batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
GM1 gangliosidosis is an autosomal recessive glycosphingolipid storage disease caused by defects in the enzyme β-galactosidase. Three clinical forms (infantile-, juvenile-, and adult-onset) of the disease are recognized. Patients with infantile GM1 gangliosidosis present at birth or shortly thereafter with somatic and bony changes, followed by severe neurological deterioration ultimately leading to death within the first 2 years of life. We present the brain CT, MRI and MR spectroscopy (MRS) findings in a 17-month-old Turkish girl with infantile GM1 gangliosidosis. Neuroimaging findings in patients with infantile GM1 gangliosidosis have been reported only in a few cases. In this study, MRS of the thalamus was performed to study the metabolic changes in GM1 gangliosidosis. We showed a a decreased NAA/Cr ration and an increased Cho/Cr ratio. To our knowledge, this is the first report of magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings in type-1 GM1 gangliosidosis.
Highly ion-conductive solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) based on polyethylene (PE) non-woven matrix is prepared by filling poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based crosslinked electrolyte inside the pores of the non-woven matrix. The PE non-woven matrix not only shows good mechanical strength for SPE to be a free-standing film, but also has very porous structure for high ion conductivity. The ion conductivity of SPE based on PE non-woven matrix can be enhanced by adding sufficient non-volatile plasticizer such as poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEGDME) into ion conduction phase without sacrificing mechanical strength. SPE with 20wt.% crosslinking agent and 80wt.% non-volatile plasticizer shows 3.1×10−4 Scm−1 at room temperature (20°C), to our knowledge, which is the highest level for SPEs. It is also electrochemically stable up to 5.2V and has high transference number about 0.52 due to the introduction of anion receptor as an additive. The interfacial resistance between Li electrode and SPE is low enough to perform charge/discharge test of unit cell consisting of LiCoO2/SPE/Li at room temperature. The discharge capacity of the unit cell shows 87% of theoretical value with 86% Coulombic efficiency.
Aluminum electrocrystallization is studied by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A model based on random birth and deterministic growth of monolayers is proposed, in which the edges are assumed to follow a propagation law. The high frequency impedance data show charge transfer reaction of AlCl4 − reduction while the low frequency features signifies the growth mode of deposits. The inductive response observed in the course of polycrystalline deposition reflects the activation of electrode area while a capacitive loop appears in regular growth. Parameters of impedance model in this system can be calculated from the fitting of experimental data to the Faradaic impedance function derived theoretically. The physical parameters of this function are analyzed by means of the dependence of simulated EIS spectra on kinetic parameters.
A flexible battery is printed on paper by screen-printing a zinc/carbon/polymer composite anode on one side of the sheet, polymerising a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) cathode on the other side of the sheet, and applying a lithium chloride electrolyte between the two electrodes. The PEDOT cathode is prepared by inkjet printing a pattern of iron(III)p-toluenesulfonate as a solution in butan-1-ol onto paper, followed by vapour phase polymerisation of the monomer. The electrolyte is prepared as a solution of lithium chloride and lithium hydroxide and also applied by inkjet printing on to paper, where it is absorbed into the sheet cross-section. Measurements on a zinc/carbon-PEDOT/air battery in a similar configuration on a polyethylene naphthalate substrate shows a discharge capacity of up to 1.4mAhcm−2 for an initial load of 2.5mg zinc, equivalent to almost 70% of the zinc content of the anode, which generates 0.8V at a discharge current of 500μA. By comparison, the performance of the paper-based battery is lower, with an open-circuit voltage of about 1.2V and a discharge capacity of 0.5mAhcm2. It appears that the paper/electrolyte combination has a limited ability to take up anode oxidation products before suffering a reduction in ionic mobility. The effects of different zinc/carbon/binder combinations, differences in application method for the zinc/carbon composite and various electrolyte compositions are discussed.
Traditional wireless networks focus on transparent data transmission where the data are processed at either the source or destination nodes. In contrast, the proposed approach aims at distributing data processing among the nodes in the network thus providing a higher processing capability than a single device. Moreover, energy consumption is balanced in the proposed scheme since the energy intensive processing will be distributed among the nodes. The performance of a wireless network is dependent on a number of factors including the available energy, energy–efficiency, data processing delay, transmission delay, routing decisions, security architecture etc. Typical existing distributed processing schemes have a fixed node or node type assigned to the processing at the design phase, for example a cluster head in wireless sensor networks aggregating the data. In contrast, the proposed approach aims to virtualize the processing, energy, and communication resources of the entire heterogeneous network and dynamically distribute processing steps along the communication path while optimizing performance. Moreover, the security of the communication is considered an important factor in the decision to either process or forward the data. Overall, the proposed scheme creates a wireless “computing cloud” where the processing tasks are dynamically assigned to the nodes using the Dynamic Programming (DP) methodology. The processing and transmission decisions are analytically derived from network models in order to optimize the utilization of the network resources including: available energy, processing capacity, security overhead, bandwidth etc. The proposed DP-based scheme is mathematically derived thus guaranteeing performance. Moreover, the scheme is verified through network simulations.
The application of micro-solid oxide fuels cells in small systems is discussed. Two types of application are examined, namely, leisure CHP systems and micro-hybrid vehicles. A unique triple layer catalyst–SOFC–catalyst system has been designed utilising propane/butane fuel. The system consists of a co-generating gas burner with a pre-reforming catalyst, a micro-SOFC stack and an oxidation catalyst. The pre-reforming catalyst comprising of Ru metal on Saffil® ceramic wool, was used to partially reform the propane/butane gas prior to entering the fuel cell, preventing carbon formation. The micro-SOFCs were YSZ tubes (Adelan, UK) with nickel/YSZ cermet anodes on the outside and strontium-doped lanthanum manganite cathodes on the inside. Final oxidation was provided by a cordierite honeycomb coated with platinum combustion catalyst producing most of the heat for the fuel cell operation. Initial performance results were obtained and it was shown that a co-generating system could be achieved using a propane/butane fuel supply, piezoelectric ignition system and air supply for the triple catalyst system. The application of this micro-SOFC system for leisure and micro-hybrid vehicles, such as golf trolleys and power-assisted bicycles, is described.
Activity recognition has a vital role in smart home operations. One of the major challenges in object-sensor-based activity recognition is to learn the complete activity model derived from a generic activity model for sequential and parallel activities. Such challenge exists due to erratic degrees of dissimilar activities in which inhabitants perform activities in sequential and interleaved fashion while interacting with different objects. The proposed work focuses on recognizing a complete set of actions (of activity) by exploiting different knowledge engineering techniques, ontology-based temporal formalisms and data driven techniques. Semantic Segmentation has been employed to establish the generic activity model. The spurious semantic segmentation produced by sensor noise or erratic behaviour is removed by Allen’s temporal formalism. Moreover, Tversky’s feature-based similarity has been used to remove the highly similar spurious activities produced as a result of mistaken interactions with wrong home objects. The duration to perform activities varies among inhabitants; such duration intervals are identified dynamically using the proposed model in order to have a complete activity model. A comprehensive set of experiments has been carried out for evaluating the proposed model where the results based upon different metrics assert its effectiveness especially when compared with other contemporary techniques.
DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) study has been made on the reactions of metallic Li or LiC6 with organic solvents for lithium ion battery. Ethylene carbonate (EC) more easily reacts with metallic Li and LiC6 than propylene carbonate (PC). This may be because formation of lithium alkyl carbonate is more difficult for PC than EC. On the other hand, diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) react with Li in the same manner. Reactions of Li and LiC6 with organic solvents have been discussed based on the results of quantum calculation.
Abstract (max 200 words) The effects of extended charge/discharge cycling on the morphology of the jelly roll of commercial 18650 lithium-ion battery cells (Sanyo UR18650E) are shown and discussed. Using micro X-ray computed tomography combined with post-mortem analysis it is shown that the jelly roll exhibits significant deformations after charge/discharge cycling. This effect appears despite the presence of a solid inner pin, which had been suggested in literature as prohibitive for jelly roll deformation. The effect is related to an inhomogeneous architecture of the cells caused mainly by the cathode tab in the vicinity of which deformations were observed most often. While it is shown here that such deformations eventually lead to delamination of the otherwise rather stable cathode coating and cause a rapid capacity fade, jelly roll deformation has also been observed after more than 1700 equivalent full cycles on cells which show a typical, non-accelerated ageing behavior for this cell type. A correlation between occurrence of delamination and occurrence of deformation was clearly identified by combining post-mortem and computed tomography analysis. It is discussed, if the well-documented deformation is caused by thickness variations of the anode and cathode during charge/discharge cycles. Furthermore, an in-depth characterization of the cell design is documented.
Development of all solid ceramic batteries was investigated in our research. Sintering process was one of the facile ways to construct all ceramic batteries. But the drawback was that the heat treatment of an active material layer and a solid electrolyte layer in contact with each other induced the solid-state reaction between them, resulting in electrochemical deactivation of the interface. When phosphate solid electrolytes such as Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP), and phosphate active materials such as LiCoPO4 and Li3Fe2(PO4)3 were selected, both the solid electrolyte layer and the active material layers could be co-sintered without significant formation of new materials, and the resulted interfaces were found to be electrochemically active.
Pyrolysis of methylphenyl-substituted branched polysilane–polystyrene polymer blends led to the formation of silicon oxycarbide (Si–O–C) glasses with microstructures similar to those found in hard carbon. Electrochemical measurements showed that the Si–O–C composite materials had lithium storage capacities of more than 500mAhg−1, with a short but characteristic pseudo-voltage plateau at ca. 0.1V upon delithiation. This voltage plateau indicates the existence of micropores where less-ionic lithium species can be formed, as seen in the case of hard carbon. The micropores were minor electrochemically active sites but led to an increase in the capacities. 7Li NMR spectra of the Si–O–C composite materials had two resonances in the fully lithiated state, and one resonance could be attributed to less-ionic lithium species in the micropores. No voltage plateau was observed upon delithiation, and only a singular 7Li NMR resonance was observed when the polysilanes alone were pyrolyzed. Although there was no decrease in the capacities, the voltage plateau disappeared with electrochemical cycling. Furthermore, different 7Li NMR resonances from those observed in the first lithiation were clearly seen. These results indicate changes in the lithium environments in the Si–O–C composite materials.
The polarization and discharge characteristics of solid-state batteries are examined by means of a conventional load resistor technique with high-performance mV or μA meters. In the present paper, to overcome the need for high-performance meters, a compact discharge–polarization unit is constructed. The new discharge unit does not require any other high input impedance accessories like, mV or μA meters. It is used to study the polarization and discharge characteristics of silver-ion conducting electrolytes such as: (a) the polycrystalline system: ((CH3)4N)2Ag13I15; (b) the silver boro-vanadate glassy system: AgI–Ag2O–B2O3–V2O5; (c) the silver boro-molybdate glassy system: AgI–Ag2O–B2O3–MoO3. Solid-state batteries are fabricated with different cathode materials at various compositions and battery performance is studied with the new battery discharge unit.
Driven by the development of smart buildings and smart grids, numerous of research has focused on developing optimal operation strategies for smart buildings with the aims of reducing energy consumption and cost, as well as improving the grid reliability. Unfortunately, most of the studies from smart building perspective only target on a single building with elaborated energy forecasting models. Few of them addresses the effects of multiple buildings on power grid operation. On the other hand, a few studies from smart grid area focus on multiple buildings and their influence on power grid, they usually, however, use simplified linear energy forecasting models, which are hard to guarantee the findings reflecting the cases in real fields. As a result, this research proposes to bridge this research gap, through developing and validating high fidelity energy forecasting models for a building cluster with multiple buildings and distributed energy systems, as well as creating a collaborative operation framework to determining the optimal operation strategies of this building cluster. The operation framework utilizes multi-objective optimizations to determine the operation strategies: building temperature setpoints, energy storage charging and discharging schedules, etc., using particle swarm optimization. Pareto curves for energy cost saving and thermal comfort maintaining are also derived with different thermal comfort requirements. The results from this study show that the developed building cluster collaborative operation framework is able to reduce the energy cost by 12.1–58.3% under different electricity pricing plans and thermal comfort requirements.
Li-rich Mn-based cathode materials are regarded as promising cathode materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their high electrochemical capacity and low cost. However, residual Li compounds on the surface and dissolution of metal ions cause severe degradation of the electrochemical performance, thereby hindering their practical applications. Li4V2Mn(PO4)4 is a composite cathode material with three-dimensional Li-ion diffusion channels and a stable structure at high operating voltages (>4.5 V). Herein, we modify the surface of Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 with Li4V2Mn(PO4)4. The Li4V2Mn(PO4)4 coating layer can not only reduce the content of residual Li compounds on the surface but also restrain the dissolution of transition metals. Theoretical calculations illustrate that Li4V2Mn(PO4)4 reduces the Li-ion diffusion energy barrier and provides efficient diffusion pathways. Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2@Li4V2Mn(PO4)4 compounds deliver a discharge capacity of 300 mAh g−1 with a high initial coulombic efficiency (84.2%) and an excellent cycling stability (capacity retention of 78.1% after 200 cycles at 1C). Hence, the proposed modification strategy of phosphate-based materials could shed light on the structural design of surface-sensitive electrode materials for LIBs.
In the Dial-a-Ride-Problem (DARP) a fleet of vehicles provides shared-ride services to users specifying their origin, destination, and preferred arrival time. Typically, the problem consists of finding minimum cost routes, satisfying operational constraints such as time-windows, origin-destination precedences, user maximum ride-times, and vehicle maximum route-durations. This paper presents a problem variant for the DARP which considers the use of electric autonomous vehicles (e-ADARP). The problem covers battery management, detours to charging stations, recharge times, and selection of destination depots, along with classic DARP features. The goal of the problem is to minimize a weighted objective function consisting of the total travel time of all vehicles and excess ride-time of the users. We formulate the problem as a 3-index and a 2-index mixed-integer-linear program and devise a branch-and-cut algorithm with new valid inequalities derived from e-ADARP properties. Computational experiments are performed on adapted benchmark instances from DARP literature and on instances based on real data from Uber Technologies Inc. Instances with up to 5 vehicles and 40 requests are solved to optimality.
The aversive aspects of nicotine withdrawal are powerful motivational forces contributing to the tobacco smoking habit. We evaluated measures of affective and somatic aspects of nicotine withdrawal in C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ mice. Nicotine withdrawal was induced by termination of chronic nicotine delivery through osmotic minipumps or precipitated with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonists mecamylamine or dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE). A rate-independent discrete-trial intracranial self-stimulation threshold procedure was used to assess brain reward function. Anxiety-like behavior and sensorimotor gating were assessed in the light–dark box and prepulse inhibition (PPI) tests, respectively. Acoustic startle response and somatic signs of withdrawal were also evaluated. Spontaneous nicotine withdrawal after 14-day exposure to 10–40mg/kg/day nicotine induced no alterations in anxiety-like behavior, startle reactivity, PPI, or somatic signs in either strain, and no changes in thresholds in C57BL/6J mice. Extended 28-day exposure to 40mg/kg/day nicotine induced threshold elevations, increased somatic signs, and anxiety-like behavior 24h post-nicotine in C57BL/6J mice; thresholds returned to baseline levels by day 4 in nicotine-exposed mice. Mecamylamine or DHβE administration induced threshold elevations in nicotine-exposed C57BL/6J mice compared with saline-exposed mice. In conclusion, administration of relatively high nicotine doses over prolonged periods of time induces both the affective and somatic aspects of spontaneous nicotine withdrawal in the mouse, while exposure to nicotine for shorter periods of time is sufficient for nAChR antagonist-precipitated nicotine withdrawal. The current study is one of the first to demonstrate reward deficits associated with both spontaneous and nAChR antagonist-precipitated nicotine withdrawal in C57BL/6J mice.
The influence of tris(trimethylsilyl) borate (TMSB) as an electrolyte additive on lithium ion cells have been studied using Li/LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 cells at a higher voltage, 4.7V versus Li/Li+. 1wt% TMSB can dramatically reduce the capacity fading that occurs during cycling at room temperature (RT) and elevated temperature (60°C). After 150 cycles at 1C rate (1C=278mAh/g), the capacity retention of Li/LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 is up to near 72% in the electrolyte with TMSB added, while it is only about 35% in the baseline electrolyte. The electrochemical behaviors, the surface chemistry and structure of Li/LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode are characterized with charge/discharge test, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), thermal gravimetric analyses (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These analysis results reveal that the addition of TMSB is able to protectively modify the electrode CEI film in a manner that suppresses electrolyte decomposition and degradation of electrode surface structure, even though at both a higher voltage of 4.7V and an elevated temperature of 60°C.
A graphene oxide nanosheets/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (GO/MWCNTs) hybrid with excellent electrocatalytic redox reversibility towards VO2+/VO2+ redox couples for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) has been prepared by an electrostatic spray technique after efficient ultrasonic treatment. The structures and electrochemical properties of GO/MWCNTs are investigated by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. GO/MWCNTs are shown to be cross-linked and form an electrocatalytic hybrid with an effective mixed conducting network, leading to efficiently fast ion and electron transport characteristics. Compared with the pure GO nanosheets and MWCNTs, GO/MWCNTs deliver a much better electrocatalytic redox reversibility towards the positive VO2+/VO2+ couple, especially for the reduction from VO2+ to VO2+. The excellent experimental results demonstrate that the newly developed hybrid material holds great promise in the application of VRFB.
The fornix is the primary efferent pathway of the hippocampus and plays a central role in memory circuitry. Diffusion tensor imaging has shown changes in the fornix with typical development and aging. Here, the fornix was investigated in 903 healthy young adult participants aged 22–36 years old from the high-spatial resolution 1.25 mm isotropic Human Connectome Project (HCP) diffusion dataset. Manual deterministic tractography was used to assess relationships between fornix diffusion parameters and age, sex, laterality, hippocampus volume, memory scores, and genetic effects in a subgroup of mono- and dizygotic twins. Fornix diffusion metrics were weakly correlated with age over the given age span. While significant hemispheric and sex differences were observed (greater fractional anisotropy (FA) and volume in the right hemisphere; greater FA and volume in females), there was great overlap between the groups. Hippocampus volume measurements showed greater volume in the right hemisphere, were found to be larger in males, and were weakly correlated with fornix FA and volume. Interestingly, all fornix diffusion measurements correlated strongly with fornix volume, suggesting the presence of partial volume effects despite the high-spatial resolution of the data. Both fornix diffusion parameters and hippocampal volumes were able to explain some variance (0.6–5.5%) in the memory tests evaluated. The fornix diffusion parameters were influenced by both genetic and shared environmental factors, displaying greater variability in dizygotic than in monozygotic twins. These findings provide a comprehensive depiction of the fornix in healthy, young individuals, upon which future typical development/aging and pathological studies could anchor.