batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Objective To investigate the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on brain nociceptive responses (laser-evoked potentials, LEPs) and pain perception. Methods Twenty healthy subjects were included. Nociceptive CO2-laser pulses were sequentially delivered to the dorsum of both feet. The amplitude of LEPs and nociceptive thresholds were collected in three consecutive conditions: T1: “sham” TENS (2Hz/low-intensity) positioned heterotopically, over the left thigh; T2: “active” TENS (120Hz/low-intensity) applied homotopically, over the left common peroneal nerve; and T3: “sham” TENS (replication of condition T1). Results Compared with “sham” TENS, “active” TENS significantly decreased the LEPs amplitude. This effect was observed exclusively when “active” TENS was applied ipsilaterally to the painful stimulus. Nociceptive thresholds increased with sessions in both limbs, but the increase observed during the “active” condition of TENS (T2) exceeded significantly that observed during the condition T3 only on the foot ipsilateral to TENS. Conclusions Compared with a credible placebo TENS, high-frequency TENS induced a significant attenuation of both the acute pain and LEPs induced by noxious stimuli applied on the same dermatome. Significance This modulation of subjective and objective concomitants of pain processing reflects a real neurophysiological TENS-related effect on nociceptive transmission.
An annealing method has been reported for silicon anode based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. High initial coulombic efficiency of 75.6% and a stable reversible capacity of 715.6mAhg−1 for 50 cycles have been obtained after annealing process. Such improvements are attributed to the enhanced cohesive ability of PVDF and the compact morphology of the electrode reconstructed by annealing, which improves the electronic contacts of silicon particles and stabilizes the electrode structure effectively. It is demonstrated that such annealing method is very economic and effective for performance improvement of silicon anode.
Although many studies have examined individual difference predictors of cheating, insufficient attention has been given to several important personality variables (the Big Five, perfectionism, and subclinical psychopathy). Moreover, insufficient use has been made of concrete indicators of naturalistic scholastic cheating. Using a computer-based behavioral measure, we examined the correlates of multiple-choice exam cheating in several large undergraduate classes. In Study 1, 291 participants completed a comprehensive battery of personality measures. Their cheating on several subsequent exams was best predicted by their level of subclinical psychopathy. A possible artifact is that those high in subclinical psychopathy are less scholastically competent—a factor known to predispose cheating. To address this possibility in Study 2 (N =150), we included measures of cognitive ability and a pre-course knowledge test. After controlling for both ability and prior knowledge, subclinical psychopathy remained a significant predictor of cheating behavior. Demographic variables such as gender, ethnicity and major did not add significantly to the prediction of cheating. Implications for educators and researchers of cheating are discussed.
Pure olivine LiFePO4 can be successfully prepared with co-precipitation from aqueous solution containing trivalent iron ion. The introduction of hydrolyzed sugar before heating give the best result, because the poor conductivity of the powders can be improved by synthesizing small and homogeneous powders with coatings of electronically conductive materials. The resultant LiFePO4/C composite with carbon scaffold and LiFePO4 embedded can achieve high specific capacity (143mAhg−1) after the 100th cycle with 1C charge/discharge rate at 50°C. The excellent cycle life and stability as well as cheap precursor solution make the process feasible commercially. Moreover, since the only auxiliary product of thermal treatment in this process is water vapor, the process is more environmental friendly than other synthesized methods.
A novel polymer electrolyte based on triblock copolymer of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) with ionically active SiO2 inclusions has been designed. The electrolyte shows favorable features for ion migration such as low glass transition temperature and high concentration of amorphous phase. Combined with the effect of active SiO2, its ionic conductivity is about 8.0×10−5 Scm−1 at 30°C, which exceeds that for the PEO-based systems. As applying them to cells with LiFePO4-type cathodes, a capacity of about 147.0mAhg−1 is obtained at 60°C, which is retained by more than 90% after 40 charge/discharge cycles. Moreover, about 100mAhg−1 could still be delivered as temperature decreases to 30°C.
Abstract Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), also known as electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes, have become an increasing share of the nicotine product market. Throughout many countries, such as Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the prevalence of e-cigarette use has risen rapidly over the past 20years. Not only has its use increased, but technological advancements of e-cigarettes have also been emphasized. As such, a better understanding of the successive e-cigarette generations, which have increased complexity and abundance of personalized applications and e-liquids, is warranted. Also, the use of e-cigarettes is associated with both underlying risks and benefits of which are critical to understand when considering the overall demographic of e-cigarette users. Here, we review the various generations and typologies of e-cigarettes, the prevalence of use, the associated risks and safety issues, the clinical characteristics of these products, and their potential as tobacco cessation and harm reduction interventions. In general, there is mostly anecdotal evidence regarding the success of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation and more research must be conducted; however, select studies provide evidence for the use of these devices through controlled experimental design.
Li-rich layered oxides with high specific capacity are considered as the next generation cathode materials for advanced Li-ion batteries. However, the large initial irreversible capacity loss, inferior cycling stability and fast voltage decay still remain to be overcome before large-scale practical applications. In this work, inspired by LiMnPO4 with superior thermal and chemical stabilities and high redox potential, we design and fabricate a series of LMnPO4-modified Li[Li0.2Mn0.534Co0.133Ni0.133]O2 composites. Among them, Li[Li0.2Mn0.534Co0.133Ni0.133]O2 modified with 5wt.% LiMnPO4 (LMP5-LMCN) sample presents remarkable electrochemical properties with high initial discharge capacity of 292mAhg−1 and good capacity retention of 78.65% after 100 cycles at current density of 30mAg−1. The effects of LiMnPO4 as the surface modification layer on the electrochemical performance of Li[Li0.2Mn0.534Co0.133Ni0.133]O2 are systematically investigated. Our results demonstrate that the appropriate LiMnPO4 surface modification could not only enhance the structural stability, but also greatly suppress the voltage fading, which is beneficial to improve the cycling stability and rate capability of Li-rich layered oxides.
Electrification in rural areas, island with limited and no access to grid connection is some of the most challenging issues within developing international locations like India. The current worries touching the world climatic change and diminishing fuel prices, looking out for reliable, environment-friendly alternative. The renewable power sources in imitation of fulfill the rising electrical power require having become vital. The electrification of many remote islands in India is mollified by autonomous diesel-fuelled power stations. The operation of such power stations brings a number of environmental and economic drawbacks. It is demonstrated that mix of renewable-based frameworks alongside capacity innovations can add to confinement of these downsides. This paper examines the viable and optimal solution including the minimum cost of energy for the island Kavaratti, the metropolis on Lakshadweep. The optimization procedure is done with respect to the net present cost of the system. Furthermore, the attainability of fusing distinctive battery advances is assessed. Moreover, the area improvement of the cross breed framework is done on the premise of most reduced voltage profile at transport terminal and the load of the system. The results concise that the wind energy system combined with the PV and battery can be the best option for the existing electric power system of Kavaratti, Lakshadweep. This system can provide advantages like lower emission, low cost of energy and elimination of dummy load over the existing system. The COE is equal to $0.10995/kWh for a time period of 25 years the total NPC is $15,039,705.
Dehydration of biological material is a controlled effort to preserve the structure or create a new one that serves for functional purposes. In this context, food dehydration is revisited from the perspective of recent advances in food materials science, knowledge from desiccation in Nature, microstructural probing, novel processing technologies and deeper insights into drying mechanisms, among others. The role of structure in dehydrated products appears evident to understand transport mechanisms and to design functional properties. Some approaches and research topics in structure of dehydrated products are presented and discussed.
Energy-harvesting devices such as piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators (NGs), which can convert mechanical energy into electricity, are under development to be combined with various electronics. In particular, the rapid progress in microscale electronics such as nanorobotics or microelectromechanical devices has strongly increased the demand for ultrathin film devices. Therefore, the thickness, highly uniform structure, chemical composition, interfacial adhesion/interactions, and electrical performance of electrically active films should be carefully considered for high-performance ultrathin energy-harvesting devices. This review focuses on how layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly as a kind of thin film technology can be effectively applied to ultrathin piezoelectric and triboelectric films, and furthermore enhance device performance. First, we introduce the basics of various LbL assemblies using electrostatic, hydrogen-bonding, and covalent-bonding interactions. Then, the LbL-assembly-assisted piezoelectric and triboelectric NGs reported to date are reviewed. Finally, we briefly present perspectives on the direction of LbL assembly for the realization of various ultrathin piezoelectric and triboelectric NGs with high performance.
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) provides several standard test methods for the environmental hazard assessment of chemicals, mainly based on primary producers, arthropods, and fish. In April 2016, two new test guidelines with two mollusc species representing different reproductive strategies were approved by OECD member countries. One test guideline describes a 28-day reproduction test with the parthenogenetic New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum. The main endpoint of the test is reproduction, reflected by the embryo number in the brood pouch per female. The development of a new OECD test guideline involves several phases including inter-laboratory validation studies to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed test design and the reproducibility of the test results. Therefore, a ring test of the reproduction test with P. antipodarum was conducted including eight laboratories with the test substances trenbolone and prochloraz and results are presented here. Most laboratories could meet test validity criteria, thus demonstrating the robustness of the proposed test protocol. Trenbolone did not have an effect on the reproduction of the snails at the tested concentration range (nominal: 10–1000 ng/L). For prochloraz, laboratories produced similar EC10 and NOEC values, showing the inter-laboratory reproducibility of results. The average EC10 and NOEC values for reproduction (with coefficient of variation) were 26.2 µg/L (61.7%) and 29.7 µg/L (32.9%), respectively. This ring test shows that the mudsnail reproduction test is a well-suited tool for use in the chronic aquatic hazard and risk assessment of chemicals.
In this paper, a one-dimensional mathematical model for a non-aqueous lithium–oxygen battery is developed. Unlike previous models, in which all the depositions of the discharge product, lithium peroxide (Li2O2), onto carbon surfaces are treated as continuous solid films, the present work models the formation of Li2O2 as a discontinuous deposit layer. Moreover, the effect of discharge current density on the morphology of the Li2O2 deposit is considered. These treatments enable a more realistic simulation of the effect of the discharge product formation on carbon surfaces. The numerical discharging results are found to be in very good agreement with the experimental data at different current densities including 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mA cm−2. The present model is subsequently used to investigate the effect of the design parameters of the cathode (including the electrode thickness, the effective surface area and the cathode utilization) on the discharge performance.
In recent years, recycling of household batteries has attracted much attention mainly with respect to environmental aspects in addition to the savings. Small silver oxide primary cells used in electric watches become a waste after their life is over. Recycling procedures are needed to prevent any environmental impact from these wastes and to recover the value inherent in the scrap. Smelting and electrolytic methods are discussed for silver recovery from this battery waste. Acid leaching of waste batteries and precipitation of silver as silver chloride followed by smelting at 1000°C yields a silver recovery of about 83%. An electrolytic route is studied as an alternative to the smelting operation and involves the electrodeposition of silver with higher purity from a silver thiosulfate complex prepared from silver chloride. The electrolysis is potentiostatically controlled at a potential of −0.400 to −0.600V (SCE) for avoiding side-reactions such as the sulfiding of silver. Although recovery methods have been identified in principle, their suitability for mixed small battery waste and economic factors have yet to be demonstrated.
A monolayer of MoSe2 is found to be a direct band-gap semiconductor. We show, within ab-initio electronic structure calculations, that a modest biaxial tensile strain of 3% can drive it into an indirect band-gap semiconductor with the valence band maximum (VBM) shifting from K point to Γ point. An analysis of the charge density reveals that while Mo–Mo interactions contribute to the VBM at 0% strain, Mo–Se interactions contribute to the highest occupied band at Γ point. A scaling of the hopping interaction strengths within an appropriate tight binding model can capture the transition.
There is great variation in views on and treatment of minorities such as gay men across the world. We are the first to pinpoint what features of societies are beneficial to gay men’s quality of life by using a unique new cross-country dataset covering 110 countries, the Gay Happiness Index. It covers how gays perceive public opinion about them, how they experience behavior towards them and how satisfied they are with their lives. Our study is based on the premise that it is important to look at minority-specific effects of policies and institutions and not solely at the effects for the average citizen, as well as the transmission mechanisms through which policies and institutions affect life satisfaction. We find that factors such as equal legal rights for gay people, GDP per capita, democracy and globalization relate positively to the quality of life of gay men, primarily by shaping public opinion and behavior in a pro-gay direction. Religion (the shares of Muslims and Orthodox Christians) and living in a post-communist country tend to relate negatively to our quality of life indicators. Most of these factors have been shown to matter for the well-being of people in general as well, which may be taken to suggest that gay people benefit from being included in society—legally, socially and economically—on the same terms as others.
Mechanical energy sources are abundant in our living environment, such as body motion, vehicle transportation, engine vibrations and breezy wind, which have been underestimated in many cases. They could be converted into electrical energy and utilized for many purposes, including driving small electronic devices or even constructing an integrated system operated without bulky batteries and power cables. Many progresses have been made recently in the mechanical energy harvesting technology based on piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs). By introducing a new sandwich structure design, high performance PENGs can be achieved through very simple fabrication process with good mechanical stability by utilizing ZnO nanowires (NWs). By further optimizing the nanomaterials׳ properties and device structure, the PENG׳s open circuit (OC) voltage can be elevated to over 37V. Two important applications of this technology are that the nanogenerator can be used as a sustainable power source for self-powered system and can worked as active sensors. Several demonstrations are reviewed here. Finally, perspectives of this mechanical energy harvesting technology are discussed. Co-operation with power management circuit, capability of integrating with a system, and low cost large-scale manufacturing processing are suggested to be the key points toward commercialization of PENGs.
We sought to determine whether smartphone GPS data uncovered differences in recovery after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and mastectomy, and how these data aligned with self-reported quality of life (QoL).
The internet music market is a new profit-making entity and is growing rapidly due to its extension into the mobile device market. Introduction of the portable multimedia player (PMP), which is the next generation of MP3-players, will influence a customer’s audio and video service preference. The internet music market needs to develop a new business model (BM) for PMPs. This article examines new BMs for customer preference via a conjoint analysis. In addition, we investigate customers’ willingness to pay (WTP) using a multinomial logit model. The study helps with the decision-making procedure for designing a BM adaptable to new technology development.
As the secondary battery market expands to the electric vehicle and renewable energy fields and in particular as demand for high capacity and high safety lithium-ion batteries continues to grow, the function of the separator is becoming more important than ever. In this report, we propose an inorganic-organic hybrid coating strategy that enhances the thermal and dimensional stability of polymer battery separators without increasing the overall separator thickness. Ultrathin coating layers prepared using a combination of atomic layer deposition and polydopamine treatment cover fibrils of a porous polyethylene separator more uniformly and endow polyethylene separators with superior thermal properties compared to those coated with only one layer, which is linked to the safety of battery cells. In addition, dual coating enhances the electrolyte uptake and wettability of a conventional polyethylene separator, which ensures improved power capability and stable cycle performance. The dual coating strategy via organic/inorganic hybridization is an easy and effective way to overcome the inherent disadvantages of conventional polyethylene separators and can be a practical approach to safer and higher capacity batteries.
In order to improve overall electrochemical properties of AB3-type hydrogen storage alloy electrodes, especially the cycling stability, CuO was added to the electrode. Electrochemical properties of the electrodes with and without additives were studied. Cyclic voltammetry and SEM results show that CuO is reduced to Cu during the charging process and the fine Cu particles deposit at surface of the alloy particles. The as-deposited Cu particles form a protective layer to increase electronic and heat conductivity of the electrodes and thus improve maximum discharge capacity, high rate dischargeability, cycling stability and dischargeability at high temperature of the electrodes. The maximum discharge capacity increases from 314mAhg−1 (blank electrode) to 341mAhg−1 (3.0wt.% CuO) and the capacity retention rate at the 200th cycle increases from 71.6% to 77.2% (2.5wt.% CuO).
One technique for examining written statements or interview transcripts for verbal cues of veracity and lying involves the analysis of linguistic features and grammatical structures associated with word usage. This technique is commonly referred to as Statement Analysis (SA). There are varying degrees of empirical support for different SA techniques and for specific linguistic markers; what is less known in the literature is the degree to which verbal indicators of veracity and lying vary across languages. We examined this research question. Participants from three language groups – English, Spanish, and Chinese – witnessed a video portraying an actual crime and then wrote false and true statements about what they had witnessed in their respective languages. The statements were coded using various linguistic features of SA. The selected linguistic features discriminated between true and false witness statements and the effect sizes were relatively large. Importantly, language did not moderate the relationship between veracity and the coded features, indicating cross-language similarity in the efficacy of SA features to differentiate truths from lies.
In this chapter the various methods by which light from a source can be controlled are described and discussed. The challenge is to produce a design that is the cheapest possible, has the best possible light distribution, involves the least possible loss of light, is of pleasing appearance, and does not involve complicated manufacturing processes. Some of these requirements are nearly always conflicting, some — for example the best possible light distribution or good appearance -may be matters of opinion, but they do provide the questions the designer has to keep asking.
This article reports the evidence of surface film formation due to the oxidation of electrolyte upon high voltage cycling (4.9 V) of the lithium rich cathode, Li1.2Mn0.525Ni0.175Co0.1O2. We have studied the chemical composition of this surface film using electrochemical impedance, X-ray Photoelectron and micro-Raman spectroscopies and the results are compared against the pristine electrode. In order to distinguish the changes in the surface film composition induced by prolonged electrochemical cycling versus chemical passivation effect, we studied the surface composition of cathode powders aged with electrolytes at 60 °C. Our results show that after 150 cycles, the electrodes showed a rapid drop in capacity due to increase in the surface film resistance resulting in limited capacity utilization.