batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Silicon-air battery utilizing a single-crystal heavily doped n-type silicon wafer anode and an air cathode is reported in this paper. The battery employs hydrophilic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium oligofluorohydrogenate [EMI·(HF)2.3F] room temperature ionic liquid electrolyte. Electrochemical studies, including polarization and galvanostatic experiments, performed on various silicon types reveal the predominance performance of heavily doped n-type. Cell discharging at constant current densities of 10, 50, 100 and 300μAcm−2 in ambient atmosphere, shows working voltages of 1.1–0.8V. The study shows that as discharge advances, the moist interface of the air electrode is covered by discharge products, which prevent a continuous diffusion of oxygen to the electrode–electrolyte interface. The oxygen suffocation, governed by the settlement of the cell reaction products, is the main factor for an early failure of the cells. Based on the results obtained from scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies, we propose a series of reactions governing the discharge process in silicon-air batteries, as well as a detailed mechanism for silicon oxide deposition on the air electrode porous carbon.
An interface consisting of LiMn2O4 thin-film (1μm thick) electrode and Li1+x Al x Ti2−x (PO4)3-based NASICON-type solid electrolyte (LTP) was prepared by a sol–gel coating method. The submicron-sized pores were involved in the thin film, and the porosity of the film was relatively high. The prepared solid–solid electrochemical interface was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge test. Two reversible redox peaks were observed at 4.0 and 4.1V versus Li/Li+ in the cyclic voltammogram due to the redox of Mn3+/4+. The LiMn2O4 thin-film electrode on LTP exhibited a discharge capacity of 80mAhg−1 at 0.1C rate.
Non-isothermal kinetics of lithium ion phosphate synthesis via carbothermal reduction method with raw materials Li2CO3, FePO4·2H2O and C6H12O6·2H2O is studied by thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG–DSC) technology. The results indicate the synthesis process can be divided into two stages: dehydration and LiFePO4 formation. The apparent activation energy and natural logarithm frequency factor (ln A-value) for dehydration reaction is respectively 83.4±4.7kJmol−1 and 22.1±1.5s−1, and that for LiFePO4 formation reaction is in turn 184.2±10.4kJmol−1 and 28.3±1.9s−1. Additionally, the mechanism for dehydration and LiFePO4 formation stages is Avrami's A1.5 and A4, respectively. Furthermore, the dehydration process is diffusion controlled, and the crystallization of LiFePO4 formation is controlled by nuclei being formed randomly and growing in three-dimensions, and the kinetic equations for each stage are shown as follows: Dehydration stage : [ − ln ( 1 − a ) ] 2 / 3 = 3.96 × 10 9 exp − 8.34 × 10 4 R T t ; LiFePO 4 formation stage : [ − ln ( 1 − a ) ] 1 / 4 = 1.95 × 10 12 exp − 1.84 × 10 5 R T t ; where α is the fractional conversion, T the calcination temperature (K), t the calcination time (s), R the gas constant (8.314Jmol−1 K−1).
The effect of high-pressure carbon dioxide on ionic conductivity for comb-like type polyether electrolytes based on oligo(oxyethylene glycol) methacrylate with lithium triflate, LiCF3SO3, has been investigated for the first time. Our investigations have focused on the correlation between the segmental motion of the polymer side chains and the efficiency of ion transport under supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) conditions. Consequently, the ionic conductivity under the condition of 10 MPa and 40°C CO2 sample was more than 30 times elevated compared with the original one. The improvement of ionic conductivity is attributed to an increase in the polymer segmental motion via a decrease in activation volume and enhanced the number of charge carriers. The temperature dependence of log σ followed Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher (VTF) equation. However, the pressure dependence under scCO2 condition was ascribed to the Arrhenius behavior resulting in an increase of the ionic conductivity with increasing the pressure.
The main objective of this work was to assess the technical and economical feasibility of proteins recovery from fish meal effluents using crossflow membrane technology, namely, ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF). Mackerel processing effluents were pre-treated by microfiltration (MF cartridges battery of 80, 20 and 5μm pore size) followed by UF (membrane Carbosep M2, 15kDa MWCO) or NF (membrane Kerasep NanoN01A, 1kDa MWCO). A suitable treatment for the fish meal effluents consisted of a MF pre-treatment followed by UF operating at 4bar, 4m/s, natural pH and ambient temperature. UF yielded an average permeation flux of 28l/(m2 h), 1 1 1l/(hm2)=2.78×10−7 m/s. and 62% proteins rejection for a volume reduction factor of 2.3. Both membranes fully recovered their original permeabilities through an acidic/basic washing cycle. The economic assessment of proteins recovery from fish meal effluents by UF was accomplished for a production of 544ton/yr of fish meal (66% protein content), yielding a net present worth of 160×103 US$, interest rate of return of 17% and payback time of 8 years.
Polymeric binders are a critical component to enhance mechanical integrity, maintain electronic conductivity, and achieve long durability of silicon (Si)-based electrodes. A fundamental understanding of the relationship between binder properties and mechanical degradation of Si electrodes is indispensable to developing durable Si-based electrodes. Using an environmental nanoindentation system, we measured the mechanical properties of Si composite electrodes made with different binders, including polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), Nafion, sodium-carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC), and sodium-alginate (SA), as a function of the state-of-charge and cycle numbers under both dry and wet conditions. In contrast to electrodes made of Si alone, both elastic modulus (E) and hardness (H) of Si composite electrodes increase with lithium concentration within each cycle. E and H continuously decrease during long-term cycling. The mechanical property evolution of Si composite electrodes can be correlated with the porosity and irreversible thickness changes, which are largely determined by the mechanical properties of binders, instead of the adhesion between binders and Si. Electrodes under wet conditions have smaller E and H values than those under dry conditions because binders soften in the electrolyte. These findings not only provide useful mechanical parameters for battery modeling, but also may help design high performance and durable Si-based electrodes.
Addition of flow fields to carbon paper electrodes in a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) can improve the peak power density through uniform distribution of electrolyte in the electrodes. However, it is unclear whether flow fields have a similar effect with graphite felt electrodes, as VRFBs with felt electrodes reported in literature show a large anomaly in obtained power density. In this work, we evaluate three flow fields; viz. serpentine, interdigitated and conventional (without flow pattern) type with felt electrodes and compare their performance with a serpentine flow field using carbon paper electrodes under identical experimental conditions. The conventional flow field provides highest energy efficiency (75%) followed by serpentine (64%) and interdigitated (55%) at 0.2 A cm−2 attributable to the deteriorating electrolyte distribution in the electrodes. Computation fluid dynamic simulations confirm the experimental finding of worsening electrolyte distribution (conventional < serpentine < interdigitated). A power density of 0.51 W cm−2 at 60 mL min−1 flow rate is obtained for serpentine and conventional flow fields with felt electrodes; comparable to the highest power density reported in literature for high performing zero-gap flow field architecture. This paper gives comprehensive insights on flow fields for VRFBs that can be extended to other flow batteries.
ASEGRA is an industrial area in Granada (Spain) with important waste management problems. In order to properly manage and control waste production in industry, one must know the quantity, type, and composition of industrial wastes, as well as the management practices of the companies involved. In our study, questionnaires were used to collect data regarding methods of waste management used in 170 of the 230 businesses in the area of study. The majority of these companies in ASEGRA are small or medium-size, and belong to the service sector, transport, and distribution. This was naturally a conditioning factor in both the type and management of the wastes generated. It was observed that paper and cardboard, plastic, wood, and metals were the most common types of waste, mainly generated from packaging (49% of the total volume), as well as material used in containers and for wrapping products. Serious problems were observed in the management of these wastes. In most cases they were disposed of by dumping, and very rarely did businesses resort to reuse, recycling or valorization. Smaller companies encountered greater difficulties when it came to effective waste management. The most frequent solution for the disposal of wastes in the area was dumping.
Electrifying transportation is a promising approach to alleviate the climate change issue. The adoption of electric vehicle into market has introduced significant impacts on various fields, especially the power grid. Various policies have been implemented to foster the electric vehicle deployment and the increasing trend of electric vehicle adoption in the recent years has been satisfying. The continual development of electric vehicle power train, battery and charger technologies have further improved the electric vehicle technologies for wider uptake. Despite the environmental and economical benefits, electric vehicles charging introduce negative impacts on the existing network operation. Appropriate charging management strategies can be implemented to cater for this issue. Furthermore, electric vehicle integration in the smart grid can bring many potential opportunities, especially from the perspective of vehicle-to-grid technology and as the solution for the renewable energy intermittency issue. This paper reviews the latest development in electric vehicle technologies, impacts of electric vehicle roll out and opportunities brought by electric vehicle deployment.
Considerable efforts have been devoted to the synthesis and characterization of novel nanoporous materials because of their versatile applications, such as gas storage, catalysis, and energy storage applications. Controllable synthesis of coordination polymers (CPs) with two- and three-dimensional architectures has given impetus to the development of nanomaterials with many exciting properties and applications. Here, we focus on CP-derived nanoporous materials and study their electrochemical performance as electrode materials in supercapacitors. Nanoporous carbon is prepared by simple carbonization of zinc-containing zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8). On the other hand, nanoporous nickel oxide (NiO) is prepared by thermal treatment of cyano-bridged CPs. By using the above two electrodes, we fabricate a novel asymmetric supercapacitor. These CP-derived nanoporous materials exhibit excellent electrochemical performance with high specific energy and specific power, and excellent cycling stability.
By use of super-long carbon nanotubes (CNTs) arrays as a platform for convenient fabrication of electrodes, we have demonstrated that electrochemical cyclic voltammetric (CV) scanning can be applied to effectively tailor the surface chemistry of CNTs and introduce physical defects into the CNT walls, which has drastically enhance the electrochemical capacitance performance of CNTs and their composites with conducting polymer of polypyrrole (PPy). The induced active sites along CNTs allow the coating of PPy on both the outer and inner walls of the defective CNTs. As a consequence, the highest capacitance of 587Fg−1 is achieved among all the tested samples, which is ten times higher than that of defect-free counterparts. The electrochemical CV pretreatment provides an effective approach to activate the CNT surfaces for enhancing their electrochemical performance meeting diverse demands, and offers a new pathway to design and fabricate high-performance capacitance devices.
Two new unsymmetrical lithium salts, lithium (oxalicdiolato croconato)borate (LOCB) and lithium (1,2-benzene-diolato(2-)-o,o’ croconato)borate (LBDCB), are synthesized and characterized. The thermal characteristics of them, and their derivative, lithium bis(croconato)borate (LBCB), are examined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The thermal decomposition in air begins at 186 °C, 250 °C, and 265 °C for LBDCB, LBCB and LOCB, respectively. The order of the stability toward the oxidation of these organoborates is LBCB > LOCB > LBDCB. The cyclic voltammetry study shows that the LOCB and LBDCB solutions in propylene carbonate (PC) are stable up to 5.1 and 3.7 V versus Li+/Li. They are soluble in common organic solvents. Ionic dissociation properties of them are examined by conductivity measurements in PC, PC + ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), PC + dimethyl ether (DME), PC + ethylene carbonate (EC)+ DME, PC + EC + EMC solutions. The conductivity values of the 0.10 mol dm−3 LOCB and LBDCB electrolytes in these solutions are lower than those of LBCB electrolytes.
Bacterial flagella with their unique structural properties have proven to be promising bio-templates and can be exploited for the creation of nanomaterial with very high aspect ratio and surface area. Their chemically modifiable surfaces allow the flagella be modified to possess electrical/electronic properties. Their extraordinary physical properties along with the many possibilities for manipulation make them ideal systems to study for the purpose of developing nanoelectronics. First, this article reviews the characteristics of bacterial flagella and their utilization as biologically inspired templates. Next, the use of bio-templates for electronic systems such as dye-sensitized solar cell and lithium ion battery is discussed. Finally, we show the future directions for the use of flagella biotemplatednanomaterials for applications in electrical engineering fields.
Nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles coated with N-doped carbon are prepared by simply hydrolyzing tetrabutyl titanate to obtain TiO2 nanoparticles followed by heating the mixture of nanoparticles and urea at 550°C for 5h. The combination of simultaneously N-doping with coating carbon results in the enhancement in electronic and ionic conductivities, thus the modified TiO2 exhibits outstanding reversible capacities of 227.7, 204.0, 186.4, 160.6, 113.1mAhg−1 corresponding to current densities of 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600mAg−1. In particular, the modified TiO2 could deliver an excellent long-term cycling capacity of 106.4mAhg−1 even cycled 2500 times at a high density of 500mAg−1 with an average capacity loss of only 0.016% per cycle. The modified TiO2 fabricated by this simple and economical method could serve as the anode material for lithium-ion batteries with high power-density.
Design and assembly of nanostructure are devoted to improving electrochemical properties of lithium sulfur battery by virtue of synergetic protective effect. Meanwhile, electrode materials are also particularly important for achieving good cycling stability and capability. Herein, we integrate CoS nanobox and conductive polypyrrole to boost cycle and rate performance based on synergy of physical encapsulating and chemical trapping. Benefiting from the superiority of ZIF-67 template and ion exchange strategy, the CoS nanobox possesses large interspace and porous structure, which effectively buffers volume change of electrode and generates adequate anchoring sites infiltrated by electrolyte. Polypyrrole layer can further inhibit polysulfide shuttling and accelerate electronic conductivity. The CoS@PPy as host presents low overpotential and fast kinetics. As a result, the CoS@PPy/S electrode with a sulfur content of 60% as a desirable candidate exhibits good sulfur utilization (initial discharge capacity of 1165 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C) and a capacity retention of above 80% with a capacity fading rate of 0.10% per cycle after 200 cycles at 0.5 C. The design philosophy and fabricating technique of composite electrode with unique architectures can be further extended to assemble various metal compounds and conductive polymer for developing rechargeable batteries with high density energy storage.
An innovative V2O5 based multiphase electrode/electrolyte composite is prepared by a fast, versatile and easily scalable UV-induced free-radical photo-polymerisation technique and its electrochemical properties are thoroughly investigated. The compact configuration consists of a highly conducting methacrylic-based polymer electrolyte directly formed over a r.f. sputtered V2O5 thin film positive electrode. All-solid state thin-film Li and Li-ion cells are assembled by simply contacting the polymeric side of the compact composite with either lithium or graphite as anode in the respective cases, and long-term galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling studies are performed. The FESEM analysis after long-term cycling confirms the active role of the polymer electrolyte in stabilizing the cycling behaviour which, in turn, prolonged the life span of the cell operation. Such an assembly is one of the finest example in which a solid Li-ion polymer cell is cycled at a rate as high as 5C at ambient temperature. The results of the electrochemical and morphological studies confirm that the methodology presented here is versatile and economical to produce a well-functioning and easily up scalable Li-ion thin film battery.
Rebound effect studies of road vehicle travel focus mostly on increases in distance traveled after increases in energy efficiency. Average journeying speed also increases with energy efficiency, but rebound studies avoid quantifying speed-related rebound effects. This may underestimate rebound effects by around 60%. This study offers a first attempt to show how increases in speed and acceleration contribute to rebound effects, and how these can be quantified. Its empirical data is dynamometer test results for a plug-in electric car and an internal combustion engine (ICE) pick-up van with automatic transmission, each on the WLTP and NEDC drive cycles, representing driving styles from today and 1975 respectively. Rebound effects are estimated by comparing the WLTP and NEDC results, using typical 1975 energy efficiencies for the NEDC. The electric car shows a 20.5% speed rebound effect, and a mathematical development sets out how speed rebound effects can be included in traditional rebound effect analyses. Results for the ICE-vehicle do not allow a direct rebound effect estimate due to wasteful engine revving on the NEDC and wrong gear ratios for sedate travel. However, this can be seen as a form of ‘transformational’ rebound effect, where vehicle design locks drivers into fast driving styles.
Micro-power sources that are comparable to or smaller than the size of the micro-devices needing power are needed for many applications. This paper introduces an integrated millimeter scale power source based on a micro-silicon fuel cell and a MEMS hydrogen generator, with passive control. The integrated devices are fabricated from silicon wafers using conventional MEMS fabrication processes. In this design, the hydrolysis reaction of calcium hydride and water is used to generate hydrogen, and the hydrogen generation rate is controlled by a microfluidic self-regulating mechanism, which can control the hydrolysis reaction based on the load. Design, fabrication, and testing results of a prototype system are described. One of the devices can produce 90μW for 6h with a maximum power of 0.17mW, and another one can produce 30μW for 26h with a total energy density of 100WhL−1.
The NIMH-Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative requires, among other things, the establishment of a reliable, valid, and consensus-derived method of assessing cognition. The derived battery will provide a standardized way to assess the effects of cognition-enhancing agents across clinical trials. To this end, the first of six consensus-oriented conferences was held April 2003. The goals were twofold: (a) To select which cognitive constructs to measure in a consensus battery, and (b) to select which criteria to use in evaluating tests for inclusion in the battery. Based on consultation with experts on the RAND Panel Method, 74 experts were invited to participate in a pre-meeting survey to provide information relevant to decisions on the cognitive battery. The survey included sections on reliability, validity, test administration, norms and interpretation of tests, cognitive domains and their integration, battery duration, and overall importance of test qualities. For selection of cognitive targets, the results showed that experts ranked executive functions, attention/vigilance, memory processes, and problem-solving ability highest. For test qualities, the experts ranked test–retest reliability, good coverage of key individual cognitive constructs, and comparable alternate forms highest. This article presents the results of the pre-conference survey that was the first step in the RAND process towards development of the NIMH-MATRICS consensus battery to assess cognition in schizophrenia.
Thermogenesis mechanism in the aspect of structural level and thermal hazard to the lithium ion battery are systematically analyzed for Li(Ni x Co y Mn z )O2(NCM, x =1/3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8). All the results confirmed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, alternating current impedance and a C80 micro-calorimeter indicate that with the increase of nickel content, the structure of NCM materials tends to collapse causing heat and the valance of Ni element is high enough to oxidize the electrolyte accelerating the decomposition of the electrolyte, also some electrolyte decomposition products are speculated to cover on the surface of the cathode with larger inner resistance for the battery. The thermal tests display that the total exothermic heat of both NCM-electrolyte system and full-cell system increases with increasing nickel content, which testifies the risk of high-nickel NCM to the lithium ion battery.
Graphical abstractFacile Synthesis and Characterization of Poly (3, 4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)/Molybdenum disulfide (PEDOT/MoS2) Composite Coatings for Potential Neural Electrode Applications.
With much more higher requirement for the precision of flood forecasting and length of forecast period in the hydrological operational predication, three coupling forecast methods which include real-time correction—combination forecast (RC-CF) method, combination forecast—real-time correction (CF-RC) method, and Integral Parameters Optimization (IPO) method are proposed in this paper for the purpose of improving the precision of flood forecasting. These coupling forecast methods are based on the real-time correction and combination forecast methods. Thereafter, two methods (method A & method B) are proposed for the purpose of prolonging the forecast period. Furthermore, indices of accuracy assessment which consist of mean absolute error, mean relative error, certainty coefficient and root-mean-square error are utilized to evaluate the forecast results of coupling forecast methods. Moreover, with a case study of Xiangjiaba station in the Jinsha River, advantages and disadvantages of these coupling forecast methods are obtained through the comparison of forecast results calculated by these methods, and they provide the basis for selection of coupling forecast methods. The result shows that the IPO method performs better than other two methods which behave undifferentiated. It is found that the IPO method combined with method B can be a viable alternative for flood forecasting of multiple hydrological models.