batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We observed that 3-chloroanisole (3CA), as an electrolyte additive was very effective for overcharging protection during a 12V overcharging reaction. During overcharging, the cell voltage did not increase beyond 5.3V, as opposed to other aromatic compounds that showed a voltage shoot-up to 12V. This behavior was due to the 3CA decomposition and the formation of conducting polymer film within separator and at cathode/electrolyte interface, which consumes the surplus current and inhibit the voltage increase through the shunting effect. In addition, the use of 3CA did not lead to any problems with rate capability, cycle life, and long-term storage behavior at 50 and 70°C. Furthermore, during storage at 90°C for 4 and 24h, electrolyte with 3CA in a Li-ion cell showed a similar increase of cell thickness as a cell without 3CA.
The authors regret “The authors list should be Jie Wang a,b, Yingke Zhoua,b,*, Zongping Shaob,*”. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Highly-uniform TiO2/SnO2 nanorod incorporated into conductive carbon matrix (sr-TSC) is synthesized by a facile unprecedented hydrothermal method. In the method, citric acid and ethylene glycol are introduced as carbon source and solvent. The sr-TSC electrode achieves a reversible capacity of 410mAhg−1 for up to 60 cycles at 300mAg−1 current density, and demonstrates an enhanced cyclic performance and excellent rate capability relative to SnO2 nanoparticles. The results indicate that the composite could be a promising anode candidate for lithium ion batteries.
Background. – The frequency of haplotypes of Nsp I–Eco47 III sites, at the IDUA (α-L iduronidase) gene, in Huichol, Tarahumara and Mestizo Mexican population is reported. Methods. – Eco47 III and Nsp I intragenic polymorphisms in IDUA gene are studied in three (Mestizo, Huichol and Tarahumara populations) Mexican groups. Data from normal Australian [Hum. Genet. 90 (1992) 327] individuals were considered for comparative analyses. Results. – The genotypes for IDUA Eco47 III and Nsp I sites in Mexicans were in agreement with Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Allele frequency distributions for individual sites differed (P < 0.05) except at site B1 in the Huichol group. Haplotype Eco47 III–Nsp I frequency distributions were different in the three Mexican normal groups, and it was also observed when to compared with the normal Australians. Conclusions. – This characteristic makes the two IDUA polymorphic sites useful for identification purposes, and these polymorphisms could be included in a PCR based battery of DNA markers.
One demanding challenge in the development of high-power batteries is to achieve superior rate and cycling performances. Here, we report a two-step method to fabricate a hybrid material of surface-amorphized TiO2/reduced graphene oxide (SA- TiO2/RGO), which exhibits superior electrochemical properties as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries, high rate property of 135.6 mAh g−1 at a current density of 10 A g−1 and cycling stability of 98 mAh g−1 after 2000 cycles at 5 A g−1. These excellent performances originate from the unique three-dimensional integrated structure of SA-TiO2/RGO, which provides: (i) a conductive substrate of RGO; (ii) higher conductivity of SA-TiO2 relative to crystallized-TiO2; (iii) ultra-small SA-TiO2 nanoparticles; and (iv) excellent contact between SA-TiO2 and RGO through C-O-Ti bonds.
Pharmacological treatment of children with ADHD has been shown to be successful; however, medication may not normalize attention functions. The present study was based on a neuropsychological model of attention and assessed the effect of an attention training program on attentional functioning of children with ADHD. Thirty-two children with ADHD and 16 healthy children participated in the study. Children with ADHD were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions, i.e., an attention training program which trained aspects of vigilance, selective attention and divided attention, or a visual perception training which trained perceptual skills, such as perception of figure and ground, form constancy and position in space. The training programs were applied in individual sessions, twice a week, for a period of four consecutive weeks. Healthy children did not receive any training. Alertness, vigilance, selective attention, divided attention, and flexibility were examined prior to and following the interventions. Children with ADHD were assessed and trained while on ADHD medications. Data analysis revealed that the attention training used in the present study led to significant improvements of various aspects of attention, including vigilance, divided attention, and flexibility, while the visual perception training had no specific effects. The findings indicate that attention training programs have the potential to facilitate attentional functioning in children with ADHD treated with ADHD drugs.
Background Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is increasingly being investigated as a potential treatment for a number of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Previous rTMS studies have targeted the left-side prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the treatment of negative symptoms, with inconsistent findings. Some imaging evidence suggests right-sided or bilateral PFC involvement in negative symptoms, areas yet to be investigated for rTMS treatment. The study therefore aimed to assess the efficacy of bilateral high-frequency rTMS in the treatment of negative symptoms. Methods A 2-arm double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted with 20 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, and moderate-to-severe treatment-resistant negative symptoms. Participants received a 3-week course of high-frequency bilateral rTMS or sham. Twenty trains (5 seconds duration) of 10 Hz rTMS at 110% of the RMT were administered to each PFC daily, 5 days a week. Results No significant group or time differences in the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) scores or cognitive outcomes were evident. However, a trend for greater reduction in scores on the autistic preoccupation scale of the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale for the active group compared to the sham group was observed (P = .05). Conclusions No substantial benefit of high-frequency bilateral rTMS was seen in the treatment of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Further research is required to explore whether rTMS may have benefits specific to particular cognitive or symptom domains.
Spherical LiNi0.5Co0.3Mn0.2O2 samples with the particle size distribution between 10 and 20 μm are prepared by a hydroxide co-precipitation method and subsequent high temperature solid state calcination. Electrochemical results show that the reversible lithium storage capacities of spherical LiNi0.5Co0.3Mn0.2O2 cathode after 20 cycles are 121.5, 154.2 and 99.3 mAh g−1 in 2.0–4.3 V, 2.0–4.6 V and 2.0–4.9 V, respectively. The structural evolutions of layered materials in different working potential ranges are carefully studied by homemade in-situ X-ray diffraction techniques. It is found that the formation of hexagonal phase H3 is the main source resulting in poor electrochemical properties, where the hexagonal phase H2 to hexagonal phase H3 transition occurs at about 4.7 V in the charge process. As a result, it is expected that the suppression of hexagonal phase H3 can achieve a long-term cyclability and high reversible capacity for LiNi0.5Co0.3Mn0.2O2. Therefore, spherical LiNi0.5Co0.3Mn0.2O2 cathode shows the highest reversible lithium storage capacity of 154.2 mAh g−1 in 2.0–4.6 V after 20 cycles among all the three electrochemical working windows.
Phosphorus, as one of the most promising anodes for sodium-ion batteries, its electrochemical performance improvement seriously suffers from insulated characteristics and poorly structural stability. Herein, we report an elaborately designed strategy to rationally synthesize molecular-level PDDA-BP/Ti3C2 nanosheet heterostructures taking advantages of high theoretical capacity of black phosphorene (BP) and high electronic conductivity, abundant functional groups of Ti3C2. Due to the face-to-face contact of both components, the parallel 2D interlayer spacing provides effective charge transfer and diffusion channels. DFT calculations show that strong interactions between BP and Ti3C2 could efficiently lower binding energy to facilitate the sodiation process. More importantly, surface functional groups of –F, –O and –OH in Ti3C2 play important roles to immobilize BP and act as more synergistic adsorption sites to accelerate sodiation. The PDDA-BP/Ti3C2 electrode displays extremely structure-stability confining monodispersed BP nanoparticle within Ti3C2 to buffer volume expansion and prevent aggregation of BP, exhibiting an ultrahigh reversible capacity of 1112 mA h g-1 at 500th-cycle at 0.1 A g-1 and ultralong cycling stability of 658 mA h g-1 with only 0.05% degradation per cycle within 2000 cycles at 1.0 A g-1. The related soidation mechanism and effects of functional groups of Ti3C2 on sodiation/desodiation redox reaction are deeply investigated.
Nanoflakes (average thickness 100nm) of cobalt hydroxide (β-Co(OH)2) were potentiodynamically deposited on stainless steel (SS) substrate. 0.1M Co(NO3)2 was used as starting material and the scan rate of the deposition was varied between 20 and 200mVs−1. These films were characterized for their structural and morphological study using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The X-ray diffraction study revealed the formation of β-Co(OH)2 material with hexagonal crystal structure. Electrochemical properties of β-Co(OH)2 thin film electrode were studied using cyclic voltammetry and charge–discharge techniques. In present work, we studied effect of deposition scan rate on the morphology of the β-Co(OH)2. As the scan rate of the deposition increased, size of the nanoflakes became smaller and porous deposit was formed on the SS surface. Film deposited at high scan rate (200mVs−1) showed maximum specific capacitance of 890Fg−1 in 1M KOH electrolyte at the scan rate of 5mVs−1.
Nickel cobalt sulfide (Ni-Co-S) is one of the most potential electrocapacitive materials for energy storage devices, owing to the high electrical conductivity and multiple oxidation states. Large surface area and efficient charge/ion transfer routes are dispensable for an efficient electrocapacitive material. The rational-designed core/shell structures are fabricated in this work by first synthesizing the Ni-Co-S nanosheet array on the Ni foam using a hydrothermal reaction as the core and then depositing the cobalt sulfide (Co-S) nanosheets as the shell via electrodeposition. The electrodepositing cycles are varied to synthesize the Co-S shell with different sizes and densities. The highest specific capacitance (CF) of 8.47 F/cm2corresponding to the capacity of 1.65 mAh/cm2are obtained at 5 mV/s for the optimized Ni-Co-S/Co-S electrode prepared using 40 cycles for electrodeposition, due to the larger surface area of the sheet-on-sheet structure and the suitable size of the gaps between nanosheets for efficient ions diffusion. A CF value of714.2 mF/cm2 at 5 mA/cm2, a potential window of 1.6 V, and a CF retention of 65% after 5000 cycles repeated charge/discharge process are achieved for an asymmetric supercapacitor assembled using the optimized Ni-Co-S/Co-S electrode as the positive electrode and an activated carbon electrode as the negative electrode.
Fuel cells are electrochemical systems that convert hydrogen into electricity without combustion. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell power systems consist of a polymer membrane, finely dispersed catalyst and a gas humidifying system. Thermogravimetry (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) can be used to characterize the physical properties of a polymer membrane. Ion chromatography can monitor the presence of contaminating ions in the aqueous condensate. TGA can measure decomposition of the polymer material and the residual metal catalyst that remains, which can be correlated to the distribution of metal catalysts on a polymer surface. DSC can be used to measure the concentration of Teflon in a polymer blend by measuring the melting enthalpy.
Metal doping is an effective way to improve the electrochemical properties of titanates. In this work, Ba-site substituted Ba0.9M0.1Li2Ti6O14 (M=K, Zn, La) are synthesized to fabricate high performance titanate anode for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochemical evaluations reveal that introducing metal doping at Ba-site can result in higher ionic/electronic conductivity. As a result, Ba0.9M0.1Li2Ti6O14 exhibits enhanced lithium storage capability. Especially for Ba0.9La0.1Li2Ti6O14, it shows the best electrochemical performance with a high reversible charge capacity of 151.3mAhg−1 and high capacity retention of 94.21% at a current density of 100mAg−1. For comparison, the pristine BaLi2Ti6O14 only exhibits a reversible charge capacity of 128.5mAhg−1 with the capacity retention of 80.06% after 100 cycles. Further, the lithium storage process is investigated in detail by in-situ structural observation, which reveals a maximum volume expansion of 1.9% for Ba0.9La0.1Li2Ti6O14 during charge-discharge cycle. It shows that Ba0.9La0.1Li2Ti6O14 is a possible material with high structural reversibility for lithium storage.
Combinatorial techniques have been applied to the preparation and screening of positive electrode candidates for lithium batteries. This work describes the automated parallel synthesis of 64-electrode arrays using a Packard Multiprobe II liquid handling system. A cell was constructed with a single lithium reference–counter electrode and 64, three-millimeter-diameter working electrodes containing Li x Mn2O4 active material, PVdF–HFP binder and carbon black as a conducting additive. Eight duplicate electrodes, each of eight respective compositions, were deposited on the array and the mass fraction of carbon was varied in steps from 1 to 25%. The results showed a rapid increase in capacity at the percolation limit of 3% for most cells. Some groups of nominally identical cells showed random variations in capacity, especially at low carbon loadings. The overall result is a demonstration of advantages of the combinatorial concept, which were time-saving and an improved statistical significance of the results compared with on–off experiments.
The electrode–electrolyte interface has been a critical concern since the birth of lithium(Li)-based batteries (lithium or Li+-ion batteries) that are operated with liquid electrolytes and in recent years to increase the operating voltages. The electrode–electrolyte interfacial behavior has also been in sharp focus with respect to intensively pursued solid-electrolyte-based (polymer- or ceramic-electrolyte) lithium and Li+-ion batteries. Understanding the relevant chemical/electrochemical reactions, structural/compositional characteristics, and thermodynamic/kinetic behaviors at the electrode–electrolyte interface is of paramount importance for the development of strategies to enhance overall battery performances. Although the relevant research has been emphasized for many years, both a fundamental understanding of the interfacial phenomena and the practical strategies for enhancing the interfacial properties are still limited or vague. Due to the complexity involved in the interfacial behavior, the future research and development require collaborative efforts involving the disciplines of chemistry, physics, materials science, nanoscience/nanotechnology, as well as computational modeling/simulation. This review presents the key findings, recent progress, current status, and a bold perspective/vision for further understanding and manipulating the electrode–electrolyte interfaces in lithium and Li+-ion batteries. The information provided in this review is expected to benefit the current Li+-ion technologies and future-generation solid-state lithium and Li+-ion batteries that are based on polymer electrolytes or ceramic solid electrolytes.
One of the limitations of power generation with microbial fuel cells is that the anode must typically be maintained under anaerobic conditions. When oxygen is present in the anode chamber microorganisms oxidize the fuel with the reduction of oxygen rather than electron transfer to the anode. A system in which fuel is provided from within a graphite anode and diffuses out to the outer surface of the anode was designed to overcome these limitations. A biofilm of Geobacter sulfurreducens strain KN400, pregrown on the surface of a graphite electrode in a traditional two-chambered system with an anaerobic anode chamber and acetate as an external fuel source, produced current just as well under aerobic conditions when acetate was provided via diffusion from an internal concentrated acetate solution. No acetate was detectable in the external medium. In contrast, aerobic systems in which acetate was provided in the external medium completely failed within 48h. Internally fed anodes colonized by a strain of KN400 adapted to grow at marine salinities produced current in aerobic seawater as well as an anaerobic anode system. The ability to generate current with an anode under aerobic conditions increases the potential applications and design options for microbial fuel cells.
In order to improve the kinetic performance of LiMnPO4, a novel sol-gel method is attained for preparing the gel precursor of LiMnPO4 and the Graphene nanoplates (GNPs) with the highly graphitic ordered structure are also introduced into the terminal material. The acquired Graphene nanoplates structured LiMnPO4/C composite has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). It has been found that the nano-particles of LiMnPO4/C with the size around 50-100nm are well-dispersed on the support, and agglomeration of LiMnPO4/C particles is not obvious compared with LiMnPO4-C/Acetylene black (AB) sample. The galvanostatic charge/discharge test shows that the electrochemical performance of LiMnPO4/C samples can be significantly improved by adding the Graphene nanoplates due to the formation of 3-D effective conducting network, reduced agglomeration of LiMnPO4/C particles and a strong interaction between GNPs and LiMnPO4/C particles. The acquired LiMnPO4-C/GNPs sample exhibits the reversible capacities of 139 mAh g−1 at 0.05C and 119 mAh g−1 at 1C
This study investigates the representation of battery degradation in grid level energy storage applications. In particular, we focus on energy arbitrage, as this is a potential future large-scale application of energy storage and there is limited existing research combining the modelling of battery degradation and energy storage arbitrage. We implement two different representations of battery degradation within an energy arbitrage model, and show that degradation has a strong impact on battery energy storage system (BESS) profitability. In a case study using historical electricity market prices from the MISO electricity market in the United States, we find that the achievable net present value (at an interest rate of 10%) for a battery system with a C-rate of 1C dropped from 358 $/kWh in the case considering no degradation to 194–314 $/kWh depending on the battery degradation model and assumptions for end of life (EOL) criteria. This corresponds to a reduction in revenue due to degradation in the 12–46% range. Moreover, we find that reducing the cycling of the battery via introducing a penalty cost in the objective function of the energy arbitrage optimization model can improve the profitability over the life of the BESS.
A novel reactor design is proposed for the soluble lead-acid flow battery (SLFB), in which a three-dimensional honeycomb-shaped positive PbO2-electrode is sandwiched between two planar negative electrodes. A two-dimensional stationary model is developed to predict the electrochemical behaviour of the cell, especially the current distribution over the positive structure and the cell voltage, as a function of the honeycomb dimensions and the electrolyte composition. The model includes several experimentally-based parameters measured over a wide range of electrolyte compositions. The results show that the positive current distribution is almost entirely determined by geometrical effects, with little influence from the hydrodynamic. It is also suggested that an increase in the electrolyte acidity diminishes the overvoltage during discharge but leads at the same time to a more heterogeneous reaction rate distribution on account of the faster kinetics of PbO2 dissolution. Finally, the cycling of experimental mono-cells is performed and the voltage response is in fairly good accordance with the model predictions.
The kinetics of the electrochemical lithium insertion reaction in nano-sized rutile β-MnO2 has been investigated using ac impedance spectroscopy. The experimental kinetic data are obtained for a rutile compound synthesized by ball-milling the powder produced from the heat treatment of manganese nitrate salts. The results are discussed as a function of the Li content for 0< x <0.6 and the number of cycles in the 4.1–2V window. From a comparison with data obtained on the micro-sized oxide, an improved kinetics is found with D Li values for the apparent chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium much higher by one order of magnitude than in microsized oxide. Impedance behaviour of the ball-milled rutile β-MnO2 vs cycles demonstrates a new system takes place from the second cycle, characterized by a significant improvement of Li diffusion by a factor 5 and a cathode impedance which decreases by a factor 2, remaining thereafter unchanged during cycling.
This paper reports impedance studies of a dual membrane fuel cell - an innovative design based on the idea for a junction between an oxygen ion conducting cathode/electrolyte part and proton conducting anode/electrolyte part through a mixed oxygen ion and proton conducting porous membrane. Thus oxygen, hydrogen and water are located in three independent chambers. This concept allows avoiding all the severe pitfalls connected to the presence of water at electrodes in both SOFC and PCFC. The performed measurements of the 3 compartments and the data analysis are improved by introducing some specialized approaches and techniques, which are discussed. The impedance contribution in the proof of the new concept is also presented.
Impingement, both prosthetic and bony, precedes the vast majority of dislocations after total hip arthroplasty and may adversely impact component wear. Reconstructed computer hip models of 8 subjects were used to evaluate hip range of motion for activities of daily living (ADLs) associated with posterior instability and anterior instability. Variables examined included acetabular position, femoral offset, and head size. The majority of flexion ADLs (associated with posterior instability) encountered prosthetic impingement, whereas extension ADLs demonstrated bony impingement with the 45/20 cup placement position. Cup placement in natural anteversion and adduction allowed normal joint motion in anterior and posterior impinging activities. Insufficient femoral offset and smaller head size negatively impacted range of motion. Any anterior cup and posterior cup protrusions greater than 5 mm should be avoided.