batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Cooling of the Li-ion battery module is a critical issue for electric vehicles in regard with the battery performance and lifetime, particularly at abused operating conditions. A water cooling system consisting of two novel cover plates with T-shape bifurcation structures and eight traditional cold plates was proposed and investigated for cooling of prismatic LiFePO4 battery modules. A computational fluid dynamics simulation model of the cooling system was established and validated by experimental data. The results show that a cold plate with four circular mini-channels flowing water can keep the maximum temperature of a single battery around 35 °C at 1 °C discharging rate and ambient temperature of 40 °C. Effect of the coolant flow rate is much less significant than the inlet coolant temperature on the cooling performance. Two sets of the proposed water cooling systems can significantly reduce the maximum temperature of a battery module consisting of 15 batteries. Moreover, great temperature distribution uniformity between different batteries can be achieved because the novel cover plate is able to distribute water evenly into each mini-channel of the cold plates. The cooling system can keep the maximum temperature of the module below 32.5 °C and the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures around 1.5 °C at abused operating conditions.
In this paper, design criteria and development techniques for planar air breathing direct methanol fuel cell stacks are described in detail. The fuel cell design in this study incorporates a window-frame structure that provides a large open area for more efficient mass transfer and is modular, making it possible to fabricate components separately. The membrane electrode assembly and gas diffusion layers are laminated together to reduce contact resistance, which eliminates the need for heavy hardware. The composite current collector is low cost, has high electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance. In the interest of quick and cost-efficient prototyping, the fabrication techniques were first developed on a single cell with an active area of 1.0cm2. Larger single cells with active areas of 4.5 and 9.0cm2 were fabricated using techniques based on those developed for the smaller single cell. Two four-cell stacks, one with a total active area of 18.0cm2 and the other with 36.0cm2, were fabricated by inter-connecting four identical cells in series. These four-cell stacks are suitable for portable passive power source applications. The performance analysis of single cells as well as stacks is presented. Peak power outputs of 519.0 and 870.0mW were achieved in the stacks with active areas of 18.0 and 36.0cm2, respectively. The effects of methanol concentration and fuel cell self-heating on the fuel cell performance are emphasized.
This study investigates whether it may still be possible to develop a word association test as a means of assessing proficiency in a foreign language, despite the findings of past studies. To this effect, a multiple response word association test was constructed with careful consideration of prompt words as its defining criterion. In addition, a new and simpler method for calculating weighted stereotypy scores for responses was used. This test was administered to a group of learners, and the scores were correlated with C-test scores. In addition, the test was given to a control group of native speakers. The results indicated only moderate support for the notion that a word association test can function to assess proficiency, consistent with the findings of past studies. In view of these results, further suggestions for revisions to the word association/proficiency test are made in the hope that eventually a more effective test can be developed.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that remains an important public health problem at the global level. It is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality, due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant Mycobacterium strains and HIV co-infection. Over the past decade, important progress has been made for better control of the disease. While microscopy and culture continue to be indispensible for laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis, the range of several molecular diagnostic tests, including the nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS), have expanded tremendously. They are becoming more accessible not only for detection and identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in clinical specimens, but now extend to diagnosing multi-drug resistant strains. Molecular diagnostic tests provide timely results useful for high-quality patient care, low contamination risk, and ease of performance and speed. This review focuses on the current diagnostic tests in use, including emerging technologies used for detection of tuberculosis in clinical specimens. The sensitivity and specificity of these tests have also been taken into consideration.
We investigated long-term and circadian blood-pressure changes in a Fischer→Lewis rat model of chronic renal allograft rejection. Ten days after allogeneic kidney transplantation, rats were equipped with telemetry transmitters for continuous monitoring of blood pressure. Urine was sampled 24, 96 and 180 days after kidney transplantation for measurement of renal protein loss and excretion of nitric oxide metabolites. Proteinuria increased with time after transplantation, while urinary excretion of nitric oxide metabolites declined. In five of six rats blood pressure remained in the normotensive range, and its 24-h pattern was preserved up to 6 months post-transplantation. One animal showed hypertensive blood pressure and a disturbed 24-h pattern with peak values during the rest period. In the post-mortem analysis this rat showed a hydronephrotic kidney graft. In conclusion, blood pressure and its 24-h pattern are preserved after successful allogeneic kidney transplantation in the rat.
Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used as enabling energy storage in many industrial fields. Accurate modeling and state estimation play fundamental roles in ensuring safe, reliable and efficient operation of lithium-ion battery systems. A physics-based electrochemical model (EM) is highly desirable for its inherent ability to push batteries to operate at their physical limits. For state-of-charge (SOC) estimation, the continuous capacity fade and resistance deterioration are more prone to erroneous estimation results. In this paper, trinal proportional-integral (PI) observers with a reduced physics-based EM are proposed to simultaneously estimate SOC, capacity and resistance for lithium-ion batteries. Firstly, a numerical solution for the employed model is derived. PI observers are then developed to realize the co-estimation of battery SOC, capacity and resistance. The moving-window ampere-hour counting technique and the iteration-approaching method are also incorporated for the estimation accuracy improvement. The robustness of the proposed approach against erroneous initial values, different battery cell aging levels and ambient temperatures is systematically evaluated, and the experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Electrochemical properties of iron carbide (Fe3C) for use as an alkaline battery anode were investigated during charge–discharge cycles. Results of electrochemical measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy suggested that Fe3C is oxidized irreversibly to Fe3O4 during discharge processes and that the produced Fe3O4 is subsequently changed to Fe(OH)2 and Fe during the charging process, raising the discharge/charge capacity in further galvanostatic cycles. In addition, the electrode particles were observed to be less than 100nm in diameter and to be highly dispersed on the surface of carbon black. These phenomena seems to be caused by dissolution and deposition of Fe(OH)2 and Fe via intermediate iron species, leading to exposure of a fresh Fe3C surface to the electrolyte after the second discharge.
Li-O2 batteries with ultrahigh theoretical energy density have triggered worldwide research interests and hold the prospect for powering electric vehicles. However, the poor cycling stability and low energy efficiency of Li-O2 batteries still remain and hamper their practical application. Configuring desirable porous cathodes with uniformly dispersed and highly active catalysts is a noteworthy and feasible approach to overcoming these critical obstacles. Herein, we report on a novel strategy for the fabrication of Mn3O4 nanowires and carbon nanotubes composite film (Mn3O4/CNTs film) with ultrafine RuO2 nanoparticles (Mn3O4/CNTs-RuO2 film), in which the Mn3O4/CNTs film was employed as a conductive and porous matrix and extremely low amount of RuO2 (just 2.84wt%) are uniformly dispersed onto this matrix by using atomic layer deposition method, and reveal its electrochemical behaviors as a free-standing air electrode for Li-O2 batteries. The Mn3O4/CNTs-RuO2 film delivers a high specific capacity, improved round-trip energy efficiency and ultra-long cycle life (251 cycles). The superior electrochemical performance can be attributed to the enhanced catalytic activity of the grafted RuO2 with modulated electronic structure as the result of the interaction with substrate, which is evidenced by the corresponding X-ray absorption spectroscopy results and the unique nanosheet-shaped discharge product which can be smoothly decomposed.
Background The goal of this study was to investigate differences in executive functioning between patients with early-onset and adult-onset schizophrenia spectrum psychoses at the time of first treatment. Methods Neuropsychological tests covering executive functioning domains were performed for 20 adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) close to first treatment and 90 first episode patients with adult onset schizophrenia (AOS) in addition to 66 adolescent- and 127 adult age and gender matched healthy controls. Results Both EOS and AOS patients had significantly poorer executive performance than their age- and gender matched healthy counterparts. Both healthy adolescent controls and EOS patients had poorer executive performance than their adult counterparts. However, there were no differences in executive functioning between EOS and AOS patients after controlling for the levels of their age matched healthy control groups. Substituting EOS/AOS status with other age-at-onset thresholds had no effect. Conclusions We find the same relative levels of executive dysfunction in EOS- and AOS groups at the time of first treatment. This does not necessarily contradict previous findings of more severe dysfunction in EOS patients over time, but indicates an interaction between the disorder and the maturational processes that only can be investigated through longitudinal studies.
Research works on hybrid renewable energy systems for rural electrifications have been quite intensive in recent years. Traditional power systems for remote or rural areas are based on fossil fuels. After addition of renewable energy resources, solar energy applications have become popular in remote energy systems. The recent study and research works show that adding other possible renewable energy resources such as wind, hydro and biomass could make a hybrid system more cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Hence, in the present study, an overview of applied hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) for worldwide villages with special attention on Malaysia has been proposed to help present and future works for better achievement in this field. Furthermore, a proper design and analysis for one village in Malaysia based on proposed combination is provided. The results show that combination of photovoltaic-wind -battery is defined as a cost-effective HRES for villages in Malaysia.
The deployment of wind power is rapidly growing worldwide. Intermittent, unpredictable availability of wind energy destabilizes the work of the whole power system, which causes additional consumption of resources. When fossil fuel power plants are affected by this phenomenon, they are forced to cycle (change their load) more often, which results in higher consumption of fuel. This negative effect, expressed by means of thermo-ecological cost (TEC) can be significant in comparison to the TEC of construction phase of wind turbines. TEC is defined as the cumulative consumption of non-renewable exergy connected with the fabrication of a particular product. Power plant cycling could be minimized by applying an energy storage system responding to variations in wind power availability. In the present work, several scheduling strategies for cooperation of an energy storage system with wind turbines are investigated. The effect is assessed in local and global balance boundaries. Employing energy storage reduces the energy losses in thermal power plants, but at the same time, energy losses appear in the storage itself. However, depending on the strategy of energy storage scheduling, in some cases the overall consumption of primary exergy in the whole system may be lower.
Although lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl imide) (LiTFSI) has a high thermal stability and fine tolerance to water and is an outstanding candidate as an electrolyte, there is an urgent need to control aluminum corrosion. Here, we explain how we suppressed aluminum corrosion by controlling the LiTFSI concentration. SEM observations and XPS depth profiles of the electrode at high LiTFSI electrolyte concentrations showed that stable passivation film composed of LiF was formed on an aluminum electrode, which prevented the continuous decomposition reaction of the LiTFSI electrolyte. As a result, a lithium-ion battery with LiTFSI demonstrated excellent properties for several cycles without aluminum corrosion, which should accelerate progress in its applications to industry.
Winter soundscapes are likely different from soundscapes in other seasons considering wildlife vocalizations (biophony) decrease, wind events (geophony) increase, and winter vehicle noise (technophony) occurs. The temporal variation and spatial relationships of soundscape components to the landscape in winter have not been quantified and described until now.
An insightful study on the fundamental lithium storage behavior of all-solid-state lithium battery with a structure of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA)/Li10GeP2S12/Li-In is carried out in this work. The relationship between electrochemical performances and particle size, surface impurities and defects of the NCA positive material is systematically investigated. It is found that a ball-milling technique can decrease the particle size and remove surface impurities of the NCA cathode while also give rise to surface defects which could be recovered by a post-annealing process. The results indicate that the interfacial resistance between the NCA and Li10GeP2S12 is obviously decreased during the ball-milling followed by a post-annealing. Consequently, the discharge capacity of NCA in the NCA/Li10GeP2S12/Li-In solid-state battery is significantly enhanced, which exhibits a discharge capacity of 146 mAh g−1 at 25 °C.
Purpose We describe the characteristics of a new data-logger-type ultraminiature electromyogram (EMG) system (FLA-500-SD) and methods used for recording and we show its potential in clinical applications by presenting an example of a clinical case. Method FLA contains electrodes, an amplifier, 12-bit analog-to-digital (A/D) converter at a sampling frequency of 1kHz, 16-bit CPU, a 3.7-V coin-shaped lithium battery, and a micro SD card. The size of FLA is 37.0×23.5×8.6mm, and its weight is 6g (9g with a battery inserted). The device is wearable and patients can attach the device and operate it by themselves in daily life. Data recorded in the micro SD card are transferred to a personal computer and analyzed. Although the device is ultraminiature and wearable, it has the capacity for recording a precise and clear masseteric surface electromyogram that is not inferior to that recorded by conventional stationary-type EMG recording systems. Conclusions To our knowledge, the device is the smallest and lightest device with capacity for the longest consecutive measuring time as a data-logger-type electromyograph with built-in electrodes and memory. The device is useful for analyses of masseteric activity during the whole day. In the future, it is expected that applications of the device will expanded to observation, evaluation and diagnosis of normal or abnormal gnathic functions, e.g., assessment of sleep and awake bruxism and observation of the chewing state in daily life.
Lithium-ion polymer cells composed of a carbon anode and a LiCoO2 cathode are assembled with a gel polymer electrolyte cured by in-situ chemical cross-linking with novel cross-linking agents. The strong interfacial adhesion between the electrodes and the porous polyethylene membrane by the chemical cross-linking results in the stable capacity retention of the cell. However, a reduction in the ionic mobility in both the electrolyte and the electrodes adversely affects the high rate performance of the cell. These results imply that proper control of the cross-linking density in the cell is imperative for achieving good capacity retention and high rate performance of the cell.
Nitrogen-rich carbon nanosheets (CNS) wrapped anatase TiO2 (TiO2@CNS, TCNS) nanospheres are reported by a robust and facile self-assembly approach involving titanium alkoxide and CNS nanosheets under hydrothermal conditions followed by heat treatment. Optimized TCNS composite delivers superior Li storage, cycle life, and rate performance due to the synergistic effect in enhancing electronic and ionic conductivities, structural flexibility, and mechanical stability of the electrode. The TCNS nanostructures with mass loading of TiO2/CNS=1.2 displays very high Li+ ion storage capacity (303mAh.g─1 at 0.1C after 125 cycles) and impressive rate capability (136mAh.g−1 at 5C after 500 cycles) with high coloumbic efficiency (99%). Detailed kinetic studies by cyclic voltammetry (CV) data revealed that TCNS nanocomposites have dual charge storage contributions arising from diffusive lithium intercalation/deintercalation characteristic of TiO2 and pseudocapacitive lithium storage (non-diffusion) from the CNS nanosheets. The high rate and superior lithium storage of TCNS core-shell nanocomposites are attributed to the significant pseudocapacitive lithium storage originated from interfaces, surface and grain boundaries. The present investigation on core-shell nanostructures using a metal oxide and 2D nanosheets could serve as an interesting strategy to tune the properties of materials for variety of applications including electrocatalysis, energy conversion/storage and photocatalysis.
Co3O4 has been always highlighted as an anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity and low cost. However, its practical application is severely limited by the inherent structural pulverization and activation hysteresis during cycling. To overcome such limitation, in this work, a facile route of air-injection assisted soaking in dopamine-tris (DA-tris) solution followed by annealing in Ar atmosphere is successfully approached to decorate N-doped amorphous carbon (a-C) shells on surface of Co3O4 microspheres. The N-doped a-C shells are co-constructed by films and nanoparticles of N-doped a-C. The concentration of DA-tris plays significant roles to the structural nature of the N-doped a-C shells and the phase configuration of the Co3O4 microspheres. As an anode material for LIBs, the Co3O4 microspheres decorated by the N-doped a-C shells exhibit superior reversible capabilities of 1074 mA h g−1 under 500 mA g−1 and 830 mA h g−1 under 1000 mA g−1 after 500 cycles, respectively. Moreover, the rate capacity is impressive and the activation hysteresis is remitted effectively. Such an excellent lithium ions storage performance is firstly ascribed to the rapid activation of Co3O4 promoted by metallic Co, which is reduced by the N-doped a-C shells in situ. Secondly, the N-doped a-C shells effectively protect the structure from cracking and promote the electrochemical reactions of the Co3O4 microspheres. The present work provides an effective way to buffer the activation hysteresis of the transition metal oxides used for advanced LIBs application.
Introduction Schizophrenia is marked by a global cognitive impairment that contributes significantly to chronic disability and unemployment. As new treatments are developed for cognition in schizophrenia, clinicians require easily administered instruments to assess cognition. We previously developed a very brief cognitive battery (Bell et al., 2005). The Brief Cognitive Assessment Tool for Schizophrenia (B-CATS) was developed specifically to provide clinicians with a way to assess cognition in their patients with schizophrenia. Here, we report the results of a validity study comparing B-CATS to a larger neurocognitive battery, the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) battery. Methods Outpatients with schizophrenia (N=91) were administered the B-CATS and the non-overlapping tests of the MATRICS battery at two time points separated by 1month. They were also administered the UCSD Performance-based Skills Assessment-Brief (UPSA-B), a measure of functional capacity. Result The B-CATS has an administration time of approximately 10min. It demonstrates good test-retest reliability and internal consistency. It correlates 0.76 (p<0.01) with the MATRICS battery. The shorter B-CATS and the MATRICS battery correlate with the UPSA-B at 0.50 and 0.58 respectively. Conclusion A 10-minute version of the B-CATS correlates highly with the “gold standard” neurocognitive battery that has an administration time of over 60min. Both measures correlate moderately with a measure of functional capacity. This brief battery was designed to allow clinicians to monitor cognitive change and better inform treatment decisions.
The insulator to conductor and conductor to insulator conversions of polyaniline have been studied by the in situ conductivity technique. Polyaniline was deposited by electropolymerization of aniline connecting two or more bands of gold electrodes. The gap between two gold stripes was 2 μm. Slow relaxation and hysteresis effects have been observed in different electrolyte solutions in the temperature interval from 5 to 45°C. The duration of the change of the resistance after a potential step is small (tens of seconds) in the potential region where the film is conducting, however, the relaxation may last for hours during conducting to insulating transitions. In the latter case, the behavior does not obey a simple logarithmic relaxation because at least two distinct slopes can be determined in the R versus ln t curves. The conductivity relaxation is in accordance with the previous results obtained by other techniques and can be explained by the existing theories.
Poor ion transport and rate capability are the main challenges for LiV3O8 as cathode material for lithium ion batteries. Here we report a novel strategy for enhancing lithium ion transport by building superionic pathways on the surface of Li0.85Na0.15V3O8 nanosheet. The two-dimensional Li0.85Na0.15V3O8 nanoparticle with an ion conductive layer of Li x V2O5 on its surface is constructed by a modified sol–gel strategy with carefully controlled sodium incorporation and elements stoichiometry. Ultrathin Li x V2O5 surface layer not only provides facile pathways for lithium migration, but also increases the structure stability during cycling. The Li x V2O5-Li0.85Na0.15V3O8 composite displays good high rate capability of 172.3mAhg−1 at 5C and excellent cycling stability of 98.9% over fifty cycles. This superior electrochemical property is attributed to the occupation of lithium site by Na+ in LiV3O8 host crystals and the surface superionic pathways of Li x V2O5 phase. Therefore, the advantages of both high ion transport and the structure stabilization in present study put forward a new strategy for achieving high-performance LiV3O8 electrode material with tailored nanoarchitecture.