batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Anatomical, histochemical and biochemical approaches were used to study mercury uptake and phytotoxicity as well as anti-oxidative responses in two species of ferns [Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata) and Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata)], grown in a hydroponic system. The roots of both cultivars accumulated large amounts of mercury, but exhibited limited mercury translocation to shoots. Mercury exposure led to more pronounced phytotoxicity accompanied by stronger oxidative stress in the shoots of P. vittata than in N. exaltata. N. exaltata established a more effective anti-oxidative system against mercury-induced oxidative stress than did P. vittata. The activity of anti-oxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase) increased. The reduced ascorbate (ASA) and oxidized ascorbate (DHA) are regulated. Mercury exposure led to an increase in the concentration of glutathione (GSH) in both fern species. The present study suggests that N. exaltata is more tolerant to mercury exposure than P. vittata, which has been also reported to be more tolerant to arsenic exposure. N. exaltata may thus have potential for phytostabilization of soils or phytofiltration of waste water contaminated with mercury.
This work relates to a rigorous study of the correlation among surface chemistry (FTIR, XPS), 3D structure (X-ray and neutron scattering), morphology (SEM, AFM), and electrochemical and impedance behavior of lithiated carbon electrodes in commonly used liquid electrolyte solutions. Four different types of carbons were explored in a single study. These included, for comparison, two types of disordered carbons, single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT), and synthetic graphite powder as a reference system. All four types of carbons develop a similar surface chemistry in alkyl carbonate solutions which is dominated by solvent reduction. The differences in the 3D structure of these carbons leads to pronounced differences in the mechanisms of Li-insertion into them. The effect of the carbons’ 3D structure on the solid-state diffusion of Li-ions is demonstrated and discussed.
In this paper, a novel energy conversion method based on hydrogel material for self-powered sensor system applications is proposed, which can harvest energy from environment vibrations and supply power to sensors without any external power source. In this approach, hemispherical hydrogel arrays are positioned between two parallel-arranged conductive plates. The deformation of hydrogel arrays caused by ambient vibrations will result in non-equilibrium charge distribution in the conductive plates. The charge redistribution leads to electrons transfer, thereby converting mechanical vibration energy into electricity. Based on this energy conversion principle, a hydrogel-based energy harvester is fabricated and experimentally characterized. The fabricated device exhibits a superwide working bandwidth (0–80Hz) and high reliability in power generation. Moreover, favorable adaptability of the tilt angle during installation is achieved. In the feasibility experiment, an LCD screen is operated to verify the potential of the hydrogel-based energy conversion method to self-powered sensor applications under vibration environment. Finally, a visualized self-powered force sensor is also demonstrated with the fabricated hydrogel-based energy harvester, which proves its great potential in various application fields.
Psidium guajava, is an important food crop and medicinal plant in tropical and subtropical countries is widely used like food and in folk medicine around of the world. This aims a comprehensive of the chemical constituents, pharmacological, and clinical uses. Different pharmacological experiments in a number of in vitro and in vivo models have been carried out. Also have been identified the medicinally important phyto-constituents. A number of metabolites in good yield and some have been shown to possess useful biological activities belonging mainly to phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid, terpenoid and triterpene. Extracts and metabolites of this plant, particularly those from leaves and fruits possess useful pharmacological activities. A survey of the literature shows P. guajava is mainly known for its antispasmodic and antimicrobial properties in the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery. Has also been used extensively as a hypoglycaemic agent. Many pharmacological studies have demonstrated the ability of this plant to exhibit antioxidant, hepatoprotection, anti-allergy, antimicrobial, antigenotoxic, antiplasmodial, cytotoxic, antispasmodic, cardioactive, anticough, antidiabetic, antiinflamatory and antinociceptive activities, supporting its traditional uses. Suggest a wide range of clinical applications for the treatment of infantile rotaviral enteritis, diarrhoea and diabetes.
In this study, a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) system, which is the first of its kind, has been developed to power a humanoid robot. The DMFC system consists of a stack, a balance of plant (BOP), a power management unit (PMU), and a back-up battery. The stack has 42 unit cells and is able to produce about 400W at 19.3V. The robot is 125cm tall, weighs 56kg, and consumes 210W during normal operation. The robot is integrated with the DMFC system that powers the robot in a stable manner for more than 2h. The power consumption by the robot during various motions is studied, and load sharing between the fuel cell and the back-up battery is also observed. The loss of methanol feed due to crossover and evaporation amounts to 32.0% and the efficiency of the DMFC system in terms of net electric power is 22.0%.
Fe2O3/graphene composite was synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. SEM and TEM characterizations show that Fe2O3 particles with size of 40–60nm distributed uniformly on the surface of the graphene. As an anode material for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), Fe2O3/graphene delivered discharge and charge capacity of 1369mAhg−1 and 899mAhg−1 respectively in the first cycle with an initial Coulombic efficiency of 65.7%, which was much better than the bare Fe2O3 nanoparticles electrode. Enhanced rate capacity and cycling stability were also observed for Fe2O3/graphene composite. A capacity of 559mAhg−1 was maintained after 50 discharge–charge cycles. Uniform dispersion of Fe2O3, high conductivity and specific surface area were responsible for the enhancement of electrochemical property. Electrochemical impedance spectrum results revealed that the improved electrochemical performance of Fe2O3/graphene can be attributed to fast migration of Li+ through surface film and charge transfer on active material/electrolyte interfaces. The synthesis approach presents a promising route for large-scale production of Fe2O3/graphene composite as electrode materials for Li-ion batteries.
JD5037 is a novel peripherally restricted CB1 receptor (CB1R) inverse agonist being developed for the treatment of visceral obesity and its metabolic complications, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and dyslipidemia. JD5037 was administered by oral gavage at 10, 40, and 150 mg/kg/day dose levels for up to 34 days to Sprague Dawley rats, and at 5, 20, and 75 mg/kg/day dose levels for 28 consecutive days to Beagle dogs. In rats, higher incidences of stereotypic behaviors were observed in 10 mg/kg females and 40 mg/kg males, and slower responses for reflex and sensory tests were observed only in males at 10 and 40 mg/kg during neurobehavioral testing. Sporadic minimal incidences of decreased activity (males) and seizures (both sexes) were observed in rats during daily clinical observations, without any clear dose-relationship. Male dogs at 75 mg/kg during treatment period, but not recovery period, had an increased incidence of gut associated lymphoid tissue hyperplasia and inflammation in the intestine. In both species, highest dose resulted in lower AUCs indicative of non-linear kinetics. Free access to food increased the plasma AUC∞ by ~4.5-fold at 20 mg/kg in dogs, suggesting presence of food may help in systemic absorption of JD5037 in dogs. Based on the study results, 150 mg/kg/day in rats, and 20 and 75 mg/kg/day doses in male and female dogs, respectively, were determined to be the no-observed-adverse-effect-levels (NOAELs).
Positive composite electrodes having LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel as active material, a blend of graphite and carbon black for increasing the electrode electrical conductivity and either polyvinyldenefluoride (PVDF) or a blend of PVDF with a small amount of Teflon® (1wt%) for building up the electrode. They have been processed by tape casting on an aluminum foil as current collector using the doctor blade technique. Additionally, the component blends were either sonicated or not, and the processed electrodes were compacted or not under subsequent cold pressing. Composites electrodes with high weight, up to 17mg/cm2, were prepared and studied as positive electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. The addition of Teflon® and the application of the sonication treatment lead to uniform electrodes that are well-adhered to the aluminum foil. Both parameters contribute to improve the capacity drained at high rates (5C). Additional compaction of the electrode/aluminum assemblies remarkably enhances the electrode rate capabilities. At 5C rate, remarkable capacity retentions between 80% and 90% are found for electrodes with weights in the range 3–17mg/cm2, having Teflon® in their formulation, prepared after sonication of their component blends and compacted under 2tonnes/cm2.
In this paper, nano-sized LiFePO4 particles with a uniform carbon coating were produced using FePO4 as the iron source and PVA gel as the carbon source. Due to the special ability of PVA gel to form films readily, after it was mixed with the FePO4 during the ball-milling process, PVA films were formed readily around FePO4. As shown by the TEM results, the PVA films were successfully transformed into a perfect carbon coating around the LiFePO4 during calcination. The Raman spectrum showed the high quality of the obtained carbon layer, and the LiFePO4/C composites exhibited a high capacity and rate capacity retention at the rates of 0.1C and 20C. These results are indicative of the advantages of using PVA gel as a carbon source and its contribution to the excellent electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C composite nanoparticles.
Physical capacity tasks are useful tools to assess functioning in patients with low back pain (LBP), but evidence is scarce regarding the responsiveness (ability to detect change over time) and minimal important change (MIC). The aim was to investigate the responsiveness and MIC of 5-min walk, 1-min stair climbing, 50-ft walk, and timed up-and-go in patients with chronic LBP undergoing lumbar fusion surgery.
Solvothermally reduced graphene oxide (STRG) that was synthesized using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent was first employed as an conducting additive up to 15wt% to commercial graphite anodic material. Due to numerous functional groups on the surface of the STRG, the reversible capacity decreased as the amount of STRG in the anode increased. To overcome this disadvantage, nanosized metal oxides such as CuO and Co3O4 were supported on the STRG and a small amount of the composites was added to commercial graphite in order to enhance cyclic performance of the anode. A variety of characterization techniques showed that the composite additive significantly increased the reversible cyclic capacity by reducing the irreversible capacity of STRG and by providing more space for lithium ion intercalation.
Spinel lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) has attracted great interest as an anode material for lithium ion batteries due to its safe operation, low cost, and zero-strain effect during Li insertion/extraction. However, the poor rate capability caused by low electronic conductivity limits its practical use. We synthesized surface functionalized one-dimensional (1D) Li4Ti5O12 nanofibers using simple electro-spinning and subsequent nitridation process. Uniformly coated conducting TiN/TiO x N y layer on the surface of Li4Ti5O12 nanofiber enables fast electron transport along its one dimensional geometry, which leads to significant improvement in rate capability. Nitridated Li4Ti5O12 nanofibers electrode delivers about 1.35 times larger discharge capacity than that of pristine nanofibers electrode at a current density of 10 C.
Ruthenium chloride and iridium chloride precursors (denoted hereafter as RuCl3·aH2O and IrCl3·bH2O) reacted with water molecules and transformed into the chloro-oxy-hydroxyl-metal (denoted as Ru(OH) δ Cl3−δ ·cH2O and Ir(OH) ω Cl3−ω ·dH2O) structures when they were dissolved in water. The storage time, preheating, and initial pH of the deposition baths were demonstrated to significantly influence the structures of these dissolved precursors. The rate of hydrous oxide deposition by means of cyclic voltammetry was predominantly determined by the structures of the dissolved precursors and the initial pH of the deposition bath, which also caused a variation in the performance (i.e. specific capacitance) of the hydrous oxides (i.e. RuO x ·nH2O and (Ru+Ir)O y ·mH2O) for the application of electrochemical supercapacitors.
Pure-phase and well-crystallized spinel LiAl0.05Mn1.95O4 powders were successfully synthesized by a simple ultrasonic assisted rheological phase (UARP) method. The structure and morphology properties of this as-prepared powder compared with the pristine LiMn2O4 and LiAl0.05Mn1.95O4 obtained from the solid-state reaction (SSR) method were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical properties focused on the LiAl0.05Mn1.95O4 by this new method have also been investigated in detail. According to these tests results, it is obviously to see that the newly prepared sample delivers a relatively high initial discharge capacity of 111.6mAhg−1, presents excellent rate capability and reversibility, and shows good cycling stability with capacity retention of 90.6% after 70 cycles. Meanwhile, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) investigations were employed to study the electrochemical process of Li+ ions with the synthesized LiAl0.05Mn1.95O4 electrode in detail.
A method for the in situ dynamic measurement of the Ohmic resistivity, R c, of LiNi1−y Co y O2 cathodes as a function of the state of discharge, x, is developed. It follows the evolution of R c with only a negligible interference of the discharge process by applying 6–10 short current interruptions and by recording the voltage transients between the cathode and a Li/Li+ reference electrode. It was established with several tens of different LiNi1−y Co y O2 cathodes that the area-specific Ohmic resistivity remains constant in a wide range of x, from 0 up to ca. 0.75, above which a steep linear rise of R c is observed. This behaviour is in agreement with the expression of the redox potential of the Li insertion electrodes as a function of x proposed by Armand [1] and developed later by Ohzuku et al. [2]. In addition to the logarithmic Volmer–Tafel term this expression contains a linear one kx, which accounts for the close range in layer Li–Li interaction. The parameters of the R c/x plots can yield valuable information for the effect of the cathode design as well of the cathode active material on the cyclig performance of the cathodes.
Electrification of transportation is needed soon and at significant scale to meet climate goals, but electric vehicle adoption has been slow and there has been little systematic analysis to show that today’s electric vehicles meet the needs of drivers. We apply detailed physics-based models of electric vehicles with data on how drivers use their cars on a daily basis. We show that the energy storage limits of today’s electric vehicles are outweighed by their high efficiency and the fact that driving in the United States seldom exceeds 100km of daily travel. When accounting for these factors, we show that the normal daily travel of 85–89% of drivers in the United States can be satisfied with electric vehicles charging with standard 120V wall outlets at home only. Further, we show that 77–79% of drivers on their normal daily driving will have over 60km of buffer range for unexpected trips. We quantify the sensitivities to terrain, high ancillary power draw, and battery degradation and show that an extreme case with all trips on a 3% uphill grade still shows the daily travel of 70% of drivers being satisfied with electric vehicles. These findings show that today’s electric vehicles can satisfy the daily driving needs of a significant majority of drivers using only 120V wall outlets that are already the standard across the United States.
Al2O3-coated LiCoO2 particles are prepared by a gas-suspension spray method with coatings in the range from 0.1 to 2.0wt.%, and are examined for their electrochemical performance with special attention to the surface coverage of cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The Al2O3 coating increases both the surface area and the electrical conductivity of LiCoO2, improves the cycle performance even at a higher cut-off charge voltage, and induces higher thermal stability. In the experimental range studied, different coating amounts (i.e., surface coverage of Al2O3) causes different capacity retention after 50 cycles. The optimum Al2O3 coating amount for the highest capacity retention is 0.2wt.%. This corresponds to 13.7% of surface coverage.
An in-channel configuration for amperometric detection has been adopted in capillary electrophoresis performed in photolithographically microfabricated chips. This electrode alignment, compared with the more conventional end-channel configuration, led to a better peak resolution and a higher sensitivity, because it involves no gap between the channel outlet and the working electrode, thus preventing the dispersion of the analyte band leaving the separation channel into the comparatively large detection reservoir. All details concerning the chip fabrication, as well as injection and detection procedures adopted are carefully described. The performance of this approach was first optimized for the experimental parameters affecting both separation and detection steps and then assayed for the separation of two synthetic food dyes, Green S and Patent Blue, concomitantly present in synthetic samples. Under the optimized conditions thus recognized (background electrolyte: 40mM aqueous carbonate–bicarbonate buffer at pH=10.5, separation voltage: 1300V, amperometric detection at controlled potential of 0.9V vs. Ag / AgCl, Cl ( sat ) - ), a well satisfactory resolution could be achieved within less than 300s. The recorded peaks were characterized by both a good repeatability (7%) and a linear dependence of their height over a wide concentration range (about 2 orders of magnitude). The detection limit, estimated for a signal-to-noise ratio of three was 10μM for Patent Blue and 17μM for Green S. The application of the method to some commercial soft-drinks and candies is also presented.
Silver-modified Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ (Ag/BSCF) electrodes were prepared using an electroless deposition technique. The morphology, microstructure and oxygen reduction reaction activity of the resulted Ag/BSCF electrodes were comparatively studied using Fourier transform infrared spectra, environmental scanning electron microscopy, temperature-programmed oxygen desorption, X-ray diffraction, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. An area-specific resistance as low as 0.038Ωcm2 was achieved for N2H4-reduced Ag/BSCF cathode at 600°C. Carbonates were detected over the BSCF surface during the reduction of silver, which deteriorated both the charge-transfer process and diffusion process of HCHO-reduced Ag/BSCF cathode for the oxygen electrochemical reduction reaction. An anode-supported single cell with an N2H4-reduced Ag/BSCF cathode showed a peak power of 826mWcm−2 at 600°C. In comparison, only 672mWcm−2 was observed with the HCHO-reduced Ag/BSCF cathode.
As storage technology progresses it offers a range of solutions and services to users and the electricity industry. A new study explores whether or not this will eventually lead to self-sufficient consumers and spell the end of the networks as we know them.
The garnet-type ceramic electrolyte of nominal composition Li7La3Zr2O12 can exist in the tetragonal and cubic form. This article investigates the tetragonal to cubic phase transition based on super-valent cation substitution on the 24c site typically occupied by La (3+) in the garnet structure. Ce (4+) was selected as the super-valent cation represented as x in Li7−x La3−x Ce x Zr2O12. The doping study showed that cubic LLZO was stabilized for Ce ≥ 0.2. These data agree with most literature reports suggesting that the creation of Li vacancies, while maintaining oxygen stoichiometry, is necessary to stabilize cubic LLZO. Moreover, this work suggests a critical Li vacancy concentration (0.12–0.4 mol per mole of Li7La3Zr2O12) is necessary to stabilize cubic LLZO. While the addition of Ce stabilized cubic LLZO, the total ionic conductivity (0.014 mS cm−1) was considerably lower compared to Al and Ta doped LLZO (0.4–0.9 mS cm−1, respectively). The lower conductivity is likely due to CeO2 precipitation at grain boundaries.
Mn-rich olivine LiFe0.3Mn0.7PO4 is homogenously encapsulated by an ∼3-nm-thick conductive nanolayer composed of the glassy lithium fluorophosphate through simple non-stoichiometric synthesis using additives of small amounts of LiF and a phosphorus source. The coating of the glassy lithium fluorophosphate nanolayer is clearly verified using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It enables significant decrease in charge transfer resistance of LiFe0.3Mn0.7PO4 and improvement of its sluggish Li diffusion. At a rate of 10C, the LiFe0.3Mn0.7PO4 encapsulated by conductive glassy lithium fluorophosphate (LiFe0.3Mn0.7PO4-GLFP) electrode delivers a capacity of ∼130 mAh g−1, which is ∼77% of its theoretical capacity (∼170 mAh g−1) and ∼1.5 times higher than that of the pristine counterpart at 10C. Furthermore, LiFe0.3Mn0.7PO4-GLFP achieves outstanding cycle stability (∼75% retention of its initial capacity over 500 cycles at 1C). The proposed olivine LiFe0.3Mn0.7PO4-GLFP battery is thus expected to be a promising candidate for large-scale energy storage applications.
Aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs) have been regarded as a promising candidate for large-scale stationary energy storage applications based on their low cost, good safety and high volumetric capacity. However, the lack of suitable cathode materials with highly reversible aluminum storage has hindered their practical use. Here, we demonstrate a highly reversible AIB using porous Co3S4 microspheres as the cathode material. The microstructure gives Co3S4 a superior electrochemical performance to most other cathode materials for AIBs reported so far. It is further shown that the cell undergoes Al3+ intercalation/deintercalation with Co3+/Co2+ as a redox couple in the cathode, and electrochemical stripping/plating of metallic aluminum in the anode. We also found that the diffusion of Al3+ in the host Co3S4 is the key kinetic step that limits the discharge/charge current density. This work is a step forward in the development of a low-cost cathode material for high-performance AIBs and contributes to a better understanding of AIB chemistry.