batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The huge number of containers daily involved in the global transportation system opens important logistic and security issues. The matter of improving the management of goods in the harbor and the serious vulnerability problem of containers are relevant topics in the commercial supply chain. In fact, both can be easily exploited as carriers for illegal and dangerous items. In this paper, we focus on the security of commercial containers starting with the analysis of the most common technologies presently used in the field. Then, we concentrate on the research carried out by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission in the field of supply chain security. In particular, we discuss in-depth our innovative active RFID-based sealing systems designed at the JRC, giving a detailed technological description of its working logic and main features. Experimental results of the laboratory tests are presented, in order to show the performance of the system and its capabilities in improving security in commercial transportation systems.
Li1.2Ni0.15Mn0.55Co0.1O2 (LMR NMC) is synthesized by solution combustion method followed by LiF coating onto LMR NMC by solid state synthesis. The electrochemical performance of the pristine LMR NMC and corresponding F-doped samples as cathodes for Lithium ion Batteries (LIBs) are investigated by galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling and impedance spectroscopy. The fluorine doped cathodes deliver high capacity of ∼300 mAh g−1 at C/10 rate (10–20% greater than the pristine LMR NMC cathodes), have high discharge voltage plateau (>0.25 V) and low charge voltage plateau (0.2–0.4 V) compared to pristine LMR NMC cathodes. Beside, irreversible capacity, voltage fade, capacity loss are significantly reduced in-relation to the pristine LMR NMC electrodes. LiF coating onto LMR NMC, partially replaces MO bonds of the material by MF bonds, thus increasing the interfacial and structural stability. Besides, the manuscript describes possible replacement of aluminium current collector with 3D carbon fiber current collector which delivers high capacity of >200 mAh g−1 at 1C rate, good capacity retentions for over 200 cycles. The study opens a possibility for LMR NMC cathode material which has almost double the capacity of currently used cathodes, can be a possible substitute cathode for LIBs used in electric vehicles.
Development of efficient and low-cost electro-catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has been a great challenge for fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Here the hybrids of CoFe layered double hydroxides (CoFe-LDHs) with polydopamine spheres (PDAS) were prepared by growing CoFe-LDHs at the surface of PDAS in situ and their catalytic activity toward the ORR was investigated in detail. The results show that the as-prepared CoFe-LDHs/PDAS hybrids exhibited higher ORR catalytic activity with 4e-route selectivity than pure CoFe-LDHs, PDAS and even calcinated CoFe-LDHs/PDAS, which displays synergistic effect between CoFe-LDHs and PDAS for ORR. Moreover, the CoFe-LDHs/PDAS hybrids demonstrated better durability than commercial Pt/C ORR catalysts. To uncover the ORR mechanism, the interaction between CoFe-LDHs and PDAS were characterized by XPS and the ORR activity of CoFe-LDHs/PDAS and CoFe-LDHs/PDAS leached with acid was compared. The catalytic behavior of CoFe-LDHs/PDAS hybrids is consistent with a dual-site ORR mechanism.
Calculations are made of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), chemical hardness (η), dipole moment (μ), and binding energy with a Li+ ion for 32 organic molecules that are electrolyte additives for solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The results confirm that both the LUMO and η values are critical indicators of suitable SEI formation. The μ values of the additives are generally smaller than those of widely used solvents in LIBs. It is found that a low Li-ion binding affinity may be an important characteristic for SEI-forming additives. Li+ binding affinity is proposed as a factor in the computational screening process used to obtain promising additives.
Realization of the full potential of Li–S batteries requires effective methods to treat problems associated with both sulfur cathodes and lithium anodes. Here, the authors report suppression of electrolyte depletion and dendrite formation in Li–S batteries by tuning the solvent/salt molar ratio in a diglyme electrolyte to favour quasi-solid state conversion.
To assess the discoloration and stain removal potential of different cleaning methods relevant to individual/professional prophylaxis and laboratory cleaning on polyetheretherketone (PEEK), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based, and composite (COMP) materials after storage in different media for 7 days.
Well-defined o-LiMnO2 cathode materials were synthesized by quenching method at 1050°C in an argon flow. The synthesized LiMnO2 particle was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). LiMnO2/solid polymer electrolyte (SPE)/Li batteries were characterized electrochemically by charge/discharge experiments, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and ac impedance spectroscopy. The charge/discharge results show that the discharge capacities of LiMnO2 are 62mAhg−1 at the first cycle and 124mAhg−1 after 70 cycles, respectively. Moreover, we evaluated batteries using liquid electrolyte and SPE. From the charge/discharge results, the discharge capacity of LiMnO2/SPE/Li battery is greater than that of LiMnO2/Li battery with liquid electrolyte.
It is of great significance to develop N-doped carbon materials possessing high catalytic activity, excellent durability and low cost for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) due to imperative for energy devices with high energy density, such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Herein, N-doped graphene is prepared by annealing a homogeneous mixture of graphene oxide (GO) and ionic liquid of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim]BF4) in N2 atmosphere. By entrapping effect, the ionic liquid serves as both N source and restacking protectant in formation of high-quality N-doped graphene sheets. Electrochemical characterizations reveal that the obtained N-doped graphene possesses excellent electrocatalytic properties for ORR in alkaline condition with onset potential of −39 mV (vs. Hg/HgO) and current density of 5.83 mA cm−2 at −0.9 V (vs. Hg/HgO) at 2500 rpm. The microstructure of the prepared catalysts and their ORR catalytic activities are highly sensitive to calcination temperature and the optimal temperature is 900 °C. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis indicates from the atomic point of view that N atoms with different configurations contribute unequally to the ORR performance enhancement. Pyridinic N at the edge of graphene plays the most significant role in improving ORR performance owing to the largest number of active sites and lower band gap. Based on the experimental and simulation results, the beneficial properties of the as-prepared N-doped graphene for ORR are ascribed to the superior conductivity of graphene, the high N doping content and the high proportion of active pyridinic N species.
Crossing a two-way street is a complex task that involves visual, cognitive and motor abilities, all of which are known to decline with ageing. In particular, older pedestrians may experience difficulties when crossing two-way streets because of incorrect gap acceptance choices and impossible or unperceived evasive actions. To understand the overrepresentation of older pedestrians in crash statistics, several experimental studies have sought to identify traffic-related factors as well as those related to the abilities of the individuals themselves. However, none of these studies has required participants to actually walk across an experimental two-way street with curbs, which is a particularly challenging situation for older pedestrians. To fill this research gap, a quasi-experiment was conducted in a simulator including a total of 58 healthy aged participants (25 younger-old [age 60–72] and 33 older-old [age 72–92]) and 25 young adults (aged 18–25 years). Participants carried out a street-crossing task in a simulated two-way traffic environment; curbs were present on both sides of the experimental street. Participants also undertook a battery of tests to assess their visual and cognitive abilities. In addition, during the experiment, the participants’ gait parameters were recorded. In line with earlier findings, the older-old group of participants made a higher number of decisions that led to collisions with approaching cars compared with the other groups. The two groups of older participants experienced specific difficulties when vehicles were in the far lane or when they approached rapidly. A regression analysis identified visual acuity, speed of processing (assessed using the UFOV® test), and step length as significant predictors of collisions. Our results have implications for understanding the difficulties experienced by older pedestrians and allow to draw up several recommendations for improving their safety.
The main motivation for carrying out this research is to collaborate in developing new less aggressive energy consumption mechanisms to take care of the environment and reduce greenhouse emissions. This paper is focused on the development of a DC photovoltaic building in off-grid operation mode. The modelized PV system satisfies the energy demand of a large residential building using only DC electricity to keep it powered on without any shortage or cut-off. A comprehensive study has been carried out using real consumption data, local solar irradiance, and local temperature measures, all gathered in the last 30 years, to create five different scenarios. These scenarios test the installation under typical weather and usage pattern conditions as well as under the lowest irradiance levels, all the while maintaining: the comfort in all areas without any energy cut-offs and keeping the output rated voltage inside the tolerance values (the voltage fluctuation average represented a 9.70%). Finally, the mean performance of the system is higher than 75% while the losses due to the low voltage used are three times lower than the transmission losses of the AC network.
In a governmental funded 3-year research project a recycling process for nickel-metal hydride batteries (NiMH) has been developed. Today the discarded batteries are used in the steel industry as a cheap nickel-source. Cobalt is not paid for and rare earths (RE) are slagged and lost for reuse. Spent NiMH batteries contain 36–42% nickel, 3–4% cobalt and 8–10% mischmetal consisting of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium and neodymium. The dismantled and processed NiMH are melted in a dc electric arc furnace producing a nickel–cobalt alloy and a slag phase highly enriched with RE-oxides. The key for success in this process was to find a suitable slag system which ensures best separation of NiCo alloy from the rare earth oxides. Different oxidic and halogenic slag systems are investigated on a laboratory and technical scale. The slag systems CaO–CaF2 and CaO–SiO2 were determined to be suitable for subsequent pilot plant trials. In these trials, the CaO–CaF2 system has shown a better melting behaviour than the CaO–SiO2 system. Nickel and cobalt were found nearly completely in the metal phase whereas the rare earths were transferred into the slag as oxides. Pyrometallurgical refining of the nickel–cobalt alloy did not make sense as investigated in technical scale trials. Within the scope of a scenario calculation the economical feasibility was demonstrated for a model scenario.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for lithium ion batteries has recently gained increasing attention due to its ability of non-invasive evaluation of important electrochemical parameters. Commonly used three-electrode test cells, however, proved unreliable due to asymmetric current line distributions, causing severe distortions of impedance spectra. Finite element method (FEM) simulations can visualize these current lines at different frequencies and simulate impedance spectra at given geometries. By applying FEM simulations to a recently developed coaxial impedance test cell, limiting conditions for reliable impedance measurements could be identified. Using a reference electrode in coaxial position yields sufficiently reliable results as long as the electrode misalignment is small compared to the electrolyte thickness and edge effects are prevented.
Publisher Summary Unbounded mobile communications (UMC) solutions are currently on the market and meet many customer mobile communication needs. Whether consumer (controlled by the cellular provider) or enterprise (controlled by the enterprise), all the UMC solutions seek to provide an unbounded experience with telephony providing a consistent feature set regardless of physical location, freeing the user from concerns of coverage, location, or features. The evolution of UMC solutions has gone quickly beyond the simple goal of providing a seamless bridge between the fixed and mobile telecommunication worlds, and the future holds promise of being able to carry a personal and professional communicator to be available at all times, regardless of where you are on the globe. Analysts have projected that by 2012 there will be some 5.8 billion cellular phones in use on the planet, many of which will be dual-mode, providing that extended wireless coverage needed by an ever-growing mobile community of travelers, workers, vendors, customers, associates, family, and friends. Wireless infrastructures that blanket the globe will be the backbone of the worldwide UMC services. Once these wireless “highways” are in place, users with multimode devices will be able to maintain constant communication contact with almost anyone else on the planet. This level of technology will permit us to communicate at will with individuals and groups, without bounds.
Multiple types of fluctuations impact the collective dynamics of power grids and thus challenge their robust operation. Fluctuations result from processes as different as dynamically changing demands, energy trading and an increasing share of renewable power feed-in. Here we analyse principles underlying the dynamics and statistics of power grid frequency fluctuations. Considering frequency time series for a range of power grids, including grids in North America, Japan and Europe, we find a strong deviation from Gaussianity best described as Lévy-stable and q-Gaussian distributions. We present a coarse framework to analytically characterize the impact of arbitrary noise distributions, as well as a superstatistical approach that systematically interprets heavy tails and skewed distributions. We identify energy trading as a substantial contribution to today’s frequency fluctuations and effective damping of the grid as a controlling factor enabling reduction of fluctuation risks, with enhanced effects for small power grids.
Graphene, graphene–ZnO and graphene–SnO2 films were successfully synthesized and used as electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors, respectively. The screen-printing approach was employed to fabricate graphene film on graphite substrate while the ZnO and SnO2 were deposited on graphene films by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. The electrochemical performances of these electrodes were comparatively analyzed through electrochemical impedance spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry tests. The results showed that the incorporation of ZnO or SnO2 improved the capacitive performance of graphene electrode. Graphene–ZnO composite electrode exhibited higher capacitance value (61.7F/g) and maximum power density (4.8kW/kg) as compared with graphene–SnO2 and pure graphene electrodes.
In this study, we demonstrated the surface reaction in a LiCoO2/Li cell under high voltage condition and characterization of the composition and properties of electrode–electrolyte interface by 2D correlation analysis. 2D Raman correlation spectra revealed that the extraction of Li+ leads to the formation of surface components including Li2O and Co3O4 and structural distortion in hexagonal LiCoO2 structure.
Ceres Power Ltd (Ceres Power) has been spun-out from Imperial College London (Imperial) after more than 10 years fundamental research. The studies have shown that is possible to combine ceramic materials, based around doped cerium oxide, with stainless-steel to produce a robust intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) capable of operating at 500–600°C. Ceres Power has been formed to exploit this technology commercially. This paper first briefly reviews the process of forming the Company and raising finance. It then discusses the unique technology platform that is being developed by Ceres Power and summarises some of the technical highlights to date.
Honeycomb ordered NaNi2/3Sb1/3O2 (NNSO) is synthesized via a conventional solid-state approach and investigated as cathode material for sodium ion batteries. The effect of sintering temperature is clearly unraveled by combination with electrochemical measurements and in-situ XRD tests in detail. The temperature dependence of Na+ (de)intercalation on NaNi2/3Sb1/3O2 electrodes is pioneeringly evaluated. It is suggested that the appropriate operating temperature will facilitate the formation of well-crystallized honeycomb structure and improve the electrochemical performance effectively. The as-prepared NaNi2/3Sb1/3O2 obtained at the optimal temperature of 950°C delivers a high capacity of 113.8mAhg−1 at 0.1C and a good retention performance of 65mAhg−1 at 0.5C after 100 cycles. The results reveal that the structure transformation and electrochemical property, as well as thermal stability of NaNi2/3Sb1/3O2 cathode are strongly dependent on sintering temperatures, which provide an insight into the preparation of newly electrodes with excellent Na+ ion storage property.
A carbon-coated Si–Cu3Si composite material is prepared using silicon and copper(II) d-gluconate powders by simple mechanical milling and pyrolysis, and is investigated as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. In this process, the Cu3Si and pyrolyzed carbon uniformly adhere to the surface of the silicon particles. The cycling performance of the composite material exhibits a stable capacity of 850mAhg−1 for 30 cycles. The improved cycling performance is attributed to the fact that the copper silicide and pyrolyzed carbon provide both a better electrical contact with the current–collector and a buffering effect for the volume expansion–contraction during cycling.
To improve the electrochemical performance of Li3VO4, a series of Li3Nb x V1-x O4 compounds are prepared via sol-gel method. The similar ionic radii of Nb5+ and V5+ in octahedral coordination make it possible to form single-phased Li3Nb x V1-x O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15). Theoretical calculations show that Li-ions migrate along the c-axis diffusion channel in a curved hopping route. The larger lattice constant caused by the substitution of V with Nb enhances the cross-sectional area, which indirectly provides a higher diffusion coefficient for Li-ion migration. Benefitting from high electronic conductivity (around two orders of magnitude) and good lithium-ion diffusion coefficient, the Li3Nb x V1-x O4 (x = 0.02) exhibits the best electrochemical property as an anode of LIBs in comparison to other Li3Nb x V1-x O4(x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.04). At the current density of 30 mA g−1, the charge capacity of pure Li3VO4 is around 440 mA h g−1, whereas the Li3Nb x V1-x O4 (x = 0.02) shows a higher capacity of 550 mA h g−1. Additionally, the charge/discharge capacities for Nb-doped samples are almost twice to those of the undoped Li3VO4 when the current density increases to1500 mA g−1.
W-doped Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) in the form of Li4Ti5−x W x O12 (x =0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2) is prepared by sol–gel method and following two-step calcinations in the air and argon atmosphere, respectively. The as-prepared samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD analysis demonstrates that W6+ can successfully enter the structure of cubic spinel-type LTO, increase the lattice parameter and no impurities appear. XPS results further identify the existence of W6+ ion. SEM images show that all samples had similar particulate morphologies and the particle size distribution was in the range of 0.5–1μm. The results of electrochemical measurement reveal that W-doping can improve the rate capability of LTO. However, heavy W substitution causes a discharge capability loss. The electronic conductivity of Li4Ti4.9W0.1O12 powder is as high as 1.5×10−1 Scm−1, which is much higher than 10−13 Scm−1 of the pristine LTO. The Li4Ti4.9W0.1O12 electrode exhibits the best rate capability and cycling stability, and its discharge capacity at 10C is 128.1mAhg−1 after 100 cycles. The Li4Ti4.9W0.1O12 sample stands as a promising potentially high rate anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
Scavenging mechanical energy from low-frequency vibrations is of great interest owing to the accessibility of these vibrations in the ambient environment. In this study, the design and experimental analysis of a low-frequency resonant hybridized nanogenerator (LFR-HN) with a wide bandwidth and high output power density is presented. The design includes the integration of an electromagnetic generator (EMG) and triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG); tests were conducted under excitation by a dynamic shaker and manual vibrations. The EMG part employs the Halbach magnet array (HMA) to improve its magnetic flux which decreases the total dimensions of the generator and increases the high power density in the low-frequency vibration process. The TENG part utilizes nanostructured polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and Al structures nanopores structures to increase the output performance. The fabricated LFR-HN exhibited a resonant frequency and wide bandwidth of 31.8 Hz (EMG) and 19.4 Hz (TENG). In the vibration shaker test, the LFR-HN delivered a maximum average power of 2.61 mW at a load resistance of 850 Ω, corresponding to an average power density of 0.261 mW/cm3 at the resonance frequency of 18 Hz and under an acceleration of 0.85 g. In addition, manual vibration analysis of the LFR-HN was conducted under conditions including a hand banging the table, leg stomping the floor, regular walking, and a hand directly banging the LFR-HN; the average measured output power densities were 0.112 mW/cm3, 0.071 mW/cm3, 0.036 mW/cm3, and 0.158 mW/cm3, respectively. The fabricated LFR-HN demonstrates a significantly higher power density than that reported in previous studies. This study reports an essential step toward using low-frequency vibrations to power vibration sensors and portable and wearable electronic devices; LFR-HN is expected to be broadly applicable in our society.