batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We report new p-type FeNb1−xTixSb (0.04 ≤ x ≤ 0.24) half-Heusler thermoelectric materials with a maximum zT of 1.1 at 1100 K, which is twice that of the ZrCoSb half-Heusler alloys. The electrical properties are optimized by a tradeoff between the band effective mass and mobility via a band engineering approach. A high content of Ti up to x = 0.2 optimizes the power factor and reduces the lattice thermal conductivity. In view of abundantly available elements, good stability and high zT, FeNb1−xTixSb alloys could be promising materials for high temperature power generation.
Lithium-sulfur batteries were investigated as promising next-generation energy storage devices owing to their high capacity in comparison to conventional lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, the serious shuttle effect and sluggish redox kinetics originated from dissolution of polysulfides and insulating property of sulfur and lithium sulfide, restricted their practical applications. To overcome these stubborn problems, a robust and environment-friendly biomass carbon fiber interlayer anchored with uniformly-distributed SiO2 nanoparticles was demonstrated. Benefiting from the excellent conductivity of carbon fiber, together with the stable chemical adsorption of SiO2 for soluble polysulfides, this low-cost and lightweight interlayer could not only remarkably enhance sulfur utilization, but also efficiently capture the polysulfides by chemical entrapment strategies. With this biomass carbon fiber@SiO2 interlayer, the batteries delivered a high reversible capacity of 1352.8 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and enhanced capacity of 618.4 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 1.0 C. Even up to 4.2 mg cm−2 sulfur loading, high cycling stability was also achieved by this interlayer. We believe this robust and low-cost interlayer has a great potential for practical applications of Li–S batteries.
The citric acid-assisted sol–gel method was used to produce the high-voltage cathodes LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and LiNi0.4Ru0.05Mn1.5O4 at 800 °C and 1000 °C final calcination temperatures. High resolution powder diffraction using synchrotron radiation, inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses were carried out to characterize the structure, chemical composition and morphology. X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies were conducted to confirm Ru doping inside the spinel as well as to compare the oxidation states of transition metals. The formation of an impurity Li x Ni1−x O in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 powders annealed at high temperatures (T ≥ 800 °C) can be suppressed by partial substitution of Ni2+ by Ru4+ ion. The LiNi0.4Ru0.05Mn1.5O4 powder synthesized at 1000 °C shows the highest performance regarding the rate capability and cycling stability. It has an initial capacity of ∼139 mAh g−1 and capacity retention of 84% after 300 cycles at C/2 charging–discharging rate between 3.5 and 5.0 V. The achievable discharge capacity at 20 C for a charging rate of C/2 is ∼136 mAh g−1 (∼98% of the capacity delivered at C/2). Since the electrode preparation plays a crucial role on parameters like the rate capability, the influence of the mass loading of active materials in the cathode mixture is discussed.
Sound waste management and optimisation of resource recovery require reliable data on solid waste generation and composition. In the absence of standardised and commonly accepted waste characterisation methodologies, various approaches have been reported in literature. This limits both comparability and applicability of the results. In this study, a waste sampling and sorting methodology for efficient and statistically robust characterisation of solid waste was introduced. The methodology was applied to residual waste collected from 1442 households distributed among 10 individual sub-areas in three Danish municipalities (both single and multi-family house areas). In total 17 tonnes of waste were sorted into 10–50 waste fractions, organised according to a three-level (tiered approach) facilitating comparison of the waste data between individual sub-areas with different fractionation (waste from one municipality was sorted at “Level III”, e.g. detailed, while the two others were sorted only at “Level I”). The results showed that residual household waste mainly contained food waste (42±5%, mass per wet basis) and miscellaneous combustibles (18±3%, mass per wet basis). The residual household waste generation rate in the study areas was 3–4kg per person per week. Statistical analyses revealed that the waste composition was independent of variations in the waste generation rate. Both, waste composition and waste generation rates were statistically similar for each of the three municipalities. While the waste generation rates were similar for each of the two housing types (single-family and multi-family house areas), the individual percentage composition of food waste, paper, and glass was significantly different between the housing types. This indicates that housing type is a critical stratification parameter. Separating food leftovers from food packaging during manual sorting of the sampled waste did not have significant influence on the proportions of food waste and packaging materials, indicating that this step may not be required.
In this work, a novel Cu/RGO@Pb alloy was prepared successfully and tested in the simulated lead-acid battery environment. In preparing the novel alloy, Cu/RGO composite was firstly synthesized in order to increase the wettability of RGO to Pb, and then the composite was added to the molten lead to obtain the target alloy. Scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffraction as well as electrochemical measurements were employed to evaluate the performance of the obtained composite and alloy. Results show that the prepared Cu/RGO@Pb possessed higher oxygen evolution over-potential and lower hydrogen evolution over-potential than the contrast alloy, indicating this novel alloy was more suitable for using as positive grids in lead acid batteries. Moreover, the RGO additive could inhibit the formation of Pb(II) and Pb(IV) film on the surface of the alloy, which could enhance the deep-charge/discharge performance of the grids and improve the corrosion resistance.
To determine whether there is a difference between patients with low back pain and healthy controls in a test battery score for movement control of the lumbar spine.
In this study, we aim to develop a superstructure-based optimization model using mixed integer linear programming (MILP) to determine the optimal combination and sizing for a hybrid renewable energy system to be used in an isolated area. The developed model has a three-layered energy structure to reflect the current reality in which energy production and consumption sites are generally separate. A variety of economic factors, including distance between facilities and an installation area, are considered for a more accurate estimation of the total annualized cost. Two types of optimization models, i.e., with and without a battery, are proposed to evaluate the economic and technical effects of a storage device to resolve operation issues caused by intermittent resources. An application case study on Jeju Island, Korea, confirms that the proposed model is suitable for decision making at the planning stage of a renewable energy system.
Cognitive models of obsessive-compulsive disorder propose that beliefs about the importance of and need to control thoughts (ICT) are central to the maintenance of the disorder. Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation (CBM-I) can be used to experimentally test this theory and may also have clinical utility as an adjunct therapeutic tool. The current study extended previous research to investigate whether two CBM-I sessions (one within and one outside the laboratory) would augment effects on obsessive-compulsive beliefs and behavior. We randomly allocated undergraduate participants high in ICT beliefs to a Positive (n = 30) or Control (n = 36) CBM-I condition and conducted multi-modal assessments immediately following the first training and at one-week follow-up. As predicted, participants in the Positive condition reported a reduction in obsessive-compulsive beliefs from baseline to follow-up (partial η2 = .42), whereas those in the Control condition did not. Participants responded more adaptively to the ICT relevant stressor task at follow-up compared to post-intervention, but there was no significant difference between conditions. Likewise, participants reported a reduction in obsessive symptoms over time that did not differ between conditions. The findings are considered in light of cognitive models of OCD, and clinical implications are discussed.
We describe a ternary photoactive layer based on PffBT4T-2OD as a donor with a blend of dihydronaphthyl-based C60 bisadduct (NCBA) and PC71BM as the acceptor. It offers ideal exciton dissociation, an ideal charge-carrier recombination and photovoltaic performance relationship, and improves the power-conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of polymer solar cells (PSCs). NCBA has a broad visible-light absorption spectrum and shallower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, which enhance exciton dissociation and charge-carrier transport and suppress charge-carrier recombination. This remarkably increases the photocurrent density and fill factor. An optimized PCE of 9.79% was achieved for the ternary PffBT4T-2OD:NCBA:PC71BM(1:0.24:0.96)-based PSCs. The mechanism was exciton dissociation at the PffBT4T-2OD/NCBA, PffBT4T-2OD:PC71BM, and NCBA/PC71BM interfaces. This simultaneously enhances the exciton-dissociation ratio and charge-carrier transport. Meanwhile, PSCs with 20% NCBA as third-component materials exhibit improved thermal stability and photo-stability leading to a lower ratio of PCE under long-time thermal-annealing and visible-light-illuminated treatment. This work indicates that NCBAs are third-component materials that significantly improve PSC performance.
At the cathode of a Li–O2 battery, O2 is reduced to Li2O2 on discharge, the process being reversed on charge. Li2O2 is an insulating and insoluble solid, leading ultimately to low rates, low capacities and early cell death if formed on the cathode surface. Here we show that when using dual mediators, 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone [DBBQ] on discharge and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy [TEMPO] on charge, the electrochemistry at the cathode surface is decoupled from Li2O2 formation/decomposition in solution. Capacities of 2 mAh cmareal−2 at 1 mA cmareal−2 with low polarization on charge/discharge are demonstrated, and up to 40 mAh cmareal−2 at rates ≫1 mA cmareal−2 are anticipated if suitable gas diffusion electrodes can be devised. One of the major barriers to the progress of Li–O2 cells is decomposition of the carbon cathode. By forming/decomposing Li2O2 in solution and avoiding high charge potentials, the carbon instability is significantly mitigated (<0.008% decomposition per cycle compared with 0.12% without mediators).
Urinary dysfunction (UD) is a common non-motor feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and might be secondary to neurodegeneration involving cortical and subcortical brain areas. The possible link between UD and cognitive deficits has never been examined in frontal cortex impairment, and is still not completely understood in PD. In the present study, 94 PD patients underwent a comprehensive motor, cognitive and non-motor assessment. It was shown that 55.3% of patients reported UD, of which 17% needed specific urological treatment. Patients who reported UD performed worse on global cognition (PANDA, p = .05), visuo-constructive functions (CERAD/praxis, p = .03; and Figure Test, p = .03), and instrumental activities of daily living functions (IADL, p = .03), than patients without UD. The group with UD medication performed worse on global cognition (PANDA, p = .02) and visuo-constructive functions (CERAD/praxis, p = .05; CERAD/praxis recall, p = .05) than the UD group without medication, independent of anticholinergic treatment effect. Our findings suggest an association between cognitive impairment and UD in PD independent from symptomatic treatment.
In this work, at first simple spinel cobalt oxide nono powder was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal route combined with a heat treatment, in the next step the commercially available with Electrophoretic deposition of Co3O4 film on indium tin oxide is presented. Co3O4 is p type semiconductor and ITO, n type and Co3O4 on ITO creates a pn junction. The material was characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV–visible spectroscopy for energy band gap estimation and scanning electron microscopy to morphology investigation as well as size distribution and The BET specific surface area of the prepared sample. The optical transitions for single layer and device is investigated. Co3O4 on ITO nanostructured thin films shows the outstanding photocatalytic behavior that enhanced photo-catalytic oxidizing so that After 120 min of UV irradiation, degradation efficiency reaches to 91%.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the interplay between motivation and etiology‐specific strengths and weaknesses in cognitive–linguistic functioning. The chapter presents a brief review of research on motivation in children with idiopathic developmental delays. It discusses evidence for within‐individual and task‐specific variability in motivational orientation. Most research in mental retardation has considered motivation to be a domain‐general construct, but this chapter review evidence that individuals change motivational orientations in response to different types of tasks. The idea of differential motivation is discussed in the context of cognitive–linguistic phenotypes in Down syndrome and Williams syndrome: the role that motivation plays in helping to shape outcomes (progressive modularization of language in Williams syndrome), and the role motivation can play in modifying developmental outcomes (cognitive–linguistic intervention in Down syndrome). This exploration is an important first step toward designing motivation‐oriented interventions that prevent or ameliorate early syndrome‐specific failure experiences and maximize early successes.
The electrochemical performance of a Li-ion battery made from nanometric, highly crystalline LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 as positive electrode and mesoporous carbon microbeads (MCMBs) as negative electrode was assessed. The best performance was obtained by using a slight excess of spinel (a cathode/anode mole ratio of 1.3) and lithium bis-oxalate borate (LiBOB) instead of LiPF6 as an electrolyte salt. Higher spinel contents caused the formation of metallic Li in the carbon and the rapid degradation of battery performance as a result. The calculated output energy was 322Whkg−1 which is higher than the value reported for the LiMn2O4/C cell (250Whkg−1).
Sulfide solid electrolytes possess high ionic conductivity and moderate dendrite suppression capability, but rather poor compatibility against oxide cathodes and metallic Li. Here, we report O-doped Li6PS5Br as solid electrolyte synthesized by a facile solid-state sintering. Different from other O-incorporated sulfides, the O atoms in Li6PS5-x O x Br prefer to substitute the S atoms at free S2− sites rather than those at the PS4 tetrahedra. Remarkably, without deteriorating the ionic conductivity, this inorganic solid electrolyte with O doping exhibits comprehensively enhanced properties including excellent dendrite suppression capability, superior electrochemical and chemical stability against Li metal as well as high voltage oxide cathodes, and good air stability. Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2 and LiCoO2-based all-solid-state batteries with Li6PS4.7O0.3Br electrolyte deliver high specific capacity, superior rate capability, and outstanding cycling stability accompanied with low interfacial resistivity. This type of inorganic solid electrolytes is promising for all-solid-state batteries with high energy density.
Although carbohydrates play a central role in the biochemical pathways of biological systems, current technologies do not allow us to seriously consider the direct oxidation of monosaccharides such as glucose as a prominent source of power for electronic devices. Here we show a simple, inexpensive approach to harness chemical energy from glucose, converting it directly to electric power without a precious metal, enzyme or microorganism catalyst to promote monosaccharide oxidation. The design of this abiotic anode using inexpensive chemical dyes in alkaline solutions with high-surface-carbon materials is capable of harnessing electrical power from glucose. In conjunction with a commercial air-breathing electrode the resulting cell can generate maximum power at about 0.3 V and more than 9 mA cm−2; thus more than 2.5 mW cm−2. This power density surpasses any existing biotic or abiotic design. This approach might open the door to a broader possibility in using such monosaccharides in energy storage and harvesting to power small devices.
The structure, gaseous storage, and electrochemical properties of Mo-modified C14-predominant AB2 metal hydride alloys were studied. The addition of Mo expands the unit cell volume and stabilizes the metal hydride. This increased metal-to-hydrogen bond strength reduces the equilibrium plateau pressure, reversible hydrogen storage, and the high-rate dischargeability in the flooded cell configuration, but not the high-rate dischargeability in the sealed cell configuration. The low-temperature performance was improved by the addition of Mo through increases in bulk diffusion rate, surface area, and surface catalytic ability. The increase in bulk diffusion is the result of smaller crystallites and larger AB2–AB2 grain boundary densities. The increase in surface area is due to the high solubility of Mo in alkaline solution. Even with a higher leaching rate, the Mo-containing alloys still have strong corrosion resistance which contributes positively to both the charge retention and the cycle life performances. As the Mo-content in the alloy increases, the low temperature performance improves at the expense of a lower capacity.
Amorphous MgNi material has been prepared by mechanically alloying magnesium and nickel powders for 10h. Its cycle life as a negative electrode for nickel–metal hydride (Ni–MH) batteries has been studied with charge inputs varying from 0 to 600mAh/g. For charge inputs lower than 400mAh/g, the first cycle discharge capacity is superior to the charge input capacity. This surplus discharge capacity can be associated with the alloy oxidation to Mg(OH)2 and Ni(OH)2. For charge inputs higher than 400mAh/g, the initial discharge capacity becomes inferior to the charge input capacity due to the progressive decrease of the charge efficiency related to the hydrogen evolution side reaction. From the second charge/discharge cycle, no additional discharge capacity appears and no discharge capacity degradation occurs for charge inputs inferior or equal to 233mAh/g. In contrast, for higher charge input values, an important decay in the discharge capacity appears, which is accentuated with increasing charge input. The thresholds charge input of 233mAh/g corresponds to an amount of hydrogen absorbed into the alloy of 0.8wt.% (MgNiH0.7). For higher absorbed hydrogen amounts, it is assumed that extended electrode pulverization occurs, which breaks the passive surface layer of Mg(OH)2 formed during the first charge/discharge cycle. This creates unprotected fresh MgNi surfaces and consequently, leads to electrode capacity degradation. The stability of the MgNi electrode for absorbed hydrogen content lower than 0.8wt.% may be related to its amorphous character, which favors a gradual volume expansion upon hydrogen absorption in contrast to crystalline compounds characterized by an abrupt α-to-β lattice expansion.
The effectiveness of passive cooling by phase change materials (PCM) is compared with that of active (forced air) cooling. Numerical simulations were performed at different discharge rates, operating temperatures and ambient temperatures of a compact Li-ion battery pack suitable for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) propulsion. The results were also compared with experimental results. The PCM cooling mode uses a micro-composite graphite–PCM matrix surrounding the array of cells, while the active cooling mode uses air blown through the gaps between the cells in the same array. The results show that at stressful conditions, i.e. at high discharge rates and at high operating or ambient temperatures (for example 40–45°C), air-cooling is not a proper thermal management system to keep the temperature of the cell in the desirable operating range without expending significant fan power. On the other hand, the passive cooling system is able to meet the operating range requirements under these same stressful conditions without the need for additional fan power.
The effect of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) as a co-solvent on electrochemical battery performance and surface chemistry was investigated at nano-sized amorphous molybdenum dioxide (a-MoO2) lithium-ion secondary battery negative electrodes. The capacity retention was enhanced as a function of the FEC concentration up to approximately 7% after 50 cycles. The surface characterization conducted by EIS, FE-SEM, FT-IR, and XPS revealed that the improved battery performance of the a-MoO2 was attributed to the modification of the surface chemistry depending on the FEC content. An ion conductive, mechanically and electrochemically stable, and thin solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) was developed as a result of successive reductive decomposition of FEC at the a-MoO2 surface. The superior film properties originated from the FEC-reduced products that were rich in polycarbonates and LiF. Based on the findings, SEI formation mechanisms for ethylene carbonate (EC)-derived, FEC-derived, and EC-/FEC-co-derived SEI were also developed. Identification of the mechanisms proposed herein could provide a good understanding of the FEC effect in modifying the surface reaction of typical lithium-ion secondary battery negative electrodes.
Anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized via fast microwave-hydrothermal route and they were characterized by BET, SEM, XRD and EIS. The synthesis process took barely 20s, which means a low sintering time which provides a decrease in the cost and energy required in the synthesis process. Pure anatase colloidal TiO2 particles were obtained under these synthesis conditions. Particulate TiO2 films were deposited onto high porous graphite substrates and their catalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media was qualitatively demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry. The ORR mechanism showed to follow the two-electron pathway via hydrogen peroxide production and further reduction to water.
LiFePO4 is one of the promising materials for cathode of secondary lithium batteries due to its high energy density, low cost, environmental friendliness and safety. However, LiFePO4 has very poor electronic conductivity (∼10−9 Scm−1) and Li-ion diffusion coefficient (∼1.8×10−14 cm2 s−1) at room temperature. In an attempt to improve electrochemical properties, Li X FePO4 with various amounts of Li contents were investigated in this study. Li X FePO4 (X =0.7–1.1) samples were synthesized by solid-state reaction. High resolution X-ray diffraction, Rietveld analysis, BET, scanning electron microscopy, and hall effect measurement system were used to characterize these samples. Electronic conductivities of the samples with Li-deficient and Li-excess in Li x FePO4 were 10−3 to 10−1 Scm−1. Discharge capacities and rate capabilities of the samples with Li-deficient and Li-excess in Li X FePO4 were higher than those of stoichiometric LiFePO4 sample. Li0.9FePO4 samples fired at 700°C had discharge capacity of 156 and 140mAhg−1 at 0.1C- and 2C-rate, respectively.