batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Single-phase lithium nickel manganese oxide, LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2, was successfully synthesized from a solid solution of Ni1.5Mn1.5O4 that was prepared by means of the solid reaction between Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O and Ni(CH3COO)2·4H2O. XRD pattern shows that the product is well crystallized with a high degree of Li–M (Ni, Mn) order in their respective layers, and no diffraction peak of Li2MnO3 can be detected. Electrochemical performance of as-prepared LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 was examined in the test battery by charge–discharge cycling with different rate, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The cycling behavior between 2.5 and 4.4V at a current rate of 21.7mAg−1 shows a reversible capacity of about 190mAhg−1 with little capacity loss after 100 cycles. High-rate capability test shows that even at a rate of 6C, stable capacity about 120mAhg−1 is retained. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) profile shows that the cathode material has better electrochemical reversibility. EIS analysis indicates that the resistance of charge transfer (R ct) is small in fully charged state at 4.4V and fully discharged state at 2.5V versus Li+/Li. The favorable electrochemical performance was primarily attributed to regular and stable crystal structure with little intra-layer disordering.
The continuing popularity of the Ford F-150 pick-up has highlighted the consumer acceptance of light-weight aluminum in the automotive sector. PM aluminum developments are making further progress.
Solid electrolytes are the core components for many next generation lithium battery concepts such as all-solid-state batteries (ASSB) or batteries based on metallic lithium anodes protected by a ceramic or composite passivation layer. Therefore, the search for new solid state Li-ion conductors with superior properties and improved electrochemical stabilities remains of high interest. In this work, the synthesis of a new class of silicon-containing, sulfide-based lithium-ion conductors is reported. Very good conductivities of up to ∼2.0–3.0·10−3 S/cm could be achieved for compositions such as Li22SiP2S18, among the highest for silicon sulfide containing materials. Based on the recorded powder XRD diffraction patterns and simulations it could be confirmed that they constitute novel members of the argyrodite family of sulfide lithium-ion conductors. The cubic high-temperature modification of such argyrodites with high lithium-ion conductivity can therefore be stabilized by implementation of silicon into the lattice, while additional doping with halogen atoms is not necessary.
Binary transition metal oxides with multiple active sites are considered as one of the most potential anode candidates for high-performance supercapacitors (SCs) but their inferior conductivity is utterly disappointing. Herein, a molybdenum tungsten oxynitride with a porous architecture is designed and synthesized by nitriding its bimetallic oxide counterpart under ammonia atmosphere. The ingenious introduction of nitrogen atoms into the binary oxide not only leads to an enlarged specific surface area with complete hydrophilicity, but also results in an optimized electrical conductivity, which synergistically strengthen its supercapacitive properties. As a proof of concept, the oxynitride electrode displays a remarkable areal capacitance of 2.43 F cm−2 at 4 mA cm−2 and exhibits high cycling stability (no noticeable decay after 20,000 cycles), considerably superior to that of the pristine sample. A high-performance aqueous asymmetric SC with long lifespan is also achieved by coupling the oxynitride anode with a MnO2 cathode. Specifically, the device delivers an energy density of 1.67 mW h cm−3 and holds a power density of 0.23 W cm−3, outstripping plenty of recently reported asymmetric SCs. This work provides a new train of thought for boosting the performance of energy storage systems based on binary transition metal oxides.
Vanadium oxide (V2O5/V2O5 hydrates) sol–gel coatings on lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) are investigated as a means are prepared to improve the cycleability at a high-charge cut-off voltage. The V2O5 sol was prepared by a melt-quenching method. The crystal structure and morphology of the samples are examined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The charge and discharge characteristics, including cycleability, are measured at room temperature, and the electrochemical properties of bare and coated LiCoO2 are compared. Overall, a vanadium oxide coating on LiCoO2 improves the cycleability at a high-charge cut-off voltage.
A novel polymeric lithium tartaric acid borate (PLTB) was synthesized via an one-step reaction in aqueous solution. The polymer electrolyte of PLTB@PVDF-HFP (poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene)) was developed by a doctor-blading followed by a soaking process in propylene carbonate (PC). It was manifested that the PC swollen PLTB@PVDF-HFP exhibited excellent electrochemical stability and compatibility with lithium metal electrode, high ionic conductivity and high lithium ion transference number at an operating temperature of 80°C. The cells using the PC swollen PLTB@PVDF-HFP as electrolyte showed stable charge/discharge profiles, preferable rate capability and satisfactory cycling performance at high temperature. These superior performances of PC swollen PLTB@PVDF-HFP could endow this class of polymer electrolyte a very promising application in lithium batteries operating at relatively high temperature.
As LiCoO2 cathodes are charged, delithiation of the LiCoO2 active material leads to an increase in the lattice spacing, causing swelling of the particles. When these particles are packed into a bicontinuous, percolated network, as is the case in a battery electrode, this swelling leads to the generation of significant mechanical stress. In this study we performed coupled electrochemical-mechanical simulations of the charging of a LiCoO2 cathode in order to elucidate the mechanisms of stress generation and the effect of charge rate and microstructure on these stresses. Energy dispersive spectroscopy combined with scanning electron microscopy imaging was used to create 3D reconstructions of a LiCoO2 cathode, and the Conformal Decomposition Finite Element Method is used to automatically generate computational meshes on this reconstructed microstructure. Replacement of the ideal solution Fickian diffusion model, typically used in battery simulations, with a more general non-ideal solution model shows substantially smaller gradients of lithium within particles than is typically observed in the literature. Using this more general model, lithium gradients only appear at states of charge where the open-circuit voltage is relatively constant. While lithium gradients do affect the mechanical stress state in the particles, the maximum stresses are always found in the fully-charged state and are strongly affected by the local details of the microstructure and particle-to-particle contacts. These coupled electrochemical-mechanical simulations begin to yield insight into the partitioning of volume change between reducing pore space and macroscopically swelling the electrode. Finally, preliminary studies that include the presence of the polymeric binder suggest that it can greatly impact stress generation and that it is an important area for future research.
Micro supercapacitor (MSC) featured by high capacitance density, has great potential for replacing bulky electrolytic capacitors in circuits to make electronics of miniaturization, yet suffers from sharp capacitance drop under alternating current. Here, we report a circuit-integratable high-frequency MSC with hybrid architecture electrode, in which 2D pseudocapacitive MXene served as the active material provides large capacitance and multi-walled carbon nanotube applied as interlayer support offers fast ion transport paths. Such design brings the device an excellent frequency response and a capacitance density much higher than commercial tantalum capacitors at 120 Hz. A novel transfer-free filtration technology greatly eliminates the equivalent series resistance and the consequent thermal loss, and makes the MSC a more circuit-integratable planar geometry. Moreover, such high-frequency MSC is applied in a low-pass filtering circuit and a relaxation oscillator circuit, displaying advantages in function, size and intergratability compared with electrolytic capacitors.
Conversion to Digital Radio Broadcasting is well underway in the United States. The arrival has been accompanied by a series of technological and regulatory events. This book was written to provide a look at In-Band On-Channel (IBOC) technology from the inside, out. IBOC technology is also discussed in the context of its implementation by the company that brought it to market, iBiquity Digital Corporation (iBiquity). Receiver and transmission equipment manufacturers make and market numerous products licensed by iBiquity under the “HD RadioTM” brand name. At points in the book we thresh out the nature of the IBOC transmission protocol and its relation to products that bear the HD Radio trademark. The first two chapters provide a top-level view of the context of IBOC. Chapters 3 through 11 go into the nuts and bolts of the National Radio Systems Committee's NRSC-5 IBOC standard and how the technology works. The final portion of the book touches on other aspects of the technology.
The electrochemical behaviour of trivalent chromium (Cr3+) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMIm][BF4] ionic liquid solutions was studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The reduction of Cr3+ occurs in two steps, Cr3+ to Cr2+ and Cr2+ to Cr0, respectively. The first step is quasi-reversible with a diffusion coefficient of Cr3+ in solution of 3.13×10−8 cm2 s−1 at 303K and 25.8×10−8 cm2 s−1 at 358K, estimated from cyclic voltammetry data. Black chromium films were electrodeposited on copper, stainless steel and carbon steel substrates at a constant potential of −1.5V vs Pt quasi-reference electrode. The films consist of aggregates of nanosized particles. The coatings in the as-deposited condition present an amorphous structure but after annealing for 4h, a nanocrystalline Cr2O3 phase is formed, with an average crystallite size of 17nm.
Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbons were prepared using a biopolymer, gelatin as precursor by nano-CaCO3 template method. Although the surface area of the carbon obtained at 800°C is only 666m2 g−1, the existence of abundant nitrogen-containing functional groups with a nitrogen content of 10.72wt% makes the carbon has a relative high capacitance of 198Fg−1 in 6molL−1 KOH aqueous electrolytes. The developed mesoporous structure endows the carbon with good rate capability, and the capacitance can remain 135Fg−1 even when the current density increases to 20Ag−1. The carbon also possesses excellent cycle durability, indicating an attractive electrode material for supercapacitors.
Recent work by Atraverda on the production of an Ebonex® material that can be cheaply formulated and manufactured to form bipolar substrate plates for bipolar lead-acid batteries is described. In addition, data obtained by Atraverda from laboratory lead-acid batteries is presented indicating that weight savings of around 40% for a bipolar 36V design (20Ah capacity, 5h rate, 9kW) are potentially achievable in comparison to more conventional designs containing monopolar lead grids. Results indicate that their use as bipolar substrate materials will provide light-weight, long-lasting lead-acid batteries suitable for automotive, standby and power tool applications.
Hybrid renewable energy (HRE) system based power generation is a cost effective alternative where power grid extensions are expensive. This system utilizes two or more locally available renewable energy resources such as wind, solar, biomass, biogas and small hydro power with or without conventional fossil fuel energy sources to create standalone mode to meet the energy needs in rural remote areas. This study offers a comprehensive review of the research work carried out in planning, configurations, and modeling and optimization techniques of hybrid renewable energy systems for off grid applications. Hybrid renewable system utilities today are more dependent on an optimal design to minimize the cost function. This paper presents a review of various mathematical models proposed by different researchers. These models have been developed based on objective functions, economics and reliability studies involving design parameters. The present study will familiarize the reader with various optimization techniques of system modeling and enable them to compare these models on the basis of their cost functions. Researchers may consider the most suitable model from the various hybrid renewable system models proposed in this study to develop customized designs for optimizing system size while incurring least cost.
Nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets (NGS), prepared by a simple hydrothermal reaction of graphene oxide (GO) with urea as nitrogen source were studied as positive electrodes in vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The synthesized NGS with the nitrogen level as high as 10.12 atom% is proven to be a promising material for VRFB. The structures and electrochemical properties of the materials are investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impendence spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that not only the nitrogen doping level but the nitrogen type in the NGS are significant for its catalytic activity towards the [VO]2+/[VO2]+ redox couple reaction. In more detail, among four types of nitrogen species (pyridinic-N, pyrrolic-N, quaternary-N, oxidic-N) doped into the graphene lattice, quaternary-N play mainly roles for improving the catalytic activity toward the [VO]2+/[VO2]+ couple reaction.
Hierarchical layered hydrous lithium titanate and Li4Ti5O12 microspheres assembled by nanosheets have been successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal process and subsequent thermal treatment. The electrochemical properties of the two samples have been investigated by galvanostatic methods. The former, with the obvious layered structure and a large surface area, delivers a reversible capacity of 180mAhg−1 after 200 cycles at 200mAg−1. As for Li4Ti5O12, with the intriguing and unique sawtooth-like morphology, it presents exceptional high rate performance and excellent cycling stability. Up to 132mAhg−1 is obtained after 200 cycles at 10,000mAg−1 (57C), proving itself promising for high-rate applications.
The effect of niobium (Nb) doping in one-dimensional (1D) nanostructured LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM) cathode has been investigated for this study. Nb-doped NCM nanofibres have been prepared through an electrospinning method followed by controllable sintering process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results confirmed that Nb-doping can effectively reduce cation mixing, thus improve the structural stability. In addition, due to the valence compensation balance, Mn4+ ions are partially reduced to Mn3+ ions, which can further improve the conductivity and stable cycling performance. Therefore, increased discharge capacities, high first cycle efficiencies and superior cycling and rate behaviors are observed between normal voltage limits for the Nb-doped NCM compositions in electrochemical cells. Specifically, Nb-doped NCM nanofibres achieve a high discharge capacity of 200.4 mAh/g at 0.1 C with a high Coulombic efficiency of 92.3%. Moreover, a high discharge capacity of 118.7 mAh/g even at 5 C with 83.3% capacity retention after 200 cycles is also achieved. Also, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results demonstrate that Nb-doping can mitigate the electrochemical polarization of NCM and improve the lithium ion diffusion coefficient, leading to the improvement of electrochemical performances. It is highly expected that our findings can provide a general approach to improve the electrochemical properties of cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
About 70% population of Myanmar lives in rural areas where average electrification rate is mere 16%. Out of total 64,917 villages, about 57,557 villages are in remote areas, far away from the national grid. Myanmar is blessed with an abundance of energy potential and extensive renewable resources, including large amount of agricultural biomass waste. The rice husk is one of the major sources of biomass. The paddy rice production had been estimated at 28.9 million tons for 2014, producing 5.78 million tons of rice husks. Over 1000 rice mills across Myanmar are being powered by rice husk small scale biomass gasifiers. After 2001, few rice husk biomass power plant were installed by rural cooperatives/committees for rural electrification. The present investigation focuses to explore the self-sustaining energy service model to provide grid quality power to rural populations without the need of subsidies. The power system model focusing on both power requirements for the productive use and the neighboring villages/rural households at affordable tariff could become the most appropriate solution for the sustainable rural electrification. It is argued that the rice husk biomass power system installed and operated by rice millers is not only the sustainable and affordable option to rural electrification but also the financially viable business model to provide the grid quality power to rural population without grant or subsidy. Furthermore, the modern energy policy objectives-energy security, affordability, and sustainability are also met with the biomass rice husk power plant.
The integration of units with primary energy sources, energy storage and loads, is expected to play a promising role in the future of the electricity supply. The distributed energy resources are the basic units for storage and distribution in microgrids. A hybrid unit, which includes a primary energy source and storage simultaneously, is proposed in this work. The unit consists of a DC-DC Buck-Boost converter that tracks the maximum power supplied by a photovoltaic panel, a DC-DC Boost converter that regulates the microgrid DC bus voltage and a DC-DC bidirectional converter which controls the energy flow on the system, charging or discharging a battery bank. The control strategy for these converters should consider the protection of the batteries against voltage transients, as well as the protection of the loads at microgrid bus. Thus, this work proposes a coordinated control strategy for maximizing the power supplied to DC microgrids considering the usage of a photovoltaic energy source and a battery bank under different climate conditions. Simulation and experimental results show that the control strategy tracks the maximum power from the photovoltaic module, charges the batteries when they are discharged, and provides power from the batteries when needed, ensuring the protection of the batteries, autonomous loads and the optimization of energy available for the batteries and loads.
Cortical thinning in frontal and temporal regions has been reported in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and, less consistently, among their unaffected first-degree relatives. Likewise, first-degree relatives demonstrate attenuated differences in neurocognitive performance relative to healthy controls, indicating that neurocognitive performance may be an important endophenotype of the disorder. Less is known about how cortical thickness relates to neurocognitive performance in these individuals. Given the robust nature of temporal structural abnormalities in schizophrenia, this study aimed to identify how temporal lobe cortical thickness might relate to verbal memory in first-degree relatives. Unaffected parents and siblings of individuals with adult-onset schizophrenia (N =62) and individuals in healthy control families (N =70) participating in the UCLA Family Study received a structural MRI and completed a battery of neurocognitive tests. Cortical thickness was estimated across the cortex and thickness measures of all regions in the temporal lobe were summed, averaged, and residualized for age and sex to produce a variable. A verbal learning factor was derived from two common tests of verbal learning and memory, the CVLT-II and Logical Memory of the WMS-III. Results demonstrated a significant interaction between group and verbal learning in relationship to temporal lobe thickness. Post-hoc analyses revealed significant correlations between verbal learning and cortical thickness in the relatives of schizophrenia patients which were driven by immediate recall scores on the CVLT-II and Logical Memory. These findings indicate that cortical thickness in the temporal cortex may represent a structural correlate for encoding verbal information in unaffected relatives of individuals with schizophrenia.
The electrochemical activation process of the so-called “alkali-treated soft carbon” (ASC) has been examined in organic electrolyte solutions. SEM observation demonstrated that the edge plane of graphene structure of the ASC particle becomes rough after the activation, and XRD measurements indicated that the average lattice constant of graphene stacking in ASC increases after the activation process. Ex-situ 7Li NMR measurements proved that the insertion of cation (Li+) into the pore structure of ASC is associated with the activation process in the electrolyte dissolving Li salt. The pore-size distribution determined from N2-gas adsorption for ASC electrodes before and after the electrochemical activation indicates that the pore structure becomes developed after the electrochemical polarization, especially in the pore-diameter range of 2–10 nm. A schematic model of the activation process has been presented, which includes electrochemical insertion of ions into the inside of the ASC.
Music, like language, is acquired effortlessly in early life and fulfils a multitude of social, cultural and emotional functions. However, those with a disorder recently termed ‘congenital amusia’ (CA) fail to recognise common tunes from their culture, do not hear when notes are ‘out of tune’ and sometimes report that music sounds like a ‘din’ or ‘banging’. The core deficit appears to be a problem in discriminating pitch direction, a building block for the representation of melodic contour. Familial studies suggest the disorder is heritable and associated with structural differences in temporal and frontal cortices. The disorder provides a window onto the neuro-cognitive architecture of musical processing, and the possible etiologies of disordered development.
To enhance the redox reactions and improve the energy storage ability, redox additives have been widely incorporated in the electrolyte to assemble the battery supercapacitor hybrid (BSH). However, due to the possible generation of numerous redox reactions for the metal oxide with abundant redox states, it is limited to apply the redox additives in the multiple metal oxide system for producing more redox reactions and promoting the energy storage. In this study, two redox additives of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and K3[Fe(CN)6] are incorporated in KOH electrolyte for fabricating BSH with the nickel cobalt molybdenum oxide active material. The addition of PPD in the electrolyte causes the reduction of the specific capacitance (CF) for the BSH, while the greatly enhanced CF value is obtained for the BSH applying K3[Fe(CN)6] as the redox additive in the electrolyte. With the optimized K3[Fe(CN)6] concentration in the electrolyte, the BSH shows the CF value of 3.13 F/cm2 at 10 mV/s along with the maximum energy density of 48.0 Wh/kg at 756.0 W/kg. The Coulombic efficiency higher than 95% and capacitance retention of 75% are obtained for the optimized BSH. This work firstly achieves the opposite results for the BSH with different sorts of redox additives in electrolyte. It is suggested that the ion size and the compatibility between the ions in the electrolyte and the pores in the active material are important to decide the capability for energy storage.