batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The Cu x O (x =1, 2)-embedded carbon nanofibers (Cu x O/CNF) were prepared by electrospinning of the composite solutions of Cu(II) acetate, PAN (polyacrylonitrile) and PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), and subsequent stabilization and carbonization. The structure of Cu2O/CNF is largely dependent on the carbonization temperature. The Cu x O/CNF-700 has the disordered CuO structure, while the Cu x O/CNF-800 has the intermediate structure between the disordered CuO and Cu2O. The structural change in the CNF prepared by electrospinning and optimum thermal treatment leads to excellent electrochemical properties. The CNF plays an important role as buffering agent to prevent Cu x O particles from agglomerating. Besides, the aligned CNF with high electrical conductivity leads to the occurrence of Cu nano-particles in the discharging process, and it serves to convert Li2O into Li in the charging process. Both Cu x O/CNF-700 and Cu x O/CNF-800 exhibit high specific discharge capacity, exceptional cycle retention, and excellent reversible capacity even in initial cycle, while Cu x O/CNF-900 shows bad electrochemical performance.
A hybrid electrolyte lithium–air battery, in which a lithium-anode in a non-aqueous electrolyte and an air catalytic cathode in an aqueous electrolyte solution were separated by a ceramic LISICON film, has been investigated in our previous work. In the present work, a capacitor electrode was put in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution as an additional cathode in parallel with the air catalytic cathode. The proposed lithium–air batteries with an additional capacitor cathode can successfully unite capacitor character and lithium–air battery character in one device which is now nominated as a “lithium–air capacitor–battery based on a hybrid electrolyte”. When high power is needed, the capacitor cathode would play the main role of peak power output; when high energy is demanded, the air catalytic cathode would display its high energy character. The adjustability of power output and energy output demonstrate that the proposed lithium–air capacitor–battery should be a promising power system for future electric vehicles.
This article describes the opportunity of using first order moments for locating an object in electromagnetic or acoustic field. For example, this problem may be useful in a disaster situation in a mountain. For saving the life of stricken people a rescue operation must be organized. The success of this operation depends on the information for the location of the people. Moreover it is very useful to dispose of some psychology information about the stricken persons. The emotional intellect quotients allow constructing a psychology portrait of the people in calamity situation. They also allow predicting the people's behavior in the disaster situation. Fourier spectra technique and power spectral density tool can be used similarly to predict the human psychology behavior in crisis event. The most detailed information in people's behavior prediction process can be obtain by using of multi inter personal field psychology model Ψ(x,y,z,t). A real rescue operation is described in the article. Emotional mask psychological model, intelligence and emotional intelligence quantities model and interpersonal field model are also described in connection with this accident in the report.
Affective impairments were examined in patients with and without deficit syndrome schizophrenia. Two Emotional Stroop tasks designed to measure automatic processing of emotional information were administered to deficit (n =15) and non-deficit syndrome (n =26) schizophrenia patients classified according to the Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome, and matched non-patient control subjects (n =22). In comparison to non-deficit patients and controls, deficit syndrome patients demonstrated a lack of attention bias for positive information, and an elevated attentional lingering effect for negative information. These findings suggest that positive information fails to automatically capture attention of deficit syndrome patients, and that when negative information captures attention, it produces difficulty in disengagement Attentional abnormalities were significantly correlated with negative symptoms, such that more severe symptoms were associated with less attention bias for positive emotion and a greater lingering effect for negative information. Results are generally consistent with a mood-congruent processing abnormality and suggest that impaired automatic processing may be core to diminished emotional experience symptoms exhibited in deficit syndrome patients.
An electrochemically stable and cobalt-free cathode material is prepared by impregnating Li2MnO3 with nickel nitrate and subsequent calcination at 650 °C. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy reveal a phase pure material with a homogenous distribution of nickel over the particle surface. Structural changes related to the treatment before and after cycling as well as electrochemical performance are investigated. The surface modified samples exhibit improved cycling stability and rate capability. In particular, the material with a nickel content of 5.7 wt% shows 173 mAh g−1 at rate C/10 and 104 mAh g−1 at rate 3C. Furthermore, a constant capacity of 155 mAh g−1 is obtained at rate C/5. Derivative plots of galvanostatic curves in combination with Raman spectroscopy depict a reduced transition from a layered to spinel-like structure compared with pristine Li2MnO3, while ICP measurements reveal a drastically decreased dissolution of manganese.
This paper presents the optimal hybrid power system design including various configurations of renewable energy generation. To decide the optimal configuration of parameters a new multi-objective function with six separate objectives of hybrid renewable system is presented using GA, PSO, BFPSO and TLBO optimization techniques. The different parameters namely technical (LPSP, Renewable factor), economical (COE, Penalty & Fuel consumption) and social (Job creation, HDI & PM) features are investigated as objectives simultaneously for optimal design of hybrid system. The design consideration of hybrid system using a novel PM factor, human health impacts are directly shown whereas pollutant emission is measured in the hybrid system design. Based on the minimum value of multi-objective function optimal values are decided for objective indices. For optimal configuration including various combinations of wind, PV, diesel generator, biomass and battery bank, separate cases from I to VI of hybrid system are tested. Performance of TLBO is found to be better than BFPSO, PSO and GA as per the analysis of results for individual cases. Also the case I found to be the most efficient solution among all cases.
The use of a titanium sinter material as gas diffusion backing (GDB) in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has been evaluated. The study focused on reducing the high contact resistance between the sinter and MEA using platinum and carbon coatings evaporated on the surface of the sinter. The results show that the titanium sinters are a promising solution for gas diffusion backing in a fuel cell and that the initially high contact resistance observed can be effectively reduced with platinum coating. The coatings also reduce the mass diffusion overpotential observed with the sinter.
Although stereotypy is one of the key diagnostic features of autism, few studies have compared stereotypic behavior in children with autism and typically developing children. The present study employed direct observational measurement methods to assess levels of stereotypic behavior in 2-, 3- and 4-year-old children with autism or pervasive developmental disorder – not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) and age-matched typically developing peers. Thirty children with autism or PDD-NOS and 30 typically developing children participated. Each child's performance of several early learning and play skills was assessed using a direct observational assessment protocol developed for children with autism who were entering early intensive behavioral treatment. Duration of episodes of vocal and motor stereotypy was recorded from a videotaped 10min portion of that assessment session. Results indicated that the 2-year-old children with autism or PDD-NOS had somewhat higher levels of stereotypic behavior than the typically developing 2-year-olds, while the 3- and 4-year-old children with autism or PDD-NOS displayed substantially higher levels stereotypic behavior than their same-age peers.
Ion conducting materials of the AgI–Ag2O–V2O5 system were prepared at room temperature via mechanosynthesis. Their crystallographic structure, microstructure, local dynamics and thermal properties were monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. It was found that the prolonged ball-milling of mixtures described by formulae: (i) xAgI·0.25(100− x)(3Ag2O·V2O5), for 40≤ x ≤70, and (ii) xAgI·0.2(100− x)(3Ag2O·2V2O5), for 0≤ x ≤60, led to the formation of amorphous materials. DSC scans and Raman spectra indicate that the thermal events in the mechanosynthesized materials and their main constituting units are similar to those observed for the glasses of the same compositions, prepared by a standard melt-quenching technique.
In an attempt to address the gaps in evidence-based school services for ADHD, we adapted a research-supported clinic-based behavioral intervention for ADHD for delivery by school-based mental health professionals within an urban public school district. We applied a collaborative iterative development process in which we trained existing school-based mental health professionals, supervised their implementation of the intervention in successive schools, and collected data regarding fidelity, feasibility, and acceptability. These data were used to further refine and develop our intervention and training methods for subsequent iterations. Results provide preliminary evidence supporting the positive impact of this methodology on treatment development. Significant pre- to post-treatment improvement in ADHD symptoms, problem behaviors, social skills, and organizational skills support the effectiveness of this adapted treatment in improving student outcomes. These findings illustrate the utility of a collaborative model for translating empirically based clinic services for children to educational settings.
Pyrolyzed porous spherical composites of polyacrylonitrile-Ketjenblack carbon and sulfur (pPAN-KB/S) with a high sulfur content (ca. 72%) and enhanced conductivity and porosity (pore volume: 1.42 cm3/g; BET surface area: 727 m2/g) were prepared by an aerosol-assisted process and applied as cathode for lithium-sulfur batteries. Electrochemical tests showed that the pPAN-KB/S composite exhibited a high capacity of 866 mAh/g (based on sulfur) after 100 cycles at 0.5C (1C = 1.68 A/g) and a good rate performance at high current density (431 mAh/g at 5C). In addition, a pPAN-KB/S composite electrode with high sulfur loading (ca. 4.4 mg-S/cm2) exhibited impressive electrochemical performance with a reversible capacity of 513 mAh/g and 576 mAh/cm3 (based on sulfur) and a coulombic efficiency >99% after 100 cycles at 0.5C.
We report on an investigation of the cognitive functions of an individual with a resection of the left fusiform gyrus. This individual and a group of control participants underwent testing to examine the question of whether or not there are neural substrates within the left fusiform gyrus that are dedicated to orthographic processing. We evaluated the modality specificity (written vs spoken language) and the category specificity (written language vs other visual categories) of this individual's impairments. The results clearly reveal deficits affecting lexical processes in both reading and spelling. Specifically, we find disruption of normal, rapid access to meaning from print in reading and of accurate retrieval of the spellings of words from their meaning in writing. These deficits stand in striking contrast with intact processing of spoken language and categories of visual stimuli such as line drawings of objects and faces. The modality and category specificity of the deficits provide clear evidence of neural substrates within the left-mid-fusiform gyrus that are specialized and necessary for normal orthographic processing.
Electrochemically formed α′-NaV2O5 bronze is investigated here as cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. We show that the layered structure of this compound, with Na ions located between the V2O5 layers, allows the reversible insertion of 1 lithium/mole of bronze at an average voltage of 2.1 V vs. Li+/Li. The Li insertion-extraction mechanism in α′-LixNaV2O5 is revealed thanks to ex situ XRD and Raman spectroscopy investigations. A narrow one-phase region occurs in the 0 < x ≤ 0.2 composition range while a two-phase mechanism prevails for 0.2 < x < 1. Also, we show that 0.3 additional Li ions can be inserted according to a second solid solution domain, leading to the fully lithiated α′-Li1.3NaV2O5 material. The structure of the α′-LiNaV2O5 is isomorphic to the pristine material. It is remarkable that only limited structural changes are found in the 0 < x ≤ 1.2 lithium composition range, consisting mainly in a 7% increase in the interlayer c parameter. A high structural reversibility is evidenced, which accounts for the remarkable stable capacities achieved whatever the C rate, near 120 mAh g−1 and 60 mAh g−1 at C/10 and 1C, respectively after 60 cycles. The lithium chemical diffusion coefficient DLi, in the range 10−9 – 10−10 cm2 s−1 in the 0.03 ≤ x ≤ 1.1 composition domain, is little affected by the Li concentration. The high mobility revealed for lithium ions is also supported by BVEL analysis, while a significant activation energy for Na-ions migration ascertains their immobility in the α′-NaV2O5 lattice. These results demonstrate the interest of large interlayer 2D host lattices stabilized by pillaring species such as Na to achieve a stable cycling behavior, a facile guest cation insertion and to promote the ionic diffusion.
Hierarchical porous carbon nanosheets (HPCS) were prepared by using thermoplastic phenolic formaldehyde resin as the carbon source and copper nitrate as the template precursor. The effects of Cu(NO3)2 loading content on the pore property and electrochemical performance of HPCS as anode material for lithium ion batteries were investigated. It was found that, with the addition of Cu(NO3)2, both the specific surface area and mesopore percentage increase. Correspondingly, the electrochemical performances of HPCS electrodes in terms of the specific capacity and rate performance improve for lithium ion batteries. The reasons were deduced and discussed from the view point of different pore size, especially the function of mesopores.
Novel porous cage-like carbon (C)/nano-Si nanocomposites as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) was prepared based on nano-Si@zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8)-templated method. In this strategy, p-aminobenzoic acid was initially grafted onto nano-Si to form benzoic acid-functionalized nano-Si, and then nano-Si@ZIF-8 was constructed by alternately growing Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and 2-methylimidazolate on benzoic acid-functionalized nano-Si under ultrasound. The novel porous cage-like nano-Si/C nanocomposites were fabricated by pyrolyzing the resulted nano-Si@ZIF-8 and washing with HCl to remove off ZnO. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectra and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms were employed to characterize the porous cage-like nano-Si/C nanocomposites. The resulted nano-Si/C nanocomposites as anode materials for LIBs showed a high reversible capacity of ∼1168mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1 after 100 cycles, which was higher than many previously reported Si/C nanocomposites. The porous nanostructure, high specific surface area and good electrical conductivity of the cage-like nano-Si/C nanocomposites contributed together to the good performance for LIBs. It might open up a new way for application of silicon materials.
This paper presents the results of fundamental studies concerning the possibility of synthesizing LiNiO2 by means of a microwave oven. Several attempts involving various precursors have been made with a view to identify suitable combinations of precursors that are microwave receptive and reactive in nature. Also, the optimization of reaction conditions, both in terms of microwave exposure time and period of post-heat-treatment required to synthesize phase-pure LiNiO2, has been made. The optimum synthesis involves two steps, viz. exposure of precursor to microwaves for 5min followed by a post-treatment of heating the samples in flowing oxygen or in air for about 5h. Despite the involvement of two steps, this procedure reduces both processing time and cost. Among the various combinations of precursors chosen for the present study a microwave irradiated (5min) LiOH–Ni(OH)2 combination when subjected to post-heat-treatment in O2 (5h) results in the formation of a phase-pure LiNiO2 sample, which exhibits good electrochemical performance (163mAhg−1) as a potential cathode material for lithium cells.
This article calls for a change in paradigm within the fuel cells industry such that it focuses less on solely maximizing a fuel cell’s electrical efficiency, and more on a fuel cell system’s (FCS) overall combined thermal and electrical efficiency, as defined in relation to the instantaneous demand for heat and electricity. Based on market needs in the power generation sector, it emphasizes the need to develop FCSs such that they can achieve a heat-to-power ratio that can be rapidly varied. This article then delineates engineering methods to achieve a rapidly variable heat-to-power ratio for a combined heat and power (CHP) FCS.
Transition metal oxides compositing with carbon materials have been developed as the potential anodes for lithium ion batteries, however, some expensive carbon resources and complex preparation steps have limit their practical application. To overcome these issues, herein a dandelion-like manganese multiple-oxides with simple fiber carbon was synthesized using simple carbon made from filter paper. From the microscopy observation, the morphology of as-prepared material both include the dandelion-like three-dimensional nanospheres and needle-type manganese oxides onto a carbon fiber substrate. When applied as the anodes, the fiber carbon-based manganese oxides electrode present an initial capacity of 1172.66 mAh g−1 discharged at a current density of 0.2 A g−1 and maintain over 900 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. Meanwhile they display excellent cycling stability at 0.5 A g−1 and 1 A g−1 after 500 cycles. Actually the integrated three-dimensional nanostructure with fiber carbon as a stable skeleton enables fast transfer of electrons and ions, thus contributing to excellent electrochemical conductivity and admirable cycle stability. We provide a simple and practical method for manufacturing high performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries, especially in industrial use.
Using lithium as the anode material to achieve high energy density lithium-ion/metal batteries is the ultimate goal of energy storage technology. A recent development of solid state electrolytes (SSEs) with high ionic conductivity holds great promise for enabling the practical applications of solid state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs), as the high mechanical strength of SSEs can be harnessed to suppress dendrite growth. However, the application of SSLMBs is hampered by the new multifold problems from the solid–solid contact to dendrites to deleterious interfacial reactions between lithium and the SSEs. In this burgeoning field of SSLMBs, it is imperative to understand the fundamental science of these emerging problems at a very basic level before the application of SSLMBs can be realized. These problems are inter-related and they arise from the intrinsic physical, chemical, and electro-chemo-mechanical properties of lithium. We start this review by providing a brief account of the history of lithium, and how it has evolved from the anode of primary lithium metal batteries to that of liquid electrolyte based rechargeable batteries and to that of SSE based SSLMBs. We then summarize the literature about the mechanical properties of bulk lithium, lithium pillars and lithium whiskers. We analyze from an electro-chemo-mechanical perspective how lithium dendrites penetrate through SSEs and cause short circuits in SSLMBs. We identify possible strategies to mitigate lithium dendrite propagation through SSEs, and summarize our understanding of the lithium reaction with various interfaces, such as Li/Li7La3Zr2O12, Li/polyethylene oxide, Li/Na-superionic conductor, and Li/sulfide, with the ultimate goal of developing strategies to mitigate detrimental interfacial reactions and maintain sustainable stable interfaces. We review briefly characterization tools to address the challenging issues in SSLMBs. We conclude by pointing out the outstanding issues in SSLMBs.
Air pollution is hypothesized to have negative impacts on infant pulmonary health because of infants’ increased rates of respiration and ongoing lung development. The severity and type of impact may differ depending on elemental concentrations. We conducted a study of 21 infants <6 months old whose parents carried a small personal particulate monitoring device (RTI MicroPEM) and GPS unit with the infant for 7 days in January and February 2015. The study area was Utah County, UT, USA. Real-time particulate exposure levels, as well as optical density and elemental analysis of the particulate matter (PM), were compared with levels from an outdoor stationary monitor. Infants spent an average of 87.4% of their time indoors. PM levels varied widely by infant and time of day (average=19.07 μg/m3, range=0.63–170.25 μg/m3). Infant particulate exposures were not well approximated by the outdoor monitor. Infants had lower exposures to Sb, Mn, Pb, W and Fe than the outdoor monitor and higher exposures to Cd, Ni and Na. Differences were most pronounced for Na. Brown carbon was only detected by personal monitors and not by the outdoor monitor. Further research is needed to understand the potential implications of indoor elemental exposures on early respiratory development.
In this paper, monodispersed LiFePO4 nanopillows have been successfully synthesized via solvothermal route with ethylene glycol (EG) as reaction medium. Subsequently, with the basis of the solvothermally synthesized monodispersed LiFePO4 nanopillows, monodispersed LiFePO4@C core–shell nanostructures are facilely prepared in high yield. Based on the experimental results, the formation mechanism of the monodispersed LiFePO4 nanopillows has been discussed simply. The monodispersed LiFePO4@C core–shell nanostructures exhibit nice capacity retention and high rate capacity due to the full carbon-coating and the well-crystallized nanosized particles.