batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Of the five sensory channels—sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch, it is only our sense of touch that enables us to modify and manipulate the world around us. This article reports the preliminary findings of a systematic study investigating the efficacy of adding haptic feedback to a desktop virtual reality program for use in middle school science instruction. Current technology allows for the simulation of tactile and kinesthetic sensations via sophisticated haptic devices and a computer interface. This research, conducted with 80 middle school students, examined the cognitive and affective impact of this technology on students’ understandings of the structure and function of an animal cell. The results of this work offer valuable insights into the theoretical and practical considerations involved in the development and implementation of haptically augmented virtual reality instructional programs.
There is an intensive effort in developing grid-scale energy storage means. Here, the authors present a liquid metal battery with a garnet-type solid electrolyte instead of conventional molten salt electrolytes and report promising electrochemical properties at a modest temperature of 240 °C.
The discovery of effective catalysts is an important step towards achieving Li–O2 batteries with long cycle life and high round-trip efficiency. Soluble-type catalysts or redox mediators (RMs) possess great advantages over conventional solid catalysts, generally exhibiting much higher efficiency. Here, we select a series of organic RM candidates as a model system to identify the key descriptor in determining the catalytic activities and stabilities in Li–O2 cells. It is revealed that the level of ionization energies, readily available parameters from a database of the molecules, can serve such a role when comparing with the formation energy of Li2O2 and the highest occupied molecular orbital energy of the electrolyte. It is demonstrated that they are critical in reducing the overpotential and improving the stability of Li–O2 cells, respectively. Accordingly, we propose a general principle for designing feasible catalysts and report a RM, dimethylphenazine, with a remarkably low overpotential and high stability.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the fundamental principles of thermodynamics that govern any physical process. Thermodynamics is an overarching discipline in the sense that all physical phenomena can be described and analyzed in terms of a general macroscopic framework that contains parameters that may be determined by experiment. The fundamental concepts are introduced in the form of four basic laws. The procedure is reasonably axiomatic, so that it can be dealt with the concept of temperature without initially having to refer to heat flow; the definition of energy as a function of state, and the definition of heat flow as a deficit function, the introduction of the entropy function that does not depend on a generalization of the performance characteristics of heat engines. A comparison of the entropy changes for a given process carried out reversibly and irreversibly is then used to obtain a variety of fundamental results. This leads to the introduction of several functions of state; considerable emphasis is placed on systematically exploiting their mathematical properties. The important concept of homogeneous functions of degree one is then introduced and is used to analyze the properties of open systems. The chapter ends with a study of stability problems.
Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP) was evaluated as a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The three-dimensional graphene frameworks wrapped LVP (LVP-G-FD) exhibited high energy density of 501.3Whkg−1, which is almost the highest energy density among the known polyanionic cathodes for SIBs. The enhanced electrochemical performance of LVP-G-FD is attributed to the graphene framework which provides the fast electronic transport network and buffering space. Besides, the sodium-ion storage mechanism of LVP was investigated via in-situ XRD and so on. The sodium-ion storage process is composed of the electrochemical topotactic replacement and the subsequent topotactic reaction.
The exploration of cathode materials with high electrochemical performances is critical to improve the energy and power densities of lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Iron fluoride (FeF3) has been proposed as an ideal candidate of LIBs cathode material because of the high discharge plateau and theoretical capacity. In this study, a precursor-mediated method was proposed to synthesize FeF3 nanocrystals (NCs) with different microstructures. These FeF3 NCs were obtained through the thermal decomposition of the precipitated ammonium hexafluoroferrate [(NH4)3FeF6] precursor, and the morphology and crystallinity could be adjusted by varying the ethanol/water volume ratio in the procursor precipitation process. Electrochemical studies demonstrated that FeF3 NC, derived from (NH4)3FeF6 precipitated from the solution with the ethanol/water volume ratio of 20, delivered the initial specific capacity of 217.6mAhg−1 at 0.2C, associated with excellent rate capability up to 20C (93.8mAhg−1), and showed the capacity retention of 80.6% after 500 cycles at 20C. These results indicate a tunable and convenient strategy towards nanostructured metals fluorides for high power LIBs.
The symmetrical aqueous carbon–carbon supercapacitor is commonly perceived to display a narrower working cell voltage than an asymmetrical one, but this study suggests an exception. By controlling the capacitance ratio of the positive and negative electrodes, both of which were made from the same Cabot Monarch 1300 pigment black (CMPB) powder, it was found that a wider negative electrode potential window than that of the positive electrode could be achieved in the neutral aqueous electrolyte of 0.3molL−1 K2SO4. This modification is beneficial to extend the overall cell voltage, taking advantage of the high overpotential of hydrogen evolution on the nanostructured carbon electrode. The equi-potentials (for cells discharged to 0V) and end-potentials (for cells charged to the voltage limit) of the positive and/or negative electrodes with equal or unequal capacitances are reported as a function of the cell voltage limit. The results have confirmed that the carbon–carbon supercapacitor with a positive to negative electrode capacitance ratio of 4:3 can reach beyond 1.90V in cell voltage, and retain over 85% of the initial capacitance through 10,000 cycles with the cell becoming stable after the 1000th cycle. The specific energy of this cell with unequal electrode capacitances at 1.90V was increased by over 38% in comparison with a similarly constructed cell with equal electrode capacitances at 1.60V.
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are finding different applications for offshore exploration and ocean monitoring. In most of these applications, the network consists of significant number of sensor nodes deployed at different depths throughout the area of interest. The sensor nodes located at the sea bed cannot communicate directly with the nodes near the surface level; they require multi-hop communication assisted by appropriate routing scheme. However, this appropriateness depends not only on network resources and application requirements but also on environmental constraints. All these factors provide a platform where a resource-aware routing strategy plays a vital role to fulfill the different application requirements with dynamic environmental conditions. Realizing the fact, significant attention has been given to construct a reliable scheme, and many routing protocols have been proposed in order to provide an efficient route discovery between the sources and the sink. In this paper, we present a review and comparison of different algorithms, proposed recently in order to fulfill this requirement. The main purpose of this study is to address the issues like data forwarding, deployment and localization in UWSNs under different conditions. Later on, all of these are classified into different groups according to their characteristics and functionalities.
Na-ion batteries are a potential substitute to Li-ion batteries for energy storage devices. However, their poor electrochemical performance, especially capacity and rate capability, is the major bottleneck to future development. Here we propose a performance-oriented electrode structure, which is 1D nanostructure arrays with large-scale high ordering, good vertical alignment, and large interval spacing. Benefiting from these structural merits, a great enhancement in electrochemical performance could be achieved. Taking Sb as an example, we firstly report large-scale highly ordered Sb nanorod arrays with uniform large interval spacing (190 nm). In return for this electrode design, high ion accessibility, fast electron transport, and strong electrode integrity are presented here. Used as additive- and binder-free anodes for Na-ion batteries, Sb nanorod arrays showed a high capacity of 620 mA h g−1 at the 100th cycle with a retention of 84% up to 250 cycles at 0.2 A g−1, and a superior rate capability for delivering reversible capacities of 579.7 and 557.7 mA h g−1 at 10 and 20 A g−1, respectively. A full cell coupled by a P2-Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 cathode and a Sb nanorod array anode was also constructed, which showed good cycle performance up to 250 cycles, high rate capability up to 20 A g−1, and large energy density up to 130 Wh kg−1. These excellent electrochemical performances shall pave the way for developing more applications of Sb nanorod arrays in energy storage devices.
A training package in renewable energy sources and technology, suitable for the Arab world is reported in this work. This package contains several programs starting from a Diploma to the M.Sc. level. Special short courses and workshops for decision-makers, engineers and the general public are also presented. The 1-year diploma program consists of 31 credit hours (27 theoretical credit hours and 12 laboratory hours, counted as 4 credit hours), while the 3-year diploma program consists of 93 credit hours (81 theoretical credit hours and 36 laboratory hours, counted as 12 credit hours). The B.Sc. program in energy engineering is also proposed at the undergraduate level. The 4 year B.Sc. program consists of 152 credit hours (142 theoretical credit hours, 30 laboratory hours, counted as 10 credit hours) including a project. The M.Sc. level program lasts for 18 to 24 months and this includes a total of 32 credit hours (24 theoretical credit hours composed of 8 courses, and 6 laboratory hours, counted as 2 credit hours and a 6 credit hours thesis). Recommendations to encourage public awareness for the widespread use of renewable energy sources are also stated.
The aim of this study is to compare the environmental profile of a semi-indirect ceramic evaporative cooler (SIEC) with low environmental impact and heat pipe (HP) heat-exchanger battery with that of a Split class heat pump. The comparison is carried out for two different climate areas in Spain, one a continental or inland climate (Valladolid) and the other representative of a Western European climate (Bilbao). The environmental and economic study is conducted using life cycle assessment (LCA) with two software tools provided by SimaPro® 7.1 LCA suite (Eco-indicator‘99® and EPS 2000®). After the LCA sensitivity analysis results it can be clearly inferred that the major contribution to the categories of damage in both facilities (SIEC and heat pump) is the class of abiotic resources, followed by human health. The high contribution to environmental impact of the evaporative condenser, part of the SIEC-HP, should also be emphasized. With regard to the heat pump, electricity proves to be the main environmental burden, followed by the pump infrastructure, in which the compressor, the external battery, the external fan and the connection have the highest impacts, respectively. The ceramic evaporative cooler SIEC-HP is both environmentally and economically more profitable than the heat pump in the region of Castilla y León (Valladolid), whereas in humid coastal areas it proves less useful due to the higher operating costs associated to this equipment. Finally, the electricity savings expressed in CO2 emissions are compared. In the inland or dry area of Spain, the ceramic evaporative cooler is the most suitable option, whilst the heat pump proves more appropriate for cities with a humid climate such as those in the Basque Country (Bilbao).
The electrochemical behavior of propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolytes with and without butyl sultone (BS) on graphite electrode and the performance of lithium ion batteries with these electrolytes were studied with cyclic voltammetry (CV), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculation. It is found that the co-insertion of PC with lithium ions into graphite electrode can be inhibited to a great extent by adjusting the composition of solvent in electrolytes. With the application of PC in the electrolyte without any additive, the discharge capacity of lithium ion battery is improved under high temperature or low temperature, however it decays under room temperature compared with the battery without PC. This drawback can be overcome by using BS as a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) forming additive. BS has a lower LUMO energy and can be more easily electro-reduced than other components of solvent in electrolyte on a graphite electrode, forming a stable SEI film. With the application of BS in the electrolyte, the discharge capacity and cyclic stability of lithium ion battery is improved significantly under room temperature.
The ever increasing demand for storage of electrical energy in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles is driving technological improvements in rechargeable batteries. Lithium (Li) batteries have many advantages over other rechargeable battery technologies, including high specific energy and energy density, operation over a wide range of temperatures (−40 to 70°C) and a low self-discharge rate, which translates into a long shelf-life (∼10 years) [1]. However, upon release of the first generation of rechargeable Li batteries, explosions related to the shorting of the circuit through Li dendrites bridging the anode and cathode were observed. As a result, Li metal batteries today are generally relegated to non-rechargeable primary battery applications, because the dendritic growth of Li is associated with the charging and discharging process. However, there still remain significant advantages in realizing rechargeable secondary batteries based on Li metal anodes because they possess superior electrical conductivity, higher specific energy and lower heat generation due to lower internal resistance. One of the most practical solutions is to use a solid polymer electrolyte to act as a physical barrier against dendrite growth. This may enable the use of Li metal once again in rechargeable secondary batteries [2]. Here we report a flexible and solid Li battery using a polymer electrolyte with a hierarchical and highly porous nanocarbon electrode comprising aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanohorns (CNHs). Electrodes with high specific surface area are realized through the combination of CNHs with CNTs and provide a significant performance enhancement to the solid Li battery performance.
Optimal photovoltaic hybrid systems (PVHS) have been evaluated for remote villages in Far North Cameroon using a recent iterative optimisation method based on desired annual number of generator hours and the Net Present Value technique. PVHS configurations with the same PV array size were computed for varying energy demand (D1) and constant daily energy demand (D2) when the minimum desired renewable energy fraction was set to 20%. However, the annual diesel generator operating times in PVHS configurations were found to be higher for D1 at renewable energy fractions greater than 71.9%. The results of economic analysis using a PV module cost of a remote fuel price of 1.12 €/l, inflation rate of 5%, discount rate of 6%, 2 days autonomy, PV module costs in the range 7.5 €/Wp–0.75 €/Wp, and fuel escalation rate in the range 5%–20%, showed that PVHS were the optimal options for D2 for all combinations of sensitivity variables. PVHS were also found to be the optimal option for D1 at a fuel escalation rate of at most 10%. SPVS were found to be optimal option for D1 at a fuel escalation is at least 15% and PV module costs are in the range 2.25 €/Wp −0.75 €/Wp. The renewable energy fractions evaluated for optimal PVHS options were found to be in the ranges 88.7%–97.0% and 89.4%–99.9 % for D1 and D2 respectively. Consequently, PVHS are the optimal power option for the electrification of villages in Far North Cameroon, with annual solar insolation of at least 5.5 kWh/m2/d and annual energy demand of 72.6 kWh/d if the fuel escalation rate is at most 10%.
The synthesis of two random copolymers was carried out by radical copolymerization. Poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid) in a 94:6 (St:AA) molar ratio, partially cross-linked with trimethylol propane trimethacrylate was synthesized by mass polymerization and then sulfonated (PSAAS-m) with sulfuric acid. On the other hand, the same random PSAA was synthesized by solution polymerization, but cross-linked with divinylbenzene and then sulfonated (PSAAS-s). Copolymers, including non sulfonated controls, were dissolved in THF and used to coat a platinum (Pt) electrode by “deep coating” and studied electrochemically by the voltamperometric cycle technique in 0.5 M H2SO4. Both non-sulfonated PSAA copolymers showed only a baseline signal, indicating no proton conductivity through them. The same result was obtained for the PSAAS-s copolymer, suggesting no proton conductivity as well. On the contrary, the copolymer synthesized in mass and highly sulfonated (PSAAS-m) showed the corresponding signals of Pt reduction, similar to the experiment carried out for the Pt electrode without any coating. Ion exchange capacity and water uptake measurements support the electrochemical findings.
Smooth transition from maintenance of high-performance equipment on the basis of time (after a fixed number of runs or cycles) to maintenance in terms of its condition is considered. A proposal is made for increasing the period between maintenance sessions and also decreasing the time and cost of each session. Approaches have been developed at Irkutsk Aviation Plant for the formulation and implementation of maintenance protocols on the basis of operational experience with the specific equipment.
The novel covalently modified glassy carbon electrode with polyethylene oxide has been prepared using an electroadsorption method for the simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA). This new electrode presented an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of DA and AA by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods. The separation potentials of the oxidation peak potentials for them were about 155mV in CV and 216mV in DPV. The differences are large enough to determine DA and AA individually and simultaneously. Calibration curves in the ranges of 5.0–40 and 300–1700μmolL−1 were obtained for DA and AA, respectively. The lowest detection limits (S/N=3) were 0.25 and 50μmolL−1 for DA and AA, respectively.
The coating effects of electronically and ionically conductive materials on the surface of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) cathodes for Li-ion batteries are examined. In order for the coating layers to promote facile electrochemical reactions, in addition to their protective functions of blocking side reactions between the LNMO surface and the electrolyte, carbon and Li2O–2B2O3 (LBO), which conduct electrons and Li ions, respectively, are chosen as coating materials. The properties of the LBO–carbon composite coating are examined in comparison with those of carbon- or LBO-only coatings. Electrochemical metrics, such as discharge capacity, rate performance, and cyclability, are improved with the addition of the thin-film coatings. The LBO–carbon coating shows the best overall properties, particularly greatly improved capacity retention under elevated-temperature (60 °C) cycling. The multi-conductive feature of LBO–carbon for both electrons and Li ions provides stable electrochemical kinetics under conditions of severe side reactions at elevated temperatures. The proposed simple one-step aqueous process for forming and applying the composite electrode coating may be extended to other materials and the mass production thereof.
The aim of this study was to determine of prospective teachers’understandings related to electrochemistry. Qualitative and quantitative research techniques were used together in the study. A concept test consisted of 20 items for electrochemistry; interviews and focus group discussion were used as data collecting tools. Data were collected after the subject of electrochemistry was taught in the scope of general chemistry lesson. Sample of the study consisted of 95 prospective teachers studying in the first grade of elementary science teaching department in an education faculty in 2011-2012 semester. The electrochemistry concept test was given to the sample at the end of electrochemistry unit. The interviews and the focus group discussion were made with the prospective teachers chosen according to the results of concept test. Findings of the study showed that the prospective teachers’ understandings of electrochemistry were inadequate and there were many misconceptions. Many misconceptions were found different from previously detected misconceptions in literature.
The municipal solid waste management significantly contributes to the emission in the atmosphere of greenhouse gases (e.g. CO2, CH4, N2O) and therefore the management process from collection to treatment and disposal has to be optimized in order to reduce these emissions. In this paper, starting from the average composition of undifferentiated municipal solid waste in Italy, the effect of separate collection on greenhouse gases emissions from municipal waste management has been assessed. Different combinations of separate collection scenarios and disposal options (i.e. landfilling and incineration) have been considered. The effect of energy recovery from waste both in landfills and incinerators has also been addressed. The results outline how a separate collection approach can have a significant effect on the emission of greenhouse gases and how wise municipal solid waste management, implying the adoption of Best Available Technologies (i.e. biogas recovery and exploitation system in landfills and energy recovery system in Waste to Energy plants), can not only significantly reduce greenhouse gases emissions but, in certain cases, can also make the overall process a carbon sink. Moreover it has been shown that separate collection of plastic is a major issue when dealing with global warming relevant emissions from municipal solid waste management.
The aim of this study was to investigate the synthesis of inorganic materials using cellulose as a template by thermal treatment of the precursor. Cellulose-based composites have been successfully fabricated by an efficient microwave-assisted method. The influences of heating time on the phases and shape of the precursor were investigated. Mn2O3 materials were obtained by thermal treatment of the precursor at 600°C for 3h in air. The morphology of cellulose composites was preserved after thermal transformation to form Mn2O3. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). A rapid microwave-assisted method with the thermal post-treatment provides a promising route for the fabrication of inorganic materials using natural polymer as a template.