batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This study presents a high-performance lithium-ion battery with nano-porous Si anode etched from polycrystalline Si particles. Nano-pores formed in micro-sized particles help relieve volume expansion/shrinkage effectively. Meanwhile, the formation of nano-porous skeleton in micro-sized particles greatly reduces the agglomeration of Si particles in nano-sized units and helps improve the cyclic performance of batteries. Pyrolyzed polyacrylonitrile mixed in anode acts as conductive agent and binder, and the network structure enhances the conductivity. The battery with 1μm porous Si and PPAN composite electrode exhibits a remarkably improved electrochemical performance with a coulombic efficiency ≥99.5% even after 220 cycles. Excellent electrochemical performance is observed under galvanostatic mode with a current density of 0.3A/g. High initial discharge (lithiation) capacity of 3652mAh/g and charge (delithiation) capacity of 3067mAh/g are observed with an initial coulombic efficiency of 84%, which increases to 97.2% at the second cycle. The charge capacity remains as high as 2043mAh/g with a coulombic efficiency of ≥99.5% even after 100 cycles.
A composite anode material of silicon/graphite/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) for Li-ion batteries was prepared by ball milling. This composite anode material showed a discharge capacity of 2274mAh/g in the first cycle, and after 20 charge–discharge cycles, a reversible capacity of 584mAh/g was retained, much higher than 218mAh/g for silicon/graphite composite. It was observed that silicon particles were homogeneously embedded into the “lamellar structures” of flaked graphite particles, and the silicon/graphite composite particles were further wrapped by a MWNTs network. The improvement in the electrochemical properties of the composite anode material was mainly attributed to the excellent resiliency and good electric conductivity of the MWNTs network.
In this study, an electrochemical integrated process was developed that integrates a three-pass capacitive deionization (CDI) with capacitive donnan potential (CDP) for water and energy production. Energy required to operate the desalination process CDI was partially fulfilled through the use of CDP process, which in turn reduced the use of fossil fuel energy sources and the CDI brine disposal. Electrochemical process integration with a novel three-pass desorption method increased the water recovery and energy production. Results indicated that almost 95.7% water desalinated and salinity power gradient were produced through the provided design methodology. Performance evaluation graphs revealed that the concentration gain ratio and water recovery were increased up to 20 and 96%, respectively, with the increase in desorption current to 15 A. In addition, 1.4 kJ L−1 energy consumption for water production without process integration was reduced to 0.35 kJ L−1 through the implementation of the proposed system.
The current study examined the role of serial processing of newly learned sound–symbol associations in early reading acquisition. A computer-based sound–symbol paradigm (SSP) was administered to 243 children during their last year of kindergarten (T1), and their reading performance was assessed 1year later in first grade (T2). Results showed that performance on the SSP measured before formal reading instruction was associated with later reading development. At T1, early readers performed significantly better than nonreaders in learning correspondences between sounds and symbols as well as in applying those correspondences in a serial manner. At T2, SSP performance measured at T1 was positively associated with reading performance. Importantly, serial application of newly learned correspondences at T1 explained unique variance in first-grade reading performance in nonreaders over and above other verbal predictors, including phonological awareness, verbal short-term memory, and rapid automatized naming. Consequently, the SSP provides a promising way to study aspects of reading in preliterate children.
Aim This clinical report aimed to introduce a novel vibratory stimulation-based occlusal splint (VibS) for management of chronic and untreatable masticatory myofascial pain (MMFP). Methods This study was conducted on four chronic MMFP patients (mean age: 27.5±5.56 years, females) who were diagnosed according to the research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD), and who were using stabilization splints for more than 6 months and still complained of pain above 40mm in a 100-mm VAS scale. The included subjects utilized the active VibS and subsequently the inactive VibS during 30 days in each trial, separated by a wash-out period of at least 8 months. VAS pain levels were the only measured dependent variable, and were recorded before and after the use of active VibS and inactive VibS. Results At baseline, mean VAS pain levels before using the active or inactive splint were 54.5±19.8mm and 44.0±13.6mm, respectively. After using the active VibS, mean pain level decreased by 77% (VASpos-pre=−42.0±30.3mm). On the other hand, after using the inactive VibS, severe pain aggravation of 67% in magnitude was observed (VASpos-pre=+29.5±21.5mm). Conclusion This case-series study demonstrated a good tendency of this novel VibS in chronic MMFP alleviation after a 4-week management period compared to a control inactive VibS.
Fuel cell (FC) application in vehicular technology has gained much popularity since the past few years. Typically, fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle (FCHEV) consists of fuel cell, battery and/or ultracapacitor (UC) as the power sources. The power converter is integrated to the power sources to form the hybrid FC system. This helps to compensate the drawback of individual power sources. Apart from the technical efficiency of power sources itself, the performance of an FCHEV is governed by the efficiency of power electronics and associated controller. In this paper, a state-of-the-art of vehicle classification is reviewed, in which the focus is placed on the deployment of fuel cell, battery, ultracapacitor and flywheel. The configurations used in FCHEV, followed by the updated power converter topologies, are also discussed. The topologies are categorized and discussed according to the power stages and control techniques used in the configurations. Then, multiple stages conversion and single stage topologies are described chronologically. The advantages and disadvantages of each topology, safety standards, current situation and environmental impact of FCHEV are also discussed. In addition, the current development of FCHEV, challenges and future prospects are also elaborated. The rapid growth of FC based research and technology has paved great prospects for FCHEVs in the near future, with the prediction of the competitive cost of hydrogen as compared to gasoline.
Neutron imaging provides a route for studying the effect of environmental conditions on enzymatic electrochemical cell (EEC) performance. Here, the application of 2D and 3D neutron imaging is demonstrated as a means to investigate effects of environmental conditions on EEC performance. Changes in aqueous solutions that are vital to the operation of EECs have been directly observed in real time using neutron radiography (NR). These changes include uptake of aqueous solutions in electrode materials and in situ observation of water content during operation. The EEC structure has also been observed using ex situ neutron tomography. Initially samples constructed to simulate EEC geometry were imaged, and aqueous buffer solution uptake behavior was observed in carbon paper cell components. In follow-on studies neutron tomography was used to map regions of enzyme catalyst inks, defining active regions within the EEC electrode. The higher neutron attenuation of polymeric ink components enables this observation. Finally, in situ imaging of a prototype EEC pouch cell was performed using a standard chronoamperometry arrangement while performing real time neutron radiography. Neutron radiographs acquired during operation show a clear variation in transmission behavior, primarily due to drying. Together these studies demonstrate the applicability and attendant challenges of neutron imaging for the study of EEC performance and reliability.
Recently, there has been wide interest in the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on cognitive functioning. However, many methodological questions remain unanswered. One of them is whether the time interval between active and sham-controlled stimulation sessions, i.e. the interval between sessions (IBS), influences DLPFC tDCS effects on cognitive functioning. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed of experimental studies published in PubMed, Science Direct, and other databases from the first data available to February 2016. Single session sham-controlled within-subject studies reporting the effects of tDCS of the DLPFC on cognitive functioning in healthy controls and neuropsychiatric patients were included. Cognitive tasks were categorized in tasks assessing memory, attention, and executive functioning. Evaluation of 188 trials showed that anodal vs. sham tDCS significantly decreased response times and increased accuracy, and specifically for the executive functioning tasks, in a sample of healthy participants and neuropsychiatric patients (although a slightly different pattern of improvement was found in analyses for both samples separately). The effects of cathodal vs. sham tDCS (45 trials), on the other hand, were not significant. IBS ranged from less than 1 h to up to 1 week (i.e. cathodal tDCS) or 2 weeks (i.e. anodal tDCS). This IBS length had no influence on the estimated effect size when performing a meta-regression of IBS on reaction time and accuracy outcomes in all three cognitive categories, both for anodal and cathodal stimulation. Practical recommendations and limitations of the study are further discussed.
Dual-ion battery with the use of both cations and anions as means of energy storage promises high power, as the ions do not have to travel from one electrode to another during charge and discharge. Though, actual rate performance of an electrode is highly dependent on material, electrode configuration and electrolyte. Here, we have identified the key parameters governing the rate performance of PF6 − intercalation into graphite. Capacity is increased by increasing the surface area of the graphite material. Electrical conductivity and stability are enhanced with carbon addition in the electrode with reduced cut-off voltage. Operating voltage is reduced by increasing the salt concentration, and ionic conductivity is improved with the use of carboxymethyl cellulose as binder. Optimized graphite electrode delivers a capacity of about 90 mAh g−1 at 10 mA g−1, and 90% of it can still be accessible at a rate of 500 mA g−1, with excellent cycle stability for at least 200 cycles. The dual-ion battery is demonstrated to give power density superior to that of lithium-ion battery, and energy density superior to that of supercapacitor.
The OBREC is an overtopping structure which is integrated into a traditional rubble-mound breakwater to convert wave energy into electricity. The relatively simple geometry of this overtopping device, with a single frontal ramp and a reservoir, makes the technology suitable to be fully combined also with existing structures. OBREC has been deeply investigated over the last years with physical and numerical model tests, and it is still under development with the ongoing monitoring activities at full-scale in real environments focusing on the wave-OBREC interaction. A comprehensive review of the research studies during the last ten years is here presented. The paper contains some unpublished details on OBREC geometry and power take-off strategy. A special attention is also directed to the description of the full-scale prototype of OBREC at Naples harbour, where an experimental campaign is still continuing.
Here, we report on the electronic and ionic conductivity and diffusivity of the ordered (P4332) and disordered ( F d 3 ¯ m ) LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel material, which have been determined by using ion and electron blocking cell configurations as a function of lithium concentration and temperature. The disordered phase exhibits about fifteen-time higher electronic conductivity than the ordered phase at room temperature in the lithiated state. Upon delithiation, the electronic conductivity of the ordered LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 phase increases and reaches the same levels observed for the disordered phase. The ionic conductivity and diffusivity of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, in the ordered and disordered forms, are in the range of ∼1 × 10−9 S/cm and ∼5 × 10−9 cm2/s, respectively. Both phases exhibit similar activation energies for the ionic conductivity and diffusivity, i.e. 0.70 ± 0.2eV and 0.74 ± 0.2eV, respectively. It can be concluded from the obtained results that the electrochemical performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, whether ordered or disordered, is limited by lithium transport, but is fast enough to allow charge/discharge of micron-scale particles at practical C-rates.
Poly(1-amino-2-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone) (PAMAQ) was synthesized at glassy carbon (GC) electrode using 1-amino-2-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone (AMAQ) dissolved in a binary (1:1) solvent mixture containing acetonitrile (ACN) and 5M H2SO4 employing a continuous cyclic voltammetry or controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) techniques. Electrochemical responses of the prepared polymer films were studied in 1M H2SO4 aqueous solution. A number of factors affecting the film formation such as potential limits, scan rates, number of cycles, monomer concentration, nature of electrolytes and polymerization techniques were examined in details. The effect of scan rates and electrolyte composition on the electroactivity of the resulting polymeric films were tested also. The optimum conditions for the film formation were sweeping the electrode potential between −0.7V and +1.8V at a scan rate of 50mV/s for 25 cycles using 1mM of the monomer (AMAQ). The prepared modified electrode was found to be highly electroactive and stable in 1M H2SO4 supporting electrolyte but the polymerization process diminished completely when 0.1M LiClO4/ACN or 0.1M Bu4NClO4/ACN was used as a result of polymer instability and film solubilization. The solubility of the polymeric film has been confirmed by following up the electropolymerization of AMAQ applying UV–Vis technique. Poly(1-amino-9,10-anthraquinone) (PAAQ) was also prepared using the same binary solvent mixture. The redox behaviour and the stability of PAAQ were found to be different in the negative domain compared with PAMAQ. The effect of the presence of the methyl group in the structure of the aminoquinone was discussed.
Publisher Summary The digitally accessible information about an object can be called its information shadow. Nearly all industrially created objects have rich information shadows, even if those shadows are invisible to their owners and users. Everyday objects have been separated for a long time from their information shadows. The complexity of finding, organizing, and accessing this information divided the world of objects and the world of information shadows. Even if accessible through a computer, information shadows were unavailable when they could provide the most value in choosing between different products to buy, or in figuring out how to use a new tool. For example, barcodes are not human-readable. So for a long time, only those with barcode readers and access to specialized databases could use them, which basically only included retailers and their employees. Even then the kinds of data available to retailers were limited. Standard Universal Product Code barcodes identify classes of products, not individual things. Moreover, there is no universal database of barcodes. So a retailer’s information about a given object is limited to data it has bought or generated on its own. Typically, like the early Borders Books system, retailers only keep enough information around to price items and order more.
Electrocatalytic activity for molecular oxygen reduction on nanoparticles of ruthenium mixed with Nafion® in 0.5 M H2SO4 was studied. The electrocatalytic material was synthesized by pyrolysis of Ru3(CO)12 in sealed ampoules at 190 °C for 3 h. The product of the pyrolysis was characterized by DSC, FTIR, XRD, SEM (EDX), TEM and also electrochemically. X-ray diffraction and TEM studies indicated that the synthesized powder presents a nano-crystalline structure. The electrochemical results obtained by rotating disk electrode (RDE) and rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) techniques show that the oxygen reduction reaction take place by a multi-electronic charge transfer process (n=4e−) with the formation of ca. 4.5% of hydrogen peroxide. A Tafel slope of ca. −100 mVdec−1 and an exchange current density of 7.9× 10−7 mA cm−2 were deduced. The kinetics of the reduction reaction were evaluated in the potential range of 0.7–0.0 V (SHE) through a simple Damjanovic model. Further interpretation of the analysis of the kinetic results in the light of Anastasijevic's procedure is also presented.
The use of delayed fluorescence intensity as an endpoint for rapid estimation of the effective concentration (ECx) has been reported as an alternative to standard growth inhibition (at 72 h after exposure) in some algal species including Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. In marine algae, although an approach of bioassaying using delayed fluorescence measurements has not been performed yet, its development would provide many benefits for marine environmental risk assessment. In this study, we selected marine cyanobacterium Cyanobium sp. (NIES-981) as our test algal species and demonstrated that this species is valid for the standard growth inhibition test based on criteria provide by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. Furthermore, standard inhibition tests and shorter period test using DF were performed in NIES-981 using five chemicals (3,5-DCP, simazine, diflufenican, K2Cr2O7, and CuSO4), and their EC50 and low-toxic-effect values (EC10, EC5, and NOEC) were determined from two dose-response curves. Based on comparisons of the two dose-response curves and the EC50 values, we conclude that DF intensity is useful as an endpoint for rapid estimation of EC50 in NIES-981.
Ce-doped Li4Ti5O12 anode materials are prepared via a solid state reaction. The Ce is designed to replace of Ti (Li4Ti5−xCexO12) or take the place of octahedral interstice (Li4Ti5CexO12). The structure and morphology of these materials are characterized and their electrochemical performance is investigated. The structure analysis results show that it is difficult for Ce to dope into the lattice of Li4Ti5O12, only few Ce can dope in the lattice of Li4Ti5O12 and CeO2 impurity is inevitable in Ce-doped Li4Ti5O12 materials. As we designed, Li4Ti5Ce0.1O12 with Ce interstitial doping has the bigger lattice volume than Li4Ti4.9Ce0.1O12 with Ce substitution doping and pristine Li4Ti5O12. As for the electrochemical performance, Li4Ti5Ce0.1O12 delivers the highest capacity at 0.2C (over 170mAhg−1) and best rate performance among the pristine and Ce-doped Li4Ti5O12 materials. Ac impedance results show that the impedance of Li4Ti5Ce0.1O12 is much less than the other samples, which is the main reason for the best electrochemical performance.
Because of their commercial acceptability, Lead-Acid batteries are of significant importance, thus researchers constantly attempt to find new approaches to enhance their efficiency. In the present study, I sought to modify surface of the negative grids with aniline in sulfuric acid solution. Then, the modified grids were used as current collectors in negative plates of the cells in Lead-Acid batteries. The XRD, SEM, XPS, chronopotentiometry and cyclic voltammetry were employed for characterization of the modified grids, and constant current charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques were used for studying the performance of the Lead-Acid cells. The results indicate that the growth of polyaniline fractal modifies the distance between the collector grids and active materials and the process of PbSO4 reduction to the metallic lead is enhanced on the modified lead grid. Although modification of the collector grids in negative plate seems to have no significant effect on the initial capacity of the cells, the grids modified with a 5mM aniline solution shows a higher cumulative capacity after 90 complete charge/discharge cycles. XRD analysis on the negative active materials revealed a decrease in accumulation of the lead sulfate crystals on the negative plate. So, taking the decay in capacity to 35% of the initial amount as a criterion, cycle life of cells increased from 35 in the cells with commercial plates to >100 in the cells of the modified grids. Such a modification with three folds increment in battery life would help the Lead-Acid batteries to compete in the modern world.
Upon binding to ligands such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is activated to form a heterodimer with an aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt). This complex binds to DNA. It has been shown that the AhR bonds to a DNA sequence called the dioxin response element (DRE), which controls the expression of battery genes. It is reported that TCDD releases arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids via activation of phospholipase A2s (PLA2s) in various cell types. Recently, we demonstrated that the TCDD-activated AhR binds to the second intron of the Pla2g4a gene, which encodes cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α), in mouse hepatoma Hepa-1c1c7 cells. This result suggests that Pla2g4a appears to be a target gene of the AhR. In the present study, we investigated whether the transcriptional regulation of Pla2g4a is dependent on the AhR in Hepa-1c1c7 cells. Treatment of the cells with TCDD increased mRNA expression of Pla2g4a and enzymatic activity of PLA2, while this increased expression was not observed in AhR-defective c12 cells. After transient transfection of an Ahr gene-expressing plasmid into the c12 cells, expression of Pla2g4a was increased by TCDD. These results indicate that Pla2g4a may be a novel target gene of the AhR, and its transcriptional induction is mediated through binding of the AhR to the second intron of Pla2g4a, although this target site does not have a typical DRE sequence.
In order to assess the impact of neurotoxic compounds on marine environment the evaluation of acetylcholinesterase activity in marine organisms is used as a biomarker of exposure to neurotoxic agents such as organophosphorus, carbamate pesticides etc. Metallothioneins (MTs) are induced by toxic metals such as Cd, Hg, and Cu by chelation through cysteine residues and are used in both vertebrates and invertebrates as a biomarker of metal exposure. The measurement of the levels of DNA integrity in marine organisms such as Sea stars (Asterias rubens) from the North Sea and the marine snails (Planaxis sulcatus) from the Arabian Sea along the Goa coast exposed to environmental xenobiotic contaminants clearly indicated the extent and the nature of pollution at the sampling sites along coastal environment.
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) need long-lived high-power batteries as energy storage devices. Batteries based on lithium-ion technology can meet the high-power goals but have been unable to meet HEV calendar-life requirements. As part of the US Department of Energy’s Advanced Technology Development (ATD) Program, diagnostic studies are being conducted on 18650-type lithium-ion cells that were subjected to accelerated aging tests at temperatures ranging from 40 to 70°C. This article summarizes data obtained by gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, electron microscopy, X-ray spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques, and identifies cell components that are responsible for the observed impedance rise and power fade.