batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This article describes the fabrication, characterization, and real-life application of a soft, stretchable electronic-skin-based biofuel cell (E-BFC) that exhibits an open circuit voltage of 0.5 V and a power density of nearly 1.2 mW cm−2 at 0.2 V, representing the highest power density recorded by a wearable biofuel cell to date. High power density is achieved via a unique combination of lithographically-patterned stretchable electronic framework together with screen-printed, densely-packed three-dimensional carbon-nanotube-based bioanode and cathode array arranged in a stretchable “island-bridge” configuration. The E-BFC maintains its performance even under repeated strains of 50%, and is stable for two days. When applied directly to the skin of human subjects, the E-BFC generates ∼1 mW during exercise. The E-BFC is able to power conventional electronic devices, such as a light emitting diode and a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) radio. This is the first example of powering a BLE radio by a wearable biofuel cell. Successful generation of high power density under practical conditions and powering of conventional energy-intense electronic devices represents a major step forward in the field of soft, stretchable, wearable energy harvesting devices.
The Li-rich rocksalt oxides Li2MO3 (M = 3d/4d/5d transition metal) are promising positive-electrode materials for Li-ion batteries, displaying capacities exceeding 300 mAh g–1 thanks to the participation of the oxygen non-bonding O(2p) orbitals in the redox process. Understanding the oxygen redox limitations and the role of the O/M ratio is therefore crucial for the rational design of materials with improved electrochemical performances. Here we push oxygen redox to its limits with the discovery of a Li3IrO4 compound (O/M = 4) that can reversibly take up and release 3.5 electrons per Ir and possesses the highest capacity ever reported for any positive insertion electrode. By quantitatively monitoring the oxidation process, we demonstrate the material’s instability against O2 release on removal of all Li. Our results show that the O/M parameter delineates the boundary between the material’s maximum capacity and its stability, hence providing valuable insights for further development of high-capacity materials.
A new generation of energy storage material based on electroactive oligomeric supramolecule has been proposed as a proton battery or an aqueous electrochemical capacitor material. A crystalline supramolecular oligomer of 1,5-diaminoanthraquinone (DAAQ) was successfully prepared as a thin film by electrochemical oxidation from an acidic non-aqueous medium. The resulting DAAQ oligomer film exhibited a specific capacity as high as 45–50Ahkg−1 in 4M H2SO4 aq. The redox reaction involves those of the quinone and the π-conjugated system in the DAAQ oligomer which occur separately and/or cross over with exchanging three protons per monomer unit.
A nanoparticle Mg-doped Li4Ti5O12 with a grain size of 20–30nm has been successfully synthesized through a simple hydrothermal method. The first-principle simulations are employed to theoretically study the crystal structure, unit cell volume, lattice parameters, and band gaps. Galvanostatic charge–discharge tests have been carried out, using the as-prepared Li4Ti5O12 and Mg-doped Li4Ti5O12 as the working electrodes with a voltage range of 0.5–2.5V vs. Li+/Li. The tests show promising results with high capacity and long term stability. When discharging at 350mAg−1 (corresponding to a 2C rate), the discharge capacity remains at 170mAhg−1 over 100 cycles. As the C-rate rises to an ultrafast charge–discharge rate of 50C, the discharge capacity can still retain at 115mAhg−1. The excellent electrochemical performance is due to both the nanomorphology and better conductivity after Mg doping. The results show that the Mg-doped Li4Ti5O12 can act as a fast charge–discharge anode material for high rate lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
Hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) has been extensively studied as a cellular model of learning and memory. Recently, we described a central function of the Transient Receptor Potential M4 (TRPM4) channel in hippocampal LTP in mice in vitro. Here, we used Trpm4 knock-out (Trpm4−/−) rats to scrutinize TRPM4’s role in the intact brain in vivo. After having confirmed the previous in vitro findings in mice, we studied hippocampal synaptic plasticity by chronic recordings in freely moving rats, hippocampus-dependent learning by a behavioral battery and hippocampal–cortical connectivity by fMRI. The electrophysiological investigation supports an involvement of TRPM4 in LTP depending on the induction protocol. Moreover, an exhaustive analysis of the LTP kinetics point to mechanistic changes in LTP by trpm4 deletion. General behavior as measured by open field test, light–dark box and elevated plus maze was inconspicuous in Trpm4−/− rats. However, they showed a distinct deficit in spatial working and reference memory associated to the Barnes maze and T-maze test, respectively. In contrast, performance of the Trpm4−/− in the Morris water maze was unaltered. Finally, fMRI investigation of the effects of a strong LTP induction manifested BOLD responses in the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex of both groups. Yet, the initial BOLD response in the stimulated hippocampal area of Trpm4−/− was significantly enhanced compared to WT rats. Our findings at the cellular, behavioral and system level point to a relevant role for TRPM4 in specific types of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and learning but not in hippocampal–prefrontal interaction.
Developing advanced electrode materials and understanding their reaction mechanisms are two crucial issues for development of high-performance sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, we synthesized a bimetallic single-phase nanoporous (NP) SnSb alloy with a bicontinuous ligament-channel structure through elaborate design of ternary Mg-Sn-Sb precursor and chemical dealloying. As an anode for SIBs, the NP-SnSb alloy delivers high specific capacity, excellent cycling stability (506.6 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 A g−1; 457.9 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles at 1.0 A g−1) and superior rate capability (458.2 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1). Moreover, the Na3V2(PO4)3 (cathode)/NP-SnSb (anode) full cell also exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance (cycling stability and rate capability). The unique nanoporous structure (with ligaments of 38.9 ± 7.3 nm), the alloying effect and the synergetic reaction of Sn/Sb account for the eminent electrochemical properties of NP-SnSb. Most importantly, the Na storage mechanism of SnSb alloy was revealed using operando X-ray diffraction and density functional theory calculations. Rather than separate reactions of Sn and Sb, the reaction of SnSb alloy proceeds through a synergetic sodiation/desodiation process via the mechanism: SnSb (crystalline) ↔ Na(Sn,Sb) (amorphous) ↔ Na9(Sn,Sb)4 (amorphous/low-crystalline) ↔ Na15(Sn,Sb)4 (crystalline).
We report an effect of surface modification on the performance of natural graphite in Li-ion battery. A graphite electrode was treated with a mixed solution of H3BO3 and H2C2O4 (2:3 molar ratio) in methanol, followed by condensation at 100–110°C under vacuum. The above treatments result in formation of oxalatoborate coating on the graphite surface. It is shown that the resulting coating can effectively increase reversibility of the initial forming cycle of Li/graphite half-cell. More interestingly, such a coating significantly suppresses self-delithiation of the lithiated graphite, which hence increases the storage performance of Li-ion battery, especially at elevated temperatures. With progressive cycling, the coated graphite shows excellent capacity retention while the control one starts fast capacity fading from around 70th cycle.
A series of novel rectangular microscale carbon tubes with protuberant wall are prepared by polyaniline with hollow carbon nanospheres (HCNSs) as templates. By changing mass ratio of ammonium persulfate to HCNSs, the morphology and the tube dimension of those samples can be controlled. Chemical activation with KOH at 1123K results in a large specific surface area (SSA), ranging from 1680 to 2415m2 g−1, and big pore volumes, ranging from 1.274 to 1.550cm3 g−1. Electrochemical tests show that the special morphology effectively increases charge–discharge rate. The maximum capacitance reaches 230Fg−1 at a potential scan rate of 50mVs−1, and 50% of which even can be remained at a scan rate of 1000mVs−1. The electrochemical impedance tests show that the frequency exceeds 10Hz and even reaches up to 15Hz for the optimum sample corresponding to the 50% of the maximum capacitance, which is intensely higher than 1Hz for common porous carbon.
The electrochemical performance as anodes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) of graphitized stacked-cup carbon nanofibers (CNFs) with different degree of structural order is investigated by galvanostatic cycling. To this end, two types of commercial CNFs (PR19 and PR24) bearing this microstructure were heat treated in the range of 1800-2800°C. The discharge capacity provided at the end of cycling, the capacity retention along cycling (cyclability) and the cycling efficiency (charge capacity/discharge capacity) of these nanomaterials improve significantly after heat treatment. Specifically, a progressive increase of the discharge capacity with the growth of the crystallites sizes (Lc, La) and the decrease of the structural defects (ID/It) is observed. All heat-treated CNFs exhibit cyclabilities > 80% after 50 cycles and efficiencies > 90%. Particularly outstanding is the performance of PR19-2800 which provides a discharge capacity of 295 mAh g−1 with capacity retention up to 88%. The CNFs heat treated at 2800°C also show good rate capabilities, keeping reversible capacities > 200 mAh g−1 at a 2C (744mA g−1) rate, and > 100 mAh g−1 after prolonged cycling (500 cycles) at a 1C rate, clearly outperforming synthetic graphite having micrometric particle size and much larger development of the crystalline structure.
Recent work has demonstrated that environmental factors experienced by parents can affect their offspring across multiple generations, and that such transgenerational transmission can depend on the germline. Causal evidence for the involvement of germ cells is rare, however, and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Further, studies often employ varying methods in experimental design and data interpretation. We provide a critical analysis of these issues and suggest possible solutions and guidelines for improving study design and generating reproducible and high-quality data.
A rational 3D hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped aligned carbon nanotubes (HPNACNTs) with well-directed 1D conductive electron paths is designed as scaffold to load sulfur. The HPNACNTs have abundant micropores, mesopores and macropores with a relatively high specific surface area and a large total pore volume. The sulfur-HPNACNTs composite is synthesized for lithium–sulfur batteries by a melt-diffusion of sulfur powders into HPNACNTs scaffolds. Electrochemical tests reveal that the sulfur-HPNACNTs (68.8 wt% sulfur) composite exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 1340 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and retains as high as 979 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C after 200 cycles. More importantly, it shows high reversible capacity at high rates (817 mAh g−1 at 5 C). Its enhanced electrochemical performance can be attributed to the excellent electrical conductivity of aligned carbon nanotubes, the synergetic effect of its hierarchical porosity and the restraint of the shuttle effect due to the SxLi … N interactions via the N lone-pair electron.
A reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-based nanocomposite of redox counterpart of the oxides of Cu(I)-Cu(II) pair for Faradaic reaction, Cu2O/CuO/RGO, was controllably synthesized through a facile, eco-friendly one-step hydrothermal-assisted redox reaction of elemental Cu and graphene oxide (GO) without the addition of any other reagents. The resultant Cu2O/CuO/RGO nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is found that, when dealloyed nanoporous Cu was used as a Cu source, the uniform spherical Cu2O/CuO nanoparticles with double size scales (∼25nm and ∼5nm) were anchored on RGO sheets. This Cu2O/CuO/RGO nanocomposite redox counterpart exhibits improved rate capability and excellent cycling stability, i.e., only ca. 21.4% of the capacity was lost when the discharge current density increases from 1Ag−1 (173.4Fg−1) to 10Ag−1 (136.3Fg−1). Especially, the capacity remains almost unchanged (98.2%) after 100,000 cycles at 10Ag−1. The good electrochemical performance and simple accessibility prove that this Cu2O/CuO/RGO composite consisting of a pair of redox counterparts is a promising material for supercapacitor applications.
The paper presents a novel energy management algorithm for residential consumers. The strategy proposed in this work is a combination of the rule based approach considered by the authors and the genetic algorithm. The proposed hybrid algorithm is designed to effectively schedule the virtual and the actual storage facilities present in a residential complex powered by solar panels and main grid. The suggested methodology tries to make the residential complex more autonomous by making it less reliable on the main grid, which is possible by reducing the power import from the utility grid. Further, in this work the virtual storage units are fitted in series with noncritical loads and scheduled based on the instructions given by the consumer and hence there will be maximum consumer satisfaction. Also, the virtual storage units present in the residence can also support the grid by effectively handling the reactive power to a certain extent. The combined usage of virtual storage units like the AC electric springs and the actual storage facilities like the batteries to attain certain benefits for residential consumers is probably the first attempt. A 24 h load curve of a residence consisting of higher constant impedance loads and roof top solar modules is considered for testing the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. The simulation studies required to prove the robustness of the proposed strategy are conducted in MATLAB.
Meticulous design and morphological tuning at nano/micrometer have been the focal point to modulate and comprehensively understand the kinetics of electrochemical reactions, especially in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this report, we demonstrate an elegant approach to fabricate spinel-cobalt oxide (Co3O4) with sheet, pellet, flower, and cube-like morphologies. When evaluated as anode materials in LIBs, the Co3O4 nanomaterials with 2D sheet-morphology demonstrates the best electrochemical performance compared to those of Co3O4 materials with pellets-, flowers- and cube-like morphologies. Galvanostatic charge/discharge study of Co3O4 nanomaterials with 2D sheet-morphology shows an initial discharge capacity of 1618.0 mAh g−1 and a discharge capacity of 587.0 mAh g−1 is achieved even after 60 cycles at 0.1 C rate with an impressive columbic efficiency of ∼99%. Importantly, the sheet-structured Co3O4 electrode delivers a discharge capacity of 444.0 mAh g−1 at a high current of 1.0 C and provides 275.0 mAh g−1 even after 400 cycles with ∼99.0% columbic efficiency suggesting high electrode stability. The enhanced electrochemical performance of Co3O4 nanomaterials with 2D sheet-morphology is attributed to improved electrode/electrode interface with nano-sized particles and better accommodation of strain during charge/discharge processes compared to other morphologies.
Introduction Neuroanatomical and cognitive alterations typical of schizophrenia (SZ) patients are observed to a lesser extent in their adolescent and adult first-degree relatives, likely reflecting neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with genetic risk for the illness. The anatomical pathways for language are hypothesized to be abnormal and to underlie the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Examining non-psychotic relatives at high familial risk (FHR) for schizophrenia may clarify if these deficits represent trait markers associated with genetic vulnerability, rather than specific markers resulting from the pathological process underlying schizophrenia. Methods T1 MRI scans from a 3T Siemens scanner of young adult FHR subjects (N=46) and controls with no family history of illness (i.e. at low genetic risk LRC; N=31) were processed using FreeSurfer 5.0. We explored volumetric and lateralization alterations in regions associated with language processing. An extensive neuropsychological battery of language measures was administered. Results No significant differences were observed between groups on any language measures. Controlling intracranial volume, significantly smaller left pars triangularis (PT) (p<0.01) and right pars orbitalis (PO) (p<0.01) volumes and reversal of the L>R pars orbitalis (p<0.001) lateralization were observed in FHR subjects. In addition, the L pars triangularis and R pars orbitalis correlated with performance on tests of linguistic function in the FHR group. Conclusions Reduced volume and reversed structural asymmetry in language-related regions hypothesized to be altered in SZ are also found in first degree relatives at FHR, despite normal language performance. To clarify if these findings are endophenotypes for Sz, future studies would need to be performed of ill and well family members no longer within the age range of risk for illness to show these deficits segregate with schizophrenia within families. Moreover, measures of complex language need to be studied to determine if FHR individuals manifest impairments in some aspects of language function.
Globally, there is a huge unmet need for effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. The complexity of the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal degeneration and the heterogeneity of the patient population present massive challenges to the development of early diagnostic tools and effective treatments for these diseases. Machine learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence, is enabling scientists, clinicians and patients to address some of these challenges. In this Review, we discuss how machine learning can aid early diagnosis and interpretation of medical images as well as the discovery and development of new therapies. A unifying theme of the different applications of machine learning is the integration of multiple high-dimensional sources of data, which all provide a different view on disease, and the automated derivation of actionable insights.
Stabilized lithium metal powder (SLMP) can effectively compensate the irreversible capacity, increase energy density in the continuous charge–discharge process of lithium–sulfur battery, and provide more anode materials to match the need of the energy market in the future. A novel SLMP anode in which hard carbon (HC) was used as the additive and poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as binder was prepared in an argon-filled vacuum glove box. The new negative sheet provides greater surface for electrolyte infiltration, facilitates ion diffusion and improves the utilization of sulfur element. This new type of Li–S battery has a higher initial capacity of 1300.9mAh/g and a better cyclic stability than cell using conventional lithium foil as anode.
In this work, highly ordered nickel oxide nanoparticles were electrochemically synthesized on nickel foam (NiOx NPs/Ni foam) via the formation and subsequent heat treatment of nickel hydroxide. The synthesized NiOx NPs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with elemental analysis and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The XRD results revealed the presence of two different oxide phases with high crystallinity. The synthesized NiOx NPs were highly ordered spherical morphology with average size of 7 nm, identified from the FE-SEM images. Further, the electrochemical performance of synthesized NiOx NPs/Ni foam was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) methods. The calculated specific capacity of NiOx NPs/Ni foam was found to be 219 C/g (60.7 mAh/g) at scan rate of 5 mV/s. This present work implies that the electro-synthesized NiOx NPs/Ni foam as a good binder-free, highly stable battery-type material and it can be used as a positive electrode for hybrid-capacitors.
Objectives: To analyze the association between motor coordination (MC) and body mass index (BMI) across childhood and early adolescence. Design: This study is cross-sectional. Methods: Data were collected in 7175 children (boys n =3616, girls n =3559), ages 6–14 years. BMI was calculated from measured height and weight [body mass (kg)/height (m2)]. Motor coordination was evaluated using Kiphard-Schilling's body coordination test (KTK). Spearman's rank correlation was used to study the association between BMI and MC. A Kruskal–Wallis test was used to analyze the differences in MC between children of normal weight, overweight and obese children. Results: Correlations between MC and BMI were negative and varied between 0.05 and 0.49. The highest negative correlations for both boys and girls was at 11 years of age. There was a general pattern of increasing negative correlations in both genders from 6 to 11 years of age and then a decrease in correlation strengths through 14 years of age. In both boys (χ 2 (2) =324.01; p <0.001) and girls (χ 2 (2) =291.20; p <0.001) there were significant differences in MC between the three groups’ weight status. Normal weight children of both sexes demonstrated significantly higher MC scores than overweight. Obese children in both sexes had the lowest MC scores among all three groups. Conclusion: Motor coordination demonstrated an inverse relationship with BMI across childhood and into early adolescence. The strength of the inverse relation increased during childhood, but decreased through early adolescence. Overweight and obese children of both sexes demonstrated significantly lower MC than normal weight children.
Binder-free and self-standing carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes of tens of microns in thickness have been assembled via a vacuum-filtration process of oxidized few-walled CNTs (FWNTs), with different amounts of oxygen functional groups on FWNTs. Sub-millimetre long FWNTs can provide high electrical conductivity and mechanical strength in self-standing porous networks by reducing the number of junctions among FWNTs. We show that the gravimetric capacity of FWNT electrodes in lithium cells can be enhanced by increasing oxygen functional groups on FWNTs, which results from Faradaic reactions between lithium ions and surface oxygen functional groups. These self-standing FWNT electrodes (free of binder/additive and current collector) can provide a high gravimetric energy of ∼200 W h kg−1 at a high power of ∼10 kW kg−1, showing promise as the positive electrode for light-weight, high-power lithium batteries.