batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
With a proven life of 20000 operation hours in a lifetime test with a realistic dynamic load profile, the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) system V3.3-2 represents a milestone for the commercialization of DMFC systems. The hybrid DMFC system V3.3-2 comprises an in active serial connected 1.0 kW DMFC system and a 45 A h lithium-ion high-power battery pack. This hybrid system replaces the battery tray of a class 3 forklift truck and can supply a peak load of 7 kW. The advantages of this energy-supply module compared to conventional lead-acid batteries are its higher range (24 h use with a 20 L methanol canister instead of 8 h with battery recharging) and its higher availability (a few minutes are required to exchange methanol canisters instead of hours to recharge the battery). However, in order to ensure that use of the DMFC system V3.3-2 is economic, the DMFC stack must have a durability of at least 10000 h. This publication describes the degradation behavior of the DMFC stack and of the energy storage system during a lifetime test of the DMFC system V3.3-2 with a dynamic load profile of a material handling vehicle. In the first-ever test worldwide lasting 25600 h, the hybrid system is successfully operated for 20000 h. Operation for 20000 hours is equivalent to the life cycle of a vehicle in the material handling sector. The development and validation of the DMFC system V3.3-2 shows that this system is suitable for use in a forklift truck and that it not only meets the economic system requirements for commercialization but goes well beyond them.
We have developed a porous-microelectrode (PME) to investigate the electroactivity of catalyst particles for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The cavity at the tip of the PME was filled with Pt/C catalysts prepared by impregnation method. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) recorded in 1 N H2SO4 aqueous solution revealed that the active area of the stacked catalysts exist not only at the surface but also inside of the stack. For methanol electrooxidation, 30 wt.% Pt/C exhibited the highest electroactivity, whereas the 50 wt.% Pt/C showed extremely small current. The small current is considered as a result of a small active-surface area. Methanol oxidation peak potential shifted toward cathodic direction as Pt-loading decreased, which agrees well with the Pt-oxide formation potential. The activation energy for methanol oxidation was assessed to be 44±3 kJ mol−1 for all Pt/C catalysts and Pt-disc electrode.
This paper presents the development of a micro-power pack using automotive alternators powered by a micro-gas turbine (MGT) to recharge battery packs, in particular for electric vehicles (EVs). The thermodynamic efficiency for the MGT with the power turbine is estimated from a simple Brayton cycle analysis. The rotordynamic and power generation performance of the MGT driven alternator was measured during a series of experiments under electrical no-loading and loading conditions, and with belt-pulley and flexible bellows couplings. The flexible coupling showed superior rotordynamic and power generation performance than the belt coupling due to the enhanced alignment of the alternator rotor and the reduced mechanical frictions. Furthermore, the micro-power pack showed dramatic increases in the mass and volumetric power densities by ∼4 times and ∼5 times, respectively, compared with those of a commercial diesel generator with similar power level. As a result, this paper assures the feasibility of the light-weight micro-power pack using a MGT and automotive alternators for EVs.
To develop new anode materials for Li-ion batteries, manganese monoxide/titanium nitride (MnO/TiN) composite was prepared by a facile nitridation procedure. Through the analysis of XRD, TEM, EDS and XPS data, it is found that MnO is homogenously mixed with TiN. Due to that TiN in the composite offers a conducting network and acts as a barrier to effectively buffer the volume expansion/contraction of MnO during the Li+ insertion/extraction process, the MnO/TiN electrode exhibits superior lithium storage properties than pristine MnO electrode. As a result, the Li-ion battery with MnO/TiN composite as anode displays a high and reversible specific capacity of 656mAhg−1 after the 140th cycle at 200mAg−1, and it still delivers a capacity of 210mAhg−1 at 2Ag−1.
The performance and durability of Ni-rich cathode materials are controlled in no small part by their mechanical durability, as chemomechanical breakdown at the nano-scale leads to increased internal resistance and decreased storage capacity. The mechanical degradation is caused by the transient lithium diffusion processes during charge and discharge of layered oxide spherical cathode micro-particles, leading to highly anisotropic incompatible strain fields. Experimental characterisation of the transient mechanisms underlying crack and void formation requires the combination of very high resolution in space (sub-micron) and time (sub-second) domains without charge interruption. The present study is focused on sub-micron focused operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction and in situ Ptycho-Tomographic nano-scale imaging of a single nano-structured LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 core–shell particle during charge to obtain a thorough understanding of the anisotropic deformation and damage phenomena at a particle level. Preferential grain orientation within the shell of a spherical secondary cathode particle provides improved lithium transport but is also associated with spatially varying anisotropic expansion of the hexagonal unit cell in the c-axis and contraction in the a-axis. These effects were resolved in relation to the grain orientation, and the link established with the nucleation and growth of intergranular cracks and voids that causes electrical isolation of active cathode material. Coupled multi-physics Finite Element Modelling of diffusion and deformation inside a single cathode particle during charge and discharge was validated by comparison with experimental evidence and allowed unequivocal identification of key mechanical drivers underlying Li-ion battery degradation.
A layer-by-layer assembled composite of graphene nanosheets (GNSs) wrapped monodisperse cobalt sulfides (CoS2) nanocages has been prepared via a solvothermal method. The flexible GNSs in the layered composite act as the effective matrix to encapsulate the monodisperse CoS2 nanocages, buffer the volume changes and prevent the aggregation of the CoS2 nanocages during electrochemical cycling. The loosely stacked GNSs, which are induced with the insertion of CoS2, are convenient for electrolyte wetting and serve as highway for the rapid electron and lithium transport. The monodisperse nanocages can supply additional space to tolerate the volume changes, shorten lithium diffusion path, and do not tend to aggregate. As a result, the specific sample can deliver a high capacity approaching 800mAhg−1 after 150 cycles at 100mAg−1 and 697mAhg−1 after 300 cycles at 500mAg−1, in addition to good capacity retention and excellent rate capability, making it a promising candidate as next-generation anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
Cognitive control permits us to make decisions about abstract actions, such as whether to e-mail versus call a friend, and to select the concrete motor programs required to produce those actions, based on our goals and knowledge. The frontal lobes are necessary for cognitive control at all levels of abstraction. Recent neuroimaging data have motivated the hypothesis that the frontal lobes are organized hierarchically, such that control is supported in progressively caudal regions as decisions are made at more concrete levels of action. We found that frontal damage impaired action decisions at a level of abstraction that was dependent on lesion location (rostral lesions affected more abstract tasks, whereas caudal lesions affected more concrete tasks), in addition to impairing tasks requiring more, but not less, abstract action control. Moreover, two adjacent regions were distinguished on the basis of the level of control, consistent with previous functional magnetic resonance imaging results. These results provide direct evidence for a rostro-caudal hierarchical organization of the frontal lobes.
On July 7, 2008, a leak of effluent from an Installation of Cleansing and Uranium Recovery (Tricastin, France) led to the spillage of uranium in a stream. The acute toxicity of the effluent was evaluated, and compared to the toxicity of uranium nitrate in bioassays using several organisms: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Daphnia magna, Chironomus riparius and Danio rerio. A sediment bioassay was also performed on C. riparius using water and sediment sampled along the river. Results showed that effluent EC50 72 h was 0.65 mg U/l for algae and LC50 48 h was 1.67 mg U/l for daphnia, while values obtained for uranium nitrate were higher. The LC50 96 h of effluent to C. riparius was 22.7 mg U/l, similar to value for uranium nitrate; the sediment collected was not toxic to C. riparius larvae. The LOEC of effluent and uranium nitrate on HT50 of D. rerio were similar (0.03 mg U/l), but larvae were more sensitive to uranium nitrate than to effluent. Our results suggest that other substances contained in the effluent could potentially be toxic to wildlife in association with uranium. In parallel, the modelling of the transfers based on uranium measurements in the surface water was used to fill data gaps and assess the impact along the river. These results provided an estimate of exposure conditions that occurred along the river. This approach allowed us to see that the risk to ecosystem during this incident was certainly low and concerned a short period of time, but it could have existed at least for some species.
It is known that chemical nonequilibricity causes spontaneous agitation on the interface under isothermal condition, i.e., Chemical Marangoni effect. In the present paper, we show that random chaotic fluctuation of the interface is transformed into several specific motions under suitable boundary conditions by adapting oil/water two-phase system. The emergence of regular motion on such oil/water system is discussed in relation to the intrinsic mechanism of the transduction from chemical into mechanical energy in living organisms.
Objective Most previous studies have concluded that decreased cognitive function and performance due to ultra-short acting hypnotics do not persist after 6–9 h post-administration. This study examined the effects of ultra-short acting hypnotics on cognitive function and performance 12 h after administration, ie, a time considered sufficient for the effects of hypnotics to disappear. Methods Thirteen healthy young male volunteers (mean age, 23.4 ± 3.2 years) participated in this study. Participants attended three sessions of polysomnography (PSG) recording preceded by oral administration of placebo for the first session, and 5 mg zolpidem or 0.25 mg triazolam for the second and third sessions, in a double-blinded, randomized manner at intervals of at least five days. A cognitive test battery was administered following each session, consisting of a psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), which reflects alertness and sleepiness, digit symbol substitution test (DSST), which reflects attention and working memory function, and assessment of subjective sleepiness and mental condition using a visual analog scale (VAS). Results and Conclusions The administration of hypnotics significantly increased total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and sleep stages 2 and 4, and significantly decreased wake after sleep onset and sleep stage 1. PVT parameters were not affected by the administration of hypnotics, but DSST score was significantly lower, and “subjective alertness,” “vigor,” and “sadness” significantly deteriorated, after administration. In conclusion, while objective sleepiness disappeared 12 h after the administration of ultra-short acting hypnotics, their effects to decrease cognitive function persisted even after 12 h post-administration.
Thermal energy storage is needed to improve the efficiency of solar thermal energy applications (STEA) and to eliminate the mismatch between energy supply and energy demand. Among the thermal energy storages, the latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) has gained much attention because of its high-energy densities per unit mass/volume at nearly constant temperatures. This review presents previous studies on the numerical modeling of phase change materials (PCMs) through a commercial computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software and self-developed programming to study the heat transfer phenomena in PCMs. The CFD (Fluent) software is successively used to simulate the application of PCMs in different engineering applications, including electronic cooling technology, building thermal storage, and heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC). Using CFD software to design LHTES is believed to be an effective way to save money and time and to deliver optimization tools for maximum efficiency of STEAs.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that targets mainly dopaminergic neurons of the basal ganglia. PD is characterized by motor symptoms typically leading to dysfunctional gait. External rhythmic auditory cues have shown beneficial effects on gait kinematics in PD patients. These effects are likely to be mediated by a general-purpose neuronal network including a cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit involved in stimulus-driven allocation of attention (i.e., by entrainment), temporal prediction, and sensorimotor synchronization. This implies that the benefits of auditory rhythmical cueing may extend beyond gait functions, a possibility which has not been assessed so far. In the current study, we investigate whether auditory cueing has a positive effect on perceptual and motor timing. Fifteen PD patients were submitted to a standard auditory cueing program (3 times/week for 30min, for one month). Gait performance was evaluated using motion capture. In addition, motor (via tapping tasks) and perceptual timing abilities were assessed using the Battery for the Assessment of Auditory Sensorimotor and Timing Abilities (BAASTA). The patients were evaluated before the program, immediately after, and one month after the therapy. Their performance was compared to that of healthy age-matched controls. Improved gait kinematics was observed as a result of the therapy and persisted one month later. Interestingly, these benefits extended to timing abilities. Improved duration discrimination, enhanced detection of misaligned sounds to the beat of music and benefits in paced tapping to a metronome were observed. Our findings indicate that the effects of auditory cueing in PD extend to both perceptual and motor timing. Sensorimotor coupling is likely to foster brain plasticity leading to non-gait related effects. These findings raise the possibility of applying cueing therapy for the rehabilitation of timing and motor functions in other basal ganglia disorders (e.g., Huntington's disease, stroke).
The present study develops a hybrid PV system (HyPV) which operates at stand-alone PV mode and grid mode automatically and does not feed power into grid. HyPV operates at PV mode when solar radiation or battery energy is high enough. It switches to grid mode when battery storage is low. The switch scheme from grid to PV mode determines the system performance, including life of battery and switching device, and PV energy generation loss. A switching control parameter (S B , critical charge energy in grid mode) is defined as function of normalized excess PV power generation (e B ) and used in the study. A system simulation was carried out to study the effect of switching schemes on long-term system performance. A HyPV system was built and tested to exam the field performance.
Publisher Summary This chapter shows the embedded computer reading in signals, outputting control signals, interacting with a human user, and possibly interacting with an external system via a network. The important fact is that all of these activities fall under the broad arena of interfacing. This chapter shows a very large part of the hardware design of embedded systems. This discourse emphasizessome aspects of interfacing, including both the human and the physical interfaces. The chapter reveals that the human has to interface with any machine that he works with. This is almost certainly in some form of closed-loop contact. Diagrams of human and physical interfaces depict the domestic fridge, photocopier, and car dashboard. This chapter also shows that to interface with the physical world, the microcontroller must be able to interface with a range of transducers. It is necessary to create a mutual understanding between main sensors and actuators available and to keep abreast of current technology in the field. The chapter ends by disclosing that the interfacing with actuators requires a reasonable knowledge of power-switching techniques.
Novel a-MoO3nanorods coated with SnS2 nanosheets core-shell nanorod composite has been synthesized via two hydrothermal routes. More importantly, as the anode materials for lithium ion batteries, the MoO3@SnS2 core-shell nanorod composite has not been investigated in detail. The one-dimensional core-shell nanorod composite has high surface area, which could offer larger contact area for material and electrolyte. In addition, there are large enough inner spaces between the SnS2nanosheets, which provides an efficient transport of electrons and ions. In addition, the core-shell nanostructure could accommodate the volume changes caused by the charge/discharge reaction and could avoid the agglomerations and pulverization of anode materials.As anode materials for LIBs, the as-prepared MoO3@SnS2 core-shell nanorod composite displayed 1663.2mAh/g discharge capacity in the first cycle at the current of 60mA/g. After 100 cycles, the remained capacity is 568.2mAh/g, which is both higher than that of a-MoO3and SnS2. Considering the excellent electrochemical performance with high capacity and good cycling stability, the as-prepared the MoO3@SnS2 core-shell nanorod composite has the potential to be the next generation anode materials for lithium ion batteries.
Layered α-Co(OH)2 nanosheets have been widely investigated as one of the promising supercapacitor materials owing to its high theoretical specific capacitance (3,460Fg−1). However, their poor electrical conductivity, poor stability, and unclear charge storage mechanism limit their practical use in energy storage systems. To address the first two drawbacks of layered Co(OH)2, conductive silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with a finely tuned loading content were for the first time incorporated to the layered Co(OH)2 structure coated on a flexible reduced graphene oxide (rGO)paper substrate. In situ electrochemical X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was also used to investigate the charge storage mechanism of AgNPs/Co(OH)2 electrode. It was found that the incorporation of AgNPs with an average diameter of <10nm can significantly enhance the charge storage capacity of Co(OH)2 due to high electrical conductivity leading to fast charge transport. The charge storage mechanism of the Ag-doped α-Co(OH)2 energy storage cell is based on an intercalation/de-intercalation process (a battery-like behavior) and a physical adsorption of solvated ions (a supercapacitor-like behavior). The incorporation of AgNPs to the layered Co(OH)2 nanosheets in this work can overcome the current drawbacks of the Co(OH)2, which may lead to practical use as a hybrid energy storage device.
Earth-abundant, efficient and durable electrocatalysts for water splitting are vitally important for a sustainable energy system. Here we report the rational design of hollow Mo-doped CoP (Mo-CoP) nanoarrays, which simultaneously combine electronic structure modification through doping with a high density of reaction sites through nanostructuring. With this strategy the Mo-CoP arrays give significantly improved hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance, and also, when in situ transformed into Mo-doped CoOOH (Mo-CoOOH) arrays, excellent activity towards the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is obtained. The origin of the improvement is determined by atomic-resolution imaging combined with density functional theory (DFT). An electrolyzer using Mo-CoP and Mo-CoOOH can be powered by a single AA battery (~1.5 V), and maintains a stable water-splitting current for 20 h, superior to most reported electrocatalysts in alkaline media, offering great promise for practical applications.
The spinel-type MnCo2O4 is an attractive bifunctional electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the catalytic activity of MnCo2O4 is limited by its poor electronic conductivity. Herein MnCo2O4 coated with conducting polypyrrole (i.e. MCO@PPyhybrid) is synthesized. The obtained MCO@PPy hybrid exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity for both the ORR and OER, outperforming pristine MCO, PPy and MCO+PPy mixture. The ORR and OER activities of MCO@PPy are comparable to that of the commercial Pt/C (20wt.%) and RuO2/C (20wt.%), benchmark electrocatalysts for ORR and OER, respectively. While the stabilities of MCO@PPy hybrid toward both the ORR and OER are much higher than that of Pt/C (20wt.%) and RuO2/C (20wt.%), respectively. The PPy coating on the surface of MCO provides a conductive network for fast electron transfer and the coupling between the PPy layer and MCO promotes the transfer of electrons from PPy to MCO, benefiting the ORR and OER. The results reveal the effectiveness of surface modification with conducting polymer on improving the electrocatalytic activity of spinel oxide.
The development of high rate performance and low cost Ni-Zn battery is plagued by the shape change and dendrite formation of Zn anode material. Herein, through a controllable two-step method, a ZnO/graphene composite is prepared by an in-situ growth mechanism, in which ZnO nanoplates are vertical grown on graphene. In this unique structure, the sufficient contact between the vertical discrete nanoplates and electrolyte promotes ion diffusing greatly, balances the Zn deposition rate in the axial and epitaxial direction overall, and the flexible graphene buffers the associate volume change of Zn anode effectively, thus enhances electrochemical performance remarkably. We demonstrate a flexible quasi-solid-state Ni-Zn secondary battery using the as-prepared ZnO/graphene composite as anode material. This battery delivers a high specific capacity of 296.71 mA h g−1 based on the mass of ZnO/graphene and an outstanding cycle stability (86.69% retention after 400 cycles) at 5 mA cm−2 (1 A g−1), a quite high power density of 85.69 kW kg−1 together with a high capacity retention of 220.03 mA h g−1 at current density of 250 mA cm−2 (50 A g−1) based on the total mass of ZnO/graphene composite.
Kinetic and transport parameters of Li ion during its extraction/insertion into thin film LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 free of binder and conductive additive were provided in this work. LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 thin film electrodes were grown on Au substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and post-annealed. The annealed films exhibit a pure layered phase with a high degree of crystallinity. Surface morphology and thin film thickness were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The charge/discharge behavior and rate capability of the thin film electrodes were investigated on Li/LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 cells at different current densities. The kinetics of Li diffusion in these thin film electrodes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). CV was measured between 2.5 and 4.5V at different scan rates from 0.1 to 2mV/s. The apparent chemical diffusion coefficients of Li in the thin film electrode were calculated to be 3.13×10−13 cm2/s for Li intercalation and 7.44×10−14 cm2/s for Li deintercalation. The chemical diffusion coefficients of Li in the thin film electrode were determined to be in the range of 10−12–10−16 cm2/s at different cell potentials by GITT. It is found that the Li diffusivity is highly dependent on the cell potential.