batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Quantitative trait locus mapping of chemical/inflammatory pain in the mouse identified the Avpr1a gene, which encodes the vasopressin-1A receptor (V1AR), as being responsible for strain-dependent pain sensitivity to formalin and capsaicin. A genetic association study in humans revealed the influence of a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs10877969) in AVPR1A on capsaicin pain levels, but only in male subjects reporting stress at the time of testing. The analgesic efficacy of the vasopressin analog desmopressin revealed a similar interaction between the drug and acute stress, as desmopressin inhibition of capsaicin pain was only observed in nonstressed subjects. Additional experiments in mice confirmed the male-specific interaction of V1AR and stress, leading to the conclusion that vasopressin activates endogenous analgesia mechanisms unless they have already been activated by stress. These findings represent, to the best of our knowledge, the first explicit demonstration of analgesic efficacy depending on the emotional state of the recipient, and illustrate the heuristic power of a bench-to-bedside-to-bench translational strategy.
The effect of the alkyl side group on the synthesis and the electrochemical properties of N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PYR1ATFSI) ionic liquids (ILs) is reported. The investigation was focused on the PYR1ATFSI ionic liquid family because of the interesting electrochemical properties of the members with propyl and butyl side chains. Side alkyl groups (A=C n H2n+1 with n ranging from 1 to 10) of different length and structure were used for the synthesis of PYR1ATFSI materials. NMR and DSC have shown that the ionic liquids were correctly synthesized with the exception of the compounds with tertiary side chains. Most of the materials exhibited a conductivity higher than 10−3 Scm−1 already at 12°C. In the molten state a moderate conductivity decrease was observed with increasing the length and the branching of the side chain (C2H2n+1) group according with the change of viscosity of the ionic liquids. Most of the PYR1ATFSI samples exhibited an electrochemical stability window exceeding 5V.
The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is critical for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Understanding and control over how the SEI is formed is therefore essential to develop LIBs with improved coulombic efficiency, lifetime and capacity. Previous research has focused on how variations in electrolyte chemistry and charging conditions can manipulate the SEI, yet there remains a fundamental lack of understanding surrounding the formation mechanism of the SEI. Specifically, there is minimal research on how the electrode material itself influences the formation of the SEI. Herein, chemically equivalent yet electronically distinct mono-, bi- and multi-layered graphene are used as LIB anodes. The formation of the SEI is probed with respect to kinetics, mechanism, morphology, and composition. SEI films on monolayer graphene contain high amounts of decomposition products from the salt (LiPF6) while on multilayer graphene, the films contain a large proportion of organic products. The basal plane of SEI films contains more organic species in the side close to the electrode than close to the electrolyte because of the intrinsic charge transfer between the solvents and graphitic anodes. We demonstrate that the composition of SEI films is tunable by modifying the reduction capability of the anode relative to the electrolyte where high reduction kinetics promotes LiPF6 decomposition; low reduction kinetics leads to more solvent decomposition and sluggish phase change during SEI deposition. This work provides fundamental insights into the influence of electrode electronic structure on SEI formation, and provides future directions to improve LIBs.
Lead (Pb) is a common cause of heavy metal poisonings in cattle. Sources of Pb on farms include crankcase oil, machinery grease, batteries, plumbing, and paint chips. Consequently, consumption of Pb from these sources may negatively impact animal health and Pb may be inadvertently introduced into the food supply. Therefore, the scope of poisoning incidents must be clearly assessed and sources of intoxication identified and strategies to mitigate exposure evaluated and implemented to prevent future exposures. Stable isotope analysis by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has proven itself of value in forensic investigations. We report on the extension of Pb stable isotope analysis to bovine tissues and profile comparisons with paint chips and soils collected from an affected dairy farm to elucidate the primary source. Pb occurs naturally as four stable isotopes: 204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, and 208Pb. Herein a case is reported to illustrate the use of 207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb ratios to link environmental sources of exposure with tissues from a poisoned animal. Chemical Pb profiling provides a valuable tool for field investigative approaches to Pb poisoning in production agriculture and is applicable to subclinical exposures.
We investigated the electrochemical characteristics of LiFePO4 when used as the cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. We also studied the change in the crystal structure of the material during discharge. The material prepared at a relatively low temperature of 675°C showed a higher charge and discharge capacity than that prepared at higher temperatures. This was because material prepared at a low temperature has a relatively small particle size and a rough surface morphology. We also found that the crystal structure of electrochemically delithiated LiFePO4 was similar to a heterosite structure and the sample reverted to its original triphylite structure after electrochemical lithiation.
The electrochemical performance of hard carbon (HC)/Na cells with NaPF6 in a mixture of EC/DEC (1:2, v/v) has been investigated in the voltage range of 0.05–2V. An initial reversible capacity of 162mAhg−1 is observed. With continuous cycling, the reversible capacities fluctuate slightly and obtain a value of 183mAhg−1 on the 25th cycle. Ex-situ surface analysis of cycled HC electrodes has been conducted by a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (IR-ATR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The ex-situ surface analysis suggests that the major composition of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on the surface of HC electrode is sodium ethylene dicarbonate (SEDC) and NaF with lower concentrations of sodium alkyl carbonates and Na2CO3 which is similar with that reported in lithium ion batteries.
Uncertainties of cell temperature and aging are two challenges for the power management of battery-integrated systems. To evaluate the maximum power capability of batteries with uncertain degree of degradation and internal temperature, a temperature-compensated battery model is first established as a base model in this paper. Then the linear migration with particle filtering is employed to adjust the developed base model so that the migrated model can be adaptive to the uncertainties of aging and internal temperature. Moreover, a numerical seeking method is proposed for state of power (SoP) calculation to avoid direct handling of the complex, highly nonlinear battery model. After that, the multiple constraints such as current, state of charge (SoC), and voltage limitations are considered for SoP estimation. Experimental results show that for the cases of capacity degradation up to 15%, temperature variation up to 40 °C, and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the voltage measurement noise up to 50 mV, the RMSE of the voltage tracking for SoP calculation can still be limited to 8.4 mV, and the RMSE of the SoC estimation is better than 1.64%. In addition, the computational efficiency of the proposed seeking algorithm is stable with particle filters using different configurations.
Discharge characteristic of Li/O2 cells was studied using galvanostatic discharge, polarization, and ac-impedance techniques. Results show that the discharge performance of Li/O2 cells is determined mainly by the carbon air electrode, instead by the Li anode. A consecutive polarization experiment shows that impedance of the air electrode is progressively increased with polarization cycle number since the surfaces of the air electrode are gradually covered by discharge products, which prevents oxygen from diffusing to the reaction sites of carbon. Based on this observation, we proposed an electrolyte-catalyst “two-phase reaction zone” model for the catalytic reduction of oxygen in carbon air electrode. According to this model, the best case for electrolyte-filling is that the air electrode is completely wetted while still remaining sufficient pores for fast diffusion of gaseous oxygen. It is shown that an electrolyte-flooded cell suffers low specific capacity and poor power performance due to slow diffusion of the dissolved oxygen in liquid electrolyte. Therefore, the status of electrolyte-filling plays an essential role in determining the specific capacity and power capability of a Li/O2 cell. In addition, we found that at low discharge currents the Li/O2 cell showed two discharge voltage plateaus. The second voltage plateau is attributed to a continuous discharge of Li2O2 into Li2O, and this discharge shows high polarization due to the electrically isolating property of Li2O2.
This paper reported an oxygen vacancy contained SnO2-graphene nanocomposite (OVs-SnO2-Gr), which was prepared by annealing SnO2-graphene nanocomposite in 3 vol% H2/Ar atmospheres. It demonstrated with a high reversible capacity of around 510 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at a current density of 40 mA g−1, and an impressive reversible rate performance of 391 mAh g−1 can be obtained even at a high current density of 1200 mA g−1 when applied as anode for sodium storage. Evidenced by a new phase of Na2SnO3 during sodium storage reactions, it is found that sodium can insert into crystal lattice of oxygen vacancy contained SnO2. Moreover, sodium insertion could arouse a novel structural reconstruction and introduce amorphous phase SnO2, which promotes the surface-controlled reaction process and Na+ diffusion rates, and enables a good rate performance. Additionally, the H2/Ar annealing process increases overall conductivity of electrodes, which further reduces the barrier of Na+ diffusion. It is believe that the as-prepared OVs-SnO2-Gr is a promising anodes for Na-ion batteries with outstanding electrochemical performance.
The replacement of organic solvent-based electrode manufacturing by a water-based process offers the chance for a significant reduction of the manufacturing costs. However, the interaction of cathode materials with water changes their storage properties and causes massive problems for electrode manufacturing and cell properties. Due to a Li+/H+ exchange reaction, the pH of the aqueous slurry is increased so that a corrosive attack of the aluminum foil takes place. The reduction of the pH value by the addition of an acid is a practical measure to prevent corrosion, but has also negative effects on slurry rheology, or electrode conductivity and adhesion. These consequences are shown in an exemplary way for the addition of acetic acid. As especially the adhesion strength is influenced, this effect is investigated in detail for various acids. Best electrode properties are not found in the stable region of the aluminum foil, but at a higher pH of 9–10. Acetic acid treated cells show high capacities at their begin-of-life, but undergo stronger degradation than samples without acid addition.
Psychic and psychotic symptoms can be part of seizure-related symptoms, especially within the postictal phase in partial epilepsies. Among the classic examples are dysmnestic phenomena, visual and acoustic hallucinations, and more rarely delusional syndromes. Here we report about the unique seizure symptom of transformation towards the opposite gender in a patient with a right amygdalar tumor, which we classify as ictal delusional misidentification syndrome.
Carboxymethyl chitosan (C-CTS) was firstly reported as a water soluble binder for LiFePO4 cathode in Li-ion batteries. The electrochemical performances of LiFePO4 cathode with C-CTS binder was investigated and compared with the conventional water-soluble sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and the commercial non-aqueous polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF). LiFePO4 cathode with C-CTS exhibited a comparable cycling performance, but better rate capability than that of CMC and PVDF, retaining 65% capacity of C/5 at 5C rate as compared with 55.9% and 39.4% for CMC and PVDF, respectively. In addition, LiFePO4 cathode with C-CTS exhibited excellent cycling performance at 60°C, retaining 91.8%/62.1% capacity after 80 cycles at 1C/10C, respectively.
Many avian species in temperate zones respond to long photoperiods by showing recrudescence of gonads. Compelling evidence show that non-retinal, non-pineal photoreceptors exist in the avian brain. Within the ventral forebrain are specialized neurons that respond to light found in the medial portion of a circumventricular organ called the lateral septal organ (LSO). The objective of this study was to examine whether the integrity of the LSO was critical for rapid gonadal development in young male chicks placed under long day photostimulation. Birds were initially kept on a short photoperiod (LD 8:16) until 2 weeks of age, at which time bilateral electrolytic lesions were administered to the LSO. After surgery, birds were transferred to a long photoperiod (LD 16:8) and fed a chick starter diet containing 0.2% sulfamethazine (SMZ). The combination of a long day plus SMZ is known to stimulate sexual maturation in male chicks. In four separate experiments conducted to date, bilateral lesions directed to the LSO and lesions that missed and were placed caudal and ventral to the target resulted in a significant decrease in testes weight, compared to sham-operated controls (P <0.05). Results suggest that neurons in the LSO may be directly involved in responding to long photoperiods and stimulating gonadal development in broiler chicks.
Dye-sensitized ZnO and TiO2 photoelectrochemical cells were constructed using recycled waste materials and readily accessible household chemicals to assess whether it would be feasible for low-income communities to utilise solar energy for drinking water chlorination. Prussian Blue sensitized ZnO cells utilising ferro/ferricyanide and iron/copper redox couples for charge transfer produced open circuit potentials of between 0.19 and 0.53V, and short circuit currents in the range 0.3–1.5mA cm−2. Although the power output from these cells was significantly lower than those using the iodide/triiodide redox couple for charge transfer, the significantly lower cost of construction of cells using alternative electrolytes could make these cells accessible to poor communities for producing small amounts of solar electricity for drinking water chlorination.
Diurnal fluctuations of leaf water isotope ratios (δ18O and δD) were measured for Jeffrey (Pinus jeffreyi Balf.) and lodgepole (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Louden) pine. Two trees per species were sampled every few hours on 15–16 October 2005 and 19–20 June 2006. Diurnal gas exchange was measured during the summer sampling. In fall 2005, leaf water δ18O ranged from 0.7 to 9.0‰, and leaf water δD ranged from −70 to −50‰. In summer 2006, leaf water δ18O ranged from 7.7 to 20.7‰, and leaf water δD ranged from −61 to −24‰. Diurnal variation of leaf water isotope values typically reached a maximum in early afternoon, began decreasing around midnight, and reached a minimum in mid-morning. Both periods showed a high degree of enrichment relative to source water, with leaf water–source water enrichments ranging up to 37.8‰ for δ18O, and up to 95‰ for δD. Leaf water enrichment varied by season with summer enrichment being greater than fall enrichment. A steady-state model (i.e., modified Craig–Gordon modeling) for leaf water isotope compositions did not provide a good fit to measured values of leaf water. In summer, a non-steady state model provided a better fit to the measured data than the steady-state model. Our findings demonstrate substantial leaf water enrichment above source water and diurnal variations in the isotopic composition of leaf water, which has application to understanding short-term variability of atmospheric gases (water vapor, CO2, O2), climate studies based on the isotopic composition of tree rings, and ecosystem water fluxes.
The electrochemical behavior of potassium ferrocyanide [K4Fe(CN)6] at Pt/ionic liquid (IL) microemulsion interfaces was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). H2O/TX-100/bmimPF6 was used to prepare three IL microemulsions: water in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (bmimPF6) (W/IL), bicontinuous (WIL) and bmimPF6 in water (IL/W). The results show that the IL microemulsion systems have relatively narrower potential windows compared with the pure IL system. The redox potential gap is about 100 mV in the pure water and the three IL microemulsions. The redox potentials of K4Fe(CN)6/K3Fe(CN)6 and the redox peak currents decrease in the order pure water, IL/W, WIL, W/IL. Furthermore, the peak currents increase linearly with the square root of the scan rate, while the diffusion coefficient increased in the order W/IL, WIL, IL/W. The Nyquist plots obtained in the WIL and IL/W systems show capacitive resistance arcs at high frequencies and 45° straight lines at low frequencies, implying that the electrochemical reactions are controlled by charge transfer and diffusion steps. For the W/IL system there is only a 45° straight line in the Nyquist plot, indicating that diffusion is the controlling step at all frequencies.
A laboratory process based on simple and environmentally compatible operations, aimed to the treatment and recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries, is described in its various steps. The validity of the process has been evaluated by testing as cathode in a common lithium-ion battery configuration, a lithium cobalt oxide electrode prepared from recycled precursors.
Internal short circuit of a lithium polymer battery (4.6 Ah capacity and 4.30 V charging voltage) with a ceramic-coated separator has been investigated by infrared measurement during nail penetration. The surface temperatures at nail penetration area and battery body were simultaneously measured by infrared camera and, as a result, three different failure modes have been proposed. The battery with 100% of SOC experiences thermal runaway phenomenon by means of the second internal short circuit. The batteries with low SOC (0% and 50% of SOC) were also investigated to identify the phenomena occurred in SOC 100% battery (the second internal short circuit), but neither fire nor explosion in the battery with low SOC was observed. The analysis of burr status after nail penetration demonstrates that it is quite important factor related to the failure modes. The results of this study can be applied to the design of safe battery.
Lithium sulfur (LiS) batteries are one of the most promising energy storage devices owing to their high energy and power density. However, the shuttle effect as a key barrier hinders its practical application by resulting in low coulombic efficiency and poor cycling performance. Herein, a novel design of in situ formed polysulfide adsorptive-blocking layer (PAL) on the cathode surface was developed to tame the polysulfide shuttling and promote the cycling stability for LiS batteries. The PAL is consisted of La2S3, which is capable to chemically adsorb polysulfide via the strong interaction of LaS bond and SS bond, and build an effective barrier against sulfur escaping. Moreover, the La2S3 is capable to suppress the crystallization of Li2S and promote the ion transfer, which contributes to the reduced internal resistance of batteries. Furthermore, the by-product LiNO3 simultaneously forms a stable anode solid and electrolyte interface to further inhibit the polysulfide shuttle. By this simple and convenient method, the resultant LiS batteries achieved exceptional cycling stability with an ultralow decay rate of 0.055% since the 10th cycle.
CuFe2O4 network, prepared via the electrostatic spray deposition technique, with high reversible capacity and long cycle lifetime for lithium ion battery anode material has been reported. The reversible capacity can be further enhanced by coating high electronic conductive polypyrrole (PPy). At the current density of 100 mA·g−1, Li/CuFe2O4 electrode delivers a reversible capacity of 842.9 mAh·g−1 while the reversible capacity of Li/PPy-coated CuFe2O4 electrode increases up to 1106.7 mAh·g−1. A high capacity of 640.7 mAh·g−1 for the Li/PPy-coated CuFe2O4 electrode is maintained in contrast of 398.9 mAh·g−1 for Li/CuFe2O4 electrode after 60 cycles, which demonstrates good electrochemical performance of the composite due to the increase of electronic conductivity. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) further reveals that the Li/PPy-coated CuFe2O4 electrode has a lower charge transfer resistance than the Li/CuFe2O4 electrode.
The electrochemical performance as potential anodes for sodium-ion batteries of boron-doped and non-doped graphitic carbon foams is investigated by galvanostic cycling versus Na/Na+ at different electrical current densities, in glyme-based electrolytes which are known to allow the intercalation of the Na+ ions into graphite. The influence of materials composition and graphitic degree on battery parameters is firstly determined and further discussed by analyzing the mechanism of the electrochemical storage of Na+ ions into these materials which was found to occur through different combinations of pseudocapacitive intercalation and diffusion-controlled intercalation processes. In summary, the results of this study have demonstrated that graphitic carbon foams match a very acceptable capacity with excellent cycle stability as well as performance at high electrical current densities (up to ∼ 90 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 1.9 A g−1 with coulombic efficiency ∼ 100%) which make them suitable for sodium-ion battery applications. Overall, the increase of the interlayer spacing between the graphene layers and the presence of boron promote the pseudocapacitive intercalation which is responsible for the remarkable rate performance of these materials, whereas the improvement of diffusion-controlled intercalation capacity is mainly related to larger boron content.
Research in children with language problems has focussed on verbal deficits, and we have less understanding of children's deficits with nonverbal sociocognitive skills which have been proposed to be important for language acquisition. This study was designed to investigate elicited nonverbal imitation in children with specific language delay (SLD). It is argued that difficulties in nonverbal imitation, which do not involve the processing of structural aspects of language, may be indicative of sociocognitive deficits. Participants were German-speaking typically developing children (n =60) and children with SLD (n =45) aged 2–3½ years. A novel battery of tasks measured their ability to imitate a range of nonverbal target acts that to a greater or lesser extent involve sociocognitive skills (body movements, instrumental acts on objects, pretend acts). Significant group differences were found for all body movement and pretend act tasks, but not for the instrumental act tasks. The poorer imitative performance of the SLD sample was not explained by motor or nonverbal cognitive skills. Thus, it appeared that the nature of the task affected children's imitation performance. It is argued that the ability to establish a sense of connectedness with the demonstrator was at the core of children's imitation difficulty in the SLD sample.