batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The technoeconomics of the hydrogen–bromine flow battery are investigated. Using existing performance data the operating conditions were optimized to minimize the levelized cost of electricity using individual component costs for the flow battery stack and other system units. Several different configurations were evaluated including use of a bromine complexing agent to reduce membrane requirements. Sensitivity analysis of cost is used to identify the system elements most strongly influencing the economics. The stack lifetime and round-trip efficiency of the cell are identified as major factors on the levelized cost of electricity, along with capital components related to hydrogen storage, the bipolar plate, and the membrane. Assuming that an electrocatalyst and membrane with a lifetime of 2000 cycles can be identified, the lowest cost market entry system capital is 220 $ kWh−1 for a 4 h discharge system and for a charging energy cost of 0.04 $ kWh−1 the levelized cost of the electricity delivered is 0.40 $ kWh−1. With systems manufactured at large scales these costs are expected to be lower.
In this paper, we investigate the use of paste additives to improve the performance of a horizontal plate, lead–acid battery. The horizontal plate battery can deliver high power for electric and hybrid electric vehicle applications. We develop a series of designs having different paste additives to continuously improve the specific energy (W h/kg) performance of this battery. Computer models, previously developed and reported, are used to estimate the specific energy performance of these designs. The baseline, horizontal plate battery containing no additives has a specific energy of 30–35 W h/kg. The final design in our design progression uses both porous and conductive paste additives to provide an estimated specific energy of 60–70 W h/kg.
In this work, we studied cycling and storage behavior at elevated temperatures of substituted spinel–nickel electrodes LiNi x Mn2−x O4 (x =0.5) that can operate as cathodes in 5-V advanced lithium-ion batteries. A stable electrochemical performance and low capacity fading were found upon cycling and storage (charged state) of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrodes in DMC-EC/LiPF6 solutions at elevated temperatures (60°C). It was established that cycling/storage of these electrodes led to dissolution of manganese and nickel and reduction of Mn2+ and Ni2+ on the lithium counter electrode. These phenomena were studied by solution analysis (ICP) and surface chemistry and morphological measurements (ex situ X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopies, and SEM) of the lithium and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrodes. Since these electrodes perform well during prolonged cycling, it is clear that the above changes relate to surface phenomena and not changes in the bulk of the active mass.
A quaternary hierarchical nanocomposite, rGO-Fe3O4-SnO2-C, is rationally designed and synthesized via layer-by-layer constructions of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) flexible films, Fe3O4 nanoparticles, SnO2 nanoparticles and an omnidirectional amorphous carbon layer. SEM and TEM observations show that the Fe3O4 and SnO2 nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed on the rGO nanosheets and fully encapsulated by the outmost carbon layers, forming a sandwich-like buffering structure for excellent dimensional integrity. Furthermore, nanopores with an average size of 5.8nm are fabricated within the quaternary hybrid nanosheets via a layer-by-layer packing of Fe3O4 and SnO2 nanoparticles, which possess the different shapes and sizes. Galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements demonstrate that rGO-Fe3O4-SnO2-C exhibits a reversible capacity of 868.6mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 200mAg−1. Even at a current density of 2.0Ag−1, it can be stably operated during the discharge/charge processes and deliver a reversible capacity of 414.7mAhg−1. The excellent electrochemical properties of rGO-Fe3O4-SnO2-C can be attributed to the microstructural stability of the hybrid and the synergistic effects of the components inside the nanosheets.
To gain insight of the effect of binders on interfacial behaviors is crucial for the design of binders for Si-based lithium ion batteries. Herein, we develop a method to generate the cross-linked polymer binder, via esterification between polyacrylic acid and sodium alginate, during the formation of the electrode. Compared to the sodium alginate binder, an improved electrochemical performance of the commercially available submicro-sized Si particles is obtained with the cross-linked polymer binder. The initial specific discharge capacity increases to 2471 mAh g−1 with a Coulombic efficiency (86.8%) of the electrode with the cross-linked polymer binder, relative to that of 2371 mAh g−1 with a Coulombic efficiency (82.6%) of the electrode with sodium alginate. After 110cycles at 200mAg−1, the electrode with the cross-linked polymer binder can deliver a discharge capacity of 945 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of 38.2%, superior to those of the electrodes with sodium alginate. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data demonstrate that the tight binding of the cross-linked polymer binder can greatly improve the interface stability, resulting in the formation of less solid electrolyte interphase film, and less poor electronic/ionic conductive species at the interface of the Si particles. Thus, a proper design of binder with a flexible three-dimensional network and adhesion ability to the Si particles would be advantageous for improving performance of Si particles toward lithium storage.
Time-dependent elementary polarizations of a lithium-ion battery are quantitatively investigated below room temperature in an attempt to determine the critical factors affecting low temperature power decline. From three-electrode impedance measurements and the theoretical analysis of the phenomenological equivalent circuit, the proportional contribution of the internal resistances to the total polarization is satisfactorily analyzed as a function of the pulse discharging time. The results prove that the interfacial charge-transfer resistances of the anode (graphite) and the cathode (lithium cobalt dioxide) make the highest contributions to the low temperature power decline. On this basis, a strategy for the material design to enhance the low temperature performance is suggested with two examples of surface modification and hybridization with an electrochemical capacitor.
Why have emerging market economies (EMEs) been stockpiling international reserves? We find that motives have varied over time; vulnerability to current account shocks was relatively important in the 1980s but, as EMEs became more financially integrated, factors related to the magnitude of potential capital outflows gained importance. Reserve accumulation as a by-product of undervalued currencies has also become more important since the Asian crisis. Correspondingly, using quantile regressions, we find that the reason for holding reserves varies according to the country’s position in the global reserves distribution. High-reserve holders, who tend to be more financially integrated, are motivated by insurance against capital account rather than current account shocks and are more sensitive to the cost of holding reserves than are low-reserve holders. Currency undervaluation is a significant determinant across the reserves distribution, albeit for different reasons.
Long-term use of adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) among women with early-stage, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer significantly reduces the risk of hospitalizations, cancer recurrence, and mortality. AET is associated with adverse symptoms that often result in poor adherence. A web-enabled app offers a novel way to communicate and manage symptoms for women on AET. In a region with significant racial disparities in breast cancer outcomes, our study tests the impact of a web-enabled app that collects and transmits patient-reported symptoms to healthcare teams to facilitate timely and responsive symptom management on medication adherence.
In this paper, graphene-modified Li3V2(PO4)3 composites have been developed as Li-ion battery cathode materials with high specific capacity and excellent cycling stability. The composites are prepared by spray–drying process using graphene oxide nanosheet and citric acid as carbon source. X-ray diffraction patterns demonstrate that the as-prepared samples are well crystallized with orderly monoclinic structures. SEM and TEM images reveal that the 3D network graphene and Li3V2(PO4)3 primary nanoparticles interlace with each other. The citric acid-derived amorphous carbon species interrupt the stacking of graphene sheets and minimize in-plane anisotropy of electronic migration within graphene layers, which would facilitate fast electron migration and Li+ diffusion throughout the micro-sized spherical secondary particles. The discharge capacity of the composite could respectively achieve 131.4 and 181.5mAhg−1 in the voltage range 3.0–4.3V and 3.0–4.8V at 0.1C discharge rate, which almost reach the theoretical capacity of the cathode material. Both of them nearly showed no capacity decay at 0.1C charging and discharging rate after long cycles.
Liquid metal batteries (LMBs) are attractive energy storage device for large-scale energy storage system (ESS) due to the simple cell configuration and their high rate capability. The high operation temperature caused by high melting temperature of both the molten salt electrolyte and metal electrodes can induce the critical issues related to the maintenance cost and degradation of electrochemical properties resulting from the thermal corrosion of materials. Here, we report a new chemistry of LiCl-LiI electrolyte and Bi-Pb positive electrode to lower the operation temperature of Li-based LMBs and achieve the long-term stability. The cell (Li|LiCl-LiI|Bi-Pb) is operated at 410 °C by employing the LiCl-LiI (LiCl:LiI = 36:64 mol %) electrolyte and Bi-Pb alloy (Bi:Pb = 55.5:44.5 mol %) positive electrode. The cell shows excellent capacity retention (86.5%) and high Coulombic efficiencies over 99.3% at a high current density of 52 mA cm−2 during 1000th cycles.
We investigate the grain boundary effect on Li-ion diffusivity and intercalation-induced stress in a single-particle Li-ion cell. The measured activation energy for self-diffusion at the grain boundary is a fraction of that in the lattice due to the loosely packed structure, and this results in a diffusivity that is 3–16 orders of magnitude higher in the grain boundary than in the lattice. To study how grain boundaries affect Li-ion battery performance, grain boundaries are modeled inside ellipsoidal cathode (LiMn2O4) particles and placed under potentiodynamic and galvanostatic control simulations. A Voronoi grain distribution is employed in modeling grain boundaries. The grain boundary effect on Li-ion diffusivity is evaluated by computing an apparent diffusion coefficient from the cathode particles containing different grain boundary densities. It is shown that the apparent diffusion coefficient increases with increasing grain boundary densities. With enhanced Li-ion diffusivity, particles are found to have higher capacity utilizations, especially under high discharge C-rates. The inclusion of grain boundaries also lowered intercalation-induced stress by reducing the overall Li+ concentration gradients developed within particles during cycling. However, as local Li+ concentration distribution depends on grain boundary network geometries, intercalation-induced stress varied appreciably within the different grain boundary network geometries.
Accurate estimation of battery pack remaining discharge energy is a crucial challenge to the battery energy storage systems. In this paper, a new method of battery pack remaining discharge energy estimation is proposed using the recursive least square-unscented Kalman filter. To predict the remaining discharge energy precisely, the inconsistency of the battery pack caused by different working temperatures is taken into consideration and the degree of battery inconsistency is quantified based on mathematical methods of statistics. In addition, the recursive least square is applied to identify the parameters of the battery pack model on-line and the unscented Kalman filter is employed in battery pack remaining discharge energy and energy utilization ratio estimation. The experimental results in terms of battery states estimation under the new European driving cycle and real driven profiles, with the root mean square error less than 0.01, further verify that the proposed method can estimate the battery pack remaining discharge energy with high accuracy. What's more, the relationship between the pack energy utilization ratio and the degree of battery inconsistency is summarized in the paper.
A man-portable solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system integrated with desulfurized JP8 partial oxidation (POX) reformer was demonstrated to supply a continuous power output of 50W. This paper discusses some of the design paths chosen and challenges faced during the thermal integration of the stack and reformer in aiding the system startup and shutdown along with balance of plant and power management solutions. The package design, system capabilities, and test results of the prototype unit are presented.
High-quality, large-area graphene films with few layers are synthesized on commercial nickel foams under optimal chemical vapor deposition conditions. The number of graphene layers is adjusted by varying the rate of the cooling process. It is found that the capacitive properties of graphene films are related to the number of graphene layers. Owing to the close attachment of graphene films on the nickel substrate and the low charge-transfer resistance, the specific capacitance of thinner graphene films is almost twice that of the thicker ones and remains stable up to 1000 cycles. These results illustrate the potential for developing high-performance graphene-based electrical energy storage devices.
WO3 bilayer electrodes composed of WO3 top and bottom layers are designed for photoelectrochemical cells (PECs). The bottom layers are sputter-deposited at a high temperature (773K) that leads to large grains and suitable electrical pathways for carrier collection. The top layer is deposited at a low temperature (573K) and consists of small grains, which give rise to large electrochemical reaction sites. The bilayer electrodes give a significant enhancement in PEC performance compared with WO3 monolayer electrodes deposited at 573 or 773K, because of a combination of favourable effects.
Metal cluster formation on the DNA backbone, known as so-called DNA metallization, has caught much attention for both biological and non-biological research areas. DNA metallization is particularly useful for overcoming intrinsically low electronic conductivity of DNA and has been used for generating conductive wires for various applications such as molecular electronics. Meanwhile, designing effective nanostructure electrodes are very critical for advanced lithium ion batteries (LIBs) especially in achieving high energy densities and long cycle lives. Among various LIB anode candidates, metal oxides offer several times higher theoretical capacities compared to those of conventional graphite anodes, utilizing unique conversion reaction mechanism. Herein, we report a 1D nickel oxide nanostructure whose morphology was directed by DNA metallization. The unique 1D DNA nanostructure delivered high reversible capacity of 850mAhg−1 and robust cycling performance for 150 cycles. The present study suggests that various nanostructures in biological systems and nature, especially after simple chemical reactions, can be key elements for high capacity LIB electrodes that suffer from large volume changes during battery operations.
A novel phosphorus-based alloy composite, Sb–CuP2–C, is synthesized by a simple two-step high-energy ball milling (HEBM) method and used as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries. The HEBM process with Sb, Cu, P, and C generates Sb and CuP2 phases instead of forming Cu2Sb and P owing to the differences in binding energy among the elements, which is confirmed by density functional theory. The as-prepared Sb–CuP2–C composite consists of the electrochemically active components Sb and CuP2, which are embedded in a conductive carbon matrix, as determined by X-ray diffraction analysis and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The composite electrode demonstrates significantly improved cycling performance owing to the presence of both a carbon matrix, which acts as a buffer to accommodate the large volume expansion during sodiation, and a conductive metal framework of copper. The introduction of red phosphorus into the composite yields higher reversible charge capacities compared to that of a Cu2Sb–C composite. The Sb–CuP2–C electrode exhibits a high capacity retention of ∼80% even after 100 cycles. Moreover, it presents stable rate cycling performance with a capacity retention of ∼78% at 3000 mA g−1.
De la Mothe and Mallory have proposed that even in an age of globalization the right environmental conditions can give a locality a “constructed advantage” in promoting innovation. The creation and success of Qualcomm, a telecommunications company, illustrates the contention. The establishment of a branch of the University of California in San Diego was critical in attracting those who founded the company. But constructed advantage can only set the stage. In technological innovation, other factors also matter, including a marketable idea, entrepreneurial zeal, good timing, ability to influence standard setting, help from intellectual property law, and sheer perseverance. Qualcomm is a dramatic example of how constructed advantage can combine with these other factors to yield an impressive result.
The SLC22A18/SLC22A18AS genes are a sense–antisense pair located at human chromosome segment 11p15.5. These genes are paternally imprinted: paternal alleles are silenced and maternal alleles are expressed. Although SLC22A18 is a well-characterized gene, very little is known regarding its antisense partner SLC22A18AS. We therefore sought to identify the potential cis-regulating elements including the promoter of this gene, differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and the translation of its putative ORF. Dual promoters (P1 and P2) were identified for this gene and both are devoid of consensus TATA and CCAAT boxes. However, the P1 promoter harbors a putative Sp1 binding site. Sp1 binds to the P1 promoter in vivo and positively regulates its activity. Promoter and CpG II island regions showed heavy methylation of CpG sites, but no DMRs were observed. Treatment of a non-SLC22A18AS expressing HuH7 cells with the methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine restored expression of this gene. The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor Trichostatin-A, on the other hand, failed to induce its expression. We suggest that the expression of this gene is methylation-dependent, but histone acetylation-independent. This gene was found to be translated with a cytoplasmic localization. The present data will help to understand the regulation of this gene and its role in tumorigenesis.
ZnCo2O4/graphene and pure ZnCo2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by simple and low temperature urea-assisted auto-combustion method and annealed at 400°C for 5h in air atmosphere. The electron microscopy image of the obtained ZnCo2O4/graphene nanocomposite revealed that the ZnCo2O4 nanoparticles were randomly distributed and anchored on the surface of reduced graphene nanosheets. The graphene nanosheets significantly reduced the particles size and suppressed the aggregation of ZnCo2O4 nanoparticles as well as maintaining the good electrical conductivity of the overall sample. The size of the nanoparticles was in the range of 50–100nm and the size of nanoparticles in the nanocomposite sample in the range of 25–50nm. The electrochemical results showed that the ZnCo2O4/graphene nanocomposite electrode had greatly improved cycling stability with high reversible capacity of 755.6 mAh g−1 after 70 cycles, and better rate capability of 378.1 mAh g−1 at 4.5C than pure ZnCo2O4 nanoparticles (299.8 mAh g−1 after 70 cycles and 302.4 mAh g−1 at 4.5C). The enhanced electrochemical performance of the nanocomposite could be ascribed to the positive synergistic effect of the combination of the ZnCo2O4 nanoparticles and conducting graphene nanosheets.
An intriguing and promising anode material for Li ion batteries, FeNb11O29, is emerging in the last few years. Its main strength lies into the possibility to exchange up to 23 electrons per formula unit, thanks to the redox reactions involving Fe3+ and Nb5+ ions, reaching a theoretical capacity value of 400 mAh/g. In this paper, a systematic study to determine the effect of carbon type and polymorph (monoclinic or orthorhombic) used to prepare the anode ink on the electrochemical performances was carried out. The best high rate capacity values (250 mAh/g at 10C after 100 cycles) and structural cycling stability (about 96.4%) were obtained for the orthorhombic polymorph mixed with Super C65 carbon. For the intercalation/deintercalation process, a prevailing of pseudocapacitive behaviour with respect to the diffusive one was evidenced, especially at higher C rate, that is related to the peculiar structural aspects of FeNb11O29 shear structure.
A screening approach involving ten larval zebrafish behavior assays and the similarity search tool, phenoBlast, for compounds that phenocopy the antipsychotic haloperidol identifies finazines that may work partially through the sigma-1 (σ1) receptor.
In this study, a single unit of planar micro-solid-oxide fuel cell (μSOFC) is investigated numerically to evaluate the influences of flow channel design, oxygen composition, and thermal operating conditions on cell performance. Four flow channel designs are examined under the co-flow configuration: serpentine, double serpentine, rod bundle, and oblique rib. For all designs, the contacts areas of interconnect to electrodes are kept consistent to maintain the ohmic losses at the same level. To characterize the mass transport effects, there are three different compositions, 100% O2, 50% O2/50% N2 and air, fed to the cathode inlet. Different thermal conditions, adiabatic and isothermal, are applied to the outer boundary of the μSOFC and the results are compared. The outcomes suggest that both thermal conditions and oxidant composition show remarkable influences on μSOFC performance. Under adiabatic conditions, the rise of cell temperature causes a decrease in reversible voltage, deteriorating the overall cell competence. When oxygen is diluted with nitrogen, local gas diffusion becomes dominant to the cathode reaction. Bulk flow, on the other hand, plays a minor role in cell performance since there is little deviation in the polarization curves for all flow channel designs, even at high current densities. For comparison, the flow visualization technique is employed to observe the transport phenomena in various flow channel designs. The flow patterns are found to resemble the concentration distribution, providing a useful tool to design μSOFCs.