batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This paper presents an equivalent electrical circuit model for a unit cell all-vanadium redox flow battery (V-RFB). The developed V-RFB model consists of an open-circuit cell potential (E cell(ORP)) which is in series with an ohmic internal resistance and parallel with an n-Resistor–Capacitor (n-RC) network. The E cell(ORP) represents an intrinsic relationship of the V-RFB state-of-charge (SOC), while the n-RC networks represent the polarization characteristic and dynamic behaviour of the V-RFB. The E cell(ORP) and ohmic resistance parameters are obtained through a direct measurement of an experimental setup of 25 cm2 unit cell laboratory unit V-RFB, whereas the two pairs of RC network parameters are identified through a recursive algorithm of extended Kalman filter (EKF). The accuracy of this model is verified with different pulse voltages at a few values of SOCs. Ultimately, the model is validated with an experimental charge–discharge characterisation of V-RFB system. Suggestion for system improvement is highlighted.
LiMnPO4 is proposed as more promising cathode material as LiFePO4, while poor electronic conductivity and Jahn-Teller effects during charge/discharge processes hinder the electrochemical performance. To overcome these problems, one-step solid state reaction method is developed to synthesize LiMnPO4/C composites, which is with nanostructure, high crystallinity and good carbon coating. Manganese oxide sources and calcination temperature are investigated as factors for preparing high-performance LiMnPO4/C for Li-ion batteries. The results show that the LiMnPO4/C composites prepared with mixed manganese oxide deliver a superior initial capacity of 153mAhg−1 at 0.05C and high rate performance with discharge capacities of 123mAhg−1 at 1C and 103mAhg−1 at 2C. And the LiMnPO4/C composites synthesized at 600 °C can retain 94% of the initial capacity after 200 cycles at 1C, revealing a stable cycling stability. Therefore, one-step solid state reaction brings to light the synthesis of high performance LiMnPO4/C cathode materials and is suitable for large scale production.
Nickel-rich layered oxide LiNi1-x-yCoxAlyO2 (x + y < 0.4) cathodes are regarded as the most promising candidate cathodes for lithium ion batteries due to their high energy density, high work voltage and low cost. These cathodes are extensively used in electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. Generally, coprecipitation methods are frequently employed for preparing nickel-rich cathodes, but the coprecipitation of Ni2+, Co2+ and Al3+ is very complicated and uncontrollable because the solubility product constants of Ni(OH)2, Co(OH)2 and Al(OH)3 are entirely different. This paper reports a modified coprecipitation method for the preparation of LiNi0.75Co0.15Al0.10O2, in which nano Al2O3 particles are employed as precipitate nucleus for the first time. Additionally, to magnify the difference between the different synthesis methods, a fluctuating pH environment is intentionally employed for the solution during the coprecipitation. Unlike the conventional method, the modified method successfully avoids the stringent demands for pH value during the synthesis, and the as-obtained LiNi0.75Co0.15Al0.10O2 cathode exhibits an excellent rate capability of 172.2 mAh g−1 at a rate of 10 C. Even more remarkably, the LiNi0.75Co0.15Al0.10O2 cathode presents significantly improved thermal/structural stability and electrochemical performance at high temperature, indicating its great potential for use as a commercial lithium ion battery cathode in electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles.
Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of techniques for designing communication architectures for high-performance, energy-efficient systems-on-chips. It describes the techniques for fast and accurate system-level performance/power analysis to drive communication architecture design, and automatic techniques for customizing the communication architecture to the characteristics of an application's communication traffic, through both static customization and dynamic customization. It also describes a system power management methodology called communication-based power management (CBPM) that utilizes new, battery-aware on-chip communication protocols to enhance the overall battery efficiency of a system. The growing importance of on-chip communication adds a new facet to the process of system design. Under the traditional notion of system design, a system's functional requirements are refined and mapped onto a well-optimized set of computational resources and storage elements. Today, system designers pay more attention to the relatively less understood process of mapping a system's communication requirements onto a well-optimized on-chip communication architecture.
Flower-like Fe3O4/graphene aerogel (Fe3O4/GA) composite was prepared by water-bath vitamin C reduction self-assembly process followed by a heat treatment under N2 atmosphere. The morphological and structural results demonstrate that 3D flower-like Fe3O4 particles are homogenously embedded into the 3D conductive network of graphene nanosheet aerogels. Based on this unique structure, flower-like Fe3O4/GA composite exhibits a high reversible capacity of 797 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1, and good rate capacity of 551 mAh g−1 at 3.2 A g−1 as well as excellent cycling performance with a stable capacity of ~1138 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 A g−1 compared with bare flower-like Fe3O4 electrode. Our work demonstrates this self-assembly approach can be used to prepare other electroactive metal oxides/graphene composite for the application of lithium ion batteries.
On the numerous small and medium-sized Greek islands one may encounter several thousands of remote consumers unable to appreciate a direct electricity utility supply. For this purpose, remote consumers usually cover their electricity needs based on the operation of small diesel-generator sets. On the other hand, most of these areas appreciate high quality solar potential that comprises a stimulus for the use of stand-alone photovoltaic (PV)-based configurations. In this context, the primary objective of the present study is to determine the optimum dimensions of a stand-alone PV-diesel system, under the restriction of minimum long-term electricity generation cost, and accordingly obtain a comparison with diesel-only systems. For this purpose, the developed methodology is applied to a representative Greek island, with results obtained being rather encouraging for the implementation of the proposed solution.
MoS2 has recently been regarded as a promising anode material for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). However, it remains challenging to attain high-performance MoS2-based anodes for SIBs integrated robust cyclability with rate capability more cheaply and scalably until now. Herein, via a facile polysterene nanosphere (PS)-templated sol-gel method, nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon (NHPC) matrix mosaiced with ultrasmall MoS2 nanosheets (MoS2@NHPC) has been synthesized as anode for SIBs. In half batteries, the MoS2@NHPC shows high reversible capacity (500mAhg−1 at 0.1Ag−1), excellent rate capability (330mAhg−1 at 5Ag−1) and robust cycling stability (340mAhg−1 at 1Ag−1 over 550 cycles). Moreover, when coupled with the Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) cathode in a full battery, the MoS2@NHPC anode also displays high reversible specific capacity of 350mAhg−1 at 0.2Ag−1, and robust cycling stability of over 130 cycles. The excellent performance is benefited from the uniform mosaic of ultrasmall MoS2 nanosheets into the NHPC, which effectively facilitates the ionic and electronic conductivity, and accommodates the volume changes during desodiation-sodiation process. Such design may enlighten to develop the other high-performance materials for energy storage.
Ambient temperature is a significant factor that influences the accuracy of battery SOC estimation, which is critical for remaining driving range prediction of electric vehicles (EVs) and optimal charge/discharge control of batteries. A widely used method to estimate SOC is based on an online inference of open-circuit voltage (OCV). However, the fact that the OCV–SOC is dependent on ambient temperature can result in errors in battery SOC estimation. To address this problem, this paper presents an SOC estimation approach based on a temperature-based model incorporated with an OCV–SOC–temperature table. The unscented Kalman filtering (UKF) was applied to tune the model parameters at each sampling step to cope with various uncertainties arising from the operation environment, cell-to-cell variation, and modeling inaccuracy. Two dynamic tests, the dynamic stress test (DST) and the federal urban driving schedule (FUDS), were used to test batteries at different temperatures. Then, DST was used to identify the model parameters while FUDS was used to validate the performance of the SOC estimation. The estimation was made covering the major working range from 25% to 85% SOC. The results indicated that our method can provide accurate SOC estimation with smaller root mean squared errors than the method that does not take into account ambient temperature. Thus, our approach is effective and accurate when battery operates at different ambient temperatures. Since the developed method takes into account the temperature factor as well as the complexity of the model, it could be effectively applied in battery management systems for EVs.
Publisher Summary This chapter briefly introduces two of the major services—Multimedia Telephony (MMTel) and Presence—built on multimedia subsystem (IMS). When devices happen to have incompatible codecs installed, the network can provide conversion services. If the device is a PC and the users are reasonably technically inclined, these issues are normally handled by downloading codecs. However, apart from the inconvenience factor, it is most likely not even possible for the majority of mobile phones. Northbound Interface is an explicit call-out to an external application, invoked as part of the call processing in the MMTel AS node itself. The Presence function in IMS is the result of cooperation between standards bodies, in this case Open Mobile Alliance (OMA), 3GPP and 3GPP2, and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), in a pattern that is becoming common. Basic protocols are developed in IETF; core capabilities and the architecture supporting them is the job of 3GPP, and then organizations like OMA build end-user applications.
Vibration exists everywhere especially in the public railway operation system. The vibration acceleration is the key factor to monitor and evaluate the structure health of the railway equipment. In this paper, a kind of self-powered triboelectric nano vibration accelerometer (TEVA) is presented. A low frequency spring mass vibration model is built to calculate the vibration sensitive performance and the electric output of the TEVA. The prototype of the TEVA is demonstrated and characterized through the railway vibration simulation platform. It has been testified that TEVA can successfully harvest the low frequency vibration energy and convert it to electrical power to achieve the self-powered vibration acceleration monitoring system. The output current and voltage of TEVA are also sensitive to the vibration acceleration from 1.07m/s2 to 1.25m/s2 linearly. Hence it can be used as a self-powered nano vibration accelerator for the fault diagnosis. In addition, the generated electricity is used for charging the lithium battery (from 1.5V to 3.1V) which supplies power to the ZigBee module. The experiment shows that the charged battery through TEVA can support the wireless communication between ZigBee modules, with temperature and humidity sensors embedded on it. The temperature and humidity on the train are 22°C and 35%RH respectively. Therefore, the vibration energy can be harvested and stored for the power supply of wireless sensor network nodes in the near future.
A high voltage redox shuttle additive, tetraethyl-2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-phenylene diphosphate (TEDBPDP), has been synthesized and explored as an overcharge protection additive for lithium-ion cells. Cyclic voltammetry results indicate that the new shuttle molecule exhibits an oxidation potential at 4.8 V vs.Li/Li+, the highest one of any redox shuttles ever synthesized and reported in the literature. The charge–discharge tests for lithium ion cells with LiMn2O4 and Li1.2Ni0.15Co0.1Mn0.55O2 as cathode materials indicated that the TEDBPDP additive can provide successful overcharge protection at 4.75 V vs.Li/Li+, which is a suitable redox shuttle additive for high voltage cathode materials. In addition, the incorporated organophosphate groups in the molecule structure can provide an additional safety feature as a flame retardant additive, making this high-voltage redox shuttle even more attractive.
A novel type of renewable lignin-based mesoporous carbonized nanofibers (MCNFs) has been fabricated via electrospinning technique and thermal treatment, using lignin with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as the carbon source and triblock copolymer Pluronic P 123 as the template. The obtained MCNFs were directly used as anodes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) without binder and current collector. The MCNFs anode exhibited a large reversible capacity of 384.4mAhg−1 at 20.0mAg−1 and maintain 177.7mAhg−1 at a current density of 1.0Ag−1 after 400 cycles. Even at a fast (91s) discharge condition, the MCNFs achieved a high discharge capacity of 127.7mAhg−1.
The poor hydrophilicity and weak activity of graphite felt (GF) electrodes hinder the efficient application of vanadium flow batteries (VFB). Therefore, enhancing the electrolyte wettability and electrochemical activity of GF is an effective way to improve the energy efficiency (EE) and power density of VFB. In this work, we report a simple and environmental friendly method to prepare phosphorus-doped carbon nitride modified GF (P-C3N4@GF) electrode, in which the P-C3N4 electrocatalysts are homogeneously distributed on the surface of GF. Owing to the excellent electrolyte wettability and notable electrocatalytic activity, the as-prepared P-C3N4@GF electrode exhibits significantly enhanced electrochemical activity towards VO2+/VO2 + and V2+/V3+ redox couples. As a result, the VFB single cell with P-C3N4@GF electrode demonstrates outstanding rate performance at current densities of 50–300 mA cm−2. Specifically, a maximum power density of 616.2 mW cm−2 is achieved. Moreover, the P-C3N4@GF electrode exhibits superior stability and durability at a high current density of 150 mA cm−2. Based on the above results, the possible catalysis mechanisms of P-C3N4@GF towards positive and negative reactions of VFB are discussed.
In this paper, the possible development of a drone for mobile crane inspection is investigated. Since the flying time of the drones currently in commerce is too short for the designed application, proton exchange membrane fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries are considered as alternative power systems to extend the flying time. Both systems are analyzed from an economical point of view and a life cycle assessment is performed to identify the main contributors to the environmental impact. From a commercial point of view, the lightweight fuel cell, being a niche product, results more expensive with respect to the Li-ion battery. On the other hand, the life cycle assessment results show a lower burdens of both technologies with respect to other components of the two systems, as carbon fiber. The source of the hydrogen and the electricity mix play a critical role as well.
Based on first principles calculations, we study the interaction of metal atoms (Li, Na, and Mg) with Si(111) nanosheets of different thicknesses. We show that the chemistry of the interactions is sensitive to both the nanosheet thickness and the dopant–surface distance. Both Li and Na atoms adsorb strongly on the nanosheet surface, accompanied by large charge transfers (∼0.9e) from the metal atoms to surrounding atoms. In contrast, Mg atoms have weak adsorption. Compared to bulk Si, we show that nanosheet Si is expected to improve the charge/discharge rate of Li/Na/Mg-ion batteries. Nevertheless, due to large insertion barriers (up to the prohibitive ∼2.1 and ∼3.1eV for Mg and Na, respectively) and significant energy differences between surface and sub-surface sites (∼1.0 and ∼1.9eV for Mg and Na, respectively), the theoretical capacities of Si for both Na-ion and Mg-ion batteries cannot be achieved at realistic charge/discharge rates.
Hierarchically pore-structured carbon (HPC) pillars with a high surface area and large pore volume are obtained by pyrolyzing Al-based porous coordination polymers (Al-PCP) and used as a matrix of the sulfur for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. The structure and electrochemical performance of the sulfur-impregnated HPC are characterized. The improved performance of the composite is ascribed to the unique porous structure of the HPC matrix and its strong interaction with sulfur.
Faced with environmental issues caused by fossil fuel burning in the industrial and transportation sectors, innovations towards cleaner solutions to replace the ever diminishing fossil fuels have been the focus of not only researchers but governments all around the world. The hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) technology is the result of the desire to have vehicles with a better fuel economy and lower tailpipe emissions to meet the requirements of environmental policies as well as to absorb the impact of rising fuel prices. The objectives are met by combining a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) with one or more electric motors powered by a battery pack that can be charged using an on-board generator and the regenerative braking technology to power the transmission. The challenge is to develop an efficient energy management strategy (EMS) to satisfy the objectives while not having a reduced vehicle performance. In this paper, EMSs that are proposed and developed in the recent years are revisited and reviewed. Additionally, the Plug-in HEV is discussed in a new perspective from the EMS point of view. The through-the-road (TtR) HEV with in-wheel motors (IWM) is a fairly new concept in the HEV design that features less complicated configuration with reduced hardware requirements and lower cost. Recent research findings are evaluated throughout this paper leading to a hypothetical TtR HEV materialization. A thorough discussion is made encompassing the advantages and disadvantages of the concept, its performance compared to conventional HEVs and the way forward.
Electrochemical sodiation is performed in crystalline Sn foil using in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to simultaneously measure the changes in the electrical resistivity and volume of the Sn anode in a Na-Sn battery. We observe that sodiation causes an increase in the Sn anode resistivity by six orders of magnitude. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of the Na-Sn alloy system demonstrate that the increased resistivity of the anode is caused by the formation of an electrically resistive amorphous NaSn phase (a-NaSn) with a pseudogap. It is also observed that the formation of a-NaSn is always accompanied by a large volume expansion of ∼200%, causing the development of residual tensile stress. The residual stress in turn alters the electronic structure of the a-NaSn phase, further increasing the resistivity of a-NaSn and thus decreasing the energy efficiency of the Na-Sn battery.
Non-native ascidians can be a major feature of sessile communities, particularly in artificial habitats, but may be overlooked because of poor understanding of species’ taxonomy and biogeographic status. The styelid unitary ascidian Asterocarpa humilis, up to now only reported in the Southern Hemisphere, has been found on the coast of NW France from St Malo to Quiberon, on the south coast of England from Falmouth to Brighton, and also in north Wales. The first documented occurrence was in 2005 in Brittany, but the species was found to be relatively widespread at a regional scale and common in many places during surveys in 2009, 2010 and 2011. It has possibly been present but overlooked for some time. The identification based on morphology was confirmed by comparison with specimens from New Zealand, within the species’ presumed native range, by molecular barcoding based on mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (18S) genes.
In the present study, we synthesized biodiesel from soybean oil through a transesterification reaction catalyzed by lithium carbonate. Under the optimal reaction conditions of methanol/oil molar ratio 32:1, 12 % (wt/wt oil) catalyst amount, and a reaction temperature of 65 °C for 2 h, there was a 97.2 % conversion to biodiesel from soybean oil. The present study also evaluated the effects of methanol/oil ratio, catalyst amount, and reaction time on conversion. The catalytic activity of solid base catalysts was insensitive to exposure to air prior to use in the transesterification reaction. Results from ICP-OES exhibited non-significant leaching of the Li2CO3 active species into the reaction medium, and reusability of the catalyst was tested successfully in ten subsequent cycles. Free fatty acid in the feedstock for biodiesel production should not be higher than 0.12 % to afford a product that passes the EN biodiesel standard. Product quality, ester content, free glycerol, total glycerol, density, flash point, sulfur content, kinematic viscosity, copper corrosion, cetane number, iodine value, and acid value fulfilled ASTM and EN standards. Commercially available Li2CO3 is suitable for direct use in biodiesel production without further drying or thermal pretreatment, avoiding the usual solid catalyst need for activation at high temperature.
Extended cycle- and calendar-life testing of lithium-ion cells has shown the effect of aluminum concentration in the cathode on the area-specific impedance versus time behavior of the cell. In cells with a LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (5% Al) cathode, the change in mechanism from t 1/2 to t occurred at about 35 weeks. Increasing the aluminum concentration to 10% (LiNi0.8Co0.1Al0.1O2) delayed the change for, approximately, an additional 30 weeks. The factors affecting the rate of increase during the parabolic and linear portions of the curve depended on cathode composition and particle size. The difference in the time it took for the change in mechanism was related to the cathode composition.
Iron-doped hydrated nickel molybdate (FexNi1-xMoO4.0.75H2O, x = 0–0.10) nanorods were successfully synthesized via a simple one-pot hydrothermal route. Our investigations showed that hydrated nickel molybdate (HNMO) possesses identical crystal structure to CoMoO4.0.75H2O with a triclinic crystal structure and P 1 ¯ space group. Electron microscopy studies showed that the HNMO powders consist of single crystalline nanorods with [1 2 ¯ 2 ] growth direction. The effectiveness of iron-doping into the crystalline lattice of the HNMO was demonstrated by powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), UV–visible spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Upon iron-doping, the band gap energy values reduced from 4.03 eV for the un-doped powder to 3.48 eV for 10 at.% iron-doped HNMO. Electrochemical performance of the nanorods was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and EIS. The electrochemical properties along the optical data demonstrate that there is a direct relation between the electrochemical performance and the level of iron-doping due to improvement of electrical conductivity. A specific capacitance of 718 F/g related to the HNMO was improved by 47%–1057 F/g upon 10 at.% iron-doping.