batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Battery electric vehicles with a range of more than 500 km are expected to become increasingly competitive in the future. The energy density of the currently available lithium batteries should be significantly increased to support the operation of such vehicles, and high-power charging is required to reduce the charging time. However, high-power charging may negatively affect the durability and safety of lithium batteries because of increased heat generation, capacity fading, and lithium plating, which can induce the risk of battery thermal runaway. Currently, there are no established boundary conditions for high-power charging or methods for evaluating its risks, especially in case of high-capacity lithium batteries. This study proposes a test procedure for examining the reaction characteristics of the capacity fading and thermal tolerance of lithium batteries that are subjected to high-power charging. Further, the migration characteristics of the temperature threshold of battery thermal runaway are investigated using the proposed procedure. The test results demonstrate that high-power charging significantly impacts the durability and thermal safety of the high-capacity lithium batteries. In particular, the capacity fading rate can reach up to 30% only after 100 charge cycles depending on the battery type. Furthermore, the thermal tolerance can decrease up to 40% by considering the change in the self-heating temperature as an indicator. Based on the study results, it can be concluded that the thermal management systems should be carefully designed to satisfy the high-power charging requirements. Otherwise, the high power charging only can be performed with limited range for battery electric cars with long all electric range.
The aim of this study is to examine pre-service science teachers’ opinions about holistic approach to science. The participants of this case study consisted of 6 elementary pre-service science teachers. While choosing the participants, the electrical energy inventory was administered to 62 pre-service teachers. The data were collected by using a semi-structured individual interview. The findings of the study showed that pre-service science teachers have lack of knowledge and misconceptions about transmission of a nerve impulse, electrical circuit, and electrochemistry. In the lights of findings pre-service science teachers could not interrelate these concepts as holistically.
This paper presents work on hydrogen generation from sodium borohydride (NaBH4) solution that could have great application in micro fuel cells. A hydrogen test method has been developed, which is very effective for sustained measurement of the generation rate and yield of hydrogen. The hydrogen is supplied to a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The discharged current is measured by a computer-controlled electronic load system connecting to the fuel cell where hydrogen generation rate and yield are calculated. The study is focused on the slow release of hydrogen. The results show that if the concentration of NaBH4 solution is 10%, no solid substance is formed and the catalyst supported on the ion-exchange resin beads remains unchanged. The hydrogen generation can be controlled by inserting or removing the catalyst into/from the solution, which can be applied to a micro fuel cell. When the concentration of NaBH4 solution is 20%, however, the catalyst beads are broken up and dispersed in the solution (probably by the NaBO2 crystallization force) and give rise to uncontrollable generation of hydrogen.
With the development of electrical energy storage and electrical vehicle, high safety is indispensable for lithium ion battery, therefore, high performance solid polymer electrolytes are the relentless pursuit of numerous researches. However, low ionic conductivity restricts the polymer electrolyte usage in commercialized lithium ion batteries. Among the candidates of polymer electrolytes, poly (ethylene carbonate) is promising due to its ability of high lithium salt dissociation. Nonetheless, these polymer electrolytes with high concentration salt always accompanies with an obvious deterioration of mechanical properties. Herein, via controlling the ratio of poly (ethylene carbonate) and poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene), a biphasic solid polymer electrolyte possessing high concentration lithium salt phase and good mechanical strength is prepared. Specifically, considering the role of polymer groups in lithium ion transport, it is speculated that dual-path of Li+ transport forms in the polymer electrolyte, which improves the conductivity remarkably. The prepared electrolyte realizes sufficient ionic conductivity (1.08 × 10−4 S/cm) at 30 °C, with a wide electrochemical window about 4.5 V (vs. Li+/Li), meanwhile exhibits the capacity of `suppression to lithium dendrite growth. Notably, with the polymer electrolyte, Li/LiFePO4 cell exhibits superior rate capacity and excellent cycling stability. This study proves new insights for polymer electrolyte design with high conductivity.
According to psychodynamic and cognitive models of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), anger and aggression play an important role in the development and maintenance of the disorder. (Sub-) clinical samples with OCD have reported higher anger and anger suppression. Patients with checking-related symptoms of OCD showed a less aggressive self-concept as assessed by an Implicit Association Test (IAT). This study assessed anger and aggressiveness self-concepts in OCD as well as possible mediators of the link between OCD and aggressiveness. A total of 48 patients with OCD and 45 healthy controls were included. Measures included the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-II and an aggressiveness self-concept IAT (Agg-IAT). An inflated sense of responsibility, non-acceptance of emotions, and social desirability were tested as mediators. As expected, patients with OCD reported higher trait anger and anger suppression compared to healthy controls. Contrary to hypotheses, the aggressiveness self-concept (Agg-IAT) did not differ between groups. The inflated sense of responsibility mediated the relationship between group and anger suppression. Non-acceptance of negative emotions mediated the relationship between group and trait anger, as well as anger suppression. However, comorbidities and medication may account for some effect in anger suppression. Elevated trait anger and anger suppression in OCD patients could be explained by dysfunctional beliefs or maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Emotion regulation therapy might help to enhance awareness and acceptance of emotions and possibly improve treatment outcomes.
Many marine vertebrates, including pinnipeds, turtles and birds, spend periods of time ashore during their life cycles. Quantification of time spent ashore is important for estimating population parameters such as abundance and productivity in some species, but can prove to be a difficult task. Here we describe a novel telemetry system based on Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM), to provide detailed information on the haul-out behaviour of tagged animals. We tested the system on harbour seals in southwest Ireland. The GSM telemetry system proved an effective means of obtaining information on the haul-out activity of harbour seals in the study area and of providing crude movement information that was less labour intensive than VHF telemetry and provides an alternative means of data acquisition offering some advantages over satellite telemetry. The GSM tag with its internal antennae is more robust than a satellite tag. The GSM networks allow more information to be relayed, so the “cost per bit of data” is reduced. Moreover, the large global investment in GSM networks have resulted in a telemetry technology with low running costs and therefore with significantly lower costs of data acquisition via GSM relative to Argos systems. With the ever-expanding global GSM network coverage the system has significant potential applications in behavioural studies of amphibious vertebrates, such as estimating clutch frequency in sea turtles.
In conjunction with electrochemical techniques, the microscopic properties and Raman spectra of AB5-type metal hydride (MH) electrodes at different potentials or after different charge–discharge cycles were characterized by the confocal microprobe Raman method. The experimental results indicate that a composite oxide layer was produced and different Raman spectra were observed for MH electrode at different charge–discharge stages. It is proposed that nickel plays a main role in the composite surface oxide layer as reactive sites for electrochemical reaction while other components are dispersed evenly to provide a stable corrosion resistance layer to the corrosive electrolyte. Moreover, it was demonstrated that Co, Mn and other alloy components due to their affinity with water, segregated and were enriched progressively in the alloy surface layer, where they subsequently produced oxides, which should be an important cause for the deterioration of MH electrodes.
With the consideration of understanding the interplays between the electrolyte and electrode for the VO2 +/VO2+ redox reactions at various electrodes and developing high-activity electrode materials for an all-vanadium redox flow battery, the reduction reaction kinetics of vanadium(V) ions on a platinum (Pt) electrode in comparison with that on carbon electrodes is investigated by steady-state potentiodynamic polarization and impedance spectroscopy measurements in sulfuric acid solutions with various pH and vanadium concentrations. No abnormal increase is observed neither in the cathodic Tafel slope nor the charge transfer resistance (R ct) at a transition potential (E K) on the Pt electrode. However, an abrupt change in the Tafel slope and R ct of vanadium(V) ions is observed on carbon electrodes. The above results indicate that the reduction reaction kinetics of vanadium(V) ions in acidic solutions on the Pt electrode show some unusual difference with that on carbon electrodes, and this is the first study to report such a new phenomenon. Additionally, possible mechanism pathways for the reduction reaction of vanadium(V) ions in acidic solutions are proposed for the above-mentioned carbon and Pt electrodes in this work.
Previous studies have shown that electrolyte additives based on metals and semimetals (LiBOB, Mg(TFSI)2, Al(TFSI)3) as well as additives containing trimethylsiloxyl (TMS) groups as ligands can have positive impact on the cycling performance of lithium ion battery cells due to solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and/or cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) film forming properties and/or scavenging properties towards acidic impurities. In this study, both active functionalities (metal core and trialkylsiloxy based ligands) were combined into one using Al, Ti and B as metal cores combined with TMS ligands (M(TMS)x). All investigated additives M(TMS)x were able to improve the cycling performance regarding Coulombic efficiency, energy efficiency and capacity retention of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM111)/Li half-cells and NCM111/graphite full-cells at high potentials (>4.3V vs. Li/Li+). The formed CEI was studied by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The obtained results indicate that the investigated additives are either actively incorporated into the formed CEI layer (in case of Al, Ti as metal core) or interacting with decomposition products (in case of B as metal core) resulting in lower charge-transfer impedance and hence improved long-term cycling behavior.
Nano-graphite (NG)/paraffin composites were prepared as composite phase change materials. NG has the function of improving the thermal conductivity of the composite. The microstructure and thermal properties of the materials were examined with environmental scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The results indicated that the NG layers were randomly dispersed in the paraffin, and the thermal conductivity increased gradually with the content of NG. Thermal conductivity of the material containing 10% NG were 0.9362W/mK.
A large-scale, environment-friendly method to produce water-soluble reduced graphene oxide by using glutathione as a reducing and stabilization agent has been developed. The results of UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy indicate that graphene oxide is reduced to graphene nanosheets which are single-layers and exhibit good dispersion in water. A reaction mechanism is proposed. The electrochemical properties of the graphene nanosheets as electrode materials for supercapacitors are studied by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. A maximum specific capacitance of 238Fg−1 in a 1M H2SO4 electrolyte has been obtained. Meanwhile, the material shows excellent long-term cycle stability along with the retention of 97% for specific capacitance after 1000cycle tests.
A suitable model structure and matched model parameters are prerequisites for the precise estimation of the battery states. Previous studies pay little attention to whether a parameter identification method is suitable for a model. In this study, a comparative study is conducted by implementing model parameter optimization for nine equivalent circuit models using nine optimizers in the entire SOC area. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) PNGV and the exact algorithms are an ideal combination in the low SOC area (0%–20%). (2) In the high SOC area (20–100%), exact algorithms are an ideal choice for the first-order RC models, and PSO is an ideal identification algorithm for second-order RC models. For the third- and fourth-order RC models, firefly algorithm has the highest accuracy with longer identification time. (3) Firefly algorithm has the superior capacity to identify the accurate model parameters and PSO has the best comprehensive performance for on-line parameter identification.
A novel composite of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) grown on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been synthesized by a facile hydrothermal technique without any surfactants or templates. In this method, the growth of Fe3O4 NPs and the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) are completed in one single step. Moreover, we have prepared Fe3O4 microcubes and Fe3O4/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite under the same condition. The electrochemical properties of the as-prepared samples are investigated as advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors. It is found that the Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposite displays much higher specific capacitances and better cycle stability than those of pure Fe3O4 and Fe3O4/CNTs composite. Specifically, it exhibits a high specific discharge capacitance of 220.1 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and remains stable after 3000 charge/discharge cycles. The improvement of the electrochemical performances of Fe3O4/rGO may be attributed to the chemical interaction between rGO and Fe3O4, lower agglomeration and smaller particle size of Fe3O4.
Surface pre-treatment of graphitic electrode materials for lithium ion cells has recently been shown to significantly reduce the irreversible consumption of material and charge due to the formation of the so-called solid electrolyte interphase, during battery charging. In this paper we compare graphite powders and carbon fibres as model materials for studies of the effects of CO2 pre-treatments on solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). We observe significant modification in the surface elemental composition as a function of CO2 treatment temperature for carbon fibres, but no strong changes for graphite powders. We conclude that the predominance of the relatively unreactive basal plane in the surface area of the powders makes them far less suitable for detailed XPS studies than the fibres, where the more reactive prismatic planes predominate.
With the increasing global demand for large-scale electrical energy storage, rechargeable Mg-based batteries are preferable due to their substantial prospective benefits in terms of raw abundance, theoretical capacity, and operational safety. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time V2MoO8 synthesized by a facile electrospinning method as a cathode material for rechargeable magnesium batteries with the electrolytes containing Mg2+ or Mg2+/Li+ ions. SEM and HRTEM indicate that the V2MoO8 sample presents wedged-shaped cuboid, 300–500nm (thickness) ×4–6µm (length) and its monoclinic phase structure provides a interlayer distance of 4.20Å. As cathode material, V2MoO8 is discharged/charged in a specially self-designed mould battery using Mg metal anode at current densities from 20 to 500mAg−1. It delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 312mAhg−1 with the initial coulombic efficiency of 87.2% at 20mAg−1 in 0.4M (PhMgCl)2-AlCl3/1.0M LiCl/THF electrolyte and presents good cycling and rate performance. XPS analysis reveals that both Mg2+ and Li+ ions take part in the cathode intercalation reaction, along with the valence changes of Mo/V ions. Additionally, a reversible capacity of ca. 210mAhg−1 is obtained in Mg2+ electrolyte with the 1st cycle efficiency of 94% at 60°C. The poor capacity retention is partially attributed to the irreversible phase change to amorphous state of V2MoO8.
Polythiocyanogen, (SCN) x , is a promising lithium-ion battery electrode material due to its high theoretical capacity (462mAhg−1), safe operation, inexpensive raw materials, and a simple and less energy-intensive manufacturing process. The (SCN) x was prepared from the solution of trithiocyanate (SCN)3 − in methylene dichloride (MDC), which was prepared by electrochemical oxidation of ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) in a two-phase electrolysis medium of 1.0M NH4SCN in 0.50M H2SO4 +MDC. The (SCN)3 − underwent auto catalytic polymerization to (SCN) x during MDC removal. Battery electrodes with (SCN) x as the active material were prepared, and tested in Swagelok cells using lithium foil as the counter and reference electrode. The cells delivered capacities in the range of 200–275mAhg−1 at the discharge–charge rate of 0.2C. The cells were tested up to 20 cycles and showed repeatable performance with a coulombic efficiency of 97% at the 20th cycle. The results presented here indicate that (SCN) x is a promising lithium-ion battery electrode-material candidate for further studies.
Efficient electrodes with impressive storage capability and fast kinetic processes are urgently needed in meeting the demand for high energy and large rate powering devices. Through a simple silica templated ionic liquids (ILs) impregnating method and an annealing process, nitrogen and oxygen co-doped carbon nanobubbles are synthesized. The fabricated carbon nanobubbles feature multiscale nanopores and abundant few-layer graphitic zones in the thin shells of several nanometers. When used as anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), the nanobubbles not only exhibit excellent storage capability and rate performance, but also achieve enhancing cyclibility in the long-term cycles. Further analysis on the charging curves and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveal the enhancing cyclibility and storage capability might depend on the interfacial capacitance derived from quasi-connection between Li+ or Na+ and the hetero-atom evolving dissociative groups, while the superior rate performance might be attributed to the low interfacial charge-transfer resistance in the carbon nanobubbles electrode.
In this paper, Me double hydroxides (Me=Co and Ni)/TiO2 nanotube composites were synthesized by a simple chemical co-precipitation method. Electrochemical properties of the composites were examined by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic and impedance measurements. The highest specific capacitance values of 1053F/g could be achieved with Me double hydroxides loaded on the TiO2 nanotube, which was comparable to that of hydrated ruthenium oxide.
There has been growing interest in using energy storage to capture solar energy for later use in the home to reduce reliance on the traditional utility. However, few studies have critically assessed the trade-offs associated with storing solar energy rather than sending it to the utility grid, as is typically done today. Here we show that a typical battery system could reduce peak power demand by 8–32% and reduce peak power injections by 5–42%, depending on how it operates. However, storage inefficiencies increase annual energy consumption by 324–591 kWh per household on average. Furthermore, storage operation indirectly increases emissions by 153–303 kg CO2, 0.03–0.20 kg SO2 and 0.04–0.26 kg NOx per Texas household annually. Thus, home energy storage would not automatically reduce emissions or energy consumption unless it directly enables renewable energy.
Background The functional outcome of schizophrenia is affected by multiple factors such as cognitive function and clinical symptoms. The complex relationship among cognitive function (both neuro- and social-cognitions), clinical symptoms, and functional outcome remains unclear. The current study employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine whether clinical symptoms mediate the relationship between cognitive function and functional outcome in a large cohort of patients with schizophrenia. Method Three hundred and two Han-Chinese patients with chronically stable schizophrenia received evaluation of cognitive function (using the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia [MATRICS] Consensus Cognitive Battery, including 7 domains covering neurocognition and social cognition), clinical symptoms (including positive, negative and depressive symptoms), and functional outcome as assessed by Global Assessment of Functioning Scale and Quality of Life Scale. Results SEM identified clinical symptoms as a mediator between cognitive function (including all 7 domains of MATRICS) and functional outcome in schizophrenia. The relationship between cognitive function and functional outcome was significant in the basic model. In the mediation model, the link between cognitive function and functional outcome was mediated by clinical symptoms, mainly negative symptoms. Conclusion This study suggests that clinical symptoms, mainly negative symptoms, mediate the influence of neurocognition and social cognition on functional outcome of schizophrenia. Future studies should explore the impact on other functional outcomes in different ethnicities and various illness phases.
The properties of different forms of carbon and their potential, as active mass additives, for influencing the performance of valve-regulated lead–acid batteries are reviewed. Carbon additives to the positive active-mass appear to benefit capacity, but are progressively lost due to oxidation. Some forms of carbon in the negative active-material are able to resist the tendency to sulfation during high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation to some considerable extent, but the mechanism of this benefit is not yet fully understood.