batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
To understand the mechanism for preventing the shuttle in lithium–sulfur batteries, the SEI films formed in different electrolyte solutions are studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electrochemical measurements. The SEI film formed in electrolyte solution with LiNO3, which is an effective additive to suppress the shuttle, cannot maintain a stable state without polysulfides. The combination of electrochemical data and SEM images indicate that the contribution of LiNO3 and polysulfides are equally important to form a SEI film which is effective in suppressing the shuttle. This SEI film can be assumed to consist of two sub layers, the top layer composed of oxidized products from polysulfides (lithium sulfates) and the bottom layer composed of the reduced products of polysulfides and LiNO3 (lithium sulfide and LiN x O y ). We suppose the formation process of this SEI film in detail and give a possible explanation of the mechanism by which the SEI film on the lithium electrode is preventing the shuttle in lithium–sulfur batteries.
Electrochemical performance and spectroscopic characterization of native and TiO2-coated LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 were investigated. The electrochemical results showed TiO2-coated materials exhibited better cycle stability in the different potential regions (i.e. 3.0–4.3 and 3.0–4.6V) and the decomposition of the electrolytes was suppressed on coated materials surface. In addition, FT-IR and temperature-programmed desorption–mass spectroscopy (TPD–MS) results demonstrated that different oxidation products were formed on the native and coated electrodes. A possible decomposition mechanism of the electrolytes has been proposed based on our results.
Stearic acid in tetramethylammonium hydroxide is used to co-precipitate lithium and manganese in stoichiometric proportions from aqueous solutions of manganese and lithium salts. Calcination of the precipitate in air produces uniformly sized, fine particles of spinel LiMn2O4 as the end product. The effect of heat treatment on the spinel formation reaction is followed by thermogravimetry and powder X-ray diffraction measurements. The electrochemical performance of the spinel is evaluated in test cells using the spinel as the positive electrode material, and lithium metal as the negative electrode. The charge–discharge data indicate that the spinel has a specific capacity of about 119 mAh g−1. The material shows good rate capability in the range of 0.5–3 mA cm−2.
The present study aimed to characterize the association of psychopathology with the clinical correlates of epilepsy, asthma, and allergy within and between neurobehavioral syndromes. Participants were consecutively evaluated youth (6–18 years, 75 % male) with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; n = 589) and non-ASD outpatient psychiatry referrals (n = 653). Informants completed a background questionnaire (parents) and a psychiatric symptom severity rating scale (parents, teachers). Youth with ASD had higher rates of epilepsy and allergy but not asthma than psychiatry referrals, even when analyses were limited to youth with IQ ≥ 70. Somatic conditions evidenced variable associations with medical services utilization, educational interventions, family income, and maternal education. Youth with ASD with versus without epilepsy had more severe ASD social deficits (parents’ ratings) and less severe ASD repetitive behaviors (teachers’ ratings). Epilepsy was associated with more severe depression, mania, and schizophrenia symptoms in youth with ASD. Youth with allergy (psychiatry referrals only) had more severe anxiety and depression symptoms (parents’ ratings) but less severe aggression (teachers’ ratings) thus providing evidence of both context- and diagnostic-specificity. Youth with ASD versus non-ASD psychiatry referrals evidence a variable pattern of relations between somatic conditions and a range of clinical correlates, which suggests that the biologic substrates and psychosocial concomitants of neurodevelopmental disorders and their co-occurring somatic conditions may interact to produce unique clinical phenotypes.
A metal film of silver, copper, or gold was vacuum-deposited on the surface of mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber prepared at 3100°C, and the Li insertion/extraction behaviour was examined by measuring the cyclic voltammogram (CV) for various film thicknesses in a non-aqueous electrolyte containing 1 M LiClO4. The peak height of the CV was examined in detail for the deposited silver film. The peak height increased at first with increasing film thickness up to 150 Å, but then began to decrease. At around 200 Å, a minimum peak height which was nearly the same as that of the pristine sample was observed. The peak height then increased again up to a film thickness of 400 Å, where it was two times higher than that of pristine sample, then decreased gradually. Such a complicated CV could not be observed with a gold or copper film where the enhancing effect was monotonous and more remarkable with a thinner film. X-ray diffraction patterns of the silver film deposited on the carbon fiber showed a strong crystal orientation to the carbon substrate like epitaxial growth, which was found to be dependent on both the thickness and the deposition rate. The CV peak height correlated well with the silver crystal orientation, implying that the electrochemical reaction rate differs on different crystal faces. Such could not be found in the case of gold or copper. The peak enhancing effect and the cycle behaviour were elucidated in view of the nature of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), conductivity, and the effect of alloy formation.
This paper undertakes an environmental evaluation of hybrid vehicles recycling, using industrial data from Comet Traitement SA in Belgium. Three business lines have been modelled and analysed. The first one is relative to the business as usual with a dismantling to recover batteries and engines followed by shredding and post shredding treatments. The second one considers, in addition, the removal of electronic control units (ECU) before shredding followed by same steps than in the first line and the last one is relative to the additional removal of big plastic parts before shredding and business as usual post shredding treatments. Results show non-significant environmental benefits when ECU or large parts of plastics are recovered before shredding. Improvements in terms of environmental benefits are lower than the uncertainty of the results. Indeed, the performing usual process for end-of-life vehicles (ELV) treatment reaches 97% of the ELV which is valorised in terms of metal and energy recoveries. Post shredding treatment units include metals, plastics and energy recovery of residues. Comet business as usual route for ELV valorisation is in accordance with the requirements of the European directive and recommendations for further improvement with dismantling of other parts (ECU or plastics) before shredding are non-relevant in this case.
Publisher Summary A temperamental bias is a biologically based susceptibility for particular feelings and actions, usually appearing during early childhood, that experiences sculpt into a large, but limited number of possible personality traits. The affective components of each bias include the ease and intensity with which particular feelings are experienced and the individual's ability to regulate them. Although most temperamental biases are the result of heritable variation in brain neurochemistry, some temperaments can be produced by prenatal events that are not strictly genetic, including season of conception and maternal infections or stressors that alter the chemical environment during gestation. Because the number of possible biological foundations for a temperament is very large, the majority of biases remain undiscovered. There are over 290000 combinations of the 12 blood types and their variants and the probability that any two people will have the same combination is 3 out of 10000. Because there are many more distinct neurochemical profiles than there are blood types, the chance of any two individuals having the same pattern of temperaments should be far less than 3 out of 10000. Newton's inverse square law explained why there are seasons; Darwinian theory provided an account of the similarities and differences among animals; the concept of “temperament” helps to explain why fraternal twins develop different personalities and why only some individuals exposed to a stressor acquire a form of psychopathology.
Three-dimensionally macroporous (3DM) polymer membranes based on poly(vinylidene ﬂuoride-co-hexaﬂuropropylene) (P(VdF-HFP)) are simply prepared through etching calcium carbonate (CaCO3) hard template, which was filled in the polymer matrix previously. It is observed, from the SEM images, that some macropores within the obtained 3DM polymer membrane interconnect through many little holes, which would leave the continuous channels for ion transportation in the resultant polymer electrolyte. The 3DM polymer membrane made from the casting solution, in which the mass ratio of CaCO3 to P(VdF-HFP) is 2:1, has a porosity of 73.6%. The resultant 3DM polymer electrolyte (3DMPE) possesses high ionic conductivity of 1.38×10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature and low activation energy for ion transportation of 6.85kJmol−1. The assembled Li/LiMn2O4 cells exhibit good rate and cycling capabilities when using this 3DMPE membrane as a separator. The results suggest the 3DMPE could be promisingly applied in lithium-ion batteries.
The SUBAT-project evaluates the opportunity to keep nickel–cadmium traction batteries for electric vehicles on the exemption list of European Directive 2000/53 on End-of-Life Vehicles. The aim of the SUBAT-project is to deliver a complete assessment of commercially available and forthcoming battery technologies for battery-electric, hybrid or fuel cell vehicles. This assessment includes a technical, an economical and an environmental study of the different battery technologies, including the nickel–cadmium technology. In a general perspective, the impacts of the different battery technologies should be analysed individually to allow the comparison of the different chemistries (lead–acid, nickel–cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, lithium-ion, sodium–nickel chloride, …) and to enable the definition of the most environmentally friendly battery technology for electrically propelled vehicles. The project officially ran from 2004-01-01 to 2005-03-31. This paper summarizes the outcome of the project at the time of the submission of the paper, i.e. January 2005.
The synthetic routes of porous carbons and the applications of the functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials for lithium secondary batteries are reviewed. The synthetic methods have made great breakthroughs to control the pore size and volume, wall thickness, surface area, and connectivity of porous carbons, which result in the development of functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials. The effects of porous carbons on the electrochemical properties are further discussed. The porous carbons as ideal matrixes to incorporate active materials make a great improvement on the electrochemical properties because of high surface area and pore volume, excellent electronic conductivity, and strong adsorption capacity. Large numbers of the composite electrode materials have been used for the devices of electrochemical energy conversion and storage, such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), Li-S batteries, and Li-O2 batteries. It is believed that functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials will continuously contribute to the field of lithium secondary batteries.
An accurate prediction of ion selective adsorption in ion exchange membranes is essential to reflect the role of fixed charges on ion transport through the membrane in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB). Unlike those empirical models reported in the literature, this work reports on a new ion selective adsorption model with the Donnan effect considered for movable ions distributed in the membrane pores only. This model, no longer relying on empirical coefficients, is then applied to the calculation of ion transport through membranes in VRFBs. The model shows a more accurate prediction of vanadium crossover and membrane conductivity, and enables to capture the effect of key membrane properties on battery performance. It is found that (i) an increase in H2SO4 concentration reduces the electrolyte imbalance and improves the coulombic efficiency; (ii) an increase in membrane porosity significantly improves the membrane effective conductivity; (iii) the change of fixed charges should be careful to balance all performances. Therefore, membrane properties and operating conditions need proper adjustment to improve the battery performance, and our VRFB model is a good tool to help membrane optimization.
To establish the mechanism and to determine lithium transport parameters in the intercalation electrodes based on solid lithium-accumulating compounds, the kinetic models were used, allowing performing a joint analysis of data obtained via the application of the following methods: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, pulse chronoamperometry, and chronopotentiometry. The models describe sequential steps of lithium transport into the surface layer and the bulk of the electrode material particles, including the accumulation of lithium in the bulk. Stages of lithium transport in the surface layer and bulk of intercalation material particles are of diffusion nature and differ from each other by characteristic time and diffusion coefficient D. Taking into account of this peculiarity, as well as an adequate assessment of the geometrical configuration of the intercalation system, allows to determine correctly the diffusion parameters of lithium transport.
Optimal steady-state dispatch of a stand-alone hybrid power system determines a fuel-minimizing distribution strategy while meeting a forecasted demand over six months to a year. Corresponding optimization models that integrate hybrid technologies such as batteries, diesel generators, and photovoltaics with system interoperability requirements are often large, nonconvex, nonlinear, mixed-integer programming problems that are difficult to solve even using the most state-of-the-art algorithms. The rate-capacity effect of a battery causes capacity to vary nonlinearly with discharge current; omitting this effect simplifies the model, but leads to over-estimation of discharge capabilities. We present a physics-based set of integer-linear constraints to model batteries in a hybrid system for a steady-state dispatch optimization problem that minimizes fuel use. Starting with a nonlinear set of constraints, we empirically derive linearizations and then compare them to a commonly used set of constraints that assumes a constant voltage and neglects rate-capacity. Numerical results demonstrate that assuming a fixed voltage and capacity may lead to over-estimating discharge quantities by up to 16% compared to our overestimations of less than 1%.
With high theoretical capacity and applicable operating voltage, layered transition metal oxides are potential cathodes for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). However, a K+/vacancy ordered structure in these oxides limits the K+ transport kinetics and storage sites so that the PIBs still have poor rate performance and low achievable capacity. Here, to effectively resolve the problem, a K+/vacancy disordered P3-type structure is designed and synthesized by simply modulating the K+ contents in Mn/Ni-based layered oxides. The effect of the K+ contents in a series of KxMn0.7Ni0.3O2 (x = 0.4–0.7) oxides has been systematically studied and it is found that while the K+/vacancy ordered superstructure is stable at low K+ content (x < 0.6), a complete K+/vacancy disordered structure forms at high K+ content (x > 0.6), evidenced by selected area electron diffraction and voltage plateaus in the charge/discharge curves. The K+/vacancy disordered K0.7Mn0.7Ni0.3O2 exhibits much better rate performance and higher discharge capacity, compared to the K+/vacancy ordered K0.4Mn0.7Ni0.3O2. Molecular dynamic simulations confirm that the K+/vacancy disordered structure possesses interconnected continuous channels for K+ diffusion and more active storage sites. This discovery sheds light on rational design of K+/vacancy disordered layered oxide cathodes for next-generation high-performance PIBs.
The electrochemical reduction of oxygen was studied on Au/C catalysts (20 and 30wt%) in 0.5M H2SO4 and 0.1M KOH solutions using the rotating disk electrode (RDE) method. The thickness of the Au/C–Nafion layers was varied between 1.5 and 10μm. The specific activity of Au was independent of catalyst loading in both solutions, indicating that the transport of reactants through the catalyst layer does not limit the process of oxygen reduction under these conditions. The mass activity of 20wt% Au/C catalysts was higher due to smaller particle size. The number of electrons involved in the reaction and the Tafel slopes were found; the values of these parameters are similar to that of bulk polycrystalline gold and indicate that the mechanism of O2 reduction is not affected by carbon support or the catalyst configuration.
Two main challenges are encountered in photovoltaic (PV) based battery chargers, namely, the variable input power and the fluctuating temperature. As a result, traditional charging techniques that rely only on the terminal measurements such as the current, voltage or temperature are not reliable in those chargers. Furthermore, relying only on the terminal measurements without other indirect measurements can result in terminating the charge before the battery is truly fully charged, which has several drawbacks such as reducing the usable capacity and possibly leading to memory effect in nickel-based batteries, or overcharging the battery which can lead the battery to prematurely reaching its end-of-service. This paper presents design considerations and evaluates the performance of PV chargers used to charge major battery chemistries including nickel–cadmium (NiCd), nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion) and sealed lead-acid batteries at real operating conditions.
Electrochemical reactions in Li-S cells with a solvate ionic liquid (SIL) electrolyte composed of tetraglyme (G4) and Li[TFSA] (TFSA: bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide) are studied. The sulfur cathode (S cathode) comprises sulfur, carbon powder, and a polymer binder. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA-x) with different degrees of saponification (x%) are used as binders to prepare the composite cathodes. For the Li-S cell containing PEO binder, lithium polysulfides (Li2S m , 2 ≤ m ≤ 8), reaction intermediates of the S cathode, dissolve into the electrolyte, and Li2S m acts as a redox shuttle in the Li-S cell. In contrast, in the Li-S cell with PVA-x binder, the dissolution of Li2S m is suppressed, leading to high columbic efficiencies during charge-discharge cycles. The compatibility of the PVA-x binder with the SIL electrolyte changes depending on the degree of saponification. Decreasing the degree of saponification leads to increased electrolyte uptake by the PVA-x binder, increasing the charge and discharge capacities of Li-S cell. The rate capability of Li-S cell is also enhanced by the partial swelling of the PVA-x binder. The enhanced performance of Li-S cell containing PVA-x is attributed to the lowering of resistance of Li+ ion transport in the composite cathode.
In order to develop a deeper understanding of the behaviour of commercial automotive lithium-ion pouch cells under short-circuiting conditions, two scenarios were experimentally investigated and compared. Firstly, experiments were conducted by internally shorting 15 Ah cells by full nail penetration using three different nail materials; copper, steel and plastic. A second set of experiments involved externally shorting the cell tabs using an external circuit with a range of resistance values. In both scenarios the cell electrical and thermal response were determined by the shorting resistance. In the case of nail penetration there was a clear distinction between the outcome of the conducting and non-conducting nails, although the outcome using conducting nails suffered from poor reproducibility. The poor reproducibility was attributed to the variation in the contact resistance between the nail and the cell layers. Correlating the outcome of both tests can be used to estimate the shorting resistance and construct the current profile during nail penetration test.
The unpredictable nature of renewable energies is drawing attention to lithium-ion batteries. In order to make full utilization of these batteries, some research works are focused on the management of existing systems, while others propose sizing techniques based on business models. However, in order to optimise the global system, a comprehensive methodology that considers both battery sizing and management at the same time is needed. This paper proposes a new optimisation algorithm based on a combination of dynamic programming and a region-elimination technique that makes it possible to address both problems at the same time. This is of great interest, since the optimal size of the storage system depends on the management strategy and, in turn, the design of this strategy needs to take account of the battery size. The method is applied to a real installation consisting of a 100 kWp rooftop photovoltaic plant and a Li-ion battery system connected to a grid with variable electricity price. Results show that, unlike conventional optimisation methods, the proposed algorithm reaches an optimised energy dispatch plan that leads to a higher net present value. Finally, the tool is used to provide a sensitivity analysis that identifies key informative variables for decision makers.
Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity are the core symptoms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Slowness, although less known, has been also recently reported in children with ADHD and may contribute to their learning difficulties. Slow response time and greater response time variability have been highlighted by several computerized tasks. The goal of the present work was to evaluate the age-related response time in ADHD children and in a group of matched control children during an attentional capture paradigm. The study population included 75 children with ADHD (aged between 6 and 13) and 75 age- and gender-matched typical developing children (Control group). The children with ADHD made more errors than children on the control group. The response times and the response time variability decreased with age in both groups and were significantly greater in ADHD than in controls. The distractor effect was similar in both groups. The maturation of response times and response time variability with age is quite similar in children with ADHD and typical developing children but whatever the age-class, children with ADHD were slower and exhibited greater response time variability than control children that could explain the variation during day-time of attention capacities in ADHD.