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A simple but efficient template carbonization method has been implemented for the production of highly nanoporous carbon by the reaction of potassium biphthalate with zinc, magnesium, or aluminum metal. The mass ratio and carbonization temperature are pivotal factors influencing the structures of the carbons. It explicitly reveals that the carbons produced in the potassium biphthalate-zinc metal system exhibit superior porosities and better electrochemical performances. Taking the Zn-3:1-900 sample as an example, it has a large BET surface area of 1605.1 m2 g−1 and a high total pore volume of 1.18 cm3 g−1. A large specific capacitance of 338.2 F g−1 is achieved at a current density of 1 A g−1 and it can retain a 100.5 F g−1 even at a high current density up to 100 A g−1 when measured in a three-electrode system. It also exhibits a high energy density of 76.7 Wh kg−1 obtained in a two-electrode system. Furthermore, in the two kinds of electrode systems, all of the carbons display excellent cycling stabilities.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy was carried out to investigate local structural changes around Fe and Zn atoms of the nano-crystalline spinel ferrite ZnFe2O4 anode material at various states-of-charge during the 1st and 2nd lithiation/de-lithiation. From the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), we propose a possible structure evolution process of the ZnFe2O4 electrode during the 1st discharge and charge cycle. A mixture of metallic iron, ZnO, metallic zinc, LiZn and Li2O phases seem to be formed as the cell is firstly discharged to 0.02V. Instead of the original ZnFe2O4 spinel phase, the metallic iron and zinc particles are re-oxidized to Fe2O3 and ZnO phases during the subsequent de-lithiation. A reversible redox reaction between Fe2O3, ZnO and lithium ions is found in the 2nd cycle. The formation of SEI layer in the initial cycles plays a major role in the irreversible capacity of the electrode. The inactive disordered ZnO formed due to the conversion reaction of ZnFe2O4 during the 1st lithiation is probably the main reason for the poor electrochemical behavior of the nano-crystalline ZnFe2O4 electrode.
Chiral recognition has continuously attracted the attention among researchers due to its significance in the field of biomedical, as well as pharmaceutical sciences. Thus, graphene has been found surprisingly unfamiliar for incorporation with collagen, whereby it is fundamentally capable of enhancing the chiral recognition properties in chiral molecules. Hence, pertaining to the promising prospective of this composite, electro-analysis studies had been carried out on graphene/collagen nanocomposites on glassy carbon electrode. On top of that, cyclic voltammetry studies were conducted with various parameters, such as scan rates, temperatures, pH, concentrations, multiple cycles, as well as different graphene conditions to evaluate the potential of graphene/collagen as a promising aspirant in chiral recognition. Apart from that, the properties of nanocomposites were looked into via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, microscopic, as well as spectroscopic method, involving Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and Transmission electron microscopy. Finally, the optimised nanocomposites were applied in simple chiral recognition of chiral molecules involving Mandelic Acid and Tyrosine.
Renewable energy is accepted as a key source for the future, not only for Saudi Arabia, but also for the world. Saudi Arabia has abundant potential for exploiting solar energy, which is renewable, clean, and freely available. The average annual solar radiation falling on the Arabian Peninsula is about 2200kWh/m2. Applications of solar energy in Saudi Arabia have been growing since 1960. Solar hydrogen production plant situated at the Solar Village, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, could have been considered as the world's first 350kW solar-powered hydrogen-generation plant at the time of its inception. The development of solar energy, however, has been relatively low due to several obstacles although utilization of solar energy in its various aspects is very attractive for the country. The main objectives of this study are to address current applications and future aspects of solar energy along with studies conducted in this field and to assess them in the light of available sustainable energy technologies towards establishing energy policies. The solar energy-related topics reviewed include various types of solar radiation correlations, exergetic solar radiation, solar collectors, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, solar stills, solar-powered irrigation, solar energy-related greenhouses, solar hydrogen, solar water desalination and solar energy education. Some barriers, scenarios and constraints are also covered. The utilization of solar energy could cover a significant part of the energy demand in the country. If a major breakthrough is achieved in the field of solar-energy conversion, Saudi Arabia can be a leading producer and exporter of solar energy in the form of electricity. The geographical location of the country, its widespread unused desert land, and year-round clear skies, all make it an excellent candidate for this.
Renewable energy sources have been increasingly deployed as distributed generators in remote areas. Meanwhile, fluctuating power generation from renewable energy sources, together with variable power demand, poses challenges in stable and reliable power supply. In this paper, a microgrid with solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage (BES) is studied. A state of charge (SOC)-oriented charging scheme is developed to control the BES to smooth the PV output. Most importantly, a sophisticated control algorithm, consisting of a model predictive voltage control (MPVC) and a model predictive power control (MPPC), is proposed for the interlinking converter. It enables stable voltage in islanded mode. Also, in grid-connected mode, flexible reactive power can be injected into the main grid for grid support according to the voltage variation level. Finally, by considering the intermittent nature of the PV and the load profile, an energy management system (EMS) is designed to ensure power balance within the system. Case studies are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
In this paper, we discuss some key parameters in design of lithium sulfur batteries with high energy density, in particular carbon/sulfur ratio, sulfur loading density, electrolyte volume and electrode deformability, which directly impact the battery performance in terms of capacity, cycleability, and processibilities, etc. We find that a carbon to sulfur ratio of 1:2 (w/w) in the electrode is good for high specific capacity, giving a capacity of 538 mA h g−1 which is 3 times as high as that of LiCoO2 cathode. The issue of fragileness for electrode at high sulfur loading density is mitigated by replacing carbon black with fine graphite powders. With these optimizations the carbon–sulfur electrode gives an energy density of 5.88 mW h cm−2 which corresponds to 60% of that of the commercial LiCoO2 electrode.
Background Patients with schizophrenia display a number of cognitive biases, particularly a tendency to jump to conclusions, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of the disorder. The present study contrasted the degree of objective reasoning biases with subjective cognitive insight. We expected that patients with schizophrenia would display greater objective than subjective impairment suggestive of poor metacognitive awareness. Methods Patients with schizophrenia (n =140) and healthy controls (n =60) underwent a test battery encompassing a cognitive bias paradigm (beads task) as well as neurocognitive tests (story recall, trail-making tests). In addition, they were administered the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS), a subjective measure of (meta)cognitive awareness. Results Corroborating prior research on decision making, draws to decisions were significantly delayed in controls relative to patients, whereas the core jumping to conclusion parameter (i.e., decision after one or two pieces of information) bordered significance. Patients with schizophrenia showed a lowered decision threshold and impaired neurocognition relative to nonclinical controls. Despite poor cognitive performance and prior psychotic episodes, patients with schizophrenia showed similar scores on the self-confidence subscale of the BCIS and reported even higher levels of self-reflectiveness relative to healthy controls. Discussion The study demonstrates that patients with schizophrenia show severe cognitive biases and neurocognitive deficits but display only partial awareness herein. Raising cognitive insight in a non-insulting fashion and elevating patients' corrigibility as well as willingness to consider others' feedback and advice may help to narrow this gap and improve psychiatric symptomatology.
Total dietary protein intake has been associated with better physical function in older adults. However, it is unclear whether an even mealtime distribution of protein intake also has an impact on physical functioning. The aim of this study was to examine the prospective association between distribution of daily protein intake across meals and the risk of impaired lower extremity function (ILEF).
In this paper, over 150 journal papers were reviewed with respect to AC impedance modeling and validation in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) diagnosis. Different models based on experimental AC impedance data and their advantages and disadvantages in data interpretation were discussed. The challenges currently faced by AC impedance modeling and validation were identified and possible directions and approaches in addressing these challenges were suggested.
The core technology to any hybrid engine vehicle (HEV) is the design of energy management strategy (EMS). To develop a reasonable EMS, it is necessary to monitor the state of capacity, state of health and instantaneous available power of battery packs. A new method that linearizes RC equivalent circuit model and predicts battery available power according to original Dynamic Matrix Control algorithm is proposed. To verify the validity of the new algorithm, a bench test with lithium-ion battery cell and a HEV test with lithium-ion battery packs are carried out. The bench test results indicate that a single RC block equivalent circuit model could be used to describe the dynamic and the steady state characteristics of a battery under testing conditions. However, lacking of long time constant of RC modules, there is a sample deviation in the open-circuit voltage identified and that measured. The HEV testing results show that the battery voltage predicted is in good agreement with that measured, the maximum difference is within 3.7%. Fixing the time constant to a numeric value, satisfactory results can still be achieved. After setting a battery discharge cut-off voltage, the instantaneous available power of the battery can be predicted.
With the rapid development of lightweight, portable, and even wearable electronics, there is an increasing demand for flexible supercapacitors with excellent electrochemical performance. Here, we present the design and preparation of a novel architecture with SnO2 dots uniformly confined on the activated porous carbon nanofibers (CNFs) using copper and its oxides as the hard templates for generating holes. Not only does the single electrode itself with a certain loading mass of SnO2 show larger specific capacitance, better rate capability, and higher conductivity than the bare CNFs and activated CNFs/SnO2 electrodes, but the assembled quasi-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor also exhibits good flexibility as well as superior electrochemical property with satisfactory energy density and favorable cycling stability, which indicates the great potential for practical applications. This work may provide a versatile and low-cost strategy to construct carbon/metal oxide nanostructures with robust binding force at the interface for adhesive-free supercapacitors.
A sulfur-microporous (S-MIP) carbon composite was prepared for use as a cathode for rechargeable Li/S batteries. Two sulfur-embedded methods, S-impregnation (IS) and S-liquefied pore filling (LS), were applied for the preparation of the S-MIP carbon composites. The pristine elemental S of the polycrystalline α-S8 undergoes a structural change to an amorphous-S (a-S) structure in the S-MIP carbon composite created by the IS method. During sulfur loading of 40–50 wt %, the S-MIP carbon composite created by the IS method showed a BET SSA value of around 500 m2 g−1 and a pore volume of 0.2 cm3 g−1. However, after the LS process was applied to the S-MIP carbon composite, at 160 °C and 10 h, the a-S structure in the S-MIP carbon composite became recrystalline α-S8. Little remained of the porosity in the S-MIP carbon composite prepared by the LS method due to the large portion of the S crystalline phase. The best discharge capacity was obtained with an S-MIP carbon composite created by the IS method, with the result of 680 mA h g−1 after 50 cycles at 0.1 °C, i.e., ~47 % higher than that by the LS method.
Long-term motor training, such as dance or gymnastics, has been associated with increased diffusivity and reduced fiber coherence in regions including the corticospinal tract. Comparisons between different types of motor experts suggest that experience might result in specific structural changes related to the trained effectors (e.g., hands or feet). However, previous studies have not segregated the descending motor pathways from different body-part representations in motor cortex (M1). Further, most previous diffusion tensor imaging studies used whole-brain analyses based on a single tensor, which provide poor information about regions where multiple white matter (WM) tracts cross. Here, we used multi-tensor probabilistic tractography to investigate the specific components of the descending motor pathways in well-matched groups of dancers, musicians and controls. To this aim, we developed a procedure to identify the WM regions below the motor representations of the head, hand, trunk and leg that served as seeds for tractography. Dancers showed increased radial diffusivity (RD) in comparison with musicians, in descending motor pathways from all the regions, particularly in the right hemisphere, whereas musicians had increased fractional anisotropy (FA) in the hand and the trunk/arm motor tracts. Further, dancers showed larger volumes compared to both other groups. Finally, we found negative correlations between RD and FA with the age of start of dance or music training, respectively, and between RD and performance on a melody task, and positive correlations between RD and volume with performance on a whole-body dance task. These findings suggest that different types of training might have different effects on brain structure, likely because dancers must coordinate movements of the entire body, whereas musicians focus on fewer effectors.
In this paper, a special emphasis is given to the newly obtained electrochemical properties at room temperature of the two-dimensional ε′- and γ′-V2O5 polymorphs as sodium intercalation compounds. The structural peculiarities and electrochemical properties of each phase are presented. A full electrochemical and structural reversibility is demonstrated for both compounds upon sodium insertion at high voltage of 2.8 V. This noticeable voltage enhancement (+1 V) compared to α-V2O5 cathode is ascribed to the specific layers organization consisting of bilayered and puckered sheets in ε′-V2O5 and γ′-V2O5, respectively. Promising data, with large capacities (from 120 to 200 mAh g−1) and an excellent cycle life allow to identify new high performance V2O5- forms as positive electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries.
A calorimeter has been constructed and used to measure the total heat production of a single polymer electrolyte fuel cell that is operated on hydrogen and oxygen at 50°C and 1bar. The cell had a SolviCore Catalyst Coated Backing and Nafion membranes 112, 115 and 117. We report that the total heat production plus the power production corresponds to the enthalpy of formation of water for cell potentials above 0.55V. For cell potentials less than 0.55V, we measured a linear decrease in the reaction enthalpy with decreasing cell potential. This effect was obtained independently of membrane thickness and current density. We propose therefore that the main power loss at low cell potentials and the inflection point in the polarisation curve is due to hydrogen peroxide formation at the cathode. The total heat production was decomposed into reversible and irreversible effects (non-ohmic and ohmic). The non-ohmic part was evaluated using Tafel plots. We show that it is possible to determine the overpotential of an electrode also from its thermal signature.
We study the effect of an inert supporting electrolyte on the steady-state ionic current through galvanic cells by solving the full Poisson–Nernst–Planck transport equation coupled to the generalized Frumkin–Butler–Volmer boundary equation for the electrochemical charge transfer at the electrodes. Consequently, the model presented here allows for non-zero space charge densities locally at the electrodes, thus extending the frequently used models based on the local electroneutrality condition by including diffuse layer (DL) effects. This extension is necessary since the DLs determine the ion concentration and electrical field at the reaction planes, which uniquely determine the charge transfer at the electrodes. In this work we present numerical results for systems which contain added inert supporting electrolyte using finite element discretization and compare those with semi-analytical results obtained using singular perturbation theory (limit of negligibly thin DLs). In case of negligibly thin DLs the presence of supporting electrolyte will introduce a limiting current below the classical diffusion-limiting current. Just as for systems without supporting electrolyte, the supporting electrolyte induced limiting current formally does not occur for systems having non-negligibly thin double DLs. For thin, however still finite, double layers this limit can still be seen as a steepening of the polarization curve for current vs. voltage.
Community violence exposure (CVE) is associated with aggression among youth, particularly those who reside in low-income, urban neighborhoods. However, not all youth who experience CVE exhibit aggression. Working memory (WM) difficulties may interfere with attributions or retrieval of nonaggressive responses, suggesting that individual differences in WM may contribute to proactive and/or reactive aggression among youth who experience CVE. Participants were 104 low-income, urban youth (M = 9.92 ± 1.22 years old; 50.5% male; 95% African American). Youth reported on frequency of direct victimization and witnessing of violence in the community and completed two WM tasks. Teachers reported on youth proactive and reactive aggression. WM moderated the relation between direct victimization and proactive and reactive aggression, and between witnessing violence and reactive aggression. Among youth reporting less frequent victimization and witnessing, lower WM was associated with higher levels of proactive and reactive aggression. Among youth reporting more frequent direct victimization, lower WM was associated with higher levels of proactive aggression. Proactive and reactive aggression levels were similar among youth reporting more frequent witnessing regardless of WM levels. WM represents a potential target for early identification and intervention efforts to reduce reactive and proactive aggression among low-income, urban youth who are at elevated risk for CVE.
This chapter deals with the synthesis of nanocrystalline metals, alloys and metal matrix composites using the electrodeposition method. The first part of the chapter covers the fundamentals of electrodeposition from aqueous solutions and reviews experimental details for several specific nanomaterials. This will be followed by a summary of mechanical, corrosion and other properties reported for these materials over the past two decades. The chapter includes several examples of industrial applications for these advanced materials.
In order to develop an aqueous battery with high specific capacity, we synthesized NaTi2(PO4)3 anode material and MnO2 cathode material, and studied the electrochemical properties of the two materials in Na2SO4, MgSO4 and Na2SO4−MgSO4 mixed aqueous electrolytes, respectively. The results show that MnO2 has excellent electrochemical properties in electrolyte containing Mg2+ and its specific capacity can reach about 100 mAh g−1. Na+ and Mg2+ can be intercalated/deintercalated reversibly from the MnO2 cathode material at the same time, while the NaTi2(PO4)3 anode material can only intercalate/deintercalate Na+. Based on this, we constructed an aqueous sodium-magnesium hybrid ion battery system. The anode is carbon-coated NaTi2(PO4)3 material, and the cathode is MnO2/CNTs composite material. The electrolyte is Na2SO4 and MgSO4 mixed aqueous solution. The working voltage of the battery is about 1.4 V and its capacity can reach 97 mAh g−1.
The authors regret an error within the acknowledgements. From This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. 2009–0092780). This work was also supported by the Human Resources Development program (No. 20124010203310) of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy. This work was also supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of Korea (No. NRF-2014R1A2A1A11051197). To This work was supported by the Human Resources Development program (No. 20124010203290) of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy. This work was also supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of Korea (No. NRF-2014R1A2A1A11051197). The authors would like to apologies for any inconvenience caused.