batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Background Executive dysfunction (ED) is often observed in subjects diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), but their assessment requires facilities that are not always available. We aim to evaluate the extent to which Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) discriminates ED in newly diagnosed, untreated, and without-comorbidity OSA patients. Methods Sixty subjects participated in the study. Of these, 40 (31 males and 9 females) were newly diagnosed for OSA through full-night polysomnography (apnea/hypopnea index; M = 39.01, SD = 27.16), untreated, with a mean age of 54.50 years (SD = 8.90), while the remaining 20 (15 males and 5 females) had no symptoms of OSA (M = 51.60 years, SD = 10.70). The instruments used were the following: Questionnaire for Sleep Apnea Risk, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination, and FAB. Results The group with OSA exhibited significantly lower values in the FAB global score (p = 0.003) and in Conceptualization (p = 0.001) and Mental Flexibility (p = 0.009) subtests. ROC analysis showed adequate discriminative capacity for the FAB global score (AUC = 0.74) and for Conceptualization (AUC = 0.75) and Mental Flexibility (AUC = 0.70) scores. Conclusions The FAB is a short and no-time-consuming tool that can be used to investigate the presence of ED in untreated OSA patients with no comorbidities, providing clinicians with a simple and effective way of detecting the presence of this dysfunction and allowing a more informed decision for the need of a full neuropsychological assessment.
We report on the delicate design and controllable preparation of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) hollow micro-cubes by self-sacrificial template method and their application for lithium ion storage. The micro-nano structure of LTO hollow cube largely shortens the diffusion path of ion/electron, increases the contact surface and improves its structure stability. More importantly, the tailored Li4Ti5O12 hollow micro-cubes electrode shows an excellent rate performance and high capacity with a reversible capacity of 184, 123 and 80 mA h g−1 at current density of 1, 40 and 100 C, respectively. Meantime, a reversible capacity of 125 mA h g−1 is obtained after 5000 cycles at 20 C with a capacity retention of 92.5%, implying its superior stability. As anode for full batteries, matched with different cathodes (LiCoO2 or LiNi0.5Co0.5O2), it exhibits prominent stability, compatibility with high energy density of 363.0 and 326.1 Wh kg−1.
The aim of this study is to discuss the state of the art with regard to established or promising bioelectric therapies meant to alter or control neurologic function. We present recent reports on bioelectric technologies that interface with the nervous system at three potential sites—(1) the end organ, (2) the peripheral nervous system, and (3) the central nervous system—while exploring practical and clinical considerations. A literature search was executed on PubMed, IEEE, and Web of Science databases. A review of the current literature was conducted to examine functional and histomorphological effects of neuroprosthetic interfaces with a focus on end-organ, peripheral, and central nervous system interfaces. Innovations in bioelectric technologies are providing increasing selectivity in stimulating distinct nerve fiber populations in order to activate discrete muscles. Significant advances in electrode array design focus on increasing selectivity, stability, and functionality of implantable neuroprosthetics. The application of neuroprosthetics to paretic nerves or even directly stimulating or recording from the central nervous system holds great potential in advancing the field of nerve and tissue bioelectric engineering and contributing to clinical care. Although current physiotherapeutic and surgical treatments seek to restore function, structure, or comfort, they bear significant limitations in enabling cosmetic or functional recovery. Instead, the introduction of bioelectric technology may play a role in the restoration of function in patients with neurologic deficits.
The effectiveness of some selected electrolyte additive blends were systematically studied in Li[Ni0.4Mn0.4Co0.2]O2/graphite and 3 wt% LaPO4-coated Li[Ni0.4Mn0.4Co0.2]O2/graphite pouch cells using ex-situ gas measurements, ultra high precision coulometry, automated storage experiments, long-term cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. For cells tested to an upper cutoff potential of 4.4 V the LaPO4-coating provided no benefit when state-of-the-art electrolyte additives were used. For cells tested to 4.5 V, the LaPO4 coating appeared to limit electrolyte oxidation slightly and resulted in better capacity retention compared to uncoated cells for cells with state-of-the-art electrolyte additives. However, even for cells tested to 4.5 V, the benefits of the additives far outweighed the benefits of the coating. This suggests literature papers that compare the impact of coatings on positive electrode materials in cells that contain electrolytes without electrolyte additives have limited value.
Covestro is expanding its range and capacity for Continuous Fiber-reinforced Thermoplastic Composites (CFRTP). To this end, the company has commissioned a new production line in its Leverkusen (Germany) laboratory for the development of new products with different fiber and resin combinations. Their production will then be scaled and commercialized at the production site in Markt Bibart  (Germany). At the same time, new hybrid injection molding machines will be put into operation at the CFRTP sites in Germany and China to utilize the processing expertise for complex, three-dimensional composite parts for cross-industry application development. A hybrid injection molding machine combines thermoforming of semi-finished composite parts with injection molding. Lisa Ketelsen (3rd from right) is leading the team for thermoplastic composites© Covestro
In common with most aqueous batteries, the vanadium redox flow battery generates a small amount of hydrogen during operation. Over the lifetime of the battery this leads to a gradual imbalance in the state-of-charge (SoC) of the positive and negative electrolytes, with a consequent loss in discharge energy. To slow the rate of capacity fade to an acceptable level commercial vanadium redox flow batteries operate with a rather restricted maximum SoC. Increasing this SoC limit would improve the electrolyte utilisation, but also increase the rate of hydrogen evolution. Therefore a novel approach to alleviate this imbalance is examined, namely by reacting the evolved H2, from the parasitic reaction at the negative electrodes, with the charged positive electrolyte. Due to the very slow native rate of reaction between VO2 + and H2 at room temperature a series of potential catalysts are examined. Finely dispersed Pt, Ir and Pt–Ru on carbon paper are found to accelerate the reaction, with Pt–Ru being the most active.
In the present work, hierarchically structural TiO2 nanorods composed of rutile core and anatase shell were successfully synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal route for the first time, and then were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) measurements. It was found that the crystal phases of the same can be easily adjusted by changing the amount of the reactant during the reaction process. Furthermore, the sample was used as an anode for lithium-ion intercalation and exhibited high capacity and long-term cycling stability due to the synergistic effects of dual-phase TiO2. For instance, the capacities of 102.7 and 84.7mAhg−1 can be kept at 10 C for 1000cycles and 20 C for 5000cycles, respectively.
The use of chlorinated disinfectants during drinking-water production has been shown to generate halogenated compounds as a result of interactions of humic acids with chlorine. Such chlorinated by-products have been shown to induce genotoxic effects and consumption of chlorinated drinking-water has been correlated with increased risk for cancer induction in human populations. The aim of this work was to test the potential genotoxic effects on circulating erythrocytes of the fish Cyprinus carpio exposed in vivo to well-waters disinfected with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO2) or peracetic acid (CH3COO2H, PAA), in the absence or presence of standard humic acids (HA). The effects were measured by use of the micronucleus (MN) and the single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assays at different sampling times after a 3-day exposure period. The exposure to chlorine disinfectants without the addition of HA produced a clear toxic effect. Significant cytogenetic damage (i.e. MN induction) was detected in fish populations exposed to both NaClO and ClO2 with humic acids. In the Comet assay, a significant decrease of DNA migration was observed in erythrocytes of specimens after exposure to NaClO-disinfected water without HA. No effects were observed in any other experimental condition.
In the ongoing search for new materials for fuel cells, batteries, photovoltaics, separation membranes and electronic devices, one recent approach involves applying and managing stresses within known materials to give them dramatically different properties.
Nonaqueous electrolyte Li–air batteries with an O2-selective membrane at the cathode are developed for operation in ambient air at constant relative humidity (RH). The membrane allows for oxygen permeation and acts as a moisture barrier. Our group prepared highly hydrophobic films of poly(vinylidene fluoride co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) via nonsolvent-induced phase separation. The addition of sacrificial silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) to the precursor polymer solution increased the surface roughness of the casted membrane. Subsequent SiO2 NPs removal created a homogeneous porous network inside the membrane in which the silicone oil was trapped. The silicone oil accomplished the role of O2-selective medium. The Li–air cell with the oxygen-selective membrane forwarded capacities of 640 mA h g−1, at the discharge current density of 0.05 mA cm−2, in air (17 % RH). Under the same experimental conditions, but without the membrane at the cathode, the Li–air cell delivered a capacity of 220 mA h g−1. We demonstrate that the main cause of the unsatisfactory behaviour of the unprotected cell is the corrosion of the Li anode in the presence of water, although the cathode is also sensitive to CO2. The galvanostatic discharge–charge tests, in the capacity-controlled mode, confirmed the effectiveness of the membrane in protecting the Li–air cell in ambient air, assuring a cycle life comparable to that in dry oxygen atmosphere.
In this study, the charge–discharge characteristics of polyaniline films used as cathodes in a lithium battery were determined. The polymer films were synthesized in a propylene carbonate medium in the presence of trichloroacetic acid. The discharge capacity and the coulombic efficiency observed for polyaniline thin films were 107Ahkg−1 and 97.5%, respectively. For thick polyaniline films the values obtained were 82Ahkg−1 and 95.0%, for the discharge capacity and coulombic efficiency, respectively. These values were stable after the seventh charge–discharge cycle.
A dense LiCoO2 microcrystalline buffer layer for an all-solid-state lithium battery is designed and prepared as a stable interface using a magnetron sputtering method. The LiCoO2 microcrystalline buffer layer possesses a large interfacial specific surface area and excellent interfacial stability. The interfacial contact resistance of the modified interface is reduced by 1279 Ω compared to the unmodified interface. The mode of the structure of the modified interface is established by material studio, and the potential energy barrier is calculated by ab initio theory based on the structure model. The results show that the barrier to the migration of interfacial Li ion is only 0.097 eV, which is only 1/5 of that in the grain interior. The electrochemical performance is measured by using a cathode with a slurry mixture composed of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 and polymer electrolyte. The results show that the electrochemical properties of the all-solid-state lithium batteries are significantly improved by the addition of the LiCoO2 microcrystalline layer, with the battery showing an initial discharge capacity of 149.5 mAh g−1 and a discharge capacity of 121.2 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles at 0.1 C and 60 °C.
In this article, incorporation of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) into chitosan-coated glassy carbon (GC) electrode for methanol oxidation is studied. Pt–chitosan nanocomposites are prepared and characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Catalytic activity of GC–PtNPs–chitosan electrode for the electrooxidation of methanol is studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The current density and potential of the methanol oxidation are affected by amount of platinum, methanol, sulfuric acid, and chitosan. The current density of the methanol oxidation at GC–PtNPs–chitosan electrode is measured in optimized conditions and compared with that obtained at the glassy carbon modified electrode by Pt with different polymers.
Beyond-intercalation batteries promise a step-change in energy storage compared to intercalation-based lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. However, only performance metrics that include all cell components and operation parameters can tell whether a true advance over intercalation batteries has been achieved.
Using γ-radiation technique, poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) membrane was grafted with styrene (St) (PTFE-graft-PS) or binary monomers of St and maleic anhydride (MAn) (PTFE-graft-PS-co-PMAn), respectively. Then grafted membranes were further sulfonated with chlorosulfonic acid into ion-exchange membranes (denoted as PTFE-graft-PSSA and PTFE-graft-PSSA-co-PMAc, respectively) for application of vanadium redox battery (VRB). Micro-FTIR analysis indicated that PTFE was successfully grafted and sulfonated at the above two different conditions. However, a higher degree of grafting (DOG) was obtained in St/MAn binary system at the same dose due to a synergistic effect. Comparing with PTFE-graft-PSSA, PTFE-graft-PSSA-co-PMAc membrane showed higher water uptake and ion-exchange capacity (IEC) and lower area resistance (AR) at the same DOG. In addition, PTFE-graft-PSSA-co-PMAc with 6% DOG also showed a higher IEC and higher conductivity compared to Nafion membrane. Radiation grafting of PTFE in St/MAn binary system and sequent sulfonation is an appropriate method for preparing ion-exchange membrane of VRB.
Rechargeable lithium ion battery has been utilized to power sources for portable devices, such as cellar phone and laptop computer. Recently, this battery has been investigated as energy storage system for electric vehicles, natural energy, and so on. Many of researches have been done and still continued to develop rechargeable lithium ion batteries with high energy and power densities. In addition, several types of new generation batteries have been proposed in order to realize higher energy density of battery. All-solid-state battery is one of new type of rechargeable batteries with excellent safety and high energy density. However, there are some problems to construct all-solid-state rechargeable battery. Most important point is battery design for all-solid-state battery, due to usage of solid electrolyte, especially ceramic electrolyte. This means that new structure concept is needed for construction of rechargeable lithium battery in micro or nm scale. Recently, three-dimensionally ordered macroporous solid electrolyte has been proposed to establish new concept for electrode system. In addition, macro structure of all-solid-state battery was examined based on three-dimensional batteries. In this chapter, some of such unique structure for construction of practical battery system with ceramic solid electrolyte was described. In this part, oxide materials with high ionic conductivity were discussed. We will discuss a possibility of all-solid-state battery for electric vehicles and small portable devices including future technologies. Firstly, the energy density of battery was discussed based on lithium ion technology. Finally, that was evaluated based on lithium metal anode technology including new oxide-solid electrolyte with high ionic conductivity and stability against a chemical reduction by lithium metal.
Rechargeable lithium batteries accelerated the wireless revolution over the last two decades, and they are now a mature technology for transportation applications in electric vehicles (EV). However, numerous studies have concluded that the proven lithium reserves can hardly absorb the growth in demand. Therefore, sustainable sodium batteries are being considered to overcome the lithium resource shortages that may arise from large-scale application in EVs and stationary energy storage. It is difficult to find a suitable host material for reversible Na-ion storage due to the size of the Na+ ion (0.102 nm) compared to the Li+ ion (0.076 nm). Here we report a low cost and simple sodium technology that is based on a metal-free cathode material. Sodium metal was used as the anode with a conducting polymer cathode and electrochemically tested in a liquid electrolyte. With this technology, a host material for Na intercalation is not required, and because a polymer conductor is used, the size of the Na ion is not an issue.
LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 with LiF additives was prepared by a spray dry process, and characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, ICP, XPS, EIS and charge–discharge testing. Although some of the LiF was lost during the preparation, the remaining LiF existed on the surface of the LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 particles and had little influence on its structure. The LiF addition could not only promote the combine of the particles and increase the tap density of the material, but also effectively improve the cyclic performance of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 at high cutoff voltages (up to 4.7V) and at a high current density. The EIS results suggest that the LiF presence could significantly suppress the increase in the charge transfer resistance that occurred during the charged storage state or after long cycling, which should be related to the improvement on the electrochemical properties.
The reaction kinetics for the electrochemical insertion–extraction of lithium into and out of graphite and the electrode intrinsic resistance have been studied using galvanostatic intermittent titration with applied microcurrent pulses (GIT), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and in situ intrinsic (i.e. physical) resistance measurements. The formation of a so-called solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) or ‘passivation layer’ on the graphite surface at about +0.8 V versus Li+/Li increases the total intrinsic resistance within the electrode on the first cycle. The gradual growth (i.e. change in volume) of the SEI film during repeated lithium insertion–extraction results in a continued increase in intrinsic resistance. The good agreement between EIS and in situ intrinsic resistance measurements indicates that the latter is a simple and powerful method for investigating the change in this parameter for graphite electrodes. GIT showed a gradual increase in kinetic rate in an initial single-phase region, followed by a decrease in a two-phase transformation region, which was in turn followed by an increase in kinetic rate in a second single-phase region. This is explained by a shrinking unreacted core model. The controlling step of lithium insertion–extraction during the two-phase transformation region was investigated by EIS and GIT.
Renewable energy, such as hydro power, photovoltaics and wind turbines, has become the most widely applied solutions for addressing issues associated with oil depletion, increasing energy demand and anthropogenic global warming. Solar and wind energy are strongly dependent on weather resources with intermittent and fluctuating features. To filter these variabilities, battery energy storage systems have been broadly accepted as one of the potential solutions, with advantages such as fast response capability, sustained power delivery, and geographical independence. During the implementation of battery energy storage systems, one of the most crucial issues is to optimally determine the size of the battery for balancing the trade-off between the technical improvements brought by the battery and the additional overall cost. Numerous studies have been performed to optimise battery sizing for different renewable energy systems using a range of criteria and methods. This paper provides a comprehensive review of battery sizing criteria, methods and its applications in various renewable energy systems. The applications for storage systems have been categorised based on the specific renewable energy system that the battery storage will be a part. This is in contrast to previous studies where the battery sizing approaches were either arranged as an optimised component in renewable systems or only accounted for one category of renewable system. By taking this approach, it becomes clear that the critical metrics for battery sizing, and by extension the most suitable method for determining battery size, are determined by the type of renewable energy system application, as well as its size. This has important implications for the design process as the renewable energy system application will drive the battery energy storage system sizing methodology chosen.
LiCoO2 thin-film electrodes were prepared by rf-sputtering and sol–gel methods. The prepared thin films contained different amounts of Co3O4 as an impurity depending on the preparation conditions. In situ FT-IR spectroscopic analyses on electrochemical oxidation of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) containing LiClO4 on the LiCoO2 thin-film electrodes were carried out. The electrochemical oxidations of EC and DEC occurred even at 3.8V versus Li/Li+ on the fresh LiCoO2. The solvents EC and DEC were oxidized to some compounds with carboxylic groups. In situ FT-IR spectra obtained for the LiCoO2 thin films prepared by different methods were compared each other.
The modified tRNA base 2-thiouridine is required for many steps in translation. Surprisingly, the biosynthesis of this simple derivative requires a minimum of four sulfur transfer reactions involving seven proteins.
The electrochemical performance of alloy anodes has been reviewed in a previous paper [1]. In this work, the fundamental understanding of lithium-insertion/extraction mechanism in alloy anodes is discussed. The article summarizes the different types of lithium-reaction processes observed in Si, Sn, Sb, Al, Mg and their alloys, with particular emphasis on the characteristics unique to alloy anodes, including the sloping voltage profiles, lithiation amorphization, cycling hysteresis and reaction-potential depression. These unique characteristics are discussed with respect to the effect of interface and surface energies on the phase transformation and thermodynamic stability of fine alloy particles.