batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We report two cases of developmental hyperlexia – JY and AD – who performed at normal levels or above in converting print into speech, but who were very impaired in spoken and written word comprehension. Our investigations focussed on whether these cases displayed evidence for normal acquisition of lexical reading skills, as indexed by unimpaired performance for age in reading aloud a set of irregular words, despite poor acquisition of semantic knowledge of the same words. In both cases, this dissociation was evident. The pattern of results was also demonstrated at an item level: the two cases showed no significant differences in reading accuracy for irregular words which they could define than for those which they could not. The results provide further evidence for the existence of a direct-lexical route from orthography to phonology, which is not necessarily mediated by semantic knowledge.
Mesopore nickel-based mixed rare-earth oxide (NMRO) and activated carbon (AC) with rich oxygen-contained groups were prepared as electrode materials in a supercapacitor using room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) electrolyte. These electrode materials were characterized by XPS, XRD, N2 adsorption, SEM as well as various electrochemical techniques, and showed good properties and operated well with RTIL electrolyte. A 3V asymmetrical supercapacitor was fabricated, which delivered a real power density of 458Wkg−1 as well as a real energy density of 50Whkg−1, and during a 500-cycle galvanostatic charge/discharge measurement, no capacity decay was visible. Such promising energy-storage performance was to a large extent ascribed to nonvolatile RTIL electrolyte with wide electrochemical windows and high stable abilities worked with both electrode materials.
Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) is an interesting novel electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries. In the present work, the electrical conductivity of solutions of LiFSI in binary and ternary mixtures of the solvents dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC) was studied experimentally for concentrations of LiFSI up to 0.2 mol mol−1 at ambient pressure and temperatures between 293 and 333 K. Information on the electrical conductivity of LiFSI in the pure solvents DMC, EC, and PC is available from previous work. An empirical correlation of the electrical conductivity σ of the studied solutions of LiFSI is presented that describes the dependence of σ on the LiFSI concentration, the solvent composition, and the temperature. Based on this correlation, a multi-objective optimization of the LiFSI concentration and the solvent composition was carried out with two conflicting objectives relevant to the performance and costs of batteries: maximizing electrical conductivity and minimizing the amount of the expensive electrolyte LiFSI. The solubility limits of the ternary solvent system DMC-EC-PC were included in the optimization as constraints. The multi-objective optimization applied here, is shown to be useful for obtaining a rational basis for decision-making in the design of electrolyte solutions for batteries.
Productivity measurements from carbon uptake have been suggested as good indicators of the physiological health of seagrasses. As seagrasses acquire carbon from the surrounding water, the rate of uptake often provide a good measure of the efficiency at which seagrasses meet their resource demands for growth. This rate is often used to assess the photosynthetic efficiency of the plants, a proxy for the physiological status of seagrass. This has special relevance to the Adelaide region as over 5000 ha of seagrasses have been lost from Adelaide coastal waters over the last 70 years, with much of this loss attributed to nutrient inputs from wastewater, industrial and stormwater discharges. This study used an in-situ inorganic carbon isotope-labelling and spike approach to obtain ecologically relevant estimates of seasonal variability in carbon uptake and its allocation in two species of temperate seagrass common to this coast (Amphibolis antarctica and Posidonia angustifolia). Uptake of carbon by the seagrass complex (leaves, roots, phytoplankton and epiphytes) was affected by both season and species. Carbon uptake rates of phytoplankton were generally higher than other components of the system. Uptake rates ranged from 0.01 mg C g−1 DW h−1 (summer) to 0.61 mg C g−1 DW h−1 (spring) in Posidonia and 0.02 mg C g−1 DW h−1 (summer) to 0.93 mg C g−1 DW h−1 (winter) in Amphibolis. Carbon uptake by the Amphibolis complex was higher than in the Posidonia complex. The Amphibolis complex had higher uptake rates in summer whereas the Posidonia complex was higher in spring. Fine sediments probably from a nearby dredging operation, are likely to have resulted in lower carbon uptake and a reduction in the above-ground and below-ground biomass in summer.
An in situ electro-osmosis experiment was set up in a tar contaminated clay soil in Olst, the Netherlands, at the site of a former asphalt factory. The main goal of this experiment was to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the contaminated clay layer by applying an electric gradient of 12Vm−1 across the soil over an electrode distance of 1m. With the movement of water by electro-osmosis and the addition of a non-ionic surfactant (Tween 80), the non-polar PAHs were dragged along by convection and removed from the fine soil fraction. Soil samples were taken at the start and after 159 days at the end of the experiment. Water at the electrode wells was sampled regularly during the course of the experiment. The results reflect the heterogeneity of the soil characteristics and show the PAH concentrations within the experimental set up. After first having been released into the anolyte solution due to extraction by Tween 80 and subsequent diffusion, PAH concentrations increased significantly in the electrode reservoirs at the cathode side after 90 days of experiment. Although more detailed statistical analysis is necessary to quantify the efficiency of the remediation, it can be concluded that the use of electro-osmosis together with a non-ionic surfactant is a feasible technique to mobilize non-polar organic contaminants in clayey soils.
Though sevoflurane has been widely used as an anesthetic in surgery, recent studies have shown that exposure to sevoflurane alone could lead to postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), of which the mechanisms still remain largely unknown. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is known to be implicated in various cognitive impairments, including working memory and attentional processes. In the present study, we tried to identify dysregulated gene expression in mPFC and investigate the underlying mechanisms involved in POCD.
All-solid-state sodium cells (Na15Sn4/Na3PS4 glass-ceramic/a-TiS3) showed a high capacity of over 300 mAh per gram of TiS3 at the 1st discharge–charge cycle. The capacity was gradually decreased to 100 mAh g−1 at the 10th cycle. Nyquist plots of the cell showed that the resistance of the a-TiS3 composite electrode became larger with the discharge–charge cycles. The XRD patterns of the a-TiS3 composite electrode before and after the 1st cycle indicated that the a-TiS3 was still amorphous during discharge–charge process. The Raman bands attributable to a-TiS3 were also observed after the 1st cycle. The SEM images and EDX mapping indicated that the a-TiS3 particles aggregated in the electrode after the 10th cycle. The all-solid-state sodium cell using a-TiS3 composite electrode with acetylene black as a conductive additive showed the high capacity of over 300 mAh g−1 for 5 cycles.
TiO2/nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (TiO2/N-RGO) is prepared via a facile one-pot hydrothermal method, in which ethylene glycol and ammonia are used as the reducing agent and nitrogen precursor, respectively. The reducing and nitrating process was accompanied by the generation of TiO2 nanoparticles. Various state-of-the-art techniques, including field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are performed to characterize the morphologies, structures and compositions. The introduced nitrogen atoms into graphene skeleton could enhance nucleation and growth kinetics and thus resulted in the nano-sized TiO2 uniformly anchoring on the N-RGO surface. Electrochemical tests show that the TiO2/N-RGO nanocomposite exhibits superior rate capability and outstanding capacity retention. The reversible capacity of the TiO2/N-RGO electrode is up to 126.8 mAh g−1 at 10C and still remains at 118.4 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performances can be attributed to electronic structure modification of graphene, which promoting intrinsic electron transfer between the host substrate and electroactive materials. Moreover, the high contact area between the electrolyte/electrode facilitates the transportation of electrolyte ion into the inner region of the electrode. Therefore, the TiO2/N-RGO nanocomposite can be a promising candidate anode material for high-rate lithium ion batteries.
Vanadium flow battery (VFB) is a fast going and promising system for large-scale stationary energy storage. However, drawbacks such as low power density and narrow temperature window caused by poor catalytic activity of graphite felt (GF) electrodes limit its worldwide application. In this paper, bismuth, as a low-cost, no-toxic and high-activity electrocatalyst, is used to modify the thermal activated GF (TGF) via a facile hydrothermal method. Bismuth can effectively inhibit the side reaction of hydrogen evolution in wide temperature range, while promoting the V2+/V3+ redox reaction. As a result, the VFB assembled with Bi/TGF as negative electrode demonstrates outstanding rate performance under the current density up to 400 mA cm−2, as well as a long-term stability over 600 charging/discharging cycles at a high current density of 150 mA cm−2. Moreover, it also shows excellent temperature adaptability from -10 °C to 50 °C and high durability for life test at the temperature of 50 °C.
Publisher Summary This chapter describes people with intellectual disabilities from ethnic minority communities in the United States and the United Kingdom. Combining 1991 census data and broad population projections suggested that the nonwhite population of Great Britain will increase from 5% in 1991 to 8% in 2021. A number of factors appear to be driving this increase in ethnic diversity and complexity. This chapter discusses the existing research evidence concerning people with intellectual disabilities from minority ethnic communities in the United States and the United Kingdom. The restricted geographical scope of this chapter has been determined by the paucity of research concerning people with intellectual disabilities from minority ethnic groups in other countries. Definitions of race, ethnicity, and culture are briefly discussed, followed by a discussion of the challenges posed by increasing ethnic diversity for current theory and research in intellectual disabilities. Research concerning the prevalence and characteristics of people with intellectual disabilities across different ethnic communities is also discussed in this chapter. The circumstances and experiences of children and adults, with intellectual disabilities and their families from minority ethnic communities, are described in the chapter. Conclusions are drawn from the research reviewed, along with some suggestions for future research.
The hydrothermal technique is very useful for growing crystals of native elements and simple oxides. The native element crystals popularly grown under hydrothermal conditions are gold, silver, platinum, copper, arsenic, cobalt, nickel, tellurium, and bismuth-related compounds. Similarly, among the hydrothermally produced oxides, zincite, rutile, zirconia, and hafnia are very popular. In fact, the hydrothermal method is the only suitable method for the growth of these compounds for various reasons like: high melting point, very low solubility, acid resistance, and so on. In this chapter, we describe the hydrothermal synthesis of selected native element crystals. Keywords polymorphism; diamond synthesis; growth kinetics; Chemical Vapor Deposition; wide band gap semiconductor; penta-antimonites; ferromagnetic
Recent work on working memory training has produced conflicting results regarding the degree and generality of transfer to other cognitive processes. However, few studies have investigated possible mechanisms underlying transfer. The current study was designed to test the role of proactive interference in working memory training and transfer. Eighty-six young adults participated in a pretest–posttest design, with ten training sessions in between. In the two working memory training conditions, subjects performed an operation span task, with one condition requiring recall of letters on every trial (operation-letters), whereas the other condition alternated between letters, digits, and words as the to-be-remembered items across trials (operation-mix). These groups were compared to an active-control group (visual-search). Working memory, verbal fluency, and reading comprehension measures were administered in pretest and posttest sessions. All groups significantly increased their performance over the ten training sessions. There was evidence of strategy-specific benefits on transfer, such that transfer to working memory measures was higher for the operation-letters group on tasks specifically involving letters, and no differential transfer to working memory tests without letters, to verbal fluency, or to reading comprehension. The results indicate that proactive interference does not appear to play a causal role in determining transfer from working memory training, and instead a strategy account based on stimulus content provides a more parsimonious explanation for the pattern of training and transfer.
Mitochondrial dysfunctions mark a critical step in many central nervous system (CNS) pathologies, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Such dysfunctions lead to depolarization of mitochondrial membranes and imbalanced redox homeostasis. In this context, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are potentially deleterious but can also act as an important signaling step for cellular maintenance. The transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), the key regulator in the cellular oxidative stress-response, induces a battery of genes involved in repair and regeneration. Here, we investigated the relevance of Nrf2 signaling for the prevention of cellular damage caused by dysfunctional mitochondria. We employed sodium azide (SA) as mitochondrial inhibitor on oligodendroglial OliNeu cells in vitro, and the cuprizone model with wild type and GFAP-Cre+::Keap1loxP/loxP mice to induce mitochondrial defects. The importance of Nrf2 for cellular functions and survival after SA treatment was elucidated by in vitro knockdown experiments with shRNA directed against Nrf2 and its inhibitor Keap1 as well as by methysticin treatment. Metabolic activity, cytotoxicity, and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane were analyzed after SA treatment. The expression of Nrf2 target genes as well as endoplasmic reticulum stress response genes was additionally measured by real-time PCR (in vitro) and PCR gene arrays (in vivo). Treatment of OliNeu cells with SA resulted in significant depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, decreased metabolic activity, and increased cytotoxicity. This was partly counteracted in Nrf2-hyperactivated cells and intensified in Nrf2-knockdown cells. Our studies demonstrate a key role of Nrf2 in maintaining cellular functions and survival in the context of mitochondrial dysfunction.
A new generation of mobile communications has been evolving for every 10 years, keeping in mind the enormous data traffic, huge capacity requirements, excellent quality of service with minimal latency; there is a shift in paradigm toward the upcoming 5G technology which is expected to be rolled out by 2020 that promises to meet the requirements stated above. 5G is envisaged to be a merged framework of wide range of applications ranging from device-to-device communications, smart grid to Internet of Things and many more. In this survey paper, a brief discussion on the major pillars of 5G which are millimeter wave technology, massive MIMO, ultra-dense network, beamforming and full-duplex transmission are presented. This survey paper also focuses on the role of optics in 5G technology, sometimes commonly referred to as microwave photonics, an interdisciplinary research platform. Due to huge bandwidth and enormous capacity upgrade, optical fibers are considered to be ideal backhaul and fronthaul media rather than copper cables in order to support small cells and next-generation networks. These advantages of optical fiber technology enable integrated optical and wireless access technologies for 5G wireless communications an interdisciplinary area of research.
The Ni–Zn binary coating was electrochemically deposited on a copper electrode. Then, it was etched in a concentrated alkaline solution (30 wt% NaOH) to obtain a porous electrocatalytic surface suitable for methanol electro-oxidation in alkaline solution. The surface compositions of coatings before and after alkaline leaching were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The surface morphologies were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the leached Ni–Zn coating has a porous structure. Electrocatalytic activity toward the methanol electro-oxidation was assessed by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. The activation of electrode related to the removal of existing corrosion products and formation of pores and cracks during alkaline leaching. Cyclic voltammetry studies confirmed that the alkaline leaching process improved the activity of Ni–Zn coating in comparison with smooth Ni deposit for the methanol electro-oxidation.
The commonly used test to evaluate naming ability in multiple sclerosis (MS) is the Boston Naming Test (BNT). In previous studies the BNP has not shown any specific deficit in MS patients. The BNT score is obtained by adding spontaneously correct answers to correct answers obtained after semantic and phonological clues are given. Our hypothesis was that due to a lexical access deficit based on executive dysfunction, MS patients would need more clues than control subjects to normalize their performances,. Fifteen relapsing-remitting (RR) and 17 secondary progressive (SP) MS patients, and 32 controls matched for sex, age, and educational level, took the BNT. The 32 MS patients also took the BCCog (Short French battery used in MS to evaluate cognitive functions) in order to evaluate their executive functions. MS patients needed significantly more clues than matched controls to normalize their performances (P <0.001). This lexical access deficit was more frequent in the SP than in the RR group (P <0.05). A lexical access deficit inducing a denomination problem has thus been shown in MS patients. Further research should aim to better evaluate the executive functions of patients with a lexical access deficit.
This article reports findings from a study of preservice mathematics teacher education students and their beliefs about and experiences with students in an urban high school. The preservice teacher education students participated as mentors to a group of peer tutors in a mathematics tutoring program. Data collected from questionnaires and interviews reveal that the mentors had varied perceptions of tutoring program participants’ motivation, interest, and knowledge of mathematics. Mentors held varied perceptions of urban schools and what teaching mathematics in urban settings entails. Further, mentors reported that their work in the tutoring program had an impact on their strategies and plans for future mathematics teaching.
Neurons in the ventral hippocampus project to parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons in the infralimbic (IL) region of medial prefrontal cortex. Activation of this projection produces feed-forward inhibition of IL and causes relapse of extinguished fear.
A knowledge economy still produces goods and services, although by the important use of knowledge. Therefore, economic models are relevant to understanding how a knowledge economy should properly work, particularly the financial system in a knowledge economy. When finance fails, all knowledge stops. Cross-disciplinary approaches to societal models of a knowledge economy are necessary and useful, because societies are more complex than can be seen by any single social science discipline. This was dramatically demonstrated in the first decade of the twenty-first century by the major failure of mainstream economic theory, as a basis for financial regulation. The surprising thing was that the economic discipline as a whole did not take this empirical opportunity to rethink economic theory, to build together a new and valid theory. Instead, the schools of economics continued to argue with one another. We take this historical case of scholastic conflict to reexamine economic theory, but within a cross-disciplinary framework. We use the modeling that had been accomplished in the two conflicting economic schools—exogenous and endogenous schools. Each modeled parts of an economic system, production subsystem (exogenous school) and financial subsystem (endogenous school). But neither succeeded in modeling the whole of an economic system. Within a larger cross-disciplinary framework of societal dynamics theory, we show how to assemble these partial models into a more complete economic model.
Recent trends in paradigms of digital convergence have accentuated the notions of convergent products that are formed by adding new functions to an existing base product. However, a lacuna still remains in the literature as to systematic design of convergent product concepts (CPCs) based on functionality. This study proposes a systematic approach to design of CPCs based on online community information using data mining techniques. At the heart of the suggested approach is the combined use of association rule mining (ARM) and decision tree (DT) for discovering the significant relationships among items and detecting the meaningful conditions of items. Specifically, the proposed approach is composed of four steps: data collection and transformation, definition of target functions, identification of critical product features, and specification of design details. Three maps – function co-preferences map, feature relations map, and concepts specification map – are developed to aid decision making in design of CPCs, structuring and visualizing design implications. A case of the portable multimedia player (PMP) is presented to illustrate the proposed approach. We believe that our approach can reduce uncertainty and risk involved in the concept design stage.
The increase in energy density and power density requirements for lithium-ion secondary cells for commercial applications has led to a search for higher capacity electrode materials than those available today. Silicon would seem to be a possible alternative for the graphite or carbon anode because its intercalation capacity is the highest known. However, the large capacity fade observed during initial cycling has prevented the silicon anode from being commercialized. Here we present a review of methodologies adopted for reducing the capacity fade observed in silicon-based anodes, discuss the challenges that remain in using silicon and silicon-based anodes, and propose possible approaches for overcoming them.