batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Cathode Ray Tube, CRT, waste glass recycling has plagued glass manufacturers, electronics recyclers and electronics waste policy makers for decades because the total supply of waste glass exceeds demand, and the formulations of CRT glass are ill suited for most reuse options. The solutions are to separate the undesirable components (e.g. lead oxide) in the waste and create demand for new products. Achieving this is no simple feat, however, as there are many obstacles: limited knowledge of waste glass composition; limited automation in the recycling process; transportation of recycled material; and a weak and underdeveloped market. Thus one of the main goals of this paper is to advise electronic glass recyclers on how to best manage a diverse supply of glass waste and successfully market to end users. Further, this paper offers future directions for academic and industry research. To develop the recommendations offered here, a combination of approaches were used: (1) a thorough study of historic trends in CRT glass chemistry; (2) bulk glass collection and analysis of cullet from a large-scale glass recycler; (3) conversations with industry members and a review of potential applications; and (4) evaluation of the economic viability of specific uses for recycled CRT glass. If academia and industry can solve these problems (for example by creating a database of composition organized by manufacturer and glass source) then the reuse of CRT glass can be increased.
Objectives: To investigate the effects of epilepsy on neuropsychologic performance in Greek-Cypriot adults and to assess quality of life (QOL) in Greek-Cypriots with epilepsy. Design: Between-group experimental design. Setting: Standard clinical setting and neurologic and genetics institute. Participants: 30 Greek-Cypriot adults with chronic epilepsy (age range, 18−55y; mean age, 34.27±11.33y) and 25 neurologically healthy adults matched on age, sex, and education levels. Interventions: A battery of common neuropsychologic tests and 2 QOL measures were administered. Main Outcome Measures: Mini-Mental State Examination, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Trail-Making Tests (TMT) Parts A and B, Rey complex figure test, verbal fluency, digit span forward and backward, spatial span forward and backward, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, and logical memory from the Wechsler Memory Scale, 3rd edition. In addition, the following QOL measures were used: World Health Organization Quality of Life−BREF and the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory. Results: Participants with epilepsy scored 1 SD lower and performed significantly lower (multivariate analysis of variance, α=.05) than normal cohorts on both verbal and nonverbal working memory measures (RAVLT, digit span forward and backward, visual span forward and backward, Rey complex figure test, paragraph recall immediate/delayed). In addition, performance was significantly lower (α=.05) on executive functioning and mental fluency tasks (Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Symbol Digits Modalities Test, TMT-A, TMT-B). Performance on executive tests correlated significantly (α=.05) with memory performance. In addition, there were significant differences in QOL dimensions relating to relationships. Conclusions: This first study with Greek-Cypriot patients suggests that chronic epilepsy affects several neurocognitive functions. The reduction in executive functioning interferes with the use of active memory strategies, thus contributing to the memory impairment. From a QOL standpoint, chronic epilepsy seems to influence important parameters such as interpersonal relationships. Implications for rehabilitation will be discussed.
A developing country such as Bangladesh, where economic development without compromising the eco-friendly environment is a burning issue, needs huge supply of power. Having very limited fossil fuels, sources of renewable energy such as solar, wind, biomass and limited hydro power are the probable alternatives to offset energy crisis in Bangladesh and similar other countries. Over three-quarters (76 percent) of Bangladeshi people are out of on-grid connected electrical power supply. Undeniably, it has limited natural gas being used for a large variety of purposes. Energy demand is estimated to increase exponentially, implying alarming supply and demand gap. Despite prospects of huge renewable energy sources, presently, this country has only 0.3 percent of renewable energy share to the total energy supply. This paper reviews the renewable energy status and its prospective use in Bangladesh as well as renewable energy technologies obtainable in Bangladesh. It also attempts to provide future research directions and show ways to harness renewable energies to meet the future demand.
Pigments are an essential part of everyday life on Earth with rapidly growing industrial and biomedical applications. Synthetic pigments account for a major portion of these pigments that in turn have deleterious effects on public health and environment. Such drawbacks of synthetic pigments have shifted the trend to use natural pigments that are considered as the best alternative to synthetic pigments due to their significant properties. Natural pigments from microorganisms are of great interest due to their broader applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and textile industry with increasing demand among the consumers opting for natural pigments. To fulfill the market demand of natural pigments new sources should be explored. Cold-adapted bacteria and fungi in the cryosphere produce a variety of pigments as a protective strategy against ecological stresses such as low temperature, oxidative stresses, and ultraviolet radiation making them a potential source for natural pigment production. This review highlights the protective strategies and pigment production by cold-adapted bacteria and fungi, their industrial and biomedical applications, condition optimization for maximum pigment extraction as well as the challenges facing in the exploitation of cryospheric microorganisms for pigment extraction that hopefully will provide valuable information, direction, and progress in forthcoming studies.
In this paper, additive layer-by-layer fabrication of a fully screen printed monolithic supercapacitor exhibiting performance comparable with supercapacitors prepared using lamination is reported. A novel separator material improves the performance of the monolithic supercapacitor, is easily applicable using scalable processes such as screen and stencil printing, and is based on sustainable biomaterials. The additive monolithic manufacturing offers advantages for system integration and avoids the need of an additional alignment step as needed in the fabrication of laminated supercapacitors. Previously, the monolithically fabricated supercapacitors showed higher equivalent series resistance (ESR) and leakage current than the laminated ones. By using microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and chitosan as separator materials ESR and leakage current were decreased. These disposable and non-toxic aqueous electrolyte supercapacitors are optimized for autonomous sensor systems, for example in Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications, with capacitance of 200–300 mF and ESR of about 10 Ω. The new composite separator material consisting of MFC and chitosan has good adhesion on the electrodes and the substrate, is easy to apply using printing and coating processes, and does not diffuse into the porous electrode.
Toxicity of waste gasification bottom ash leachate from landfill lysimeters (112m3) was studied over three years. The leachate of grate incineration bottom ash from a parallel setup was used as reference material. Three aquatic organisms (bioluminescent bacteria, green algae and water flea) were used to study acute toxicity. In addition, an ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay was performed with mouse hepatoma cells to indicate the presence of organic contaminants. Concentrations of 14 elements and 15 PAH compounds were determined to characterise leachate. Gasification ash leachate had a high pH (9.2–12.4) and assays with and without pH adjustment to neutral were used. Gasification ash leachate was acutely toxic ( EC 50 0.09–62 vol-%) in all assays except in the algae assay with pH adjustment. The gasification ash toxicity lasted the entire study period and was at maximum after two years of disposal both in water flea ( EC 50 0.09 vol-%) and in algae assays ( EC 50 7.5 vol-%). The grate ash leachate showed decreasing toxicity during the first two years of disposal in water flea and algae assays, which then tapered off. Both in the grate ash and in the gasification ash leachates EROD-activity increased during the first two years of disposal and then tapered off, the highest inductions were observed with the gasification ash leachate. The higher toxicity of the gasification ash leachate was probably related to direct and indirect effects of high pH and to lower levels of TOC and DOC compared to the grate ash leachate. The grate ash leachate toxicity was similar to that previously reported in literature, therefore, confirming that used setup was both comparable and reliable.
3D-transition binary metal oxides have been considered as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries with improved reversible capacity, structural stability and electronic conductivity compared with single metal oxides. Here, carbon nanotube supported NiCo2O4 nanoparticles (NiCo2O4/CNT) with 3D hierarchical hollow structure are fabricated via a simple one-pot method. The NiCo2O4 nanoparticles with interconnected pores are consists of small nanocrystals. When used as anode material for the lithium-ion battery, NiCo2O4/CNT exhibits enhanced electrochemical performance than that of Co3O4/CNT and NiO/CNT. Moreover, ultra-high discharge/charge stability was obtained for 4000 cycles at a current density of 5Ag−1. The superior battery performance of NiCo2O4 nanoparticles is probably attributed to the special structural features and physical characteristics, including integrity, hollow structure with interconnected pores, which providing sufficient accommodation for the volume change during charge/discharge process. Besides, the consisting of ultra-small crystals enhanced the utility of active material, and intimate interaction with CNTs improved the electron-transfer rate.
New proton exchange membranes were prepared and evaluated as polymer electrolytes for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Two types of fluorinated poly(arylene ether)s (FPAEs) were synthesized by nucleophilic aromatic substitution of decafluorobiphenyl (DFBP) with 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol (HFDP) and bisphenol-A (BPA). The FPAEs so prepared were converted into proton exchange polymers by sulfonation with fuming sulfuric acid (30% SO3). The FPAEs and sulfonated-fluorinated poly(arylene ether)s (S-FPAEs) with various sulfonation levels were characterized using 1 H NMR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and back titration, and then successfully evaluated as proton exchange membranes (PEM) with unit cell operation. power output measurements of S-DFBP-HFDP carried out at a cell temperature of 80°C. They exhibited a maximum power density of 425.5mW/cm2 at 1150mA/cm2.
The cycling and storage behavior of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and MCMB electrodes for 5-V Li-ion batteries was investigated at elevated temperatures using a variety of electrochemical (CV, EIS) and spectroscopic (XPS, micro-Raman) tools. It was established that LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrodes could be cycled highly reversibly, demonstrating sufficient capacity retention at 60°C by a constant current/constant voltage mode in DMC–EC/1.5M LiPF6 solutions. By studying the influence of temperature on the impedance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrodes, we conclude that when the initial electrode's surface chemistry is developed at a high temperature (60°C) it becomes nearly invariant, and hence, their impedance remains steady upon cycling and storage. Prolonged storage of these electrodes at 60°C may result in local Mn and Ni dissolution and transformation of the active material to λ-MnO2. We have found that the surface chemistry of aged LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrodes (free of carbon black and PVdF) involves the formation of LiF, C–F and P–F x species. Storage of MCMB electrodes in LiPF6 containing solutions at open circuit conditions (before their first lithiation) leads to significant morphological changes and the formation of lithium fluoride on the electrode surface, as determined by the XRD studies. LiF is probably a product of a catalytic thermal decomposition of LiPF6. These initial changes further influence the impedance and kinetics of the lithiated electrodes.
Copolymers of aniline (ANI) and 2-methoxyaniline (MOA) in variable ratios, as well as the corresponding homopolymers, were electrosynthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and direct laser desorption ionization. The resulting copolymer composition obtained from the analysis was correlated with the feed composition through the Mayo–Lewis equation, confirming the higher reactivity of MOA. The electrochemomechanical behaviour was studied through direct microscopical observation of the volume changes caused by redox switching in sulphuric and perchloric acid media. It was found that the freshly electropolymerized films had, for the same voltammetric charge, smaller volume as the MOA/ANI ratio increased. The volume changes observed during the first cycle where consequently strongly dependent on the polymer composition, but also on the electrolyte anion. The stationary cycle changes showed less dependence on both. The behaviour reveals different anion/polymer interactions as the copolymer composition is changed. From the perspective of mechanical applications the ANI–MOA copolymers, for most of the composition range, did not show marked differences compared with poly(aniline), thus being materials with similar characteristics to this homopolymer but being more processable.
An all-solid-state lithium-ion battery (ASSB) using non-flammable solid electrolytes is a candidate for a next-generation battery. Although the excellent cycle performance and its high energy density are suggested in the literature, a practical size battery has not been appeared yet. In this paper, we have adopted a sulfide based electrolyte, Li2S–P2S5 (80:20 mol%) to a rocking chair type lithium ion battery. The electrochemical cell consists of a Li2O–ZrO2 coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) cathode, an artificial graphite anode and the sulfide based electrolyte without any organic and inorganic liquids. The cathode charge transfer resistance is significantly reduced by the Li2O–ZrO2 coating. The total cell resistance of the Li2O–ZrO2 (LZO) coated NCA adopted cell is approximately one quarter of non-treated one. A standard type single cell with the nominal capacity of 100 mAh at 25 °C is fabricated by wet printing process, and its capacity retention is approximately 80% at 100 cycles. Also, a 1 Ah class battery was constructed by stacking the single cells, and demonstrated.
Electric vehicles (EVs) driven in cold weather experience two major drawbacks of Li-ion batteries: drastic power loss (up to 10-fold at −30 °C) and restriction of regenerative braking at temperatures below 5–10 °C. Both factors greatly reduce cruise range, exacerbating drivers' range anxiety in winter. While preheating the battery before driving is a practice widely adopted to maintain battery power and EV drivability, it is time-consuming (on the order of 40 min) and prohibits instantaneous mobility. Here we reveal a control strategy that can rapidly restore EV battery power and permit full regeneration while driving at temperatures as low as −40 °C. The strategy involves heating the battery internally during regenerative braking and rest periods of driving. We show that this technique fully restores room-temperature battery power and regeneration in 13, 33, 46, 56 and 112 s into uninterrupted driving in 0, −10, −20, −30 and −40 °C environments, respectively. Correspondingly, the strategy significantly increases cruise range of a vehicle operated at cold temperatures, e.g. 49% at −40 °C in simulated US06 driving cycle tests. The present work suggests that smart batteries with embedded sensing/actuation can leapfrog in performance.
Silicon as an electrode suffers from short cycling life, as well as unsatisfactory rate-capability caused by the large volume expansion (~400%) and the consequent structural degradation during lithiation/delithiation processes. Here, we have engineered unique void-containing mesoporous carbon-encapsulated commercial silicon nanoparticles (NPs) in yolk-shell structures. In this design, the silicon NPs yolk are wrapped into open and accessible mesoporous carbon shells, the void space between yolk and shell provides enough room for Si expansion, meanwhile, the porosity of carbon shell enables fast transport of Li+ ions between electrolyte and silicon. Our ex-situ characterization clearly reveals for the first time that a favorable homogeneous and compact solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film is formed along the mesoporous carbon shells. As a result, such yolk-shell Si@mesoporous-carbon nanoparticles with a large void exhibits long cycling stability (78.6% capacity retention as long as 400 cycles), and superior rate-capability (62.3% capacity retention at a very high current density of 8.4Ag−1).
While the coking resistance of Ni/yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) anodes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) toward hydrocarbon fuel can be improved by adding SrZr0.95Y0.05O3−x (SZY) as a proton conductor, the exact mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the surface chemistry of SZY is investigated using in situ Raman spectroscopy to clarify the coking resistance mechanism. Upon exposure to dry propane at 500 °C, the intensity of the Raman peaks corresponding to CO3 species decreases with time, suggesting that the surface-located CO3 groups are consumed through a reaction with deposited carbon or dry reforming of propane, which reduces the tendency of coking. These consumed CO3 groups can then be regenerated through a reaction between water vapor and deposited carbon. The presence of adsorbed water on SZY, which facilitates a carbon removal reaction and the steam reforming of propane, is confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The reactivity of the CO3 groups and the adsorbed water on SZY thus contribute to removing deposited carbon, resulting in the improved coking resistance of Ni/YSZ-SZY anode.
In order to reduce the solvothermal reaction time to prepare a pure phase of ZnMn2O4 as an anode material for lithium ion batteries, we have investigated the effect of the mixing times as an important reaction factor. It is found that the mixing times of zinc nitrate play an important role in removing the ZnO impurity phase which diminishes its electrochemical performance. The in-situ and ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) for the pure phase of ZnMn2O4 during the first discharge and charge process showed that the crystalline ZnMn2O4 was converted to amorphous phase through a series of conversion reactions and the study of magnetic property revealed the MnO phase existed in the 1st cycled crystalline ZnMn2O4 electrode. The pure ZnMn2O4 electrode showed initial discharge capacity of about 820 mAh g−1 and 57% of initial capacity retention after 50 cycles at a rate of C/10.
Deep brain stimulation is an effective treatment for different types of dystonia; nevertheless dystonic movements could provoke hardware-related complications, including fractures or electrodes displacement. This study focuses on a morphological and structural analysis of a malfunctioning electrode removed from a dystonic patient. In this case, high impedance values and worsening of symptoms were observed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) were performed on the explanted electrode. The qualitative and quantitative data collected from the damaged electrode were compared with a new electrode, used as a control. The SEM analysis of the damaged electrode revealed fissurations and crack-like forms of the outer jacket tubing, degeneration of the internal core and wires stretching. The EDX analysis permitted to appreciate an increase of chemical elements, especially sodium, suggesting an alteration of the electrode-brain interface. This study shows the qualitative and quantitative alterations of a malfunctioning electrode and, to reduce the rate of hardware-related complications, it suggests the development of more reliable polymers.
Battery capacity fade occurs when battery capacity, measured in Ampere-hours, degrades over the number of charge/discharge cycles. This is a comprehensive result of various factors, including irreversible electrochemical reactions that form a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in the negative electrode and oxidative reactions of the positive electrode. The degradation mechanism is further complicated by operational and environmental factors such as discharge rate, usage and storage temperature, as well as cell-level and battery pack-level variations carried over from the manufacturing processes. This research investigates a novel Bayesian method to model battery capacity fade over repetitive cycles by considering both within-battery and between-battery variations. Physics-based covariates are integrated with functional forms for modeling the capacity fade. A systematic approach based on covariate identification, model selection, and a strategy for prognostics data selection is presented. The proposed Bayesian method is capable of quantifying the uncertainties in predicting battery capacity/power fade and end-of-life cycles to failure distribution under various operating conditions.
A nano-crystalline MgO coating was formed on the surface of LiCoO2 particle via a sol–gel method. MgO coating can improve the cycling stability of LiCoO2 significantly. After the 40th cycle a discharge capacity of more than 120mAh/g was remained for 1mol% MgO-coated LiCoO2, while only 13mAh/g for pristine LiCoO2 when both charged up to 4.7V. During heat treatment and charge/discharge process, Mg2+ in coatings will diffuse into LiO2-layers of LiCoO2, which does not cause any detectable shift in X-ray diffractometer (XRD) peak positions, but does impact the XRD peak intensity due to the aberrance of (003) plane. Mg2+ ions existing in LiO2-layers will stabilize the lattice structure of LiCoO2, hence improve the cycling performance of LiCoO2 cathode. More MgO coating on LiCoO2 is detrimental to the electrochemical properties of LiCoO2 cathode, probably due to the electrochemical inactivity of MgO particles.
We prepared a lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI)-based low ethylene carbonate (EC) content electrolyte as a new electrolyte. LiFSI enough dissociates in mixed solvents containing only a small amount of EC and the LiFSI-based low EC content electrolyte shows a high ionic conductivity comparable to that of a conventional LiPF6-based high EC content electrolyte. In addition, the LiFSI-based low EC content electrolyte has an unusual solvation state of Li ion and we consider that the desolvation process from Li ion in our new electrolyte system is different from that in the conventional high EC content systems. A graphite half-cell assembled with our new electrolyte shows a quite low Li ion transfer resistance and outstanding charge and discharge rate performance compared to the conventional high EC content systems. A graphite/LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cell assembled with our new electrolyte also shows superior charge and discharge rate performance and excellent long cycle stability.