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Materials obtained from thermal treatment of thermally treated NiCoFe-layered double hydroxides (LDH) with different Ni:Co ratios were evaluated as bifunctional catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Evolution and Evolution Reduction Reactions in alkaline media. The structural properties of synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, whereas the basicity of each material was evaluated by temperature-programmed desorption of carbon dioxide. The results revealed the presence of inverse spinel structure with different compositions and a NiO phase with different amounts in the sample, while the electrochemical results showed a high activity towards oxygen reactions. The sample with higher amount of NiO and the lowest substitution grade on tetrahedral sites in the spinel-type structure exhibited the best catalytic activity.
A selective review on the materials and construction principles used for bifunctional oxygen/air electrodes is given. The discussion emphasizes the catalytically active materials used for the construction of these electrodes, which are a key component in electrically rechargeable air breathing electrochemical systems. Whereas, in acid electrolytes normally noble metal catalysts must be used, there is a possibility to use less expensive transition metal oxides in alkaline electrolytes. Typical transition metal oxides have the perovskite, pyrochlore and spinel structure.
In this paper, graphene oxide (GO) with different oxidation degrees were prepared by a modified Hummers' method, and were filled into carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) by latex co-coagulation method. The impact of oxidation degrees on the structure of GO, the interaction between GO and XNBR, the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of XNBR nanocomposites were investigated. The results indicated that interfacial interaction between XNBR and GO became stronger with the increase of oxidation degrees of GO due to more oxygen-containing groups forming on the GO sheets and hydrogen bonding in the XNBR/GO nanocomposites, which led to a better dispersion of GO in rubber matrix as well as improved mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of XNBR matrix. Especially, in comparison with those of neat XNBR, the tensile strength, tear strength and thermal conductivity of XNBR/GO nanocomposites with 4 phr (parts per hundred rubber) GO3 increased by 114.6%, 88.5% and 27.2%, respectively.
Electrochemical cells of LiCoO2 were charged to 4.7V versus lithium, and held at this high voltage for various times. After this high voltage aging, the cells suffered irreversible losses of capacity and suppressed kinetics. Transmission electron microscopy showed the formation of some cubic spinel phase in the LiCoO2 material subjected to high voltage aging, and an increased density of dislocations and internal strains.
A novel process was proposed to synthesize nano Sb-encapsulated pyrolytic polyacrylonitrile composite for anode material in lithium secondary batteries. The preparation started with the dissolution of SbCl3 and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in dimethylformamide (DMF) solution, followed by the addition of KBH4 to reduce Sb3+ in the solution. The Sb composite was obtained by pyrolysis of the Sb/PAN mixture that precipitated out when the DMF solution was added by plentiful water. The TEM analysis showed that about 100–200nm Sb particles were embedded by the pyrolyzed PAN, which provided a conductive matrix to relieve the morphological change of Sb during electrochemical cycling. As-prepared composite presented good cycleability for lithium storage. The proposed process paves an effective way to prepare high performance alloy based composite anode materials for high performance lithium-ion batteries.
Carbon coating of fine particles of Li4Ti5O12 synthesized under hydrothermal condition is carried out by amphiphilic carbonaceous material (ACM) in aqueous solution, followed by carbonization at 800°C for 2h. The particles prepared are comprised of highly-crystalline spinel-type Li4Ti5O12 with the size in the range of 100–400nm without any agglomeration, of which surface is uniformly covered by a thin carbon layer. Their electrochemical performance as an anode in lithium-ion batteries is evaluated. The initial discharge capacity of carbon-coated Li4Ti5O12 at 20C rate is 137mAhg−1 and remains as high as 125mAhg−1 after 100 cycles (91% retention), exhibiting good rate and cyclic performance. Carbon coating by using ACM as carbon precursor gives the Li4Ti5O12 particles an enhanced performance as an anode in lithium-ion batteries, owing to the improvement in electrical conductivity, polarization and ability of dispersion. This non-organic coating process may present a new economic, facile, and green pathway for the preparation of carbon-coated Li4Ti5O12 as a high power anode material in lithium-ion batteries.
This paper describes the design and development of three low-cost ventilators which can be mass produced to meet a surge in demand for such equipment. Each of these ventilators is having unique features while meeting standard functional specifications of mechanical ventilators. The first design works on compressed air source as control gas and does not require electrical power for its operation. Parameters like tidal volume, breathing rate etc. can be set mechanically in this ventilator. Second one is an automated Ambu bag based system, which has digital controller providing closed-loop control of critical ventilator parameters and a very unique geared actuation system that ensure long cyclic life to Ambu bag and fine control of parameters. The third design is an air blower based pneumatic circuit ventilator which is a state of the art ICU ventilator. Mathematical modeling of the systems is carried out to design the mechanical/electrical control elements and to simulate the performance of the system. Prototypes of ventilators were developed, testing and simulation runs were carried out and critical parameters were measured ensuring satisfactory performance of the system.
The electrical resistivity method was used to determine the groundwater potential of Ogidi and its environs. Thirteen soundings were carried out at thirteen different locations using the ABEM terrameter (SAS 1000), and adopting the Schlumberger configuration with maximum current electrode spacing of 1000 m. The lithologic logs for the boreholes were used to delineate the geologic sections. The results revealed six to nine geo-electric layers comprising laterite, clayey sandstone, sandstone, water-saturated sandstone and shale. The water-saturated sandstone forms the aquiferous unit. This unit was found to have resistivity values ranging from 363Ωm to 9107Ωm. It is deeply seated in some areas with a depth of 33.2–103 m. It was observed that the hydraulic conductivity varies between 0.001 and 0.066 m/day, while the transmissivity values vary between 0.01 and 4.7 m2/day. Among all the VES points studied, it was observed that VES 1 has the highest transmissivity value and the highest aquifer thickness. In view of the foregoing, it is expected that water will flow more from aquifer in VES 1 since groundwater flow from an aquifer is directly proportional to transmissivity.
High-voltage cathode materials have gained much attention as one of the promising electrode materials to increase power density of lithium ion batteries by raising the working voltage. However, the use of such high-voltage cathode materials is still challenging, because their working voltage is close to the electrochemical oxidation potential of organic electrolyte used in lithium ion batteries. In this work, we demonstrated that simultaneous fluorination of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) particles as well as conductive agent in the electrode could significantly improve the electrochemical stability of LNMO cathode. The resulting electrode showed better cycle performance both at room temperature and elevated temperature compared to both bare LNMO electrode and the electrode with only LNMO fluorinated. These results showed that direct fluorination of high voltage cathode can reduce the side reaction of high voltage cathode electrode with the electrolyte, thereby stabilizing the surface of carbon black as well as that of high voltage cathode material.
The last decade has witnessed an extensive uptake of clean and sustainable energy sources to meet the surging energy demand while mitigating the increasing levels of greenhouse gas emission and air pollution. Among various energy systems, electrochemical energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors have attracted worldwide attention for use in electric-powered transport, portable electronics, and biomedical devices. Recently, new multifunctional supercapacitors, which combine energy storage capability with load-carrying and other functions, offer a new “two-birds-one-stone” strategy for next-generation energy storage systems to store energy beyond the traditional systems. Multifunctional supercapacitors show great promise in reducing the size and volume of devices, improving the charge storage capacity, and minimising the cost in materials and fabrication while bringing the benefits of additional functions to the systems. This review describes the recent advances in multifunctional supercapacitors in terms of materials design, device configuration, system integration, and applications. The unique features of multifunctional supercapacitors depend strongly on architectural designs and system integration, which allow elimination of certain components to reduce the size and weight, thus improving the overall system performance. The review focuses specifically on multifunctional supercapacitors with novel mechanical, surface/interfacial, thermal, electronic, photodetection and energy harvesting/conversion functions. In addition, challenges and opportunities for further developments in the emerging field of multifunctional supercapacitors are suggested and discussed.
Battery cell capacity loss is extensively studied so as to extend battery life in varied applications from portable consumer electronics to energy storage devices. Battery packs are constructed especially in energy storage devices to provide sufficient voltage and capacity. However, engineering practice indicates that battery packs always fade more critically than cells. We investigate the evolution of battery pack capacity loss by analyzing cell aging mechanisms using the “Electric quantity – Capacity Scatter Diagram (ECSD)” from a system point of view. The results show that cell capacity loss is not the sole contributor to pack capacity loss. The loss of lithium inventory variation at anodes between cells plays a significant role in pack capacity evolution. Therefore, we suggest more attention could be paid to the loss of lithium inventory at anodes in order to mitigate pack capacity degradation.
Household renewable energy generation through the use of solar panels is becoming more commonplace as the installation cost is reducing and electricity prices are rising. Solar energy is an intermittent source, only generated during the day subject to interference from weather and seasonal variation. Energy storage solutions such as Lithium Ion batteries are also reducing is cost and have become a viable solution for storing the solar energy generated for use at other times. In this paper we discuss the feasibility and limitations of various renewable energy, energy storage, feed into grid and off the grid systems. We also explore the results of our case study, The University of Western Australia׳s Future Farm, which featured a 10kW solar system with 20kWh battery storage, off the grid. Finally we use West Australians daily energy usage information to model the energy and savings of installing solar panels, home energy storage and using an electric vehicle.
Battery storage, particularly residential battery storage coupled with rooftop photovoltaics (PV), is emerging as an essential component of the smart grid technology mix. However, including battery storage and other flexible resources like electric vehicles and loads with thermal inertia into a probabilistic analysis based on Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is challenging, because their operational profiles are determined by computationally intensive optimization. Additionally, MC analysis requires a large pool of statistically-representative demand profiles to sample from. As a result, the analysis of the network impact of PV-battery systems has attracted little attention in the existing literature. To fill these knowledge gaps, this paper proposes a novel probabilistic framework to study the impact of PV-battery systems on low-voltage distribution networks. Specifically, the framework incorporates home energy management (HEM) operational decisions within the MC time series power flow analysis. First, using available smart meter data, we use a Bayesian nonparametric model to generate statistically-representative synthetic demand and PV profiles. Second, a policy function approximation that emulates battery scheduling decisions is used to make the simulation of optimization-based HEM feasible within the MC framework. The efficacy of our method is demonstrated on three representative low-voltage feeders, where the computation time to execute our MC framework is 5% of that when using explicit optimization methods in each MC sample. The assessment results show that uncoordinated battery scheduling has a limited beneficial impact, which is against the conjecture that batteries will serendipitously mitigate the technical problems induced by PV generation.
Pulsed electrodeposition methods were applied to the preparation of bismuth telluride films. Over the potential ranges from −170mV to −600mV, the formation of Bi2Te3 nuclei proceeded through a three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation mode. The nuclei densities for several values of potential were ranged between ∼106 nucleicm−2 and ∼108 nucleicm−2. For a pulsed galvanostatic electroplating, the best covering percentage and a stoichiometry close to the desired Bi2Te3 were obtained with the parameters t on, t off and J c, respectively, equal to 10ms, 1000ms and −100mAcm−2.
This paper reports surface modification of graphite anodes using carbon coated Fe3O4 nanospindles (C–Fe3O4 NSs) with the goal of improving graphite electrode capacity and decreasing graphite degradation and irreversible capacity. A unique novel coating method based on magnetic fields was developed for coating prefabricated graphite electrodes containing conductive additives and binder. A thin layer of synthesized C–Fe3O4 NSs was coated on the surface of graphite anodes to prevent direct contact of graphite’s surface and electrolyte. The results indicate that C–Fe3O4 coating decreases growth of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film on the surface of graphite. The C–Fe3O4 coating increases the initial discharge capacity of graphite anodes from 325 to 414 mAh g−1 and the initial Coulombic efficiency from 72 to 79%. Moreover, C–Fe3O4 coated electrodes deliver an improved reversible capacity of 240 mAh g−1 and Columbic efficiency of 99% after 40 cycles, whereas these values were 148 mAh g−1 and 97% for bare graphite. However, the impedance analysis indicates more resistance in case of C–Fe3O4 coated graphite, which is due to the low ionic conductivity of Fe3O4 compared to graphite.
The successful treatment of hearing loss depends on the individual practitioner’s experience and skill. So far, there is no standard available to evaluate the practitioner’s testing skills. To assess every practitioner equally, the paper proposes a first machine, dubbed artificial patient (AP), mimicking a real patient with hearing impairment operating in real time and real environment. Following this approach, we develop a multiple-input multiple-output auditory model that synthesizes various types of hearing loss as well as elements from psychoacoustics such as false response and reaction time. The model is then used to realize a hardware implementation, comprising acoustic and vibration sensors, sound cards, and a fanless personal computer. The AP returns a feedback signal to the practitioner upon perceiving a valid test tone at the hearing threshold analogous to a real patient. The AP is derived within a theoretical framework in contrast to many other solutions. The AP handles masked air-conduction and bone-conduction hearing levels in the range from 5 to 80 dB and from – 20 to 70 dB, respectively, both at 1 kHz. The frequency range is confined within 250 and 8000 Hz. The proposed approach sets a new quality standard for evaluating practitioners.
This work has investigated recycling cobalt from the cathodes of spent Li-ion batteries as β-Co(OH)2, obtaining Co3O4. β-Co(OH)2 with a hexagonal structure by using chemical precipitation (CP) or electrochemical precipitation (EP). In addition, the study has investigated whether the charge density applied directly affects the β-Co(OH)2 morphology. Co3O4 is formed by heat-treating β-Co(OH)2 at 450 °C for 3 h (h) in an air atmosphere. After calcining, the Co3O4 shows a cubic structure and satisfactory purity grade, regardless of the route used for preparation via which it was obtained. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is then used for electrochemical characterization of the Co3O4 composite electrodes. In the cathodic process, CoO2 undergoes reduction to CoOOH, which undergoes further reduction to Co3O4. In the anodic process, Co3O4 undergoes oxidation to CoOOH, which simultaneously undergoes further oxidation to CoO2. The composite electrodes containing Co3O4, carbon black, and epoxy resin show great reversibility, charge efficiency, and a specific capacitance of 13.0 F g−1 (1.0 mV s−1). The synthesis method of Co(OH)2 influences the charge efficiency of Co3O4 composite electrodes at a scan rate of 10.0 mV s−1. Therefore, in addition to presenting an alternative use for exhausted batteries, Co3O4 composites exhibit favorable characteristics for use as pseudocapacitors.
In this report, we have assessed the behavioral responses of mice missing the Ppif gene (CyPD-KO), encoding mitochondrial cyclophilin D (CyPD). Mitochondrial CyPD is a key modulator of the mitochondrial permeability transition which is involved in the regulation of calcium- and oxidative damage–induced cell death. Behavioral screening of CyPD-KO mice (ranging between 4 and 15 months of age) was accomplished using a battery of behavioral paradigms which included testing of motor functions, exploratory activity, and anxiety/emotionality, as well as learning and memory skills. We found that, compared with wild-type mice, CyPD-KO mice were (i) more anxious and less explorative in open field and elevated plus maze and (ii) performed better in learning and memory of avoidance tasks, such as active and passive avoidance. However, the absence of CyPD did not alter the nociceptive threshold for thermal stimuli. Finally, deletion of CyPD caused also an abnormal accumulation of white adipose tissue resulting in adult-onset obesity, which was not dependent on increased food and/or water intake. Taken together, our results suggest a new fundamental role of mitochondrial CyPD in basal brain functions and body weight homeostasis.
Sodium-ion battery has emerged as one of most promising technologies for large-scale energy storage system, and hence has stimulated extensive exploration of applicable electrode materials with low cost and superb electrochemical properties. Herein, 3D graphene decorated Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) microspheres as a low-cost and environmentally friendly cathode material are synthesized by using a facile spray-drying method. The as-prepared NFPP@rGO composite exhibits a high reversible capacity of 128 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, a superior rate capability (35 mAh g−1 at 200 C), and a long cycling life (62.3% capacity retention over 6000 cycles at 10 C). The excellent electrochemical performance is attributed to combined advantages of graphene coating on the surface of nanoparticles and the flexible 3D graphene network, which not only improve the electronic conductivity, but also accommodate the structural stress of the material during charging and discharging. Therefore, the NFPP@rGO microsphere with superior electrochemical performances, low-cost raw materials, simple synthetic route and high thermal stability is considered as a very attractive cathode electrode for sodium ion battery.
Development of lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries is hindered by large overpotentials, low energy efficiency and unsatisfactory cycling life, which are predominately caused by the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) involving sluggish oxidation of lithium peroxide (Li2O2). Herein, a highly-efficient soluble redox mediator (RM) of N,N’-Diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) is introduced to catalyze the oxygen evolution reaction for Li-O2 batteries. During charging process, DPPD is electrochemically oxidized into DPPD+, which can chemically decompose Li2O2 on the cathode with a much-reduced overpotential. The in-situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry confirms that the charging process is dominated by Li2O2 decomposition. With the assistance of DPPD, Li-O2 cells can achieve lower charging potential, improved cycling stability, and prolonged lifespan (294 cycles) which is three times longer than that of tetrathiafulvalene counterpart. This work presents a credible and viable opportunity for long lifespan Li-O2 batteries.
This perspective seeks to provide some critical insights on the challenges facing the development and adoption of fibre (yarn)-based energy storage electrodes in possible future applications of smart textiles. Attention has been given to five major points, viz. the property requirements, the associated characterization techniques, the metrics of quantifying performance, the associated materials and the goals of innovation. Beyond these points, concise conclusions consisting of recommendations have been drawn in each section. The work is intended to guide and stimulate researchers towards an effective and efficient roadmap to obtain the right and best product on the new prospective and exciting market.
To meet future needs for industries from personal devices to automobiles, state-of-the-art rechargeable lithium-ion batteries will require both improved durability and lowered costs. To enhance battery performance and lifetime, understanding electrode degradation mechanisms is of critical importance. Various advanced in situ and operando characterization tools developed during the past few years have proven indispensable for optimizing battery materials, understanding cell degradation mechanisms, and ultimately improving the overall battery performance. Here we review recent progress in the development and application of advanced characterization techniques such as in situ transmission electron microscopy for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Using three representative electrode systems—layered metal oxides, Li-rich layered oxides and Si-based or Sn-based alloys—we discuss how these tools help researchers understand the battery process and design better battery systems. We also summarize the application of the characterization techniques to lithium–sulfur and lithium–air batteries and highlight the importance of those techniques in the development of next-generation batteries.