batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The study of individuals with autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease affords one of the best opportunities to characterize the biological and cognitive changes of Alzheimer’s disease that occur over the course of the preclinical and symptomatic stages. Unifying the knowledge gained from the past three decades of research in the world’s largest single-mutation autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease kindred — a family in Antioquia, Colombia with the E280A mutation in the Presenilin1 gene — will provide new directions for Alzheimer’s research and a framework for generalizing the findings from this cohort to the more common sporadic form of Alzheimer’s disease. As this specific mutation is virtually 100% penetrant for the development of the disease by midlife, we use a previously defined median age of onset for mild cognitive impairment for this cohort to examine the trajectory of the biological and cognitive markers of the disease as a function of the carriers’ estimated years to clinical onset. Studies from this cohort suggest that structural and functional brain abnormalities — such as cortical thinning and hyperactivation in memory networks — as well as differences in biofluid and in vivo measurements of Alzheimer’s-related pathological proteins distinguish Presenilin1 E280A mutation carriers from noncarriers as early as childhood, or approximately three decades before the median age of onset of clinical symptoms. We conclude our review with discussion on future directions for Alzheimer’s disease research, with specific emphasis on ways to design studies that compare the generalizability of research in autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease to the larger sporadic Alzheimer’s disease population.
Researchers in Korea at Hanyang University report that they have found a way of substantially improving the performance of a membrane. This brief article, based on extracts from an interview with the developer of the technology, outlines how this has been achieved.
Batteries currently used as power supplies for measurement while drilling (MWD) equipment in boreholes for oil and gas exploration use a modified lithium/thionyl chloride technology. These batteries are limited to operating temperatures below 200°C. At higher temperatures, the batteries and the associated electronics must be protected by a dewar. Sandia National Laboratories has been actively engaged in developing suitable alternative technologies for geothermal and oil/gas borehole power sources that are based on both ionic liquid and solid-state electrolytes. In this paper, we present the results of our studies to date and the directions of future efforts.
The motorcycle industries in Taiwan are facing intensive challenges both from the continuously stringent emission and fuel economy regulation implemented by the government while still having to meet the performance and cost requirements from for the motorist. This paper describes the technology progress of the transition to clean motorcycle propulsion system in Taiwan and also the first zero emission motorcycle pilot commercial programs in the country. From the internal combustion engine to the hybrid system and pure electric power motorcycle, the prospects of fuel cell motorcycle are discussed from the product, the infrastructure and the policy aspects.
The purpose of this work is the study of the charge–discharge mechanism in the all-solid-state lithium/composite-polymer-electrolyte/pyrite battery operating at 120°C. Effects on the charge–discharge mechanism of particle size, type of binder and cathode preparation method of the pyrite-based cathode are addressed. Analysis of the experimental XRD, XPS and electrochemical data suggests that creation of sulfur vacancies in pyrite suppresses a sudden jump of charge voltage, which is associated with slow mass transport of iron(II) cations through the Li2FeS2 phase. We believe that our experimental findings show considerable promise of creating sulfur-deficient pyrite structures for cathodes to be used in high-energy-density all-solid-state lithium batteries. The nature and exact composition of a 1.2–1.3V discharge plateau is still unclear. To clarify the composition of this low-voltage phase synchrotron X-ray absorption measurements were performed on a series of cells cycled more than 100 times. The results will be presented in a forthcoming publication.
A highly ordered three-dimensional macro-porous PbO2 (3D porous PbO2) electrode has been prepared for electrochemical oxidation of nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds. The 3D porous PbO2 electrode was fabricated by templated electrochemical deposition method with TiO2 nanotube arrays as substrate and SnO2-Sb as intermediate layer. The morphology and composition characterization of the 3D porous PbO2 electrode was performed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, which revealed a uniform distribution of highly ordered macro-porous β-PbO2 structure. The Brunner−Emmet−Teller analysis suggested the electrode possessed large specific surface area of 37.39 m2·g−1. Electrochemical measurements indicated the electrode had a favourable oxygen evolution potential of 1.89 V and inner voltammetric charge of 14.48 mC·cm−2, which were higher than that of conventional PbO2 electrode. Furthermore, the electrochemical oxidation and TOC removal percentage of pyrrole, pyrazole and tetrazole obtained by 3D porous PbO2 electrode were 93.4%, 72.7%, 61.2% and 66.7%, 57.3%, 38.6% respectively, which were also superior to conventional PbO2 electrode. The intermediates were detected and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, and ion chromatography to propose a degradation pathway of pyrrole, pyrazole and tetrazole. Finally, quantum chemical calculation was introduced in this study by density function theory method, which is consistent with the experimental detection.
An attempt to understand the unusual electrochemical behaviors in (1−x)LiNiO2·xLi2TiO3 (0.05≤x≤0.5), an excess initial charge capacity exceeding the oxidation of transitional metal to +4 accompanying the appearance of an irreversible initial charge plateau when x reached 0.075, was performed. The decreased charge–discharge polarization after charging to 4.6 and 4.8V and increased columbic reversibility after charging to 4.6V typically for x=0.1 and 0.2, in contrast to charging to 4.4V, suggested that the excess initial charge capacity possibly did not come mainly from electrolyte decomposition; while ex situ XRD results in the sample with x=0.2 confirmed that Li+ were really extracted at the stage of the charge plateau, ruling out the possibility that electrolyte decomposition mainly accounted for the unusual electrochemical behaviors. It was inferred that the species responsible for charge compensation for the excess charge capacity must be oxygen ions in these materials, considering that Ni4+ and Ti4+ are generally impossible to be oxidized to a higher valence. Various electrochemical cycling experiments demonstrated that the sample for x=0.05 with high resistant ability to high voltage and temperature is very promising cathode material in view of observed capacity and cycleability from a viewpoint of application.
Surface modification of graphite to reduce the irreversible capacity loss during the first charging period of graphite anodes is described. For the surface modification, artificial graphite (Lonza KS44) is dispersed in a tetrahydrofuran/acetone solution which contains coal tar pitch. The solvent is then evaporated. The loaded pitch component is converted to coke by a heat treatment at 1000°C in argon atmosphere. The resulting coke-coated graphite has a smaller surface area than that of the pristine one. The reduction of surface area, which is due to the coverage of pores of <10nm by the coke component, causes a decrease in the irreversible capacity on the first cycle. The extent of electrolyte decomposition, gas evolution and surface film growth is also less with the coke-coated graphite electrode.
This paper proposes a method of fault detection of the connection of Lithium-Ion batteries based on entropy for electric vehicle. In electric vehicle operation process, some factors, such as road conditions, driving habits, vehicle performance, always affect batteries by vibration, which easily cause loosing or virtual connection between batteries. Through the simulation of the battery charging and discharging experiment under vibration environment, the data of voltage fluctuation can be obtained. Meanwhile, an optimal filtering method is adopted using discrete cosine filter method to analyze the characteristics of system noise, based on the voltage set when batteries are working under different vibration frequency. Experimental data processed by filtering is analyzed based on local Shannon entropy, ensemble Shannon entropy and sample entropy. And the best way to find a method of fault detection of the connection of lithium-ion batteries based on entropy is presented for electric vehicle. The experimental data shows that ensemble Shannon entropy can predict the accurate time and the location of battery connection failure in real time. Besides electric-vehicle industry, this method can also be used in other areas in complex vibration environment.
Graphite anode could initialize the thermal runaway of lithium-ion cells due to its spontaneous exothermic reactions above the critical temperature. In order to explore the mechanisms of these reactions, a series of experiments were carried out with on-line coupled thermogravimetric analyser–Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TGA–FTIR). The reactions under study essentially involved metallic lithium reacting with electrolyte and the thermal decomposition of natural graphite GDR at various states of charge (SOC). It is found that metallic lithium reacts with ethylene carbonate (EC) violently at around 180°C producing CO2 and dilithio butylene dialkoxide which could further react with LiPF6 and/or PF5 to produce POF3. At the relatively low temperature (about 60°C), CO2 produced from both 0% SOC and 100% SOC GDR samples is attributed to the decomposition of organic compounds in solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film. In addition, the amount of POF3 produced from 0% SOC GDR sample is more than that from 100% SOC GDR sample. Further, fully intercalated GDR sample shows a structural collapse, a solid-state exothermic reaction at ∼260°C. Based on the TGA–FTIR results obtained from these exothermic reactions, detailed thermal decomposition paths are proposed in this paper.
Apparent diffusion coefficient maps from diffusion-weighted imaging predict gross neurologic outcome in adults with traumatic brain injury. Few studies in children have been reported, and none have used apparent diffusion coefficient maps to predict long-term (>1 year) neurocognitive outcomes. In this study, pooled regional and total brain diffusion coefficients were used to predict long-term outcomes in 17 pediatric brain injury patients. Apparent diffusion coefficient values were grouped into peripheral and deep gray and white matter, posterior fossa, and total brain. Regions of interest excluded areas that appeared abnormal on T2-weighted images. Apparent diffusion coefficient values from peripheral regions were inversely correlated with cognitive functioning. No significant correlations were apparent between the cognitive scores and apparent diffusion coefficient values for deep tissue or the posterior fossa. Regression analyses suggested that combined peripheral gray and white matter apparent diffusion coefficients explained 42% of the variance in the combined neurocognitive index. Peripheral gray diffusion coefficients alone explained an additional 20% of variance after accounting for clinical variables. These results suggest that obtaining apparent diffusion coefficient values, specifically from peripheral brain regions, may predict long-term outcome after pediatric brain injury. Discrepancies in the literature on this topic, as well as possible explanations, including sampling and clinical considerations, are discussed.
CeO2-modified LiFePO4 cathode was synthesized by using the triblock copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)–block–poly(propylene oxide)–block–poly(ethane oxide) (P123) as a template. CeO2-modified (2wt.%), 5wt.% CeO2-modified and pristine LiFePO4 powders were characterized by XRD and SEM measurements. The electrochemical behaviors were investigated by cyclic voltammetry measurements in Li2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. It was shown that all compounds undergone lithium-ion deintercalation and intercalation upon oxidation and reduction at different scan rates. The electrochemical lithium-ion deintercalation–intercalation processes of the CeO2-modified LiFePO4 electrodes were improved compare to the pristine LiFePO4 electrode, especially at elevated temperature and larger scan rates. 2wt.% CeO2-modified material showed better electrochemical performance than that of 5wt.% and pristine materials. A linear relationship between the peak current and the square root of scan rate for all peak pairs indicated that the Li+ deintercalation/intercalation processes occurred in all compounds were diffusion-controlled. The D Li + values of the 2wt.% CeO2-modified LiFePO4 electrode is much larger both at room temperature and 40°C. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests were carried out before and after CV measurements. It was found that the CeO2 modification produced a good electrical contact between oxides, which was in very good agreement with the electrochemical behaviors of electrodes. The treatment with CeO2 should improve the comprehensive properties of the cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries at elevated temperature and larger scan rates.
By transmitting views captured using two adjacent cameras in texture plus depth format, any middle view in between could be synthesized with depth image based rendering (DIBR) technique. This provides users with continuous viewing angles for selection and is a key technology for a number of emerging applications such as free viewpoint TV. How to deliver the free viewpoint video contents to clients is one fundamental problem for these applications and the challenges exist in the large bandwidth requirement and frequent change of network environments. Source encoding rates could be varied to fit different network conditions by changing frame rates, with extra battery life consumption due to skipped frames׳ interpolation before synthesizing the requested middle view. Note that battery development is lagging behind mobile devices׳ function and computation capability development. How to trade off the source encoding rate reduction and extra energy consumption has not been formally solved as far as we understand. In this paper, we proposed EAF: an energy-aware adaptive free viewpoint video wireless transmission system, where we jointly considered the source encoding rate reduction and extra energy consumption with network constraints. Simulation results showed that the proposed scheme advantages over competing schemes significantly in typical network scenarios.
Nature can provide inspiration for the advancement of energy-harvesting technologies. This study describes a biomimetic nanofiber-based triboelectric nanogenerator (BN-TENG). Two-component electrospinning was used to prepare biomimetic nanofibers as the tribo-materials. The entire nanofiber mat (surficial nanostructures and internal biomimetic structures) were utilized to enhance the energy-harvesting performance of the BN-TENGs. Besides, charge retention on the mats was achieved via pressure treatment with a honeycomb mold. The optimized BN-TENG had the desirable power-generating performances: 1000 V of output voltage (with a load of 100 MΩ), and 364 μC m−2 of short-circuit transfer charge density. We also demonstrate the ability of the optimized BN-TENG to power electronics.
We investigated the effect of different electrolyte additives such as vinyl carbonate (VC), succinic anhydride (SA), and lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB) on the chemical composition of Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) layer and the electrochemical performance of Si/MC electrodes. The electrochemical behavior of the Si/MC electrodes was evaluated by galvanostatic charge/discharge and rate capability tests. It was found that various electrolyte compositions result in the formation and the resulting properties of the SEI of the electrodes with different compounds. From X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the electrodes cycled in SA- and LiBOB-containing electrolytes show a higher amount of lithium carbonates and a thicker SEI layer than those in standard and VC-containing electrolyte. The electrode with VC 5w% shows an excellent reversible capacity of ∼1100mAhg−1 up to 100 charge-discharge cycles.
Lithium–sulfur batteries are a promising energy-storage technology due to their relatively low cost and high theoretical energy density. However, one of their major technical problems is the shuttling of soluble polysulfides between electrodes, resulting in rapid capacity fading. Here, we present a metal–organic framework (MOF)-based battery separator to mitigate the shuttling problem. We show that the MOF-based separator acts as an ionic sieve in lithium–sulfur batteries, which selectively sieves Li+ ions while efficiently suppressing undesired polysulfides migrating to the anode side. When a sulfur-containing mesoporous carbon material (approximately 70 wt% sulfur content) is used as a cathode composite without elaborate synthesis or surface modification, a lithium–sulfur battery with a MOF-based separator exhibits a low capacity decay rate (0.019% per cycle over 1,500 cycles). Moreover, there is almost no capacity fading after the initial 100 cycles. Our approach demonstrates the potential for MOF-based materials as separators for energy-storage applications.
Polymer electrolytes composed of star-branched poly(ethylene oxide) PEO with addition of LiN(CF3SO2)2 salt (LiTFSI) of molar ratios EO:Li ranging from 1:1 to pure polymer were prepared by casting from solution. The electrolytes are studied by impedance spectroscopy and impedance spectroscopy performed simultaneously with optical microscope observation. Star-branched structure does not prevent the polymer without salt from crystallizing. A decrease of conductivity caused by crystallization is of similar order of magnitude as in linear PEO. Surprisingly, in electrolytes formed by addition of LiTFSI salt to the branched PEO is inhibited. In electrolytes with molar ratio EO:Li equal 10:1 and 6:1 subjected to subsequent cooling and heating runs, no traces of crystalline phase are detected by either polarizing microscope observation or differential scanning calorimetry. The ionic conductivity of studied electrolytes in amorphous state is comparable to that of electrolytes based on linear PEO. At temperatures below the melting temperature of electrolytes with linear PEO matrix, the conductivity of electrolytes based on branched PEO is much higher. As prepared, electrolyte with molar ratio of EO:Li equal 1:1 is also amorphous. Weak phase segregation effect is recorded in subsequent cooling and heating runs. This behaviour is different than observed for electrolytes based on linear PEO with similar molar ratio, which are strongly inhomogeneous and contain a large fraction of crystalline salt precipitates.
The Relational Abilities Index (RAI) has shown considerable utility as a functional proxy measurement of intellectual performance by providing a metric of an important skill set known as relational skills, which are proposed to underlie much of what we conceive of as intellectual behavior. The Relational Abilities Index+ (RAI+) assesses performance across an extended range of relational skills (Same/Opposite, More/Less, Same/Different, Before/After, and Analogy), and has been designed to provide a more comprehensive and nuanced assessment of relational skills. The current study aims to investigate the validity and utility of the RAI+ by assessing its degree of correlation with well-established assessments of intelligence (WASI), numeracy (WAIS: Arithmetic), and educational attainment (WIAT-T-II). Results indicate that the RAI+ displays considerable efficacy in predicting intellectual performance and numeracy, but not educational attainment.
The standalone photovoltaic power system is one of the promising solutions in rural electrification which has been widely implemented to supply electricity for basic household needs. Standalone photovoltaic power systems normally integrate energy storage devices, mainly Lead-acid battery, to compensate the supply–demand mismatch due to the nature of solar energy. However, the short cycle life of Lead-acid battery increases the operating cost of photovoltaic power systems. Supercapacitor-battery hybrid energy storage system has been proposed by researchers to extend the cycle life of battery bank by mitigating the charge–discharge stress due to the fluctuating power exchange. The existing hybrid energy storage systems and their corresponding energy management strategies vary in terms of topology, complexity and control algorithm which are often application oriented. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state of the art for HESS and discusses potential topologies that are suitable for improving the service life of Lead-acid battery in standalone photovoltaic power systems. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation in Matlab Simulink for different hybrid energy storage system topologies in rural residential energy system applications have been carried out and their effectiveness in mitigating battery stress are investigated and compared. A battery health cost function is proposed in this paper to quantify the impact of many damaging factors on battery, thus the effectiveness of different hybrid energy storage systems in mitigating battery stress and the associated financial analysis can be quantitatively compared. Finally, a scaled-down hybrid energy storage system prototype has been developed and its performances in standalone photovoltaic system are emulated to validate the simulation analysis.
The article surveys the general areas of language learning and language teaching. For language learning, it covers concepts such as focus-on-form, the nature of representation in language learning, and the stages learners pass through. Major approaches such as Universal Grammar and interaction-based approaches are surveyed, as are significant individual difference variables in learning such as aptitude, strategies, and motivation. Within the language teaching section, after a brief review of evidence on teaching effectiveness, there is discussion of syllabus, methodology, and course book issues, as well as consideration of contemporary debates on process syllabuses, task-based instruction, and methodology–context interactions.
The limited driving ranges, the scarcity of recharging stations and potentially long battery recharging or swapping time inevitably affect route choices of drivers of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). When traveling between their origins and destinations, this paper assumes that BEV drivers select routes and decide battery recharging plans to minimize their trip times or costs while making sure to complete their trips without running out of charge. With different considerations of flow dependency of energy consumption of BEVs and recharging time, three mathematical models are formulated to describe the resulting network equilibrium flow distributions on regional or metropolitan road networks. Solution algorithms are proposed to solve these models efficiently. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the models and solution algorithms.