batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
With the use of biodiesel in clear growth, it is important to quantify any potential emission benefits or liabilities of this fuel. Several researches are available concerning the regulated emissions of biodiesel/diesel blends, but there is a lack of information about non-regulated emissions. In a previous paper [Corrêa, S.M., Arbilla, G., 2006. Emissões de formaldeído e acetaldeído de misturas biodiesel/diesel. Periódico Tchê Química, 3, 54–68], the emissions of aromatic hydrocarbons were reported. In this work, seven carbonyl emissions (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, acetone, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, and benzaldehyde) were evaluated by a heavy-duty diesel engine fueled with pure diesel (D) and biodiesel blends (v/v) of 2% (B2), 5% (B5), 10% (B10), and 20% (B20). The tests were conducted using a six cylinder heavy-duty engine, typical of the Brazilian fleet of urban buses, in a steady-state condition under 1000, 1500, and 2000rpm. The exhaust gases were diluted nearly 20 times and the carbonyls were sampled with SiO2–C18 cartridges, impregnated with acid solution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. The chemical analyses were performed by high performance liquid chromatography using UV detection. Using average values for the three modes of operation (1000, 1500, and 2000rpm) benzaldehyde showed a reduction on the emission (−3.4% for B2, −5.3% for B5, −5.7% for B10, and −6.9% for B20) and all other carbonyls showed a significative increase: 2.6, 7.3, 17.6, and 35.5% for formaldehyde; 1.4, 2.5, 5.4, and 15.8% for acetaldehyde; 2.1, 5.4, 11.1, and 22.0% for acrolein+acetone; 0.8, 2.7, 4.6, and 10.0% for propionaldehyde; 3.3, 7.8, 16.0, and 26.0% for butyraldehyde.
Diffusion of innovations plays an important role for incremental change leading to sustained development in all societies. The diffusion of an innovation is in fact determined by a stream of improvements in the performance characteristics of that innovation, its progressive modification and adaptation. The local technological capability and indigenous knowledge can contribute significantly to the process of adaptive improvements. This paper hinges briefly upon the interface between innovation and diffusion and the role of adaptive improvements to this effect in the context of promoting technologies in rural micro-industries. Observations made in the paper are based on a sample survey comprising of three phases undertaken recently on a number of small and medium industries (SMIs) covering various districts of Bangladesh. It is found that accumulated indigenous knowledge embodied in local farmers and artisans play a crucial role in innovation–diffusion interaction.
We report a novel solvent-free direct coating process for fabricating a well-structured electrode. The manufacturing process was rapid and facile, involving only dry-spraying of the solvent-free electrode component mixture and a subsequent isothermal hot-pressing. The electrochemical and physicochemical properties of the dry-sprayed electrode with hot-pressing were evaluated in order to understand the correlation between a preparation parameter, morphological characteristic of the electrode, and cell performance. The hot-pressing time had an effect on the binder distribution, which in turn resulted in different electrode morphologies and performance. The dry-sprayed LTO electrode prepared at a hot-pressing time of 60 min had excellent electrical conductivity and Li+ storage capacity, owing to its electron transport structure, which was more suitable than the prepared electrodes at other hot-pressing conditions.
Careful modulation of surficial and interfacial properties of electrode materials is a critical factor for determining overall electrochemical characteristics. Recent studies have indicated that metal oxide nanocoating layer (such as titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2)) on metal oxide anodes (such as tin (IV) oxide (SnO2)) exhibited superior electrochemical properties, but fundamental research on the effect and role of TiO2 layer thickness has been limited. Here we have successfully conducted in-depth study on how the thickness of TiO2 overlayer on SnO2 can have significant influence in the overall parameters of electrochemistry. It is revealed that TiO2 overlayer with 12 nm shows good cycle retention (75.8%) even after 80 cycles and retains capacity of 438.3 mAh g−1 even at high current density (5000 mA g−1). Surprisingly, it was further discovered that TiO2 layer not only alleviates the volume expansion but also helps to facilitate Li ion transport compared with SnO2. The improvements in both ionic and electrical conductivity of TiO2 layer are main factors in better cycle retention and rate capabilities. Finally, in situ transmission electron microscopy analysis was adopted to observe the growth dynamics of solid electrolyte interphase layer on TiO2@SnO2, which demonstrates that TiO2 overlayer results in homogeneous and thinner interphase layer compared with SnO2 NTs.
With a randomized field experiment of 433 preschoolers, we tested a tablet mathematics program designed to increase young children’s mathematics learning. Intervention students played Math Shelf, a comprehensive iPad preschool and year 1 mathematics app, while comparison children received research-based hands-on mathematics instruction delivered by their classroom teachers. After 22 weeks, there was a large and statistically significant effect on mathematics achievement for Math Shelf students (Cohen’s d = .94). Moderator analyses demonstrated an even larger effect for low achieving children (Cohen’s d = 1.27). These results suggest that early education teachers can improve their students’ mathematics outcomes by integrating experimentally proven tablet software into their daily routines.
Three kinds of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based grafted and ungrafted copolymers such as poly[dimethylsiloxane-co-(siloxane-g-acrylate)] (PDMS-A), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-phenylsiloxane) (PDMS-P), and poly[dimethylsiloxane-co-(siloxane-g-ethylene oxide)] (PDMS-EO) are used as additives to standard liquid electrolyte solutions to enhance the lithium-ion battery performance at low temperatures. Liquid electrolyte solutions with PDMS-based additives are electrochemically stable under 5.0V and have adequate ionic conductivities of 10−4 Scm−1 at -20°C. Particularly, liquid electrolytes with PDMS-P and PDMS-EO exhibit higher ionic conductivities of around 5×10−4 Scm−1 at -20°C, indicating a specific resisting property against the freezing of the liquid electrolyte components. As a result, the addition of PDMS-based additives to liquid electrolytes improves the capacity retention ratio and rate-capability of lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures.
Novel psychoactive substances are intoxicating compounds developed to mimic the effects of well-established drugs of abuse. They are not controlled by the United Nations drug convention and pose serious health concerns worldwide. Among them, the dissociative drug methoxetamine (MXE) is structurally similar to ketamine (KET) and phencyclidine (PCP) and was created to purposely mimic the psychotropic effects of its “parent” compounds. Recent animal studies show that MXE is able to stimulate the mesolimbic dopaminergic transmission and to induce KET-like discriminative and rewarding effects. In light of the renewed interest in KET and PCP analogs, we decided to deepen the investigation of MXE-induced effects by a battery of behavioral tests widely used in studies of “safety-pharmacology” for the preclinical characterization of new molecules. To this purpose, the acute effects of MXE on neurological and sensorimotor functions in mice, including visual, acoustic and tactile responses, thermal and mechanical pain, motor activity and acoustic startle reactivity were evaluated in comparisons with KET and PCP to better appreciate its specificity of action. Cardiorespiratory parameters and blood pressure were also monitored in awake and freely moving animals. Acute systemic administrations of MXE, KET and PCP (0.01–30 mg/kg i.p.) differentially alter neurological and sensorimotor functions in mice depending in a dose-dependent manner specific for each parameter examined. MXE and KET (1 and 30 mg/kg i.p.) and PCP (1 and 10 mg/kg i.p.) also affect significantly cardiorespiratory parameters, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in mice.
A star-shaped siloxane acrylate with a different number of repeating units of oligo(ethylene oxide) (EO) was synthesized as a cross-linker of solid polymer electrolytes. The cross-linked solid polymer electrolytes blended with the ionic conducting plasticizers, such as low molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)dimethyl ether (PEGDME) were prepared by the in situ thermal curing of the star-shaped siloxane acrylate. Different morphologies of the cross-linked polymer electrolytes were observed according to the number of repeating units of EO (n) in the cross-linker. A micro-phase separated solid polymer electrolyte was obtained when the n of cross-linker was 1. When the n of cross-linker was larger than 1, homogeneously blended solid polymer electrolytes were prepared. The ionic conductivity was measured to be 6.3 to 7.8×10−4 Scm−1 with 80wt.% PEGDME at 30°C. The ionic conductivity of the micro-phase separated solid polymer electrolyte was slightly higher than that of the homogeneously blended solid polymer electrolyte. The electrochemical stability window of the resulting solid polymer electrolyte could be extended to up to 4.8V versus Li/Li+ reference electrode.
Trace element partitioning in solid waste (household waste, industrial waste, waste wood chips and waste mixtures) incineration residues was investigated. Samples of fly ash and bottom ash were collected from six incineration facilities across Sweden including two grate fired and four fluidized bed incinerators, to have a variation in the input fuel composition (from pure biofuel to mixture of waste) and different temperature boiler conditions. As trace element concentrations in the input waste at the same facilities have already been analyzed, the present study focuses on the concentration of trace elements in the waste fuel, their distribution in the incineration residues with respect to chlorine content of waste and combustion temperature. Results indicate that Zn, Cu and Pb are dominating trace elements in the waste fuel. Highly volatile elements mercury and cadmium are mainly found in fly ash in all cases; 2/3 of lead also end up in fly ash while Zn, As and Sb show a large variation in distribution with most of them residing in the fly ash. Lithophilic elements such as copper and chromium are mainly found in bottom ash from grate fired facilities while partition mostly into fly ash from fluidized bed incinerators, especially for plants fuelled by waste wood or ordinary wood chips. There is no specific correlation between input concentration of an element in the waste fuel and fraction partitioned to fly ash. Temperature and chlorine content have significant effects on partitioning characteristics by increasing the formation and vaporization of highly volatile metal chlorides. Zinc and cadmium concentrations in fly ash increase with the incineration temperature.
Green polymer was used flexible substrate for sustainable energy storage in the present work. Namely, degradable and flexible free-standing composite film electrodes were designed with porous polymer-based nanocomposite films (polylactic acid (PLA)/carbon nanotubes (PLA/CNTs)) as conductive and degradable substrates for supercapacitors, via facile in-situ chemical oxidation polymerization of aniline with rapid-mixing chemical oxidation polymerization technique. The effect of the synthetic condition on the electrical conductivity and electrochemical properties of the resultant nanocomposite films was investigated. The porous polylactic acid/carbon nanotubes/polyaniline (P-PCP) sample P-PCP-3-H-2, which was prepared with an aniline concentration of 0.1 mol L−1 in presence of the porous polylactic acid/carbon nanotubes (P-PLA/CNTs) composite film after heat-treating at 60 °C for 1 h, possessed the best comprehensive performance, excellent mechanical strength with tensile strength of 18.7 MPa, highest specific capacitance of 510.3 F g−1 in 1.0 mol L−1 sulfuric acid electrolyte, good cycling stability of 111.5% after 2000 cycles and favorable flexible stability of 93.4% after 180º-bending for 700 cycles.
Ecuador presents a unique case study for evaluating personal air pollution exposure in a middle-income country where a clean cooking fuel has been available at low cost for several decades. We measured personal PM2.5 exposure, stove use, and participant location during a 48-h monitoring period for 157 rural and peri-urban households in coastal and Andean Ecuador. While nearly all households owned a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove and used it as their primary cooking fuel, one-quarter of households utilized firewood as a secondary fuel and 10% used induction stoves secondary to LPG. Stove use monitoring demonstrated clear within- and across-meal fuel stacking patterns. Firewood-owning participants had higher distributions of 48-h and 10-min PM2.5 exposure as compared with primary LPG and induction stove users, and this effect became more pronounced with firewood use during monitoring.Accounting for within-subject clustering, contemporaneous firewood stove use was associated with 101 μg/m3 higher 10-min PM2.5 exposure (95% CI: 94–108 μg/m3). LPG and induction cooking events were largely not associated with contemporaneous PM2.5 exposure. Our results suggest that firewood use is associated with average and short-term personal air pollution exposure above the WHO interim-I guideline, even when LPG is the primary cooking fuel.
So far, expanded metals or metal foils have been used as current collectors for the positive electrode in state of the art lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this work, a new 3D current collector for the positive electrode of LIBs was investigated. Non-woven polymer was metallized with Al by physical vapour deposition (PVD). To prove its feasible application as a current collector in LIBs, LiCoO2 (LCO) composite electrodes were fabricated and compared to common LCO composite electrodes coated on “state of the art” aluminium foil. All cathodes were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, as well as electrochemical methods, and the results were compared. In combination with the main advantages of 3D current collectors such as improved mechanical stability and possibility of higher mass loadings, the 3D structure of the non-woven polymer increases the contact surface by five times compared to conventional current collector foils, reducing the assignment of Al significantly.
MoO2 with low electrical resistivity and high specific capacity as anode for lithium ion batteries is hindered because of its large volume variation during Li+ insertion/extraction process, which leads to fast capacity fading. Herein, three-dimensional (3D) core-shell MoO2@few-layered MoS2 covered by S-doped graphene (MO/MS/SG) aerogel has been fabricated through hydrothermal reaction and freeze-drying process together with sulfidation. MoO2 nanoparticles coated by few-layer MoS2 can promote good dispersion of MoO2 nanoparticles and avoid the restacking of MoS2. S doping in graphene can increase the defects and active sites. S-doped graphene aerogel as flexible framework and conductive network not only provides the transmission path for ions and electrons, but also maintains the structural integrity of electrode during cycles. Core-shell MoO2@few-layer MoS2 hybrid well-dispersed in S-doped graphene matrix buffers the volume changes during cycles and contributes to high reversible capacity. Free-standing electrode without binder and current collector prevents the separation of electrode materials from current collector during cycles. Benefitting from the unique structures, the MO/MS/SG aerogel as anode for lithium ion battery exhibits high reversible capacities of 683 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 100 cycles and 533 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 350 cycles together with excellent rate capability. This work demonstrates the potential application of the Mo-based materials in lithium ion batteries.
A coupled chemo-mechanical model which considers the contact resistance as well as the influence of the attractive forces inside the contact area between the electrode and current collector was developed to evaluate the effects of the adhesive strength of a binding material on the electrochemical performance of silicon-based lithium-ion batteries. The increase in contact resistance between the electrode and current collector was introduced as a factor that reduces the electrochemical performance of the cell. The model predictions were validated with experimental data from coin-type half-cells composed of Li metal, Si electrodes, and Cu current collectors coated with binding materials with different adhesive strengths. The contact resistance increased with an increasing number of cyclic current rate. The adhesive strength decreased with cyclic current rate. The proposed model was used to investigate the effects of adhesive strength and various cell design parameters on the specific capacity of the Si-based Li-ion cells.
Eight lignin products have been characterized with regard to chemical composition, physical properties and function as battery expanders. Altogether, 128 different parameters have been measured for each of the expanders. The Principal Component Analysis method has been used to analyze the correlations between these parameters. Several possible correlations between lignin properties and effectiveness in batteries were found. The type of lignin seems to be a very important factor and few correlations hold across different types of lignin.
The differential diagnosis of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders can be difficult. In the current diagnostic criteria, basic concepts such as obsession and delusion overlap. This study examined lifetime schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology, including subtle schizotypal symptomatology and subjective anomalies such as self-disorders, in a sample diagnosed with OCD in a specialized setting. The study also examined the differential diagnostic potential of the classic psychopathological notions of true obsession (‘with resistance’) and pseudo-obsession. The study involved 42 outpatients diagnosed with OCD at two clinics specialized in the treatment of OCD. The patients underwent semi-structured, narrative interviews assessing a comprehensive battery of psychopathological instruments. The final lifetime research-diagnosis was based on a consensus between a senior clinical psychiatrist and an experienced research clinician. The study found that 29% of the patients fulfilled criteria of schizophrenia or another non-affective psychosis as main, lifetime DSM-5 research-diagnosis. Another 33% received a research-diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder, 10% a research-diagnosis of major depression and 29% a main research-diagnosis of OCD. Self-disorders aggregated in the schizophrenia-spectrum groups. True obsessions had a specificity of 93% and a sensitivity of 58% for a main diagnosis of OCD. In conclusion, a high proportion of clinically diagnosed OCD patients fulfilled diagnostic criteria of a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. The conspicuous obsessive–compulsive symptomatology may have resulted in a disregard of psychotic symptoms and other psychopathology. Furthermore, the differentiation of obsessions from related psychopathological phenomena is insufficient and a conceptual and empirical effort in this domain is required in the future.
Cliff-like NiO/Ni3S2 directly grown on nickel foam is fabricated by a mixed method of hydrothermal and thermal decomposition, which is directly used as the working electrode without any binder and other conductive additive assistants. The NiO/Ni3S2 electrode can deliver a high area capacity of 2.28Ccm−2 at 2mAcm−2, along with outstanding cycling stability (102% capacity retention after 10000 cycles). The energy density of the NiO/Ni3S2//AC hybrid device is 158.37 Ws g−1 at a power density of 0.23Wg−1 (93.71 Ws g−1 at 2.31Wg−1). Compared with other NiO composites on nickel foam, these results indicate that NiO/Ni3S2 directly grown on Ni foam opens up the potential application for energy-storage devices with high area capacity and high cycling performance.
Two sets of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrode assemblies from different manufacturers were run under different operating conditions with different sulfur exposure, and then subjected to X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the sulfur K (1s) edge. Within the detection limits of the spectrometer, pristine fuel electrodes (anodes) show no traces of sulfur. The anodes operated with sulfur-containing natural gas and H2S doped natural gas show spectra rich in sulfur structures. Two other electrodes run with sulfur-containing natural gas, one with a sulfur filter and the other without, show an XAS spectrum with a very broad peak, covering the entire sulfur absorption range, and thus not allowing for identification of specific sulfur signatures. These appear to be the first ever reported sulfur XAS data on SOFC anodes, and the XAS technique shows promise to resolve some hitherto unsolved issues on sulfur poisoning of SOFC, particularly regarding the molecular speciation of the sulfur components.
Abstract Stable colloidal suspension of nanoparticles in various solvents is conventionally termed as “Nanofluids.” In this review the various facets of nanofluids technology are described with an emphasis on applications in energy systems. Various synthesis protocols and materials characterization techniques for nanofluids are explored (including non-Newtonian rheological behavior of nanofluids). The root of the controversies in the literature relating to anomalous enhancement in the materials properties is also discussed. The review is focused on energy applications of nanofluids, such as nuclear energy, geothermal energy, solar energy, batteries, and fuel cells as well as oil and gas (exploration and production). Niche applications of nanofluids for immediate commercial deployment were identified as additives for deep drilling fluids in geothermal and oil production (as heat transfer fluids, lubricant and formation of nanocomposites with drilling mud to obviate bore hole issues) and as thermal energy storage media in molten salt nanofluids (for solar thermal applications). In the longer time horizon, nanofluids show promise for thermal management of fuel cells and as novel electrolytes in improving the energy storage in batteries. Reliability is an important issue in nuclear applications and the stability of conventional nanofluids needs to be improved in order to achieve significant penetration in nuclear applications. Nanofluids are also expected to spawn novel energy applications—such as for thermal management of electrical rechargeable batteries, fuel cells, solar thermoelectric platforms for power generation, and novel strategies for energy storage in solar ponds by exploiting the non-Newtonian rheology of nanofluids at high nanoparticle concentration.