batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Analysis of past experience is vital for the implementation of new large scale rural electrification programs. This article compiles part of the experience gained with a wide use of self-regulated PV systems in the frame of the 20 solar villages program located at the Algerian Sahara. A typical stand-alone photovoltaic system (SAPV) of 7.0 kWp is selected as a case study. Its performance analysis through component efficiencies, energy balance, figures of merit has lead to the extraction of several lessons with regard to the use of this regulation technique in such climatic conditions. It is concluded that special attention should be given to the effect of ambient temperature on the performance of all devices composing the PV system.
The properties and the deposition process of surface film on lithium metal with LiNO3 as lithium salt in electrolyte solution are investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning probe microscopy (SPM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). XPS spectra and depth profile of the surface film show that LiNO3 represents a significant role in the formation of the film, which is attributed to the reaction between lithium metal and the electrolyte solution. With the strong oxidation of LiNO3, the surface film consists of both inorganic species such as LiN x O y and organic species such as ROLi and ROCO2Li. The height and phase images obtained by a SPM system show that the surface film formed with LiNO3 is a homogenous surface film. Combined with EIS spectra and SPM images, the appropriate rate of the reaction between lithium metal and electrolyte solution with LiNO3 is a significant factor to from a homogeneous surface film. The SEM images show that the surface film on lithium metal immersed in electrolyte solution with LiNO3 for several hours becomes smooth and compact. The compact and homogenous surface film formed with LiNO3 brings about the enhanced stability of lithium anode and the improved cycle life of lithium–sulfur batteries.
Objective We determined the effect of perinatally acquired HIV on neurocognition in Myanmar children treated with antiretroviral therapy by comparison to demographically matched seronegative children. Background Myanmar has one of the highest HIV-1 prevalence rates in Southeast Asia. Studies from other resource-poor countries have shown that HIV-infected children differ in socioeconomic, nutritional and caregiver status compared to normal controls. Some vertically infected orphans in Myanmar reside separately from HIV-uninfected children in separate orphanages, thus the demographic variables of interest are naturally controlled. This study provides a unique evaluation of the neurocognitive effects of HIV in children, with control over key demographic variables. We hypothesized that HIV-infected orphans would perform significantly worse on cognitive indices compared with HIV-negative orphans. Design/Methods A battery of cognitive tests sensitive to HIV-associated impairments in children was administered to 28 perinatally acquired HIV-positive children and 31 HIV-negative children from two orphanages in Myanmar; 21 children from each cohort underwent testing at baseline and again after 12 months. Results Baseline comparison of the two groups indicated that the HIV-infected children performed poorly across all tests, with significant group differences in executive function, visuospatial reasoning, fine motor dexterity, and visual motor integration. On subsequent testing, both cohorts of children showed improvements across multiple domains, with no significant effect of age at treatment initiation. Conclusions Our results demonstrate a strong effect of HIV infection on specific neurocognitive deficits in vertically infected children. Understanding viral and host determinants and timing and choice of antiretroviral therapy on cognition will be critical to preventing cognitive impairment of children with HIV.
In this article, a novel anode material with high electrochemical performance, made of elements abundant on the Earth, is reported for use in lithium ion batteries. A chemically synthesised material (SiO2/ZrO2) containing Si-O-Zr bonds, exhibits as much as 2.1 times better electrochemical performance at the 10th cycle than a physically mixed material (SiO2 +ZrO2) of the same elements. When compared to synthesized SiO2 or conventional graphite-based electrodes, the SiO2/ZrO2 anode shows superior capability and cycling performance. This superior performance is ascribed to the effect of ternary compounds, which contributes not only to increasing the packing density, but also to creating the Si-O-Zr bond that makes additional reactions between SiO2/ZrO2 and lithium ions possible. The Si-O-Zr bond also contributes to improved conductivity for SSZ and provides facile paths for charge transfer at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Therefore, the overall internal resistance in a battery would be decreased and better performance could thus be obtained, with this type of anode. In every result, the positive influence of the Si-O-Zr bonds in the anode of a lithium ion battery was confirmed.
Polymer blends based on poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)/poly(ethylene oxide), P(VDF-TrFE)/PEO for Li-ion battery separator applications have been prepared through solvent casting technique. The microstructure, hydrophilicity and electrolyte uptake strongly depend on PEO content within the blend. The best value of ionic conductivity at room temperature was 0.25mScm−1 for the 60/40 membrane. The membranes are electrochemically stable.
A typical topology of a proton electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell electric vehicle contains at least two power sources, a fuel cell system (FCS) and a lithium battery package. The FCS provides stationary power, and the battery delivers dynamic power. In this paper, we report on the multi-objective optimization problem of powertrain parameters for a pre-defined driving cycle regarding fuel economy and system durability. We introduce the dynamic model for the FCEV. We take into consideration equations not only for fuel economy but also for system durability. In addition, we define a multi-objective optimization problem, and find a quasi-optimal solution using a two-loop framework. In the inside loop, for each group of powertrain parameters, a global optimal energy management strategy based on dynamic programming (DP) is exploited. We optimize coefficients for the DP algorithm to reduce calculating time as well as to maintain accuracy. For the outside loop, we compare the results of all the groups with each other, and choose the Pareto optimal solution based on a compromise of fuel economy and system durability. Simulation results show that for a “China city bus typical cycle,” a battery capacity of 150Ah and an FCS maximal net output power of 40kW are optimal for the fuel economy and system durability of a fuel cell city bus.
In attempts to prepare layered Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2, hydrothermal method was employed. The hydrothermal precursor, [Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3](OH)2, was synthesized via a coprecipitation route. The sphere-shaped powder precursor was hydrothermally reacted with LiOH aqueous solution at 170°C for 4 days in autoclave. From X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic studies, it was found that the as-hydrothermally prepared powders were crystallized to layered α-NaFeO2 structure and the particles had spherical shape. The as-prepared Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 delivered an initial discharge of about 110mAhg−1 due to lower crystallinity. Heat treatment of the hydrothermal product at 800°C was significantly effective to improve the structural integrity, which consequently affected the increase in the discharge capacity to 157 (4.3V cut-off) and 182mAhg−1 (4.6V cut-off) at 25°C with good reversibility.
A sensor network operates on an infrastructure of sensing, computation, and communication, through which it perceives the evolution of events it observes. We propose a fusion-driven distributed dynamic network controller, called MDSTC, for a multi-modal sensor network that incorporates distributed computation for in-situ assessment, prognosis, and optimal reorganization of constrained resources to achieve high quality multi-modal data fusion. For arbitrarily deployed sensors, a certain level of data quality cannot be guaranteed in sparse regions. MDSTC reallocates resources to sparse regions; reallocation of network resources in this manner is motivated by the fact that an increased density of sensor nodes in a region of interest leads to better quality data and enriches the network resilience. Simulation results in NS-2 show the effectiveness of the proposed MDSTC. 1 1 This material is based upon work supported by the US Army Research Laboratory and the US Army Research Office under the eSensIF MURI Award No. W911NF-07-1-0376. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsor.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the study of irreversible thermodynamics. The study of thermodynamics begins in the proper sense, by exploring a variety of physical situations in a system in which one or more variables are rendered nonuniform. This result in the establishment of irreversible phenomena is explored. If the variations in “T”, “P”, “ρ” or other intensive quantities are ‘small’ relative to their average values, it is acceptable to apply the machinery of equilibrium thermodynamics in the manner discussed. The identification of conjugate forces and fluxes, the Onsager reciprocity conditions, and the rate of entropy production play a central role in the subsequent analysis. Any non-equilibrium phenomena necessarily involve states in which different portions of a given system display different physical characteristics. In order to handle this situation, the system is subdivided into tiny subunits and allows all variables of interest to become functions of their position within the sample, and also to become functions of time.
Biparental care is the dominant (81 %) form of parental care in birds. The degree of sexual selection and the resulting mating system and parental care type have been determined, in many cases, by inference from external characters of sexual dimorphism. The lack of information and the biological attributes of the tyrant flycatchers (e.g., low sexual dimorphism) make it difficult to determinate the parental care roles in most species. Tyrant flycatchers comprise a diverse bird family, but information on the reproductive behavior of many Tyrannid species is lacking. Our aim was to describe external sexual characters (morphology and coloration) and determine the parental care behavior at the nest in the Warbling Doradito (Pseudocolopteryx flaviventris), especially considering the potential role of sexual differences in relation to parental roles at nest. We studied the parental care behavior during two breeding seasons. Parents were captured to take morphological measurements and a blood sample for molecular sex determination. We found that parental care in the Warbling Doradito was biparental biased toward females, where the incubation was performed exclusively by females and the 74 % of activities of nestling brooding and feeding was performed by females. We also found sexual differences, slight in size and plumage, but more conspicuous in bill color. Despite the relatively slight sexual dichromatism of the Warbling Doradito, the parental care behavior in the nest was biased towards females, and the assistance of males to nestlings was highly variable and was not correlated with either clutch size or increasing nestling mass. Therefore, the evidence presented here suggest that Pseudocolopteryx genus may have an unusual social system, otherwise uncommon in tyrannids.
There is a growing interest to hybrid energy storage devices, such as lithium-ion capacitors, in which battery-type electrodes are combined with capacitor-type ones. It is anticipated that the energy density (either gravimetric or volumetric) of lithium-ion capacitors is improved if pseudocapacitive or fast insertion materials are used instead of conventional activated carbon (AC) in the capacitor-type electrode. MXenes, a new family of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, demonstrate metallic conductivity and fast charge-discharge behavior that make them suitable for this application. In this study, we move beyond single electrodes, half-cell studies and demonstrate three types of hybrid cells using Nb2CTx–carbon nanotube (CNT) films. It is shown that lithiated graphite/Nb2CTx-CNT, Nb2CTx-CNT/LiFePO4 and lithiated Nb2CTx-CNT/Nb2CTx-CNT cells are all able to operate within 3 V voltage windows and deliver capacities of 43, 24 and 36 mAh/g (per total weight of two electrodes), respectively. Moreover, the polarity of the electrodes can be reversed in the symmetric Nb2CTx-CNT cells from providing a positive potential between 0 and 3 V to a negative one from −3 to 0 V. It is shown that the volumetric energy density (50–70 Wh/L) of our first-generation devices with MXene electrodes exceeds that of a lithium titanate/AC capacitor.
Co3O4 nanoparticles are successfully synthesized from Cobalt bis (4-pyridine carboxylate) tetrahydrate (Co-INA) precursors through the solvothermal method followed by thermal treatment in air. The morphologies of Co3O4 products varies with the amount of ethanol in the solvent. What's more, the phenomenon of aggregation becomes more unobvious with increasing the amount of ethanol to 15mL ethanol, the corresponding Co3O4 nanoparticles show a better dispersion and more excellent cycling performance. This electrode provides a specific discharge capacity of 712mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at the current density of 200mAg-1. Therefore, the Co3O4 nanoparticles can be deemed to be potential candidates as anode materials for further investigation.
The successful development of electrified vehicles is a key factor in the transition to a more environmentally friendly transportation sector. Li-ion batteries, which are today’s choice to power electrified vehicles, have to fulfill more stringent requirements in terms of ageing and need advanced tools to study the interfaces evolution upon cycling. This work is thus focused on understanding the impedance behavior of a commercial graphite-based negative electrode, which is used in a Li-ion battery designed for such vehicles. 3-electrode pouch cells were assembled with such negative electrode, a LMO-layered oxide-based positive electrode, a Celgard® type separator soaked with a carbonate solvents-LiPF6 mixture electrolyte and a LTO-based electrode as reference. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measurements were performed at different cell states of charge and ageing times. The impedance of the graphite-based anode is analyzed for first time with de Levie’s equation for porous electrodes. The analysis is supported by designed SEI layer formation experiments with vinylene carbonate and vinylene ethyl carbonate additives. The high frequency domain of the interfacial kinetic loop reflects porosity effects and the graphite particles–composite matrix electric tranfer. The SEI layer and charge transfer phenomena are reflected in the medium and medium to low frequency domains respectively, and their impedance contributions depend on the Li content of the graphite particles. Upon ageing, the interfacial impedance of the graphite-based electrode should increase due to SEI layer growing. However, from 100% to 80% of battery capacity retention, the impedance decreases. Our analysis backed by post-mortem characterizations allows to assign this unexpected behavior to porosity rise and slight Mn-contamination of the SEI layer.
Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on sodium sulfate deposits and discusses the way in which a commercial product is derived from them. The initial processing of the ore is varied for different deposits. Over the years, the processing of natural sodium sulfate has undergone a transition of two different types. Initially, it was often produced from comparatively small deposits on a limited scale, while now, predominantly large deposits are employed, and the production capacity of the average plant is very high. The chapter indicates that the first of the higher purity processing systems to be used in Canada was called “brining.” There is still some production being practiced in the earlier mode to satisfy local needs, but most of the world's production is now recovered from the largest of the deposits, and well over 95% is produced in large, efficient plants.
Rapid and accurate identification of bacterial pathogens is a fundamental goal of clinical microbiology. The diagnosis and surveillance of diseases is dependent, to a great extent, on laboratory services, which cannot function without effective reliable reagents and diagnostics. Despite the advancement in microbiology diagnosis globally, resource-limited countries still struggle to provide an acceptable diagnosis quality which helps in clinical disease management and improve their mortality and morbidity data. During this study an indigenous product, Quick Test Strip (QTS) NE, was developed for the rapid identification of biochemically slower group of Gram-negative oxidase-positive bacilli that covers 19 different bacterial genera. Some of the members belonging to these groups are well-established human pathogens, e.g. various species of Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Aeromonas, Achromobacter and Stenotrophomonas. This study also evaluates the performance of QTS-NE by comparing with genotypic characterization methods. A total of 232 clinical and reference bacterial isolates were tested by three different methods. QTS-NE provides 100% concordant results with other rapid identification and molecular characterization methods and confirms the potential to be used in clinical diagnosis.
A variant of ac impedance spectroscopy is applied to monitor and control electrochemical cells and appliances without need for reference values and knowledge of control points in advance. Electrolyzers, fuels cells, energy stores, sensors and electrochemical reactors are steered to an optimum operating state by continuous evaluation of capacitance and the derivatives thereof. Dry and humid electrode–electrolyte interfaces are distinguished with the aid of the low-frequency impedance. The problem is solved in order to determine electrolyte concentrations unambiguously from electrolyte resistance, although the conductivity of the solution has a maximum and changes nonlinearly with the concentration.
A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell-based wearable alcohol sensing device has been explored for the monitoring of blood alcohol content (BAC) in real time. The watch-like alcohol monitoring device detects alcohol from the perspiration of the human skin. This transcutaneous (transdermal) fuel cell sensor can detect a wide range of concentrations of alcohol, including a physiological range of concentration (5–100 mg/dl), with the detection time of ~ 5 s. A calibration model, such as principal component regression (PCR), was implemented to reduce standard errors and refine the calibration of this sensor by offsetting noise. The BAC values from the transcutaneous sensor were closer to the theoretical values, with 77.47% improvement in accuracy compared to readings from off the shelf breathalyzer. The results from human studies demonstrate that this fuel cell sensing device in accompany with the proposed PCR model can be employed for the determination of BAC through transcutaneous measurements.
Tailor-made porous nanotube arrays are of great technological interest for the development of high-performance optical and electrochemical energy storage devices. Herein, we report facile successive electro-deposition (ED) methods to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical porous NiO nanotube arrays on nickel foam with the help of ZnO nanorod template. The obtained hierarchical porous NiO nanotubes have a diameter of ∼170 nm and consist of interconnected branch nanoflakes of ∼10 nm. The resulting NiO nanotube arrays are well characterized as positive electrode materials for supercapacitor application by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements. Due to the unique architecture, the NiO nanotube arrays exhibit a high capacitance of 675 F g−1 at the 2 A g−1 and 569 F g−1 at 40 A g−1, respectively, as well as good cycling stability. The proposed synthesis method is expected for fabrication of other nanotube arrays for applications in solar cells, gas sensors and Li ion batteries.
The emerging change in the automobile industry with the advent of the 42V electrical operating system will impose a revolutionary change not only on the car industry, but also on the battery industry overall. The implications of this change will be felt by the battery producers, most of whom will require new or advanced production techniques for 36V batteries, and subsequently by their suppliers of raw material. The demand for batteries of higher quality—in particular, the valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery, which is the battery of choice for the new automotive system—will place much higher demands upon the quality of the raw materials used in battery manufacture. It has been well documented that high-quality raw materials, such as lead, acid and separators, are a requirement in order to guarantee battery performance. The presence of impurities (antimony, arsenic, tellurium, etc.) in the enclosed system of the VRLA battery will impart problems such as dry-out, self-discharge and negative-plate capacity loss which will result in premature failure of the battery. One major problem for both primary and secondary lead producers is the presence of these impurities in their metal streams. Of particular interest to the smelters are the levels of antimony and silver. The latter element is increasing to alarming levels. With changing battery technology, both elements will pose serious problems to the lead producers in maintaining high-quality lead under the present cost structure. Some of the challenges that face the lead industry in meeting the demands of VRLA battery producers for product of higher quality are examined in this paper.
Composite electrode materials containing nanoparticles of nearly amorphous CoSn and ultrathin layers of graphite are prepared here. For this purpose, Sn(II) and Co(II) ions in tetraethyleneglycol are reduced with NaBH4 in the presence of ball-milled graphite while high-intensity ultrasonication is continuously applied. The followed preparative route is a combination of the polyol and sonochemical methods. The observed capacity value for CoSn-ball milled graphite is over 400mAh/g after 40 cycles (this is superior to graphite). The good electrochemical cycling behavior is connected to the small particle size of CoSn, the low crystallinity of CoSn and the dispersion of the CoSn particles in an optimized carbon matrix. The selected binder (polyvinylidene fluoride or lithium polyacrylate) also can contribute to improve the cycling behavior. The low electrochemical efficiency, particularly in the first cycles, may be related to the spontaneous oxidation of the metallic particles surface and irreversible electrolyte consumption. The use of inert atmosphere (Ar-flow) results in a decrease of the tin oxide content, as determined by using 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy, an increase of the initial electrochemical efficiency up to a maximum of 90.4%, and higher capacities (507mAh/g after 40 cycles).