batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Lithium/sulfur (Li/S) batteries have been recognized as one of the most promising substitutes for current energy-storage systems due to their high-energy density and low cost. However, the high solubility of intermediate products (i.e., lithium polysulfides) and the resultant shuttle effect lead to a rapid capacity fading along with a low Coulombic efficiency, which hinders the practical application of Li/S batteries. Herein, polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer is applied as a polar binder in Li/S batteries to address above issues. The sulfur cathode with a high sulfur loading density of 8.6mg/cm2 coated by an ultrathin PEI layer (~ 6.9nm) shows a high initial areal capacity of up to 9.7mAh/cm2. The capacity is still maintained at 6.4mAh/cm2 after 50 cycles, which is comparable to that of commercial Li-ion batteries. The excellent cycling performance is attributed to the presence of abundant amino groups in PEI polymer, which can strongly bond with the intermediate lithium polysulfides through electrostatic force and therefore suppress the shuttle effect, as revealed by in situ/operando ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and S K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Our effective strategy of immobilizing lithium polysulfides by electrostatic force through a functional binder should be of great significance for the practical application of Li/S batteries.
Cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer disease (AD) are multifactorial and complex conditions with several potentially modifiable risk factors including vascular and lifestyle factors.Owing to the multifactorial aetiology of dementia and AD, multidomain interventions that target several risk factors and mechanisms simultaneously might be needed for effective prevention.The first large randomized controlled trials of multidomain lifestyle interventions to prevent cognitive impairment have been completed, and the results suggest that targeting interventions to individuals at risk of dementia is an effective strategy.A life-course approach is needed to facilitate optimal lifestyle intervention strategies for different age groups and for individuals with different risk profiles.Identification of interventions that are effective and sustainable in different geographic, economic and cultural settings should be the focus of future research.
Four manganese and iron phosphates with alluaudite or fillowite structures have been prepared by solid state reactions: Na2FeMn2(PO4)3, LiNaFeMn2(PO4)3, NaFe3(PO4)3, and Na2Mn3(PO4)3. Li x Na2−x FeMn2(PO4)3 with x close to 2 was prepared from Na2FeMn2(PO4)3 by molten salt ion exchange. These materials are similar in stoichiometry to the phospho-olivines LiFe(Mn)PO4, but have a more complex structure that can accommodate mixed transition metal oxidation states. They are of interest as candidates for lithium battery cathodes because of their expected higher electronic conductivity, high intercalant ion mobility, and ease of preparation. Their performance as intercalation electrodes in non-aqueous lithium cells was, however, poor.
A polyhedral structured LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel (denoted as LNMO-P) is synthesized by using a polymer auxiliary method. The results of XRD, FT-IR, Raman, SEM and TEM measurements indicate that the LNMO-P exhibits a polyhedral structure with the size of approximately 2 μm and a major phase of P4332. Extreme condition testing, which means successively testing the rate capability, low-rate cyclability at 25 and 55 °C with the same half-cell as well as the high-rate cyclability at 25 and 55 °C with another half-cell, is also introduced to evaluate the electrochemical properties of the materials. The results indicate that the LNMO-P exhibits an acceptable power density for pure electric vehicle, a higher energy density and excellent cyclability for both low-rate and high-rate cycling at 25 °C; this might be attributed to the fact that the polyhedral structure is favor to lithium ion diffusion and suppression of lattice expansion. Although the capacity retention fades largely under high-rate cycling at 55 °C, this is ascribed to the synergistic effect of the electrolyte decomposition and corrosion reaction rather than the reason of LNMO-P itself. In brief, such a material is quite qualified for the actual application in electric vehicle even in extreme conditions.
All-solid-state electrochemical microcapacitors are fabricated using photolithography, electrochemical polymerization and solution casting techniques. Gold microelectrode arrays are fabricated by ultraviolet photolithography and a wet-etching method. Conducting polymers such as polypyrrole (PPy) are potentiostatically synthesized on these microelectrodes. A microcapacitor is made up of 50 parallel-connected pairs of microelectrodes. The width of the microelectrodes and the distance between them are each 50μm. Two types of polymer electrolytes are applied, defined by the polymer matrix and ion-conducting media. Cell capacitance can be controlled by the total synthesis charge of the conducting polymers and a cell potential of 0.6V is obtained. The electrochemical performance and charging–discharging mechanisms of all-solid-state microcapacitors are studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and constant-current discharge and the results are compared with those of microcapacitors with liquid electrolyte.
We investigate the anode performance of Si-based nanorods by tuning its composition using an oblique (co)deposition technique. Our results show that pure Si nanorods have a higher initial anodic capacity of 1500mAhg−1, but the capacity diminishes after 50 cycles due to the morphological change and pulverization. By introducing approximately 70at.% Cu into Si nanorods, the Si–Cu composite nanorods demonstrate 500mAhg−1 of capacity sustainable in 100 cycles, which is attributed to the flexibility and improved toughness of Si–Cu composite nanorods.
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative gained a great success in India in the last one year, especially on the epidemiology of type 1 wild poliovirus (WPV), by the intensive use of monovalent oral polio vaccine (OPV) type 1. However, failure to completely interrupt the transmission of type 1 and persistence of type 3 WPV in western Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are still causes of concern. The year 2010 was very crucial for polio eradication in India; as good control over transmission of type 1 wild polio virus was achieved. While mOPV1 is a sharper tool against WPV1, bOPV seems to be adequate against WPV3; hence there may not be any more need for mOPV3. Thus, the key to success lies in intelligent and imaginative use of the three OPVs, i.e. mOPV1, bOPV and tOPV, against WPV types 1 and 3, and circulating vaccine derived polio virus types 1, 2 and 3. Serious consideration should be given to a contingency plan to the use of inactivated polio vaccine or non OPV in endemic areas.
Among animals, Homo sapiens is unique in its capacity for widespread cooperation and prosocial behavior among large and genetically heterogeneous groups of individuals. This ultra-sociality figures largely in our success as a species. It is also an enduring evolutionary mystery. There is considerable support for the hypothesis that this facility is a function of our ability to establish, and enforce through sanctions, social norms. Third-party punishment of norm violations (“I punish you because you harmed him”) seems especially crucial for the evolutionary stability of cooperation and is the cornerstone of modern systems of criminal justice. In this commentary, we outline some potential cognitive and neural processes that may underlie the ability to learn norms, to follow norms and to enforce norms through third-party punishment. We propose that such processes depend on several domain-general cognitive functions that have been repurposed, through evolution's thrift, to perform these roles.
Cobalt oxides are attractive alternative anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). To improve the performance of conversion-type anode materials such as cobalt oxides, well dispersed and nanosized particulate morphology is typically required. In this study, we describe the in situ electrochemical generation of cobalt oxide nanosheets from commercial micrometer-sized LiCoO2 oxide as an anode material for LIBs. The electrode material as prepared was analyzed by XRD, FE-SEM and TEM. The electrochemical properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and by a constant current galvanostatic discharge–charge test. The material shows a high tap density and promising anode performance in terms of capacity, rate performance and cycling stability. A capacity of 560mAhg−1 is still achieved at a current density of 1000mAg−1 by increasing the amount of additives in the electrode to 40wt%. This paper provides a new technique for developing a high-performance conversion-type anode for LIBs.
Rechargeable sodium-based energy storage cells (sodium-ion batteries, sodium-based dual-ion batteries and sodium-ion capacitors) are currently enjoying enormous attention from the research community due to their promise to replace or complement lithium-ion cells in multiple applications. In all of these emerging sodium-based systems, their performances are worsened by a range of undesired complications, including insufficient initial content of sodium ions in a cell, poor initial coulombic efficiencies of electrode materials, loss of sodium ions during long-term cycling, and the lack of practical possibility to optimise potential ranges in negative and positive electrodes. Pre-sodiation has emerged as an appealing technique to alleviate these problems and, therefore, to increase the practical energy densities of these devices. Nevertheless, the concept of pre-sodiation appears to be under-appreciated within the community, despite the fact that parallel methods of pre-lithiation find more and more uses in the established lithium-based energy storage cells. The intent of this timely perspective is to educate the community on the important benefits of pre-sodiation for a broad range of sodium-based energy storage cells and provide an up-to-date overview of this emerging field. A detailed summary of various situations where pre-sodiation is needed is provided, followed by the critical analysis of electrochemical and chemical techniques used for this purpose. An emphasis is made on the commercialisation potential of the optimal pre-sodiation procedures, and suggestions are provided for the areas of future advancement in the field. This perspective provides important insights of a broad interest to a multidisciplinary community of energy scientists, materials chemists and engineers working at the interface of new energy storage chemistries, device engineering and relevant materials science.
Fuel cell vehicles are currently undergoing extensive research and development due to their potential for low emissions and high efficiency. Fuel cells are rapidly appearing not only in on-road vehicles but also in off-road vehicles. Off-road vehicles require special geometrical and performance parameters to be able to work in different road conditions. Gradability is one of the most important parameters in off-road vehicle performance which is defined as vehicle’s ability to climb a grade at a given speed. This paper presents a comparison study between four-wheel drive (4WD) fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle gradability performance and internal-combustion engine (ICE) 4WD vehicle using Matlab/Simulink software.
The aim of study is to predict the performance of lithium-ion cells using the single particle representation of battery electrode model. The model is developed starting from the concentration solution theory and porous-electrode formulation, with Fick's law governing the diffusion of ions in the solid electrode. Since the solution of the governing equations is difficult due to their non-linear nature, simplifying assumptions are made that considerably reduce the computational time needed to predict cell performance. The model is then used to determine the concentration of lithium in solid phase and the electrode potential, assuming that the lithium concentration remains fixed in electrolyte. Further this model is compared with the pseudo two-dimensional model to simulate cyclic performance of lithium-ion cells under various operating conditions.
LiCoO2 thin films have been successfully deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering onto aluminum substrate and post-annealed at a lower temperature of 500°C compared to usual annealing treatments. We demonstrate that an appropriate combination of key deposition parameters including a high working pressure and a substrate bias enables for the first time the reproducible synthesis at this moderate temperature of high performance layered HT-LiCoO2 thin films. The morphology, the structure and the electrochemical behaviour of the deposits have been examined as a function of the working gas pressure ranging from 0.55Pa to 3Pa. Raman microspectrometry has been thoroughly used to characterize the structure of the thin films: a mixture of the layered HT-LiCoO2 and the cubic LT-LiCoO2 phases is systematically revealed in the absence of substrate bias and for the first time, the access to the relative amount of both compounds is allowed. A promoting effect of increasing gas pressure on the formation of the layered HT-LiCoO2 phase is demonstrated, the HT/LT relative amount increasing from 1:3 at 0.55Pa to 3:4 at 3Pa. In a second step, we show that the effect of substrate bias combined with high values of working gas pressure and a moderate heat treatment (500°C) leads to the formation of pure HT-LiCoO2 thin films at 3Pa, with very attractive electrochemical properties: a high specific capacity of 67μAhcm−2 μm−1 at C/5 rate, a good adherence to the substrate and the best capacity retention known for a LiCoO2 film in liquid electrolyte (4.2–3V).
In recent years several different arguments have been raised against the use of biofuels and their role in our future energy supply. These arguments can be divided into issues related to costs, food versus fuel, and lack of sustainability. Here we address these three points and argue that biofuels represent an essential contribution to our future energy supply and more importantly will contribute to a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.
With some of the world's best solar and wind resources, Australia is a prime market for solar and wind energy. The growing renewable energy industry can take advantage of Australia's stable economy, good access to grid infrastructure and well organised financial and legal services. Although development has been slower than what was anticipated, but with the promises made by the new government, the renewable community hopes for a brighter future for solar and wind energy in Australia. The objective of this paper is to present an overview of the current status of solar and wind energy in Australia, then to take a closer look at solar and wind potential, current activities, and finally to discusses about Australian Government support and to predict the future outlook of solar and wind energy.
Renewable energy storage is a key issue in our modern electricity-powered society. Lead acid batteries (LABs) are operated at partial state of charge in renewable energy storage system, which causes the sulfation and capacity fading of Pb electrode. Lead-carbon composite electrode is a good solution to the sulfation problem of LAB. In this paper, a rice-husk-derived hierarchically porous carbon with micrometer-sized large pores (denoted as RHC) has been used as the component of lead-carbon composite electrode. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the morphology of lead-carbon composite electrode. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to determine the charge transfer capability of lead-carbon composite electrode. Both full charge-discharge method and charge-discharge method operating at harsh partial state of charge condition have been used to prove the superior energy storage capability of lead-carbon composite electrode. Experiment results prove that the micrometer-sized pores of RHC are beneficial to the construction and stability of lead-carbon composite electrode. Microporous carbon material with high surface area is not suitable for the construction of lead-carbon electrode due to the ruin of lead-carbon structure caused by severe electrochemical hydrogen evolution.
There is a pressing requirement to define a hazard identification and risk management strategy for nanomaterials due to the rapid growth in the nanotechnology industry and their promise of life-style revolutions through the development of wide-ranging nano-containing consumer products. Consequently, a battery of well defined and appropriate in vitro assays to assess a number of genotoxicity endpoints is required to minimise extensive and costly in vivo testing. However, the validity of the established protocols in current OECD recognised genotoxicity assays for nanomaterials is currently being questioned. In this report, we therefore consider the in vitro OECD genotoxicity test battery including the Ames, micronucleus and HPRT forward mutation assays, and their potential role in the safety assessment of nanomaterial induced DNA damage in vitro.
Nowadays, the safety issue has greatly hindered the development of large capacity lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), especially in electric vehicles applications. TiO2 is a kind of potential anode candidate for improving the safety of LIBs. However, it still needs to understand how to improve the performance of TiO2 anode in the practical applications. Herein, we design a contrast experiment by using three sizes of TiO2 hierarchical hollow microspheres (TiO2-HSs). The research results indicated that the cycling performance of TiO2-HSs anode can be affected by the size of microspheres, and the nanoparticles size of microspheres and crystallinity of TiO2 can affect their initial discharge capacity and lithium ion diffusion. And, the influence of microspheres size is more significant. This may provide a new strategy for improving the lithium-ion storage property of TiO2 anode material in the practical applications.
Li-rich layered oxide materials possess high voltage and high specific capacity, which makes them attractive cathode candidates for lithium-ion batteries. However, they still suffer from a poor rate capability, which seriously blocks their widespread practical applications. In this work, Li(Li0.167Mn0.5Co0.167Ni0.167)O2 microspheres were synthesized by a hydrothermal-assisted method, in which Ni-Co-Mn-based microspherical precursors obtained by a hydrothermal process with polyethylene glycol-600 (PEG-600) as a surfactant were mixed with lithium sources and then sintered to yield the final products. It is found that the as-prepared Li-rich layered oxide microspheres exhibit high discharge capacity and superior rate performance: delivering an initial discharge capacity of 292mAhg−1 at a current density of 20mAg−1, 189mAhg−1 at a current density of 600mAg−1 and 142mAhg−1 at a current density of 2000mAg−1 (10C), which are better than that of the sample as-prepared by co-precipitation method. The high discharge capacity and improved rate-capability were beneficial from the microspheres assembled by uniform primary particles around 250nm, more reversible redox and better electrode kinetics comparing to that of the co-precipitation sample. The preparation strategy reported here may offer hints for achieving various advanced Li-rich layered composite materials that would be used in high-performance energy storage.
In this paper we first show that the linear models of proton exchange membrane (polymer electrolyte membrane, PEM) and solid oxide (SO) fuel cells, commonly used in power and energy literature, are not controllable. The source of uncontrollability is the equation for pressure of the water vapor that is only affected by the fuel cell current, which in fact is a disturbance in this system and cannot be controlled by the given model inputs: inlet molar flow rates of hydrogen and oxygen. Being uncontrollable these models are not good candidates for studying control of dynamic processes in PEM and SO fuel cells. However, due to their simplicity, they can be used in hybrid configurations with other energy producing devices such as photovoltaic (solar) cells, wind turbine, micro gas turbine, battery (ultra capacitor) to demonstrate some other phenomena, but not for control purposes unless the hybrid models formed in such hybrid configurations are controllable. Testing controllability of such hybrid models is mandatory. Secondly, we introduce some algebraic constraints that follow from the model dynamics and the Nernst open-loop fuel cell voltage formula. These constraints must be satisfied in simulation of considered fuel cell modes, for example, via MATLAB/Simulink or any other computer software package.
Silicon is regarded as one of the most promising candidates for lithium-ion battery anodes owing to its large theoretical energy density (about 4200 mAh g−1) and low working potential (vs. Li/Li+). However, its practical application is limited by structure degradation and a comparatively poor capacity retention caused by large volume changes during cycling. In this study, we have prepared a novel nanofiber form of silicon/carbon with hollow core–shell structured silicon@carbon (Si@C) nanoparticles embedded in carbon nanofibers. Voids between the silicon nanoparticle (SiNP) core and carbon shell help to accommodate the volume expansion associated with the lithiation/delithiation process in a working electrode and allow formation of a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film. The obtained electrodes exhibited good cycle performance with a high reversible capacity of 1020.7 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A g-1, and also delivered excellent cycling performance at a high current density of 3.2 A g-1. The design of this new structure provides a potential method for developing other functional composite anode materials with high reversible capacities and long-term cycle stabilities.
The need for an endless renewable energy supply, typically through the utilization of solar energy in most applications and systems, has driven the expansion, versatility, and diversification of marketed energy storage devices. Energy storage devices such as hybridized dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)–capacitors and DSSC–supercapacitors have been invented for energy reservation. The evolution and vast improvement of these devices in terms of their efficiencies and flexibilities have further sparked the invention of the photo-supercapacitor. The idea of coupling a DSSC and supercapacitor as a complete energy conversion and storage device arose because the solar energy absorbed by dye molecules can be efficiently transferred and converted to electrical energy by adopting a supercapacitor as the energy delivery system. The conversion efficiency of a photo-supercapacitor is mainly dependent on the use of active materials during its fabrication. The performances of the dye, photoactive metal oxide, counter electrode, redox electrolyte, and conducting polymer are the primary factors contributing to high-energy-efficient conversion, which enhances the performance and shelf-life of a photo-supercapacitor. Moreover, the introduction of compact layer as a primary adherent film has been earmarked as an effort in enhancing power conversion efficiency of solar cell. Additionally, the development of electrolyte-free solar cell such as the invention of hole-conductor or perovskite solar cell is currently being explored extensively. This paper reviews and analyzes the potential active materials for a photo-supercapacitor to enhance the conversion and storage efficiencies.