batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Density functional theory investigations of M3C2 transition metal carbides from the d2, d3, and d4 series suggest promising N2 capture behaviour, displaying spontaneous chemisorption energies that are larger than those for the capture of CO2 and H2O in d3 and d4 MXenes. The chemisorbed N2 becomes activated, promoting its catalytic conversion into NH3. The first proton–electron transfer is found to be the rate-determining step for the whole process, with an activation barrier of only 0.64 eV vs. SHE for V3C2.
Central Nervous System (CNS)-related safety concerns are major contributors to delays and failure during the development of new candidate drugs (CDs). CNS-related safety data on 141 small molecule CDs from five pharmaceutical companies were analyzed to identify the concordance between rodent multi-parameter neurofunctional assessments (Functional Observational Battery: FOB, or Irwin test: IT) and the five most common adverse events (AEs) in Phase I clinical trials, namely headache, nausea, dizziness, fatigue/somnolence and pain. In the context of this analysis, the FOB/IT did not predict the occurrence of these particular AEs in man. For AEs such as headache, nausea, dizziness and pain the results are perhaps unsurprising, as the FOB/IT were not originally designed to predict these AEs. More unexpected was that the FOB/IT are not adequate for predicting ‘somnolence/fatigue’ nonclinically. In drug development, these five most prevalent AEs are rarely responsible for delaying or stopping further progression of CDs. More serious AEs that might stop CD development occurred at too low an incidence rate in our clinical dataset to enable translational analysis.
New technology from General Electric (GE) will make it easier for the pharmaceuticals industry to monitor and analyse water samples.
Electrochemical performance of Ni2SnP was assessed in Li-ion and Na-ion battery systems. When cycled versus Li, Ni2SnP exhibited a reversible specific charge of 700 mAh.g−1 (theoretical specific charge: 742 mAh.g−1). In the Na system, the specific observed charge was ca. 200 mAh.g−1 (theoretical specific charge: 676 mAh.g−1). X-ray diffraction, Ni K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and 31P and 7Li/23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to elucidate the electrochemical mechanisms in both systems. Versus Li, Ni2SnP undergoes a conversion reaction resulting in the extrusion of Ni and the alloying of Li-Sn and Li-P. On delithiation, the material partially recombines into a Sn- and Ni-deficient form. In the Na system, Ni2SnP reacts through the conversion of P into Na3P. These results indicate that the recombination of the pristine material (even partially) increases cycling stability.
The surface area of electrodeposited thin films of Ni, Co, and NiCo was evaluated using electrochemical double-layer capacitance, electrochemical area measurements using the [Ru(NH
Agriculture is still the occupation of the majority of Turkish people, despite the share of industry and services rising constantly. In terms of agricultural lands, Turkey is also one of the largest countries in the world. Fruits and field crops make up for the most of vegetable products, wheat being the leading crop. Turkey has a high trade surplus with the EU-27 (1.5billion Euros in 2009) mainly due to exports of edible fruits and nuts, preparations of fruit and vegetables. The aim of this study is to investigate the utility of renewable energies for agricultural activities. In this concept, solar energy, biomass energy, wind energy, geothermal energy and hydropower are discussed by application examples performed in Turkey. In conclusion, proposals and recommendations are given as alternative energy instead of fossil energy sources.
Na2Ti2O5 (NTO) nanowire arrays coated with VS2 nanosheets (NTO–VS2) have been directly prepared on a current collector as a 3D anode for Na-ion batteries. Compared to graphite, the larger interlayer spacing of two dimensional VS2 can offer facile intercalation of lithium and/or sodium ions. Aside from its natural metallic behavior, VS2 also possesses a high theoretical capacity. The composite NTO–VS2 nanowire arrays as an additive free 3D anode shows superior electrochemical performance compared to NTO. After 50 (C/10) and 100 (1C) cycles, the charge capacities of NTO–VS2 are maintained, respectively, at 298 and 203mAhg−1, which are much higher than the values of 157 and 93mAhg−1 observed for the same cycled Na2Ti2O5 electrodes. The higher capacity, improved rate capability, and good stability of the composite NTO–VS2 nanowire arrays are due to the structural stability of the Na2Ti2O5 nanowire arrays and the higher capacity and conductivity of the two-dimensional VS2 nanosheets.
Redox signaling, which can be assessed by circulating aminothiols, reflects oxidative stress (OS) status and has been linked to clinical cardiovascular disease and its risk factors. These, in turn, are related to executive function decline. OS may precede the pro-inflammatory state seen in vascular disease. The objective of this study is to investigate the association between aminothiol markers of OS and inflammation in cognitive decline, especially in the executive cognitive domain which is highly susceptible to cardiovascular risk factors and is an important predictor of cognitive disability.
Novel NiCo2O4@Au nanotubes (NTs) with a mesporous structure and hollow interiors have been synthesized by the electrospinning method followed by calcination in air. For supercapacitor application, the specific capacitance of NiCo2O4@Au NTs reached 1013.5Fg−1 and could be maintained at 85.13% after 10,000 cycles at a current density of 10Ag−1. The NiCo2O4@Au NTs were also used as the positive electrode to fabricate an asymmetric supercapacitor device with a maximum voltage of 1.45V. The device exhibited high energy density (~19.56Whkg−1), high power density (~2115.01Wkg−1 at 2.75Whkg−1) and outstanding cycling stability (79.05% retention after 4000 times). For LIBs application, the as-obtained NiCo2O4@Au nanotube electrodes showed a high reversible capacity of 732.5mAhg−1 even after 200th cycles at a current density of 100mAg−1 with good cycling stability. Au nanoparticles had not only penetrated into the whole electrode to form three dimensional percolation networks but also served as adhesion centers or mechanic anchoring points to tightly hold the adjacent NiCo2O4 particles together, which led to the superior tolerance ability of this electrode to volume expansion due to strain or stress from faster ion/electron transfer during cycling.
Lithium-oxygen (Li–O2) batteries with ionic liquid-based electrolytes have attracted much attention because of their superior battery performance and high safety. However, the practical energy capacities achieved to date are markedly lower than those of Li-ion batteries. A dominant factor that limits the energy capacities of Li–O2 batteries is the insulating characteristics and insolubility of lithium peroxide (Li2O2), which gradually accumulates on the positive electrode as a discharge product. Herein, we report that ammonium ions function as a promoter for the solution-route formation of Li2O2, which results in a significant improvement of the energy capacity of Li–O2 cells. Scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed that the structure of Li2O2 changed from spherical particles to toroidal particles with an increase in the ammonium ions concentration. Ionic additives that have been reported to function as promoters the solution-route formation of Li2O2 in ether-based electrolyte systems do not exhibit a promoting effect in ionic liquid-based electrolytes.
FeOF/reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) nanocomposites are synthesized with approximately 8 and 13 wt% r-GO. The FeOF nanoparticles are fabricated using FeSiF6⋅6H2O as a precursor through solvothermal treatment with 1-propanol. This method provides a more reliable and facile wet-chemical route to synthesize phase-pure FeOF without FeF2 and Fe2O3 impurities, as compared to the annealing process in air. The FeF2 phase is formed as an intermediate during the synthetic process. The prepared FeOF/r-GO sample with 13 wt% r-GO (FeG20) exhibits improved discharge capacity, cycling stability, and rate performance as a cathode material in sodium-ion batteries, compared to the bare FeOF at 1.2–4.0 V. The enhanced electrochemical properties for sodium-ion storage are mainly attributed to the size-controlled FeOF nanoparticles and their intimate contact with the conductive r-GO matrix.
Layered compounds, Li(Co0.7Ni0.3)O2 (I) and Li(Ni0.7Co0.3)O2(II) were prepared by molten salt method in temperature ranging from 650 to 950 °C. The effect of morphology, crystal structure and electrochemical properties of materials were evaluated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic cycling. XRD pattern shows a hexagonal type structure with lattice parameters of a∼2.828 Å, c∼14.096 Å for I and a∼2.851 Å, c∼14.121 Å for II prepared in oxygen flow. The surface area of the compounds, I and II are 1.74 and 0.75 m2 g-1 respectively. CV studies show a main anodic peak occur at ∼3.8–3.94 V vs. Li and a cathodic peak occur at ∼3.6–3.7 V vs. Li. Galvanostatic cycling studies are carried out at a current rate of 30 mA g−1 in the voltage range of 2.5–4.3 V, at room temperature. Li(Co0.7Ni0.3)O2 prepared at 750 °C in air show a reversible capacity of 145 mAh g−1 at the 1st discharge cycle and 13% capacity fading between 2 and 56 cycles, whereas Li(Ni0.7Co0.3)O2 reheated in the presence of oxygen deliver a high and stable reversible capacity of 165 mAh g−1 at the end of 60th cycle.
This study used the concepts of set- and maximum-coverage to formulate capacitated multiple-recharging-station-location models, using a mixed integer programming method, based on a vehicle-refueling logic. The results of the case study demonstrate that the use of mixed stations can achieve the optimal deployment for the planning area, with results that are better than those achieved with a single type of recharging stations. While in some paths the use of slow-recharging stations means that tours are not feasible, the deployment of mixed stations can provide an economical approach which ensures the completion of overall tours on each path.
This paper examines the effect of flowrate, cell number, tank dimension and environment temperature on the thermal behaviour of the vanadium redox flow battery. Simulations are carried out under a power arbitrage scenario for two different types of membranes. It was found that at high flowrates the thermal behaviour of the stack is similar to that of the storage tanks. Increasing the number of cells in the stack does not change the shape of the general thermal gradient across the cells, but changing the tank dimensions can affect the system temperature significantly. The environment temperature has a significant impact on the system thermal behaviour as does the types of membrane used. This study shows that by altering the parameters, the thermal behaviour of the system can be regulated and even, in some cases, controlled within desirable ranges to prevent vanadium salt precipitation at temperature extremes.
Signal detection theory offers a powerful model to explain decision-making processes in the laboratory, and it can also be applied to the setting of clinical consultationSignal becomes harder to distinguish from noise when we are tired or trying to hold too much information in our working memoryThe way in which patients present information might make important symptoms harder to distinguish from less clinically relevant onesPatients in neurology might be 'noisier' than average, owing to the often long-standing duration of their condition and the greater proportion that have medically unexplained symptomsStrategies to reduce noise include writing down key facts as they emerge, getting patients to self-filter their symptoms, and asking the patients to focus on one presenting complaint at a time
Every doctor carries around a highly sophisticated piece of signal detection apparatus—the human brain. Powerful as it is, however, the brain is still far from perfect and is prone to errors of judgment. What can the theory underlying signal detection tell us about the cognitive processes that lead to such mistakes? And how can an understanding of signal detection theory (SDT) hone our brain function for use in clinical situations and improve our interactions with patients? This Review seeks to address these key questions.
Many tree-ring-based climate reconstructions are based on the assumption that the climate reaction of trees is independent of their size. Here, we test this assumption for New Zealand kauri (Agathisaustralis), one of the longest tree ring-based proxies for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The most recent kauri chronology contains a large amount of archaeological material, e.g. timber for which the original tree size is often unknown. We analyzed the climate–growth relationship of different-sized kauri in a pristine forest using different temporal scales, i.e. annually, monthly and daily data on tree growth and climate conditions. Trees of different life stages exhibited approximately the same seasonal growth peaks during austral spring (October and November). The dormancy period overlaps with the period where weekly air temperature maxima are below ca. 17–18 °C, and where the corresponding daily minima are below ca. 8 °C. However, both correlation functions between annual growth and seasonal climate as well as Kalman filter regressions between daily growth and climate conditions suggest an influence of tree size on the climate–growth relationship for kauri. Smaller trees (DBH < 40 cm) contain weaker climate signals than larger trees. Therefore, the precautionary stripping of near-pith material (first 20 cm) from kauri chronologies may result in more uniform responses to climate forcing and thus enhance the reliability of long-term climate reconstructions.
3D SnO2 nanoflowers on Ti foil have been synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method without using any surfactant or catalyst. The synthesized 3D SnO2 nanostructures are characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The FESEM results showed that the nanoflower consists of multiple nanopetals of width ∼5nm and each SnO2 nanoflower is ∼3μm in diameter. The time-dependent morphology evolution of SnO2 nanoflowers was studied in detail, and a possible growth mechanism was proposed. In addition, high dispersed Ni nanoparticles was loaded on SnO2 nanoflowers applied in supercapacitor. The electrochemical properties of the 3D Ni/SnO2 nanoflowers were investigated by a series of electrochemical tests.
A new water-free proton conducting membrane based on an organic/inorganic hybrid is presented. Siloxane oligomer functionalized with imidazole-terminated side chains (CImSS) is employed as an organic phase and proton transporter. As a mechanical framework, organically modified silicate (ORMORSIL) is prepared by a sol–gel synthesis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTEOS). Polarity difference between the CImSS and the sol affects the phase separation of the resulting hybrids. Based on the phase separation, morphology of the hybrids and specific interactions between the CImSS and the silicates are investigated and discussed with the temperature- and the pressure-dependent proton conductivity. Under the absence of water, high proton conductivity of around 10−4 Scm−1 at 160°C has been obtained for the CImSS/(MTEOS-based silicate) hybrid. This high proton conductivity is believed mainly due to well-developed percolation of the proton-conducting phase (CImSS) and weaker interaction between the CImSS and the MTEOS-based silicate.
Polypyrrole Sn(IV) phosphate, an organic–inorganic composite cation-exchanger was synthesized via sol-gel mixing of an organic polymer, polypyrrole, into the matrices of the inorganic precipitate of Sn(IV) phosphate. The physico-chemical properties of the material were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), CHN elemental analysis (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS), UV–VIS spectrophotometry, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra-Red), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TGA–DTA (Thermogravimetric Analysis–Differential Thermal Analysis), and XRD (X-ray diffraction). Ion-exchange behavior was observed to characterize the material. On the basis of distribution studies, the material was found to be highly selective for toxic heavy metal ion Mn2+. Due to its selective nature, the material was used as an electroactive component for the construction of an ion-selective membrane electrode. The proposed electrode shows fairly good discrimination of mercury ion over several other inorganic ions. The analytical utility of this electrode was established by employing it as an indicator electrode in electrometric titrations for Mn(II) in water.
The ban on the export of used lead-acid batteries (ULAB) from Annex VII to non-Annex VII countries pursuant to decision III/1 of the Basel Convention reduced the availability of imported scrap feedstock for battery recycling in the Philippines. As ULAB supply from other developing countries becomes scarcer, the ban is likely to encourage and enhance collection and recuperation for domestically generated scrap. From a short-term perspective, this study explores the technological and managerial opportunities for improving the environmental and occupational health performance of the formal battery recycling sector and unregulated reconditioning. From a medium- and long-term point of view, the study investigates restructuring the informal ULAB's collection and recycling sector. The objective has been to make the smaller battery recyclers and reconditioners in the informal sector part of an effective and efficient collection infrastructure that supports an environmentally sound secondary lead sector. This approach gradually phases out uncontrolled, inefficient and environmentally unacceptable methods of secondary lead recovery. Due attention has also been paid to the logistical peculiarities of an archipelago, in particular the regional spread of collection infrastructure, collection and shipment costs as well as the assurance of environmentally safe transport.
Tea, an evergreen shrub, is commercially cultivated in dense population as bushes in tea gardens. Periodical pruning of tea bushes makes tea plants distinct from other tree plants. Tea bushes have almost constant height throughout their life-time and have more compact canopy as compared to any forest trees. Hence, established methods of elucidating carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption in forest trees could not be employed for measuring CO2 assimilation in tea bushes. In this study, CO2 assimilation potentials of a high-yielding tea cultivar and a better quality producing tea cultivar had been periodically measured by closed-chamber method under field condition. Such type of experiment was not conducted before. This study revealed that tea bushes had potential to assimilate 1243.8–2526.7 kg CO2 ha−1 year−1 and the high yielding tea cultivar absorbed significantly higher amount of CO2 as compared to better quality producing tea cultivar. Several physiological parameters namely number of branches, plucking point density, leaf area and stomatal index were positively correlated to the annual CO2 assimilation by tea bushes. Higher CO2 assimilation in high yielding tea cultivars can be attributed to their larger and dense canopy structure due to more branching, higher plucking point density and higher leaf area. An algorithm has been derived for computing CO2 assimilation in tea bushes by considering the above-mentioned variable as indicators. This will enable to determine CO2 assimilation by tea plantation over a large area by measuring the physiological indicators without exercising in-situ experiments.
Difficulties with prehospital intubations have encouraged the development of indirect laryngoscopy techniques, facilitating laryngeal visualization. Airtraq® is a relatively new single-use indirect laryngoscope. The Airtraq® has been evaluated in several prehospital mannequin intubation trials. However, prehospital clinical experience with the device is limited.
Recent work has shown that behaviorally meaningful sensory information processing is accompanied by the induction of several transcription factors in the barrel cortex of rodents. It is now generally accepted that stimulus–transcription coupling is an important step in the sequence of events leading to long-term plastic changes in neuronal structure and function. Nevertheless, so far few data are available as to what types of neurons are involved in such a genomic response. Here, we determined the morphological and neurochemical identity of neurons in rat barrel cortex showing a c-Fos-immunoreactive nucleus after exploration of an enriched environment. Double stainings of c-Fos and glial fibrillary acidic protein excluded astrocytes as a possible cell type expressing this transcription factor. By morphological phenotyping with intracellular Lucifer Yellow injections, it was found that a large majority were probably excitatory pyramidal cells, but inhibitory interneurons were also found to contain c-Fos-immunoreactive nuclei. By neurochemical phenotyping of GABAergic interneurons with specific antibodies, a significant induction was found, in a layer-dependent manner, for the populations of glutamic acid decarboxylase-, parvalbumin-, calbindin- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neurons but not for calretinin-immunoreactive cells in experimental compared to control columns. From these data we conclude that thalamic afferents effectively drive cortical excitatory as well as inhibitory intracortical circuits. Thus, the adaptations of receptive field properties of cortical neurons after different manipulations of the sensory periphery are likely to be caused by plastic changes in excitatory and inhibitory networks.
President Obama hosted an event at the White House in February to announce new steps in a partnership with the private sector to boost advanced manufacturing and strengthen U.S. defense capabilities. ASM International’s managing director Thom Passek attended to represent the technical society at the ceremony.
lithium titanium-based oxides have been demonstrated as good anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. These materials perform at safe operating potential of the electrolyte, but suffer from low energy density. Here, we reported a new type titanium-based anode material, Li2TiGeO5, for lithium-ion batteries, which delivers a reversible specific capacity of 691 mA h g−1 and 68% initial coulombic efficiency under a current density of 0.02 A g−1, with operational potential of 0.5 V vs. Li/Li+. The experiments, including in-situ X-ray diffraction, in-situ Raman spectra, synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy, coupled with first-principles calculations, demonstrated multi-electron reaction during discharge/charge process. The lithiation products including electronic conducting TiO and Li–Ge alloy simultaneously with Li-ion conducting Li2O provide good electrochemical performances of Li2TiGeO5 anode in lithium-ion batteries. Those results indicate a conversion reaction mechanism of lithium-ion storage with a high initial coulombic efficiency comparable to that of most other conversion-type anode materials. Our work provides a new class of anode material with large capacity and high safety in lithium-ion batteries.