batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Explicit memory for arm movements was investigated in patients with Huntington's disease (HD) and normal controls (NC). Participants recalled the end-position of arm movements determined by the examiner following an immediate or a 30-second delay that was either unfilled or filled with a motor distractor task. Movement error was measured in absolute (AE), variable (VE), and constant (CE) error. When performance was measured in AE, HD patients were impaired equally across delays compared to controls, regardless of whether the delay was filled or unfilled. HD patients did not demonstrate a directional bias (i.e., CE), but they were more inconsistent in their reproduction of arm movements (i.e., VE). Both groups were more variable in their reproduction of the movements following the delay, and were most variable when the delay was filled with motor distraction. Results preliminarily suggest that the caudate is specifically involved in the encoding, or temporary storage, of explicit motor information and may be less involved in the short-term retention of newly learned motor information. Results should be viewed somewhat cautiously, however, as the relative contributions of proprioceptive sense and primary motor functioning on task performance were not fully explored.
Two novel lectins were purified from rhizomes of two sweet flag species, namely Acorus calamus (Linn.) and Acorus gramineus (Solandin Ait.) by affinity chromatography on mannose linked epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B. The apparent molecular mass of the lectins, as determined by gel filtration chromatography, was 56 kDa for ACL and 55 kDa for AGL. In SDS–PAGE, pH 8.3, both lectins migrated with a subunit molecular mass of 13.6 kDa and 13.5 kDa, respectively, under reducing and non-reducing conditions thus indicating the absence of disulphide linkages. Acorus lectins readily agglutinated rabbit, rat and guinea pig erythrocytes. Both ACL and AGL also reacted with RBCs from sheep, goat and human ABO blood groups after neuraminidase treatment. ACL and AGL were inhibited by mannose/glucose and their derivatives. The most effective inhibitor was methyl-α-d-mannopyranoside. Acorus lectins were stable up to 55 °C, did not require metal ions for their activity and were also affected by high concentrations of denaturants like urea, thiourea and guanidine–HCl. These lectins showed potent mitogenic activity towards mouse splenocytes and human lymphocytes. Both ACL and AGL also significantly inhibited the growth of J774, a murine macrophage cancer cell-line and to lesser extent WEHI-279, a B-cell lymphoma.
A nano sulfur-based composite cathode material featured by uniform core@shell-structured sulfur@polypyrrole nanoparticles sandwiched in three-dimensional graphene sheets conductive network (S@PPy/GS) is fabricated via a facile solution-based method. The S@PPy nanoparticles are synthesized by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization of pyrrole on the surface of sulfur particles, and then graphene sheets are covered outside the S@PPy nanoparticles, forming a three-dimensional conductive network. When evaluating the electrochemical performance of S@PPy/GS in a lithium–sulfur battery, it delivers large discharge capacity, excellent cycle stability, and good rate capability. The initial discharge capacity is up to 1040 mAh/g at 0.1 C, the capacity can remain 537.8 mAh/g at 0.2 C after 200 cycles, even at a higher rate of 1 C, the specific capacity still reaches 566.5 mAh/g. The good electrochemical performance is attributed to the unique structure of S@PPy/GS, which can not only provide an excellent transport of lithium and electron ions within the electrodes, but also retard the shuttle effect of soluble lithium polysulfides effectively, thus plays a positive role in building better lithium-sulfur batteries.
The aims of the study were to compare the dimensions of oral-health-related quality-of-life measured by a generic health state measure, the EuroQol, and a specific oral health measure, the Oral Health Impact Profile.
This literature review discusses specific issues related to handling of waste containing nanomaterials. The aims are (1) to highlight problems related to uncontrolled release of nanoparticles to the environment through waste disposal, and (2) to introduce the topics of nanowaste and nanotoxicology to the waste management community. Many nanoparticles used by industry contain heavy metals, thus toxicity and bioaccumulation of heavy metals contained in nanoparticles may become important environmental issues. Although bioavailability of heavy metals contained in nanoparticles can be lower than those present in soluble form, the toxicity resulting from their intrinsic nature (e.g. their size, shape or density) may be significant. An approach to the treatment of nanowaste requires understanding of all its properties – not only chemical, but also physical and biological. Progress in nanowaste management also requires studies of the environmental impact of the new materials. The authors believe Amara’s law is applicable to the impact of nanotechnologies, and society might overestimate the short-term effects of these technologies, while underestimating the long-term effects. It is necessary to have basic information from companies about the level and nature of nanomaterials produced or emitted and about the expectation of the life cycle time of nanoproducts as a basis to estimate the level of nanowaste in the future. Without knowing how companies plan to use and store recycled and nonrecycled nanomaterials, development of regulations is difficult. Tagging of nanoproducts is proposed as a means to facilitate separation and recovery of nanomaterials.
Reduced graphene oxide/tin oxide composite is prepared by homogenous coprecipitation. Characterizations show that tin oxide particles are anchored uniformly on the surface of reduced graphene oxide platelets. As an anode material for Li ion batteries, it has 2140mAhg−1 and 1080mAhg−1 capacities for the first discharge and charge, respectively, which is more than the theoretical capacity of tin oxide, and has good capacity retention with a capacity of 649mAhg−1 after 30 cycles. The simple synthesis method can be readily adapted to prepare other composites containing reduced graphene oxide as a conducting additive that, in addition to supporting metal oxide nanoparticles, can also provide additional Li binding sites to, perhaps, further enhance capacity.
This study examined women's looking time towards female faces while they judged them for attractiveness, prettiness, cuteness and beauty. In Study 1, ratings were similar for scales of attractiveness and prettiness, and participants looked longer at prettier over less pretty faces. Judging female faces on the basis of attractiveness did not elicit visual preferences, although in this case females’ biases to look at attractive women might have been inhibited by the physical presence of an experimenter while looking times were being recorded. In Study 2, duration of viewing time was computer-recorded without participants’ knowledge, after priming them to judge faces in terms of attractiveness, prettiness, beauty or cuteness. Viewing time increased with face appeal; the differences between low and high appeal faces turned out to be greatest when participants evaluated them in terms of attractiveness and least apparent when asked to judge them in cuteness. In conclusion, both studies revealed a correspondence between aesthetic and looking preferences, yet some variation in women's visual attention depending on how female beauty is labeled.
Composite membranes formed of zeolitic fillers embedded in Nafion can be made by evaporating the solvents from a suspension of small zeolite crystals in a Nafion solution. Two natural zeolites were selected as fillers: chabazite and clinoptilolite. Membranes with various zeolite content were obtained. Composite membranes with zeolite content up to 40 vol.% exhibited uniform distribution of the zeolite fillers throughout the thickness, as ascertained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-rays absorption (EDX) and ion conductivity measurements. Although more brittle than Nafion, these composite sheets retain—when hydrated—reasonable flexibility below 40 vol.% zeolite content. We have determined the hydrogen ion conductivity and the permeability of methanol molecules through these membranes (in the H+-form as well as in the Na+-form) in the temperature range 22–60°C. We found that the presence of the zeolitic fillers in the membranes can bear notable changes of conductivity, permeability and selectivity with respect to membranes made out of sole Nafion.
A variety of amorphous manganese oxide electrode materials with uniform nonspherical hollow interiors are prepared via sacrificial template-engaged redox etching of the corresponding shape-controlled Cu2O nanocrystals in KMnO4 aqueous solution at room temperature. The obtained materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and N2 adsorption–desorption. The amorphous manganese oxide hollow materials not only well inherit the size and shape of Cu2O nonspherical precursor, but also show a manganese average oxidation state of 3.7 and large specific surface area (about 198 m2 g−1). The electrochemical measurements show that the capacitance of the as-prepared amorphous manganese oxide electrode materials with uniform nonspherical hollow interiors is connects with their specific surface area. The amorphous manganese oxide star hollow architecture exhibits not only high specific capacitance of 366 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1, but also relatively good cycle stability (93.1% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles at a scan rate of 20 mV s−1), which make it have a potential application as a supercapacitor electrode material.
Decarbonizing world economies implies the deployment of “green technologies”, meaning a renovation of the energy sector towards using renewable sources and zero emission transport technologies. This renovation will require huge amounts of raw materials, some of them with high supply risks. To assess such risks a new methodology is proposed, identifying possible bottlenecks of future demand versus geological availability. This has been applied to the world development of wind power, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal power and passenger electric vehicles for the 2016–2050 time period under a business as usual scenario considering the impact on 31 different raw materials. As a result, 13 elements were identified to have very high or high risk, meaning that these could generate bottlenecks in the future: cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, indium, lithium, manganese, nickel, silver, tellurium, tin and zinc. Tellurium, which is mostly demanded to manufacture solar photovoltaic cells, presents the highest risk. To overcome these constraints, measures consisting on improving recycling rates from 0.1% to 4.6% per year could avoid material shortages or restrictions in green technologies. For instance, lithium recycling rate should increase from 1% to 4.8% in 2050. This study aims to serve as a guideline for developing eco-design and recycling strategies.
Selenite (SeO32−) oxyanion shows severe toxicity to biota. Different bacterial strains exist that are capable of reducing SeO32− to non-toxic elemental selenium (Se0), with the formation of Se nanoparticles (SeNPs). These SeNPs might be exploited for technological applications due to their physico-chemical and biological characteristics. The present paper discusses the reduction of selenite to SeNPs by a strain of Bacillus sp., SeITE01, isolated from the rhizosphere of the Se-hyperaccumulator legume Astragalus bisulcatus.
Due to communication and technology developments, residential consumers are enabled to participate in Demand Response Programs (DRPs), control their consumption and decrease their cost by using Household Energy Management (HEM) systems. On the other hand, capability of energy storage systems to improve the energy efficiency causes that employing Phase Change Materials (PCM) as thermal storage systems to be widely addressed in the building applications. In this paper, an operational model of HEM system considering the incorporation of more than one type of PCM in plastering mortars (hybrid PCM) is proposed not only to minimize the customer’s cost in different DRPs but also to guaranty the habitants’ satisfaction. Moreover, the proposed model ensures the technical and economic limits of batteries and electrical appliances. Different case studies indicate that implementation of hybrid PCM in the buildings can meaningfully affect the operational pattern of HEM systems in different DRPs. The results reveal that the customer’s electricity cost can be reduced up to 48% by utilizing the proposed model.
A novel nanostructured leady oxides comprising porous carbon skeleton has been synthesized by thermal decomposition of lead citrate precursor, recovered from spent lead-acid battery paste. The influences of O2 percentage in the calcination atmosphere (O2/N2 mixture) and the temperature on leady oxide product characteristics are studied by chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The major crystalline phases of the products are identified as lead oxides, metallic Pb, and carbon. Porous carbon is observed as skeletons within the leady oxide (PbO containing some Pb metal) particles. Mass percentage of Pb metal in the leady oxide increases with increasing the proportion of oxygen in the calcination atmosphere. However, the amount of carbon decreases from approximately 8.0 to 0.3 wt%, and the porous carbon skeleton structure is gradually damaged with oxygen concentration increasing. A model about the thermal decomposition of lead citrate precursor is firstly proposed to elucidate these observations. The nanostructured leady oxides combined with porous carbon can be directly used as precursor of active materials in a new lead acid battery.
Battery electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles demand batteries that can store large amounts of energy in addition to accommodating large charge and discharge currents without compromising battery life. Lithium–titanate batteries have recently become an attractive option for this application. High current thresholds allow these cells to be charged quickly as well as supply the power needed to drive such vehicles. These large currents generate substantial amounts of waste heat due to loss mechanisms arising from the cell's internal chemistry and ohmic resistance. During normal vehicle operation, an active cooling system must be implemented to maintain a safe cell temperature and improve battery performance and life. This paper outlines a method to conduct thermal analysis of lithium–titanate cells under laboratory conditions. Thermochromic liquid crystals were implemented to instantaneously measure the entire surface temperature field of the cell. The resulting temperature measurements were used to evaluate the effectiveness of an active cooling system developed and tested in our laboratory for the thermal management of lithium–titanate cells.
A simulation model of a small-scale solid oxide iron–air battery system was developed to clarify its fundamental characteristics and feasibility from the view point of energy efficiency. The energy flow in one cycle of charge/discharge operations was evaluated under a quasi-state assumption with 0-dimensional models of the system components, i.e., a solid oxide electrochemical cell, an iron (Fe) box and heat exchangers. Special care was taken when considering thermal aspects; not only a simple system but also a more complicated system with thermal recirculation by three heat exchangers was investigated. It was found that the system round-trip efficiency reaches 61% under the base conditions in this study. The results also show that several limitations exist for the operation parameters and conditions in view of practical applications. In particular, higher and lower limits exist for the fuel and air utilization factors under which the system operates effectively because of constraints such as the maximum allowable fuel-blower temperature and no heat input during the discharge operation.
The Li metal anode is considered as one of the most promising candidates for next generation Li metal batteries (LMBs) due to the unique properties of high specific capacity, low potential and light weight. However, the crucial problems, including serious Li dendrite growth, undesired side reactions and infinite volume changes, are still big challenges for Li metal anodes, which can not only lead to the low Coulombic efficiency, but also can create short circuit risks. In this paper, we propose a novel and universal approach to achieve long life time and dendrite-free Li metal anodes by introducing carbon paper (CP) as an interlayer. As a result, the as-designed electrodes can deliver extremely high capacity (up to 3mAhcm−2 and 5mAhcm−2), superior stable performances (620h/265 cycles with 3mAhcm−2) and high operational current densities (3mAcm−2 and 5mAcm−2). Meanwhile, the electrodes also can demonstrate high capacity and long life time in full cells using carbon-coated LiFePO4 (C/LiFePO4) as the cathode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and molecular layer deposition (MLD) coated C/S as cathode for Li-S batteries. These new findings could open a new window for the fabrication of safe, long life time and dendrite-free Li metal anodes.
Adults with periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) have epilepsy and dyslexia, but most have normal intelligence. It is not known whether PNH-related reading difficulty can be detected earlier in childhood or whether associated behavioral problems are present. We studied 10 children with PNH, 3 of whom did not have seizures, and 10 matched controls with neuropsychological testing and parental rating instruments at two time points separated by about 1year. Children with PNH performed significantly worse than controls on a task related to reading fluency. In addition, those with PNH showed significantly worse adaptive skills, and a measure of conduct problems significantly worsened over time. Mood and behavioral problems were reported more commonly, though not significantly so, in children with PNH. These findings demonstrate that reading dysfluency can be evident in children with nodular heterotopia, even in the absence of epilepsy, but also highlight difficulties with behavior in this population.
The influence of various conditions on the heat treatment step in preparing manganese dioxide for primary lithium batteries is reported. Heating environments considered are static air, flowing air and mechanical tumbling, while the heating atmospheres are flowing gases of air, O2, N2, Ar, 9:1 N2/H2, and under vacuum. The heat treated materials are characterised by the percentage of electrochemically active Mn(IV), cation vacancy and pyrolusite fractions, and BET surface area, which are the most influential parameters. Many materials made in this study show better electrochemical performance than literature materials, with primary capacities up to 263 mAh g− 1 (2 mA g− 1 discharge rate), which is 85% of the nominal MnO2 utilisation, but 98% utilisation of the electrochemically active Mn(IV) species. In particular, changing the environment from static air to mechanical tumbling results in a significant increase in primary capacity, with the additional utilisation of 3–13% of the material across the 2–20 mA g− 1 discharge rates, and up to 98% utilisation of Mn(IV). In addition, flowing air and oxygen atmospheres were also advantageous, with high primary capacities (260–262 mA g− 1 at 2 mA g− 1) and excellent utilisation of the active material (up to 97% for flowing oxygen).
The need for a quick yet informative technique for diagnosing the lithium-ion batteries is escalating. Conventional impedance-based diagnosis methods are usually time-demanding for a complete electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement and involve complicated calculations to extract battery information, which therefore have limited applications in battery monitoring. In this study, we propose a multi-point impedance technique, involving impedance measurement on three characteristic frequency points and being able to separate ohmic, contact and solid electrolyte interphase resistances. The characteristic frequency points are calibrated using distribution of relaxation time method. This multi-point impedance technique holds potential for large-scale high-throughput battery monitoring and screening.
High-temperature CO2 electrolysers offer exceptionally efficient storage of renewable electricity in the form of CO and other chemical fuels, but conventional electrodes catalyse destructive carbon deposition. Ceria catalysts are known carbon inhibitors for fuel cell (oxidation) reactions; however, for more severe electrolysis (reduction) conditions, catalyst design strategies remain unclear. Here we establish the inhibition mechanism on ceria and show selective CO2 to CO conversion well beyond the thermodynamic carbon deposition threshold. Operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy during CO2 electrolysis—using thin-film model electrodes consisting of samarium-doped ceria, nickel and/or yttria-stabilized zirconia—together with density functional theory modelling, reveal the crucial role of oxidized carbon intermediates in preventing carbon build-up. Using these insights, we demonstrate stable electrochemical CO2 reduction with a scaled-up 16 cm2 ceria-based solid-oxide cell under conditions that rapidly destroy a nickel-based cell, leading to substantially improved device lifetime.
Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries are recently gaining incremental attention because of low cost and material abundance, but their development is plagued by limited choice of cathode materials with satisfactory cycling performance. Here, we report a porous V2O5 nanofibers cathode with high Zn-storage performance in an aqueous Zn(CF3SO3)2 electrolyte. We propose a reaction mechanism based on phase transition from orthorhombic V2O5 to zinc pyrovanadate on first discharging and reversible Zn2+ (de)intercalation in the open-structured hosts during subsequent cycling. This open and stable architecture enables a high reversible capacity of 319 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1 and a capacity retention of 81% over 500 cycles. The remarkable electrochemical performance makes V2O5 a promising cathode for aqueous zinc-ion batteries.
Assessment of CO-tolerance for different anode catalysts (Pt/C, PtRu/C and PtSn/C) at 50°C and PtRu/C at different operating temperatures in the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) was evaluated using ac impedance spectroscopy. Impedance measurements for the oxidation of a H2+2% CO mixture reported that at a critical potential (referred to as the onset potential), ‘pseudo-inductive’ behavior appears, the value of which is different for different anode catalysts (0.70, 0.45 and 0.30 V for Pt/C, PtRu/C and PtSn/C at 50°C, respectively) and strongly dependent upon working temperatures (0.50, 0.45 and 0.40 V for PtRu/C at 25, 50 and 70°C, respectively). Based on that, we proposed that this onset potential for the ‘pseudo-inductive’ behavior can be used as a new criterion for the evaluation of CO-tolerance for different anode catalysts at different operating temperatures.