batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
To match intermittent solar energy supply with energy demand, power-to-hydrogen is a viable solution. In this framework, designing a directly coupled photovoltaic-electrolyzer system assuming deterministic parameters (i.e.perfectly known and fixed parameters) is widely studied. However, considering deterministic model parameters in optimization disregards the inherent uncertainty of the system performance during real-life operation (e.g.due to unexpected costs or ineffective maintenance), leading to a fragile, suboptimal direct coupling of the photovoltaic array with the electrolyzer stack. To avoid a suboptimal coupling, we performed a design optimization under parameter uncertainties (i.e.robust design optimization). This paper provides the deterministic designs, robust designs and a global sensitivity analysis on the hydrogen production and levelized cost of hydrogen. The technical robust design provides a 43% reduction in hydrogen production standard deviation compared to the deterministic design, while the robust, cost-efficient design achieves a mean levelized cost of hydrogen of 6.4€/kg and standard deviation of 0.74€/kg. The discount rate and capital expenditure parameters dominate the standard deviation by 52% and 39% respectively. Therefore, bulk manufacturing of these technologies and more demonstration projects are the main actions to improve the robustness. Future works will focus on including accurate probability distributions, a demand load, the grid and batteries to the system.
Summary As a measure of acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution, pH is an excellent tool. When used in combination with titration, it is a simple means to monitor bath concentration and/or soil loading potential. Used with non-aqueous solvents, pH is much less reliable and should be used in reference to a similar fluid only. pH is one of several methods used to help classify substances as corrosive, hazardous, or environmentally friendly and people-safe. Guidelines are established regarding first-aid treatment, handling methods, and storage practices related to water-based or water-soluble solutions. Other test methods, like flash point, are preferred for use with non-aqueous or water-insoluble solutions when establishing application, storage, and handling practices.
The uniform micropore distribution in the gas diffusion layers (GDLs) of the air-breathing cathode is very important for the metal air batteries. In this work, the super-hydrophobic GDL with the interconnected regular pores is prepared by a facile silica template method, and then the electrochemical properties of the Mg air batteries containing these GDLs are investigated. The results indicate that the interconnected and uniform pore structure, the available water-breakout pressure and the high gas permeability coefficient of the GDL can be obtained by the application of 30% silica template. The maximum power density of the Mg air battery containing the GDL with 30% regular pores reaches 88.9 mW cm−2 which is about 1.2 times that containing the pristine GDL. Furthermore, the GDL with 30% regular pores exhibits the improved the long term hydrophobic stability.
Sodium-ion capacitors (NICs) are a hybrid energy storage system that store energy via both charge adsorption at the cathode/electrolyte interface and charge intercalation in the bulk of the anode, thereby possessing a higher energy density than supercapacitors and a higher power density than batteries. In this work, nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) hollow spheres with a chestnut shell morphology have been solvothermally synthesized and tested in a sodium half-cell. The NiCo2O4 material exhibits a reversible capacity of 313 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1. Pre-sodiation of NiCo2O4 is found to significantly improve its energy density. A NIC fabricated with pre-sodiated NiCo2O4 as the anode and an activated carbon (AC) as the cathode delivers an energy density of 60 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 10,000 W kg−1. Ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results reveal that NiCo2O4 is converted to metallic nickel and cobalt and Na2O phases during the pre-sodiation. The metallic nickel and cobalt phases are kinetically favourable for the electrolyte diffusion and electrochemical reactions, thus significantly improving the performance of the pre-sodiated NiCo2O4 electrode.
The rational construction of battery electrode architecture that offers both high energy and power densities on a gravimetric and volumetric basis is a critical concern but achieving this aim is beset by many fundamental and practical challenges. Here we report a new sea urchin-like NiCoO2@C composite electrode architecture composed of NiCoO2 nanosheets grown on hollow concave carbon disks. Such a unique structural design not only preserves all the advantages of hollow structures but also increases the packing density of the active materials. NiCoO2 nanosheets grown on carbon disks promote a high utilization of active materials in redox reactions by reducing the path length for Li+ ions and for electron transfer. Meanwhile, the hollow concave carbon not only reduces the volume change, but also improves the volumetric energy density of the entire composite electrode. As a result, the nanocomposites exhibit superior electrochemical performance measured in terms of high capacity/capacitance, stable cycling performance and good rate capability in both Li-ion battery and supercapacitor applications. Such nanostructured composite electrode may also have great potential for application in other electrochemical devices.
Crockett et al. used model-based fMRI to investigate the neural basis of decisions to profit from harming others vs. themselves. Most people preferred to harm themselves over others for profit. This moral preference was associated with diminished neural responses in value-sensitive brain regions to profit gained from harming others.
The different functions of polymer binders on the processing of the electrode, the electrical (electronic and ionic) and mechanical properties of the electrode, and as a consequence on the electrochemical performance are discussed. The role of the polymer binder on the solid–electrolyte interface (SEI) layer and the cyclability of the graphite- and silicon-based negative electrodes is also addressed. All these properties critically depend on the very thin layer formed by the polymer at the surface of the active and conductive particles. That is where research efforts have to focus on, now, for further optimization of electrodes through tailoring of the binder combination.
Three-electrode LiCoO2/graphite pouch cells have been used to investigate the film formation mechanism of Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) for high-voltage performance. It is found that the cells exhibit improved cycling performance in 5% FEC containing electrolyte in the voltage range of 3.0–4.4 V. In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results reveal that the gradual film formation process in FEC electrolyte is not a negative lithium consumption process, different from that of the base electrolyte. The characterizations from scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrate that FEC facilitates the formation of stable solid electrolyte interfaces (SEI) simultaneously on anode and cathode of the LiCoO2/graphite pouch cells with different decomposition mechanisms, which can effectively protect electrodes and prevent electrolyte decomposition on both electrodes.
Microbatteries are increasingly important for powering electronic systems, however, the volumetric energy density of microbatteries lags behind that of conventional format batteries. This paper reports a primary microbattery with energy density 45.5 μWh cm−2 μm−1 and peak power 5300 μW cm−2 μm−1, enabled by the integration of large volume fractions of high capacity anode and cathode chemistry into porous micro-architectures. The interdigitated battery electrodes consist of a lithium metal anode and a mesoporous manganese oxide cathode. The key enabler of the high energy and power density is the integration of the high capacity manganese oxide conversion chemistry into a mesostructured high power interdigitated bicontinuous cathode architecture and an electrodeposited dense lithium metal anode. The resultant energy density is greater than previously reported three-dimensional microbatteries and is comparable to commercial conventional format lithium-based batteries.
We report on the synthesis of novel nanoporous Pd–Ag electrocatalysts using a facile hydrothermal method where the portion of Ag was varied from 0 to 40%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the morphologies of the prepared nanoporous materials. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) were used to directly and indirectly characterize the composition of the formed Pd–Ag nanostructures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the formed Pd–Ag nanomaterials were alloys with a face-centered cubic structure. Electrochemical methods were used to study the capacity and kinetics of hydrogen sorption into the nanoporous Pd and Pd–Ag alloys. The nanoporous Pd–Ag alloy with 20% silver possesses the highest capacity for the α phase hydrogen sorption, which is over 4 times higher than the pure nanoporous Pd. The combination of the enhanced α phase hydrogen sorption capacity and diminishing of the α- and β-phase transition makes the nanoporous Pd–Ag alloys promising for hydrogen selective membranes and hydrogen dissociation catalysts.
Room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (AMIMTFSI) was obtained with high conductivity (7.8mS/cm) and a wide electrochemical window (1–5.8V). The AMIMTFSI based electrolytes with PC have been investigated by comparison with the ionic liquid 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PMIMTFSI) based electrolytes. Raman observations revealed AMIMTFSI-based electrolytes achieved lower degree of [Li(TFSI)2]− anionic clusters and more free Li+ charge carriers than PMIMTFSI-based electrolyte. LiFePO4 cathode with AMIMTFSI-PC (50wt%)–1M LiTFSI electrolyte showed the best performance in the rate charge–discharge among the binary and ternary ionic liquid based electrolytes. The first reversible capacity of 159mAhg−1 and coulombic efficiency of 97.2% at C/20 were obtained with AMIMTFSI-PC (50wt%)–1M LiTFSI electrolyte compared to 144.2mAhg−1 and 94.5% respectively with PMIMTFSI-PC (50wt%)–1M LiTFSI electrolyte. EIS results indicated that a stable protective layer was formed on the electrode surface in AMIMTFSI-based electrolyte. The layer helped to suppress the solvent decomposition and improve the cycling performance of Li-ion batteries. The Li/LiFePO4 cell showed interfacial stability and stable discharge capacities with a retention of 97.4% (151mAhg−1) after 100 cycles at 0.1C rate in AMIMTFSI-PC (50wt%)–1M LiTFSI electrolyte.
Structural fabrication and modification are the effective approaches to regulate the electrochemical performances of anatase TiO2. Herein, the template-annealing-etching processes are carried out to synthesize inverse opal TiO2 with N-doped carbon layer and oxygen vacancies surface as an anode material for advanced lithium ion batteries and sodium ion batteries. These structural features not only shorten the diffusion paths and enhance the electronic conductivity, but also induce the dominant pseudocapacitive contribution. As a result, the as-prepared electrode exhibits the excellent Li+/Na+ storage performances, including a high capacity retention (462 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 0.5 A g−1) and a fast cycling capability (180 mAh g−1 after 3500 cycles under 10 A g−1) for lithium storage; a reversible capacity of 140 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles under 1 A g−1 for sodium storage. Revealed by cyclic voltammetry, the pseudocapacitive contribution is as high as 74.49% and 73.38% at 1 mV s−1 for lithium ion batteries and sodium ion batteries, respectively. This work may promise a general approach to synthesize metal oxides anode materials for advanced energy storage devices.
ABSTRACT Background Dental amalgams contain approximately 50 percent metallic mercury and emit mercury vapor during the life of the restoration. Controversy surrounds whether fetal exposure to mercury vapor resulting from maternal dental amalgam restorations has neurodevelopmental consequences. Methods The authors determined maternal amalgam restoration status during gestation (prenatal exposure to mercury vapor [Hg0]) retrospectively in 587 mother-child pairs enrolled in the Seychelles Child Development Study, a prospective longitudinal cohort study of the effects of prenatal and recent postnatal methylmercury (MeHg) exposure on neurodevelopment. They examined covariate-adjusted associations between prenatal maternal amalgam restoration status and the results of six age-appropriate neurodevelopmental tests administered at age 66 months. The authors fit the models without and with adjustment for prenatal and recent postnatal MeHg exposure metrics. Results The mean number of maternal amalgam restorations present during gestation was 5.1 surfaces (range, 1–22) in the 42.4 percent of mothers who had amalgam restorations. The authors found no significant adverse associations between the number of amalgam surfaces present during gestation and any of the six outcomes, with or without adjustment for prenatal and postnatal MeHg exposure. Results of analyses with the secondary metric, prenatal amalgam occlusal point scores, showed an adverse association in boys only on a letter- and word-identification subtest of a frequently used test of scholastic achievement, whereas girls scored better on several other tests with increasing exposure. Conclusions This study’s results provide no support for the hypothesis that prenatal Hg0 exposure arising from maternal dental amalgam restorations results in neurobehavioral consequences in the child. These findings require confirmation from a prospective study of coexposure to MeHg and Hg0.
In this work we purpose the fabrication and characterization of a micro-fuel cell prototype based on the low mass density polymer poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA), having low aspect ratio micro-channels, which were superficially metallized via sputter deposition technique. For current collector and anticorrosion coatings we employed different high electrical conductivity materials such as copper, molybdenum and gold. Metallic coatings were physically and chemically characterized by using scanning electron microscopy for the topographical analysis, X-ray diffraction for the structural analysis and energy dispersive spectroscopy for composition analysis. The electrical and electrochemical parameters obtained for the prototype cell were: a mean open circuit potential of 855 mV, a maximum electrical power density of 73 μW cm−2 at 182 μA cm−2 and 380 mV.
By using the GeO2–NaOH precursor solution, the hexagonal structural GeO2 reflective films with high flatness were grown on the inner wall of stainless steel (SUS) capillary tubes by liquid phase deposition method. XRD and SEM were measured to investigate the structure and surface roughness of GeO2 films prepared with different precursor solution. Subsequently, the transmission losses were measured and calculated which revealed the transmission loss was only one third of previous value in the sample using the glass tube. Considering the processing technology limit of 1 mm-bore hollow waveguide, the output energy distribution of the 1.5 mm-bore sample approximates to Gaussian distribution which may excite the less high-order modes. Furthermore, the full divergence angles, bending loss and output power were further investigated. These results demonstrate that the transmission performance of the GeO2 SUS tube-based hollow waveguide can meet the requirements for laser surgery and material processing.
The main obstacle for investigating vocal interactions in vertebrates is the difficulty of discriminating individual vocalizations of rapidly moving, sometimes simultaneously vocalizing individuals. We developed a method of recording and analyzing individual vocalizations in free-ranging animals using ultraminiature back-attached sound and acceleration recorders. Our method allows the separation of zebra finch vocalizations irrespective of background noise and the number of vocalizing animals nearby.
Li2−x FeSi1−x P x O4 was prepared with the intention of improving the electrical conductivity by taking advantage of the high lithium ionic conductivity of Li4SiO4–Li3PO4 solid solution. A monoclinic single phase by SPS process was obtained for x = 0, 0.1 and 0.2 in Li2−x FeSi1−x P x O4 and the process produced the samples in high dense in half an hour while their containing less than 3% of carbons. The electrical conductivity was increased by the replacing (SiO4)4− with (PO4)3−, although the conductivity value itself was not reliable due to the carbon. The electrochemical properties of the samples using Li were evaluated and showed a slight improvement on the rate performance. A desired tetrahedral divalent Fe was confirmed in all investigated samples and ionic character caused by the localized 3d electron of Fe in the structure was encouraged by the complexation.
Hybrid nanomaterials with hierarchical structures have been considered as one kind of the most promising electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors with high capacity and long cycle lifetime. In this work, multi-dimensional hybrid materials of nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide (Ni-Co LDH) nanorods/nanosheets on carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were prepared by electrospinning technique combined with one-step solution co-deposition method. Carbon nanofiber membranes were obtained by electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) followed by pre-oxidation and carbonization. The successful growth of Ni-Co LDH with different morphologies on CNF membrane by using two kinds of auxiliary agents reveals the simplicity and universality of this method. The uniform and immense growth of Ni-Co LDH on CNFs significantly improves its dispersion and distribution. Meanwhile the hierarchical structure of carbon nanofiber@nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide nanorods/nanosheets (CNF@Ni-Co LDH NR/NS) hybrid membranes provide not only more active sites for electrochemical reaction but also more efficient pathways for electron transport. Galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements reveal high specific capacitances of 1378.2Fg−1 and 1195.4Fg−1 (based on Ni-Co LDH mass) at 1Ag−1 for CNF@Ni-Co LDH NR and CNF@Ni-Co LDH NS hybrid membranes, respectively. Moreover, cycling stabilities for both hybrid membranes are significantly enhanced compared with those of Ni-Co LDH NR and NS powders. This facile method provides a new strategy for designs and applications of binary transition metal oxides/hydroxides deposited on various substrates for next-generation energy storage devices.
The harmonization of European health systems brings with it a need for tools to allow the standardized collection of information about medical care. A common coding system and standards for the description of services are needed to allow local data to be incorporated into evidence-informed policy, and to permit equity and mobility to be assessed. The aim of this project has been to design such a classification and a related tool for the coding of services for Long Term Care (DESDE-LTC), based on the European Service Mapping Schedule (ESMS).
Compared with traditional drug delivery methods, transdermal drug delivery has many advantages in avoiding the side effects in gastrointestinal tract, reducing the fluctuations in drug concentration, and improving patients’ compliance. Among them, electrically controlled drug delivery is a promising solution. This work presents a wireless, battery-free and wearable device with electrically controlled drug delivery capability. The electronic component of the device is a flexible circuit board with a temperature sensor and a near-field communication module. With the help of smartphone, the device could wirelessly obtain energy and implement data transmission. The drug delivery component is a paper-based electrode modified with polypyrrole, in which non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug sodium salicylate was encapsulated. The applied potential for electrically controlled drug delivery was more negative than −0.6 V. The drug release dose and release rates could be controlled by applying potentials with different amplitudes and durations through this device. It provided a minimalized wearable transdermal drug delivery platform for monitoring diseases such as gout. This wearable device shows promising potential in develop closed-loop drug delivery and monitoring systems for the treatment of various diseases.
Microporous carbon nano sphere (MCNS) was successfully prepared through the precipitation method of an aromatic isotropic pitch in water without any activation. MCNS was composed of nano spheres with diameter ranging from 100 to 300nm, which were interlinked together to form a three-dimensional network in a MCNS particle. There were a number of mesopores among the nano carbon spheres, while micropores were developed within a nanosphere. These structural features enabled MCNS to have high specific capacitance as high as 154Fg−1 by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and capacitance per surface area of 0.62Fm−2 as an electrode for the inorganic capacitor, respectively.
The energy density of current rechargeable lithium batteries is limited by the capacity of the LiCoO2 positive electrode (140mAhg−1). The best intercalation electrode is only likely to increase this by a factor of 2 (1Li/Tm). Replacing the intercalation cathode with an O2 electrode could raise the capacity 5–10-fold. Here, we explore the influence of the catalyst could have on the performance of a non-aqueous O2 electrode on a Li/O2 cell. Of the catalysts studied the highest initial capacity was observed with Fe2O3 (2700mAhg−1), the highest capacity retention with Fe3O4, CuO and CoFe2O4 (6.67% per cycle). Co3O4 gives the best compromise between initial capacity (2000mAhg−1) and capacity retention (6.5% per cycle), as well as the lowest charging voltage 4V. All capacities expressed per gram of carbon and at a rate of 70mAg−1.
The high rate performance of ball-milled Li7MnN4 as negative electrode material in lithium-ion batteries has been investigated at C and 5C rates. An optimization of ball-milling experimental conditions allows to synthesize this metallic nitride with attractive and improved specific capacity and cycle life compared to the pristine compound. The outstanding finding is its excellent cycle life over 50 cycles with a capacity of 240mAhg−1 at 1C rate in the potential range 1.6V/1V. Even at 5C the promoting effect of ball-milling results in a remarkable high and stable capacity of 120mAhg−1 upon cycling, which compares very well with the behavior achieved for Li4Ti5O12 while the pristine material is practically inactive.