batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Background Delirium is a common, morbid, and costly syndrome that occurs frequently after surgery for atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that vascular risk factors and mildly impaired cognitive performance would independently predispose nondemented patients to develop delirium after noncardiac surgery. Methods The International Study of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction recruited patients undergoing noncardiac surgery from 8 countries. Subjects provided detailed medical history and underwent preoperative testing of multiple cognitive domains with a neuropsychologic battery. Postoperatively, subjects (n=1161) were assessed daily for delirium. Results Ninety-nine subjects (8%) developed delirium. In bivariable analysis, several vascular risk factors were significantly associated with the likelihood of delirium, including male sex, exposure to tobacco, previous myocardial infarction, and vascular surgery. After adjustment for age, tobacco exposure and vascular surgery were independent vascular risk factors for delirium (adjusted relative risk [RR] 3.2, 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1-4.9). In addition, mildly impaired cognitive performance, defined as performance 1.5 standard deviation below the mean on either of 2 neuropsychologic tests, was independently associated with delirium (adjusted RR 2.2, 95% CI, 1.4-3.6). Subjects with both vascular risk factors and mildly impaired cognitive performance were at double the risk of delirium (RR 2.2, 95% CI, 1.2-4.2) compared with those with either of these risk factors alone. Conclusions Vascular risk and mildly impaired cognitive performance independently predispose patients to delirium after noncardiac surgery. These factors will help to identify high-risk patients for delirium and to design and target future intervention strategies.
Using PITT technique, the various shapes of the Cottrellian diffusion plots, It 1/2 versus log t, were studied as a function of the electrode potential for the Li ions insertion into graphite electrodes. Single maximum appeared on the It 1/2 versus log t plots for stoichiometries close to pure staged phases, whereas two maxima were always observed in the two-phase coexistence domains. Slow nucleation rate during phase 2/phase 1 transition was revealed by the characteristic shape of the initial time domains of both chronoamperometric and chronovoltammetric curves. Corrected for nucleation, the longer time domain of the response was treated chronocoulometrically in the framework of two alternative approaches using the moving boundary and the classical Cottrellian models. The alternative approaches resulted in virtually the same value of D. The diffusion of Li ions during phase 2/phase 1 transition is largerly affected by slow interfacial charge transfer. In this case, the spinodal domain in the free-energy curve is effectively degenerated even at small overvoltages. This substantiates the formal application of the Cottrellian diffusion approach to determine D during the processes of intercalation and deintercalation, accompanied by first-order transitions; however, involvement of the slow interfacial kinetics in the measured response should be adequatly taken into account.
Activated carbon fiber cloth (ACFC) electrodes with high double layer capacitance and good rate capability were prepared from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fabrics by optimizing the carbonization temperature prior to CO2 activation. The carbonization temperature has a marked effect on both the pore structure and the electrochemical performances of the ACFCs. Moderate carbonization at 600°C results in higher specific surface area and larger pore size, and hence higher capacitance and better rate capability. The specific capacitance of the ACFCs in 6molL−1 KOH aqueous solution can be as high as 208Fg−1. It remains 129Fg−1 as the current density increases to 10000mAg−1.
Non-flammable electrolytes such as phosphates offer safety advantages for batteries, but they are prone to decomposition when coupled with graphite anodes. Here, the authors report a phosphate with a high salt-to-solvent ratio that displays high stability as well as compatibility with graphite in a commercial 18650-type cell.
Due to increasing oil and gas demand, the depletion of fossil resources, serious global warming, efficient energy systems and new energy conversion processes are urgently needed. Fuel cells and hybrid systems have emerged as advanced thermodynamic systems with great promise in achieving high energy/power efficiency with reduced environmental loads. In particular, due to the synergistic effect of using integrated solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and classical thermodynamic cycle technologies, the efficiency of the integrated system can be significantly improved. This paper reviews different concepts/strategies for SOFC-based integration systems, which are timely transformational energy-related technologies available to overcome the threats posed by climate change and energy security.
The development of pulse charging equipment for the unique application to submarine lead-acid batteries is described. A prototype pulse charger has been developed and applied to individual twin-cell submarine batteries, plus a 20 twin-cell pulse charger has been commissioned at the battery manufacturing facility. The paper provides a description of the pulse charging equipment and preliminary test results and analyses using the prototype twin-cell pulse charger, based on application of a range of positive and negative pulse parameters. The tests so far indicate potential benefits may arise from this form of charging, including enhancement of battery charge levels, reduced gas charging (Stage 3) times and reduced gas evolution rates.
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) dimensionality is much debated, with the greatest number of reported factor structures. Therefore, this review appraised the methodologies of studies investigating the factor structure of the PSQI.
N-substituted caprolactam (CL) derivatives are examined as novel solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)-forming additives for improving the cycle performance of LiCoO2/graphite lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Our electrochemical experiments and density function calculations reveal that N-substitution of acetyl, methyl, and vinyl functional groups to ɛ-CL greatly affects the oxidation/reduction reactions of the CL additives. The cyclability of LiCoO2/graphite cells are in the following order: acetyl–CL > ɛ-CL > methyl-CL > no additive > vinyl-CL. The cycle performance of acetyl–CL is comparable to that of VC, currently the most widely used SEI-forming additive in LIBs. The excellent performance of acetyl–CL is ascribed to the electron withdrawing nature of the acetyl group, which enhances the anodic stability and facilitates the reduction reaction, leading to superior SEI formation at the graphite anode.
The extensive application of Sodium–Nickel Chloride (Na–NiCl2) secondary batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles, in which the safety requirements are more restrictive than these of stationary storage applications, depicts the Na–NiCl2 technology as perfectly suitable for the stationary storage applications. The risk of fire is negligible because of the intrinsic safety of the cell chemical reactions, related to the sodium-tetrachloroaluminate (NaAlCl4) content into the cell, which acts as a secondary electrolyte (the primary one being the ceramic β″-alumina as common for Na-Beta batteries). The 3 h rate discharge time makes this technology very attractive for load levelling, voltage regulation, time shifting and the power fluctuation mitigation of the renewable energy sources in both HV and EHV networks.
A sintered bulk Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) pellet was prepared in Ar flow. The Li ion conductivity of LLZ pellet sintered in Ar flow was lower than that sintered in air due to mainly high grain boundary resistance, indicating that air promotes sintering of LLZ. On the other hand, stability against molten Li metal was not affected by sintering atmosphere. LiCoO2 was prepared by a sol–gel method and no impurity phase was observed by XRD identification. All-solid-state battery with Li/LLZ/LiCoO2 configuration was constructed and operated successfully.
In a previous publication we observed aberrant levels of the human reduced folate carrier (hRFC) in cortex from fetal Down syndrome (DS) subjects. Immunoreactivity for hRFC was increased as the only chromosome 21 gene product studied. We, therefore, analyzed mice transgenic for hRFC (TghRFC1) and wild-type (WT) mice for cognitive functions, behavior and in an observational neurological battery (FOB). Cognitive functions were evaluated by the Morris water maze (MWM), the open field (OF) was used for exploratory behavior, locomotor activity and anxiety-related behavior. The elevated plus maze (EPM) was used to confirm findings in the OF testing anxiety-related behavior and the rota rod (RR) to evaluate motor function. In the MWM TghRFC1 mice performed significantly worse (P < 0.0003) on the probe trial than WT mice. In the FOB visual placing was significantly reduced inTghRFC1 mice. In the OF TghRFC1 mice crossed twice as often (P < 0.029) and in the EPM individuals from this group showed a reduced number of exits from the closed arm (P < 0.044) compared to WT mice. TghRFC1 mice showed impaired performance on the RR, spending one-fourth of the time of WT on the revolving rod (P < 0.0003). Cognitive impairment is an obligatory symptom of DS and this deficiency corresponds to findings in the MWM of mice transgenic for hRFC. Findings of visual placing and failure on the RR may reflect impaired motor performance including muscular hypotonia in DS subjects. Increased crossings in the OF may indicate modulated anxiety-related behavior observed in patients with DS.
The poor interfacial contact between electrode materials and electrolyte has become a major obstacle to the development and application of solid-state batteries. In this work, we report a facile method to realize interfacial modification with the help of in-situ ultraviolet solidified gel polymer electrolyte, which is completely compatible with commercial LiFePO4 and cellulose membrane forming stable composite cathode and cellulose membrane-gel polymer electrolyte. Two intimate interfaces between LiFePO4 and gel polymer electrolyte as well as composite cathode and cellulose membrane-based composite electrolyte are achieved to facilitate fast transfer of lithium ions at the interface. The assembled solid-state cell exhibits lower interfacial resistance, reduced polarization, higher rate capability, and more stable cycling performance than other routine counterparts. This work provides a new way for fabrication of novel advanced solid-state electrolytes and electrodes for applications in solid-state batteries.
To investigate the performance of a stand-alone horizontal axis tidal current turbine (HATCT) under an actual tidal current, a stand-alone HATCT, including its rotor, power train, electrical system, control system and support structure, was designed, and in situ experiments for a whole rising tide period were carried out in a water channel in Zhoushan, China. The experimental results show that the turbine that was designed had a good starting characteristic that began generating at a tidal current velocity of 0.588m/s. Both the MPPT control strategy to capture maximum power under the rated tidal current velocity and the power limitation control strategy to limit output power above the rated tidal current velocity were verified.
This study develops a method to internally preheat lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures with sinusoidal alternating current (AC). A heat generation rate model in frequency domain is developed based on the equivalent electrical circuit. Using this model as the source term, a lumped energy conservation model is adopted to predict the temperature rise. These models are validated against the experimental results of preheating an 18650 cell at different thermal insulation conditions. The effects of current amplitude and frequency on the heating rate are illustrated with a series of simulated contours of heating time. These contours indicate that the heating rate increases with higher amplitude, lower frequency and better thermal insulation. The cell subjected to an alternating current with an amplitude of 7 A (2.25 C) and a frequency of 1 Hz, under a calibrated heat transfer coefficient of 15.9 W m−2 K−1, can be heated from −20 °C to 5 °C within 15 min and the temperature distribution remains essentially uniform. No capacity loss is found after repeated AC preheating tests, indicating this method incurs little damage to the battery health. These models are computationally-efficient and can be used in real time to control the preheating devices in electric vehicles.
Li3VO4 (LVO) is a promising insertion-type anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) while its electrochemical performance in magnesium ion batteries (MIBs) is rarely reported. Here, mesoporous LVO/Carbon (LVO/C) hollow spheres are synthesized by a facile spray-drying method and their electrochemical performance as Mg2+ insertion-host material is investigated for the first time. Galvanostatic charge-discharge results of LVO/C show no obvious platform in the potential range of 0.5∼2.5V vs. Mg2+/Mg. The LVO/C delivers a high discharge capacity of 318mAhg−1 at first cycle and exhibits good cycle performance. The electrochemical intercalation process is proved by element mapping, ex-situ X-ray Powder diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Our results show that LVO is a promising anode material for MIBs.
Three trials comprised of 4, 16, and 8 captive-reared juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) were run for 164, 134, and 213d, respectively, to evaluate platform terminal transmitter (PTT) attachment methods. Power-Fast® epoxy-only (PF-only) and Power-Fast®/Sonic-Weld® epoxy putty (PF/SW) protocols were tested in each trial, and the latter trials also included experimental, less-rigid methods incorporating 1.5 and 3.0mm neoprene. Protocols were modified slightly for the latter trials compared to those of the first, utilizing coarser sandpaper for site preparation and discarding initial “squeezes” of epoxy. Despite a low average growth rate (0.012cm/d), three of four PTTs were shed from the loggerheads in Trial 1. All PTTs remained attached in Trial 2 after an average straight carapace length (SCL) increase of 3.4cm (0.024cm/d), suggesting that protocol modifications improved upon Trial 1 methods. One 3.0-mm neoprene attachment and a PF-only attachment were shed during Trial 3 after SCL increases of 3.7 and 5.4cm, respectively. The other six PTTs remained attached after an average SCL increase of 9.6cm (0.045cm/d), but significant gaps occurred along the perimeters of the three remaining non-neoprene attachments. Two neoprene attachments became loose along the edges while their centers remained secure, suggesting that carefully-applied neoprene attachments may be beneficial for tracking smaller, faster-growing sea turtles.
The Internet of Things, enabled by a worldwide network of interconnected sensors, is limited in its large-scale deployment of nomadic miniaturized devices due to the bounds of energy self-sufficiency. One possible solution, albeit challenging, is constructing on-chip pseudocapacitive micro-supercapacitors. Herein, we achieve the collective fabrication of micro-supercapacitors based on sputtered bi-functional vanadium nitride films acting as the electrode material and as the current collector. The reported surface and volumetric capacitance values (1.2 F cm−2 and >700 F cm−3, respectively) of the 16 μm-thick vanadium nitride film obtained via production-compatible microelectronic deposition methods compete well with those of cutting-edge transition metal oxide/nitride materials, and exceed those of standard carbon electrodes. An arsenal of advanced techniques has been deployed to investigate the pseudocapacitive behavior of sputtered vanadium nitride films in aqueous electrolyte in order to unveil the charge storage process explaining their high capacitance and their improved cycling behavior.
Exceptionally high specific capacities at ultrahigh charge/discharge currents have been obtained with a bi-material electrode prepared using Li3V1.95Ni0.05(PO4)3/C (LVNP/C) and activated carbon (AC) as coexisting active materials. Thanks to the amphoteric properties of LVNP/C, this electrode designated as LVNP/C-AC, has been evaluated both as positive and negative electrode in 1M LiPF6 in EC:DMC (1:1). At high specific currents (26.6Ag−1), the bi-material electrode delivers specific capacities as high as 61 and 24mAhg−1, between 3.0–4.3V and 3.0–1.5V vs Li/Li+, respectively. By contrast, the corresponding values for LVNP/C are 49 and 18mAhg−1. In both potential windows, the bi-material electrode shows an excellent cycling stability over 2000 cycles at 26.6Ag−1, with capacity retention of 95 and 89%, between 3.0–4.3 and 3.0–1.5V vs Li/Li+, respectively. The synergic effect of the activated carbon on the electrochemical performances of Li3V1.95Ni0.05(PO4)3/C is investigated by comparing the cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electronic conductivity, galvanostatic cycling, and scanning electron microscopy of the bi-material electrode with the ones of LVNP/C. This study highlights the huge potentialities of this bi-material electrode for the development of high energy and high power Li-ion hybrid supercapacitors.
We have prepared two types TiO2(B)-carbon composites from Lepidocrocite-type compounds (K0.86Li0.26Ti1.72O4) heated at 700 and 900°C under presence of carbon nanotube (CNT) and glucose as carbon sources. The XRD data shows that it contains a single phase of TiO2(B) and the existence of carbon was confirmed by Raman spectra. TEM image confirms that TiO2(B) primary particles and carbon nanotube are scattered randomly and contact tightly in the composite. Carbon content in the composite was found to be 5 - 8% and CNT is the major carbonaceous material. The charge and discharge curves of TiO2(B)-carbon composite prepared from precursor heated at 700°C resemble with that of amorphous TiO2. The calculated discharge capacity of the composite is 323mAhg−1 at a cut off voltage of 0.9V, which is higher than that of bare TiO2(B). It is suggested that the electrochemical performance of this material is strongly influenced by both the operating temperature and cut off voltage. The discharge capacity can reach 198mAhg−1 at 4.5C rate at a cut off voltage 1.3V and the coulombic efficiency is over 99.8% after 10th cycles.
The thermal stability, in terms of cycle and rate performances at 80 °C, and its safety related to lithium ion batteries composed of a LiFePO4 cathode and SiO anode are investigated. Based on an STEM-EELS analysis, the SiO powder is found to have an amorphous structure, in which nanosized Si particles (Si-rich phase) are uniformly dispersed in the SiO2 matrix (SiO2-rich phase). During the charge/discharge cycling, the cell exhibits a satisfactory cycle performance with a discharge capacity retention of 93.6% and a voltage retention of 93.9% at the 1500th cycle. Also, the charge and discharge capacity retentions at 10 C are 97.5% and 94.7%, respectively, together with a limited polarization, demonstrating its high rate performance. Furthermore, a 1.16 Ah LiFePO4/SiO laminated cell shows negligible voltage and temperature changes during the nail penetration test. The Li concentration in the active material (Si-rich phase) is found to be almost the same as that in the SiO2-rich phase after the test. This high thermal stability and safety may be due to the formed layer from the SiO2 matrix, preventing any side reaction from occurring on the Si surface and isolating the internal current path during the nail penetration.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is reportedly the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed during childhood, and it is recognized as a common condition in adulthood. We review the evidence to help identify cognitive domains associated to deficits in adult ADHD. A systematic review with narrative synthesis was performed, assessing studies on adult ADHD, neuropsychology and research on involved cognitive domains in adults 18+ years old with an established diagnosis of ADHD, in seven electronic databases (PubMed, PsychInfo, WebOfScience, Embase, Scopus, OvidSPMedline, and Teseo), and Worldcat and OpenGrey grey literature databases. 93 studies were included for this review, encompassing findings from a total 5574 adults diagnosed only with ADHD, medication-naïve or non-medicated at the moment of the assessment and 4880 healthy controls. Adults diagnosed with ADHD may show, when compared to healthy controls, a cognitive profile characterized by deficits across all attention modalities, processing speed, executive function (mainly working memory and inhibition with emphasis on reward delay and interference control), verbal memory, reading skills, social cognition and arithmetic abilities. A cognitive characterization of adult ADHD by domains is established beyond the sole consideration of attention and executive function problems. Along with these, verbal memory, language (mainly reading), social cognition and arithmetic abilities may also contribute to a more comprehensive characterization of the cognitive profile in adult ADHD.
Petroleum is currently being used as a major source for chemicals, materials, and fuels, but poses major concerns in terms of its future utilisation due to resource limitation, increasing costs and associated environmental issues. An alternative raw material for chemicals and biofuels production is lignocellulosic biomass. The conversion of biomass to biofuels begins with biomass pretreatment in which chemical and/or physical treatments are utilised to remove or weaken the tight linkages among cell-wall components, making biomass easier to degrade. The use of ionic liquids–salts (mixtures of cations and anions that melt below 100 °C) has been described as a new potentially viable development in this area due to the increasing interest in the use of such compounds to pretreat lignocellulosic materials and to catalyse the dissolution of cellulose. This manuscript aims to provide an overview on the major representative progress and development of the use of ionic liquids systems for biomass pretreatment and cellulose dissolution. A comparison of the environmental impact of different ionic liquids for the conversion of carbohydrates into useful biofuel intermediates will be described, with their inherent advantages for biomass valorisation processes in terms of unique and tuneable physico-chemical properties.