batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Solar/diesel/battery hybrid power systems have been modelled for the electrification of typical rural households and schools in remote areas of the far north province of Cameroon. The hourly solar radiation received by latitude-titled and south-facing modules was computed from hourly global horizontal solar radiation of Garoua using Hay's anisotropic model. Using the solar radiation computed for latitude-tilted and south-facing modules, the average daytime temperatures for Garoua and parameters of selected solar modules, the monthly energy production of the solar modules was computed. It was found that BP solar modules with rated power in the range 50–180 Wp produced energy in the range 78.5–315.2kWh/yr. The energy produced by the solar modules was used to model solar/diesel/battery hybrid power systems that could meet the energy demand of typical rural households in the range 70–300kWh/yr. It was also found that a solar/diesel/battery hybrid power system comprising a 1440Wp solar array and a 5kW single-phase generator operating at a load factor of 70%, required only 136generator h/yr to supply 2585kWh/yr or 7kWh/day to a typical secondary school. The renewable energy fraction obtained in all the systems evaluated was in the range 83–100%. These results show that there is a possibility to increase the access rate to electricity in the far north province without recourse to grid extension or more thermal plants in the northern grid or more independent diesel plants supplying power to remote areas of the province.
A three-layered (ceramic-polymer-ceramic) hybrid separator was prepared by coating ceramic electrolyte [lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (LAGP)] over both sides of polyethylene (PE) polymer membrane using electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) technique. Ionic conductivities of membranes were evaluated after soaking PE and LAGP/PE/LAGP membranes in a 1 Molar (1M) lithium hexafluroarsenate (LiAsF6) electrolyte in ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) in volume ratio (1:1:1). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were employed to evaluate morphology and structure of the separators before and after cycling performance tests to better understand structure-property correlation. As compared to regular PE separator, LAGP/PE/LAGP hybrid separator showed: (i) higher liquid electrolyte uptake, (ii) higher ionic conductivity, (iii) lower interfacial resistance with lithium and (iv) lower cell voltage polarization during lithium cycling at high current density of 1.3 mA cm−2 at room temperature. The enhanced performance is attributed to higher liquid uptake, LAGP-assisted faster ion conduction and dendrite prevention. Optimization of density and thickness of LAGP layer on PE or other membranes through manipulation of PVD deposition parameters will enable practical applications of this novel hybrid separator in rechargeable lithium batteries with high energy, high power, longer cycle life, and higher safety level.
The use of carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics is still challenging due to different issues connected to their synthesis, purification, functionalization, processing and device integration. From this perspective at first we review on selected contributions dealing with the above issues; then we focus on the advantages and limitations of carbon nanotubes for the development of organic solar cells.
Computer workstation selection is a multiple criteria decision making problem that is generally based on vague linguistic assessments, which represent human judgments and their hesitancy. In this paper, a new fuzzy quality function deployment (QFD) approach is used to effectively determine the design requirements (DRs) of a computer workstation. Hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets (HFLTS) are innovatively employed to capture the hesitancy of the experts in this approach. More precisely, the proposed new QFD approach is the first study that determines the importance of customer requirements (CRs), the relations between CRs and DRs and the correlations among DRs via HFLTS. Additionally, HFLTS based Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods are utilized in the computational steps to select the best computer workstation. A real industrial application is carried out to validate the implementation of the proposed approach.
The electrochemical behavior of graphite anodes, coated by 50–500Å-thick Sn layers, is discussed in the present paper. Morphology and structure of the modified electrode surfaces are described, and the charge/discharge behavior is evaluated by galvanostatic cycles at temperatures down to −30°C. The enhanced kinetics of the intercalation/deintercalation process is studied by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, focusing on the role played by the Sn coatings in the intercalation/deintercalation mechanism. The results show that the metal layers modify and stabilize the electrode/electrolyte interphase and that the intercalation process is mediated by reversible Li–Sn alloys formation. Moreover, all the Sn coatings are effective in modifying the energy barriers related both to the Li+ desolvation step and to the migration of the desolvated Li+ ion through the modified surface layers. As a consequence, the overall polarization for the charge-transfer process is reduced, and enhanced low-temperature intercalation performances are obtained.
The physical effects of a polyethylene (PE) surface on the electrochemical and thermal properties of a PE separator coated with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)–12wt% hexafluoropropylene (HFP) co-polymer have been investigated for use in lithium ion batteries. To change the surface property of the PE separator, it is treated using gamma ray irradiation. In comparison with the non-irradiated separator, the irradiated separator shows strong affinity for polar solvents due to the carbonyl band formed during gamma ray irradiation. And the PVDF–12wt%HFP co-polymer is coated on the both sides of the non-irradiated and irradiated separators using a dip-coating process. It is clearly observed that the ionic conductivity of the irradiated separator coated with PVDF–12wt%HFP is higher than that of the non-irradiated separator coated with the same one. Based on the activation energy calculation, the ionic conductivity is found to strongly depend on the characteristics of the interfaces between them. In addition, rate discharge property and thermal stability of the irradiated separator coated with PVDF–12wt%HFP are much better than those of the non-irradiated one. The improvement of the thermal stability could be attributed to cross-linking of the support PE separator using gamma ray irradiation.
Bruker announced the 10-year anniversary of PeakForce Tapping, its proprietary atomic force microscopy mode that has been widely adopted in materials, data storage, and semiconductor research. It is outpacing all other recently developed atomic force microscopy (AFM) modes in research impact and productivity.
Siriella armata (Crustacea, Mysidacea) is a component of the coastal zooplankton that lives in swarms in the shallow waters of the European neritic zone, from the North Sea to the Mediterranean. Juveniles of this species were examined as standard test organisms for use in marine acute toxicity tests. The effects of reference toxicants, three trace metals (Copper, Cadmium and Zinc), and one surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were studied on S. armata neonates (<24 h) reared in the laboratory. Acute toxicity tests were carried out with filtered sea water on individual chambers (microplate wells for metals or glass vials for SDS) incubated in an isothermal room at 20°C, with 16 h light: 8 h dark photoperiod for 96 h. Each neonate was fed daily with 10–15 nauplii of Artemia salina. Acute (96 h) LC50 values, in increasing order, were 46.9 μg/L for Cu, 99.3 μg/L for Cd, 466.7 μg/L for Zn and 8.5 mg/L for SDS. The LC10, NOEC and LOEC values were also calculated. Results were compared with Daphnia magna, a freshwater cladoceran widely used as a standard ecotoxicological test organism. Acute (48 h) LC50 values were 56.2 μg/L for Cu, 571.5 μg/L for Cd, 1.3 mg/L for Zn and 27.3 mg/L for SDS. For all the reference toxicants studied, the marine mysid Siriella armata showed higher sensitivity than the freshwater model organism Daphnia magna, validating the use of Siriella mysids as model organisms in marine acute toxicity tests.
Lithium-ion batteries are developed rapidly in electric vehicles, whose safety and functional capabilities are influenced greatly by the evaluation of available capacity. Combined with the evolution trend description of state of charge from extended Kalman filter and an adaptive switch mechanism, this paper advances an adaptive chaos genetic algorithm based extended Kalman filter for the state of charge determination of lithium-ion batteries, where a combined state space model is used for simulating their dynamics. It combines the advantage of local linear approximation capability from extended Kalman filter with the global optimal search mechanism from chaos genetic algorithm. The method is applied for the state of charge determination of lithium-ion batteries, and results of lab tests on physical cells, compared with model prediction, are presented. Furthermore, the innovation magnitude bound test and innovation whiteness test are employed for verifying the performance of the proposed method. Results confirm that the advanced method may quickly evaluate state of charge with high accuracy and has great robustness without being affected by the uncertain initial value.
van den Akker-Scheek I, Stevens M, Bulstra SK, Groothoff JW, van Horn JR, Zijlstra W. Recovery of gait after short-stay total hip arthroplasty. Objective To describe recovery of gait after total hip arthroplasty (THA) based on the assessment of spatiotemporal gait parameters determined with an ambulatory system. Design A 6-month inception cohort study. Setting Inpatient and outpatient setting in an academic hospital. Participants Sixty-three patients participating in a short-stay program for THA. Intervention Primary unilateral THA. Main Outcome Measures Walking speed, step length, step duration, and variability coefficient assessed at different walking speeds while performing an additional cognitive task and an endurance test. All measures were obtained preoperatively and 6 weeks and 6 months postoperatively. Results Patients improved significantly over time; however, extent and speed of recovery of gait parameters differed for each test part. The relation between walking speed and step length showed systematic improvement when analyzed over a range of speeds. At 6 months, the variability coefficient of the additional task test part was comparable with the preferred walking variability coefficient. The endurance test results could be predicted from the results of preferred walking. Conclusions Assessment of recovery of gait function requires more than only assessment of “normal” walking. Particularly, an analysis of walking at different speeds and walking while performing an additional cognitive task demonstrate different aspects of gait recovery after THA.
A dynamic model for a pouch type Li-polymer battery based on electrochemical and thermal principles is developed to analyze static and dynamic performances of a single cell. The model for the single cell is a quasi-three-dimensional, constructed by connecting one-dimensional models for micro cells using current collectors. The developed model can represent distributions of temperature, potentials, and current flows along with distribution of lithium ions through the plane. The model is coded using MATLAB and validated against a LiMn2O4/Carbon pouch type power cell. The static analysis includes responses of the terminal voltage at different current rates derived from the distribution of overpotentials in the micro cell as function of state of charge (SOC) as well as distribution of potentials and current flows in the single cell. Ion concentration in the electrodes and electrolyte of the micro cell are analyzed. The dynamic analysis includes voltage and temperature responses during charging and discharging processes. The results demonstrate effects of operation conditions on key variables of the cell performance that includes distribution of ions in the electrodes and electrolyte in micro cells as well as distribution of heat generation in single cell level during a charging and discharging process.
The electrochemical properties of nanocomposite SnO2–Se thin film prepared by pulsed laser deposition method have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry and charge/discharge measurements. A large reversible specific capacity of 958.8 mAh g−1 in SnO2–Se/Li cell cycled between 0.01 and 3.0 V is achieved. Our results have demonstrated that nanocomposite SnO2–Se exhibits larger capacity and better cycle performance than pure SnO2 and SnSe. The electrochemical reaction mechanisms of SnO2–Se with lithium are examined by X-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected-area electron diffraction and spectroelectrochemical measurements. The reversible oxidation/reduction reaction of SnO2 and selenidation/reduction reaction of SnSe are revealed.
Demand for gold and silver has been escalating with increasing usage of electronic equipment globally. Around 267.3MT of gold and 7275MT of silver are being consumed annually for manufacturing mobile phones, laptops and other electronic equipment. However, only 15% is recuperated from these equipment; the remainder lies in the storage yards or landfills. The waste comprise glass, plastics, wires, batteries, PCBs, metal casing, etc. The PCB is composed of precious metals, which creates immense purpose for recycling and recovery. This paper characterises and assesses the recoverable metallic fraction of gold and silver from PCBs of mobile phones. The methodology is based on dismantling of the mobile handset and subjecting the PCBs to roasting and acid digestion. The digested samples were analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and the content of gold and silver in the PCBs was to be found in the range of 0.009–0.017% and 0.25–0.79% by weight respectively.
Research on the thermal behavior of Li-ion batteries fosters the understanding of heat generating effects and the dimensioning of battery thermal management systems (TMS). First comprehensive studies with a new DSC-like calorimeter for coin-cells are performed to determine thermal properties of a LiCoO2-graphite cell. The high precision and accuracy of the measurements are obtained by calibrating the signals using melting point standards in properly prepared coin-cell cases. The heat flow is measured during cycling with different C-rates between 0.23 C and 0.9 C under isothermal conditions at temperatures between 30 °C and 50 °C in steps of 5 K. Chemical and physical changes are identified in the measured heat flow signal and are discussed taking into account phase diagram information. Energetic efficiencies are calculated in dependence of temperature and C-rates by integrating the measured electrical power and heat values. The influence of cell aging on heat generation and usable capacity under operating conditions is shown. Considering the measured heat generation in a wide temperature range at different C-rates will make a valuable contribution to the understanding of material properties. This fundamental data is essential to improve thermal models to simulate spatially resolved heat dissipation in the electrodes to prevent over-heating.
ABSTRACT A facile urea-assisted template-free, surfactant-less chemical co-precipitation method was used to obtain a flower-like cobalt oxide sample followed by annealing at various temperatures of 400, 500, and 600°C for 2h. The obtained flower-like morphology was assembled by nanorods, and the nanorods were comprised of interconnected particles with a porous structure. The changes in the surface area of the obtained flower-like Co3O4 samples were systematically examined at various temperatures and their impact on the electrochemical performances was observed. Electrochemical investigation showed that the flower-like Co3O4 samples obtained at 500°C, showed excellent cycling stability (1536.9mAhg−1 at 0.1C up to 50 cycles and 1226.9mA h g−1 at 0.5C up to 350 cycles) and superior rate capability (845mAhg−1 at 10C). It is believed that the porous nature of the unique structure facilitates the penetration of the electrolyte at the electrode/electrolyte interface and provides a large space for strain buffering, which ultimately allows the present sample to achieve high rate performances.
Anionic redox chemistry has emerged as a new paradigm to design higher-energy lithium ion-battery cathode materials such as Li-rich layered oxides. However, they suffer from voltage fade, large hysteresis and sluggish kinetics, which originate intriguingly from the anionic redox activity itself. To fundamentally understand these issues, we decided to act on the ligand by designing new Li-rich layered sulfides Li1.33 – 2y/3Ti0.67 – y/3FeyS2, among which the y = 0.3 member shows sustained reversible capacities of ~245 mAh g−1 due to cumulated cationic (Fe2+/3+) and anionic (S2−/Sn−, n < 2) redox processes. Moreover, its negligible initial cycle irreversibility, mitigated voltage fade upon long cycling, low voltage hysteresis and fast kinetics compare positively with its Li-rich oxide analogues. Moving from the oxygen ligand to the sulfur ligand thus partially alleviates the practical bottlenecks affecting anionic redox, although it penalizes the redox potential and energy density. Overall, these sulfides provide chemical clues to improve the holistic performance of anionic redox electrodes, which may guide us to ultimately exploit the energy benefits of oxygen redox.
ABSTRACT Although the potential of electric vehicles (EV) has captured a lot of attention lately, there are barriers to overcome before EVs become dominant vehicles on the road. A substantial part of the EV powertrain is the battery cell. The cells are usually connected in series; failure of a single cell can deactivate an entire module. Hence, understanding the cell treatment helps to predict and improve the battery performance. In order to achieve the optimum performance, the battery must be regulated to operate in the desired operating temperature range, and uneven temperature distributions must be reduced. This paper focuses on the thermal behavior of the EV battery cell during charge and discharge state. A numerical model of a Lithium-Ion battery is developed to study the temperature effect in cells designed for EV propulsion. The model is based on the first principles, where the energy equation is coupled with electrochemical kinetic and transfer equations. The electrolyte conductivity and salt diffusivity, and negative electrode diffusivity are considered as temperature dependent parameters, and positive/negative electrode equilibrium potentials are considered as state of charge dependent parameters. The model predicts the heat generation rate in the cell through different state of charge and discharge rates. Furthermore, effects of various operating temperatures on the performance of the cell are discussed.
With the rapid growth of wind energy development and increasing wind power penetration level, it will be a big challenge to operate the power system with high wind power penetration securely and reliably due to the inherent variability and uncertainty of wind power. With the flexible charging–discharging characteristics, Energy Storage System (ESS) is considered as an effective tool to enhance the flexibility and controllability not only of a specific wind farm, but also of the entire grid. This paper reviews the state of the art of the ESS technologies for wind power integration support from different aspects. Firstly, the modern ESS technologies and their potential applications for wind power integration support are introduced. Secondly, the planning problem in relation to the ESS application for wind power integration is reviewed, including the selection of the ESS type, and the optimal sizing and siting of the ESS. Finally, the proposed operation and control strategies of the ESS for different application purposes in relation to the wind power integration support are summarized. The conclusion is drawn in the end.
Graphene/Cu6Sn5 nanocomposite is successfully prepared via a facile one-pot method. Cu6Sn5 nanoparticles with the average size below 10nm are homogeneously encapsulated into graphene nanosheets. Inactive Cu can release the volume expansion of Sn, prevent Sn from aggregation, and accommodate structural stress. Graphene can enhance mechanical properties, prevent the aggregation between Cu6Sn5 nanoparticles, and provide enough void space to buffer volume change of Cu6Sn5. Part of Cu6Sn5 nanoparticles possesses hollow structure, which is also favorable for volume buffer and stress accommodation. Due to such intriguing structure, it delivers great long term cycling stability and excellent high rate performance. Up to 411.4mAhg−1 is obtained after 1600 cycles at a high current density of 500mAg−1. The reversible capacity is as large as 220mAhg−1 at 10,000mAg−1 (merely 80s for discharge or charge).
Low-cost layered manganese oxides with the rancieite structural type were prepared by reduction of KMnO4 or NaMnO4 in acidic aqueous medium, followed or not by successive proton- and alkali-ion-exchange reactions. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, BET surface area measurements, thermal analyses and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. As a result of successive exchange steps, compounds with high surface area (reaching 200m2 g−1) can be obtained, and in the case of syntheses made with KMnO4, the α-MnO2 phase is formed. Capacitive properties of the synthesized materials were studied using potentiodynamic cycling in K2SO4. Correlations between the electrochemical and the physicochemical properties of the samples were investigated. The interesting conclusion is that the morphology and the size of the particles influence directly the capacitance, and that among the samples presenting the best morphology, the compounds derived from K-containing rancieite-type compounds (and containing α-MnO2) present a better cycleability.
The availability of water and the ability to access are the key questions arising in developing countries including Jordan, which is the fourth poorest country in the world regarding water resources. Renewable energy, especially solar energy, can potentially play a role in the supply of safe water in Jordan Badia, where nearly 80% of the total area of Jordan is Badia, and in most cases these deep wells are far away from the national grid electricity, and in some of these areas there is an important quantity of groundwater at shallow depths. This paper introduces and compares the cost-effectiveness and the Present Value Cost (PVC) for the economic evaluation of power supply for pumping systems in remote areas in Northern Badia of Jordan by two different energy supply systems, photovoltaic systems and diesel engines. Many variables are taken into account such as the fuel prices, and the required investments. The comparison is made for a wide range of variable values, total head, tank capacity, photovoltaic array peak power and pumping requirements. A case study in Tall Hassan station is conducted to analyze the two power supply pumping systems, which are designed to supply drinking water. The results obtained are useful for choosing the best alternative for the power supply of pumping systems in wells in Northern Badia of Jordan.