batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (LNCM) cathode material with high specific capacity has been received extensive attention in power batteries. However, the poor cycle performance and serious safety issues limit its application prospect. In this paper, the technology of surfactant-assisted hydrothermal synthesis combined with vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) coating is applied in LNCM cathode material. Firstly, the Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3CO3 precursor with good dispersibility and uniform morphology is synthesized by surfactant-assisted hydrothermal reaction. Secondly, the precursor is uniformly mixed with the lithium salt and ammonium metavanadate in the solution. Experienced drying and sintering processes, the LNCM cathode material uniformly coated with V2O5 is achieved. The electrochemical test results show that the discharge specific capacity of LNCM cathode material coated with 2 wt% V2O5 reaches 101.7 mAh ·g−1 at 10 C, and the capacity retention rate has 89.12% after 100 cycles at 0.5 C. Both of the novel synthetic method and the coating effect of V2O5 reduce electrolyte side reaction on the LNCM cathode material, and accelerate Li+ diffusion rate, then further derive more desirable electrochemical properties.
High specific surface area carbon (HSSAC) is a class of promising high-capacity anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). A critical bottleneck of the HSSAC anode, however, is the ultra-low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) in commonly used ester-based electrolytes. This phenomenon further prohibits improving the specific capacity, long-term stability and rate capability of HSSAC anodes. This work reports the largely enhanced anode performance of several different HSSAC anodes in ether-based electrolytes. Very importantly, with the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) anode as one example, the ICE can be as high as 74.6% accompanied by a large reversible specific capacity of 509 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A g−1. 75.2% of the capacity was retained after 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1. Even at a high current density of 5 A g−1, the specific capacity of the rGO anode can be obtained at 196 mA h g−1. This extraordinary performance is ascribed to the stable, thin, compact, uniform and ion conducting solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed in an ether-based electrolyte. Fortunately, this SEI-modifying strategy is generic and is independent of the specific microstructures of HSSAC anodes, indicating a promising avenue for manipulating the SEI on HSSAC anodes through utilizing ether solvents to enable achievement of high ICE for large-capacity HSSAC anodes for practical applications.
Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) has been studied as conducting salt for lithium-ion batteries, in terms of the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the neat LiFSI salt and its nonaqueous liquid electrolytes. Our pure LiFSI salt shows a melting point at 145°C, and is thermally stable up to 200°C. It exhibits far superior stability towards hydrolysis than LiPF6. Among the various lithium salts studied at the concentration of 1.0M (=moldm−3) in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC)/ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) (3:7, v/v), LiFSI shows the highest conductivity in the order of LiFSI>LiPF6 >Li[N(SO2CF3)2] (LiTFSI)>LiClO4 >LiBF4. The stability of Al in the high potential region (3.0–5.0V vs. Li+/Li) has been confirmed for high purity LiFSI-based electrolytes using cyclic voltammetry, SEM morphology, and chronoamperometry, whereas Al corrosion indeed occurs in the LiFSI-based electrolytes tainted with trace amounts of LiCl (50ppm). With high purity, LiFSI outperforms LiPF6 in both Li/LiCoO2 and graphite/LiCoO2 cells.
This research will focus on a futuristic real world case- the Great Barrier Reef adapted from the Future Problem Solving (FPSI) website. The above scenario will be able to stimulate learners and engage them as budding engineers in a problem solving task. Mid way through the project they go through a viva session and are challenged on their innovation. The final presentation is to a group of in-house engineers from the faculty of engineering. Hence, this research will explore the effectiveness of group problem solving in developing students’ higher order thinking, problem solving and team skills. This is a mixed method research and the primary method is a questionnaire to determine students’ attitude towards the project. The qualitative study will probe deeper into students’ experiences and instructor and panel of evaluators’ perspectives toward th e task. Data is gathered via interviews, observations, document analysis and the final evaluations. A key finding will be the power of small group collaboration and real world experiences in harnessing students higher order thinking and team skills.
Thermophotovoltaics (TPV) is concerned with the application of photovoltaic diodes to harvest electricity from thermal radiation. This is achieved through the use of appropriately designed thermal emitters which are typically heated to temperatures of more than 800 ° C. Merits of thermophotovoltaics include the prospect of delivering high power density compared to solar photovoltaics, fuel versatility, portability and capability of around-the-clock operation. The key challenges en route to commercialization of TPV technology include low heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency, mechanical and thermostructural reliability at high temperatures, and cost. Recent advances which include the development of photonic crystal emitters, miniaturization of TPV systems, and improvement of rare earth oxide emitters have contributed to enhancing the performance of TPV systems. Further, current research on ultra-low bandgap photovoltaic materials, thin film monolithic system design, and global system optimization promise additional advances. This article presents an overview of the fundamental principles of thermophotovoltaics followed by a review of the development of all the main components comprising combustion thermophotovoltaic systems. This review also scrutinizes state-of-the-art developments, discusses the fundamental and technical challenges facing commercial adoption of TPV, and prospects of TPV.
High temperature is usually necessary for carbon modification or electrospinning to obtain flexible anode with excellent conductivity and stability. However, due to the unstable instinct of carbonate, it’s hard to obtain carbonate when any of the synthesis process undergoes high temperature treatment. Thus, a facile strategy is applied to construct binder-free flexible carbonate composite anode at low temperature with high electrochemical performances. The carbon nano-fiber matrix is first synthesized through electrospinning followed by a facile solvothermal process to in-situ grow carbonate on carbon nano-fibers to form a well combinative flexible anode. The carbon nano-fiber matrix serves not only as a fast channel for charge transfer, but also as an efficient buffer to release the stress resulting from the hysteresis of lithiation for carbonate particles during repeated charge/discharge cycles. Owing to the synergistic effect of carbon nano-fiber and the carbonate, the flexible anode exhibits high specific capacity of 958mAhg−1. And after 200 cycles at 1Ag−1, no obvious capacity decline. The reaction mechanism for stress release is also well analyzed to display the merit of our strategy. It is considered as one of the most promising way to get binder-free flexible carbonate anode with remarkable properties.
A novel configuration of two electrodes containing electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) pressed into a bifunctional air electrode is designed for rechargeable Zn–air batteries. MOC/25BC carbon paper (MOC consisting of α-MnO2 and XC-72 carbon black) and Fe0.1Ni0.9Co2O4/Ti mesh on this air electrode mainly serve as the cathode for the ORR and the anode for the OER, respectively. The morphology and physicochemical properties of Fe0.1Ni0.9Co2O4 are investigated through scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical studies comprise linear sweep voltammetry, rotating ring-disk electrode voltammetry, and the full-cell charge–discharge–cycling test. The discharge peak power density of the Zn–air battery with the unique air electrode reaches 88.8 mW cm−2 at 133.6 mA cm−2 and 0.66 V in an alkaline electrolyte under an ambient atmosphere. After 100 charge–discharge cycles at 10 mA cm−2, an increase of 0.3 V between charge and discharge cell voltages is observed. The deep charge–discharge curve (10 h in each step) indicates that the cell voltages of discharge (1.3 V) and charge (1.97 V) remain constant throughout the process. The performance of the proposed rechargeable Zn–air battery is superior to that of most other similar batteries reported in recent studies.
The ocean economy is experiencing rapid growth that will provide benefits but will also pose environmental and social risks. With limited space and degraded resources in coastal areas, offshore waters will be a particular focus of Blue Economy expansion over the next decade. When emerging and established economic sectors expand in offshore waters (within national Exclusive Economic Zones), different potential Blue Economy opportunities and challenges will arise. Following a series of interdisciplinary workshops, we imagine two technically possible futures for the offshore Blue Economy and we identify the actions required to achieve the more sustainable outcome. Under a business as usual scenario the focus will remain on economic growth, the commodification of nature, the dominance of private over public and cultural interests, and prioritisation of the interests of current over future generations. A more sustainable scenario would meet multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals and ensure inclusive economic developments, environmental sustainability, and fair and equitable access to resources and technologies across users, nations, and generations. Challenges to this more sustainable future are a lack of infrastructure and technology to support emerging offshore sectors, limited understanding of environmental impacts, inequitable outcomes, and a lack of planning and governmental oversight. Addressing these challenges will require a shift in societal values, a more balanced allocation of funding to offshore activities, transparency in information sharing between industries and across nations, and adjustment of international legal and institutional mechanisms. The sustainable and equitable offshore Blue Economy we envisage is achievable and provides a unique opportunity to build global capacity and partnership.
Polymer gel electrolytes based on PMMA were prepared by in situ polymerisation of methylmethacrylate, where solutions of inorganic and/or organic compounds in propylene carbonate can be used as an optional part incorporated in the gel. These elastic materials have suitable conductivity ca. 10−3 to 10−4 Scm−1, high optical transmittance and these properties are stable for weeks. Gels with lithium perchlorate and ferrocene–ferricinium redox couple were studied using impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The behaviour of glassy carbon in contact with the gels was studied by cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy.
In this work, spinel NiCo2O4 is prepared by a facile sol–gel method with the effect of three different chelating agents including citric acid (CA), oxalic acid (OA) and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) explored upon the fabrication methodology and resulting electrochemical and supercapacitor properties. The electrochemical measurements reveal that NiCo2O4 prepared using OA exhibits ultrahigh specific capacitance of 1254 F g−1 at 2 A g−1 due to the resultant high specific surface area, while NiCo2O4 prepared by EDTA exhibits the best rate capability and cycling stability owing to the subsequent large pore size. The obvious differences can be primarily ascribed to the use of the differing chelating agents which are shown, for the first time, to greatly affect the particle size, pore structure and specific surface area of the fabricated NiCo2O4. Such work is of fundamental importance and demonstrates that the tailoring of these different properties can be readily obtained through the use of differing chelating and is responsible for the observed differing electrochemical properties. Additionally, first-principles calculations were employed to investigate the electronic structure of NiCo2O4, which can help to further understand its excellent electrochemical behaviors. These results above provide a facile, cost-effective and high-performance strategy for supercapacitor electrode applications.
Children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a copy-number variation (CNV) genetic disorder, demonstrate a great deal of variability in IQ scores and are at particular risk for cognitive difficulties, with up to 45% experiencing intellectual disability. This study explored the IQ relationship between individuals with 22q11DS, their parents and their siblings. Participants included individuals with 22q11DS, unaffected siblings and community controls, who participated in a longitudinal study of 22q11DS. Significant associations between proband and relative (parent, sibling) IQ scores were found. Results suggest that the cognitive functioning of first-degree relatives could be a useful marker of general genetic background and/or environmental effects, and can explain some of the large phenotypic variability in 22q11DS. These findings underscore the importance of including siblings and parents in studies of 22q11DS whenever possible.
This paper was focused on the development of prototypes for flat plate RAM™ (rechargeable alkaline manganese dioxide) cells. In contrast to cathodes used in cylindrical RAM™ cells, the mechanical stability is a significant issue for the preparation of flat plate cathodes. Therefore, the choice of an appropriate binder, e.g. Oppanol, is very important. In this work, an improved preparation process of flat plate RAM™ cathodes was developed by investigating the single steps of the preparation method. It was further demonstrated that the most critical factor of zinc electrode performance was the electrolyte content of the anode gel. Best overall cell performance was achieved at 40% zinc amount and a Zn/ZnO ratio of 5.0, in combination with an electrolyte content of 50.5%. In order to stabilise the γ-structure of manganese dioxide and to enhance rechargeability, the addition of barium compounds was also studied. Cell cycling has shown that flat plate RAM™ cells with BaSO4-modified cathodes outperformed control cells by 24%, mainly because of the minimised fade of discharge capacity. Moreover, the admixture of barium manganate to the cathode yielded more than 15% capacity improvement after 25 cycles, compared to the barium sulfate additive.
This study examined neuropsychological functioning in two subgroups of patients with familial schizophrenia. Those who showed evidence of progressive ventricular enlargement observed across serial MRI scans (n =6) were compared with subjects whose ventricular volume remained static (n =10) over an average of 28 months. No differences were found in terms of age, education, ethnicity, level of psychotic symptomatology, DSM-IV subtype, age of onset, or duration of illness. Neurocognitively, the static ventricle group was impaired across more cognitive domains and had a larger percentage of subjects falling into the impaired range on a majority of measures, with the greatest differences on measures of attention (p <0.02) and nonverbal memory (p <0.07). These results suggest that clinically meaningful differences between these two MRI-derived subgroups of patients with schizophrenia may exist, and further underscore the heterogeneity of the illness.
Renewable energy sources are one of the main topics not only in scientific researches but also in daily life. In this study, it is aimed to investigate Turkish primary and secondary students’ knowledge about the renewable energy sources. 107 primary and secondary school students participated in the study. Open-ended questions are used to determine students’ knowledge about the topic. Students’ answers were analyzed using descriptive analysis technique. It is revealed that there were major differences in students’ answers according to grades. In addition, these answers were depended on their conceptual frameworks. These frameworks can be classified into two categories as daily life and school context. It is hoped that this study would contribute both to understand students’ knowledge related to this topic and to teach energy sources based on contextual approaches.
Rechargeable aqueous lithium ion batteries have been developed by using olivine LiMn0.05Ni0.05Fe0.9PO4 as cathode material, Nasicon LiTi2(PO4)3 as anode material, and saturated Li2SO4 solution as electrolyte. The cycling performance and rate capability of these batteries have been investigated. At a current density of 0.2mA/cm2, the initial discharge capacity of the battery was approximately 103.9mAh/g, and the potential plateau was located at 0.92V. The rate capability of aqueous electrolyte was found to be preferable to that of organic electrolyte. Such inexpensive, secure and high rate rechargeable lithium ion battery should have a potential for use in many applications.
A 10-arm –NH2 terminated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer with a diethylenetriamine core and a redox centre is synthesized using a new protocol. This dendrimer is further used to produce dendrimer-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@D-NH2), which are potential electrode and supercapacitor materials for electrochemical supercapacitors. The electron charge transfer mechanism between the core and the branched surface of the dendrimers is ideal for energy storage. Iron oxide nanoparticles with high specific surface area and porosity are looked upon as electrochemically active materials. Combining the advantages from both dendrimers and iron oxide nanoparticles, porous Fe3O4@D-NH2 is of considerable interest due to its large surface area, unique porous structure, diversified composition and excellent electronic conductivity. These extraordinary features enable Fe3O4@D-NH2 to offer high specific capacitance and charge/discharge rate which make them promising candidates as electrode material in supercapacitors, combining high-energy storage densities with high levels of power delivery. The electrochemical behavior of the material is studied by cyclic voltammetry, which shows typical rectangular I–V behavior of an ideal supercapacitor. With a high surface area, the nanoparticles exhibits high charge storage and delivery capabilities possessing optimum capacitance value in the range of 70–120 F/g depending on material loadings in various electrolytes.
Hami in Xinjiang is one of China's comprehensive energy bases. However, in recent years, this region has been plagued by some problems affecting the development of the energy industry. For example, wind and solar power generation is facing serious curtailment. The region is also characterized by significant pollution because of the coal chemical industry. Hydrogen energy storage has wide application potential and has become a hot research topic in the field. Building a hybrid pluripotent coupling system with wind power, photovoltaic (PV) power, and hydrogen energy storage for the coal chemical industry is an effective way to solve the above-mentioned problems. In this paper, a hybrid multi-energy coupling system is established, which includes a wind energy and PV complementary system, power distribution system, hydrogen energy storage system, gas distribution system, coal chemical industry system, waste heat utilization system, and methanol, O2, and H2 hybrid power generation system. Based on the wind and solar energy resources in Hami, the optimization model of the wind and solar power system is established. The hydrogen energy storage system model is obtained using energetic macroscopic representation. Finally, the economic performance of the system is studied. Results show that the integrated system of wind power, solar power, PV power, and hydrogen energy storage for the coal chemical industry can meet the current situation of China's energy development. The system can also make full use of new energy sources, such as wind power, PV energy, and other forms of energy, thereby reducing the environmental pollution caused by the coal chemical industry and minimizing the industry's ecological impact. In addition, hydrogen energy storage can also be applied to the new energy automotive industry. The findings of this study are of great strategic significance to China's energy system.
The root of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow has been used for the treatment against insomnia, amnesia, depression, palpitations with anxiety, and memory improvement. However, there is no sufficient background information on toxicological evaluation of the root to given an assurance of safety for developing dietary supplements and functional foods. As part of a safety evaluation, the potential genotoxicity of the root extract of P. tenuifolia was evaluated using a standard battery of tests (bacterial reverse mutation assay, chromosomal aberrations assay, and mouse micronucleus assay). In a reverse mutation assay using four Salmonella typhimurium strains and Escherichia coli, the extract did not increase the number of revertant colonies in any tester strain with or without metabolic activation by S9 mix, and did not cause chromosomal aberration in short-period test with the S9 mix or in the continuous (24h) test. A bone marrow micronucleus test in ICR mice dosed by oral gavage at doses up to 2000mg/kg/day showed no significant or dose dependent increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE). These results indicate that ingesting the rot extract P. tenuifolia is not genotoxic at the proper dose.
The introduction of surface functional groups onto graphite can provide additional pseudocapacitance for supercapacitors. However, the compensation for the loss of electrical conductivity arising from the destruction of the π-π conjugation remains a big challenge. Here, the graphite paper is electrochemically oxidized first, followed by the mild reduction using hydroiodic acid to afford the largely exfoliated and moderately reduced sample (noted as MOGP-4). The as-prepared MOGP-4 not only has the abundant oxygenous groups, but also preserves the highly conductive network (sp2 carbon). Owing to the good conductivity (1.14 × 103 S m−1), MOGP-4 exhibits a high rate capability of 93% (from 18.3 mF cm−2 to 17 mF cm−2) as the current density increases from 0.5 to 10 mA cm−2 and predominant cycling performance. Furthermore, the flexible solid-state supercapacitors (SSCs) based on MOGP-4 with different sizes are assembled and deliver excellent durability, high flexibility and superior rate capability. The high electrochemical performances of the as-fabricated supercapacitors should envision promising applications for energy storage devices.
This study sheds light on the proficiency of military medical officers who had received between 2 and 3 years of post-graduate training, in the handling of the difficult airway in a trauma manikin simulator using direct and video laryngoscopes.