batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The increasing number of marketable fish being supplied from aquaculture is a response to the increasing demand for healthy food and is filling the gap left by depleting natural fish stocks. Little is known about the awareness and perception of the consumer in terms of farmed fish versus fish from capture fisheries. The consumer's subjective point of view is of overriding importance for the production system and product acceptance as well as for future market success. In this paper consumer perception in Belgium is explored and compared against scientific evidence of farmed versus wild fish. Primary data were collected through a consumer survey (April 2003) and focus group discussions (May 2004) with Belgian consumers. The majority of the consumer sample reported no perceived differences between farmed versus wild fish. However, mean perception scores were slightly in favour of wild fish on the attributes taste, health and nutritious value, in particular among consumers aged 55 years and older. The availability of farmed fish was perceived to be better than that of wild fish, while the consumer's perception of safety did not differ between farmed and wild fish. The focus group discussions indicated that consumers’ opinions and beliefs about farmed fish are mainly based on emotion and image transfer from intensive terrestrial livestock production rather than on awareness and factual knowledge of aquaculture.
La3+ and F− co-doped Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) anode materials are synthesized successfully via a solid state reaction. The structure and morphology are characterized by XRD, SEM and EDS. The results indicate that La3+ and F− ions were uniformly dispersed in Li4Ti5O12 lattice without changing the structure and morphology of Li4Ti5O12. Li3.95La0.05Ti5O11.7F0.3 (La005-F03) exhibits an outstanding electrochemical performance among all the samples in a potential range from 0.5 to 2.5 V, and delivers a discharge capacity of 103 mAh g−1 at 10C rate, whereas the LTO only gives 62.5 mAh g−1. The sample La005-F03 retains a discharge capacity of 170.1 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 1C rate. The improved electrochemical performance could be attributed to the appropriate co-doping with La3+ and F−, which can increase the amount of Ti3+/Ti4+ mixing as charge compensation, leading to the decrease of the charge transfer resistance and improvement of the electronic conductivity and lithium ion diffusion coefficient.
Scientific discovery requires both abstract, theoretically defined concepts and discovery operations formed by sets of rules that permit the empirical detection of instances of those concepts. In this paper, I examine the ontological status of discovery operations and the tests employed to evaluate them in evolutionary biology. Attention is drawn to the distinction between nomothetic (universal, predictive) and ideographic (historical, retrodictive) discovery operations, and between complementary and exclusive discovery operations. Three types of tests of discovery operations are commonly employed in evolutionary biology. Theoretical tests aim to show that a discovery operation is inconsistent with accepted, well-corroborated, empirical theories. Empirical tests evaluate the performance of competing discovery operations in terms of their results when applied to the same empirical data sets. Philosophical tests aim to show that an operation is inconsistent with logical and epistemological principles. Appropriately designed theoretical and philosophical tests of ideographic discovery operations may be scientifically valid. Empirical tests, however, are incapable of evaluating the scientific merits of competing discovery operations. Nonetheless, empirical comparisons (not tests) of competing discovery operations may provide insight into the ways discovery operations may be misleading and therefore may play an important role in stimulating critical debate and eventually establishing a scientifically optimal operation. In practice, theoretical and philosophical tests are often combined to test competing discovery operations as rigorously as possible.
As youth use mobile services for utilitarian and hedonic purposes, their evaluations of mobile service providers may relate to cognitive determinants of service quality, value, and switching costs as well as to affective enjoyment. The findings showed that cognitive determinants related significantly to loyalty, but enjoyment did not. A follow-up investigation suggested that enjoyment moderated relationships between these cognitive determinants and loyalty. Service quality and value related more to loyalty when enjoyment was low, implying that youth who used mobile services for utilitarian purposes were mainly concerned with the services’ quality and value. Conversely, switching costs related more to loyalty when enjoyment was high. Youth who enjoyed common mobile services with peers perceived barriers to switching because using different mobile service providers might distance youth from their peers. This study extends research on hedonic consumption, particularly with Australian youth and mobile services, and offers future research and managerial implications.
Avian eggshell structure may have important consequences for embryonic growth and development, but relatively little is known about the factors responsible for variation in eggshell characteristics of wild birds. In this paper, we explored potential causes of variation in eggshell colour and structure (shell thickness and porosity) in the Collared Flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis). We analysed if eggshell colour is affected by shell structure or pigment level, and whether female traits, laying date, local breeding density, and clutch size affect shell thickness and pore density. We found that eggshell blue-green and UV colours were unrelated to shell thickness, pore density and egg size. Eggs with higher concentration of biliverdin showed lower UV reflection and higher reflection in the blue-green part of the spectrum. We found that females in better nutritional condition, indicated by their higher mass controlled for tarsus length, laid eggs with thicker shells. It is possible that females in better condition have more time available for searching calcium-rich food, and thus could produce eggs with stronger shells. However, female physical characteristics had no significant relationships with shell porosity. In contrast to our expectation, shell thickness and pore density were unrelated to local breeding density and laying date, though very late and repeat clutches were not sampled in our study. However, we found that eggs in larger clutches had lower pore density than eggs in smaller clutches, which may be expected if the rate of water loss and nest humidity are to remain constant in clutches of different egg numbers.
As grid energy storage systems become more complex, it grows more difficult to design them for safe operation. This paper first reviews the properties of lithium-ion batteries that can produce hazards in grid scale systems. Then the conventional safety engineering technique Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) is reviewed to identify its limitations in complex systems. To address this gap, new research is presented on the application of Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to a lithium-ion battery based grid energy storage system. STPA is anticipated to fill the gaps recognized in PRA for designing complex systems and hence be more effective or less costly to use during safety engineering. It was observed that STPA is able to capture causal scenarios for accidents not identified using PRA. Additionally, STPA enabled a more rational assessment of uncertainty (all that is not known) thereby promoting a healthy skepticism of design assumptions. We conclude that STPA may indeed be more cost effective than PRA for safety engineering in lithium-ion battery systems. However, further research is needed to determine if this approach actually reduces safety engineering costs in development, or improves industry safety standards.
A novel structured catalyst for formaldehyde electrooxidation was developed by decorating sub-monolayer Sn, Ru and RuSn on the surface of Pt/C nanoparticles. The electrocatalysts were prepared by an impregnation-reduction method using H2 as the reducing agent at room temperature. The structure and electrochemical active surface area of the decorated Pt/C electrocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDX) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). High electrocatalytic activities of Sn, Ru and RuSn decorated Pt/C electrodes toward formaldehyde electrooxidation in a 0.5M H2SO4 aqueous solution were observed as compared with pure Pt/C electrode. Best results were obtained on the Sn decorated Pt/C electrocatalyst with a significantly lower onset potential and higher oxidation current in acid medium, relative to the pure Pt/C and Ru decorated Pt/C electrocatalysts. The reasons are most likely related to the fact that Sn, existed as tin oxides, has significantly higher activation and catalytic activity towards CO oxidation and the presence of Sn induces the weakly bonded CO on Pt.
Antimony selenide thin films have been prepared onto tin oxide coated glass substrates by potentiostatic electrodeposition from an aqueous acid bath containing K(SbO)C4H4O6⋅0.5H2O and H2SeO3 at 25°C. The electrodeposition mechanism was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The compositional, morphological, structural, optical, and electrical properties of the deposited films have been studied using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), Raman spectroscopy (RS), UV–VIS spectra, and photoelectrochemical tests (PEC), respectively. The formation of antimony selenide was confirmed to proceed via an induced codeposition mechanism: Se deposition occurs first, inducing the deposition of Sb, then, the deposited Sb would further promote the deposition of Se. The influence of deposition potential on the composition, morphology, and structure of the antimony selenide thin films was also explored. Sb2Se3 thin films with homogeneous morphology and near stoichiometric composition can be obtained, and exhibit good optical properties with absorption coefficient of higher than 105 cm−1 and band gap of 1.07±0.01eV, as well as electrical properties with p-type conductivity and excellent photoelectrochemical activity.
Micro thermophotovoltaic (TPV) power generator is recognized as a promising portable power source for those applications where high power density and lightweight power source is the key of success. As one of the most important components of micro-TPV system, it is essential that the micro combustor achieves a high and uniform temperature distribution along the outer wall. To maximize the radiation energy density and performance efficiency, a novel micro modular combustor-radiator, capable of recirculating the exhaust gas to reheat the outer wall of the combustor and preheat the incoming cold reactant, has been designed and tested. Key results have shown that the mean wall temperature of the combustor with heat recuperation can be increased by 70–110K. In addition, the wall temperature experiences better uniformity due to heat recuperation. The total radiation energy and useful radiation energy are improved by 44.4% and 83%, respectively.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a devastating neurodegenerative motor neuron disease that results in progressive loss of bulbar and limb function. In this Review, Hardiman et al. provide an overview of the clinical aspects of the disease, discussing epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management, with an emphasis on recent key advances.
Carbon capture is one of the foremost methods for curtailing greenhouse gas emissions. Incumbent technologies are inherently inefficient due to thermal energy losses, large footprint, or degradation of sorbent material. We report a solid-state faradaic electro-swing reactive adsorption system comprising an electrochemical cell that exploits the reductive addition of CO2 to quinones for carbon capture. The reported device is compact and flexible, obviates the need for ancillary equipment, and eliminates the parasitic energy losses by using electrochemically activated redox carriers. An electrochemical cell with a polyanthraquinone–carbon nanotube composite negative electrode captures CO2 upon charging via the carboxylation of reduced quinones, and releases CO2 upon discharge. The cell architecture maximizes the surface area exposed to gas, allowing for ease of stacking of the cells in a parallel passage contactor bed. We demonstrate the capture of CO2 both in a sealed chamber and in an adsorption bed from inlet streams of CO2 concentrations as low as 0.6% (6000 ppm) and up to 10%, at a constant CO2 capacity with a faradaic efficiency of >90%, and a work of 40–90 kJ per mole of CO2 captured, with great durability of electrochemical cells showing <30% loss of capacity after 7000 cylces.
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the aging process. Previous studies have determined that mice with a targeted mutation of the p66Shc gene show reduced oxidative stress and extended life span. This study is the first behavioral characterization of mice carrying a deletion of p66Shc. Four-, 11- and 24-months-old homozygous knockout and wild-type mice of the 129Sv/Ev strain underwent a battery of behavioral tests. Locomotion and exploratory activity were tested in the open-field test, emotional reactivity was assessed in the elevated plus-maze, while nociception was evaluated by means of the hot-plate test (50°C). In addition, social behavior was assessed in a social interaction test. Our results indicate that pain sensitivity and emotional behavior in wild-type mice increase with age. Deletion of the p66 gene results in an increase in pain threshold and reduced emotionality, differences with wild-type subjects becoming more pronounced with age. Thus reduced oxidative stress throughout the life span is able to prevent some behavioral effects of aging, particularly in response to painful or emotionally arousing stimuli. These data are discussed in relation to recent views, indicating new and complex interactions between oxidative stress and emotional stress.
Microgrid equipped with heterogenous energy resources and a bank of energy storage devices presents the idea of small scale distributed energy management (DEM). DEM facilitates the minimization of the transmission and operation costs, peak load and environmental pollution. Microgrid also enables active customer participation by giving them the access to the real time information and control. The capability of fast restoration against physical/cyber attack, integration of renewable energy resources and information and communication technologies (ICT) make microgrid as an ideal candidate for distributed power systems. The energy management system of microgrid can perform real time energy forecasting of renewable resources, energy storage elements and controllable loads in making proper short term scheduling to minimize total operating costs. Cost benefit analysis of microgrid reveals that cooperation among different microgrids can play an important role in the reduction of import energy cost from the utility grid. Cooperation among microgrids in smart microgrid network (SMN) brings the energy sharing and management issues. In this paper we present a review of existing optimization objectives, constraints, solution approaches and tools used in microgrid energy management. This review paper can provide a foundation to embark on an in depth study in the area of energy management for smart microgrid network.
Lithium-sulfur battery receives intense attention owing to its high theoretical energy density. However, poor electrical conductivity of sulfur and poor cycle stability of the battery hinder its application. Here, we report that graphene microsheets prepared from microcrystalline graphite minerals by an electrochemical & mechanical approach work as a special conductive support to load sulfur as the cathode of lithium-sulfur battery. The graphene microsheets have the features of excellent conductivity and low defect, small sheet sizes of <1 μm2 and ≤6 atomic layers as well as natural silicate residue covered. Li-S batteries of graphene microsheets/S as cathode exhibit long-term cyclability and high coulombic efficiency. At 1 C for 2000 cycles, average coulombic efficiency of 99.7% is reached.
The magnesium-substituted spinel LiMg y Mn2−y O4 (y=0.0, 0.05, 0.08, 0.1, 0.12 and 0.15) is synthesised at 800°C for 36h in air. Its electrochemical performance is examined in LiMg y Mn2−y O4/Li cells. The initial capacity of the cells is lowered on increasing the Mg content. The charge–discharge capacity of substituted spinels is higher than that of pure spinel, even on the first cycle. The discharge capacity of LiMg0.1Mn1.9O4 on the first and 70th cycles is about 120 and l05mAh/g, respectively. The cell retains about 88% of the initial capacity at the 70th cycle. Impedance profiles of LiMg0.1Mn1.9O4 are more stable than those of the pure spinel during charge–discharge cycling. The initial charge-transfer resistance and the chemical diffusion coefficients of lithium ions in LiMg0.1Mn1.9O4 are about 70Ω and 10−8 cm2 s−1, respectively.
Carriers face serious challenges in making their urban freight transport efficient and sustainable. Local authorities claim that many carriers are not innovative and do not cooperate in improving their city logistics operations. There are three solution directions to make urban freight transport more efficient and more sustainable: policy, technology and logistics. Carriers can use logistical and technical solutions. In this paper several best practices and carrier-initiatives are presented that are actually brought in practice (in the Netherlands) to improve city logistics. It depends on the type of carrier, either a regional or functional specialist or a generalist, which solution can be effectively used in the urban freight transport operations.
Blood lead has been associated with an elevated risk of miscarriage. The plasmatic fraction of lead represents the toxicologically active fraction of lead. Women with a tendency to have a higher plasma/whole blood Pb ratio could tend towards an elevated risk of miscarriage due to a higher plasma Pb for a given whole blood Pb and would consequently have a history of spontaneous abortion.
A P2-type Na0.67Mn0.8Cu0.1Mg0.1O2 has been synthesized as a cathode material for sodium ion batteries. By utilizing the synergetic effects of Cu and Mg substitution, the prepared material delivers a discharge capacity of 84 mAh g−1 at 180 mA g−1, with a superior capacity retention of 93% after 500 cycles. The Mn, Cu and Mg ions are located in the transition metal sites, and a good structural reversibility during the charge and discharge process has been confirmed. In addition, the electrolyte additive fluoroethylene carbonate is shown to be effective for the formation of passivation layer at the electrode/electrolyte interface and improve the long-term cycling performance of the Na0.67Mn0.8Cu0.1Mg0.1O2 cathode material using a 1 M NaPF6 in ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate electrolyte.
The presence of muscle mass depletion is associated with poor outcomes and survival in cancer. Alongside muscle mass, assessment of muscle strength or physical performance is essential for the diagnosis of sarcopenia. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a prevalent form of cancer with high mortality, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status (PS) is commonly used to assess patients’ suitability for treatment. However, a significant proportion of patients with good PS are unable to complete multidisciplinary team (MDT)-planned treatment. Little is known about the ability of objective measurements of physical performance in predicting patients’ ability to complete MDT-planned treatment and outcomes in NSCLC.
The degradation behaviors of the TiV-based multiphase hydrogen storage alloy Ti0.8Zr0.2V3.2Mn0.64-Cr0.96Ni1.2 during electrochemical cycling in alkaline electrolyte have been studied by XRD, SEM, EIS and AES measurements. XRD analysis indicates that the alloy consists of a C14-type Laves phase and a V-based solid solution. The lattice parameters of both phases are increased after discharged with cycling, which indicates that more irreversible hydrogen remains not discharged in the alloy. It should be responsible for the decrease of discharge capacity. SEM micrographs show that after 10 electrochemical cycles, a large number of cracks can be observed in the alloy, existing mainly in the V-based solid solution phase. Moreover, after 30 cycles, the alloy particles are obviously pulverized due to the larger expansion and shrinkage of cell volumes during hydrogen absorption and desorption, which induces the fast degradation of the TiV-based hydrogen storage alloys. EIS and AES measurements indicate that some passive oxide film has been formed on the surface of alloy electrode, which has higher charge-transfer resistance, lower hydrogen diffusivity, and less electro-catalytic activity. Therefore it can be concluded that the pulverization and oxidation of the alloy are the main factors responsible for the fast degradation of the TiV-based hydrogen storage alloys.
There are numbers of alternative energy resources being studied for hybrid vehicles as preparation to replace the exhausted supply of petroleum worldwide. The use of fossil fuel in the vehicles is a rising concern due to its harmful environmental effects. Among other sources battery, fuel cell (FC), super capacitors (SC) and photovoltaic cell i.e. solar are studied for vehicle application. Combinations of these sources of renewable energies can be applied for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) for next generation of transportation. Various aspects and techniques of HEV from energy management system (EMS), power conditioning and propulsion system are explored in this paper. Other related fields of HEV such as DC machine and vehicle system are also included. Various type models and algorithms derived from simulation and experiment are explained in details. The performances of the various combination of HEV system are summarized in the table along with relevant references. This paper provides comprehensive survey of hybrid electric vehicle on their source combination, models, energy management system (EMS) etc. developed by various researchers. From the rigorous review, it is observed that the existing technologies more or less can capable to perform HEV well; however, the reliability and the intelligent systems are still not up to the mark. Accordingly, this review have been lighted many factors, challenges and problems sustainable next generation hybrid vehicle.
An ex-situ aging study was carried out using commercial lithium-ion battery cells with lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) positive electrodes and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) surface coated graphitic negative electrodes at various states of health (SOHs): 100%, 80% and 10%. The lowest SOH-value was chosen in order to understand and to quantify the aging mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries. The electrodes were analyzed by different techniques: SEM/EDX, ICP-OES, XPS, XRD and BET. Significant changes in positive and negative morphology, elemental composition and surface area were observed depending on the SOH value and the positioning of the sample in the jelly roll. We discuss in the context of well-known aging mechanisms further aging effects. The cell capacity is limited by the amount of immobilized lithium. Lithium loss of the positive electrode is directly correlated with a lithium increase of the negative electrode. The linearity of the lithium content in the electrodes is a function of SOH over the whole SOH-range while the lithium content in the electrodes is an exponential function of the porosity. Another aging effect is the degradation of the ceramic coating on the graphite and the migration of the ceramic coating from the surface of the negative electrode to the bulk.