batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Polypyrrole (PPy) films doped with large immobile dodecyl benzene sulfonate (DBS) anions have been cycled in electrolytes of different concentration in an investigation of the diffusion of counter ions in this polymer complex. The diffusion of counter ions determines the speed of response of the films when they are used in artificial muscles or as electrodes in batteries and other devices. For the present study, PPy/DBS films were electro-polymerized on platinum wires and cycled in aqueous solutions of NaCl of concentrations ranging from 0.1M to 5M. Significant changes in the redox properties of the films were observed with the increase of the concentration. The effective diffusion coefficients in 0.1M, 1M and 3M NaCl are nearly 3×10−12 m2 s−1, 20×10−12 m2 s−1 and 55×10−12 m2 s−1, respectively. The diffusion coefficient in 3M NaCl is approximately 18 times the value in 0.1M NaCl reflecting that the amount of salt and solvent taken up by the polymer is linked to the electrolyte composition by osmotic balances. These findings have implications for the design of polypyrrole based electrodes and actuators that are required to operate at higher frequencies.
In order to obtain a new type of lithium battery electrode material with high capacity, a porous titania was fabricated from exfoliated nanosheets. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms showed that the porous titania has a mesoporous structure composed of slit-shaped pores. The porous titania worked as a rechargeable electrode material. An initial capacity of 267mAhg−1 (cut-off voltage: 1.0V) could be achieved, which approximately correspond to the composition of Li0.8TiO2. A charge–discharge test between 3V and 1V gave a good rechargeable capacity of about 200mAhg−1 over the first 10 cycles. The porous titania had a larger capacity than the parent unexfoliated H1.08Ti1.73O4 specimen. There was no correlation between the mesopore volume and the capacity. The development of smaller fine pores below the mesopores contributed to obtaining the high capacity.
We report on the effects of the changed hydration number of calcium ions due to the variation in the electrolyte concentration in a Prussian blue analogue electrode, CuHCF, and aqueous electrolyte system on its performance, for calcium-ion batteries (CIBs). As determined by Raman spectroscopy, the coordination number of the calcium ions, that is, the number of nitrate anions surrounding it in the aqueous electrolyte gradually increased upon increasing the electrolyte concentration from 1.0 to 8.4 mol dm−3. In other words, the hydration number of calcium ions gradually decreased. Additionally, the activation energy, E a , for the interfacial charge transfer during the process of calcium ion insertion into the CuHCF electrode was estimated from the temperature dependence of the charge transfer resistance in these aqueous electrolytes via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The E a value gradually decreased with increasing electrolyte concentration. These results are directly related to the electrochemical performance such as the discharge/charge capacities, rate capability, and cyclability in this system for CIBs.
A conscious use of the battery is one of the key elements to consider while driving an electric vehicle. Hence, supporting the drivers, with information about it, can be strategic in letting them drive in a better way, with the purpose of optimizing the energy consumption. In the context of electric vehicles, equipped with regenerative brakes, the driver’s braking style can make a significant difference. In this paper, we propose an approach which is based on the combination of big data and machine learning techniques, with the aim of enhancing the driver’s braking style through visual elements (displayed in the vehicle dashboard, as a Human–Machine Interface), actuating eco-driving behaviours. We have designed and developed a system prototype, by exploiting big data coming from an electric vehicle and a machine learning algorithm. Then, we have conducted a set of tests, with simulated and real data, and here we discuss the results we have obtained that can open interesting discussions about the use of big data, together with machine learning, so as to improve drivers’ awareness of eco-behaviours.
Electrochemical reduction of CO2 into value-added fuels and chemicals driven by renewable energy presents a potentially sustainable route to mitigate CO2 emissions and alleviate the dependence on fossil fuels. While tailoring the electronic structure of active components to modulate their intrinsic reactivity could tune the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), their use is limited by the linear scaling relation of intermediates. Due to the high susceptibility of the CO2RR to the local CO2 concentration/pH and mass transportation of CO2/intermediates/products near the gas–solid–liquid three-phase interface, engineering catalysts’ morphological and interfacial properties holds great promise to regulate the CO2RR, which are irrelevant with linear scaling relation and possess high resistance to harsh reaction conditions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in tuning CO2 reduction electrocatalysis via morphology and interface engineering. The fundamentals of the CO2RR and design principles for electrode materials are presented firstly. Then, approaches to build an efficient three-phase interface, tune the surface wettability, and design a favorable morphology are summarized; the relationship between the properties of engineered catalysts and their CO2RR performance is highlighted to reveal the activity-determining parameters and underlying catalytic mechanisms. Finally, challenges and opportunities are proposed to suggest the future design of advanced CO2RR electrode materials.
The thin films of nanostructured In2O3 have been prepared by reactive pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method in oxygen ambient. The electrochemical properties have been investigated by charge/discharge measurement and cyclic voltammograms. A large reversible capacity of nanostructured In2O3 thin films was found to be 883mAhg−1, corresponding to 8.9 Li per In2O3. A new couple of reduction and oxidation peaks at 1.0 and 1.9V were observed from CV curves for the first time. The electrochemical reaction properties of In2O3 with lithium were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) measurements. Both alloying/dealloying processes and oxidation/reduction processes of In were revealed during the lithium electrochemical reaction of In2O3 thin film electrode instead of the classical alloying reaction between In2O3 and lithium.
To test the hypothesis that the oral cavity is a potential source for implantable pacemaker and cardioverter defibrillators infections, the bacterial diversity on explanted rhythm heart management devices was investigated and compared to the oral microbiome.
The focus of this review is on progress achieved in identifying specific genes conferring risk for anxiety disorders through the use of genetic animal models. We discuss gene-finding studies as well as those manipulating a candidate gene. Both human and animal studies thus far support the genetic complexity of anxiety. Clinical manifestations of these diseases are likely related to multiple genes. While different anxiety disorders and anxiety-related traits all appear to be genetically influenced, it has been difficult to ascertain genetic influences in common. Mouse studies have provisionally mapped several loci harboring genes that affect anxiety-related behavior. The growing array of mutant mice is providing valuable information about how genes and environment interact to affect anxious behavior via multiple neuropharmacological pathways. Classical genetic methods such as artificial selection of rodents for high or low anxiety are being employed. Expression array technologies have as yet not been employed, but can be expected to implicate novel candidates and neurobiological pathways.
The cathode-active materials, layered Li[Ni0.333Co0.333Mn0.293Al0.04]O2−z F z (0≤ z ≤0.1), were synthesized from a sol–gel precursor at 900°C in air. The influence of Al–F co-substitution on the structural and electrochemical properties of the as-prepared samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electrochemical experiments. The results showed that Li[Ni0.333Co0.333Mn0.293Al0.04]O2−z F z has a typical hexagonal structure with a single phase, the particle sizes of the samples tended to increase with increasing fluorine content. It has been found that Li[Ni0.333Co0.333Mn0.293Al0.04]O1.95F0.05 showed an improved cathodic behavior and discharge capacity retention compared to the undoped samples in the voltage range of 3.0–4.3V. The electrodes prepared from Li[Ni0.333Co0.333Mn0.293Al0.04]O1.95F0.05 delivered an initial discharge capacity of 158mAh−1 g and an initial coulombic efficiency is 91.3%, and the capacity retention at the 20th cycle was 94.9%. Though the F-doped samples had lower initial capacities, they showed better cycle performances compared with F-free samples. Therefore, this is a promising material for a lithium-ion battery.
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoflower was grown onto 3D graphene (3DG) by a simple hydrothermal method. Subsequently, Nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) were decorated on the surface of MoS2 to further enhance the electrochemical performance through a one-step electrodeposition method. The NGQDs decorated MoS2 on 3DG (NGQDs@MoS2/3DG) is further employed directly as a binder free anode of sodium ion batteries (SIBs). NGQD@MoS2/3DG nanoarchitecture delivers a specific capacity of 638 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1, and an ultra-high first cycle coulombic efficiency of 85.4%. The outstanding Na+ storage properties of NGQD@MoS2/3DG was attributed to the synergistic effect among the conductive 3DG carbon matrix, MoS2 nanoflowers and decorated NGQDs. These results obtained potentially unveil a path for the development of excellent electrochemical performance with high initial coulombic efficiency of SIBs.
A system based on a frequency converter and three-phase electric motors has been developed to permit continuous drive operation when the primary power supply is cut off. Power may be supplied to the frequency converter from a low-voltage dc source such as a rechargeable battery or a supercapacitor.
Background and purpose: Patients' knowledge and beliefs about their illnesses are known to influence a range of health related variables, including treatment compliance. It may, therefore, be important to quantify these variables to assess their impact on compliance, particularly in chronic illnesses such as Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) that rely on self-administered treatments. The aim of this study was to develop two new tools, the Apnea Knowledge Test (AKT) and the Apnea Beliefs Scale (ABS), to assess illness knowledge and beliefs in OSA patients. Patients and methods: The systematic test construction process followed to develop the AKT and the ABS included consultation with sleep experts and OSA patients. The psychometric properties of the AKT and ABS were then investigated in a clinical sample of 81 OSA patients and 33 healthy, non-sleep disordered adults. Results: Results suggest both measures are easily understood by OSA patients, have adequate internal consistency, and are readily accepted by patients. A preliminary investigation of the validity of these tools, conducted by comparing patient data to that of the 33 healthy adults, revealed that apnea patients knew more about OSA, had more positive attitudes towards continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment, and attributed more importance to treating sleep disturbances than non-clinical groups. Conclusions: Overall, the results of psychometric analyses of these tests suggest these measures will be useful clinical tools with numerous beneficial applications, particularly in CPAP compliance studies and apnea education program evaluations.
An assumption of studies using acoustic telemetry is that surgical implantation of acoustic transmitters or tags does not alter behavior of tagged individuals. Evaluating the validity of this assumption can be difficult for large fish, such as adult sturgeons, not amenable to controlled laboratory experimentation. The purpose of this study was to determine if and when this assumption was valid for adult lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens tagged with large (34 g) acoustic transmitters and released into the St. Clair River during 2011–2014. The hypothesis that activity and reach-scale distributions of tagged and untagged lake sturgeon did not differ was tested by comparing movement frequencies, movement rates (speed-over-ground), and location-specific detection probabilities between newly-tagged lake sturgeon and presumably fully-recovered conspecifics tagged and released in prior years.
Flexible carbon nanotube macro-films (CMFs) are perfect current collectors for preparing foldable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, selecting appropriate anodes for electrode is difficult because of the different potentials (vs. Li/Li+) of carbon nanotubes and traditional metallic current collector. This study demonstrated an additional reaction at potential below 0.9 V (vs. Li/Li+) caused by CMF, And Li+ will be constrained, which decreased capacity of anode/CMF electrode. Conversely, results changed when the anode potential exceeded 0.9 V (vs. Li/Li+) because Li+ passed the potential threshold, and the CMF retained its electrochemical inactivity. Consequently, the CMF-based foldable LIBs performed well. The potential threshold mechanism of anode is expected to provide new impetus to both academia and industry for exploring flexible or foldable LIBs.
A galvanic cell with pure copper and Al 2024 and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in Luria Bertani (LB) medium and a control cell, which did not contain the bacteria, have been tested. Potentiodynamic polarization experiments were used to determine cell voltage (V)–current (i) and power (P)–i curves as a function of time. The results for the cell without bacteria demonstrated that the maximum power output was obtained in the first day and dropped drastically in the following days. For the cell with MR-1 the power output of the cell increased slowly with time for around 100 days and remained at similar values for another 100 days. For pure Cu significant changes of the impedance spectra were found in the presence of MR-1. The impedance spectra resembled those usually observed for polymer-coated metals. In order to investigate this phenomenon in more detail, the effects of the different exposure conditions on the electrochemical behavior of copper were evaluated in LB containing MR-1. A second time constant was observed in the impedance spectra of copper that was partially immersed in the test solution (cell B). Complete immersion of copper in the electrolyte (no air/liquid interface) or deaeration of cell B resulted in one-time-constant spectra that are typical of those found for passive metals. Excellent corrosion protection was provided by MR-1 regardless of exposure condition. The corrosion potential increased with time for the Cu electrode exposed in cell B, while it decreased for the other two exposure conditions.
In this work we study methyl nonafluorobutyl ether (MFE) and tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite (TTFP), respectively, as a co-solvent for the non-aqueous electrolyte of Li–air battery. Results show that in certain solvent ratios, both solvents are able to increase the specific capacity of carbon in Li/O2 and Li/air cells. More interestingly, the improvement in discharge performance of the Li/air cells increases with discharge current density. These results cannot be explained by the ionic conductivity and viscosity data of the electrolytes since the participation of fluorinated co-solvents hardly changes viscosity of the solvent blends while reversely reduces ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. In particular, we find that a 30wt.% (vs. solvent) addition of TTFP into a 0.2m (molality) LiSO3CF3 PC electrolyte can significantly improve the discharge performance of Li/air cells, and that the resultant electrolyte is able to support long-term operation of Li/air cells in dry ambient environments due to its low volatility. We believe that the observed performance improvement is associated with the increased dissolution kinetics and solubility of oxygen in fluorinated solvent containing electrolyte.
In the last decade, there has been a flood of new technology in the sequencing arena. The onset of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has resulted in the vast increase in genetic diagnostic testing available to the ordering physician. Whole exome sequencing (WES) has become available as a diagnostic test performed in certified clinical laboratories. This has led to increased presence in the diagnostic marketplace, increased consumer awareness, and the question has been raised by various stakeholders to whether there is sufficient stringent regulation of WES and other NGS-based tests. We discuss the various WES services currently available in the marketplace, current regulation of WES as a laboratory developed test, the proposed FDA involvement in its oversight as well as the response of various laboratory groups that provide these diagnostic services. Overall, a rigorous process oversight and assessment of inter-lab reproducibility is strongly warranted for WES as it is used as a diagnostic test, but regulation should be mindful of the excessive administrative burden on academic and smaller diagnostic laboratories.
Recent years, nanostructured design for battery electrodes has emerged as a promising solution to improve rate capability and reliability of the high-capacity electrodes. However, the surface effects arising from small feature size may affect the multi-physical features of electrodes subject to non-equilibrium electrochemical cycles. In this study, a reaction-diffusion-stress coupling model is developed with the contribution of surface effects, which can capture the interactions between surface electrode reaction, diffusion and solid deformation in a nanoparticle of an electrode under non-equilibrium cyclic charge and discharge. Numerical results show that compressive stress at the surface of an electrode particle during insertion inhibits lithium absorption, while tensile stress at the surface of an electrode particle due to ion extraction suppresses lithium desorption with regard to surface electrochemical reactions. When surface mechanics is taken account into nanoscale electrode study, surface tension is found to be responsible for the increase in mechanical stability, as well as the significant reduction in charge capacity during both the galvanostatic and potentiostatic operation in the meantime. By further introducing tunable surface modulus effects, it is shown that the positive surface modulus aggravates charge capacity loss, whereas the negative surface modulus remedies it for a given potential. The results of the study provide a new idea for nano-surface engineering to optimize the design of electrode to meet required durability and electrochemical performance.
Three different synthetic routes, including solid-state reaction, sol–gel and hydrothermal methods are successfully used for preparation of Li3V2(PO4)3/C. Ascorbic acid is used as a reducing agent and/or as a chelating agent. The Li3V2(PO4)3/C synthesized by hydrothermal method with fine particles exhibits lower impedance and smaller potential difference values between oxidation and reduction peaks than those by solid-state reaction and sol–gel methods. Thus as cathode material for Li-ion batteries, the Li3V2(PO4)3/C synthesized by hydrothermal method shows higher discharge capacity, better rate capability and cyclic performance. Even at a high charge–discharge rate of 10C, it still can deliver a discharge capacity of 101.4mAhg−1 and 106.6mAhg−1 in the potential range of 3.0–4.3V and 3.0–4.8V, respectively. The hydrothermal synthesis has been considered to be a competitive process to prepare Li3V2(PO4)3/C cathode materials with excellent electrochemical performances.
The synthesis and electrochemical characteristics of LiCo x Mn y Ni1−x−y O2 as cathode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries were investigated. The precursor Co x Mn y Ni1−x−y (OH)2 was obtained by the chemical co-precipitation method. LiCo x Mn y Ni1−x−y O2 (0≤x≤0.3, and y=0.2) was prepared by heating a mixture of Co x Mn y Ni1−x−y (OH)2 and Li2CO3 at 850–900°C for 24h in air. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that pure phase LiCo x Mn y Ni1−x−y O2 was obtained. The scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) show that the synthesized LiCo x Mn y Ni1−x−y O2 compounds have good micro-morphology and uniform particle size. The electrochemical properties of these materials such as the galvanostatic charge–discharge performance and cyclic voltammetry were systematically measured.
The oxygen-stoichiometric spinel Li[Ni0.5Mn1.5]O4 is an insulator with ordered Ni(II) and Mn(IV). Although it delivers 4.7 V versus Li, the ordered phase gives poor performance as the cathode of a Li-ion battery. Here we demonstrate control of the degree of cation order by adjusting the oxygen stoichiometry with thermal history of the synthesis rather than by doping 2M(III) for Ni(II) + Mn(IV) (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Al, Ga). We report retention of capacity near 100 mAh g−1 at room temperature at 10C/10C charge/discharge rate with little capacity fade; at 55 °C, a capacity fade occurs as a result of reaction with the electrolyte, but it is reduced to a level comparable to that obtained by doping.
Rapid, sensitive, and low-cost pathogen diagnostic systems are needed for early disease diagnosis and treatment, especially in resource-limited settings. This study reports a low-cost charge-coupled device (CCD)-based fluorescence imaging system for rapid detection of waterborne pathogens by isothermal gene amplification in disposable microchips. Fluorescence imaging capability of this monochromatic CCD camera is evaluated by optimizing the gain, offset, and exposure time. This imaging system is validated for 12 virulence genes of major waterborne pathogens on cyclic olefin polymer (COP) microchips, using SYTO-82 dye and real time fluorescence loop-mediated isothermal amplification referred here as microRTf-LAMP. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and threshold time (Tt) of microRTf-LAMP assays are compared with those from a commercial real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) instrument. Applying a CCD exposure of 5 s to 105 starting DNA copies of microRTf-LAMP assays increases the SNR by 8-fold and reduces the Tt by 9.8 min in comparison to a commercial real-time PCR instrument. Additionally, single copy level sensitivity for Campylobacter jejuni 0414 gene is obtained for microRTf-LAMP with a Tt of 19 min, which is half the time of the commercial real-time PCR instrument. Due to the control over the exposure time and the wide field imaging capability of CCD, this low-cost fluorescence imaging system has the potential for rapid and parallel detection of pathogenic microorganisms in high throughput microfluidic chips.