batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Although inverse spinel materials have attracted attention because of their unusually high voltage characteristics, their rechargeable capacities are generally less than 50 mAh g−1, as a result of the coexistence of Li and transition metal ions at 16d octahedral sites. This work attempted to improve cathode functioning by optimizing the quantities of Li and transition metal ions residing at the 16d sites of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3VO4. The rechargeable capacity of the LiNi0.28Co0.28Mn0.26V0.80O4 synthesized in the present study was found to be above 120 mAh g−1, representing the largest capacity reported to date for an inverse spinel material. The results of in-situ XANES analysis demonstrated that the charge–discharge reactions of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3VO4 corresponds to the Mn2+/Mn4+ and Co2+/Co3+ redox couples, mainly.
Objective Asperger syndrome, belonging to the autistic spectrum of disorders, involves deficits in social interaction and prosodic use of language but normal development of formal language abilities. Auditory processing involves both hyper- and hypoactive reactivity to acoustic changes. Methods Responses composed of mismatch negativity (MMN) and obligatory components were recorded for five types of deviations in syllables (vowel, vowel duration, consonant, syllable frequency, syllable intensity) with the multi-feature paradigm from 8–12-year old children with Asperger syndrome. Results Children with Asperger syndrome had larger MMNs for intensity and smaller MMNs for frequency changes than typically developing children, whereas no MMN group differences were found for the other deviant stimuli. Furthermore, children with Asperger syndrome performed more poorly than controls in Comprehension of Instructions subtest of a language test battery. Conclusions Cortical speech-sound discrimination is aberrant in children with Asperger syndrome. This is evident both as hypersensitive and depressed neural reactions to speech-sound changes, and is associated with features (frequency, intensity) which are relevant for prosodic processing. Significance The multi-feature MMN paradigm, which includes variation and thereby resembles natural speech hearing circumstances, suggests abnormal pattern of speech discrimination in Asperger syndrome, including both hypo- and hypersensitive responses for speech features.
To overcome the problems of vanadium dissolution and the higher charge transfer resistance that results from it, VO2/graphene composite has been synthesized by an in-situ hydrothermal process directly from graphene oxide and V2O5, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, atomic force microscope, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical tests show that the VO2/graphene composite features high discharge capacity (380 mAh g−1) and 99% capacity retention after 50 cycles. It has very low resistance, only 67% of that of pure VO2, indicating the enhancement of electronic conductivity. Carbon dispersed in the electrode material can provide a pathway for electron transport, resulting in improvement of the electronic conductivity. Graphene woven VO2 nanoribbons prevent the agglomeration of VO2 nanoribbons, meanwhile graphene and the VO2 nanoribbons together form a porous network in the random hybrid composite that can be filled with electrolyte, resulting in superior performance and enhanced reversible capacity in comparison with the pure VO2. Thus, this work provides a facile route to synthesize VO2/graphene composite which shows excellent electrochemical performance and is a potential material for lithium ion battery.
Drug synthesis and/or formulation can generate genotoxic impurities. For instance, strong acid/alcohol interactions during the process of drug salt formation produce alkylating agents such as alkyl halides and alkyl esters of alkyl sulfonic acids. The genotoxicity of a few classic alkylating agents such as methyl and ethyl methanesulfonate have been previously well characterized, whereas the majority of compounds from this class have only been tested in the Salmonella reversion assay. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate clastogenicity and DEL recombination profiles of 22 halogenated alkanes and alkylesters of sulfuric and alkane-, aryl-sulfonic acids using a battery of cellular and molecular assays. The in-vitro micronucleus assay in CHO cells was used to measure clastogenicity and the deletion recombination (DEL) assay in S. cerevisiae provided a measure of DNA deletions. We also examined the compounds’ reactivity towards 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (NBP), a surrogate molecule for biological ring nitrogens. Methylating agents were most potent in all three assays and the alkyl chlorides evaluated in our study were negative in all three assays. Also, a strong correlation was found between the MN, DEL and NBP assays. In summary, this study contributes to a better understanding of the genotoxic properties of common alkyl halides and alkyl esters with alkylating activity and might provide guidance for managing risk of genotoxic process-related impurities of drug substances and products.
Nephure™ is a proprietary oxalate decarboxylase (OxDC) enzyme being developed as a food ingredient. In this study, the safety of Nephure™ was evaluated in a bacterial mutagenicity assay and in a sub-chronic (13-week) oral toxicity study in rats. Nephure™ did not show any mutagenic properties in the mutagenicity assay. In the 13-week sub-chronic oral toxicity study in which 10 Sprague Dawley rats per sex were administered 0, 118, 235 and 475 mg/kg bw/day (8260, 16450 and 33,250 Units/kg bw/day, respectively) of Nephure™ by gavage, male and female rats did not show any test article-related clinical observations or effects on body weight, body weight gain, food consumption, food efficiency, ophthalmology, functional observational battery parameters or motor activity. Furthermore, there were no changes in coagulation, clinical chemistry, urinalysis or hematology parameters, macroscopic/microscopic findings or organ weights that could be attributed to the test article. Based on these results, Nephure™ was not mutagenic and the no-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) in the 13-week study was determined to be 475 mg/kg bw/day (33,250 Units/kg bw/day). Evaluation of the estimated consumption of Nephure™, generation of the metabolite formate, and the current safety studies resulted in a conclusion of a tolerable upper limit of 3450 Units of OxDC activity/day (57.5 Units activity/kg bw/day), when Nephure™ is added to food to decrease dietary oxalate.
Thermal characterization of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) based on linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), paraffin wax (W) and expanded graphite (EG) is reported in this paper. Investigated PCMs showed high potential for application in energy storage systems. The latent heat, Lm, sensible heat Qsens, and the ability of the prepared PCMs to store and release thermal energy were investigated using specific home-made equipment based on the transient guarded hot plane method (TGHPT). The sensible heat of PCM containing 40 wt.% of paraffin wax was investigated in the temperature range 25–35 °C, they exhibited a drop in Qsens from 31 to 24 J/g depending on the concentration of EG. A similar decrease in sensible heat with increased loading of EG was observed for PCMs containing 50 wt.% of EG. The storage and release of thermal energy during phase change which is associated with the latent heat of the materials were investigated within the temperature range 20–50 °C. PCMs containing 40 wt.% of paraffin wax exhibited latent heat of 36 J/g, whereas the latent heat of PCMs containing 50 wt.% of paraffin wax was 49 J/g. The addition of EG decreased the time needed to melt and solidify PCMs due to increase in thermal conductivity of PCMs with increase in EG content. This behavior was confirmed by the thermal conductivity measurements, where thermal conductivity increased from 0.252 for sample without EG to 1.329 W/m × °C for PCM containing 15 wt.% of EG. The reproducibility of storage and release of thermal energy by PCMs was demonstrated by subjecting them to repeated heating and cooling cycles (over 150 cycles).
A new redox system, poly(1,4-phenylene-1,2,4-dithiazol-3′,5′-yl) (PPDTA), is presented as a cathode material for high-capacity lithium secondary batteries. This polymer, composed of 1,2,4-dithiazolium ring and benzene, is synthesized by a cyclooxidative reaction of aromatic thioamides with organic oxidizers. The advantages of this system are: (1) high theoretical charge density; (2) fast redox rate; and (3) electrical conductivity. The high capacity is realized by the successive redox reactions of an SS bond and a 7-π-electron unsaturated 1,2,4-dithiazolium ring. The fast redox rate is achieved by the π-conjugation and by the SS bond in a 1,2,4-dithiazolium ring. MO calculation reveals that the SS bond in a 1,2,4-dithiazolium ring of PPDTA causes a gap narrowing and a downshift of HOMO and LUMO levels, being consistent with the electrochemical experiment. A discharge test showed a capacity of 420 mAhg−1, which is about 3–4 times higher than those of inorganic intercalation compounds and ordinary conducting polymers.
In this work, lithium plating is investigated by means of voltage relaxation and in situ neutron diffraction in commercial lithium-ion batteries. We can directly correlate the voltage curve after the lithium plating with the ongoing phase transformation from LiC12 to LiC6 according to the neutron diffraction data during the relaxation. Above a threshold current of C/2 at a temperature of −2 °C, lithium plating increases dramatically. The results indicate that the intercalation rate of deposited lithium seems to be constant, independent of the deposited amount. It can be observed that the amount of plating correlates with the charging rate, whereas a charging current of C/2 leads to a deposited amount of lithium of 5.5% of the charge capacity and a current of 1C to 9.0%.
Anode materials including graphite are known to be thermodynamically unstable toward organic solvents and salts and become covered by a passivating film (Solid electrolyte interphase, SEI) which retards the kinetics because of the high electronic resistivity. To achieve high performance in lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the SEIs are required to be mechanically stable during repeated cycling and possess highly ion-conductive. In this work, we have investigated an artificial pre-SEI on graphite electrode using a polymer binder containing lithium (i.e., a Li-copolymer of isobutylene and maleic anhydride, Li-PIMA) and its effect on the anode performances. During charging, the polymer binder with the functional group (–COOLi) acts as a SEI component, reducing the electrolyte decomposition and providing a stable passivating layer for the favorable penetration of lithium ions. Hence, by using the binder containing lithium, we have been able to obtain the first Coulombic efficiency of 84.2% (compared to 77.2% obtained using polyvinylidene fluoride as the binder) and a capacity retention of 99% after 100 cycles. The results of our study demonstrate that binder containing lithium we have used is a favorable candidate for the development of high-performance LIBs.
Neat mahua oil poses some problems when subjected to prolonged usage in CI engine. The transesterification of mahua oil can reduce these problems. The use of biodiesel fuel as substitute for conventional petroleum fuel in heavy-duty diesel engine is receiving an increasing amount of attention. This interest is based on the properties of bio-diesel including the fact that it is produced from a renewable resource, its biodegradability and potential to exhaust emissions. A Cummins 6BTA 5.9 G2- 1, 158 HP rated power, turbocharged, DI, water cooled diesel engine was run on diesel, methyl ester of mahua oil and its blends at constant speed of 1500rpm under variable load conditions. The volumetric blending ratios of biodiesel with conventional diesel fuel were set at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 100. Engine performance (brake specific fuel consumption, brake specific energy consumption, thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature) and emissions (CO, HC and NOx) were measured to evaluate and compute the behavior of the diesel engine running on biodiesel. The results indicate that with the increase of biodiesel in the blends CO, HC reduces significantly, fuel consumption and NOx emission of biodiesel increases slightly compared with diesel. Brake specific energy consumption decreases and thermal efficiency of engine slightly increases when operating on 20% biodiesel than that operating on diesel.
In this article, an online state of charge (SoC) estimation framework is proposed, designed and implemented using the system identification approaches. The techniques are composed of cross combination between two modified nonlinear optimisation algorithms (modified Genetic Algorithm and modified Levenberg Marquardt) adapted for battery cell parameter estimation. Subsequently a linear recursive Kalman filter is employed to estimate the state parameters of the battery cell. Moreover, a newly statistical approach is developed to encounter hysteresis phenomena within the cell. The prerequisite for the SoC determination in the electrical vehicle (EV) is challenging as the battery can be composed of hundreds of cells while the load current changes dramatically inside the cells and the required elapsed time for SoC determination should be as short as possible to extend the expected lifetime of the battery pack. Thus, the accurate estimation of the SoC of the cells in a battery pack is one of the key factors for using them effectively. The framework is found to be robust, optimal and implementable in time constrained environment with acceptable accuracy.
As hydrogen fuel cell vehicles move from manifestation to commercialization, the users expect safe, convenient and customer-friendly fuelling. Hydrogen quality affects fuel cell stack performance and lifetime, as well as other factors such as valve operation. In this paper, previous researcher's development on hydrogen as a possible major fuel of the future has been studied thoroughly. Hydrogen is one of the energy carriers which can replace fossil fuel and can be used as fuel in an internal combustion engines and as a fuel cell in vehicles. To use hydrogen as a fuel of internal combustion engine, engine design should be considered for avoiding abnormal combustion. As a result it can improve engine efficiency, power output and reduce NO x emissions. The emission of fuel cell is low as compared to conventional vehicles but as penalty, fuel cell vehicles need additional space and weight to install the battery and storage tank, thus increases it production cost. The production of hydrogen can be ‘carbon-free’ only if it is generated by employing genuinely carbon-free renewable energy sources. The acceptability of hydrogen technology depends on the knowledge and awareness of the hydrogen benefits towards environment and human life. Recent study shows that people still do not have the sufficient information of hydrogen.
Li-excess Li[Li0.18Ni0.15Co0.15Mn0.52]O2 layered cathode material is prepared by the sol-gel method. The material is aged in a LiPF6 based electrolyte and then is subjected to a series of structural and electrochemical analyses. X-ray diffraction shows that aging in electrolyte does not change the C2/m ordering of the material crystal lattice. But the surface of the material is etched by the electrolyte which is confirmed by transmission electron microscope and Raman scattering. This causes dissolution of some transition metal elements (especially Ni and Co) and formation of a spinel-like surface layer. Also, some by-products resulted from the electrolyte decomposition are detected on the surface of the material. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that aging in electrolyte severely hinders the electrochemical kinetics of the material. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that the aged sample has large electrode polarization which prevents the oxygen loss process and the activation of Mn4+ ions. As a result, the discharge capacity of the aged sample continuously increases from 134 mAh g−1 to 215 mAh g−1 in the initial several cycles.
ABSTRACT A hierarchical porous acetylene black/ZnFe2O4@carbon hybrid material is prepared by direct thermal decomposition of a mixture of Zn-Fe-oleate complex mixed with acetylene black and subsequent calcination that promotes the conversion reaction to generate ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles. In the hybrid structure, well-dispersed ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles are anchored on the acetylene black substrate and these nanocomposites are further covered and interlinked by amorphous carbon layer, resulting in self-assembly into large hierarchical porous granules. Utilization of the conductive carbon in the nanocomposite can enable better electrons transfer. In addition, this unique structure effectively prevents the aggregation of the ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles and buffers the large volume change of the active material as well as avoiding undesired side effect of the electrode. The hierarchical porous acetylene black/ZnFe2O4@carbon nanocomposite exhibits favorable electrochemical performance, including high reversible capacity retention, good cycling stability, and high rate performance, which suggests that this rational hybrid material has alluring prospect for superior Li-ion batteries.
A voltage-sensitive separator is prepared simply by impregnating electroactive poly(3-decylthiophene) (P3DT) polymer into a commercial porous separator and tested for a self-actuating control of overcharge voltage of LiFePO4/C lithium-ion batteries. The experimental results demonstrate that this type of separator can be reversibly p-doped and dedoped to maintain the cell's voltage at a safe value of ≤4V even at high rate overcharge of 3C current, effectively protecting the batteries from voltage runaway. Since this P3DT-modified separator has no obvious negative impact on the normal charge–discharge performance of the batteries, it may be adopted for practical application in commercial lithium ion batteries.
Li2MnO3 is chemically activated by the pyrolysis process of an in situ formed lithium stearate derived from the chemically adsorbed stearic acid on the Li2MnO3 particle surfaces. It is found that different Mn-containing compounds are formed depending on the pyrolysis temperature under N2 atmosphere. When the pyrolysis reaction temperature is 340°C, the layered structure of Li2MnO3 can be maintained and the average valence of Mn is reduced from +4.00 to +3.48 associated with 23% Li ions losing; while the pyrolysis reactions at 400–600°C lead to the formation of orthorhombic LiMnO2 and/or cubic MnO. As cathode material for Li-ion battery, the activated Li2MnO3 derived from the pyrolysis process at 340°C exhibits an initial charge/discharge profile similar to the Li-rich solid solution materials but with a much larger reversible discharge capacity (255mAhg−1) and a dramatically improved rate performance as compared to the pristine Li2MnO3. The present findings indicate that the pyrolysis of in situ formed lithium stearate is a simple and effective way to chemically activate Li2MnO3 so as to improve the cyclic capacity and rate performance.
The study examined behavioral reactions to sound, including startle eye blinks, in young children with Williams syndrome (WS) using video-based observational techniques. Participants were 21 children with WS and 20 children with other developmental disabilities of mixed etiology between the ages of 2.5 and 6. Groups were matched for chronological age and developmental level. All children participated in a semi-structured play interaction including exposure to mild intensity sounds as emitted from conventional toys. Overall, 90% of the children in the WS group were observed to exhibit overt behavioral reactivity to mild intensity sounds, compared to only 20% in the mixed etiology group. Examination of the temporal sequence indicated that children with WS generally exhibited these behaviors before exposure to sound stimuli, suggesting a relation to anticipatory anxiety. Children with WS also exhibited significantly greater acoustic startle eye blinks, often viewed as an indication of heightened emotional state. Taken together, the current findings confirm the presence of heightened reactivity to sound in WS, behaviors previously investigated using parent report alone. The observed behaviors and their potential relation to anxiety are also discussed.
Layered Nickel-rich cathode materials (LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2) with high Ni content attract much attention of public owing to their higher specific capacity compared with LiCoO2. However, the rapid capacity fading hinders the commercialization of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2. The severe Li+/Ni2+ mixing, which should become more serious with higher Ni content, is one of the main reasons for poor cycling stability. In this paper, we synthesize LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 under air atmosphere with an additional pre-oxidization process using nitrates. X-ray powder diffraction and Rietveld refinement reveal that the pre-oxidization treated Nickel-rich cathode material shows lower Li+/Ni2+ mixing degree, which is also supported by the incremental ratio of Ni3+/Ni2+ obtained from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results. The electrochemical tests show that the pre-oxidization treated Nickel-rich cathode material exhibits superior cycle performance; after 100 cycles, the capacity retention is improved from 79.04% to 90.73% with the pre-oxidization treatment, and the corresponding Nyquist plots exhibits sharply declined impedance. The promoted electrochemical properties are owed to decreased charge transfer and more ordered cation arrangement, which is benefit from the pre-oxidization treatment that induces the increased content of Ni3+. Hence, it is concluded that the pre-oxidization process can regulate the Li+/Ni2+ cation ordering to improve the cycling stability of layered Ni-rich materials.
Though lithium ion batteries have been developed very maturely, to continuously improve competitive electrode materials’ performances always makes sense. Specifically, iron sulfides have received special attentions because of their low cost, environmental benign, and high theoretical capacities. In this work, the walnut-like FeS2 microspheres wrapped with reduced graphene oxide (FeS2@rGO) composite is prepared by a facile one-pot hydrothermal method. With the addition of rGO, FeS2 microspheres show smaller sizes and better dispersion compared with pure FeS2. The inclusion of rGO is beneficial to relieve volume changes and alleviates the pulverization. The FeS2@rGO composite as anode material exhibits better electrochemical performance than most of the previous results. The initial discharge capacity can reach to 1640.9 mAh/g at 100 mA/g. After 100 cycles, there is still 1131 mAh/g capacity remained. Even at 1 A/g, FeS2@rGO delivers stable capacities above 800 mAh/g.