batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Zinc–air batteries (ZABs) with high energy density and low cost have ignited tremendous interest in meeting the ever-growing demands for flexible and portable electronics. As the “blood” of a flexible ZAB, the semi-solid/solid-state electrolyte plays a critical role in the battery performance such as cycling performance, rate characteristics and power output. Herein, a novel porous-structured poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) with the optimum addition of silica (SiO2) was synthesized and utilized in a bendable sandwich-type ZAB. The fabricated porous PVA-based nanocomposite GPE exhibited a high ionic conductivity (57.3 mS cm–1), excellent water retention capability as well as improved thermal and mechanical properties under ambient condition, with which the assembled flexible ZAB presented excellent cycle stability, discharge performance and power density. Furthermore, the flexible porous PVA–SiO2 based ZAB sets could power a light-emitting diode screen, a handheld electric fan, or even a mobile phone, demonstrating its promising potential for high-performance ZABs with high safety, cost-effectiveness, and excellent flexibility.
Background Neurodevelopmental models of schizophrenia suggest that cognitive deficits may be observed during childhood and adolescence, long before the onset of psychotic symptoms. Elucidating the trajectory of normal cognitive development during childhood and adolescence may therefore provide a basis for identifying specific abnormalities related to the development of schizophrenia. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), which was designed for use in clinical trials targeting cognitive deficits most common in schizophrenia, may provide a mechanism to understand this trajectory. To date, however, there is no performance data for the MCCB in healthy children and adolescents. The present study sought to establish performance data for the MCCB in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults. Methods The MCCB was administered to a community sample of 190 healthy subjects between the ages of 8 and 23years. All MCCB domain scores were converted to T-scores using sample means and standard deviations and were compared for significant performance differences between sex and age strata. Results Analyses revealed age effects following quadratic trends in all MCCB domains, which is consistent with research showing a leveling off of childhood cognitive improvement upon approaching late adolescence. Sex effects after controlling for age only presented for one MCCB domain, with males exhibiting well-known spatial reasoning advantages. Conclusions Utilizing this performance data may aid future research seeking to elucidate specific deficits that may be predictive of later development of SZ.
This paper describes a model based method for real time battery cell state-of-charge (SoC) estimation using linear parameter varying (LPV) system techniques. For this class of methods, the applicable structure is one in which the input to output dynamics of the battery can be described by a discrete parameter varying state variable model that includes the SoC as a state. Within this context, the problem of state-of-charge estimation is viewed as a state estimation problem, so that a state estimator is designed using the model. An LPV system technique, combined with input to state stability criteria, is used to analyze the stability and performance of the estimator. Compared with algorithms available in the current literature, such as those employing an extended Kalman filter and sliding mode observers, this method offers good performance with a guarantee of stability, and possesses user friendly tuning with low computational complexity for easy on-board implementation. Experimental results are given which validate the proposed methodology.
The rechargeable lithium sulfur batteries are investigated as a promising energy storage system. Various materials as the host of sulfur have been applied to improve the performance of lithium sulfur batteries. However, the poor conductivity of sulfur and polysulfides shuttle effect result in poor cycling performance and lower specific capacity. Here, a novel chemical and physical entrapment strategy to improve the electrochemical performance is introduced by designing and synthesizing a 3D network composite which consists of intertwined TiO2-B nanotubes and carbon nanotubes as the sulfur hosts. In this unique structure, carbon nanotubes serve as the long-range conductive network which facilitates the transfer of electrons during redox reaction. Theoretical calculations reveal that TiO2-B provides a strong chemical binding for polysulfides, and each TiO2-B nanotube as an independent reaction chamber provides an efficient barrier to restrict the shuttling of the polysulfides. Specifically, the electrodes exhibit an ultralow capacity fading of 0.05% per cycle over 800 discharge/charge cycles, and a high specific capacity of 580 mAh g−1 at 1C rate after 300 cycles even with high areal sulfur loading of 3.2 mg cm−2.
Cybersickness is an affliction common to users of virtual environments. Similar in symptoms to motion sickness, cybersickness can result in nausea, headaches, and dizziness. With these systems becoming readily available to the general public, reports of cybersickness have increased and there is a growing concern about the safety of these systems. This review presents the current state of research methods, theories, and known aspects associated with cybersickness. Current measurements of incidence of cybersickness are questionnaires, postural sway, and physiological state. Varying effects due to display and rendering modes, such as visual display type and stereoscopic or monoscopic rendering, are compared. The known and suspected application aspects that induce cybersickness are discussed. There are numerous potential contributing application design aspects, many of which have had limited study, but field of view and navigation are strongly correlated with cybersickness. The effect of visual displays is not well understood, and application design may be of greater importance.
Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) was used to screen carbon catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance as electrodes for the Li–air battery. Lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTF2N) in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) was used as the electrolyte during testing. The effect of manganese/manganese oxide addition on the performance of the carbons was compared to that of the bare carbons in a cycling study. From CV results, it was found that single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) had the highest peak current density per gram for ORR and OER than the other types of carbon studied. The SWCNT ORR peak decreased 49% after 100 cycles and only 36% when manganese/manganese oxide was added. The high activity of SWCNT with manganese/manganese oxide spheres make it a desirable material to use as the cathode for Li–air batteries.
The non-precious metal catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is highly demanding due to the increasing global energy challenge. A 3-D network composed of MnO2 nanowires and carbon nanotube (CNT) was synthesized via crystal growth of MnO2 under hydrothermal and annealing process. The composite was characterized by PXRD, SEM and TEM. Due to its unique structure, the MnO2/CNT composite exhibits superior electrocatalytic performance towards ORR in alkaline medium compared to the commercial Pt/C in terms of the current density, methanol tolerance and long-term durability. These prominent electrochemical performances along with low cost and high abundance of the synthesized MnO2/CNT make it a promising cathode material in fuel cells.
The article discusses the electrochemistry of lead-carbon battery cells based on thin-plate electrodes with alternative current collectors. The latter are comprised of lead-electroplated graphite foil and expanded titanium mesh coated with SnO2 replacing the conventional negative and positive grids. The results from charge/discharge tests, cycling voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy measurements show that the negative electrodes store energy via three types of electrochemical processes: electrostatic storage, reversible hydrogen storage and precipitation/dissolution of lead and lead sulfate. When the activated carbon is the predominant component of the negative active material the preferred energy storage mechanism is the reversible hydrogen storage. The use of titanium as alternative current collector allows to increase the active material to current collector ratio to 5: 1, retaining a high power performance and increasing the battery lifetime beyond 3000 equivalent cycles in partial state of charge cycling applications.
A novel cotton/Ni/Co-Ni layered double hydroxide (CT/Ni/Co-Ni LDH) hybrid yarn electrode material is prepared by constructing a three-dimensional (3D) metallic Ni conductive network on the cotton fiber surface for rapid electron transportation and subsequently in situ growing Co-Ni LDH nanosheet array layers with high electroactive surface area for faradic reactions. The 3D porous electrode structure facilitates the effective electrolyte ion diffusion. The obtained yarn electrode material shows a high areal capacitance of 1.26 F/cm2 (121571.1 C/cm2) at a scan rate of 5 mV/s, as well as a stable electrochemical performance under various mechanical deformations. An all-solid-state yarn supercapacitor device is further assembled based on the obtained yarn electrode materials, which exhibits a high energy density of 9.3 μWh/cm2 at a power density of 43.99 μW/cm2.
With recent advances in clinical medicine and biomedical engineering, functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) can now be added to the physiatric armamentarium to decrease the debilitating effects of traumatic spinal cord injury. In this article, the components of FNS systems and their evolution in design are presented. The clinical implications of FNS are discussed with respect to upper and lower extremities and bladder applications, and perspectives on future developments and directions are reviewed.
Results are presented from successfully designed and fabricated meso-scale ceramic combustors that incorporate internal thermal energy recirculation. The combustor provided sustained operation using propane and air as the reactants. Flames could be obtained well below the normal quenching distance. The development required examination of several different combustor designs and materials. Flammability limits of these combustors have been determined experimentally. Experimental investigations have been performed on the effects of flame holder geometry, material conductivity, equivalence ratio, and inlet Reynolds number on the combustor performance. Measurement of the reactant preheating and product exhaust temperatures was performed using K-type thermocouples which were installed with minimal intrusion to the flow. The reactant preheating temperatures were observed to be in the range 700K–1000K. However, the combustor suffered significant overall heat loss (50–85%) which was implied by the low exhaust temperatures (500K–750K). For a constant fuel flow rate, the exhaust temperature increased monotonously with decrease in equivalence ratio until the blow-off condition implying that the combustor’s maximum thermal efficiency occurs at its lean blow-off limit. Thermal imaging of the combustor walls was performed using infrared camera to obtain the temperature distribution within the combustor. Numerical simulations were performed with the aid of CFD software using a heat loss coefficient chosen so as to give best correlation with experimental results. These CFD simulations helped to obtain better insight of the dependence of combustor performance on thermal conductivity of the material and heat load.
The genotoxic potential of E-5842, a sigma ligand compound being developed as an antipsychotic drug, was evaluated by means of an extensive battery of in vitro and in vivo assays. Negative results were obtained in an Ames test (up to 5000μg/plate), a mouse lymphoma assay (up to 535.1μg/ml (−S9) and 891.8μg/ml (+S9)), an in vivo rat hepatocyte micronucleus assay (up to 100mg/kg/day on 2 days), and a two-dose mouse micronucleus assay (up to 40mg/kg/day on 2 days). In a single-dose mouse bone-marrow micronucleus assay (up to 400mg/kg; 24, 48 and 72h sampling) a slight and non-statistically significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) was observed 48h after administration of a 200mg/kg dose, in the absence of bone-marrow toxicity. This minor increase in MNPCE frequency was considered of questionable biological relevance, because it was observed under conditions of marked animal toxicity including mortality. In addition, it occurred in association with a strong hypothermic effect produced by administration of E-5842. A clear increase in the frequency of structural chromosomal aberrations was observed in human lymphocytes at concentrations ≥350.6 and 1685.4μg/ml in the presence and absence of S9, respectively. Mitotic accumulation was observed at those concentrations at which clastogenic effects were observed, a condition that may have masked toxicity. Concentrations lacking clastogenic effects in this chromosome aberration assay (300.7 and 173.2μg/ml in the presence and absence of S9, respectively) were well in excess of maximum human plasma concentrations attained in clinical studies at the maximum tolerated dose (19.1ng/ml). A weight-of-evidence analysis, taking into consideration the results obtained in the different in vitro and in vivo assays and the conditions of clinical use, suggest that E-5842 would not pose a genotoxic risk under clinical conditions.
A smectite-based inorganic-organic hybrid material was prepared by a one-step intercalation of cetyltrimethylammonium ions and thiourea within the interlayer space of montmorillonite (MT). The surface and textural properties of the resulting material were examined using several techniques (X-ray diffraction, elementary analysis and N2 adsorption-desorption experiments (BET method)) that demonstrated the presence of both modifiers in the clay mineral structure. The presence of thiourea molecules in the modified MT greatly improved its ability towards the fixation of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions when the organoclay material was used for sensing purposes as a glassy carbon electrode modifier. The electro-analytical procedure was based on the chemical accumulation of both analytes under open-circuit conditions, followed by the detection of the preconcentrated species using square wave voltammetry. Upon optimization of different parameters likely to influence the electrode response, linear calibration graphs were obtained in the concentration ranges from 0.1 to 1 μM and 0.01 to 0.1 μM for Cd2+ and Pb2+, respectively, leading to low limits of detection (4.2 × 10−10 M for Pb2+and 1.2 × 10−9 M for Cd2+).
In this paper, LiFePO4@CNTs is fabricated by in situ growth of CNTs on the surface of LiFePO4 particles. The use of Ni–P alloy as catalyst results in the formation of coiled CNTs. The crosslinked CNTs provide good electronic conductive pathways interconnecting LiFePO4 particles. By using as cathode material for lithium ion battery, LiFePO4@CNTs shows higher electronic conductivity and charge transfer rate than those of the pristine LiFePO4 before coating. As a result, LiFePO4@CNTs displays outstanding lithium storage capacity and rate property. Electrochemical results reveal that LiFePO4@CNTs can deliver the reversible capacities of 161.3mAhg−1 at 0.2C and 108.0mAhg−1 at 10C. For comparison, bare LiFePO4 only reveals reversible capacities of 144.1mAhg−1 at 0.2C and 90.9mAhg−1 at 10C.
The patch test (PT) with its modification - the strip patch test (SPT) - is the standard in vivo procedure to diagnose an allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). To date, none of the in vitro tests for the diagnosis of ACD fulfils the requirements of an easy, valid and reliable test. To investigate the prediction ability of a flow cytometric assay of CD69 up-regulation on CD4+ CLA+ T cells in nickel-sensitive and non-nickel-sensitive patients.
Ti-based nanoplates with abundant phase boundaries have been synthesized via partial lithiation reaction and optimized heat treatment. Using phase boundaries (rather than free surfaces) to keep the crystalline domains small might have significant advantages, such as improved tap density (therefore volumetric energy density) and reduced loss of live Lithium to the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) which only coats the free surfaces. As lithium ion battery anode, the obtained Li4Ti5O12/TiO2(Anatase)/TiO2(Rutile) three-phase mixture shows a capacity of about 170mAhg−1 at 4000mAg−1 (fully charged in ~150s), and undergoes more than one thousand cycles with capacity fade of only 0.02% per cycle. It also demonstrates excellent cycling stability even after 4000 cycles at 500mAg−1 in a Li-matched full cell vs. LiFePO4 cathode in large pouch cell format, with tolerable gassing behavior. Rather than relying on Ti3+ defects or excessively large surface area, the present material is prepared in fully oxidizing environment, with abundant phase boundaries as the main capacity enhancement mechanism, which simplify its industrial production.
Phosphorus-based LIBs anode have attracted much attention for its high theoretical capacity. Much work so far has focused on the anode such as commercial red phosphorus and black phosphorus. However, little is known about the other phases of phosphorus. Here, we proposed a promising LIBs anode based on fibrous phosphorus and Hittorf's phosphorus. An Iodine-assisted CVD method was used to synthesize urchin-like fibrous phosphorus crystals and flower-like Hittorf's phosphorus crystals and the morphology of the twin phases was investigated systematically. Hittorf's Phosphorus exhibited an initial capacity of 2113.8 mA h g−1 and a capacity of 558.0 mA h g−1 after 40 cycles, whereas the fibrous phosphorus delivered a slightly lower initial discharge capacity of 1783.0 mA h g−1 but a higher capacity of 817.0 mA h g−1 after 40 cycles. It is concluded that fibrous phosphorus exhibited a best performance comparing with other single phases such as commercial red phosphorus (irreversible) and black phosphorus (the capacity fades from 1800.0 mA h g−1 to 200.0 mA h g−1 after 30 cycles). The Li-ion storage mechanism of fibrous phosphorus was investigated deeply. The uniform rod-like morphology and high conductivity of fibrous phosphorus improved the performance. Besides, the presence of Li3P and LiP phases contributed to the cyclability.
Awareness of farm animal welfare issues is growing in Canada, as part of a larger food movement. The baseline Canadian standards for farm animal welfare—the Recommended Codes of Practice for the Care and Handling of Farm Animals—are up for revision. The success of these standards will depend in part on perceived legitimacy, which helps determine whether voluntary code systems are adopted, implemented, and accepted by target audiences. In the context of the Codes, legitimacy will also hinge on whether the standards-developers marshal narratives about farm animals that accord with their audiences’ expectations. The aim of this paper is to catalogue factors that influence legitimacy in farm animal welfare standard-setting, including which narratives of animal welfare are emphasized by standard-setters. Drawing upon the example of the baseline Canadian standards, and the National Farm Animal Care Council, the paper will present a theoretical and methodological framework for analyzing legitimacy in the context of animal welfare standards-development and discuss associated policy considerations.
Recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is of great significance considering the conservation of metal resources and the alleviation of potential hazardous effects on environment. Thus, the present work focuses on enhancing the efficiency of leaching process for the recovery of cobalt and lithium from the cathode active materials of spent LIBs. In this study, benzenesulfonic acid (C6H5SO3H) with a reducing agent hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was innovatively used as leaching reagents, and the operating variables were optimized to obtain higher leaching efficiencies. Results show the optimized leaching recovery of 99.58% Li and 96.53% Co was obtained under the conditions of 0.75 M benzenesulfonic acid, 3 vol% H2O2, a solid to liquid (S/L) ratio of 15 g/L, 500 rpm stirring speed, and 80 min leaching time at 90 °C. Moreover, a new kinetic model was introduced to describe the leaching kinetics of LiCoO2 from the cathode material. The apparent activation energies Ea for leaching of lithium and cobalt are 41.06 and 35.21 kJ/mol, respectively, indicating that the surface chemical reaction is the rate-controlling step during this leaching process. Further, the proposed recovery mechanism for spent cathode material was raised by analyzing the experimental results and characterizing the morphological and chemical state (i.e. SEM-EDS, XPS and XRD) of raw material and leaching residues. In comparison with the previous leaching process, this research was found to be efficient, low energy consumption, and environmental friendly.
The fractal dimensions of polypyrrole (PPy) film electrodeposited on the glassy carbon (GC) electrode formed in the presence of ClO 4 - is obtained by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods in different film thicknesses and various synthesis temperatures. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique was employed to analyze fractal structure of film. Anomalous diffusion through the film in which mean squared displacement of particles has not a linear dependence with time ( 〈 x 2 〉 ∝ t γ ) has been discussed and values of γ that is the characteristic of anomalous diffusion is obtained by EIS method and then the relation between fractal dimension and anomalous diffusion has been investigated.
Macrocyclic compounds such as metallophthalocyanines demonstrated good catalytic activities toward electrochemical reactions. The characteristics of the central cations in metallophthalocyanines significantly influenced their electrocatalytic activities. Addition of conjugated polymers in electrodes improved the electrocatalytic activity by enhancing the electric conductivity. The electrocatalytic activities of macrocyclic compounds could be further improved by heat treatment. The formation of metallic clusters or metal containing organic fragments after pyrolyzing played an important role in improving electrocatalytic activities of macrocyclic compounds. It was considered that macrocyclic compounds might be functioned as a precursor to obtain well-distributed metallic clusters or metal containing organic fragments.
Virtual reality (VR) technology has matured during the past few years to a degree where real industrial applications have become feasible. The work described in this paper involves collaboration between Heriot-Watt University and BAE Systems and aimed to establish the feasibility of using augmented VR to support complex information delivery in high precision defence assembly. Laboratory and field studies were conducted which investigated performance when using augmented VR as compared to conventional methods of information delivery. The results show that augmented VR is comparable to conventional methods of information delivery in terms of latencies and errors but allows less disruption to work and greater mobility. There appear to be no adverse affects on operators from using VR and generally operators are positive towards using VR technology. The feasibility of supporting augmented VR with wearable technology is also demonstrated. The overall results are discussed in terms of further application of VR in industrial settings.