batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The larger ionic radius of Na ion (1.06Å) compared with that of Li ion (0.76Å) is a fundamental reason for the inferior diffusion kinetics of Na ion in intercalation hosts. Here we report interlayer expansion of intercalation hosts as a general strategy to facilitate the solid-state diffusion of Na ions. Based on this strategy, poly(ethylene oxide)–intercalated MoS2 composites (PEO–MoS2) were synthesized via a facile exfoliation-restacking method and tested as anode materials for Na-ion batteries (NIBs). The interlayer spacing of MoS2 was increased from 0.615nm to 1.45nm by insertion of controlled amounts of PEO. The bilayer PEO–intercalated MoS2 composite (PEO2L–MoS2) exhibits a specific capacity of 225mAhg−1 under a current density of 50mAg−1, twice as high as that of commercial MoS2 (com-MoS2), and shows improved rate performance due to enhanced Na-ion diffusivity. The improvement in the electrochemical performance demonstrates that interlayer expansion is an effective strategy for the development of high performance electrode materials for battery technologies based on the storage of large ions.
Energy efficient strategies relating to Host Centric Networking based Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks (HCN based MANET) have been ongoing for decades. Yet, despite the production of review articles that discuss techniques and solutions for improving energy efficiency in MANET, the said existing articles are rather meritoriously inadequate as they do not provide detailed aspects of energy conservation practices in MANET, or discuss the limitations of using HCN based MANET. Hence, this article aims to elaborate on these overlooked areas of HCN based MANET research. To begin, this review will first justify the importance of improving energy efficiency in MANET, before going on to overview related research and present a comprehensive analysis on energy efficiency in MANET. This will be followed by discussions on MANET energy consumption behaviour to familiarise researchers with methods used to increase MANET energy efficiency undertaken in previous research, as well as the motives behind them. Next follows a review on the limitations of using Host Centric Networking (HCN) in MANET to expound why such protocols like TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is inefficient for use in MANET implementation. This review culminates with conclusions and suggestions for future research by extolling the virtues of utilising Named Data Networking (NDN). The ultimate objective of this review is to impart a robust understanding on MANET energy efficiency aspects and empower researchers to produce energy efficient solutions for MANET.
The flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors based on faidherbia albida fruit shell derived activated carbon and MnO2/faidherbia albida fruit shell derived carbon as electrodes and PVA-KOH gel as electrolyte is synthesized. MnO2 nanowire-like structure is grafted on the faidherbia albida fruit shell-derived activated carbon via a hydrothermal synthesis method. The microstructures of the as-prepared materials are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. Due to the synergistic effects between MnO2 and waste biomass derived carbon, the MnO2/faidherbia albida fruit shell-derived carbon hybrid composite electrode presents satisfactory electrochemical performance with high specific capacitances of 426 F g−1 and 202.5 F g−1 in two different electrolytes such as 3.0 M KOH and 1.0 M Na2SO4, respectively. Furthermore, benefiting from the combination of a high specific surface area of obtained activated carbon and high specific capacitance of MnO2, an all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor exhibits a high energy density of 32 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 400 W kg−1 in the voltage range of >1.6 V, which demonstrate that the synthesized MnO2/biomass-derived activated carbon hybrid composite with unique structure has considerable potential in flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors.
In this paper, optimal energy management of interconnected multi-smart apartment buildings considering energy flow among them is presented. It is considered that each smart apartment building includes various equipment such as combined heat and power (CHP) generator, battery storage system, thermal storage system and smart appliances. To assess the effects of power exchange capability among the multiple-smart apartment buildings, two case studies are evaluated with and without considering mentioned capability. It can be found that the operation cost of the interconnected multi-smart apartment buildings by considering the effects of power exchange capability among smart apartment buildings under control and management of a home energy management system is decreased. The proposed model is formulated as mixed-integer programming (MIP) which guarantees the global optimum solution, and it is solved by General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) optimization software.
The energy crisis and plastic pollution are of growing concern worldwide. Nanogenerators converting mechanical energy to electrical energy would be of assistance. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are inexpensive, simple to fabricate, and afford high output, as revealed by extensive research over the past decade. However, most TENGs use a polymer as either the substrate or the active layer, contributing to plastic pollution. Biodegradable/edible devices are required; they are harmless when discarded. We here derive a single-electrode lightweight TENG (E-TENG) using only edible materials. Laver coated with an edible silver leaf serves as the active layer and a rice sheet as the substrate. We analyzed surface potential, morphology, and roughness; laver was triboelectrically active. The results of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, cell imaging, and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining suggest that the device minimally affected cell viability. The device was bioresorbable in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and gastric acid. Output performance was tested using paper, tissue paper, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP). The electrical performance was systematically studied; an FEP-laver E-TENG performed best (output of 23 V and current of 315 nA). The output was used to power a hygrometer, a wristwatch, green light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and ultraviolet (UV) LEDs.
Background Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over right posterior parietal cortex was shown to induce interference on visuospatial perception in healthy subjects. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is another noninvasive brain stimulation technique that works modulating cortical activity. It is applied through easy to use, noncostly, and portable devices. Objective/Hypothesis The aim of the current study was to investigate if the novel approach of “dual” stimulation over parietal cortices compared with the unilateral (right) cathodal one is able to induce greater and/or longer-lasting neglect-like effects in normal subjects performing a computerized visuospatial task. Methods Eleven healthy subjects underwent a computerized visuospatial task requiring judgments about the symmetry of prebisected lines in baseline condition, during and after tDCS. Right cathodal and left anodal tDCS were simultaneously applied over homologue posterior parietal cortices in the “dual” approach, whereas right cathodal tDCS was used in the traditional unihemisphere stimulation. Results A significant rightward bias in symmetry judgments as compared with baseline and sham conditions was observed in both the stimulation approaches. With “dual” tDCS compared with cathodal stimulation the effect was stronger and appeared earlier, but no longer-lasting after effects were found. Conclusions We speculate that the resulting modulation of interhemispheric inhibition mediated the additional rightward bias in task performance for “dual” hemisphere compared with unihemisphere tDCS. If “dual” tDCS may better reproduce mechanisms underlying real lesions, it could provide a more suitable model for rehabilitation of negligent patients.
We report the fabrication of p-type silicon (Si) photocathodes consisting of well-ordered Si microwire (Si-MW) arrays coupled with non-precious and earth-abundant amorphous oxygen-rich molybdenum oxysulfide (MoOxSy) as both a hydrogen evolution catalyst and a passivation layer. The MoOxSy is conformally grown on the Si-MW surface through photo-assisted cyclic voltammetric (CV) deposition. By adjusting the cycle numbers of the CV deposition, Si-MW array electrodes with different MoOxSy catalyst loadings (Si-MWs@MoOxSy) have been obtained and comprehensively characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopies. The photoelectrochemical performance of the Si-MWs@MoOxSy cathodes toward water reduction is investigated and compared with that of platinum nanoparticle decorated Si-MW array electrodes (Si-MWs@PtNPs). An optimized Si-MWs@MoOxSy photocathode is found to exhibit activity comparable to that of the Si-MWs@PtNPs one, with a much better stability in acidic medium. In neutral electrolyte, Si-MWs@MoOxSy outperforms Si-MWs@PtNPs in terms of both activity and stability. Given the low materials cost, easy and well-established electrode fabrication procedure, and high demonstrated photoelectrochemical performance, the Si-MWs@MoOxSy arrays reported here hold substantial promise for use as low-cost and efficient photocathodes for water reduction.
Green energy has gained growing interest due to the increasing serious environmental pollution and energy crisis. Herein, we developed an all-region-applicable moist-electric generator (MEG) based on a graphene oxide composite to harvest energy from atmospheric moisture over a wide range of temperature (−25 °C to 50 °C) and relative humidity (RH, 5–95%). It could continuously deliver a comparatively high open-circuit voltage of ∼0.6 V for more than 120 hours under an ambient environment with a small device size of only about 0.1 cm−2. The electric output could be enhanced to directly power many commercial electronic devices without the need for external rectifying circuits and capacitors. The experiments and simulations suggest that the spontaneous absorption of water molecules and the directional migration of ions within the composite mainly contribute to the electricity generation. This study provides new insights for the generation of sustained green energy from atmospheric moisture in arbitrary ambient environments, holding immense promise for widespread practical applications in complex environments.
Nowadays, hierarchically macro-/meso-/microporous 3D carbon materials have been paid more attention due to their imaginative application potential in specific electrochemistry. Here, we report a dual-template strategy using eutectic NaCl/ZnCl2 melt as airtight and swelling agent to obtain 3D mesoporous skeleton structured carbon from renewable lignin. The prepared lignin-derived biocarbon material (LN-3-1) has a high specific surface area (1289 m2 g−1), a large pore volume (2.80 cm3 g−1), and a well-connected and stable structure. LN-3-1 exhibits extremely high activity and stability in acidic medium for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), superior to Pt/C catalyst and most non noble-metal catalysts reported in recent literatures. The prepared carbon material was used as a cathode catalyst to assemble a H2-O2 single fuel cell, and its excellent catalytic performance has been confirmed with the maximum power density of 779 mW cm−2, which is one of the highest power densities among non-metallic catalysts so far. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the synergy of chlorine and nitrogen reconciles the intermediate adsorption energies, leading to an appropriate theoretical ORR onset potential. We develop a cost-effective and highly efficient method to prepare biocarbon catalyst for ORR in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells.
The global energy demand calls for more efficient storage systems. In this review, the state of the art of Li/air and Li/O2 batteries is discussed with particular attention on the more recent findings regarding all the battery compartments. Both aqueous and non-aqueous systems are considered, and the most critical issues for better battery design are addressed. Whereas the predicted charge/discharge values for these devices do justify the intense research efforts performed nowadays, great problems are still present which must be overcome in order to make Li/air and Li/O2 a reality for future large-scale applications.
All-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries were developed using elemental sulfur as a positive electrode, Li–Al alloy as a negative electrode, thio-LISICON as a solid electrolyte, and mesoporous carbon (CMK-3) as the framework for the positive electrode. The mesoporous framework provided high electrical conduction and improved electrode utilization. The sulfur provided a high reversible capacity and high current charge discharge characteristics. Sulfur introduced into the pore structure of the mesoporous carbon interacts with edges of the graphene sheet and both the sulfur and graphene layers participate in a highly reversible reaction.
Arnadottir SA, Lundin-Olsson L, Gunnarsdottir ED, Fisher AG. Application of Rasch analysis to examine psychometric aspects of the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale when used in a new cultural context. Objective To investigate by using Rasch analysis the psychometric properties of the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale when applied in a new Icelandic context. Design Cross-sectional, population-based, random selection from the Icelandic National Registry. Setting Community-based. Participants Icelanders (N=183), 65 to 88 years old, and 48% women. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure ABC, an instrument used to evaluate how confident older people are in maintaining balance and remaining steady when moving through the environment. An Icelandic translation of the ABC (ABC-ICE) scale was evaluated by implementing Rasch rating scale analysis to transform ordinal ABC-ICE scores into interval measures and evaluating aspects of validity and reliability of the scale. Results Participants were not able to differentiate reliably between the 11 rating scale categories of the ABC-ICE. Additionally, 3 items failed to show acceptable goodness of fit to the ABC-ICE rating scale model. By collapsing categories and creating a new 5-category scale, only 1 item misfit. Removing that item resulted in a modified version of ABC-ICE with 5 categories and 15 items. Both item goodness-of-fit statistics and principal components analysis supported unidimensionality of the modified ABC-ICE. The ABC-ICE measures reliably separated the sample into at least 4 statistically distinct strata of balance confidence. Finally, the hierarchical order of item difficulties was consistent with theoretic expectations, and the items were reasonably well targeted to the balance confidence of the persons tested. Conclusions Rasch analysis indicated a need to modify the ABC-ICE to improve its psychometric properties. Further studies are needed to determine if similar analyses of other versions of the ABC, including the original one, will yield similar results.
A high performance and high quality pseudorandom number generator is presented in this paper. It takes less than one clock cycle to generate a pseudorandom byte on an Intel core i3 processor and passes all the 6 TestU01 batteries of tests. The generator can work in either deterministic mode or non-deterministic mode. When working in deterministic mode, it can be used for high speed data encryption and in other applications that require deterministic and reproducible pseudorandom sequences. When working in non-deterministic mode, the generator behaves much like a true random number generator, but with the advantages of low cost, high performance, and general availability. It is good for many applications that currently rely on true random number generators
LiF–NiO composites are synthesized by the mechanical milling of LiF and Li-doped NiO (d_NiO) for 72 h. Li-d_NiO is prepared by the calcination of a mixture of Li2CO3 and NiO. The X-ray diffraction peaks of NiO are shifted by the doping and milling processes, while those of LiF disappear after milling. Rietveld analysis shows that the composites obtained by milling form solid solutions and that the Li+ and Ni2+ ions in them are disordered. LiF and Li-d_NiO samples milled individually do not exhibit a noticeable discharge capacity, while the composites show large values. The composite formed using undoped NiO without ball-milling shows a discharge capacity of 144 mA h g−1 at 0.05 C between 2.0 and 5.0 V, while the composite of LiF and 20% Li-d_NiO exhibits a discharge capacity of 247 mA h g−1. The rate capabilities of the composites increase with the Li content, and the discharge capacity of the LiF–Li-d_NiO (20%) is 146 mA h g−1 at 1 C for voltages of 2.0–4.8 V.
Novel structure NiO-graphene foam (NiO-GF) and Ni-graphene foam (Ni-GF) were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method combined with high-temperature calcination. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results proved that NiO and Ni nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and the particle size was about 10 nm. Graphene foam (GF) was made by rGO with a three-dimensional reticular structure. NiO-GF and Ni-GF were used as cathode catalysts for lithium-oxygen battery and showed a specific capacity performance of 25,986 mA h g−1 and 22,035 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1, respectively. As a three-dimensional reticular material, GF can improve the efficiency of electron transfer and provide higher surface area for NiO and Ni to grow on, which offers more active sites for catalyst. Meanwhile, NiO and Ni are capable of reducing the energy barrier of the reaction from Li and O2 to Li2O2. Three dimensional reticular material, which is made by combining rGO and NiO or Ni together, is suitable for the catalyst of lithium-oxygen battery. The research provides a new way for developing catalyst for high performance lithium-oxygen battery.
In lithium-ion batteries with carbonate electrolytes, the formation of lithium alkoxides at the anode impairs the electrochemical performance and the cycle life of the cells through destabilisation of the cathode–electrolyte interface. To fully understand the effect of electrolyte composition on the stability of the cathode–electrolyte interface, and therefore to minimise alkoxide formation and improve cycling stability, we study different carbonate solvents and mixtures thereof. Electrolytes that promote the formation of ethoxide are found to be more detrimental to the cell performance than those forming methoxide. The presence of cyclic carbonates in the electrolyte-solvent mixture alleviates the detrimental effects of ethoxide-forming solvents on the electrochemical performance of Li1.05(Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33)0.95O2 by reducing the solubility of the ethoxide.
Primary care is central for the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of symptoms and risk of OSA in primary care in Jordan.
Biological evolution has developed organs able to perform different functions as sensing and tactile motors (haptic muscles). There, different tools (one motor and several sensors) work simultaneously driven by biochemical reactions. Here we present electrochemical triple-tool (actuator-sensor-battery) trilayer artificial muscles driven by reversible electrochemical reactions including two films of conducting polymers (CPs) where every CP chain acts as a multistep molecular machine. Any imposed constant current drives the reversible oxidation of one of the CP films and the simultaneous reduction of the second CP film. The symmetric change of the reaction-driven film volume variations originates the macroscopic bending movement of the polymeric motor. The bending angle follows a linear function of the consumed charge. The simultaneous reaction-driven divergent composition (polymer/ion) variation of the two films originates a change of the potential gradient between them: the muscle potential. The evolutions of: the muscle potential, the consumed electrical energy or the consumed power are a function of (sense) the mass trailed by the muscle: the muscle senses the working mechanical conditions. The increase of the muscle potential during actuation indicates the charge of a battery. Here the trilayer is studied as a battery that charges during bending, rending back up to 83% of the charge and a fraction of the electrical energy consumed to bend the muscle during de-bending. Considering such energy recovery, the efficiency of the actuators may increase up to one order of magnitude. Three tools (actuator-sensor- battery) work simultaneously in a trilayer driven by oxidation/reduction reactions of the constitutive polypyrrole films. Only two connecting wires contain, simultaneously, actuating, sensing and battery magnitudes.
The Li atom positions are calculated in Li x TiO2 anatase, by means of periodic density functional theory calculations, followed by the predictions of the energy barriers for the mobility of Li atoms, done for the first time for a range of Li concentrations (x <0.5). A fivefold-coordinated environment was confirmed for the Li atoms in the empty octahedral sites in titanate (orthorhombic) Li x TiO2 structures. For the low Li concentration structures (anatase) a fourfold-coordination was found for the Li atoms. The energy barrier to move a Li atom from one octahedral site to a neighboring one is found to converge for x value higher than 0.5–0.6eV. The barrier used to calculate the hopping rate was found to decrease with increasing Li concentration.
To enhance the power density of vanadium flow batteries (VFBs), an advanced charged porous ion conducting membrane with high selectivity and ion conductivity and high stability is designed via establishing consecutive ion transport channels on the pore walls. The consecutive ion transport channels are constructed by introducing partial pendant hydrophilic trimethylamine (TMA) groups on the pore walls of porous membranes with internal crosslinking networks, where more protons or hydroniums are able to be transferred along the channels via Grotthuss hopping-mechanism. As a result, a VFB single cell employing the optimized membrane (TMA-5) exhibits a columbic efficiency (CE) of above 98% and a voltage efficiency (VE) of more than 90% at the current density of 80 mA cm−2. Even at a high current density of 160 mA cm−2, a battery with a TMA-5 membrane still exhibits a CE of above 99% and an energy efficiency (EE) of more than 80%, and could continuously cycle more than 1500 charge-discharge cycles. This paper provides a possible solution to break the trade-off between selectivity and ion conductivity of porous membranes.