batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Anodic alumina membranes (AAM) filled with cesium hydrogen phosphate proton conductor have been tested as inorganic composite electrolyte for hydrogen–oxygen thin film (≤50μm) fuel cell (TFFC) working at low temperatures (25°C), low humidity (T gas =25°C) and low Pt loading (1mgcm−2). Single module TFFC delivering a peak power of around 15–27mWcm−2, with open circuit voltage (OCV) of about 0.9V and short circuit current density in the range 80–160mAcm−2 have been fabricated. At variance with pure solid acid electrolytes showing reproducibility problems due to the scarce mechanical resistance, the presence of porous alumina support allowed to replicate similar fuel cell performances over numerous AAM/CsH2PO4 assemblies. A scale-up process of the electrodic area has been optimized in order to increase the delivered peak power of AAM thin film fuel cell. Morphological, chemical and electrochemical studies on the alumina composite electrolyte have been carried out by means of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Micro-Raman spectroscopy, DTA/DTG analysis, ac impedance spectroscopy and single fuel cell tests.
In this research, Al−air battery based on Al−1Mg−0.1 Ga−0.1 Sn and Al−1Mg−1Zn−0.1Ga−0.1Sn (wt.%) anodes were prepared, the corrosion behavior and the battery performance were investigated in 2 M NaCl, 4 MNaOH and 7 M KOH solutions. The results show that the optimal electrochemical properties are obtained in Al−1Mg−1Zn−0.1Ga−0.1Sn alloy, and compared with in alkaline solutions the alloy has the lower self-corrosion rate in 2 M NaCl. The high anodic utilization during discharge in 2 M NaCl is partially responsible for the higher R t , which is well validated by EIS. Al-air battery based on the alloy has higher cell potential in 4 M NaOH. Contrast that with the electrochemical performance of Zn in alkaline solutions, it is feasibility of using the alloy as anode material for Al-air battery in 2 M NaCl and 4 M NaOH solutions.
Boroxine ring containing additives, Bx(n)=B3O3[O(CH2CH2O) n CH3]3, were found to be compatible with a wide variety of polymer hosts. Polymer electrolytes exhibiting room temperature conductivities of up to 10−5 S cm−1 were obtained by incorporation of Bx(n) and LiCF3SO3 into poly(methyl methacrylate) and propylene oxide–ethylene oxide co-polymers. Polymers composed of inter-connecting networks of boroxine rings were also investigated as suitable hosts for the boroxine additives B3O3[O(CH2CH2O) n CH3]3. Poly(methyl methacrylate) systems exhibited an electrochemical stability window in the region of 4.9 V, while transference number measurements indicated high Li+ ion conductivity.
In this paper, we propose a new approach to discover the relationship types between a user and her contacts in a social network. This is of key importance for many applications in the domain of photo sharing, privacy protection, information enriching, etc. Our approach is based, on one hand, on information extracted from users’ profiles and their shared photos, and, on the other hand, on a set of predefined rules validated by the main user before being mined and derived according to her preferences and social network content. The contribution of our method is twofold: 1) it is user-based enabling the user to set her preferences and give her feedbacks on the derived rules and results, and 2) it is multi-criteria that exploits and combines several attributes and features from user profiles and shared photos respectively. It also allows the user to define new relationship types. We conducted a set of experiments to validate our approach. The obtained results show the accuracy of our approach in different scenarios.
It is widely accepted that for electric vehicles to be accepted by consumers and to achieve wide market penetration, ranges of at least 500 km at an affordable cost are required. Therefore, significant improvements to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in terms of energy density and cost along the battery value chain are required, while other key performance indicators, such as lifetime, safety, fast-charging ability and low-temperature performance, need to be enhanced or at least sustained. Here, we review advances and challenges in LIB materials for automotive applications, in particular with respect to cost and performance parameters. The production processes of anode and cathode materials are discussed, focusing on material abundance and cost. Advantages and challenges of different types of electrolyte for automotive batteries are examined. Finally, energy densities and costs of promising battery chemistries are critically evaluated along with an assessment of the potential to fulfil the ambitious targets of electric vehicle propulsion.
The improved structure of stand-alone wind power system which is presented in this paper based on a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). A Li-ion battery energy storage system is used to compensate the inherent power fluctuations (excess or shortage) and to regulate the overall system operation based on a power management strategy. The modeling and the control of a DFIG for stand-alone power applications are detailed. However, the magnitude and frequency of the DFIG stator output voltage are controlled under variable mechanical speed. This task is ensured via the control of d and q components of the rotor flux by means of a back-to-back pulse width modulation (PWM) converter connected to the rotor side of the DFIG. The PMSM is coupled mechanically to the wind turbine and supplies a required power to the PWM converter in order to regulate the dc bus voltage to the desired value. In order to validate the proposed stand-alone wind power supply structure both a theoretical system analysis and a complete simulation of the overall wind energy conversion system (WECS) with Li-ion battery energy storage system is carried out to prove the performances of the control strategy.
Lithium-Ion pouch cells are types of cells with great potential regarding energy and power densities to design of battery systems and battery modules in electromobility. These cells pose a high demand on their placement and bracing in the module to compensate their expansion and therefore guarantee a long lifetime. The challenge is to identify optimal bracing for the individual pouch cells. Thus, this work studies the cyclic aging of four identical automotive pouch cells under different bracing conditions while measuring cell-specific force, distance and impedance parameters. This measurement shows an improved mechanical integration of this type of battery cell in modules. Furthermore there is a recognizable correlation between the different conditions of strain and the impedance spectra along different states of aging. From this results a specific parameter is identified which can be used for rapid test procedures.
Continued high morbidity and complications due to trauma related hemorrhage underscores the fact that our understanding of the detailed molecular events of trauma are inadequate to bring life-saving changes to practice. The current state of efficacy and advances in biomedical microdevice technology for trauma diagnostics concerning hemorrhage and hemorrhagic shock was considered with respect to vital signs and metabolic biomarkers. Tachycardia and hypotension are markers of hemorrhagic shock in decompensated trauma patients. Base deficit has been predicative of injury severity at hospital admission. Tissue oxygen saturation has been predicative of onset of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Blood potassium levels increase with onset of hemorrhagic shock. Lactate is a surrogate for tissue hypoxia and its clearance predicts mortality. Triage glucose measurements have been shown to be specific in predicting major injuries. No vital sign has yet to be proven effective as an independent predictor of trauma severity. Point of care (POC) devices allow for rapid results, easy sample preparation and processing, small sample volumes, small footprint, multifunctional analysis, and low cost. Advances in the field of in-vivo biosensors has provided a much needed platform by which trauma related metabolites can be monitored easily, rapidly and continuously. Multi-analyte monitoring biosensors have the potential to explore areas still undiscovered in the realm of trauma physiology.
Worldwide, environmental regulations such as Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPSs) are being broadly adopted to promote renewable energy investments. With corresponding increases in renewable energy deployments, there is growing interest in grid-scale energy storage systems (ESS) to provide the flexibility needed to efficiently deliver renewable power to consumers. Our contribution in this paper is to introduce a unified generation, transmission, and bulk ESS expansion planning model subject to an RPS constraint, formulated as a two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear program (MILP) optimization model, which we then use to study the impact of co-optimization and evaluate the economic interaction between investments in these three asset classes in achieving high renewable penetrations. We present numerical case studies using the 24-bus IEEE RTS-96 test system considering wind and solar as available renewable energy resources, and demonstrate that up to $180million/yr in total cost savings can result from the co-optimization of all three assets, relative to a situation in which no ESS investment options are available. Surprisingly, we find that co-optimized bulk ESS investments provide significant economic value through investment deferrals in transmission and generation capacity, but very little savings in operational cost. Finally, we observe that planning transmission and generation infrastructure first and later optimizing ESS investments—as is common in industry—captures at most 1.7% ($3million/yr) of the savings that result from co-optimizing all assets simultaneously.
Information technology, such as real-time location (RTL) systems using Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) may contribute to overcome patient safety issues and high costs in healthcare. The aim of this work is to study if a RFID specific Participatory Design (PD) approach supports the design and the implementation of RTL systems in the Operating Room (OR). A RFID specific PD approach was used to design and implement two RFID based modules. The Device Module monitors the safety status of OR devices and the Patient Module tracks the patients’ locations during their hospital stay. The PD principles ‘multidisciplinary team’, ‘participation users (active involvement)’ and ‘early adopters’ were used to include users from the RFID company, the university and the hospital. The design and implementation process consisted of two ‘structured cycles’ (‘iterations’). The effectiveness of this approach was assessed by the acceptance in terms of level of use, continuity of the project and purchase. The Device Module included eight strategic and twelve tactical actions and the Patient Module included six strategic and twelve tactical actions. Both modules are now used on a daily basis and are purchased by the hospitals for continued use. The RFID specific PD approach was effective in guiding and supporting the design and implementation process of RFID technology in the OR. The multidisciplinary teams and their active participation provided insights in the social and the organizational context of the hospitals making it possible to better fit the technology to the hospitals’ (future) needs.
The multi-copper Laccase enzyme corresponds to one of the most investigated oxidoreductases for potential uses in xenobiotic bioremediation. In this work, we have investigated the photo-degradation process of Laccase from Trametesversicolor induced by UVB light and the influence on its activity over selected substrates. Laccase undergoes photo-degradation when irradiated with UVB light, and the process depends on the presence of oxygen in the medium. With the kinetic data obtained from stationary and time resolved measurements, a photo-degradation mechanism of auto-sensitization was proposed for the enzyme. Laccase generates singlet oxygen, by UVB light absorption, and this reactive oxygen species can trigger the photo-oxidation of susceptible amino acids residues present in the protein structure. The catalytic activity of Laccase was evaluated before and after UVB photolysis over hydroxy-aromatic compounds and substituted phenols which represent potential pollutants. The dye bromothymol blue, the antibiotic rifampicin and the model compound syringaldazine, were selected as substrates. The values of the kinetic parameters determined in our experiments indicate that the photo-oxidative process of Laccase has a very negative impact on its overall catalytic function. Despite this, we have not found evidence of structural damage by SDS-PAGE and circular dichroism experiments, which indicate that the enzyme retained its secondary structure. We believe that, given the importance of Laccase in environmental bioremediation, the information found about the stability of this kind of biomolecule exposed to UV solar irradiation may be relevant in the technological design and/or optimization of decontamination strategies.
We synthesize LiCr0.2Ni0.4Mn1.4O4 cathode materials by two-step and one-step polymerization methods, and investigate the differences in structures and electrochemical performances of the materials according to these two ways. The physical properties and electrochemical performances of products are analyzed by many characterization methods including thermal gravimetric analysis (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis, galvanostatic charge–discharge test, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that LiCr0.2Ni0.4Mn1.4O4 particles prepared via two-step process possess pure spinel phase with Fd3m space group, and uniform size distribution with no obvious agglomeration. It exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 145.5mAhg−1 at 1C (1C=140mAg−1), and a stable cycling performance demonstrated by exceeding 140mAhg−1 after 100 cycles. Besides, a discharge capacity of 128.7 and 111.6mAhg−1, with high capacity retention of 88.5% and 76.7% relative to 1C, is gained at 10C and 20C at room temperature (25°C), respectively. Such good performances can be attributed to the higher Li+ diffusion coefficient of 4.37×10−11 cm2 s−1 by calculation from EIS. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test results confirm that lithium-ion cells assembled by the two-step sample as positive electrode exhibit lower polarization and impedance than those of one-step sample.
Al–C, Al–Fe and Al–Fe–C composite materials have been prepared by high-energy ball milling technique. The electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the Al–Fe–C composites have greatly improved electrochemical performances in comparison with Al, Al–C and Al–Fe anode. For example, Al71Fe9C20 can deliver the reversible capacity of 436mAhg−1 at first cycle and 255mAhg−1 at 15th cycle. This improved electrochemical performance could be attributed to the alloying formation of Al with Fe and the buffering effect by the graphite matrix. This suggests that the Al–Fe–C composite has a potential possibility to be developed as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
Due to the extraordinarily high theoretical capacity of sulfur (1675 mAh g−1), the lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery has been considered a promising candidate for future high-energy battery applications. Li–S batteries, however, have suffered from limited cycle lives, mainly due to the formation of soluble polysulfides, which prevent the practical application of this attractive technology. The encapsulation of sulfur with various conductive materials has addressed this issue to some extent. Nevertheless, most approaches still present partial encapsulation of sulfur and moreover require a large quantity of conductive material (typically, >30 wt%), making the use of sulfur less desirable from the viewpoint of capacity. Here, we address these chronic issues of Li–S cells by developing a graphene oxide-sulfur composite with a thin crosslinked polyaniline (PANI) layer. Graphene oxide nanosheets with large surface area, high conductivity and a uniform conductive PANI layer, which are synthesized by a layer-by-layer method, have a synergetic interaction with a large portion of the sulfur in the active material. Furthermore, a simple crosslinking process efficiently prevents polysulfide dissolution, resulting in unprecedented electrochemical performance, even with a high sulfur content (∼75%): a high capacity retention of ∼80% is observed, in addition to 97.53% of the average Coulombic efficiency being retained after 500 cycles. The performance we demonstrate represents an advance in the field of lithium–sulfur batteries for applications such as power tools.
A simple approach for using accelerating rate calorimetry data to simulate the thermal abuse resistance of battery packs is described. The thermal abuse tolerance of battery packs is estimated based on the exothermic behavior of a single cell and an energy balance than accounts for radiative, conductive, and convective heat transfer modes of the pack. For the specific example of a notebook computer pack containing eight 18650-size cells, the effects of cell position, heat of reaction, and heat-transfer coefficient are explored. Thermal runaway of the pack is more likely to be induced by thermal runaway of a single cell when that cell is in good contact with other cells and is close to the pack wall.
In this work we consider the design of a Free Floating Car Sharing (FFCS) system based on Electric Vehicles. We face the problems of finding the optimal placement of charging stations, and the design of smart car return policies, i.e, how many and where to place charging stations, and whether to ask or not customers to return the car to a charging pole. We leverage actual data containing rentals performed by Car2Go customers. We obtain information for several months worth of actual trips in the city of Turin, our use case. Via trace driven simulations, we replay the exact same trips while simulating electric car based FFCS, to accurately gauge battery discharging and recharging. With this, we compare different charging station placements, also driven by optimisation algorithms. Moreover, we observe the impact of collaborative or selfish car return policies. Results are surprisingly: just as few as 13 charging stations (52 poles) guarantee a fleet of 377 vehicles running in a 1 million inhabitant city to work flawlessly, with limited customer’s discomfort. We believe our data driven methodology helps researchers and car sharing providers discerning different design solutions. For this, we make available all data and tools to foster further studies in these directions.
Alternative fuel vehicles (AFV) may help to reduce global CO2 emissions from the transport sector. One obstacle for AFV market diffusion is the lack of refueling infrastructure which prevents potential users from buying AFVs. Meanwhile infrastructure suppliers await market developments before investing in an extensive infrastructure roll-out. This mutual interaction has been a field of research for several years and a variety of modeling approaches have been applied. This paper aims at reviewing models of combined AFV and refueling infrastructure market diffusion and pointing out research gaps. We retrieve stylized facts which models should account for from empirical studies on natural gas vehicles, user acceptance analyses on AFVs and technical restraints of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). Ten interaction models are evaluated with respect to the identified aspects. We find that simulation is the most common approach for an interaction model. Besides, the majority of the examined stylized facts is covered by the models. However, models for FCEVs could be improved by reflecting the transport of fuel to refueling infrastructure while new models on PEVs should include charging duration, frequency and charging station ownership.
We here, present a flexible handwriting driven nanogenerator (NG) based on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs)/polymer composite grown/deposited on paper substrate. The targeted configuration is composed of ZnO NWs/PVDF polymer ink pasted and sandwiched between two pieces of paper with ZnO NWs grown chemically on one side of each piece of paper. Other configurations utilizing a ZnO/PVDF ink with different ZnO morphologies on paper platform and others on plastic platform were fabricated for comparison. The mechanical pressure exerted on the paper platform while handwriting is then harvested by the ZnO NWs/polymer based NG to deliver electrical energy. Two handwriting modes were tested; these were slow (low pressure) and fast (high pressure) handwriting. The maximum achieved harvested open circuit voltage was 4.8V. While an out power density as high as 1.3mW/mm2 was estimated when connecting the NG to a 100Ω load resistor. The observed results were stable and reproducible. The present NG provides a low cost and scalable approach with many potential applications, like e.g. programmable paper for signature verification.
The large overpotentials during oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are still big challenges for the non-aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries. In this paper, CeO2 nanoparticles on N-doped reduced graphene oxide (CeO2@N-RGO) are in-situ synthesized through a one-step hydrothermal process as binder-free cathode catalyst. The battery with CeO2@N-RGO cathode delivers a capacity of 11,900mAhg−1 at current density of 400mAg−1, and can cycle up to 40 times without obvious degradation at the capacity limitation of 1000mAhg−1. The performance enhancement of the battery can be attributed to the synergetic effect of N-RGO and CeO2 nanoparyicles anchoring the formation of Li2O2. The study confirms that CeO2@N-RGO can be a potential excellent cathode catalyst for ORR and OER for rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries.
The binary eutectic mixture of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) and potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI) with a molar ratio of x LiFSI: x KFSI =0.41: 0.59 has been investigated as molten salt electrolyte for natural graphite/LiFePO4 lithium-ion cells at 80°C. The electrochemical performances of the Li/natural graphite, Li/LiFePO4, and natural graphite/LiFePO4 cells using this molten salt electrolyte have been evaluated, in terms of cycling performances and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) at 80°C. Both the Li/natural graphite and Li/LiFePO4 cells show good cycling performances. The initial specific capacities after conditioning for the natural graphite and LiFePO4 electrodes are 353 and 150 mAh g−1, respectively, and the corresponding capacity retention rates are 98% and 97%, respectively, after 100 cycles at 80°C, except for a large irreversible capacity (162 mAh g−1) observed for the natural graphite at the first cycle for forming solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film. The natural graphite/LiFePO4 lithium-ion cell using this molten salt electrolyte shows a low capacity in the range of 71–86 mAh g−1, due to the large irreversible capacity (71 mAh g−1) at the first cycle, but it shows a good cycleability after the first cycle, and provides a specific capacity of 71 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 80°C. The variations of cycling performances of these cells can be well correlated with their impedance evolution with cycling.