batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the basics of embedded video and image processing. It also illustrates some common challenges that are encountered in embedded multimedia design and provides tips and tricks for dealing with them. Analog video standards differ in the ways they encode brightness and color information. Two standards dominate the broadcast television realm: National Television System Committee (NTSC) and Phase Alternation Line (PAL). High-definition (HD) systems often employ progressive scanning and can have much higher horizontal and vertical resolutions than standard definition (SD) systems. At its root, digitizing video involves both sampling and quantizing the analog video signal. Two-dimensional direct memory access (DMA) can facilitate transfers of macroblocks to and from external memory, allowing data manipulation as part of the actual transfer. Video processing algorithms fall into two main categories: spatial and temporal. It is important to understand the different types of video processing to discern the way the data is treated efficiently in each case. A particularly common video operator is the two-dimensional (2D) convolution kernel, which is used for many different forms of image filtering.
Nanostructured transition metal oxides (NTMOs) with hierarchically porous structures grown on conductive substrates have been considered as promising electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, a grand challenge still exists in developing facile and generalized approaches for rational design and fabrication of them in large scale. Here we first present a facile general strategy, namely, chemical bath deposition followed by calcination, for the scalable synthesis of diverse NTMOs arrays with hierarchically porous structures and their corresponding hybrid nanowire arrays that are directly grown on conductive substrates. When directly used as binder- and conductive-agent-free anodes for LIBs, the resultant nanoarchitectured electrodes manifest outstanding electrochemical performances with high specific capacity, superior rate capability and excellent cycling stability. Specifically, a high reversible capacity of 1145mAhg−1 is retained after 100 cycles at 100mAg−1, and a reversible capacity up to 639mAhg−1 even after 500 cycles at a current density as high as 1000mAg−1 can be maintained by using hierarchically porous flower-like ZnCo2O4 nanosheets as anode material, holding great promise as efficient electrodes for LIBs. This facile general strategy could represent a milestone in the design and synthesis of various hierarchical mesoporous self-supported NTMOs arrays and hybrid hierarchical nanocomposites that are promising for a wide range of applications such as electrochemical energy storage, catalysis, gas sensors and other fields.
To boost the electrochemical performance of MnCO3 (MC) microspheres, binary SbxMn1−xCO3 (x = 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3) microspheres, labeled SMC-12, SMC-11 and SMC-21, respectively, were prepared using a solvothermal method. A 3D conductive network of carbon nanotubes (CNT) was also successfully built from the inside to the surface of the SMC-12 microspheres to promote electronic and ionic transportation. As observed, the microspheres of SMC-12 were larger and had a more uniform distribution compared with pure MC, SMC-11 and SMC-21. Profiting from the introduction of neural-like CNTs networks, the electrochemical performance and the utility of the SMC-12 microspheres (approximately 3.5–7 µm in diameter) were remarkably improved. The obtained CNTs@SMC-12 composite anode delivered 1066 and 572 mAh g−1 at current densities of 500 and 5000 mAg−1 after 200 cycles, respectively, which were much higher than the 737 and 297 mAh g−1 of bare SMC-12.
We have synthesized and characterized three new nanocomposite materials—[NaVIV 6O6{(OCH2CH2)2N(CH2CH2OH)}6]3(PW12O40)·12H2O G1, [NaVIV 6O6{(OCH2CH2)2N(CH2CH2OH)}6]4(SiW12O40)·20H2O G2, and [NaVIV 6O6{(OCH2CH2)2N(CH2CH2OH)}6]3(HSiMo12O40)·13H2O G3, containing the well-defined organo-functionalized polyoxocationic species, [NaVIV 6O6{(OCH2CH2)2N(CH2CH2OH)}6]+, and Keggin polyoxoanions [(PW12O40)3 −, (SiW12O40)4 − or (SiMo12O40)4 −] as molecular constituents. The new materials, prepared by combining their constituents in an aqueous medium, are obtained following partial dehydration of a gel-like intermediate phase and have a transparent, glass-like appearance. Powder XRD patterns indicate that the new materials are nanocrystalline. FTIR vibrational spectroscopic studies indicate that the materials are composite in nature, containing intact oxometallic cores of their respective polyoxoanion and polyoxocation building block units. Intercluster Coulombic interactions are the driving force of composite formation. UV–Vis–NIR spectral analysis indicates that the oxidation state of the constituent polyoxoanions and polyoxocations remains unchanged upon composite formation. Reactant ratio studies, along with elemental and vibrational (FTIR) analysis, are consistent with polyoxocation–polyoxoanion Coulombic interaction as the preponderant intermolecular force driving composite formation. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first materials derived from Coulombic interactions of polyoxoanions with covalently organo-functionalized polyoxocations.
The electrochemical performance of a material varies with its structural phase transition. It is found that the rhombohedral Fe2O3 can transform to the cubic Fe3O4 via a calcination treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere, and lithium-ion storage performances of Fe3O4 get an obvious improvement due to its structural advantages. On the basis of data calculated by X-ray diffraction, the larger unit cell volume as well as the higher void fraction of cubic Fe3O4 provides lithium-ions with more transport channels for Li ions diffusion and storage without serious volume change, and thus the cubic Fe3O4 delivers an excellent reversible capacity of 921.1mAhg−1 after 15 cycles at the current density of 50mAg−1, which is much higher than 328.3mAhg−1 for the rhombohedral Fe2O3. To further enhance the structural stability of electrodes, reduced graphene oxide is introduced. The Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide show an excellent specific capacity of 825.3mAhg−1 after 40 cycles and impressive rate performance of 600mAhg−1 at the current density of 400mAg−1, which are much higher than that of Fe3O4 (417 and 300mAhg−1), Fe2O3 (137.4 and 95mAhg−1) and Fe2O3/reduced graphene oxide (390.1 and 480mAhg−1). These results demonstrate that the structural phase transition and reduced graphene oxide of Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide composites offer unique characteristics suitable for high-performance energy storage application.
Ionic liquid of [BMIM][BF4] based sol–gel modified electrode ([BMIM][BF4]/Gel/Au electrode) was prepared by immobilization of [BMIM][BF4] into silica sol–gel matrix on the surface of Au electrode via a simple sol–gel method. Taking advantage of ion exchange reaction between [BMIM][BF4] and K3Fe(CN)6, Fe ( CN ) 6 3 - was entrapped into the sol–gel matrix when [BMIM][BF4]/Gel/Au electrode was immersed in K3Fe(CN)6 solution. Following by continuously scans, the cyclic voltammograms of the resulting [BMIM]3Fe(CN)6/Gel/Au electrode in K3Fe(CN)6 solution behaved “PB (Prussian Blue)-growing pattern”. FTIR, elemental analysis and UV–Vis absorbance spectra results manifested the formation of PB in the sol–gel matrix. Furthermore, the formation mechanism, kinetics and stability of the PB/Gel/Au electrode formed by this method were discussed.
RFID technology is already being used in a number of industries to identify products. Its main applications are in logistics, for example in the clothing sector, and in production, inventory management and warehouse technology, together with access control systems (bus and train tickets).
Novel approaches are needed to improve the treatment of tobacco use disorder (TUD). Two distinct literatures have examined the impact of cognitive function in the maintenance of TUD. One approach has focused on automatic cognitive processes, and the second approach has addressed the role of executive cognitive processes. This review focuses on interventions that target automatic and cognitive processes for TUD.
A potassium secondary cell was designed employing a potassium anode and a Prussian blue (PB)-based cathode. The electrolyte solution for the nonaqueous battery was 1M KBF4 in 3:7 EC/EMC. The potassium battery designed had some valuable advantages in comparison with similar lithium batteries. The cell design is simple, and both the material used and the procedure needed for the cell fabrication are cheaper. In addition, the cell has an excellent cyclability for more than 500 reversible cycles. There is only a negligible capacity fade for the battery performance at elevated temperatures. Moreover, the chemical diffusion coefficient of K+ in the cell is higher than that of Li+ in lithium batteries, which is due to a smaller Stoke’s radius of K+ in electrolyte solution (solvated ions). The results obtained from the experimental measurements and the prospective of this rechargeable cell suggest it as a promising alternative to lithium secondary cells.
The physical and chemical properties of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed by prop-1-ene-1,3-sultone (PES) on graphite anode in propylene carbonate (PC) based electrolyte for lithium ion battery were investigated by charge–discharge test, scanning electron spectroscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is found that the charge–discharge performance of the cell LiCoO2/natural graphite (NG) using PC-based electrolyte containing 3wt% PES is superior to that containing 6wt% propane sultone (PS), an SEI formation additive that has the similar molecular structure to PES but is reduced not as easily as PES. The results from SEM–EDS, FTIR and XPS show that the structure of graphite has been protected and some S-containing species are proven to be components of the SEI, suggesting that the preferable reduction of PES plays an important role in the formation of a protective SEI on NG.
Deformation of polymer separators for Li-ion batteries has been studied under biaxial tension by using a dome test setup. This deformation mode provides characterization of separator strength under more complex loading conditions, closer representing deformation of an electric vehicle battery during crash event, compared to uniaxial tension or compression. Two polymer separators, Celgard 2325 and Celgard 2075 were investigated by deformation with spheres of three different diameters. Strains in separators were measured in situ by using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. The results show consistent rupture of separators along the machine direction coinciding with areas of high strain accumulation. The critical first principal strain for failure was independent of the sphere diameter and was determined to be approximately 34% and 43% for Celgard 2325 and Celgard 2075 respectively. These values can be taken as a criterion for internal short circuit in a battery following an out-of-plane impact. A Finite Element (FE) model was built with the anisotropic description of separator behavior, derived from tensile tests in orthogonal directions. The results of simulations predicted the response of separator rather well when compared to experimental results for various sizes of rigid sphere.
The surface modified Ni(OH)2 samples with Ni and Ni–cobalt (Ni–Co) layer, respectively, are prepared by an in-situ chemical reduction method using hydrazine hydrate as reductant and silver ion as activating agent. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. As the Ni electrode cathode, the material is analyzed, and the electrochemical properties such as rate capability, cyclic voltammetry, and AC impedance are investigated. The results indicate that the metallization of the Ni(OH)2 surface does not change the original morphologies and crystal structure of the sample. The in-situ reduced Ni–Co layer bonds tightly with the matrix, which increases the conductivity of Ni(OH)2 particles, reduces the electrode polarization, lowers the charging voltage of the battery, and improves the reversibility of the electrode reaction of Ni(OH)2. Moreover, it effectively increases the rate capability, energy density, and utilization rate of the active material of the Ni electrode.
Greatly improved cycling performance has been demonstrated with conformally coated lithium-ion electrodes by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and molecular layer deposition (MLD) techniques. This paper reports the impact of coating on the electrode additives towards mitigating undesired parasitic reactions during cycling. The ALD and MLD coatings with conformality and atomic scale thickness control effectively stabilize the surface of the electrode components, and the current collector, resulting in the increase of coulombic efficiency throughout cycling. The organic fragment integrated into the recently developed MLD process allows the coating to possess excellent mechanical properties and enhanced ionic conductivity, which significantly reduces cell polarizations throughout cycling. This work validates the importance of ALD and MLD as surface modifiers and further demonstrates their versatility and compatibility with lithium-ion battery technology.
Big data analytics (BDA) in supply chain management (SCM) is receiving a growing attention. This is due to the fact that BDA has a wide range of applications in SCM, including customer behavior analysis, trend analysis, and demand prediction. In this survey, we investigate the predictive BDA applications in supply chain demand forecasting to propose a classification of these applications, identify the gaps, and provide insights for future research. We classify these algorithms and their applications in supply chain management into time-series forecasting, clustering, K-nearest-neighbors, neural networks, regression analysis, support vector machines, and support vector regression. This survey also points to the fact that the literature is particularly lacking on the applications of BDA for demand forecasting in the case of closed-loop supply chains (CLSCs) and accordingly highlights avenues for future research.
A new macrocyclic receptor 1 having [1,8]-naphthyridine fluorophore is designed and synthesized for selective fluorescence sensing of Cd2+. Receptor 1 selectively responds to Cd2+ over other tested metal ions via a large enhancement of emission intensity due to the cation-induced CHEF (chelation enhanced fluorescence) effect. Receptor 1 although exhibits some affinity towards Zn2+, it selectively binds Cd2+ over Zn2+. Binding and selectivity were examined by 1H-NMR, fluorescence, UV–vis, mass and IR-spectroscopic techniques.
Recent developments in electric propulsion systems are causing a revolution in urban transport and Electric Vehicles (EVs) are becoming an alternative to vehicles with combustion engines. Thus, this research considers the difficulties and challenges for the development of the EVs value chain in Japan and South Korea with a particular focus on large-scale production and commercialization of EVs. Semi-structured interviews with executives and researchers of the main players involved in the development of EVs in Japan and South Korea were conducted. Secondary data were collected from the literature and technical publications. Based on our analysis, we review the progress that has been made since the Japanese and South Korean industries began seeking to nationally develop the links for a global value chain (GVC) of electric vehicles and conclude that this chain has yet to be consolidated. We describe the notable efforts that have been made towards global integration perspective by drawing attention to the production of components produced outside these two countries and specifically explore the role of Brazil. We then provide an example of how the value chain could be further developed using the case of Brazil. Brazilian suppliers can link to this global value chain by developing electronic control systems and hybrid electric vehicles fueled by ethanol. This study increases knowledge about the possibilities and development alternatives of the emerging EV industry and how less-developed markets, such as Brazil, could potentially increase their linkage to these industries.
The latest researches use software technology (OLDP, object location detection programs) to turn a commercial high-technology product, i.e. a battery-free wireless mouse, into a high performance/precise object location detector to detect whether or not an object has been placed in the designated location. The preferred environmental stimulation is also incorporated to assist those patients in need of occupational activities in performing simple occupational activities to acquire their preferred environmental stimulation. The result of the experiment shows that both participants have been able to control their preferred environmental stimulation by actively performing occupational activities. This study is going to extend the aforementioned researches by using battery-free wireless mice to assist patients in performing more complicated occupational activities. The ABAB design has been adopted for experiments, and the result shows that during intervention phrases, the occupational activities of both participants are significantly improved.
We successfully prepared a vertically aligned double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) sheet by a transfer procedure from a silicon substrate as a DWCNT seedbed that was covered with catalyst grains to an aluminum sheet as a current collector for application to a high-performance electrode for an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC). The charge–discharge characteristics and EDLC performances of the aligned DWCNT electrode were evaluated and compared with those of a vertically aligned multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) electrode. The gravimetric capacitance of the DWCNT electrode was ca. four times larger than that of the MWCNT electrode. The rate capability of the DWCNT electrode was found to be excellent. This is mainly ascribed to our transfer technique.
The micro combustor is the key component of the micro TPV power generator. To obtain high power density and performance efficiency, it is important for a micro combustor to achieve a high and uniform temperature distribution along the wall. In this paper, we compare the performance of a micro cylindrical combustor with and without employing porous media. Results indicate that packing the combustor with porous media can significantly enhance the heat transfer between the high temperature combustion products and the emitter wall. The use of porous media increases the contact area thereby increasing the temperature along the wall of the micro combustor resulting in an increase in its radiation energy. The effects of some parameters on radiation energy of the micro combustor are also highlighted.
Summary In conclusion, there is often a large opportunity for plating industries to reduce their costs, minimize their environmental footprint and remain competitive in their sector by various relatively simple and sometimes low-cost process changes. By developing a baseline for the energy use, chemical use, and water use for the process, a list of priority focus areas will be determined and the opportunities for cost savings will become evident. In regards to the finishing line, an essential first step is to develop a set of best practices for rinsing and rinse control for water use optimization, along with good process control for the acids and alkaline cleaners. By understanding the overall detailed costs of the metal finishing process, decisions can be made to determine where the major opportunities are and implement changes that financially benefit the bottom line.
A Spatial–Temporal model (STM) was developed to evaluate the impact of large scale deployment of plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) on urban distribution networks. The STM runs based on the integration of power system analysis and transportation analysis. Origin–Destination (OD) analysis from intelligent transportation research was used to model the EV mobility. Based on the EV technical and market information provided by the EU MERGE project and the output of OD analysis, a Monte Carlo simulation method was developed within the STM to obtain the EV charging load of each load busbar over time. The STM aims to facilitate power system evaluation and planning, and is able to provide both average values and probabilities of nodal bus voltages and branch loadings. The STM is able to identify the critical network components that will require to be upgraded. A high customer density urban network from the United Kingdom Generic Distribution System combined with geographic information was used as a test system. Two EV charging strategies, “dumb” charging and “smart” charging, were simulated and compared under different EV penetration levels (0%, 25% and 50%) to verify the effectiveness of STM.
Even though sailboarding is a popular sport with many thousands of participants worldwide the forces experienced whilst sailboarding on water have not been documented. Harness line force is one of the key forces acting when sailboarding. The aim of this paper is to outline a method for measuring this force and to document its magnitude when sailboarding in a range of wind strengths (12 knots to 30 knots) using two different sail sizes (6.5 m2 in lighter winds and 5.0 m2 in stronger ones). A sailboard harness spreader bar was instrumented with a force transducer, amplifier and datalogger, to enable measurement of harness line force while sailboarding. Using this instrumented spreader bar an expert sailboarder sailed in a figure of eight fashion around two buoys lying across the wind. Average harness force measured during each leg of the figure of eight course was 381.6±43.2 N when using the 5m2 sail and 415.0±66.7 N when using the 6.5 m2 sail. The average gybing time was 9.9±2.0 seconds when using the 5m2 sail and significantly higher (p=0.035) 12.2±1.3 seconds when using the 6.5m2 sail. The results from this paper indicate that downsizing sail area to cope with the increased wind strength maintains harness force within a manageable range. For the subject in question the average harness line force was approximately 4.9 N/kg body weight.
The use of renewable alternative sources of energy in the world has been growing in the last few decades due to concerns about dependence on fossil sources and to environmental reasons, related to climatic change and its effects on mankind. Tax and/or financial incentives have been instituted for the population, to have access to renewable source technologies, and for the local equipment industry, to develop more quickly. In Brazil, the PV (photovoltaic) equipment to convert solar into electricity is more often used in low income rural communities, located distant from the grid network, for rural electrification, water pumping and public illumination. However, since there is no currently specific regulatory incentive mechanism for this source in the country, the Brazilian PV equipment industry has not made great advances and the market is largely dominated by multinationals. Against this background, a survey of the current PV equipment industry in Brazil is extremely relevant, especially in the event of a national program development to promote the use of this technology, stimulate the domestic industry and reduce the dependence on imported equipment.