batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Haig AJ, Jayarajan S, Maslowski E, Yamakawa KS, Tinney M, Beier KP, Juang D, Chan L, Boggess T, Loar J, Owusu-Ansah B, Kalpakjian C. Development of a language-independent functional evaluation. Objective To design, validate, and critique a tool for self-report of physical functioning that is independent of language and literacy. Design Software design and 2 prospective trials followed by redesign. Setting United States and African university hospitals. Participants Outpatient and inpatient competent adults with diverse physical impairments. Interventions (1) Software design process leading to a Preliminary Language-Independent Functional Evaluation (Pre-L.I.F.E.); (2) patient surveys using a printed Pre-L.I.F.E. and a computer-animated Pre-L.I.F.E. tested in random order, followed by a questionnaire version of the standard Barthel Index; and (3) software redesign based on objective and qualitative experiences with Pre-L.I.F.E. Main Outcome Measures Validation of the general concept that written and spoken language can be eliminated in assessment of function. Development of a refined Language-Independent Functional Evaluation (L.I.F.E.). Results A viable Pre-L.I.F.E. software was built based on design parameters of the clinical team. Fifty Americans and 51 Africans demonstrated excellent (Cronbach α>0.8 Americans) and good (α>.425 Africans) reliability. In general, the relations between Pre-L.I.F.E. and Barthel scores were excellent in the United States (interclass correlation coefficient for stair climbing, .959) but somewhat less good in Africa, with elimination functions very poorly related. The computer-animated Pre-L.I.F.E. was faster and trended to be more reliable than the printed Pre-L.I.F.E. in both the United States and Africa. Redesign meetings corrected statistical and qualitative challenges, resulting in a new tool, the L.I.F.E. Conclusions Literacy and language translation can be eliminated from some aspects of functional assessment. The new L.I.F.E., based on solid empirical evidence and design principles, may be a practical solution to assessment of function in the global culture.
SnO2–Fe2O3 hollow spheres are fabricated with solid acid sphere as template, which presented excellent electrochemical performances with capacity of 595.5mAhg−1 at 0.2 C (160mAg−1) in the potential range of 0.05–1.2V (vs. Li+/Li), upon 50 cycles, the capacity retentions is 96.9%. Compared with SnO2 hollow spheres, SnO2–Fe2O3 hollow spheres electrode has an improved rate capability, when charged at 10 C (8000mAg−1), the capacity can reach 400mAhg−1, which is about 67% of that at 0.2 C. This excellent high rate performance of SnO2–Fe2O3 material is related to the reduction of Fe2O3 in the initial discharge process, the hollow structure and the constructing particles with nanosize, which help to improve the electronic conductivity, buffer the huge volume change and stabilize the structure.
Enhanced initial coulombic efficiency (above 90%) of Li1.14Ni0.16Co0.08Mn0.57O2 (LMO) cathode materials are achieved by utilizing a NaCl molten-salt method. Anaerobic environment can be controlled via adjusting the weight ratio of LMO and NaCl molten-salt. The morphology and structure of all samples are detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The modified samples have smaller particle sizes and abundant mesopores, compared with the pristine LMO sample. The change of crystal parameters, XPS analysis and HRTEM images demonstrate the effect of anaerobic environment offered by NaCl molten-salt on the structure of LMO material. More oxygen vacancies could exist in the modified LMO materials due to the anterobic environment offered by a lot of NaCl molten-salt. It should be responsible for the enhanced initial coulombic efficiency. The higher reversible capacities mainly come from smaller particle size and abundant mesopores of the modified LMO samples, in which the utilization ratio of active mass is improved due to the shortened diffusion length for Li ions. A tiny spinel phase generates in the modified samples controlled by the amount of NaCl additive. The excellent cycling stability and improved rate capacity of the modified materials are also achieved due to its good thermal stability and the 3D structure of the spinel phase. These results give a new insight into preparing lithium-rich cathode materials with high initial coulombic efficiency as well as superior performance for advanced lithium-ion batteries.
This paper develops guidance framework for sustainable energy engineers. This guidance can be considered while looking towards some possible breakthrough solution for sustainable energy development. The research analyzes and refers core TRIZ based works related to sustainability, energy scenarios and eco-efficiency. It co-relates TRIZ philosophy, methods and tools in purview of energy and sustainability. It proposes guidelines in a tabular chart form which can help engineers as a framework in development of renewable and sustainable energy related future Progress. It provides most probable solution directions for forming the right conceptual solution before getting into detail design stages. Towards the end, it proposes a methodological flow chart for using the developed framework.
Lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries with Li metal as anodes suffer from serious safety problems because of the formation of Li dendrites during the discharge and charge cycles. In this study, for the first time, we developed a long-life Li ion O2 battery based on commercial silicon particles as a substitute for Li metal as the anode. This was realized after determining the detailed cause of the fading performance of these batteries based on unoptimized Si anodes. The batteries can achieve as many as 100 discharge–charge cycles with low overpotentials, indicating excellent cycling stability. The durable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film built on the silicon anode surface was proved to play a critical role. The composition of the SEI film grown in glyme-based electrolyte was originally analyzed, and the resulting strong resistibility of the unique SEI film towards oxygen crossover effects endows these batteries with stable cycling ability. Moreover, a storage experiment confirmed the potential long-term operation of these batteries. These encouraging results imply an accessible solution to address problems related to Li metal for the realization of practical Li–O2 batteries.
Nanocomposites consisting of zeolitic imidazolate framework nanocrystals on graphene oxide (ZIF/GO) are prepared by a facile ultrasonic method under ambient conditions. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area measurements show that surface areas of the graphene composites are greatly increased by the addition of the ZIF component. Electrochemical properties of the nanocrystal-modified electrodes are measured by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 6 M KOH electrolyte. Nanocomposites of ZIF-8/GO and ZIF-67/GO exhibit high specific capacitance values up to 400 and 252 F g−1, respectively, much higher than that of each ZIF by itself. In addition to the good pseudocapacitive behavior, they exhibit excellent cycling performance, indicating that the ZIF nanoparticles grown on the surface of GO are beneficial to improving electrochemical properties.
The use of Ni–MH batteries for traction applications in electric and hybrid vehicles is increasingly attractive and reliable. Besides the energy and power handling, and the cost issues, high tolerance to abuse is an important aspect of the Ni–MH technology. Thus, the ability to reduce charging time and to absorb regenerative breaking is highly desirable in these traction applications. This requires an accurate control of the charge termination. To facilitate an easy and reliable charging control and to avoid battery premature failure or ageing it is very important to know the behavior of the battery under a range of charging conditions. In this paper, we described the performance of high capacity commercial Ni–MH traction batteries (12V, 109Ah modules) when subjected to different charging rates (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0C) from 100% depth of discharge (DOD). Changes in battery voltage and temperature during charging were monitored, with a particular emphasis on the detection of the presence of hydrogen near the battery. This unique hydrogen detection outside the battery was used as the method for the end-of-charge termination to prevent overcharging of the battery. Relevant parameters, such as charge acceptance, energy efficiency, and charging time, were analyzed for comparison.
The kinetics of the electrochemical lithium insertion reaction in the sol–gel chromium–vanadium mixed oxide Cr0.11V2O5.16 has been investigated using ac impedance spectroscopy. The chemical lithium diffusion coefficient is found to be in the range 10−8/10−12 cm2/s depending the Li content over the wide Li composition range 0< x <2 in Li x Cr0.11V2O5.16. The evolution of the cathode impedance is investigated as a function of the lithium content and cycles. The results are discussed in relation with the cycling properties of the electrode material and the unusual structural response of the sol–gel mixed oxide which consists of a single phase behaviour with a continuous cell volume expansion of 6–7% in the 0< x <2 range for Li x Cr0.11V2O5.16. For x <1, a comparison with available kinetic data for the parent oxide indicates a very close behaviour. Cr0.11V2O5.16 is shown to be the best V2O5-based cathode material with an initial specific capacity of 280mAh/g at C/10 rate and still 240mAh/g after 50 cycles in the 3.8–2V potential range. The present kinetic data seem to indicate its better cycling behaviour mainly originates from its specific structural response rather than from kinetic reasons.
Coral-like nickel cobalt oxides with hierarchical pores were massively synthesized via a one-pot additive-free solvent thermal decomposition route coupled with a post calcination treatment. The physicochemical properties of nickel cobalt oxides were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and nitrogen sorption measurements. The unique 3D hierarchical porous NiCo2O4 coral structures exhibit enhanced electrocatalytic properties for methanol oxidation with a desirable stability. The large-scale and facile additive-free synthetic technique can be applied to the construction of other metal oxide with complex hierarchical structures.
Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is a high-risk and often prodromal state for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is characterised by isolated episodic memory impairment. Functional neuroimaging studies in healthy subjects consistently report left prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation during verbal episodic memory encoding. The PFC activation at encoding is related to semantic processing which enhances memory. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether impaired verbal episodic memory in aMCI is related to PFC dysfunction. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we compared 10 aMCI patients with 10 elderly controls during verbal encoding. The encoding task was sensitive to the effects of semantic processing. Subsequent recognition was tested to measure encoding success. Behavioural results revealed impaired recognition and a lower false recognition rate for semantically related distracters (lures) in aMCI, which suggest impaired semantic processing at encoding. Both groups activated left hemispheric PFC, insula, premotor cortex and cerebellum, but group comparisons revealed decreased activation in left ventrolateral PFC in the aMCI group. The magnitude of activation in left ventrolateral PFC during encoding was positively correlated with recognition accuracy in the control group but not in the aMCI group. We propose that verbal episodic memory impairment in aMCI is related to PFC dysfunction which affects semantic processing at encoding.
SnO2 attracts considerable interest as a promising high-capacity anode material for lithium ion batteries. It is believed that SnO2 stores lithium by the alloying and de-alloying reactions after the initial irreversible reduction from SnO2 to Li2O and metallic Sn. Here we report that a reversible conversion reaction, similar to that often observed in transition metal oxides, can occur in the cycling of the carbon-coated SnO2 hollow microspheres (SnO2/C), as is evidenced by Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and theoretical calculations. However, only alloying and de-alloying reactions can reversibly take place in carbon-free SnO2 hollow microspheres. The reversible capacity of the SnO2/C is even higher than the theoretical capacity of the free SnO2. These findings provide guidance to designing anode materials with higher reversible capacities.
It is significant to recover metal values from spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) for the alleviation or prevention of potential risks towards environmental pollution and public health, as well as for the conservation of valuable metals. Herein a hydrometallurgical process was proposed to explore the possibility for the leaching of different metals from waste cathodic materials (LiCoO2) of spent LIBs using organics as reductant in sulfuric acid medium. According to the leaching results, about 98% Co and 96% Li can be leached under the optimal experimental conditions of reaction temperature - 95 °C, reaction time - 120 min, reductive agent dosage - 0.4 g/g, slurry density - 25 g/L, concentration of sulfuric acid-3 mol/L in H2SO4 + glucose leaching system. Similar results (96% Co and 100% Li) can be obtained in H2SO4 + sucrose leaching system under optimized leaching conditions. Despite a complete leaching of Li (∼100%), only 54% Co can be dissolved in the H2SO4 + cellulose leaching system under optimized leaching conditions. Finally, different characterization methods, including UV–Vis, FT-IR, SEM and XRD, were employed for the tentative exploration of reductive leaching reactions using organic as reductant in sulfuric acid medium. All the leaching and characterization results confirm that both glucose and sucrose are effective reductants during leaching, while cellulose should be further degraded to organics with low molecular weights to achieve a satisfactory leaching performance.
In view of the stringent environmental regulations, availability of limited natural resources and ever increasing need of alternative energy critical elements, an environmental eco-friendly leaching process is reported for the recovery of lithium and cobalt from the cathode active materials of spent lithium-ion batteries of mobile phones. The experiments were carried out to optimize the process parameters for the recovery of lithium and cobalt by varying the concentration of leachant, pulp density, reductant volume and temperature. Leaching with 2M sulfuric acid with the addition of 5% H2O2 (v/v) at a pulp density of 100g/L and 75°C resulted in the recovery of 99.1% lithium and 70.0% cobalt in 60min. H2O2 in sulfuric acid solution acts as an effective reducing agent, which enhance the percentage leaching of metals. Leaching kinetics of lithium in sulfuric acid fitted well to the chemical controlled reaction model i.e. 1−(1− X)1/3 = kct. Leaching kinetics of cobalt fitted well to the model ‘ash diffusion control dense constant sizes spherical particles’ i.e. 1−3(1− X)2/3 +2(1− X)= kct. Metals could subsequently be separated selectively from the leach liquor by solvent extraction process to produce their salts by crystallization process from the purified solution.
High rate cathode Li3V2(PO4)3/C with an excellent electrochemical performance has been successfully synthesized via an in-situ copolymerization method. The synthesized Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite exhibits an extraordinary reversible discharge capacity of 103.1 mAh g−1 at 50 C discharge rate. In addition, there are no obvious capability fade after 100 cycles. The carbon from pyrolysis of polyacrylamide obtained from the in-situ copolymerization reaction is believed acting a critical role in acquiring such high performances.
The charge-discharge operation of a Fe-air battery using YSZ electrolyte at lower temperature was investigated using the NiFe-91 (Ni:Fe=90:10wt%) bimetal electrode as the fuel electrode and the Ba0.6La0.4CoO3-δ (BLC) oxide electrode as the air electrode in this work. It was found that the total resistance of the cell using the NiFe-91 and BLC electrode was about 100 times smaller than that of the cell using the conventional Pt electrode, owing to its significantly small electrode resistance. It was also found that the 10 cycle charge-discharges were achieved at 600°C by using these electrodes, and the capacity of about 700mAh/g-Fe and energy density of 600mWh/g-Fe were also retained during 8 cycles. These results showed a significant potential; the low temperature operation of the battery using YSZ electrolyte is sufficiently possible by choosing an appropriate electrode. However, the low stability of the NiFe-91 electrode, which is due to the agglomeration, was also found in this work.
Traditional car-sharing services are based on the two-way scheme, where the user picks up and returns the vehicle at the same parking station. Some services allow also one-way trips, where the user can return the vehicle in another station. The one-way scheme is more attractive for the users, but may pose a problem for the distribution of the vehicles, due to a possible unbalancing between the user demand and the availability of vehicles or free slots at the stations. Such a problem is more complicated in the case of electric car sharing, where the travel range depends on the level of charge of the vehicles. In a previous work, we introduced a new approach to relocate the vehicles where cars are moved by personnel of the service operator to keep the system balanced. Such relocation method generates a new challenging pickup and delivery problem that we call the Electric Vehicle Relocation Problem (EVRP). In this work we focus on a method to forecast the unbalancing of a car-sharing system. We apply such method to the data yielded by the Milan transport agency taking into account the location and capacity of the present charging stations in Milan. In this way, using a Mixed Integer Linear Programming formulation of EVRP, we can estimate the advantages of our relocation approach on verisimilar instances.
Typically, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are drop-casted on the surface of the underlying carbon substrates; the outcome is a randomly distributed MWCNT layers leading to uncontrollable structure and unreproducible results. Additionally, we suspect that the electrochemical response is influenced by the primary carbon-based substrate. Herein, we propose the use of freestanding sheets of MWCNTs (buckypapers, BP electrodes) as electrode materials for vanadium redox flow batteries to directly probe the electrochemical activity of MWCNTs toward VO2+/VO2 + and V2+/V3+ redox couples; henceforth, eliminating the need for an underlying carbon substrate. The amount of surfactant and the sonication time used during the fabrication of BP electrodes affect their morphological characteristics and electrochemical performances. Although the electrical conductivity of BP electrodes decreases with increasing surfactant amount and increasing sonication time, the heterogeneous rate constants for both redox couples increase as these fabrication variables are increased, indicating that the performance-limiting process is not electrical conductivity but the number of active sites available for the electrochemical reaction. The standard heterogeneous rate constant of the BP electrode with the highest amount of surfactant is comparable to those of state-of-the-art electrodes. Our promising results call for more research on the potential use of BP electrodes in redox flow batteries.
Numerous studies published in the last 10 years indicate that repeated administration of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a potential effective treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the mechanisms of action are unclear and methods of patient selection for clinical trials are limited. This review seeks to examine the potential neural and cognitive mechanisms of action of tDCS in the treatment of MDD, to aid patient selection for future clinical trials.
Zero-dimensional (0D) carbon nanomaterials such as carbon (CQDs) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been attracting attention due to their outstanding properties of biocompatibility, nontoxicity, chemical inertness, tunable photoluminescence, low cost and facile surface functionalization. Their potential applications range from biomedical, drug delivery, environmental, photocatalytic to energy storage sectors. Among these, investigations have largely focused on their behavior in environmental sensing, biosensing, and optoelectronics, yet energy storage and conversion systems are progressing rapidly as new promising methods are emerging to solve some of the outstanding challenges with energy at low cost and environmental footprint. By virtue of their rapid electron transfer and high surface area, CQD/GQDs are desirable in these electrochemical applications. Further, functional groups with rich heteroatoms (oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, boron) on 0D carbon nanomaterials offer desirable active sites for enhanced electrochemical properties. Our review presents recent advances in the fabrication of CQD/GQD based composites for electrochemical systems, their mechanism of action, applications in energy storage (electrochemical capacitors, lithium/sodium ion batteries) and electrocatalysis (oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen/hydrogen evolution reactions, CO2 electroreduction, biofuel cells and electrochemical biosensors) with an analysis of their potential prospects.
Spinal cord stimulators (SCSs) have become increasingly popular as a treatment modality for neuropathic pain since their first description in 1967 [16]. Neuropathic pain can occur in the setting of spinal disease or in other conditions such as complex regional pain syndrome (non-spinal etiology of neurogenic pain). Neuropathic pain after spinal surgery may result from a variety of factors such as postoperative microinstability, epidural fibrosis, depression, residual or recurrent disc herniations, or intrinsic nerve cellular changes and has become a complex and expensive challenge for modern healthcare [2]. The increased incidence reported after complex surgery has not been ameliorated by the advances made in minimally invasive surgery [14, 15]. Patients with neuropathic pain stemming from spinal surgery are reported to have a decreased quality of life and frequently fail to find pain relief from conservative medical treatment modalities when compared to patients with chronic pain of another origin [17]. SCSs have been shown in limited studies to increase patients’ quality of life and functional capacity while decreasing leg- and low back pain and utilization of analgesic medication. However, SCS results in increased costs to the health system over conventional therapies for these diagnoses [8, 10]. The placement of SCSs after prior spinal surgery is frequently complex due to prior fusions and laminar overgrowth as well as epidural scarring which may prevent or complicate both the percutaneous placement of single-column leads as well as the microsurgical placement of wide paddle leads. Wide paddle leads offer broader terminal coverage and more numerous programming algorithms but require a more invasive microlaminotomy for insertion. Placement of leads above the cephalad extent of fusion may be required. If prior fusion extends to the upper lumbar segments, this may require thoracolumbar insertion of leads.