batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
LiFe1−yMnyPO4/C (y = 0–0.3) nanocomposites are prepared by the sol–gel method, and their properties are characterized with the use of the XRD analysis, SEM, impedance spectroscopy, charge/discharge tests, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The samples with a low manganese content, LiFe1−yMnyPO4 (y = 0.1, 0.2) are characterized by an increased conductivity. In LiFe1−yMnyPO4 (x = 0.1–0.3), electrochemical lithium deintercalation/intercalation proceeds in two stages which due to the subsequent oxidation/reduction of iron and manganese ions. The LiFe1−yMnyPO4/С (y = 0.1, 0.2) samples show enhanced charge/discharge capacity, especially, at high current density (for LiFe0.9Mn0.1PO4/C, the discharge capacity is equal to 142 and 55 mAh g−1 at a current density of 20 and 1600 mA g−1, respectively). Mn2+ ↔ Mn3+ transition in LiFe1−yMnyPO4 proceeds via the solid solutions formation under gradual changes in the potential. For LiFe0.7Mn0.3PO4, oxidation and reduction of iron ions follow the same scenario. According to the Mössbauer spectroscopy data, manganese is orderly distributed in LixFeIII 1−yMnyPO4: iron contains not more than one manganese cation in its nearest neighborhood. Moreover, combination of the Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray analysis data indicates that, in the interval where solid solutions exist in LixFe0.7Mn0.3PO4, the regions with an inhomogeneous distribution of divalent and trivalent manganese ions are formed.
A new binary composite of MnO2/PANI has been synthesized as electrode material for energy storage. In the composite, the MnO2 nanospheres with a honeycomb-like structure are coated with PANI layers, in which MnO2 serve as a scaffold for PANI layer and PANI act as a protective coating layer to restrain MnO2 nanospheres from dissolution in acidic electrolyte, and causing a synergic effect. The composite, when the mass ratio of MnO2 and aniline is 1:1, exhibits a high specific capacitance of 565Fg−1 (specific capacity of 126mAhg−1) at a discharge current density of 0.8Ag−1 and a high specific capacity of 143mAhg−1 at the scan rate of 20mVs−1 in 0.5M Na2SO4-0.5M H2SO4 solution. In addition, the electrode material retains about 77% of the initial capacitance after 1000 cycles of charge-discharge at 8Ag−1. These results demonstrate that the special morphology and shorter diffusion pathways (SEM and EIS) make the binary composite a promising candidate for future energy storage applications.
The aims of this prospective study were to explore in subjects with psychosis participating in a rehabilitation program whether cognitive performances at baseline predicted (i) psychosocial functioning over a 15–16 month follow-up; (ii) improvement in psychosocial functioning over the rehabilitation program. Visuo-spatial tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) were administered to assess cognitive performance in 55 subjects with schizophrenia spectrum disorders who completed a rehabilitation program. The Multnomah Community Ability Scale (MCAS) was used to measure dimensions of community functioning. One subscale of the Client's Assessment of Strengths, Interests, and Goals (CASIG) provided a measure of subjective quality of life (QoL). Improvement was defined as a 15% or more increase in psychosocial scores between baseline and follow-up. Worse baseline sustained attention predicted better self-rated quality of life, and better baseline visual memory predicted better community functioning over the rehabilitation follow-up period, in particular, higher autonomy in activities of daily living, and less physical and psychiatric symptoms that could interfere with rehabilitation. Baseline cognitive performances predicted community functioning improvement during the follow-up period: visual memory predicted improvement in daily living autonomy and in social competence; sustained attention predicted improvement in behavioral problems (such as medication compliance, collaboration with treatment providers or impulse control) and social competence; planning performances predicted improvement in social competence. These cognitive functions could be specifically targeted in a rehabilitation program aimed at enhancing functioning in those particular dimensions.
Sub-micro spinel-structured LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 material was prepared by a spray-drying method. The electrochemical properties of LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 were investigated using Li ion model cells, Li/LiPF6 (EC+DMC)/LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4. It was found that the first reversible capacity was about 132mAhg−1 in the voltage range of 3.60–4.95V. Ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis had been used to characterize the first charge/discharge process of the LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 electrode. The result suggested that the material configuration maintained invariability. At room temperature, on cycling in high-voltage range (4.50–4.95V) and low-voltage range (3.60–4.50V), the discharge capacity of the material was about 100 and 25mAhg−1, respectively, and the spinel LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 exhibited good cycle ability in both voltage ranges. However, at high temperature, the material showed different electrochemical characteristics. Excellent electrochemical performance and low material cost make this spinel compound an attractive cathode for advanced lithium ion batteries.
The present work examined the relationship between sequential object recognition and variations in normal reading ability. A group of normal readers completed a battery of tests examining nonverbal intelligence, rapid-automatized naming, reading ability, and an attentional blink (AB) task in which they were asked to identify two sequential targets embedded amongst distractors. Consistent with previous studies, all participants showed a significant AB, with second-target identification improving as inter-target interval increased. More critically, low-normal readers showed a larger AB than high-normal readers. Considered in context with earlier work, these results imply that the ability to allocate capacity-limited processing resources to sequential visual inputs is linked to reading proficiency across the range of both disabled and normal readers.
Full concentration-gradient Li[Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2]O2 (FCG622) layered oxide cathodes, consisting of Ni-rich cores and concentration-gradient shells, were synthesized by heterogeneous co-precipitation method. The cross-stack structure of FCG622 appeared different from the polycrystalline aggregates of homogeneous Li[Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2]O2 (H622). The FCG622 showed structural stability and excellent electrochemical performances when compared to H622. The cathode based on this material showed superior rate capability and high voltage performance. The results of charge and discharge testing illustrated that FCG622 could suppress the intergranular cracks delivering initial discharge capacity of 185.2 mAh g−1 at 1C in the voltage window of 2.8–4.4 V. The corresponding capacity retention after 300 cycles was estimated to 81.1% at 4.4 V. By comparison, the initial discharge capacity of H622 was estimated to only 170.6 mAh g−1 under the same conditions, with capacity retention of 68.5%.These results suggested that FCG622 had stable morphology, high capacity and superior voltage stability when compared to polycrystalline aggregates.
Li7La3Zr2O12 electrolytes doped with different amounts of Al (0, 0.2, 0.7, 1.2, and 2.5wt.%) were prepared by a polymerized complex (Pechini) method. The influence of aluminum on the structure and conductivity of Li7La3Zr2O12 were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal dilatometry. It was found that even a small amount of Al (e.g. 0.2wt.%) added to Li7La3Zr2O12 can greatly accelerate densification during the sintering process. SEM micrographs showed the existence of a liquid phase introduced by Al additions which led to the enhanced sintering rate. The addition of Al also stabilized the higher conductivity cubic form of Li7La3Zr2O12 rather than the less conductive tetragonal form. The combination of these two beneficial effects of Al enabled greatly reduced sintering times for preparation of highly conductive Li7La3Zr2O12 electrolyte. With optimal additions of Al (e.g. 1.2wt.%), Li7La3Zr2O12 electrolyte sintered at 1200°C for only 6h showed an ionic conductivity of 2.0×10−4 Scm−1 at room temperature.
A new kind of silicon-based composite anode with high initial coulombic efficiency and good cycling performance is synthesized by a wet high energy mechanical milling technique and characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope and high resolution transmission electron microscope. It is demonstrated that the in situ formed Si particles with size of 5–10nm are uniformly distributed in the elastic matrices consisting of the in situ formed Li-containing compounds, amorphous P2O5, SiP2O7, Ni, Si–Ni alloys and conductive graphite. The elastic matrices can effectively alleviate the volume variations of the active Si particles during long-term cycling. The as-prepared silicon-based composite electrode reveals an initial discharge and charge capacity of 549 and 565.3mAhg−1, respectively, with an initial coulombic efficiency of 103%. After 80 cycles, the reversible capacity of the composite electrode is up to 560.7mAhg−1 with a capacity retention rate of 99%.
In this paper, a novel lithium storage materials PbOHCl was prepared by a hydrothermal method by using Pb(NO3)2, NaCl and NH3·H2O as the starting materials. The resulting PbOHCl powers are micro-structured irregular particles with the sizes in the range of 0.1–2.0μm. The space group of PbOHCl is Pnam with the lattice parameters of a =7.107, b =9.712 and c =4.057Å. Electrochemical results and ex situ physical characterization techniques show that the reactions of PbOHCl with Li are associated with the formation of Li y Pb (0≤ y ≤4.4), LiOH and LiCl. In the reverse process, the charged products are Pb(OH)2 and PbCl2. Charge/discharge results show that the discharge and charge capacities of PbOHCl are 1340 and 755mAhg−1, respectively. It suggests that PbOHCl may be a promising high capacity anode material for lithium-ion batteries. After 20 cycles, a reversible capacity of 329mAhg−1 can be delivered. The capacity retention is approximate 43.5%. To improve the cycling properties, the low cutoff potential is increased to 0.3V for suppressing the particle pulverization during repeated cycles. However, the electrochemical results cannot reach the expected standards in the potential range of 0.3–3.0V. Impedance analysis shows that the charge-transfer and electrolyte resistances of PbOHCl electrode increase not only during the initial charge/discharge process but also during the subsequent repeated cycles.
We describe the stability of neuropsychologic testing in a 16-year-old boy with cerebellar dysgenesis who received 61 acute and maintenance electroconvulsive therapy treatments for malignant catatonia. Measures of nonverbal intelligence and visual memory before treatment onset and after 61 electroconvulsive therapy treatments indicated no evidence of decline in intellectual functioning and acute or delayed memory. This case offers further support for the safety and efficacy of maintenance electroconvulsive therapy in both pediatric and developmentally disabled populations.
This work presents the specific reduction reactions that may occur at the negative electrode whenever organic cations, particularly those used in ionic liquids, are used in an electrochemical application. The 1,3-dialkylimidazolium, 1,2,3-trialkylimidazolium, quaternary ammonium, morpholinium, sulfonium, phosphonium and pyridinium families of cations are covered in depth. Drawn from a review of the key literature, a range of mechanisms are presented, which will help the user of organic cations to predict reduction behaviour at the negative electrode, rationalise experimental observations and to design or choose salts that exhibit a desired electrochemical characteristic. The reduction potential of each cation type is also critically assessed. Although written primarily in the context of ionic liquids, the information presented in this work is relevant to any organic electrolyte system containing such cations.
During the manufacturing and thermal cycles of advanced contemporary large sized sodium sulfur (NaS) batteries, thermally driven stresses can be applied to the glass sealing joints, which may result in catastrophic cell failure. To minimize the thermal stresses at the joints, there is a need to develop a method to properly estimate the maximum thermal stresses by varying the materials properties and shapes of the sealing area, and thereby determine the properties and shapes of sealing material at the joints. In the present study, the optimum coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the glass sealant and end shape of the glass sealing area (i.e., concave, flat, and convex shapes) have been determined using the finite-element analysis (FEA) computation technique. The results showed that the CTE value of 7.8 × 10−6 K−1 with a convex end shape would have the lowest stress concentration in the vicinity of glass sealing joints for the prototype tubular NaS cell design adopted in this work.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are becoming more and more integrated into industrial and domestic systems such as transport, home automation, etc. However, due to their own characteristics, there are several issues which affect their performance. Some of the issues are briefly presented, but the emphasis is on energy constraint. Energy harvesting as one of the sources of energy in WSNs is found to be the most reliable, and this review is about energy management schemes for this source. The energy management schemes are designed for efficient use of harvested energy. The review puts the energy management schemes into classes that represent different application requirements.
The dissolution and diffusion of Li polysulfide (LiPS) intermediates are regarded as one of the most serious problems for capacity decay and cell failure of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Herein we proposed a failure mechanism of Li metal anode in Li-S cells based on the mechanistic investigation into the complex interactions between LiPSs and Li metal. The LiPSs participate the formation of inorganic layers in the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in a LiPS-LiNO3 containing ether-based electrolyte. Li metal anode is well protected by the stable inorganic layer in-situ formed in an electrolyte containing 0.020 M Li2S5 (0.10 M sulfur) and 5.0 wt % LiNO3. The metal anode with LiF-Li2Sx riched SEI rendered a stable Coulombic efficiency of 95% after 233 cycles for Li-Cu half cells. A dendrite-free morphology of Li metal anode is observed under the harsh condition. When the LiPS is with a very high concentration of higher than 0.50 M sulfur in the organic electrolyte, the in-situ formed SEI cannot well maintain and the Li metal is gradually etched. Therefore, the polysulfide dissolution and diffusion should be delicately regulated to render a practical Li-S cell when the areal sulfur loading is high.
The purpose of this study is to describe possible differences in cognitive functioning between smoking and non-smoking patients with first-episode psychosis and to determine whether there is a better cognitive profile associated with smoking. We assessed 61 first-episode psychosis patients with a neuropsychological battery that included computerized measurements of attention, working memory, and executive functioning. Patients were grouped into two categories: non-smokers (0 cigarettes/day; n = 30) and smokers (≥20 cigarettes/day; n = 31). No significant differences were detected in sociodemographic and clinical data between the two groups. For attention tasks, smokers exhibited shorter reaction times in the sustained attention test than non-smokers (P = 0.039) and needed less time to complete the Stroop interference test (P = 0.013). In the working memory task, smokers exhibited shorter reaction times (P = 0.029) and presented a significantly lower percentage of omission (P = 0.002) and commission errors (P = 0.020) than non-smokers. For executive functioning, no differences were detected between groups in performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Results indicate that first-episode psychosis patients who are nicotine users have better cognitive functioning in the areas of attention and working memory than patients who are not nicotine users. This study supports the cognitive approach to the self-medication hypothesis, to explain the high rates of cigarette smoking among psychosis patients. These results may be relevant for developing new strategies involving nicotinic receptors for cognitive enhancement in psychosis.
Most mobile robots are powered by batteries, and their energy and operation time are limited. Therefore, how to minimize energy consumption and keep mobile robots to stay alive becomes an important problem. In this paper, we propose a staying-alive and energy-efficient path planning algorithm, SLEEP (Staying-aLive and Energy-Efficient Path planning), to solve this problem based on the Tabu-search method. In SLEEP, we consider both energy consumption and staying-alive for the path planning of rechargeable mobile robots. We design and implement our approach based on a real mobile robot platform, and conduct experiments in a real-life environment. The experimental results show that SLEEP can provide an effective path planning by which a robot can be guaranteed to stay alive and finish all tasks with the minimum energy.
Novel TiO2/ZnO core–sheath nanofibers (NFs) film was fabricated through an extraordinary coaxial electrospinning technique. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were assembled using the TiO2/ZnO NFs film as photoanode. FESEM, TEM, FTIR, XRD, XPS and UV–vis were used to characterize the NFs electrode film. Photocurrent–voltage (I–V) characteristic, incident photo-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) spectrum, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed to evaluate the DSSCs performance. The results reveal that the DSSCs based on the TiO2/ZnO core–sheath NFs are superior to their bare TiO2 NFs-based counterparts. Compared with the latter, the overall energy conversion efficiency was enhanced from 4.47 to 5.17%. And the possible mechanism for this enhancement was discussed.
Stuttering can affect many aspects of a person's life. People who stutter report that they experience negative reactions to stuttering, difficulty communicating in key situations, diminished satisfaction with life, and a reduced ability to achieve their goals in life. Unfortunately, most treatment outcomes studies have focused on changes in the observable characteristics of stuttering, with significantly fewer studies examining the broader consequences of stuttering. This paper proposes that evaluation of stuttering treatment outcomes can be enhanced through assessment of impact of stuttering on a speaker's quality of life. A means of assessing quality of life is described, based on the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering (OASES; Yaruss & Quesal, 2006, 2008). The OASES is a multi-dimensional assessment instrument built upon the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF; WHO, 2001; see also Yaruss & Quesal, 2004). One section of the OASES is designed to assess specific aspects of quality of life in individuals who stutter. Preliminary data from two ongoing studies involving the OASES are briefly summarized in order to demonstrate: (a) that individuals who stutter do report an adverse impact on their quality of life as a result of stuttering and (b) that quality of life can improve following treatment for stuttering. It is recommended that future stuttering treatment outcomes studies directly examine the broader consequence of stuttering by focusing, in part, on quality of life. Educational objectives: After reading this article, the participant will be able to: (1) describe some of the adverse consequences of stuttering reported by individuals who stutter; (2) define quality of life as it relates to the study of the stuttering disorder; (3) explain the value of assessing quality of life in stuttering treatment outcomes research.
Mixed microphytobenthos communities, manipulated in two different ways in the laboratory (semi-natural and sediment-stripped), were examined for their response to dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) and nitrate (NO3 −). The semi-natural manipulation involved only the removal of macrofauna; and the sediment-stripped community used microfauna and flora that were separated from natural sediment and re-established on clean sediment, that is, certain indigenous nutrient sources were removed. Using sediment collected on two different occasions, two sets of experiments were made (3 and 4 week), under different light conditions. The response by the communities to the added nitrogen was measured as biomass (Chl a) and primary production. The stimulus from the DFAA addition on microphytobenthos biomass and primary production was similar to or higher than that from NO3 −. A conclusively positive effect from the nitrogen additions could be measured only in the sediment-stripped community. Compared to the semi-natural community, the sediment-stripped community responded faster to the added DFAA. When light was limiting, biomass and production by the sediment-stripped community was enhanced by the N additions, in particular by the DFAA addition. Results suggest that an efficient recycling of nitrogen allows generally nitrogen-poor sandy sediments to sustain high microphytobenthos productivity, thereby retaining nitrogen within the system.
Reduction and recycling initiatives such as producer responsibility and pay-as-you-throw are being implemented in Taiwan. This paper presents a study assessing the impact of recently implemented municipal solid waste (MSW) reduction and recycling management strategies on the characteristics of waste feedstock for incineration in Taiwan. Through the periodic sampling of two typical MSW incineration plants, proximate and ultimate analyses were conducted according to standard methods to explore the influence of MSW reduction and recycling management strategies on incineration feed waste characteristics. It was observed that the annual amount of MSW generated in 2005 decreased by about 10% compared to 2003 and that the characteristics of MSW have changed significantly due to recent management strategies. The heating value of the MSW generated in Taiwan increased yearly by about 5% after program implementation. A comparison of the monthly variations in chemical concentrations indicated that the chlorine content in MSW has changed. This change results from usage reduction of PVC plastic due to the recycling fund management (RFM) program, and the food waste as well as salt content reduction due to the total recycling for kitchen garbage program. This achievement will improve the reduction of dioxin emissions from MSW incineration. In summary, management strategies must be conducted in tandem with the global trend to achieve a zero-waste-discharge country. When implementing these strategies and planning for future MSW management systems, it is important to consider the changes that may occur in the composition and characteristics of MSW over time.