batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The aim of this study was to specify the role of action representations in thematic and functional similarity relations between manipulable artifact objects. Recent behavioral and neurophysiological evidence indicates that while they are all relevant for manipulable artifact concepts, semantic relations based on thematic (e.g., saw–wood), specific function similarity (e.g., saw–axe), and general function similarity (e.g., saw–knife) are differently processed, and may relate to different levels of action representation. Point-light displays of object-related actions previously encoded at the gesture level (e.g., “sawing”) or at the higher level of action representation (e.g., “cutting”) were used as primes before participants identified target objects (e.g., saw) among semantically related and unrelated distractors (e.g., wood, feather, piano). Analysis of eye movements on the different objects during target identification informed about the amplitude and the timing of implicit activation of the different semantic relations. Results showed that action prime encoding impacted the processing of thematic relations, but not that of functional similarity relations. Semantic competition with thematic distractors was greater and earlier following action primes encoded at the gesture level compared to action primes encoded at higher level. As a whole, these findings highlight the direct influence of action representations on thematic relation processing, and suggest that thematic relations involve gesture-level representations rather than intention-level representations.
Recently, a Risk Assessment methodology was applied to animal welfare issues in a report of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) on intensively housed calves.
Ionic liquids are nonvolatile solvents and have high ionic conductivity. They can be used as stable electrolyte in many electrochemical systems. But their application is impeded by their high viscosity. This paper reports a novel method to reduce the viscosity of an ionic liquid, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide (PMII) that is extensively used in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), by the addition of carboxylic group-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (oMWCNTs). The viscosity of PMII can decrease from 1380cP to 400cP at 25°C after the addition of 0.10wt% oMWCNTs. The viscosity reduction depends on the oMWCNT loading. Unfunctionalized MWCNTs hardly reduce the viscosity of PMII. The viscosity decrease is attributed to the reduction in the Coulombic attractions between the PMI+ cations and I− anions as a result of the hydrogen bond formation between PMI+ and carboxylic group of oMWCNTs. The presence of oMWCNTs gives rise to the increase in the size disparity of cations to anions of PMII and induces disordered structure. The addition of oMWCNTs does not affect the thermal stability of PMII. PMII–oMWCNT mixtures with reduced viscosity are used as the electrolyte of DSSCs. The addition oMWCNTs in the ionic liquid can significantly improve the photovoltiac efficiency of DSSCs. This is the first time to observe the viscosity reduction of ionic liquid by carbon nanotubes.
Blends of PVdF-HFP and ionic liquids (ILs) are interesting for application as electrolytes in plastic Li batteries. They combine the advantages of the gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) swollen by conventional organic liquid electrolytes with the nonflammability, and high thermal and electrochemical stability of ILs. In this work we prepared and characterized PVdF-HFP composite membranes swollen with a solution of LiTFSI in ether-functionalized pyrrolidinium-imide ionic liquid (PYRA12O1TFSI). The membranes were filled in with two different types of silica: (i) mesoporous SiO2 (SBA-15) and (ii) a commercial nano-size one (HiSil™ T700). The ionic conductivity and the electrochemical properties of the gel electrolytes were studied in terms of the nature of the filler. The thermal and the transport properties of the composite membranes are similar. In particular, room temperature ionic conductivities higher than 0.25mScm−1 are easily obtained at defined filler contents. However, the mesoporous filler guarantees higher lithium transference numbers, a more stable electrochemical interface and better cycling performances. Contrary to the HiSil™-based membrane, the Li/LiFePO4 cells with PVdF-HFP/PYRA12O1TFSI–LiTFSI films containing 10wt% of SBA-15 show good charge/discharge capacity, columbic efficiency close to unity, and low capacity losses at medium C-rates during 180 cycles.
There is an increasing concern about sustainable energy supply and problems relating to environmental issues such as global climate change. The development of new technologies is extremely important for creating energy materials, for improving efficiency of energy-related conversions, for developing novel catalysts and reactors, and so on. The present special issue of the Journal of Energy Chemistry contains 26 peer-reviewed manuscripts, with concerns on the newest progress in new energy technologies, including fuel cells (1), Li-ion battery (1), hydrogen production (1), catalysts for energy applications (5), CO2 capture (1), CO2 utilization (3), biofuels (2) and plasma applications (8). We have also included four papers on theoretical studies that are playing more and more important roles in the design of materials and in mechanism studies. Especially, we have paid special attentions to novel technologies like supercritical water and plasma conversion. We have selected papers from the “2012 International Symposium on Plasmas for Catalysts and Energy Materials”, held in Tianjin, China, from September 21 to 24, 2012. The Guest Editors, C.-J. Liu, X. Tu, S. Challapalli and M.-H. Zhang, would like to thank all the contributors of this Special Issue, as well as the referees and the editorial staff of the Journal of Energy Chemistry for their great assistance.
Trade-off between shunt current loss and pumping loss is a major challenge in the design of the electrolyte piping network in a flow battery system. It is generally recognized that longer and thinner ducts are beneficial to reduce shunt current but detrimental to minimize pumping power. Base on the developed analog circuit model and the flow network model, we make case studies of multi-stack vanadium flow battery piping systems and demonstrate that both shunt current and electrolyte flow resistance can be simultaneously minimized by using longer and thicker ducts in the piping network. However, extremely long and/or thick ducts lead to a bulky system and may be prohibited by the stack structure. Accordingly, the intrinsic design trade-off is between system efficiency and compactness. Since multi-stack configurations bring both flexibility and complexity to the design process, we perform systematic comparisons among representative piping system designs to illustrate the complicated trade-offs among numerous parameters including stack number, intra-stack channel resistance and inter-stack pipe resistance. As the final design depends on various technical and economical requirements, this paper aims to provide guidelines rather than solutions for designers to locate the optimal trade-off points according to their specific cases.
We describe and implement a method of extending the life of a LiFePO4/graphite lithium ion battery by replenishing the lost active lithium during cell operation and concomitant capacity fade. The approach may prove helpful in terms of increasing lithium ion cell life. After the cell had lost 30% of its capacity, analysis showed that the cell had not experienced significant impedance increase or cathode capacity loss, and the anode had lost about 5% of its storage capacity. The analysis confirmed that the loss of active lithium greatly outpaced the loss of capacity for either electrode and is responsible for cell capacity decay. The cathode was then discharged against an external lithium electrode to increase the amount of active lithium within the cell. About half of the lost capacity was recovered, and the cell cycled for 1500 more cycles. Active lithium replenishment from a reserve electrode may be an effective method of extending the life of lithium ion batteries.
The results of previous work from our laboratories have suggested that free radical damage to T cells as they age may contribute to the age-related decline in the T cell-mediated immune response. The aims of this investigation were to assess the efficiency of in vivo antioxidant capacity through determining the antioxidant capacity of plasma using the ferric reducing ability of plasma assay, and to assess the levels and types of DNA damage (as a measure of in vivo antioxidant efficiency) using the alkaline comet assay and two enzymatic modifications of the comet assay, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from nonagenarian subjects drawn from the Swedish NONA Immune Study. The results obtained were compared with those from middle-aged (40–60 years) controls to identify potential anti-immunosenescent effects of in vivo antioxidants. The results revealed a significantly higher plasma antioxidant capacity in NONA subjects compared to controls, and these results support a relationship between longevity and intact immune function, which may be underpinned by antioxidant defences which reduce free radical damage to PBMC, thus helping to maintain cell function. The NONA subjects were found to have similar levels of DNA damage in their PBMCs to those found in middle aged controls.
The electrification of transportation necessitates the growth of high-power-density lithium ion batteries. However, traditional graphite anodes in lithium ion batteries perform poorly especially when charged or discharged under high current density. In this work, we deposit nanoflake δ-MnO2 on the carbon nanotubes-Graphene-Nickel foam compound matrix and apply it as a self-standing anode without binder or conductive agent. This composite buffers volume change, enables more electrochemical active sites, boosts the conductivity of electrode materials and facilitates lithium-ion diffusion. The resulting lithium ion batteries with the composite anodes show improved cycle life and enhanced rate performance, yielding a high specific capacity of 1250 mAh g−1 for 350 cycles at 0.4 A g−1 and 490 mAh g−1 over 700 cycles at 4.0 A g−1.
Nano-FeF3/graphene composite is successfully fabricated by an in-situ method. The structure and morphology of the samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effect of different processing conditions and different carbon sources is investigated. The electrochemical performance of FeF3/graphene is examined by discharge/charge and electrochemical impedance measurements. The results show that the less than 5% graphene-containing composite exhibits high capacity, stable cycling, and outstanding rate capability. The ultrafine particle size and the homogeneous network between FeF3 and graphene both contribute to the excellent electrochemical property.
The history of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is briefly reviewed, starting with the foundations laid by Heaviside in the late 19th century in the form of Linear Systems Theory (LST). Warburg apparently was the first to extend the concept of impedance to electrochemical systems at the turn of the 19th century, when he derived the impedance function for a diffusional process that still bears his name. Impedance spectroscopy was next employed extensively using reactive bridges to measure the capacitance of ideally polarizable electrodes (mostly mercury), leading to the development of models for the electrified interface. However, it was the invention of the potentiostat in the 1940s and the development of frequency response analyzers in the 1970s that led to the use of EIS in exploring electrochemical and corrosion mechanisms, primarily because of their ability to probe electrochemical systems at very low frequencies. These inventions have led to an explosion in the use of EIS for exploring a wide range of systems and processes, ranging from conduction in the solid and liquid states, ionic and electronic conduction in polymers, heterogeneous reaction mechanisms, and the important phenomenon of passivity. It is evident that the use of EIS in identifying reaction mechanisms makes use of pattern recognition, currently through inspection. It is argued that, in the future development of EIS, reaction mechanism analysis (RMA) would be most efficiently done by using artificial neural networks operating in the pattern recognition mode. This strategy would require the creation of libraries of reaction mechanisms for which the theoretical impedance functions are known.
Publisher Summary The registration of acoustic emission (AE) in friction is characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of continuous and discrete AE, a broad dynamic range of variation of the signal amplitude, the effect of acoustic, electrical, and electromagnetic noise. The validity of conclusions on the condition of friction units based on AE measurement data depends on many factors including the reliable selecting of signal from unwanted noises accompanying the signal. Therefore, when developing the instrumentation and equipment for studies of AE in friction, it is necessary to take measures to dejam noises and ghost signals attending tribotests and to provide a high signal-to-noise merit. AE instrumentation, such as any electronic measuring instruments experiences the effect of external noise and intrinsic electrical noise resulting in masking and distortion of data being registered. Sources of intrinsic noise are fluctuation phenomena occurring in the instrumentation including thermal noise, fluctuations of the number of charge carriers in semiconductors, the instability of leakage currents etc. External noise is caused by the influence of electromagnetic fields on components of electronic devices and electromechanical sensing devices. Acoustic and mechanical effects on the object under study and AE gages also produce external noise.
A modified synthesis process was developed based on co-precipitation method followed by spray drying process. In this process, a spherical shaped (Co1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3)(OH)2 precursor was synthesized by co-precipitation and pre-heated at 500°C to form a high structural stability spinel (CoNiMn)O4 to maintain its shape for further processing. The spherical LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 was then prepared by spray drying process using spherical spinel (CoNiMn)O4. LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 powders were then modified by coating their surface with a uniform and nano-sized layer of ZrO2. The ZrO2-coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 material exhibited an improved rate capability and cycling stability under a high cut-off voltage of 4.5V. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements revealed that the material had a well-ordered layered structure and Zr was not doped into the LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements showed that the coated material has stable cell resistance regardless of cycle number. The interrupt charging/discharging test indicated that the ZrO2 coating can suppress the polarization effects during the charging and discharging process. From these results, it is believed that the improved cycling performance of ZrO2-coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 is attributed to the ability of ZrO2 layer in preventing direct contact of the active material with the electrolyte resulting in a decrease of electrolyte decomposition reactions.
The present study based on World Health Organization quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) scale to examine quality of life of the caregivers caring for their children/adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Taiwan, and the factors contributing to their quality of life. Structured interviews were conducted with 597 caregivers of children/adolescents with intellectual disabilities. The results found that the mean scores in each domain of WHOQOL-BREF of the caregivers as the followings: physical capacity (PC) was 13.71±2.35, psychological well-being (PW) was 12.21±2.55, social relationship (SR) was 12.99±2.43 and environment (EN) was 12.32±2.38. These mean scores were lower than the general population and slight higher than the caregivers of adults with intellectual disabilities in Taiwan. Finally, multiple stepwise regressions were conducted to examine the characteristics of caregiver and children/adolescents with intellectual disabilities will more likely explained the WHOQOL-BREF mean scores. The study found the following three factors: self-perceived health status, household income and stress from insufficient family support were significantly correlated to all four domains in multiple stepwise regression analyses. The results highlights that caregivers of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities seem to display a lower WHOQOL-BREF mean score than the general population, probably for a combination of stress, health and household income factors. These finding must be taken into account in policy making to provide better and more specific supports and interventions for the caregivers of people with intellectual disabilities.
Submicron sized NaFePO4 is successfully prepared in-situ by electrochemical delithiation of olivine type LiFePO4 and subsequent sodium insertion in aprotic electrolyte. The composition dependence of the Gibbs energy and the entropy of sodiation is investigated by temperature dependent measurements of the equilibrium potential. The exchange current density and the sodium-ion diffusion coefficient of NaFePO4 are systematically investigated as a function of the composition. Significant state of charge dependencies of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are found to correlate with phase transformations of the active material during charging and discharging. The results confirm the existence of a path dependence related to an asymmetric phase transformation behavior that was recently proposed in literature.
In this paper, we show how to extend solution methods for vehicle-routing problems with intermediate stops (using the example of an Adaptive Variable Neighborhood Search (AVNS) algorithm) to solve the recently introduced battery swap station location-routing problem with capacitated electric vehicles. The problem calls for the simultaneous determination of (i) the battery swap stations (BSSs) to be constructed out of a set of candidate locations, and (ii) the electric vehicle routes to serve a set of customers with the goal of minimizing the sum of construction and routing cost. On the benchmark instances from the literature, the extended AVNS is able to significantly improve the previously known best solutions for the large majority of instances while using only a small fraction of the run-times reported for the comparison methods of Yang and Sun (2015). Moreover, the AVNS proves robust with regard to its average solution quality and is able to strongly reduce the number of constructed BSSs in the solutions compared to the results from the literature. Therefore, we generate additional benchmark instances which prove to be more meaningful with respect to the necessity of using BSSs and that are suitable to analyze the impact of varying construction cost on the location decision.
The structure–property relationships of hydrous ruthenium oxides, fabricated by electro deposition on Ti foil, were investigated with different annealing conditions. The annealing temperature was found to play an important role in affecting the electrochemical performance of the annealed hydrous ruthenium oxides. The results indicate that annealing hydrous ruthenium oxide at its crystallization threshold temperature, ∼200°C, may help to create suitable nanostructure in the oxide that supports the establishment of interpenetrating percolation paths for balanced electron and proton conduction, thereby improving the capacitive response of the oxide dramatically. This finding is useful for fabrication of electrodes with enhanced electrochemical performance for application in microsupercapacitor.
Nanostructures always have an advantage in electrochemical research. In this work, the GeNb18O47 nanowires are synthesized by an easy electrospinning method for the first time. We study morphologies and electrochemical properties of as-obtained GeNb18O47 nanowires via the X-ray diffraction, charge/discharge curve, cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. As expected, GeNb18O47 nanowires exhibit impressive charge capacity of 216.9 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 and high-capacity retention of 93.6% after 200 cycles. Electrochemical analyses show that GeNb18O47 nanowires exhibit the lower redox polarization, smaller charge transfer resistance and higher Li+ diffusion coefficient compared with sol-gel formed bulk sample. Therefore, the GeNb18O47 nanowire is a promising active electrode material for the lithium batteries.
In August 2002, Wärtsilä Corporation and Haldor Topsøe A/S entered into a co-operation agreement to start joint development program within the planar SOFC technology. The development program aims to bring to the market highly efficient, clean and cost competitive fuel cell systems with power outputs above 200kW for distributed power generation with CHP and for marine applications. In this study, the product concept for a 250kW natural gas-fuelled atmospheric SOFC plant has been studied. The process has been calculated and optimised for high electrical efficiency. In the calculations, system efficiencies more than 55–85% (electrical co-generation) have been reached. The necessary balance of plant (BoP) components have been identified and the concept for grid connection has been defined. The BoP includes fuel and air supply, anode re-circulation, start-up steam, purge gas, exhaust gas heat recovery, back-up power, power electronics and control system. Based on the analysed system and component information, a conceptual design and cost break down structure for the product have been made. The cost breakdown shows that the stack, system control and power electronics are the major cost factors, while the remaining BoP equipment stands for a minor share of the manufacturing cost. Finally, the feasibility of the SOFC plants has been compared to gas engines.
We investigated the relation between the electrode performance and electronic states of LiMn2−x M x O4 (M=Ni, Zn) as cathode active materials for the 4V class of lithium secondary batteries. The cycle performance is improved by substitution of Mn with Ni or Zn. We obtained the electron density distribution by XRD using the MEM/Rietveld method. Moreover, we investigated the electronic states of LiMn1.75M0.25O4 (M=Mn, Ni, Zn) using first-principles calculation by the DV-Xα method. The net charges of each atom, and the bond overlap populations of LiO, MnO, NiO and ZnO were calculated. From the results, Li has a high ionicity and the covalent bonding of the MnO of LiMn1.75M0.25O4 (M=Ni, Zn) is stronger than that of LiMn2O4. As a result of the DOS, the oxygen 2p orbital and Mn 3d orbital provides the overlap and the overlap of LiMn1.75M0.25O4 is greater than that of LiMn2O4.
Petroleum coke (PeC), a soft carbon, displays excellent performance at high current densities so that it can be considered as a very promising material for high performance lithium-ion capacitors (LICs). PeC-based LICs deliver a specific energy and power of 48 Wh kg−1 and 9 kW kg−1, respectively, upon charge–discharge tests carried out using a current density of 4.5 A g−1 (corresponding to 30 C). These values are outperforming those displayed by supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries under the same condition, and such performance can be maintained for 50,000 cycles.