batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The reconstruction of a damaged historic/modern urban system following a natural catastrophic event, even if sophisticated, complex and expensive can become an opportunity to apply innovative methods of urban regeneration oriented towards environmental sustainability. A research by the University of L'Aquila exploring the consequences of the 2009 earthquake in central Italy, both in analytical and design terms, is focused on this theme, applying innovative principles to the reconstruction project of the city of L'Aquila, capital of the Abruzzo Region (Italy). The study carries out an analysis of the earthquake effects on urban systems and mobility and proposes an operating strategy based on a multidisciplinary approach that integrates urban design and sustainable mobility strategies. In particular, it outlines the components of Strategic Projects that has been developed for the reconnection of the urban fragments created by the dispersion of the city after the earthquake, which has applied the principles of multi-modal sustainable mobility. The results of the study show that the post-quake reconstruction, if properly interpreted, can be a unique opportunity to conceive and construct the conditions to implement a new and more efficient urban sustainable transport model through advanced technologies based on outlining an innovative urban redesign approach.
In this paper, we demonstrate a new way of making low-cost miniature fuel cells for portable applications based on proton conducting porous silicon membranes. Our solution consists in the chemical grafting of silane molecules containing ionizable groups on the pores walls to mimic the structure of ionomer, such as Nafion®, usually used to ensure the proton conductivity of PEM fuel cells. We obtain an inorganic, dimensionally stable, proton conducting membrane with many optimizable parameters such as the pore size, the pore structure of the membrane and the nature of the grafted molecules. Moreover, the use of a silicon substrate offers advantages of serial and parallel integration, the possibility of encapsulation by wafer bonding and gas feed and electrical contacts can be included into the membrane etching process thanks to simple KOH wet etching processes and metal sputtering. A power density of 17mWcm−2 was obtained.
Supercapacitors are becoming important energy storage devices in efficient electrical systems and they are typically fabricated from high surface area carbon materials which are manufactured using complex, eco-destructive processes. An alternative approach is based on the conversion of biomass materials which we explore in this paper. Cellulose from cotton pulp is subject to a two-step carbonisation process at a range of elevated temperatures up 1900°C. The resultant materials are characterized using a range of physical methods, along with cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic discharge techniques to measure the specific capacitance of the materials formed. It is shown that the optimum processing temperature is around 1000°C; at lower processing temperatures, the materials are insufficiently conductive whilst at high carbonization temperatures low capacitance is seen due to a loss of surface area. This arises from the inaccessibility of nanometre size pores which are present in abundance after the lower temperature carbonization steps. Cotton pulp carbonised at 1000°C showed the highest value of capacitance of 107Fg−1 with excellent stability for 2000 cycles. The electrochemical performance of this material is very competitive to other reported carbon materials and indicates the two-stage carbonisation method described is suitable for converting biomass into high quality carbon-based materials for supercapacitor applications.
The endochitinase ChiA74 is a soluble secreted enzyme produced by Bacillus thuringiensis that synergizes the entomotoxigenecity of Cry proteins that accumulate as intracellular crystalline inclusion during sporulation. The purpose of this study was to produce alkaline-soluble ChiA74∆sp inclusions in B. thuringiensis, and to determine its effect on Cry crystal production, sporulation and toxicity to an important agronomical insect, Manduca sexta. To this end we deleted the secretion signal peptide-coding sequence of chiA74 (i.e. chiA74∆sp) and expressed it under its native promoter (pEHchiA74∆sp) or strong chimeric sporulation-dependent cytA-p/STAB-SD promoter (pEBchiA74∆sp) in Escherichia coli, acrystalliferous B. thuringiensis (4Q7) and B. thuringiensis HD1.
A novel high-rate dischargeable semi-solid Li–S battery without free liquid electrolyte is assembled using a multi-functional separator with a polysulfide shield. The polysulfide shield is composed of Li+-Nafion, polyethylene oxide, and super P carbon. Hierarchical porous carbon is used as a sulfur holder to anchor polysulfide and improve cathode conductivity. Unlike all-solid Li–S batteries, the resultant Li–S battery shows excellent performance in both rate capacity and cycleability. The sulfur lithiation capacity reaches 1330 mAh g−1 at 0.2C (0.335 A g−1 of S) and 690 mAh g−1 (338 mAh g−1 of electrode materials) at 10C (16.75 A g−1 of S). The cell with the fabricated separator (SNP/Celgard) showed very low capacity degradation rate of less than 0.1% per cycle at 1C (a discharge current density of 1.675 A g−1).
Na0.44MnO2 nanowires were acid leached in nitric acid, and dehydrated by heat treatment to induce controllable defect formation as monitored by high resolution TEM studies. The charge–discharge tests using these materials as catalysts (or “promoters”) in rechargeable lithium–oxygen batteries (in non-carbonate electrolytes) showed that a high defect concentration results in a doubling of the reversible energy storage capacity up to 11000 mA h g−1, and lowered overpotentials for oxygen evolution. The role of the defects/vacancies in determining oxygen reduction behavior is highlighted.
Hazardous wastes are likely to cause danger to human health and/or environment. Safe transportation of them is so important. Consequently, selection of the right and most appropriate transportation firm is an important problem for hazardous waste generators. In this paper, a two step methodology is structured to evaluate hazardous waste transportation firms containing the methods of fuzzy-AHP and TOPSIS. And a numerical example is presented to clarify the methodology.
Amorphous tin oxide (SnO x ) was cathodically deposited onto graphite electrode in a bath containing 0.1M stannous chloride (SnCl2), 0.5M sodium nitrate (NaNO3), and 0.4M nitric acid (HNO3) in an aqueous solution of 50% (v/v) ethanol. The SnO x coatings grown on graphite were characterized as typical capacitive behaviors by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronopotentiometric (CP) in 0.5M KCl. Specific capacitance (in milli-farad per square centimeter, C a) changes linearly with the deposition charge up to 4.5Ccm−2, and a maximum of as high as 355mFcm−2 was obtained with the SnO x coating grown at around 5Ccm−2. For the SnO x coating deposited at 0.2Ccm−2, a maximum specific capacitance (in farad per gram, C m) of 298 and 125Fg−1 was achieved from CVs at a scan rate of 10, and 200mVs−1, respectively. The value of C m significantly gets lower from 265 to around 95Fg−1 when the deposition charge increases from 0.2 to around 6.0Ccm−2. The long cycle-life and stability of the SnO x coatings on graphite via the presented cathodic deposition were also demonstrated.
One of the longstanding attractions of the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany, has been its display of the apparatus associated with the discovery of nuclear fission. Although the discovery involved three scientists, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, and Fritz Strassmann, the fission display was designated for over 30 years as the Arbeitstisch von Otto Hahn (Otto Hahn’s Worktable), with Strassmann mentioned peripherally and Meitner not at all, and it was not until the early 1990s that the display was revised to include all three codiscoverers more equitably. I examine the creation of the fission display in the context of the postwar German culture of silencing the National Socialist past, and trace the eventual transformation of the display into a contemporary exhibit that more accurately represents the scientific history of the fission discovery.
Publisher Summary Waste engine oil, essentially composed of hydrocarbons, is an excellent fuel; furthermore, it does not contain a heavy residual fraction characteristic of heavy fuels. This characteristic explains why the fuel gas produced by oil combustion does not contain unburned solid carbon particles called cenospheres. Important restrictions are imposed on the combustion of waste oil classified as hazardous waste. This means that energy recovery is and will be, in most cases, subject to additional costs of effluent gas treatment. The need to satisfy the emission limit values for this waste seriously limits its application. As well as the advantages, the oil can contain polluting solvents that must be eliminated. Metallic and metalloid compounds must also be eliminated, since they are transformed into oxides carried by the combustion gas and partially transformed into sulfates that are then deposited in the combustion chamber.
Implementing DNA computing circuits using components tethered to a surface offers several advantages over using components that freely diffuse in bulk solution. However, automated computational modeling of tethered circuits is far more challenging than for solution-phase circuits, because molecular geometry must be taken into account when deciding whether two tethered species may interact. Here, we tackle this issue by translating a tethered molecular circuit into a constraint problem that encodes the possible physical configurations of the components, using a simple biophysical model. We use a satisfaction modulo theories solver to determine whether the constraint problem associated with a given structure is satisfiable, which corresponds to whether that structure is physically realizable given the constraints imposed by the tether geometry. We apply this technique to example structures from the literature, and discuss how this approach could be integrated with a reaction enumerator to enable fully automated analysis of tethered molecular computing systems. This paper is a significantly revised and extended version of a conference publication: Lakin and Phillips (in Brijder and Qian (eds) Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on DNA Computing and Molecular Programming. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 10467, pp 1–16, 2017).
Investigating wild animals while minimizing human disturbance remains an important methodological challenge. When approached by a remote-operated vehicle (rover) which can be equipped to make radio-frequency identifications, wild penguins had significantly lower and shorter stress responses (determined by heart rate and behavior) than when approached by humans. Upon immobilization, the rover—unlike humans—did not disorganize colony structure, and stress rapidly ceased. Thus, rovers can reduce human disturbance of wild animals and the resulting scientific bias.
Evaluation of reliability performance in every power system has to be done within a cost–benefit framework. This approach, however, is a very time consuming task, especially for systems that contain a large number of possible configurations, so simpler techniques referred to the calculation of reliability indices are used. In small autonomous power systems (SAPSs), such an evaluation uses mainly deterministic criteria. This approach, however, cannot be applied in SAPS that contain only renewable energy sources, due to the intermittent nature of the provided energy. In this paper, a complete reliability cost and worth analysis is implemented for these systems, combined with the calculation of some basic probabilistic indices, in order to discover their performance and propose the appropriate of them as a criterion of optimal system configuration. This paper proposes that normalized energy reliability indices as system minutes and energy index of unavailability can be used as adequate criteria of system's optimal performance. This conclusion is validated through a large number of sensitivity analysis studies that are based on different maximum annual loads and different mix of load types.
Objective To study plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as potential markers of recovery during intensive rehabilitation therapy (IRT) after stroke. Design Prospective and descriptive 3-month follow-up study. Setting Rehabilitation unit and research center. Participants Patients with first-ever ischemic stroke (n=15) enrolled to IRT (≥3h/d and 5d/wk) and healthy volunteers (n=15) (N=30). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome was to measure plasma MMP3, MMP12, and MMP13 levels and evaluate potential associations with motor/functional scales using a battery of tests (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, modified Rankin scale, Barthel Index, Fugl-Meyer Assessment, Functional Ambulation Categories, Medical Research Council scale, Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory, and the 10-m walk test) before IRT and at 1- and 3-month follow-ups. The secondary outcome was to evaluate the use of these MMPs as biomarkers as predictors of patient's outcome. Results MMP levels remained stable during the study period and were similar to those in the healthy volunteer group. However, baseline MMP12 and MMP13 levels were strongly associated with stroke severity and were found to be elevated in those patients with the poorest outcomes. Interestingly, plasma MMP3 was independent of baseline stroke characteristics but was found to be increased in patients with better motor/functional recovery and in patients with larger improvements during rehabilitation. Conclusions MMPs might act as biologic markers of recovery during rehabilitation therapy related to their roles in both injury and tissue remodeling. Future confirmatory investigations in multicenter studies are warranted by our data.
An initial Raman study on the effects of intercalation for aprotic electrolyte-based electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) is reported. In situ Raman microscopy is employed in the study of the electrochemical intercalation of tetraethylammonium (Et4N+) and tetrafluoroborate (BF4 −) into and out of microcrystalline graphite. During cyclic voltammetry experiments, the insertion of Et4N+ into graphite for the negative electrode occurs at an onset potential of +1.0V versus Li/Li+. For the positive electrode, BF4 − was shown to intercalate above +4.3V versus Li/Li+. The characteristic G-band doublet peak (E 2g2(i) (1578cm−1) and E 2g2(b) (1600cm−1)) showed that various staged compounds were formed in both cases and the return of the single G-band (1578cm−1) demonstrates that intercalation was fully reversible. The disappearance of the D-band (1329cm−1) in intercalated graphite is also noted and when the intercalant is removed a more intense D-band reappears, indicating possible lattice damage. For cation intercalation, such irreversible changes of the graphite structure are confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
We develop a new co-solvent for wide temperature lithium ion battery electrolytes: 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl N-caproate (TFENH) in this work and particularly investigate the effect of TFENH content on the electrochemical properties of the mixed electrolytes. The results show that the improved low and high temperature performances of LiCoO2/graphite can be achieved if the volume ratio of TFENH co-solvent is kept between 17 and 25 Vol%. Carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR) indicate that TFENH co-solvent is prior to distribute in the bulk of electrolyte, which help to reduce the viscosity and enhance the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte at low temperature. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) show that few TFENH co-solvent incorporation is beneficial to decrease the resistance of SEI film. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrate that a thin and stable CH3(CH2)4COOLi film decomposed by TFENH is formed on the surface of graphite, which plays an crucial role in improving low temperature performance and cycling stability of lithium-ion batteries.
A flexible supercapacitor is being developed for integrating with and powering flexible electronics for military and commercial applications. Graphene oxide dispersed in water was used as an ink for inkjet printing the electrode active material onto metal film on Kapton current collectors. After printing, the graphene oxide was thermally reduced at 200°C to produce conductive graphene electrodes. These electrodes were heat sealed together with added electrolyte and separator, and the assembled supercapacitor performance was evaluated. The specific capacitance of the graphene is good, and the overall performance of the packaged device serves as a proof of concept. But in the future, thicker graphene electrodes and further package optimization will be required to obtain good device-level performance. A number of issues associated with using Kapton for packaging these devices are identified and discussed.
Li-ion battery electrode materials exhibit hysteresis between lithiation and delithiation due to different thermodynamic equilibria at the same state of charge (SOC). The acquisition time for the open circuit potential (OCP) and the hysteresis behaviour of graphite and LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 (NMC) has been investigated using galvanostatic intermittent titration technique in Lithium metal anode cells. The OCP at various stages of relaxation after each current pulse have been recorded during lithiation and delithiation. The voltage hysteresis is the difference between the potential at equilibrium after lithiation and delithiation. Hysteresis is ∼600 and ∼300 mV below 0.1 SOC for graphite and NMC electrodes respectively, above 0.1 SOC the hysteresis is much lower 35-33 and 45-42 mV, with short rest requirements of 5–120 min. The error in hysteresis voltage with shorter relaxation times is compared to 120 min rest. This analysis shows that 5 min has an error of 16 mV for graphite and 2 mV for NMC between 0.1 and 1 SOC. Below 0.1 SOC, 90 min (for graphite/NMC) and between 0.1 and 1 SOC, 30 min (for graphite) and 5 min (for NMC) at charge rates below C/20 are appropriate relaxation times and can shorten the OCP parameter acquisition test time significantly.
Carbon coated LiFePO4 (LiFePO4/C) with different contents of high electron conductive iron phosphide phase was synthesized by an aqueous sol–gel method in a reductive sintering atmosphere. Different synthesis parameters were used for adjusting the microstructure and phase compositions of the products. The effects of the carbon coating and iron phosphides on the electrochemical properties of the LiFePO4/C electrodes were studied by means of testing the discharge capacities at rates of 0.1–5C (1C =170mAhg−1) and analyzing the CV curves. The results show that carbon coating in a content of 1.5wt.% derived from the carbon source of ethylene glycol greatly decreases the particle size of LiFePO4 in one order in the specific surface area, and significantly improves the rate capability of LiFePO4. The effect of the content of FeP on the capacity of the carbon coated LiFePO4 was different at different discharge rates. Increasing the content of FeP from 1.2 to 3.7wt.% slightly decreases the capacity of LiFePO4/C at low discharge rate (0.1C and 1C), but obviously increases the capacity of LiFePO4/C when the discharge rate is increased to 5C. For the carbon free sample, even it also has 1.8wt.% FeP, it still possesses poor capacity due to the large particle size of LiFePO4 and the lack of conductivity. And too much iron phosphides lowers the discharge capacity of the electrode since they are inert for the deinsertion/insertion of lithium ion.
LaSrNiO nanoparticles with different doping amount of strontium are synthesized through sol-gel method accompanied by high-temperature calcination. With the increase of Sr content, the crystal structure of samples changes from perovskite to spinel phase that promote both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) property. As a cathode catalyst for Li-O2 battery, LaSrNiO nanoparticles show a capacity performance of 9000 mAh·g−1 and significantly enhanced cyclability. The improved battery performance with Sr-doped nanoparticles can be ascribed to the high surface area of Sr-doped LaSrNiO nanoparticles combined with mixed spinel and perovskite phased structure which facilitate specific capacity and OER performance obviously. This research work is believed to shed light on a new thought to boost the performance of Li-O2 battery.
Hierarchical V2O5 microflowers composed of thin nanosheets have been achieved by a solvothermal reaction first and then a low-temperature calcination. These micro-flowers are characterized by powder X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The nanoscale size and sheet-like structure of the building blocks in V2O5 microflowers make them a promising cathode material for lithium ion batteries. After 1500 cycles at a current density of 1 A g−1, the reversible capacity of V2O5 microflowers is kept at 104 mAh g−1. Even at a rate of 2 A g−1, the reversible capacity is still above 80 mAh g−1 after 3000 cycles. The excellent electrochemical properties of V2O5 microflowers are associated with their unique structure and capacitive feature.
A facile, one-step, soft chemistry approach is developed to synthesize ClO4-doped polypyrrole coated Na1+x MnFe(CN)6 composite as a cathode material (NMHFC@PPy) for SIBs. PPy plays multiple important roles in the composite. First, PPy serves as a conductive coating layer which can increase the electronic conductivity of NMHFC to improve the rate capability. Second, PPy can act as a protective layer to reduce the dissolution of Mn in the electrolyte to improve the cycling performance. Finally, the PPy doped with ClO4 − can act as active materials to increase the capacity of the composite. NMHFC@PPy shows high energy density (428Whkg−1), enhanced cycling performance (67% capacity retention after 200 cycles), and excellent rate capacity (46% capacity for 40C rate).
As managed care organizations move from cost cutting to cost-effective treatment, greater emphasis will be placed on utilization of documented, effective psychotherapies. Externalizing disorders in children, including attention-deficit disorder and oppositional-defiant disorder, comprise the most frequent referrals to outpatient clinics. Of available psychosocial treatments, parent training and child social-skills training have established efficacy in research settings. But in community settings, these approaches are not often systematically used, and rarely have they been shown to be effective. In a hospital-affiliated child psychiatry clinic located in an upper-middle-class community, parent and child group programs were set up to be the standard initial treatment for these disorders for children ages 5 to 11. Using the Eyberg Checklist for pre- and postmeasures, 55 patients who completed treatment showed an average treatment effectiveness of 0.89 standard deviations on the intensity score, which is comparable to outcome data from research studies of efficacy. This would indicate that these programs have effectiveness in a standard clinic setting that is comparable to their efficacy in research intervention programs.