batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Shortly after movement termination, there is a strong increase or resynchronization of the beta rhythm (15–30 Hz) across the sensorimotor network of humans, known as the post-movement beta rebound (PMBR). This response has been associated with active inhibition of the motor network following the completion of a movement, sensory afferentation of the sensorimotor cortices, and other functions. However, studies that have directly probed the role of the PMBR in movement execution have reported mixed results, possibly due to differences in the amount of total motor output and/or movement complexity. Herein, we used magnetoencephalography during an isometric-force control task to examine whether alterations in the timing of motor termination demands modulate the PMBR, independent of differences in the motor output itself. Briefly, we manipulated the amount of time between the cue to initiate the force and the cue to terminate the force, such that participants were either forced to terminate quickly or slowly. We also performed a control experiment to test for temporal predictability effects. Our results indicated that the PMBR was stronger immediately following movement termination in the prefrontal cortices, supplementary motor area, left postcentral gyrus, paracentral lobule, and parietal cortex when participants were forced to terminate more quickly. These results were not attributable to the temporal predictability of each condition. These findings support the notion that the PMBR response at least partially serves motor inhibition, independent of the parameters within the motor output itself, and that particular nodes of the motor network may be differentially modulated by motor termination.
N-doped carbon and TiN composite conductive structure with homogeneous distribution on the surface and in the bulk of spinel lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) nanoparticles is prepared via a simple one-step chemical vapor deposition assisted solid-state route in the presence of layered structure sodium titanate nanotubes as the titanium source and ethylenediamine as the carbon and nitrogen source. Results indicate that as-fabricated Li4Ti5O12 samples containing N-doped carbon and TiN composite conductive structure exhibit markedly improved electrochemical properties as compared with pristine Li4Ti5O12. Particularly, the electrode made from Li4Ti5O12 containing N-doped carbon and TiN composite conductive structure obtained after 60min of treatment in the presence of ethylenediamine has a high capacity of 162 mAh·g−1 at a charge/discharge rate of 20C as well as a substantial capacity of 92% and a capacity retention of 75% after 2500 cycles at 10C, showing superior electrochemical performance and great potential as an anode material for high-rate lithium-ion batteries. The enhanced electrochemical performance of the composite electrodes can be attributed to the small size of Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles as well as the uniform distribution of N-doped carbon and TiN composite conductive structure on the surface and in the bulk of Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles.
The MMPI and MMPI-2 validity scales have long been accepted as standard tools in the assessment of feigned mental disorders (FMD) based on their extensive empirical validation. Studies are now examining MMPI-2-RF with modified validity scales plus the new Infrequent Somatic Responses Scale (FS) and the recently-adapted Response Bias Scale (RBS). The current investigation used a known-groups design to examine the effectiveness of the MMPI-2-RF for differentiating FMD and feigned cognitive impairment (FCI) from patients with genuine disorders for a large civil forensic sample. Criterion measures included the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms-2 (SIRS-2) for the FMD group, and below-chance performances on the Victoria Symptom Validity Test (VSVT) and the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) for the FCI group. For FMD, both F-r and FP-r produced very large effect sizes (ds > 2.00). Moreover, the absence of severe elevations (≥80 T) on F-r proved effective at ruling-out most FMD. For the current study, a FP-r cut score ≥90 T for FMD produced virtually no false-positives (0.01) and only a moderate level of false-alarms. As predicted by its detection strategies, most MMPI-2-RF validity scales have limited effectiveness with the FCI group. However, FBS-r and RBS may be useful in conjunction with other clinical data for ruling out FCI for genuine neuropsychological consults. An entirely separate concern is whether certain diagnostic groups, such as major depression, will have marked elevations on MMPI-2-RF scales thereby increasing the likelihood of false-positives. On this point, FP-r performed exceptionally well with unelevated scores (Ms < 55 T) consistently across diagnostic categories.
A new freestanding Fe3C/carbon nanofiber (CNF) film is developed using a facile one-pot electrospinning method as an interlayer for high performance lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. The interlayer placed between the separator and the sulfur cathode plays many synergistic roles, offering (i) a number of macropores within the nanofiber web to facilitate ion transport and electrolyte penetration, (ii) nitrogen-containing functional groups that entrap soluble polysulfides by strong interatomic attraction, and (iii) much enhanced electron/ion transfer due to the high electrical conductivity of the CNF web. The battery delivers an excellent specific discharge capacity of 893 mA h/g after 100 cycles, maintaining 76% of its initial capacity of 1177 mA h/g. These values are among the highest for those reported recently with similar nanocarbon-based interlayers in terms of rate capability and cyclic stability.
Juvenile neuronal-ceroid-lipofuscinosis (JNCL) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in CLN3. The most frequent mutation is a 1.02-kb deletion that, when homozygous, causes the classical clinical presentation. Patients harboring mutations different than the major deletion show a marked clinical heterogeneity, including protracted disease course with possible involvement of extraneuronal tissues. Cardiac involvement is relatively rare in JNCL and it is usually due to myocardial storage of ceroid-lipofuscinin. Only recently, histopathological findings of autophagic vacuolar myopathy (AVM) were detected in JNCL patients with severe cardiomyopathy. We describe a 35-year-old male showing a delayed-classic JNCL with visual loss in childhood and neurological manifestations only appearing in adult life. He had an unusual CLN3 genotype with an unreported deletion (p.Ala349_Leu350del) and the known p.His315Glnfs*67 mutation. Autophagic vacuolar myopathy was shown by muscle biopsy. At clinical follow-up, moderately increased CPK levels were detected whereas periodic cardiac assessments have been normal to date. Adult neurologists should be aware of protracted JNCL as cause of progressive neurological decline in adults. The occurrence of autophagic vacuolar myopathy necessitates periodic cardiac surveillance, which is not usually an issue in classic JNCL due to early neurological death.
The solvent 1,2-butylene carbonate (1,2-BC) displays a set of properties and a price comparable with that of propylene carbonate (PC). In this work we investigate the use of 1,2-BC in combination with the salt butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (Pyr14BF4). We showed that the electrolyte 1.5 M Pyr14BF4 in BC displays good conductivities and viscosities, and that is use allows the realization of EDLCs with operative cell potential as high as 3.15 V. These high potential devices display good cycling stability at room temperature. At higher temperature their stability appears comparable of that of devices containing standard electrolytes.
The kinetics of LiCoO2 electrodes with different carbon ratios in alkaline aqueous solutions was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The composition of the electrode influences the mechanism controlling the interface. The redox reactions identified by CV indicated the potential regions where the charge transfer process is the dominant mechanism. EIS in (Li2SO4 +LiOH) alkaline solutions characterized different interfacial mechanisms when potential bias was applied to electrodes formed with different acetylene carbon (AC)/LiCoO2 ratios. The different carbon/active ratios revealed different interfacial characteristics due to the cylindrical porous distribution of the composite electrode. DC and AC techniques were performed to characterize the interfacial mechanisms influenced by composite ratio, particle geometry and distribution under bias conditions. Transmission line modeling (TLM) was used to characterize the impedance signal resulting from the physical parameters influencing the mechanisms occurring at the porous composite layer/electrolyte interface. Interfacial mechanisms associated with TLM elements helped to quantitatively characterize the functionality of the different LiCoO2/AC ratios present in the electrode compositions. The proposed TL model was validated with the experimental data and high surface characterization, resulting in good agreement.
The Wireless Integrated Microsystems Engineering Research Center’s Intraocular Sensor (WIMS-ERC IOS) was studied as a model system for an integrated, autonomous implantable device. In the present study, we had four objectives: (1) select and designing an optimized power supply for the WIMS-IOS; (2) develop a fabrication technique allowing small scale, low-cost, and integrable fabrication for CMOS systems, and experimentally demonstrate a microscopic power source; (3) map capacity and lifetime of several fabricated microbatteries; (4) determine the effects of miniaturization on capacity, lifetime and device architecture. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) was used to deposit thin layers (≤1μm) of metal sequentially onto glass substrates (SiO2, as used in the device). To map the influence of size over cell capacity and cycle life, we fabricated and tested five stand-alone cells using a Solartron® 1470E battery tester and a Maccor® 4000 series tester. A sixth battery was fabricated to investigate the effects of system integration, variable discharge rate and size reduction simultaneously. The highest experimental capacity among the larger cells O(cm2) was 100μAh, achieved by IOS-C-1 at 250μA (1.4C) discharge. Among O(mm2) cells, IOS-M-1 achieved the highest capacity (2.75μAh, ∼76% of theoretical) at 2.5μA discharge (0.7C rate).
An easy and sensitive electrochemical method for determining the number of carboxyl groups on carbon black (Vulcan XC 72R) was developed. This involves the modification of carboxyl groups on Vulcan XC 72R with an electrochemically active reagent (3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine) in the presence of a carbodiimide. The amount of reagent immobilized on a carboxyl group of Vulcan XC 72R was determined by cyclic voltammetry. Separation of the covalently bonded and physically adsorbed 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine molecules is important. For this purpose, treatment with 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine but without carbodiimide was performed, and the results were compared with those with the carbodiimide. This comparison can be used to assess the influence of the physical adsorption of 3,4-dihydroxylbenzylamine, and the number of molecules covalently bonded to carboxyl group can be determined quantitatively. Unoxidized and air-oxidized Vulcan XC 72R were evaluated with regard to the number of carboxyl groups per surface area. The effect of oxidation on the number of carboxyl groups is discussed.
An 18650 lithium ion cell was evaluated using dynamic stress test (DST) protocol for cycle life study. Reference performance tests were applied every 60 DST cycles to quantify capacity fade and peak power capability (PPC) degradation with cycles to the end of life. A quantitative incremental capacity analysis (ICA) was applied to identify extrinsic and intrinsic contributions to capacity fading, whereas the open circuit voltage (OCV) measurements were utilized to determine the correct state of charge (SOC) in order to accurately correlate the capacity fade with SOC. The analysis also helps us identify that cell polarization resistance change in the cycles is the primary culprit that bifurcates to both extrinsic and intrinsic origins in capacity fade and PPC degradation. This analysis allows us to develop better understanding in predicting battery performance and life in the rechargeable lithium batteries.
Calcia stabilized zirconia (Ca0.15Zr0.85O1.85) (CSZ) an oxygen ion conducting electrolyte was synthesized from mixed oxalate precursor, namely calcium zirconyl oxalate (CZO). CZO heated in microwave heating system for 1h yielded the stabilized zirconia in the cubic form at 400°C. Same precursor (CZO) heated in resistance heated furnace for 1h yielded pure CSZ at 800°C. Thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction techniques were used to characterize the precursor and optimize the conditions for microwave processing. BET surface areas of CSZ powders prepared by conventional and microwave heating method at 800 and 400°C are 3.28 and 4.46m2 g−1, respectively.
Nb-doped LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 materials have been synthesized through a solid-state reaction, and Nb doping achieves some encouraging results. Both crystal domain size and electronic conductivity are influenced by this kind of doping. The lattice parameter of the Nb-doped LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 samples are slightly larger than that of pure LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 samples, and Nb doping does not change the basic spinel structure. Even though the material has a particle size of 1–2 μm, the capacity retention is improved remarkably compared to that of the undoped one when charge-discharged at high rates. The LiNi0.525Mn1.425Nb0.05O4 has a discharge capacity of 102.7 mAh g−1 at 1 C charge–discharge rate after 100 cycles. Though all samples exhibit similar initial discharge capacities at various high C rates, the Nb-doped LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 samples display remarkable cyclabilities. Capacity retention of Nb-doped LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 is excellent without a significant capacity loss at various high C rates. This is ascribed to a smaller crystallite, a higher conductivity, and a higher lithium diffusion coefficient (D Li) observed in this material. As a result, our microscale Nb-doped LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 can be used for battery applications that require high power and long life, including HEVs and energy storage devices for renewable energy systems.
Asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) are routinely fabricated using battery-type electrode materials as a positive electrode and electrochemical double layer materials as a negative electrode; the mass-loading in the electrodes is determined by assuming both to be capacitive charge storage materials. This protocol is erroneous as the cyclic voltammograms and galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of the resulting devices showed dissimilarity in the stored charges of the two electrodes and battery-type behaviors, respectively. Herein, we show by employing two choices of battery-type electrodes as positive electrodes and commercial activated carbon as negative electrode in 3M LiOH electrolyte that equal mass loading in both electrodes leads to supercapacitive charge storage. The positive electrode to negative electrode mass ratio is varied from 0.75 to 1.5 in a mass interval of 0.25 which includes a mass ratio of the conventional method. The electrochemical studies of the fabricated ASCs show that the charge storage capabilities depend on the electrode mass. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies show that the equal mass ratio has low series and charge transfer resistances and wider frequency dispersion of capacitance.
Binder formulations based on N-methylpyrrolidone/polyvinylidene fluoride (NMP/PVdF) or water/carboxymethyl cellulose (H2O/CMC) are state of the art in the fabrication of anodes for lithium-ion battery (LIB) applications. However, in combination with metallic lithium these materials tend to degrade. Therefore, for the production and operation of anodes employing metallic lithium particles another binder system, which is flexible, chemically and electrochemically inert, inexpensive, commercially available and, especially for industrial applications, usable within a broad temperature range, is needed. Polyisobutylene (PIB) is able to fulfil these criteria. The advantages of this binder are its inert structure and its solubility in alkanes (e.g. heptane), which are inert against lithium metal, as well. In this work we will introduce heptane/PIB as a binder formulation for the preparation of electrodes from coated lithium powder (CLiP) particles. We demonstrate that CLiP electrodes fabricated with this binder system exhibit better electrochemical performance than electrodes made with NMP/PVdF or tetrahydrofuran (THF)/PVdF formulations. Furthermore, CLiP immersed in heptane/PIB show also better thermal stability compared to CLiP immersed in NMP/PVdF and THF/PVdF.
SnO2 is considered as one of the most promising anode material because of its high lithium storage capability. However, poor cycling performance caused by serious aggregation and considerable volume change upon cycling hampers its industrial application. In this paper, a simple synthesis route is demonstrated for the preparation of SnO2@graphene@graphene (SnO2@G@G) for Lithium ion battery applications. The graphene was initially treated using strong sonicate to form numerous highly dispersed small graphene nanosheets (SGNSs) in the solution. SnO2@graphene (SnO2@G) composite is obtained in the form of a nonwoven mat by electrospinning followed by calcination at 450°C in air. SnO2@G@G composite was prepared by using a simple solution mixing method. The novel SnO2@G@G composite exhibits enhanced electrochemical performance as anode material for LIBs. Furthermore, this simple and efficient synthesis strategy is versatile and can be extended to fabrication of various types of composites between graphene and metal oxides which could be widely used in many fields, like transparent and flexibility electrode.
Unknown Note: Page numbers with “f” and “t” denote figures and tables, respectively.
Abstracts High crystalline Na2Ni[Fe(CN)6] particles are synthesized by a new electrostatic spray assisted coprecipitation method. Their structures and electrochemical properties are analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and galvanostatic cell cycling and so on. Given its highly stable structure, the optimized Na2Ni[Fe(CN)6] cathode shows impressive cycling performance with high retention capacity of 89% after 440 cycles at 1 C and excellent rate capability of 56 mAh g−1 at 25 C. In addition, the optimized Na2Ni[Fe(CN)6] cathode achieves superior low temperature performances with retains 87% capacity after 440 cycles at 0 °C and a stable capacity of 54 mAh g−1 can be delivered even at −25 °C after 440 cycles. Such a Na2Ni[Fe(CN)6] sample provides a promising cathode for sodium-ion batteries in large-scale storage systems.
A first time report on the reactive sensing capabilities of polyaniline (PANI) is presented. Microfibrous silk fibroin mats were coated with polyaniline (PANI) through in situ chemical polymerization. The mat gives closed coulovoltammetric responses in acidic aqueous solution, indicating that only reversible PANI oxidation/reduction reactions occur. Inside the reversible range the chronopotentiometric responses change with (sense) the reaction variables: electrolyte concentration, pH, temperature and driving current. The potential of the materials, or the consumed electrical energy, for a constant reaction time follow the linear or semilogarithmic relationships with each of the experimental variables predicted by the electrochemical kinetics. The reversible charge from the closed coulovoltammetric loop also senses the chemical or thermal energetic conditions of the reaction acting on the conformational movements getting deeper oxidation states for rising energetic working conditions.
This paper addresses different techniques for modelling electrochemical energy storage (ES) devices in insular power network applications supported on real data. The first contribution is a comprehensive performance study between a set of competing electrochemical energy storage technologies: Lithium-ion (Li-ion), Nickel–Cadmium (NiCd), Nickel–Metal Hydride (NiMH) and Lead Acid (PbA) batteries. As a second contribution, several key engineering parameters with regards to the PbA battery-based storage solution are examined, such as cell charge distribution, cell string configuration and battery capacity fade. Finally, as a third contribution, an ES system operating criterion is discussed and proposed to manage the inherent rapid aging of the batteries due to their cycling activity. The simulation results are supported on real data from two non-interconnected power grids, namely Crete (Greece) and São Miguel (Portugal) Islands, for demonstration and validation purposes.
Historically, most attention in public programs has been given to the resources devoted to the activity, and resources have been used to index both commitment and quality. Education differs from other areas of public expenditure because direct measures of outcomes are available, making it is possible to consider results and, by implication, to consider the efficiency of provision. Early interpretations of the evidence, emanating from popular interpretations of the Coleman Report that “schools do not make a difference”, are incorrect, but the basic evidence behind the statement suggests serious performance problems of government supply, because purchased inputs to schools are not closely related to outcomes. This paper reviews that evidence along with providing an evaluation of the various controversial aspects including issues of causality, consumer behavior, and estimation approaches. Two detailed policy areas are discussed in terms of the evidence on performance: public versus private provision and the financing of schools.
A comparative analysis of the electrochemical behavior and Li+ transport characteristics of thin-layer LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 intercalation electrodes comprised of micro- or nano-sized particles in standard Li salt solutions, was carried out and is reported herein. These electrodes were free of any conductive additives and polymeric binder in order to avoid their complex impact on the electrochemical response of the active mass. It was clearly established that the electrodes prepared from nanoparticles of the active mass show faster kinetics and a more reversible electrochemical behavior compared to the electrodes comprising microparticles. The response of the nanoparticles to electrochemical techniques such as linear sweep voltammetry and potentiostatic intermittent titration (PITT) is characterized by high resolution. Thus D versus E could be calculated very precisely. It was encouraging to realize the good performance of the electrodes comprising nano-LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4, in spite of their high surface area and their high operating voltage.