batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Several micronutrient deficiencies affect functional, particularly cognition and physical performance of children. Identifying and preventing sub-clinical deficiencies may be important so that adverse effects on functional performance by these deficiencies, particularly of iron and the B vitamins, are prevented. There is also the potential for childhood micronutrient deficiencies to have long-term effects that affect health and productivity in adulthood. This is especially relevant in a developing country such as India, which faces the dual burden of malnutrition and where the prevalence of these deficiencies is high. This review highlights the extent of micronutrient deficiencies in Indian children and focuses on the effect of deficiencies of the B vitamins and iron on cognitive and physical performance in children. Most studies on multiple micronutrient supplementation or fortification in Indian school children show modest effects on cognitive and physical performance, and it is relevant to point out that these studies have largely been conducted on urban children with mild deficiency at most; children with moderate or severe deficiency have not been studied. However, diets of rural children indicate large deficits in micronutrient intake, particularly of folic acid, riboflavin and iron, and their consequences have not been studied. With the limited evidence available, a short term but economical solution to ensure adequate micronutrient intakes could be through the fortification of staple cereals taken throughout the day. As increasing household incomes translate into an increase in food expenditure and diet diversification, it may become necessary to define upper limits of intake for nutrients in India, particularly as many commercial foods are fortified.
Li–S batteries are an emerging technology and the most promising successor of current lithium ion technology. While there is great perspective in terms of superior theoretical specific capacity and energy density great challenges have to be addressed. One major challenge, severely limiting cycle performance and capacity retention, is the shuttling of polysulphide species. In this contribution we show a reconfiguration of the usual Li–S cell. Instead of generating a carbon/sulphur composite by melt infiltration a highly porous, conductive nitrogen-rich carbon material (TNC) is coated onto a commercial polypropylene separator foil. The thin conductive coating of TNC on the separator enables the application of very simple sulphur/carbon black cathodes. Because the melt infiltration of sulphur in a porous host material becomes unnecessary the electrode processing is significantly simplified. The specific capacity and cycling stability of reconfigurated cells are both improved significantly compared to the performance of a standard cell setup using a pristine separator. At a constant charging rate of C/5 cells with modified separator showed 2.5 times higher residual capacity (1016 mAh g−1) than cells with pristine separator (405 mAh g−1).
In 3D thin-film batteries (3D-TFBs) and in trenched capacitors, the surface area is increased by forming holes in a substrate such as a silicon wafer. In this paper we define area gain (AG) as a ratio of the total new surface area (including the surface areas of all the holes) to the original surface area of the substrate (“footprint”). We analyze the AG for different configurations of convex polygonal holes within the substrate. In most cases, the AG can be computed based on the P/S ratio, where P is the sum of all hole perimeters and S is the surface area of one side of the substrate. Assuming that the diameter of each hole is not less than D and that the distance between any two holes is not less than s, the P/S ratio never exceeds 4/(D +2s). Tesselation of the surface into a regular grid of polygonal cells of diameter D + s with regular polygonal holes of the same form (of diameter D) results in P/S =4D/(D + s)2. We propose two alternative tessellations (one with regular square holes and another with regular triangular holes) which have P/S ratios slightly better than 4D/(D + s)2 and which satisfy the assumptions of the hole diameter and the wall width. It is found that a smoothed triangular tessellation provides the largest AG.
The multi-wall carbon nanotubes wired spherical Fe2F5·H2O particles (MWCNTs-wired Fe2F5·H2O) are synthesized via an ionic liquid (IL) based precipitation route as the cathode material for sodium ion batteries (SIBs), in which the IL 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMMimBF4) is used as environmentally friendly fluorine source, appropriate solvent and binder. The structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of the as-prepared samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), charge/discharge tests, cyclic voltammetric measurements (CV). The results show that the MWCNTs-wired spherical Fe2F5·H2O particles present the cubic crystal structure with the cell volume of 1.12821 nm3. Moreover, the SEM and TEM images show that the spherical Fe2F5·H2O particles and disentangled MWCNTs are intertwined together to form a chestnut-like micrometer-sized aggregates. Furthermore, the MWCNTs-wired spherical Fe2F5·H2O particles show a high initial discharge capacity of 251.2 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1 in the voltage of 1.0–4.0 V, and the corresponding reversible discharge capacity is 197.4 mAh g−1. Comparing with bare Fe2F5·H2O, the discharge capacity of the MWCNTs-wired spherical Fe2F5·H2O particles still can maintain about 115.0 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles when the current density increased to 100 mA g−1, and the corresponding capacity retention reaches 90.2%.
A theoretical equivalent circuit model of two 40 Ah commercial batteries supplied by Saft was formulated to interpret electrochemical impedance spectra as a function of temperature at zero state-of-charge. The batteries were chosen to represent viable and non-viable products from the Saft production line. This paper is the first contribution from a project in Newcastle to develop a rapid, non-destructive analytical method for quality control on the battery production line. Using the model, it proved straightforward to discriminate between viable and non-viable batteries based on the temperature dependence of the electrochemical reaction kinetics at the electrodes, the average diffusion coefficients and the charge transfer resistances. Furthermore, as well as marked differences, for example, between the time constants, activation energies, polarisation resistances of the viable and non-viable batteries, the individual contributions of the anodes and cathodes in the batteries were de-convoluted and interpreted through the model framework.
Understanding and preventing oxidative degradation of MXene suspensions is essential for fostering fundamental academic studies and facilitating widespread industrial applications. Owing to their outstanding electrical, electrochemical, optoelectronic, and mechanical properties, MXenes, an emerging class of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, show promising state-of-the-art performances in various applications including electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, terahertz shielding, electrochemical energy storage, triboelectric nanogenerators, thermal heaters, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), optoelectronics, and sensors. However, MXene synthesis using harsh chemical etching causes many defects or vacancies on the surface of the synthesized MXene flakes. Defective sites are vulnerable to oxidative degradation reactions with water and/or oxygen, which deteriorate the intrinsic properties of MXenes. In this review, we demonstrate the nature of oxidative degradation of MXenes and highlight the recent advancements in controlling the oxidation kinetics of MXenes with several promising strategic approaches, including careful control of the quality of the parent MAX phase, chemical etching conditions, defect passivation, dispersion medium, storage conditions, and polymer composites.
Biological pacemakers derived from pluripotent stem cell (PSC) have been considered as a potential therapeutic surrogate for sick sinus syndrome. So it is essential to develop highly efficient strategies for enrichment of sinoatrial node-like cells (SANLCs) as seed cells for biological pacemakers. It has been reported that BMP, FGF, and RA signaling pathways are involved in specification of different cardiomyocyte subtypes, pacemaker, ventricular, and atrial cells. We aimed to investigate whether combined modulation of BMP, FGF, and RA signaling pathways could enrich the differentiation of SANLC from human pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC).
An innovative electrospun form-stable phase change composite material is fabricated by combining binary fatty acid eutectics of capric-lauric acid (CA-LA) and capric-palmitic acid (CA-PA) as the phase change materials (PCMs) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as the supporting matrix. The encapsulated PCM composite fibers are produced by co-electrospinning of different fibers at various PCM-to-PET ratios of 50/100, 70/100, 100/100 and 120/100. Thermal behavior and characteristics of individual fatty acids, fatty acid eutectics and composite fibers as well as the structural morphology of the composite fibers are characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the average diameter of the composite fibers is slightly increased by increasing the PCM contents. Comparison of FT-IR plots for fatty acids and PET with those of composite fibers containing PCMs clearly indicates that no chemical reaction occurred between PCM and PET matrices. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis results have shown that composite fibers have two steps of degradation which correspond to decomposition of PCM molecular chains and PET structure, respectively. Moreover, DSC results have indicated that enthalpy of composite fibers is improved by increasing PCM contents while no considerable change is observed in phase-transition temperature. Compared to previous studies, the present fabricated co-electrospun composite fibers offer wider phase-transition temperature range (−9 to 34°C) and higher enthalpy values even with lower amounts of PCM. Therefore, these composite fibers are very promising for use in near ambient storage and retrieval energy systems.
Cathode materials are difficult to separate from Al-foil substrates during the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), because of the strong bonding force present. In this study, ultrasonic cleaning was used to separate and recycle these cathode materials. The mechanism of separation was ascribed to the dissolution of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and the cavitation caused by ultrasound. Based on this mechanism, the key parameters affecting the peel-off efficiency of cathode materials from Al foil was identified as solvent nature, temperature, ultrasonic power, and ultrasonic time. The peel-off efficiency of cathode materials achieved ∼99% under the optimized conditions of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) cleaning fluid, 70°C process temperature, 240W ultrasonic power, and 90min of ultrasonication. The cathode materials separated from Al foil displayed a low agglomeration degree, which is beneficial to the subsequent leaching process. Finally, a new, environmentally-sound process was proposed to efficiently recycle cathode materials and Al from spent LIBs, consisting of manual dismantling, ultrasonic cleaning, and picking.
This article proposes a methodology to calculate the upper boundary of the revenue available from the storage and time-shifting of electrical energy. The inputs to the mathematical model are a discrete time-series of the market index prices over a particular period of interest, and also specific energy storage device parameters. By using a Monte Carlo based optimisation method, the upper boundary of the revenue from time-shifting energy is determined. The method is explained and validated by showing that it finds the optimum solution that is the upper boundary for time-shifting revenue. In other words, a storage operator could never derive more revenue than this value from time-shifting alone and calculating this upper-boundary gives a reference value to compare the efficacy of other methods of estimation. The user defined storage device parameters include: fixed efficiencies for charging and discharging (%), the maximum capacity of the storage device (kWh), the charging and discharging power limits (kW), and the inclusion of an additional time-dependent efficiency that models the self-discharge of storage devices (% loss per hour). The combination of these parameters enables this method to give an objective comparison between different storage devices in terms of maximum arbitrage revenue. The output of the model provides not only a single value of the upper boundary revenue, but also the corresponding charging/discharging schedule.
We developed an integrated chip for real-time amplification and detection of nucleic acid using pH-sensing complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Here we show an amplification-coupled detection method for directly measuring released hydrogen ions during nucleotide incorporation rather than relying on indirect measurements such as fluorescent dyes. This is a label-free, non-optical, real-time method for detecting and quantifying target sequences by monitoring pH signatures of native amplification chemistries. The chip has ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) sensors, temperature sensors, resistive heating, signal processing and control circuitry all integrated to create a full system-on-chip platform. We evaluated the platform using two amplification strategies: PCR and isothermal amplification. Using this platform, we genotyped and discriminated unique single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants of the cytochrome P450 family from crude human saliva. We anticipate this semiconductor technology will enable the creation of devices for cost-effective, portable and scalable real-time nucleic acid analysis.
Abstract This chapter discusses nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs), metal oxides (MOXs), and CNT/polymer-based textile sensors for gas sensing applications. This chapter first reviews the historical background of the MOX, the hybridized MOX/CNT composite gas sensors, and the CNT/polymer-based wearable textile gas sensors. It then describes several popular methods for preparation of MOX/CNT sensing films and CNT/polymer film–based textile gas sensors such as spin-coating, drop-coating, screen-printing, dip-coating, immersion coating, and electron beam evaporation techniques. The ways to characterize MOX/CNT materials and CNT/polymer composite materials with their basic theories including Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy are presented. Finally, the sensing mechanism of an MOX/CNT gas sensor–based on p–n heterojunctions and CNT/polymer-based textile gas sensors is highlighted.
Stabilized lithium nickelate is receiving increased attention as a low-cost alternative to the LiCoO2 cathode now used in rechargeable lithium batteries. Layered LiNi1−x−y M x M y O2 samples (M x =Al3+ and M y =Mg2+, where x =0.05, 0.10 and y =0.02, 0.05) are prepared by the refluxing method using acetic acid at 750°C under an oxygen stream, and are subsequently subjected to powder X-ray diffraction analysis and coin-cell tests. The co-doped LiNi1−x−y Al x Mg y O2 samples show good structural stability and electrochemical performance. The LiNiAl0.05Mg0.05O2, cathode material exhibits a reversible capacity of 180mAhg−1 after extended cycling. These results suggest that the threshold concentration for aluminum and magnesium substitution is of the order of 5%. The co-substitution of magnesium and aluminium into lithium nickelate is considered to yield a promising cathode material.
As seen in the previous chapters, many parameters must be considered when designing and modeling fuel cells. The calculations involved with designing fuel cell stacks are very basic, but sometimes are unknown to newcomers in the field. The most commonly used stack configuration is the bipolar configuration, which is very similar to how batteries are designed. There are also many alternative stack configurations, however, the materials, designs, and methods of fabricating the components are similar. When considering the design of a fuel cell stack, usually several limitations should be considered. Some of these limitations may include the following: • Size, weight, and volume at the desired power • Cost • Water management • Fuel and oxidant distribution
Water sampling at springs that are a part of the Freeling Spring Group, South Australia, was used along with electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) data to evaluate the sources and pathways for groundwater to the springs and to find evidence of mixing between the Great Artesian Basin (GAB) aquifer system (Algebuckina Sandstone, Cadna-owie Formation and lateral equivalents) and waters from the adjacent mountain block basement (MB) aquifer. Five springs and a well were used to evaluate spring chemistry; multi-electrode resistivity data were collected along three orientations over the Freeling Spring site. The resistivity data indicate three independent electrically conductive curvilinear features connected to the spring. These features are evidence of mixing at the spring vent similar to what would be predicted from traditional hydraulic flownets. The chemistry of the spring water samples indicates that the water emanating from the Freeling Spring Group is a mixture of waters from both the GAB and the MB aquifers, supporting the geophysical evidence. The data suggest mixing occurs along a fracture in the body of the MB and porous media flow in the GAB beds, but the system is dominated by the GAB flow, which provides approximately 90% of the discharge.
We trace the history of physics at New York University after its founding in 1831, focusing especially on its relatively recent history, which can be divided into five periods: the Gregory Breit period from 1929 to 1934; the prewar period from 1935 to 1941; the wartime period from 1942 to 1945; the postwar period from around 1961 to 1973 when several semiautonomous physics departments were united into a single all-university department under a single head; and after 1973 when the University Heights campus was sold to New York City and its physics department joined the one at the Washington Square campus. For each of these periods we comment on the careers and work of prominent members of the physics faculty and on some of the outstanding graduate students who later went on to distinguished careers at NYU and elsewhere.
Background In rural and remote communities children with motor difficulties have less access to rehabilitation services. Telerehabilitation technology is a potential method to overcome barriers restricting access to healthcare in these areas. Assessment is necessary to guide clinical reasoning; however it is unclear which paediatric assessments can be administered remotely. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children – 2nd Edition is commonly used by various health professionals to assess motor performance of children. Aims The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and concurrent validity of performing the Movement Assessment Battery for Children – 2nd Edition remotely via telerehabilitation technology compared to the conventional in-person method. Methods and procedures Fifty-nine children enrolled in a state school (5–11 years old) volunteered to perform one in-person and one telerehabilitation mediated assessment. The order of the method of delivery and the therapist performing the assessment were randomized. After both assessments were complete, a participant satisfaction questionnaire was completed by each child. Outcomes and results The Bland-Altman limits of agreement for the total test standard score were −3.15 to 3.22 which is smaller than a pre-determined clinically acceptable margin based on the smallest detectable change. Conclusions and implications This study establishes the feasibility and concurrent validity of the administration of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children – 2nd Edition via telerehabilitation technology. Overall, participants perceived their experience with telerehabilitation positively.
In this work, we evaluate the procedures of the Manual No. 56 of the FAO (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization) for predicting daily net radiation using measures collected in Tandil (Argentina) between March 2007 and June 2010. In addition, a new methodology is proposed for estimating daily net radiation over the reference crop considered in the FAO Penman–Monteith method. The calculated and observed values of daily net radiation are compared. Estimation errors are reduced from ±22 to ±12 W m−2 considering the new model. From spring–summer data, estimation errors of less than ±10 % were observed for the new physical model, which represents an error of just ±0.4 mm d−1 for computing reference evapotranspiration. The new model presented here is not restricted to a climate regime and is mainly appropriate for application in the FAO Penman–Monteith method to determine the reference crop evapotranspiration.
Functional and structural tailoring of three-dimensional (3D) conducting polymer nanoarchitectures is a promising route but remains challenging to develop high-performance electrodes for electrochemical energy storage. Herein, we design poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) 3D mesoporous aerogel electrodes through a simple and original one-pot mechanochemical processing route. The hierarchical structure of neat PEDOT:PSS aerogels displays a highly interpenetrated porous conductive network with a record high active surface area of 470m2 g−1 amongst the class of conducting polymer architectures. Robust structural and electrochemical performances are achieved with high gravimetric, areal and volumetric capacitance metrics of 120F/g, 2.5Fcm−2, and 124Fcm−3, respectively, as the result of a mixed hybrid faradaic - capacitive charge storage mechanism. Moreover, these performances are attained in organic based electrolytes, reported so far to be incompatible or hinder the electrochemical activity of PEDOT:PSS. We undermine the fundamentals of the electrochemical operation in these electrodes and show that the electrolyte chemistry and the aerogel morphology particularly impact the charge storage performances demonstrating the superiority of the mesoporous architecture for charge transfer and ion exchange. Asymmetric cells are built having a specific capacitance of 40F/g based on the total mass of electrodes and a good cyclic stability with 90% capacitance retention after 1000 charge and discharge cycles. This study offers a new route to enhance the electrochemical properties of conducting polymers and provides suggestive insights for developing high-performance polymer electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage.