batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Presenting Author details:bobes@uniovi.es Avda. Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Spain, Tel.: +34 985 103605; fax: +34 985 103606. Background: Few papers approach the prevalence of cognitive effects among patients with schizophrenia. This data would provide information of utility in clinical practice. Our objective is to estimate the prevalence of cognitive dysfunction in a sample of ambulatory patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Transversal study of a sample of ambulatory patients during a routine follow-up visit in mental health centres. The selection criteria included a diagnosis of schizophrenia according DSM-IV-TR, maintenance treatment with second generation antipsychotic, for at least 6 months. Information recorded: functional status, clinical status and degree of disability by means of the WHO-DAS-S disability scale. Cognitive examination included domains related to functional outcome variables according to the MATRICS review (i.e. Working Memory, Executive Function, Verbal Logic Memory and Speed of Processing Information). The battery consisted of 4 well-known subtests. Results: The sample consisted of 672 patients in 232 centers. Only 12.5% had been cognitively assessed in the past. Speed of Processing Information was the most prevalently affected domain, with 38% of the patients showing performance less than 1.5 standard deviation (SD) from the mean, followed by 25.2% with affected Verbal Logic Memory and 21.1% with Working Memory. Cognitive performance was related to the patient's functional disabilities in different areas. Patients currently in employment showed better cognitive performance in all domains. Conclusions: Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia follows a heterogeneous pattern. Its assessment with objective methods is important for advising on functional aspects. The proposed battery is sensitive to the patient's functional disability and employment status. Acknowledgement: This study has been founded by Sanofi-Aventis. The authors thank M. Puig, S. Zaragoza and B. Gancedo from PSYNCRO for their contribution to the project.
The self-discharge (SDC) process of active electrolyte enhanced supercapacitors (AEESCs) was investigated systematically. The AEESC with hydroquinone as an active electrolyte showed higher specific capacitance but much faster SDC compared with electronic double layer supercapacitors. The electrode process of the above AEESC was studied, and the mechanism of the SDC process was investigated quantitatively. The migration of the active electrolyte between two electrodes of the device was found to be the primary reason for the fast SDC. Two strategies were designed to suppress the migration of the active electrolyte. Following these strategies, two new AEESCs were fabricated, with a Nafion® membrane as the separator and CuSO4 as the active electrolyte. The two AEESCs showed both high specific capacitances and longer SDC times, demonstrating that the problem of poor energy retention of AEESCs was successfully solved.
Nowadays, a significant number of distribution systems are facing problems to accommodate more photovoltaic (PV) capacity, namely due to the overvoltages during the daylight periods. This has an impact on the private investments in distributed energy resources (DER), since it occurs exactly when the PV prices are becoming attractive, and the opportunity to an energy transition based on solar technologies is being wasted. In particular, this limitation of the networks is a barrier for larger consumers, such as commercial and public buildings, aiming at investing in PV capacity and start operating as microgrids connected to the MV network. To address this challenge, this paper presents a coordinated approach to the microgrid investment and planning problem, where the system operator and the microgrid owner collaborate to improve the voltage control capabilities of the distribution network, increasing the PV potential. The results prove that this collaboration has the benefit of increasing the value of the microgrid investments while improving the quality of service of the system and it should be considered in the future regulatory framework.
Lithium-rich and Al-doped spinel materials with good capacity retention when cycled at high temperature have been synthesized. These materials have been studied in comparison with oxygen-deficient spinel using X-ray diffraction at room temperature (RT, 25°C) and low temperature (LT, −30°C). The XRD spectra at LT and RT showed that Al-doped spinel materials have superior structural stability against oxygen loss during heat treatment at 660°C under Ar atmosphere. The in situ XRD spectra collected during cycling at high temperature (HT, 55°C) showed that Al-doped spinel materials had better cycle performances and it was closely related to the structural stability against oxygen loss during charge–discharge cycling.
We report a purposely designed route for the synthesis of a promising carbon-based electrocatalyst for both ORR (oxygen reduction reaction) and OER (oxygen evolution reaction) from zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs). Firstly, precursor ZIFs are rationally designed with a blend of volatile zinc to induce porosity and stable cobalt to induce graphitic domains. Secondly, the self-modulated cobalt–nitrogen–carbon system (SCNCS) is shown to be an effective ORR catalyst after graphitization at mild temperatures. Finally, the best OER catalyst is developed by enhancing graphitization of the SCNCS. For the first time, solely by switching the graphitization conditions of SCNCS, excellent ORR or OER performance is realized. This approach not only opens up a simple protocol for simultaneous optimization of nitrogen doping and graphitization at controlled cobalt concentrations, but also provide a facile method of developing such active catalysts without the use of extensive synthesis procedures.
Introduction High rates of psychopathology and worse performance in cognitive areas have been described in high risk (HR) first degree relatives of subjects with schizophrenia. The present study aimed to examine clinical and neuropsychological characteristics in two different groups of first degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia – one of siblings (HRs), and one of offspring (HRo) – and compare them with healthy controls (HC). Methods Participants were 30 HRo, 26 HRs and 33 HC, all aged between 7 and 16years. Clinical and neuropsychological assessments were completed by all participants. Results No significant differences were observed between HR groups in DSM-IV diagnoses. The most prevalent diagnosis in both HR samples was attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) followed by oppositional defiant disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Both HR groups obtained worse scores than HC on prodromal symptoms, premorbid adjustment and behavioral problem scales. In cognitive areas, HRo performed worse than HC on most WISC-IV index scores, logical memory, visual memory and perceptual organization, whereas HRs only performed worse in WISC-IV indexes, logical memory and perceptual organization. Most of these differences remained stable after controlling for ADHD. The comparison between HRo and HRs showed significant differences in prodromal symptoms and working memory after controlling for ADHD. Conclusion Similar abnormalities in HRo and HRs were found in relation to clinical and neuropsychological variables. Subtle differences were found between HR groups with HRo showing difficulties in more clinical and neuropsychological areas than HRs and HC. This suggests that, the specific kind of family relationship should to be taken into account in future HR research.
Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) are an attractive energy storage system due to their advantages of low cost and abundant potassium resources. However, their rapid development is greatly impeded by their low capacity and poor stability, due in particular to their much larger volumetric expansion compared to transition metal lithium-ion batteries. Herein, we report a new etching route to fabricate a new class of zero-strain potassium fluoromanganate hollow nanocubes (KMnF-NCs) for boosting the performance of KIBs in terms of capacity, rate capability and cycling stability. The as-made KMnF-NCs containing rich K and F vacancies exhibit a high capacity and super high stability by showing a specific capacity of 110 mA h g−1 even after 10000 cycles, which is the best stability for KIBs. In situ X-ray diffraction and the first-principles calculations reveal a new storage mechanism for KIBs, in which the intercalation/deintercalation of K ions into/from the K and F vacancies (as a battery behavior) and the adsorption/desorption onto/from the surface (as a pseudocapacitance characteristic) are the key to increasing the capacity of KIBs. Most importantly, we found that during the discharge process, the volume expansion of the etched KMnF-NC was only 1.4%, which is much lower as compared to well-known negative materials, showing great potential as a new class of high-performance zero-strain negative materials for KIBs.
Pure LiCoO2 nanopowders and those coated with lithium boron oxide (LBO) glass are prepared directly using high-temperature flame spray pyrolysis. Prior to post-treatment, the LiCoO2 powders with nanometer-size particles have low discharge capacities and poor cycle properties, irrespective of the amount of glass material. Post-treatment at 500 °C does not improve these properties significantly; however, the LBO glass-modified LiCoO2 powders post-treated at 600 and 700 °C demonstrates good cycle performance. The discharge capacity of the 5 wt% glass-modified LiCoO2 powders post-treated at 600 °C with a mean particle size of 120 nm, decreases from 122 to 109 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles, with a capacity retention of 89%. The capacity retentions of the pure and 2, 5, and 10 wt% glass-modified LiCoO2 powders post-treated at 700 °C are 86, 96, 98, and 98% after 50 cycles, respectively.
Digital Pills (DP) are an innovative drug-device technology that permits to combine traditional medications with a monitoring system that automatically records data about medication adherence as well as patients’ physiological data. Although DP are a promising innovation in the field of digital medicine, their use has also raised a number of ethical concerns. These ethical concerns, however, have been expressed principally from a theoretical perspective, whereas an ethical analysis with a more empirically oriented approach is lacking. There is also a lack of clarity about the empirical evidence available concerning the application of this innovative digital medicine.
There is growing recognition that executive function, the superordinate, managerial capacity for directing more modular abilities, is frequently impaired by traumatic brain injury in children and mediates the neurobehavioral sequelae exhibited by these patients. This review encompasses the definition of specific executive functions, age-related changes in executive functions in typically developing children, and the effects of traumatic brain injury on executive functions. The neural substrate for executive functions is described, including relevant functional brain imaging studies that have implicated mediation by prefrontal and parietal cortex and their circuitry. The vulnerability of the neural substrate for executive function to the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury is discussed, including focal lesions and diffuse axonal injury. Domains of executive functions covered in this review include the basic processes of working memory and inhibition and more complex processes such as decision making. Other domains of executive function, including motivation, self-regulation, and social cognition are discussed in terms of research methodology, clinical assessment, and findings in children with traumatic brain injury. Proposed approaches to the rehabilitation of executive functions are presented.
Batteries are promising to support energy systems based on intermittent renewable energy, yet their investment attractiveness remains low. Using a techno-economic model, Stephan et al. find that returns can be increased and risks reduced if batteries are used for multiple stationary applications.
Flexible micro-supercapacitors are fabricated by photolithography and an electrochemical polymerization technique. They are made solely from polymeric materials, including the electrodes. The cell has an active electrode area of roughly 2mm×2mm, and the pattern size can be arbitrarily reduced to a micron scale. Rectangular capacitive behaviour is observed at relatively low scan rates of up to 100mVs−1 using cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical performance remains without any deterioration and cell failure, even when the cell is bent and rolled up.
Publisher Summary The manufacturer of electrical apparatus may produce and certify it to comply with a given standard. Once in the hands of a user, the manufacturer has no control over the safety aspects of the way in which it is selected, installed, commissioned, inspected, and maintained. Therefore, the manufacturer cannot be held responsible for the consequences. The responsibility is placed on the owner of a plant, perhaps delegated to the user of the installation to ensure that it begins and remains as a safe installation. Hence, there are separate requirements for the manufacturer and for the user of any explosion-protected apparatus. The current version of the standard does not always recognize the different approaches in place, but it is the first attempt to harmonize the installation in hazardous areas using an international platform in order to ease the difficulty of installing a piece of equipment certified in a different country. The wider practical interpretation of the IEC and other codes that are still in place in many countries are discussed. The chapter also explains the selection according to temperature classification and apparatus grouping.
Rechargeable Li-O2 batteries show great potential owing to the super high energy density. However, the poor kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) limits their practical application. The exploration of noble metals-free cathode catalysts with high catalytic activity on both ORR and OER is still a big challenge. Herein, CoO has been confined into bimodal mesoporous carbon frameworks (CoO@BMC) via a wet-chemistry impregnation approach and the performance of CoO@BMC as cathode catalyst for Li-O2 batteries has been largely improved. For comparison, CoO@CMK-3 composite has also been prepared. In comparison with bulk CoO, BMC and CoO@CMK-3, CoO@BMC based cathode shows a higher initial capacity (∼4000mAhg−1), much higher cycling stability, higher rate capability and lower overpotential,which can be largely attributed to the synergetic effect of CoO and hierarchical BMC on both ORR and OER. In addition, the formation and decomposition of Li2O2 and side products in the process of ORR and OER have also been analyzed and the results indicate that CoO@BMC nanocomposite can efficiently promote the decomposition of Li2O2 and even some side products of carbonates.
To date, lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) using porous carbon materials as the air cathode have been widely studied. However, a fundamental issue of carbon electrode still remains; the carbon surface is unstable and is highly reactive in contact with Li2O2, resulting in the formation of irreversible byproducts (e.g., Li2CO3). To address this issue, we investigated the use of surface protection layers for improving the cycling stability of porous carbon-based LOB cathode. We employed atomic layer deposition (ALD) for conformal coating of two types of overlayers (In2O3 and TiN), i.e., oxide and nitride thin film, on an electrospun carbon nanopaper (CNp) membrane. The LOB cell with In2O3-coated CNp exhibited much enhanced cycling performance (over 140 cycles) compared with pristine CNp and TiN-coated CNp as control samples (less than 60 cycles for both cases). To further improve cell efficiency by reducing overpotentials, the surface of In2O3-coated CNp electrode was functionalized by catalytic RuOx nanoparticles, which enables stable and complete discharging and recharging reactions below 4.2 V for an extended period of 165 cycles. Interestingly, after each discharge, nanosheet-like Li2O2 growth was observed on In2O3-coated CNps, which is advantageous for enhanced cycle life. This work demonstrates that use of a free-standing, high surface area carbon membrane, that is conformally encapsulated by a highly conductive and stable oxide protection layer, is essential for enhanced Li-O2 cell performance by preventing direct contact between underneath carbon and electrolyte.
Core–shell type C–LiMn0.85Fe0.15PO4–LiFePO4 olivine materials are synthesized by a co-precipitation method followed by double carbon coating with different kinds of carbon sources. Through EDX analysis, the distribution of the carbon layer is confirmed within the pores and the surface of the particles varied with different types of carbon sources. Among them, the ascorbic acid-pitch mix coated core–shell electrode show the best discharge capacity of 154 mAh g−1 at 1/20 C-rate and 100 mAh g−1 at 5 C-rate. This improved electrochemical property is ascribed to the uniform carbon coating layer both inside the pores and on the outside surface using different molecular weight carbon sources.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are excellent scaffolds for advanced electrode materials, resulting from their intrinsic sp 2 carbon hybridization, interconnected electron pathway, large aspect ratio, hierarchical porous structures, and low cost at a large-scale production. How to make full utilization of the mass produced CNTs as building blocks for nanocomposite electrodes is not well understood yet. Herein, a composite cathode containing commercial agglomerated multi-walled CNTs and S for Li-S battery was fabricated by a facile melt-diffusion strategy. The hierarchical CNT@S coaxial nanocables exhibited a discharging capacity of 1020 and 740 mAh ·g–1 at 0.5 and 2.0 C, respectively. A rapid capacity decay of 0.7% per cycle at the initial 10 cycles and a slow decay rate of 0.14% per cycle for the later 140 cycles were detected. Such hierarchical agglomerated CNT@S cathodes show advantages in easy fabrication, environmentally benign, low cost, excellent scalability, and good Li ion storage performance, which are extraordinary composites for high performance Li-S battery.
This study examines the treatment outcomes of 139, 6–11 year-old, clinically referred boys and girls diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) or Conduct Disorder (CD) who were randomly assigned to a modular-based treatment protocol that was applied by research study clinicians either in the community (COMM) or a clinic office (CLINIC). To examine normative comparisons, a matched sample of 69 healthy control children was included. Multiple informants completed diagnostic interviews and self-reports at six assessment timepoints (pretreatment to 3-year follow-up) to evaluate changes in the child’s behavioral and emotional problems, psychopathic features, functional impairment, diagnostic status, and service involvement. Using HLM and logistic regression models, COMM and CLINIC showed significant and comparable improvements on all outcomes. By 3-year follow-up, 36% of COMM and 47% of CLINIC patients no longer met criteria for either ODD or CD, and 48% and 57% of the children in these two respective conditions had levels of parent-rated externalizing behavior problems in the normal range. We discuss the nature and implications of these novel findings regarding the role of treatment context or setting for the treatment and long-term outcome of behavior disorders.
Biodegradable hybrid composites Chitosan/para-phenylenediamine (CS/pPDA), montmorillonite/chitosan/para-phenylenediamine (Mt/CS/pPDA), chitosan/ortho-phenylenediamine (CS/oPDA) and montmorillonite/chitosan/ortho-phenylenediamine (Mt/CS/oPDA) clay polymer nanocomposites (CPN) were successfully synthesized. The CPN composites were confirmed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), UV–Vis spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The nonlinear optical properties (NLO) of CPN were studied by using Z-scan technique in the picosecond (ps) and femtosecond (fs) durations. Open aperture Z-scan studies revealed reverse saturable absorption (RSA) behavior, which gives nonlinear absorption and closed aperture data revealed nonlinear refraction in both time domains. Sign and magnitude of the third order nonlinearity were evaluated. Optical limiting characteristics of the systems for optical switching were examined. Hence, the new CPN can be used as optical limiters.
During the lithiation of a Si anode from pure Si to fully lithiated alloy, the volume expands four times and modulus varies by several tens of times. Thus, the Li-ion diffusion and the stress evolution can be strongly coupled, which may play a significant role in determining the anode performance. In this work, we present a theoretical study of the fully coupled diffusion and stresses in a nonequilibrium LiSi system by taking into account the effects of composition-dependent modulus, finite concentration, and boundary constraint. The Li-ion diffusion and induced stresses in a bilayer Cu-coated Si anode at the nanometer scale is examined to show these important effects. The transient stress-assisted diffusion problem is solved numerically by a finite difference method, whilst the stress field is obtained analytically. It is shown that the modulus variation with composition plays a mild role in the Li-ion diffusion. In order to account for the finite concentration effect, a nonlinear flux equation is introduced that describes the Li-ion diffusion over the full range of concentration from dilute to near-saturation state in a unified, symmetric manner. The finite concentration effect is significant, especially during the early delithiation process. The boundary constraint effect is found to play an intriguing role in the chemical diffusion. The bending stress results in a resisting force to Li-ion flow preventing effectively the Si anode from full lithiation. The constraint effect is significant for a wide range of Cu thickness.
As a promising renewable resource, biomass has several advantages such as wide availability, low cost, and versatility. In this study, we use peanut shell, wheat straw, rice straw, corn stalk, cotton stalk, and soybean stalk as the precursors to synthesize hierarchically porous carbon as the positive electrode material for hybrid Na-ion capacitors, aiming to establish a criterion of choosing suitable biomass precursors. The carbon derived from wood-like cotton stalk has abundant interconnected macropores, high surface area of 1994 m2 g−1, and large pore volume of 1.107 cm3 g−1, thanks to which it exhibits high reversible capacitance of 160.5 F g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and great rate capability, along with excellent cyclability. The carbonaceous positive electrode material is combined with a Na2Ti2.97Nb0.03O7 negative electrode material to assemble a hybrid Na-ion capacitor, which delivers a high specific energy of 169.4 Wh kg−1 at 120.5 W kg−1, ranking among the best-performed hybrid ion capacitors.