batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Introduction The genetic region coding for d-amino acid oxidase activator (DAOA) is considered an intriguing susceptibility locus for schizophrenia. However, association studies have often resulted in conflicting findings, and the risk-conferring variants and their biological impact remain elusive. Our aim in this study was to investigate the relationship between DAOA variation and schizophrenia, and the influence of DAOA on cognitive performance. Methods We analyzed block structure and association patterns of a ~173 kb region on chromosome 13q33, applying genotype data of 55 SNPs derived from Caucasian North American sample (178 cases, 144 healthy controls). Haplotypes were assigned using the program PHASE and frequencies compared between cases and controls. We applied MANOVA to investigate the relationship between the identified risk haplotype on cognitive performance. Results We identified multiple haplotypes within the region containing the DAOA gene. Of these, one was significantly associated with schizophrenia, being over-represented in schizophrenia versus healthy controls. This haplotype was also associated with one aspect of cognitive performance, semantic fluency. Carriers of the risk haplotype showed better semantic fluency than non-carriers. Conclusions We report a significant effect of DAOA variation on risk for schizophrenia. Moreover, we identified a relationship between DAOA genetic variation and specific aspects of neurocognitive function. As the identified DAOA risk haplotype was associated with better performance on a semantic fluency measure, further work is required to identify the mechanism of DAOA action on CNS function, including the possibility of a role for balanced selection at this locus.
Monodisperse spherical La0.56Li0.33TiO3 inlaid LiFePO4/C composites with various La0.56Li0.33TiO3 content (from 0 wt.% to 3 wt.%) are firstly prepared by an ammonia assisted hydrothermal route. The compositions, morphology and structure of samples are characterized by means of inductively coupled plasma (ICP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), respectively. The results reveal that nano La0.56Li0.33TiO3 particles inlay on the surface of spherical LiFePO4, which is coated by a continuous and uniform carbon layer with the thickness of 1∼2nm. The charge/discharge tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements indicate that the kinetics of La0.56Li0.33TiO3 inlaid LiFePO4/C is better than that of LiFePO4/C. With the change of La0.56Li0.33TiO3 content, 2 wt.% La0.56Li0.33TiO3 inlaid LiFePO4/C composites reveal a excellent high-rate capability and cycling stability. The initial discharge capacity of the sample is 126.3 and 108.9mAh/g, and the capacity retention achieves as high as 98.3% and 88.8% till 100 cycles at 5C and 200 cycles at 10C, respectively. Furthermore, it still exhibits a high discharge capacity of 62.3mAh/g even at high rate of 30C. The improved electrochemical performance of La0.56Li0.33TiO3 inlaid LiFePO4/C composites can be attributed to reduce the charge transfer resistance and enhance the transfer kinetics of both the lithium ions and electrons.
Hydrogen and oxygen evolution at the negative and positive electrodes in AGM batteries are the main reasons of self-discharging. The self-discharge of five AGM batteries was investigated by measuring different potential between two electrodes during 48 days. Five different battery electrolytes were used including 35% (w/w) H2SO4 without additives and the remaining contain 7.1, 9.94, and 21.3gl−1 sodium sulfate, 4gl−1 boric acid, 3gl−1 citric acid, and finally 0.7 and 1gl−1 stearic acid except one containing boric acid that the concentration of H2SO4 was 36% (w/w). The results revealed that the rate of self-discharge for battery without additive was 0.01Vday−1. The battery with boric acid showed the lowest rate of self-discharge with 0.0025Vday−1. It was also found that stearic and citric acids are comparatively appropriate additives for decreasing the self-discharge. They caused a decrease of the self-discharge rate to 0.005 and 0.0075Vday−1 on appropriate concentration, respectively. In compared to other additives, sodium sulfate showed to be not an appropriate additive for decreasing battery self-discharging. The rate of 0.03Vday−1 of self-discharging was obtained for the battery containing all selected concentration of sodium sulfate during first 4 days of measuring.
Here we provide a detailed study of the capacity fade and the internal resistance increase for 40mAh LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2/graphite cells under different cycling conditions. The effects of temperature (20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 60°C), power (72mW, 216mW, 432mW), average state of charge (30%, 50%, 70%) and depth of charge/discharge (used capacity: 1.6mAh, 8mAh, or 20mAh) are investigated. The ageing properties are compared with reference measurements of 40Ah commercial cells. The cycling tests were carried out for up to 9000h or until a state of initial capacity of 70% was reached. The results identify different ageing mechanisms and reveal which one is dominant under certain cycling conditions. In addition, the results determine how strong a certain ageing mechanism is contributing to the overall ageing of the battery. Furthermore, guidelines on how to set up the cycling tests parametrisation for optimal output per experiment and per time are given.
All-solid-state lithium secondary batteries have been studied as new energy storage devices with safety and reliability. To enhance the energy density of the batteries, negative electrode materials with high capacity have been actively studied. Tin phosphide Sn4P3 has a high theoretical capacity and forms Li3P with Li ion conductivity in the initial lithium insertion. Li3P would act as a matrix suppressing the volume change and giving lithium ion conduction paths. In this study, Sn4P3 was prepared by mechanical milling and electrochemical performance of all-solid-state cells with the Sn4P3 was evaluated. The working electrode of all-solid-state cell consist of Sn4P3, solid electrolyte (SE) and acetylene black (AB) for smooth conduction of lithium ion and electron. The cell with the Sn4P3 composite electrode showed the first discharge capacity of 1080 mA h g−1 and the initial columbic efficiency of 88%. Moreover, Sn4P3 was applied to the working electrode without SE and AB and its cell performance was evaluated. The cell discharged and charged, and showed the first discharge capacity of 670 mA h g−1. Sn4P3 is thus a favorable negative electrode material to improve energy density of all-solid-state cells.
Alternative to LiCoO2 cathode without sacrificing its structure and capacity, layered–layered composites with Li2MnO3–LiMO2 formula have been pursued in this article. In this study, we have optimized the Li2MnO3 content in the composite based on its electrochemical performances (in terms of specific capacity, mAhg−1). All the samples are synthesized either by self-combustion reaction (SCR) or solid-state method. Phase composition, morphology, particle size and distribution are characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), respectively. The X-ray diffraction study confirms that the material has layered LiNi0.3Co0.3Mn0.3O2 structure with a space group of R 3 ¯ m along with the formation of Li2MnO3 phase with super lattice ordering (C2/m). Charge/discharge capacity of the composite cathode materials increases with cycle number due to more and more activation of the Li2MnO3 and get stabilized after 20th cycle with good coulombic efficiency. A composite of 0.7Li2MnO3–0.3LiMn0.33Co0.33Ni0.33O2 composition delivered a maximum stable specific discharge capacity of ∼190mAhg−1 over 50 cycles at C/10 rate at 20°C once it reaches the activation stage. A detail electrochemical study has been performed to understand the complicated electrochemistry during charge–discharge reaction at 20°C.
Herein, a facile solution-phase method is used to fabricate Mn3O4 nanowires. The structure, morphology and chemical composition of the crystals are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It is interesting that a morphology evolution can be induced by changing the reduction temperature, during which Mn3O4 nanoparticles and Mn2O3 nanostructures can also be obtained. Furthermore, asymmetric supercapacitor cell is utilized as a device to evaluate the capacitive performance by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge test. Electrochemical results show that the prepared Mn3O4 nanowire exhibits enhanced charge storage properties, which could promote its application in energy storage devices.
Three-dimensional (3D) carbon nanotube (CNT)-multicomponent metal oxide composite microspheres with non-aggregation characteristics are prepared using a simple one-pot spray pyrolysis process, applying water-soluble metal salt and oxidized CNT fibers. The hierarchical porous 3D structure of the CNT is formed by networking the flexible CNTs with a high aspect ratio during the drying stage of a droplet. Subsequently, the Zn and Ge salts are deposited over the CNTs to form the ZnO-CNT and GeO2-CNT composite microsphere. Decomposition of Zn and Ge salts into their respective oxides and the conversion reaction to form Zn2GeO4 at 700°C, produce the Zn2GeO4-CNT composite microsphere. The initial discharge capacities of the Zn2GeO4, Zn2GeO4-CNT, ZnO-CNT, and GeO2-CNT microspheres, at a current density of 1.5Ag−1, are 1351, 1211, 1387, and 1631mAhg−1, respectively, and their discharge capacities at the 300th cycle are 415, 762, 261, and 480mAhg−1, respectively. The CNT-Zn2GeO4 composite microspheres, selected as the first target material, show electrochemical properties superior to those of the bare Zn2GeO4, CNT-ZnO, and CNT-GeO2 composite microspheres. The synergetic effect of the multicomponent composition of Zn2GeO4 and the CNT support result in excellent Li-ion storage properties of the Zn2GeO4-CNT composite microspheres.
This paper describes the possible evolution of Li-ion technology, and evaluates the expected improvements, arising from new materials to cell technology. New active materials under investigation and electrode process improvements may allow an ultimate final energy density of more than 500Wh/l and 200Wh/kg, in the next 5–10 years, while maintaining sufficient power densities. A new rechargeable battery technology cannot be foreseen today that surpasses this. The possible use of small fuel cells is also discussed. The only solution would be direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) technology, providing that the remaining important technological issues are solved. The association with a rechargeable battery could provide an optimised energy + power, hybrid power source. Several simulated comparisons for small- to medium-sized power sources are described, between fuel cells and batteries. Hybrid Li-ion/DMFC is a good option for systems larger than 1kWh. The hybrid concept of high-energy–low-power primary lithium (as the fuel) with high-power Li-ion (as the cell stack) is an already available, cost effective solution where long run times are required.
There remains intense interest in developing solid polymer electrolytes, free from low molecular weight plasticiser and with a sufficiently high ionic conductivity for application in all-solid-state rechargeable lithium batteries. For such applications, conductivities above the present maximum of 10−4 S cm−1 are required. Innovative designs of polymers and salts which suppress crystallinity and yield amorphous polymer electrolytes with a low T g have led to substantial improvements in the level of ionic conductivity compared with early systems, but the above mentioned barrier remains. We promote the view that it is important now to change our thinking concerning how to optimise ionic conductivity. We emphasise the importance of understanding the structure of polymer electrolytes in order to better understand the ion transport mechanism. Such studies indicate the importance of organising polymer chains while preserving chain dynamics. Recent evidence is presented from the work of others, supporting the view that more structured polymer electrolytes can lead to enhanced ionic conductivity. En route to this view, we present the crystal structures of several polymer salt complexes including the first structure of a 6:1 complex PEO6:LiAsF6.
NiO x xerogels were formed by the sol–gel method followed by heat-treatment under ambient pressure. The structure and properties of these materials were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, XPS, TEM, TGA–DTA and N2 (77K) adsorption. Electrodes with the xerogels were activated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and their capacitive performance was evaluated by CV and galvanostatic technique in 7M KOH solutions. A maximum specific capacitance of 696Fg−1 was obtained by constant current discharge with a current density of 2.0mAcm−2 for the NiO x xerogels heat-treated at 250°C. The results of in situ XRD of the NiO x xerogels after the charge/discharge recycling test showed that the NiO x xerogels might exhibit faradaic pseudocapacitance by surface redox from Ni(OH)2 to NiOOH. The high performance obtained indicates that these materials are promising electrode materials for supercapacitors.
Spinel powders of LiMn1.99Nd0.01O4 have been synthesized by chemical synthesis route to prepare cathodes for Li-ion coin cells. The structural and electrochemical properties of these cathodes were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and charge-discharge studies. The cyclic voltammetry of the cathodes revealed the reversible nature of Li-ion intercalation and deintercalation in the electrochemical cell. The charge-discharge characteristics for LiMn1.99Nd0.01O4 cathode materials were obtained in 3.4–4.3V voltage range and the initial discharge capacity of this material were found to be about 149mAhg−1. The coin cells were tested for up to 25 charge-discharge cycles. The results show that by doping with small concentration of rare-earth element Nd, the capacity fading is considerably reduced as compared to the pure LiMn2O4 cathodes, making it suitable for Li-ion battery applications.
The authors regret < The Fig. 3b is corrected with the figure below;Image 1 The authors regret < The Fig. 3b is corrected with the figure below; In the conclusion (in page 9), “Li (Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)1-0.1Cu0.1O2”is corrected with “Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)1-0.01Cu0.01O2”>.The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
The efficacy of a self-generation encoding procedure in facilitating the encoding and retrieval of verbal memories was compared with the didactic presentation of information in individuals with seizure disorders. Through a within-subject design, 87 patients (25 left temporal seizure onset, 29 right temporal, 8 frontal, and 25 psychogenic nonepileptic seizures) received a self-generation learning condition and a didactic learning condition and were subsequently tested for verbal paired associate free recall, cued recall, and recognition memory. All patient groups benefited from the use of the self-generation condition relative to the didactic condition. Better performance occurred with the self-generation procedure for cued recall and recognition memory test performance, but not free recall. Individuals with a left temporal seizure onset (patients with the poorest memory performance on the didactic condition) benefited the most from the self-generation condition. A memory encoding strategy that actively involves patient participation enhances memory performance.
Lithium insertion and extraction in to/from the oxyfluorides TiOF2 and NbO2F is investigated by galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy in cells using Li-metal as a counter electrode at ambient temperature. The host compounds are prepared by low-temperature reaction and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area. Crystal structure destruction occurs during the first-discharge reaction with Li at voltages below 0.8–0.9V for Li x TiOF2 as shown by ex situ XRD and at ≤1.4V for Li x NbO2F to form amorphous composites, ‘Li x Ti/NbO y –LiF’. Galvanostatic discharge–charge cycling of ‘Li x TiO y ’ in the range 0.005–3.0V at a current density of 65mAg−1 gives a capacity of 400 (±5)mAhg−1 during 5–100 cycles with no noticeable capacity fading. This value corresponds to 1.52mol of recycleable Li/Ti. The coulombic efficiency (η) is >98%. Results on ‘Li x NbO y ’ show good reversibility of the electrode and a η >98% is achieved only after 10 cycles (range 0.005–3.0V and at 30mAg−1) and a capacity of 180 (±5)mAhg−1 (0.97mol of Li/Nb) was stable up to 40 cycles. In both ‘Li x TiO y ’ and ‘Li x NbO y ’, the average discharge and charge voltages are 1.2–1.4 and 1.7–1.8V, respectively. The impedance spectral data measured during the first cycle and after selected numbers of cycles are fitted to an equivalent circuit and the roles played by the relevant parameters as a function of cycle number are discussed.
Hierarchical structures, with a high mass-loading of nanostructured lithium (Li) storage medium grafted upon large trunk framework, represent a novel approach towards high capacity and stable Li-ion batteries. We here report a new hierarchical structure of crystalline Si nanowires (c-Si NWs) grafted upon ultra-long tin dioxide (SnO2) NW trunks, where the latter frame up a large, conductive and stable architecture (i) to achieve a high mass-loading of c-Si NWs for Li-ion storage and (ii) to guarantee a good electric contact and fast charging process. The Si NWs branches are produced via a low-temperature vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth catalyzed by Sn droplets produced during a simple H2 plasma treatment upon the SnO2 trunks. Compared to other Si or SnO2 NW-based anodes structures, the c-Si/SnO2 NWs hierarchical structure demonstrates an outstanding performance with a high mass-load (~1.5mg/cm2) and a high areal capacity (~1.8mAh/cm2) after 100 cycles, without the use of any additional conductive polymer binder, highlighting the unique synergistic benefit of this hierarchical structure in boosting simultaneously the capacity and stability of Si-loaded Li-ion batteries.
The present status of silver oxide–zinc technology and applications has been described by Karpinski et al. [A.P. Karpinski, B. Makovetski, S.J. Russell, J.R. Serenyi, D.C. Williams, Silver-Zinc: status of technology and applications, Journal of Power Sources, 80 (1999) 53–60], where the silver–zinc couple is still the preferred choice where high specific energy/energy density, coupled with high specific power/power density are important for high-rate, weight or size/configuration sensitive applications. Perhaps the silver oxide cathode can be considered one of the most versatile electrode materials. When coupled with other anodes and corresponding electrolyte management system, the silver electrode provides for a wide array of electrochemical systems that can be tailored to meet the most demanding, high power requirements. Besides zinc, the most notable include cadmium, iron, metal hydride, and hydrogen electrode for secondary systems, while primary systems include lithium and aluminum. Alloys including silver are also available, such as silver chloride, which when coupled with magnesium or aluminum are primarily used in many seawater applications. The selection and use of these couples is normally the result of a trade-off of many factors. These include performance, safety, risk, reliability, and cost. When high power is required, silver oxide–zinc, silver oxide–aluminum, and silver oxide–lithium are the most energetic. For moderate performance (i.e., lower power), silver oxide–zinc or silver–cadmium would be the system of choice. This paper summarizes the suitability of the silver-based couples, with an emphasis on the silver–zinc system, as primary or rechargeable power sources for high energy/power applications.
The concept and the design of a micro-solid oxide fuel cell system is described and discussed. The system in this study is called the ONEBAT system and consists of the fuel cell PEN (positive electrode – electrolyte – negative electrode) element, a gas processing unit, and a thermal system. PEN elements of free-standing multi-layer membranes are fabricated on Foturan® and on Si substrates using thin film deposition and microfabrication techniques. Open circuit voltages of up to 1.06V and power of 150mWcm−2 are achieved at 550°C. The membranes are stable up to 600°C. The gas processing unit allows butane conversion of 95% and hydrogen selectivity of 83% at 550°C in the reformer and efficient after-burning of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and lower hydrocarbons in the post-combustor. Thermal system simulations prove that a large thermal gradient of more than 500°C between the hot module and its exterior are feasible. The correlation between electrical power output – system size and thermal conductivity – heat-transfer coefficient of the thermal insulation material are shown. The system design studies show that the single sub-systems can be integrated into a complete system and that the requirements for portable electronic devices can be achieved with a base unit of 2.5W and a modular approach.
Recently, CoCO3 is attracting extensive interests as a promising anode for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) thanks to its large capacities and simple synthesis. However, its modest electrochemical behaviors and ambiguous lithium storage mechanisms still need to be well addressed. Herein, we devise a scalable bottom-up solvothermal methodology to fabricate monodispersed pinecone-like CoCO3 sub-microspheroids constructed with nanosheet subunits. When evaluated as appealing anode for LIBs, the resultant CoCO3 anode exhibits high initial Coulombic efficiency of ∼75.2%, and large reversible capacity of ∼1008 mAh g−1 at a rate of 200 mA g−1, and even ∼663 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1, benefiting its hierarchical micro-/nanostructures. Besides, the enhanced interfacial charge-storage capability of the CoCO3 sub-microspheroids with cycling accounts for the long-duration capacity retention of ∼138% over 500 consecutive cycles. More significantly, comprehensive lithium storage mechanism of the CoCO3, involving conventional conversion reactions, reversible redox reaction of low-valence C/C(IV), and debut observation of reversible Co(II)/Co(III) transition, is proposed with in-situ and ex-situ physicochemical and electrochemical investigations. Furthermore, a CoCO3//LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 full battery is assembled and delivers prominent electrochemical properties, hugely highlighting the enormous potential of our CoCO3 sub-microspheroids in next-generation LIBs as competitive anodes.
In terms of fuel cell steady-state performance modelling, many electrical models have been developed either from a theoretical point of view or from an empirical point of view. The model described in this article is from the empirical point of view approach. This model enables to simulate both fuel cells and electrolysers V–J curves (cell voltage versus current density) in typical conditions. This model is particularly adapted to regenerative fuel cell (RFC) simulation. It is a four degree-of-freedom model and it is convergent near zero current. It depends on the stack temperature and the oxygen partial pressure. The regions where mass transfer limitations occur have not been modelled, because they are usually avoided for efficiency or thermal reasons. The parameters have been fitted with a 4kWe proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and a 3.6kWe electrolyser. The electrical equations and the experimental data are well correlated.