this assay has been shown to be greater than that of the isolation of virus in Vero cells by standard plaque assay in a direct comparison. The specificity of the CTF quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay was determined by the exclusive detection of CTF viral RNAs when applied to a diverse panel of CTF viral isolates and reference strain agents known to circulate in areas of CTF virus transmission. Lastly, the quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay demonstrated exceptional sensitivity for the detection of CTF viral RNA in acute human serum. The quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay is efficient, sensitive and specific and as such is useful for the detection of CTF viral RNA in the diagnostic or research laboratory.
Approximately one-fourth population across the world rely on traditional fuels (kerosene, natural gas, biomass residue, firewood, coal, animal dung, etc.) for domestic use despite significant socioeconomic and technological development. Fossil fuel reserves are being exploited at a very fast rate to meet the increasing energy demands, so there is a need to find alternative sources of energy before all the fossil fuel reserves are depleted. Waste to energy (WTE) can be considered as a potential alternative source of energy, which is economically viable and environmentally sustainable. The present study reviewed the current global scenario of WTE technological options (incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and landfilling with gas recovery) for effective energy recovery and the challenges faced by developed and developing countries. This review will provide a framework for evaluating WTE technological options based on case studies of developed and developing countries. Unsanitary landfilling is the most commonly practiced waste disposal option in the developing countries. However, developed countries have realised the potential of WTE technologies for effective municipal solid waste management (MSWM). This review will help the policy makers and the implementing authorities involved in MSWM to understand the current status, challenges and barriers for effective management of municipal solid waste. This review concluded WTE as a potential renewable source of energy, which will partly meet the energy demand and ensure effective MSWM.
The adoption of lithium metal anodes, which are ideal for constructing batteries with high specific energy, is limited by dendrite growth and poor cycle performance. Herein, an anion-regulated solid polymer electrolyte based on in-situ-polymerized poly(ethylene glycol ether acrylate) is prepared for dendrite-free lithium metal batteries. According to the space-charge theory, the growth of lithium dendrites is effectively inhibited by the improved electric field of solid polymer electrolyte on the lithium anode side. And this solid system achieves a lithium transfer number of 0.63, excellent ionic conduction on 2.16 × 10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature), a wide electrochemical stable window (4.8 V vs. Li+/Li) and excellent cycle performance. The flexible batteries (LiFePO4 cathode/solid polymer electrolyte/lithium metal) are assembled to power a light-emitting diode at room temperature. We highlight the anion regulated polymer solid electrolyte, which shows great potential for solid lithium metal batteries and flexible batteries.
Using a lithium metal negative electrode may give lithium metal batteries (LMBs), higher specific energy density and an environmentally more benign chemistry than Li-ion batteries (LIBs). This study asses the environmental and cost impacts of in silico designed LMBs compared to existing LIB designs in a vehicle perspective. The life cycle climate and cost impacts of LMBs show a similar pattern: the use phase has more climate and cost impacts than the production phase. As compared to LIBs and with respect to the positive electrode, Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) is preferable to Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP). The cell cost is highly dependent on the cost of lithium metal; a cost reduction of 50% causes a cell cost reduction of 8–22% depending on the choice of positive electrode material and if the cell is optimised for power or energy. For electric vehicle usage, the total cost per km is mainly dependent on the energy consumption per km and the capacity of the positive electrode, representing cost saving potentials of about 10%. These generic results can be used as a base for investigations of other battery technology using lithium metal electrodes.
The electronic structures of LiNiO2, LiAlO2 and LiNi0.5Al0.5O2 are investigated using density-functional theory (DFT) in the local-density approximation (LDA). The effect of lithium intercalation and the influence of aluminium doping on the structure and electrochemical properties of LiNiO2 are discussed. An increase in the open circuit voltage is observed with Al doping in LiNi0.5Al0.5O2 compound.
Deployment of rechargeable Li metal batteries requires fast charging capability and long-term cycling stability. Here the authors demonstrate the battery application potential of using a small amount of LiPF6 in a dual-salt electrolyte.
Electrochemical energy devices offer a variety of alternate means for low-carbon, multi-scale energy conversion and storage. Reactions in these devices are supported by electrodes with characteristically complex microstructures. To meet the increasing capacity and lifetime demands across a range of applications, it is essential to understand microstructural evolutions at a cell and electrode level which are thought to be critical aspects influencing material and device lifetime and performance. X-ray computed tomography (CT) has become a highly employed method for non-destructive characterisation of such microstructures with high spatial resolution. However, sub-micron resolutions present significant challenges for sample preparation and handling particularly in 4D studies, (three spatial dimensions plus time). Here, microstructural information is collected from the same region of interest within two electrode materials: a solid oxide fuel cell and the positive electrode from a lithium-ion battery. Using a lab-based X-ray instrument, tomograms with sub-micron resolutions were obtained between thermal cycling. The intricate microstructural evolutions captured within these two materials provide model examples of 4D X-ray nano-CT capabilities in tracking challenging degradation mechanisms. This technique is valuable in the advancement of electrochemical research as well as broader applications for materials characterisation.
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is increasing and there is widespread perception that e-cigs are safe. E-cigs contain harmful chemicals; more research is needed to evaluate the safety of e-cig use. Our aim was to investigate the effects of e-cigs on the inflammatory response of human neutrophils.
The surface of a commercial Li[Ni0.4Co0.3Mn0.3]O2 cathode is modified using Li3PO4-based coating materials. The electrochemical properties of the coated materials are investigated as a function of the pH value of the coating solution and the composition of coating materials. The Li3PO4 coating solution with pH 2 is found to be favorable for the formation of stable coating layers having enhanced electrochemical properties. The Li3PO4, Li1.5PO4, and PO4 coating layers are formed as amorphous phases. However, the Li3−x Ni x/2PO4 coating layers are composed of small particles with a crystalline phase covered with an amorphous phase. Li3PO4 and Li1.5PO4 coatings considerably enhance the rate capability of the Li[Ni0.4Co0.3Mn0.3]O2 electrode. In contrast, the Li3−x Ni x/2PO4 coating material, which contained Ni, has an inferior rate capability compared to the Li x PO4 series (x =1.5 and 3), although the LiNiPO4-coated electrode shows a better rate capability than a pristine one. Li3PO4-based coating materials are effective at enhancing the cyclic performance of the electrode in the voltage range of 3.0–4.8V. DSC analysis also confirms the improved thermal stability attained by coating the cathode with Li3PO4-based materials.
An equimolar mixture of fluoroborate salts: LiBF4 and lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate LiBF2(C2O4) (MIX-LiFBs) was obtained from a simple one-step reaction of lithium oxalate and boron fluoride. Voltamperommetry shows that the salt obtained is stable in the potential range of 4.9V. Impedance measurements of liquid electrolytes involving imidazolium ionic liquid and aliphatic carbonates have been carried out, which show the highest ionic conductivity of the order of 10−3 Scm−1 (and low activation energy of 0.14eV) when using carbonates as the solvent. The mixture of fluoroborate salts MIX-LiFBs used as a component of solid polymer electrolytes provides much higher ionic conductivity values at high salt concentrations in “polymer-in-salt systems”. The conductivity of solid polymer electrolytes was considerably increased by adding a low-molecular-weight organic plasticizer.
After the Fukushima nuclear disaster, a reassessment of the energy system is needed in order to include such aspects as human security and resilience. More open and careful discussions are needed concerning the various risks and uncertainties of future energy options, both in Japan and globally. In this paper, we aim to offer a fundamental basis for discourse on energy security by analyzing the status and trends in academic publications on that issue. Our bibliometrics analysis indicates that research has shifted from promoting strategies for ensuring the self-sufficiency of the primary energy to diversification of the secondary energy supply chain by introducing energy networks consisting of an infrastructure established through international coordination. In the literature, the concept of energy security is ambiguous and allows for multiple interpretations. Our results illustrate the existence of highly multidisciplinary topics within energy security, which can be categorized into four perspectives: geopolitical, economic, policy related, and technological.
Energy storage is extensively recognized as a significant potential resource for balancing generation and load in future power systems. Although small residential and commercial consumers of electrical energy can now purchase energy storage systems, many factors, such as cost, policy and control efficiency, limit the spread of distributed energy storage (DES). This paper proposes a new type of DES—cloud energy storage (CES)—that is capable of providing energy storage services at a substantially lower cost. This grid-based storage service enables ubiquitous and on-demand access to a shared pool of grid-scale energy storage resources. It provides users the ability to store and withdraw electrical energy to and from centralized batteries. This paper describes the concept of CES and the control and communication technologies that are required for its implementation and its operating mechanism, as well as its business model. Simulation results that are based on actual power system operating data demonstrate the feasibility and economic benefit of CES.
A key feature achievable by electric vehicles with multiple motors is torque-vectoring. Many control techniques have been developed to harness torque-vectoring in order to improve vehicle safety and energy efficiency. The majority of the existing contributions only deal with specific aspects of torque-vectoring. This paper presents an integrated approach allowing a smooth coordination among the main blocks that constitute a torque-vectoring control framework: (1) a reference generator, that defines target yaw rate and sideslip angle; (2) a high level controller, that works out the required total torque and yaw moment at the vehicle level; (3) a low level controller, that maps the required force and yaw moment into individual wheel torque demands. In this framework, the driver can select one among a number of driving modes that allow to change the vehicle cornering response and, as a second priority, maximise energy efficiency. For the first time, the selectable driving modes include an “Energy efficiency” mode that uses torque-vectoring to prioritise the maximisation of the vehicle energy efficiency, thus further increasing the vehicle driving range. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed framework on an experimentally validated 14 degrees of freedom vehicle model.
Ce-doped α-FeOOH nanorods with high yields were conveniently prepared by a hydrothermal method followed by an acid-treatment process. It is found that Ce uniformly distributes in the α-FeOOH nanorod nanostructures through elemental mapping analysis. The 0.5 wt% Ce-doped α-FeOOH electrode displayed excellent cycling performance with a high discharge capacity of 830 mA h g−1 after 800 charge/discharge cycles at a high current of 2000 mA g−1. The enhanced electrochemical performance can be attributed to the improved electronic conductivity, Li-ion diffusion kinetics and structure stability after Ce doping. Furthermore, a 0.5 wt% Ce-doped α-FeOOH//LiFePO4 lithium ion cell with an initial discharge capacity of 580 mA h g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 based on the total weight of the anode material has been fabricated for the ﬁrst time. The obtained 0.5 wt% Ce-doped α-FeOOH electrode as anode material for sodium-ion batteries also exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 587 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1.
Submicronic particles of LiFePO4 were synthesized by hydrothermal method at 185 °C assisted by carboxylic acid route. In this work, we used citric acid to control the pH of the final products and studied the influence of synthetic conditions on the physical and electrochemical properties of LiFePO4. Structural characterization includes XRD, SEM, TEM and FTIR experiments. The powder quality was investigated by magnetic measurements. Electrochemical features of C–LiFePO4 in Li cell using 1 mol L−1 LiPF6-EC-DEC electrolyte show an excellent capacity retention of 158 mAh g−1 for material prepared with R(citric acid/Fe) = 7 mol%.
The lithiation/de-lithiation behavior of Cu-nanowire/Si nano-particle composite anodes with different copper current collectors is investigated using in-situ micro Raman spectroscopy. It is revealed that not all of the active material particles experience lithiation in the first cycle. It is suggested that a portion of the anode active material is electrically disconnected from the current collector to begin with. Mapping of the connectivity of the anode electrode, performed by in-situ micro-Raman revealed that the portion of the disconnected material depends on the type of the current collector and on the active material loading. The disconnected zones are distributed unevenly over the electrode area.