batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative direct electrical stimulation (DES) is increasingly used in patients operated on for tumours in eloquent areas. Although a positive impact of DES on postoperative linguistic outcome is generally advocated, information about the neurolinguistic methods applied in awake surgery is scarce. We developed for the first time a standardised Dutch linguistic test battery (measuring phonology, semantics, syntax) to reliably identify the critical language zones in detail. A normative study was carried out in a control group of 250 native Dutch-speaking healthy adults. In addition, the clinical application of the Dutch Linguistic Intraoperative Protocol (DuLIP) was demonstrated by means of anatomo-functional models and five case studies. A set of DuLIP tests was selected for each patient depending on the tumour location and degree of linguistic impairment. DuLIP is a valid test battery for pre-, intraoperative and postoperative language testing and facilitates intraoperative mapping of eloquent language regions that are variably located.
Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurements were carried out during electrochemical deposition/dissolution of Li on the Ti and Pt substrate electrodes of AT-cut quartz crystals in a 1M LiPF6 in propylene carbonate (PC) and dimethoxyethane (DME) (1:1 in volume) and a 1M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) and DME (1:1 in volume). The mass change during Li deposition on the Pt substrate was about half that on the Ti substrate because the alloy formation of Li–Pt suppressed passivation reactions of deposited Li. Furthermore, it was also suggested that the amount of organic compounds in passivation films formed in the PC-based electrolyte was larger than that in the EC-based electrolyte due to PC reacting more easily with Li than EC. The EQCM measurement of the passivation film formations during alloying Li with Pb electrodeposited on the Ti substrate was also conducted successfully. The Li–Pb alloy formation occurred under 0.5V, in which the potential profile was divided into two regions associated with the phase diagram of Li–Pb alloy. The mass change due to passivation film formations increased in accordance with the changes of Li–Pb alloy compositions into Li rich phases, which were thought either to enhance the reactiveness of Li or decrease the diffusiveness of Li in Li–Pb alloy.
The use of LiCoPO4 as a Li-ion cathode material can enable high energy 5 V batteries. However, LiCoPO4 shows limited cycle life and much less than theoretical energy density. In order to address these shortcomings, Fe, Cr and Si substituted-LiCoPO4 (Cr,Si-LiCo0.9Fe0.1PO4) was investigated as an improved LiCoPO4 based cathode material. Fe substitution greatly improves the cycle life and increases the energy density. Cr substitution further increases the energy density, cycle life and rate capability. Si substitution reduces the reactivity of the cathode with electrolyte thereby increasing cycle life. In combination, the substituents lead to a LiCoPO4 based cathode material with no capacity fade over 250 cycles in Li/Cr,Si-LiCo0.9Fe0.1PO4 half cells, a discharge capacity of 140 mAh g−1 at C/3 at an average discharge voltage of 4.78 V giving an energy density of 670 Wh per kg of cathode. In graphite/Cr,Si-LiCo0.9Fe0.1PO4 full Li-ion cells, the cathode material shows an energy density of 550 Wh per kg of cathode material at 1C rate for the initial cycles and 510 Wh per kg of cathode material at the 250th cycle.
The LiFePO4 is recognized as the promising cathode material, due to its high specific capacity, excellent, structural stability and environmental benignity. However, it is blamed for the low tap density and poor rate performance when served as the cathode materials for a long time. Here, the microspheric LiFePO4/C composites are successfully synthesized through a one-step in-situ solvothermal method combined with carbothermic reduction. These LiFePO4/C microspheres are assembled by LiFePO4 nanoparticles (∼100 nm) and uniformly coated by the carbon, which show a narrow diameter distribution of 4 μm. As a cathode material for lithium ion batteries, the LiFePO4/C composites can deliver an initiate charge capacity of 155 mAh g−1 and retain 90% of initial capacity after 200 cycles at 0.1 C. When cycled at high current densities up to 20 C, it shows a discharge capacity of ∼60 mAh g−1, exhibiting superior rate performance. The significantly improved electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C composites material can be attributed to its special micro-nano hierarchical structure. Microspheric LiFePO4/C composites exhibit a high tap density about 1.3 g cm−3. What's more, the well-coated carbon insures the high electrical conductivity and the nano-sized LiFePO4/C particles shorten lithium ion transport, thus exhibiting the high specific capacity, high cycling stability and good rate performance.
Less expensive and greener aqueous electrode preparation processes are essential for the market penetration of lithium ion batteries to mid-scale applications. So far only carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) binder has been adopted for industrial use to fabricate carbon electrodes without harmful organic solvents but this process is prone to bacterial growth. In this study a new binder candidate, Acryl S020, is introduced for an aqueous preparation process that has been used for preparing Li4Ti5O12 electrodes for lithium ion batteries. It is shown that with our water based process electrodes with capacities comparable to those electrodes fabricated with the conventional organic solvent based process with the PVDF binder are obtained. Moreover, our lithium titanate electrodes with the Acryl S020 binder show high capacity retention and they can be operated at sub-zero temperatures. Electrodes were also fabricated with pilot-scale gravure printing and slot-die coating methods and they showed stable cycles lives of 500 cycles.
Unique hollow Fe3O4 spheres are prepared by a simple template-free solvothermal reaction. In the reaction, ethylene glycol (EG) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) serve as the reducing agent and surface stabilizer, respectively. NH4Ac plays the role of the structure-directing agent, which combines with the Ostwald ripening process, resulting in the favored formation of hollow structures. The morphologies and structures are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The hollow Fe3O4 spheres exhibit excellent cycling and rate performance as anode material for lithium-ion batteries, delivering reversible specific capacities of 870mAhg−1 even after 50 cycles at 100mAg−1 and 836mAhg−1 at 500mAg−1. The excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to their hollow nanostructure and excellent structural stability.
Résumé Il y a 30 ans se mettait en place le socle qui préside aux approches actuelles des fonctions exécutives. L’interprétation des troubles comportementaux et cognitifs liés à la pathologie frontale a conduit à individualiser l’atteinte préférentielle des fonctions de contrôle ou exécutives, intervenant principalement dans les situations nécessitant une articulation des actions ou pensées dirigées vers un but finalisé. L’intervention privilégiée de la mémoire de travail, initialement évoquée sur la base de travaux expérimentaux chez le singe, a également fortement influencé les approches conceptuelles dominées par les modèles de Shallice et de Baddeley. Depuis cette époque, de nombreux travaux basés sur la pathologie et l’imagerie fonctionnelle ont permis de proposer une spécification des opérations de contrôle intervenant tant dans les tests les plus abstraits que sur la régulation des comportements. En outre ils remettent en question une architecture fonctionnelle reposant sur un système de contrôle unique. Au plan pratique ces travaux ont conduit à proposer des critères diagnostiques de syndrome dysexécutif et une stratégie d’exploration basée sur une batterie de tests et un hétéroquestionnaire comportemental dont la passation conjointe doit être au mieux systématisée.
Recent advances in communication and sensor technology have catalyzed progress in remote monitoring capabilities for water quality. As a result, the ability to characterize dynamic hydrologic properties at adequate temporal and spatial scales has greatly improved. These advances have led to improved statistical and mechanistic modeling in monitoring of water quality trends at local, watershed and regional scales for freshwater, estuarine and marine ecosystems. In addition, they have greatly enhanced rapid (e.g., real-time) detection of hydrologic variability, recognized as a critical need for early warning systems and rapid response to harmful algal bloom events. Here, we present some of the landmark developments and technological achievements that led to the advent of real-time remote monitors for hydrologic properties. We conclude that increased use and continuing advancements of real-time remote monitoring (RTRM) and sensing technologies will become a progressively more important tool for evaluating water quality. Recent engineering and deployment of RTRM technologies by federal and state regulatory agencies, industries, and academic laboratories is now permitting rapid detection of, and responses to, environmental threats imposed by increased nutrient loadings, development of hypoxic and anoxic areas, toxicants, and harmful algal bloom outbreaks leading to fish kill events and potential human health impacts.
The synthesis, chemistry, local structure and electrochemical properties of vanadium oxide xerogels and aerogels have much in common. The one difference in their respective synthesis routes, the means by which solvent is removed, has a significant influence on the resulting morphology. The high surface area, nanodimensional solid phase, short diffusion paths and interconnected mesoporosity of the aerogels exert a profound effect on their electrochemical properties. Our studies with V2O5 aerogels show that these materials offer the promise of achieving both high energy density and high power density because of a pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanism which develops.
In Switzerland, long-term circulatory support programs have been limited to heart transplant centers. In 2014, to improve the management of patients with end-stage heart failure not eligible for transplantation, we implemented a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) program for destination therapy at the University Hospital of Basel.
A simple solid state ‘graphenothermal’ reduction reaction is used to obtain few layered graphene (FLG)–complex metal oxide (A2Mo3O8, A=Co, Mn and Zn) composites. Carbons of the exfoliating GO are used as an aid to reduce metal precursors to A2Mo3O8. As-synthesized composites are used as anode materials in Li ion batteries. In 0.005-3V potential window and at 60mA/g current density, FLG–Co2Mo3O8, FLG–Mn2Mo3O8 and FLG–Zn2Mo3O8 composites exhibit high reversible capacities of 785, 495 and 630mAh/g respectively, even at the end of 50th cycle. The composites show far better cycling performance and rate capability than Mo-metal cluster compound. Amongst the three composites, FLG–Co2Mo3O8 shows excellent capacity retention (∼87%) and Coulombic efficiency (∼98%). Cyclic voltammetry shows that: (i) redox couples of A2Mo3O8 and (ii) electrochemical adsorption and desorption by FLG in the composites are responsible for Li storage and release.
A TiO2 nanotube (TONT) with an average pore diameter, length, and wall thickness of about 120nm, 400nm, and 20nm, respectively was grown anodically on a Ti substrate. Sn nanophase is then coated through the entire area of the TONT by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering technique. The pore diameter of Sn coated TONT (denoted as Sn/TONT) arrays were decreased to 50nm, while the wall thickness was increased to about 50nm. Further, to make a conformal coating of the Sn layer through TONT arrays, while considering that the melting temperature of Sn is below 232°C, the post-thermal treatment under different ambients (pure Ar gas vs. 5% H2 added Ar gas (designated as H2/Ar gas)) was performed at 350°C for 3h. Compared with pure Ar annealing, H2/Ar annealing suppresses the formation of the SnOx phase, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, accelerating the formation of the pure Sn phase. The electrochemical properties of bare TONT and Sn/TONT arrays were compared using a cyclic voltammogram, showing that the TONT arrays with the pure Sn material participate in electrochemical lithiation and delithiation during the cycling process from the advent of the oxidation and reduction peaks in a certain potential range. Based on the active functions of the two materials, the capacity (0.042 mAh/cm2) of Sn/TONT arrays is increased relative to that (0.025 mAh/cm2) of bare TONT arrays and the capacity retention of Sn/TONT was maintained to be 75% at 5C.
Polyimide (PI) nanofibers with an average diameter of 300 nm, possessing superior electrolyte wettability and thermal stability, are synthesized by electrospinning a poly(amic acid) (PAA) solution followed by an imidization process. The large pore volume of the PI nanofiber mat can facilitate faster Li+-ion transport and greater rate capability, but it also cause an irreversible increase in cell impedance during long term cycling. To overcome these problems, thin Al2O3 over-layers are coated on both sides of a PI separator via a dip-coating process. The Al2O3-coated PI separators exhibit enhanced capacity, cyclability (95.53% retention after 200 cycles at 1 C), and rate capabilities (78.91% at 10 C) compared to the bare PI separator (68.65% at 10 C) and a commercial polypropylene separator (18.25% at 10 C) with a limited increase of cell impedance.
The availability of realistic, wearable efficient energy harvesters for powering body-worn IoT devices and health monitoring sensors is essential, in order to reduce the dependence of these wearable electronic devices, on batteries. Herein, we demonstrate a novel curve-shaped wearable hybridized electromagnetic-triboelectric nanogenerator (WHEM-TENG), operating as a fully-enclosed light-weight low-frequency energy harvester, driven by human motion. The WHEM-TENG incorporates the swinging behavior of a human arm during locomotion, and the freestanding rolling mode of a magnetic ball. Simulations of the magnetic flux density and the triboelectric surface potential assisted in improving the design and performance of the nanogenerator. The harvester device was manufactured using a 3D-printing method, which makes the fabrication process faster, easier, and more cost-effective than traditional methods. The 3D-printing material was used as triboelectric material for the nanogenerator. Experiments illustrate that at the low input frequencies characteristic of walking and running, the electromagnetic generator (EMG) and triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) deliver peak power densities of 5.14 mW/cm3 and 0.22 µW/cm3, across load resistances of 49.2 Ω and 13.9 MΩ, respectively. Moreover, we also demonstrate that the WHEM-TENG can drive a commercially available electric wrist-watch continuously for 410 s from the power generated by just 5 s of running activity. Also, we demonstrate a self-powered heart-rate sensor driven by the nanogenerator. The electrical output of this distinctively structured device is promising for optimization of similar hybrid wearable energy harvesters, and for practical applications, towards the development of self-powered wearable smart bands/watches and fitness/health monitoring sensors.
Pakistan is an energy deficient country, where a large fraction of the population still does not have access to modern day energy services such as electricity. This is due to very limited fossil fuel resources and poor economy, which restrains the import of fossil fuels on a large scale. To overcome energy shortage, Pakistan needs to develop its indigenous energy resources like hydropower, solar and wind. Pakistan lies in an area of one of the highest solar insolation in the world. This vast potential can be exploited to produce electricity, which could be provided to off-grid communities in the northern hilly areas and the southern and western deserts. Applications other than electricity production such as solar water heaters and solar cookers also have vast applications. All this will help in both reducing the import of fossil fuels and dependency of people on fuel wood, which in turn will provide some respite for the dwindling forest reserves of Pakistan. Accordingly, the status and outlook of solar energy use in Pakistan is discussed in this paper. In addition, the role of R&D organizations in the promotion of solar energy technologies in Pakistan is also presented including a description of some proposed projects. It is concluded that the current infrastructure has not been able to advance the status of solar energy of Pakistan. Significant efforts are needed to effectively utilize this cheap renewable energy source.
Does the source of one’s news media have a systematic effect on one’s perception of political corruption? While numerous studies have investigated the extent to which media affects trust in institutions, or the polarization of political values, this study shifts the focus on to how one’s media source conceived here as social media versus traditional media affects the perception of corruption in 2 ways. First, we hypothesize that citizens who consume their news predominately from social media will have higher perceptions of political corruption than consumers of more traditional media sources. Second, we hypothesize that perceptions among social media consumers will be more polarized. Specifically, we argue that the gap in corruption perception between supporters of government and opposition political parties will be larger among social media consumers compared to traditional news consumers. We test our hypotheses using newly collected survey data from the European Quality of Government Index survey from 2017, which contains nearly 78,000 respondents in 21 countries in the European Union. Estimating our model with both parametric and non-parametric approaches, we find robust empirical support for two of our 3 hypotheses.
We describe how bi-metal PtCu connected wires, immersed in a solution of benzene sulfonic acid (BSA)–phenol (P) or 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS)–phenol (P), then subjected to simultaneous alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) electric fields generate power. We discovered that PtCu substrate covered by the deposit containing (BSA-PP-Pt-Cu), abbreviated as PtCu(BSA-PP-Pt-Cu) electrode, plays the role of a substantial anode and cathode. The latter was related to the formation of micro-batteries in the deposited film (BSA-PP-Pt-Cu) that are able to take or deliver electrons from the deposited Pt and Cu, respectively. PP-BSA plays probably the role of bridge for proton conduction in the formed micro-batteries. The power density of the fuel cell (FC)-based PtCu(BSA-PP-Pt-Cu) anode and PtCu(BSA-PP-Pt-Cu) cathode in phosphate buffer solution pH 7.4 at room temperature reaches ∼10.8 μW mm−2. Addition of enzymes, glucose oxidase at the anode and laccase at the cathode and, replacement of BSA by ABTS at the cathode in the deposited films increases the power density to 13.3 μW mm−2. This new procedure might be of great relevance for construction of a new generation of FCs operating at mild conditions or boost the power outputs of BFCs and make them suitable for diverse applications.
This paper reports on the results of a pragmatics awareness activity in an ESL classroom held before learners received formal instruction in pragmatics. Five intact ESL classes consisting of 43 students from 18 language backgrounds participated in this activity. During the activity, learners worked in pairs to identify pragmatic infelicities in video-taped scenarios and performed short role plays to repair the infelicities they had identified. The student role plays were also video-taped. The purpose of the role plays was to determine the types of pragmatic infelicities that are readily noticed by high intermediate learners and that are most easily remedied by them. The role plays showed that learners recognized and supplied missing speech acts and semantic formulas, although the form and content of the repairs differed from target-like norms in some respects. That is, learners may easily supply a missing apology for arriving late or explanations for making requests or for not having completed a class assignment, but the specific content or form may be less culturally or linguistically transparent. Thus, the results of the activity suggest areas where learners might benefit from instruction.
Recreational exposure to surface waters during periods of increased pathogen concentration may lead to a significantly higher risk of illness. However, estimates of elementary exposure factors necessary to evaluate health risk (i.e., usage distributions and exposure durations) are not available for many non-swimming water-related activities. No prior studies have assessed non-swimming water exposure with respect to factors leading to impaired water quality from increased pathogen concentration, such as weather condition (rain events produce increased runoff and sewer overflows) and type of day (heavy recreational periods). We measured usage patterns and evaluated the effect of weather and type of day at eight water sites located within Philadelphia, by using a novel “time lapse photography” technology during three peak recreational seasons (May–September) 2008–2010. Camera observations validated with simultaneous in-person surveys exhibited a strong correlation (R2=0.81 to 0.96) between the two survey techniques, indicating that the application of remote photography in collecting human exposure data was appropriate. Recreational activities usage varied more on a temporal basis than due to inclement weather. Only 14% (6 out of 44) of the site-specific activity combinations showed dry weather preference, whereas 41.5% (17 out of 41) of the combinations indicated greater usage on weekends as compared with weekday. In general, the log normal distribution described the playing and wading duration distribution, while the gamma distribution was the best fit for fishing durations. Remote photography provided unbiased, real-time human exposure data and was less personnel intensive compared with traditional survey methods. However, there are potential limitations associated with remote surveillance data related to its limited view. This is the first study to report that time lapse cameras can be successfully applied to assess water-based human recreational patterns and can provide precise exposure statistics for non-swimming recreational exposures.
In order to inhibit the decomposition of the electrolytes and improve the performance of Li3V2(PO4)3 cathode materials at high potentials, we propose a conducting polymer coating method by the in situ electropolymerization of thiophene which was added to conventional organic electrolytes. The formation of polythiophene film on Li3V2(PO4)3 surface was demonstrated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Polythiophene-coated Li3V2(PO4)3 cathode materials exhibited higher reversible charge/discharge capacity and better rate performance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated that the addition of thiophene decreased the decomposition of the electrolytes on the cathode surface and improved the electronic conductivity of Li3V2(PO4)3, allowing Li+ ions in Li3V2(PO4)3 to deintercalate/intercalate more smoothly.