batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Li-ion insertion/deinsertion reactions of the anode of a Li-ion secondary cell incorporating a reference electrode were analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at different temperatures and state of charges (SOCs). The cell uses graphitized carbon as anode electroactive material. Impedance spectra fittings were carried out using an equivalent circuit, so that the reaction kinetics could be evaluated accurately. The dependencies of the Li-ion conduction (R sl1), Li-ion solvation/desolvation (R sl2) and charge transfer (R ct) reactions on the SOC and anode potential were evaluated. The results were compared with a dQ/dE vs. E curve of graphite to analyze how the structural changes of graphite affect the Li-ion insertion process. The charge transfer process was found to be dependent on the SOC and anode potential. On the other hand, Li-ion conduction and Li-ion solvation/desolvation processes did not depend on the SOC and anode potential.
There is a strong reciprocal association between two highly prevalent public health problems: intimate partner violence and heavy drinking, both of which remain major sources of morbidity and mortality. Brief interventions in the Emergency Department setting have been found to be effective in reducing alcohol-related injury but neither classic intimate partner violence nor substance abuse interventions have adequately integrated assessment and treatment for these co-occurring conditions. The overall goal of this study is to determine whether a motivational intervention delivered at the time of an Emergency Department visit will reduce heavy drinking and improve the safety of women experiencing intimate partner violence.
Sn and SnO were supported on large surface-area synthetic graphite (KS6) to obtain composite materials with improved electrochemical performance relative to bulk Sn and SnO. In general the composites are superior to the mechanical mixtures of KS6 and Sn (or SnO) of similar overall compositions in many performance areas. The Sn–KS6 composites increase the reversible capacity of graphite at some expense of the cyclability. It was observed that Sn could also contribute to the irreversible capacity loss in the first cycle, probably through a mechanism similar to solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation on carbonaceous surfaces. The KS6–SnO composites have good reversible capacities, rate capability and cycle life, although their irreversible capacity losses in the first cycles are necessarily higher because of the requisite electro-reduction reaction to convert the oxide precursor into Sn-based Li storage compounds. The observation of specific capacities that are larger than the weighted sums of the capacities of SnO and graphite suggests the presence of synergistic interaction between the two constituents.
The major challenge to promote the commercialization of SnO2 anode materials is to construct unique structures and/or composites that could alleviate the volume effect and extend the lifespan. This study develops an efficient synthetic solution for the preparation of mesoporous SnO2 nanosheets, which involves an evaporation-induced selfassembly process and the following thermal treatment. Surfactant F127 is used as the soft template to form abundant cores. The as-prepared sample intrinsically inherits flexible sheet-like structure and porous features, as characterized with XRD, SEM, TEM and BET techniques. Based on these combining structural benefits, the sample is utilized as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries and exhibits excellent Li+ storage performance such as large and stable reversible capacity, good rate capability, and especially the outstanding durable cycling life of over 1000 cycles, which meets the demands of practical applications. The structural changes of SnO2 nanosheets are observed from the decomposed electrodes after different electrochemical cycles. Moreover, this synthesis strategy may offer an alternative and universal approach for synthesis of other transitional metal oxides or their binary composites as high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
The northern diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin terrapin) is a saltmarsh-dependent turtle that occupies coastal habitats throughout much of the Atlantic coast of North America. We used a novel application of acoustic telemetry to quantify both mobility and occupancy of terrapins within a dredged harbor and surrounding habitats, and used these metrics to quantify relative risk to individuals posed by harbor dredging. Terrapins showed strong fidelity to brumating areas within subdrainages, but extensive movements between these zones during the active period. Activity was greatest in late spring and early summer, declining to near zero by December. Occupancy of the dredge zone was also greatest during spring and summer and declined throughout the autumn months to an annual minimum during winter. Taken together, these data indicate that risks from harbor dredging are minimized during the autumn and early winter months.
We have applied in situ X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and in situ micro-XAFS techniques to study LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode materials in Li-ion coin cells that show various levels of capacity fading: fresh cell, cycle tested cell and aging tested cell. The change in the oxidation state and local structure of Ni and Co during charge has been investigated. Ni and Co K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) show that the Ni oxidation state is converted from Ni3+ to Ni4+ upon charging, whereas the Co oxidation state hardly changes. Ni K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) reveals that the Jahn–Teller distorted NiO6 octahedron turns into the symmetric octahedron upon charging, which is consistent with the change in the Ni oxidation state. Ni K-edge micro-XANES show that the oxidation of Ni proceeds homogeneously in a grain of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 within the special resolution of ∼2μm, and proceeds independently of the grain size. All the behaviors of Ni and Co observed in these experiments for the fresh cell remain unchanged after the capacity fade is induced by cycle tests or aging tests, which demonstrates the considerable stability of the LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode material.
In 2010, an Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) stock reservoir was established for conservation purposes in north-eastern Spain. Eighteen ibexes were captured in the wild and housed in a 17 hectare enclosure. Once in captivity, a caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) outbreak occurred and ibex handlings were carried out at six-month intervals between 2010 and 2013 to perform health examinations and sampling. Treatment with a bacterin-based autovaccine and penicillin G benzatine was added during the third and subsequent handlings, when infection by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was confirmed. Changes in lesion score, serum anti-C. pseudotuberculosis antibodies and haematological parameters were analyzed to assess captivity effects, disease emergence and treatment efficacy. Serum acute phase proteins (APP) Haptoglobin (Hp), Amyloid A (SAA) and Acid Soluble Glycoprotein (ASG) concentrations were also determined to evaluate their usefulness as indicators of clinical status.
We report the structural and electrochemical characteristics of FePO4 dihydrate exhibiting a monoclinic structure (P21/n space group). We have applied Raman and FTIR spectroscopy to study the local structure. Vibrational features analyzed using the molecular group model show the strong inductive effect in the [FePO4] framework. The electrode FePO4·2H2O material inserts 0.7 Li ions per mole leading to coulombic efficiency of 74% for the first cycle and specific capacity of 106mAhg−1. Infrared spectrum of the lithiated product shows structural modifications due to the lithium insertion and the reduction of iron ions.
LiF-NiO composites in a molar ratio of 1:1 are synthesized by the mechanical milling of equal amounts of LiF and NiO for 12–144 h. The synthesized composites are investigated by XRD, charge-discharge measurements, and XPS. The XRD peaks of NiO broaden with an increase in the milling time, while those of LiF disappear. Rietveld analysis shows that the LiF-NiO composites prepared by milling for more than 72 h form a solid solution and that the arrangement of Li+ and Ni2+ ions in them is disordered. The LiF and NiO samples milled individually do not exhibit a noticeable discharge capacity, while the composites show a large one. Further, the discharge capacity of the LiF-NiO composites increases with the milling time, with the composite prepared by milling for 144 h exhibiting a discharge capacity of 216 mA h g−1 and an average voltage of 3.53 V at 0.05 C for voltages of 2.0–5.0 V. The XPS data suggest that the Ni ions are probably oxidized and reduced repeatedly during the charge-discharge process and that the Ni2+ ions are partially oxidized to Ni3+ ions during charging to 5.0 V.
Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopic studies are carried out to clarify the charge/discharge reaction mechanism of Co-doped Li2O (CDL, Co/Li = 0.1 molar ratio) as a cathode material for a new rechargeable lithium-peroxide battery. Upon charging CDL in an aprotic electrolyte, a drastic change can be seen in the O K-edge spectra, with a new, strong peak assignable to σ*(O–O) of peroxide at photon energy of 531.0 eV. This peak is reduced during subsequent discharging, causing the spectrum to essentially return to that of pristine CDL recorded in total fluorescence yield mode. The Co L2,3-edge spectra do not show a remarkable change during charging, with the exception of the disappearance of a Co2+ shoulder peak. The spectrum of charged CDL is in reasonable agreement with the calculated spectrum, assuming that the fraction of Co3+– L (where L indicates a hole state in the oxygen 2p band) is dominant in the electronic configuration of the ground state. This suggests that, to a certain extent, a redox reaction involving a ligand hole state (Co3+– L ) participates in generation of the capacity.
Support to enhance early growth of academic spin-off firms is at the core of many economic policies. Efficiency of this support has been recently questioned due to slow growth of spin-off firms in various European countries. However, despite many studies to improve support, there is virtually no empirical insight into resistance of obstacles that constrain growth over time and how this differs between distinct types of spin-offs. This article explores the incidence and nature of obstacles to growth in a cross-section and longitudinal approach, and uses Delft University of Technology (the Netherlands) as a case study. We find evidence that (1) the overall ability to overcome obstacles decreases at the age of four, most probably reflecting the rise of the so-called credibility juncture, and that (2) highly innovative spin-offs start with an accumulation of obstacles but move relatively quickly to sustainable growth. The paper concludes with recommendations for the design of new (renewed) incubation policies and for further research.
Triallyl cyanurate (TAC) and triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) are new electrolytic additives for the Li-ion battery. Both additives are structural isomers, and are found to be flame retardant. So TAC has a triallyl structure, and TAIC a triamine structure. Both molecules include unsaturated C–C bonds, which can be good building blocks for a protective film on cathode. Flame retardants that have double bonds are able to improve both the flame retardancy of the electrolyte and the thermal protection for the cathode. The unsaturated carbon materials form a good protective film, by which the exothermic oxygen evolution reaction at the cathode is suppressed very effectively. TAC is the better thermal protector. Addition of 3wt.% TAC delays the exothermic reaction by 52°C, i.e., from 275 to 327°C. A 5wt.% TAC solution suppresses 75.1% of exothermic energy from the oxygen evolution reaction.
One of the main issues in occupational studies focusing on musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity is how to best quantify workers' exposures to risk factors during a workday. Direct measurement is preferred because it is objective and provides precise measurements. To measure elevation angle exposure of the upper extremity, accelerometers are commonly used. The main problem with the use of accelerometers is the fact that they are sensitive to linear acceleration and can only assess two axes of rotation. In the present study the Virtual Corset, a pager-sized, battery powered, tri-axial linear accelerometer with an integrated data logger, was validated in vitro for the reconstruction of elevation angles under static conditions and angle error prediction under dynamic conditions. For static conditions, the RMS angle error was less than 1°. Under dynamic conditions the elevation angle error was influenced by the radius and angular acceleration. However, the angle error was predicted well with an RMS difference of 3°. It was concluded that the Virtual Corset can be used to accurately predict arm elevation angles under static conditions. Under dynamic conditions, an understanding of the motion being studied and the placement of the Virtual Corset relative to the joint are necessary. Relevance to industry A device is tested that could capture posture exposure of the shoulder at the workplace during a workday. Such exposure measurement can be used to test interventions and to develop preventive guidelines to reduce risk factors associated with musculoskeletal injuries of the upper extremity.
Li ion cells are being developed for high-power applications in hybrid electric vehicles, because these cells offer superior combination of power and energy density over current cell chemistries. Cells using this chemistry are proposed for battery systems in both internal combustion engine and fuel cell-powered hybrid electric vehicles. However, the safety of these cells needs to be understood and improved for eventual widespread commercial applications. The thermal-abuse response of Li ion cells has been improved by the incorporation of more stable anode carbons and electrolyte additives. Electrolyte solutions containing vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(trifluoroethyl)phosphate (TFP) as well as some proprietary flame-retardant additives were evaluated. Test cells in the 18,650 configuration were built at Sandia National Laboratories using new stable electrode materials and electrolyte additives. A special test fixture was designed to allow determination of self-generated cell heating during a thermal ramp profile. The flammability of vented gas and expelled electrolyte was studied using a novel arrangement of a spark generator placed near the cell to ignite vent gas if a flammable gas mixture was present. Flammability of vent gas was somewhat reduced by the presence of certain additives. Accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) was also used to characterize 18,650-size test cell heat and gas generation. Gas composition was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and was found to consist of CO2, H2, CO, methane, ethane, ethylene and small amounts of C1–C4 organic molecules.
Na and Ti co-doping Li1−x Na x Fe1−x Ti x PO4/C (x =0.00, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05) composites were synthesized by a simple high-temperature solid-state method. The structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), charge/discharge tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). The results showed that the Na and Ti co-doped samples kept the olivine structure of LiFePO4, but Na and Ti co-doping can optimize the crystal microstructure, modify the particle morphology, decrease charge transfer resistance, enhance exchange current density, electrical conductivity and Li ion diffusion velocity, and thus improve the electrochemical performance of the LiFePO4/C. Among all the doped samples, Li0.97Na0.03Fe0.97Ti0.03PO4/C showed the best rate capability and cycling stability. The initial discharge capacity of Li0.97Na0.03Fe0.97Ti0.03PO4/C was 151.0mAhg−1 with the capacity retention ratio of 99.3% after 100 cycles at 1C. Especially, it still showed a high discharge capacity of over 97.3mAhg−1 even at a high rate of 20C.
In this paper, I take a critical stance on the emerging field of nanoethics. After an introductory section, “Conceptual Foundations of Nanotechnology” considers the conceptual foundations of nanotechnology, arguing that nanoethics can only be as coherent as nanotechnology itself and then discussing concerns with this latter concept; the conceptual foundations of nanoethics are then explicitly addressed in “Conceptual Foundations of Nanoethics”. “Issues in Nanoethics” considers ethical issues that will be raised through nanotechnology and, in “What’s New?”, it is argued that none of these issues is unique to nanotechnology. In “It’s a Revolution!”, I express skepticism about arguments which hold that, while the issues themselves might not be unique, they nevertheless are instantiated to such a degree that extant moral frameworks will be ill-equipped to handle them. In “What’s Different?”, I draw plausible distinctions between nanoethics and other applied ethics, arguing that these latter might well identify unique moral issues and, as such, distinguish themselves from nanoethics. Finally, in “What Now?”, I explore the conclusions of this result, ultimately arguing that, while nanoethics may fail to identify novel ethical concerns, it is at least the case that nanotechnology is deserving of ethical attention, if not a new associative applied ethic.
The effects of current collector on the charge/discharge capacity and cycle stability of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) electrode under high C-rates (up to 20C) have been investigated by applying five types of current collectors, including a Al foil, an anodization-etched Al (E-Al), the same etched Al with a conformal C coating (C-E-Al), a Cu foil (Cu) and the same Cu foil with a C coating (C-Cu). The C coatings on both metal current collectors are deposited by a chemical vapor deposition process using CH4 at 600°C. The capacities of the LTO electrodes above 1C rate are in the order of Al<E-Al<Cu∼C-E-Al<C-Cu, exhibiting remarkable enhancement in rate performance by the C-coating for both metals. Surface analyses indicate that the enhancement can be attributed to the combination of two factors, including removal of the native oxide layer and modification of surface hydrophobicity, which improves adhesion of active layer, on the current collector surface. Both contribute to the reduction of the resistance at the current-collector/active layer interface. All electrodes show good cycle stability.
Worldwide, an estimated 2.9 million neonatal deaths occurred in 2012, accounting for 44% of all under-five deaths. In Pakistan, more than 200,000 newborns die annually and neonatal mortality rates are higher than in any other South Asian country and haven’t changed over the last three decades. The high number of neonatal deaths highlights the urgent need for effective and sustainable interventions that target newborn mortality in Pakistan.
The effects of choline chloride on the hydrogen evolution reaction, formic acid electrooxidation, and carbon dioxide conversion are investigated on a platinum cathode. We find that choline chloride suppresses hydrogen formation, but by contrast formic acid electrooxidation is enhanced and the overpotential of carbon dioxide reduction is reduced dramatically. We also find that choline chloride can be used to extend the window where electrochemical experiments can be performed. These results demonstrate that monolayers of species such as choline can have significant effects that need to be explored in more detail.
The Ni–MH batteries were tested for battery energy storage characteristics, including the effects of battery charge or discharge at different rates. The battery energy efficiency and capacity retention were evaluated through measuring the charge/discharge capacities and energies during full and partial state-of-charge (SoC) operations. Energy efficiency results were obtained at various charge input levels and different charge and discharge rates. The inefficient charging process started to take place at ca. 90% state-of-recharge (SoR) when charged at no more than 0.2C rate. For the NiMH-B2 battery after an approximately full charge (∼100% SoC at 120% SoR and a 0.2C charge/discharge rate), the capacity retention was obtained as 83% after 360h of storage, and 70% after 1519h of storage. The energy efficiency was decreased from 74.0% to 50% after 1519h of storage time. The Coulomb efficiency was initially 83.34%, and was reduced to 57.95% after 1519h of storage. The battery has relatively higher energy efficiency at approximately 50% SoC. The energy efficiency was calculated to be more than 92% when the NiMH-C3 battery was charged to 30–70% SoC then discharged to 0% SoC at a 0.2C charge/discharge rate. In consideration of energy efficiency, charge acceptance, capacity retention rate, and power output needs, as well as Nelson’s analysis on HEV power requirements, the Ni–MH battery is appropriate to work at ca. 50±10% SoC with an operating limitation of 50±20% SoC. This work is potentially beneficial for determination of the current SoC level during the battery pack being operated for energy storage applications.
Heart rate variability (HRV) is an objective, non-invasive tool to assessing autonomic dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). People with CFS/ME tend to have lower HRV; however, in the literature there are only a few previous studies (most of them inconclusive) on their association with illness-related complaints. To address this issue, we assessed the value of different diurnal HRV parameters as potential biomarker in CFS/ME and also investigated the relationship between these HRV indices and self-reported symptoms in individuals with CFS/ME.
In our previous work, we found that the LiCoO2/graphite–coke hybrid carbon system had less initial discharge capacity but better cycle performance than the LiCoO2/pure graphite system, which is the most commonly used lithium secondary battery system. In this report, we examine the effects of a better graphite–coke hybrid carbon mixing ratio for long-life use. We have found that the feature of the curve of the carbon negative electrode material influences the feature of the discharge curve of the battery, and graphite–coke hybrid carbons with a mixing ratio of 4/1 enable better cycle performance. We compared the initial discharge characteristics and cycle performance of batteries with LiCo x Ni1−x O2/graphite–coke hybrid carbon systems with those of a LiCo x Ni1−x O2/pure graphite system for x =0.3 and 0.7. Moreover, we examined the cycle performance of 10-Wh class cells using some of these systems under load-levelling imitation conditions.
Paper-based functional electronic devices endow a new era of applications in radio-frequency identification (RFID), sensors, transistors and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). As an important component for building an all paper-based system that can work independently and sustainably, a paper-based power source is indispensable. In this study, we demonstrated a paper-based nanogenerator (pNG) that can convert tiny-scale mechanical energy into electricity. The pNG relies on an electrostatic effect, and the electrostatic charges on the paper were generated by the corona method. The instantaneous output power density of a single-layered pNG reached ∼90.6 μW cm−2 at a voltage of 110 V, and this instantaneously illuminated 70 LEDs. In addition, by sticking the pNG to a movable object, such as the page of a book, the power harvested from the mechanical action of turning the page can drive an LED, which presents its outstanding potential in building paper-based, self-powered systems and as active sensors.