batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Despite the common co-occurrence of cognitive impairment and brain structural deficits in alcoholism, demonstration of relations between regional gray matter volumes and cognitive and motor processes have been relatively elusive. In pursuit of identifying brain structural substrates of impairment in alcoholism, we assessed executive functions (EF), episodic memory (MEM), and static postural balance (BAL) and measured regional brain gray matter volumes of cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar structures commonly affected in individuals with alcohol dependence (ALC) compared with healthy controls (CTRL). ALC scored lower than CTRL on all composite scores (EF, MEM, and BAL) and had smaller frontal, cingulate, insular, parietal, and hippocampal volumes. Within the ALC group, poorer EF scores correlated with smaller frontal and temporal volumes; MEM scores correlated with frontal volume; and BAL scores correlated with frontal, caudate, and pontine volumes. Exploratory analyses investigating relations between subregional frontal volumes and composite scores in ALC yielded different patterns of associations, suggesting that different neural substrates underlie these functional deficits. Of note, orbitofrontal volume was a significant predictor of memory scores, accounting for almost 15% of the variance; however, this relation was evident only in ALC with a history of a non-alcohol substance diagnosis and not in ALC without a non-alcohol substance diagnosis. The brain-behavior relations observed provide evidence that the cognitive and motor deficits in alcoholism are likely a result of different neural systems and support the hypothesis that a number of identifiable neural systems rather than a common or diffuse neural pathway underlies cognitive and motor deficits observed in chronic alcoholism.
Copper (Cu(II)) is a very toxic heavy metal that even at low concentration can affect living organisms. Therefore, designing effective materials with high selectivity and cost-efficiency is essential for the control capturing of toxic Cu(II) ions. This study was developed a ligand based composite material for simultaneous Cu(II) detection and removal from wastewater samples. The composite material was fabricated based on the ligand anchoring onto the mesoporous silica by direct coating approach. The application of Cu(II) detection and adsorption was measured at neutral pH region with exhibition of significant color visualization. The experiment conditions were optimized based on contact time, solution acidity, initial Cu(II) concentration and pH value and diverse metal salt concentrations. The results were revealed that the composite material was not affected with the existing foreign ions and the signal intensity was observed only toward the Cu(II) ion. The composite material was able to detected the low level Cu(II) ion as the detection limit was 0.25 μg/L and the adsorption of highest removal capacity was 171.33 mg/g. In addition, the diverse ions were not reduced the Cu(II) ion adsorption significantly, and the composite material has approximately no adsorption capacity for other ions at this pH. The elution of Cu(II) ions from the saturated composite material was desorbed successfully with 0.20 M HCl. The regenerated adsorbent that remained maintained the high selectivity to Cu(II) ions and exhibited almost the same sorption capacity as that of the original adsorbent. However, the sorption efficiency slightly decreased after ten cycles. Therefore, the proposed material offered a cost-effective material and may be considered a viable alternative for effectively toxic Cu(II) ion capturing from water samples without the need for sophisticated instrument.
This paper studies nickel oxide/silicon nanowires (NiO/SiNWs) as composite thin films in electrodes for electrochemical capacitors. The SiNWs as backbones were first prepared by chemical etching, and then the Ni/SiNW composite structure was obtained by electroless plating of nickel onto the surface of the SiNWs. Next, the NiO/SiNW nanocomposites were fabricated by annealing Ni/SiNW composites at different temperatures in an oxygen atmosphere. Once the electrodes were constructed, the electrochemical behavior of these electrodes was investigated with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In 2M KOH solution, the electrode material was found to have novel capacitive characteristics. Finally, when the NiO/SiNW composites were annealed at 400°C, the maximum specific capacitance value was found to be as high as 681Fg−1 (or 183Fcm−3), and the probing of the cycling life indicated that only about 3% of the capacity was lost after 1000 charge/discharge cycles. This study demonstrated that NiO/SiNW composites were the optimal electrode choice for electrochemical capacitors.
Electrospinning is a common approach for the fabrication of composite carbon nanofibers (CNFs) used as cathodes in lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs). However, the addition of a salt precursor in the synthetic procedure makes a strong impact on the final morphology and structure of composites, directly affecting the battery performance. Herein, 3D hierarchical porous CNFs with different loading amounts of metallic Co are prepared in situ by the electrospinning method combined with a thermal annealing process. Notably, we find that with the overloading of metallic Co, the resultant hybrid CNFs become rather fragile, resulting in a discontinuous nanorod structure. In contrast, an optimal addition of the Co precursor is found to create a continuous and integrated porous structure within the CNFs, leading to the highest surface area. The free-standing Co/CNFs films can not only supply a high number of active sites and facilitate reactant diffusion but also provide abundant Li2O2 storage that can avoid binder-induced side reactions. Benefiting from the structural advantages and superior catalytic performance of Co, the resultant battery achieves a large capacity, outstanding rate capability and a good cycling stability and exhibits great potential for application in LOBs.
An electrochemical investigation is made on a Mischmetal–iron (MmFe2) alloy for its suitability as an electrode for nickel–metal hydride (Ni–MH) batteries. Change–discharge characteristics, kinetics and life-cycle are studied. The charging capacity is around 350mAhg−1, which corresponds to a hydrogen concentration of 2.62 hydrogen atoms per formula unit and 25 activation cycles are required to attain the maximum capacity. Studies with the ac impedance method show that the kinetics are controlled by the charge-transfer mechanism. The MmFe2 electrode can withstand prolonged charge–discharge with no deterioration in performance and high-rate capacity.
Li1.02Ni0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel cathode materials were successfully synthesized by a citric acid-assisted sol–gel method. The structure and morphology of the materials have been examined by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Electrochemical properties of the materials were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements at two different temperatures (25 and 55°C) using lithium anode. The initial capacity and capacity retention are highly dependent on the particle size, particle size distribution, crystallinity and purity of the materials. The Li1.02Ni0.5Mn1.5O4 materials synthesized both at 800 and 850°C have shown best electrochemical performance in terms of capacity and capacity retention between 3.5 and 4.9V with a LiPF6 based electrolyte.
Nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofiber webs-sulfur composites (N-CNFWs/S) were synthesized for the first time with sulfur (S) encapsulated into nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofiber webs (N-CNFWs) via a modified oxidative template route, carbonization-activation and thermal treatment. The composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetry (TG) measurements. The results show that sulfur is well dispersed and immobilized homogeneously in the micropores of nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofiber webs (N-CNFWs) with high electrical conductivity, surface area and large pore volume. The electrochemical tests show that the N-CNFWs/S composites with 60wt. % of S have a high initial discharge capacity of 1564mA h g−1, a good cycling stability at the current density of 175mAg−1, and excellent rate capability (reversible discharging capacity of above 400mA h g−1 at 1600mAg−1).
Electric vehicles offer a route to decarbonization of transport but only under the right electricity source and charging conditions. To shed light on this, Chen et al. model the environmental impacts of different electric vehicles and charging modes in Beijing under a range of wind power scenarios.
To effectively enhance the energy density and cycling life of supercapacitors, we propose a novel strategy to use La0.85Sr0.15MnO3 as the core and encapsulated it with NiCo2O4 nanosheets to grow La0.85Sr0.15MnO3@NiCo2O4 (LSM15@NC) core–shell nanoflowers on Ni foam for the first time. Here, we systematically study the effect of KOH electrolyte concentration on the electrochemical behavior of LSM15@NC electrode. It manifests ultrahigh capacitance of 1341 F g−1 in 6 M KOH, which is around a threefold increase compared to that of 1 M KOH (400 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1). Asymmetric supercapacitor assembled with activated carbon (AC) as negative electrode possesses remarkable performance with a wider work voltage of 1.8 V and maximum energy densities of 63.5 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 900 W kg−1. Even at ultra-high power density of 57600 W kg−1, it still retains high energy density of 25.2 Wh kg−1. Most importantly, it exhibits outstanding cycling life (retaining twice as much as the initial capacitance after 10,000 cycles), either as a single electrode or assembled asymmetric supercapacitor, much better than previously reported.
Traveling waves of mechanical actuation provide a versatile strategy for locomotion and transport in both natural and engineered systems across many scales. These rhythmic motor patterns are often orchestrated by systems of coupled oscillators such as beating cilia or firing neurons. Here, we show that similar motions can be realized within linear arrays of conductive particles that oscillate between biased electrodes through cycles of contact charging and electrostatic actuation. The repulsive interactions among the particles along with spatial gradients in their natural frequencies lead to phase-locked states characterized by gradients in the oscillation phase. The frequency and wavelength of these traveling waves can be specified independently by varying the applied voltage and the electrode separation. We demonstrate how traveling wave synchronization can enable the directed transport of material cargo. Our results suggest that simple energy inputs can coordinate complex motions with opportunities for soft robotics and colloidal machines.
We conducted genetic toxicity evaluations of 11 candidate chemopreventive agents with the potential for inhibiting carcinogenesis in humans at increased risk of cancer. The compounds were evaluated for bacterial mutagenesis in the Salmonella-E. coli assay, for mammalian mutagenesis in mouse lymphoma cells, for chromosome aberrations in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, and for micronucleus induction in mouse bone marrow. Tested agents were indole 3-carbinol (I3C), bowman-birk inhibitor concentrate (BBIC), black tea polyphenols (BTP), farnesol, geraniol, l-Se-methylselenocysteine (SeMC), 5,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopenta[1,2]-dithiol-3-thione(DC-D3T), 4′-bromoflavone, 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-(2R-[4R,8R,12-trimethyltridecyl] chroman-6-yloxy) acetic acid (alpha-TEA), SR13668 (2,10-dicarbethoxy-6-methoxy-5,7-dihydro-indolo[2,3-b] carbazole and SR16157 (3-O-sulfamoyloxy-7α-methyl-21-(2-N,N-diethylaminoethoxy)-19-norpregna-1,3,5(10)-triene). All these agents, except I3C and BTP, were negative in the Salmonella-E. coli assay in the presence and absence of metabolic activation (S9). I3C and BTP induced a weak mutagenic response in the presence and absence of S9 with strains TA100 and TA98, respectively. Of the three compounds tested in the mouse lymphoma assay (I3C, BBIC, and BTP), only BTP was mutagenic in the presence of S9. In the chromosomal aberration assay, of the 8 compounds that were tested, 4′-bromoflavone elicited a positive response in the absence of S9 only, while SR16157 was positive in the presence of S9. The results with geraniol remain inconclusive. I3C, BBIC and BTP were not tested in the chromosomal aberration assay. None of the 11 agents induced micronuclei in mouse bone marrow erythrocytes.
Lead acid (LA) batteries are an established mature technology mainly used for low energy density applications. Crumbling/sulfation is the main failure mechanism of the active materials, which limits their cycle life. LA batteries possessing long cycle life can serve as an ideal energy storage technology for load leveling applications. By uniformly adding properly oxidized CNTs to the positive active material of LA batteries, we achieved a pronounced improvement in their cycle life. This improvement was mainly attained by the formation of a stable conductive grid that enabled the delivery of current to all the active material. The grid consisted of composites made of CNTs conformably coated with lead salts. By enabling a uniform electron distribution, and subsequently proper electrochemical redox reactions, the formation of too big PbSO4 particles did not occur, thus changing the failure mechanism from crumbling/sulfation to pure crumbling. Additionally, the perfect coating of the CNTs prevented their electrochemical oxidation to CO or CO2. This improvement in cycle life is significant and extends the importance of LA batteries beyond their traditional applications.
In this study, we successfully synthesized magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) nanofibers by a facile electrospinning technique followed by calcining at 800°C. The lithium storage properties of MgFe2O4 nanofibers as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries have been discussed for the first time. It is demonstrated that MgFe2O4 nanofibers electrode not only deliver a high initial discharge capacity of around 1304mAhg−1, but also maintain a reversible capacity of 714mAhg−1 after 100 cycles. Moreover, the MgFe2O4 nanofibers electrode also exhibits high capacity at higher charge/discharge rate. Even at a current density of 2000mAg−1, the reversible capacity can attain 409mAhg−1 after 100 cycles, suggesting its excellent rate capability. The superior lithium storage properties of the MgFe2O4 nanofibers electrode may be related to the unique continuous fibrous morphologies, nanostructured architectures, porous structures, and large specific surface area, which provide an easily Li+ diffusion path and promote electron transfer. In addition, the formation of MgO appears to act as a buffer layer that prevents agglomeration of nanocrystalline, accommodate the large volume change and reduces polarization during cycling.
In the last decades, the consumption of petrol in the transport sector has increased at a higher pace than in any other sector. Transport represents a quarter of the total amount of greenhouse gases and 36% of energy consumption in Spain. As a consequence, a new law regarding emissions has been approved. Such law regulates the acceptable emission levels of combustion gases for new vehicles sold in any of the European Union Member States. This work deals with parallel-hybrid electric vehicles in order to face the increasing environmental pollution and reduce energy consumption. The present paper shows a modelling of electric and parallel-hybrid electric vehicle using Matlab/Simulink environment which allows us to access different aspects of the vehicle such as engine power, type and size of the battery or weight and to observe how changes can affect the performance and the distance travelled. The model was simulated in order to obtain the electric vehicle's autonomy. Through the use of a Geographic Information System together with a mathematic algorithm based on genetic algorithms the planning of charging stations was obtained, where the installation investment cost was minimized and the geographic distribution was improved in order to increase the quality of the service by improving reliability. After a simulation which took place in a city of Spain, Zaragoza, losses were reduced from 156.60 € to 115.27 €.
A macroporous SnO2/C composite anode material was synthesized using an organic template-assisted method. Polystyrene spheres were synthesized and used as template and lead to macroporous morphology with pores of 300–500nm in diameter and a surface area of 54.7m2 g−1. X-ray diffraction showed that the SnO2 nanoparticles are crystallized in a rutile P42/mnm lattice with the presence of Sn metal traces. The synthesized macroporous SnO2/C composite provided promising performance in lithium half cells showing a discharge capacity of 607mAhg−1 after 55 cycles. It was found that the macroporous SnO2/C composite is stable and resistant to pulverization upon cycling.
This paper presents a time-spatial electric vehicle (EV) charging-power demand forecast model at fast-charging stations located in urban areas. Most previous studies have considered private charging locations and a fixed charging-start time to predict the EV charging-power demand. Few studies have considered predicting the EV charging-power demand in urban areas with time-spatial model analyses. The approaches used in previous studies also may not be applicable to predicting the EV charging-power demand in urban areas because of the complicated urban road network. To possibly forecast the actual EV charging-power demand in an urban area, real-time closed-circuit television (CCTV) data from an actual urban road network are considered. In this study, a road network inside the metropolitan area of Seoul, South Korea was used to formulate the EV charging-power demand model using two steps. First, the arrival rate of EVs at the charging stations located near road segments of the urban road network is determined by a Markov-chain traffic model and a teleportation approach. Then, the EV charging-power demand at the public fast-charging stations is determined using the information from the first step. Numerical examples for the EV charging-power demand during three time ranges (i.e., morning, afternoon, and evening) are presented to predict the charging-power demand profiles at the public fast-charging stations in urban areas. The proposed time-spatial model can also contribute to investment and operation plans for adaptive EV charging infrastructures with renewable resources and energy storage depending on the EV charging-power demand in urban areas.
Non noble metal catalysts of cathode electrode for Li–air battery with hybrid electrolyte were prepared by the combination between Fe phthalocyanine (FePc) and different kinds of carbon such as graphene nanosheet (GNS), multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and acetylene black (AB). The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of these FePc supported on carbon catalysts in alkaline media was studied. The onset potential of ORR for FePc supported on carbon shows −0.01 V vs. Ag/AgCl, which is near that of 20 wt% Pt/CB. Furthermore, rotating disk electrode (RDE) measurements show that the ORR mechanism is 4-electron pathway for all FePc supported on carbon. It is considered that the combination between FePc and carbon materials leads to synergic effect of electrocatalytic activity toward ORR. Moreover, the electrochemical performance of Li–air batteries exhibit that the FePc/CNTs not only provided a good discharge performance, but also showed a much more stable cycling performance than those of FePc/GNS and FePc/AB. It is thus considered that the electrochemical performance of Li–air battery is dependent on the kind of carbon materials.
The pressing necessity of a sustainable energy economy renders electrochemical energy conversion technologies, such as polymer electrolyte fuel cells or metal–air batteries, of paramount importance. The implementation of these technologies at scale still faces cost and operational durability challenges that stem from the conventionally used oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts. While years of progress in ORR catalyst research has yielded some very attractive material designs, further advances are still required. Graphene entered the picture over 10 years ago, and scientists have only recently achieved a level of understanding regarding how its specific properties can be fine-tuned for electrocatalyst applications. This paper provides a critical review of the knowledge generated and progress realized over these past years for the development of graphene-based ORR catalysts. The first section discusses the application potential of graphene or modified graphene as platinum nanoparticle catalyst supports. The second section discusses the important role that graphene has played in the development of non-precious metal ORR catalysts, and more particularly its role in pyrolyzed transition metal–nitrogen–carbon complexes or as a support for inorganic nanoparticles. Finally the development of heteroatom doped graphene species is discussed, as this has been demonstrated as an excellent method to fine-tune the physicochemical properties and induce catalytic activity. Throughout this paper, clear differentiation is made between acidic and alkaline ORR catalysts, and some common misconceptions or improper testing practices used throughout the literature are revealed. Synthesis strategies and how they pertain to the resulting structure and electrochemical performance of graphene are discussed. In light of the large body of work done in this area, specific strategies are suggested for perpetuating the advancement of graphene-based ORR electrocatalysts. With concerted efforts it is one day likely that graphene-based catalysts will be a staple of electrochemical energy systems.
Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a disruptive medical technology, and its implementation in the clinic represents the culmination of decades of research. Lying at the convergence of physics, engineering, imaging, biology and neuroscience, FUS offers the ability to non-invasively and precisely intervene in key circuits that drive common and challenging brain conditions. The actions of FUS in the brain take many forms, ranging from transient blood–brain barrier opening and neuromodulation to permanent thermoablation. Over the past 5 years, we have seen a dramatic expansion of indications for and experience with FUS in humans, with a resultant exponential increase in academic and public interest in the technology. Applications now span the clinical spectrum in neurological and psychiatric diseases, with insights still emerging from preclinical models and human trials. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of therapeutic ultrasound and its current and emerging indications in the brain. We examine the potential impact of FUS on the landscape of brain therapies as well as the challenges facing further advancement and broader adoption of this promising minimally invasive therapeutic alternative.
We derive general-purpose mathematical model for pollution concentration studies. The model is based on the aerosol general dynamic equation (GDE). It accounts for aerosol processes like coagulation and growth by deposition and is therefore suited for suspended-particle monitoring. Our model is validated by controlled experiments done using standard aerosol monitoring devices that measure PM10, particle cross section, particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs) and number concentration, showing an excellent agreement with the experimental data in a 77-m3 room with a time sequence of cigarettes smoked. As an example of an application, we calculated the mean PPAH emission rate in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) for a “smolder-smoked” cigarette and found it to be 8 ng/s for a total emission of 5.28 μg per cigarette. The results show that real aerosol dynamics should be taken into account when monitoring suspended particles.