batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We present a low-temperature synthetic route toward the binder-free MnO x (the mixture of Mn3O4 and MnO2)/single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) macro-films, which could be employed as the single component of anodes in Li-ion batteries. Morphological characterizations reveal that the interconnected network of SWCNT macro-films in the free-standing MnO x /SWCNTs intrinsically possesses high electrical conductivity and exhibits good mechanical adhesion on Cu foils (current collectors). The MnO x nanoparticles directly grown onto the external surface of SWNT macro-films have very strong bonds with the nanotubes, avoiding agglomeration during their electrochemical operations. These MnO x /SWNT macro-films are evidenced to possess an excellent capacity of ∼1000mAhg−1, showing promise as flexible anode materials for light weight and high performance Li-ion batteries.
Micrometer-scale pristine and phosphate-doped spinel LiMn2O4 materials with homogeneous size distribution were synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method. The composition, structure and morphology of the as-prepared samples were characterized using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of phosphate doping on the structural and electrochemical properties of spinel LiMn2O4 was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The phosphate-doped LiMn2O4 cathode (with a molar ratio of PO4 3−:LiMn2O4 =1.5%) exhibits good high-rate discharge capability with 94mAh/g at a current density of 2960mA/g. The analyses demonstrate that compared with the pristine LiMn2O4 sample, the phosphate-doped samples have a relatively large Li-ion diffusion coefficient and smaller charge-transfer resistance due to the increase of the unit cell volume of spinel LiMn2O4 caused by the doping of phosphate.
Two new poly[(oligoethylene glycol) dihydroxytitanate] electrolytic systems were prepared by a polycondensation reaction between: Ti(OEt)4 and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) (I), and Ti(OEt)4 and PEG 400/LiCl complex (II). The polymers thus obtained show a solid rubbery consistency and are very stable under inert atmosphere. The structure, morphology and conductivity of these materials were investigated. On the basis of analytical data and vibrational studies it was concluded that polymers (I) and (II) are inorganic–organic materials with titanium atoms bonded together by PEG bridges. Particularly, inter-chain interactions in polymer (I) occur by means of hydrogen bonds between titanium hydroxyl groups and ethereal oxygens of PEG chains, while polymer (II) contains both titanium–PEG interactions and a second type of inter-chain interaction due to the presence of hydrogen bonding clusters around Cl− ions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed two types of morphologies in polymers (I) and (II). Conductivity measurements made at different temperatures indicated that both polymers conduct ionically. Two conductivity mechanisms are present in these materials, which are strongly influenced by segmental motions of the polymer chains. At 25°C polymers (I) and (II) showed conductivities of ca. 3×10−6 and 4×10−6 S cm−1, respectively.
Li-ion batteries have been employed successfully in various small electronic devices for the last two decades, and the types of applications are currently expanding to include electric vehicles (EVs), power tools, and large electric power storage units. In order to be implemented in these emerging markets, novel materials for negative and positive electrodes as well as electrolytes need to be developed to achieve high energy density, high power, and safe lithium rechargeable batteries. Here, the trends of the market and development of materials for each application are introduced, and some of next generation Li-ion batteries are discussed.
In the work, we develop a novel two-step strategy to synthesize self-supported hexagonal nickel oxide nanoplatelet arrays on Ni foam: precipitating hydroxides followed by calcinating process. These nanoplatelets are composed of a multilayer of ultrathin mesoporous NiO nanosheets. The unique Ni foam-supported mesoporous NiO nanoplatelet arrays electrode promises fast ion and electron transport, large electroactive surface area, and excellent structural stability. As a result, superior pseudocapacitive performance is achieved with large specific capacitance in the range of 1124–864Fg−1 and excellent cycling stability up to 5000 cycles, suggesting their promising application for electrochemical capacitors.
Despite their potential application in lithium-ion battery electrodes, one apparent disadvantage for SnO2-based materials is that the electrodes suffer low coulombic efficiency especially for the initial cycle, which originates from the irreversible conversion of SnO2 to Sn, the formation of solid electrolyte interphase and the other possible side reactions. Here we design a novel nanofiber structure in which SnO2 nanoparticles are well separated and confined by inner porous carbon framework and then hooped by outer carbon shell. The resultant SnO2/voids@C nanofibers electrode displays not only a high reversible capacity of 986 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after 200 cycles, but also a high initial coulombic efficiency of 73.5%. It has been shown that such a rational design can efficiently reduce the side reactions and promote the reversible conversion of Sn to SnO2 for both half and full cells.
Due to easiness of preparation and high energy density, V2O5 nanocrystalline thin films are particularly attractive as cathode materials for all-solid-state rechargeable lithium microbatteries. However, their electrochemical performances are strictly related to the film microstructure, which, in turn, is related to the nature and parameters of the deposition technique. For this reason, the preparation of thin films with reproducible electrochemical properties is still an open problem. Here, we report on the deposition of V2O5 crystalline thin films by means of reactive radiofrequency (r.f.) magnetron sputtering, using vanadium metal as the target. Different deposition times and substrate temperatures were adopted. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy were used to investigate the structural and morphological features of the films. In particular, XRD analysis revealed that the deposition parameters affect the crystallographic orientation of the films. A h 00 orientation is observed in case of thin samples (about 100nm) prepared at 300°C, whereas a 110 preferential growth is obtained for thicker films. Films deposited at 500°C display a 001 orientation irrespective on the deposition time. Reversible Li intercalation/deintercalation processes and high specific capacity are observed for the h 00-oriented V2O5 thinner films, with the ab plane arranged perpendicular to the substrate. In this case, the cycling behaviour is very promising, and a stable capacity higher than 300mAhg−1 was delivered in the potential range 3.8–1.5V at 1C rate over at least 70 cycles.
The electrochemical model has the potential to provide a robust and accurate battery management system, but is not the preferred choice as it involves solving non-linear, coupled partial differential equations. In the present work, a model order reduction of the complete electrochemical model for a lithium ion cell with phase change electrodes is carried out. The phase change phenomenon is described using a simple, concentration-dependent diffusivity derived from mixture rules. This reduced order model (ROM) is validated with experimental data from literature. The applicability of the model to capture the atypical behavior of the phase change electrode system is demonstrated. Using the cell response from ROM, charge–discharge asymmetry and path dependence in a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cell are explored in detail. In addition, side reaction kinetics and solid electrolyte interphase formation are included in the ROM framework to enhance its capability to predict cell aging. The model is used to investigate capacity losses occurring in a phase change electrode cell. Insights from these results are used to suggest cell operating guidelines for maximizing utilization.
This paper examines the competitiveness of the latest generation of electric delivery trucks. A new model that integrates routing constraints, speed profiles, energy consumption, and vehicle ownership costs is developed. The model is applied to the study the competitiveness of three commercial vehicles: a widely available conventional diesel truck and two brands of electric trucks. Scenarios and breakeven points are calculated and analyzed for a large number parameter combination. The results show that route feasibility, minimum fleet size, distance traveled, battery life, purchase costs, and planning horizon are among the most significant factors affecting commercial electric vehicle competitiveness.
The specific energy, specific power, fast-charge capability, low temperature operation, cycle-life and self-discharge of five energy storage devices was compared. The group included a conventional carbon–carbon supercapacitor, Li-ion battery and three types of asymmetric hybrid supercapacitors. Asymmetric hybrid supercapacitors use a nanostructured Li4Ti5O12 anode, and an acetonitrile electrolyte containing a lithium salt. Their cathode was activated carbon, LiCoO2, or LiMn2O4. All devices were built using common plastic Li-ion technology developed by Telcordia Technologies.
Autonomous electric propulsion in boats by photovoltaic power is an upcoming technology which sets specific requirements to the integration of crystalline PV cells in boat surfaces, such as the deck. Light weight and flexibility of shape as well as endurance are required for successful PV-powered boat design. In order to find alternative materials for common glass and EVA laminates, we evaluated 15 polymers, some with glass fiber reinforcement (GFR), of which we assume they might be suitable for use as a replacement of glass in PV modules for recreational PV boats. The mechanical and optical properties and specific demands due to application in boats have been listed for these 15 polymers as well as variations with glass fiber reinforcement. Costs related to the thickness of polymers and GFR polymers have been taken into account. Our evaluation shows that some polymer materials that have been reinforced with glass fibers such as fluorides, show potential to be used as photovoltaic module materials. Epoxies and GFR epoxies show to be good alternatives when considering cost and weight reduction of PV modules. They offer high strength when thickness remains under 4mm. For epoxies, this would lead to a weight around 20g/Wp to 25g/Wp compared to a weight around 86g/Wp to 130g/Wp for PV glass laminates. Fluorides offer excellent UV-stability but are up to 20 times more expensive per kilogram and require structural support compared to glass. They prove to offer high energy conversion performance by having high UV stability and high transmittance. To be cost competitive with glass, the thickness of fluorides should be under 1mm. This could lead to a weight per Wattpeak ratio of 10g/Wp to 15g/Wp, which is a reduction of 85% compared to PV glass laminates.
The authors report that genetic disruption of the connectivity of CCK+ basket cells during development reveals a critical role for these interneurons in the regulation of theta oscillatory activity and in the coding of spatial information in the adult mouse hippocampus.
This work presents the diffraction features of lithium-manganese oxide in extreme pressure and temperature conditions used as positive electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries. Energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction yield reliable description of material lattice, its distortion and chemical stability under high pressure and at high temperature (HP/HT). The phase evolution as a function of pressure and temperature is reported and analyzed in the LiMn2O4 sample. A comparison with another tetragonal spinel shows the influence of the Jahn–Teller effect on the HP/HT structure of this class of materials.
The c-Kit expression level is decreased in regenerating bone marrow, and such bone marrow performs poorly when co-transplanted with normal bone marrow. We asked whether diminished numbers of c-Kit receptors on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) after their internalization induced by the binding of the cytokine stem cell factor (SCF) would jeopardize transplantability of HSPCs. We used a battery of functional assays to evaluate the capacity of HSPCs with markedly different c-Kit expression levels to be transplanted. Surprisingly, our experiments testing the homing of transplanted HSPCs to bone marrow of recipient mice and their short-term and long-term engraftment did not reveal any defects in HSPCs with severely reduced numbers of c-Kit receptor molecules. This unexpected result can be ascribed to the fact that HSPCs exposed to SCF replace the consumed c-Kit receptors rapidly. This article demonstrates that exposure of HSPCs to SCF and diminished number of c-Kit receptors in their cell membranes do not compromise the capacity of HSPCs to reconstitute damaged hematopoietic tissue.
Plasticised polymer blend electrolytes based on poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-co-HFP) and poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) were prepared for different lithium salts LiX (X=ClO4, CF3SO3, BF4 and N[CF3SO2]2) using facile solution casting. To confirm the structures and complexations of the electrolyte films, the prepared electrolytes were subjected to XRD and FTIR analysis. TG–DTA was used to ascertain the thermal stability of the electrolytes, and the porous nature of the electrolytes was identified using scanning electron microscopy via ion-hopping conduction. AC impedance analysis was performed for all the electrolyte samples at various temperatures from 303 to 363K. The results suggest that among the various lithium salts, LiN[CF3SO2]2-based electrolytes exhibited the highest ionic conductivity (0.918×10−3 Scm−1). The temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity also complies with the VTF relation.
While the anodic behavior of aluminum foil current collectors in imide-based room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) is relatively well understood, interactions between such RTILs and other passive battery components have not been studied extensively. This study presents the solvent and potential dependent oxidation of SS316 coin-cell components in the N-methyl-N-propyl-pyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (PYR13FSI) RTIL. While this phenomenon prohibits high-voltage cycling of Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 cathodes in SS316 coin-type cells, Al-clad cell components or alternative cell configurations can be utilized to avoid SS316 oxidation-induced cell failure.
In this paper is presented an analysis of energy efficiency for the Multiport Power Converters (MPCs) used in Plug-in Fuel Cell Vehicles (PFCVs). A generic MPC architecture for PFCVs is proposed, which is analyzed for different operating modes of MPC in relation with PFCV operating regimes and the plug-in feature. The basic MPC architecture is described in relation with the PFCV operating regimes. Two MPC architectures are derived from the basic MPC architecture: (1) the MPC1 architecture, which is the MPC architecture without reverse power flow during regenerative braking process, and (2) the MPC2 architecture – MPC architecture without charging mode of Energy Storage System (ESS) from the FC system. Taking in account the imposed window for the ESS state-of-charge, the MPC can be connected to Plug-in Charging Stations (PCS) to exchange power with the Electric Power (EP) system, which will include renewable Distributed Generation (DG) systems. The Energy Management Unit (EMU) of MPC can communicate with the EP system to determine the moments that match the energy demand of plug-in vehicle with the supply availability of the EP system, stabilizing the EP system. The MPC features regarding its energy efficiency were shown by analytical computing performed and appropriate simulations presented in relation with the ESS that can be charged (discharged) from (to) the home/DG/EP system.
Quantification of motor performance has a promising role in personalized medicine by diagnosing and monitoring, e.g. neurodegenerative diseases or health problems related to aging. New motion assessment technologies can evolve into patient-centered eHealth applications on a global scale to support personalized healthcare as well as treatment of disease. However, uncertainty remains on the limits of generalizability of such data, which is relevant specifically for preventive or predictive applications, using normative datasets to screen for incipient disease manifestations or indicators of individual risks.
Flexible organic cathodes with 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PDI) as the active component, carbon black (CB) as the conductive agent and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) as the elastomeric matrix are obtained in this work via a solution-based phase inversion approach. In the resulting PDI/CB/TPU cathodes, the mass ratios of the three components manifest profound influences on their composition, flexibility, conductivity and lithium storage behavior. The integrated PDI/CB/TPU cathode with optimized ratio can deliver impressive rate capability and good cycling stability in lithium ion batteries (LIBs). More importantly, the full LIBs with PDI/CB/TPU cathode and carbon cloth anode exhibit excellent electrochemical performances, which show no decay even at bending states, demonstrating the appealing prospects of the solution-processed organic cathodes in wearable secondary batteries.
The design of three-dimensional (3D) nanoarchitectures on a flexible substrate has emerged as a novel strategy for fabricating cutting-edge wearable and portable power sources. Herein, we propose a simple and versatile approach towards the fabrication of hierarchical nanoporous manganese nickel selenide (MnxNi1-xSe2) and manganese iron selenide (MnxFe1-xSe2) nanosheets as positive and negative electrodes for flexible charge storage devices to achieve ultra-high energy density. The Mn substitution into Ni/Fe-selenide results in hierarchical architecture with highly altered electronic structure, offering enhanced electrical conductivity, increased catalytic activity, and improved stability of Ni/Fe phases upon cycling. Under optimized conditions, the Mn0.33Ni0.67Se2 and Mn0.33Fe0.67Se2 electrodes showed high specific capacities of ∼333 and 251 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1 mA cm−2, superior rate capabilities of 81.4 and 80.9% capacity retention at 50 mA cm−2, respectively, and outstanding cycling stability. Most importantly, in flexible solid-state assembly, the Mn0.33Ni0.67Se2//Mn0.33Fe0.67Se2 based SC delivers the excellent energy density of 87.2 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 0.672 kW kg−1, along with ultra-long durability of 96.2% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles at 30 mA cm−2. Thus, it would be believed this new fabrication strategy certainly promising for flexible electronics devices in the near future.
In the context of scaling the viral load in resource limited settings, following HIV infected patient’s adults and children with CD4+ T-lymphocyte count still very important in settings where the decentralization of treatment still has some challenges. Effective HIV monitoring in these resource-constrained settings needs affordable and reliable CD4+ T lymphocytes enumeration methods. We investigated the validity of a BD FACSPresto POC which is a dedicated system for enumeration that uses immunofluorescent technologies. In this study, we have assessed the sensitivity, specificity and correlation between most representative flow cytometry instruments present in Cameroon with more than 5000 CD4 T cells tests per year including FACSCalibur, FACSCount, and PIMA POC from Becton–Dickinson and ALERE respectively.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with progressive neurodegeneration and dysfunction. Multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms are involved in this pathogenesis. In particular, the activation of proteases following trauma can cause apoptosis in the spinal cord. Calpain, a calcium-dependent cysteine protease, plays a major role in apoptosis following trauma. We identified apoptosis and decrease in transcription of the genes for proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin basic protein (MBP) in five 1-cm long spinal cord segments (S1, distant rostral; S2, near rostral; S3, lesion; S4, near caudal; and S5, distant caudal) 24 h after induction of SCI (40 g·cm force) in rats by weight-drop method. Sham rats underwent laminectomy and did not receive injury. Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation occurred prominently in the lesion (S3), moderately in near segments (S2 and S4), and slightly in distant segments (S1 and S5) of injured rats, indicating the occurrence of apoptosis in the lesion and penumbra. Levels of transcription of PLP and MBP were reduced highly in the lesion and moderately in near segments, suggesting that apoptotic loss of cells impaired biosynthesis of two important structural components of myelin. Immediate administration of the calpain inhibitor E-64-d (1 mg/kg) to injured rats prevented apoptosis and restored transcription of these genes, indicating the therapeutic efficacy of calpain inhibitor for treatment of SCI.
Facile synthesis of rationally designed structures is critical to realize a high performance electrode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Among different candidates, tin(IV) oxide (SnO2) is one of the most actively researched electrode materials due to its high theoretical capacity (1493 mAh g−1), abundance, inexpensive costs, and environmental friendliness. However, severe capacity decay from the volume expansion and low conductivity of SnO2 have hampered its use as a feasible electrode for LIBs. Rationally designed SnO2-based nanostructures with conductive materials can be an ideal solution to resolve such limitations. In this work, we have successfully fabricated porous SnO2-CuO composite nanotubes (SnO2-CuO p-NTs) by electrospinning and subsequent calcination step. The porous nanotubular structure is expected to mitigate the volume expansion of SnO2, while the as-formed Cu from CuO upon lithiation allows faster electron transport by improving the low conductivity of SnO2. With a synergistic effect of both Sn and Cu-based oxides, SnO2-CuO p-NTs deliver stable cycling performance (91.3% of capacity retention, ∼538 mAh g−1) even after 350 cycles at a current density of 500 mA g−1, along with enhanced rate capabilities compared with SnO2.
Doping graphitic materials is desirable to enhance their performance for energy conversion and storage applications, but achieving high dopant concentrations remains a challenge. Researchers now demonstrate synthesis of such materials with very high doping levels and facile tunability.