batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Adverse cognitive effects are an important concern for drugs that influence the central nervous system. Carisbamate is a novel drug in development for treatment of seizures and neuropathic pain. Information on its cognitive effects is limited. Three controlled, multiple-dose, crossover studies with treatment durations of 5–9days were designed to examine the cognitive effects of carisbamate on healthy volunteers. In one study, apparent dose-dependent effects on response, vigilance, and recognition speed were observed (1000mg and 1500mg/day). Carisbamate did not differ from placebo for most variables in the other two studies, but increased reaction time and reduced Sternberg memory were seen at higher dosages. Carisbamate did not produce clinically significant adverse effects on cognitive performance at doses <1000mg/day. Effects were mild to modest at the higher doses tested.
Lichen transplants Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. and recently available low-cost PM10 samplers were placed side-by-side for one year at twenty-three sites located in an urban-industrial hot-spot of Central Italy, thus enabling the construction of an extensive and dense air quality monitoring network. Accumulation levels of the elements in lichens after five months and thirteen months of exposure were compared with the means of the element concentrations determined in the PM10 sampled during the same monitoring periods. Water-soluble and insoluble fractions of the elements in the PM10 were separately analysed. Correlations between lichen and PM10 element concentrations were examined by considering Pearson coefficients and by performing principal component analysis. The study allowed us to evaluate the reliability of lichen transplants as biomonitors for the assessment of the spatial variability of atmospheric element concentrations and for the individuation of the elements tracers of PM emission sources. Lichen transplants appeared to be reliable for high spatial resolution measurements of PM10 elemental components emitted at high concentrations by intense local PM emission sources such as the steel plant (Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Ti and W) and the rail network (Cu, Sb and Sn), less reliable for spatially-resolved analyses of elements released by vehicular traffic (Cu, Sb and Sn) and not reliable for other elements emitted by the power plant, by industrial and domestic biomass heating and/or by other less intense emission sources (Ba, Bi, Cd, Cs, Mg, Pb, Rb and Tl). In general, bioaccumulation of the elements appeared to be more correlated with the total and insoluble fractions of the analysed elements than with the water-soluble one and reflected the solubility of the chemical species emitted by the main local PM emission sources.
There are crucial demands for high power density and long-term cycling performance of Li-ion batteries (LIBs), and the development of stable electrode material operating at high current densities still remains a challenge. Here we develop a novel strategy for the synthesis of flexible N-doped carbon nanofiber/CoFe2O4 film (CoFe2O4@N-CNF) with a double-layer carbon protection by electrospinning, which possesses stable carbon shell and honeycomb-like core with CoFe2O4 nanosheets embedded into conductive and interconnected carbon nanosheets. The unique structure is beneficial for providing robust structural stability upon long-term cycling, and offering nitrogen-rich interconnected mesoporous and conductive carbon matrix for fast charge and ion transport. As a consequence, the optimized CoFe2O4@N-CNF exhibits a high reversible capacity of 858 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, excellent rate capability (306 mAh g−1 at 30 A g−1), and superior cycling stability up to 10,000 cycles with almost no capacity loss at 10 A g−1. We believe that this proposed methodology has a profound impact on drastic improvements of various flexible energy storage devices.
The Si-TiO2 based composites with a nanosized multi-sphere structure have been developed as novel anode for lithium ion cells. The Si spheres are highly embedded within the titanium dioxide nanoparticles via a hydrothermal synthesis route. The as-proposed sphere-stack like morphology achieves a superior cycling stability for lithium storage. The existence of TiO2 is in favor for the mechanical stability of Si during charge-discharge and conversely reduces the obtained capacity of the composite. Furthermore, the Si/TiO2 composite is coated by pyrolysized carbon. The reversible discharge capacity of the Si/TiO2/C composite reaches to 976mAhg−1after 50 cycles. Carbon coating is beneficial for the rate capability of the Si/TiO2 based composite.
The electrolyte degradation process on nano Si-based negative electrodes prepared with a carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) binder is studied by comparing the irreversible loss to ex-situ measurements of the weight and the thickness of the electrode along cycling. The electrode thickness and mass increase in close relationship to the irreversible loss increase, due to the continuous accumulation of insoluble electrolyte degradation products in the Si electrode. The use of a pH 3 buffer solution during the slurry electrode preparation, and the presence of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) + vinylidene carbonate (VC) results in much less electrolyte decomposition. The double role of the CMC binder with respect to the mechanical and chemical stability of the composite electrode is highlighted.
We review the origins of capacitive phenomena at the nanoscale to demonstrate that electrochemistry cannot be understood without a critical re-reading of nanoscale electronics, and vice-versa. The fundamentals are stated at a mesoscopic physical level at which both classical and quantum mechanical terms are important to the explanation of different capacitive contributions. At this mesoscopic physical scale, a quantum mechanical Hamiltonian can be analytically solved for a metal-electrolyte interface modified with an ensemble of molecular-scale building blocks. This mesoscopic electrochemical state arises in most situations involving nanostructured electrochemical junctions, while the outcome of resolving the Hamiltonian associated with this mesoscopic problem is electrochemical capacitance. Therefore, in the present study, we departed from the conventional meaning of electrochemical capacitance to demonstrate that non-faradaic and faradaic charging events are identical phenomena. Using specific examples in which these approximations apply, we elucidate and generalize the common molecular origin of double-layer and pseudo-capacitive charging phenomena. This important fundamental knowledge obviously impacts the development of nanostructured super-capacitors, researchable batteries, etc. Additionally, we discuss the principle of operation of non-faradaic and faradaic capacitive sensing devices, which are notable for conforming to equivalent principles. In summary, super-capacitance phenomena are introduced and elucidated from first-principles quantum mechanics outcomes.
When rodents are reared in isolation from young age onwards, they manifest a number of behavioural alterations in adulthood. Since some of these alterations resemble symptoms of psychiatric disorders, the post-weaning social isolation (ISO) manipulation is often applied to create rodent models of these disorders. In rats, ISO effects have been thoroughly characterised, but in mice they are less well documented. Therefore, we further evaluated behaviour of adult ISO mice with a test battery that focussed on abnormalities relevant to schizophrenia. We found that ISO mice were hyperactive during the dark phase. Also, ISO mice showed alterations in magnitude, habituation and prepulse-inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex, increased anxiety, increased social preference and changes in extinction of fear responses. We did not observe increased sensitivity to locomotor-activating effects of amphetamine. It is concluded that ISO of mice might serve as a useful model to test further hypotheses regarding pathogenesis occurring at specific developmental timeframes.
Li–CO2 batteries have been developed in recent years, aiming to utilize CO2, a major cause of the greenhouse effect, as an effective energy storage medium. However, current Li–CO2 batteries still suffer from low energy efficiency, poor rate capability and short cycle life, demanding the design of more efficient CO2 cathodes. Herein, we synthesized ultrafine MnO nanoparticles dispersed in a graphene-interconnected N-doped 3D carbon framework, MnO@NC-G, by pyrolyzing a composite of a GO-wrapped metal–organic framework (MOF) containing Mn(II) active sites as the cathode material for Li–CO2 batteries. This material can enable low voltage hysteresis (0.88 V at 50 mA g−1), high rate capability (up to 1 A g−1) and long cycle life (more than 200 cycles) in cells. By comparing MnO@NC-G with four other Mn(II)-based cathodes, MnO@NC, parent Mn-MOF, MnO@KB and bulk MnO, we propose three key aspects for designing CO2 cathodes: (1) dispersed catalytic species, (2) fast electron transport, and (3) a robust interconnected network. We also found that the performance of a cycled MnO@NC-G cathode can be replenished simply by replacing the anode, indicating that the cell cycle life can be further extended with effective anode protection. Our findings here provide useful guidelines for improving the performance of Li–CO2 batteries, thus shedding light on the development of practical Li battery systems based on gaseous cathodes.
Long term ageing experimental results show that degradation resulting from coupled DC and AC current waveforms lead to additional degradation of lithium-ion batteries above that experienced through pure DC cycling. More profoundly, such experiments show a dependency of battery degradation on the frequency of AC perturbation. This paper addresses the underlying causality of this frequency dependent degradation. Cell autopsy techniques, namely X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the negative electrode surface film, show growth of surface film components with the superimposition of an AC waveform. XPS results show that high frequency AC perturbations lead to the increased formation of a passivating film. In order to determine the cause of this increased film formation, a heterogeneous electrochemical model for the LiNiCoAlO2/C6 lithium ion battery coupled with governing equations for the electrical double-layer and solid electrolyte interface film growth is developed. Simulation results suggest that the increased growth of surface film is attributed to frequency dependent heat generation. This is due to ion kinetics in the double layer which are governed by the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. Additional thermal and reference cell relaxation experiments are undertaken that further corroborates the conclusion that heat generation within the battery is a function of the AC excitation frequency through resistive dissipation and the entropy of the cell reaction.
We describe and test Forest 5, an individual-tree growth and dynamics model for the Great Lakes region. Forest 5 includes reasonably detailed descriptions of physiology, soil and climate, and incorporates both empirically- and physiologically-based modules from Crobas, Linkages, Forest, Sortie, PnET, 3-PG, and other sources. We have evaluated a nonspatial variant of Forest 5 as a scientific statement of knowledge by comparing simulation results to a battery of ecosystem-level expectations. We also evaluated the same model as a tool for management by comparing single-species, single-age simulations against mensurational and ecological expectations. We finally compared multiple-species multi-age simulations against six measurements of permanent sample plots, spanning approximately 30 years, from a database from the University of Minnesota Cloquet Forestry Center. Here we describe Forest 5 in detail, introduce, explain, and apply the diagnostics, and interpret their results in the light of the model structure and goals. The model was judged defensible under certain circumstances but exhibited shortcomings that are probably due to nutrient cycling and the simulation of tree shape, crown shape, and competition. These shortcomings are in turn instructive in considering refinements to Forest 5 and possibly other models.
The application of electrocatalysts used at high cathodic overpotentials for the electrochemical reduction of pollutant species such as CO2 has revealed a lack of understanding of the cathodic degradation mechanisms of those materials. Pure Sn is one of the most relevant candidate materials mainly because of its high selectivity for the reduction of CO2 to formic acid and formate salts. Degradation of the electrocatalyst can arise from a combination of cathodic polarization and induced changes to the surface by CO2 reduction products. In this study, the cathodic degradation mechanisms of pure Sn were studied as a function of rotation rate, time, current density, electrolyte concentration, grain size, and orientation in a nitrogen-saturated atmosphere using a rotating disk electrode. Several degradation morphologies were observed, but three were dominant. In the first type, electrochemical alterations of grains with specific orientations produced substantial weight changes, both losses and gains. The second type resulted in an alkali-rich deposit that had a high coverage but produced small weight changes. The third type consisted of carbon-rich stains that typically had a small coverage.
Cryptography has become a basic requirement in this age of global electronic connectivity to secure data storage and transmission against the possibility of message eavsdropping and electronic fraud. In this article, we describe a single key crypto-graphic system based on one- and two-dimensional non-uniform cellular automata randomizers obtained by artificial evolution. The robustness of the scheme against cryptanalytic attacks is discussed and it is shown that direct cryptanalysis requires an exponentially growing amount of computational resources. The advantage of implementing the proposed scheme in hardware for high-speed operation is also discussed.
The Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius) is the largest crocodile and the most threatened by extinction in the Neotropics due to overexploitation for the skin trade during the early–middle twentieth century. Knowledge of their ecology is poor in Colombia because long-term armed conflict has restricted fieldwork. In 2015, we reintroduced four captive-reared adult crocodiles, each equipped with a Sirtrack KiwiSat 202 satellite transmitter and monitored their movements from 2015 to 2018.
Much has been written about basic concepts of group theory as applied to group psychotherapy. Though there are many theories, there is agreement about several basic concepts that can be found in groups regardless of the theoretical perspective. Much has also been written regarding how basic concepts of group theory can be found and applied to all kinds of groups, not just psychotherapy groups. This paper focuses on the possibilities of a group theory class in a graduate creative arts therapy program as an optimal setting in which to convey not only understanding of group theory as therapy, but also as an avenue for awareness of social justice, relating to society as a large group. The paper demonstrates the use of movement and art-making as the vehicles to understanding of group theory as it relates to therapy, social, and environmental issues, and will focus on the use of dance/movement therapy and art therapy as vehicles for increasing awareness and effecting change.
A storage system is a key component of a microgrid. Over the last few years, research has been undertaken to determine optimal management of microgrid resources. Battery storage has a significant impact on the total operational cost as the lifetime of the battery reduces during charging and discharging cycles. In this paper, we propose optimal energy management of a community microgrid in which the cost function includes the degradation cost of the battery and a dynamic penalty to reflect the true operational cost. Particle swarm optimisation (PSO) is used to determine the battery control actions for real-time energy management. Several case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in which the new cost function reduces electricity cost by up to 44.50% compared to a baseline method and 37.16% compared to another existing approach.
Nanocrystalline Al y Sn1−y O2−y/2 (y = 0.57, 0.4) was investigated as electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. Specific discharge capacities of about 400 mAh g− 1 were obtained for 100 cycles in the case of higher Al content. Electrochemical Li insertion/removal was studied by X-ray diffraction and 7Li/27Al/119Sn nuclear magnetic resonance as well as Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy for different Li contents. The formation of a ternary Li–Al–O matrix stabilizes the active Sn metal particles and prevents degradation during alloying with Li.
Studies have demonstrated that nano NiO could induce liver toxicity in rats, but its mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the role of the NF-κB signaling pathway in rat liver toxicity after nano NiO exposure. Male Wistar rats were exposed to nano NiO (0.015, 0.06 and 0.24 mg per kg b.w.) and micro NiO (0.24 mg per kg b.w.) by intratracheal instillation twice a week for 6 weeks. To investigate the liver toxicity induced by nano NiO, the indicators of liver function and inflammatory response were detected, and the histopathological changes were observed. The levels of NF-κB signaling pathway related gene and protein expression were examined using RT-qPCR and western blot techniques in the liver tissue. The results showed that the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) increased after nano NiO exposure. Cellular edema, hepatic sinus disappearance, and neutrophil and lymphocyte infiltration were observed. Nano NiO increased the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), but decreased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). It also induced the upregulation of TNF-α, NF-κB-inducible kinase (NIK), IκB kinase alpha (IKK-α) and NF-κB mRNA, while inducing the downregulation of the inhibitor kappa B (IκB) alpha. In addition, we found that the protein content of NIK, IKK-α, p-IKK-α, p-IκB-α and NF-κB was elevated, whereas that of IκB-α was reduced. The results indicated that the NF-κB signaling pathway played an important role in rat liver toxicity induced by nano NiO.
Measurements of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) are described over a temperate coniferous forest in The Netherlands. The data show no loss of night-time fluxes at low values of friction velocity. Measurements of concentration profiles show a wide diurnal range in concentration values (50ppm) during July in the summer compared to November in the late autumn (10ppm). This is a result of photosynthetic activity during summer. The profiles also show the effect of respiration in the build up of the night-time profiles. The half-hourly day time NEE shows a relation with incoming short-wave radiation when separate classes of specific humidity deficit are defined. Quantum yield varies from 0.0197 to 0.0375. A linear relation was found between NEE and surface conductance at the ecosystem level. The annual carbon sequestration of the forest in 1997 is 338gm−2 per year. It was estimated that respiration contributed 1221gCm−2 per year to the NEE. This brings the gross primary production (GPP) of this forest to 1559gCm−2 per year. The forest shows a clear growing season (positive uptake) of 249 days, but even during the winter the forest acts as a sink for a few hours around noon.
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive but concise review of the various quantitative methods, in particular, optimization techniques, for the efficient management and control of complex forest biomass supply chains. The review is structured around a top-down hierarchical planning approach that includes strategic, tactical, and operational decisions. At each planning level, the review presents and analyses the problem to be solved, the solution (optimization) methods, and the various aspects to take into consideration for the successful implementation and use of these methods by biomass supply chain planners.
Porous microspheres copper cobalt carbonate hydroxides (CuxCo2⿿xCH) pseudocapacitive electrode material comprised of nanoplates via a facile hydrothermal method were presented. Significantly, the crystalline structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of the CuxCo2⿿xCH can be readily manipulated by varying the Cu/Co molar ratios. Among various stoichiometries of CuxCo2⿿xCH porous microspheres studied, Cu1.79Co0.21CH consisted of nanoplates with a mean thickness of ⿼35nm showed a high specific capacitance of 789Fg⿿1 at a current destiny of 1Ag⿿1 and good rate ability. Furthermore, the optimized Cu1.79Co0.21CH electrode also exhibited remarkable high cycling stability, ca 77.5% after 3000 charge/discharge cycles at current density of 5Ag⿿1. An asymmetric device was constructed from optimized Cu1.79Co0.21CH materials on nickel foam (NF) as cathode electrode and graphene on NF as anode electrode in a 6M KOH electrolyte. The asymmetric Cu1.79Co0.21CH/NF//graphene/NF supercapacitor device delivered a specific capacitance of 60.5Fg⿿1 in a potential range of 0⿿1.6V. A high energy density of 21.5Whkg⿿1 was achieved at the power density of 200Wkg⿿1. More significantly, the designed device exhibited excellent cycling stability with 73.3% capacity retention after 5000 cycles.
In this study, a new porous-like amorphous carbon is obtained via zinc-based fluorinated metal-organic framework as carbon rich source by a template free thermal treatment at 750 °C under the nitrogen atmosphere. This porous-like amorphous carbon is further used as cathode material for high-performance supercapacitors. The porous carbon possesses a huge specific surface area of 1234 m2 g−1 with ordered mesoporous arrangement. The electrochemical activities of the fabricating materials are assessed by cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge analysis in 6 M KOH electrolyte. Results reveal that porous-like amorphous carbon displays a superior specific capacitance of 360 and 322 F g−1 at a scan rate of 1 mV s−1 and current density of 1 A g−1, respectively with specific energy density of 70 Wh kg−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, which are much better than the reported porous carbons in the literatures. In addition, this carbon material shows an excellent capacitance retention of 98.6% and 95.8% at the ultra-high current densities of 50 and 100 A g−1, respectively after 100,000 cycles. Therefore, the outstanding capacitive characteristics with high electrochemical stability of the novel porous-like amorphous carbon demonstrate that it will be a promising electrode material for ultra-fast supercapacitors.