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Nanocrystalline tin(IV) sulfide (SnS2) with diverse morphologies were controllably synthesized using organic additives, such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C16TAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), p-benzenedicarboxylic acid in ethanol solution under mild reaction conditions. By adjusting the type and concentration of the organic additives, different nanostructured SnS2 were prepared including flower-like, fiber-, layer-rolled and sheet-like forms. Some other factors on the morphology, size and crystallization of the prepared SnS2 nanostructures were also investigated, including reaction time and temperature. Various techniques were applied to characterize the prepared SnS2 nanostructures including X-ray diffraction, Transmission Electron Microscopy and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The trace water or hydration water of SnCl4·5H2O brings no impurities in ethanol solution despite tin(IV) ions are easy to hydrolyze, and the pure-phase SnS2 can be synthesized successfully. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows that the amount of the passivated additive C16TAB molecule within SnS2 is about 6.4wt.% when the initial molar ratio of C16TAB to Sn4+ is 1:1. This method avoids hydrolyzing and expands the application range of tin salts containing hydration water in synthesizing pure-phase nanocrystalline tin(IV) sulfide.
The carbon monoxide (CO) tolerance performance of polymer electrode fuel cells (PEFCs) was studied for a catalyst composed of graphene nanosheets (GNS) with sub-nano-Pt clusters. The Pt catalysts supported on the GNS showed a higher CO tolerance performance in the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), which was significantly different from that of platinum on carbon black (Pt/CB). It is proposed that the presence of the sub-nano-Pt clusters promotes the catalytic activity and that the substrate carbon material alters the catalytic properties of Pt via the interface interactions between the graphene and the Pt.
Despite high adoption rate among consumers, cloud storage services still suffer from many functional limitations and security issues. Recent studies propose utilization of RAID-like techniques in addition to multiple cloud storage services as an effective solution, but to the best of our knowledge, there is no research work done on applying this approach to resource-constrained mobile devices. In this paper, we propose a solution for mobile devices that unifies storage from multiple cloud providers into a centralized storage pool that is better in terms of availability, capacity, performance, reliability and security. First, we explore the feasibility of applying various storage technologies to address the aforementioned issues. Then, we validate our solution in comparisons with single cloud storage by implementation of a working prototype on mobile device. Our results show that it can improve the usage of consumer cloud storage at zero monetary cost, while the minimal overheads incurred are actually compensated by the performance gained.
Mesoporous spinel lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) nanoparticles with the diameter of 40±5nm and the pore-size distribution of 6 - 8nm were prepared by a simple hydrothermal method. As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, these spinel Li4Ti5O12 mesoporous nanoparticles exhibited desirable lithium storage properties with an initial discharge capacity of 176 mAh g−1 at 1 C rate and a capacity of approximately 145 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at a high rate of 20C. These excellent electrochemical properties at high charge/discharge rates are due to the mesoporous nano-scale structures with small size particles, uniform mesopores and larger electrode/electrolyte contact area, which shortens the diffusion path for both electrons and Li+ ions, and offers more active sites for Li+ insertion-extraction process.
As a follow-on work of the authors’ theoretical study, the paper presented an experimental investigation into the energy performance of a novel PV/T thermal and power system employing the Micro-encapsulated Phase Change Material (MPCM) slurry as the working fluid. A prototype PV/T module of 800mm×1600mm×50mm was designed and constructed based on the previous modelling recommendation. The performance of the PV/T module and associated thermal and power system were tested under various solar radiations, slurry Reynolds numbers and MPCM concentrations. It was found that (1) increasing solar radiation led to the increased PV/T module temperature, decreased solar thermal and electrical efficiencies and reduced slurry pressure drop; (2) increasing the slurry Reynolds number led to the increased solar thermal and electrical efficiencies, decreased module temperature, and increased pressure drop; and (3) increasing the MPCM concentration led to the reduced module temperature and increased pressure drop. The experimental results were used to examine the accuracy of the established computer model, giving a derivation scale ranging from 1.1% to 6.1% which is an acceptable error level for general engineering simulation. The recommended operational conditions of the PV/T system were (1) MPCM slurry weight concentration of 10%, (2) slurry Reynolds number of 3000, and (3) solar radiation of 500–700W/m2; at which the system could achieve the net overall solar efficiencies of 80.8–83.9%. To summarise, the MPCM slurry based PV/T thermal and power system is superior to conventional air-sourced heat pump systems (ASHP) and solar assisted heat pump systems (ISAHP), and has the potential to help reduce fossil fuel consumption and carbon emission to the environment.
Ammonia (NH3) is essential for modern agriculture and industry and is a potential energy carrier. NH3 is traditionally synthesized by the Haber–Bosch process at high temperature and pressure. The high-energy input of this process has motivated research into electrochemical NH3 synthesis via nitrogen (N2)–water reactions under ambient conditions. However, the future of this low-cost process is compromised by the low yield rate and poor selectivity, ascribed to the inert N≡N bond and ultralow solubility of N2. Obtaining NH3 directly from non-N2 sources could circumvent these challenges. Here we report the eight-electron direct electroreduction of nitrate to NH3 catalysed by copper-incorporated crystalline 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride. The catalyst exhibits an NH3 production rate of 436 ± 85 μg h−1 cm−2 and a maximum Faradaic efficiency of 85.9% at −0.4 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode. This notable performance is achieved by the catalyst regulating the transfer of protons and/or electrons to the copper centres and suppressing hydrogen production.
This study was conducted to introduce a field measuring system which allows for continuous and simultaneous measurements of body posture and whole body vibration. Compared to observational or questionnaire studies, field measurements provide posture data in an objective and quantitative way, which precisely represent the loads of work activities. This evaluation system combines the instantaneous values of the vibration exposure with those of the body posture during routine work tasks. Three tasks among occupational motor vehicle drivers and one Cargo Van driver for reference are sampled in this article. The statistical analysis of vibration and postural workload as a percentage of working time indicates the diverse workloads performing different tasks. In order to investigate musculoskeletal health risks the data of this field measuring system with the related evaluation method for postural and vibration workloads can be an important precondition to epidemiological studies. Relevance to industry A quantitative methodology is introduced to investigate and evaluate body posture and vibration exposure synchronously. The obtained method later on could allow for a correlation to occupational diseases and to develop prevention recommendations.
This paper explores the spatio-temporal structure of quality of life in Andalusia, Spain, and examines how it has changed from 2007 to 2011. To this end, we study quality of life at the local level using municipal data, develop a composite index of quality of life inspired by the capabilities approach and recent trends in well-being, and apply a space–time approach using spatial econometric techniques. Demographic indicators, income, high-speed networks, education and health have the greatest influence in determining quality of life in Andalusia. From 2007 to 2011, the overall quality of life in Andalusia worsened as a consequence of the crisis, but territorial disparities decreased. The quality of life in a municipality does not change randomly, but is determined by the municipality’s quality of life in the previous period and changes in the quality of life in neighbouring municipalities in both the same time period and in the past. Public policies should therefore take into account that both history and space matter in terms of quality of life.
The reactivity between charged positive electrodes of (NMC) and traditional carbonate-based electrolyte (1.09 mol/kg LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC):ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) (3:7 by weight)) with or without different electrolyte additives at elevated temperatures was methodically investigated using accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC). NMC samples studied included single crystal Li1-n[Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2]O2 (SC-NMC532), Al2O3-coated Li1-n[Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2]O2 (NMC622A) and Li1-n[Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2]O2 coated with a proprietary high voltage coating material (NMC622B). The results from this work are compared to previous studies of other NMC materials made using the same methods to build a “library” of comparative results. The ARC results illustrate that the upper cut-off potential and sample morphology, influence the thermal stability of NMC materials, while additives and coatings have a smaller effect. Some outcomes of the work are that the single crystal morphology of NMC532 appears to lead to enhanced thermal stability compared to traditional NMC532 morphology and that NMC811 is significantly more reactive than all the other grades.
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is electrochemically co-intercalated with lithium ions into graphite to form a stable ternary graphite-intercalation-compound (GIC), Li-DMSO-GIC. To elucidate the details of the co-intercalation behavior, in situ Raman spectroscopy was performed to observe the structural variations in graphite during the potential scan. During the scan from 2.44 to 1.00 V, DMSO was co-intercalated with lithium ions into graphite, exhibiting a staged structure. The stage number decreased from 4 to 1. During the scan from 1.00 to 2.44 V, the deintercalation of DMSO-solvated lithium ions was observed. After experienced a potential cycle between 2.4 and 0 V, the graphite exhibited significant changes that are ascribed to the exfoliation of graphite, implying that the destruction of the graphite composite electrode is likely to be caused by the decomposition of DMSO within the graphite layer.
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are an emerging electrochemical energy storage technology that has high promise for electrical grid level energy storage. High capacity, long cycle life, and low cost cathode materials are very much desired for the development of high performance SIB systems. Sodium manganese oxides with different compositions and crystal structures have attracted much attention because of their high capacity and low cost. Here we report our investigations into a group of promising lithium doped sodium manganese oxide cathode materials with exceptionally high initial capacity of ∼223 mAh g−1 and excellent capacity retentions, attributed primarily to the absence of phase transformation in a wide potential range of electrochemical cycling, as confirmed by in-operando X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, and high-resolution 7Li solid-state NMR characterizations. The systematic study of structural evolution and the correlation with the electrochemical behavior of the doped cathode materials provides new insights into rational design of high-performance intercalation compounds by tailoring the composition and the crystal structure evolution in electrochemical cycling.
When the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) publishes the latest version of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes, it will signify a monumental breakthrough in how industry addresses weld fatigue. It also marks a crowning achievement for Battelle scientist Dr. Pingsha Dong. Section VIII, Division 2 of the Code will now include Battelle’s Mesh-Insensitive Structural Stress method as an alternative means for predicting fatigue and fatigue life. The method is also known as the master S-N curve method, signifying its ability to correlate a massive amount of actual fatigue test data in a single S-N curve. The Verity method is implemented in fe-Safe—a leading fatigue software package distributed by U.K.-based Safe Technology Ltd.
3D flower-like Al-doped V6O13 and Al/Na co-doped V6O13 have been fabricated via a facile hydrothermal method using C2H2O4·2H2O, V2O5, Al(NO3)3·9H2O, and NaNO3 as raw materials. The microstructure of the samples was characterized by XRD, EDS, XPS, FESEM, and TEM. The results indicated that Al and Na ions co-doping improved the electrochemical performance of V6O13, including the specific discharge capacity and cycling stability. When the doped mole ratio of Al to V and Na to V were 0.033 and 0.020, respectively, the sample exhibited the best electrochemical performance with initial discharge specific capacity of 514 mAh/g. After 80 cycles, the capacity retention was 70.3%. The enhanced electrochemical performance originates from its superior structural reversibility, enhanced lithium diffusion coefficient and improved electrical conductivity.
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/graphene hybrids produce a novel three-dimensional carbon composite structure with seamless C–C junctions of one-dimensional CNTs and two-dimensional graphene. The CNTs/graphene hybrids promote the advantages of their building blocks, exhibiting large surface area, high electrical conductivity, excellent mechanical and chemical stability. Hence they are becoming an ideal electrode material platform for electrochemical energy storage and conversion including supercapacitors, lithium batteries and fuel cells. In this review, we first summarize the CVD growth for the fabrication of three types of CNTs/graphene hybrids, including CNTs/graphene oxide, CNTs/planar graphene and CNTs/graphene foam. And then we discuss the applications of CVD-grown CNTs/graphene hybrids in supercapacitors, lithium batteries and fuel cells. Finally, we propose the challenges and opportunities in future development of the CNTs/graphene hybrids.
A leaching process for the recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIB) is developed in this work. Three different organic acids, namely citric acid, malic acid and aspartic acid, are used as leaching reagents in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The cathode active materials before and after acid leaching are characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Recovery of cobalt and lithium is optimized by varying the leachant and H2O2 concentrations, the solid-to-liquid ratio, and the reaction temperature and duration. Whereas leaching with citric and malic acids recovered in excess of 90% of cobalt and lithium, leaching with aspartic acid recovered significantly less of these metals. The leaching mechanism likely begins with the dissolution of the active material (LiCoO2) in the presence of H2O2 followed by chelation of Co(II) and Li with citrate, malate or aspartate. An environmental analysis of the process indicates that it may be less energy and greenhouse gas intensive to recover Co from spent LIBs than to produce virgin cobalt oxide.
Nitrogen-doped 3D graphene frameworks (N-3D GFs) were synthesized by a facile two-step method: Polystyrene (PS) encapsulated in graphene oxide (GO) composites (denoted as PS@GO) are first synthesized, followed by a post–thermal annealing in ammonia step to get N-doped 3D GFs. The resulting N-3D GFs inherit the advantages of graphene, which possesses high electrical conductivity and high specific surface area. Furthermore, the well-defined 3D interconnected structure can facilitate the access of the electrolyte to the electrode surface, thus shortening the diffusion length of both Li+/e−, keeping the overall electrode highly conductive and active in lithium storage. Simultaneously, the in-situ formation of pyridinic N and pyrrolic N in 3D GFs provide high electronic conductivity and structure stability for lithium storage. The designed N-3D GFs electrode delivers a high specific capacity of 1094 mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at 200 mAg−1 and superior rate capability (691 mAhg−1 after 500 cycles at 1000 mAg−1) when used as anode for LIBs. We believe that such an inherently inexpensive, scalable, facile method can significantly increase the feasibility of building high performance energy storage system.
A simple electrochemical process has been demonstrated to grow highly oriented copper(I) bromide thin films on indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) glass through reducing CuBr2 in aqueous solutions at room temperature. The copper(I) bromide thin films grow preferential orientation along the 〈111〉 crystal axis from the X-ray diffraction patterns. The orientation growth of the CuBr thin films is little affected by the solution pH and applied potentials. The possible mechanism of the orientation growth has been discussed, and the surface energy of different crystal plane of CuBr crystal is believed to play an important role to control the orientation growth of the CuBr thin films. The oriented films exhibit intense free-exciton photoluminescence at room temperature.
The aim of the study To study the effect of intensive auditory training using the modified version of the Arabic rehabilitation program for adults on both the auditory skills and the degree of speech intelligibility. Materials and methods The study was conducted on 30 patients who were divided into two groups according to intensiveness of the auditory training. Each group included 15 patients (10 males and 5 females). Both groups received the usual therapy program provided for cochlear implanted patients. Group (I) received an additional therapy other than the usual form. Minimal Auditory Capabilities Test (MAC Test) was used to assess auditory perception abilities and Speech Intelligibility Rating Scale (SIR) was used to assess speech production skills before implantation and at 3, 6, 12, 18months post-operatively. Results A significant difference was found when comparing the two groups in spondee discrimination during the post-operative assessment periods, of 3, 6, 12, and 18months with P value <0.05.A highly significant difference was found for spondee recognition, sentence identification and high context sentence recognition at the 18month assessment with P value <0.01. A significant mean difference with P value <0.05 for speech intelligibility scores at 18months post implantation was found between the two groups. Conclusion The effectiveness of the modified form of the Arabic Adult rehabilitation was revealed in this study. Using more intensive auditory rehabilitation may result in a better improvement in auditory abilities and speech intelligibility of the prelingually deafened adult cochlear implanted population.
An Al2O3-supported V2O5 composite (V2O5/Al2O3) was synthesized and its role in controlling oxygen reduction/evolution reaction during Li–O2 battery operation was studied. The prepared V2O5/Al2O3 composite catalyst was systematically characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and particle size analysis. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic measurements confirmed the uniform distribution of V2O5 in the Al2O3 support catalyst. Li–O2 cells using the V2O5/Al2O3 composite as the cathode catalyst showed lower overpotentials than V2O5–carbon composites and pure carbon cathodes. The cyclic behavior confirmed that the catalytic effect of the prepared composite not only reduced the overpotentials, but also improved the specific capacities.
Sodium-oxygen (Na-O2) batteries have been considered as promising alternatives to lithium-oxygen batteries for high energy density applications. Herein, we report the utilisation of Li+ and K+ salts to the Na+ based electrolyte in order to tailor the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) route in Na-O2 cells. Li+ salt addition promotes a surface confined ORR due to the incapability to stabilize superoxide radical intermediate product in the electrolyte leading to a poor electrochemical performance. The discharge capacities achieved using K+ salt additive are also lower than those obtained without it due to the incapability of KO2 to precipitate on the oxygen electrode, turning the initial solution-phase ORR to a surface-confined ORR after supersaturation. In this work we show that stabilization of the intermediate products and an efficient precipitation of the final products at the oxygen electrode are key factors governing the electrochemical performance in NaO2 batteries.
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a manifestation of atherosclerotic disease in the arteries to the legs. The clinical presentation of PAD includes a spectrum that spans individuals with asymptomatic disease, those who experience intermittent claudication (IC), and those with more severe symptoms of critical limb ischemia. PAD is a common condition that affects a large proportion of the adult population worldwide. The estimated prevalence of claudication ranges from 0.4–14.4%. The prevalence of asymptomatic disease diagnosed with noninvasive tests is much higher and ranges between 0.9% and 22% with the ratio of symptomatic to asymptomatic ranging between 1:0.9 and 1:6. Risk factors for atherosclerosis such as age, cigarette smoking, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension increase the likelihood of developing lower extremity PAD. The majority of patients with IC experience stabilization of their symptoms within 5years and only 10–15% ever develop critical limb ischemia. Both claudicants and those with asymptomatic disease are at increased risk of systemic cardiovascular events.
The electrochemistry and intercalation kinetics of nanostructured Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 (LMNC) and its aluminium-doped counterpart Li[Li0.2Mn0.52Ni0.13Co0.13Al0.02]O2 (LMNCA) are reported. FESEM and AFM images showed the LMNCA to be slightly higher in size (50–200nm) than the LMNC (50–100nm). Current-sensing AFM showed the LMNCA to be more conductive than the LMNC. XRD data showed the LMNCA to be more ordered and crystalline than the LMNC. The initial discharge capacity of the LMNCA is lower than that of the LMNC, but LMNCA shows a better stability with cycling and a better discharge capacity. The EIS results showed some variation in surface film resistance (R f) and lithium intercalation/de-intercalation resistance (R ct) as a function of applied voltage. The enhanced conductivity of the LMNCA has been related to the higher amount of the Mn3+ cation in the lattice, aided by the increased c-lattice that enhances the diffusivity of Li during the electrochemical cycling. LMNCA showed enhanced diffusion coefficient and electron transfer rate constant compared to the LMNC. The study provides further opportunities for improvement in the electrochemical performance of the LMNC by optimizing the synthesis conditions.