batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Potassium-ion battery (PIB) has been considered as a promising alternative to lithium-ion battery for large-scale energy storage owing to the natural abundance of potassium resources. The lack of suitable anode material is one of the bottlenecks for developing high performance PIBs. In this work, hierarchical HeTiO2eC micro-tubes (MTs) composed of heterostructured TiO2eC nanosheets (NSs) have been fabricated through a facile wet-chemical method. HeTiO2eC MTs demonstrate an enhance K+ accommodation capability, exhibit a high specific capacity (240.8 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1), exceptional rate capability (208.5, 180.1, 114.6 and 97.3 mAh g−1 at 200, 400, 1000, and 2000 mA g−1, respectively), good cycling stability (132.8 mA g−1 at 500 mA g−1 after 1200 cycles). The TiO2/C heterointerface plays a vital role in achieving the excellent electrochemical performance by enhancing affinity between TiO2 and carbon, stabilizing TiO2 and reaction products, providing improved electronic and K+ ions diffusion mobility.
The quality of life of people suffering from severe motor disabilities can benefit from the use of current assistive technology capable of ameliorating communication, house-environment management and mobility, according to the user's residual motor abilities. Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are systems that can translate brain activity into signals that control external devices. Thus they can represent the only technology for severely paralyzed patients to increase or maintain their communication and control options. Here we report on a pilot study in which a system was implemented and validated to allow disabled persons to improve or recover their mobility (directly or by emulation) and communication within the surrounding environment. The system is based on a software controller that offers to the user a communication interface that is matched with the individual's residual motor abilities. Patients (n =14) with severe motor disabilities due to progressive neurodegenerative disorders were trained to use the system prototype under a rehabilitation program carried out in a house-like furnished space. All users utilized regular assistive control options (e.g., microswitches or head trackers). In addition, four subjects learned to operate the system by means of a non-invasive EEG-based BCI. This system was controlled by the subjects’ voluntary modulations of EEG sensorimotor rhythms recorded on the scalp; this skill was learnt even though the subjects have not had control over their limbs for a long time. We conclude that such a prototype system, which integrates several different assistive technologies including a BCI system, can potentially facilitate the translation from pre-clinical demonstrations to a clinical useful BCI.
Nanostructured Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) thin films are fabricated by aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD) and studied for application in supercapacitors. XRD and Raman spectroscopic analysis confirms the formation of single phase CoFe2O4. SEM analysis shows that the thin film morphology consists of nanoparticles less than 100nm in size that are sintered together to form larger dendrites raised from the substrate. The larger dendrites range from 0.5–1μm in diameter and are uniformly distributed over the FTO substrate, providing a highly porous structure which is desired for supercapacitor electrodes. Three-electrode electrochemical measurements reveal that CoFe2O4 is pseudocapacitive and is highly conducting. Studies of CoFe2O4 thin films in two-electrode symmetric supercapacitor configuration show a capacitance of 540μFcm−2 and a relaxation time constant of 174ms. Around 80% of the capacitance is retained after 7000 charge-discharge cycles when a maximum charging voltage of 1V was used, indicating that the pseudocapacitive processes in CoFe2O4 are highly reversible and that it exhibits excellent chemical stability in 1M NaOH alkaline electrolyte solution. The results show that CoFe2O4 is a cheap and promising alternative pseudocapacitive material to replace the expensive pseudocapacitive materials.
The electrolyte distribution inside the porous electrodes of vanadium redox flow batteries is critical to the performance, as it determines the electrochemically active surface area. Herein, the influence of thermal activation, compression, and the injected electrolyte species on the pressure drop and the wetting is investigated by means of synchrotron X-ray radiation. The saturation versus the through-plane position is quantitatively displayed as a function of time to resolve the wetting process. The initial state after the imbibition is then quantitatively compared to the saturation after flow-through conditions. It was concluded that thermal activation plays a major role in the wetting, resulting in an up to six times higher saturation. Only a minor increase in saturation between the initial wetting state and after flow-through was observed. Additionally, there are only minor differences in the wetting behavior between the vanadium species in the electrolyte, the V(III) electrolyte shows the highest saturation. Increasing compression leads to a higher pressure drop and the saturation decreases only at compression ratios higher than 50%. Air pocket formation inside the liquid column was observed and the displacement and re-emergence of air pockets after flow-through is displayed.
The aim of this paper is the evaluation of the profitability of micro-CHP systems for residential application. An integrated CHP system composed of a prime mover, an Electric Energy Storage system, a thermal storage system and an auxiliary boiler has been considered. The study has been carried out taking into account a particular electrochemical storage system which requires also thermal energy, during its operation, for a better exploitation of the residual heat discharged by the prime mover. The prime mover could be a conventional Internal Combustion Engine or also an innovative system, such as fuel cell or organic Rankine cycle. An investigation of this integrated CHP system has been carried out, by means of an in-house developed calculation code, performing a thermo-economic analysis. This paper provides useful results, in order to define the optimum sizing of components of the integrated CHP system under investigation; the developed code allows also to evaluate the profitability and the primary energy saving with respect to the separate production of electricity and heat.
In this work, an electrochemical sensor based on a carbon paste electrode modified with a combination of multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with carboxyl groups (MWCNT-COOH), together with graphene oxide (GO), was developed for the sensitive and selective determination of tetracycline. Electrochemical sensors were constructed using carbon paste modified with 2.6% (w/w) of MWCNT-COOH and 3.1% (w/w) of GO. Under the optimal conditions using adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry (AdSDPV), the sensor showed a linear response for tetracycline concentrations between 2.0×10−5 and 3.1×10−4 molL−1, sensitivity of 1.2×104 μALmol−1, and a detection limit of 3.6×10−7 molL−1. The incorporation of GO and MWCNT-COOH in the carbon paste improved the sensitivity, selectivity, and stability of the device. The MWCNT-COOH-GO/CPE sensor was successfully applied for the detection of tetracycline in river water, artificial urine, and pharmaceutical samples, without any need for sample pretreatment. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the electrochemical measurements was less than 6.0% (n=3).
Films of mixed valency oxides Ni x Co3−x O4 (1≥x≥0.1) were studied in alkaline solutions for the indirect oxidation of ethylene glycol (EG) by peroxide anions HO2 − resulting from the cathodic reduction of O2. It was found that the electrocatalytical activity of the oxides correlated to nominal Co3+/Co2+ content ratio in the spinel structure and that the oxide Ni0.3Co2.7O4, which presents the highest Co3+/Co2+ ratio, was the most effective in the series.
The European Union (EU) approach to fuel cell development should be viewed within the wider context of energy and environment policy. The energy policy is built on four main pillars — ensuring security of supply including the long term substitution of fossil fuels, improving competitiveness, achieving greater sustainability, and developing clean, efficient energy technologies. The prospect of fuel cells, as well as other technologies, to contribute positively to all these aspects of energy policy is widely recognised. Fuel cells can exploit diversified primary energy sources including renewable, and offer intrinsically clean, highly efficient energy conversion. Over successive Framework Programmes for Research, the European Commission has increased its financial support to fuel cell RTD&D. The recently launched Fifth Framework Programme introduces a problem-solving approach in which fuel cells will have to compete for funding support by demonstrating their ability to achieve ambitious cost and performance targets.
Objective: To examine the relationship between self-reported depression and cognitive functioning in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design: Observational; Cross-sectional. Setting: Research center at an urban medical center. Participants: Forty individuals with mild TBI, 90 individuals with moderate/severe TBI and 53 controls enrolled between November 2002 and June 2007. Interventions: None. Main Outcome Measures: Cognitive functioning was measured by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Depression was measured by The Beck Depression Inventory – II (BDI-II). Results: Partial correlation analyses controlling for age, race and education were used to examine the relationship between scores on CANTAB indices derived from a factor analysis (accuracy, speed, executive functioning) and BDI-II scales (total, affective, somatic). Forty-four percent of the mild TBI group, 54% of the moderate/severe TBI group and 14% of the control group were found to be clinically depressed. BDI-II affective subscale scores were negatively correlated with speed index scores in the moderate/severe TBI (r=−.35, P=.01) such that greater depression was associated with slower speed. Surprisingly, in the control group this relationship was reversed (r=.32, P=.04). None of the other cognitive indices were significantly related to depression. Conclusions: There was little overall relationship between cognition and depression in individuals with TBI and nondisabled controls as measured by the CANTAB and BDI-II. Affective symptoms of depression may be more closely related to cognitive difficulties than somatic symptoms in individuals with moderate-severe TBI.
In underwater applications such as unmanned undersea vehicle (UUV) propulsion, mass and volume constraints often dictate system energy density and specific energy, which are targeted to exceed 300WhL−1 and 300Whkg−1, respectively, in order to compete with state-of-the-art battery technologies. To address this need, a novel carbide-based fuel system (CFS) intended for use with a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is under development that is capable of achieving these energy metrics as well as sequestering carbon dioxide. The proposed CFS uses calcium carbide and calcium hydride that react with water to generate acetylene and hydrogen as the fuel and calcium hydroxide as a carbon dioxide scrubber. The acetylene is hydrogenated to ethane and then reformed to syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) before being utilized by the SOFC. Carbon dioxide effluent from the SOFC is reacted with the calcium hydroxide to produce a storable solid, calcium carbonate, thus eliminating gas evolution from the UUV. A system configuration is proposed and discussion follows concerning energy storage metrics, operational parameters and preliminary safety analysis.
We use density functional calculations to determine the binding sites and binding energies of Li+ at graphene edges and prismatic graphite surfaces. Binding is favorable at bare and carbonyl terminated surfaces, but not favorable at hydrogen terminated surfaces. These findings have implications for the exfoliation of graphitic anodes in lithium-ion batteries that happens if solute and solvent co-intercalate. First, specific adsorption facilitates desolvation of Li+. Second, chemisorption lowers the surface energy by about 1 J m−2 prismatic surface area, and gives graphite additional stability against exfoliation. The results offer an explanation for experiments that consistently show exfoliation for hydrogenated graphite, but show no exfoliation for oxygenated graphite.
An electro-co-deposited Sn–Co alloy electrode on a copper foil was prepared to study the structure and electrochemical properties. A micro-island structure of the active material was confirmed to be self-organized during the initial cycle, and such a structural change of the active material was compared with that of other Sn-based electrodes. A key to improve the cyclability in terms of the mechanical stability of the active material is discussed.
The aim of the paper is to assess energy technologies in road transport sector in terms of atmospheric emissions and costs and to indicate the most competitive and environmentally friendly transport technologies. The main tasks of the paper are: to develop the multi-criteria framework for comparative assessment of energy technologies in road transport and to apply MCDM methods for the transport technologies assessment. One of the MCDM methods, viz. the interval TOPSIS method, is employed in order to tackle the uncertain criteria. The assessment framework allows comparing road transport technologies in terms of their environmental and economic impacts and facilitates decision making process in transport sector. The main indicators selected for technologies assessment are: private costs and life cycle emissions of the main pollutants (GHG; particulates, NOx, CO, HCs). The ranking of road transport technologies based on private costs and atmospheric emissions allowed prioritizing these technologies in terms of environmental friendliness the lowest costs. However the extent, capacity, and quality of road infrastructure affects the overall level of transportation activity, which in turn affects how much energy is consumed by vehicles and the amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted. The paper presents the impact of transportation infrastructure on GHG emissions from road vehicles and policy implications of performed assessment.
For silicon nanowires (Si NWs) to be used as a successful high capacity lithium-ion battery anode material, improvements in cycling stability are required. Here we show that a conductive polymer surface coating on the Si NWs improves cycling stability; coating with PEDOT causes the capacity retention after 100 charge–discharge cycles to increase from 30% to 80% over bare NWs. The improvement in cycling stability is attributed to the conductive coating maintaining the mechanical integrity of the cycled Si material, along with preserving electrical connections between NWs that would otherwise have become electrically isolated during volume changes.
Previous studies demonstrated that the CXC chemokine, MGSA/GRO-α and its receptor, CXCR2, are expressed during wound healing by keratinocytes and endothelial cells at areas where epithelialization and neovascularization occur. The process of wound healing is dependent on leukocyte recruitment, keratinocyte proliferation and migration, and angiogenesis. These processes may be mediated in part by CXC chemokines, such as interleukin-8 and MGSA/GRO-α. To examine further the significance of CXC chemokines in wound healing, full excisional wounds were created on CXCR2 wild-type (+/+), heterozygous (+/–), or knockout (–/–) mice. Wounds were histologically analyzed for neutrophil and monocyte infiltration, neovascularization and epithelialization at days 3, 5, 7, and 10 postwounding. The CXCR2 –/– mice exhibited defective neutrophil recruitment, an altered temporal pattern of monocyte recruitment, and altered secretion of interleukin-1β. Significant delays in wound healing parameters, including epithelialization and decreased neovascularization, were also observed in CXCR2 –/– mice. In vitro wounding experiments with cultures of keratinocytes established from –/– and +/+ mice revealed a retardation in wound closure in CXCR2 –/– keratinocytes, suggesting a role for this receptor on keratinocytes in epithelial resurfacing that is independent of neutrophil recruitment. These in vitro and in vivo studies further establish a pathophysiologic role for CXCR2 during cutaneous wound repair.
Tannery waste is categorized as toxic and hazardous in Malaysia due to its high content of Cr (in excess of 500mg/kg) and other heavy metals. Heavy metals, when in high enough concentrations, have the potential to be both phytotoxic and zootoxic. Heavy metals are found as contaminants in tannery sludge. This investigation aimed to identify the fate of chromium, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc concentrations in tannery sludge throughout a 50-day composting cycle. The results of this study showed a general increase in the removal of Cr, Cd, Pb, and to a much smaller extent Zn and Cu, manifested by a decrease in their overall concentrations within the solid fraction of the final product (the decreases were likely the result of leaching). Furthermore, in using a sequential extraction method for sludge composting at different phases of treatment, a large proportion of the heavy metals were found to be associated to the residual fraction (70–80%) and fractions more resistant to extraction, X-NaOH, X-EDTA, X-HNO3 (12–29%). Less than 2% of the metals were bound to bioavailable fractions X-(KNO3 +H2O).
The common view is that major transitions come about through breakthroughs of technological discontinuities. This article proposes gradual and stepwise reconfiguration as an alternative transition pathway. In it, new elements are adopted in the existing socio-technical regime to help solve particular problems. But as more is learned and circumstances change, these elements may trigger further changes in technology, user practice, infrastructure, and policies, eventually altering the basic architecture of the regime. These notions are integrated in a multi-level perspective on transitions and system changes. The resulting reconfiguration perspective is illustrated with a historical case study of the transition from traditional factories to mass production in America (1850–1930). The analysis shows that mass production was the last step in a much longer reconfiguration process involving cumulative changes in machine tools, building materials, materials handling technologies, power generation, and power-distribution technologies. The reconfiguration perspective has wider relevance for other systems that function through the interplay of multiple technologies, e.g., agriculture, retailing, and hospitals.
So far, it has not yet reached an agreement that (111) surfaces or (100) surfaces are more positive to electrochemical performance in the spinel system. Herein, we present the synthesis of regular truncated octahedral high-voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 single crystals with preferred growth of (100) surfaces, which incredibly exhibit the best long-term cycling stability compared with the state-of-art spinel material. The capacity retention is about 90% after 2000 cycles at 1 C. The extraordinary performance is mostly attributed to the highly regular truncated octahedral microstructure with large portions of stable (100) facets, which can stabilize the spinel structure to effectively suppress the side reactions with the electrolyte at high operating voltage and are also orientated to support Li+ transport kinetics. Therefore, our work further promotes the practical application of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode material in next generation Lithium-ion batteries with high energy density and power performance.
Expanders are an essential component of the negative plates of lead-acid batteries. They increase the surface area and stabilize the structure of the negative active material. They can be added to the negative paste mix in a number of ways and each of these has advantages and disadvantages. The individual components can be added to the paste mixer during paste preparation or they can be pre-mixed before addition. This pre-mixing can be done by the battery manufacturer or by companies that specialize in expander manufacture. This paper reviews the different ways in which expander can be added to negative paste mixes and discusses the consequences of each method. It concludes that the simplest, lowest cost and most risk-free option is to purchase pre-blended expander from a recognized supplier.
In present work we have developed a theoretical model for the description of the electrochemical discharge process in the metal hydride anodes of the metal hydride batteries at various current densities. The model is based on the description of the assembly of the spherically shaped metal hydride particles where the process of electrochemical discharge is fit using a shrinking core model, with a shell of the H storage alloy growing inside the particle by decreasing volume of the internal metal hydride core. The model accounts results of the D.O.S. calculations for La2MgNi9 intermetallic alloy and has been tested for this metal hydride anode material having an electrochemical discharge capacity of 400mAh/g and hydrogen storage capacity of 13 at.H/f.u. La2MgNi9. It allows to quantitatively describe kinetic behaviors of the electrode at various applied current densities and to estimate the diffusion coefficient for hydrogen and equilibrium content of H in the solid solution domain of hydrogen in La2MgNi9. This model has a general applicability and can be used for the optimization of the materials and the electrodes of the metal hydride rechargeable batteries at high current densities.
Clinical research with individuals following hemispherectomy typically quantifies the success of surgical outcomes by focusing primarily on the achievement of seizure control and the preservation of general brain functions, such as movement, sensation, language, and memory. In addition to these outcomes, careful study of individuals following hemispherectomy also has the potential to contribute to our understanding of functional brain asymmetries involving other complex cognitive behaviors. In this study, we report preliminary evidence for the lateralization of social perception. We administered a series of neuropsychological tests that were developed to assess emotional recognition and the formation of social inferences and advanced social cognitive judgments, as they occur in everyday situations, to two adult participants who underwent complete anatomic left- or right-sided hemispherectomy. Our results show that despite a 30-year postsurgical period of recovery and consistent and high levels of family support and social engagement, distinct cognitive profiles are still evident between our right- and left-sided participants. In particular, participant S.M., who underwent an anatomic right hemispherectomy, showed the most severe impairments in identifying negative emotional expressions and conversational exchanges involving lies and sarcasm and in “mentalizing” the intent of others. In contrast, participant J.H., who underwent an anatomic left hemispherectomy was highly skilled interpersonally, despite evident language-related limitations, and showed only mild difficulties when asked to identify emotional expressions involving disgust and anger. These results suggest that the right hemisphere plays a particularly important role in social cognitive functioning and reasoning. Further examination of the extent of social perceptual difficulties prior to and following surgical intervention for epilepsy may guide the development of effective social skills training programs that can improve quality of life beyond seizure control.