batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Model-type thin film all-solid-state batteries (ASSB) of the type Li/”LiPON”/Li4Ti5O12 are characterized by impedance spectroscopy as function of the state of charge. Both the contact of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) to the substrate and current collector as well as the Li ion transport through the LTO thin film prove to be important factors for the rate limitation of the cell. The ionic charge transfer resistance between Li4Ti5O12 and “LiPON” is proven to not be a rate limiting factor. The impedance measurements are interpreted in terms of the mechanism of phase change in the Li4Ti5O12 thin film and the data indicate a solid solution mechanism of phase change. The resulting data are compared to recent results for the Li/”LiPON”/LiCoO2 system, and several key similarities and differences are highlighted mostly involving the solid electrolyte/Li interface and the degradation thereof. The results are meant to improve the understanding of interfaces in ASSB in general rather than to advance high performance batteries.
Lithium-ion batteries are electrochemical storage devices using the electrochemical activity of the lithium ion in relation to intercalation compounds owing to mass transport phenomena through diffusion. Diffusion of the lithium ion in the electrode pores has been poorly understood due to the lack of experimental techniques for measuring its self-diffusion coefficient in porous media. Magic-Angle Spinning, Pulsed Field Gradient, Stimulated-Echo Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MAS-PFG-STE NMR) was used here for the first time to measure the self-diffusion coefficients of the electrolyte species in the LP30 battery electrolyte (i.e. a 1 M solution of LiPF6 dissolved in 1:1 Ethylene Carbonate - Dimethyl Carbonate) in model composites. These composite electrodes were made of alumina, carbon black and PVdF-HFP. Alumina's magnetic susceptibility is close to the measured magnetic susceptibility of the LP30 electrolyte thereby limiting undesirable internal field gradients. Interestingly, the self-diffusion coefficient of lithium ions decreases with increasing carbon content. FIB-SEM was used to describe the 3D geometry of the samples. The comparison between the reduction of self-diffusion coefficients as measured by PFG-NMR and as geometrically derived from FIB/SEM tortuosity values highlights the contribution of specific interactions at the material/electrolyte interface on the lithium transport properties.
Assessment of shoulder mobility is essential for diagnosis and clinical follow-up of shoulder diseases. Only a few highly sophisticated instruments for objective measurements of shoulder mobility are available. The recently introduced DynaPort MiniMod TriGyro ShoulderTest-System (DP) was validated earlier in laboratory trials. We aimed to assess the precision (repeatability) and agreement of this instrument in human subjects, as compared to the conventional goniometer.
Zwitterionic compounds such as those based on 1-butylimidazolium-3-(n-butanesulfonate) have previously been shown to have positive effects on the transport properties of polyelectrolytes. The addition of the zwitterion has been found to, in some cases, increase the dissociation of the lithium ion and enhance the conductivity by almost an order of magnitude. In this work, we report the effects of adding the above-mentioned zwitterion into the polyelectrolyte gel system poly(lithium methacrylate-co-N,N-dimethyl acrylamide); the anionic group being a stronger base leads to different behaviour for this copolymer compared to previous work. Polyelectrolyte gels based on dimethyl sulfoxide and polyether solvents were investigated to determine the breadth of applicability of the zwitterion in improving lithium ion transport. Impedance spectroscopy and pulse field gradient-NMR diffusion indicate an increase in the number of available charge carriers with zwitterion addition in some gel systems, however, the effect is not universal.
This research article presents an overview of the hydrothermal synthesis of nanostructured tungsten oxide (WO3) and its electrochromic (EC) performance. A remarkable evolution in the past few years of producing pure and fine WO3 nanostructures using mild hydrothermal synthesis has received great attention. The hydrothermal process is highly suited for producing monodispersed nanoparticles with control over size and morphology, low processing temperature, and easy synthesis. In this article, we developed a facile seed layer-free hydrothermal approach for preparing WO3 thin films with improved EC performance. Structural and morphological properties were studied using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical stability of the propylene glycol-assisted nanostructured WO3 film was examined in lithium per chlorate-propylene carbonate (LiClO4-PC) electrolyte for prolonged color/bleach cycles. The results showed an improvement in electrochemical stability with fast response time.
Spinel structure transition metal oxides have been developed as promising anode materials for Lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, an inverse spinel SnFe2O4 (SFO) nanoparticles using a simple coprecipitation method, and then a novel SnFe2O4@nitrogen-doped carbon composite (SFO@NC) using poly-dopamine as the carbon source are synthesized, and used as anode materials. SFO@NC delivers high initial charge/discharge capacities of 1140.4/2148.2 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1, and maintains a high reversible capacity of 1030 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles, also exhibits excellent rate performance with 669.6 mAh g−1 at the current density of 2.0 A g−1. The Li+ storage performance in SFO@NC is far superior to those of pure SFO, which is attributed to the nitrogen doped carbon layer can supply more active sites, enhance the conductivity of the electrode and buffer the volume change of SnFe2O4 during lithium ion in-/deinsertion. Moreover, the Li+ storage kinetics in SFO and SFO@NC have been investigated by measuring cyclic voltammetry (CV) at different scan rates and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at different temperatures. The results indicate that the Li+ storage behavior of SFO@NC is a combination of capacitive and diffusion-controlled processes, and the barrier energy for the Li+ transport in the SEI film (ΔE a,SEI), the activation energy of the charge transfer in the double layer (ΔE a,CT), and the diffusion activation energy of Li+ in the anode (ΔE a,D) are determined to be 35.05, 52.63 and 58.9 kJ mol−1 with the SFO@NC; and 43.81, 54.75 and 42.6 kJ mol−1 with the pure SFO, respectively. Obviously, the lithium ions are easily intercalated and deintercalated in the SFO@NC anode in kinetics.
The search for affordable high performance electrode materials in photoelectrochemical hydrogen production by solar water splitting is an ongoing quest. Hematite is a photoanode material with an electronic band gap suitable for efficient absorption of visible light in a photoelectrochemical cell (PEC). Although its poor electronic structure makes hematite a controversial candidate for PEC, it remains promising because it is an earth abundant, chemically stable and low cost material – necessary prerequisites for PEC to become a competitive cost-efficient solar fuel economy. In addition to reviewing some recent PEC research on hematite and its relevant physical and chemical characteristics, we show how hematite obtained by a low cost synthesis can be refined by hydrothermal treatment and further functionalized by coating with phycocyanin, a light harvesting protein known for photosynthesis in blue-green algae.
Using low cost, environment-friendly, and sustainable biomass is a unique approach to the preparation carbon-based composites for lithium ion batteries. In our research, hollow, derived microtubes (HMD) were fabricated from graphene/loofah sponge. Each microtube was wrapped with graphene, resulting in conductivity improvement, and facilitated easily controlled growth of ultra-thin MoS2 nanosheets. The method employed a simple process of soaking the HMD in graphene oxide (GO) dispersion liquid, and subsequent carbonization and activation of the HMD/rGO. When ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets were vertically and uniformly grown on the surface of the HMD/rGO, via the hydrothermal method, the HMD/rGO/MoS2 composite was obtained, and exhibited reversible lithium storage capacity of 838.2 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1 after 200 cycles. This excellent electrochemical performance could be due to the high conductivity of HMD/rGO, a synergistic effect between HMD/rGO and MoS2 nanosheets, a reasonable structural design, and the high theoretical specific capacity of MoS2. Such a structure not only provides a novel, high-quality carbon template/matrix from cheap loofah sponge, but also provides a new way to design sustainable electrodes for electrochemical energy storage, and makes economical, multifunctional, carbon-based hybrids available for other applications.
Cloud computing services have gained tremendous popularity and widespread adoption due to their flexible and on-demand nature. Cloud computing services are hosted in Cloud Data Centers (CDC) that deploy thousands of computation, storage, and communication devices leading to high energy utilization and carbon emissions. Renewable energy resources replace fossil fuels based grid energy to effectively reduce carbon emissions of CDCs. Moreover, waste heat generated from electronic components can be utilized in absorption based cooling systems to offset cooling costs of data centers. However, data centers need to be located at ideal geographical locations to reap benefits of renewable energy and waste heat recovery options. Modular Data Centers (MDC) can enable energy as a location paradigm due to their shippable nature. Moreover, workload can be transferred between intelligently placed geographically dispersed data centers to utilize renewable energy available elsewhere with virtual machine migration techniques. However, adoption of aforementioned sustainability techniques and technologies opens new challenges, such as, intermittency of power supply from renewable resources and higher capital costs. In this paper, we examine sustainable CDCs from various aspects to survey the enabling techniques and technologies. We present case studies from both academia and industry that demonstrate favorable results for sustainability measures in CDCs. Moreover, we discuss state-of-the-art research in sustainable CDCs. Furthermore, we debate the integration challenges and open research issues to sustainable CDCs.
This work comprises the synthesis and characterization of a novel solid polymer electrolyte based on oligomeric polyetheramine substituted with a methacrylic group at one of its three chain ends. This modification introduces a bifunctionality to the PEA monomer – it can act both as polymerizable unit and surfactant. Thin and pinhole-free polymer electrolyte layers could be constructed with thicknesses in the order of <1 μm using UV-initiated polymerization. The electrolyte exhibits good electrochemical and chemical stability up to 4 V vs. Li+/Li. LiFePO4 cathode coated with the electrolyte was cycled against lithium at 60 °C, and displayed reasonable capacity values (∼140 mAh g−1) for 10 cycles, where after Li dendrite formation contributed to battery instabilities.
Ultracapacitors are rapidly being adopted for a wide range of electrical energy storage applications. While ultracapacitors are able to deliver high rates of charge and discharge, they are limited in the amount of energy stored. The capacity of ultracapacitors is largely determined by the electrode material and as a result research to improve the performance of electrode materials has dramatically increased. While test methods for packaged ultracapacitors are well developed, it is often impractical for the materials scientist to assemble full sized, packaged cells to test electrode materials. Methodology to reliably measure a material's performance for use as an ultracapacitor electrode is not well standardized with various techniques yielding widely varying results. In this manuscript, we review and validate best practice test methods that accurately predict a material's performance, yet are flexible and quick enough to accommodate a wide range of material sample types and amounts.
Sensing ability of fluorescence based chemosensor: Indole-7-carboxaldehyde (I7C) for environmentally hazardous metal ions (X n+=Zn2+, Pb2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Cr3+, and Fe3+) has been investigated. Based on excited state proton transfer (ESPT) phenomenon, the sensing capability of I7C is verified experimentally (UV–vis, FTIR, NMR) and theoretically (DFT, TD-DFT) in aqueous media. Chemical hardness (η), electrophilicity (ω) and electronic chemical potentials (μ) confirm the selective reactivity of I7C (N c and N t conformers) in the presence of metal ions by the formation of (1:1) metal ion: I7C complex (M X , M X ⁎ ). M X , M X ⁎ are found to display excellent sensing capability for Zn2+ and Pb2+ ions. “Turn-On” response for Zn2+ is observed through the appearance of a new enhanced fluorescence at ~430nm. By strong blue emission I7C establishes its strong candidature as “blue emitter”. “Turn-Off” response is observed for Pb2+ through the quenching of the existing fluorescence peak.
Hierarchical hollow structures are of great interest as electrode materials for lithium ion batteries. They can provide enlarged surface area for efficient contact between electrode and electrolyte, endow the electrodes with fast electron and ion transfer and accommodate the volume change resulted from charge/discharge cycling. Herein, we report the synthesis of urchin-like NiCo2O4 hollow nanospheres based on a special stepwise co-precipitation method. The hollow nanostructures result from the non-equilibrium mass diffusion induced by a rationally designed stepwise co-precipitation reaction. Owning to the hierarchical hollow architectures, the as-prepared urchin-like NiCo2O4 hollow nanospheres exhibit excellent electrochemical properties as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, with a large discharge capacity of 1232.3 mAh/g at 0.1 C, a high initial coulombic efficiency of 78.4% and a high capacity retention of 95.6% at 0.5 C after 100 cycles.
Batteries are an important part in photovoltaic systems. They ensure reliability and good-operation of the overall PV system. In this paper, we proposed a method based on the estimation of the solar radiation to check the faults that occur in the lead–acid batteries. At first, the GISTEL (Gisement solaire par télédetection: Solar Radiation by Teledetection) model is chosen as a satellite image approach to estimate the hourly global solar radiation. Secondly, the estimated data are selected as input to check the faults of the lead–acid battery. A simple and effective method is developed to detect the internal resistance effect as well as the overcharging problem during the charging and discharging cycles. The experimental results show the easiness of the proposed method that possesses a good accuracy.
Plasticized chitosan-proton conductor polymer electrolyte films were prepared by dissolving chitosan powder, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) salt and ethylene carbonate (EC) plasticizer in acetic acid solution. The highest conductivity of the chitosan-salt with 40wt.% NH4NO3 in the film at room temperature was 8.38±4.11×10−5 Scm−1 and this increased to 9.93±1.90×10−3 Scm−1 with 70wt.% EC. Batteries with a configuration of: Zn+ZnSO4·7H2O/18wt.% CA-12wt.% NH4NO3-70wt.% EC/MnO2 provided an open-circuit voltage of 1.56±0.06V. The discharge characteristics using a 1mA constant current demonstrated a capacity of 17.0±2.6mAh. The internal resistance was 29.8±5.1Ω. While the highest power density was 8.70±1.91mWcm−2.
A crystalline LiNi0.65Co0.25Mn0.10O2 electrode material was synthesized by the combustion method at 900°C for 1h. Rietveld refinement shows less than 3% of Li/Ni disorder in the structure. Lithium extraction involves only the Ni2+/Ni4+ redox couple while Co3+ and Mn4+ remain electrochemically inactive. No structural transition was detected during cycling in the whole composition range 0< x <1.0. Furthermore, the hexagonal cell volume changes by only 3% when all lithium was removed indicating a good mechanical stability of the studied compound. LiNi0.65Co0.25Mn0.10O2 has a discharge capacity of 150mAh/g in the voltage range 2.5–4.5V, but the best electrochemical performance was obtained with an upper cut-off potential of 4.3V. Magnetic measurements reveal competing antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions – varying in strength as a function of lithium content – yielding a low temperature magnetically frustrated state. The evolution of the magnetic properties with lithium content confirms the preferential oxidation of Ni ions compared to Co3+ and Mn4+ during the delithiation process.
Capacitances of a porous carbon electrode in non-aqueous electrolytes containing tetraethylamonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF4) and a lithium salt with various compositions have been investigated for the potential use in electric double layer capacitor. In the electrolyte prepared by dissolving TEABF4 and LiBF4 into the mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC) with diethyl carbonate (DMC), an activated carbon fiber (ACF) electrode exhibits a larger capacitance than in TEABF4 single salt electrolyte on cyclic voltammograms. The symmetrical capacitor cell containing the LiBF4–TEABF4 mixed salt electrolyte also exhibits larger capacitance on a constant-current test compared with that containing the TEABF4 single salt electrolyte, while the capacitance degradation is observable for this cell at a significant extent, while the test under controlled potential of the ACF electrode to −0.2 to 1.0V vs. Ag provides somewhat stable capacitance over 30 cycles.
We have examined by neutron powder diffraction (NPD) a Li-poor member of the Li3xLa⅔
−
xTiO3 series, with x
= 0.04, which exhibits one of the highest reported values of ionic conductivity. The unit cell deduced, a 2ao
× 2ao
× 2ao superstructure of the elementary perovskite unit (ao
≈ 3.8 Å), results from two superimposed effects: the out-of-phase tilting of the TiO6 octahedra along the b crystallographic axis, and the ordering of La vacancies, preferentially occupying the z/c
= 0.5 over the z/c
= 0 layers. In this superstructure, defined in the Cm2m space group, a bi-dimensional conductivity is favored by the alternating disposition of lanthanum and cation vacancies in consecutive planes along the c-axis.
A new asymmetrical anion, trifluoromethanesulfonyl-N-cyanoamide (TFSAM−), was paired with N-butyl-N-methyl pyrrolidinium (PYR14 +) to prepare PYR14TFSAM. It has been investigated for Li-ion battery application and compared to its PYR14 + analogs paired with either the dicyanamide anion (DCA−) or other anions (i.e. bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (TFSI−), bis(fluorosulfonly)imide (FSI−), trifluoromethanesulfonyl-fluorosulfonyl imide (FTFSI−)). The conductivity of PYR14TFSAM is not only higher than that of PYR14TFSI, but also higher than that of PYR14FTFSI with 3.8mScm−1 at 20°C and 12.6mScm−1 at 60°C. In addition, the ionic liquid does not crystallize and exhibits a viscosity similar to that of PYR14FSI (and even lower above 30°C, which also results in a higher conductivity at high temperature). Compared to PYR14DCA, PYR14TFSAM has a higher anodic stability, more compatible with state-of-the-art cathodes such as NCM, even though the PYR14DCA electrolyte also allowed surprisingly good cycling results of NCM cathode considering its low anodic stability. PYR14TFSAM also allows Li+ (de-)/insertion into graphite, using vinylene carbonate as additive. When used in conventional Li-ion electrolyte solvents, it leads to moderate conductivity (as compared with LiFSI or LiTFSI), although much higher than LiDCA. Additionally, it is shown that, even in EC/DMC-based electrolyte, LiTFSAM does not induce Al corrosion at 4.2V.
To meet the future challenges of energy storage, rechargeable lithium ions batteries (LIBs) have attracted great interest. Polarization of LIB electrodes and related active materials is a general problem for LIB applications during cycling, which leads to inhomogeneous environments for LIB electrodes and related active materials and degrades the performance of LIBs (e.g., capacity and voltage, rate capability, and capacity retention during electrochemical cycling). In this article, we offer a review of mechanisms of polarization and strategies of depolarization of LIB active cathode and anode materials and electrodes, including metal doping, nanostructure design, materials compositing, surface and interface engineering, and some other new technologies.
This article describes the key science objectives and system design aspects of the Ørsted satellite. It will also describe the integration and test activities performed to qualify the satellite for launch and present the first results obtained during the initial 6 months of the mission. The project is performed as a cooperative effort between a group of Danish universities, institutions and industries active in space activities. TERMA Elektronik AS manages the project.
In recent years, much effort has been spent to extend the runtime of battery-powered electronic applications. In order to improve the utilization of the available cell capacity, high precision estimation approaches for battery-specific parameters are needed. In this work, an approximate least squares estimation scheme is proposed for the estimation of the battery state-of-charge (SoC). The SoC is determined based on the prediction of the battery's electromotive force. The proposed approach allows for an improved re-initialization of the Coulomb counting (CC) based SoC estimation method. Experimental results for an implementation of the estimation scheme on a fuel gauge system on chip are illustrated. Implementation details and design guidelines are presented. The performance of the presented concept is evaluated for realistic operating conditions (temperature effects, aging, standby current, etc.). For the considered test case of a GSM/UMTS load current pattern of a mobile phone, the proposed method is able to re-initialize the CC-method with a high accuracy, while state-of-the-art methods fail to perform a re-initialization.
An approach to making large format economical energy storage devices based on a sodium-interactive set of electrodes in a neutral pH aqueous electrolyte is described. The economics of materials and manufacturing are examined, followed by a description of an asymmetric/hybrid device that has λ-MnO2 positive electrode material and low cost activated carbon as the negative electrode material. Data presented include materials characterization of the active materials, cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling, and application-specific performance of an 80 V, 2.4 kW h pack. The results indicate that this set of electrochemical couples is stable, low cost, requires minimal battery management control electronics, and therefore has potential for use in stationary applications where device energy density is not a concern.