batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Obsessive–compulsive symptoms (OCS) in psychotic disorders are associated with unfavorable outcomes, whether this extends to cognitive function remains unclear. We conducted meta-analyses on several cognitive domains to investigate overall group differences between patients with a psychotic disorder and co-occurring OCS (OCS +) and those without OCS (OCS−). We used meta-regression to assess possible confounding effects. No overall associations between OCS + and OCS− in any of the 17 investigated cognitive domains were found. We predominantly found large heterogeneity in effect size and direction among studies. Post-hoc analyses of processing speed tasks not purely based on reaction-time showed worse performance in the OCS + group with a small effect size (SMD = − 0.190; p = 0.029). Meta-regression revealed advanced age was significantly correlated with worse performance of the OCS + group in processing speed (R2 = 0.7), working memory (R2 = 0.11), cognitive inhibition (R2 = 0.59), and cognitive flexibility (R2 = 0.34). Patients fulfilling the criteria for an obsessive–compulsive disorder showed less impairment in cognitive inhibition compared to the OCS + group (R2 = 0.63). Overall, comorbid OCS were not associated with cognitive impairment. However, large heterogeneity between studies highlights the complex nature of factors influencing cognition in people with psychotic disorder and comorbid OCS and warrants further research into possible moderating factors.
We have newly designed five kinds of polyvalent solute that have two to four quaternary ammonium functional groups in one cation. Their molecular structure is designed to be as compact as possible, with either two or three cationic groups on a linear molecular structure, or three or four cationic moieties on three strands in a star-shape. The prepared solutes have a bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion in common and a flexible molecular structure that can easily adsorb onto the electrode surface of an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC). Since a single polyvalent solute molecule can accumulate more electric charge by adsorption than can a monovalent solute, a high capacitance is possible even at a low solute concentration compared with conventional cells. We evaluated some electrochemical properties of these polyvalent solutes as an electrolyte and their EDLC performance, including initial capacitance, rate characteristics and cycle durability. All the polyvalent solutes had a potential window of 5 V or more, and in particular the divalent salt showed a capacitor performance equivalent to that of the monovalent salt even at half salt concentration in the electrolyte. On the other hand, the trivalent and tetravalent solutes had a lower charge utilization rate compared with a monovalent solute.
Abstract There is growing experience that supports the use of vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) therapy as an effective treatment for complex epilepsy. The number of clinical conditions for which VNS has been tried and reported anecdotally to help continues to grow. As such, VNS represents the most widely clinically utilized form of neuromodulation therapy in clinical practice today. This chapter reviews the evolution of understanding of the rationale for VNS, summarizes outcomes and indications reported to date, and discusses surgical considerations in the surgical placement of a VNS device.
Globally, electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) is now a part of daily life. When this equipment becomes waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE or E-waste), however, it needs to be properly processed, for use as a source of materials for future production and renewable energy, and to minimize both the exploitation of raw materials and the deleterious effects on both the environment and human health. A large quantity of e-waste is generated in both India and China, and both countries still suffer from an entrenched informal e-waste processing sector. Consequently, valuable materials in e-waste are disposed in open land, rather than being properly extracted for reuse and recycling. In this article we note that the major portion of e-waste in China and India is collected by the informal sector and treated with primitive methods. Additionally, illegal shifting agents also play a role by mislabeling e-waste and exporting them to developing countries. This article proposes that: the implementation of e-waste management laws and policies for proper e-waste collection, treatment and recycling, better educate consumers on the dangers of e-waste contamination, restrict the illegal movement of e-waste across borders, and support the development of a formal, regulated e-waste processing industry by funding incentive programs constructing recycling infrastructure. These measures should increase the recycling capacity and decrease the amount of WEEE contaminating the environment and endangering human health.
In children and adolescents, 1 mA transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may cause “paradoxical” effects compared with adults: both 1 mA anodal and cathodal tDCS increase amplitude of the motor evoked potential (MEP) as revealed by a single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex. Here, EEG based evoked potentials induced by a single pulse TMS, particularly the N100 component as marker of motor cortex inhibition, were investigated in order to explain effects of tDCS on the developing brain. In nineteen children and adolescents (11–16 years old), 1 mA anodal, cathodal, or sham tDCS was applied over the left primary motor cortex for 10 min. The TMS-evoked N100 was measured by 64-channel EEG before and immediately after stimulation as well as every 10 min after tDCS for one hour. 1 mA Cathodal stimulation suppressed the N100 amplitude compared with sham stimulation. In contrast, anodal tDCS did not modify the N100 amplitude. It seems likely that the increase of the motor cortex activity under cathodal tDCS in children and adolescents as shown in previous studies can be attributed to a reduce inhibition. Based on TMS evoked N100, the study provides an insight into neuromodulatory effects of tDCS on the developing brain.
Improving current in vitro genotoxicity tests is an ongoing task for genetic toxicologists. Further, the question on how to deal with positive in vitro results that are demonstrated to not predict genotoxicity or carcinogenicity potential in rodents or humans is a challenge. These two aspects were addressed at the 5th International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT) held in Basel, Switzerland, on August 17–19, 2009. The objectives of the working group (WG) were to make recommendations on the use of cell types or lines, if possible, and to provide evaluations of promising new approaches. Results obtained in rodent cell lines with impaired p53 function (L5178Y, V79, CHL and CHO cells) and human p53-competent cells (peripheral blood lymphocytes, TK6 and HepG2 cells) suggest that a reduction in the percentage of non-relevant positive results for carcinogenicity prediction can be achieved by careful selection of cells used without decreasing the sensitivity of the assays. Therefore, the WG suggested using p53- competent – preferably human – cells in in vitro micronucleus or chromosomal aberration tests. The use of the hepatoma cell line HepaRG for genotoxicity testing was considered promising since these cells possess better phase I and II metabolizing potential compared to cell lines commonly used in this area and may overcome the need for the addition of S9. For dermally applied compounds, the WG agreed that in vitro reconstructed skin models, once validated, will be useful to follow up on positive results from standard in vitro assays as they resemble the properties of human skin (barrier function, metabolism). While the reconstructed skin micronucleus assay has been shown to be further advanced, there was also consensus that the Comet assay should be further evaluated due to its independence from cell proliferation and coverage of a wider spectrum of DNA damage.
To effectively avoid the “dead volume” and improve the utilization ratio of the electrode material, a novel longan-like hybrid structure has been designed and fabricated by controlled growth of Ni(OH)2 nanosheets on the surface of yolk–shell PPy nanospheres at a mild reaction temperature. The strategy takes full advantages of the hollow structure and further reduces the charge transport distance, leading to high conductivity and energy storage capacity of longan-like hybrid structures. Furthermore, the assembled asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) exhibits a high retention ratio of 91.5% for capacitance after 6000 continuous cycles and an impressive energy density of 34 W h kg−1 at 755 W kg−1. Remarkably, two devices in series have a higher cell-voltage output of 3.0 V compared to a single device. This work will supply a new hollow nanostructure design strategy to enhance the electrochemical performance of electrode materials.
Carbon coating of silicon powder was studied as a means of preparation of silicon-based anode material for lithium ion batteries. Carbon-coated silicon has been investigated at various cycling modes vs. lithium metal. Ex situ X-ray data suggest that there is irreversible reduction of crystallinity of the silicon content. Since carbon layer preserving the integrity of the particle, the reversibility of the structural changes in the amorphous state Li–Si alloy provides the reversible capacity. The progressively decreased Coulomb efficiency with cycling indicates that more and more lithium ions are trapped in some form of Li–Si alloy and become unavailable for extraction. This is the main factor for the capacity fading during cycling. Qualitative studies of the impedance spectra of the electrode material at the first cycle for the fresh anode and at the last cycle after the anode capacity faded considerably and provide further support for this model of fading mechanism.
Single particle measurement is a known characterization method for electrode materials. In a conventional single particle measurement, highly advanced techniques are necessary to electrically bring a microelectrode into contact with a single-particulate active material while observing with an optical microscope. Our measurement method doesn't require a high level of skill by using a “particle-current collector integrated microelectrode”, in which the single active material particle was directly-contacted on the tip of the microelectrode by platinum deposition. In this study, the intrinsic properties of a conventional Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) single particle were investigated by using the integrated microelectrode without any binder and carbon additives. Cyclic voltammograms and charge-discharge profiles at various temperatures between 10 and 40°C revealed that Li+ extraction (discharge) was faster than Li+ insertion (charge) because of the difference in Li+ diffusion into the single LTO particle, thereby exhibiting remarkable discharge capacity retention (>80%) even at 1000C and 10°C. Cycle performance at charge-discharge rate of 30C showed excellent reversibility, in which capacity retention and Coulombic efficiency were estimated to be 96.4% and 99.97%, respectively, even after 5000cycles.
Electrodeposition and dissolution of zinc in methanesulfonic acid were studied as the negative electrode reactions in a hybrid redox flow battery. Cyclic voltammetry at a rotating disk electrode was used to characterize the electrochemistry and the effect of process conditions on the deposition and dissolution rate of zinc in aqueous methanesulfonic acid. At a sufficiently high current density, the deposition process became a mass transport controlled reaction. The diffusion coefficient of Zn2+ ions was 7.5×10−6 cm2 s−1. The performance of the zinc negative electrode in a parallel plate flow cell was also studied as a function of Zn2+ ion concentration, methanesulfonic acid concentration, current density, electrolyte flow rate, operating temperature and the addition of electrolytic additives, including potassium sodium tartarate, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, and indium oxide. The current-, voltage- and energy efficiencies of the zinc-half cell reaction and the morphologies of the zinc deposits are also discussed. The energy efficiency improved from 62% in the absence of additives to 73% upon the addition of 2×10−3 moldm−3 of indium oxide as a hydrogen suppressant. In aqueous methanesulfonic acid with or without additives, there was no significant dendrite formation after zinc electrodeposition for 4h at 50mAcm−2.
In order to measure the electrochemical characteristics of both electrodes inside Li-ion batteries, micro-reference electrodes (μREF) turned out to be very useful. However, measuring the electrochemical impedance with respect to μREF can lead to severe measurement artefacts, making a detailed analysis of the impedance spectra complicated. In the present work a new method is developed in which high-frequency measurement artefacts can be compensated. A theoretical analysis, using equivalent circuit models of the measurement setups, shows that if two different impedance measurements are averaged, the impedance contributions from the measurement leads can be completely eliminated. The theoretical analysis is validated using Li-ion batteries with seven integrated μREF, having all different impedances. The measurement results show that artefacts are dominating for high-impedance μREF in the high frequency range. However, these artefacts can be fully compensated by averaging two separate impedance measurements, as predicted by theory. This easily makes it possible to perform artefact-free impedance measurements, even at high frequencies.
Resumen Objetivo Conocer en base a los estudios publicados más recientes, la efectividad clínica del ejercicio físico como tratamiento en la enfermedad de Alzheimer y analizar la calidad metodológica de los artículos. Búsqueda y selección de estudios Se identificaron 111 publicaciones mediante búsqueda electrónica y manual, de los cuales se seleccionaron 16 en base a los criterios de inclusión: ensayos controlados y estudios experimentales con pre y post-test publicados a partir de enero de 2005, cuyo número de muestra sea ≥ 5 en cada grupo y a los que se les haya aplicado ejercicio físico como tratamiento para la enfermedad. Resultados y conclusiones La calidad metodológica media de los estudios incluidos fue de 5 puntos (de 10 posibles). Como resultado del tratamiento mejoraron de forma significativa la función cognitiva, el equilibrio, la depresión y la calidad de vida. Son necesarios estudios con una muestra de intervención más homogénea para determinar la efectividad del ejercicio físico en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer.
Since the birth of lithium ion battery in the end of 1980s and early 1990s many kinds of anode materials have been studied. Nevertheless, graphitic carbon is still the only commercially available product. As a result, modification of carbonaceous anode materials has been a research focus. In this paper, latest progress on carbon anode materials for lithium ion batteries is briefly reviewed including research on mild oxidation of graphite, formation of composites with metals and metal oxides, coating by polymers and other kinds of carbons, and carbon nanotubes. These modifications result in great advances; novel kinds of carbon anodes will come in the near future, which will propel the development of lithium ion batteries.
Static 7Li and 1H NMR experiments were performed between 150 and 400 K. The contributions of both 7Li–7Li and 7Li–1H dipolar interactions to the magnetic second moment were determined in the rigid-lattice regime (T<220 K). Calculated magnetic second moments for different PEO conformations, considering both intra- and inter-molecular interactions, indicate that the polymer in this nanocomposite is compatible with CC bonds predominately in gauche conformations and the oxygen atoms defining tetrahedral sites hosting the lithium ions. The model adequately satisfies the geometric restrictions determined by the structure and the stoichiometry of the product. Furthermore, the temperature dependence of the 7Li linewidth and the 7Li and 1H spin-lattice relaxations for the nanocomposite and two reference compounds, (PEO)8LiClO4 and Li0.22MoS2, provided information about the effects of PEO intercalation on the polymer and Li+ dynamics and conformation, indicating that Li+ mobility is coupled to polymer motion, the polymer motion is restricted by the intercalation process, and the chain conformation inside the interlayer space is in the sequence TGGT GG TGG.
Understanding the rate of heat generation in a Li-ion cell is critical for safety and performance of Li-ion cells and systems. Cell performance, cycle life, and system safety all depend on temperature distribution in the cell, which, in turn, depends on heat generation rate within the cell and on heat removal rate at the cell surface. Despite the existence of a number of theoretical models to predict heat generation rate, there is not much literature on experimental measurement at high C-rates. This paper reports measurement of heat generation rate from a Li-ion cell at high discharge rates, up to 9.6C, using measurements of cell temperature and surface heat flux. As opposed to calorimetry-based approaches, this method can be applied in situ to yield measurements of heat generation rate in laboratory or field use provided that at least one a priori test is performed to measure the temperature gradient within a cell in the same ambient condition. This method is based on simultaneous determination of heat stored and heat lost from the cell through heat flux and temperature measurements. A novel method is established for measurement of the internal temperature of the cell. Heat generation measurements are shown to agree with well-established theoretical models. The effect of actively cooling the cell is briefly discussed.
The new systemic conditions following the change of the political regime in Poland in 1989 have created growth opportunities for towns. The conditions make it necessary for them to compete for investment and other growth factors, which can play an important part in their transformation. The large Polish cities that have made the most of the new socio-economic situation also include Poznań. The article presents key problems and achievements of the city’s transformation as moulded by the historical past, the rebirth of local government (the actual manager of an area), demographic changes, diversification of the economic structure, foreign investment, a change in the residential housing model, the development of the service sector, etc. The growth of the city and its suburban zone has also been influenced by post-modern tendencies in the development of contemporary towns, including the process of metropolitanisation. All those factors have combined to make Poznań an exceptional city among other regional centres in Poland, one that has clearly gained during the transformation.
A novel 2Li3V2(PO4)3·LiV3O8 composite with short rod and thin plate shapes is synthesized through sol–gel method followed by hydrothermal and solid–state reaction. LiV3O8 is used as an additive to improve the capacity of Li3V2(PO4)3. In the composite cathode, active impurity phase Li0.3V2O5 is also present, which has little impact on the whole electrochemical properties. The 2Li3V2(PO4)3·LiV3O8 composite delivers a high initial capacity of 162.8 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 in the voltage range of 2.0–4.3 V. Furthermore, the composite with high crystallinity also shows high electrochemical reversibility and good rate capability. The diffusion coefficient of Li ions in the composite is in the range of 10−11–10−9 cm2 s−1 obtained from galvanostatic intermittent titration technique.
The titanium dioxide nanotube array (TiO2-NTA) is prepared by a two-step anodic oxidation method and annealed at 450 ∘C subsequently. The Al-inserted TiO2-NTA is prepared by polarizing the TiO2-NTAs electrode at 0.4mA for 2min in 1mol/L AlCl3. The results show that the Al-inserted sample still remains pure anatase TiO2 phase (by XRD) and keeps intact nanotube array structure (by FE-SEM). The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicates that the insertion of Al3+ into TiO2-NTAs facilitates in the reduction of Ti4+ to Ti3+. Electrochemical investigation on the Al3+ insertion process reveals that presence of Cl− ions plays vital role for the effective insertion and de-insertion of Al3+ into/from the TiO2-NTA.
Experimental investigation and relevant analysis on a solar cell driven, thermoelectric refrigerator has been conducted. To make the device portable, daytime use and nighttime use of the refrigerator are treated in different ways. Solar cells are applied to power the refrigerator in the day. Storage battery, assisted by an a.c. rectifier, is used to provide electric energy in the night and in cloudy or rainy days. Experiment results demonstrate that the unit can maintain the temperature in the refrigerator at 5–10 °C, and have a COP about 0.3. It is expected that the refrigerator would be potential for cold storage of vaccine, foodstuffs and drink in remote area, or outdoor applications where electric power supply is absent.
Although manganese oxide (MnO2) can be incorporated with vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) to improve supercapacitor performance potentially, one of the hurdles that hampers this embodiment is a difficulty of coating MnO2 on VACNTs homogeneously. As a way of overcoming this hurdle, we present here a facile method of pulsed current electrodeposition that turns out to exceed conventional methods in coating quality. Such improvement leads to a clear enhancement in gravimetric specific capacitance, reaching a state-of-the-art value of 243.3 F/g at a high scanning rate of 100 mV/s. In the course of this characterization, diffusion hindrance through a MnO2 layer clogging over VACNTs is found out to limit the device performance at high mass loading. An empirical relationship is proposed to explain such phenomenon and demonstrates good application in various conditions. The optimized VACNTs/MnO2 electrode also reveals outstanding high-rate performances.
Alexithymia is a personality construct characterized by a cognitive and an affective deficit in recognizing and communicating emotional states. The present research investigated the relations between alexithymia, well-being, and romantic relationships in 437 undergraduates. High levels of alexithymia were found in 18.5 % of the sample and were associated with high levels of depression and negative affect, and low levels of life satisfaction, happiness and positive affect. Alexithymia was also negatively correlated with the quality of romantic relationships and with commitment, romance, trust, satisfaction and love in romantic relationships. The relation between alexithymia and subjective well-being was mediated in part by the poor quality of their romantic relationships. Alexithymia accounted for significant portions of the variance in depression (19.0 %), negative affect (17.4 %), life satisfaction (14.4 %), happiness (20.4–29.8 %) and positive affect (20.1 %). However, alexithymia failed to account for variance in either negative or positive well-being above and beyond the variance accounted for by the Big Five personality traits. These results are consistent with the position that alexithymia can be thought of as a constellation of extreme levels of normative personality traits.