batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
At about 50wt% Ni content, Ni-plated polytetrafluoroethylene (Ni-PTFE) particles show conductivity of 300Sm−1 when plated on 25μm PTFE particles. For this study, Ni-PTFE particles were formed into the Ni-PTFE plate using heat treatment at 350°C after 300kgcm−2 pressing. The Ni-PTFE plate displayed electrical conductivity and gas permeability. The plate was used as an electrode in an alkaline fuel cell (AFC). In terms of the current density, AFC using the Ni-PTFE electrode plated with Pt or Pd by immersion plating showed improved performance.
Macroporous separators are critical components in liquid electrolyte batteries. Besides preventing physical contact between electrodes, they enable free ionic transport, electronic isolation and thermal shutdown. Nevertheless, separators also increase electrical resistance and takes up limited space inside the battery, affecting ionic conductivity. Widely used in lithium-ion batteries, commercial polyolefin-based separators operate in a limited temperature range, mainly ranging from −20°C to +60°C. The purpose of this contribution is to assess the possibility to use these separators in lithium-ion batteries operating at extended temperatures, i.e. between −20°C and 120°C. For this purpose, four commercially available macroporous separators based on polyethylene and polypropylene, were investigated. To determine the effect of temperature on their performance, they were aged for one week at 120°C. Evolution of their morphology and thermomechanical behavior was investigated using XRD, SEM, DSC, TGA and DMA. The thermal aging impact on the ionic conductivity was also investigated using LP30® as reference electrolyte. Thermal aging, i.e. partial clogging of the porosity, was found to have significant effects mainly on mechanical strength, morphology and conductivity.
In pursuit of higher energy density in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), a most promising approach focuses on cathode materials that operate at higher potentials and exhibit even higher specific charges than present LIB cathodes charged up to only 3.8 to 4.3V vs. Li/Li+. To enable a high-voltage (HV) application of the cathode, the “by-materials”, in particular the electrolyte components have to be either thermodynamically or kinetically stable. For this reason, the stability of the electrolyte components towards oxidation, in particular, depending on their HOMO energy levels, is crucial. The theoretical calculation of molecular orbital energies is a helpful and commonly used tool to predict electrochemical stability. Earlier studies demonstrated strong correlation between the HOMO energy and the pK a value, as both depend on electron affinity. Here we report on the first study referring to a pK a value based selection procedure on development of new electrolyte components for the application in lithium-ion batteries. The identified trimethylsilyl(TMS)-based additives, which are known to scavenge HF and show sufficient oxidation stability, enable the application of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM) at an increased upper cut-off potential of 4.6V vs. Li/Li+ without severe degradation, leading to a 50% higher energy density. The use of pK a values is a simple, but highly effective methodology to select appropriate electrolyte components and thus helps to identify functional electrolytes beyond the typical trial and error approach or time-consuming theoretical calculations.
We study the dynamics of an elastic inverted pendulum with amplitude limiters excited horizontally. This particular model corresponds to a class of systems where a clearance is present naturally as an effect of imperfect clamping or it is included to tailor the response. We explore the complex responses of the system for a fixed value of amplitude clearance. The simulation and experimental results are analysed by a 0–1 test, Fourier, and wavelet transforms. The results show that the system can vibrate with subharmonic solution where the main response frequency of a flexible beam is 3 times lower than the excitaion frequency. We claim that an inverted pendulum with imperfect clamping of mechanical resonator can be used in broad frequency band energy harvesting.
Eighty two community dwelling older adults (52 females) aged 62–92 years (mean=75) completed a battery of cognitive and visual tests selected to assess functions relevant to driving performance. These were visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, general mental competence (Mini Mental State Examination, MMSE), processing speed (Inspection Time, IT), crowding across the visual field (Proficiency of Peripheral Vision Processing, ProPerVis) and change detection (DriverScan). These six tasks provided predictor variables for performance on the Useful Field of View test (UFOV), a well validated test of fitness to drive that includes subtests for (i) processing speed; (ii) divided attention; and (iii) selective attention. Relative importance regression analyses confirmed that UFOV is sensitive to attentional and speed processes but suggested that subtest (i) primarily reflects visual acuity and contrast sensitivity; subtest (ii) is better explained by change detection and processing speed; and subtest (iii) predominantly reflects crowding and contrast sensitivity. Unexpectedly, given no evidence of substantial cognitive decline, MMSE contributed significantly to performance on the more complex subtests (ii) and (iii).
Rhenium (Re) is a refractory metal which exhibits an extraordinary combination of properties. Thus, nanowires and other nanostructures of Re-alloys may possess unique properties resulting from both Re chemistry and the nanometer scale, and become attractive for a variety of applications, such as in catalysis, photovoltaic cells, and microelectronics. Rhenium–tin coatings, consisting of nanowires with a core/shell structure, were electrodeposited on copper substrates under galvanostatic or potentiostatic conditions. The effects of bath composition and operating conditions were investigated, and the chemistry and structure of the coatings were studied by a variety of analytical tools. A Re-content as high as 77at.% or a Faradaic efficiency as high as 46% were attained. Ranges of Sn-to-Re in the plating bath, applied current density and applied potential, within which the nanowires could be formed, were determined. A mechanism was suggested, according to which Sn nanowires were first grown on top of Sn micro-particles, and then the Sn nanowires reduced the perrhenate chemically, thus forming a core made of crystalline Sn-rich phase, and a shell made of amorphous Re-rich phase. The absence of mutual solubility of Re and Sn may be the driving force for this phase separation.
Powder of nanosized particles of Ru-based (Ru x , Ru x Se y and Ru x Fe y Se z ) clusters were prepared as catalysts for oxygen reduction in 0.5M H2SO4 and for fuel cells prepared by pyrolysis in organic solvent. These electrocatalysts show a high uniformity of agglomerated nanometric particles. The reaction kinetics were studied using rotating disk electrodes and an enhanced catalytic activity for the powders containing selenium and iron was observed. The Ru-based electrocatalysts were used as the cathode in a single prototype PEM fuel cell, which was prepared by spray deposition of the catalyst on the surface of Nafion® 117 membranes. The electrochemical performance of each single fuel cell was compared to that of a platinum/platinum conventional membrane electrode assembly (MEA), using hydrogen and oxygen feed streams. A maximum power density of 140mWcm−2, at 80°C with 460mAcm−2 was obtained for the Ru x Fe y Se z catalysts; approximately 55% lower power density than that obtained with platinum.
Microalgae have been experimented as a potential feedstock for biofuel generation in current era owing to its’ rich energy content, inflated growth rate, inexpensive culture approaches, the notable capacity of CO2 fixation, and O2 addition to the environment. Currently, research is ongoing towards the advancement of microalgal-biofuel technologies. The nano-additive application has been appeared as a prominent innovation to meet this phenomenon.
Organic electrode materials with superiorities of low price, structural diversity, abundant resources and renewability have been regarded as the promising candidates for rechargeable batteries. However, the poor electronic conductivity and strong solubility in aprotic electrolytes limit the applications for energy storage systems. Here, the ortho-di-sodium salts of tetrahydroxyquinone (o-Na2C6H2O6) was successfully designed via a facile salinization process. Benefitted from the salt formation, the o-Na2C6H2O6 electrode exhibits a potential electrochemical performance, when applied to lithium-ion batteries and potassium-ion batteries for the first time. For Li-ion batteries, it delivers a good reversible capacity of 141 mA h g−1 over 100 cycles at 25 mA g−1, outstanding rate performance of 55.0 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1 rate and the long cyclability with a capacity decay of 0.0075% per cycle at 5 A g−1 exceeding 2000 cycles. On the other hand, the o-Na2C6H2O6 also exhibits a high reversible capacity of 168.1 mA h g−1 under the current density of 25 mA g−1, good rate performance (26.7 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1 rate) in the K-ion cells. This finding might offer an effective insight to develop other organic salt materials for lithium-ion and potassium-ion batteries.
Objective The human auditory cortex codes speech temporally according to sequential acoustico-phonetic cues like the voice onset time (VOT). This coding is predominantly left-lateralized in normal readers. We examined VOT-processing asymmetries in adults with a history of developmental dyslexia (DD-history+). Methods Auditory-evoked potentials (AEPs) to voiced (/ba/) and voiceless (/pa/) speech stimuli were recorded from 10 DD-history+ adults and 8 controls. Source modelling of the “release component” (RC: ∼240ms; time-locked to voiced consonantal release and considered reflective of VOT-processing) was conducted to explore VOT asymmetries. Results Controls demonstrated L>R RC source probe amplitude asymmetry in the auditory cortex. DD-history+ subjects with little persistent reading deficit (n =5) demonstrated normal temporal coding but rightward asymmetry. DD-history+ subjects with severe persistent deficits (n =5) exhibited numerous supplemental AEP components (notably left hemispheric) and inconsistent asymmetry (leftward or alternating). Conclusions These preliminary findings suggest that DD-history+ adults process auditory speech cues differently than adults without previous DD. The nature of this processing may relate to the severity of persistent reading deficits. Significance Previous dyslexics with little persistent deficit can exhibit atypical functional asymmetry with normal auditory temporal coding. Source modelling represents an effective, non-invasive means of exploring processing asymmetries in clinical populations.
A ternary sulfur/polyaniline–carbon (SPC) black composite was prepared by combining elemental sulfur and polyaniline–carbon black (PANi-C) composite by a continuous two-step thermal treatment at 155°C and 280°C. SPC composites were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. PANi-C is a highly conductive polymer–carbon composite with PANi impregnated in porous carbon. PANi plays a bridge role between sulfur and carbon in SPC composites, resulting in the minimization of active material loss and the improvement of electrochemical performance in lithium sulfur batteries. The cell with SPC composite as cathode showed enhanced cyclablity and good rate capability, retaining a discharge capacity of 732mAhg−1 at 0.2C after 100 cycles.
Combining several existing lumped-parameter models, this paper presents an electro-thermal model for cylindrical batteries. The model consists of two sub-models, an equivalent-circuit electrical model and a two-state thermal model which are coupled through heat generation and temperature dependence of the electrical parameters. The computationally efficient 5-state model captures the state of charge (SOC), terminal voltage, surface temperature and the often neglected core temperature of a battery for wide range of operating conditions. The proposed parameterization scheme allows separate identification of the electric and thermal sub-models, greatly reducing the complexity of the parameterization process. The methodology is applied to a LiFePO4/graphite battery. Comparison with the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data clarifies the frequency range of the model fidelity. The model is further validated with two drive-cycle tests, covering SOC range 25%–100%, temperature 5 °C–38 °C, and maximum C-rate of 22C.
Background and objective Raloxifene has been used as therapy for osteoporosis and ER+ breast cancer prevention in menopausal women. However, its effects on cognition and climacteric syndrome are controversial. This study reviews the relevant studies and reaches a comprehensive conclusion. Methods We retrieved thirteen electronic databases, read the titles and abstracts to exclude ineligible articles, and then read the full text and references to form a basis for decisions using the inclusion criteria. If full text was not available, we asked the author for a copy of the article. After the data were extracted and recorded, the research quality was evaluated by two authors using the Jadad score and Cochrane handbook. Results We found seven eligible studies. The design, evaluated items, questionnaires and scales were heterogeneous. The design quality was fair as evaluated by the Cochrane Handbook. We found that 60mg/day raloxifene could improve verbal memory, and 120mg/day raloxifene produced a 33% decrease in the risk of mild cognitive impairment and also lowered the risk of Alzheimer's disease. There was not enough evidence to state if raloxifene had any effect on depression, anxiety, sleep, sexual function, vasomotor symptoms, but significantly worsened menstrual symptoms. Conclusion Raloxifene may have some benefit for cognition, but it is not significant effect on anxiety, depression, sleep, sexual function, vasomotor symptoms and worsens menstrual symptoms. This drug is safe for treating osteoporosis and preventing breast cancer in menopausal women, but it is not suitable for patients who have any arterial stenosis or thrombophilia.
In this paper we demonstrate the implementation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) for the development of highly conductive composite electrode for flexible Zn/MnO2 batteries. The MWCNTs were found to be more effective than graphite. Though more dispersible, carboxylated MWCNTs appeared to increase the resistance of the electrode and decrease the electrochemical performance. The relatively inexpensive MWCNTs represent an advantage over graphite in flexible composite MnO2 cathode.
Various methods for monitoring Dermanyssus gallinae infestations within free-range egg production units were compared. The study was carried out in five egg-producing free-range poultry buildings infested with D. gallinae. Each farm was divided into six zones (each zone including nest boxes, perches and duckboard) for placing two types of traps (corrugated cardboard and thick card traps) or examining dried droppings for presence of mites. Traps were removed 24 h later, placed into bags and mites were counted at the laboratory using binocular magnification. Droppings were also inspected by eye and mite numbers were estimated. All the methods used allowed us to detect mites although their efficacy differed. The number of mites collected was independent of the type of trap used. Examination of the droppings did not differentiate between buildings with differing mite populations. Placing traps in the nest boxes is a less reliable indicator than placing them on the perches. It appears that the most coherent method for evaluating the D. gallinae population within a free-range flock is to place thick card traps throughout the building, on perches favoured by birds.
Nitrogen-doped (N-doped) graphene has attracted increasing attentions because of the significantly enhanced properties in physic, chemistry, biology and material science, as compared with those of pristine graphene. By date, N-doped graphene has opened up an exciting new field in the science and technology of two-dimensional materials. From the viewpoints of chemistry and materials, this article presents an overview on the recent progress of N-doped graphene, including the typical synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and various applications in energy fields. The challenges and perspective of N-doped graphene are also discussed. We expect that this review will provide new insights into the further development and practical applications of N-doped graphene.
The electrochemical performance of the 18650 lithium-ion batteries for layered Li-excess oxide Li1.144Ni0.136Co0.136Mn0.544O2 (LNCMO) cathode material and mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) anode material is investigated. The battery shows an excellent rate capability with the capacity of 227 mAh g−1 at 8 C-rate (the cut-off voltage is 4.5V). Furthermore, it exhibits excellent cycle performance that the capacity retention over 300 cycles in the voltage ranges of 2.5-4.5V (vs. MCMB) and at 0.2 C-rate is about 85%. Although the medium voltage of the battery greatly reduces during the first 30 cycles, it keeps stable in the following cycles. The mechanisms of the capacity fade and voltage decay are also studied based on energy dispersive spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, charge-discharge curves, and dQ/dV plots.
Recently, graphene-based nanomaterials have attracted widespread attention as new electrode-modified materials for different electrochemical sensing platforms. However, graphene-based nanomaterials modified heavy metal sensors often have the disadvantages in that their detection ranges are not wide enough. To solve this problem, an easy and feasible approach derived from laser engraving technique to fabricate a high-quality 3D porous graphene-based heavy metal sensor with a quite wide detection range was established. The nitrogen-doped laser engraved graphene (N@LEG) was synthesized via introducing polyaniline (PANI) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as N-dopant. Herein, by coupling the unique electrochemical properties and the 3D porous structure framework with large electrochemical active surface areas of LEG with the strong metal ions affinity of N atoms, N@LEG modified glassy carbon electrode (N@LEG/GCE) with in-situ bismuth film modification has been successfully utilized for the simultaneous determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). After optimizing conditions, the proposed sensor exhibits quite wide linear ranges varying from 5 to 10 g L−1 and 10 to 380 g L−1 for Cd(II), and 0.5 to 10 μg L−1 and 10 μg L−1 to 380 μg L−1 for Pb(II), respectively. In addition, the detection limits are calculated to be 1.08 g L−1 (S/N = 3) for Cd(II) and 0.16 g L−1 (S/N = 3) for Pb(II), which are nearly 3 times and 60 times less than the guideline values of the drinking water presented by the World Health Organization (WHO), for Cd(II) and Pb(II), respectively. Furthermore, the results describe satisfactory advantages of remarkable sensitivity, selectivity, anti-interference, repeatability, reproducibility and stability. Besides, the fabricated sensor is proved to be a potential perspective to detect Cd(II) and Pb(II) in actual water samples.
Nickel hydroxide powder was modified by the method of ball milling, and the physical properties of both the ball-milled and un-milled nickel hydroxide were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, specific surface area, particle size distribution and X-ray diffraction. It was found that the ball milling processing could obviously increase the surface area, decrease the particle and crystallite size, and reduce the crystallinity of β-Ni(OH)2, which was advantageous to the improvement of the electrochemical activity of nickel hydroxide powder. Electrochemical performances of pasted nickel electrodes using the ball-milled nickel hydroxide as an active material were investigated, and were compared with those of the electrodes prepared with the un-milled nickel hydroxide. Charge/discharge tests showed that the ball-milled nickel hydroxide electrodes exhibited better performances in the charging efficiency, specific discharge capacity, active material utilization and discharge voltage. The improvement of the performances of β-Ni(OH)2 through ball milling could be attributed to the better reaction reversibility, higher coulombic efficiency, higher oxygen evolution potential and lower electrochemical impedance, as indicated by the cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies. Thus, ball milling was an effective method to modify the physical properties and enhance the electrochemical performances of nickel hydroxide powder for the active material of rechargeable alkaline nickel batteries.
A framework for estimating aquifer hydraulic properties using sinusoidal pumping is presented that (1) derives analytical solutions for confined, leaky, and partially penetrating conditions; (2) compares the analytical solutions with a finite element model; (3) establishes a field protocol for conducting sinusoidal aquifer tests; and (4) estimates aquifer parameters using the analytical solutions. The procedure is demonstrated in one surficial and two confined aquifers containing potentially contaminated water in coastal plain sediments at the Savannah River site, a federal nuclear facility. The analytical solutions compare favorably with finite-element solutions, except immediately adjacent to the pumping well where the assumption of zero borehole radius is not valid. Estimated aquifer properties are consistent with previous studies for the two confined aquifers, but are inconsistent for the surficial aquifer; conventional tests yielded estimates of the specific yield—consistent with an unconfined response—while the shorter-duration sinusoidal perturbations yielded estimates of the storativity—consistent with a confined, elastic response. The approach minimizes investigation-derived wastes, a significant concern where contaminated fluids must be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner. An additional advantage is the ability to introduce a signal different from background perturbations, thus easing detection.
Tourist recommendation systems have been growing over the last few years, mainly because of the use of mobile devices to obtain user context. This work discusses some of the most relevant systems on the field and presents PSiS Mobile, which is a mobile recommendation and planning application designed to support a tourist during his vacations. It provides recommendations about points of interest to visit based on tourist preferences and on user and sight context. Also, it suggests a visit planning which can be dynamically adapted based on current user and sight context. This tool works also like a journey dairy since it records the tourist moves and tasks to help him remember how the trip was like. To conclude, some field experiences will be presented.