batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Solid solutions of the formula LiNi0.7Co0.3−z Al z O2 (0.0≤z≤0.20) have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and surface area and density measurements. Single-phase materials are obtained for z≤0.15. Their cathodic behaviour in coin cells with Li metal as anode and a liquid electrolyte is examined by charge–discharge cycling at the 0.13C rate between 2.7 and 4.3V and by cyclic voltammetry. Irreversible capacity loss occurs for all the compositions, but the phases with z=0.05 and z=0.10 show much less capacity fading at the end of 50 cycles as compared to those with z=0.0 and z>0.10. The 5at.% Al-doped compound showed a discharge capacity of 137mAh−1 g after 100 cycles that corresponds to 70% capacity retention. The beneficial effect of Al-doping (z≤0.10) is corroborated by cyclic voltammograms and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data on charged cathodes.
The chemical and electrochemical behaviour of chromium ions in the equimolar CaCl2+NaCl mixture at 550°C has been studied by electrochemical techniques (i.e. cyclic and square wave voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, chronoamperometry and potentiometry) using various substrates (Mo, W and glassy carbon) as working electrodes. Some of the results have been compared to data obtained in the eutectic LiCl+KCl mixture at 450°C. The stable oxidation states of chromium species were found to be the same in both melts. However, in the case of the CaCl2+NaCl melt and when using W substrates, a new electrochemical wave appears, which has been related to an enhancement of the oxidation of trace amounts of O2− ions on the W material by the presence of Cr ions. Kinetic parameters characterising the mass and charge transfer of the electrochemical reduction and oxidation of Cr(II) ions as well as of the Cr(III) reduction process were also obtained. Chronoamperometric studies did not show evidence of nucleation phenomena in the case of the equimolar CaCl2+NaCl mixture when using any of the substrates. However, in the eutectic LiCl+KCl it has been shown that nucleation of metallic chromium, especially on glassy carbon substrates, controls the electroreduction process. The electrochemical behaviour of some chromium oxo-anions, i.e. Cr2O7 2− and CrO4 2−, has also been studied. The results show that both complexes lead to the same stable Cr(VI) species in the melt, whose reduction at glassy carbon electrodes implies a single one-electron process giving Cr(V) ions which are present in the melt as soluble species. Potentiometric titration of both Cr(III) and Cr(II) solutions were performed by using an oxide selective ion electrode, which consist of a membrane of ZrO2 stabilised with yttrium oxide (YSZME). The values of pK s for the different CrO compounds stable in the melt, i.e. CrO, Cr2O2+ and Cr2O3, were obtained.
Large deployment of Electric Vehicles (EVs) adds new challenges in the operation of a microgrid. Assuming that a number of EV owners allow their batteries to charge when their cars are parked, this paper proposes an approach that aims to find suitable individual active power set-points corresponding to the hourly charging rate of each EV battery connected to the microgrid. A multi agent system based controller is designed to find these active power set points for optimal power management of EVs, distributed energy resources in the microgrid, and the loads.
Lithium-ion cells utilize almost exclusively monovalent lithium salts as main electrolyte component. Apart from scarce works on sulfonyl imide derivatives, even in terms of basic parameters little is known about multivalent lithium salts' behavior in electrolytes. Here we present the new trivalent lithium salt dedicated to electrolytes for lithium-ion cells. Trilithium 2,2′,2″-tris(trifluoromethyl)benzotris(imidazolate) (Li3BTI) synthesis and its performance in PC and EC:DMC solutions is described in this paper. The structure and stability of this new lithium salt was fully characterized by NMR and Raman techniques as well as thermal methods. Basic electrochemical parameters of electrolytes based on this salt were done by linear sweep voltammetry, lithium cation transference number and conductivity measurements. The salt was designed specifically to manifest extraordinarily high lithium cation transference number (0.73 in EC:DMC 1:1 ratio mixture). However this new salt exhibits also thermal stability of 160 °C and electrochemical stability up to 4.5 V vs Li, as well as conductivities of the 1 mS cm−1 order of magnitude in liquid electrolytes. Promising compatibility results of the obtained electrolyte against Si/C composite anodes are also reported in this paper.
Hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is a promising method for on-board hydrogen supply to polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). This article presents an attempt to design a novel solid-state NaBH4 composite, which is made up of NaBH4 powder, Co2+/IR-120 catalyst and silicone rubber, for hydrogen generator. The silicone rubber can act as a stabilizer in the solid-state NaBH4 composite because of its surface hydrophobicity leading to reduced diffusion rate of water into the composite. The solid-state NaBH4 composite can produce hydrogen stably near 25mLmin−1 for at least 2h without employment of any mechanical control system. Using the hydrogen generated from the solid-state NaBH4 composite, a 2W PEMFC stack is successfully operated to power a cellular phone.
The goal of this research was to evaluate the hand anthropometrics and hand performances of the US minority population. This study had three specific objectives (1) to evaluate the anthropometrics of the US minority population and understand their variability within the general US population (2) to evaluate performance variation of the minority population for different hand conditions and (3) to develop models for a set of performance measures using the anthropometry of the upper extremity. Fifteen subjects from each of Hispanics, African Americans, Asian Indians and Vietnamese population groups participated in this study. Hand length, hand breadth, upper-arm length, forearm length, arm length and hand volume were the anthropometrics recorded. Hand performance dimensions including dexterity, tactility, manipulability, grip strength and a set of functional tasks were measured for bare hand and gloved (cotton, Kevlar, leather and vinyl) hand conditions. Anthropometric evaluations determined a significant effect of ethnicity and gender on hand length, forearm length, arm length and hand volume. Anthropometric comparisons determined that the ethnic groups represented different percentiles within the US population. Performance evaluations determined a significant effect of ethnicity, gender and glove type on the hand performances of the Minority population. The best models were obtained for grip strength as compared to dexterity and manipulability. More validation is required before generalizing the findings of this study. Relevance to industry While a number of studies have established differences in anthropometry among different ethnic populations, very few studies have addressed their effect on performance. This study provides fundamental information on the anthropometrics and its effect on hand performance of the minority population in US. The findings of this study will assist engineers to consider personnel variations (anthropometry and performance) to improve productivity. Hence it is very relevant to the industry.
Lithium–titanate batteries have become an attractive option for battery electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. In order to maintain safe operating temperatures, these batteries must be actively cooled during operation. Liquid-cooled systems typically employed for this purpose are inefficient due to the parasitic power consumed by the on-board chiller unit and the coolant pump. A more efficient option would be to circulate ambient air through the battery bank and directly reject the heat to the ambient. We designed and fabricated such an air-cooled thermal management system employing metal-foam based heat exchanger plates for sufficient heat removal capacity. Experiments were conducted with Altairnano's 50 Ah cells over a range of charge-discharge cycle currents at two air flow rates. It was found that an airflow of 1100 mls−1 per cell restricts the temperature rise of the coolant air to less than 10 °C over ambient even for 200 A charge-discharge cycles. Furthermore, it was shown that the power required to drive the air through the heat exchanger was less than a conventional liquid-cooled thermal management system. The results indicate that air-cooled systems can be an effective and efficient method for the thermal management of automotive battery packs.
A flexible freestanding Si/Carbon nanofibers composite membrane with high mechanical strength is prepared by electrospinning and chemical vapor deposition techniques. The physical characteristics of Si/Carbon nanofibers are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical performances are investigated by galvanostatic charge-discharge tests and cyclic voltammograms. Carbon nanofibers matrix shows uniform diameter, smooth surface and three dimensional network structures. Si shell with a thickness of 50 nm is uniformly deposited on the surface of carbon nanofibers. The as-synthesized Si/Carbon nanofibers anode delivers 1310 mAh g−1 at 2nd cycle and the loss rate of capacity per cycle is as lower as 0.0703% from 2nd to 480th cycles, which exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. It demonstrates that the structure of three dimensional network membrane that has played an important role in alleviating volume expansion-contraction of Si-based anodes during charge-discharge process.
The ability of dyslexic children with or without phonological problems to process simultaneous and sequential visual information was assessed using two tasks requiring the oral report of simultaneously or sequentially displayed letter-strings. The two groups were found to exhibit a simultaneous visual processing deficit but preserved serial processing skills. However, the impairment in simultaneous processing was larger in the dyslexic group with no phonological disorder. Although sequential and simultaneous processing skills both related to reading performance, simultaneous processing alone significantly contributed to reading speed and accuracy. These findings suggest that a simultaneous processing disorder might contribute to developmental dyslexia.
Lithium batteries with electromagnetic gradient structure have special macroscopic equivalent performance. In this Review, methods to characterize this macroscopic property have been proposed in both theory and practice. The goal is to address the heterogeneity of the energy system as well as the electromagnetic effects caused by microstructure. In this Review, electromagnetic effect model and design theory of vehicle energy systems, gradient structure are introduced. The mechanism of heterogeneity and the electromagnetic effect are highlighted. Methods and experimental gradient structure characterization techniques under electric, magnetic, and temperature fields are reviewed, with emphasis being placed on gradient structure multi-field characterization, test, and evaluation. The comprehensive evaluation of energy system architecture and gradient structure design methodology is to support the application of electromagnetic lithium battery use in electric vehicles.
There is evidence that overweight and obesity in children is associated with poor Physical Fitness and consequently lower Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL). However, this linear-causal relationship between Weight Status → Physical Fitness → HRQoL is not enough to fully understand this phenomenon. Therefore, need to know, through mediation analysis, how operate the Physical Fitness between weight status and HRQoL dimensions.
Extensive usage of different kinds of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) may result in a huge amount of complicated waste batteries stream, while insufficient attention has been paid on the selective recovery of lithium from these already complicated wastes. Herein, a novel approach was developed for the selective extraction of Li from mixed types of LIBs (LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiFePO4 and LiCo1/3Mn1/3Ni1/3O2) using mild phosphoric acid as efficient leaching agent. It can be concluded from leaching results that 100%, 92.86%, 97.57% and 98.94% Li can be selectively extracted from waste cathode materials of LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiFePO4 and LiCo1/3Mn1/3Ni1/3O2, respectively, while transition metals (Co, Mn, Fe and Ni) can be hardly leached in mild acidic media under optimized leaching conditions. In addition, high selectivity coefficients (βLi/Me ) can be obtained during the extraction of Li from other metals. It can be also discovered from characterization results (SEM, XRD, FT-IR and Raman spectra) that leaching residues are phosphate precipitates, which might be used for the recycling of other metals and preparation of cathode materials. Results from leaching kinetics indicate that the leaching of Li is chemical and internal diffusion controlled reaction, with apparent activation energy (Ea) of 37.74, 21.16, 27.47 and 21.86 kJ/mol for LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiFePO4 and LiCo1/3Mn1/3Ni1/3O2, respectively. Finally, lithium phosphate with a purity of 98.4% can be obtained and the whole process can be efficient candidate for Li recovery with minor environmental impact and little waste produced.
A direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC) hybrid power system for a laptop computer has been developed at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Fuel Cell Research Center. At the heart of the system is a 15 MEA DFAFC stack capable of 30W at 60mWcm−2. Stack characteristics relevant to integration into the power system such as concentration and orientation dependence, dynamic response, and long-term performance are elucidated and the resulting hybrid power system's performance is detailed. The stack's fast dynamic response eliminated the need for significant power buffering in the power conditioning equipment. The MEAs were found to give reduced but stable performance after 3 months of operation. The system is capable of an overall system efficiency of 0.23 (delivered power compared to theoretical power), and can operate under a substantial computing load for 2.5h using a 280mL tank of 50wt.% fuel.
Herein, Laccase catalysed oxygen reduction reaction on polyaniline coated copper nanotube bio-cathode was studied. The copper nanotubes were grown in anodic aluminium oxide template on which conductive polymer polyaniline was electrodeposited. Laccase was covalently immobilized using a linker molecule glutraldehyde. The effective wiring of enzyme with bio-cathode was confirmed by linear sweep voltammetry, chronoamperometry and open circuit potential measurement. All electro analysis was performed in conventional three electrode system using platinum wire counter electrode and Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The bio-cathode in air saturated phosphate buffer showed maximum OCP and current of 0.59V and 140.12μAcm−2 respectively. Moreover, electrochemical impedance analysis confirmed decrease in charge transfer resistance with the immobilization of enzyme on CuNTs/polyaniline electrode. The bio-cathode showed reproducibility and stability over the period of examination.
The unpredictability of seizures is one of the most disabling aspects of epilepsy. We assessed the possibility of forecasting seizure onset by means of a behavioral task using mental simulation of biological and nonbiological movements. Four patients with epilepsy were included in a longitudinal study. In two patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy (RTLE), performance of the task changed depending on the epileptic cycle. In the preictal phase, timing precision decreased during simulation of biological movements and increased during simulation of nonbiological movements. In two other patients, the timing precision during simulation of biological movements was chronically decreased. The observed phase dependency of performance in patients with RTLE may indicate changes in brain states hours in advance of seizure onset. We suggest that our paradigm might be a simple and accurate method for the prediction of epileptic seizures. The validity of the approach for different types of epilepsy should be assessed in future studies.
Early recognition of risk factors associated with overweight/obesity is an important step towards preventing long-term health consequences. The aim of the current study was to examine the associations of the adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with adiposity in preschool children from the north of Spain.
This study examined AED implementation, related risk management practices, and perceived constraints to AED implementation in high school athletic departments in one southern state in the United States. High school administrators (N =269) participated in this study. Descriptive statistics, chi-square analyses, tests of point-biserial correlation coefficients, and t-tests revealed that a majority of the respondents were athletic directors (75.5%), at public schools (75.0%), CPR certified (65.9%), had worked in their current position for 10 years or less (72.2%), and had no or limited knowledge of their state's AED immunity laws (79%). Significantly (p <.05) more of the respondents indicated that their high school athletic departments did not have an AED(s). Significantly (p <.05) more schools with an AED(s) were not following American Heart Association AED program implementation guidelines. Also, some schools were not fully complying with the state's AED legislative immunity provisions and therefore may not be afforded certain liability protections. The primary perceived constraints to AED implementation were (a) associated financial costs (purchase, maintenance, certifications, staff training), (b) concern that having an AED(s) was not a current standard industry practice, (c) lack of information about protection from liability, (d) lack of information regarding required AED training and certification, and (e) lack of information regarding related supervisory responsibilities. Given the importance of AEDs as lifesaving devices and the increased implementation of AEDs in schools and athletic departments, these findings may assist AED education and promotional efforts targeted toward school and athletic administrators.
We report on layered NaTiO2 as a potential anode material for Na-ion batteries. The material is prepared from only earth-abundant elements, delivers 152 mA h g−1 of reversible capacity at C/10 rate, shows excellent cyclability with capacity retention over 98% after 60 cycles, and high rate capability. Furthermore, in situ X-ray diffraction analysis reveals a reversible O3–O′3 phase transition, including an unusual lattice parameter variation coupled to complicated Na vacancy orderings in a series of 2nd order phase transitions.
Porous calcium carbide-derived carbon (CCDC) has been prepared by one-step route from CaC2 in a freshly prepared chlorine environment at lower temperature, and following activated by ZnCl2 to get activated CCDC. The performances of the supercapacitors based on activated CCDC as electrode active material in aqueous KOH, K2SO4, KCl and KNO3 electrolytes are studied by cyclic voltammetry, constant current charged/discharged, cyclic life and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It has been found that the supercapacitor using 6 M KOH as electrolyte shows an energy density of 8.3 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 1992 W kg−1 based on the total weight of the electrode active materials with a voltage range 0 V–1 V. Meanwhile, the specific capacitance of the supercapacitor in 6 M KOH electrolyte is 68 F g−1 at the scan rate of 1 mV s−1 in the voltage range of 0 V–1 V, the charge-transfer resistance is extremely low and the relaxation time is the least of all. The supercapacitor also exhibits a good cycling performance and keeps 95% of initial capacity over 5000 cycles.
Background Men's health is an emerging medical and public health concept, but it is confronted by special challenges in the Asia-Pacific medical and cultural context. Methods A telephone survey was conducted with physicians in Korea, Taiwan and Singapore. The interview was conducted in Korean (Korea), Mandarin (Taiwan) or English (Singapore) by trained interviewers. The physicians interviewed were drawn from a variety of medical specialties including urology, primary care, endocrinology and cardiology. Results In total, 810 physicians from various medical specialities took part in the survey. There was only broad general agreement (>50%) between the physicians in the various countries on a range of questions relating to men's health, such as the conditions most associated with men's health, the predictability of illness/disability with age etc, and physician willingness to discuss problems in sexual health. Conclusions The data from this survey suggest that, although not as clearly defined as women's health, the treatment of men's health cuts across many different medical specialties and takes in a broad spectrum of health conditions. Therefore, there is a clear opportunity for the medical community to define, refine and improve the treatment and understanding of men's health in Asia.
The implementation of a microplasma approach for small scale reforming processes is explored as an alternative to more standard catalyst-based processes. Plasmas are a known approach to activating a chemical reaction in place of catalysts, and microplasmas are particularly attractive owing to their extremely high electron and power densities. Their inherent compactness gives them appeal for portable applications, but their modularity leads to scalability for higher capacity. We describe the realization of experimental microplasma reactors based on the microhollow cathode discharge (MHCD) structure by silicon micromachining for device fabrication. Experiments were carried out with model hydrocarbons methane and butane in the reactors within a microfluidic flow and analytical setup. We observe several key phenomena, including the ability to liberate hydrogen from the hydrocarbons at temperatures near ambient and sub-Watt input power levels, the tendency toward hydrocarbon decomposition rather than oxidation even in the presence of oxygen, and the need for a neutral carrier to obtain conversion. Mass and energy balances on these experiments revealed conversions up to nearly 50%, but the conversion of electrical power input to chemical reaction enthalpy was only on the order of 1%. These initial, exploratory results were recorded with devices and at process settings without optimization, and are hence promising for an emerging, catalyst-free reforming approach.