batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The tin/graphite/silver (Sn/G/Ag) composite was prepared by high-energy mechanical milling (HEMM) for the first time. The composite powders consisted of electrochemically active Sn, Ag4Sn phases which were uniformly distributed on the surface of the graphite particles. The formation of Ag4Sn alloy phase and the uniform distribution of the active particles could accommodate the large volume changes during cycling. X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the phases obtained and to observe the microstructure and dispersion of particles. In addition, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic discharge/charge tests were carried out to characterize the electrochemical properties of the composite. The composite electrodes exhibited an initial capacity of 1154mAhg−1 and maintained a reversible capacity of above 380mAhg−1 for more than 100 cycles.
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders are rare in childhood and little is known about their psychosocial treatment. Relevant findings from the adult and child literature are reviewed. The case of 10-year-old “Michael” is presented, who participated in a randomized clinical trial of a psychoeducational family treatment for mood disorders. Following treatment, quantitative and qualitative data show that Michael's mood and social functioning improved, utilization of mental health services improved, the overall family emotional climate became more positive, and his parents felt supported. He no longer met criteria for a mood episode but continued to display psychosis. This family's response suggests that group psychoeducation may be an effective treatment for families of children with emerging schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
In this work, tin oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized by a facile and low-cost urea-assisted auto-combustion method in combination with subsequent calcination at a low temperature (350°C/5h), which produces porous structure and less nanometer size of particles (5–10nm). These nanoparticles were employed as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries, delivering better electrochemical properties of high reversible lithium storage capacity (618mAhg−1 after 40 cycles at 0.05C) and high rate capability (as high as 323mAhg−1 at 4.8C), indicating potential application for lithium-ion batteries. The microstructural change in the electrode corresponding to the change in electrochemical behavior was also studied by field-emission transmission electron microscopy, and the results supported the notion that the finer the sizes of the SnO2 nanoparticles better the cycling stability.
Carbon-encapsulated CoFe2O4/graphene (C@CFO/G) nanocomposite was prepared by a facile hydrothermal strategy and subsequently in situ pyrolysis process. The small-size CoFe2O4 nanoparticles encapsulated within thin carbon shells anchor onto G nanosheets with crumpled and waved structure for C@CFO/G nanocomposite. The as-synthesized nanocomposite delivers high reversible capacity of 925.6mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1 after 50 cycles. It exhibits rate capability of 772.3, 430.6 and 305.3mAhg−1, even at 200, 800 and 1600mAg−1, respectively, indicating outstanding rate capability and cycle stability. The improved electrochemical performance is ascribed to the well-designed structure with carbon shells and two dimension G nanosheets. The C@CFO/G nanocomposite will be an ideal candidate of anode material for lithium ion batteries.
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) consist of a diverse group of industrial chemicals and pharmacological agents. The use of instrumental analyses as the first screening tool might not be cost-effective to identify the existence of enormous numbers of chemical contaminants in environments. Also, knowledge of the concentration of individual residues is difficult to use to evaluate biological impacts of contaminants to wildlife and humans. The primary objective of the present study was to develop and to test the feasibility of using a battery of exposure biomarkers for the rapid-screening of various endocrine disrupting activities present in food. The measurement of the EDC-elicited activities involved various (i) receptor-mediated responses, including androgenic, estrogenic, dioxin-like, glucocorticoid-like, progesterone-like, peroxisome proliferator-like and retinoid-like as well as (ii) the non-receptor mediated responses through modulation of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ATP content. Samples of both local and imported pork, beef and chicken as well as freshwater and seawater fishes were collected. Extracts of different foods exhibited various dioxin-like and “hormonal” activities. Fish and chicken skin were found to be the major source of exogenous “hormonal” and dioxin-like substances in diets. Extracts of beef and pork contained lesser potencies of hormonally-active agents. Our data suggest that the proposed EDC-screening platform may be useful in a risk assessment for the routine monitoring of EDCs in foods. Continuous monitoring and research is warranted to assess the physiological consequences of the consumption.
Nano-sized crystalline γ-Fe2O3 (particle size ca. 7nm) was synthesized by mild oxidation of iron micelle obtained from Fe(CO)5. Heat treatment at 400°C in vacuum was effective to remove a large amount of organic impurities, the weight of which was over 40wt.% in the as-prepared solid phase. Significant suppression of the spinel-rocksalt transformation was confirmed as the major nano-sized effect and led to the reversible topochemical lithium interaction with the corresponding lattice volume expansion.
LiFePO4/C cathode material has been simply synthesized via a modified in situ solid-state reaction route using the raw materials of Fe2O3, NH4H2PO4, Li2C2O4 and lithium polyacrylate (PAALi). The sintering temperature of LiFePO4/C precursor is studied by thermo-gravimetric (TG)/differential thermal analysis (DTA). The physical properties of LiFePO4/C are then investigated through analysis using by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the electrochemical properties are investigated by electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), cyclic voltammogram (CV) and constant current charge/discharge test. The LiFePO4/C composite with the particle size of ∼200nm shows better discharge capacity (156.4mAhg−1) than bare LiFePO4 (52.3mAhg−1) at 0.2C due to the improved electronic conductivity which is demonstrated by EIS. The as-prepared LiFePO4/C through this method also shows excellent high-rate characteristic and cycle performance. The initial discharge capacity of the sample is 120.5mAhg−1 and the capacity retention rate is 100.6% after 50 cycles at 5C rate. The results prove that the using of organic lithium salts can obtain a high performance LiFePO4/C composite.
Prototype cells were prepared by hot pressing of the cathode and the anode coated with poly(vinylidenefluoride-hexafluoropropylene) P(VdF-HFP) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVdF-based fibrous membranes, respectively. Electrochemical properties and cycle performance of them before and after hot pressing were investigated. Pressing of the fibrous membrane resulted in decrease of the apparent porosity and electrolyte uptake. The prototype cell using hot-pressed membrane electrolyte showed continuous fading of the capacity while that using non-pressing fibrous membrane almost retained the initial capacity after 100 cycles at room temperature (0.5 C rate). In the case of cycle test at 80°C, however, the capacity was slightly decreased after the initial capacity fading of about 6.5% during the first 10 cycles due to the evaporation of liquid electrolytes. Rate performance exhibited about 97% and 72% of the full capacity at the 1 C rate and 2 C rate, respectively. The capacities at 5 C rate and 10 C rate were about 27–28% of the full capacity similarly because of the reduction of the entrapped liquid phase due to the swell of the fibrous structure.
Stable and homogeneous mica-like vanadium pentoxide (V2O5)-nanostructured thin films are prepared directly by simple anodic deposition from V2O5/H2O2 sol solution, and then dried at ambient temperature and annealed at 500 °C in air for 1 h. The films' crystal- and microstructures, surface morphology and Li-ion intercalation properties were characterized and analyzed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FSEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and electrochemical techniques. When used as a lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathode, the films exhibit a large discharge capacity of 596 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1080 mA g−1, as well as excellent cyclic stability and a fading rate of 1% per cycle. Explanations for such significant enhancements in specific capacity, cyclic stability, and rate performance of mica-like V2O5-nanostructured thin films are demonstrated in this study.
Objective To evaluate the interobserver reliability of the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and hand dynamometry when measuring isometric muscle strength in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Design Reliability study. Each patient was assessed by a pulmonology physician and a physical therapist in 2 separate sessions 7 to 14 days apart (mean, 9.8±0.8d). Each rater was blinded to the other's results. Setting Pneumology unit of a public hospital. Participants Random sample of outpatients with stable COPD (N=30). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures SPPB and muscle strength (kg) using electronic handgrip and handheld dynamometers. Reliability was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard error of measurement values, and Bland-Altman plots. ICCs were calculated for the SPPB summary score and for its 3 subscales. Results The ICCs for the overall reliability of the SPPB summary score and for grip and quadriceps strength were .82 (95% confidence interval [CI], .62–.91), .97 (95% CI, .93–.98), and .76 (95% CI, .49–.88), respectively. The standard error of measurement values were .55 points, 1.30kg, and 1.22kg, respectively. The mean differences between the rater's scores were near zero for grip strength and SPPB summary score measures. The ICCs for the SPPB subscales were .84 (95% CI, .66–.92) for the chair subscale, .75 (95% CI, .48–.88) for gait, and .33 (95% CI, −.42 to .68) for balance. Conclusions Interobserver reliability was good for quadriceps and handgrip dynamometry and for the SPPB summary score and its chair stand and gait speed subscales. Both pulmonary physicians and physical therapists can obtain and exchange the scores. Because the reliability of the balance subscale was questionable, it is better to use the SPPB summary score.
Previous work demonstrates that Fe2O3 is a promising negative electrode material. Its biochemical performance is strongly influenced by the morphology. Hence, Fe2O3 with nanoparticles, nanosheets and nanorods morphologies are synthesized by hydrothermal method respectively. The relationship between morphology and electrochemical property, particularly in terms of specific capacitance and rate capability are investigated. Detail cyclic voltammetry analysis reveals that the relative contributions of surface capacitive and inner intercalation capacitance change with the morphology. Different contribution of surface relative to inner charge storage leads to different specific capacitance and rate capability. Additionally, Fe2O3 nanosheets delivers a remarkable specific capacitance of 279.9Fg−1 (419.8mFcm−2) at the scan rate of 5mVs−1 ascribing to the inner intercalation effect. Moreover, electrochemical tests in neutral and alkaline solution show that the capacitive behavior of Fe2O3 is closely related to the potential window and different electrolyte leads to different contribution of surface relative to inner charge storage. These studies should be useful for elucidating the mechanism and morphological effects on charge storage for Fe2O3-based electrode and provide a direction to enhance its capacitance.
The electrocatalytic stability of the carbon supported Ru85Se15 nanoparticles has been improved by the modification of titanium dioxide for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) are applied for characterizing Ru85Se15/C and titanium dioxide modified Ru85Se15/C (Ru85Se15/TiO2/C) electrocatalysts. Electrochemical measurements and single cell tests are conducted for the evaluation of the electrocatalysts. The results indicate that Ru85Se15/TiO2/C electrocatalyst, presenting similar initial oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity with Ru85Se15/C, reveals better electrochemical stability. The final potential of Ru85Se15/TiO2/C is 137mV higher than that of Ru85Se15/C at 2mAcm−2 after the electrochemical durability test. Moreover, in the single cell stability test Ru85Se15/TiO2/C also shows comparable initial performance with Ru85Se15/C, but better final performance. Therefore, the Ru85Se15/C is expected to be used as an effective cathode electrocatalyst for PEMFCs by TiO2 modification on the carbon support.
Here, Chen et al. describe the role of the G protein–coupled receptor GPR17 in oligodendrocytes and show that it acts as a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination.
Cubic spinel LiMn2O4 has been studied for the reversible extraction of Li+ from natural brine after the application of suitable electrode potentials. In this work we report on the insertion/extraction of Li+ from natural brine of Olaroz salt flat (Jujuy, Argentina) and aqueous LiCl solutions into/from Li1-x Mn2O4 (0 < x ≤ 1) to determine changes in the crystal structure and surface composition upon electrochemical polarization. In agreement with the behavior in organic electrolytes, we found that the insertion and extraction of Li+ proceeds via a two stage process and that the crystal structure undergoes two cubic phase transitions as the lattice is expanded or contracted. Contrary to the behavior in organic solvents, no decomposition layer is formed on the electrode surface and the surface composition can be controlled with the electrode potential. We also found that sodium cations present in natural brine are not inserted into the crystal lattice in the potential window explored, however they are adsorbed on the oxide surface blocking Li+ adsorption sites and decreasing the rate of Li+ exchange.
Photovoltaic (PV) installations for solar electric power generation are being established rapidly in the northwest areas of China, and it is increasingly important for these power systems to have reliable and cost effective energy storage. The lead-acid battery is the more commonly used storage technology for PV systems due to its low cost and its wide availability. However, analysis shows that it is the weakest component of PV power systems. Because the batteries can be over discharged, or operated under partial state of charge (PSOC), their service life in PV systems is shorter than could be expected. The working conditions of batteries in remote area installations are worse than those in situations where technical support is readily available. Capacity-loss in lead-acid batteries operated in remote locations often occurs through sulfation of electrodes and stratification of electrolyte. In northwest China, Shandong Sacred Sun Power Sources Industry Co. Ltd. type GFMU valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries are being used in PV power stations. These batteries have an advanced grid structure, superior leady paste, and are manufactured using improved plate formation methods. Their characteristics, and their performance in PV systems, are discussed in this paper. The testing results of GFMU VRLA batteries in the laboratory have shown that the batteries could satisfy the demands of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards for PV systems.
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), which results from the loss of expression of the survival of motor neuron-1 (SMN1) gene, represents the most common genetic cause of pediatric mortality. A duplicate copy (SMN2) is inefficiently spliced, producing a truncated and unstable protein. We describe herein a potent, orally active, small-molecule enhancer of SMN2 splicing that elevates full-length SMN protein and extends survival in a severe SMA mouse model. We demonstrate that the molecular mechanism of action is via stabilization of the transient double-strand RNA structure formed by the SMN2 pre-mRNA and U1 small nuclear ribonucleic protein (snRNP) complex. The binding affinity of U1 snRNP to the 5′ splice site is increased in a sequence-selective manner, discrete from constitutive recognition. This new mechanism demonstrates the feasibility of small molecule–mediated, sequence-selective splice modulation and the potential for leveraging this strategy in other splicing diseases.
Recent evidence from multiple neuroscience techniques indicates that regions within the anterior temporal lobes (ATLs) are a critical node in the neural network for representing conceptual knowledge, yet their function remains elusive. The hub-and-spoke model holds that ATL regions act as a transmodal conceptual hub, distilling the various sensory-motor features of objects and words into integrated, coherent conceptual representations. Single-cell recordings in monkeys suggest that the ATLs are critically involved in visual associative learning; however, investigations of this region in humans have focused on existing knowledge rather than learning. We studied acquisition of new concepts in semantic dementia patients, who have cortical damage centred on the ventrolateral aspects of the ATLs. Patients learned to assign abstract visual stimuli to two categories. The categories conformed to a family resemblance structure in which no individual stimulus features were fully diagnostic; thus the task required participants to form representations that integrate multiple features into a single concept. Patients were unable to do this, instead responding only on the basis of individual features. The study reveals that integrating disparate sources of information into novel coherent concepts is a critical computational function of the ATLs. This explains the central role of this region in conceptual representation and the catastrophic breakdown of concepts in semantic dementia.
Ultrafine LiMn2O4/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposite is synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal treatment. In the nanocomposite, LiMn2O4 nanoparticles of 10-20 nm in diameters are well crystallized and uniformly distributed in the CNT matrix. The CNTs not only provide a conductive matrix, facilitating fast electron transport, but also effectively reduce agglomeration of LiMn2O4 nanoparticles. The nano-LiMn2O4/CNT nanocomposite exhibits superior rate capability and cycling stability compared with the sol-gel synthesized LiMn2O4, making it promising for high-power applications.
Although both aggressive (AGG) and deceitful behaviors (DEC) are symptoms of childhood conduct problems, few studies have examined common vs. specific etiological influences. Early intervention is encouraged for conduct problems and findings from genetically informative studies can suggest whether interventions should focus on conduct problems in general or groupings of conduct problems more specifically. Twin model-fitting analyses were conducted on same and different teacher ratings of AGG and DEC for 872 9-year old male twin pairs. Common genetic influences were found to underlie the susceptibility for both AGG and DEC. The same teacher ratings resulted in somewhat higher heritability estimates than different teacher ratings. Results also indicated stronger environmental effects for DEC as compared with AGG, with a significant shared environmental component for same teachers and a substantial non-shared environmental component for different teachers. Our data suggest that AGG and DEC share risk genes and environmental factors may differentiate these two types of conduct problems. Characterizing these specific environmental factors may be useful when developing interventions.
A microcontroller-based device has been developed for continuous measurement of current distribution and acid stratification in commercial flooded lead-acid batteries. Acid density at four different levels is measured using micro reference cells and the current density is determined from potential drops along the grid. The measurement method, the full device and measurement results are presented and discussed.
Impedance characteristics of the negative electrode of lead-acid battery were derived on the basis of fundamental interfacial processes occurring at the electrode. The solution of the governing equations was presented in terms of a simple equivalent circuit consisting of resistive and capacitive loops in which charge transfer and sulfate layer formation and also mass transfer (Warburg) elements are considered. The kinetic parameters were deduced by fitting the theoretically derived impedance to the experimental data. Impedance at various States of Charge (SoC) was also examined.
FeWO4-SnO2 core-shell nanorods are assembled via a two-step method. SnO2 nanoparticles are uniformly coated on the surface of FeWO4 nanorods. And high lithium storage performance has been achieved from them. At C/10 rate (10hours per charging cycle), the reversible capacity (the 2nd cycle) of FeWO4-SnO2 core-shell nanorods is up to 1286.9 mAh g−1, much higher than that of FeWO4 nanorods, SnO2 and traditional theoretical results. Such behaviour is attributed to the synergistic effect between nanostructured SnO2 and FeWO4. Our results imply that core-shell nanocomposites are good candidates for high-capacity anodes of lithium ion battery.
Solid waste holds the greatest potential as biomass source in Libya. The rapid expansion of industry has led to increased urbanization and growing population. These factors have dramatically increased the amount of MSW (municipal solid waste) generated in Libya. However, issues related to environmentally sound MSW management—including waste decrease and clearance—have not been addressed sufficiently. This study presents an overview on solid waste that can be used as a source of bioenergy in Libya including MSW, ISW (industrial solid waste), and HSW (health care wastes) as biomass sources. The management of solid waste and valorization is based on an understanding of MSW׳s composition and physicochemical characteristics. The results show that organic matter represents 59% of waste, followed by paper–cardboard 12%, plastic 8%, miscellaneous 8%, metals 7%, glass 4%, and wood 2%. The technology of WTE (waste-to-energy) incineration, which recovers energy from discarded MSW and produces electricity and/or steam for heating, is recognized as a renewable source of energy and is playing an increasingly important role in MSW management in Libya. This paper provides an overview of this technology, including both its conversion options and its useful products (e.g., electricity, heat, greenhouse gas emissions). The WTE benefits and the major challenges in expanding WTE incineration in Libya are discussed. It also demonstrates that Libya could become an exporter of hydrogen in lieu of oil and natural gas.