batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Graphene research, already prized, is nonetheless challenged to provide material advantages that bring about unique and novel applications rather than simply an improved substitute to existing materials. Arguably driving significant progress are new approaches to its manufacture including combination with other atoms and nanobiocomposite materials that introduce new functional properties. Functionalized graphene can interface with biomolecules to provide new health sector benefits in the form of highly sensitive biosensors that may offer continuous label-free measurement of key bioactive cell molecules, innovative nanoparticles for tissue targeted drug delivery and scaffolds for tissue engineering with previously unachievable qualities favouring tissue integration and biocompatibility. We here describe graphene functionalization methods and provide recent examples of how graphene can be used to achieve biological interactions with innovative outcomes. Above all, these laboratory focused advances each contribute to an incrementally improved understanding of how different forms of graphene and its derivatives can best be tailored to meet biological demands. Much has yet to be discovered with regard to safety profiles and improved manufacture yet considering how carefully derived rational insights might be combined with computational biology to accelerate complex performance models, prospects that graphene-based biomaterials can achieve extraordinary real-world benefits are optimistically poised.
The Ca3(PO4)2 coating was attempted to improve the oxygen evolution of Ni(OH)2. The Ca3(PO4)2 and Co(OH)2 coated Ni(OH)2 was prepared by coating of Ca3(PO4)2 on the surface of Ni(OH)2, followed by coating of Co(OH)2 on its surface. The cyclic voltammetry analysis showed that the oxygen evolution potential increased after the coating both at room temperature and 60°C, indicating that the coating could effectively enhance the oxygen evolution potential in the charge process. The difference between oxygen evolution potential and oxidative potential increased from 26mV to 47mV at 60°C, leading to the improvement of charge acceptance at 60°C.
The incorporation of renewable energy resources (RERs) into electrical grid is very challenging problem due to their intermittent nature. This paper solves an optimal scheduling problem considering the hybrid generation system. The primary components of hybrid power system include conventional thermal generators, wind farms and solar photovoltaic (PV) modules with batteries. The main critical problem in operating the wind farm or solar PV plant is that these RERs cannot be scheduled in the same manner as conventional generators, because they involve climate factors such as wind velocity and solar irradiation. This paper proposes a new strategy for the optimal scheduling problem taking into account the impact of uncertainties in wind, solar PV and load demand forecasts. The simulation results for IEEE 30 and 300 bus test systems with Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Two-Point Estimate Method (2PEM) have been obtained to test the effectiveness of the proposed optimal scheduling strategy. Results for sample systems with GA and two-point estimate based optimal power flow, and GA and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) have been obtained to ascertain the effectiveness of proposed method. Some of the results are also compared with the Interior Point method. From the simulation studies, it can be observed that with a marginal increase in the cost of day-ahead generation schedule, a substantial reduction in real time mean adjustment cost is obtained.
Background Neurocognitive impairments are frequently observed in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (MDD). However, it remains unclear whether reported neurocognitive abnormalities could objectively identify an individual as having schizophrenia or MDD. Methods The current study included 220 first-episode patients with schizophrenia, 110 patients with MDD and 240 demographically matched healthy controls (HC). All participants performed the short version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised in China; the immediate and delayed logical memory of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised in China; and seven tests from the computerized Cambridge Neurocognitive Test Automated Battery to evaluate neurocognitive performance. The three-class AdaBoost tree-based ensemble algorithm was employed to identify neurocognitive endophenotypes that may distinguish between subjects in the categories of schizophrenia, depression and HC. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to further explore the neurocognitive patterns in each group. Results The AdaBoost algorithm identified individual's diagnostic class with an average accuracy of 77.73% (80.81% for schizophrenia, 53.49% for depression and 86.21% for HC). The average area under ROC curve was 0.92 (0.96 in schizophrenia, 0.86 in depression and 0.92 in HC). Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed for MDD and schizophrenia, convergent altered neurocognition patterns related to shifting, sustained attention, planning, working memory and visual memory. Divergent neurocognition patterns for MDD and schizophrenia related to motor speed, general intelligence, perceptual sensitivity and reversal learning were identified. Conclusions Neurocognitive abnormalities could predict whether the individual has schizophrenia, depression or neither with relatively high accuracy. Additionally, the neurocognitive features showed promise as endophenotypes for discriminating between schizophrenia and depression.
In order to evaluate the associations between computer-administered tasks of executive functioning (EF), and maladaptive personality domains and traits listed in DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders, 53 consecutively admitted psychotherapy outpatients (female participants: n = 27, 50.9%; male participants: n = 26, 49.1%; participants’ mean age = 37.28 years, SD = 11.50 years) were administered the Psychology Experiment Building Language (PEBL) EF tasks and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). According to rank-order correlation analyses, a number of non-negligible and specific associations were observed between selected PID-5 scales and indices of participants’ performance on EF tasks. MM robust regression models showed that participants’ performance on computer-administered EF tasks explained a non-negligible amount of variance in selected PID-5 scale scores (median R2 value = .17). As a whole, our trait-level analyses of PID-5 dimensions suggest the clinical usefulness of integrating self-reports and EF laboratory tasks in routine clinical assessment.
Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR-MSP), which is based on the characteristic molecular vibrational spectra of cells, was used to investigate spectral differences between normal primary rabbit bone marrow (BM) cells and bone marrow cells transformed (BMT) by murine sarcoma virus (MuSV). Primary cells, rather than cell lines, were used for this research because primary cells are similar to normal tissue cells in most of their characteristics. Our results showed dramatic changes in absorbance between the control cells and MuSV124-transformed cells. Various biological markers, such as the phosphate level and the RNA/DNA obtained, based on the analysis of the FTIR-MSP spectra, also displayed significant differences between the control and transformed cells. Preliminary results suggested that the cluster analysis performed on the FTIR-MSP spectra yielded 100% accuracy in classifying both types of cells.
Trimethyl borate (TB) is used as an electrolyte additive to improve cyclic stability and rate capability of a layered cathode, LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (LNCM), under 4.5V (vs. Li/Li+). Charge/discharge tests demonstrate that the cyclic stability and rate capability of LNCM can be improved significantly by adding TB into a standard (STD) electrolyte, 1.0molL−1 LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate/diethyl carbonate (3/5/2, in weight). After 200 cycles at 0.5C between 3.0 and 4.5V, LNCM exhibits a capacity retention of 89% in 10% TB-containing electrolyte, but only 48% in STD electrolyte. Unlike other additives, which usually decrease the rate capability when they are used for the cyclic stability improvement of LNCM, the discharge capacity of LNCM at 6C is enhanced from 78mAhg−1 in STD electrolyte to 102mAhg−1 in 10% TB-containing electrolyte. Physical and electrochemical characterizations demonstrate that these improvements result from the preferential oxidation of TB compared to the STD electrolyte and the formation of a stable and low impedance film on LNCM cathode surface, which suppresses concurrently the decomposition of electrolyte and the dissolution of transition metal ions from LNCM.
Developing efficient Li-ion cells with long lifetime for high temperature applications remains a challenging problem due to severe electrolyte degradation. Here, it is showed that superior lifetime, CE and polarization could be obtained at 60 °C compared to 25 °C when TiSnSb/Li coin cells filled with 1 M LiPF6 EC:PC:3DMC +5% FEC +1% VC electrolyte were used. To understand such unexpected phenomenon, a thorough correlation of the electrochemical performance with complementary gas chromatography coupled with electron impact mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was performed. XPS results showed the formation of a more stable and passivating SEI film at the TiSnSb electrode surface at 60 °C due to a specific reactivity of the electrolyte. In good agreement, the GC/MS analysis showed only a partial consumption/reactivity of the FEC/VC additives at 60 °C while a full consumption of the additives and a further degradation of the EC solvent were observed at 25 °C. As a whole, the XPS and GC/MS results allowed to identify the origin of the superior electrochemical performance of the TiSnSb/coin cells at 60 °C.
We have developed a new Si-based anode for lithium secondary batteries consisting of a carbon paper substrate and Si/C composite deposited on it (Si/C/CP electrode). The Si/C composite was formed by pyrolysis of a slurry consisting of Si power and THF solution of PVC as the carbon precursor. The electrode contains no additional conductive carbon and binder, which supports the tight contact among the Si particle, pyrolytic carbon and carbon paper. The Si/C/CP electrode with the three-dimensional carbon fiber framework of the carbon paper was also advantageous to absorb severe volume changes of silicon particles. The electrode performance revealed that the Si/C/CP electrode prepared from the mixture of Si and PVC with the ratio of 10:90 by weight had a quite high initial capacity of 1720 mAh g−1 and initial Coulombic efficiency of 90%, and also exhibited excellent capacity retention with a reversible capacity of 1200 mAh g−1 even after 100 cycles.
Continuous and reliable power supply plays an important role for water leakage monitoring systems used in urban water supply pipes. Renewable energies powered water leakage monitoring system is becoming a promising way to reduce the dependence on traditional chemical batteries. In this study, an inline vertical cross-flow turbine was developed to harvest the potential hydropower inside water supply pipes for supplying power to the water monitoring systems. Specifically, numerical investigations are carried out on the block shapes of a water turbine system to determine an optimal model. The effects of tip clearance on the turbine performance are conducted and it is found that a smaller tip clearance can reduce the reversing torque on the returning blades and increase the pressure drop through the runner for improving the turbine performance. Besides, a self-adjustable vane is designed to avoid excess water head loss. The simulation results show that the proposed self-adjustable vane is effective to limit the water head loss at high flow velocities (1.5–2.0 m/s) to 5 m. Finally, the turbine prototype is fabricated and tested on a lab test rig. The experimental results indicate that the numerical method adopted in this research is accurate enough for such micro water turbine performance prediction. A month-long test shows that the daily electricity generation of the proposed turbine is about 600 Wh and the water head loss is always below 5 m, which means that the proposed turbine can provide sufficient power for any general water leakage monitoring system without influencing normal water supply.
In this work, organic carbon modified NiCo2O4 (NCO@C) nanocomposite with porous 3-dimensional (3D) structure was successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method in D-glucose-mediated processes. A detailed research reveals that D-glucose molecules play an important role in the formation of the porous 3D structure and also provide a conductive carbon network within the NCO@C nanocomposite materials. Such a porous 3D interconnected carbonaceous nanostructure applied as electrode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) shows that its reversible capacity, cycling stability, and rate capability are significantly enhanced in comparison with those of pure NiCo2O4 (NCO) electrode. The as-prepared NCO@C composite electrode with porous 3D nanostructure displays a higher discharge specific capacity of 1389mAhg−1 even after 180 cycles at a current rate of 0.55C. Furthermore, this composite material also presents a high rate capacity, when the current rate gradually increases to 0.55C, 1.1C, 2.2C, and 4.4C, the reversible capacity can still render about 1082, 1029, 850, and 625mAhg−1, respectively. The enhanced electrochemical performance indicated that the NCO@C nanocomposite might be a very promising candidate to replace conventional graphite-based anode materials for LIBs.
Properties of LiMn2O4 thin films deposited on polished stainless steel substrates at 400°C and 200mTorr of oxygen by pulsed laser deposition have been characterized by electrochemical measurements and physical analyses. The film was mainly composed of nano-crystals less than 100nm. A maximum specific capacity of 141.9mAh/g cycled between 3.0 and 4.5V with a current density of 20μAh/cm2 has been achieved. The film exhibited an excellent cycling stability up to 500 cycles. The low charge-transfer resistance at high potentials as revealed by AC impedance resulted in high charge/discharge potential and more capacity. The effect of overdischarge was limited and Jahn–Teller effect was overcome to a significant extent in this nano-crystalline film. Ex situ XRD, Raman and XPS provided supporting evidence in the changes in structure, reactivity and cycling stability of nano-crystalline LiMn2O4 film cathodes under different charge/discharge states and cycling tests. SEM images also revealed the stability of the surface topography after a long-term cycling test.
The properties of the electrolyte are the dominant factors for the overall performance and safety of electrical energy storage devices. Highly concentrated “water in salt” (WIS) electrolytes are inherently non-flammable, moisture-tolerant, and exhibit wide electrochemical stability windows, making them promising electrolytes for high-performance energy storage devices. However, WIS electrolytes possess intrinsically low conductivity and high viscosity, which usually impair the high-rate performance of many energy storage devices, especially supercapacitors (SCs). Additionally, the inevitable salt precipitation at low temperature for WIS electrolytes narrows down their applicable temperature range. Here, we introduce acetonitrile as a co-solvent to a typical “water in salt” electrolyte to formulate an “acetonitrile/water in salt” (AWIS) hybrid electrolyte that provides significantly improved conductivity, reduced viscosity and an expanded applicable temperature range while maintaining the aforementioned important physicochemical properties of WIS electrolytes. Using the AWIS electrolyte for a model SC remarkably enhances the high-rate performance, accompanied by a 2.4 times capacitance increase at 10 A g−1 with respect to the original WIS electrolyte. This AWIS electrolyte also enables a stable long-term cycling capability of the model SC for over 14000 cycles at a high operation voltage of 2.2 V.
A mathematical model of a lithium-ion cell is used to analyze pulse and relaxation behavior in cells designed for hybrid-electric-vehicle propulsion. Predictions of cell voltage show good agreement with experimental results. Model results indicate the ohmic voltage loss in the positive electrode is the dominant contributor to cell overvoltage in the first instances of a pulse. The concentration overvoltage associated with the reduced lithium in the solid phase of the positive is of secondary importance through pulse duration, but dominates after current interruption. Effects of anisotropy in the particle diffusion coefficient are also studied. Heaviside mollification functions are utilized to describe the thermodynamic open-circuit voltage of lithiated graphite, and the “pleated-layer model” is extended to realize the phase behavior of primary-particle aggregates during cell operation. The negative electrode contributes little to the cell overvoltage, and two-phase behavior results in a reaction front within the electrode. No voltage relaxation is associated with the negative electrode, and after full relaxation, a stable composition gradient of lithium exists throughout the solid phase. Internal galvanic coupling removes the composition gradients in the positive electrode during relaxation.
Novel battery architectures with improved safety, power and energy density are currently being demanded for battery miniaturization. We present a rechargeable full cell fabricated with self-organized titania nanotubes (nt-TiO2) and self-organized LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 nanowires (LNMO). The effects of the Li3PO4-coated nt-TiO2 on the electrochemical performance of the full cell are studied. A complete (de)-intercalation of lithium into both electrodes is observed, and cells avoid the use of metallic lithium while displaying improved safety and restrained lowering of the overall cell voltage. The surface modified electrodes exhibit better rate capability and cycling performance compared to non-treated electrodes. The nt-TiO2, Li3PO4/EC:DEC LiPF6/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cell could be cycled at 5C rate, with associated capacity of 125 mA h g−1, energy density of 325 W h kg−1 and power density of 637 μW cm−2 μm−1. These results give evidence to the compatibility between both nanostructured electrodes particularly when lithium phosphate exerts a stabilization effect at the electrode/electrolyte interface, facilitating improved mass transfer and Li-diffusion at high rates.
Vanadium redox-flow battery (VRB) as a promising electrochemical power source for large-scale energy storage, suffers from various polarization losses despite that it has been extensively studied in the past decades. Among these losses, the sluggish interfacial charge transfer of the vanadium species on the respective electrode renders large overpotentials giving rise to inevitable hydrogen and oxygen evolutions during the charging process. In this study, we report an unprecedented method based on the redox targeting concept to tackle the above issues. Prussian blue (PB) and a Prussian blue analogues (PBA) with identical redox potentials to VO2+/VO2 + and V2+/V3+ are grafted on cathode and anode, respectively. Upon operation, the reversible proton-coupled redox targeting reactions between PB and VO2+/VO2 + on cathode, PBA and V2+/V3+ on anode facilitate the interfacial charge transfer of the vanadium species and concomitantly inhibit the hydrogen and oxygen evolutions, which improves the selectivity of the redox reactions and considerably enhances the round-trip energy efficiency and cycling performance of VRB in a wide range of current densities. The above redox-assisted catalytic reactions were scrutinized and the mechanisms are unequivocally manifested with various electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements. We anticipate the surface immobilized redox catalysis approach demonstrated here would generically provide a paradigm for improving the sluggish kinetic processes in a variety of electrochemical devices.
Gel polymer electrolytes based on a copolymer poly(vinylidene fluoride (VdF)/hexafluoropropylene (HFP)) and a solution of ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and as a salt LiN(CF3SO2)2 were prepared by changing the content of the polymer in the range 20–80 wt%. The effects of changing the salt concentration in the solution were also explored. The conductivity was found to vary in the range 10−2 ohm−1 cm−1 (20 wt% of polymer) to 10−8 ohm−1 cm−1 (80 wt% of polymer). Pulsed field gradient (PFG)-NMR was used to determine the diffusion coefficient of lithium (D Li+ )and fluoride species (D F− )and in consequence the transport number. Both D Li+ and D F− decrease with increasing polymer content. Cation transport number (τ +) values between 0.49 and 0.60 were found, depending on the solution content. Pores having average diameter of about 0.5 μm were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Neuropsychological functioning turns out to be a rate-limiting factor in psychiatry. However, little is known when comparing neuropsychological and psychosocial functioning in inpatients with schizophrenia or severe depression in their treatment pathways including add-on psychoeducation or the latter combined with cognitive behavioral therapy up to 2-year follow-up. To evaluate this question, we investigated these variables in two randomised controlled trials including 196 patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia and 177 patients with major depression. Outcome measures were assessed in the hospital at pre- and posttreatment and following discharge until 2-year follow-up. We focused on neuropsychological and psychosocial functioning regarding its differences and changes over time in data of two pooled trials. There were significant time effects indicating gains in knowledge about the illness, short and medium-term memory (VLMT) and psychosocial functioning (GAF), however, the latter was the only variable showing a time x study/diagnosis interaction effect at 2-year follow-up, showing significant better outcome in depression compared to schizophrenia. Moderator analysis showed no changes in psychosocial and neuropsychological functioning in schizophrenia and in affective disorders due to age, duration of illness or sex. Looking at the rehospitalisation rates there were no significant differences between both disorders. Both groups treated with psychoeducation or a combination of psychoeducation and CBT improved in neuropsychological and psychosocial functioning as well as knowledge about the illness at 2-year follow-up, however, patients with major depression showed greater gains in psychosocial functioning compared to patients with schizophrenia. Possible implications of these findings were discussed.
Carbon-based micro-supercapacitors dedicated to energy storage in self-powered modules were fabricated with inkjet printing technology on silicon substrate. An ink was first prepared by mixing an activated carbon powder with a PTFE polymer binder in ethylene glycol stabilized with a surfactant then deposited by inkjet on patterned gold current collectors with the substrate heated at 140°C in order to assure a good homogeneity. Electrochemical micro-capacitors with electrodes in an interdigital configuration were fabricated, and characterized using electrochemical techniques in 1M Et4NBF4 propylene carbonate electrolyte. These micro-devices show an excellent capacitive behavior over a wide potential range of 2.5V for a cell capacitance of 2.1mFcm−2. The newly developed technology will allow the integration of the storage device as close as possible to the MEMS-based energy harvesting device, minimizing power losses through connections.