batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This paper addresses the energy management strategy (EMS) for a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FC-HEV). The purpose of this paper is to ensure an optimal power splitting between the fuel cell system (FCS) and the battery pack, taking into account the operating conditions of the FCS. The FCS is a multi-physics system, and consequently, its energetic performances depend on the operating conditions (i.e., temperature, gas relative humidity, gas stoichiometry, pressure and ageing). Specific techniques must be used to reach the best performances of the FCS. In this work, models are identified online by using the adaptive recursive least square (ARLS) method to seek a variation in the FCS performances. Then, an optimization algorithm is used on the updated model to find the best efficiency and power operating points. This process is used into an optimal EMS based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle, for a FC-HEV. The effectiveness of the proposed EMS is demonstrated by conducting studies on two FCSs with different levels of degradation.
Hollow nanospheres of Sn–Sb–Cu alloy composites have been successfully synthesized via co-reduction of metal chlorides in aqueous alkaline solution without using any surfactants or solid templates. A bubble assisted growth mechanism is proposed to account for the formation of the hollow nanostructures. The concentration of the reactants kinetically controls the nucleation rate of the alloy nuclei, making for the formation of the hollow nanospheres. Compared with the alloy nanoparticles, the hollow spheres exhibit relatively high electrochemical capacity and good cyclic retention when used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The bubble assisted synthesis method can be readily explored for fabricating hollow nanostructure of other alloy system for functional material applications.
Loss of functioning and age-related health problems tend to appear earlier in individuals with intellectual disability (ID) than in their non-disabled peers. The Feldenkrais method (FM) is a movement-based form of learning that enhances body balance and physical functioning. We carried out an intervention based on Awareness Through Movement, a form of the FM. Thirty-two middle-aged (48.94±6.01years old) adults with ID who were in supported employment were recruited and randomly assigned to the experimental group (EG) or control group (CG). The EG received 30 Awareness Through Movement classes while the CG did not receive any movement-based intervention. Physical functioning (body balance, gait speed and chair stands) was assessed with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and balance by stabilometry. After 30 FM classes, individuals in the EG had significantly improved their chair stand test score (p<0.005) and SPPB total score (p<0.005), and reduced their sway area (p<0.05) in the stabilometric test. These results indicate that the FM could be a good tool for the prevention of loss of functioning and body balance in middle-aged individuals with ID.
Water and energy are the key drivers of agricultural production while the world is facing severe energy and water crisis. Increasing crop production per unit area for the increasing population of the world is dire need of time. Thus, sustainable approaches are required to ensure food security and energy security. One of the sustainable development approach is solar photovoltaic water pumping system (SPVWPS). It is a promising alternative to the conventional pumping systems and a cost-effective application especially in remote off-grid areas of developing countries. In recent years, through continuous improvement, the photovoltaic pump system has been widely used in agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors. Present paper intends to review and summarize the recent research and development performed in SPVWPS. The study focuses on components of the photovoltaic pump system, factors affecting system efficiency, performance assessment, optimization of the system, and possibility of combination with other green technologies. An update on the research and current situation of SPVWPS is presented. SPVWPS is found to be feasible in comparison to the conventional pumping systems. Application of PV pumping in different regions of the world are also discussed. This paper aims to provide a broad outlook on SPVWPS for the researchers, engineers, manufacturers, and policy makers.
The mesoporous biocarbon coated Li3V2(PO4)3 (MBC-LVP) cathode material is synthesized by a biotemplate-assisted sol–gel reaction process using low-cost beer waste brewing yeasts (BWBYs) as both structural template and biocarbon source. The structure and electrochemical performances of MBC-LVP were investigated using Raman spectra, thermogravimetric measurements (TGA), adsorption–desorption isotherms and pore-size-distribution curves, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM and HRTEM), and electrochemical methods. The results show that the MBC-LVP synthesized at 750°C has a hierarchical nanostructure, which consist of Li3V2(PO4)3 crystal nanoparticles and amorphous biocarbons network (11.5%) with hierarchical mesoporous structures (slit shape mesopores, open wormlike mesopores and plugged mesopores). This hierarchical nanostructure facilitates electron and lithium ion diffusion. The MBC-LVP electrode has high discharge capacity (about 205mAhg−1) at a current density of 0.2C in the voltage region of 3.0–4.8V and the diffusion coefficient of Li+-ions determined by CV and EIS is higher than those of olivine LiFePO4. We have revealed the formation mechanism of MBC-LVP, the possible lithium pathways in the MBC-LVP and established a relation between the structure and the ionic and electronic transport properties.
Outdoor navigation of visually impaired people most often is based on data from the GPS maps and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Such systems cannot be used for navigation in the regions where there are not any GPS maps or the maps are not sufficiently precise and detailed. This article describes an algorithm for real-time GPS track simplification. The test results show that the proposed algorithm (RSTS) has efficiency similar to the Douglas–Peucker algorithm, which is regarded as the best for track simplification. The reduction of the number of points in different transportation modes, while keeping the shape of the route, is over 90%. The size of the file describing the track is reduced more than 30 times. The algorithm finds the critical points of the route. This allows for navigation along the track so conversion of track to route is not needed. The algorithm is part of a low cost and widely accessible Java 2 Mobile Edition (J2ME) application for navigation of visually impaired.
The fascinating characteristic of carbon atoms to create multiple orbital hybridizations (e.g., sp, sp2, or sp3) provides the possibility to synthesize one-, two-, and three-dimensional carbon nanostructures with unique physical–chemical properties. In this way, the two-dimensional (2D) carbon-atomic layered crystal (graphene) and graphitic nanoribbons have attracted the attention of several scientific groups around the world due to their novel and unusual physicochemical properties. The relative simplicity of the Novoselov–Geim method to extract a single graphene layer along with the fascinating properties of graphene, such as the linear E(k) electronic structure in monolayer graphene, has stimulated extensive experimental and theoretical studies. This chapter reviews experimental and theoretical work on graphene with special attention to graphene nanoribbons. We focus on the role of topological defects, edge chirality, and chemical doping on the electronic, transport, and structural properties of graphene and graphene nanoribbons. We also review different synthesis techniques, such as chemical vapor deposition, chemical routes, and nanotube exfoliation, to obtain carbon nanoribbons. We also summarize common characterization techniques used for graphene materials, such as scanning electron microscopy, high resolution electron microscopy, scanning tunneling spectroscopy, near edge X-ray absorption fine structure, electron spin resonance, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Edge-state characterization and the special magnetic properties of edges are also reviewed. In addition, first-principles density functional theory calculations of the electronic and transport properties of doped armchair nanoribbons are described. Finally, we discuss the future perspectives of these graphene-like materials, including applications in electronic devices, composites, catalysts, and energy storage devices.
This paper presents a benchmarking model to enable systematic selection of anode and cathode materials for lithium batteries in stationary applications, hybrid and battery electric vehicles. The model incorporates parameters for energy density, power density, safety, lifetime, costs and raw materials. Combinations of carbon anodes, Li4Ti5O12 or TiO2 with LiFePO4 cathodes comprise interesting combinations for application in hybrid power trains. Higher cost and raw material prioritization of stationary applications hinders the breakthrough of Li4Ti5O12, while a combination of TiO2 and LiFePO4 is suggested. The favored combinations resemble state-of-the-art materials, whereas novel cell chemistries must be optimized for cells in battery electric vehicles. In contrast to actual research efforts, sulfur as a cathode material is excluded due to its low volumetric energy density and its known lifetime and safety issues. Lithium as anode materials is discarded due to safety issues linked to electrode melting and dendrite formation. A high capacity composite Li2MnO3·LiNi0.5Co0.5O2 and high voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode with silicon as anode material promise high energy densities with sufficient lifetime and safety properties if electrochemical and thermal stabilization of the electrolyte/electrode interfaces and bulk materials is achieved. The model allows a systematic top-down orientation of research on lithium batteries.
The Li–O2 battery holds great promise as an ultra-high-energy-density device. However, its limited rechargeability and low energy efficiency remain key barriers to its practical application. Herein, we demonstrate that the ideal electrode morphology design combined with effective catalyst decoration can enhance the rechargeability of the Li–O2 battery over 100 cycles with full discharge and charge. An aligned carbon structure with a hierarchical micro-nano-mesh ensures facile accessibility of reaction products and provides the optimal catalytic conditions for the Pt catalyst. The new electrode is highly reversible even at the extremely high current rate of 2 A g−1. Moreover, we observed clearly distinct morphologies of discharge products when the catalyst is used. The effect of catalysts on the cycle stability is discussed.
Effective utilization of energy requires the storage and conversion device with high ability. For well-developed lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and highly developing sodium ion batteries (SIBs), this ability especially denotes to high energy and power densities. It's believed that the capacity of a full cell is mainly contributed by anode materials. So, to develop inexpensive anode materials with high capacity are meaningful for various rechargeable batteries' better applications. Iron is a productive element in the crust, and its oxides, sulfides, fluorides, and oxygen acid salts are extensively investigated as electrode materials for batteries. In view of the importance of electrode materials containing iron, this review summarizes the recent achievements on various binary iron sulfides (FeS, FeS2, Fe3S4, and Fe7S8)-type electrodes for batteries. The contents are mainly focused on their crystal structures, synthetic methods, and electrochemical performance. Moreover, the challenges and some improvement strategies are also discussed.
The cellular and subcellular localization of L-citrulline was analyzed in the adult rat brain and compared with that of traditional markers for the presence of nitric oxide synthase. Light, transmission electron, and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to study tissue sections processed for immunocytochemistry employing a monoclonal antibody against L-citrulline or polyclonal anti-neuronal nitric oxide synthase sera, and double immunofluorescence to detect neuronal nitric oxide synthase and L-citrulline co-localization. The results demonstrate that the same CNS regions and cell types are labeled by neuronal nitric oxide synthase polyclonal antisera and L-citrulline monoclonal antibodies, using both immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. Short-term pretreatment with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor reduces L-citrulline immunostaining, but does not affect neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity. In the vestibular brainstem, double immunofluorescence studies show that many, but not all, neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive cells co-express L-citrulline, and that local intracellular patches of intense L-citrulline accumulation are present in some neurons. Conversely, all L-citrulline-labeled neurons co-express neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Cells expressing neuronal nitric oxide synthase alone are interpreted as neurons with the potential to produce nitric oxide under other stimulus conditions, and the subcellular foci of enhanced L-citrulline staining are viewed as intracellular sites of nitric oxide production. This interpretation is supported by ultrastructural observations of subcellular foci with enhanced L-citrulline and/or neuronal nitric oxide synthase staining that are located primarily at postsynaptic densities and portions of the endoplasmic reticulum. We conclude that nitric oxide is produced and released at focal sites within neurons that are identifiable using L-citrulline as a marker.
A safe electrolyte system is prepared from N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (PP13TFSI), organic electrolyte (1molL−1 LiPF6/EC-DEC) and lithium bis (oxalato) borate (LiBOB). The additive of LiBOB enhances the stability of interface between electrolyte and anode. The LiBOB-containing mixed electrolytes show non-flammability and good compatibility with active materials. The performance of anode for lithium ion battery is successfully improved by LiBOB-containing mixed electrolytes, which shows 200mAhg−1 reversible capacities at 0.3C rate. The ionic conductivity and the lithium ion transference number in LiBOB-containing mixed electrolytes system also suits to application for lithium ion battery.
In this work, self-combustion reactions (SCR) for the preparation of important cathode materials for rechargeable Li-ion batteries were investigated by thermal analytical tools (DSC, ARC, TGA), electron microscopy, XRD, various spectroscopies (MS, Raman, FTIR) and elemental analysis by ICP. The systems studied include solutions containing metal nitrates at the right stoichiometry and sucrose as a fuel, for the preparation of LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 (layered), LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 (spinel), LiMn0.33Ni0.33Co0.33O2 (layered), and LiMn0.4Ni0.4Co0.2O2 (layered). Similar products, which do not depend on the atmosphere of the processes (air or inert) were obtained by spontaneous SCR and the gradual heating of the same solutions by DSC, ARC, and TGA. The reactions involve the partial caramelization of sucrose, complicated by red-ox reactions with the nitrates that form solid products, whose organic part is finally decomposed around 400°C. The presence of cobalt ions has a stabilizing effect, which is expressed by the low dissolution rates of Li ions from the solid products thus formed, into aqueous solutions. The reaction mechanisms are discussed herein.
Children struggle with mathematics for different reasons. Developmental dyscalculia and low numeracy – two kinds of mathematical difficulties – may have their roots, respectively, in poor understanding of exact non-symbolic numerosities and of symbolic numerals. This study was the first to explore whether Chinese children, despite cultural and linguistic factors supporting their mathematical learning, also showed such mathematical difficulties and whether such difficulties have measurable impact on children's early school mathematical performance. First-graders, classified as dyscalculia, low numeracy, or normal achievement, were compared for their performance in various school mathematical tasks requiring a grasp of non-symbolic numerosities (i.e., non-symbolic tasks) or an understanding of symbolic numerals (i.e., symbolic tasks). Children with dyscalculia showed poorer performance than their peers in non-symbolic tasks but not symbolic ones, whereas those with low numeracy showed poorer performance in symbolic tasks but not non-symbolic ones. As hypothesized, these findings suggested that dyscalculia and low numeracy were distinct deficits and caused by deficits in non-symbolic and symbolic processing, respectively. These findings went beyond prior research that only documented generally low mathematical achievements for these two groups of children. Moreover, these deficits appeared to be persistent and could not be remedied simply through day-to-day school mathematical learning. The present findings highlighted the importance of tailoring early learning support for children with these distinct deficits, and pointed to future directions for the screening of such mathematical difficulties among Chinese children.
Several low-cost ionic liquids (ILs) containing pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, or azepanium units as cations, and formate, trifluoroacetate, or hydrogen sulfate groups as anions, are synthesized. The electrochemical and physicochemical properties, such as viscosity, density, conductivity, electrochemical window of the ILs, and the diffusion coefficient of ferrocene in the ILs are studied. All ILs studied here are liquid at room temperature with a high ionic conductivity (up to 30.7mScm−1) at room temperature. Hydrogen sulfate-based ILs exhibits a larger electrochemical window (3.98–3.99V) than formate- and trifluoroacetate-based ILs (3.22–3.29V). The results of this study can be used to choose the proper combination of cations and anions for the desired applications.
Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2−z F z (x =0–0.15) were synthesized via a co-precipitation followed by a high-temperature heat treatment. Though the initial discharge capacities of Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2−z Fz (x =0–0.15) is somewhat smaller, capacity retention, rate capability, and thermal stability at highly oxidized state were significantly improved comparing to the undoped Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2. Fluorine substitution for oxygen made it possible to use the cathode material at 4.6V cut-off limit.
Satellite electrical power systems (SEPS) are strongly interdisciplinary, exhibit complex nonlinear behavior, and operate over a wide range of power levels. The Virtual Test Bed (VTB) provides a unified computational environment that allows rapid modeling, simulation and virtual-prototyping of such complex systems. VTB handles modeling in a comprehensive and efficient way by using both topological and mathematical descriptions. The VTB is also endowed with mechanisms to import models and to co-simulate with other standard software. This paper presents a study of two representative SEPSs to demonstrate design and testing of such systems in the VTB. The performances of Li-ion and Ni–H2 batteries are compared in a particular system.
M-Nx-C (M stands for Fe, Co, Ni) represent a typical type of highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) nonprecious-metal catalyst, of which the catalytic activity can be further boosted by introducing other metal or nonmetal species. However the rational design and construction of such system remains conceptually challenging and requires in-depth research both experimentally and theoretically. In this work, highly active sulfur (S)-modified Zn,Co-Nx-C-Sy bimetallic sites confined in dentric carbon are developed through a facile simultaneous coordination pyrolysis method. Such an architecture offers two fold advantages in ORR catalysis: 1) The enhanced binding between O2 and Zn-Co bimetallic site can facilitate the O-O activation and reduce the cleavage barrier of O-O bond in the step of *OOH + e-→*O + OH-; 2) the S doping can engineer the charges around Zn,Co active center, and strengthen the interaction with oxygenated species by decreasing the free energy changes of *O2 + e- + H2O→*OOH + OH- step. As a result, the as prepared Zn,Co-Nx-C-Sy exhibits outstanding electrocatalytic performance with a half wave potential 67 mv more positive than commercial Pt/C (0.893 V vs. 0.826 V), as well as excellent stability ( ~ 4.4% current loss after 20,000 s test). The material also shows promising potential as cathode catalyst in flexible Zn-air batteries.
In the present study, a type of polymer electrolyte (PE) based on a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymer network, sulfolane, composite TiO2-SiO2 and vinylene carbonate (VC) as the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) forming additive were prepared by the casting technique. Liquid electrolyte (LE) was the 1M LiPF6 in sulfolane (TMS). The produced PE and LE working together with the LiFePO4 (LFP) and Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) was characterized by thermal gravimmetry (TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charging/discharging. PE had a high ionic conductivity of 9.8×10−4 Scm−1 at 25°C (containing sub-microsize TiO2-SiO2 with vinyl groups of the surface—10% by weight). Charging/discharging capacity of the LFP │LE│LTO system was ca. 150mAhg−1 (VC content 5wt.%) (C/10 rate). This is much higher in comparison to that characteristic of LFP│PE│LTO cell—charging and discharging capacity stabilizes at a value of ca. 120mAhg−1.
To prepare a high-capacity cathode material with improved electrochemical performance for lithium rechargeable batteries, Co3(PO4)2 nanoparticles are coated on the surface of powdered Li[Co0.1Ni0.15Li0.2Mn0.55]O2, which is synthesized by a simple combustion method. The coated powder prepared under proper conditions for Co3(PO4)2 content and annealing temperature shows an optimum coating layer that consists of a Li x CoPO4 phase formed by reaction with lithium impurities during heat treatment. A sample coated with 3wt.% Co3(PO4)2 and annealed at 800°C proves to be the best in terms of specific capacity, cycle performance and rate capability. Thermal stability is also enhanced by the coating, as demonstrated a decrease in the onset temperature and/or the heat generated during thermal runaway.
Epilepsy may affect a child's social skills and social cognition. The purpose of the study was to examine associations between sociocognitive skills and neurocognitive performance in children with epilepsy. Thirty-five children with epilepsy between the ages of 7 and 12years (25 with partial and 10 with generalized epilepsy) and 30 controls participated. Theory of Mind (ToM) tasks, Social Cognition Questionnaire proposed by Saltzman-Benaiah and Lalonde (2007), and Social Skills Rating System were used to assess social competence and sociocognitive skills. Neurocognitive performance was assessed using the NEPSY battery. Children with epilepsy demonstrated more difficulties in understanding false belief (p <.001) and intentional lying (p <.05) and exhibited more behavioral problems (p <.05). Notably, their social skills were at the same level as typically developing peers. Children with epilepsy performed significantly worse in attention, executive, verbal, and fine motor tasks (p <.05). We found positive correlations between the understanding of false belief and in executive (r =.6, p <.05), verbal (r =.45–.49, p <.05), and visuospatial skills (r =.34–.48, p <0.01). Children with generalized epilepsy had more problems in memory tasks (p <.05) and understanding of sarcasm (p <.05) compared with children with partial epilepsy. An age of onset over 9.1years was positively associated with ToM skills (r =.42, p <.05). In conclusion, better ToM in children with better executive functions, and language and visuospatial skills was revealed. The type of epilepsy and age of onset significantly affected ToM skills.