batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A nanoscale pseudo-graphite hard carbon offers marvelous electrochemistry properties for the sodium ion battery as anode, exhibiting a superb initial Coulombic efficiency of 86% with the sodium alginate binder, which is presumably ascribed to thin and smooth solid electrolyte interface layer. The aforesaid binder system delivers an optimal reversible capacity of 344.4 mA h g−1, maintaining 324.8 mA h g−1 (94.3% at 100th cycle) and 284.8 mA h g−1 (82.6% at 200th cycle) at 0.1C. However, this capacity collapses from 230th cycle with a representative “bluff” curve, which frequently occurs in hydrophilic binders noteworthily. Consequently, the characteristics of the sodium alginate binder are intensively explored: (a) carboxy groups build up the typical multi-dimensional infiltration network by constructing renewable hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) skeleton. (2) This network mitigates the intergranular spacing, infiltrates the micropores and decorates the solid-electrolyte-interface layer, (c) which restrains the network from decomposition caused by the electrolyte. (d) Repeated current impacting and the oxidative decomposition from the NaClO4 electrolyte eventually break the network structure, leading to in-adhesion and “bluff” capacity fading.
This study models the CO2 emissions from electric (EV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and compares the results to published values for the CO2 emissions from conventional vehicles based on internal combustion engines (ICE). PHEVs require fewer batteries than EVs which can make them lighter and more efficient than EVs. PHEVs can also operate their onboard ICEs more efficiently than can conventional vehicles. From this, it was theorized that PHEVs may be able to emit less CO2 than both conventional vehicles and EVs given certain power generation mixes of varying CO2 intensities. Amongst the results it was shown that with a highly CO2 intensive power generation mix, such as in China, PHEVs had the potential to be responsible for fewer tank to wheel CO2 emissions over their entire range than both a similar electric and conventional vehicle. The results also showed that unless highly CO2 intensive countries pursue a major decarbonization of their power generation, they will not be able to fully take advantage of the ability of EVs and PHEVs to reduce the CO2 emissions from automotive transport.
The impedance parameters of Pb/PbSO4 electrode in 4.8 M sulfuric acid have been measured potentiostatically under open-circuit conditions over a wide range of frequencies (10−2 to 104 Hz) under both deep-discharged (state-of-charge, SoC=0) and fully charged (SoC=1) conditions. Immobilization of the electrolyte by adding sodium silicate (5 g/l) on the impedance of Pb/PbSO4 electrode shows significant difference in comparison with the flooded system. Four equivalent circuits have been formulated for overcharged and deep-discharged electrodes in gelled and flooded electrolytes, respectively. Impedance parameters are calculated using a phenomenological model, which indicates that in the case of gelled electrolytes, the electrochemical reactions are mass-transfer controlled, in contrast to the flooded electrolyte cells, where the process is known to be charge-transfer controlled. The study provides a non-destructive investigation of the effect of gelling on the electrical performance of sealed maintenance-free lead-acid batteries.
Three high-throughput screening (HTS) genotoxicity assays—GreenScreen HC GADD45a-GFP (Gentronix Ltd.), CellCiphr p53 (Cellumen Inc.) and CellSensor p53RE-bla (Invitrogen Corp.)—were used to analyze the collection of 320 predominantly pesticide active compounds being tested in Phase I of US. Environmental Protection Agency’s ToxCast™ research project. Between 9% and 12% of compounds were positive for genotoxicity in the assays. However, results of the varied tests only partially overlapped, suggesting a strategy of combining data from a battery of assays. The HTS results were compared to mutagenicity (Ames) and animal tumorigenicity data. Overall, the HTS assays demonstrated low sensitivity for rodent tumorigens, likely due to: screening at a low concentration, coverage of selected genotoxic mechanisms, lack of metabolic activation and difficulty detecting non-genotoxic carcinogens. Conversely, HTS results demonstrated high specificity, >88%. Overall concordance of the HTS assays with tumorigenicity data was low, around 50% for all tumorigens, but increased to 74–78% (vs. 60% for Ames) for those compounds producing tumors in rodents at multiple sites and, thus, more likely genotoxic carcinogens. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the utility of HTS assays to identify potential genotoxicity hazard in the larger context of the ToxCast project, to aid prioritization of environmentally relevant chemicals for further testing and assessment of carcinogenicity risk to humans.
We report the growth of CuO nanowires from copper foils oxidized in air at temperatures between 400 and 800
The widespread adoption of high-energy-density solid-state batteries (SSBs) requires cost-effective processing and the integration of solid electrolytes of about the same thickness as the polymer-membrane separators found in conventional lithium-ion batteries. In this Review, we critically discuss the current status of research on SSB processing as well as recent cost calculations, and compare SSB oxide electrolyte material and processing options in terms of performance parameters for thick versus thin ceramics. We identify as critical for future SSB design the need to capture the thermal processing budget and the stability of the phase of interest for oxide solid electrolytes, namely lithium phosphorus oxynitride, sodium superionic conductors, perovskites and garnets, in addition to the classic plots of Arrhenius lithium transport and the electrochemical stability window. Transitioning to SSB oxide electrolyte films with thicknesses close to the range for lithium-ion battery separators could provide ample opportunities for low-temperature ceramic manufacture and potential cost reduction.
Materials company Umicore has partnered with Formula E to recycle the lithium-ion battery units and cells used during the first two seasons of the electric street racing series. The ABB FIA Formula E Championship is reportedly first fully-electric international single-seater category in motorsport. The Formula E batteries have been collected and are in the process of being recycled by Umicore, the company says. The process comprises sorting, dismantling and recycling with valuable metals being recovered using proprietary smelting technology, followed by a hydrometallurgical treatment. Umicore says that the metals in the battery are infinitely recyclable without losing their properties. Recycling includes the recovery of the metals and their transformation into metal alloys that can be used again in new rechargeable batteries or other products. ‘This is an important moment for Formula E and I’m grateful to be partnering with Umicore on this initiative,’ said Alejandro Agag, founder and CEO of Formula E. ‘Sustainability is at the core of both companies, and to be able to recycle our battery cells with a closed loop approach means we’re doing our utmost to limit the impact we have on the environment – while promoting a wider message of clean mobility.’ Umicore;www.umicore.com
Double perovskite-based Sr2FeMoO6-δ (SFM), as an electrode material for symmetric solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), has been synthesized by a sucrose-modified combustion technique. SFM showed metallic conducting behavior with a conductivity of 215.72Scm−1 in dry H2 at 800°C. The polarization resistance (Rp) for H2 oxidation, evaluated using half-cell symmetry, was recorded as 0.192Ωcm2 under humidified H2 at 800°C. Improved catalytic activity was accomplished by impregnation of Pd or Co-Ni-Mo (0.1:5:1 molar ratio, CNM) via a glycine-mediated impregnation technique. The Rp values for the Pd- and CNM-impregnated SFM were 0.087 and 0.060Ωcm2, respectively, under humidified H2 at 800°C. The symmetric SOFC with an La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3-δ (LSGM) electrolyte and a CNM-impregnated SFM electrode showed maximum power densities of 1066mWcm−2 and 480mWcm−2 at 800°C under humidified H2 and CH4, respectively.
Abstract This chapter starts with a brief history of the development of external “tabletop” pacemakers from the late 1920s through to the introduction of the transistor in the early 1950s when Bakken and Hermundslie (Medtronic) developed the first battery operated portable device in the United States. This was followed shortly afterwards by the development and implantation of the first internal pacemaker by Senning and Elmqvist in Sweden. The second part of the chapter documents improvements to the basic device including the introduction of flexible electrodes, improved batteries and electronics (leading to miniaturisation) as well as sensing and signal processing, allowing for demand and activity moderated pacing. The final section considers the modern pacemaker in terms of its individual components: pulse generation, sensing, output electronics, timing, telemetry, power sources, leads, and programmers.
Objective Cognitive processes are considered to be relevant to the etiology and maintenance of somatoform disorders (SFDs). The aim of this study was to assess explicit and implicit information-processing bias for disorder-congruent information in SFDs. Methods A clinical sample of 33 patients suffering from multiple somatoform symptoms (SSI-3/5) and 25 healthy controls performed an encoding task with computer-presented word lists (illness related, negative, positive, neutral content), subsequently followed by explicit memory tests (free recall and recognition) and an implicit test (word-stem completion). Results The somatoform group showed a memory bias for illness-related stimuli in the word-stem completion task, whereas the two groups did not differ in explicit memory tests. This effect could not be explained by comorbid depression. Conclusion These results provide some support for current theories on SFDs.
State-of-charge is an important indicator for guiding the charging-discharging operation of lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, an improved adaptive battery state estimator is proposed, which estimates the state-of-charge accurately under both the constant current constant voltage charging conditions and various dynamic operating conditions. Besides, the state-of-charge estimation error is less than 3% under various common perturbations and parameter uncertainties, including the uncertainty of battery capacity, the Gaussian white noise and the biases of the sensors, which proves the robustness of the estimator. Generally, the drivers prefer to charge the electric vehicles after every driving. In other words, the lithium-ion batteries are likely to be charged or discharged from any state-of-charge and polarization state. In order to simulate this usage habit, several data segments are picked out from original data for state-of-charge estimation. Experiment results show that the state-of-charge estimation error reaches and remains within 3% rapidly under both the constant current constant voltage charging conditions and the dynamic discharging conditions. In conclusion, the improved adaptive battery state estimator is a promising algorithm for engineering application.
This paper presents a methodology for understanding the phenomena that occur inside an actual electrode in a flow battery. We reconstruct the 3D microstructure of an electrode based on the real microstructure morphology to model the effect of mesopores on the electrode's electrochemical performance. In various reconstructed electrode structures, the presence of mesopores on carbon fibers has been shown to improve the performance compared to an electrode with no pores on the carbon fibers. This provides valuable insight for the preparation of a carbon electrode for a flow battery. In other words, the activity of carbon fibers with mesopores should be considered when preparing carbon paper, which will probably significantly improve the electrode performance. In addition, unlike the homogenous models in previous reports, simulation results showed the electrolyte flow and current density distribution in the pores and gap bridging pores. The pore interconnectivity and accessibility could be determined, which will provide significant guidance for electrode preparation to guarantee the utilization of a specific surface area. The approach proposed in this work sheds light on the phenomena inside the microstructure and provides detailed geometries for building the relationship between the structure and performance.
SnO2/carbon composite anode materials were synthesized from SnCl4·5H2O and sucrose via a hydrothermal route and a post heat-treatment. The synthesized spherical SnO2/carbon powders show a cauliflower-like micro-sized structure. High annealing temperature results in partial reduction of SnO2. Metallic Sn starts to emerge at 500°C. High Sn content in SnO2/carbon composite is favorable for the increase of initial coulombic efficiency but not for the cycling stability. The SnO2/carbon annealed at 500°C exhibits high specific capacity (∼400mAhg−1), stable cycling performance and good rate capability. The generation of Li2O in the first lithiation process can prevent the aggregation of active Sn, while the carbon component can buffer the big volume change caused by lithiation/delithiation of active Sn. Both of them make contribution to the better cycle stability.
A novel quaternary ammonium salt based on spiro-(1,1′)-bipyrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (SBP-BF4) has been synthesized and dissolved in propylene carbonate (PC) with 1.5 mol L−1 (M) concentration for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). The physic-chemical properties and electrochemical performance of SBP-BF4/PC electrolyte are investigated. Compared with the standard electrolyte 1.5 M TEMA-BF4 in PC, the novel SBP-BF4/PC electrolyte exhibited much better electrochemical performance due to its smaller cation size, lower viscosity and higher conductivity. The specific discharge capacitance of activated carbon electrode based EDLCs using SBP-BF4/PC electrolyte is 120 F g−1, the energy density and power density can reach 31 kW kg−1 and 6938 W kg−1, respectively, when the working voltage is 2.7 V and current density is 50 mA g−1. The withstand voltage of activated carbon based EDLCs with SBP-BF4/PC electrolyte can reach to 3.2 V, where the stable discharge capacitance and energy density are 121 F g−1 and 43 Wh kg−1, respectively.
A general continuum theory is developed for ion intercalation dynamics in a single crystal of rechargeable-battery composite electrode material. It is based on an existing phase-field formulation of the bulk free energy and incorporates two crucial effects: (i) anisotropic ionic mobility in the crystal and (ii) surface reactions governing the flux of ions across the electrode/electrolyte interface, depending on the local free energy difference. Although the phase boundary can form a classical diffusive “shrinking core” when the dynamics is bulk-transport-limited, the theory also predicts a new regime of surface-reaction-limited (SRL) dynamics, where the phase boundary extends from surface to surface along planes of fast ionic diffusion, consistent with recent experiments on LiFePO4. In the SRL regime, the theory produces a fundamentally new equation for phase transformation dynamics, which admits traveling-wave solutions. Rather than forming a shrinking core of untransformed material, the phase boundary advances by filling (or emptying) successive channels of fast diffusion in the crystal. By considering the random nucleation of SRL phase-transformation waves, the theory predicts a very different picture of charge/discharge dynamics from the classical diffusion-limited model, which could affect the interpretation of experimental data for LiFePO4.
Electric vehicles are poised to play a large role in the decarbonisation of the transportation sector. World governments have pledged to bring 13 million plug-in electric vehicles on the road by 2020 and 100 million by 2030. The rapid expansion required to meet these targets, from a global stock of 5 million electric vehicles in 2018, has the potential to be constrained by material supply chains. This study has identified 7 key elements which are significant supply risks to the electric vehicle industry: battery grade natural graphite, lithium and cobalt for electric vehicle batteries, and the rare earth elements dysprosium, terbium, praseodymium and neodymium for electric vehicle motors. None of these elements are able to be substituted without (i) increasing the supply risk of the other constrained elements, or (ii) altering industry wide manufacturing processes. The inability to fully mitigate material supply risks at the required market expansion rates is a key issue for minimising carbon emissions from the transportation sector.
Metal electrodeposition may produce irregular deposits with various morphologies. For liquid electrolytes a precise study of these deposits may be complicated by convective motion due to buoyancy. Microgravity conditions give a straightforward mean to avoid this effect: we present here a study of electrodeposition in the microgravity environment provided by parabolic flights. Two electrochemical systems were studied: copper deposition from copper sulfate aqueous solution and lithium deposition from an ionic liquid containing LiTFSI. Concentration variations in the electrolyte were measured by laser interferometry. For copper, concentration variations were in good agreement with theory. For lithium, an induction time was observed for the concentration evolution in ground experiments: due to this induction time and to the low diffusion coefficient in ionic liquid, concentration variations were hardly measurable during the 20s parabolic flight.
Se−Se buffer layers are introduced into tin sequences as SnSe2 single crystal to enhance the cycling stability for long-term sodium-ion storage by blazing a trail of self-defence strategy to structural pulverization especially at high current density. Specifically, under half-cell test, the SnSe2 electrodes could yield a high discharge capacity of 345 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 1 A g−1 and a high discharge capacity of 300 mAh g−1 after 2100 cycles at 5 A g−1 with stable coulombic efficiency and no capacity fading. Even with the ultrafast sodium-ion storage at 10 A g−1, the cycling stability still makes a positive response and a high discharge capacity of 221 mAh g−1 is demonstrated after 2700 cycles without capacity fading. The full-cell test for the SnSe2 electrodes also demonstrates the superior cycling stability. The flexible and tough Se–Se buffer layers are favourable to accommodate the sodium-ion intercalation process, and the autogenous Na2Se layers could confine the structural pulverization of further sodiated tin sequences by the slip along the Na2Se–Na x Sn interfaces.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder that has been shown to be associated with oxidative stress. This phenomenon occurs primarily via generation of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in catecholaminergic neurons leading to activation of apoptosis. The 90-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90) functions as a chaperone in maintaining the functional stability and viability of cells under a transforming pressure. Since Hsp90 binds to inactive transcription factor heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), inhibition of Hsp90 could activate HSF-1 and transcription of heat shock element containing genes subsequently, like Hsp70 as an anti-apoptotic factor. Our trial of silencing Hsp90 expression through transfection of Hsp90 siRNAs into neuronal PC12 cells being exposed to 6-OHDA resulted in the inhibition of pro-apoptotic factors, Bax, caspase-3, and PARP and upregulation of anti-apoptotic factor, Bcl2. In this manner, our data suggest a protective role for Hsp70 as it was observed to be induced upon Hsp90 knockdown. Furthermore, our results showed that Hsp90 silencing against 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress may associate with upregulation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2. In summary, we found that silencing of Hsp90 expression leads to induction of cytoprotective pathways which can protect neurons against apoptosis in a PD model.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are replacing the Nickel–Hydrogen batteries used on the International Space Station (ISS). Knowing that LIB efficiency and survivability are greatly influenced by temperature, this study focuses on the thermo-electrochemical analysis of LIBs in space orbit. Current finite element modeling software allows for advanced simulation of the thermo-electrochemical processes; however the heat transfer simulation capabilities of said software suites do not allow for the extreme complexities of orbital-space environments like those experienced by the ISS. In this study, we have coupled the existing thermo-electrochemical models representing heat generation in LIBs during discharge cycles with specialized orbital-thermal software, Thermal Desktop (TD). Our model's parameters were obtained from a previous thermo-electrochemical model of a 185 Amp-Hour (Ah) LIB with 1–3 C (C) discharge cycles for both forced and natural convection environments at 300 K. Our TD model successfully simulates the temperature vs. depth-of-discharge (DOD) profiles and temperature ranges for all discharge and convection variations with minimal deviation through the programming of FORTRAN logic representing each variable as a function of relationship to DOD. Multiple parametrics were considered in a second and third set of cases whose results display vital data in advancing our understanding of accurate thermal modeling of LIBs.
LiMn2O4 spinel cathode materials were coated with 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0wt.% of SiO2 by polymeric process, followed by 850°C for 6h in air. The surface coated LiMn2O4 cathode materials were physically characterized using X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photon spectroscopy. XRD patterns of SiO2-coated LiMn2O4 revealed that the coating did not affect the crystal structure, space group Fd3m of the cathode materials, compared to the uncoated LiMn2O4. The surface morphology and particle agglomeration were investigated using Scanning electron microscopy, and the TEM image showed a compact coating layer on the surface of the core materials that had average thickness of about 50nm. XPS data illustrated that the SiO2 was coated over surface on the LiMn2O4 core materials. The galvanostatic charge and discharge of the uncoated and SiO2-coated LiMn2O4 cathode materials were carried out 0.1mA/g in the range of 3.0 and 4.5V at 30°C and 60°C. The discharge capacity of 2.0wt.% of SiO2-coated LiMn2O4 (120mAh/g) showed only 4.8% loss of the initial capacity (126mAh/g) over the 100 cycles at 30°C and (112mAh/g) showed only 8.9% of loss of the initial capacity (123mAh/g) over the 100 cycles at 60°C. The cycleability improvement of the spinel LiMn2O4 coated with 2.0wt.% of SiO2 is demonstrated at room temperature and elevated temperature. From the analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the improvement of cycleability may be attributed to the suppression on the formation of the passive film and reduction of Mn dissolution, which results from modifying the surface of the spinel LiMn2O4 with SiO2.