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NH4V3O8·0.2H2O is synthesized by sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) assisted hydrothermal method and its electrochemical performance is investigated. The as-prepared material is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared (IR) spectrum, differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetry (DSC/TG), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and charge–discharge cycling test. The results show a pure NH4V3O8·0.2H2O phase with flake-like morphology is obtained and the average flake thickness is about 150nm. The NH4V3O8·0.2H2O electrode has a good lithium ion insertion/extraction ability with the highest discharge capacity of 225.9mAhg−1 during 1.8–4.0V versus Li at the constant current density of 15mAg−1. After 30 cycles, it still maintains a high discharge capacity of 209.4mAhg−1, demonstrating good cyclic stability. Interestingly, at the discharge process a new (NH4)Li x V3O8·0.2H2O compound is formed due to the new lithium ion from lithium metal anode.
The electrocatalytic effect of nickel (Ni) nanoparticle sizes on the lithium polysulfide conversion reactions in dissolved lithium sulfur battery configuration is investigated. The Ni particles of 20nm with the higher cathode surface area show a superior capacity of 1066mAhg−1 sulfur compared to Ni particles of 40 and 100nm for the first cycle. In addition, to further improve the capacity retention and discharge capacity of the cell, the effect of the graphene support on Ni nanoparticle dispersion and cycling performance is investigated. The results show a significant improvement in the discharge capacity compared to the other electrodes. This could be explained by the homogeneous distribution of Ni nanoparticle within the carbon matrix, which suppress the agglomeration and surface area loss of the Ni nanoparticle after cycling; as well as a synergetic effect of graphene structure and Ni nanoparticle.
Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is widespread among ranched and free-ranging American mink in Canada, but there is no information on its prevalence in other wild animal species. This paper describes the prevalence of AMDV of 12 furbearing species in Nova Scotia (NS), Canada.
Spinel lithium manganate octahedral nanoparticles have been prepared by high temperature solid-state combustion reaction using cellulose as fuel. The crystal structure, morphology, and electrochemical performance of the as-prepared materials are analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy, and electrochemical testing. The XRD results show that the materials are single-phase and perfectly crystalline with a spinel structure. Microscopic observations reveal that the nanoparticles possess octahedral morphology, with an average particle size of about 165.4 nm and a uniform particle size distribution. The lithium manganate octahedral nanoparticles exhibit excellent initial discharge capacity of 118.5 and 78.3 mAh g−1, and about 72.49% and 94.6% of its initial discharge capacity can be retained even after 1600 cycles at 10 C and 3000 cycles at 20 C, respectively. The excellent electrochemical performance of the lithium manganate can be mainly attributed to the strong MnO6 framework mitigates the occurrence of Mn dissolution, maintains structural stability, and allows higher Li+ diffusion during electrochemical cycling. Furthermore, the nano-sized octahedral structure not only facilitates fast ion diffusion, but also mitigates the manganese dissolution due to the exposed (111) crystal planes, where the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) forms.
This paper shows an exhaustive presentation and complementary discussions on various aspects of works done recently on the developments of composite membranes for polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) applications. The limitations of per-fluorinated polymer electrolyte membranes to low temperature (<80°C) PEFC applications are discussed. Research on alternative proton conducting membranes to the per-fluorinated membranes for high temperature PEFC applications are shown. The development of the bis[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]imide as an alternative membrane to the per-fluorinated family is indicated. The concept of synergetic composite membranes for high temperature PEFC applications is introduced. Recent approaches and concepts for the elaboration of new composites membranes are described. The following aspects of the researches on proton conducting proton membranes are discussed: (i) macro- and nano-composites per-fluorinated ionomer composite membranes (PFICMs); (ii) partially per-fluorinated composite membranes; and (iii) non-per-fluorinated composite membranes. Results based on our original works are also presented. In each case, the type of the composite membrane is well described. Accordingly, organic–inorganic, organic–organic, organic–acid and organic–base complexes composite membranes are considered. The challenges related to these developments are discussed. Prospective for future developments on effective composite membranes for high temperatures PEFC applications are discussed.
Processing residues high in metallic elements are the legacy of historic gold processing sites, concentrating naturally occurring metalloids in the ore (As, Sb) as well as chemicals and metals added during processing to recover the gold (Zn, Pb, Hg). This study uses electron microscopy to investigate the link between variations in processing residue mineralogy and the processing technique used to extract the gold. Semi-cemented amorphous ferric arsenate and As-bearing iron oxyhydroxides attenuating As, Zn and Pb are the products of the simplest processing technique of crushing, sulphide concentration and gold recovery through Hg-amalgamation. Zinc, Pb and Ca added during cyanidation form Zn-rich carbonate and Zn oxide mineralogy. Ore roasting concentrates As to elevated levels (>35 wt%) as well as concentrating Sb from the ore, and Hg from the amalgamation process. Roasting rapidly oxidises sulphide concentrates producing toxic and highly mobile arsenolite (As2O3 (As3+)). Roaster tailings processed by all of these techniques, crushing, roasting and cyanidation, are largely comprised of As-hematite and quartz. Mine residue weathering causes localised acidification and leaching of metallic elements, along with the high rainfall on these site remobilising elements. Lime added during processing and the carbonate-host rock neutralises this acidification. The formation of secondary Fe3+ oxyhydroxide minerals formed during residue weathering and oxidisation sequesters As, Zn and Pb. Redox conditions and the pH of a site will control the stability of these secondary minerals. The toxicity of a site/processing residue can be correlated to the processing technique used, with characterisation of processing residue mineralogy having important implications for site remediation and management.
In an effort to make the social dimensions of energy conversion and use more visible, this article investigates the cultural barriers to energy efficiency technologies and devices and renewable power generators in the United States. To discover the cultural impediments to these technologies, the author conducted 181 formal, semi-structured interviews at more than 82 institutions (including electric utilities, regulatory agencies, interest groups, energy systems manufacturers, nonprofit organizations, consulting firms, universities, national laboratories, and state institutions) from 2005 to 2008. These interviews were supplemented with an extensive literature review. The study finds that the apparent disconnect between how electricity is made and how it is socially perceived perpetuates public apathy and misinformation about it; also that deeply held values related to consumption, abundance, trust, control, and freedom shape American attitudes toward energy. As a result, wind farms and solar panels (along with other renewable power systems) are often opposed not because they are a poor alternative to fossil fuels, but because people simply do not comprehend why such technologies may be needed.
Publisher Summary The need to monitor the impact of activities involving chemicals on the environment may stem from sound management practice or to satisfy a host of specific legal requirements. No prescribed process can be operated without an authorization from the Environment Agency, and air pollutants that must be measured and the frequency of monitoring are set out in the authorization. Compliance with emission limits for municipal waste incineration plants also requires monitoring. Stages in monitoring include obtaining representative samples and subsequent analysis of physical, chemical or microbiological attributes. Monitoring techniques range from sophisticated in-line, continuous sampling and instantaneous analysis linked to audible/visual alarms or features to control the pollution; samplers running continuously, for example, throughout a normal day for subsequent analysis; to grab samples (that is, samples collected over a short time span of, for example, a few minutes).
This study reports an approach to achieving stable 2 and 3 Li+ insertion, respectively, into vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) as lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathode materials using a core-shell structure based on a self-standing carbon nanofiber (CNF) membrane fabricated by an electrospinning process. Uniform coaxial V2O5 shells are coated onto continuous CNF cores via a pulsed electrodeposition. The materials analyses confirm that the V2O5 shell after 4 h of thermal annealing at 300 °C forms a partially hydrated amorphous structure. SEM and TEM images indicate that the uniform 30–50 nm thick V2O5 shell forms an intimate interface with the CNF core. Lithium insertion capacities up to 291 and 429 mAh g−1 are achieved in the voltage ranges of 4.0–2.0 V and 4.0–1.5 V, respectively, which are in good agreement with the theoretical values of 294 mAh g−1 for 2 Li+/V2O5 insertion and 441 mAh g−1 for 3 Li+/V2O5 insertion into crystalline V2O5 materials. Moreover, after 100 cycles, remarkable retention rates of 97% and 70% are obtained for 2 Li+/V2O5 and 3 Li+/V2O5 insertion, respectively. These results reveal that it is potentially feasible to fabricate the core-shell structure with electrospinning and electrodeposition processes to break the intrinsic limits of V2O5 and enabling this high-capacity cathode materials for future LIBs.
The present paper describes a novel technology that can be used to manage methanol and water in miniature direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) without the need for a complex micro-fluidics subsystem. At the core of this new technology is a unique passive fuel delivery system that allows for fuel delivery at an adjustable rate from a reservoir to the anode. Furthermore, the fuel cell is designed for both passive water management and effective carbon dioxide removal. The innovative thermal management mechanism is the key for effective operation of the fuel cell system. The vapor feed DMFC reached a power density of 16.5mWcm−2 at current density of 60mAcm−2. A series of fuel cell prototypes in the 0.5W range have been successfully developed. The prototypes have demonstrated long-term stable operation, easy fuel delivery control and are scalable to larger power systems. A two-cell stack has successfully operated for 6 months with negligible degradation.
An investigation into the influence of 3D superstructures of layered titanate on the electrochemical properties and Li-insertion performance was carried out. The electrode surfaces after cycling performance were also characterized by FE-SEM and XRD. Titanate samples that contain interconnected “house-of-cards”-type mesostructured nanoflakes show broad and distinct CV peaks, revealing a sluggish process and great capacitive behavior. These materials are more beneficial to battery performance than diamond-shaped anatase particles. The charge–discharge voltage profiles of the hierarchical titanate gradually decay without any potential plateau. Based on the specific capacity, rate capability and cycling testing, the novel macrochannel architecture assembled by “house-of-cards”-like walls efficiently facilitates Li+ insertion/extraction and possesses better electronic conductivity than other geometries.
In virtue of the abundant sodium resources, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered to be one of the promising alternatives to lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, current research concentrates mostly on sodium ion half-cells, and the development of sodium ion full cells with high performance remains a critical challenge. Here we rationally designed a full sodium-ion battery based on nanostructured Na2Ti3O7 and VOPO4 materials as the anodes and cathodes, owing to their advantageous electrochemical features. The full cell outputs one of the highest operating voltages close to 2.9 V and delivers a large reversible capacity of 114 mA h g−1 at a rate of 0.1C. It also shows outstanding rate capability (∼74 mA h g−1 at 2C rate) and excellent cycling stability (92.4% capacity retention after 100 cycles). A high energy density of 220 W h kg−1 is achieved, which is comparable to the state-of-the-art LIBs. Moreover, the temperature-dependent charge–discharge tests indicate excellent capacity retentions in a wide temperature range of −20 to 55 °C.
A novel method for making cost-effective and reliable size-segregated (15 classes in the range 0.3–20μm) vertical profiles of particulate matter up to 1000m AGL in the planetary boundary layer is described and evaluated. The performance of a commercial miniature particle mass spectrometer is tested against standard gravimetric and optical instruments. The instrument was deployed on a 5m3 kytoon at two sites in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia during the summer of 2001. Results point to significant differences between daytime and nighttime profiles as well as evidence that size distributions in elevated layers have signatures that reflect recirculation of daytime aerosols. Comparisons with lidar observations show good agreement with vertical profiles and indicate that the technique may provide an important aid to interpretation of lidar data.
The aim was to test the null hypotheses that there is no difference: (1) in carious lesion development at the restoration margin between class II composite resin restorations in primary molars produced through the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) with and without a chemomechanical caries removal gel and (2) in the survival rate of class II composite resin restorations between two treatment groups after 2 years. Three hundred twenty-seven children with 568 class II cavitated lesions were included in a parallel mouth study design. Four operators placed resin composite (Filtek Z 250) restorations bonded with a self-etch adhesive (Adper prompt L pop). Two independent examiners evaluated the restorations after 0.5, 1, and 2 years using the modified Ryge criteria. The Kaplan–Meier survival method was applied to estimate survival percentages. A high proportion of restorations were lost during the study period. Therefore, the first hypothesis could not be tested. No statistically significant difference was observed between the cumulative survival percentages of restorations produced by the two treatment approaches over the 2-year period (ART, 54.1 ± 3.4%; ART with Carisolv™, 46.0 ± 3.4%). This hypothesis was accepted. ART with chemomechanical gel might not provide an added benefit increasing the survival percentages of ART class II composite resin restorations in primary teeth.
Since several years, lead calcium-based alloys have supplanted lead antimony alloys as structural materials for positive grids of lead-acid batteries in many applications, especially for VRLA batteries. Nevertheless, the positive grid corrosion probably remains one of the causes of rapid and premature failure of lead-acid batteries. The objective of the present study is to present a comprehensive study of the PbCaSn alloy corrosion in function of their composition, metallographic state and voltage conditions (discharge, overcharge, floating and cycling conditions). For that, four alloys PbCaSn x wt.% (x =0, 0.6, 1.2, 2) were synthesized in two extreme metallurgical conditions and tested by four electrochemical lab-tests. Weight loss measurements and analyses by SEM, EPMA and XRD allowed to monitor the oxidation tests and to characterize the corrosion layers after the oxidation tests. The results show that the tin level in PbCaSn alloys should be adapted on the calcium concentration and the rate of overageing process, to maintain the beneficial effect of tin in service during the battery lifetime. According to our results, a Sn/Ca ratio of 2.5 gives good corrosion resistance in all potential conditions. Nevertheless, when tin level is too high, the corrosion layers can peel off from the metal, which involves a lack of cohesion between the collector and the paste, in cycling conditions. The anodic potential undergone by the metal is a second main factor determining the corrosion, especially the floating conditions and the frequency of deep discharge and overcharge. Thus the adjustment of the charge controller parameters of a battery system is a necessity to increase the lifetime of the grids and maintain a good rechargeability.
Highly safe all-solid-state batteries are constructed using oxide electrolytes because of their high chemical and electrochemical stabilities. Previously, we have developed various Li3BO3-based glass-ceramic electrolytes with high ductility and conductivity. In this study, we focus on the importance of electrode/electrolyte interfacial contacts in all-solid-state batteries. All-oxide solid-state cells (Li-In/LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2) with Li3BO3-based glass-ceramic electrolytes, are fabricated simply by pressing at room temperature. Furthermore, the effects of the ductility and ionic conductivity of glass-ceramic electrolytes on the charge-discharge properties of all-solid-state batteries are investigated. The 33Li3BO3·33Li2SO4·33Li2CO3 (mol%) glass-ceramic electrolyte shows lower ionic conductivity and better ductility than the 90Li3BO3·10Li2SO4 electrolyte. The all-solid-state cells using these electrolytes operate as secondary batteries at 100 °C. However, better cycle performance is obtained with cells using the former electrolyte. Formation of well-contacted electrode/electrolyte interfaces when using highly ductile electrolytes leads to enhanced electrochemical performance of bulk-type all-solid-state batteries.
The purposes of this review are to describe the unique needs and preferences of older adults with cancer regarding physical activity and to outline the essential characteristics associated with increased physical activity resulting from lifestyle interventions in older adults.
The microporous membrane based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) is prepared with phase inversion method. In addition to phase inversion process, solvent pre-evaporation and uni-axial stretching processes were introduced to enhance tensile strength and ionic conductivity of the membrane. The tensile strength of the membrane after 200% stretching was about 52MPa, which is four times higher than that of the membrane without stretching. The ionic conductivity of the membrane soaked with liquid electrolyte was also increased from 6.1×10−5 to 8.6×10−4 Scm−1 at room temperature by taking the stretching process.
There is evidence that remote memory is affected by temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and by temporal lobectomy (TL) for the relief of epilepsy. However, remote memory is not routinely assessed when patients with epilepsy undergo neuropsychological testing either pre- or postsurgery. We present a literature review and detailed longitudinal case study of a woman (A.Z.) who had right TLE and fears about deterioration of her remote memory following right TL. Remote memory was assessed by conventional methods (remote memory questionnaire for public events) and by a novel method of seeking vividness ratings for elicited autobiographical memories with A.Z.’s partner acting as the control. A.Z.’s level of memory for remote/recent public events and her rate of forgetting were the same as her partner’s, both before and after surgery. A.Z.’s vividness ratings for her own autobiographical memories were similar to her partner’s ratings for his memories. Her vividness ratings for her partner’s memories that involved events common to both of them were slightly lower than his. A.Z.’s rate of forgetting of her own and her partner’s memories was the same as that of her partner, both before and after surgery. There are two principal conclusions. First, this assessment method of measuring remote memory is easy to use and captured the patient’s clinical concerns. Second, applying the methodology in this single case suggested that right-sided unilateral TLE and TL may pose no threat to remote memory.
Data traffic demand increases at a very fast pace in edge networking environments, with strict requisites on latency and throughput. To fulfil these requirements, among others, this paper proposes a fog storage system that incorporates mobile nodes as content providers. This fog storage system has a hybrid design because it does not only bring data closer to edge consumers but, as a novelty, it also incorporates in the system other relevant functional aspects. These novel aspects are the user data demand, the energy consumption, and the node distance. In this way, the decision whether to replicate data is based on an original edge service managed by an adaptive distance metric for node clustering. The adaptive distance is evaluated from several important system parameters like, distance from consumer to the data storage location, spatio-temporal data popularity, and the autonomy of each battery-powered node. Testbed results evidence that this flexible cluster-based proposal offers a more responsive data access to consumers, reduces core traffic, and depletes in a fair way the available battery energy of edge nodes.
A High-Temperature Metal-Air Battery (HTMAB) prototype based on a simple redox reaction between molten Sn and atmospheric oxygen at 800°C is presented, using yttria doped zirconia as solid electrolyte. Basic reversibility measurements indicate that the electrochemical reactions in the device are reversible with coulombic efficiencies higher than 95%. Significant influence of the cycling rate in the delivered capacity is detected; specifically it is increased from 8 to 90mAhcm−2 when reducing the discharge current from 12.5 to 0.56mAcm−2. EIS analysis performed over cycling shows that anode diffusion polarization increase due to sealing deficiencies is the main cause of degradation. Anyway, the electrochemical Sn oxidation/reduction reaction remains reversible for more than 4500 charge-discharge cycles and 6000hours operating at 800°C.
The Ames microplate format (MPF™) test, which uses liquid media and in 384-well microplates with a readout based on a colour-change, has been used for over 10 years at several major pharmaceutical companies for screening the genotoxic potential of early drug candidates when compound supply is minimal. Meanwhile, Xenometrix has adapted this screen from the two-strain Ames II test for use with five tester strains, in compliance with OECD Guideline 471. A set of 15 equivocal to weakly positive chemicals selected from the National Toxicology Program (NTP) database was tested simultaneously in the Ames microplate format (MPF) and the standard Ames pre-incubation method on agar plates. Such a direct comparison of the two test methods with the same overnight culture(s), chemicals and S9-mix preparation should exclude external variability factors. Thirteen of the 15 chemicals showed concordant results in both tests despite the choice of chemicals that showed varying inter- and even intra-laboratory results in the NTP studies. These results indicate that the Ames MPF™ assay is a reliable predictive tool that can be used like the regular Ames test to evaluate compounds for mutagenicity.