batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The chemical instability of the glassy solid electrolyte LiPON against metallic lithium and the occurrence of side reactions at their interface is investigated by combining a surface science approach and quantum-mechanical calculations. Using an evolutionary structure search followed by a melt-quenching protocol, a model for the disordered structure of LiPON is generated and put into contact with lithium. Even the static optimization of a simple model interface suggests that the diffusion of lithium into LiPON is driven by a considerable driving force that could easily take place under experimental conditions. Calculated reaction energies indicate that the reduction and decomposition of LiPON is thermodynamically favorable. By monitoring the evolution of the LiPON core levels as a function of lithium exposure, the disruption of the LiPON network alongside the occurrence of new phases is observed. The direct comparison between UV photoelectron spectroscopy measurements and calculated electronic densities of states for increasing stages of lithiation univocally identifies the new phases as Li2O, Li3P and Li3N. These products are stable against Li metal and form a passivation layer which shields the electrolyte from further decomposition while allowing for the diffusion of Li ions.
Hybrid systems consisting of a single or multiple primary sources along with a storage component are used in renewable energy production due to the wide disparity between the intermittent power generated and the power demand. Finding the optimal size of a hybrid system with no loss of power supply (LPS) is of utmost concern when considering the levelized cost of energy (LCE) of the project over its lifecycle. In this study, an optimization routine employing a search algorithm is developed to find the minimum LCE that meets zero LPS in the context of data center application. To this end, a system model is developed by integrating basic models of the subsystems. The system model is then used to investigate two different loading cases, 1) a case where the demand cannot be controlled as in the case of power demand in a residential network, and 2) a case where the demand can be controlled up to certain limits, as in the case of power demand in a data center or a data center network. Various types of controllable power demand scenarios are studied. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in the life cycle costs of the system when controllable power demand is considered, especially in regions where wind and solar resources are relatively low.
Archaeological excavations provide us with important clues about the past. Excavated artefacts represent an important connection to civilisations that no longer exist and help us understand some of their customs, traditions and common practices. With the help of academics and practitioners from various disciplines, the results of archaeological excavations can be analysed and a body of knowledge about the corresponding society can be created and shared with members of the general public. Museums have traditionally served the purpose of communicating this knowledge and backing it up with the help of the excavated artefacts. Many museum visitors, however, find it difficult to develop a coherent understanding of the corresponding society only based on the artefacts and annotations shown in museums. Effective modern techniques that have high potential in helping museum visitors with better understanding of the past are 3D reconstruction and virtual reality. 3D reconstruction offers a cost-effective way of recreating historical settlements in a computer-generated virtual environment, while virtual reality helps with immersing people into such environments and reaching a high degree of realism. With the help of these technologies, it becomes possible to relive history, imagine yourself being a part of the reconstructed society and learn about its culture firsthand. The combination of 3D reconstruction and virtual reality represents a very powerful learning tool; however, this tool has been rarely used in a museum setting and its correct use has not been properly investigated. In this paper, we present a study into using virtual reality in itinerant archaeological exhibitions. We discuss the lessons we have learned from developing an interactive virtual reality simulation of the Neolithic settlement of La Draga. These lessons feature our analysis of qualitative and quantitative feedback of museum visitors, as well as what we have learned from analysing their navigation and interaction patterns.
State-of-energy (SoE) is an important index for batteries in electric vehicles and it provides the essential basis of energy application, load equilibrium and security of electricity. To improve the estimation accuracy and reliability of SoE, a novel multi-model fusion estimation approach is proposed against uncertain dynamic load and different temperatures. The main contributions of this work can be summarized as follows: (1) Through analyzing the impact on the estimation accuracy of SoE due to the complexity of models, the necessity of redundant modeling is elaborated. (2) Three equivalent circuit models are selected and their parameters are identified by genetic algorithm offline. Linear matrix inequality (LMI) based H-infinity state observer technique is applied to estimate SoEs on aforementioned models. (3) The concept of fusion estimation is introduced. The estimation results derived by different models are merged under certain weights which are determined by Bayes theorem. (4) Batteries are tested with dynamic load cycles under different temperatures to validate the effectiveness of this method. The results indicate the estimation accuracy and reliability on SoE are elevated after fusion.
Objective Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising treatment for medication refractory obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD); however, there may be neuropsychiatric symptoms from unintended battery failure. Background Previous studies indicated rebound symptoms from impulse generator (IPG) failure in Parkinson’s disease, dystonia, and essential tremor. Unique to OCD is that battery failure may precipitate neuropsychiatric symptoms rather than motor symptoms. Methods Six patients with medication refractory OCD received implants as part of the previously reported National Institutional Health (NIH) DBS cohort. All available clinical data and adverse event data was reviewed. Results The average age of cohort was 42.2 years (30-59 years), and the average baseline Y-BOCS score was 33.8 (31-38). All six subjects were observed to have increased OCD symptomatology during IPG failure; however, Y-BOCS scores remained less than pretreatment range, in five subjects. One of the subjects had a Y-BOCS score greater than pretreatment during the period of IPG failure. In addition, Y-BOCS scores improved back to baseline after IPG replacement in five subjects. Other symptoms potentially related to battery failure included: suicidality (n = 1), mood disturbance (n = 2), panic attacks (n = 1), fatigue (n = 2), and a restless sensation in the arms and legs (n = 1). A small number of subjects reported no side effects associated with IPG failure because of preemptive replacement (n = 2). Conclusions This is a preliminary case series detailing the side effects resulting from IPG failure during OCD DBS. Preemptive battery replacement was an effective strategy for avoiding these issues, and timeliness in insurance reimbursement may be considered in the future. Additionally the use of rechargeable batteries may also help this issue. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT00057603
We describe the development and practical field testing of a rugged, unbaited video lander as a visual survey tool for fishes inhabiting structurally complex, high-relief, deepwater rocky reefs. Our autonomous, high-resolution, low-light, color video lander system utilized a smooth frame design that incorporated a series of breakaway attachments and inexpensive sacrificial steel bases to maximize the potential for camera system recovery from complex rocky habitats. Initial field tests at five reef complexes off Oregon (n=421) and a larger study evaluating the western boundary of Oregon's Yelloweye Rockfish Conservation Area (YRCA, n=527) showed that the video lander could be deployed and reliably retrieved from high-relief rocky habitat without damage to the camera system and with minimal losses of sacrificial bases. Acceptable visibility for counting fish from the lander video was common at offshore reefs like Stonewall Bank, but less so at nearshore reef complexes. The video lander system was effective for discriminating differences in fish species assemblages at the various reefs surveyed (one-way ANOSIM, P<0.001) and for identifying seafloor habitat types and species-habitat associations for yelloweye rockfish (Sebastes ruberrimus) at Stonewall Bank (P<0.05). The video lander data showed that the area outside and to the west of the YRCA enclosed similar quantities of yelloweye rockfish and their preferred habitats in comparison with the area inside the YRCA (0.179 yelloweye rockfish/station outside, versus 0.144 yelloweye rockfish/station inside, Wilcoxon test, P=0.417). Our visual survey data also showed that the current western YRCA boundary is not optimal for protecting yelloweye rockfish at Stonewall Bank from fishery harvest.
Nanostructured Si-based materials are key building blocks for next-generation energy storage devices. To meet the requirements of practical energy storage devices, Si-based materials should exhibit high-power, low volume change, and high tap density. So far, there have been no reliable materials reported satisfying all of these requirements. Here, we report a novel Si-based multicomponent design, in which the Si core is covered with multifunctional shell layers. The synergistic coupling of Si with the multifunctional shell provides vital clues for satisfying all Si anode requirements for practical batteries. The Si-based multicomponent anode delivers a high capacity of ∼1000 mA h g−1, a highly stable cycling retention (∼65% after 1000 cycles at 1 C), an excellent rate capability (∼800 mA h g−1 at 10 C), and a remarkably suppressed volume expansion (12% after 100 cycles). Our synthetic process is simple, low-cost, and safe, facilitating new methods for developing electrode materials for practical energy storage.
To meet the pressing demands for portable and flexible equipment in contemporary society, it is strongly required to develop next-generation inexpensive, flexible, lightweight, and sustainable supercapacitor systems with large power densities, long cycle life, and good operational safety. Here, we fabricate a flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor device with nitrogen-doped pyrolyzed bacterial cellulose (p-BC–N) as the electrode material via a low-cost, eco-friendly, low-temperature, and scalable fabrication hydrothermal synthesis. The pliable device can reversibly deliver a maximum power density of 390.53 kW kg−1 and exhibits a good cycling durability with ∼95.9% specific capacitance retained after 5000 cycles. Therefore, this nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber electrode material holds significant promise as a flexible, efficient electrode material.
The use of groundwater as water supply has increased dramatically in Santiago, Chile, during the last decades, and there is a need for accurately estimating the actual groundwater supply capacity in the upper Santiago Valley aquifer. The behavior of this aquifer was studied in order to determine the availability of water and the long-range sustainable extraction rate.
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) carbon nanofibres with diameters of 100–200 nm have been developed by electrospinning and subsequent carbonization process. The composition, structure, electrical conductivity, and electrochemical properties of the carbon nanofibres as electrode materials for vanadium flow battery (VFB) have been characterized. It is found that with the increasing of carbonization temperature, the electrochemical activity of carbon nanofibres toward VO2+/VO2 + redox couple is enhanced greatly. Particularly, the 1000 °C-carbonized nanofibres show excellent performance. The good behavior of the nanofibres carbonized at high temperature may attribute to the conversion of fibers inner-structure and the improvement of electrical conductivity. Compared with the traditional carbon fibers (TCFs), electrospun carbon nanofibres (ECNFs) carbonized at temperature of 1000 °C exhibit higher activity toward the vanadium reaction, presenting considerable potential for electrode application in VFB.
Despite the current industrial trend towards automation, many workers are still daily exposed to heavy loads during their duties. Regarding the construction industry, the shotcrete projection results in a particularly arduous whole-body effort for the so-called “concrete reinforcement workers”. In this paper, the design of a passive robotic human assistance tool to assist workers in dealing with the specific task of shotcrete projection will be described. If the design of an effective aid plays a crucial role in improving the job’s quality, following the guidelines given by the French company Eiffage Infrastructures; besides, the acceptance of the proposed solution shall have special consideration. Therefore, starting from an in-site assessment of the scenario, the presented solution has been profoundly adjusted to address the issues coming from this particular task. The exoskeleton adaptability to different lower-limb activities has been preserved without lowering its comfort during daily life in the working area. The developed solution’s operation range has been specifically optimized to assist the worker during specific efforts without hindering the other movements.
Given a set of input points, the Steiner Tree Problem (STP) is to find a minimum-length tree that connects the input points, where it is possible to add new points to minimize the length of the tree. Solving the STP is of great importance since it is one of the fundamental problems in network design, very large scale integration routing, multicast routing, wire length estimation, computational biology, and many other areas. However, the STP is NP-hard, which shatters any hopes of finding a polynomial-time algorithm to solve the problem exactly. This is why the majority of research has looked at finding efficient heuristic algorithms. Additionally, many authors focused their work on utilizing the ever-increasing computational power and developed many parallel and distributed methods for solving the problem. In this way we are able to obtain better results in less time than ever before. Here, we present a survey of the parallel and distributed methods for solving the STP and discuss some of their applications.
Although developmental exposures of rats to low levels of the organophosphate pesticides (OPs), chlorpyrifos (CPF) or diazinon (DZN), both cause persistent neurobehavioral effects, there are important differences in their neurotoxicity. The current study extended investigation to parathion (PTN), an OP that has higher systemic toxicity than either CPF or DZN. We gave PTN on postnatal days (PND) 1–4 at doses spanning the threshold for systemic toxicity (0, 0.1 or 0.2mg/kg/day, s.c.) and performed a battery of emotional and cognitive behavioral tests in adolescence through adulthood. The higher PTN dose increased time spent on the open arms and the number of center crossings in the plus maze, indicating greater risk-taking and overall activity. This group also showed a decrease in tactile startle response without altering prepulse inhibition, indicating a blunted acute sensorimotor reaction without alteration in sensorimotor plasticity. T-maze spontaneous alternation, novelty-suppressed feeding, preference for sweetened chocolate milk, and locomotor activity were not significantly affected by neonatal PTN exposure. During radial-arm maze acquisition, rats given the lower PTN dose committed fewer errors compared to controls and displayed lower sensitivity to the amnestic effects of the NMDA receptor blocker, dizocilpine. No PTN effects were observed with regard to the sensitivity to blockade of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors, or serotonin 5HT2 receptors. This study shows that neonatal PTN exposure evokes long-term changes in behavior, but the effects are less severe, and in some incidences opposite in nature, to those seen earlier for CPF or DZN, findings consistent with our neurochemical studies showing different patterns of effects and less neurotoxic damage with PTN. Our results reinforce the conclusion that low dose exposure to different OPs can have quite different neurotoxic effects, obviously unconnected to their shared property as cholinesterase inhibitors.
The physical and chemical properties of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) are determined predominantly by the conditions employed during the anodic deposition process. There are relationships between deposition parameters, EMD properties and battery performance, as reported in many investigations. This study describes the influence of pulse current and direct current on the electrochemical properties of EMD. The EMD produced at different current conditions is characterized by charge–discharge cycling of various samples in the cathodic mixture of rechargeable alkaline AA cells, whereby the anode composition and the other cell parameters are kept constant. Results have shown that there is a systematic correlation between the pulse parameters and the cycle performance of EMD. The charge–discharge characteristics of test cells indicate an improvement in cycle performance of EMD with increasing duty cycle (i.e. with the approach of pulse current to direct current).
The thoron gas (220Rn) activity concentration as well as activity size distribution of unattached and attached 212Pb to aerosol particles was measured in the open air of Jeddah City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. An electroprecipitation method was applied for measuring the 220Rn concentration. A mean activity concentration of 220Rn was determined to be 1.80±0.47Bqm−3. The unattached activities of 212Pb were collected using the wire screen diffusion battery technique while a low-pressure cascade impactor collected the attached activities. The mean activity median thermodynamic diameter (AMTD) of unattached 212Pb was determined to be 1.32nm with a relative mean geometric standard deviation (σ g) of 1.45. A mean concentration of unattached activity of 212Pb was found to be 9.48±1.12mBqm−3. A mean unattached fraction (f p) of 0.028±0.002 was obtained at a mean aerosol particle concentration of 29×103 cm−3. Sometimes, the f p values were less than the detection limit of 0.009. A mean activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD) of the accumulation mode of attached 212Pb was determined to be 352nm with a mean (σ g) of 2.6. The mean value of specific air activity concentration of 212Pb associated with that mode was determined to be 310±12mBqm−3. With a dosimetric model calculation (ICRP, 1994) the total and regional deposition fractions, total and regional equivalent doses could be evaluated considering the obtained parameters of the activity size distributions. At a total deposition fraction of about 97% of unattached activities the total equivalent dose to the human lung was determined to be 0.16µSv while a total equivalent dose of 0.44µSv was determined at a total deposition fraction of about 23% for the attached activities. It was found that an unattached fraction of f P≈3% yields to about 27% of the total equivalent dose.
Spinel lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) has attracted extensive attention by virtue of its inherent features of zero strain and high operating potential, which results in outstanding structural stability and remarkable safety as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. But, there are two issues of low specific capacity and poor electrical conductivity yet need to be satisfactorily solved before the practical application of Li4Ti5O12 anode can be well achieved in lithium-ion batteries. Herein, a novel hierarchical structure of clew-like microparticles constructed by ultrafine Li4Ti5O12 nanowires has been successfully prepared via a facile approach. The combination effect of ultrafine nanowire unites and non-compact clew-like architecture provides the as-prepared Li4Ti5O12 with excellent electrochemical performance. A high reversible specific capacity of 184.1 mAh g−1 can be obtained at 20 mA g−1 after 400 cycles. What is more, a capacity of 177.8 and 152.2 mAh g−1 can be gained even after 2500 cycles respectively at 200 and 4000 mA g−1, exhibiting high capacity, superior rate property and outstanding cycling stability. This work may open up a broader vision into developing nanostructure Li4Ti5O12 anode materials for advanced lithium-ion batteries.
Copper sulfides are synthesized by heating a mixture of copper and sulfur powders in different stoichiometries in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) solvent. All the electrodes show excellent electrochemical performance, especially ‘copper excess’ copper sulfides electrodes. These electrodes can be charged and discharged at high rate, with good capacity retention. The electrochemical reaction mechanism of copper sulfides during discharge–charge process is investigated. It is most likely that all of S element in the copper excess electrode would transfer into a crystal of Cu2S during charge–discharge cycles, which corresponded to a single electrochemical reaction and showed excellent cycling and rate performance. These encouraging results indicate that copper-excess copper sulfides could be a promising anode material for lithium batteries with high rate capability.
An important deformation mode during ground impacts of battery packs made of cylindrical battery cells is axial compression. This type of loading subjects the cell to a complex deformation pattern and failure mechanism. The design of endcaps plays an important role in such deformations. To explore the sequence of deformation and the underlying failure mechanisms, a combined experimental/numerical study was carried out. Tests were conducted on 18650 cells, and the deformation of each component was carefully investigated and documented. There are four different stages in the force-displacement curve, corresponding with deformation of various components in the endcap assembly. A short circuit happens at a displacement of 4 mm. To clarify these observations, a detailed Finite Element model was set up, covering the geometry and the mechanical property of almost all the components of the cell. Using the simulation results, the sequence of the axial compression was revealed, which was subsequently validated by Micro CT scans as well as analytical solutions. Based on the precise analysis of the mechanical behavior, the cause of the short circuit during axial loading was clarified. Two failure mechanisms in the separator at the top section of the cell explain the possible causes of short circuit.