batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Hybrid electric buses have been a promising technology to dramatically lower fuel consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, while energy management strategy (EMS) is a critical technology to the improvements in fuel economy for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). In this paper, a suboptimal EMS is developed for the real-time control of a series–parallel hybrid electric bus. It is then investigated and verified in a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation system constructed on PT-LABCAR, a commercial real-time simulator. First, an optimal EMS is obtained via iterative dynamic programming (IDP) by defining a cost function over a specific drive cycle to minimize fuel consumption, as well as to achieve zero battery state-of-charge (SOC) change and to avoid frequent clutch operation. The IDP method can lower the computational burden and improve the accuracy. Second, the suboptimal EMS for real-time control is developed by constructing an Elman neural network (NN) based on the aforementioned optimal EMS, so the real-time suboptimal EMS can be used in the vehicle control unit (VCU) of the hybrid bus. The real VCU is investigated and verified utilizing a HIL simulator in a virtual forward-facing HEV environment consisting of vehicle, driver and driving environment. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed real-time suboptimal EMS by the neural network can coordinate the overall hybrid powertrain of the hybrid bus to optimize fuel economy over different drive cycles, and the given drive cycles can be tracked while sustaining the battery SOC level.
A time-of-flight mass spectrometer was developed for the detection of ions with wide energies distribution. The instrument associated with an electron impact source. The ions flow was effectively modulated by a lens system and then introduced into the time-of-flight mass analyzer which included a dual field of acceleration region, a reflection region, and a large-size micro channel plate (MCP) detection device. The characteristics of the spectrometer were as follows: half-peak width of single ion signal was about 2 ns, resolution of the instrument was better than 1600 FWHM, mass range of actual samples was 1–127 amu in comparison with the theoretical mass detection limit of higher than 800 amu, and ion energy detection range was better than two orders of magnitude (3–140 eV). If coupled with short-instantaneous pulse discharge ion source, the TOF mass analyzer would be used in the field of rapid detection of high-energy ion beam, such as vacuum cathode discharge preparation of thin films, ion injection material characterization, ion charge state distribution of conductive material and determination of ion diffusion speed.
With EV and HEV developments, battery monitoring systems have to meet the new requirements of car industry. This paper deals with one of them, the battery ability to start a vehicle, also called battery crankability. A fractional order model obtained by system identification is used to estimate the crankability of lead-acid batteries. Fractional order modelling permits an accurate simulation of the battery electrical behaviour with a low number of parameters. It is demonstrated that battery available power is correlated to the battery crankability and its resistance. Moreover, the high-frequency gain of the fractional model can be used to evaluate the battery resistance. Then, a battery crankability estimator using the battery resistance is proposed. Finally, this technique is validated with various battery experimental data measured on test rigs and vehicles.
Sr-doped double perovskite oxides PrBa1−x Sr x Co2O5+δ (x = 0.0–1.0) are prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectra, cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry, respectively. Sr2+ doping is found to promote the electrocatalytic activity towards both oxygen evolution reduction and oxygen reduction reaction, due to the concentration enhancement of Co4+ (eg = 1) on the oxide surface. The PrBa0.25Sr0.75Co2O5.95 catalyst, with the highest concentration of Co4+, exhibits the superior electrocatalytic activity. The onset potential, Tafel slope and the overpotential at given current density of 10.0 mA·cmgeom −2 for the OER are 1.52 V, 75.8 mV·dec−1 and 0.42 V, respectively, comparable to the currently reported high performance OER catalysts. At the same time, the onset potential, Tafel slope, limiting current density and electron transfer number of PrBa0.25Sr0.75Co2O5.95 for ORR are 0.753 V, 58.3 mV·dec−1, 4.081 mA·cmgeom −2 and n = 3.92, respectively, implying much improved ORR activity.
In this study, we prepare a kind of solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) based on N-ethyl-N′-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIBF4), LiBF4 and poly(vinylidene difluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) [P(VdF-HFP)] copolymer. The resultant SPE displays high thermal stability above 300°C and high room temperature ionic conductivity near to 10−3 Scm−1. Its electrochemical properties are improved with incorporation of a zwitterionic salt 1-(1-methyl-3-imidazolium)propane-3-sulfonate (MIm3S). When the SPE contains 1.0wt% of the MIm3S, it has a high ionic conductivity of 1.57×10−3 Scm−1 at room temperature, the maximum lithium ions transference number of 0.36 and the minimum apparent activation energy for ions transportation of 30.9kJmol−1. The charge–discharge performance of a Li4Ti5O12/SPE/LiCoO2 cell indicates the potential application of the as-prepared SPE in lithium ion batteries.
The aim of this study was to determine the role of executive functions (EFs) in early school achievement when a variety of potential confounding factors were controlled. Measures of EF (inhibition, flexibility, and working memory) and school readiness were administered to a sample of 85 kindergartners (39 boys and 46 girls, 5–6years old). School achievement was then assessed at the end of Grade 1. Results show math and reading/writing skills at the end of Grade 1 to be associated with kindergarten EFs. Only working memory contributed uniquely to the variance in school achievement after all covariates (preacademic abilities, affective variables, and family variables) were controlled and, even then, only with respect to math skills. On the other hand, working memory and inhibition had an indirect effect on reading/writing skills via anger–aggression. EF implication in school achievement is discussed in terms of task demands and child age.
This paper examines combinations of photovoltaic (PV) generation plus battery energy storage for islanded electricity systems from energetic and economic perspectives, using hourly solar resource data, and 17 household-scale demand profiles, for Christchurch, New Zealand. Optima for normalised storage, expressed as a proportion of annual demand, and for energy returned on energy invested (EROEI), occurred at energy penetrations ranging from 2.50 to 4.00. The ratio of maximum to minimum daily demand predicted optimal storage capacity and EREOI. Improved optimal EROEI values occurred following reductions in embodied energy and at lowered penetrations with longer battery lifetimes. Energy spillage at the optimal penetrations was spread relatively evenly over the year, with the exception of several weeks during winter, and final discharge depths averaged 3.1%. Economic optima, expressed as net present cost, occurred at energy penetrations ranging from 3.00 to 5.00. Reductions in PV panel and battery capital costs, and a longer battery lifetime, reduced the penetrations at which economic optima occurred, and in some cases these coincided with energetic optima. It is suggested that both energetic and economic optima need to be evaluated in the planning process, and that the role of secondary loads be investigated in future research programmes.
In this study, 5- and 6-year-olds were read a story and asked to recall its details. Two independent factors—prestory knowledge and poststory suggestions—were crossed to examine the effects on children’s story recall. The results indicated that prestory social knowledge about the story protagonist as well as academic knowledge relating to the content of the story influenced the accuracy of children’s recall immediately after the story presentation. Following the suggestive interview, children reported interviewer-provided social and academic misinformation to a greater extent when the misinformation was consistent with their prior knowledge. In contrast, children were more likely to refute misinformation that contradicted their academic knowledge. These findings are discussed in terms of the mechanisms underlying the knowledge–memory and knowledge–suggestibility linkages.
During the past few years, research in the field of cooperative control of swarms of robots and especially UAV has continuously increased. In order to develop research in the field of swarms of UAV, this paper identifies three problems: the development of a testbed for UAV, the implementation of an ad hoc network and a protocol based on network control, and a consensus control algorithm for cooperative control of UAV. The testbed currently enables us to perform waypoint navigation using a Global Positioning System (GPS). The protocol communication designed for the ad hoc network has proved to be reliable for our application and can be expanded to be used with different numbers of agents. The algorithm of consensus control has been analyzed and tested in simulation. Future work will allow implementing the consensus control as a centralized or distributed control.
A series of perovskite catalysts was investigated for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline electrolyte and at room temperature, supplied by oxygen or air. A meniscus cell was used to screen-test candidate catalysts for their bifunctionality and assess their activity for ORR at 3 mm depth of immersion (DOI) in the electrolyte. Based on the meniscus data LaNiO3, La0.1Ca0.9MnO3 and La0.6Ca0.4CoO3 were selected for further assessment in microelectrode and half-cell studies. Activity tests for the ORR and OER, Tafel slopes at high current densities and apparent activation energies for the ORR were determined using a microelectrode technique on samples of the selected perovskites, La0.1Ca0.9MnO3, La0.6Ca0.4CoO3 and LaNiO3 with and without graphite support. Tafel slopes of ca. 120 mV per decade and apparent activation energies of approximately 18 kcal mol−1 were measured at high cathodic current densities. Cycle-life and performance of La0.1Ca0.9MnO3, La0.6Ca0.4CoO3 and LaNiO3-based gas-diffusion electrodes in half-cell configurations were tested at a constant current density of 25 mA cm−2 with subsequent and intermittent polarizations. Similar activities resulted in the ORR, while increased numbers of cycles were observed for the La0.1Ca0.9MnO3-based electrode. Furthermore, electrode material compositions, especially PTFE contents were optimized to conform to the establishment of the three phase interactions of the electrode structure. Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM) and BET-surface area analyses were carried out in order to find out the morphological and surface properties of the perovskite materials.
Nanoporous pine-cone structured NiO powder was prepared by hydrothermally heated homogeneous precipitation method using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant (CTAB) as a template and urea as hydrolysis controlling agent. The NiO powder sample was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) isotherm, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical measurements. The prepared NiO was found to be crystalline and highly porous in nature with high specific surface area and pore volume. The pseudocapacitance behavior of this material was investigated using cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and impedance spectroscopic studies employing a three-electrode system in the single cell mode. The SEM analysis reveals hierarchically porous pine-cone morphology for NiO which shows good specific capacitance (∼337Fg−1) measured by cyclic voltammetry. The galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles obtained in chronopotentiometric measurements indicate that the NiO sample exhibits good electrochemical stability. The columbic efficiency of NiO was found to be about 99% after 100 galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles. The impedance spectroscopic studies confirmed that the pseudocapacitance behavior of the porous NiO was a result of OH− ion diffusion processes in the system. In this study, a correlation has been made between the specific capacitance values and physicochemical properties as well as the unique surface morphology of NiO.
The work described in this paper won an Engineering Award from the UNESCO and the United Nations. It qualified among the top 30 finalists from a pool of about 3200 engineering entries from the world's most prestigious universities in 89 countries, including Cambridge, Oxford, MIT, Stanford and Yale. This paper describes the methods employed in a sustainability project titled ‘Global Basic Needs in an Integrated Sustainable Approach’ submitted by the author to the UNESCO in agreement with the United Nations Millennium Goals and within their framework of the Mondialogo Engineering Award. A six-nation international jury of renowned leading scientists and engineers selected this project for a nomination award. While we all anxiously wait for science to provide the solutions to global warming and catastrophic climate change, a holistic engineering approach was used to halt pollution, and to provide sustainable shelter, clean water, energy, food and education to the global population. This approach can be used anywhere in the world and conceptualizes a revolutionary sustainability paradigm for present and future societies. This work is a contribution to the advancement of the science of sustainability everywhere on the planet.
We have described previously a battery of cognitive tests that permit us to objectively assess cognitive function in dogs; however, similar multi-domain tests are not available for cats. The aim of this study was to validate a test battery for cats modeled after those developed for dogs. The tasks were intended to assess a variety of cognitive domains, including learning ability, executive function, visuospatial learning and working memory. Kittens (N=16; 4.5±0.1 months) were tested on the following tasks: positional discrimination learning and reversal in a t-maze apparatus; object discrimination learning and reversal; and a delayed-non-matching-to-position task (DNMP). More errors were committed on the reversal phase of both the positional discrimination and object discrimination tests. Several of the cats also showed DNMP learning within the time-frame of the study. Cats committed more errors on both reversal tests compared to the respective learning test, which is consistent with the greater demands of this executive function test. Executive function is a high level cognitive ability that changes with development in rodents, dogs, non-human primates and humans. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing neuropsychological tests for cats that produce data consistent with that obtained in other species and that will be useful for examining cognitive changes that occur in feline development.
The field of energy management is an area increasingly studied. However, most solutions are based on centralized systems and barely fulfil criterion like fault tolerance or adaptability. Also, these systems are often difficult to design because of the “top–down” approach used: the designer generally knows how each component has to respond separately, but a centralized management system focuses his attention solely on the overall reaction of the system. That is why a distributed management solution based on the paradigm of Multi-Agent Systems (MASs) is proposed in this paper. In addition to a more natural conception, based on a “bottom–up” approach, this solution ensures better system reliability. After reviewing the previous works, an application of MAS to power management in a hybrid power source is presented. Then, the system is tested using a simulation model. The results show that this approach is perfectly valid and can respond to most problems of centralized energy management systems (EMSs).
Recent research suggests that developmental dyscalculia is associated with a subitizing deficit (i.e., the inability to quickly enumerate small sets of up to 3 objects). However, the nature of this deficit has not previously been investigated. In the present study the eye-tracking methodology was employed to clarify whether (a) the subitizing deficit of two boys with dyscalculia resulted from a general slowing in the access to magnitude representation, or (b) children with dyscalculia resort to a back-up counting strategy even for small object sets. In a dot-counting task, a standard problem size effect for the number of fixations required to encode the presented numerosity within the subitizing range was observed. Together with the finding that problem size had no impact on the average fixation duration, this result suggested that children with dyscalculia may indeed have to count, while typically developing controls are able to enumerate the number of dots in parallel, i.e., subitize. Implications for the understanding of developmental dyscalculia are considered.
In order to explore a cathode material with high electrochemical performance for lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs), a novel core-shell structured tubular amorphous carbon@sulfur@polypyrrole (TAC@S@PPy) composite with a dual-conductive layer is synthesized by in-situ chemical precipitation and chemical oxidation polymerization, including a TAC conductive matrix layer, an intermediate sulfur layer, and an external PPy coating layer with a certain conductivity and adsorptivity for polysulfides. Compared to pure sulfur and TAC@S composite, the core-shell structured TAC@S@PPy composite exhibits a higher discharge specific capacity of 1111mAhg−1, and still maintains at 731mAhg−1 after 100cycles at a current density of 335mAg−1. Whereas, TAC@S composite and pure sulfur only retain 472 and 224mAhg−1 after 100cycles at the same current density, respectively. Therefore, these results indicate that the core-shell structured TAC@S@PPy composite with a dual-conductive layer would be a promising cathode for LSBs.
The diagnosis of latent and active tuberculosis in the HIV-positive population is challenged by diminished sensitivity of conventional tests, atypical presentations, and the lack of culture methods in the developing world, where the burden of co-infection is greatest. In response to these challenges, a variety of new diagnostics have emerged. These include interferon-gamma release assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection and novel culture methods and molecular assays for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis. Although some tests (such as interferon-gamma release assays) are not clearly superior to existing diagnostics, other novel diagnostics, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction and the microscopic observed direct susceptibility assay hold much promise for prompt and accurate TB diagnosis in this population. Line-probe, nitrate reductase, and mycobacteriophage assays have also provided rapid alternatives to conventional time-consuming drug susceptibility testing and are critical to curtailing the spread of multidrug-resistant TB.
The result from the Life After Stroke (LAST) study showed that an 18-month follow up program as part of the primary health care, did not improve maintenance of motor function for stroke survivors. In this study we evaluated whether the follow-up program could lead to a reduction in the use of health care compared to standard care. Furthermore, we analyse to what extent differences in health care costs for stroke patients could be explained by individual need factors (such as physical disability, cognitive impairment, age, gender and marital status), and we tested whether a generic health related quality of life (HRQoL) is able to predict the utilisation of health care services for patients post-stroke as well as more disease specific indexes.
ABSTRACT Zn2+-doped magnetite (Fe3O4) nanorods with carbon coating of controllable thickness (Zn-Fe3O4@C) were prepared from lab-made Zn2+-doped Fe2O3 nanorods which were simultaneously coated with and reduced by carbon during the carbonization process using pyrrole as the carbon precursor. The as-prepared Zn-Fe3O4@C nanocomposites were evaluated as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The results show that the Zn-Fe3O4@C nanorods with 2.5 mol% Zn2+ doping demonstrated a reversible capacity of 949.1 mAh g−1, compared to only 315.4 and 235.5 mAh g−1 for Fe2O3 and Fe3O4@C nanorods, respectively, after 60 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1. The Zn-Fe3O4@C nanocomposite electrodes also exhibited better cycling and rate performances than the corresponding Fe2O3 and Fe3O4@C nanorods. The superior performances witnessed in Zn-Fe3O4@C are attributed to the Zn2+ doping and the carbon coating, which have efficiently enhanced the electrical conductivity and lithium ion diffusion.
The post-war shift in US technology and science policies has been somewhat misunderstood. It was not only a shift toward support for research, but a shift away from support for diffusion. Pre-war policies centered on agriculture. They sought to foster the spread of improved farming practices in order to raise living standards at a time of widespread rural poverty. Post-war research policies, motivated by national security, relied on military procurement to drive diffusion. Radically different objectives have obscured the overall nature of the policy shift. Today, the consequences of the US neglect of diffusion are most evident in health care, with government spending huge sums on research while disregarding service delivery.
There is a well-established relationship between theory of mind (ToM) and executive function (EF) during the preschool years. However, less is known about the concurrent and longitudinal relations between EF and specific tasks tapping different aspects of ToM. The current study investigated the ToM-EF relationship across 1 year in 3- to 5-year-old Turkish children using the ToM battery of Wellman and Liu (2004), which measures understanding of diverse desires (DD), diverse beliefs (DB), knowledge access (KA), contents false belief (CFB), explicit false belief (EFB), and hidden emotion (HE). This battery has not yet been used in its entirety to test the predictive relations between ToM and EF. We used peg-tapping and day–night tasks to measure EF. Our sample comprised 150 Turkish preschool children (69 girls) aged 36–60 months at Time 1 (T1) and 49–73 months at Time 2 (T2). Using the ToM composite with all six tasks, when child’s age, receptive language, and T1 ability level (EF or ToM) were controlled, T1 EF significantly predicted T2 ToM, whereas T1 ToM did not predict T2 EF. Among DD, DB, KA, false belief understanding (FBU: the composite score of CFB and EFB), and HE, only KA and FBU were significantly associated with EF at T1 and T2. Further regression analyses showed that KA did not have a predictive relationship with EF. Instead, FBU drove the predictive EF–ToM relationship across time. Thus, in Turkish children, earlier EF predicts later ToM, but especially the FBU component, in this well-validated battery.