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Li3V2(PO4)3/C (LVP/C) composites incorporated by a series of electrochemically active cations (Fe, Co, Ni, Mn) have been successfully prepared by a conventional solid-state reaction. M-incorporation (M=Fe, Co, Ni, Mn) in Li3V2(PO4)3 does not change the monoclinic structure. Analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, we find that the valence is between +2.67 and +3 for Fe, and is +2 for Co, Ni and Mn. M-doped LVP and LiMPO4 phases coexist in the incorporated LVP/C composites. Compared with pristine LVP/C, Fe-incorporated LVP/C shows the best electrochemical performance with the highest initial discharge capacity of 131.4mAhg−1 at 0.1C between 2.5 and 4.3V. The Fe-incorporated LVP/C sample also exhibits excellent rate capability with an average capacity of 122.4mAhg−1 at 1C and 93.5mAhg−1 at 5C, resulting from the reduced particle size, the improved electronic conductivity, the high Li-ion diffusion coefficient, and the contribution of LiFePO4 to the capacity.
Sn-based materials have been expected as promising anodes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to the high theoretical specific capacity (over 2 times of graphite), low price and environmentally friendliness. However, the development of Sn-based materials is always restricted by the poor cyclic and rate performance caused by low conductivity. To address these problems, NiO&SnO2 (NiSnOx) surface oxides overlayer confined Ni3Sn2 particles supported on carbon nanotubes (Ni3Sn2@NiSnOx/CNT) are fabricated via a simple impregnation-reduction-oxidation method. Noteworthy, such hierarchical composites feature several merits including: (i) the oxides overlayer in-situ generates a nanometric matrix of Li2O, which separates the electrolyte from the active anodes, and accelerate lithium extraction from the anode material; (ii) the Ni matrix provides sufficient space to adjust the volume change during lithiation/delithiation processes; (iii) the CNT provides interconnected electronic conductive networks. As LIBs anodes, Ni3Sn2@NiSnOx/CNT exhibits higher specific capacitance values (1521 mA h g−1), superior rate capability (46% capacity remain at 50 times current amplification) and better cyclic stability (1041 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles). Relying on the excellent electrochemical performance, the hierarchical Ni3Sn2@NiSnOx/CNT nanocomposites are considered as a promising anode material for LIBs.
Recent results in plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) power management research suggest that battery energy capacity requirements may be reduced through proper power management algorithm design. Specifically, algorithms which blend fuel and electricity during the charge depletion phase using smaller batteries may perform equally to algorithms that apply electric-only operation during charge depletion using larger batteries. The implication of this result is that “blended” power management algorithms may reduce battery energy capacity requirements, thereby lowering the acquisition costs of PHEVs. This article seeks to quantify the tradeoffs between power management algorithm design and battery energy capacity, in a systematic and rigorous manner. Namely, we (1) construct dynamic PHEV models with scalable battery energy capacities, (2) optimize power management using stochastic control theory, and (3) develop simulation methods to statistically quantify the performance tradeoffs. The degree to which blending enables smaller battery energy capacities is evaluated as a function of both daily driving distance and energy (fuel and electricity) pricing.
Every time you take a picture there are a couple things you want to happen so you get a good picture. You want a good exposure and your subject to be in focus. Whether you choose all the settings on the camera or your camera does it for you, it's important to understand what's controlling how your picture looks.
Li(Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3)O2 cathode materials were fabricated by a hydroxide precursor method. Al2O3 was coated on the surface of the Li(Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3)O2 through a simple and effective one-step electrostatic self-assembly method. In the coating process, a NHCO3-H2CO3 buffer was formed spontaneously when CO2 was introduced into the NaAlO2 solution. Compared with bare Li(Mn1/3M1/3Co1/3)O2, the surface-modified samples exhibited better cycling performance, rate capability and rate capability retention. The Al2O3-coated Li(Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3)O2 electrodes delivered a discharge capacity of about 115 mAh·g−1 at 2 A·g−1, but only 84 mAh·g−1 for the bare one. The capacity retention of the Al2O3-coated Li(Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3)O2 was 90.7% after 50 cycles, about 30% higher than that of the pristine one.
Nanostructure construction and surface modification are effective ways to improve the electrochemical performances of electrode materials, especially for the conversion reaction-based materials. In this study, one-dimensional carbon coating bamboo-like Cu2-xS nanorods have been delicately designed in a template-free method. The structure and morphology are well characterized via different instruments such as X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Tested in lithium batteries as the anode, the Cu2-xS@C electrode shows superior electrochemical performances to pristine Cu2-xS. At 1 and 2 C, the Cu2-xS@C nanorod electrode releases 309 and 277mAhg−1 after 300 cycles. At high rates of 15 and 22 C, the electrode still exhibits 269 and 264mAhg−1. The kinetics of electrodes are also investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic intermittence titration (GITT) measurements, proving the enhanced electrochemical properties. Thus, the one-dimensional bamboo-like Cu2-xS voided nanorods can be a promising candidate for high-performance batteries.
Lithium battery performances degrade even at rest time that means when electric/hybrid electric vehicles are in the parking. This phenomenon is well known as calendar aging. In this paper, the kinetic of the CC–CV charge at 1 C and mainly kinetic of the voltage regulation, CV step, is investigated as an indicator of battery state-of-health through calendar aging. In fact, CV step is responsible in a major part of lithium intercalation into negative electrode and revealed to give signification on cyclable lithium loss which is the major cause of calendar aging according to literature and post mortem analysis. Comparison from the aging of four battery technologies is presented. Through aging, results show a difference in battery behavior even if the time for CC charge is decreasing for all the battery. According to battery technology, the current during CV charge phase has been useful for lithium–nickel–manganese–cobalt-oxide, lithium–nickel–cobalt–aluminum-oxide and lithium-ion–manganese battery state-of-health determination. However, in the case of the lithium–iron–phosphate battery, simple calculation of the duration of the CV step revealed to be very accurate compared to the classic discharged capacity measurement.
The NaFe0.95V0.05PO4/C composite is synthesized by electrochemical ion displacement from LiFe0.95V0.05PO4/C composite in aqueous NaNO3 solution. A coulombic capacity amounting to ∼105 and ∼82 mAh g−1 at sodiation/desodiation rate of 500 and 5000 mAg−1, respectively, is evidenced. For the sake of comparison the same investigations is performed with LiFe0.95V0.05PO4/C composite in LiNO3 solution, and better capacity retention and rate performance is evidenced for NaFe0.95V0.05PO4/C one. This advancement is found to be due a higher participation of pseudocapacity in the sodiation/desodiation charge storage process. An aqueous battery composed of NaFe0.95V0.05PO4/C cathode, belt-like Na1.2V3O8 anode and NaNO3 solution as an electrolyte, tested galvanostatically, displays long-life performance with only 10% of capacity fade after 1000 charge/discharge cycles.
Mesoporous polythiophene birnessite (b)-MnO2 has been synthesized by a modified interfacial method to develop cathode electrode materials for lithium batteries. The N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm test of mesoporous polythiophene MnO2 shows a type IV hysteresis loop, which is characteristic of a mesoporous structure. Mesoporous polythiophene MnO2 has a high surface area of 226 m2 g−1 with a pore diameter of 5.2nm The mesoporous polythiophene b-MnO2 cathode electrode for Li-ion battery exhibited an initial discharge capacity of 305 mAh g−1 at a current density of 10mAg−1, which is almost equal to its theoretical capacity. When applying a current of 300mAg−1, mesoporous polythiophene MnO2 electrode shows the initial discharge capacity of 211 mAh g−1, which is 69% of its theoretical capacity. Mesoporous polythiophene MnO2 shows high capacity and good cycle stability even at high current densities due to its high surface area and fast Li-ion diffusion path.
The ultrathin TiO2 nanosheets doped by nitrogen tightly attaching on carbon nanotubes are designed and evaluated as anode for sodium ion batteries. The TiO2 nanosheets attaching on carbon nanotubes composite shows a high specific capacity of 248.5 mAh g−1 at the rate of 0.5 C, and it can still deliver a specific capacity of 100.9 mAh g−1 at a high rate of 20 C, which verifies an outstanding sodium storage capacity and an excellent rate capability. More encouragingly, at a rate of 10 C, the specific capacity can be still kept at 154.2 mAh g−1 after 3500 cycles, displaying a remarkable long-term cyclic stability. Note that the corresponding kinetics analysis suggests that the pseudocapacitive behaviour is responsible for the updating sodium storage performances of TiO2 nanosheets composite. Additionally, the cooperation effects of carbon nanotubes preservation and nitrogen modification can provide fast electronic pathways, and the TiO2 nanosheets can promote sodium ions transport and increase the active sites for sodium storage. The merits of multiple functional and tailor-designed strategies make contributions to develop high-performance TiO2 anodes in sodium ion batteries.
Hybrid films composed of poly(luminol) and nanometer-sized clusters of polyoxometalate, SiMo12O40 4− and PMo12O40 3− have been prepared in acidic aqueous solutions. These films are stable and electrochemically active, and produced on glassy carbon, platinum, gold and transparent semiconductor tin oxide electrodes. The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and cyclic voltammetry were used to study in situ growth of the hybrid poly(luminol)/SiMo12O40 4− and poly(luminol)/PMo12O40 3−. Both the poly(luminol)/SiMo12O40 4− and poly(luminol)/PMo12O40 3− hybrid films showed four redox couples and the electrochemical properties were compared to SiMo12O40 4− and PMo12O40 3−. When transferred to various acidity aqueous solutions, the four redox couples and the formal potentials of two hybride film were observed to be pH-dependent. The electrocatalytic reduction of ClO3 −, BrO3 −, IO3 −, S2O8 2− and NO2 − by a poly(luminol)/PMo12O40 3− hybrid film in an acidic aqueous solution showed an electrocatalytic reduction activity of IO3 − >BrO3 − and ClO3 −. The electrocatalytic oxidation of dopamine and epinephrine by a poly(luminol)/PMo12O40 3− hybrid film was also investigated.
In eating disorders (EDs), treatment outcome measurement has traditionally focused on symptom reduction rather than functioning or quality of life (QoL). The Eating Disorders Quality of Life Scale (EDQLS) was recently developed to allow for measurement of broader outcomes. We examined responsiveness of the EDQLS in a longitudinal multi-site study.
We demonstrate an asymmetric supercapacitor in a potassium acetate-based water-in-salt electrolyte, where 2-D titanium carbide MXene and manganese oxide were used as negative and positive electrode materials, respectively. Use of water-in-salt electrolyte enables the assembled asymmetric device to be operated up to a cell voltage of 2.2 V, which overcomes the limited cell voltage issue in aqueous pseudocapacitors (1.2 - 1.4 V). This cell shows excellent rate capability (~48%) between 5 and 100 mV s-1 and good stability (~93%) throughout 10,000 charge-discharge cycles (at 1 A g-1) and 25 h voltage-hold at 2.2 V, which is competitive when compared with the performance of known asymmetric supercapacitors designed with activated carbon electrodes and fluorinated-imide based water-in-salt electrolytes. Moreover, our device shows slower self-discharge and ~32% higher volumetric energy density than activated carbon-based supercapacitors and is promising for applications where volumetric energy density is critical.
Nanocrystalline LiMnPO4 particles approximately 100 nm in size are synthesized for use as a cathode material using a hydrothermal method. Small charge transfer resistances (R ct) measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) indicate that the particles are effectively coated with the conductive C layer by pyrolyzing sucrose in an inert atmosphere. The cathode composed of nanocrystalline C-coated LiMnPO4 exhibits the largest specific capacities of 171 mAhg−1 and 153 mAhg−1 for the first cycle and 166 mAhg−1 and 146 mAhg−1 after 110 battery cycles at a rate of 0.05 C at 55 °C and 25 °C, respectively, with a degradation rate of 4 ± 1% after 110 battery cycles. The specific capacities are 165 mAhg−1 and 142 mAhg−1 for the first cycle at 55 °C for the nanoparticles with high crystallinity, even at high discharging current of 0.5 C and 5C, respectively. Diffusion coefficients of Li+ in LiMnPO4 (the fully discharged state) and in MnPO4 (the fully charged state) are estimated to be 3.58 × 10−16 and 4.99 × 10−17 cm2s−1, respectively, from EIS in the low frequency region.
This study aimed to investigate the association between each parameter of intermittent hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the cognitive profile, cortical thickness, and white matter integrity in middle-aged and older adults.
To design the high-energy-density Li-ion batteries, the anode materials with high specific capacity have attracted much attention. In this work, we adopt the first principles calculations to investigate the possibility of a new two dimensional boron material, named BG, as anode material for Li-ion batteries. The calculated results show that the maximum theoretical specific capacity of BG is 1653 mAh g−1 (LiB1.5). Additionally, the energy barriers of Li ion and Li vacancy diffusion are 330 meV and 110 meV, respectively, which imply fast charge and discharge ability for BG as an anode material. The theoretical findings reported in this work suggest that BG is a potential candidate as anode material of high-energy-density Li-ion batteries.
Strong genetic evidence points to a significant role for heterozygous mutations to general chromatin remodeling factors, such as CHD8, in autism. Gompers et al. combine genomic, neuroanatomical and behavioral approaches to present an initial integrative picture of transcriptional mechanisms and widespread impacts of Chd8 haploinsufficiency across brain development in mice.
Polymeric gel electrolyte films consisting of poly(ethylene oxide)-based polyurethane containing lithium salt (LiClO4 or LiPF6) dissolved in propylene carbonate (PC) have been prepared. The ionic conductance and electrochemical properties of the gel films were examined. The obtained gel film was self-standing, transparent and flexible with high mechanical strength. Thermal analysis of the gel film showed that it is homogeneous and amorphous over a wide temperature range. The highest conductivity, 1.51mScm−1 at 60°C, was obtained for the polymeric gel containing 50wt.% of 1.5moldm−3 LiClO4/PC. The applicability of the present gel system to a rechargeable lithium battery was briefly examined by cyclic voltammetry and constant-current polarization using metallic lithium electrodes.
Materials flow analysis of neodymium, status of rare earth elements (REEs) in the Republic of Korea has been investigated. Information from various resources like the Korean Ministry of Environment, Korea international trade association, United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database and from individual industry were collected and analyzed for materials flow analysis of neodymium. Demand of neodymium in the Republic of Korea for the year 2010 was 409.5tons out of which the majority of neodymium, i.e., 68.41% was consumed by domestic electronics industry followed by medical appliances manufacturing (13.36%). The Republic Korea is one of the biggest consumer and leading exporter of these industrial products, absolutely depends on import of neodymium, as the country is lacking natural resources. The Republic of Korea has imported 325.9tons of neodymium permanent magnet and 79.5tons of neodymium containing equipment parts mainly for electronics, medical appliances, and heavy/light vehicles manufacturing industry. Out of which 95.4tons of neodymium permanent magnet get exported as an intermediate product and 140.6tons of neodymium in the form of consumable products get exported. Worldwide the neodymium is at the high end of supply chain critical metal because of increasing demand, scarcity and irreplaceable for technological application. To bring back the neodymium to supply stream the recycling of end of life neodymium-bearing waste can be a feasible option. Out of total domestic consumption, only 21.9tons of neodymium have been collected and subsequently recycled. From material flow analysis, the requirement for an efficient recycling system and element-wise material flow management for these REEs in the Republic of Korea were realized and recommended.
Photovoltaic (PV) solar energy systems are being deployed at an accelerating rate to supply low-carbon electricity worldwide. However, PV is unlikely to economically supply much more than 10% of the world's electricity unless there is a dramatic reduction in the cost of electricity storage. There is an important scientific and technological opportunity to address the storage challenge by developing inexpensive hybrid solar converters that collect solar heat at temperatures between about 200 and 600 °C and also incorporate PV. Since heat can be stored and converted to electricity at relatively low cost, collection of high exergy content (high temperature) solar heat can provide energy that is dispatchable on demand to meet loads that are not well matched to solar insolation. However, PV cells can collect and convert much of the solar spectrum to electricity more efficiently and inexpensively than solar thermal systems. Advances in spectrum-splitting optics, high-temperature PV cells, thermal management and system design are needed for transformational hybrid converters. We propose that maximizing the exergy output from the solar converters while minimizing the cost of exergy can help propel solar energy toward a higher contribution to carbon-free electricity in the long term than the prevailing paradigm of maximizing the energy output while minimizing the cost of energy.
Over the last few years, the fast-growing energy needs across the world have intensified a central challenge: how to reduce the generation and operation costs in power systems and, in parallel, to minimize the hydrocarbon emissions. Moreover, one-quarter of world's population still lacks access to electricity, as the cost of building conventional power grids is not affordable by third world countries. On the other hand, behind-the-meter (BTM) energy systems offer cost-effective solutions to aforementioned challenges, as they enable end-users to satisfy their energy needs with distributed energy generation and storage technologies. To that end, this paper presents a detailed survey of BTM energy management systems. The paper starts with the classification of the electrical loads with respect to their physical properties, priority ranking, and sizes. Next, the literature on BTM energy management systems is systematically classified into three main categories: technology layer, economic layer, and social layer. The technology layer spans the studies related to power systems including distributed generation and storage technologies, whereas the economic layer shows how economic incentives along with optimization and scheduling techniques are employed to shape the energy consumption. The social layer, on the other hand, presents the recent studies on how to employ social sciences to reduce the energy consumption without requiring any technological upgrades. This paper also provides an overview of the enabling technologies and standards for communication, sensing, and monitoring purposes. In the final part, a case study is provided to illustrate an implementation of the system.
This paper develops strategies for operating Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) on the Secondary Balancing Power (SBP) market in Germany. Various control reserve market scenarios with participating BESS were simulated for the years 2016 and 2017. Within the simulation, the submitted bids of the SBP auction as a well as the BESS operation strategy have been optimized with regard to maximizing the economic revenues. The simulation makes use of an SBP power price prediction based on a SARIMA model and implements a battery model for lithium-ion batteries providing the aging status and an incremental cost breakdown for a specific operation strategy. With current battery and electricity market prices, the simulation reveals that it is not economically beneficial to provide SBP with a standalone battery. This is mainly due to the high requirements for SBP with respect to the power-to-energy ratio and operation strategy. The simulation further implies that a BESS operating in a pool is possibly economically viable as the restrictions for the power-to-energy ratio do not apply. The value of BESS in a pool is subject to the pool’s precise configuration which prohibits a general statement regarding financial viability.
Despite a battery of tests available for diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection, as yet, no gold standard has been identified. Our purpose was to measure inflammatory proteins in synovial fluid from patients undergoing revision arthroplasty for septic or aseptic failure. We analyzed 74 synovial fluid samples: 31 infected and 43 uninfected, based on clinical and laboratory criteria. Proteomics analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were conducted on 46 inflammatory proteins for each sample. Of 46 proteins, 5 (interleukin 6, interleukin 8, α 2-macroglobulin, C-reactive protein, and vascular endothelial growth factor) had an area under the curve greater than 0.90. This prospective study has demonstrated promising results for the use of molecular markers in diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. Future studies will focus on designing assays with these proteins in mind.
Spherical porous vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) phase is synthesized by a spray-pyrolysis method followed by heat-treatment, as confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. Under high-resolution electron microscope observation, the as-prepared particles are spherical and porous, with uniform particle size. On investigation of the electrochemical properties of V2O5 synthesized by this method, it is found that the initial specific capacity of the V2O5 is 399mAhg−1, and it exhibits good cycleability during the discharge and charge processes. The experimental results suggest that V2O5 synthesized by this method could be a promising electrode material for lithium-ion batteries.