batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The full realization of the high energy density concept in current hybrid capacitors is still a challenge due to the huge difference in specific capacity and reaction kinetics of the commonly used cathode and anode materials. Herein, for the first time, the carbon-sulfur composite is proposed as the high-capacity cathode for hybrid capacitors to achieve a high energy density. The as-prepared carbon-sulfur composite delivers a high specific capacity of 212.2 mAh g−1 (424.4 F g−1) at 4 A g−1, which is much higher than that of the pure carbon cathode. Additionally, the kinetics gap between cathode and anode is narrowed by using carbon-sulfur composite as the cathode. As a result, the carbon-sulfur composite based hybrid capacitor delivers a high energy density of 258.4 Wh kg−1 at 995 W kg−1. Even at high power density of 17350 W kg−1, the energy density can still remain 125.3 Wh kg−1. This study provides an alternative approach for designing hybrid capacitors with both high energy and power density by using carbon-sulfur composite as the cathode, and also paves a way to extend the application of sulfur to a new field for taking its advantages of high-capacity, environmental friendliness, low-cost.
Recent genetic and pharmacological studies have demonstrated that α2-containing GABAA receptors mediate the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines, setting a new strategy in developing novel, non-sedative anxiolytic agents. In this study we show that stereoisomers of 3-acetoxy-4′-methoxyflavan are positive modulators of recombinant α1,2,3,5β2γ2L and α1β2 GABAA receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. GABAC receptors are insensitive to modulation by these compounds. In each case, the enhancement was evident at low micromolar concentrations and occurred independently of the classical high affinity benzodiazepine site, as it could not be blocked by the antagonist flumazenil. Importantly, the compound Fa131 was significantly more efficacious at enhancing GABA-induced currents (EC5) at α2β2γ2L receptors compared to α1β2γ2L, α3β2γ2L and α5β2γ2L receptors (E max =21.0±1.7 times, compared to 8.5±0.7 times at α1-, 9.5±0.6 times at α3- and 5.2±0.4 times at α5-contaning GABAA receptors), suggesting a potential use as an anxiolytic. In mice, this agent (1–30mg/kg i.p.) induced anxiolytic-like action in two unconditioned models of anxiety: the elevated plus maze and the light/dark paradigms. No sedative or myorelaxant effects were detected using the hole board, actimeter and horizontal wire tests, and only weak barbiturate-potentiating effects on the loss of righting reflex test. Fa131 demonstrated improved segregation of anxiolytic and sedative doses when compared to the non-selective agonist diazepam. Finally, flavan derivatives highlight the potential of targeting non-benzodiazepine allosteric sites in the search for new anxioselective drugs.
The participation of power-intensive industrial chemical processes in short-term electricity markets (STMs) in addition to long-term markets (LTMs) is considered. STMs are highly volatile with dynamics of the order of seconds to minutes. It is thus imperative that production scheduling for chemical process participation in such markets (1) be carried out repeatedly to reflect ongoing changes in market conditions (2) account for process dynamics to guarantee feasibility, since frequent changes in production rate targets imply transient plant operation. To address these challenges, a novel production scheduling framework is formulated, consisting of a fixed-horizon scheduling problem for the LTM and a shrinking-horizon scheduling problem for response to STM changes. A case study illustrates that unused demand response (DR) potential from the LTM can be strategically deployed in STMs to improve grid operations and increase profit for the chemical process.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate compositions on the interface between LiCoO2 and electrolyte when trimethyl phosphite TMP(i) is used as an additive in 1M LiPF6/EC+DEC electrolyte system and the thermal stability of the electrolyte as well as Li0.5CoO2 mixed with the electrolyte. The electrochemical performance of LiCoO2 electrode in the two electrolyte systems was also studied. It is found that the electrochemical performance, including capacity, cycle performance and 3.6V plateau efficiency, has been improved in the electrolyte with TMP(i) additive. FTIR analysis indicates that Li x PO y is an important surface film composition on the cathode in TMP(i) containing system. A thicker and more passivating surface layer is formed when using TMP(i) additive as an additive. The thermal stability of the cathode is substantially improved in the electrolyte containing TMP(i) additive in the system, especially the exothermic peak around 190°C, which is associated with the reaction between active surface of cathode and solvents, is obviously restrained.
All solid-state sheet lithium battery was developed using inorganic solid electrolyte, thio-LISICON (Li3.25Ge0.25P0.75S4), Li–Al anode, and Mo6S8 cathode materials, and the sheet manufacturing process was established. The new sheet-configuration was consisted of the cathode with the grid of current collector, electrolyte sheet with or without mechanical support, and aluminum/lithium composite sheet anode. A sheet battery with a dimension of 30mm×30mm showed good charge–discharge characteristics without any capacity fading at a current of 0.1mA.
Memory is one of the top concerns of epilepsy patients, but there are no known treatments to directly alleviate the memory deficits associated with epilepsy. Neurostimulation may provide new therapeutic tools to enhance memory in epilepsy patients. Here, we critically review recent investigations of memory enhancement using transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), chronic intracranial stimulation, and acute intracranial stimulation.
A porous carbon with multiple pore size distribution was synthesized, and regarded as a carrier to obtain the sulfur/carbon (S/C) composite via a gas-phase loading method. We proposed this novel gas-phase loading method by using a specially designed fluid-bed reactor to encapsulate and sequester gas-phase sulfur molecules into the porous carbon in current study. The nitrogen Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) characterizations were investigated on both the porous carbon and the sulfur/carbon composite. The results show that the gas-phase loading method contributes to the combination of sulfur molecules and matrix porous carbon. Furthermore, the sulfur/multiple pore size distribution carbon composite based on the gas-phase loading method demonstrate an excellent electrochemical property. The initial specific discharge capacity is 795.0mAh g−1 at 800mAg−1, with a capacity retention of 86.3% after 100 cycles.
Fine particles of Olivine-type LiMgPO4 were prepared directly from a mixture of Li2O, MgO, and P2O5 as starting materials using a mechanical milling technique at room temperature. LiMgPO4 fine particles were investigated as surface modification materials of LiCoO2 cathodes in lithium cells. Electrolytes of these cells were 1 mol dm−3 LiPF6-ethylene carbonate (EC)/ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) (3:7 volume ratio). LiMgPO4-modified LiCoO2 cathodes exhibited better charge–discharge performance for high charge cut-off potential of 4.5 V (vs. Li/Li+) in lithium cells than that of LiCoO2 cathode. Olivine-type LiMgPO4 may inhibit oxidative decomposition of the electrolytes on LiCoO2 particle surface without a crystal structure change of LiCoO2 for high charge cut-off potentials.
We studied the structural transformations from the layered-type to spinel-type ordering upon galvanostatic charging (Li+ extraction) of Li2MnO3 electrodes. We have determined by X-ray, electron diffraction techniques and Raman spectroscopy analyses that these transformations partially occurred even at the initial states-of-charge, at potentials of 4.3–4.5V, and in fully charged (4.7V) and discharged (2.0V) states as well. The above transformations are evident also from the analysis of the intrinsic magnetic properties of Li2MnO3 electrodes that indicate short-range spin correlations typical for the Li2Mn2O4 and LiMn2O4 spinel-type structures, depending on the state of charge and the C-rates used for the cycling.
The evaluation of commercial aluminium alloys, namely, Al2024, Al7475 and Al1085, for Al-air batteries is performed. Pure Al cladded Al2024 and Al7475 are also evaluated. Current rates from 0.8 mA cm−2 to 8.6 mA cm−2 are measured in a gel Al-air cell composed of the commercial alloy sample, a commercial air-cathode and an easily synthesizable gelled alkaline electrolyte. The influence of the alloying elements and the addition to the electrolyte of ZnO and ZnCl2, as corrosion inhibitors is studied and analysed via EDX/SEM. Specific capacities of up to 426 mAh/g are obtained with notably flat potential discharges of 1.3–1.4 V. The competition between self-corrosion and oxidation reactions is also discussed, as well as the influence of the current applied on that process. Al7475 is determined to have the best behaviour as anode in Al-air primary batteries, and cladding process is found to be an extra protection against corrosion at low current discharges. Conversely, Al1085 provided worse results because of an unfavourable metallic composition.
LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4, as a 5V cathode material, was prepared by changing synthesis method and heat treatment. We investigated the dependence of its properties, crystal structure and cathode performance on the oxygen content. The oxygen content of the samples (sol–gel method and annealed at a high P O2 ) increased in comparison with the sample prepared by the solid-state method. The charge–discharge curves of the samples (solid-state method) had plateaus at 4.1 and 4.7–5.0V. The 4.1V plateau disappeared for the samples made by the sol–gel method or annealed at a high P O2 . The discharge capacity with respect to cycle number of the 5V region in the LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 (sol–gel method) electrodes shows an especially good cycle performance. The neutron-diffraction intensity profiles of LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 were analyzed. From these results, the samples are assigned to the ordered form (space group P4332). The amount of the impurity phase decreases by annealing at a high P O2 or using the sol–gel method. Furthermore, the distortion of the Mn, Ni(12d)-O octahedral site was restrained by increasing oxygen content.
In this study we develop an exact solution method to optimize the location and capacity of charging stations to satisfy the fast charging needs of electric vehicles in urban areas. Stochastic recharge demands, capacity limitations of charging stations and drivers’ route preferences (deviation tolerances) are simultaneously considered to address this challenging problem faced by recharging infrastructure planners or investors. Taking a scenario based approach to model demand uncertainty, we first propose a compact two stage stochastic programming formulation. We then project out the second stage decision variables from the compact formulation by describing the extreme rays of its polyhedral cone and obtain (1) a cut formulation that enables an efficient branch and cut algorithm to solve large problem instances (2) a novel characterization for feasible solutions to the capacitated covering problems. We test our algorithm on the Chicago metropolitan area network, by considering real world origin-destination trip data to model charging demands. Our results attest the efficiency of the proposed branch and cut algorithm and provide significant managerial insights.
Degenerative changes of lumbar spine anatomy resulting in the encroachment of neural structures are often regarded progressive, ultimately necessitating decompressive surgery. However the natural course is not necessarily progressive and the efficacy of a variety of nonsurgical interventions has also been described. At present there is insufficient data to compare surgical and nonsurgical interventions in terms of their relative benefit and safety. Previous attempts failed to provide clear clinical recommendations or to distinguish subgroups that substantially benefit from a certain treatment strategy. We present the design of a randomized controlled trial on (cost-) effectiveness of surgical decompression versus prolonged conservative treatment in patients with neurogenic intermittent claudication caused by lumbar stenosis.
We prospectively investigated the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on long-term cognitive and psychomotor performances, and excessive daytime sleepiness in severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients.
Systemic injection of the mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist, LY341495 (1 mg/kg, i.p.), increased plasma corticosterone in mice to an extent similar to that induced by the despair test. Treatment with the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, LY379268 (1 mg/kg, i.p.), or the non-competitive mGlu5 receptor antagonist, MPEP (5 mg/kg, i.p.), failed to induce significant changes in corticosterone levels. Searching for a site of action of LY341495, we examined the expression of mGlu receptor subtypes in the various anatomical regions of the mouse hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Only mGlu5 and -7 receptor mRNAs were detected in the adrenal gland by RT-PCR, whereas mGlu -1, -3, -4, -5, -7 and -8 receptor mRNAs were detected in the anterior pituitary. All transcripts (with the exception of mGlu5 and mGlu6 receptor mRNAs) were detected in the hypothalamus. However, Western blot analysis showed the presence of mGlu2/3 receptor proteins only in the hypothalamus and not in the anterior pituitary. This was consistent with functional data showing that LY341495 (0.1 and 1 μM) failed to affect ACTH secretion from isolated mouse anterior pituitaries. Moving from these observations, we examined whether LY341495 could activate the HPA axis by inhibiting mGlu2/3 receptors at hypothalamic level. We measured the release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) in isolated mouse hypothalami incubated in the presence of subtype-selective mGlu receptor agonists or antagonists. Among all the drugs we have tested, only LY341495 was able to increase CRH secretion. With high concentrations of LY341495 (1 μM) this increase was similar to that induced by 50 mM K+. The action of LY341495 was prevented by the combined application of the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, LY379268. We conclude that group-II mGlu receptors tonically regulate the HPA axis by controlling CRH secretion at hypothalamic level.
This chapter covers the period 1995–2003, but also contains relevant material from the period 1953–1994 not fully covered in COFGT (1995). Apart from its mainstay, the tetrahalomethanes, this chapter treats trihalomethyl derivatives of almost all elements. Especially biologically active trifluoromethyl ethers, sulfides, sulfoxides, and sulfones have been prepared in large numbers during the development of contemporary drugs and pesticides. The chapter cites a total of 192 references, including numerous patents.
Sodium-ion batteries are potential alternatives to lithium-ion batteries due to the natural abundance, and relatively low cost, of sodium. When used as a Na-ion battery cathode material, P2-type Na0.67Mn0.65Fe0.35O2 (NMFO) displays high reversible capacity (185 mAhg−1) and undergoes structural transitions between P63/mmc, P63 (OP4) and orthorhombic Cmcm during charge-discharge cycling between 1.5 and 4.3 V. Using Rietveld crystal structure refinement, we report that these structural transitions are completely suppressed in Na0.67Mn0.625Fe0.25Ni0.125O2 (NMFNO) during cycling. Interestingly, during discharge to 1.5 V, a mixture of two separate P63/mmc phases appears. Reversible capacity and specific energy of NMFNO are superior up to 100 cycles in the 1.5–4.0 V range, and to at least 200 cycles for 2.0–4.0 V. NMFNO displays first-cycle specific energy of 335 Whg−1, compared with 275 Whg−1 for NMFO. Scanning Electron Microscopy of the cathode surfaces after 200 cycles reveals performance-eroding cracks, and a solid electrolyte interface (SEI). Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) shows that the total impedance of NMFNO between 1000 kHz and 0.1 Hz is significantly lower than NMFO after 200 cycles. We conclude that Ni substitution stabilizes the crystal structure by suppressing structural transitions in NMFO during cycling.
A valid tool that contributes to the diagnosis of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is represented by the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire 2007 (DCDQ’07). Recently we developed the Italian version of DCDQ (DCDQ-Italian). The aim of this study was to further analyze the psychometric properties in a sample of Italian school children aged 5–12 years and to establish cut-off scores with respect to age groups. A total of 698 parents completed the DCDQ-Italian and 45 of them repeated it after 2 weeks for test–retest reliability. One hundred and seventeen children were tested using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children. Confirmatory factor analysis supported this version to be consistent with the original. Cronbach's alpha for the total score was 0.89 and test–retest reliability was 0.88. Two-ways ANOVA for total and single subscales showed a significant main effect for age group only and not for gender. Sensitivity and specificity for our community based sample were 59% and 65% respectively, considering the cut-off scores for the 15th percentile of M-ABC and increasing when age groups were taken into account (ROC curve=0.62). The agreement with the original was good if 15th is considered. This is the first study on the psychometric property of DCDQ in a community sample of Italian children. The DCDQ-Italian could be used as a screening tool for motor coordination difficulties in Italian children. Slight differences in cut-offs should be considered when using this version.
The increasing demand for storage, networking and computation has driven intensification of large complex data centers that run many of today's Internet, financial, commercial and business applications. A data center comprises of many thousands of servers and can use as much energy as small city. Massive amount of computation power is required to drive and run these server farms resulting in many challenging like huge energy consumptions, emission of green house gases, backups and recovery; This paper proposes energy efficiency and low carbon enabler green IT framework for these large and complex server farms to save consumption of electricity and reduce the emission of green house gases to lower the effects of global warming. The framework uses latest energy saving techniques like virtualization, cloud computing and green metrics to achieve greener data centers. It comprises of five phase to properly implement green IT techniques to achieve green data centers. The proposed framework seamlessly divides data center components into different resource pools and then applies green metrics like Power Usage Effectiveness, Data Center Effectiveness and Carbon Emission Calculator to measure performance of individual components so that benchmarking values can be achieved and set as standard to be followed by data centers.
Thanks to the 119Sn Mössbauer hyperfine parameters, it is possible to analyze and predict Li reaction mechanisms with Sn-based negative electrodes for Li-ion batteries. The present approach is based on the interpretation of the 119Sn Mössbauer hyperfine parameters: isomer shift (δ) and quadrupole splitting (Δ) by considering: (i) the analysis of the 119Sn Mössbauer hyperfine parameters of the Li–Sn alloys used as model compounds, (ii) their interpretation from some physicochemical parameters (Li/Sn ratio, crystal structure, electronic density as defined by Hume-Rothery), and (iii) the proposition of an experimental based model to understand Li lithiation/delithiation mechanisms and predict electrochemical performances for Sn-based compounds including the effects of volume variations, particle coalescence or SEI formation.
This study introduces a novel, non-toxic, scalable, two-step method for the fabrication of highly nanoporous nickel and nickel oxide (Ni–NiO) foam/Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) electrodes with exceptional capacitance suitable for supercapacitor application. This procedure includes drop cast and graphene oxide (GO) reduction by galvanostatic process. To create the electrodes, electrodeposition process and selective electrochemical dealloying accompanied by a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) were performed on a copper substrate. Afterwards, drop cast and galvanostatic processes were accomplished to coat GO nanosheets on Ni–NiO foam. The structure of achieved nanocomposites was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). High-specific capacitance of 1995 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 (galvanostatic charge–discharge) (GCD) was achieved for the Ni–NiO foam/electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) electrode with excellent cycling stability. A constant, high-specific capacitance (95.1% of the initial value) was achieved after 6000 cycles at 20 A g−1.
A high performance asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) has been fabricated by using nickel oxide-cobalt oxide nanosheets (NiO–CoO NSs), which were directly grown on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and hydrothermal carbon spheres (HTCs) as positive and negative electrodes, respectively. Both electrode materials are binder-free prepared by using a catalytic chemical vapour deposition (CVD) approach followed by a facile hydrothermal method for cathode and a one-step environmental-friendly route called hydrothermal carbonization for anode. Using NiO–CoO NSs@CNTs and HTCs, which were directly grown on Ni foam, not only leads to a very small equivalent series resistance, but also provides an impressive capacitive performance. The assembled ASC exhibits remarkable capacitive performance over a broad operational potential window ensuring outstanding energy densities (84.625 Wh. kg−1 at 3 A g−1). Other noteworthy features of the prepared supercapacitor include its superior power density (7810 W kg−1 at 9.5 A g−1) and cycling stability with capacitance retention almost over 80% after 6000 cycles. These electrochemical results point to NiO–CoO NSs@CNTs-Ni//HTCs-Ni based asymmetric supercapacitors as a promising remedy for energy crisis and environmental deterioration problems.