batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) due to their unique properties have recently attracted extensive attention from researchers in many fields. In the present work, a new application in the form of a CQD-based hybrid as an excellent electrode material for supercapacitors is reported for the first time. The CQDs are fabricated by a facile chemical oxidation method following which they are thermally reduced, and further decorated with RuO2 to obtain the composites. The hybrid exhibits a specific capacitance of 460 F g−1 at an ultrahigh current density of 50 A g−1 (41.9 wt% Ru loading), and excellent rate capability (88.6, 84.2, and 77.4% of capacity retention rate at 10, 20, and 50 A g−1 compared with 1 A g−1, respectively). Surprisingly, the hybrid shows exceptional cycling stability with 96.9% capacity retention over 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1. Such remarkable electrochemical performances can be primarily ascribed to the significantly enhanced utilization of RuO2 achieved by the efficient dispersion of tiny reduced CQDs and the formation of a CQD-based hybrid network structure that can facilitate the fast charge transport and ionic motion during the charge–discharge process. Additionally, the contact resistance at the interface between active materials and current collectors is concluded to be a key factor in determining the performance of the hybrid. These results above demonstrate the great potential of CQD-based hybrid materials in the development of high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors.
The thermal and electrochemical behavior of pyrite as an electrode material for rechargeable lithium polymer electrolyte batteries has been investigated. The samples of pyrite from several different sources were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), SEM, X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and electrochemical methods. As determined by thermogravimetric measurements, the pyrite samples of “vendors A and G” were highly stable up to 500°C. The weight loss of FeS2 at 500°C did not exceed 1.3%. The decomposition of the “vendor E” sample, including eight phase transitions, starts at about 100°C and is caused by the surface impurities of pyrite, such as iron oxides, hydroxides and sulfates. These influence the OCV and the first discharge of the Li/CPE/FeS2 cell. It is noteworthy that the performance characteristics, such as Li/Fe ratio, faradaic efficiency and charge–discharge overpotential of the Li/composite polymer electrolyte (CPE)/10-μm-thick cathode pyrite cells were found to be almost independent of the degree of contamination and, consequently, of the pyrite source during 30 cycles.
Bamboo charcoal (BC) shows similar structure and property to the onion fullerene carbon and carbon nanotubes with hierarchical porous, microporous tunnel structure and good electrical conductivity. By simple treatment, a carbon substrate material with good electrochemical properties can be obtained. Monodispersed rice-like Fe2O3 supported by modified bamboo charcoal (MBC) are prepared via a facile precipitation of FeOOH anchored on carbon charcoal substrate combined with a high temperature calcination. The SEM results show that rice-like Fe2O3 uniformly anchored on hierarchical porous carbon-based microscopic structure with a size distribution between 80 and 100 nm. In addition, the hybrids exhibit good lithium storage property as anode materials. MBC shows stable cycle performance and the reversible capacity can still be maintained at 327 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles under 200 mA g−1. When incorporated with rice-like Fe2O3, the composite delivered a specific capacity of 1094 mAh g−1 after150 cycles at 200 mA g−1 and a high capacity of 765 mAh g−1 even at 1600 mA g−1.
This study employs water-based electrospinning to directly deposit silicon nanocomposite anode on the copper current collector. This process creates layers of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers filled with silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), while eliminating conventional slurry steps such as sonication, grinding, ball milling and doctor blading or slot and reverse roll coating. This facile direct deposition approach utilizes water and thus is free of toxic-solvent. Half cells fabricated with these directly deposited nanofibers exhibited an outstanding initial discharge capacity of 4,200mAhg−1 at 0.18Ag−1, which is attributed to the synergic effects of well dispersed Si NPs and CNTs. Composite silicon nanofibers also showed an excellent capacity retention of 93% over 300 cycles at 2.5Ag−1. Furthermore, these nanocomposites have a great performance at fast charge/discharge rates (1193, 945 and 650mAhg−1 at 5, 7.5 and 12.5Ag−1, respectively), due to incorporation of highly conductive CNTs in the nanocomposite matrix. Full cells with LiCoO2 cathode and directly deposited silicon anodes showed no capacity fading when subjected to a cutoff value of 1200mAhg−1 anode .These results demonstrate that direct deposition via water-based electrospinning can be an attractive route to the production of high-performance silicon anodes.
Little research has been conducted on whether deficits in developmental functioning affect the range of core symptoms for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This study represents a first attempt to determine whether developmental level has an effect on the expression of ASD symptoms in infants and toddlers. Eight hundred and fifty-three infants were evaluated with respect to the nature and extent of their ASD symptoms and developmental functioning. Young children with autism displayed a higher number of symptoms than those with PDD-NOS on all three domains of impairment (social, communication, repetitive behaviors). As expected, children without an ASD evinced far fewer symptoms than both these groups. Developmental level was not found to be a moderator for expression of ASD symptoms for the entire sample, or individual diagnostic groups. Higher developmental level was associated with lower severity of evinced ASD symptoms in the sample.
Non-aqueous lithium air batteries with high energy density have been regarded to be the most attractive contender in the future energy storage techniques. Herein, the perovskite La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 (LSCF) nanoparticles are studied as the cathode catalyst for non-aqueous lithium air batteries. The results confirm that nanostructured LSCF exhibits admirable electrochemical activity and can effectively reduce the overpotential. Batteries with LSCF catalyst can increase the discharge capacity from 9678mAhg−1 to 13979mAhg−1 and improve the cycle stability from 10 cycles to 20 cycles at 200mAg−1. The study reveals that the formation and decomposition processes of Li2O2 can be effectively promoted by the introduction of LSCF nanoparticles. The possible catalytic mechanism of LSCF in reducing overpotential is also proposed.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of age-related dementia, and its effect on society increases exponentially as the population ages. Accumulating evidence suggests that neuroinflammation, mediated by the brain’s innate immune system, contributes to AD neuropathology and exacerbates the course of the disease. However, there is no experimental evidence for a causal link between systemic inflammation or neuroinflammation and the onset of the disease.
Objective To examine the validity of the self-report Work-Disability Functional Assessment Battery (WD-FAB) physical function scales relative to clinician ratings of function and a performance-based functional capacity evaluation called the Physical Work Performance Evaluation (PWPE). Design Cross-sectional. Setting Outpatient rehabilitation. Participants Adults (N=50) participating in physical therapy for musculoskeletal conditions. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Patients completed the PWPE and the WD-FAB physical function scales including Changing and Maintaining Body Position, Whole Body Mobility, Upper Body Function, and Upper Extremity Fine Motor. The physical therapist also answered the WD-FAB questions on the patient’s physical functioning. The WD-FAB computer-adaptive test version administered up to 10 items for each scale. The PWPE produces ratings from 0 to 5 indicating overall Level of Work ability: 0 (unable to work); 1 (sedentary); 2 (light); 3 (medium); 4 (heavy); 5 (very heavy). The PWPE also produces Level of Work ability ratings in the Dynamic Strength, Position Tolerance, and Mobility subsections. Results Participating in the study were 50 patients with 1 or more conditions (shoulder, n=21; knee, n=16; low back, n=13; ankle/foot, n=10; neck, n=8; hip, n=7). The patient-based WD-FAB scores demonstrated moderate, statistically significant correlations with the provider proxy WD-FAB report (R=.49-.65). The WD-FAB Upper Body Function scale scores demonstrated moderate strength relationships with the PWPE overall ratings. The Whole Body Mobility and Changing and Maintaining Body Position scales did not demonstrate statistically significant relationships with the PWPE overall ratings. Conclusions We found moderate evidence for validity for the WD-FAB Upper Body Function, Whole Body Mobility, and Changing and Maintaining Body Position scales relative to clinician report and varied evidence relative to the PWPE in this clinical sample.
The results obtained from the combustion behavior of propane over platinum and rhodium catalysts in a meso-scale heat recirculating combustor are presented. The extinction limits, conversion, product selectivity/yield, and activation energy using the two catalysts were compared in an effort to predict their performance using a liquid fuel. The extinction limits were also compared to those of non-catalytic combustion in the same combustor. The results showed that the use of a catalyst greatly expanded the range of stable operating conditions, in terms of both extinction limits and flow rates supported. The Rh catalyst was found to exhibit a higher propane conversion rate, reaching a maximum of 90.4% at stoichiometric conditions (as compared to only 61.4% offered by the Pt catalyst under lean conditions), but the Pt catalyst had superior CO2 selectivity for most of the examined conditions, indicating more of the heat released being used for product formation as opposed to being lost to the environment. However, despite having a higher rate of heat loss, the combustion with the Rh catalyst produced an overall higher amount of enthalpy than the Pt due to its superior fuel conversion. The Pt catalyst also had a significantly smaller activation energy (13.8kJ/mol) than the Rh catalyst (74.7kJ/mol), except at equivalence ratios richer than Φ =1.75 (corresponding to catalyst temperatures below 500°C), where it abruptly changed to 211.4kJ/mol, signifying a transition from diffusion-limited reactions to kinetically limited reactions at this point. The results reveal that Rh would be a more suitable catalyst for use in liquid-fueled meso-scale combustors, as fuel conversion has been found to be a limiting factor for combustion stability in these systems, and as its higher output energy allows for greater flexibility of use.
If future electric and hybrid electric vehicle batteries are to be designed such that the impact of vibration induced resonance is minimized, engineers tasked with the design of the vehicle's energy storage system must have a rigorous understanding of key system attributes such as the natural frequencies of the cell, the level of damping present and the mode shapes induced within the battery under mechanical load. This paper describes the underpinning theory and experimental method employed when using the impulse excitation technique to quantify the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a commercially available 25 Ah Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Laminate Pouch Cell. Experimental results are presented for fifteen cells at five different values of state of charge (SOC). The results indicate that irrespective of the energy content within the cell, the same four modes of vibration (torsion and bending) exist within a frequency range of 191 Hz–360 Hz. This is above the frequency range (0–150 Hz) typically associated with road-induced vibration. The results also indicate that the cell's natural frequencies of vibration and damping do not vary with changing values of SOC.
To suppress the spatially heterogeneous plating and stripping of metallic Li in the three-dimensional (3D) porous current collectors, we thus employ commercial Cu foam with high chemical stability and mechanical strength as a host material, and then Ag particles are introduced via a plating technique in a Ag based bath. Ag particles are uniformly covered on the Cu foam, resulting in preferentially controlled Li nucleation as well as low nucleation overpotential. As a consequence, Ag particles modified Cu foam (Ag@Cu foam) exhibits excellent fast charge-discharge property and long cycle life span. In particular, Ag@Cu foam renders a high Coulombic efficiency of 97.5% for approximately 400 cycles at 2.0 mA/cm2, while Cu foam only shows a limited cycle life of ~110 cycles. Therefore, Ag particles modified Cu foam may provide innovative insights to expedite the development of stable and long-life lithium metal anode.
The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between ORTO-15 score and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, disordered eating patterns and body uneasiness among female and male university students and to examine the predictive model of ORTO-15 in both groups.
Aluminum–nickel/multiwall carbon nanotubes (Al–Ni/MWCNTs) composites have been prepared and tested as a new type of anode material. First, core–shell aluminum–nickel composite particles were fabricated using an electroless deposition of nickel onto the aluminum. Then, Al–Ni/MWCNTs composites were prepared by combining different amounts of MWCNTs (10, 20, 40 wt%) using a planetary ball milling method. The morphologies and structures of the produced Al–Ni/MWCNTs composite powders were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to understand the elemental surface composition of composites. X-ray diffraction analysis was performed to investigate the structure of the Al–Ni/MWCNTs composite powders. To investigate the electrochemical performance of Al–Ni/MWCNTs composite electrodes, charge/discharge tests and cyclic voltammetry were performed using the produced cells. The amount of MWCNTs was shown to be critical to improving the Al–Ni/MWCNTs composite anodes with respect to cyclability and stability.
The synthesis of novel nanostructures at high temperatures is a big challenge because of the particle growth and aggregations. In particular, the fabrication of two active components with uniform structures is rarely reported. Herein, uniform 8LiFePO4·Li3V2(PO4)3/C nanoflakes have been synthesized by a one-pot, solid-state reaction in molten hydrocarbon, where the oleic acid functions as a surfactant. The composite components of LiFePO4 and Li3V2(PO4)3 are distributed homogenously within the nanoflakes. Moreover, the nanoflakes are coated by in-situ generated carbon from oleic acid during the sintering process in H2/Ar. The as-prepared 8LiFePO4·Li3V2(PO4)3/C nanoflakes are approximately 20–50nm in thickness and are stacked together to construct a porous structure, which have a surface area of 30.21m2 g−1. The lithium ion diffusion coefficient can be greatly improved by making 8LiFePO4·Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite. As cathode material for lithium ion batteries, the as-prepared material exhibits excellent electrochemical performances, including high reversible capacity, good cyclic stability and rate capability. The composite electrode delivers a high capacity of 161.5mAh g−1 at 0.1C, which is very close to the theoretical capacity. Even at 10C, the electrode can deliver a specific discharge capacity of 118.6mAh g−1. After the long-term 1000 cycles, the electrodes can still retain 93.21% and 88.7% of its maximum specific discharge capacities at the rates of 2C and 5C, respectively. The results demonstrate the 8LiFePO4·Li3V2(PO4)3/C nanoflakes are promising cathode materials for high-performance lithium ion batteries.
A series of cathode materials with molecular notation of xLi[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2·(1− x)Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 (0≤ x ≤0.9) were synthesized by combination of co-precipitation and solid state calcination method. The prepared materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques, and their electrochemical performances were investigated. The results showed that sample 0.6Li[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2·0.4Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 (x =0.6) delivers the highest capacity and shows good capacity-retention, which delivers a capacity ∼250mAhg−1 between 2.0 and 4.8V at 18mAg−1.
Compared with the basal-planes of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), the edge-planes of HOPG exhibit a significantly enhanced electrochemical performance, indicating of the better electrocatalytic activity of the edge-planes at graphite electrode toward vanadium redox reactions, especially for the positive reaction. In order to further investigate the electrocatalytic activity of the edge plane sites, glass carbon (GC) modified by graphite powders (GP) with different particle sizes, which possess different content of the edge-planes, are used as electrodes and their physicochemical properties such as the morphology, microstructure, surface composition, and specific surface area, in addition to the corresponding electrochemical characteristics have been characterized systematically. The total electrochemical activity toward vanadium redox reaction increases greatly with the decrease of the particle sizes for GP, which mainly attributes to the increasing surface area and exposed edge plane sites. It is worth note that a large surface area often means abundant edge plane sites, and it is mainly in favor of the enhancement of the current response, while the proportion of the active area such as the edge-planes in total surface area to a large extent determines the electrocatalytic activity.
Development of stable high-voltage (HV), high capacity (HC) cathode oxides is indispensable to enhancing the performance of current high-energy-density (HED) lithium-ion batteries. Overstoichiometric, layered Li- and Mn-rich (LMR) composite oxides are promising materials for HV-HC cathodes for HED batteries; however, their practical use is limited. By probing the crystal structure, magnetic structure, and microstructure of the Li1.2Mn0.55Ni0.15Co0.1O2 LMR oxide, we demonstrate that the oxide loses its pristine chemistry, structure, and composition during the first charge-discharge cycle and that it proceeds through a series of progressive events that introduce impediments on the ion mobility pathways. We discovered i) the presence of tetrahedral Mn3+, interlayer cation intermixing, interface of layered-spinel, and structurally rearranged domains, cation segregation at an HV charged state, and ii) the loss of Li ions, inhomogeneous distribution of Li/Ni, and structurally transformed domains after the first discharge. The results will advance our fundamental understanding of the obstacles related to ion migration pathways in HV-HC cathode systems and will enable us to formulate design rules for use of such materials in high-energy-density electrochemical-energy-storage devices.
A large number of waste Zn–C cells (Haquebrand) were broken down and collected as agglomerated powder. This powder was sun-dried, dry-ground and sieved down to 300mesh size and stored. The sample was analysed and found to contain (35.4±0.2)% Mn, (11.0±0.1)% Zn and ∼2.5% Fe as major metallic constituents. The phases, ZnMn2O4 and Zn(ClO4)2·2H2O or MnO(OH) were identified in the hot water washed sample. The material was found to be leached effectively by a 2mol/L sulfuric acid solution containing glucose (2g/L). However, the dissolution was dependent on (S/L) ratio; and the stage-wise leaching was not fruitful for Mn-dissolution. On leaching 5g of powder (<53μm) with a 250mL of 0.5g glucose containing 2mol/L sulfuric acid solution (S/L =20g/L), at 100°C and 300rpm for 1h, a solution containing (7.08±0.10)g/L Mn2+, (2.20±0.06) Zn2+ and ∼0.40g/L Fe3+ was recovered corresponding to cent percent dissolutions of Zn and Mn and 80% dissolution of Fe.
Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on different aspects of interfacing, including both the human and the physical interfaces. To design the interface one need to know about the sensors and actuators that can be used. These lie between the wider system and the electronic domain of the microcontroller circuit. There are input devices, sensors for measurement or data entry devices for human interaction. There are also output devices, displays or alarms for the human being, and motors or other actuators for the physical system. The chapter begins by discussing the needs of human interfacing and some simple means for meeting these needs. Whether or not the embedded microcontroller has a human interface, it certainly interfaces with the physical world. To do this it must be able to detect the state of physical variables and it must be able to control those variables. This interaction with the physical world is done by means of transducers. Input transducers, also called sensors, detect and convert physical variables into electrical variables. Output transducers convert electrical variables to physical.
Porous hydrangea-like MnCo2O4 (h-MCO) have been prepared by simple hydrothermal and calcination methods. The stable three-dimensional (3D) structure, large specific surface area and mesoporous properties make it a huge potentiality for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) anode compared with rod-shaped MnCo2O4 (r-MCO). The discharge specific capacity of h-MCO maintained at 930 Ah/kg over 100 cycles at 0.1 A/g. Even cycling over 600 times at 1 A/g, the discharge capacity was still 678 Ah/kg, performing a good cycling performance. When the current densities gradually increased from 0.1 to 2 A/g, the average discharge capacity of h-MCO kept 1255, 1092, 969, 851, 717 and 566 Ah/kg, showing a good rate performance and promising prospects for LIBs.
A left-handed patient is reported who developed a selective deficit of phonological short-term memory, but not aphasia, following an ischaemic lesion in the temporal parietal region of the left hemisphere The phonological short-term store was selectively damaged compared to the rehearsal system. The patient also showed impaired comprehension of spoken (but not written) connected language. This study suggests that language and phonological short-term memory may be mediated by segregated neural systems that develop independently in the two hemispheres. The relationship between phonological short- term memory and auditory comprehension is also discussed.
Conventional Li–S batteries have a non-compact cathode structure containing low areal loading of active materials. Now, a strategy of burning Li foils in a CS2 vapour is presented, which leads to the formation of highly compact Li2S nanoparticles as a lithiated sulfur cathode, offering promising battery performance.
Nitrogen-rich mesoporous carbon materials were obtained by pyrolyzing gelatin between 700 and 900 °C with a nano-CaCO3 template. The mesoporous structure and the high nitrogen content endowed these materials with reversible capacities up to ca. 1200 mA h g−1. The high specific surface area and the nitrogen doping are responsible for the capacity loss in the initial cycle. FTIR and XPS studies indicate that the nitrogen in the material exists in the form of pyridinic, pyrrolic/pyridonic and graphitic nitrogen. The Raman spectroscopic analysis indicates that the structure of the mesoporous carbon becomes more disordered during discharge and is restored during recharge, a behavior similar to that in nitrogen-free hard carbon materials. The reversible structural variation of these carbon materials ensures their high cyclic reversibility.