batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Herein, we introduce a facile strategy for constructing graphene-decorated CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (CoFe2O4/rGO) as anode material for Li-ion batteries. The CoFe2O4/rGO composites are synthesized via single step chemical synthesis method, which involves an in situ oxidation-reduction process between GO and Fe2+ and the subsequent nucleation and growth of CoFe2O4 onto the surface of rGO. Well-designed experiments are conducted to investigate the detailed formation mechanism of this kind of CoFe2O4/rGO hybrid. The key feature of this work is that by using the oxidizing characteristic of GO and reducing characteristic of Fe2+, toxic reducing agents, such as hydrazine and hydroquinone, can be avoid skillfully, which make the procedure more straightforward and economical. Compared with the pure CoFe2O4, the as-prepared CoFe2O4/rGO with a low rGO content of 16.7 wt% shows enhanced Li ion storage behaviors. It exhibits a high initial reversible capacity of 901.2 mAh g−1 and a capacity retention of 80.7% after 100 cycles when operated at the current density of 200 mA g−1.
The relationship between persistent pain and self-directed, non-reactive awareness of present-moment experience (i.e., mindfulness) was explored in one of the dominant psychological theories of chronic pain – the fear-avoidance model [53]. A heterogeneous sample of 104 chronic pain outpatients at a multidisciplinary pain clinic in Australia completed psychometrically sound self-report measures of major variables in this model: Pain intensity, negative affect, pain catastrophizing, pain-related fear, pain hypervigilance, and functional disability. Two measures of mindfulness were also used, the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale [4] and the Five-Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire [1]. Results showed that mindfulness significantly negatively predicts each of these variables, accounting for 17–41% of their variance. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that mindfulness uniquely predicts pain catastrophizing when other variables are controlled, and moderates the relationship between pain intensity and pain catastrophizing. This is the first clear evidence substantiating the strong link between mindfulness and pain catastrophizing, and suggests mindfulness might be added to the fear-avoidance model. Implications for the clinical use of mindfulness in screening and intervention are discussed.
The lithium-rich cuprate Li2CuO2 shows a high specific charge capacity of 320–340mAhg−1 due to lithium extraction on oxidation up to 4.5V versus Li. However, poor reversibility of this reaction limits the application of this material in lithium ion cells as the active material in the positive electrode. Nevertheless, this inexpensive, easily synthesised, air stable material may be useful as an additive to the positive electrode for reduction of capacity loss caused by poor reversibility of the negative electrode. Electrochemical testing of a composite Li2CuO2/LiMn2O4 electrode versus Li shows that no interference occurs between these two materials and that LiMn2O4 maintains its long cycle life in the voltage range 3.0–4.5V versus Li. The calculated enhancement of effective specific capacity due to the additive increases with the fraction of charge lost at the negative, reaching 10% enhancement at 20% capacity loss.
Article-at-a-Glance Background Because neuromodulation was not included in the national health insurance system, the Dutch Neuromodulation Group (DNG) developed national standards and a continuous quality improvement (CQI) system for consistency in application of neuromodulation techniques and in the quality of outcomes. Developing the National Quality Improvement System A stepwise approach was used in which the following ten steps were taken: (1) selected participating medical specialists and their centers, (2) described the treatment protocol, (3) collected data in a national database, (4) organized feedback sessions for the DNG, (5) formulated quality indicators, (6) adjusted the process of treatment, (7) formalized the structure of the DNG, (8) definined responsibilities, (9) established procedures for future development, and (10) made agreements with payers. Discussion Making reimbursement for expensive health care interventions contingent on a national CQI system created a powerful financial incentive to continuously provide effective care in an efficient manner.
Micro pore-clogging in the electrodes due to SEI growth and other side reactions can cause adverse effects on the performance of a Lithium-ion battery. The fundamental problem of volume fraction variation and particle radius change during the charge-discharge process in a lithium-ion battery is modelled in this paper with the help of mass transfer based formulation and demonstrated on a battery with LiCoO2 chemistry. The model can handle the volume fraction change due to intercalation reaction, solvent reduction side reaction and the electrolyte density change due to side reaction contamination in the battery. The entire calculation presented in this paper models particle radius and volume fraction together and therefore gives greater accuracy in calculating the volume-specific-area of the reacting particles which is an important parameter controlling the Butler-Volmer kinetics. The mass deposit on the electrode (or loss of lithium) gives an indication of the amount of pre-lithiation required to maintain cell performance while the amount of mass deposited on the SEI helps to decide the safe operating condition for which the clogging of pores and capacity fade will be minimal. Moreover the model presented in this paper has wide applicability in analysing the stress development inside the battery due to irreversible porous filling.
Ketjen black (KB) has a large specific surface area and is potentially more effective as the cathode conductive additive. However, large KB flakes often overlay together to form thick stacks. In order to overcome this problem, maleic anhydride (MA) was grafted onto the KB surface by a plasma-induced method. Such a MA-KB additive was found to have a more homogeneous distribution in the LiFePO4 cathode, which resulted in a reduction in the electrical resistivity and electrode polarization. As the consequence, greatly improved cell performance was achieved, including higher capacity, higher discharge voltage, higher rate capability, longer cycle lifetime, and a much flatter discharge curve. Detailed analysis on the discharge curves and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that although both the electrical resistivity and electrode polarization were reduced by the better distribution of the MA-KB additive, the reduction in electrode polarization was more important in cutting the capacity loss.
The benefits of using organic waste as fertilizer and soil amendment should be assessed together with the environmental impacts due to the possible presence of heavy metals (HMs). This study involved analysing major element and HM contents in raw and size-fractionated organic wastes (17 sewage sludges and composts) from developed and developing countries. The overall HM concentration pattern showed an asymmetric distribution due to the presence of some wastes with extremely high concentrations. HM concentrations were correlated with the size of cities or farms where the wastes had been produced, and HM were differentiated with respect to their origins (geogenic: Cr–Ni; anthropogenic agricultural and urban: Cu–Zn; anthropogenic urban: Cd–Pb). Size fractionation highlighted Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb accumulation in fine size fractions, while Cr and Ni were accumulated in the coarsest. HM associations with major elements revealed inorganic (Al, Fe, etc.) bearing phases for Cr and Ni, and sulfur or phosphorus species for Cd, Cu Pb and Zn.
Previous studies with brain-injured patients have suggested that language abilities are necessary for complex problem-solving, even when tasks are non-verbal. In the current study, we tested this notion by analyzing behavioral and neuroimaging data from a large group of left-hemisphere stroke patients (n =107) suffering from a range of language impairment from none to severe. Patients were tested on the Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM), a non-verbal test of reasoning that requires participants to complete a visual pattern or sequence with one of six possible choices. For some items, the solution could be determined by visual pattern-matching, but other items required more complex, relational reasoning. As predicted, performance on the relational-reasoning items was disproportionately affected in language-impaired patients with aphasia, relative to non-aphasic, left-hemisphere patients. A voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) procedure was used to relate patients’ RCPM performance with areas of damage in the brain. Results showed that deficits on the relational reasoning problems were associated with lesions in the left middle and superior temporal gyri, regions essential for language processing, as well as in the left inferior parietal lobule. In contrast, the visual pattern-matching condition was associated with lesions in posterior portions of the left hemisphere that subserve visual processing, namely, occipital and inferotemporal cortex. These findings provide compelling support for the idea that language is critical for higher-level reasoning and problem-solving.
The aim of this study was to assess whether patients with neurodegenerative disease, namely Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), differed from age-matched, neurologically normal comparison participants in their ability to detect impending collisions. Six AD patients and 8 PD patients, together comprising the neurodegenerative disease group, and 18 comparison participants completed a collision detection simulation task where they must judge whether approaching objects would collide with them or pass by them. The neurodegenerative disease group was less sensitive in detecting collisions than the comparison group, and sensitivity worsened with increasing number of objects in the display and increasing time to contact of those objects. Poor performance on tests of cognition and visual attention were associated with poor collision detection sensitivity. The results of this study indicate that neurodegenerative disease impairs the ability to accurately detect impending collisions and that these decrements are likely the combined result of visual and cognitive disturbances related to disease status.
Cosmic radiation exposures have been found to elicit cognitive impairments involving a wide-range of underlying neuropathology including elevated oxidative stress, neural stem cell loss, and compromised neuronal architecture. Cognitive impairments have also been associated with sustained microglia activation following low dose exposure to helium ions. Space-relevant charged particles elicit neuroinflammation that persists long-term post-irradiation. Here, we investigated the potential neurocognitive benefits of microglia depletion following low dose whole body exposure to helium ions.
The white light emitting diodes (LEDs) devices based on the use of blue chips and yttrium aluminum garnet phosphors have great potential impact on energy savings in the world. However, there has been public concern over the non-visual influences of blue light on human health. Herein, we report a high-gravity-hydrolysis approach for the synthesis of transparent nanozirconia/silicone hybrid materials, which can be used as the encapsulation of white LEDs with enhanced light extraction efficiency and reduced blue light exposure. The formation of zirconia nanoparticles on silicone chains is performed in a high-gravity rotating packed bed (RPB) reactor. The homogeneous micromixing of the reactants in the RPB enables the formation of ultrasmall zirconia nanoparticles in the silicone chains. Compared with LEDs encapsulated with commercial silicone, the white LEDs packaged by nanozirconia/silicone exhibit significant enhanced luminous flux (from 13.28 to 31.34) and decreased proportion of blue light (from 3.1% to 1.8%), resulting in low correlated color temperature (4573 K). This work demonstrates a scalable and efficient approach for healthy lighting based on the commercial white LEDs technology.
Lithium–sulfur batteries are hindered by the low utilization of sulfur, short cycle life and poor rate capability which are severe challenges today. Herein we report a new kind of carbon–sulfur composites by infusing sulfur into the novel hierarchical carbon nanocages (hCNC) with high pore volume, network geometry and good conductivity. The designed S@hCNC composite with a high sulfur loading of 79.8wt% presents the large capacity, high-rate capability and long cycle life, which could shorten the charging time for mobile devices from hours to minutes. The excellent performance derives from the unique mesostructure of hCNC that enables the encapsulation of high-loading sulfur inside the carbon nanocages to alleviate polysulfide dissolution, meanwhile much enhance the electron conduction and Li-ion diffusion.
Herein we report a low cost and eco-friendly approach for the recovery of metals from cathode and anode materials of mobile phone spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Li-based metal oxide and graphite were efficiently separated from their respective foils and used for lixiviation. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) and water were used as lixiviants for the recovery of metals from cathode and anode materials respectively. It was found that with 3 M Acetic acid and 7.5 vol% H2O2 as reducing agent 99.9% Li, 98.7% Co, and 99.5% Mn were leached out from cathode material in 40 min at 70 °C and a pulp density of 20 g/L. Besides the cathode leaching, Li was also extracted from anodic material graphite using water as a solvent and further recovered as solid Li2CO3 (99.7% Li). The kinetic evaluation of the cathode lixiviate process was studied using three different shrinking-core kinetic Models and established that the reaction follows the product layer diffusion controlled mechanism. From the cathode leach liquor, 99% Co was recovered as metal sulfide by controlled sulfide precipitation with 99.2% purity, and subsequently, MnCO3 and Li2CO3 were obtained with the purity of 98.7% and 99.4%, respectively. The purity of the salts revealed that these products recovered from spent LIBs might be utilized in the electrochemical energy-storage applications. In addition, this recycling process would promote the sustainable development of the battery industry.
Herein, we successfully prepared a 3D hierarchical microsphere AlV3O9 electrode material composed of nanosheets, which is used as a cathode material for aluminum ion batteries, AlCl3 and [EMIm]Cl as its electrolyte, and aluminum metal as an anode electrode. Its microstructure and crystal structure were characterized by SEM and TEM. The energy storage mechanism was obtained by XPS analysis. It was found that Al3+ reversibly intercalates and de-intercalates into the AlV3O9 electrode material, and phase transition occurs at the electrode material interface. The pseudocapacitive behavior of the electrode materials was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The AlV3O9 electrode material also exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. The initial discharge specific capacity is as high as 327 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1, and the coulombic efficiency is also close to 100%. This lays a theoretical foundation for the further commercial application of aluminum ion batteries.
LiNi0.5Fe0.5O2 is prepared by a sol–gel method and the sample is heat-treated to various temperatures to characterize its physico-chemical properties. Calcination of the precursor at 673K produces powders of tetragonal and hexagonal phases. Subsequent heat treatment at 873, 1073 and 1273K results in a pure hexagonal phase. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) studies show that the tetragonal phase is magnetically stronger than the hexogonal phase. Room-temperature Mössbauer studies reveal magnetic ordering for the tetragonal phase and the paramagnetic nature of the hexagonal phase. The hexagonal phase is magnetically ordered at 77K. By comparing the value of the hyperfine field with the bulk magnetization value at 77K obtained from VSM, it is concluded that the magnetic ordering cannot be ferromagnetic but should be antiferromagnetic.
Objective This study compares different vision screening batteries and documents the failure rates of different vision tests in children who receive periodic vision screenings. Methods Vision screenings were conducted on 1,992 preschool through fifth grade children attending schools in lower socioeconomic areas in New York City. The screening battery incorporated visual acuity, retinoscopy, cover test, stereopsis, near point of convergence, ocular motility, accommodation, color vision, and ocular health. Results Slightly less than one third (30%) of the children screened failed the State University of New York (SUNY) battery and were referred for a comprehensive examination, of which 249 (41%) children actually passed distance visual acuities. The referral rate for distance visual acuity alone was 19%. The referral rate for the Modified Clinical Technique (MCT) was 22%. A greater percentage (33%) of the children in grades kindergarten through fifth were referred compared with the preschoolers (20%). Only a small percentage (8%) of the children wore corrective lenses at the time of testing. There was a significant increase in the prevalence of binocular vision problems found in children from grades kindergarten through 5. Conclusions Poor visual acuity and binocular vision problems exist in schoolchildren despite ongoing vision screenings. The results provide evidence for the necessity of periodic rescreening starting in kindergarten and the importance of screening for hyperopia and binocular vision problems in addition to distance visual acuities.
Activated carbon fiber cloths (AC) and hydrophobic microporous polypropylene (PP) membrane, both modified by acetone aldol condensation products, and filled with polymer hydrogel were used as electrodes, separator and electrolyte in electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs). Polymer hydrogel used was based on poly(acrylamide) (PAAM), KOH and water. Electrochemical characteristics of EDLCs were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge cycle tests and also by impedance spectroscopy, compared with a case of the capacitor with only a KOH aqueous solution used as an electrolyte. As a result, the capacitor with polymer hydrogel was found to exhibit higher capacitance than that with the KOH aqueous solution and an excellent high-rate dischargeability. The above results provide valuable information to explore novel composition of EDLCs.
Publisher Summary Intelligent engineering can drastically improve process selectivity as illustrated in this chapter. The chapter discusses the selectivity engineering in the heterogenization of homogeneous catalysis. Catalysts play a very important role in processes with integrated environmental protection. Both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts are important. Catalyst engineering and process engineering are important in realizing high selectivity and productivity for the reaction. The manufacture of fine chemicals, which cater for a very wide variety of industries such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, fragrances and flavors, dyestuffs, photography and textiles, depends heavily on catalysts and process engineering. Heterogeneous catalysts offer higher selectivity than homogeneous catalysts. The selectivity of ion-exchange catalysts often leads to yields that are considerably higher than those obtained with catalysis by dissolved electrolytes. The use of a two-phase system allows a change in the selectivity. The activity and selectivity can be manipulated through matching of polarity between the catalyst and the biphasic system. Higher selectivity, easier processing, use of inexpensive solvents, use of cheaper chemicals, and ease of heat removal have been realized through phase-transfer catalysis.. Micelles are aggregates of surfactants and are capable of dissolving large quantities of hydrophobic substances; ionic reagents are also taken up due to electro-static interactions. The ability of micelles, by manipulation of charge to repel ionic species, can be exploited to inhibit undesired reactions and thereby improve selectivity.
In this work, we synthesize a high performance FeSe2–C/rGO (reduced graphene oxide) anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Benefiting from the advantages of using Fe-MOG (Metal organic gel) as precursor and the addition of rGO sheets, the rodlike FeSe2 is obtained, and the graphene not only limit the size of FeSe2 rods to smaller, but improve the conductivity. Cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic discharge/charge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are utilized to examine the electrochemical characteristic of FeSe2–C/rGO anode. The cell display an extremely stable electrochemical properties during the redox reaction process and superior rate performance. Particularly, the discharge capacity of FeSe2–C/rGO anode is 917.6 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1 with the coulombic efficiency of 99%, which is slightly higher than the initial discharge capacity in cycling. Besides, the FeSe2–C/rGO anode material exhibit the best cyclability compared to FeSe2–C, Fe2O3–C/rGO and FeS2–C/rGO anode material, which are prepared by the analogous synthesis process.
N-doped nanoporous graphitic carbon has attracted great interest because of its distinctive structure and physical properties. In this paper, we have proposed a novel method to control Ni-induced graphitization by diffusing Ni nanoparticles from graphitic carbon spheres into N-doped amorphous carbon nanofibers, which turns amorphous carbon into graphitic carbon and produces a hollow-tunnel structure in electrospun carbon/Ni nanofibers. The resultant materials were further treated by chemical activation and acid treatment to develop activated N-doped hollow-tunneled graphitic carbon nanofibers (ANHTGCNs). In a typical application, we demonstrate that ANHTGCNs are excellent anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), displaying a superhigh reversible specific capacity of ∼1560 mA h g−1 and a remarkable volumetric capacity of ∼1.8 A h cm−3 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 with outstanding rate capability and good cycling stability.
To describe key behaviors reported by participants in the Portuguese Weight Control Registry and to determine associations between these behaviors and weight loss maintenance. A total of 388 adults participated in this cross-sectional study. Assessments included demographic information, weight history, weight loss and weight maintenance strategies, dietary intake, and physical activity. Participants lost on average 18 kg, which they had maintained for ~28 months. Their average dietary intake was 2199 kcal/day, with 33 % of energy coming from fat. About 78 % of participants engaged in levels of moderate-plus-vigorous physical activity exceeding 150 min/week (51 % above 250 min/week), with men accumulating 82 more minutes than women (p < 0.05). The most frequently reported strategies for both weight loss and maintenance were keeping healthy foods at home, consuming vegetables regularly, and having daily breakfast. Greater weight loss maintenance was associated with higher levels of physical activity, walking, weight self-monitoring, establishing specific goals, and with reduced portion size use, reduced consumption of carbohydrates, and increased consumption of protein, (p < 0.05). Results indicate that weight loss maintenance is possible through the adoption of a nutritionally-balanced diet and regular participation in physical activity, but also suggest that adopting different (and, to a degree, individualized) set of behavioral strategies is key for achieving success.