batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Electrolytic conductance (Λ), density (ρ), viscosity (η), refractive index (n D ) and ultrasonic speed (u) of lithium halides LiX (where X=Cl, Br, I) have been studied in different mass fraction (w 1 =0.00–0.75) of acetonitrile (ACN)+1,3-dioxolane (1,3-DO) mixtures at 298.15K. The limiting molar conductivity (Λ 0), association constant (K A ), and distance of closest approach of ions (R) have been evaluated using Fuoss-conductance equation (1978). The deviation of conductometric curve (Λ vs √c) from linearity in 1,3-DO, analyzed by the Fuoss–Kraus theory. The limiting apparent molar volume ( ϕ V 0 ), experimental slope ( S V * ) derived from Masson equation, and viscosity B and A-coefficients derived from Jones–Dole equation supplemented with density and viscosity data, respectively, have been interpreted in terms of ion–solvent and ion–ion interactions. The limiting partial molar adiabatic compressibility ( ϕ K 0 ), have also been obtained from the value of ultrasonic speed (u) and discussed them to interpret the same.
Over the past fifteen years many schools have utilized aggression prevention programs. Despite these apparent advances, many programs are not examined systematically to determine the areas in which they are most effective. One reason for this is that many programs, especially those in urban under-resourced areas, do not utilize outcome measures that are sensitive to the needs of ethnic minority students. The current study illustrates how a new knowledge-based measure of social information processing and anger management techniques was designed through a partnership-based process to ensure that it would be sensitive to the needs of urban, predominately African American youngsters, while also having broad potential applicability for use as an outcome assessment tool for aggression prevention programs focusing upon social information processing. The new measure was found to have strong psychometric properties within a sample of urban predominately African American youth, as item analyses suggested that almost all items discriminate well between more and less knowledgeable individuals, that the test-retest reliability of the measure is strong, and that the measure appears to be sensitive to treatment changes over time. In addition, the overall score of this new measure is moderately associated with attributions of hostility on two measures (negative correlations) and demonstrates a low to moderate negative association with peer and teacher report measures of overt and relational aggression. More research is needed to determine the measure’s utility outside of the urban school context.
The all-solid-state lithium batteries using solid electrolytes are considered to be the new generation of devices for energy storage. Recent advances in this kind of rechargeable batteries have brought them much closer to a commercial reality. However, several challenges such as insufficient room temperature ionic conductivity (10−5~10−3 Scm−1) when compared to those of conventional organic liquid electrolytes (10−2 Scm−1), the difficulty in informing an effective electrode-electrolyte interface and insufficient fundamental understanding of the interfacial process after charge/discharge, hindering the reality of such devices. To accelerate the research and development, the overall picture about the current state of all solid-state lithium batteries was reviewed in this article with major focus on the material aspects, including inorganic ceramic and organic solid polymer electrolyte materials. In particular, the importance of the electrolytes and their associated interfaces with electrodes as well as their effects on the battery performance are emphasized by in-depth discussion and data analysis. To overcome the challenges, several possible research directions are also suggested for facilitating further improvement on the battery performance.
To increase the capacitance of an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) containing 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIBF4) as an ionic liquid electrolyte, barium titanium oxide (BaTiO3) as a ferroelectric material is incorporated into activated carbon electrodes. An EDLC composed of BaTiO3 powder/activated carbon composite electrodes and the ionic liquid electrolyte EMIBF4 exhibits a large capacitance when compared to the corresponding EDLC without BaTiO3. Moreover, the rate performance of the EDLC containing BaTiO3 is improved when the electrodes are prepared by an improved method, i.e., vacuum penetration of BaTiO3-dispersed EMIBF4 into the activated carbon electrodes. No positive addition effect of BaTiO3 is observed for the corresponding EDLC with a typical organic electrolyte composed of a tetraalkylammonium salt and propylene carbonate as a solvent. These results suggest that BaTiO3 incorporated into the electrodes would improve the dissociation of the ionic liquid EMIBF4, and hence increase the carrier concentration available for the formation of an electric double layer.
The number of patients undergoing implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is increasing, as the indications for device therapy have broadened. Despite the mortality benefits associated with ICDs, they can also cause substantial complications. Drs. Wazni and Wilkoff explore the issues involved in managing patients with an ICD and discuss approaches for reducing these adverse effects, from prevention of infection, and the choice of lead and implantation technique, to strategies for programming and monitoring the device.
The degree of weightlessness during water immersion is usually estimated through percentage weight bearing (PWB). However, variations in PWB in different standing postures have not been documented. The study was designed to investigate the PWB of apparently healthy individuals in four standing postures at the anterior superior iliac spine level of immersion.
For the development of high energy density lithium-ion batteries with the high rate performance, the enhancement of the ion transport in the electrolyte solutions impregnated in the porous electrodes is a key. To study the ion transport in porous electrodes, anodic nanoporous alumina (APA) self-standing membranes with macro- or meso-pores were used as model porous materials. These membranes had nearly spherical pore channels of discrete 20–68nm in diameters. By using the geometric shape of the pores, we attempted to evaluate the specific ion conductivities of the organic electrolyte solution dissolving lithium salt simply. AC impedance spectroscopy measurement of a four-electrode cell with membranes showed one depressed semi-circle in the Nyquist plots and this semi-circle can be assigned as the ion transport resistance in the pores. The specific ion conductivities evaluated from the ion transport resistances and the geometric parameters showed very small values, even in the macro-pores, as compared with that of the bulk electrolyte solution.
In this paper, we propose a new electrolyte additive 3-Isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (IPTS) to improve the cycle stability and rate performance of Ni-Rich (LiNi0·6Co0·2Mn0·2O2) cathode half-cell. Density function theory calculations suggest that IPTS has higher HOMO energy than solvent, which can decompose preferentially. Moreover, we confirm the oxidative decomposition by the linear scanning cyclic voltammetry, which can achieve stable at a cutoff voltage of 2.5–4.5 Vs. (Li/Li+). The cyclic voltammetry curves at different scan rates indicate that the migration rate of lithium ions is higher in the cells with 0.5% additive than in the base electrolyte. After 150 cycles, the capacity retention rates in the base electrolyte and in the additive-containing electrolyte are 55.4% and 73.1%, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy show that the additive is involved in film formation, and the obtained CEI film is very uniform and dense, which play a key role in stabilizing the electrolyte under high voltage.
In this work, nanostructured, monodisperse Si spheres have been prepared by a facile, controllable magnesiothermic reduction method using monodisperse SiO2 spheres as the precursor. The reaction conditions for magnesiothermic reduction have been optimized, yielding desired product and byproduct. Carbon coating on Si nanocrystals is performed by an easy chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The effect of carbon coating on electrochemical performance of Si is investigated. The results show that the original monodisperse spheric morphology of SiO2 can be preserved during magnesiothermic reduction and the cycling stability of Si can be enhanced by carbon coating. This work provides a facile, scalable method to synthesize nanostructured Si and Si/C composites.
An in situ hydrothermal synthesis process was explored to prepare nano-sized high performance lithium iron phosphate carbon composite (LFPin/C) as active cathode material for lithium ion batteries. Tartaric acid (TA), as chelating agent and carbon source, was added into glycerol/water solution forming a homogeneous precursor. The mixture was transferred to a hydrothermal reactor to take full advantage of the synergistic interaction between both organic compounds in the synthesis of LFPin/C. For comparison, the properties of the ex-situ synthesized LFPex/C composite, obtained by addition of TA after the hydrothermal step, were evaluated. Results of comparative experiments show that the in situ method is capable to improve the homogeneity and dispersity of the residual carbon in combination with calcination at 600 °C for 3 h. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the in situ generated carbon matrix with embedded LiFePO4 particles can reduce the charge transfer resistance. LFPin/C features a large specific surface area of 22.3 m2 g−1 and uniform particle size distribution with a typical size in the range of 20–40 nm. In line with these advantages, the composite yields excellent cycle stability with initial discharge capacities of 166.1, 140 and 104 mAh g−1 at rates of 0.1 C, 2 C and 10 C, respectively.
The most challenging tasks in today's batteries are the need for fast charging and large energy densities for longer lifetimes. Micro-structured silicon microwire anodes show a nine-fold increase in gravimetric capacity over standard graphite batteries. The anodes exhibit an areal capacity of 4.25 mAhcm−2 with a specific capacity of 3150 mAhg−1. The high specific capacity implies a 400% volume expansion of the Si wires. This paper demonstrates that by modifying and adapting the electrolyte composition a charging speed of 5 C (12 min charging time) can be reached completely maintaining the area and gravimetric capacity of the silicon anodes. Detailed analysis of the charge transfer processes across the solid electrolyte interface into the silicon wires reveals highly relevant mechanisms for this stable performance. A well-established solvent candidate, like propylene carbonate, which was rated not at all suitable for graphite electrodes, is very promising and advancing fast for pure silicon anodes. This addition into the electrolyte allows modifying the mechanical properties of the SEI layer in oder to support revery individual silicon wire to buffer the inevitable volume expansion.
Background Social cognitive deficits have been demonstrated in first episode psychosis (FEP) and groups at high risk for developing psychosis but the relative degree of deficit between these groups is unclear. Such knowledge may further our understanding of the importance of these deficits in the development of psychosis. The study aimed to compare the degree of impairment in social cognition in three groups: FEP, those at “ultra high risk” (UHR) for psychosis and healthy controls. Methods UHR and FEP patients were recruited from an established youth mental health service in Melbourne. Three domains of social cognition were assessed: ToM (hinting task and interpretation of visual jokes); facial and vocal emotion recognition (Diagnostic Assessment of Non Verbal Accuracy); social perception (Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test — managing emotions branch). Group differences were analysed using Analysis of Covariance with age, gender and IQ as covariates. Results Data on 30 UHR, 40 FEP and 30 control participants were analysed. FEP patients performed significantly worse on all social cognition tasks compared to controls. For the UHR group, scores were intermediate between FEP and controls for all tasks, but only significantly different to controls for ToM tasks. Effects sizes were largest for the ToM tasks and the emotion recognition task for both patient groups. There were no significant differences between UHR and FEP patients in performance on any of the tasks. Conclusions Social cognition is generally impaired in FEP patients but there are fewer deficits in a UHR group. Longitudinal research in larger samples is needed to investigate whether social cognition deficits, such as ToM are risk factors in UHR groups for subsequent transition to full-threshold psychosis.
Fluoride ion batteries (FIBs) with high theoretical energy density have been proposed as a promising competitor of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), which are based on a ‘fluoride shuttle’ - the reversible transfer of fluoride anions from one electrode to the other. To improve further contact between electrode and electrolyte, decrease interfacial impedance and provide buffer layer “soft interface” for volume change of electrode during charging and discharging process, here we put forward to prepare a flexible solid-state composite electrolyte based on the tysonite-type La0.95Ba0.05F2.95 (LBF05) inorganic particles and poly (propylene carbonate). Tysonite-type LBF05 inorganic particles are synthesized by wet chemical method, and then the solid-state composite electrolyte is prepared by reverse molding method to mix LBF05 and PEO. Morphological, chemical and structural characterizations of the solid-state composite electrolytes are studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC), Fourier transfer-infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and charge/discharge tests. It has been found that the ionic conductivity of solid-state composite electrolyte LBF05@PEO reaches a maximum of 5.75 × 10−6 S·cm−1 at 90 °C and the electrochemical stability window reaches 4.7 V versus Li/Li+ at 70 °C. Charge/discharge tests for the FIBs are conducted at 70 °C with LBF05@PEO as electrolyte, Li as anode, and FeF3 composite material as cathode. The prepared solid-state fluoride ion battery FeF3/LBF05@PEO/Li delivers initial discharge capacity of 113.5 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C (1 C = 273 mA h g−1) between 1.0 V and 4.5 V. Although many works need still to be further developed, this study opens a new way to the development of solid-state composite electrolyte for advanced fluoride ion battery.
The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) is a self-report questionnaire designed to measure the three components of alexithymia; difficulty identifying feelings in the self (DIF), difficulty describing feelings (DDF), and externally orientated thinking (EOT). We examined the scale’s psychometric properties in Australian nonclinical (N = 428) and psychiatric (N = 156) samples. In terms of factorial validity, confirmatory factor analyses found the traditional 3-factor correlated model (DIF, DDF, EOT) to be the best and most parsimonious solution, but it did not reach adequate levels of goodness-of-fit in either sample. Several EOT items loaded poorly on their intended factor, and a reverse-scored item method factor was present; the factor structure of the scale was invariant across both samples. A higher-order factor model (with a single higher-order factor) was slightly inferior to the correlated models, but still tenable. The total scale score and DIF and DDF subscales displayed sound internal consistency, but the EOT subscale did not. We conclude that the TAS-20 has, for the most part, adequate psychometric properties, though interpretation should focus only on the total scale score and DIF and DDF subscales; we recommend the EOT subscale score not be used. Implications for clinical use and future revision of the scale are discussed.
Solid polymer electrolyte films of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with KClO3 and KClO3+plasticizer (dimethyl formamide) have been prepared by the solution - cast technique. Various experimental techniques such as electrical conductivity (composition dependence) at room temperature and transport number measurements are used to characterize these polymer electrolyte films. Electrochemical cells of configuration K|(PVP+PVA+KClO3)|(I2+C+electrolyte) and K|(PVP+PVA+KClO3+plasticizer)|(I2+C+electrolyte) have been fabricated. The discharge characteristics of the cells are studied under a constant load of 100kΩ. The open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current and discharge time for the plateau region are measured. The PVP+PVA+KClO3 blend polymer electrolyte system with added plasticizer shows an increased discharge time with respect to the pure PVP+PVA+KClO3 blend polymer electrolyte system.
dc-polarization and ac-impedance techniques were used to analyze the discharge characteristic of a primary Li/CF x cell. In most cases, impedance spectrum of a Li/CF x cell shows a suppressed semicircle followed by a sloping straight line. The semicircle is shown to present a cell reaction resistance (R cr), which reflects an ohmic resistance (mainly, ionic conductivity of the discharge product shell) and a charge-transfer process. It is shown that the overall resistance of a Li/CF x cell is dominated by the CF x cathode, whose resistance is further dominated by the R cr that is found to be extremely sensitive to the temperature. Therefore, the low temperature performance and rate capability of a Li/CF x cell are mainly determined by the CF x cathode. In addition, based on the discharge curve and open circuit voltage (OCV) recovery of a Li/CF x cell, we proposed a “core-shell” model consisting of a shrinking “CF x core” and a growing “product shell” for the discharge process of CF x cathode. The “product shell” plays an important role in the discharge performance of Li/CF x cells.
Nanostructured porous MnO2 film on Ni foam substrate was fabricated via a CV electrodeposited route for the first time. The obtained MnO2 film had a 3D network structure and a high mass loading from 6 to 18mg cm−2. This material achieved a maximum specific capacitance of 2790mF cm−2 at 2mA cm−2 and 864mF cm-2 at 20mA cm−2, and the specific capacitance can be retained above 90% after 1000 cycles at 5mA cm−2. The fabricated AC//MnO2 asymmetric supercapacitor can reach a specific capacitance of 67F g−1 and an energy density of 37.22Wh Kg−1 with its capacitance retention of 80% after 1000 cycles at 2.5mA cm−2.
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is widely acknowledged as a key driver of environmental change in tropical island coral reefs. Previous work has addressed SGD and groundwater-reef interactions at isolated submarine springs; however, there are still many outstanding questions about the mechanisms and distribution of groundwater discharge to reefs. To understand how groundwater migrates to reefs, a series of offshore 222Rn (radon) and submarine electrical resistivity (ER) surveys were performed on the tropical volcanic island of Mo’orea, French Polynesia. These surveys suggest that fresher water underlies the fringing reef, apparently confined by a <1-m-thick low-permeability layer referred to as a reef flat plate. Reef flat plates have been documented elsewhere in tropical reefs as thin, laterally continuous limestone units that form through the super-saturation of calcium carbonate in the overlying marine waters. In other tropical reefs, the reef flat plate is underlain by a highly permeable karstic limestone formation, but the submarine reef geology on Mo’orea is still uncertain. Numerical modeling of two-dimensional reef transects and SGD quantifications, based on water budget and radon/salinity mass balance, support the confining nature of the reef flat plates and indicate important implications for SGD impacts to tropical reefs. Except where incised by streams or local springs, reef flat plates may route SGD to lagoons or to the reef crest 100s of meters offshore. Because groundwater can transport pollutants, nutrients, and low pH waters, the reef flat plate may play an important role in the spatial patterns of reef ecology and coastal acidification.
One approach to creating physics-based reduced-order models (ROMs) of battery-cell dynamics requires first generating linearized Laplace-domain transfer functions of all cell internal electrochemical variables of interest. Then, the resulting infinite-dimensional transfer functions can be reduced by various means in order to find an approximate low-dimensional model. These methods include Padé approximation or the Discrete-Time Realization algorithm. In a previous article, Lee and colleagues developed a transfer function of the electrolyte concentration for a porous-electrode pseudo-two-dimensional lithium-ion cell model. Their approach used separation of variables and Sturm–Liouville theory to compute an infinite-series solution to the transfer function, which they then truncated to a finite number of terms for reasons of practicality. Here, we instead use a variation-of-parameters approach to arrive at a different representation of the identical solution that does not require a series expansion. The primary benefits of the new approach are speed of computation of the transfer function and the removal of the requirement to approximate the transfer function by truncating the number of terms evaluated. Results show that the speedup of the new method can be more than 3800.
Flexible asymmetric supercapacitors (FASCs) have attracted increasing interest in portable and wearable electronics. The practical application of FASCs in high energy density devices is limited by their low specific capacity, which can be effectively addressed by designing electrode materials hierarchically on the micro-nanoscale. Herein, well-defined 3D porous hierarchical CuCo2O4@carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and Fe2O3@CQDs architectures are rationally synthesized through a simple CQDs-induced hydrothermal self-assembly technique. Both of the as-prepared CuCo2O4@CQDs and Fe2O3@CQDs electrodes exhibit improved specific capacity, desirable rate capability and complementary potential range. A FASC (CuCo2O4@CQDs//Fe2O3@CQDs) on graphite paper delivers a high operation voltage of 1.55 V, an energy density of 39.5 Wh kg−1 at 1203.7 W kg−1, and long cycling lifespan. The excellent performance is ascribed to the good electronic conductivity with the assistance of CQDs and their unique 3D mesoporous structures with extraordinary specific surface area, which could provide fruitful active sites for electrochemical reactions. The newly developed FASC based on the Faradaic-type electrodes is inspiring, and would be promising for the applications in wearable electronic devices.
A novel Na-deficient O3-type layered material Na0.83Cr1/3Fe1/3Mn1/6Ti1/6O2 has been synthesized via solid-state reaction and utilized as a cathode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). It delivers initial charge/discharge capacities of 168.5 and 161.4 mAh g−1 within the voltage range of 1.5–4.1 V at current rate of 0.1C. A phase transition pathway of O3→O3+O3″→O3″ is revealed during the initial charge process by ex situ X-ray diffraction. In addition, synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy suggests that the charge compensation of Na0.83Cr1/3Fe1/3Mn1/6Ti1/6O2 during the initial charge and discharge processes is contributed by Cr3+/Cr4.3+, Fe3+/Fe3+∼4+ and Mn3+∼4+/Mn4+ redox couples. The local electronic structure of layered Na1-x Cr1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3-x Ti x O2 (x = 0, 1/6, 1/3) is proved to have a great impact on the electrochemical performance. After coating carbon layer with ∼10 nm, Na0.83Cr1/3Fe1/3Mn1/6Ti1/6O2/C exhibits the improved electrochemical performances regarding capacity retention and rate capability.