batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The Ma-tsu Goddess parade is a very special religious tradition in Taiwan attracting thousands of believers every year. This parade is an 8-day-and-7-night event and the entire walking distance is about 280 km. This study assesses participants' exposure to PM2.5, and gaseous and particulate PAHs. The contribution of various exposure factors was also evaluated. Sampling was conducted during the entire parade period in 2001. Exposures of participants who were riding motorcycles or driving cars were assessed. Personal environmental monitors mounted with Teflon filters and polyurethane foams were used for particulate and gaseous sampling. PAHs were analyzed with GC-FID. Stepwise regression analysis was used to evaluate the contribution of various factors, including the number of temples visited each day, the duration of temple visits, the number of temple co-visitors, visitors riding motorcycles or driving cars, etc. During the Ma-tsu Goddess parade, the mean PM2.5, particulate and gaseous PAH exposures were around 119±60.8, 0.36±0.23 and 0.86±0.48 μg/m3, respectively. Participants' PM2.5 and particulate PAH exposures were about two to three times the exposure during daily routines. The profiles of 16 PAH species in the particulate and gaseous phases for participants' and normal daily exposures were also different. Incense smoke and vehicle exhaust were two important sources. Worshippers would be exposed to 0.096 μg/m3 more PM2.5 for every incremental minute in temples. In addition, motorcyclists were exposed to 0.21 μg/m3 higher particulate PAHs than the car drivers.
The LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 powders required for the present study, obtained by coprecipitation method has been surface coated with boron and aluminum. The morphology and crystal structure of powders have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. The elemental distribution of the coated samples analyzed by transmission electron microscopy images and nano secondary ion mass spectrometry indicates a thin uniform layer of [B, Al]2O3 on the surface of spherical LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2. The surface-modified LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 has been explored as a cathode material for lithium secondary ion battery applications. The electrochemical charge–discharge results reveal that the capacity retention rate of coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 after 40 cycles at 1 C rate maintains 93% of the initial discharge capacity while the rate of bare LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 maintains only 88%. It is noticed that the small amounts of boron and aluminum coatings on the surface of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 can significantly improve the electrochemical properties of electrode materials because of the suppression of reaction between the cathode and the electrolytes.
Catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) has potential for producing hydrogen that can be fed to a fuel cell for portable power generation. In order to be used for this purpose, catalytic partial oxidation must be combined with other processes, such as water-gas shift and preferential oxidation, to produce hydrogen with minimal carbon monoxide. This paper evaluates the use of catalytic partial oxidation in an integrated system for conversion of a military logistic fuel, JP-8, to high-purity hydrogen. A fuel processing system using CPO as the first processing step is simulated to understand the trade-offs involved in using CPO. The effects of water flow rate, CPO reactor temperature, carbon to oxygen ratio in the CPO reactor, temperature of preferential oxidation, oxygen to carbon ratio in the preferential oxidation reactor, and temperature for the water-gas shift reaction are evaluated. The possibility of recycling water from the fuel cell for use in fuel processing is evaluated. Finally, heat integration options are explored. A process efficiency, defined as the ratio of the lower heating value of hydrogen to that of JP-8, of around 53% is possible with a carbon to oxygen ratio of 0.7. Higher efficiencies are possible (up to 71%) when higher C/O ratios are used, provided that olefin production can be minimized in the CPO reactor.
Biological monitoring (BM) of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) requires the development of appropriate biomarkers of exposure and early biological effect considering the unusual properties of ENM, such as the ability to translocate from the route of entry, to release ions due to their dissolution (for metal species), and to change their chemical identity upon interaction with biomolecules. Although inflammation and oxidative stress represent the main mechanism of injury for several nanoparticles, specific physico-chemical properties can trigger more complex pathophysiological events. Research on biomarkers of particles and fibers of concern has already generated a large amount of data supporting the validity of intermediate end-points to assess changes before clinically apparent disease occurs. The challenge that remains for the development of biomarkers of exposure for ENM is the lack of specificity of all the biomarkers developed so far. However, advances in the system biology and “-omic” techniques applied to nanotoxicology allow assessment as to whether specific biological pathways are activated/perturbed by specific ENM, thus identifying fingerprints and nano-specific endpoints. While future studies should address the specificity of biomarkers, the priority is to evaluate whether quantitative changes in a battery of sensitive biomarkers can occur in groups of exposed workers.
Past studies have associated gratitude interventions with a host of positive outcomes. However, there is a dearth of  research regarding the impact such interventions have on the academic motivation of university students, thought to be a primary determinant of academic achievement and overall satisfaction with school activities. Here, we examined the effects  of a 2-week online gratitude journal intervention on the academic motivation of university students.
A new method is proposed to measure the internal temperature of (Li-ion) batteries. Based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements, an intercept frequency (f 0) can be determined which is exclusively related to the internal battery temperature. The intercept frequency is defined as the frequency at which the imaginary part of the impedance is zero (Z im = 0), i.e. where the phase shift between the battery current and voltage is absent. The advantage of the proposed method is twofold: (i) no hardware temperature sensors are required anymore to monitor the battery temperature and (ii) the method does not suffer from heat transfer delays. Mathematical analysis of the equivalent electrical-circuit, representing the battery performance, confirms that the intercept frequency decreases with rising temperatures. Impedance measurements on rechargeable Li-ion cells of various chemistries were conducted to verify the proposed method. These experiments reveal that the intercept frequency is clearly dependent on the temperature and does not depend on State-of-Charge (SoC) and aging. These impedance-based sensorless temperature measurements are therefore simple and convenient for application in a wide range of stationary, mobile and high-power devices, such as hybrid- and full electric vehicles.
A facile method has been developed to prepare flexible and uniform porous carbon film/Ni (PCF/Ni) double-layer structure for simply and rapidly assembling flexible electrochemical capacitor (EC). The PCF/Ni is obtained by ambient pressure chemical vapor deposition and subsequent partial etching of Ni foil. The thickness of PCF can be controlled by etching time. The PCF has a porous structure and tightly interface with Ni, resulting in a good conductivity and large surface area. The ECs based on PCF/Ni exhibits good electrical properties. Area (volumetric) capacitance of PCF/Ni electrode with PCF thickness of 0.52μm reaches 0.31mF/cm2 (5.96F/cm3) at scan rate of 50mV/s. Maximum volumetric (gravimetric) power density reaches 2.72W/cm3 (9.05kW/kg). The performance can be further improved by increasing the PCF thickness. Furthermore, the EC based on PCF/Ni has a very short time constant (~170μs) and allows for operations at high rate up to 500V/s.
Lithium–sulfur batteries attract great attention due to their high energy density, while their real applications are still hindered by the rapid capacity degradation. Despite great efforts devoted to solving the polysulfide shuttle between the cathode and anode electrodes, it remains a serious challenge to build highly-stable lithium–sulfur batteries. Herein we demonstrate a strategy of introducing an ion selective membrane to improve the stability and coulombic efficiency of lithium–sulfur batteries. The sulfonate-ended perfluoroalkyl ether groups on the ionic separators are connected by pores or channels that are around several nanometers in size. These SO3− groups-coated channels allow ion hopping of positively charged species (Li+) but reject hopping of negative ions, such as polysulfide anions (Sn2−) in this specific case due to the coulombic interactions. Consequently, this cation permselective membrane acts as an electrostatic shield for polysulfide anions, and confines the polysulfides on the cathode side. An ultra-low decay rate of 0.08% per cycle is achieved within the initial 500 cycles for the membrane developed in this work, which is less than half that of the routine membranes. Such an ion selective membrane is versatile for various electrodes and working conditions, which is promising for the construction of high performance batteries.
In order to investigate the effect of the conversion of carbon structure for electrospun carbon nanofibers (ECNFs) on their electrochemical activity toward vanadium redox couple, ECNFs with different graphitization degree are prepared through the catalytic graphitization process and their physico-chemical properties have been characterized systemically. The results show that both of the iron catalyst and catalytic graphitization temperature contributes to improve the graphitization degree of the ECNFs greatly. With the increase of iron (III) acetylacetonate (AAI) mass ratio and catalytic graphitization temperature, the graphitization degree of ECNFs increases continuously, while its electrochemical activity increases at first and then decreases. Despite the XPS results show that the O and N content may not have a significant effect on the electrochemical activity of ECNFs, the heteroatoms at the edge-plane definitely are beneficial to the vanadium redox reactions. Based on these, it can be concluded that plenty of edge planes of graphite crystallites are generated during the conversion of carbon structure and more heteroatoms at the edge-plane may act as the active sites for VO2 +/VO2+ redox reaction. It is to say, the carbon materials with an appropriate graphitization degree exhibit the best coupling effect of the conductivity and electrocatalytic activity, which have a big influence on the electrochemical activity of carbon materials.
Double-perovskite PrBaCo2/3Fe2/3Cu2/3O5+δ (PBCFC) is synthesized by the EDTA–citrate complexing method, and investigated as a novel cathode material for CeO2-based intermediate-temperature solid-oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). The PBCFC material exhibits good chemical compatibility with Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 (SDC) and Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (GDC) electrolytes at 900 and 950 °C for 10 h, respectively. XPS analysis shows that the rare-earth and transition-metal cations in the double-perovskite PBCFC exist in two different valence states, i.e., [Pr3+/Pr4+][Ba2+][Co3+/Co4+]2/3[Fe3+/Fe4+]2/3[Cu+/Cu2+]2/3O5+δ . The electrical conductivity of the PBCFC sample reaches a maximum of 144 S cm−1 at 600 °C in air. The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of the PBCFC sample is 16.6 × 10−6 K−1 between 30 and 850 °C in air. The polarization resistance of the PBCFC cathode on SDC and GDC electrolytes are 0.144 and 0.038 Ω cm2 at 800 °C, respectively. The maximum power densities of a single cell with the PBCFC cathode on a 300 μm-thick GDC electrolyte are 659 and 512 mW cm−2 at 800 and 750 °C, respectively. Fe and Cu co-doped PrBaCo2O5+δ exhibits decreased TEC and improved electrochemical performance, making it a suitable cathode material for GDC electrolyte IT-SOFCs.
Monolayer chemically converted graphene (CCG) nanosheets can be homogeneously self-assembled onto silicon wafer modified by 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) to form very thin graphene film. The CCG film was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM and AFM. Results show that CCG sheets formed monolayer film after assembled onto silicon wafer and there is a very tight chemical bond between sheets and wafer. Furthermore, the electrical measurements revealed that the monolayer graphene film has an excellent electrical conductivity.
We report a new concept of using conjugated polyfluorene imidazolium ionic liquids (PILs) intercalated reduced graphene oxide for high performance supercapacitor electrode materials. Two polyfluorene homo-polymer (hoPIL) and co-polymer (co-PIL) carrying hexyl imidazolium bromide side chains were designed and synthesized. Their corresponding intercalated reduced graphene oxide materials hoPIL-RGO and coPIL-RGO exhibited good electrochemical performance in aqueous electrolytes as well as in ionic liquid electrolyte 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4). High specific capacitances of 222Fg−1 at a current density of 0.2Ag−1 and 132Fg−1 at 0.5Ag−1 were obtained for coPIL-RGO in 6M KOH and BMIMBF4 accordingly. When assembled into a symmetric two-electrode cell with graphene materials as electrodes and BMIMBF4/acetonitrile (1:1) as electrolyte, an energy density of 14.7Whkg−1 was obtained for coPIL-RGO at a current density of 0.5Ag−1, and a maximum power density of 347kWkg−1 was achieved for hoPIL-RGO at a current density of 5Ag−1 with good cycling stability.
PVC based membrane containing dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (I) as active material along with sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaTPB) as an anion excluder and dibutyl phthalate as solvent mediator in the ratio 20:4:150:150 (w/w) (I–NaTPB–DBP–PVC) exhibits good properties with a Nernstian response of 29.0±1.0 mV per decade of activity and a working concentration range of 2.1×10−5–1.0×10−1 M. The working pH range of the sensor is 1.9–7.0. It exhibits a fast response time as fast as 17 s and has a lifetime of about 6 months. The proposed sensor has good selectivity for cadmium over alkali, alkaline earth, some transition and heavy metal ions. The sensor works satisfactorily in mixtures having 10% (v/v) non-aqueous content without showing any considerable change in working concentration range or slope. It has been successfully used as an indicator electrode for the potentiometric titration of Cd2+ against EDTA as well as for its determination in wastewaters.
A rechargeable aqueous lithium ion battery containing all-NASICON type cathode and anode materials is proposed and developed for the first time. In the design, LiTi2(PO4)3 and Li3V2(PO4)3 serve as the anode and cathode, respectively, which can fulfill the electrochemical window of aqueous solutions and ensure fast lithium ion diffusion into/from electrodes thus provide a safe, fast, inexpensive aqueous lithium ion battery. However, the capacity fading of the Li3V2(PO4)3 is extremely serious in common aqueous solutions. Therefore, the fading mechanism is systematically investigated and “water in salt” aqueous electrolyte is introduced to further solve the fading problem. Consequently, the cycling stability is greatly improved. Even after 100 cycles at 0.1 C, there remains a high reversible capacity of 104 mAh g−1, which is 83.2% of the initial discharge capacity. Furthermore, benefiting from the all-NASICON electrodes construction and super low freezing point of “water in salt” electrolyte, the aqueous battery deliveries remarkable low-temperature performance. It is a powerful and safe candidate for extreme-situation energy storage applications.
Formation cycle is a significant step in battery processing, as it leads to the build-up of stable solid electrolyte interphase layer that affects various parameters of batteries. Although fast formation cycle is more economical way to realize the battery production, it is generally known that fast formation cycle of conventional electrode materials leads to capacity degradation. In this study, we report the high-rate formation cycle step to induce excellent electrochemical performance, in the case of Co3O4 nanoparticle. Surprisingly, Co3O4 nanoparticle that runs in the formation cycle at rather high current density (1.0 A g−1) exhibits superior electrochemical performance compared with Co3O4 nanoparticle that runs in the formation cycle at 0.05 A g−1. Such enhanced electrochemical performance after the high-rate formation cycle for Co3O4 can be mainly attributed to the stabilization of solid electrolyte interphase layer upon cycling and initial partial agglomeration that forms secondary particles. This work firstly paves the possibility of employing high-rate formation cycle to induce improved electrochemical performance, which can also be extended to various alternative electrode materials.
The effect of ivermectin on soil organisms was assessed in Terrestrial Model Ecosystems (TMEs). Intact soil cores were extracted from a pasture in England and kept for up to 14 weeks in the laboratory. Ivermectin was applied to the soil surface via spiked cow dung slurry at seven concentration rates ranging from 0.25 to 180 mg/TME, referring to concentrations of 0.19–227 mg ivermectin/kg soil dry weight in the uppermost (0–1 cm) soil layer. After 7, 28 and 96 days following the application soil cores were destructively sampled to determine ivermectin residues in soil and to assess possible effects on microbial biomass, nematodes, enchytraeids, earthworms, micro-arthropods, and bait-lamina feeding activity. No significant effect of ivermectin was found for microbial respiration and numbers of nematodes and mites. Due to a lack of dose–response patterns no effect concentrations could be determined for the endpoints enchytraeid and collembolan numbers as well as total earthworm biomass. In contrast, EC50 values for the endpoint feeding rate could be calculated as 0.46, 4.31 and 15.1 mg ivermectin/kg soil dry weight in three soil layers (0–1, 0–5 and 0–8 cm, respectively). The multivariate Principal Response Curve (PRC) was used to calculate the NOECcommunity, based on earthworm, enchytraeid and collembolan abundance data, as 0.33 and 0.78 mg ivermectin/kg soil dw for day 7 and day 96, respectively. The results shown here are in line with laboratory data, indicating in general low to moderate effects of ivermectin on soil organisms. As shown by the results of the bait-lamina tests, semi-field methods such as TMEs are useful extensions of the battery of potential test methods since complex and ecologically relevant endpoints can be included.
It is standardly believed that the localisation of cognitive function by means of impairments arising from cortical tumour is not possible as the functional defects that result are mild and unspecific. These assumptions were not supported in an investigation of four processes generally sensitive to right posterior cortical lesions, when patients with parieto-occipital lesions were compared with prefrontal ones. In three of the tests loading on the individual processes – Reaching Accuracy, Star Cancellation, Fragmented Letters and Cube Analysis – parieto-occipital impairments were found in the basic groups analysis and this was so in the right-hemisphere group. More critically, in these tests Lesion Behaviour Mapping showed the critical lesion site for the tests to have relatively little overlap with those of the other tests, indicating that the cognitive effects were not widespread and diffuse. In addition, in three of the tests the critical lesion sites fitted localisations arrived from other procedures. Patients with high-grade tumours performed considerably worse than those with low-grade tumours in only two of the tests (Star Cancellation, Cube Analysis) particularly in the right parieto-occipital group. In three (Reaching Accuracy, Star Cancellation, Cube Analysis) there was a deterioration with the operation specifically in the low-grade tumour patients. It is suggested that a tumour patient series may provide converging evidence for the localisation of a function initially obtained by some other procedure.
Startech Environmental Corporation has received an additional $0.5 million to further demonstrate its StarCell hydrogen system as the second phase of its contract begins. Here, we look at the technology that makes use of a hydrogen-selective membrane filter, and the way in which it could potentially benefit the ‘Hydrogen Economy'.
Mesoporous NiCo2S4 nanoparticles prepared through solvothermal route are reported as remarkable supercapacitor electrode materials. The resulting samples are characterized by means of XRD, FSEM, TEM, HRTEM, SAED, EDS and BET. With large specific surface area, superior mesopore structure and high electronic conductivity, the as-obtained NiCo2S4 nanoparticles manifest excellent electrochemical performances with ultrahigh specific capacitance (1440 F g−1 at 3 A g−1) after 250 cycles, exceptional rate capability (75.1% capacity retention from 2 to 50 A g−1) and good cycling stability (107.9% of initial capacity retention for 1000 cycles). Additionally, an asymmetric supercapacitor utilising the mesoporous NiCo2S4 nanoparticles as a positive electrode and activated carbon as a negative electrode is further fabricated, which exhibits a prominent energy density of 28.3 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 245 W kg−1 and superior cycling stability of 91.7% initial capacity retention over 5000 cycles. These results above demonstrate the great potential of mesoporous NiCo2S4 nanoparticles in the development of high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors.
An electrode consisting of a mixture of quinhydrone (QH) and polybenzimidazole (PBI) with carbon was investigated as a solid reference electrode for hydrogen sensors. The vibrational behaviour of the polybenzimidazole/quinhydrone blend was investigated by infrared spectroscopy. The results suggest the existence of hydroquinone in the blend. The quinone/hydroquinone redox couple was evidenced by cyclic voltammetry. The potential of the solid-state reference electrode was found to be very stable over a period of 700h. The drift was less than 0.1mV per day. This electrode was successfully implemented in a potentiometric sensor. The standard potential was of the order of −550mV at room temperature and increased as a function of the temperature with a slope of 1mV/°C. The standard potential was also insensitive to changes in relative humidity (rh) in the sample gas over a period of 1 day.
The sustainable production of hydrogen is key to the delivery of clean energy in a hydrogen economy; however, lower-cost alternatives to platinum electrocatalysts are needed. Now, isolated, earth-abundant cobalt atoms dispersed over nitrogen-doped graphene are shown to efficiently electrolyse water to generate hydrogen.