batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Recycling of spent domestic batteries has gained a great environmental significance. In the present research, we propose a new and simple technique for the recovery of high-purity zinc oxide nanoparticles from the electrode waste of spent alkaline Zn–MnO2 batteries. The electrode material was collected by the manual dismantling and mixed with 5M HCl for reaction with a phosphine oxide reagent Cyanex 923® at 250°C for 30min. The desired ZnO nanoparticles were restored from the Zn-Cyanex 923 complex through an ethanolic precipitation step. The recovered particle product with about 5nm diameter exhibited fluorescent properties (emission peak at 400nm) when excited by UV radiation (excitation energy of 300nm). Thus, the proposed technique offered a simple and efficient route for recovering high purity ZnO nanoparticles from spent alkaline batteries.
Li3V2−xLax(PO4)3/C cathode materials have been successfully synthesized by a sol-gel method. The monoclinic structure of Li3V2(PO4)3 appeared in La doped samples which show enlarged unit cell volumes compared with the sample without La doping. The doping of La influences magnetic property of Li3V2(PO4)3/C, e.g. the magnetic susceptibility of Li3V2−xLax(PO4)3/C decreases rapidly with the increasing of La content. La doped composites exhibit better electrochemical property than that of the undoped one and the Li3V1.975La0.025(PO4)3/C displays the highest capacity and best cycle stability. The Li3V1.975La0.025(PO4)3/C presents the first discharge capacity of 122.4mAhg−1 at 1C rate in the voltage range of 3.0–4.3V, 15.7% higher than that of Li3V2(PO4)3/C. And there is no capacity loss after 50 cycles. The rapid Li+ diffusion and high structural stability due to the doping of La3+ are mainly responsible for the good electrochemical performance of La doped Li3V2(PO4)3/C cathode materials.
Despite of great progress in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, shuttle effect caused by long chain polysulfides, as one of the most serious obstacles, needs to be urgently solved for potentially commercial application of Li-S batteries. Herein, we report on an effective strategy to tune surface functional groups and porous structure of Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) to efficiently anchor polysulfides for high-performance Li-S batteries. Tannic acid (TA) tuned Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-67 (ZIF-67) could create uniformly polar sites for in-situ polysulfide absorption, and C-S and Co-S abundantly functional groups for chemically trapping polysulfides for achieving stable cycling performance. Furthermore, TA tuned ZIF-67 polyhedrons can be sculptured to a core/shell hierarchical porous structure. Foremost, the functionalized polar hydroxyl groups can undergo redox reaction with long polysulfides to form thiosulfate and short insoluble polysulfides, relieving the shuttle effect. ZIF-67-5-S cathode exhibits superior cycling stability and rate capability, showing a steady capacity of at 521 mAh/g after 550 cycles under a current density of 500 mA/g, still maintaining a capacity of 510 mAh/g even at a current density of 1600 mAh/g. The TA polymer etching MOFs route to tune core-shell hierarchically pores and abundantly functional groups offers a potential use in high energy Li-S batteries.
In countries with an ongoing violent conflict, aid donors are confronted by four sets of issues: how the volume as well as the orientation of the program can influence a peace process; whether development efforts can be undertaken in rebel-controlled territories; and how an early rehabilitation program can affect the long-term process. This paper analyzes the strategies applied in Sri Lanka by donors undertaking a traditional development approach and those following a more comprehensive approach. Dilemmas are generated vis- à -vis both the government's and the rebels' policies and interests. Four general conclusions underline the political nature of development aid programs during a violent conflict.
In order to improve the rate performance of MoO3, a novel MoO3 nanobelt with tiny grains on surface (named as d-MoO3) is fabricated via one-step facile hydrothermal method with citric acid adding, in which citric acid (CA) serves as a weak reductant as well as surface modification agent. When tested as an anode in LIBs, d-MoO3 displays an improved discharge capacity of 787 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 over 100 cycles with capacity retention of ∼91% while MoO3 decays to 50 mAh·g−1 in the 100th cycle. Notably, d-MoO3 delivers enhanced rate capability (536 and 370 mAh·g−1 at high rates of 5 and 10 A g−1 respectively). We consider these excellent electrochemical properties of d-MoO3 electrode are associated with the tiny grains on MoO3 surface, which effectively maintains the electrode's structural integrity. Even though d-MoO3 nanobelt suffers from a degree of in-situ pulverization after several cycles, these pulverized active particles can still maintain stable electrochemical contact and are highly exposed to electrolyte, realizing ultrahigh e−/Li+ diffusion kinetics. In addition, part extrinsic pseudocapacitance contribution to the Li+ storage also explains the high-rate performance. Combining all these merits, d-MoO3 is potentially a high-energy, high-power and well-stable anode material for Li ion batteries (LIBs).
Carbon aerogel modified graphite felt is prepared as electrodes for vanadium redox flow batteries. Morphology and the nano-porous structure of the carbon-carbon composite electrode is characterized. Properties such as cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance and battery performance of the carbon-carbon composite electrodes are investigated. The results show that the specific surface area of the modified graphite felt is dramatically increased from 1.13 m2 g−1 to 57.16 m2 g−1. The charge transfer resistance is reduced from 1.84 Ω to 0.21 Ω and the energy efficiency of the unit cell equipped with the modified electrodes is increased by 32.66% at a high current density of 160 mA cm−2.
A novel bacterial cellulose (BC) membrane supported silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was synthesized with a facile in situ growth method. The physicochemical properties of AgNP/BC were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results demonstrate that AgNPs with diameters of 10–20nm were anchored throughout the three-dimensional network of BC membrane. The as-prepared AgNP/BC membrane was used as cathodic electrode to investigate its catalytic activity to oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for the first time. As a result, the maximum current density obtained with AgNP/BC was −3.94mAcm−2, which was higher than Ag electrode and AgNP. Besides, the maximum current density of AgNP/BC only decreased 4.3% in electrolyte with 10mmolL−1 glucose. Such AgNP/BC membrane with advantages including biocompatibility, facile synthesis, high catalytic activity and good glucose tolerance could be valuable to ORR in implanted glucose fuel cells.
The effects of electron-beam irradiation on the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of polyethylene (PE) separators are investigated. The high-energy electron-beam irradiation creates carbonyl bands on the surface of bare PE separators, however, it does not affect morphology and pore structure of the separators. In addition, cells employing the electron-beam-irradiated PE separators clearly exhibit better ionic conductivity and rate capability without any degradation in cycling performance compared to cells employing the bare PE separator. This improvement is explained by a formation of new functional group on PE surface—the electron-beam irradiation creates carbonyl group on the surface of the PE separator and it readily facilitates the migration of Li+ and improves solvent affinity of the PE separators. Furthermore, the thermal stability of PE separators is effectively enhanced by irradiating them with electron beams. The thermal shrinkage of the electron-beam-irradiated PE separators is observed to be much lower than that of bare PE separators, resulting in an increased gap between the shut-down and melting integrity temperatures. From these results, it is believed that the electron-beam irradiation can be considered as an effective approach to enhance electrochemical and thermal properties of PE separator.
Safety concerns in high-performance lithium rechargeable batteries are one of the major technical barriers that have to be overcome for successful commercialization of more demanding applications like electric vehicles and electric energy storage for renewable energy sources. The thermal stability of the charged cathode materials is critical in the safety characteristics of Li batteries, which is related to the occurrence of exothermic reactions in charged batteries at elevated temperatures that ultimately result in thermal runaway and catastrophic failure of the battery. The thermal runaway has been attributed to the reactions between the charged electrodes and the electrolyte. Therefore, in-depth understanding of the structural changes of the charged cathode material during thermal decomposition reactions, with or without the presence of electrolytes and their relationship with the thermal stability of the cathode material is very important. One of the effective ways to improve the thermal stability of charged cathodes is to modify the electrode materials’ surface by coating with stable metal oxides. Here we report the effect of surface modification on the structural changes and their relationship with thermal stability of charged MgO-coated LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathodes by using in situ XRD technique in a wide temperature range from 25°C to 450°C with and without the presence of electrolyte in comparison with bare LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathodes.
Maternal diabetes during pregnancy may increase the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring by increasing inflammation. A major source of inflammatory signaling observed in diabetes is activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), and increased RAGE expression has been reported in psychiatric disorders. Thus, we sought to examine whether maternal diabetes creates a proinflammatory state, triggered largely by RAGE signaling, that alters normal brain development and behavior of the offspring. We tested this hypothesis in rats using the streptozotocin (STZ; 50mg/kg; i.p.) model of diabetes induced during mid-pregnancy. Following STZ treatment, we observed a significant increase in RAGE protein expression in the forebrain of the offspring (postnatal day 1). Data obtained from whole-cell patch clamping of hippocampal neurons in cultures from the offspring of STZ-treated dams revealed a striking increase in excitability. When tested in a battery of behavioral tasks in early adulthood, the offspring of STZ-treated dams had significantly lower prepulse inhibition, reduced anxiety-like behavior, and altered object-place preference when compared to control offspring. In an operant-based strategy set-shifting task, STZ offspring did not differ from controls on an initial visual discrimination or reversal learning but took significantly longer to shift to a new strategy (i.e., set-shift). Insulin replacement with an implantable pellet in the dams reversed the effects of maternal diabetes on RAGE expression, hippocampal excitability, prepulse inhibition and object-place memory, but not anxiety-like behavior or set-shifting. Taken together, these results suggest that chronic maternal hyperglycemia alters normal hippocampal development and behavior of the offspring, effects that may be mediated by increased RAGE signaling in the fetal brain.
The porosity and morphology of sucrose-based hard carbon (SHC) was regulated by varying the amount of bicarbonate salts added during a simple two-stage sintering process. During the first–stage thermal treatment of sugar at 200°C, CO2 liberated from bicarbonate contributed to the pulverization of particles and to the formation of submicron-sized pores. Na2CO3 entrapped in a precursor matrix also released CO2 during the second–stage sintering at 850°C, producing nanometric pores (ca. 10nm in diameter). The excessively high content of bicarbonates, however, resulted in paper-thin graphitic layers with no submicron-sized pores. These dual roles of bicarbonates produced nanoporous SHC (NSHC) with the submicron-to-nano-sized pores and the largest surface area that was possible for a specific bicarbonate concentration. The optimal nanoporosity of NSHC lent itself to a sharp increase in reversible capacity. Reversible capacity of 324 and 289mAhg−1 were obtained for the first and 100th cycles at 20mAg−1, in contrast to 251 and 213mAhg−1, respectively, for SHC. The rate capability of NSHC also was enhanced due to a substantial decrease in the charge transfer resistance and a 5-fold increase in the Na+ diffusion coefficient.
In this paper, a flexible role-based architecture for Body Sensor Networks (BSNs) is introduced. The proposed non-layered context-aware architecture is application-oriented and able to incorporate future applications. Particular applications have certain requirements. Functional units (roles) instead of protocol layers are designed to perform the required tasks for applications to work properly. The role data of an application is inserted in the role headers of the container and is available for other applications with the same basic, specific or particular roles. Furthermore, the performance of Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), Forward Error Correction (FEC) block codes and FEC convolutional codes with respect to the throughput efficiency has also been analyzed for a BSN following the proposed role-based architecture. The numerical results show that the proposed role-based architecture outperforms the traditional layered architecture with respect to the throughput efficiency for all error control schemes. FEC block codes are able to maintain a high throughput efficiency over longer distances because the hop length extension technique is applied.
Grass-like Co3O4 nanowire arrays (NWAs) directly grown on Ti foil were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal process and subsequent thermal treatment. The as-prepared Co3O4 NWAs are constructed by numerous randomly oriented nanowires. The diameters of the nanowires are in the range of 70 to 100nm, with lengths of several micrometers. Notably, as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the grass-like Co3O4 NWAs exhibit excellent electrochemical performance including outstanding rate capability and long cycle life. A remarkable capacity of 662 mAh g−1 is achieved even at a high current density of 5000mAg−1. The specific capacity of grass-like Co3O4 NWAs could also maintain 1031 mAh g−1 at a current density of 500mAg−1 after 100 cycles without capacity decay. The excellent performance is attributed to efficient electron transport from the Co3O4 nanowires to the current collector, good solid contact with the substrate and stable cross-linked structure formed after repeated charge-discharge cycles.
Abstract The traditional model of high volume common platforms is not easily applicable to electric vehicle technologies. Car companies currently cannot justify the investment into a vehicle designed from the ground up for Electric drive, and instead are modifying conventional cars for electric power. Current EVs are therefore too expensive to buy, and too compromised for them to compete on an equal basis with conventional petrol/diesel cars. GEVCO and MIRA are developing a range of EVs and HEVs for companies collaborating in a unique ‘partner concept’ to assemble profitably and sell in direct competition with conventional cars.
Flow batteries are an attractive technology for energy storage of grid-scale renewables. However, performance issues related to ion-exchange membrane (IEM) fouling and crossover of species have limited the success of flow batteries. In this work we propose the use of the solid-state sodium-ion conductor NaSICON as an IEM to fully eliminate active species crossover in room temperature, aqueous, neutral pH flow batteries. We measure the room temperature conductivity of NaSICON at 2.83–4.67 mS cm−1 and demonstrate stability of NaSICON in an aqueous electrolyte with conductivity values remaining near 2.5 mS cm−1 after 66 days of exposure. Charge and discharge of a full H-cell battery as well as symmetric cycling in a flow battery configuration using NaSICON as an IEM in both cases demonstrates the capability of the solid-state IEM. Extensive analysis of aged cells through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and UV–vis spectroscopy show no contaminant species having crossed over the NaSICON membrane after 83 days of exposure, yielding an upper limit to the permeability of NaSICON of 4 × 10−10 cm2 min−1. The demonstration of NaSICON as an IEM enables a wide new range of chemistries for application to flow batteries that would previously be impeded by species crossover and associated degradation.
Dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease (PDD) is a common problem and one that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Over the past decade, increasing research efforts and funding have been directed toward an improved understanding of PDD. Despite these efforts, fundamental gaps remain in our knowledge. Consequently, therapeutic progress has been frustratingly slow and incomplete. To significantly affect PDD, novel “disease-modifying” agents, rather than more traditional neurotransmitter replacement approaches, likely will be required.
Materials with yolk–shell structure have attracted wide attention and they have been applied in energy storage devices with long cycle life. Carbon (yolk)–MoS2 (shell) hierarchical microspheres were successfully prepared in this study by a facile one-step hydrothermal method. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope images showed that the carbon–MoS2 microspheres were obviously made up of carbon yolk and MoS2 shell. The diameter of the yolk and thickness of shell were 2.1 and 0.26 µm, respectively. The as-prepared carbon–MoS2 yolk–shell hierarchical microspheres displayed charge capacity of 120 F g−1 after 3000 charge and discharge cycles at the current density of 1 A g−1. The superior electrochemical performance of the as-prepared materials was attributed to the yolk–shell structure and smart combination between carbon and MoS2. The yolk–shell structure provided sufficient void space for expansion without causing shell damage, leading to stable structure with long cycle life. The possible formation mechanism for the carbon–MoS2 yolk–shell microsphere was also discussed according to the characterization results.
This paper presents a novel fault diagnosis method for battery systems in electric vehicles based on big data statistical methods. According to machine learning algorithm and 3σ multi-level screening strategy (3σ-MSS), the abnormal changes of cell terminal voltages in a battery pack can be detected and calculated in the form of probability. Applying the neural network algorithm, this paper combines fault and defect diagnosis results with big data statistical regulation to construct a more complete battery system fault diagnosis model. Through analyzing the abnormalities hidden beneath the surface, researchers can see the design flaws in battery systems and provide feedback on the upstream of designing. Furthermore, the local outlier factor (LOF) algorithm and clustering outlier diagnosis algorithm are applied to verifying the calculation results. To further validate the effectiveness of the diagnosis method, a corresponding analysis between statistical diagnosis results and actual vehicle is given. To test the big data diagnosis model, the diagnosis results based on the actual vehicle operating data for the whole year is shown.
The nanocomposite material of amorphous manganese oxide and acetylene black (HSMO/AB), was synthesized by sonochemical method. The acetylene black particles were homogeneously coated with amorphous manganese oxide. In order to demonstrate that these characteristic structures were suitable for rapid discharge–charge, the composite material was tested under large current density. The result exhibited 185mAhg−1 in specific discharge capacity under 10Ag−1 in current density. Assuming that an operating voltage of 2.5V, this capacity corresponded 20kWkg−1 in power density and 90Whkg−1 in energy density.
The implementation of lighter and smaller power sources requires the estimation of power demand under different driving conditions, which are not available for portable assistive technology such as electric or power wheelchairs. Power demand estimated through power and driving cycles is a common methodology in the automotive industry and critical for sizing the power sources. This study determines power and driving cycles in simulated standard outdoor conditions adapting the microtrip methodology. Power consumption and distance travelled were calculated for five different tasks (longitudinal slopes, cross slopes and a flat surface). A “typical” wheelchair journey is presented as a suggested representative drive cycle. A numerical estimation of the power cycle is compared to the experimental results. The difference between numerical and experimental mean and maximum power is 7.58% and 1.07% respectively. Ascending longitudinal slopes were characterized by significantly higher mean power consumption compared to cross slopes and the flat surface. A theoretical fuel cell implementation is presented. The powertrain has a 160 W fuel cell and 470 W battery with a 27 gH2 metal hydride canister that increases the 30 km original range of the deep-cycle lead acid batteries of the electric wheelchair to 521 km.
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have drawn great attentions due to the abundance of sodium and their similar electrochemical principles to that of lithium-ion batteries. However, larger ionic radius of Na+ greatly retards Na+ transport and causes severe volume expansion. Therefore, delicate design of anodes for SIBs that can reversibly accommodate sodium ions is a crucial, but challenging task. In this paper, we rationally engineer a hybrid composite featured with ZnSe nanoparticles uniformly wrapped in three-dimensional (3D) porous nitrogen-doped carbon matrix (ZnSe NP@p-NC). The synthesis is achieved through the domination of the self-template-induced reaction between Zn-based zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) nanododecahedra and Se powder at an elevated temperature. Due to the structural and compositional merits, including a 3D porous structure, the uniform distribution of the small-size ZnSe nanoparticles, and graphitic carbon matrix, these unique ZnSe NP@p-NC popcorn balls display a high sodium-storage performance, including cycling stability (181.7 mAh g−1 after 2000 cycles at 10 A g−1), rate capability, and initial Coulombic efficiency.
Solid sphere spinel LiMn2O4 materials are synthesized from porous spherical Mn3O4 particles with LiOH·H2O via a high temperature solid-phase reaction. Porous spherical Mn3O4 particles, composed of aggregated crystallites, can be obtained from as-prepared spherical β-MnOOH. The solid sphere spinel LiMn2O4 particles have a high tap-density of 2.67 g·cm−3 and are well-distributed with sizes ranging from 7-9μm. The as-prepared β-MnOOH, Mn3O4 and LiMn2O4 are characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. As cathode materials, solid sphere spinel LiMn2O4, exhibits excellent cycling performance and rate capability for lithium-ion batteries. The initial discharge capacities are 127.1, 118.1, 106.3 and 87 mAh·g−1 at 0.2, 1, 5 and 10C, respectively. At 5C the discharge capacity retention rate can be maintained at 95% after 200 cycles. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirm the excellent electrochemical performances of the synthesized solid sphere spinel LiMn2O4 materials.
A new method for expressing functional RNA molecules in vivo opens a route to easy RNA sample preparation, and establishes a set of tools for studies of RNA structure, interactions and function in vitro and in vivo.