batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A new cathode material Na4Ni3(PO4)2P2O7 has been successfully synthesized by facile solution combustion synthesis (SCS) technique using various fuels such as glycine, urea and hexamine. The effects of fuels on crystal structure, morphology and electrochemical performance have been investigated. TGA results show three steps of combustion synthesis process and carbon content present in the Na4Ni3(PO4)2P2O7 prepared by using hexamine. The orthorhombic non-centrosymmetric space group Pn21a of Na4Ni3(PO4)2P2O7 is identified from powder XRD. SEM and TEM image of carbon coated Na4Ni3(PO4)2P2O7 shows non-uniform spherical nanoparticles with porous structure. The electrochemical performances of the materials are investigated in 2M NaOH aqueous electrolyte. The pseudocapacitive nature of Na4Ni3(PO4)2P2O7 is recognized by diffusion controlled reversible redox reaction of Ni(II)/Ni(III) in alkaline aqueous electrolyte. Carbon coated Na4Ni3(PO4)2P2O7 exhibits enhanced pseudocapacitance with high capacitance of 1094Fg−1 and good cycling stability relative to pristine Na4Ni3(PO4)2P2O7 (584Fg−1) and maricite NaNiPO4 (368Fg−1) due to reversible redox reaction of Ni(II)/Ni(III), assisted by porous nature and high electrical conductivity of the sample.
New results for two types of nano-size silicon, prepared via thermal vapour deposition either with or without a graphite substrate are presented. Their superior reversible charge capacity and cycle life as negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries have already been shown in previous work. Here the lithiation reaction of the materials is investigated more closely via different electrochemical in situ techniques: Raman spectroscopy, dilatometry and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS). The Si/graphite compound material shows relatively high kinetics upon discharge. The moderate relative volume change and low gas evolution of the nano silicon based electrode, both being important points for a possible future use in real batteries, are discussed with respect to a standard graphite electrode.
Although semantic dementia (SD) is defined as a selective disruption of conceptual knowledge, a number of group studies have now demonstrated that SD patients also show impaired performance on tasks not usually considered to have a high semantic load (e.g., reading words aloud and lexical or object decision). The aim of the current study was to document the relative deterioration, over time, of a number of semantic and so-called ‘non-semantic’ tasks in LF, a single case of SD for whom – by virtue of his work as a published cartoonist – we also have extensive data regarding his pre-morbid linguistic and drawing skills. In five testing rounds over a period of five years we administered semantic tests of object naming and object definition (on both of which LF was progressively impaired, as expected for a diagnosis of SD), plus verbal and non-verbal ‘non-semantic’ tasks of reading aloud, spelling, object and lexical decision, and delayed copy drawing. Initially, his only striking ‘non-semantic’ deficit was in the domain of spelling – a pronounced surface dysgraphia in an individual with demonstrably superior pre-morbid spelling skill. Over time, and in line with his declining semantic system, LF's performance gradually deteriorated on all of the ‘non-semantic’ tasks. The most vulnerable items on most tasks were those with low frequency and an atypical form. This report adds to the growing body of evidence that a number of cognitive processes not usually considered to be ‘semantic’ in their demands rely on the integrity of semantic knowledge for successful execution. Furthermore, it provides the first indication that these non-semantic deficits might emerge in an order predictable from the typicality structure of the relevant domain.
Field experiments at Montana State University are conducted for the U.S. Department of Energy as part of the Zero Emissions Research and Technology Center (ZERT) to test and verify monitoring techniques for carbon capture and storage (CCS). A controlled release of CO2 with an added perfluorocarbon tracer was conducted in July 2009 in a multi-laboratory study of atmospheric transport and detection technologies. Tracer plume dispersion was measured with various meteorological conditions using a tethered balloon system with Multi-Tube Remote Samplers (MTRS) at elevations of 10m, 20m, and 40m above ground level (AGL), as well as a ground-based portable tower with monitors containing sorbent material to collect the tracer at 1m, 2m, 3m, and 4m AGL. Researchers designed a horizontal grid of sampling locations centered at the tracer plume source, with the tower positioned at 10m and 30m in both upwind and downwind directions, and the MTRS spaced at 50m and 90m downwind and 90m upwind. Tracer was consistently detected at elevated concentrations at downwind sampling locations. With very few exceptions, higher tracer concentrations correlated with lower elevations. Researchers observed no statistical difference between sampling at 50m and 90m downwind at the same elevation. The US EPA AERMOD model applied using site-specific information predicted transport and dispersion of the tracer. Model results are compared to experimental data from the 2009 ZERT experiment. Successful characterization of the tracer plume simulated by the ZERT experiment is considered a step toward demonstrating the feasibility of remote sampling with unmanned aerial systems (UAS’s) at future sequestration sites.
The aim of telemetry studies is often to determine the fate and mortality rates of fish. A moving fish is usually regarded as alive and a long-term stationary fish as dead—and the site where it became stationary as the site where it died. Downstream transport of dead fish in rivers can lead investigators to mistake dead fish for live fish. We examined downstream movements of 60 dead Atlantic salmon smolts and 55 dead European silver eels, equipped with radio transmitters and released at hydropower stations in three German rivers.
Although Mn-based composites are promising anode materials for advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owning to their high theoretical capacity (about 2–4 times of commercial graphite), they have some practical limitations such as poor electronic conductivity and large volume expansion, which leading to poor cycle performance. Herein, we developed a versatile strategy to synthesize porous structured MnO/Mn3O4 submicrospheres encapsulated by N-doped carbon shell (MnO/Mn3O4@NC) through an efficient annealing treatment. The as-prepared MnO/Mn3O4@NC composite delivered an excellent electrochemical performance, including a high reversible capacity of 990mAhg−1 at 0.2 A g−1 over 100cycles and superior rate capability. The outstanding electrochemical performance of MnO/Mn3O4@NC could be attributed to its porous structure and the well-defined protection by N-doped carbon shell for facilitating the transport of electrons and alleviating the volume expansion.
Decarbonising transport is proving to be one of today's major challenges for the global automotive industry due to many factors such as the increase in greenhouse gas and particulate emissions affecting not only the climate but also humans, the increase in pollution, rapid oil depletion, issues with energy security and dependency from foreign sources and population growth. For more than a century, our society has been dependent upon oil, and major breakthroughs in low- and ultra-low carbon technologies and vehicles are urgently required. This review paper highlights the current status of hybrid, battery and fuel cell electric vehicles from an electrochemical and market point of view. The review paper also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using each technology in the automotive industry and the impact of these technologies on consumers.
Objective Vital exhaustion and depression are psychosocial risk factors of coronary artery disease. A hypercoagulable state in response to acute psychosocial stress contributes to atherothrombotic events. We aimed to investigate the hypothesis that vital exhaustion and depression correlate with stress-induced changes in the hypercoagulability marker D-dimer. Methods Thirty-eight healthy and nonsmoking school teachers (mean age 50±8 years, 55% women) completed the nine-item Maastricht Vital Exhaustion Questionnaire and the seven-item depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Within 1 week, subjects twice underwent the Trier Social Stress Test (i.e., preparation phase, mock job interview, and mental arithmetic that totaled 13 min). Plasma D-dimer levels were determined at five time points during the protocol. Results Vital exhaustion (P=.022; η2=.080) and depressive symptoms (P=.011; η2=.090) were associated with stress-induced changes in D-dimer levels over time controlling for sex and age. Elevated levels of vital exhaustion (r=−.46, P=.005) and of depression (r=−.51, P=.002) correlated with reduced D-dimer increase from pre-stress to immediately post-stress. Also, elevated vital exhaustion (r=.34, P=.044) and depression (r=.41, P=.013) were associated with increase (i.e., attenuated recovery) of D-dimer levels between 20 and 45 min post-stress. Controlling for stress hormone and blood pressure reactivity did not substantially alter these results. Conclusion The findings suggest an attenuated immediate D-dimer stress response and delayed recovery of D-dimer levels post-stress with elevated vital exhaustion and depressive symptoms. In particular, the prolonged hypercoagulability after stress cessation might contribute to the atherothrombotic risk previously observed with vital exhaustion and depression, even at subclinical levels.
Pseudocapacitive energy storage in supercapacitor electrodes differs significantly from the electrical double-layer mechanism of porous carbon materials, which requires a change from conventional thinking when choosing appropriate electrolytes. Here we show how simply changing the solvent of an electrolyte system can drastically influence the pseudocapacitive charge storage of the two-dimensional titanium carbide, Ti3C2 (a representative member of the MXene family). Measurements of the charge stored by Ti3C2 in lithium-containing electrolytes with nitrile-, carbonate- and sulfoxide-based solvents show that the use of a carbonate solvent doubles the charge stored by Ti3C2 when compared with the other solvent systems. We find that the chemical nature of the electrolyte solvent has a profound effect on the arrangement of molecules/ions in Ti3C2, which correlates directly to the total charge being stored. Having nearly completely desolvated lithium ions in Ti3C2 for the carbonate-based electrolyte leads to high volumetric capacitance at high charge–discharge rates, demonstrating the importance of considering all aspects of an electrochemical system during development.
Although deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is generally a successful therapy, adverse events and insufficient clinical effect can complicate the treatment in some patients. We studied clinical parameters and cortical oscillations related to STN-DBS to identify patients with suboptimal responses. High-density EEG was recorded during a visual oddball three-stimuli paradigm in DBS “off” and “on” conditions in 32 PD patients with STN-DBS. Pre-processed data were reconstructed into the source space and the time–frequency analysis was evaluated. We identified a subgroup of six patients with longer reaction times (RT) during the DBS “on” state than in the DBS “off” state after target stimuli. These subjects had lower motor responsiveness to DBS and decreased memory test results compared to the other subjects. Moreover, the alpha and beta power decrease (event-related desynchronizations, ERD), known as an activation correlate linked to motor and cognitive processing, was also reduced in the DBS “on” condition in these patients. A subgroup of PD patients with a suboptimal response to STN-DBS was identified. Evaluation of RT could potentially serve as a biomarker for responsiveness to STN-DBS.
The high temperature vanadium pentoxide phase, β′-Li x V2O5, was synthesized via a new chemical synthesis involving the evolution of vanadium oxides from the 600°C heat treatment of the pure LiVS2 in air. By employing this method of synthesis, well-crystallized, rod-shaped β′-Li x V2O5 particles 20–30μm in length and 3–6μm in width were obtained. Moreover, the surface of β′-Li x V2O5 particles was found to be coated by an amorphous vanadium oxysulfide film (∼20nm in thickness). In contrast to a low temperature vanadium pentoxide phase (Li x V2O5), the electrochemical intercalation of lithium into the β′-Li x V2O5 was fully reversible where 0.0< x <2.0, and it delivered a capacity of 310mAhg−1 at a current rate of 0.07C between 1.5V and 4V. Good capacity retention of more than 88% was also observed after 50 cycles even at a higher current rate of 2C.
We propose lithium metal cells employing LiCF3SO3-tetraethylene glycol dimethy ether (TEGDME) electrolyte solution with LiFePO4 and LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 cathodes. The electrolyte is selected due to its non-flammability, herein demonstrated, and considered as a key requirement for application cells employing high energy lithium metal anode. The selected olivine cathodes, i.e., stable materials prepared by solvothermal pathway, have regular submicrometrical morphology suitable for cell operation and homogeneous composition, as confirmed by electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The electrochemical tests reveal promising cycling performances in terms of delivered capacity, stability and rate capability. The Li/LiCF3SO3-TEGDME/LiFePO4 cell operates at 3.5 V with capacity ranging from 150 mAh g−1 at C/10 to 110 mAh g−1 at 2C, while the Li/LiCF3SO3-TEGDME/LiFe0.5Mn0.5PO4 cell performs following two plateaus at 4.1 V and 3.5 V with capacity ranging from 160 mAh g−1 at C/10 to 75 mAh g−1 at 2C. Hence, the results demonstrate the suitability of TEGDME-based electrolytes in combination with LiFePO4 and LiFe0.5Mn0.5PO4 cathodes for high performances lithium battery.
Performance and durability of lithium-ion batteries highly rely on local conditions inside electrodes during operation. In this paper, local physical conditions inside a standard graphite electrode are explored at various C-rate and mass-loading with a physic-based model, validated with electrochemical experiments. The typical equilibrium potential curve of graphite controls strongly the intercalation heterogeneity along thickness and this heterogeneity is maximal for state of charge corresponding to regions of flat equilibrium potential. Indeed, a flat equilibrium potential promotes lithiation disparities along thickness, whereas a variable equilibrium potential enhances a quick return to a homogeneous lithiated electrode. Current and mass loading affect proportionally these heterogeneities, which are linked with a decrease in cell performance. A correlation between heterogeneities and equivalent resistances interpolated from galvanostatic discharge is found. Pathway resistances calculated from simulation outputs indicate preferential locations of intercalation under operation, depending on the difference between the local and global equilibrium potential of the graphite electrode.
Understanding blood-brain barrier responses to inflammatory stimulation (such as lipopolysaccharide mimicking a systemic infection or a cytokine cocktail that could be the result of local or systemic inflammation) is essential to understanding the effect of inflammatory stimulation on the brain. It is through the filter of the blood-brain barrier that the brain responds to outside influences, and the blood-brain barrier is a critical point of failure in neuroinflammation. It is important to note that this interaction is not a static response, but one that evolves over time. While current models have provided invaluable information regarding the interaction between cytokine stimulation, the blood-brain barrier, and the brain, these approaches—whether in vivo or in vitro—have often been only snapshots of this complex web of interactions.
Product designers need to consider a variety of consumers’ tastes and preferences to design a product that appeals to consumers. However, it is often difficult for designers to find optimal design settings because a number of design features could affect the tastes and preferences. This study proposes a method for optimally balancing various affective satisfaction dimensions based on the multiple response surfaces (MRS) methodology. Applicability of the proposed method is demonstrated through a case study on mobile phone designs. A set of design values which would optimally balance the levels of luxuriousness, attractiveness, and overall satisfaction are obtained. The resulting values of design features are verified based on a similarity test. In addition, they are compared with the optimal design values obtained using a single dimension optimization method in order to show the advantages of the MRS methodology. Relevance to industry This study proposes a new way of finding design settings, which would optimally balance various needs of consumers. The resulting design values can help designers improve the consumers’ affective satisfaction toward their designs.
The cycle life and energy density of rechargeable metal batteries are largely limited by the dendritic growth of their metal anodes (lithium, sodium or zinc). Here we develop a three-dimensional cross-linked polyethylenimine lithium-ion-affinity sponge as the lithium metal anode host to mitigate the problem. We show that electrokinetic surface conduction and electro-osmosis within the high-zeta-potential sponge change the concentration and current density profiles, which enables dendrite-free plating/stripping of lithium with a high Coulombic efficiency at high deposition capacities and current densities, even at low temperatures. The use of a lithium-hosting sponge leads to a significantly improved cycling stability of lithium metal batteries with a limited amount of lithium (for example, the areal lithium ratio of negative to positive electrodes is 0.6) at a commercial-level areal capacity. We also observed dendrite-free morphology in sodium and zinc anodes, which indicates a broader promise of this approach.
Lithium salt with a super-delocalized imide anion, namely (trifluoromethane(S-trifluoromethanesulfonylimino)sulfonyl) (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([CF3SO(=NSO2CF3)2]−), [sTFSI]−), has been prepared and studied as conducting salt for Li-ion cells. The fundamental physicochemical and electrochemical properties of neat Li[sTFSI] and its carbonate-based liquid electrolyte have been characterized with various chemical and electrochemical tools. Li[sTFSI] shows a low melting point at 118 °C, and is thermally stable up to 300 °C without decomposition on the spectra of differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (DSC-TG-MS). The electrolyte of 1.0 M (mol dm−3) Li[sTFSI] in ethylene carbonate (EC)/ethyl-methyl-carbonate (EMC) (3:7, v/v) containing 0.3% water does not show any hydrolytic decomposition on the spectra of 1H and 19F NMR, after storage at 85 °C for 10 days. The conductivities of 1.0 M Li[sTFSI]-EC/EMC (3:7, v/v) are slightly lower than those of Li[(CF3SO2)2N] (LiTFSI), but higher than those of Li[(C2F5SO2)2N] (LiBETI). The electrochemical behavior of Al foil in the Li[sTFSI]-based electrolyte has been investigated by using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It is illustrated that Al metal does not corrode in the high potential region (3–5 V vs. Li/Li+) in the Li[sTFSI]-based electrolyte. On Pt electrode, the Li[sTFSI]-based electrolyte is highly resistant to oxidation (ca. 5 V vs. Li/Li+), and is also resistant to reduction to allow Li deposition and stripping. The applicability of Li[sTFSI] as conducting salt for Li-ion cells has been tested using graphite/LiCoO2 cells. It shows that the cell with Li[sTFSI] displays better cycling performance than that with LiPF6.
ABSTRACT Nitrogen-containing carbon microspheres (NCMs) were prepared via directed carbonization of poly(1,5-diaminonapthalene) at different temperatures which was synthesized from 1,5-diaminonapthalene with ammonium persulfate as oxidizing agent. The NCMs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), N2 adsorption-desorption analysis, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A typical sample (NCM-700) shows a specific surface area of 403m2 g−1, nitrogen content of 5.94 at.%, and regular spherical geometry (0.2–0.5μm in diameter). The electrochemical properties of the NCMs electrodes were investigated by cyclic voltanmetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge measurement. NCM-700 electrode shows a high specific capacitance of 228Fg−1 at a current density of 1.0Ag−1 in 6M KOH aqueous electrolyte, indicating good capacitive behavior. Besides, the electrode still remains 196Fg−1 (with capacitance retention of 86%) after 5000 charge/discharge cycles, suggesting excellent cycling stability.
A lumped-parameter model for vanadium redox flow batteries, which use metallic current collectors, is extended into a one-dimensional model using the plug flow reactor principle. Thus, the commonly used simplification of a perfectly mixed cell is no longer required. The resistances of the cell components are derived in the in-plane and through-plane directions. The copper current collector is the only component with a significant in-plane conductance, which allows for a simplified electrical network. The division of a full-scale flow cell into 10 layers in the direction of fluid flow represents a reasonable compromise between computational effort and accuracy. Due to the variations in the state of charge and thus the open circuit voltage of the electrolyte, the currents in the individual layers vary considerably. Hence, there are situations, in which the first layer, directly at the electrolyte input, carries a multiple of the last layer's current. The conventional model overestimates the cell performance. In the worst-case scenario, the more accurate 20-layer model yields a discharge capacity 9.4% smaller than that computed with the conventional model. The conductive current collector effectively eliminates the high over-potentials in the last layers of the plug flow reactor models that have been reported previously.
Objective Recent studies have suggested that patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) might be affected by olfactory impairment. However, more evidence is needed on the effect that OSA has on the chemical senses (olfaction and gustatory) of these patients, and whether continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment might help to reverse possible impairment. Methods A prospective study was conducted with 44 OSA patients (17 female and 27 male, mean age 54 ± 9.9 years) who were diagnosed via polysomnography and eligible for CPAP treatment. Orthonasal olfactory and gustatory function was measured with the extended Sniffin' Sticks test battery and “taste strips,” respectively, before and after CPAP treatment. Results Baseline olfaction was decreased in OSA patients and after CPAP therapy olfactory scores (odor threshold-discrimination-identification score [TDI]: baseline 29.4 ± 4.11 after CPAP 32.3 ± 4.82; p = 0.001; odor threshold [THR]: baseline 5.28 ± 1.69 after CPAP 6.78 ± 2.61; p = 0.000; odor identification [ID]: baseline 12.9 ± 1.95 after CPAP 13.6 ± 1.33; p = 0.013) improved significantly. In contrast, neither baseline taste function in OSA patients nor gustatory function after treatment seemed to be affected. Conclusion Orthonasal olfactory function in patients with OSA improves under CPAP therapy; however, gustatory function is not impaired in OSA patients.