batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this paper, the effects of adding mannitol to an alkaline plating bath on the electrodeposition of zinc onto AISI 1010 steel are described and assessed. From cyclic voltammograms with various lower-limit potentials, it is concluded that an initial zinc bulk deposition (region of wave c0) occurs from −1.45 V in the negative sweep. When the sweep is reversed at −1.60 V, an anodic peak a1 is seen in the positive sweep both in the absence and in presence of mannitol, which was assigned to zinc dissolution. This peak indicates that the primary nucleation and growth of zinc in region c0 is followed by zinc secondary nucleation and growth (region of peak c1). Scanning electron micrographs show that zinc electrodeposits obtained at mannitol concentrations ≥0.10 M were more refined than at lower concentrations. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of these electrodeposits show oxygen contents that are generally low or below detection limit.
Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) was investigated as a flame retarding additive for lithium-ion batteries. The flammability, electrochemical stability, conductivity, and cycling performance of electrolytes containing HMPA were studied. The addition of HMPA to electrolytes comprising solutions of LiPF6 in organic carbonates provided a significant reduction in the flammability of the electrolyte. However, the HMPA caused a slight decrease in the conductivity and electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte. Cycling performance of coin cells containing HMPA modified electrolytes was diminished.
The transition metal dichalcogenide ZrS2 is an important semiconductor and should be a promising material in the optoelectronic field, however, its optoelectronic properties and applications have seldom been reported. In this paper, we synthesized single-crystalline ZrS2 nanobelts for interesting applications in solar cells. A facile and effective approach to fabricate ZrS2 nanobelt network-embedded solar cells was represented by forming Schottky junctions between the contacts of ZrS2 nanobelts and metal Au electrodes. The solar cell devices showed a high short-circuit current Jsc of 21.8 mA cm−2 and a cell efficiency of 1.2%. The photovoltaic mechanism was discussed by constructing their energy band diagrams. Present results would be important for the field of transition-metal-dichalcogenide nanostructure optoelectronic applications.
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are common among soldiers and constitute the most common reason for discontinuing military service within different military populations worldwide. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in two cohorts, 10 years apart, in the Swedish Armed Forces, to explore differences between these cohorts and to determine associated factors with MSD.
Nowadays, huge amounts of text data are generated due to the increase of communications, over various web sites and applications. Evaluation and extraction of information from these data is an important task, one way of which is named opinion mining. The purpose of this paper is sentiment analysis of users’ opinions about various products. The proposed system classifies opinions at the sentence level based on emotions into two and multiple classes by deep learning methods. To this end, three main phases are taken: the first step contains sentences preparation for the input matrix which itself is accomplished in two levels: word-level and character-level. In word-level, each word in each sentence is given to the word2vec algorithm. In character-level, for each character in each sentence, the proposed method computes a numerical vector and creates a matrix. Next, the feature extraction part is executed which includes a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The generated matrices in the previous levels for each sentence are given to the CNN for embedding each sentence and therefore, utilizing both word2vec and CNN for extracting features. In the final step, the generated vectors are given to the Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) network for sentiment classification, not used in any of the previous methods. The performance of the proposed algorithm has been investigated on the Digikala Persian dataset on mobile and digital cameras. Results show that the proposed algorithm reaches an accuracy of 95% for two classes and 92% for multi-class classification which is comparable with previous algorithms.
The chemically cross-linked gel polymer electrolytes supported by the microporous polyethylene membrane were prepared for application in lithium-ion polymer cells. The chemical cross-linking by tris(2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl) phosphate enhanced the electrochemical stability of the electrolyte and also promoted strong interfacial adhesion between the electrodes and the membrane. Lithium-ion polymer cells composed of a carbon anode and a lithium–cobalt oxide cathode were assembled by in situ chemical cross-linking, and their charge/discharge cycling performances were evaluated. Effect of the cross-linking agent on cycling performances of the cells has been investigated.
Residual Si was produced on a furnace wall when upgraded metallurgical grade Si was refined by electron beam melting. It was then recycled to prepare Si-SiOx nanoparticles with an average size of 100 nm by planetary ball milling. The obtained Si-SiOx nanoparticles mainly consist of amorphous Si, crystalline Si and amorphous SiOx, which was confirmed by XRD, FTIR, XPS and TEM. SiOx is mainly composed of SiO2 and SiO1.35. Distilled water used as a grinding aid not only enhances milling efficiency, but also plays a key role in obtaining SiOx. During refining of upgraded metallurgical grade Si, the deposition pattern of residual Si on furnace wall agrees with model of three-dimension growth. Growth of Si-SiOx nanoparticles is the mutual effect of distilled water and ball milling. Si-SiOx nanoparticles were doped into phenolic resin pyrolysis carbon as anode materials for lithium ion batteries, and 10% doping was observed to improve the specific capacity. After 500 cycles, specific capacity of delithiation remained around 550 mA h/g. It suggests the residual Si is a value-added by-product, and it can be recycled as anode materials for lithium ion batteries.
The European Union (EU) is strategically committed to the development of nanotechnology and its industrial exploitation. However, nanotechnology also has the potential to disrupt human health and the environment. The EU claims to be committed to the safe and responsible development of nanotechnology. In this sense, the EU has become the first governing body in the world to develop nanospecific regulations, largely due to legislative action taken by the European Parliament, which has compensated for the European Commission’s reluctance to develop special regulations for nanomaterials. Nevertheless, divergences aside, political bodies in the EU assume that nanotechnology development is controllable and take for granted that both the massive industrial use of nanomaterials and a high level of environmental and health protection are compatible. However, experiences such as the European controversy over agri-food biotechnology, which somewhat delegitimized the regulatory authority of the EU over technological safety and acceptability, arguably show that controllability assumptions are contestable on the grounds of alternative socio-economic and cultural preferences and values. Recently developed inclusive governance models on safety and innovation, such as “Responsible Research and Innovation” (RRI), widely claim that a diversity of considerations and issues are integrated into R&D processes. Even so, the possibility of more radically alternative constitutions of socio-technical safety seems to be seriously limited by the current ideology of innovation and economic imperatives of the global, knowledge-based, capitalist economy.
In the sustainable production of non-fossil fuels, water oxidation is pivotal. Development of efficient catalysts based on manganese is desirable because this element is earth-abundant, inexpensive, and largely non-toxic. We report an electrodeposited Mn oxide (MnCat) that catalyzes electrochemical water oxidation at neutral pH at rates that approach the level needed for direct coupling to photoactive materials. By choice of the voltage protocol we could switch between electrodeposition of inactive Mn oxides (deposition at constant anodic potentials) and synthesis of the active MnCat (deposition by voltage-cycling protocols). Electron microscopy reveals that the MnCat consists of nanoparticles (100 nm) with complex fine-structure. X-ray spectroscopy reveals that the amorphous MnCat resembles the biological paragon, the water-splitting Mn4Ca complex of photosynthesis, with respect to mean Mn oxidation state (ca. +3.8 in the MnCat) and central structural motifs. Yet the MnCat functions without calcium or other bivalent ions. Comparing the MnCat with electrodeposited Mn oxides inactive in water oxidation, we identify characteristics that likely are crucial for catalytic activity. In both inactive Mn oxides and active ones (MnCat), extensive di-μ-oxo bridging between Mn ions is observed. However in the MnCat, the voltage-cycling protocol resulted in formation of MnIII sites and prevented formation of well-ordered and unreactive MnIVO2. Structure–function relations in Mn-based water-oxidation catalysts and strategies to design catalytically active Mn-based materials are discussed. Knowledge-guided performance optimization of the MnCat could pave the road for its technological use.
It has been broadly accepted worldwide that global warming, indeed, is the greatest threat of the time to the environment. Renewable energy (RE) is expected as a perfect solution to reduce global warming and to endorse sustainable development. Progressive release of greenhouse gases (GHG) from increasing energy-intensive industries has eventually caused human civilization to suffer. Realizing the exigency of reducing emissions and simultaneously catering to needs of industries, researchers foresee the RE as the perfect entrant to overcome these challenges. RE provides an effective option for the provision of energy services from the technical point of view while biomass, a major source of energy in the world until before industrialization when fossil fuels become dominant, appears an important renewable source of energy and researches have proven from time to time its viability for large-scale production. Being a widely spread source, biomass offers the execution of decentralized electricity generation gaining importance in liberalized electricity markets. The decentralized power is characterized by generation of electricity nearer to the demand centers, meeting the local energy needs. Researchers envisaged an increasing decentralization of power supply, expected to make a particular contribution to climate protection. This article investigates the progress and challenges for decentralized electricity generation by palm oil biomass according to the overall concept of sustainable development.
Despite initial high motivation, individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) for several years may experience incomplete adherence over time, increasing their risk of HIV-related morbidity and mortality. Habits, defined as automatic and regular practices, do not rely on conscious effort, and may therefore support high long-term ART adherence.
Here we report the feasibility of forming 3D nanostructured hexacyanoferates of Cobalt and Manganese (Co–MnHCF) on GC surface by a facile electrochemical method. This 3D architecture on glassy carbon electrode characterised systematically by voltammetry and other physical characterisation techniques like Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) etc,. Electrochemical Quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) studies helped out to calculate the total mass change during Co–MnHCF formation. Electrochemical studies reveal that the formal redox potentials of both Co and MnHCF films remained close to that of newly formed Co–MnHCF hybrid films. These 3D modified films were successfully applied for two different electrochemical applications i) For pseudocapacitor studies in KNO3 medium ii) Investigated the electrocatalytic behaviour of redox film towards water oxidation reaction in alkaline medium. Electrochemical performances of newly formed Co–MnHCF are compared with their individual transition metal (Co, Mn) hexacyanoferrates. The resulting material shows a specific capacitance of 350 F g−1 through its fast reversible redox reaction of electrochemically formed Co–MnHCF modified film. Interestingly we showed the overpotential of 450 mV (from its thermodynamic voltage 1.2 V) to attain its optimum current density of 10 mA cm−2 for O2 evolution in alkaline medium.
Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is one of the most interesting research issues in the academia and industries due to its importance in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Development of new ORR catalysts with low cost and high activity is under intensive research, but it is a time-consuming process because of wide range of alloys to be explored. Combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput screening techniques were suggested as new experimental approaches to accelerate the ORR electrocatalyst research. The combinatorial method is focused on the synthesis of concentrated arrays and quick evaluation of the arrays via various screening techniques. In this report, the combinatorial approaches for the ORR catalyst research were reviewed based on the screening methods. Four screening techniques of optical screening, scanning electrochemical microscopy, multielectrode half cell, and multielectrode full cell were introduced as the representative ones. Other approaches were also briefly introduced. Merits and limitations of each method were discussed and representative research results of each method were shown in detail.
To form hierarchical anode materials for fast lithium-/sodium storage, nanocrystallites SnO2 (5 nm) on reduced graphene nanosheets (rGO) are successfully synthesized through ultrasonication and cryodesiccation, the as-produced SnO2/rGO clusters are homogeneously connected by carbon nanotube (CNT) through cryodesiccation. rGO with high specific surface area efficiently buffers the volumetric change and the pulverization of SnO2 during lithiation/delithiation process. CNTs not only hinder the restack of SnO2/rGO clusters but also as conductive bridges connect the scattered SnO2/rGO clusters, which consequently improve the cycle stability and rate performance of samples. At the current density of 0.1 A g−1, SnO2/rGO/CNT sample presents the initial discharge and charge capacities of 1678.6 and 1091.2 mAh g−1. At 5 A g−1, SnO2/rGO/CNT sample delivers 434.7 mAh g−1 that is higher than SnO2/rGO sample with 251.7 mAh g−1. Moreover, the SnO2/rGO/CNT - LiCoO2 full cell shows high capacity of 852.6 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 with a CE of 99.4%. The result indicates that CNTs can effectively achieve the integrity of the material by connecting other clusters of metal oxides and rGO.
This study analyzes those critical success factors related to supply chain integration (SCI) and competition capabilities (CC) and which have more effect on business performance (BP) by using a structural equation model. For this purpose, the relationship between integration, CC and BP has been analyzed. Data was obtained from the survey that applied to Turkish Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) and we examined the critical factors by using a Structural Equation Model to analyze which factors have more effect on BP. As a result of the study it was found that there are positive associations between SCI and CC, and both SCI-CC and BP and it was also found that most critical factor that affects BP is reliability and the least important one is lower price.
Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the discussion of guidelines to battery selection. The first choice to be made is whether a primary or secondary battery is required. There is increasing environmental pressure to stop the use of mercury batteries. As these are still used to a limited extent. Previously primary batteries were zinc-anode-based systems. Performance of these cells has undergone progressive improvements through development of the original Leclanché (carbon-zinc) system and introduction of new couples such as zinc-mercuric oxide, alkaline manganese dioxide, and zinc-silver oxide. There are three basic applications for which primary batteries are used: miniature equipment; equipment that is portable in use; transportable equipment, and standby systems. On the other hand, secondary batteries are the rechargeable batteries. Five major types of secondary rechargeable batteries discussed are lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, and nickel-zinc. Determining the battery requirements includes: physical- size and weight limitations, shape, shock and vibration resistance use; electrical- voltage, current drain, constant, discharge schedule; environmental - storage and operating temperatures; special considerations- cost, replace, service life, shelf life, operating schedule, activation.
The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was studied in KOH electrolyte on carbon supported epsilon-manganese dioxide (ɛ-MnO2/C). The ɛ-MnO2/C catalyst was prepared via thermal decomposition of manganese nitrate and carbon powder (Vulcan XC-72) mixtures. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) measurements were performed in order to determine the crystalline structure of the resulting composite, while energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) was used to evaluate the chemical composition of the synthesized material. The electrochemical studies were conducted using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and quasi-steady state polarization measurements carried out with an ultra thin layer rotating ring/disk electrode (RRDE) configuration. The electrocatalytic results obtained for 20% (w/w) Pt/C (E-TEK Inc., USA) and α-MnO2/C for the ORR, considered as one of the most active manganese oxide based catalyst for the ORR in alkaline media, were included for comparison. The RRDE results revealed that the ORR on the MnO2 catalysts proceeds preferentially through the complete 4e− reduction pathway via a 2 plus 2e− reduction process involving hydrogen peroxide as an intermediate. A benchmark close to the performance of 20% (w/w) Pt/C (E-TEK Inc., USA) was observed for the ɛ-MnO2/C material in the kinetic control region, superior to the performance of α-MnO2/C, but a higher amount of HO2 − was obtained when ɛ-MnO2/C was used as catalyst. The higher production of hydrogen peroxide on ɛ-MnO2/C was related to the presence of structural defects, typical of this oxide, while the better catalytic performance in the kinetic control region compared to α-MnO2/C was related with the higher electrochemical activity for the proton insertion kinetics, which is a structure sensitive process.
The biparental incubation model is an excellent one for investigating how parents resolve sexual conflict and achieve cooperation, especially in cold alpine environments. We used video monitoring of 20 nests 24 h/day to systematically investigate the incubation pattern of the Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis), a biparental waterbird with threatened status (International Union for Conservation of Nature vulnerable status), inhabiting the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Analysis of 3886 h of video recordings indicated high nest attendance (90.1%) by Black-necked Crane parents across 14 nests, with almost equal female and male nest attendance (45.4 vs. 44.8%). The average length of an incubation bout was 2.06 h, with frequent changeovers (10.87 times/day, lasting on average 5.05 min). Males spent significantly more time returning to the nest than females (5.57 vs. 4.65 min, t180 = −46.61, P < 0.001) after the partner left the nest. Six of 20 monitored nests failed, mainly due to egg predation, egg collection, or adverse weather. We provide the first evidence that, under natural environmental conditions, both males and females respond to reduced partner effort with diverse strategies. On average, full compensation was greater than 100% for the decreased partner effort. In this long-lived species with long-lasting pair bonds and low fecundity, a mate may overly compensate for reduced partner investment to avoid forfeiting the current breeding attempt. Our results indicate that females and males are allocated different tasks with complementary patterns during incubation, enhancing egg care efficiency in an alpine plateau environment with severe threats. Both social and natural environmental factors may shape the incubation pattern of Black-necked Cranes.
Manufacturing high-performing solid electrolytes at low processing temperature requires improved techniques. Here Jennifer Rupp and colleagues report a ceramic processing strategy, using Li3N multilayers as a lithium reservoir for the formation of lithium–garnet films, significantly reducing the operating temperature while maintaining the ionic conductivity.
A new approach for direct methanol–air fuel cells (DMFC), with the advantage of reduced methanol crossover is discussed in this paper. Methanol traces in the circulated electrolyte are recovered and CO2 bubbles in the cells are removed due to the forced methanol–electrolyte stream through the cell. Degradation of the catalyst is reduced since fuel cell electrodes degrade on activated stand without load to a higher extent than under load because high voltage on open circuit promotes carbon oxidation, catalyst changes, etc. Therefore, life expectancy increases with circulating electrolyte by removing the electrolyte from the cells between operating periods.
This study deals with the fabrication of novel highly-sensitive NH3 sensor based on a macrocyclic complex (5,7,7,12,14,14-hexamethyl-l,4,8,11-tetraazacyclo-tetradeca-4,11-diene)nickel(II) iodide complex. Its gas-sensing properties were first investigated to NH3, H2S, NO2, SO2, water vapour (H2O) and some organic solvent vapors. The sensors exhibited a linear response to NH3 in a wide concentration range from 2.4ppm to 1.9% at room temperature. No responses were observed to H2S, NO2, SO2, water vapour (H2O) and organic solvent vapors. The investigation proved that the response to NH3 was variable with the operating voltage. The optimum operating voltage was 5V. The response and recovery time were about 40s and 25s, respectively. Since this sensor has an excellent selectivity and sensitivity, it appears promising for the practical application in determination of ammonia.
The positive and negative capacitance behaviors of heat-treated activated carbons are separately studied in a three-electrode configuration using 6M KOH and 1M H2SO4 as electrolytes. Heat treatment of activated carbons at 400–800°C causes slight changes in surface area accompanied by a significant removal of oxygen-containing functional groups. Consequently, the specific surface capacitance with a 25% reduction in the negative and an 8% reduction in the positive are monitored in KOH electrolyte. The unequal capacitance reductions as well as the asymmetric CV curves reveal that the negative pseudo-capacitances are much larger than the positive ones in KOH electrolyte. These results could be ascribed to the redox reactions preferring in the negative region. The insertion process of cation also plays a significant effect on the asymmetric capacitance behavior. Compared with the identical electrochemical response in H2SO4 electrolyte, huge difference in the capacitance values of both electrodes in KOH electrolyte will give a less contribution to the cell capacitance. To optimize the cell performance, a suitably increasing the weigh of active materials in the positive, especially for activated carbon with high level of oxygen-containing functional groups, is recommended.