batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This paper develops a method and framework for analyzing the tradeoffs between the calendar life and cycle life of battery energy storage used for energy arbitrage in a wholesale electricity market. We implement a linear program to analyze the revenue potential of a battery system participating in the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) electricity market during 2002–2015, and show how the number of charge-discharge cycles performed in a year affects annual revenue potential. Then, we calculate the potential present worth (or the sum of discounted yearly revenues) of battery systems of various discharge durations and roundtrip efficiencies as a function of their calendar life and cycle life, and show how increasing calendar life and cycle life affects present worth. We show that increasing calendar life provides a greater benefit than increasing cycle life for lithium-ion, sodium-sulfur, and vanadium-redox flow batteries, which counters conventional notions about the importance of battery cycle life. However, we find that increasing the cycle life of lead-acid batteries provides a greater benefit than increasing calendar life, because lead-acid batteries have a lower cycle life than other technologies.
Monodisperse LiFePO4 microspheres embedded with well dispersed nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) are synthesized by chemical lithiation of the pre-synthesized FePO4/N-CNTs precursor. The morphology and structure of the composite microspheres are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the electrochemical performances are evaluated using constant current charge/discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes are uniformly dispersed inside the LiFePO4 microsphere to construct a superior three-dimensional conductive network, which allows for efficient charge transfer, ensures short lithium-ion diffusion distance, and facilitates the ion and electron transport throughout the active materials. The LiFePO4/N-CNTs microsphere composites display a reversible discharge capacity of 153mAhg−1 at 0.1C, a rate capability of 106mAhg−1 at a high rate of 10C, and an excellent cycling stability (>97% capacity retention after 500 cycles), which are promising positive electrode materials for application in high-performance lithium-ion batteries.
In the 1980s, following Newcombe's observations, Ungerleider and Mishkin put forward the functional subdivision of the visual system into a ventral stream dedicated to object perception and a dorsal stream dedicated to space perception. Ten years after this discovery, the perception-action model re-defined the dorsal stream as responsible for non-conscious visual guidance, and most recently a tripartition has been suggested to account for a variety of visuospatial functions. Here, we investigated the neural underpinnings of object and space perception by combining the administration of the Visual Object Space Perception (VOSP) battery with a voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) approach in a large sample of patients with penetrating traumatic brain injury (pTBI). First, our results provided new support for the complementary role of both hemispheres in object recognition. The right lateral occipital complex was found to be critical in early perceptual discrimination, whereas more anterior temporal and frontal regions in the left hemisphere were found to be critical in more complex forms of object discrimination and recognition. Second, our findings confirmed that space perception depended on the integrity of the right inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and revealed that a network linking the right IPL with the right premotor cortex was critical for the perception of spatial relationships in both 2D and 3D representations. Taken together, our results supported the functional subdivision of the visual system and shed new light on the specific processes involved along both the dorsal and the ventral streams.
The use of electric vehicles for goods distribution opens up a wide range of research problems. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) operate on batteries that have a limited life, as well as specific charging and discharging patterns which need to be considered in the context of their use for goods distribution. While many transportation problems associated with the integration of freight electric vehicles in distribution management problems have been investigated, there is room for further research on specifically how to model battery degradation and behaviour in such problems. The aim of this paper is to provide tractable models for transportation scientists that will allow predicting the lifetime degradation and instantaneous charging and discharging behaviour of BEV batteries.
Mechanical behavior of lithium-ion battery modules is investigated by conducting tensile tests of the module components, constrained compression tests of dry module representative volume element (RVE) specimens, and a constrained punch test of a small-scale dry module specimen. The results of tensile tests of the module components are used to characterize the tensile behavior of module specimens. The results in-plane constrained compression tests of module RVE specimens indicate that the load carrying capacity is characterized by the buckling of the module components and the final densification of the module components, and the nominal stress-strain curves appear to be independent of the specimen height. The results of different compressive nominal stress-strain curves in the in-plane and out-of-plane directions indicate the module RVE specimens are anisotropic. The results of a buckling analysis of the module RVE specimens under in-plane constrained compression are in agreement with the experimental results. The module RVE specimen is dominated by the buckling of the aluminum heat dissipater sheet under in-plane constrained compression. Finally, the results of a constrained punch test of a module specimen are in agreement with those of the corresponding finite element analyses based on a macroscopic homogenized foam material model.
Genetic determinants of cognition are poorly characterized, and their relationship to genes that confer risk for neurodevelopmental disease is unclear. Here we performed a systems-level analysis of genome-wide gene expression data to infer gene-regulatory networks conserved across species and brain regions. Two of these networks, M1 and M3, showed replicable enrichment for common genetic variants underlying healthy human cognitive abilities, including memory. Using exome sequence data from 6,871 trios, we found that M3 genes were also enriched for mutations ascertained from patients with neurodevelopmental disease generally, and intellectual disability and epileptic encephalopathy in particular. M3 consists of 150 genes whose expression is tightly developmentally regulated, but which are collectively poorly annotated for known functional pathways. These results illustrate how systems-level analyses can reveal previously unappreciated relationships between neurodevelopmental disease–associated genes in the developed human brain, and provide empirical support for a convergent gene-regulatory network influencing cognition and neurodevelopmental disease.
Maintenance of cognitive abilities is important for elderly to stay independent. With the aging of the population, the call for modifiable factors is emerging. Dietary protein might improve cognitive performance; however, this has hardly been studied. Therefore, we studied the impact of 24-week dietary protein supplementation on cognitive performance in pre-frail and frail elderly people.
Li-rich layer-structure xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) cathode materials have been synthesized by co-precipitation and microwave hydrothermal (MH) method in a short time (∼60 min). The crystal structure is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, and refined by two sets of diffraction data (R-3m and C2/m). The morphology is characterized by scanning and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (SEM and HRTEM) which shows the average particle size (50–100 nm). The charge/discharge results indicate xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (x = 0.4) synthesized at 180 °C for 60 min has the best discharge capacity and cyclic performance. Within the cut-off voltage between 2.5 and 4.8 V, the initial discharge capacity is 325 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C rate; and after 50 cycles the discharge capacity remains 234.5 mA h g−1. The xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 prepared by facile and rapid microwave-assisted hydrothermal (MH) is a promising preparation method in cathode material for lithium ion batteries.
Focal white matter lesions (WMLs) can be attributed to small-vessel disease and are associated with variable degrees of demyelination, axonal loss and gliosisThe effect of WMLs on global cognitive performance in cross-sectional studies is relatively small, even for severe lesions, and amounts at most to 0.7 points out of a maximum of 30 on the Mini-Mental State Examination scaleIn longitudinal studies, the rate of cognitive deterioration attributable to WMLs is, on average, 12 times lower than that attributable to Alzheimer's diseaseOnly individuals with the more-severe degrees of WMLs have clinically relevant cognitive decline, and these patients might be candidates for drug therapy targeted to small-vessel cerebrovascular disease
Clinical neurologists are often presented a challenge by patients undergoing routine MRI who show spots and patches of various sizes in the hemispheric white matter that are hyperintense on T2-weighted scans and can be even better appreciated on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) scans. These patients are often elderly and have hypertension, diabetes or both. When MRI is prescribed for cognitive impairment and the neuroradiologist attributes white matter lesions (WMLs) to focal chronic ischemia, the neurologist might be tempted to ascribe all or part of the cognitive impairment to cerebrovascular factors, prescribe a number of vasoactive drugs, and refrain from prescribing cholinesterase inhibitors.
This research work describes the synthesis and characterization of Si quantum dots of thickness 20nm prepared on glass/quartz substrate by Physical Vapour Condensation Technique at the working pressure of 5 and 10Torr with fixed substrate temperature 77K using liquid nitrogen. The synthesized quantum dots were studied by FESEM, HRTEM, X-ray diffraction, UV–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence and FTIR spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction pattern of synthesized quantum dots shows the amorphous nature. FESEM images of synthesized quantum dots suggest that the size of quantum dots varies from 4–6nm which is further confirmed by HRTEM. On the basis of optical absorbance by UV–visible spectroscopy, a direct band gap has been detected. FTIR spectra suggest that the as-grown Si quantum dots are partially oxidized which is due exposure of samples to air after taking out the samples from the chamber. PL spectra show a broad peak at 444nm, which may be attributed to the configuration of amorphous Si quantum dots. A slight shift in the peak position has been observed with increase in working pressure from 5Torr to 10Torr. The dc conductivity with temperature of Si quantum dots has also been studied from 303 to 454K. It is evident that the dc conductivity (σdc) enhances linearly with temperature, showing that conduction in Si quantum dots is due to an activated action which further verify the semiconductor deportment of these quantum dots.
Neural network force field (NNFF) is a method for performing regression on atomic structure–force relationships, bypassing the expensive quantum mechanics calculations that prevent the execution of long ab initio quality molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. However, most NNFF methods for complex multi-element atomic systems indirectly predict atomic force vectors by exploiting just atomic structure rotation-invariant features and network-feature spatial derivatives, which are computationally expensive. Here, we show a staggered NNFF architecture that exploits both rotation-invariant and -covariant features to directly predict atomic force vectors without using spatial derivatives, and we demonstrate 2.2× NNFF–MD acceleration over a state-of-the-art C++ engine using a Python engine. This fast architecture enables us to develop NNFF for complex ternary- and quaternary-element extended systems composed of long polymer chains, amorphous oxide and surface chemical reactions. The rotation-invariant–covariant architecture described here can also directly predict complex covariant vector outputs from local environments, in other domains beyond computational material science.
The effect of stannous ions as an electrolyte additive on the electrodeposition characteristics of Zn was investigated by chronoamperometry, the potential-step method and cyclic voltammetry. The chronoamperometry measurements showed that the addition of stannous ions inhibited the dendritic growth of Zn deposits. SEM observation also revealed that the Zn deposit was in the form of compact cylinders with rounded tops that consist of many small crystallites, rather than the classical dendrites with side branches. The inhibition effect of Sn2+ on the very initial electrocrystallization of Zn was not a substrate effect. The 0.17 V difference in reduction potential between Zn and Sn resulted in the codeposition of Sn and Zn. An interruption effect was proposed to illuminate the inhibition effect of Sn2+ on the formation of Zn dendrites. Furthermore, Sn2+ additive was found to suppress the corrosion reaction of Zn by 87% in the Sn2+-containing zincate electrolyte, comparing to that in the blank zincate electrolyte.
In this report, we study the impact of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) of lithium ion batteries (LIB) on low temperature performance in 3-electrode pouch cells with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Two kinds of electrolytes are used for the comparison purpose. One is chosen as the best low temperature electrolyte (1.0 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC)/ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC) at a certain ratio) developed in our laboratory by design of experiment method. The other electrolyte used is state-of-art baseline electrolyte (1.0 M LiPF6 in 3 EC/7 EMC). Electrochemical impedance of cathode, anode and the complete cell is measured in various states of aging, charge, and temperature conditions. Our results show that majority of the full cell impedance arises from anode SEI. Cathode SEI has very small impedance. Approximately 75% of full cell impedance is from anode and rest is from cathode. The impedance data are fitted by RC equivalent circuit model to extract various parameters of interfacial phenomena. Also, the data are analyzed by using the relation between the impedance, its distribution of relaxation times (DRT), and the time constants. Conclusively, the high rate performance of a LIB in low temperature depends on the kinetics of the electrochemical process rather than the value of polarization resistance.
SnO nanoparticles as an efficient and recyclable catalyst have been successfully prepared and were used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of 3,4,5-substituted furan-2(5H)-ones by the three-component reaction of aniline derivatives, dialkyl acetylene dicarboxylate, and aromatic aldehydes in ethanolic medium at room temperature. This work consistently has the advantages of excellent yields, short reaction time, simple workup, and recyclability of the catalyst up to six runs without appreciable loss of activity.
Until the late 1990s, aerosol therapy consisted of beta2-adrenergic agonists, anti-cholinergics, steroidal and non-steroidal agents, mucolytics and antibiotics that were used to treat patients with asthma, COPD and cystic fibrosis. Since then, inhalation therapy has matured to include drugs that: (1) are designed to treat diseases outside the lung and whose target is the systemic circulation (systemic drug delivery); (2) deliver nucleic acids that lead to permanent expression of a gene construct, or protein coding sequence, in a population of cells (gene therapy); and (3) provide needle-free immunization against disease (aerosolized vaccination). During the evolution of these advanced applications, it was also necessary to develop new devices that provided increased dosing efficiency and less loss during delivery. This review will present an update on the success of each of these new applications and their devices. The early promise of aerosolized systemic drug delivery and its outlook for future success will be highlighted. In addition, the challenges to aerosolized gene therapy and the need for appropriate gene vectors will be discussed. Finally, progress in the development of aerosolized vaccination will be presented. The continued expansion of the role of aerosol therapy in the future will depend on: (1) improving the bioavailability of systemically delivered drugs; (2) developing gene therapy vectors that can efficiently penetrate the mucus barrier and cell membrane, navigate the cell cytoplasm and efficiently transfer DNA material to the cell nucleus; (3) improving delivery of gene vectors and vaccines to infants; and (4) developing formulations that are safe for acute and chronic administrations.
Routine air monitoring provides data to assess urban scale temporal variation in pollution concentrations in relation to regulatory standards, but is not well suited to characterizing intraurban spatial variation in pollutant concentrations from local sources. To address these limitations and inform local control strategies, New York City developed a program to track spatial patterns of multiple air pollutants in each season of the year. Monitor locations include 150 distributed street-level sites chosen to represent a range of traffic, land-use and other characteristics. Integrated samples are collected at each distributed site for one 2-week session each season and in every 2-week period at five reference locations to track city-wide temporal variation. Pollutants sampled include PM2.5 and constituents, nitrogen oxides, black carbon, ozone (summer only) and sulfur dioxide (winter only). During the first full year of monitoring more than 95% of designed samples were completed. Agreement between colocated samples was good (absolute mean % difference 3.2–8.9%). Street-level pollutant concentrations spanned a much greater range than did concentrations at regulatory monitors, especially for oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide. Monitoring to characterize intraurban spatial gradients in ambient pollution usefully complements regulatory monitoring data to inform local air quality management.
Addressed herein is the preparation and the electrode performance of monodisperse CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) supported on Vulcan XC-72 for the Lithium-air battery (LAB) and Lithium-ion battery (LIB). Monodisperse CoFe2O4 NPs were synthesized by the thermal decomposition of cobalt(II) acetylacetonate and iron(III) acetylacetonate in oleylamine and oleic acid in the presence of 1,2-tetradecanediol and benzyl ether. As-prepared CoFe2O4 NPs with a particle size of 11 nm were then supported on Vulcan XC-72 (Vulcan-CoFe2O4) at different theoretical loadings (20, 40 and 60 wt % CoFe2O4 NPs) by using the simple liquid phase self assembly method. CoFe2O4 NPs dispersed on Vulcan-CoFe2O4 composites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The AAS analyses indicated that the Vulcan-CoFe2O4 composites with different loadings were included 3.7, 8.1 and 16.4 wt % CoFe2O4 on the metal basis. The electrode performance of Vulcan-CoFe2O4 composites were evaluated as the anode active material for LIB and cathode active material for LABs by performing the galvanostatic charge–discharge tests. The highest discharge capacity for both LAB (7510 mAh g(Vulcan+CoFe2O4) −1; 13380 mAh gCoFe2O4 −1 @ 0.1C) and LIB (863 mAh g(Vulcan+CoFe2O4) −1; 9330 mAh gCoFe2O4 −1@ 0.1C) was investigated with 16.4 wt % CoFe2O4.
This paper focuses on the critical role of power sources in the future energy economy. It highlights the disruptive nature of the new energy technologies that will come into play, addressing the problems of greenhouse emissions and reduced availability of fossil fuel reserves. The importance of power sources such as fuel cells and batteries is discussed and their inter-relationship with the hydrogen economy explored. Overall it is clear that improved methods of energy storage are of critical importance and these must be optimised both in terms of cost and energy density. There are important challenges to be addressed; however, very positive outcomes can be anticipated.
The use in the past, and to a lesser extent today, of chrysotile asbestos in automobile brake systems causes health concerns among professional mechanics. Therefore, we conducted four separate tests in order to evaluate an auto mechanic’s exposure to airborne asbestos fibers while performing routine brake maintenance. Four nearly identical automobiles from 1960s having four wheel drum brakes were used. Each automobile was fitted with new replacement asbestos-containing brake shoes and then driven over a predetermined public road course for about 2253km. Then, each car was separately brought into a repair facility; the brakes removed and replaced with new asbestos-containing shoes. The test conditions, methods, and tools were as commonly used during the 1960s. The mechanic was experienced in brake maintenance, having worked in the automobile repair profession beginning in the 1960s. Effects of three independent variables, e.g., filing, sanding, and arc grinding of the replacement brake shoe elements, were tested. Personal and area air samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of fibers, asbestos fibers, total dust, and respirable dust. The results indicated a presence in the air of only chrysotile asbestos and an absence of other types of asbestos. Airborne chrysotile fiber exposures for each test remained below currently applicable limit of 0.1fiber/ml (eight-hour time-weighted average).
The fish scale derived hierarchical porous carbon has been studied as an inhibitor to capture the polysulfides for lithium-sulfur battery by ex situ ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy and SEM analysis. The results showed that the capacity retention of the cathode with porous carbon as additive increased from 44% to 59% after 50 cycles at 0.1C compared with the common cathode. Attracted on the excellent performance of cathode with porous carbon, the asymmetry electrode was fabricated by coating a porous layer on the cathode to trap the polysulfides produced during the discharge-charge process further. The initial discharge specific capacity is 1426mAhg−1 with a capacity retention of 81% after 50 cycles at 1C, and retains a reversible capacity of 990mAhg−1 after 100 cycles with coulombic efficiency above 98%.
Different amounts of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are added to anode catalyst layer in the membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The MEA with 0.5wt.% carbon nanotubes (CNTs) shows the best performance in DMFC. In the protonic conductivity tests, a 0.5 wt.% amount of MWCNTs results in the highest protonic conductivity. SEM and TEM observations show that a continuous and uniform distribution of Nafion ionomer layer is formed on the MWCNT surface. Therefore, the dispersed MWCNTs in the catalyst layer are considered to be helpful for developing the pathways of protons transport.