batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Nanosized cathode material Ni(OH)2 for alkaline batteries was prepared by converting the precursor of NiC2O4·2H2O in KOH water solution which contained Tween-80, and the precursor was obtained via the reaction between Ni(NO3)2·6H2O and H2C2O4·2H2O in ethanol solvent. The products were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared absorption spectroscopy (IR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the as-prepared Ni(OH)2 sample by this method is β(II)-type phase and its shape is spherical with the particle size from 5 to 35nm. The electrochemical studies revealed that the 10% addition of nanosized Ni(OH)2 to common microsized spherical Ni(OH)2 can improve the electrochemical performance of the Ni(OH)2 electrode. There exists approximately a 10% improvement in the utilization of the active material of the Ni(OH)2 electrode with 10% nannosized Ni(OH)2 addition in comparison with microsized spherical Ni(OH)2 electrode. Nanosized Ni(OH)2 may be a promising cathodic active material for alkaline rechargeable batteries.
Carbon felt electrodes for vanadium redox flow batteries are obtained by the graphitization of polyacrylonitrile based felts at different temperatures. Subsequently, the surface of the felts is modified via thermal oxidation at various temperatures. A single-cell experiment shows that the voltage efficiency is increased by this treatment. Electrode potentials measured with reference electrode setup show that this voltage efficiency increase is caused mainly by a reduction of the overpotential of the negative half-cell reaction. Consequently, this reaction is investigated further by cyclic voltammetry and the electrode activity is correlated with structural and surface chemical properties of the carbon fibers. By Raman, X-ray photoelectron and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy the role of edge sites and oxygen containing functional groups (OCFs) for the electrochemical activity are elucidated. A significant activity increase is observed in correlation with these two characteristics. The amount of OCFs is correlated with structural defects (e.g. edge sites) of the carbon fibers and therefore decreases with an increasing graphitization degree. Thus, for the same thermal oxidation temperature carbon fibers graphitized at a lower temperature show higher activities than those graphitized at a higher temperature.
This paper proposes a semi-active battery/supercapacitor (SC) hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for use in electric drive vehicles. A much smaller unidirectional dc/dc converter is adopted in the proposed HESS to integrate the SC and battery, thereby increasing the HESS efficiency and reducing the system cost. We have also included a quantitative battery capacity fade model, in addition to the theoretical HESS model proposed in this paper. For the proposed HESS, we have examined the sizing optimization of the HESS parameters for an electric city bus, including the parallel and series number of the battery cell and the SC module. Considering the constraint of requirement on minimal mileage, the optimization goal is to simultaneously minimize (i) the total cost of the HESS and (ii) the capacity loss of a LiFePO4 battery over a typical China Bus Driving Cycle. The simulation result shows that these two objectives are conflicting, and trades them off using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II. Finally, the Pareto front including optimal HESS parameter groups has been obtained, which indicates that the battery capacity loss can be reduced rapidly when the SC cost increases within the range from 10 to 40 thousand RMB.
A new series of low-melting, low-viscosity, hydrophobic ionic liquids based on relatively small tertiary sulfonium cations ([R1R2R3S]+, wherein R1, R2, R3 =CH3 or C2H5, R3 =CH2CH2OCH3, CH2CH2COOCH3, CH2CH2CN) and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI−) anion have been prepared and characterized. The important physicochemical and electrochemical properties of these salts, such as melting point, glass transition, viscosity, density, ionic conductivity, thermal and electrochemical stability, have been determined. The influence of structure variation in the tertiary sulfonium cations on the above physicochemical properties is discussed. Among these new salts, some of them show the desirable properties including low-melting points, low viscosities, and high conductivities, to be selected as potential candidates as electrolytes in energy devices, and two salts are ionic plastic crystals.
The conversion-based BiF3 is a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity (302mAhg−1). Nanocomposites of BiF3 and carbon (BiF3/C) are known to improve the electrochemical performance by increasing the electronic conductivity of the electrode. Here we investigate the electrochemical performance of BiF3/C at high C-rates. In particular, we newly investigate the difference of high C-rate performance between discharge and charge reactions. The discharge and charge capacities in the first cycle were almost the same at 0.1C. In contrast, the discharge capacity was higher than charge capacity at 10C. Further, during cycling at 10C, the charge capacity drastically decreased, but the discharge capacity remained high. The rate performance of the discharge reaction was higher than that of the charge reaction, especially after cycling.
Understanding network behavior that undergoes challenges is essential to constructing a resilient and survivable network. Due to the mobility and wireless channel properties, it is more difficult to model and analyze mobile ad hoc networks under various challenges. In this paper, we provide a model to assess the vulnerability of mobile ad hoc networks in face of malicious attacks. We analyze comprehensive graph-theoretical properties and network performance of the dynamic networks under attacks against the critical nodes using real-world mobility traces. Motivated by minimum spanning tree and small-world networks, we propose a network enhancement strategy by adding long-range links. We compare the performance of different enhancement strategies by evaluating a list of robustness measures. Our study provides insights into the design and construction of resilient and survivable mobile ad hoc networks.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and complex impedance spectroscopy have been used to study the polymer electrolytes formed by amylopectin rich starch, plasticized with glycerol and containing lithium perchlorate. The 7Li and 1H NMR linewidth narrowing occurs close to the glass transition temperature (T g ) of the plasticized electrolytes. The heteronuclear decoupling NMR experiments suggest a weaker Li–polymer interaction in the plasticized electrolyte when compared with the unplasticized ones. The effects of the plasticizer on the ionic mobility in these starch-based electrolytes, as measured by NMR spin-lattice relaxation and conductivity, are discussed. The 7Li NMR relaxation results indicate that the ionic mobility in these plasticized electrolytes seems to be controlled by the plasticizer molecules. The dynamical parameters obtained from the conductivity and NMR data demonstrate that the Li+ mobility in our systems is comparable to those found in others plasticized polymer electrolytes.
The electrochemical analysis was carried out by the electrochemical reduction of horse spleen ferritin (HoSF) using oxidized methyl viologen. The reduction and oxidation peaks of the methyl viologen and released Fe appeared on the cyclic voltammogram. The Fe was released on reduction of the HoSF by the methyl viologen. The effect of oxidized methyl viologen concentration and the ferritin solution pH on reduction of the HoSF were determined. The reduction of the ferritin procedure occurred by applying a potential that reduced the oxidized methyl viologen, and the HoSF was reduced by the reduced methyl viologen.
Natural products, either as pure compounds or as standardized plant extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. To secure this, a number of pivotal quality standards need to be set at the level of extract processing and primary evaluation in pharmacological screening models. This review provides a number of recommendations that will help to define a more sound ‘proof-of-concept’ for antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antiparasitic potential in natural products. An integrated panel of pathogens is proposed for antimicrobial profiling, using accessible standard in vitro experimental procedures, endpoint parameters and efficacy criteria. Primary requirements include: (1) use of reference strains or fully characterized clinical isolates, (2) in vitro models on the whole organism and if possible cell-based, (3) evaluation of selectivity by parallel cytotoxicity testing and/or integrated profiling against unrelated micro-organisms, (4) adequately broad dose range, enabling dose–response curves, (5) stringent endpoint criteria with IC50-values generally below 100μg/ml for extracts and below 25μM for pure compounds, (6) proper preparation, storage and in-test processing of extracts, (7) inclusion of appropriate controls in each in vitro test replicate (blanks, infected and reference controls) and (8) follow-up of in vitro activity (‘hit’-status) in matching animal models (‘lead’-status).
A method for coating a thick layer of carbonaceous mesophase was developed to treat spherical natural graphite (SNG) for use as anodes in lithium ion batteries. The carbonaceous mesophase layer was fabricated by heat treatment of a mixture of SNG and coal tar pitch. The thickness of the carbonaceous mesophase on the surface of the SNG was approximately 2.5 μm, which is effective for enhancing the strength of the carbonaceous mesophase shell and for allowing the shell to maintain good integrity at a high anode density (1.6 g cm−3). The mesophase layer increased the initial columbic efficiency from approximately 90% to 95%, dramatically improved the capacity retention and reduced the irreversible capacity by greatly decreasing the SNG surface area. The initial efficiency, cycle life and rate capability for the SNG anode covered by a thick mesophase layer gave comparable results as the mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) anode, while the SNG anode reversible capacity of 341 mAh g−1 was higher than that of MCMB, 319 mAh g−1. Electrochemical measurements showed that SNG particles coated by a thick carbonaceous mesophase layer are strong candidates for use as possible anode materials in high energy density lithium ion batteries.
Organic compounds have attracted attention as inexpensive and environmentally friendly active materials for energy storage devices. Among them, quinonic compounds can achieve high power capabilities because of their fast redox reactions. To utilize the organic compounds, which have a poor electrical conductivity and which are soluble in the electrolyte, the construction of electric conductive network to hold the organic compounds is necessary. In this study, we enhanced the capacity in aqueous redox-capacitors with quinonic and hydroquinonic organic compounds supported in nanoporous carbon by adding a small amount of another highly conductive carbon. The improvement of the electric conduction path enabled a high loading ratio of organic active material to nanoporous carbon (>70 wt%) in the electrode with a high utilization rate. It also achieved the high energy density of 30 Wh kg−1 in the organic redox capacitor.
The hippocampus is divided into dorsal and ventral zones along its principal axis. The dorsal hippocampus is critical for learning and memory, yet the basic function of the ventral hippocampus remains elusive. Here we genetically manipulate a subset of excitatory neurons expressing the serotonin receptor 2c (Htr2c) in the ventral hippocampus. Genetically modified virus tracing reveals that these Htr2c cells establish monosynaptic excitatory connections with newly identified neurons in the Edinger–Westphal nucleus (EW), which directly innervate the medial prefrontal cortex. Inactivation of Htr2c cells impairs behavioral performance in a visual-detection task that demands attention, without affecting novel-object recognition, learning, or memory. This attention deficit was recapitulated by inhibition of EW cells and rescued by activation of EW cells or synaptic projections from Htr2c cells onto EW cells. This study uncovers a synaptic pathway for control of attention.
The use of oil in road transport contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in addition to rapidly depleting this non-renewable resource. Emissions can be greatly reduced by the total replacement of petroleum-based vehicles with electric vehicles using a combination of hydrogen and battery energy storage technologies. This paper analytically reviews the potential reduction in Australian road transport GHG emissions through the total replacement of petroleum-fueled vehicles with hydrogen and battery electrical vehicles by 2050. If electricity for hydrogen production & storage and battery charging is sourced from the national electricity grid, it is estimated that emissions can be reduced by between 56% and 73% in 2050 compared to the Australian Government’s Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics (BITRE) projections, depending on the current range of government carbon price projections. Emissions can be reduced even further by supplementing grid electricity with standalone renewable electricity dedicated to hydrogen production and storage. It is found that there is more than sufficient renewable energy resources within Australia (particularly solar and wind) to meet the significant increase in the annual electricity generation that would be required to implement this strategy.
Approximately 3.8 million sport and recreational concussions occur per year, creating a need for accurate diagnosis and management of concussions. Researchers and clinicians are exploring the potential dose-response cumulative effects of concussive injuries using computerized neuropsychological exams, however, results have been mixed and/or contradictory. This study starts with a large adolescent population and applies strict inclusion criteria to examine how previous mild traumatic brain injuries affect symptom reports and neurocognitive performance on the Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) computerized tool.
The authors examine how retailers can frame price-matching guarantees (PMGs) to address customers' goal orientations (promotion or prevention focused) and enhance their perceptions of price–value. To enhance price–value perceptions, the authors manipulate participants' temporary goal orientations (study 1) and the framing of PMG offers (study 2). The results demonstrate that retailers can temporarily elevate consumers' prevention orientations to enhance their preferences for PMGs over regular price offers. Retailers who have promotion-oriented customer bases can frame PMGs so that their customers will perceive the offers as being promotion oriented. Implications for retailing practice and future research directions are discussed.
The effect of Al substitution in LiMn2-xAlxO4 on the charge-discharge process was investigated by average, local, and electronic structure analyses. A Rietveld analysis of the neutron and synchrotron X-ray diffractions was performed for LiMn2O4 and LiMn1.8Al0.2O4 during the charge-discharge process. The change range of the distortion parameters, λ and σ 2 , of the (Mn, Al)O6 in LiMn1.8Al0.2O4 during the charge-discharge was smaller than that of LiMn2O4. Using the Maximum Entropy Method, the covalent change between the 16d site and 32e site was mitigated by the Al substitution, which indicated stabilization of the MO6 octahedra during the charge-discharge process. The PDF analysis of the neutron total scattering data was performed for LiMn2O4 and LiMn1.8Al0.2O4 before the charge-discharge. The σ 2 of AlO6 was smaller than that of MnO6, which indicated that distortion of the MO6 octahedra was locally mitigated by the Al substitution. The distortion range of MnO6 was reduced by the Al substitution that improved the cycle performance.
In recent years, renewable energy can be seen as one of the important prospect of today's research, as it is likely to enlighten the lives of millions of people by fulfilling demand of electricity in their daily life. The present work focuses on the development of optimal hybrid energy system sizing model based on comparative analysis of particle swarm optimization, genetic algorithm and Homer software for energy index ratio of 1. The model also incorporates renewable fraction, emissions of carbon di oxide from diesel generator, net present cost and cost of energy. The system is developed to supply the demand of 7 un-electrified villages of Dhauladevi block of Almora district in Uttarakhand, India with the help of the available resources of solar, hydro, biomass and biogas energy along with the addition of diesel generator, for meeting out the energy deficit. From the optimization results, minimum cost of energy and maximum renewable fraction are obtained as 5.77 Rs/kWh and 92.6% respectively.
The reaction mechanism of all-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries was studied by small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering. The results revealed that sulfur deposited in the electrode framework has a random distribution on the carbon wall of the highly ordered mesoporous carbon, CMK-3. Heat treatment complicated carbon surfaces with attached sulfur and improved the reversible charge–discharge reaction. Two Li2S phases formed during the discharge reaction; one of them participates in the reversible battery reactions.
The effect of blending polyethylene oxide with poly (vinylidene fluoride)–lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (LAGP) composite and in-situ porosity generation on the electrochemical performance of polymer electrolytes based on non-woven fibrous mats is studied. Electrospinning process parameters are controlled to get a fibrous membrane consisting of bead-free, multilayered, three dimensional network structure of ultrafine fibers. The electrospun membranes are subjected to a preferential polymer dissolution process to prepare a highly porous structure. The membranes show high surface roughness with uniformly sized and distributed pores on the fibers. The membranes with good mechanical strength, thermal stability and high porosity exhibit high swelling when activated with liquid electrolyte. The prepared composite polymer electrolytes show high ionic conductivity. The addition of the glass ceramic improves the mechanical and thermal stability, while blending and in-situ porosity generation improves the ionic conductivity, charge–discharge performance, cycling stability, interface properties and compatibility with lithium electrode.
Gouttebarge V, Wind H, Kuijer PP, Sluiter JK, Frings-Dresen MH. Construct validity of functional capacity evaluation lifting tests in construction workers on sick leave as a result of musculoskeletal disorders. Objectives To assess the construct (discriminative and convergent) validity of 5 Ergo-Kit (EK) functional capacity evaluation (FCE) lifting tests in construction workers on sick leave as a result of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Design Cross sectional within-subject design. Setting Occupational health service for the construction industry. Participants Male construction workers (N=72) on 6-week sick leave as a result of MSDs. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure After being assessed on 5 EK FCE lifting tests, participants were asked to complete the Von Korff questionnaire on pain intensity and disability as a result of MSDs and the instrument for disability risk assessing the risk for work disability. Discriminative validity was evaluated by comparing the results of the EK FCE lifting test scores between the 2 groups of participants based on the instrument for disability risk scores (high risk for work disability compared with low risk for work disability). Convergent validity was evaluated by assessing the associations between the results of the EK FCE lifting tests and Von Korff questionnaire self-reported pain intensity and disability as a result of MSDs. Results The hypothesized differences between both instrument for disability risk groups on the 5 EK FCE lifting tests were found in the expected direction but were not statistically significant (1 test exhibited a trend). Pearson correlation coefficients showed a poor convergent validity between the scores of the Von Korff questionnaire and the EK FCE lifting tests (–.29≤r≤.05). Conclusions Poor construct validity of the 5 EK lifting tests was found: discriminative validity was not statistically established, and convergent validity with self-reported pain intensity and disability was poor.
One of the main problems in micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is endurance or flight time since the general domain aircraft use conventional fuel. Using conventional fuel is a pollutant, have a limited life and costly. So there is a huge demand for using an unlimited non-exhaustible source of energy as a fuel. As solar energy is one of the available renewable energy, it can be used to increase the endurance of UAV without adding significant mass nor by increasing the size of the fuel system. By considering the basic challenges for a solar powered aircraft which are a geographical area of operation, energy collection and storage, payload and design parameters, a plane was designed & fabricated by incorporating the solar cells onto the wing. Here at first how much energy is available from the sun to power the entire plane was conceptually analyzed and then it was verified with experimental results. Finally, the energy and exergy efficiencies were calculated and analyzed, as exergy is an important tool in addressing the influence of utilizing the energy resources on the environment.
Developing an aluminum-ion aqueous battery is extremely attractive for prospects of creating a super cheap, environmentally friendly and safe energy storage system. However, a lack of reversible cathode materials hampers the use of metallic Al as a high-capacity anode in an aqueous electrolyte. As opposed to insertion-type cathodes, the performance of conversion-type cathodes for Al-ion electrochemistry in an aqueous electrolytic environment remains poorly explored. As a first attempt to understand the performance of such conversion type materials for Al-ion intake, we herein report FeVO4 as a potential cathode material with a significantly high capacity of 350 mA h g−1. We use a combination of inhouse and synchrotron-based characterization techniques to confirm Al-ion electrochemical reaction with FeVO4, and also determine how electrolyte pH has a mechanistic influence on the reversibility of aluminum-ion aqueous batteries.
A new lithium-excess method is used for the synthesis of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrode materials at temperatures in the 600–800 °C range. Higher average manganese oxidation state and lower impurity contents are detected from X-ray diffraction in the spinel samples, as compared with stoichiometric synthesis. These properties cause the virtual elimination of the 4 V capacity, thus allowing a higher performance of these 5 V materials. A two-phase model of lithium extraction–insertion is detected by X-ray diffraction of electrodes prepared at different extensions of charge.
A nonlinear phase-field model, accounting for the Butler–Volmer electrochemical reaction kinetics, is developed to investigate the dendritic patterns during an electrodeposition process. Using lithium electrodeposition as an example, the proposed model is first verified by comparison with the Nernst equation in a 1D equilibrium system. The nonlinear electrochemical kinetics is also confirmed at non-equilibrium condition. The dendritic patterns are examined as a function of applied voltage and initial electrode surface morphology. A design map is proposed to tailor the electrode surface morphology and the applied voltage to avoid undesired dendritic patterns.