batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In current study, nanowhisker-like NiO/carbon aerogel microbead (NiO/CAMB) composites with chestnut-like core–shell structure are prepared by in situ encapsulating method. The structure and morphology of NiO/CAMB are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results indicate that the appearance of composite becomes chestnut-like morphology with core–shell structure when NiO is coated. Electrochemical performances of the NiO/CAMB composites with different NiO contents are evaluated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results show that the supercapacitive behaviors of NiO/CAMB composites are largely improved due to the combination of electrical double-layer capacitance of CAMB and pseudo-capacitance based on the redox reaction of NiO. Especially, the 15%-NiO/CAMB composite exhibits the best capacitive properties, its specific capacitance is up to 356.2 F g−1. Besides, the symmetric supercapacitor using 15%-NiO/CAMB composite as the electrode active material shows stable cycling performance.
An important issue in various domains of renewable energy is the use of technological improvement trends to project future capabilities of energy technologies. This paper analyzes two pairs of renewable energy technologies and finds that the annual improvement rate of cost/investment is quite different for the four technological domains: namely, solar photovoltaics (PV) (9.0% per year), wind turbines (2.9%), batteries (3.1%) and capacitors (21.1%). While these trends have been reasonably consistent over long time frames, projecting these trends into the future without a better understanding of the underlying causes of the improvements is not at all reliable. This paper establishes theoretical fundamentals for explaining the differences in such rates and a framework for empirically probing such explanations using patent data. Employing this framework, this study collects and analyzes a set of highly representative patents for each of the four domains, allowing measurement of: patenting rates, reliance on scientific literature and other characteristics of the different fields. Our study of the inventions, while not establishing an indisputable causal relationship for the differing rates, establishes a broader theoretical basis for why such rates differ so greatly and why they might be stable over time. Among many possible effects, this study indicates that the age of knowledge utilized in the patents and the percentage of very important inventions in the field are the most likely significant contributors to higher rates of advance.
Hot, cold or warm, isostatic presses can offer lower tooling costs and better-quality, stronger green parts formed to close tolerances, says Erwin Vermeiren of press manufacturer EPSI…
The electrochemical reactivity of ball-milled MoO3 powders was investigated in Li rechargeable cells. High-energy ball-milling converts highly-crystalline MoO3 bulk powders into partially reduced low-crystalline MoO3−y materials with a reduced particle size. Both bulk and ball-milled MoO3 exhibit a first discharge capacity beyond 1100mAhg−1 when tested in the 0–3V (vs. Li/Li+) range, which is indicative of a complete conversion reaction. It is found that partial reduction caused by ball-milling results in a reduction in the conversion reaction. Additionally, incomplete re-oxidation during subsequent charge results in the formation of MoO2 instead of MoO3, which in turn affects the reactivity in subsequent cycles. As compared to bulk MoO3, ball-milled MoO3−y showed significantly enhanced cycle performance (bulk: 27.6% charge capacity retention at the 10th cycle vs. ball-milled for 8h: 64.4% at the 35th cycle), which can be attributed to the nano-texture wherein nanometer-sized particles aggregate to form secondary ones.
The sequential activation of immediate early (IE), early (E) and late (L) genes is required to allow productive herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Several evidences suggest that, together with inflammation, an immunological response incapable to counteract HSV-1 reactivation plays a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases. IFN-lambda (IFN-λ), a cytokine endowed with a robust antiviral activity, contains HSV-1 reactivation. HSV-1-induced IFN-λ, IL-10 and IL-1β as well as the expression of viral IE, E and L genes were analyzed in vitro in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of AD and PD patients as well as of healthy controls (HC).
Co3O4 mesoporous nanosheets/three-dimensional graphene networks (Co3O4 MNSs/3DGNs) nanohybrids have been successfully synthesized and investigated as anode materials for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Microstructure characterizations have been performed to confirm the 3DGNs and Co3O4 MNSs nanostructures. It has been found that the present Co3O4 MNSs/3DGNs nanohybrids exhibit better SIB performance with enhanced reversible capacity, good cycle performance and rate capability as compared to Co3O4 MNSs and Co3O4 nanoparticles. The improved electrochemical performance is considered due to the mesoporous nature of the products, the addition of 3DGNs, 3D assembled hierarchical architecture and decrease in volume expansion during cycling. Thus, SIB is considered as a low cost alternative to LIBs for large-scale electric storage applications.
The compounds, Li(MMn11/6)O4 (M=Mn1/6, Co1/6, (Co1/12Cr1/12), (Co1/12Al1/12), (Cr1/12Al1/12)) are synthesised by the polymer precursor method. The structure and the morphology of the compounds are studied by the Rietveld refined X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques, respectively. Density and the Brunauer, Emmet and Teller surface area (BET) of the compounds are also studied. The cobalt doped compound, Li(Co1/6Mn11/6)O4 is found to be nanosized particles in the range of 60–100nm, when compared to the other compounds in our present study. The oxidation state and the local structure of the compounds are analysed by the X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) technique. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling (30mAg−1) studies are made in the voltage range of 3.5–4.3V at room temperature for all the compounds under study. The bare and (Co1/6), and (Co1/12Cr1/12) substituted spinels are cycled at high current rates of 1, 2 and 5C (assuming 1C∼120mAg−1). Cycling results of Co-substituted spinels show better and long-term capacity retention at all the current rates. At the end of the second cycle, Li(Co1/6Mn11/6)O4 compound delivers a discharge capacity value of 100 (±3) and 87 (±3) mAhg−1 for the current rate of 2 and 5C, respectively. An excellent capacity retention value of 94% is observed at the end of the 1000 cycles for both 2 and 5C rates.
This paper develops a computational model that resolves the complex three-dimensional microstructure of Li-ion battery cathodes. The microstructural geometry is reconstructed from focused-ion-beam–scanning-electron-microscopy (FIB-SEM) experiments. Raw data from FIB-SEM experiments are processed into finite-volume discretizations that are directly suited for three-dimensional computational simulation. The model represents transport and electrochemistry within the solid phase of the electrode structure. The results predict the temporally and spatially varying Li concentrations and electrostatic potentials within the solid-phase electrode material (e.g., LiCoO2) as functions of discharge rate. The models predict global discharge characteristics that are consistent with experiment. Moreover, the results reveal significant three-dimensional spatial variations within the actual electrode structure that cannot be predicted with models based on idealized microstructures such as spherical electrode particles.
The prismatical PbSO4 microcrystals were successfully synthesized by precipitating Pb2+ ions with SO4 2− ions, which were generated from the reduction of K2S2O8 in the presence of EDTA under N2 atmosphere by γ-irradiation. It was found that EDTA and the controlled release of SO4 2− play important roles in the formation of the microcrystals.
Thermal (gas) nitridation of stainless steel alloys can yield low interfacial contact resistance (ICR), electrically conductive and corrosion-resistant nitride containing surface layers (Cr2N, CrN, TiN, V2N, VN, etc.) of interest for fuel cells, batteries, and sensors. This paper presents results of scale-up studies to determine the feasibility of extending the nitridation approach to thin 0.1mm stainless steel alloy foils for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) bipolar plates. Developmental Fe–20Cr–4V alloy and type 2205 stainless steel foils were treated by pre-oxidation and nitridation to form low-ICR, corrosion-resistant surfaces. As-treated Fe–20Cr–4V foil exhibited target (low) ICR values, whereas 2205 foil suffered from run-to-run variation in ICR values, ranging up to 2× the target value. Pre-oxidized and nitrided surface structure examination revealed surface-through-layer-thickness V-nitride particles for the treated Fe–20Cr–4V, but near continuous chromia for treated 2205 stainless steel, which was linked to the variation in ICR values. Promising corrosion resistance was observed under simulated aggressive PEMFC anode- and cathode-side bipolar plate conditions for both materials, although ICR values were observed to increase. The implications of these findings for stamped bipolar plate foils are discussed.
The influence of 90° domain boundaries in (La,Li)TiO3 (LLTO) on the Li conduction mechanism has been examined by a combination of state-of-the-art electron microscopy techniques and first-principles calculations. The atomistic structure of 90° domain boundaries in LLTO was determined from aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy images. At 90° domain boundaries, each perovskite unit of one domain is connected by an La-rich layer to units of the neighboring domain. First-principles calculations of a model domain boundary show that Li migration through the La layer has a very high activation energy, E a, of 3.58 eV, indicating that La layers serve to block Li migration. However, if La vacancies are present within La layers, the migration energy decreases significantly to 0.58 eV, a value more in line with experimental observation. The results show that Li conduction in LLTO is strongly influenced by 90° domain boundaries. The activation energy in a single crystal (E a = 0.19 eV) is much lower, suggesting that if 90° domain boundaries could be eliminated, an increase in conductivity of approximately three orders of magnitude compared with conventional LLTO could be achieved.
One hundred and sixty-one 16 to 18 year old White working class youngsters currently enrolled on post-school vocational courses at two further education colleges in central London viewed four advertisements designed to arouse interest in the idea of going to university. Two of the advertisements contain visual images with no accompanying text; two contain purely documentary information. Each advertisement relates to either a hedonistic or a utilitarian theme. Participants' responses were analyzed with respect to a person's financial status, prior knowledge of the characteristics of university life, perceptions that university attendance carries a high-risk of not obtaining long-term financial benefit, levels of personal ambition, and fear of possible social isolation consequent to enrolling on an undergraduate programme.
A mathematical model is developed to describe the energy-efficient actuator of control systems for promising autonomous vehicles (drones, torpedoes, etc.) with different current sources. The energy and dynamic characteristics of control systems with different power supplies are compared.
Nanostructured polyaniline (PANI) has the ability of fast and reversible acid/base doping/dedoping, multi-color changes and electron-donating/accepting using surface or near-surface reactions. Here we report PANI films with 3D ordered nanostructures through template-assisted electrodeposition method and aim to study the ion diffusion behavior as well as optical switching properties. It is found the ion diffusion coefficient is greatly increased because of the chain and crystalline structural modulation of deposited polyaniline arising from the template confinement effect. The ion diffusion reversibility and ion storage of 3D ordered macroporous (3DOM) PANI is highly improved due to the interconnected porous structure, which benefits for the fast penetration of ions. The optical switching properties of 3DOM PANI are also highly enhanced especially in the infrared region mainly because of the extended optical transmission path associated with the interconnected porous structure. The outstanding ion/electron doping/dedoping performance and better interaction with lights shown here render the ordered porous polyaniline a promising candidate as high-density electrochemical/electrochromic energy materials.
Few naturalistic studies have been carried out with commuter cyclists to discover the types of problems they encounter on a daily basis. The study presented here has been commissioned by the City of Stockholm municipality and focuses specifically on commuter cyclists in the Greater Stockholm area. The aim of the study was to describe and pinpoint accessibility and safety problems, but also to generate an accessible geographical interface that could serve as a traffic planning tool for cycle network improvement. Statistical surveys in the Stockholm area have shown a rapid growth in the number of cyclists as well as an increase in problems associated with an overburdened cycle infrastructure. Given the heightened emphasis on transport system sustainability, the City of Stockholm is faced with the challenging task of trying to maintain and encourage the upward trend in commuter cycling through a process that involves problem identification, classification, prioritisation and resolution. An innovative methodology involving the use of GPS logging devices and small video cameras was developed and supported with analysis software designed specifically for the purposes of this study. Experienced commuter cyclists were recruited to cycle 17 different major cycle routes to and from the suburbs and inner city area during morning and afternoon peak traffic hours during the main cycle season. Over 500 safety and accessibility/mobility problems were identified and recorded from the data collected from 16 commuter cyclists. The method and representation of data proved successful for strategic traffic planning work at City of Stockholm and has since provided invaluable input for and the development of a new cycle plan for Greater Stockholm. Indirectly, the results of this work have also contributed to longer term safety and environmental targets.
Thermodynamic cycle of adsorption cooling systems (ACS) is thoroughly studied under different operating conditions for light-duty vehicles air conditioning applications. Available ACS prototypes installed in vehicles are discussed in detail followed by different ACS thermodynamic cycle modeling. Also, equilibrium uptake and uptake rate of commonly used working pairs in ACS are summarized. The proper ACS thermodynamic cycle with capability of integration with vehicles׳ Engine Control Unit (ECU) is developed and it is validated against two sets of experimental data reported in the literature. The realistic input data in agreement with light-duty vehicles are introduced to the model as the base-case condition to produce 2kW cooling power. Sensitivity of ACS specific cooling power (SCP) and coefficient of performance (COP) are studied with respect to the input parameters. According to the results, the SCP and COP of the base-case ACS are maximized at 10–15min cycle times and adsorption to desorption time ratio (ADTR) of one. In addition, the results indicate that the adsorber bed overall heat transfer conductance and mass have the highest and the lowest effects on the SCP, respectively. Also, the results show that during the operation of ACS, the heating and cooling fluids, coolant fluid and chilled water mass flow rates do not change the SCP and COP after specific values. As a result, variable speed pumps are required to adjust these mass flow rates to reduce feeding pump powers. Finally, the results indicate that the engine coolant cannot provide enough heat for the adsorber bed desorption process under different operating conditions. Therefore, a portion of the exhaust gas of the engine is recommended to be utilized during the desorption process.
Objective Tolterodine, a drug for the treatment of overactive bladder symptoms, has a limited entry into the brain, which makes cognitive side effects seldom. However, some case reports have described central-nervous side effects such as sleepiness. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to investigate whether tolterodine-related effects on sleep stage parameters could be explained by different CYP2D6 metabolizer characteristics of subjects. Methods Data were taken from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies conducted in a cross-over design. Forty-eight volunteers underwent 4 two-night attended polysomnographic studies. Subjective quality of sleep and cognitive function were assessed. A single dose of 4mg tolterodine or placebo was administered before sleep. Forty-four volunteers gave informed consent for genotyping. We found 19 extensive metabolizers (EM), 20 intermediate metabolizers (IM), 4 poor metabolizers (PM) and 1 ultrarapid metabolizer. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding demographic data. Results Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep duration as a percentage of total sleep time showed significant reduction (p =0.019) in the group carrying one or more deficient alleles (IM+PM). No significant difference was found with two active alleles of CYP2D6 in the EM group. REM latencies under tolterodine displayed a tendency towards prolongation, which was irrespective of the metabolizer status. Subjective sleep parameters did not show statistically significant changes after tolterodine. Cognitive skills were not affected. Conclusion Our retrospective analysis reveals that a decrease of REM sleep under tolterodine is found only in individuals carrying one or two deficient CYP2D6 alleles.
Several cyclic ammonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with allyl substituent are synthesized, these allyl substituent ILs have high ionic conductivity (up to 4.72mScm−1 at 30°C) and wide electrochemical window of 5V. The electrochemical behaviors of two organometallic redox couples Fc/Fc+ (ferrocene/ferrocenium) and Cc/Cc+ (cobaltocene/cobaltocenium) have been studied in these ILs, the calculated Stokes–Einstein product (Dη T −1) of ferrocene in ILs is larger than that of cobaltocenium in ILs. The self-diffusion coefficients of cation and anion in these ILs are studied using pulsed gradient spin-echo NMR technique. There are very few reports where electrochemically derived diffusion coefficients and self diffusion coefficients are available for comparison, so a new key concept in electrochemistry could be developed in this paper.
Formic acid is investigated as a fuel for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) for the first time. Thermodynamic calculations demonstrate that carbon deposition is avoidable above 600 °C. The carbon deposition properties are also investigated experimentally by first treating a nickel plus yttria-stabilized zirconia (Ni–YSZ) anode material in particle form under a formic acid-containing atmosphere for a limited time at 500–800 °C and then analyzing the particles by O2-TPO. This analysis confirms that carbon deposition on Ni–YSZ is weak above 600 °C. We further treat half-cells composed of YSZ electrolyte and Ni–YSZ anode under formic acid-containing atmosphere at 600, 700 and 800 °C; the anodes maintain their original geometric shape and microstructure and show no obvious weight gain. It suggests that formic acid can be directly fed into SOFCs constructed with conventional nickel-based cermet anodes. I–V tests show that the cell delivers a promising peak power density of 571 mWcm−2 at 800 °C. In addition, the cells also show good performance stability. The results indicate that formic acid is highly promising as a direct fuel for SOFCs without the need for cell material modifications.
This paper presents and investigates a concept for a flexible direct methanol micro-fuel cell (FDMMFC) based on the microstructuring of a Cr/Au metalized, thin polymer film of photosensitive SU-8. The inscribed microchannels in the electrodes are 200μm×200μm in crosssection and spanning an active fuel cell area of 10mm×10mm with a Pt-black catalyst on the cathode side of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and a Pt–Ru alloy catalyst on the anode side. Subsequently, the paper focuses on a thorough electrical characterization of the FDMMFC, under the employment of a variable resistor simulating an electrical load as well as a classical galvanostatical measurement technique. The fuel cell is also tested while operating in a bent, non-flat configuration. An extensive parameter study revealed an optimal and long-term stable operating condition for the fuel cell employing for both electrodes a serpentine flow field and a volume flow rate of 0.14mlmin−1 of a 1M methanol solution at the anode side with a gas volume flow rate of 8mlmin−1 of humidified O2 at the cathode side yielding a power density of 19.0mWcm2 at 75mAcm2 at a temperature of 60°C. Furthermore, a flow-visualization of the two-phase flow occurring at the anode side has been performed by utilizing fluorescence microscopy. The strong influence of the two-phase flow on the performance of a fuel cell at high current densities becomes apparent in correlating the observed flow patterns with the corresponding current density of the polarization curve. The paper also investigates the functionality of the present FDMMFC under different bent conditions. The tests showed an insignificant drop of the electrical performance under bending due to an inhomogeneous contact resistance.
Most high capacity anode materials expand significantly during charging, such anodes must contain sufficient porosity or tough protective layer in the discharged state to enable the expansion, yet not excess porosity or low mobility of mass, which lowers the overall energy density. Here, we present a high capacity anode consisting of hierarchical mesoporous carbon nanospheres without any additives, which are derived from lignosulfonate and can be used as an excellent support for in-situ embedding NiO nanoparticles of 11 wt%. The as-prepared hybrid nanospheres have an integrated architecture with micropore-to-mesopore distribution and a surface area of 852 m2 g−1. As a result, the hybrid nanosphere anode exhibit a high discharging capacity of 863 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 is retained after 100 cycles for a Li-ion battery. When evaluated as an electrode material for supercapacitors, the as-prepared hybrid nanospheres manifest exceptional performance with a high pseudocapacitance of 508 F g−1. Remarkably, about 92% of the initial capacitance can be retained after 2000 charge/discharge cycles. This approach generates a strategy to combine metal oxide nanoparticles with nanostructured carbon derived from biomass, which is expected for a broad set of possible electrode chemistries.