batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Due to limitations in performance of thermoelectric materials, applying two-stage thermoelectric generator (TTEG) has been proposed to improve the performance of thermoelectric generator (TEG) system. In this paper, a novel prototype of a two-stage thermoelectric generator system is investigated experimentally. In the first stage, a TEG module installed between a phase change material (PCM) heat sink, as cooling system, and an electrical heater, as the heat source. Because of the inherent characteristics of PCMs to save the thermal energy as latent heat, the PCM heat sink is used as the heat source of the second stage TEGs. In the second stage, five smaller TEG modules are installed around the PCM with individual heat sinks for cooling with natural convection. In order to have a comparison between a common TEG system and the proposed two-stage TEG system, a one-stage thermoelectric generator with forced air cooling system has been tested. The results show the proposed TTEG system averagely generates 27% more electrical potential than the one-stage TEG system. Moreover, when the heater is off, the TTEG supplies 0.377 V open circuit voltage in average for about 7900 s, while the one-stage TEG generates this amount of voltage just for 2100 s. Therefore, the proposed design makes TEG systems more suitable for wireless sensor applications when the heat source does not provide steady thermal energy. In this study, four different patterns of thermal power applied to the TTEG system are considered. These patterns are used to simulate various transient thermal boundary conditions imposed to the system.
This paper reports on the electrochemical performance of carbon-based electrodes subjected to thermal treatment. Changes in texture and chemical composition were evaluated and used to assess the effect of thermal treatment on the electrochemical performance of the resultant supercapacitors. Disc-type electrodes were prepared using polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF, as binder and a mesophase-derived activated carbon as active material. The carbonization of the electrodes under inert atmosphere (N2-flow) at 600 and 1000°C leads to the decomposition of the polymer making it possible to recover most of the surface area that is blocked by the polymer. The carbonized electrodes were tested as electrodes in supercapacitors, with the result that lower specific capacitance values were obtained than with the “un-treated” electrodes. This was attributed to the formation of constrictions at the entrance of the porous network as a consequence of the polymeric decomposition. Furthermore, electrical conductivity, power density and long-cycling performance showed a significant improvement as a result of the carbonization procedure.
Abstract This chapter provides a general introduction to the field of comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and deals specifically with the extensive standard test batteries used with adults. Neuropsychological assessment is a relatively new term that describes procedures used for diagnosis, provision of information important for patient care, and research. The focus of neuropsychological assessment has traditionally been on the brain-damaged patient, but there have been major extensions of the field to psychiatric disorders, functioning of nonbrain-damaged individuals with medical disorders, and normal aging. The current chapter provides a general introduction to comprehensive neuropsychological, discusses special problems in the construction and standardization of neuropsychological test batteries, reliability and validity issues, and practical concerns with test construction. This is followed by an introduction to the comprehensive batteries including the Halstead–Reitan Battery and the Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. Influence of these comprehensive batteries on current assessment practices and development of other comprehensive batteries is discussed.
Kinetic analysis of the Li|Li+ interphase in an electrolyte based on N-metyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfon)imide ionic liquid (MPPyrrTFSI) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfon)imide salt (LiTFSI) was performed. Li|electrolyte|Li and LiC6|electrolyte|Li cells were galvanostatically charged/discharged in order to form solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) protecting layer. SEM images showed that the surface of both Li and LiC6 anodes was covered with small particles. The fitting procedure of electrochemical impedance data taken at different temperatures gave three resistances (Rel, RSEI, Rct) and hence, three lnR = f(T−1) straight lines of different slopes. Specific conductivity and activation energy of the conduction process of the liquid electrolyte, were ca. σ = 2.5 mS cm−1 (at T = 25.0 °C) and
This study investigates the external short circuit (ESC) fault characteristics of lithium-ion battery experimentally. An experiment platform is established and the ESC tests are implemented on ten 18650-type lithium cells considering different state-of-charges (SOCs). Based on the experiment results, several efforts have been made. (1) The ESC process can be divided into two periods and the electrical and thermal behaviors within these two periods are analyzed. (2) A modified first-order RC model is employed to simulate the electrical behavior of the lithium cell in the ESC fault process. The model parameters are re-identified by a dynamic-neighborhood particle swarm optimization algorithm. (3) A two-layer model-based ESC fault diagnosis algorithm is proposed. The first layer conducts preliminary fault detection and the second layer gives a precise model-based diagnosis. Four new cells are short-circuited to evaluate the proposed algorithm. It shows that the ESC fault can be diagnosed within 5s, the error between the model and measured data is less than 0.36V. The effectiveness of the fault diagnosis algorithm is not sensitive to the precision of battery SOC. The proposed algorithm can still make the correct diagnosis even if there is 10% error in SOC estimation.
It is well documented that teachers feel unprepared to handle classroom management challenges in their classrooms. This lack of preparedness in classroom management, specifically for students with mental health concerns, is one of the leading reasons for teacher attrition. Yet, little is known about what teachers know about classroom management strategies and children’s mental health difficulties upon entering the classroom. The present study seeks to understand preservice teachers’ knowledge of classroom management strategies and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the United States. Participants were preservice teachers (n = 107; 95.3% female; 75.4% Hispanic) about to enter their student teaching internship. Teachers’ accurate knowledge of classroom management strategies, accurate knowledge of ADHD, misperceptions of ADHD, and lack of knowledge of ADHD were investigated and related to teacher characteristics (i.e., hours of professional development) and sense of efficacy. Teacher knowledge of classroom management stategies, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and sense of efficacy were evaluated using self-report measures. Overall, preservice teachers achieved 60.7% accuracy on the measure of classroom management strategies and 49% accuracy on the knowledge of ADHD measure. There were no associations between teachers’ knowledge of ADHD or classroom management strategies and teacher efficacy or characteristics. The results of this study reveal large gaps in preservice teachers’ knowledge of ADHD and classroom management strategies. Implications for teacher training programs are discussed.
Graphene nanosheets (GNSs) are prepared by oxidation and rapid expansion of graphite using microwave radiation. The prepared GNSs are characterized using various characterization tools. Morphological characterization using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies revealed that the GNSs prepared through microwave radiation are crumbled with scrolled and entangled nature. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirmed the graphitic crystalline structure of the synthesized GNSs. The surface composition and functional groups introduced on the surface of GNSs due to microwave radiation are corroborated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Electrochemical characterization studies of GNSs based anode materials showed an enhanced lithium storage capacity and fine cycle performance. The initial discharge capacity of GNS electrode is 580mAhg−1 that decreases to 420mAhg−1 at 50th cycle. Electrochemical impedance spectral analysis reveals that the exchange current density of GNSs increases with the charge–discharge cycle numbers exhibiting the peculiar electrochemical performance.
Publisher Summary Infrastructure refers to those resources and items required to successfully support and operate information systems. Security refers to policies, procedures, software, and hardware designed to insure that data in information systems are protected against accidental or inappropriate destruction, alteration, or access. Properly supported, infrastructure competency allows an organization to maintain agility in responding to strategic directives and tactical changes. Infrastructure and security together provide the day-to-day operational support for the hardware and software, thus forming a critical component of the organization. Proper management of security requires attention to infrastructure and information system designs, as well as the organization adhering to strict and appropriate personnel practices. Both infrastructure and security are among the many invisible processes and resources required to implement and sustain a successful clinical computing system. Some resources, such as a data center, must be available prior to implementation of these systems; many other resources, such as those supporting security, should be available prior to implementation, but are often deferred until problems occur. Most infrastructure requirements continue and expand after the system is in use. Although organizations can purchase services through outside contracted vendors, those developing skills in their own personnel can use resources more cost effectively, saving as much as 25–40%, particularly in areas such as disaster management. In the longer term, the use of contracted services can result in the loss of skills necessary for making strategic decisions, putting into question whether the estimated savings of contracting can be achieved.
An anode material with improved electrochemical performances for Li-ion batteries is prepared using the disproportionation reaction of SiO followed by a high energy mechanical milling process. The modified SiO is composed of embedded Si nano-crystallites in a Si-oxide matrix. Si-oxide matrix could be divided into two parts by reactivity with Li-ion. The inactive Si-suboxide matrix would buffer the volume expansion of embedded Si nano-crystallites and active amorphous SiO2 during the lithiation. This modified SiO electrode shows a large reversible capacity, close to 1000 mAh g−1, and good cyclability, over 50 cycles.
Objective Patients with end-stage lung disease (ESLD) experience significant decrements in quality of life (QOL). Although coping strategies are related to QOL in patients with ESLD, the extent to which specific native lung disease moderates this relationship is unknown. Methods We investigated the relationship between coping, native lung disease, and QOL among 187 patients awaiting lung transplantation, including 139 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 48 with cystic fibrosis (CF). Participants completed a psychosocial battery assessing psychological QOL, physical QOL, and coping strategies. Results For both COPD and CF patients, higher levels of Active Coping (P<.0001) and lower levels of Disengagement (P<.0001) were associated with better psychological QOL. For physical QOL, we observed a Native Disease×Coping interaction (P=.01) such that Active Coping was associated with better physical QOL in patients with COPD but not in patients with CF. Conclusions The relationship between coping and QOL may vary as a function of native lung disease. Patients' native disease may need to be considered in order to develop effective interventions to help patients cope successfully with ESLD.
To improve the electrochemical performance of Si film, we investigate the addition of two film forms of Ge. Si/Ge multi-layered and Si–Ge composite electrodes that are fabricated by magnetron sputtering onto Cu current collector substrates are investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) are employed to analyze the structures of the Si–Ge electrodes. When used as an anode electrode for a lithium ion battery, the first discharge capacity of a Si/Ge 150 multi-layer cell with a ratio of Si 15nm/Ge 3nm is 2099mAhg−1 between 1.1 and 0.01V. A stable reversible capacity of 1559mAhg−1 is maintained after 100 cycles with a capacity retention rate of 74.25%. Additionally, the Si0.84Ge0.16 composite has an initial discharge capacity of 1915mAhg−1 and a capacity retention of 74.25%. In full cell tests of Si–Ge electrodes, the Si0.84Ge0.16/LiCoO2 cell delivers a specific capacity of approximatly 160mAhg−1 and a capacity retention of 52.4% after 100 cycles. The results reveal that these two systems of sputtered Si–Ge electrodes can be used as anodes in lithium ion batteries with higher energy densities.
This paper presents a mini-review in the field of energy storage using reversible solid oxide cells (rSOCs) for development of energy storage systems for the future. Such energy storage systems fall under the category of power-to-X-to power systems where excess electrical energy produced through renewables is stored in the form of chemicals and the same chemicals are used for conversion back to power. The main competitors of energy storage systems based on rSOC are pumped hydro storage, compressed air storage and batteries and it is envisioned that with better heat integration techniques, the round trip efficiency of rSOC systems can be improved to reach the target value of 80% as specified in the joint EASE-EERA report for European energy storage technology.
A family of potassium-doped manganese oxide materials were synthesized with the stoichiometric formula Li0.9−X K X Mn2O4, where X =0.0–0.25 and evaluated for their viability as a cathode material for a rechargeable lithium battery. A performance maximum was found at X =0.1 where the initial specific capacity for the lithium–potassium-doped manganese dioxide electrochemical couple was 130mAhg−1 of active cathode material. The discharge capacity of the system was maintained through 90 cycles (95% initial capacity). Additionally, the capacity was maintained at greater than 90% initial discharge through 200 cycles. Other variants demonstrated greater than 75% initial discharge through 200 cycles at comparable capacity.
Increasing the thickness of a battery electrode without comprising cell electrochemical performance, such as power density and cycling stability, is very challenging. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of 3D (three dimensional) Cu foam framework as a current collector for building carbon negative electrodes as thick as 1.2mm. When tested in a bipolar configuration, electrodes of 1.2 and 0.6mm thick delivered capacities of over 350mAhg−1 (>95% of theoretical capacity) up to a C/5 rate. We have also assembled a full cell composed of a 1.2mm thick negative electrode with Cu foam as the current collector and a 1.2mm thick L333 (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2) positive electrode with Al foam as the current collector. The cell exhibited good capacity retention at low rates. These results underscore the promise of 3D foam structures in terms of enabling ultra-thick electrodes for high energy density battery applications.
Solvothermal techniques were developed on the hydrothermal methods, and such methods especially in in situ fields have advantages in constructing functional three dimensional (3D) graphene-based composites in many aspects. To verify this concept, we presented in this article by comparing their application on the preparation of 3D Fe2O3/graphene sheets (Fe2O3/GS) composites, which are used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and served as a probe here for exploring the merits from in situ solvothermal techniques. The ex situ solvothermal and in situ hydrothermal methods were adopted for comparison purpose. Physically, it was found that the in situ solvothermal process facilitates forming attractive interfacial interaction between GS and Fe2O3 resulting from the well wrapping and homogeneous distribution of nano-Fe2O3 particles into the 3D GS matrix and the forceful Fe–O–C bonds between nano-Fe2O3 and few-layer GS. We also confirmed electrochemically that the as-prepared 3D Fe2O3/graphene prepared by a in situ solvothermal technique showed better performance than those obtained via ex situ solvothermal and in situ hydrothermal methods. The in situ solvothermal strategy, if well engineered, can be extended to the synthesis of other high-performance 3D graphene-based materials for many other applications.
Ictal alterations of the level of general awareness and subjective content of consciousness play a pivotal role in the clinical phenomenology of epilepsy, and reflect the pathological involvement of different neurobiological substrates. However, no self-reported measures have been proposed for patients experiencing altered conscious states during seizures. This study describes the development and validation of a new scale for the quantitative assessment of the level and content of ictal consciousness, the Ictal Consciousness Inventory (ICI). The ICI is a 20-item questionnaire generated on the basis of interviews with patients, literature review, and consultation with experts. It was tested on a sample of 110 patients attending three different epilepsy clinics in Northern Italy, who also completed standardized clinical scales. Standard psychometric methods were used to demonstrate that this scale satisfies criteria for acceptability, reliability, and validity. The ICI is proposed as a user-friendly and clinically sound instrument for the measurement of ictal alterations of consciousness in patients with epilepsy.
As hazardous situations can occur during the life of a Li-ion battery, it is of great importance to understand its behavior under abusive conditions (mechanical, thermal or electrical). In particular, the study of overcharge, which consists of forcing a current through the cell, can be very helpful in improving battery safety. Very few studies in the literature have focused on the chemical reaction mechanism responsible for failure during overcharge. This is, however, of great interest because a Li-ion battery can produce reactions in a sealed container and is thus a highly reactive system. Here, experimental approaches are employed to understand the reaction mechanisms that occur during overcharge testing. Experiments consist of studying the overcharge kinetics of a commercial battery at an initial state of charge of 100%. The battery is maintained in a known volume and gaseous samples are withdrawn both at the end of the test and continuously during the test. The main gaseous species are then identified and quantified by gas phase chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and FTIR spectroscopy. This experimental study is completed by a numerical investigation to determine the combustion parameters of the exhaust gases using a detailed reaction mechanism associated with a numerical code.
A major challenge toward realizing high-performance aqueous lithium batteries (ALBs) is the utilization of a metallic lithium anode. However, an ideal solid electrolyte that can protect metallic lithium from reacting with aqueous solutions while still maintaining a high lithium ion conduction is not currently available. One obstacle is the lack of a reliable experimental tool to differentiate the conduction behaviour of H+ and Li+ ions in a solid electrolyte. Here, by correlating neutron and electron spectroscopy, we quantitatively reveal the mobility and lattice occupancy of the two ions individually in protonated cubic Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12 (LLZO). Our results not only highlight LLZO as a potential effective separation layer for ALBs but also present a robust method to quantify the mobility of individual mobile ions in solid-state ion conductors.
German enthusiasm for solar energy is exemplified by the municipality of Obrigheim, which wants to turn the site of the country's oldest commercial nuclear plant into a solar power technology site.
High-performance battery-type electrodes based on TiO2 nanotube arrays decorated with Co0·12Ni1·88S2@Co8S9 (CNCS) nanoparticles have been successfully prepared in this paper. The highly conductive TiO2 nanotube arrays modified with carbon and oxygen vacancies (Ti3+ defects) (m-TNAs) are selected as the three-dimensional backbones to support electroactive materials and offer direct pathways for electron and ions transport. Then CNCS nanoparticles are electrodeposited on each nanotube uniformly, and the loading mass of nanoparticles can be controlled through adjusting electrodeposition cycles. After optimization, a remarkable specific capacity of 680.1 C g−1 is achieved at 2 A g −1 as a result of the intrinsic synergetic contributions from structural/compositional/componental merits. This specific capacity is much higher than most of the TNAs-based energy storage electrodes. In addition, an asymmetric supercapacitor device is assembled by applying the optimized CNCS/m-TNAs and commercial active carbon as positive and negative electrode, respectively. It displays a high energy density of 45.5 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 400.5 W kg−1, after cycling for 3000 cycles at a high current density of 4 A g−1, the specific capacitance could still remain 85.7%. This self-supported and binder-free CNCS/m-TNAs electrode will be a competitive and promising candidate for the application in energy storage.
We report on a comparative density functional theory (DFT) study of ethylene carbonate (EC) decomposition on unlithiated, Li-covered, and fully-lithiated Sn surfaces as well as a pure Li surface. Results show that EC molecule does not dissociate on unlithiated Sn modelled by the clean β–Sn(100) surface, but rather adsorbs intactly via dispersion interaction. However, EC molecule spontaneously dissociates over Li-covered β–Sn(100), fully-lithiated Li17Sn4(001), and Li(100) surfaces. The dissociated EC molecule (C2H4+CO3) is energetically much more favorable than the intact EC molecule on these surfaces. We find that the dissociative adsorption of EC molecule is stronger on Li/β–Sn(100) and Li17Sn4(001) than on Li(100) in spite of larger electron transfer in the last case. This result indicates that besides electron transfer, chemical composition also plays an important role on dissociation of EC molecules. A detached CO 3 − 2 anion catches two Li atoms from the Li-rich surfaces and forms a Li2CO3 molecule, which is the building block of a main component of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on Sn anodes according to the experimental observations.