batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The regulation of food packaging has, indeed, become a global subject as the world’s commercial channels have broadened since World War II. The first comprehensive regulatory statute governing the area was the Food Additives Amendment of 1958 in the United States, a modification of the 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, and Belgium began regulatory activity in the early 1960s and the European Community set in motion its own work in this direction beginning in 1976. Companies in the United States and the Europe have been struggling with each of the laws since then. The regulatory systems employed on the two continents are superficially similar but this is far from the truth in actual practice. Each has its own special history and set of exemptions; they vary tremendously. Each has its cadre of supporters as well but a considerable lack of understanding afflicts regulators and the regulated on both sides of the Atlantic. This three part report first discusses the history of the United States system and its characteristics; Book II covers the history of European Union regulations and their salient features; and Book III highlights the commonalities and differences in the systems, discusses their scientific basing points, and makes some recommendations as to how they can be brought closer together in the interests of harmonization and the removal of unnecessary trade barriers.
Accurate State of Charge (SOC) estimation is crucial to ensure the safe and reliable operation of Li-ion batteries, which are increasingly being used in Electric Vehicles (EV), grid-tied load-leveling applications as well as manned and unmanned aerial vehicles to name a few applications. In this paper, a novel approach using Deep Feedforward Neural Networks (DNN) is used for battery SOC estimation where battery measurements are directly mapped to SOC. Training data is generated in the lab by applying drive cycle loads at various ambient temperatures to a Li-ion battery so that the battery is exposed to variable dynamics. The DNN's ability to encode the dependencies in time into the network weights and in the process provide accurate estimates of SOC is presented. Moreover, data recorded at ambient temperatures lying between −20 °C and 25 °C are fed into the DNN during training. Once trained, this single DNN is able to estimate SOC at various ambient temperature conditions. The DNN is validated over many different datasets and achieves a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 1.10% over a 25 °C dataset as well as an MAE of 2.17% over a −20 °C dataset.
Electrode/electrolyte interface was studied for all solid-state batteries using inorganic solid electrolyte with the crystalline thio-LISICON and glassy Li–Si–P–S–O systems. The formation of the interfacial phase depends on the electrolyte. The thio-LISICON (Li3.25Ge0.25P0.75S4) and the Li–Al negative electrode provided the best electrode/electrolyte interface for fast charge–discharge characteristics, while the SEI phase formed at the Li–Al/Li3PO4–Li2S–SiS2 glass boundary caused high interfacial resistance. The formation of the SEI phase is general behavior at the electrode/electrolyte interface of solid-state batteries, and the fast electrochemical reaction is attained as a result of optimization of the electrode/electrolyte combination.
Aqueous metal–air batteries are promising next-generation energy storage and supply technologies due to their advantages of high energy density and intrinsic safety. As an abundant natural resource, applying seawater-based electrolytes is proposed to have considerable economic and environmental benefits, and will significantly broaden the applications of metal–air batteries. However, the existence of complex components in seawater, in particular chloride ions, inevitably has a complex influence on air electrode processes, including the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER), requiring the development of efficient chloride-resistant electrocatalysts. Meanwhile, a few seawater-based metal–air battery prototypes have shown great application potential but are still at an early stage of development. In this review, we first propose the concept of seawater-based metal–air batteries and comprehensively analyze the essential air electrode reactions in terms of thermodynamics and kinetics. Subsequently, rational design strategies for ORR and OER electrocatalysts suitable for use in chloride-containing and seawater-based electrolytes are comprehensively discussed. Moreover, the development history and potential applications of seawater-based metal–air batteries are demonstrated. Finally, a summary and outlook are provided for future innovations.
Publisher Summary This chapter explains the concept of electrical energy, ignition, and flammability. The working with electricity itself is a hazard and its use in hazardous areas requires the relevant knowledge about the dangers when designing, installing and maintaining these systems. Often the victim is not someone whose job is to install or repair electrical equipment but the employee who didn't realize that the worn electrical equipment needed replacement, or that exposed live parts were in the work vicinity. Some of the basic principles, concepts, and oft-repeated technical terms associated with electricity are discussed. The chapter briefly explains how electricity is generated and utilized. It has to traverse a long path for its transmission and utilization before it is expended into mechanical energy, chemical energy, heat energy or any other form of energy. While dealing with devices in hazardous area the designers should have adequate knowledge of the sources of heat generation. The electrical energy being a common feature in any process plant, it is necessary to study how it can be converted into heat energy. The various means in which electrical energy can be converted to heat energy are resistance heating, dielectric heating, induction heating, and leakage current heating. The chapter also presents the concept of flammability.
Lithium rechargeable batteries have been used for lithium extraction in recent years. Here, we report on a highly selective lithium recovery system that consists of a LiMn2O4 positive electrode, a Li1-xMn2O4 negative electrode and a monovalent selective anion-exchange membrane. The effect of potential, temperature and coexisting ions on lithium extraction were investigated in this paper, and the lithium recovery system was applied to extract lithium from brine and concentrated seawater. The extraction capacity of Li+ reached 34.31 mg· (1g LiMn2O4) −1 at 1.2V. With higher reaction rate and lower energy consumption, 25°C (room temperature) was considered as the appropriate temperature. The system still remained high selective for Li+ even in the presence of impurity ions (K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+). With simulated brine and concentrated seawater as source solutions, the concentrations of Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were reduced more than 300, 70 and 100 times, consuming 18–19W h per mole of lithium recovered. And the electrodes still had high separation coefficients of Li+ and Men+ (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+) after five cycles although a slight drop was existing.
Energy production and storage have become key issues concerning our welfare in daily life. Present challenges for batteries are twofold. In the first place, the increasing demand for powering systems of portable electronic devices and zero-emission vehicles stimulates research towards high energy and high voltage systems. In the second place, low cost batteries are required in order to advance towards smart electric grids that integrate discontinuous energy flow from renewable sources, optimizing the performance of clean energy sources. Na-ion batteries can be the key for the second point, because of the huge availability of sodium, its low price and the similarity of both Li and Na insertion chemistries. In spite of the lower energy density and voltage of Na-ion based technologies, they can be focused on applications where the weight and footprint requirement is less drastic, such as electrical grid storage. Much work has to be done in the field of Na-ion in order to catch up with Li-ion technology. Cathodic and anodic materials must be optimized, and new electrolytes will be the key point for Na-ion success. This review will gather the up-to-date knowledge about Na-ion battery materials, with the aim of providing a wide view of the systems that have already been explored and a starting point for the new research on this battery technology.
NiO and NiCo2O4 nanosheets (NSs) were controlly prepared by one method called a bottom-up strategy employing surfactant molecular self-assembly, and followed by a thermal annealing process. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), N2 adsorption-desorption (BET) and electrochemical analysis. The results reveal that the morphology of both products are all two-dimensional sheet-like and the average length and thickness of NiO and NiCo2O4 NSs are about (220–260nm, 9nm) and (1∼6μm, 28nm), respectively. Both materials have large specific surface area and porous properties, which can increase the amount of electroactive sites and facilitate the electrolyte penetration. Hence, the NiO and NiCo2O4 NSs exhibited excellent electrochemical performance with high specific capacitance of 407 and 876Fg−1 (1Ag−1), respectively, good rate performance and cycling life. Additionally, two asymmetric supercapacitors were fabricated by using the 2D porous materials NiO and NiCo2O4 as the positive electrode, respectively, the active carbon (AC) as the negative electrode, and 6M aqueous KOH as the electrolyte. Two asymmetric supercapacitors showed high specific capacitance and energy density of 89Fg−1 &25.99 Wh Kg−1 and 119Fg−1 &34.75Wh Kg−1, respectively.
Roughly 90% of the world’s energy use today involves generation or manipulation of heat over a wide range of temperatures. Here, we note five key applications of research in thermal energy that could help make significant progress towards mitigating climate change at the necessary scale and urgency.
In recent years, atomically dispersed metal catalysts (ADMCs) with well-defined structures have attracted great interest from researchers for electrocatalytic applications due to their maximum atom utilization efficiency (100%), distinct active sites and high catalytic activity, stability and selectivity. Based on this, this review will comprehensively discuss the recent developments in advanced single-atom and dual-atom ADMCs for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), including synthesis and characterization, reaction mechanisms and energy applications such as in fuel cells and metal–air batteries. In addition, challenges will be summarized and analyzed, including the rational design and fabrication of ADMCs and a deeper understanding of their geometric configuration, electronic structure and reaction dynamics towards the ORR. Furthermore, to facilitate further development, future research directions are proposed to overcome associated challenges, such as (1) the exploration of new/advanced materials including metal precursors and supporting substrates for the fabrication of ADMCs; (2) the optimization of rational design and synthesis techniques for single- and dual-atom catalysts to significantly enhance catalytic ORR activity and stability based on modern characterization techniques; (3) a deeper understanding of ADMC structures, reactive active sites, interactions between metal atoms and support surfaces and corresponding electrocatalytic ORR mechanisms at the atomic level using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and advanced experimental techniques; (4) the optimization of ADMC-based catalyst layers and membrane electrode assemblies to achieve high performance fuel cells and metal–air batteries using advanced electrochemical testing strategies.
There is a lack of standardized tests that assess functional performance for sustained upper extremity activity. This study describes development of a new test for measuring functional performance of the upper extremity and neck and assesses reliability and concurrent validity in patients with shoulder pathology.
A classroom approach that helps high school seniors analyze engineering disasters as though the students were professional investigators has won the Science Prize for Inquiry-Based Instruction. The curriculum module “Root Cause Analysis: Methodologies and Case Studies” helps students use a systematic approach to analyze engineering failures such as the Titanic disaster and the I-35W bridge collapse in Minneapolis. “When you compare what the students say and write with what the National Transportation Safety Board has in monographs about these disasters, they’re comparable,” says Joe Immel, who teaches the course module at Technology High School in Rohnert Park, CA. “The students’ products are really amazing.”
The LiCo1-xSbxO2 (0<x<1) materials were prepared for the first time. Comparing with parent LiCoO2 sample, they show improved cycleability under higher upper limit potential, better rate capability and thermal stability. XRD, SEM and particle size analysis indicate that the introduction of Sb during preparation effectively suppress the particle growth and thus the “doping” phase shows reduced particle size. Moreover, XPS measurements tell that the added Sb is enriched in the layer near the particle surface. According to these observations, it is reasonable to believe that the mechanism of the performance improvement is attributed to some coating effect for LiCo1-xSbxO2 materials.
This paper investigates the possibility of charging battery electric vehicles at workplace in Netherlands using solar energy. Data from the Dutch Meteorological Institute is used to determine the optimal orientation of PV panels for maximum energy yield in the Netherlands. The seasonal and diurnal variation in solar insolation is analyzed to determine the energy availability for EV charging and the necessity for grid connection. Due to relatively low solar insolation in Netherlands, it has been determined that the power rating of the PV array can be oversized by 30% with respect to power rating of the converter. Various dynamic EV charging profiles are compared with an aim to minimize the grid dependency and to maximize the usage of solar power to directly charge the EV. Two scenarios are considered – one where the EVs have to be charged only on weekdays and the second case where EV have to be charged all 7days/week. A priority mechanism is proposed to facilitate the charging of multiple EV from a single EV–PV charger. The feasibility of integrating a local storage to the EV–PV charger to make it grid independent is evaluated. The optimal storage size that reduces the grid dependency by 25% is evaluated.
Silver vanadium oxide (Ag2V4O11, SVO) has enjoyed widespread commercial success over the past 30 years as a cathode material for implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) batteries. Recently, silver vanadium phosphorous oxide (Ag2VO2PO4, SVPO) has been studied as possibly combining the desirable thermal stability aspects of LiFePO4 with the electrical conductivity of SVO. Further, due to the noted insoluble nature of most phosphate salts, a lower material solubility of SVPO relative to SVO is anticipated. Thus, the first vanadium dissolution studies of SVPO in battery electrolyte solutions are described herein. The equilibrium solubility of SVPO was ∼5 times less than SVO, with a rate constant of dissolution ∼3.5 times less than that of SVO. The vanadium dissolution in SVO and SVPO can be adequately described with a diffusion-layer model, as supported by the Noyes–Whitney equation. Cells prepared with vanadium-treated anodes displayed higher AC impedance and DC resistance relative to control anodes. These data support the premise that SVPO cells are likely to exhibit reduced cathode solubility and thus are less affected by increased cell resistance due to cathode solubility compared to SVO based cells.
The individual steps in the electrode manufacturing process, e.g., conductive additives addition, mixing, and calendering, strongly affect the electrochemical and mechanical properties of the electrodes. LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM) cathode electrodes with conductive additive variations are fabricated using a reference and an intensive mixing process, and are subsequently calendered to different porosities. It is found that graphite reduces the pore size of NCM electrodes, in contrast to the carbon black that establishes additional nanoscale pores. Electrodes manufactured with reference mixing result in a porous carbon black network with good overall electric pathways, whereas those manufactured with intensive processing result in a dense carbon black network, leading to good short-range contacts, but a lack of long-range contacts. In this case, the addition of graphite as a conductive additive is identified to establish important additional long-range contacts. Due to the structural differences achieved by the compared processing routes, the calendering process can have a positive or negative impact on battery performance.
Commercial electrolyte containing functional additives that completely suppress Fe dissolution from the LiFePO4 electrode was used in LiFePO4/graphite soft-packed cell for eliminating its catalysis to solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. The results show that the cycle performances of assembled soft-packed full-cell were still temperature-dependent. Average Raman spectra show temperature-dependent extent of surface structural disorder in graphite, leading to higher interfacial resistance at elevated temperatures. Half-cell studies using cycled cathode at different temperatures reveal different lithiated LixFePO4. An accelerated mechanism of the operating temperature to reformation/repairing of SEI layer is proposed, which greatly consumes active lithium during cycling, therefore causes fast capacity loss at elevated temperatures.
Increasing electrode thickness, thus increasing the volume ratio of active materials, is one effective method to enable the development of high energy density Li-ion batteries. In this study, an energy density versus power density optimization of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA)/graphite cell stack was conducted via mathematical modeling. The energy density was found to have a maximum point versus electrode thickness (critical thickness) at given discharging C rates. The physics-based factors that limit the energy/power density of thick electrodes were found to be increased cell polarization and underutilization of active materials. The latter is affected by Li-ion diffusion in active materials and Li-ion depletion in the electrolyte phase. Based on those findings, possible approaches were derived to surmount the limiting factors. The improvement of the energy–power relationship in an 18,650 cell was used to demonstrate how to optimize the thick electrode parameters in cell engineering.
Large-scale deployment of intermittent renewable energy (namely wind energy and solar PV) may entail new challenges in power systems and more volatility in power prices in liberalized electricity markets. Energy storage can diminish this imbalance, relieving the grid congestion, and promoting distributed generation. The economic implications of grid-scale electrical energy storage technologies are however obscure for the experts, power grid operators, regulators, and power producers. A meticulous techno-economic or cost-benefit analysis of electricity storage systems requires consistent, updated cost data and a holistic cost analysis framework. To this end, this study critically examines the existing literature in the analysis of life cycle costs of utility-scale electricity storage systems, providing an updated database for the cost elements (capital costs, operational and maintenance costs, and replacement costs). Moreover, life cycle costs and levelized cost of electricity delivered by electrical energy storage is analyzed, employing Monte Carlo method to consider uncertainties. The examined energy storage technologies include pumped hydropower storage, compressed air energy storage (CAES), flywheel, electrochemical batteries (e.g. lead–acid, NaS, Li-ion, and Ni–Cd), flow batteries (e.g. vanadium-redox), superconducting magnetic energy storage, supercapacitors, and hydrogen energy storage (power to gas technologies). The results illustrate the economy of different storage systems for three main applications: bulk energy storage, T&D support services, and frequency regulation.
We tested the acute effect of breakfast (ready-to-eat-cereal [RTEC] and milk) versus (vs.) no breakfast on cognitive function and subjective state in adolescents.
Abstract This chapter explains fundamental research on fabrication of suitable charge storage devices well integrated into textiles for smart textile systems application. The devices were developed from cotton/polyester fabric as the textile substrate, three different types of conductive yarns as yarn electrodes, and polyethylene dioxythiophene:polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as the electrolyte. The developed devices are lightweight, flexible, reliable, and well integrated within the textile material. The devices were charged and their discharge recorded in terms of voltage decay. Despite the self-discharge, the devices made with stainless steel yarn electrodes performed better than the ones made with silver-coated and copper-coated yarn electrodes. The charge stored in the devices depended on the charging time to a certain extent. The physics/chemistry behind the charge storage devices is quite complicated. However, the work motivates making of fully integrated electric energy storage in textiles.
Aβ peptide deposits are observed in brain cortical and leptomeningeal microvessels in a few families, in patients with Alzheimer's disease and in cognitively normal elderly subjects. These deposits, which cause Aβ amyloid angiopathy, are usually associated with other lesions induced by Aβ peptide and tau pathologies. To investigate the consequences of cerebral amyloid angiopathy on arterial morphology and search for correlations with the degree of cognitive impairment, we carried out a prospective clinicopathological and morphometric study in 29 institutionalized elderly patients cognitively normal or affected with sporadic dementia associated with Alzheimer-type lesions, cerebral infarcts or both. We measured the external and internal diameters of arteries 40–120 μm wide, containing moderate or severe Aβ deposits, and of unaffected arteries in the temporal and frontal lobes. We found no differences in the mean external diameters. In contrast, the mean internal diameters of vessels with moderate Aβ deposits were smaller than those of unaffected vessels. Conversely, the internal diameters of severely affected vessels were larger than those of unaffected vessels. This suggests that arterial walls become thicker during the early stages of amyloid angiopathy, and the diameter of the lumen decreases, whereas during advanced stages, the walls become thinner and the lumen becomes larger. In addition, we assessed the overall severity of amyloid angiopathy. This showed that thinner arterial walls and the severity of amyloid angiopathy were correlated to dementia. In a multivariate model that integrates the other macroscopic and microscopic lesions that may be implied in the mechanism of cognitive impairment, the severity of amyloid angiopathy per se explained 10% of the variability in the cognitive impairment.