batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Found in natural products, and frequently used as flavoring agents or as building blocks for pharmaceuticals, diazines and their benzo derivatives possess a diverse set of properties, allowing a broad range of applications, spanning from medicinal chemistry to electrochemistry. New diazine-based natural products continue to be isolated and studied. In addition, new syntheses, reactions, and applications of diazine-based compounds are reported every year. Recent advances in the development of new preparations, reactions, and applications of diazines and their benzo derivatives as well as the discovery of new diazine-based natural products, published in the literature in 2014, are discussed in this review.
With the aim to overcome the disadvantages of organic liquid electrolytes and all-solid electrolytes, and make better use in the next generation of safe and high energy rechargeable lithium metal batteries. Herein, an effective ionic liquid gel polymer electrolyte is simply prepared using core-shell structured SiO2 nanoparticles as functional fillers, which is fabricated by controlled reaction conditions, its structure and purity are characterized. The shell layers of SiO2-PAA@Li as the lithium ion sources increase both ionic conductivity and lithium transference number of the electrolyte. Especially, it was found to improve thermal stability and increase compatibility between electrolyte and lithium electrode due to the intrinsic characteristics of the silica core structure. More importantly, the morphological analysis of the cycled lithium anode reveals that lithium dendrites growth during cycling can be inhibited by a stable solid electrolyte interphase. For further illustration, the solid-state lithium battery of LiFePO4/Li with this type electrolyte delivers stable charge/discharge profiles and satisfactory performance, determining the important role on the overall electrochemical properties of its unique structural design. These desirable results reveal that the composite gel polymer electrolytes have great potential for safe, stable even high power rechargeable Li metal batteries.
Skin sensitization is one of the key safety endpoints for chemicals applied directly to the skin. Several integrated testing strategies (ITS) using multiple non-animal test methods have been developed to accurately evaluate the sensitizing potential of chemicals, but there is no regulatory-accepted ITS to classify a chemical as a non-sensitizer. In this study, the predictive performance of a binary test battery with KeratinoSens™ and h-CLAT compared to the local lymph node assay (LLNA) and human data was examined using comprehensive dataset of 203 chemicals. When two negative results indicate a non-sensitizer, the binary test battery provided sensitivity of 93.4% or 94.4% compared with the LLNA or human data. Taking into account the predictive limitations (i.e. high log Kow, pre-/pro-haptens and acyl transfer agents (or amine-reactive)), the binary test battery had extremely high sensitivity comparable to that of the 3 out of 3 ITS where three negative results of the DPRA, KeratinoSens™ and h-CLAT indicate a non-sensitizer. Therefore, the data from KeratinoSens™ or h-CLAT may provide partly redundant information on the molecular initiating event derived from DPRA. Taken together, the binary test battery of KeratinoSens™ and h-CLAT could be used as part of a bottom-up approach for skin sensitization hazard prediction.
The energy storage field has witnessed a dramatic expansion in research at materials that might combine the high energy density of batteries and short charging times of supercapacitors. However, the materials mainly focus on transition metal oxides or sulfides, new material has rarely been reported yet. Herein, we report a novel nanocomposite based on polyoxometalates-based metal–organic frameworks (POMOFs)/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) for lithium-ion batteries. It demonstrates the advantages of polyoxometalates (POMs), metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and RGO, thus shows the hybrid behavior of battery and supercapacitor. A reversible capacity of 1075 mAh g−1 was maintained after 100 cycles, and the capacity retentions are nearly 100% both at 2000 and 3000mAg−1 for over 400 cycles. These performances are almost the best compared to the reported pristine MOFs and POMs based materials to date. The design and synthesis of POMOFs/RGO nanocomposites might guide the development of new generation electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
The development of efficient and reliable energy storage systems based on hydrogen technology represents a challenge to seasonal storage based on renewable hydrogen. State of the art renewable energy generation systems include separate units such as electrolyzer, hydrogen storage vessel and a fuel cell system for the conversion of H2 back into electricity, when required. In this work, a novel electrochemical system has been developed which integrates hydrogen production, storage and compression in only one device, at relatively low cost and high efficiency. The developed prototype comprises a six-electrode cell assembly using an AB5-type metal hydride and Ni plates as counter electrodes, in a 35-wt% KOH solution. Metal hydride electrodes with chemical composition LaNi4.3Co0.4Al0.3 were prepared by high frequency vacuum melting followed by high temperature annealing. X-ray phase analysis showed typical hexagonal structure and no traces of other intermetallic compounds belonging to the La–Ni phase diagram. Thermodynamic study has been performed in a Sieverts type of apparatus produced by Labtech Int. During cycling, the charging/discharging process was studied in situ using a gas chromatograph from Agilent. It is anticipated that the device will be integrated as a combined hydrogen generator and storage unit in a stand-alone system associated to a 1-kW fuel cell.
For the safe operation of electric vehicles, it is of critical importance to quickly detect and accurately identify different types of faults in battery packs. However, the performance characteristics of many faults in the battery system are hidden and similar, therefore a false positive fault detection happens occasionally. This paper presents a multi-fault diagnostic strategy based on an interleaved voltage measurement topology and improved correlation coefficient method, which can diagnose several types of faults (i.e. the internal/external short circuit, sensor faults and connection faults). The proposed voltage measurement method can correlate each battery and contact resistance with two different sensors respectively, so as to accurately identify the location and type of the faults. In order to eliminate the effect of battery inconsistencies and measurement error, the improved correlation coefficient method is utilized to monitor fault signatures. The non-model method proposed in this paper can avoid the aliasing phenomenon and has high sensitivity and robustness. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results validate the feasibility and advantages of the multi-fault diagnostic method.
Fe2O3–CNT–graphene nanosheet (Fe2O3–CNT–GNS) hybrid materials were synthesized using a chemical vapor deposition method. The as-prepared materials consist of Fe2O3 nanorings, bamboo-like carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets, which form an open three-dimensional architecture. For the first time, we observed the growth of bamboo-like carbon nanotubes with open tips, which were catalyzed by iron nanorings. When applied as anode materials in lithium ion batteries, the Fe2O3–CNT–GNS hybrid materials exhibited a high specific capacity of 984mAhg−1 with a superior cycling stability and high rate capability. This could be ascribed to short Li+ diffusion path of bamboo-like CNTs, more active reaction sites provided by graphene layers inside CNTs, flexible and highly conductive graphene nanosheets, and an open three-dimensional structure.
The transition to a low carbon energy portfolio necessitates a reduction in the demand of fossil-fuel and an increase in renewable energy generation and penetration. Wind energy in particular is ubiquitous, yet the stochastic nature of wind energy hinders its wide-spread adoption into the electric grid. Numerous techniques (improved wind forecasting, improved wind turbine design and improved power electronics) have been proposed to increase the penetration of wind energy, yet only a few have addressed the challenges of wind intermittency, grid stability and flexibility simultaneously. The problem of excess wind energy results in wind curtailment and has plagued large scale wind integration. NREL's HOMER software is used to show that a strong negative correlation exists between the cycles to failure of a storage device and the excess wind energy on the system. A 1 MJ magnesium-diboride superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system is designed to alleviate momentary interruptions (lasting from a few milli-seconds to a few minutes) in wind turbines. The simulation results establish the efficacy of SMES coupled with wind turbines improve output power quality and show that a 1 MJ SMES alleviated momentary interruptions for ∼50 s in 3 MW wind turbines. These studies suggest that SMES when coupled to wind turbines could be ideal storage devices that improve wind power quality and electric grid stability.
In autonomous islands, the wind penetration is restricted due to technical reasons related with the safe operation of the electrical systems. The combined use of wind energy with pumped storage (WPS) is considered as a mean to exploit the abundant wind potential, increase the wind installed capacity and substitute conventional peak supply. In this paper, the experience gained from the analysis of WPS in three specific islands is used towards the estimation of the WPS market in autonomous Greek islands. Parameterized diagrams and a methodology towards the pre-dimensioning and initial design of the WPS are proposed and used towards the estimation of the market in autonomous Greek islands. The objective is to make an initial general prefeasibility study of WPS prospects in the autonomous Greek islands. Results show that there is a significant market for WPS in Greece and the development cost of WPS is competitive to the fuel cost of local power stations in autonomous islands.
Lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) used as a positive-electrode material in lithium-ion batteries is prepared by a new water-in-oil emulsion process. An aqueous solution containing lithium and manganese cations is emulsified in kerosene by adding sorbitan monooleate as the surfactant. When the precursor solution is agitated by a magnetic mixer, impure products are obtained. LiMn2O4 is formed along with residual Mn2O3 at elevated temperatures because of insufficient dispersion and mixing of the reactive cations. When a homogenizer with a greater agitation speed is used, however, a well-mixed precursor solution is prepared, and pure LiMn2O4 with a Fd 3m structure is synthesized after calcination at 800°C for 1h. LiMn2O4 powder prepared by the homogenizer has higher crystallinity, smaller particle size, and narrower size distribution than that prepared by the magnetic stirrer. Compared with powder prepared by the solid-state method, the LiMn2O4 powder exhibits smaller particle size and less agglomeration. Moreover, the emulsion process significantly shortens the heating time required. The prepared LiMn2O4 powder has a high discharge capacity (120.4mAhg−1) on the first cycle and good cycleability.
Lamella SnSbCu x /MCMB/carbon composite were prepared by a multi-step synthesis method for high stability and long life lithium ion battery electrodes. The lamella composite were synthesized via co-precipitation method combining with high-speed ball milling and subsequent pyrolysis. The resultant composite are consisted of nano SnSbCu x particles, lamella mesophase carbon microbeads (MCMB, after ball milling) and amorphous carbon coating pyrolyzed from phenolic resin. The lamella MCMB was treated as the inner terrace, which offered efficient electron conducting pathway for connection of nano SnSbCu x particle and pyrolysis carbon. With the increasing of the content of inactive element Cu, the SnSbCu x /MCMB/carbon composite are propitious to improve the cycling performance. When cycled at a constant current of 100mAg−1 between 0.01 and 2.0V, the coulombic efficiency of first cycle exceeds 88.45% and the reversible capacity of 100th cycle attains to 485mAhg−1 (91.4% capacity retention) in SnSbCu0.5/MCMB/carbon alloy anodes.
High-voltage operation of LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 (NMC) cathodes is gaining significant attention for advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy density that can enable energy conversion and storage for mid- and large-scale applications. However, it is challenging to mitigate the detrimental effects of rapid capacity fading over short cycle durations because of severe continuous electrolyte decomposition and instability at the electrode surface, which are generally present in high cut-off voltage cycling. In this study, the unprecedented sulfate-based compound, [4,4-bi(1,3,2-dioxathiolane)] 2,2,2,2-tetraoxide (BDTT), is employed as a novel cathode stabilizing additive combined with vinylene carbonate, a well-known anode stabilizing additive, to enhance the electrochemical performance of a LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2/graphite full cell. A synergistic effect of the dual cathode and anode stabilizer additive inclusion on the cycling performance results in high capacity and 86% of capacity retention for long operation (200 cycles). Prevention of IR drop and polarization in both charge and discharge cycles are achieved via dual additive combination. The results clearly indicate the importance of developing new additives and the potential of additive combination for improved high-voltage lithium-ion battery performance.
Solvent and ion dynamics in PMMA based gels have been investigated as a function of the loading of nanosized TiO2 particles. The gels have a molar ratio of 46.5:19:4.5:30 of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), lithium perchlorate and PMMA, respectively. A series of samples with 0, 4, 6 and 8 wt.% TiO2 filler were investigated. The diffusion coefficients for the lithium ions and for the two solvents (EC and PC) were investigated by pfg-NMR. It was shown that the addition of filler to the gel electrolytes enhances the diffusion of the cations, while the diffusion of the solvents remains constant. Raman measurements show no significant changes in ion–ion interactions with the addition of fillers, while the ionic conductivity is seen to decrease. However, the sample with 8 wt.% TiO2 had a conductivity close to that of the unfilled sample.
In this paper, using manganese oxide as an example, we report the successful design and synthesis of a novel one-dimensional highly graphitic carbon-tipped manganese oxide/mesoporous carbon/manganese oxide hybrid nanowire. The unique structure significantly improves the conductivity of metal oxide materials, which is a key limitation in pseudocapacitors. The hybrid nanowire with optimal carbon content, when applied as an electrode, exhibits superior capacitive properties in 1 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution, such as high specific capacitance (266 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), excellent rate capability (56.4% capacity retention at 60 A g−1) and outstanding cycling stability (without degradation after 1200 cycles). The energy densities achieved can be as high as 20.8 W h kg−1, at a power density of 30 kW kg−1. The results demonstrated that the manganese oxide in our hybrid nanomaterial was efficiently utilized with the assistance of the highly conductive graphitic carbon-tipped mesoporous carbon shell. It is reckoned that the present low-cost novel hybrid nanowire can serve as a promising electrode material for supercapacitors and other electrochemical devices.
This paper analyses the mechanisms of ion transport and storage in insertion materials such as metal-oxide electrochromics, Li ion batteries and conducting polymers. We generalize the normal description of intercalation kinetics, based on diffusion of a lattice gas with mean field interactions, using an intercalation model system composed of different types of intercalation sites: a shallow site that allows diffusion of intercalated ions throughout the film, and deeper sites that trap the inserted charge for long times. The trapping is related to ion binding processes, like Li+ forming a bond to a bridging-type oxygen in a solid, or ion binding in micro-cavities of a polymer matrix. A complete classification of patterns of spectra for ion diffusion and trapping (complex impedance and complex capacitance) is provided, in terms of characteristic frequencies that depend on the steady state. We discuss the possible origin of the variation of the chemical diffusion coefficient with the composition. In a two state system the effective diffusion coefficient increases by several orders of magnitude as the chemical potential μ passes through the lower energy level, filling the trap states. We also show that when the interactions are treated correctly, the variations of diffusivity in a lattice gas are larger than previously expected.
In this paper, we describe the development of a control system for Demand-Side Management in the residential sector with Distributed Generation. The electrical system under study incorporates local PV energy generation, an electricity storage system, connection to the grid and a home automation system. The distributed control system is composed of two modules: a scheduler and a coordinator, both implemented with neural networks. The control system enhances the local energy performance, scheduling the tasks demanded by the user and maximizing the use of local generation.
Effect of conductive additives and surface modification with NF3 and ClF3 on the charge/discharge behavior of Li4/3Ti5/3O4 (≈4.6μm) was investigated using vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) and acetylene black (AB). VGCF and mixtures of VGCF and AB increased charge capacities of original Li4/3Ti5/3O4 and those fluorinated with NF3 by improving the electric contact between Li4/3Ti5/3O4 particles and nickel current collector. Surface fluorination increased meso-pore with diameter of 2nm and surface area of Li4/3Ti5/3O4, which led to the increase in first charge capacities of Li4/3Ti5/3O4 samples fluorinated by NF3 at high current densities of 300 and 600mAg−1. The result shows that NF3 is the better fluorinating agent for Li4/3Ti5/3O4 than ClF3.
Objective This study aimed to determine the ability of different measures of adiposity to discriminate between low/high motor coordination and to evaluate the relationship between different measures of adiposity and motor coordination. Methods This study included 596 elementary school children aged 9 to 12 years (218 females – 47.1%). Weight, height, and waist circumference were objectively measured by standardized protocols. Body fat percentage was estimated by bioelectric impedance. Body mass index and waist-to-height ratio were computed. Motor coordination was assessed by the Körperkoordination Test für Kinder. Cardiorespiratory fitness was predicted by a maximal multistage 20 m shuttle-run test of the Fitnessgram Test Battery. A questionnaire was used to assess the maternal educational level. Results The receiver operating characteristic performance of body fat percentage in females and waist circumference in males presented a slightly better discriminatory accuracy than body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio in predicting low motor coordination. After adjustments, logistic regression analyses showed that body mass index (β=2.155; 95% CI: 1.164-3.992; p=0.015 for girls; β=3.255; 95% CI: 1.740-6.088; p<0.001 for males), waist circumference (β=2.489; 95% CI: 1.242-4.988; p=0.010 for girls; β=3.296; 95% CI: 1.784-6.090; p<0.001 for males), body fat percentage (β=2.395; 95% CI: 1.234-4.646; p=0.010 for girls; β=2.603; 95% CI: 1.462-4.634; p<0.001 for males) and waist-to-height ratio (β=3.840; 95% CI: 2.025-7.283; p<0.001 for males) were positively and significantly associated with motor coordination in both sexes, with the exception of waist-to-height ratio in girls (β=1.343; 95% CI: 0.713-2.528; p=0.381). Conclusion Body fat percentage and waist circumference showed a slightly better discriminatory accuracy in predicting low motor coordination for females and for males, respectively.
This work provides an aging study of a graphite|LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) Li-ion pouch cell with a nominal capacity of 10 Ah. By means of resistance and capacity measurements the cell's behavior is tracked over time under consideration of temperature and cell voltage impact. Tests duration was up to 15 months effective testing time. Observed effects and possible aging mechanisms are discussed considering the results from capacity and resistance measurements. The test results are used for a calendar lifetime prediction. In addition to a detailed calendar life study, also cycle life tests are discussed briefly to point out additional aging effects based on cycling. The paper may also serve as data source on aging for further work on battery lifetime modeling and battery diagnostics. Selected cells were taken from the aging tests and were used for a detailed post-mortem analysis (see paper "Part B: Post-Mortem Analysis").
CaSi2 was investigated as a potential anode material for use in lithium-ion batteries. The capacity was investigated as a function of particle size. The capacity at 50 cycles of the as-sieved CaSi2 material (25–30μm) is about 150 and 220mAh/g for the ball-milled (1–3μm) material, suggesting that neither will make a good replacement anode for graphite. A majority of the CaSi2 capacity is associated with Si and not Ca, which is in agreement with predicted behavior. A comparison of the capacity fade of CaSi2 with other silicides suggests that to minimize capacity fade, it is better to have in materials that under go decomposition during Li insertion, a high modulus and/or low ductility matrix than a low modulus and/or high ductility matrix.
Wetting of Na on β″-Al2O3/YSZ composites was investigated using the sessile drop technique. The effects of moisture and surface preparation were studied at low temperatures. Electrical conductivity of Na/β″-Al2O3-YSZ/Na cells was also investigated at low temperatures and correlated to the wetting behavior. The use of planar β″-Al2O3 substrates at low temperature with low cost polymeric seals is realized due to improved wetting at low temperature and conductivity values consistent with the literature.
This article provides an overview of a longitudinal study on a cohort of 131 newborns and young infants with congenital heart defects who required open heart surgery. The rationale for the study design is provided as well as a summary of the procedures used to evaluate these children prior to surgery, at discharge after surgery, 12-18 months later, and at 5 years of age. Results demonstrate that a substantial proportion of these infants had neurologic and developmental abnormalities prior to surgical repair. Developmental delays were common in children with both cyanotic and acyanotic heart defects, and these deficits persisted to school entry. A number of medical, surgical, demographic and environmental factors were significantly associated with developmental outcomes suggesting a multifactorial etiology to brain injury. Limited educational and rehabilitation resources for this cohort at early school age suggests that service needs may need to be more carefully planned for this high-risk population. Lessons learnt from this prospective study are highlighted as well as future directions for research and clinical practice.