batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Cholinergic receptors have been implicated in schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. However, to better target therapeutically the appropriate receptor subsystems, we need to understand more about the functions of those subsystems. In the current series of experiments, we assessed the functional role of M1 receptors in cognition by testing M1 receptor-deficient mice (M1R−/−) on the five-choice serial reaction time test of attentional and response functions, carried out using a computer-automated touchscreen test system. In addition, we tested these mice on several tasks featuring learning, memory and perceptual challenges. An advantage of the touchscreen method is that each test in the battery is carried out in the same task setting, using the same types of stimuli, responses and feedback, thus providing a high level of control and task comparability. The surprising finding, given the predominance of the M1 receptor in cortex, was the complete lack of effect of M1 deletion on measures of attentional function per se. Moreover, M1R−/− mice performed relatively normally on tests of learning, memory and perception, although they were impaired in object recognition memory with, but not without an interposed delay interval. They did, however, show clear abnormalities on a variety of response measures: M1R−/− mice displayed fewer omissions, more premature responses, and increased perseverative responding compared to wild-types. These data suggest that M1R−/− mice display abnormal responding in the face of relatively preserved attention, learning and perception.
Currently, 2D layered materials-derived 0D quantum dots can be applied in many fields due to their fantastic properties. In our work, we initially prepared WTe2QDs and combined them with NiSe/C nanowires (WTe2 QDs-doped NiSe/C) by electrospinning method and high temperature selenization process. The WTe2QDs-doped NiSe/C composite structures were flexible and free-standing, which can be used as electrode directly assembled into Li-ion battery. It displays a great reversible lithium storage ability (with ∼620 mAh g−1 at the current density of 1 A/g over 500 cycles) and good rate capability. Our cyclic voltammetry characterization reveals the redox reaction behavior and structural change of the WTe2QDs-doped NiSe/C nanowires in charge and discharge process.
By modifying the aluminium–air battery structure with placing layers of activated carbon between an aqueous NaCl electrolyte and both an aluminium anode and an air cathode, capacity recovery was observed. When the NaCl aqueous electrolyte was refilled after electrolyte evaporation, a repeatable cell capacity was obtained. It was suggested that repeatable cell capacity was obtained because by products deposited on carbon internal layer, instead of depositing on the electrodes directly. One also deducted that the large discharge current with the large cell capacity was obtained by synergetic effect of the capacitor (large electric current) and the aluminium–air battery (large cell capacity). The results suggested that aluminium-associated ions as well as sodium-associated ions may participate in the relevant electrochemical reactions.
Tin oxide coating by employing electron cyclotron resonance metal–organic chemical vapor deposition was performed on 5V-class spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode electrodes prepared by a conventional tape-casting method. The pristine and SnO2-deposited LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrodes were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission electron probe microanalyzer, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, charge–discharge measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were evaluated in lithium cells using the fabricated electrodes. The SnO2-deposited LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrodes exhibited better rate capability at room temperature and superior electrochemical performance during the storage test evaluated at 60°C in a fully charged state than the pristine LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrode. Also, surface modification of the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrode was found by impedance analyses to be effective for suppressing the increase of the charge transfer resistance during the storage test at elevated temperatures.
The thermal stability of graphite anodes used in Li-ion batteries has been investigated, with the influence of electrolyte salt under special scrutiny, LiPF6, LiBF4, LiCF3SO3 and LiN(SO2CF3)2 in an ethylene carbonate (EC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC) solvent mixture. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed exothermic reactions in the temperature range 60–200°C for all electrolyte systems. The reactions were coupled to decomposition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and reactions involving intercalated lithium. The onset temperature of the exothermic reactions increased with type of salt in the order: LiBF4<LiPF6<LiCF3SO3<LiN(SO2CF3)2. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to identify surface species formed prior to and after the exothermic reactions, to clarify different thermal behaviour for different salts. The decomposed SEI's in LiCF3SO3 and LiN(SO2CF3)2 electrolytes were found to be mainly solvent-based, including lithium alkyl carbonate decomposition to stable Li2CO3 and the formation of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-type polymers. In the LiBF4 and LiPF6 systems, decomposition was governed by salt reactions, which decomposed the salts and resulted in the main product LiF.
A citric acid assisted sol-gel method is employed for synthesizing LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 for use as a cathode material in lithium-ion batteries. The effects of heat-treatment temperature and oxygen atmosphere on the structural and electrochemical properties of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 are investigated, in order to determine optimal conditions for the synthesis of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 via the citric acid assisted sol-gel method. In particular, the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere effectively leads to a decrease in the degree of cation mixing and the formation of LiOH and Li2CO3 on the surface of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2. Furthermore, heat-treatment in an oxygen atmosphere improves the uniformity of oxidation state of Ni ions between the surface and bulk. LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 synthesized by heat-treatment at 850 °C under an oxygen atmosphere shows a discharge capacity of 174 mA h g−1 and 89% capacity retention after 100 cycles. In addition, it shows high rate capability (i.e., 41% capacity retention at 10 C), which is an improved rate performance over a previous report. The results of this study should provide useful information for the synthesis of Ni-rich layered oxides for lithium ion batteries.
We present a life cycle assessment (LCA) study of a lithium/sulfur (Li/S) cell regarding its energy use (in electricity equivalents, kWhel) and climate change (in kg carbon dioxide equivalents, CO2 eq) with the aim of identifying improvement potentials. Possible improvements are illustrated by departing from a base case of Li/S battery design, electricity from coal power, and heat from natural gas. In the base case, energy use is calculated at 580 kWhel kWh−1 and climate change impact at 230 kg CO2 eq kWh−1 of storage capacity. The main contribution to energy use comes from the LiTFSI electrolyte salt production and the main contribution to climate change is electricity use during the cell production stage. By (i) reducing cell production electricity requirement, (ii) sourcing electricity and heat from renewable sources, (iii) improving the specific energy of the Li/S cell, and (iv) switching to carbon black for the cathode, energy use and climate change impact can be reduced by 54 and 93%, respectively. For climate change, our best-case result of 17 kg CO2 eq kWh−1 is of similar magnitude as the best-case literature results for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The lithium metal requirement of Li/S batteries and LIBs are also of similar magnitude.
Oligopyrene (OPr, 3–4 pyrene units) is chemically synthesized and used as a high-voltage organic cathode for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). OPr shows anion-dominant transport behaviors during redox-switching in NaClO4 electrolytes, indicating that, when implemented in SIBs, OPr can reversibly incorporate/release perchlorate anions for charge-balance. A composite film, in which OPr maintains a crystalline phase with a layered structure, shows a sloping charge–discharge (C–D) curve (discharge capacity = 42.5 mAh g−1 and average voltage = 2.9 V vs. Na/Na+ at 20 mA g−1), implying a large overpotential due to slow ClO4 − diffusion through the crystalline phase. In contrast, a composite film containing amorphous OPr exhibits substantially reduced overpotential with a plateau potential at 3.5 V during discharge. An initial reversible capacity of 121.0 mAh g−1, which is close to one-electron transfer per pyrene unit, is decreased to 95.8 mAh g−1 during the first 10 C–D cycles, but is subsequently stabilized with a decreasing rate of 0.30 mAh g−1 per C–D cycle. The energy density of amorphous OPr (423 Wh kg−1 for the 1st discharge) is so large that it exceeds those of most inorganic-based cathode materials that have been reported thus far.
A new simple storage experiment is introduced to show direct evidence of a cathode-anode interaction. The delithiated positive electrodes and/or the lithiated negative electrodes from Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2/graphite and LiCoO2/graphite pouch cells are stored in Nalgene bottles (high-density polyethylene) filled with 1.0M LiPF6 in an ethylene carbonate: diethyl carbonate (EC:DEC, 1:2v/v ratio) electrolyte for 2 weeks in an Ar-filled glove box at room temperature. During the storage experiment, the color change of the electrolyte, the formation of alkyl dicarbonates, and the decomposition of LiPF6 are observed. The most important result of this storage experiment is that these reactions are significantly affected by the cathode-anode interaction. The electrolyte color change comes with slightly larger impedance growth during cycling and the alkyl dicarbonates improve coulombic efficiency. The decomposition of LiPF6 is suppressed by the negative electrode. The experiment and results shown here will be helpful to those who want to research the cathode-anode interaction and improve the performances of Li-ion batteries.
The performance of a battery–electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) hybrid power source at low ambient temperature has been experimentally analyzed. EDLC can enhance the performance of lead-acid battery as it acts as a buffer during charging and discharging, and plays more significant role at low temperature than room temperature. The behaviors of current and voltage of both battery and EDLC have been detailed studied, and described by a mathematical model. With EDLC assistance, the battery can maintain longer discharge duration at −25 and −10 °C, compared with the battery alone. Adding an EDLC in parallel with the battery exhibits a considerable capacity increase compared to battery standalone in continuous discharge processes: from 13.6 to 36.5 %, corresponding to 25 to 200 A. These improvements of capacity become even more significant at low temperature. The increases in available capacity of different pulse duty, amounted to 72, 58, and 4 % at 0.1, 0.5, and 0.9 duty cycle values, compared to the capacity measured at constant current rate, respectively (calculated by 50 A discharge).
The performance of a 2 × 500 kWhth thermal energy storage (TES) technology has been tested at the Masdar Institute Solar Platform (MISP) at temperatures up to 380 °C over a period of more than 20 months. The TES is based on a novel, modular storage system design, a new solid-state concrete-like storage medium, denoted HEATCRETE® vp1, - and has cast-in steel pipe heat exchangers. Measured data after specific intervals during various operation modes are analysed, and validation of system performance is done through direct comparison between measured values and numerically simulated performance. The demonstrated and measured long-term performance of the TES matches predictions based on performance simulations and proves the operational feasibility of the modular TES design. After accumulating close to 6 000 operational hours, inspection of extracted thermal elements prove that there is no degradation of the storage material, and no separation between steel pipes and storage material is observed. Measurements of core samples of the storage medium extracted from the TES confirms the material properties and stability. The thermal element design and storage material as demonstrated in the TES pilot has thus been proved to work in its final form with expected conditions and shows absolutely no sign of performance degradation. The modularity and simplicity of the TES design enables flexibility in scaling high temperature TES systems for among others industrial waste heat recovery, thermal power plants and concentrating solar power applications, thermal power plant.
Oxygen reduction Ru/Se and Ru/S fuel cell surface chalcogenide catalysts were prepared via chemical reaction of reduced Ru nanoparticles with selenium and sulfur in xylenes [D. Cao, A. Wieckowski, J. Inukai, N. Alonso-Vante, J. Electrochem. Soc. 153 (2006) A869]. The chalcogenide samples – as well as the starting chalcogens-free Ru nanoparticle material – were immobilized on a gold disk for X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) characterization. While we found oxygen in most of the samples, predominantly from Ru oxides, we conclude that the oxygen on Ru/S may be located in subsurface sites: the subsurface oxygen. We also found that the transformation of the oxidized Ru black to metallic Ru required intensive electrochemical treatment, including hydrogen evolution. In contrast, five cyclic voltammetric scans in the potential range from 0.00 and 0.75V versus RHE were sufficient to remove the oxygen forms from Ru/Se and, to a large extent, from Ru/S. We therefore conclude that Ru metal is protected against oxidation to Ru oxides by the chalcogens additives. The voltammetric treatment in the 0.00 and 0.75V range also removed the SeO2 or SO x forms leaving anionic/elemental Se or S on the surface. Upon larger amplitude voltammetric cycling, from 0.00 to 1.20V versus RHE, both Se and S were dissolved and the dissolution process was coincidental with the oxygen growth in/on the Ru samples.
Li-rich Mn-based Li1+x (Mn0.533Ni0.233Co0.233)1−x O2 (x =0, 0.045, 0.09, 0.135, 0.18, 0.225) materials have been prepared by a conventional solid-state reaction. XRD, SEM and half-cell tests are investigated on the influence of Li content. Pure phase can be obtained when Li-excessive value x keeps between 0.045 and 0.18. The initial efficiency (Q 1d/Q 1c) almost keeps the same level of 70% for different Li-excessive samples. Li1.045Mn0.509Ni0.223Co0.223O2 sample shows highest discharge capacity of 259.8mAhg−1. Li1.09Mn0.486Ni0.212Co0.212O2 sample exhibits the best rate capability, and almost no reduction is observed after 24-time cycles in different discharge current density.
A new fluorine-doped porous carbon-decorated Fe3O4-FeF2 composite, referred to as Fe3O4-FeF2@CFx, was prepared for the first time. The formation mechanism is discussed, and a new concept of introducing double layers of FeF2 and CFx into the oxide-based anode is presented for lithium ion batteries. Varying the amount of fluorine precursor, derivatives of Fe3O4@CFx and FeF2@CFx were further obtained, allowing an original analysis of their electrochemical behaviors. As-prepared Fe3O4-FeF2@CFx can deliver a high capacity of 718mAhg−1 at 50mAg−1. Under a hash rate of 1600mAg−1, the capacity of Fe3O4-FeF2@CFx (around 338mAhg−1) is higher than that (200mAhg−1) of FeF2@CFx. Further, its capacity retention of 97% over 100 cycles is much better than the 59.4% observed for Fe3O4@CFx. The positive effect of the CFx layer on the electronic conductivity and ionic diffusion ability was confirmed. The role of FeF2 in the stabilization of the structure of CFx and Fe3O4 is also discussed. Further, a new battery composed of Fe3O4-FeF2@CFx/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with a robust rate capability was assembled and delivered a reversible capacity of 565mAhg−1 (vs. anode) at 100mAg−1 with a high potential of 3.3V and a capacity retention of 81.5% over 50 cycles.
Tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TEAPF6) and 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (EMIPF6) are synthesized and used as the supporting electrolytes of a non-aqueous redox flow battery using vanadium acetylacetonate (V(acac)3) as the active species. The conductivity and cyclic voltammograms of the electrolytes of the two ionic liquids are measured. The cyclic voltammograms show that both of them are stable in an operating potential range (−2.5–1.5V). The diffusion coefficients of V(acac)3 in the electrolytes are determined as 0.92–1.47×10−6 cm2 s−1 in 0.5moll−1 TEAPF6 and 2.35–3.79×10−6 cm2 s−1 in 0.5mol EMIPF6, respectively. The charge–discharge performances of the two non-aqueous V(acac)3 containing electrolytes with TEAPF6 and EMIPF6 as the supporting electrolytes are evaluated in an H-type glass cell. The coulombic efficiencies are measured as in the range of 53.31–57.44% at 50% state of charge with an electrolyte containing 0.2moll−1 TEAPF6, and as in the range of 46.04–43.46% for the electrolyte containing EMIPF6 with the same concentrations of the components.
Heteroatom doping is an effective way to modulate the electronic structure and properties of graphene. Despite a growing interest in sulfur (S)-doped graphene (SG), synthesis of high-quality SG at low cost remains a great challenge. In this study, we developed a rapid, efficient and cost-effective microwave-assisted solvothermal (MAS) method for the preparation of SG. It was found that a short MAS time of 6min could generate few-layer SG (0.5μm in lateral size) having effective oxygen reduction, high level of S-doping, sole thiophene-S bonding configuration, and high electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the resulting SG could serve as an effective electrocatalyst for H2O2 reduction, showing improved electrocatalytic activity over its undoped counterpart and good sensing performances for highly sensitive and selective detection of H2O2, indicating that SG may be a promising candidate for electrochemical sensor applications.
This work develops a prototype 20W portable DMFC by system integration of stack, condenser, methanol sensor-less control and start-up characteristics. The effects of these key components and control schemes on the performance are also discussed. To expedite the use of portable DMFC in electronic applications, the system utilizes a novel methanol sensor-less control method, providing improved fuel efficiency, durability, miniaturization and cost reduction. The operating characteristics of the DMFC stack are applied to control the fuel ejection time and period, enabling the system to continue operating even when the MEAs of the stack are deteriorated. The portable system is also designed with several features including water balance and quick start-up (in 5min). Notably, the proposed system using methanol sensor-less control with injection of pure methanol can power the DVD player and notebook PC. The system specific energy and energy density following three days of operation are 362Whkg−1 and 335WhL−1, respectively, which are better than those of lithium batteries (∼150Whkg−1 and ∼250WhL−). This good energy storage feature demonstrates that the portable DMFC is likely to be valuable in computer, communication and consumer electronic (3C) markets.
Lithium polyMOB has been investigated as the polymer in a polymer-in-salt type electrolyte incorporating the salts lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4). While all salts give rubbery solids at high salt contents, only LiClO4 provides high conductivity because only in the case of LiClO4 is the lithium cation motion highly decoupled from the structural relaxation. The crystallization of the salt at high salt contents prevents a favorable combination of mechanical and electrical properties, but the system provides an excellent example of the principle of the polymer-in-salt ionic rubber electrolyte and the factors determining its performance.
Prior investigations have proposed, and successfully implemented, a stand-alone supply of aqueous hydrogen peroxide for use in fuel cells. An apparent obstacle for considering the use of aqueous hydrogen peroxide as an energy storage compound is the corrosive nature of the nominally required 50wt.% maximum concentration. Here we propose storage of concentrated hydrogen peroxide in a high weight percent solid slurry, namely the equilibrium system of CaO2·2H2O2(s)/H2O2(aq), that mitigates much of the risk associated with the storage of such high concentrations. We have prepared and studied surrogate slurries of calcium hydroxide/water that are assumed to resemble the peroxo compound slurries. These slurries have the consistency of a paste rather than a distinct two-phase (liquid plus solid) system. This paste-like property of the prepared surrogates enable them to be contained within a 200lines-per-inch. (LPI) nickel mesh screen (33.6% open area) with no solids leakage, and only liquid transport driven by an adsorbent material is placed in physical contact on the exterior of the screen. This hydrogen peroxide slurry approach suggests a convenient and safe mechanism of storing hydrogen peroxide for use in, say, vehicle applications. This is because fuel cell design requires only aqueous hydrogen peroxide use, that can be achieved using the separation approach utilizing the screen material here. This proposed method of storage should mitigate hazards associated with unintentional spills and leakage issues arising from aqueous solution use.
LiFePO4/C composites were prepared by using organo-phosphonates as a single source of iron, phosphorus and carbon. Fe[RPO3]·H2O (R =methyl or phenyl group) was heated in the presence of Li2CO3 at high temperature and under nitrogen flux. Elemental carbon is formed on the surface of LiFePO4 particles leaving a carbon coated material. The materials were characterized by elemental analysis, TG/DTA, XRPD and SEM. Coulometric titration showed that some impurities are present in the final products. The material prepared starting from the iron(II) phenyl phosphonate showed higher discharge capacity, specific energy, and specific power. The specific energy evaluated at C/10 rate was about 520Whkg−1. The specific power calculated at 3C rate was in excess at 1400Wkg−1 while the specific energy was about 63% of the energy delivered at C/10. No capacity fading was observed upon cycling. The performance of LiFePO4 prepared from the iron(II) methyl phosphonate was found to be slightly lower, probably due to the lower carbon content.
We report on modeling mechanical response of cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells that are commonly used in automotive applications when subjected to impact testing. The developed homogenized model that accurately captures mechanical response of a cell to lateral crash is reported. The proposed model was validated using static and dynamic experimental testing. Highly nonlinear mechanical deformations of the cells were captured experimentally using a high-speed camera and later characterized through computer tomography. Numerically, we have investigated the feasibility of using explicit finite element code for accurate modeling of impact on one cell, so it can be used for an entire battery pack that consists of hundreds or thousands of cells. In this study, we have developed and compared two homogenization methods for the jellyroll in a cylindrical lithium-ion battery cell. Homogenization was conducted in a lateral/radial direction. Based on the results of the homogenization, the material model utilizing crushable foam constitutive behavior was then developed for simulations. Experimental results showed a very good agreement with simulations, thus validating the proposed approach and giving us confidence to move forward with the crush simulations of an entire battery pack. Zones of potential electric shortages were determined based on the experiments and simulations.