batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Lithium-sulfur (LiS) batteries are attractive candidates for advanced energy storage devices. However, the low utilization of sulfur and the severe “shuttle effect” hinder the commercialization of LiS batteries. Herein, we design an ultra-thin and lightweight two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum nitride nanosheets layer to modify Celgard (denoted as MoNx/Celgard) separator to promote the electrochemical performance of LiS batteries. Benefiting from the 2D polar molybdenum nitride nanosheets, the obtained molybdenum nitride layer can effectively suppress the shuttle effect via the synergistic effect of structural confinement and chemical absorption. Meanwhile, molybdenum nitride nanosheets layer possesses metallic and catalytic characteristics, which are beneficial for high sulfur utilization. Therefore, the LiS batteries using MoNx/Celgard separator with multifunction exhibit high capacity and outstanding cycling performance. It delivers a high discharge capacity of 1298 mA h g−1 at 0.1C and sustain a capacity of 566 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at 0.5C, corresponding with the capacity fading rate of only 0.063% per cycle.
The electrochemical cyclability mechanism of nanocrystalline MnO2 electrodes with rock salt-type and hexagonal ɛ-type structures was investigated to determine the relationship between physicochemical feature evolution and the corresponding electrochemical behaviour of MnO2 electrodes. Rock salt MnO2 and hexagonal ɛ-MnO2 electrodes, with fibrous and porous morphologies, evolve into the antifluorite-type MnO2 with a petal-shaped nanosheet structure after electrochemical cycling, similar to that observed in nanocrystalline antifluorite-type MnO2 electrodes after electrochemical cycling. However, a different impedance response was observed for the rock salt MnO2 and hexagonal ɛ-MnO2 electrodes during the charge–discharge cycles, compared with the improved impedance response observed for the cycled antifluorite-type MnO2. A dissolution–redeposition mechanism is proposed to account for the impedance response of the MnO2 electrodes with different morphologies and crystal structures.
Porous 3-D current collectors have been shown to be the primary choice in replacing classical 2D aluminum foil in applicable developments, especially those using carbon-based current collectors. In this study, we investigated the impact of using a non-woven carbon (NWC) based current collector for sulfur electrodes, in terms of performance and practical use in a commercial battery, keeping in mind the simplicity of electrode preparation method. The benefits of using NWC as a 3D current collector include high sulfur utilization for even highly loaded electrodes, lower polarization, and the provision of an efficient electrolyte reservoir. High discharge capacities up to ∼1200mAhg−1 can be obtained at moderate C-rates, with relatively good capacity retention (<1% loss per cycle) and practical loadings as high as 8mAhcm−2.
As resources of both water and traditional fuels are becoming increasingly limited, the need for desalination technologies that can operate using sustainable energy is growing. This chapter looks at the major ways in which solar energy, which is particularly promising in this respect, can be integrated with desalination technologies. The chapter first examines the tested desalination techniques of reverse osmosis and (reverse) electrodialysis, which can be powered using photovoltaic systems, and discusses their mechanisms as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The second main focus is on types of solar thermal collectors and their use with membrane distillation technology, which is a less well established but very promising desalination method.
Remaining useful life prediction plays an important role in battery management system. The fusion prognostics method has become a main research direction for improving the prediction performance. We present a hybrid model based on support vector regression and differential evolution to predict the remaining useful life of Li-ion battery, where differential evolution algorithm is used to obtain the support vector regression kernel parameters. The capacity, voltage, and current on discharge operation are considered in this study. Three Li-ion batteries from NASA Ames Prognostics Center of Excellence are used to illustrate the application. The results show that the proposed method has better prediction accuracy than the ten published methods. Regeneration factor has insignificant influence on the prediction accuracy of the proposed hybrid model.
Metal air batteries are the promising alternative to power electric vehicles in future. However, they suffer from mass transfer limitations at the higher discharge rates. The use of flow batteries can provide higher specific energies at the higher discharge rates. The flow batteries incorporating sodium as the anode material provides less expensive energy storage option compared to the lithium based flow batteries. In the current study, we focus on the discharge behaviour of the sodium air flow battery. A detailed parametric study is carried out to investigate the influence of the different operating variables such as the discharge current density and the pressure gradient. We identify the distribution of the oxygen concentration through the cell to be the critical parameter relating to the cell performance. Further, we demonstrate that the advantage of using flow configuration compared to the non-flow configuration becomes apparent beyond a critical current density as the parasitic power consumption for obtaining forced convection dominates over the low current density regime. Moreover, the optimal pressure gradient strongly depends on the desired rate of discharge. The inferences presented in the current paper are essential in terms of understanding and designing the futuristic sodium air flow batteries.
A series of nanostructured silica–carbon composites containing different contents of SiO2 nanoparticles have been prepared from SiO2 nanoparticles-incorporated polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers via electrospinning and subsequent thermal treatment. The SiO2/C composites as negative material for lithium ion batteries benefit from both the high capacity of nano-SiO2 and the good performance of stable 3D nanostructured carbonaceous matrix. The nanostucture can effectively resist large volume changes and accelerate both the lithium ions diffusion and the electronic migration. The SiO2 content significantly affects on both the morphology and the electrochemical performance of the SiO2/C composites. It is found that the composite obtained from the SiO2/PAN fibers with 15wt% SiO2 exhibits a large capacity of 658mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 50mAg−1 and retains 356mAhg−1 at 1000mAg−1, showing the best performance with high capacity, good rate capability and excellent cycling stability.
Voltammetry, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode techniques (RRDE), Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) measurements, and in-situ Raman Spectroscopy were applied to investigate the anodic behaviour of Mn in 1 M NaOH solution over a wide potential range. Prior to these experiments, for EQCM, an improved plating bath was designed for coating the thin gold electrode of the quartz sensor with Mn. The results obtained revealed clearly that various oxides, depending on the electrode potential, cover the electrode surface. The oxidation–reduction processes between these different oxides and the associated exchange of species with the solution constitute the main characteristic of this electrode. When the Mn electrode is left in 1 M NaOH solution, it becomes spontaneously passive through two consecutive steps. In-situ Raman spectroscopy indicated that the electrode surface is covered by Mn3O4, Mn2O3, and MnO2 as the potential is shifted towards more anodic values. The polarisation curves showed two anodic current peaks, in agreement with the two-step passivation process. EIS spectra exhibited the typical shape of passivation reactions with a large capacitive loop in the low frequency range. The double layer capacitance and the faradaic capacitance determined from EIS data indicate the increase in expanded surface area and bulk volume of the surface oxide with anodic potential. From RRDE measurements, the dissolution of Mn through Mn2+ and Mn3+ species were evaluated. EQCM measurements corroborated the growth of surface oxide species with the potential, and gave valuable information on the nature of the chemical species involved in the oxidation–reduction processes. A reaction mechanism of the Mn electrode in 1 M NaOH in a wide potential range is proposed.
A thick-film cathode was fabricated by a screen-printing technique using LiCoO2 paste to improve the discharge capacity in lithium-ion micro-batteries. A LiCoO2 thick film (approximately 6μm) was formulated by screen-printing using ethyl-cellulose-based paste. As the adhesion force between the printed cathode and substrate was very weak, delamination was observed during the evaporation of a Li anode on a lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) solid electrolyte. In order to enhance the adhesion force, a small amount of epoxy was added to the ethyl-cellulose-based LiCoO2 paste. The printed cathode developed in this work showed a typical discharge curve of a LiCoO2 cathode with a discharge capacity close to the theoretical value when the cell was tested using an organic electrolyte. The assembly of an all-solid-state micro-battery with a stable open-circuit voltage (OCV) free from delamination or electrical problems is possible using LiPON solid electrolyte and Li evaporated onto printed LiCoO2 cathode thick films. The printed LiCoO2 thick film was shown to be a potential candidate for cathodes of all-solid-state micro-batteries, despite the fact that a low discharge capacity was obtained in this work.
The novel COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) pandemic has caused global havoc and impacted almost every aspect of human life and the global economy. The mining industry is not immune to such impacts. The pandemic has accelerated the need for digital transformation in the mining industry and in the era of the fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), there is further application of digital technologies in the early detection and prescreening of emerging infectious and viral diseases to keep mining areas and communities safer and less vulnerable. This paper aims to explore the application of smart digital technologies that could be applied for detection, prescreening and prevention of COVID-19 in the mining industry. The study will contribute, firstly, to demonstrate the utility and applications of digital technologies in the mining industry and, secondly, the development of a body of knowledge that can be consulted to prevent the spread of the disease in the mining industry.
Radar interferometry, capable of remote detection of displacements and deformations of a structure, has been successfully experimented in a number of case studies. Radar interferometry offers high-speed range imaging and range displacement measurement capability, but it lacks in the identification of the different kinds of modes usually excited in a dynamic test. In this paper an approach to the measurement capable of identifying bending and torsional oscillation modes is described. The basic idea rely on the application of suitable loads to the structure under test in order to cause controlled changes of its frequency response. The results of such a dynamic test, performed on a canopy, are reported.
In this paper, the performance of a renewable Solar Photovoltaic (PV) nanogrid — here defined as a small-scale power system, which comprises a single domain for control, reliability, and power quality — is assessed for Electric Vehicle (EV) charging. A nanogrid testbed, containing PV as the power supply, twenty EV charging stations, a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and a smart-inverter is connected to a primary feeder on the University of California, Irvine (UCI) Microgrid. We present four different smart-inverter control algorithms that govern battery dispatch for different energy management goals. The control algorithms were evaluated with respect to four figures of merit: (1) Renewable Penetration, (2) Voltage Profiles, (3) Net Power Flows, and (4) PV curtailed. A steady-state power flow model of the nanogrid was developed to study the local power quality. The control algorithms were able to successfully use the battery to shift the nanogrid peak load and also limit the nanogrid demand to a given threshold. It is shown that the nanogrid was able to offset the EV daily charging loads completely. In this same mode, the renewable contribution to EV charging was 80%, and the overall solar penetration (accounting for export and battery charge) was 89%.
Solid solution cathode materials 0.6Li[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2-0.4Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 with different morphologies were synthesized by electrospinning and coprecipitation method respectively. The field-emission scanning electron microscope images verified the successful formation of nanofibers for electrospinning and nanoparticles for coprecipitation and the nanofibers showed larger specific surface area according to the Brurauer Emmerr Teller procedure. The X-ray powder diffraction patterns and the corresponding lattice parameter refinements showed that both samples can be indexed to hexagonal α-NaFeO2 layered structure with space group of R-3m. And the material prepared by electrostatic spinning method has a tight atomic arrangement in the layer yet the different dimensions do not influence the intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ion through the interlayer. The discharge capacity of nanofibers electrode is 302.3mAhg−1 at 0.05C and the initial columbic efficiency is 76.2%, which are higher than 282.7mAhg−1 and 68.2% of the nanoparticles electrode. The nanofibers electrode also presented better cycleability and rate capability, especially performed capacity of 126.6mAhg−1 at 5C, much higher than that of 109.4mAhg−1 for nanoparticles electrode. The step-by-step cyclic voltammetry revealed that the nanofibers electrode performs higher discharge voltage platform and enhanced discharge energy density. The excellent electrochemical performance of nanofibers electrode is ascribed to the better conductivity and superior lithium ion diffusion ability according to the electrochemical impedance spectrum measurement.
An accurate dynamic simulation model for compressed air energy storage (CAES) inside caverns has been developed. Huntorf gas turbine plant is taken as the case study to validate the model. Accurate dynamic modeling of CAES involves formulating both the mass and energy balance inside the storage. In the ground reservoir based storage bed, the heat transfer from the ground reservoir plays an important role in predicting the cavern storage behavior and is therefore taken into account. The heat transfer coefficient between the cavern walls and the air inside the cavern is accurately modeled based on the real tests data obtained from the Huntorf plant trial tests. Finally the model is validated based on a typical daily schedule operation of the Huntorf plant. A comparison is also made with the results obtained from adiabatic and isothermal assumptions inside the cavern to gain further insights. Such accurate modeling of cavern dynamics will affect the design of the cavern storage beds for future explorations.
This work consists of a multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming model for defining optimized schedules of components in a grid-connected microgrid. The microgrid includes a hydrogen energy system consisting of an alkaline electrolyzer, hydrogen cylinder bundles and a fuel cell for energy storage. Local generation is provided from photovoltaic panels, and the load is given by a fixed load profile combined with a flexible electrical load, which is a battery electric vehicle. The electrolyzer has ramp-up constraints which are modeled explicitly. The objective function includes, besides operational costs and an environmental indicator, a representation of peak power costs, thus leading to an overall peak load reduction under optimized operation. The model is used both for controlling a microgrid in a field trial set-up deployed in South-West Germany and for simulating the microgrid operation for defined period, thus allowing for economic system evaluation. Results from defined sample runs show that the energy storage is primarily used for trimming the peak of electricity drawn from the public grid and is not solely operated with excess power. The flexible demand operation also helps keeping the peak at its possible minimum.
Public and experts’ perceptions of benefits and risks of nanotechnology constitute an important element of nanoethics studies. On the one hand, compared with traditional ethics, nanoethics is a future-oriented ethics. The construction of ethical norms requires public participation. On the other hand, nanotechnology is characterized by uncertainty. Our previous research showed the Chinese public’s support for nanotechnology was associated more with beliefs, including views of technology and the weighing of benefits and risks of nanotechnology, and less with knowledge about nanotechnology; the support was high but might change over time. Meanwhile, Chinese researchers have been actively conducting studies on nanotechnology while being highly aware of nanosafety issues. In this context, we further examined in the present study Chinese nanoresearchers’ perceptions of specific benefits and risks of nanotechnology, compared them with those of the Chinese public, and examined the Chinese nanoresearchers’ perceptions of risks of specific nanoapplications. Initial cross-regional comparisons were made with results from equivalent US and European surveys. Results showed Chinese nanoresearchers perceived a higher level of overall nanobenefits than the public and an almost equal level of overall nanorisks with the public. Four nanorisks were perceived by a higher proportion of experts than public; the experts likely relied on technical expertise while the public, possessing little knowledge about nanotechnology, might have exercised caution based on experiences and observations of other technologies. Of 23 nanoapplications, Chinese nanoresearchers regarded food using nanomaterials as the most risky and displays using nanomaterials as the least risky. Similarities and differences were observed in comparisons of Chinese with US and European survey results. In our age of technology and economic globalization, this research is of significance both for China’s formulation of nanotechnology development strategies and for the further study on nanoethics and good governance of emerging technologies such as nanotechnology worldwide.
A p-NiO/i-Sb2S3 semiconductor junction is created as an array of parallel, coaxially structured, hollow nanocylinders. The preparation bases on two consecutive steps of atomic layer deposition (ALD) onto the pore walls of anodic alumina, used as an inert template. ALD allows for the conformal coating of the deep pores. Characterization by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy demonstrates the high purity, perfect stoichiometry, and nanocrystalline structure of both layers. Annealing the samples increases the crystallite size but disrupts the continuity of the Sb2S3 film. Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical curves evidence the injection of holes from the light absorber Sb2S3 into the p-type NiO, but no significant photoinduced cathodic electron transfer to the electrolyte.
One-step ball-milling method is proposed to synthesize Ni-Ti-Si composites as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. From this approach it is possible to obtain the ternary compound Ni4Ti4Si7, which is poorly crystallized and does not show significant electrochemical activity. More interesting performances have been obtained for the Si-rich composite with the chemical composition Ni0.12Ti0.12Si0.76. The specific capacity is of about 700mAhg−1 with a coulombic efficiency of 99.8% at the 50th cycle. This composite is formed by small Si particles embedded in a matrix mainly composed of the binary phases of the Ni-Ti-Si system and Ni4Ti4Si7. The analysis of the reaction mechanism by differential capacity and in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates that Si particles react with Li to form LixSi amorphous phases while most of the intermetallic phases are electrochemically inactive. A particular attention has been devoted to the evaluation of the integral intensity of some XRD structures to determine the main trends in the formation of species during the first discharge-charge cycle. The results confirm the electrochemical inactivity of the matrix that maintains the dispersion of the Si particles and buffers the volume variations.
The high-energy LiS battery suffers from poor cycling performance due to the shuttle effect of the polysulfides. Strategies must be adopted to suppress the diffusion of polysulfides into the electrolyte in LiS battery. In this work, for the first time, we adopt hydrophilic carbon paper anchored by hierarchically porous cobalt disulfides as the interlayer for capturing polysulfides through physical absorption and chemical bonding. Hierarchical pores can physically adsorb polysulfides, and moreover cobalt disulfide can trap the polysulfides by forming strong chemical interaction. The sulfur-graphene composite with a sulfur content of 70.5% delivers a high initial capacity of 1239.5 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and retains a reversible capacity of 818 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles. In spite of a little capacity contribution by the insertion of lithium ions into cobalt disulfide for the initial cycles, it disappears in the subsequent cycling. Therefore, the as-developed porous transition metal disulfides on carbon paper as the interlayer could significantly enhance the cycling performance of LiS batteries.
Past research has shown that the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity may be influenced by the battery's temperature and/or its state-of-charge (SOC). However, there has not been any clear relationship uncovered between these test parameters and the thermophysical properties of the battery. Therefore the objective of this research is to measure the thermophysical properties of a Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) pouch cell at different surface temperatures and SOC levels. An isothermal calorimeter is used to measure the specific heat capacity at various temperature points and SOC levels. This same instrument is then reconfigured to perform as a heat flow meter apparatus and yield cross-plane thermal conductivity measurements. A commercially available 14 A h pouch cell was used as the test specimen. On average, the specific heat capacity of the cell increases slightly with temperature but remains independent of SOC. The behavior of the cross-plane thermal conductivity is opposite in nature. Its value increases with decreasing SOC but is largely unaffected by temperature. A lithium-ion battery with electrolyte has nearly twice the thermal conductivity of the dry cell version without electrolyte.