batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Single-crystal α-MnO2 nanotubes are synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method without the assistance of a template, a surfactant and heat-treatment. The single-crystal α-MnO2 nanotube electrode possesses a high specific capacitance with a good power capability. The excellent pseudo-capacitive properties are attributed to a nanotubular microstructure and a large tunnel cavity in the α-MnO2 crystal structure. Single-crystal α-MnO2 nanotubes with good electrochemical performance can be a promising candidate as supercapacitor materials.
High-nickel layered oxide cathode materials will be at the forefront to enable longer driving-range electric vehicles at more affordable costs with lithium-based batteries. A continued push to higher energy content and less usage of costly raw materials, such as cobalt, while preserving acceptable power, lifetime and safety metrics, calls for a suite of strategic compositional, morphological and microstructural designs and efficient material production processes. In this Perspective, we discuss several important design considerations for high-nickel layered oxide cathodes that will be implemented in the automotive market for the coming decade. We outline various intrinsic restraints of maximizing their energy output and compare current/emerging development roadmaps approaching low-/zero-cobalt chemistry. Materials production is another focus, relevant to driving down costs and addressing the practical challenges of high-nickel layered oxides for demanding vehicle applications. We further assess a series of stabilization techniques on their prospects to fulfill the aggressive targets of vehicle electrification.
Energy is an essential ingredient of socio-economic development and economic growth. Renewable energy sources like wind energy is indigenous and can help in reducing the dependency on fossil fuels. Wind is the indirect form of solar energy and is always being replenished by the sun. Wind is caused by differential heating of the earth's surface by the sun. It has been estimated that roughly 10 million MW of energy are continuously available in the earth's wind. Wind energy provides a variable and environmental friendly option and national energy security at a time when decreasing global reserves of fossil fuels threatens the long-term sustainability of global economy. This paper reviews the wind resources assessment models, site selection models and aerodynamic models including wake effect. The different existing performance and reliability evaluation models, various problems related to wind turbine components (blade, gearbox, generator and transformer) and grid for wind energy system have been discussed. This paper also reviews different techniques and loads for design, control systems and economics of wind energy conversion system.
Electrochemical extraction of lithium from seawater/brine has attracted more attentions, since its environmental friendliness and energy-efficient feature. Lithium recovery capacity and energy efficiency has been improved significantly with fast growth of researches on nanomaterial and novel energy storage techniques. This review summarizes electrochemical lithium extracting research from seawater/brine with an emphasis on electrode material design and improving lithium extraction performance. Subsequently, electrochemical extraction of other rare elements from seawater/brine has also been briefly introduced, for reference. It has been concluded that electrochemical extraction technology shows competitiveness and perspectives on utilization of seawater/brine chemical resources. Further, future challenges are also discussed.
Although Si-based nanomaterials provide incomparable lithium ion storage ability in theory, it suffers from low initial Coulombic efficiency, electrical disconnection, and fracture due to huge volume changes after extended cycles. As a result, it leads to a severe capacity fading and an increase in internal impedance. Herein, Ti-elemental MXene was employed as a matrix for the intermediate product of Si electrodes. The boundary between the inner core of pristine Si and its outer shell of amorphous Li x Si alloy was reconstructed. Smaller amorphous aggregates were observed in the MXene&Si hybrid electrode after 500 cycles by using transmission electron microscopy. Consequently, an enhanced specific capacity was achieved as MXene as a matrix enables loading amorphous Si.
It is internationally accepted that malnutrition and chronic diseases in developing countries are key limitations to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. In many developing countries, rice is the primary source of nutrition. In those countries, the major forms of malnutrition are Fe-induced anaemia, Zn deficiency and Vitamin A deficiency, whereas the major chronic disease challenges are Type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some cancers. There is a growing corpus of evidence regarding both limitations and opportunities as to how rice could be an effective vehicle by which to tackle key nutrition and health related problems in countries with limited resources. Rice breeding programs are able to focus on developing new varieties carrying enhanced amounts of either Fe, Zn or beta-carotene because of large public investment, and the intuitive link between providing a mineral/vitamin to cure a deficiency in that mineral/vitamin. By contrast, there has been little investment in progressing the development of particular varieties for potential impact on chronic diseases. In this review article we focus on the broad battery of evidence linking rice-related nutritional limitations to their impact on a variety of human health issues. We discuss how rice might offer sometimes even simple solutions to rectifying key problems through targeted biofortification strategies and finally, we draw attention to how recent technological (−omics) developments may facilitate untold new opportunities for more rapidly generating improved rice varieties specifically designed to meet the current and future nutritional needs of a rapidly expanding global population.
There have been many efforts to enhance the performance and the stability of Li-ion battery. It is crucial to develop a new material as well as to understand the mechanism of microstructure formation of the electrode in order to enhance the performance of the battery. In this study, the effect of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) on the microstructure formation as well as on the rheological properties in the aqueous anode slurries is investigated. The graphite particles aggregate with each other due to their hydrophobicity and form a gel structure in an aqueous slurry. Both CMC and SBR induce the dispersion of the graphite particles by adsorbing onto the graphite surface. In the graphite/CMC/SBR slurry, the SBR can affect the dispersion of the graphite particles at low CMC concentration, while the microstructure is not changed regardless of added SBR at high CMC concentration because the SBR cannot adsorb on the graphite surface due to the presence of CMC. The microstructure of the slurry is also confirmed by the cryo-SEM images. Understanding the role of the binders on the microstructure formation will be helpful for the effective design of the battery slurries.
Testing solar cell assemblies for susceptibility to UV degradation Method of doping silicon, metal-doped silicon and making solar cells Method for making PV cell containing dye Solar cell with front-mounted bypass diode PV element, its production, and solar cell modules Solar battery module, and method for replacing solar cell Making and connecting bus bars on solar cells
Transition metal oxides represent a new type of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Due to their high capacity (usually above 700mAhg−1) and excellent cycleability, they have attracted much attention in recent years. Regarding the electrochemical reaction mechanism for this type of electrode, the conversion reaction mechanism proposed by Tarascon and co-workers is widely accepted, i.e. MO x +2xLi⇆M+ xLi2O. Nevertheless, in our recent explorations, we have found some new phenomena which may help us to further understand the electrode reaction mechanism, and even pose a necessity to modify the current conversion reaction mechanism. These new phenomena can be summarized as electrochemical milling, capacity rise and no-metal-formation effects.
The electrochemical behavior of a SiOx–graphite composite anode with a diamond-like carbon (DLC)–Cr double-layer coating and employed in a Li-ion secondary cell was studied to determine whether the coating improved the electrochemical characteristics of SiOx. The DLC layer was coated through plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, and the Cr layer was formed by physical vapor deposition. The formation of the coating layer was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electron microprobe analysis. The charge capacity of a coated-anode cell (591mA·h·g−1) was found to be higher than that of a bare-anode cell (517mA·h·g−1) after the 1st cycle. Further, the 50th-cycle capacity retention of the coated-anode cell (83%) was higher than that of the bare-anode cell (59%) at a 0.5 C-rate. The electrochemical characteristics of the coated-anode cell were investigated by impedance analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Because of good mechanical properties of the DLC-Cr coatings and high electrical conductivity of Cr, double layer coating enhances the electrochemical behavior of SiOx as a supplementary coating material.
Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) in N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (PYR14FSI) (1:9 in molar ratio) is successfully tested as electrolyte for the high voltage LiMO2–Li2MnO3 (cathode)/lithium (anode) cells at elevated temperature (40 °C). Compared to conventional electrolytes, such as 1 M LiPF6 solution in the mixed solvent of ethylene and dimethyl carbonate (EC:DMC = 1:1), the use of PYR14FSI–LiTFSI electrolyte results in a net improvement of LiMO2–Li2MnO3 cycling stability while granting comparable initial capacity. In addition, the ionic conductivity of the ionic liquid-based electrolyte at 40 °C is high enough to sustain the excellent rate capability of this cathode material. Li/LiMO2–Li2MnO3 cells delivered initial capacity exceeding 200 mA h g−1 at high current rate (2 C) while retaining 94% of the initial capacity after 100 cycles. Differential capacity versus potential analysis and post-mortem characterization by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and were carried out to explain the improved performance of LiMO2–Li2MnO3 in the IL-based electrolyte.
In this work, a UV photodetector was fabricated by depositing 25 nm nickel oxide nanoparticles on an n-type silicon substrate by a closed-field unbalanced dual magnetron sputtering technique. The fabricated photodetector showed maximum spectral responsivity of 4.8 mA/W at 318 nm with maximum quantum efficiency of 1.87 %. This is good attempt to produce such nanostructures with high quality and low cost for UV detection application.
Carbon nanotubes have attracted widespread attention as ideal materials for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their excellent conductivity, mechanical flexibility, chemical stability and extremely large surface area. Here, three-dimensional (3D) silicon/carbon nanotube capsule composites (Si/CNCs) are firstly prepared via water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion technique with more than 75 wt% loading amount of silicon. CNCs with unique hollow sphere structure act as a 3D interconnected conductive network skeleton, and the cross-linked carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of CNCs can effectively enhance the strength, flexibility and conductivity of the electrode. This Si/CNCs can not only alleviate the volume expansion, but also effectively improve the electrochemical performance of the LIBs. Such Si/CNCs electrode with the unique structure achieves a high initial discharge specific capacity of 2950 mAh g−1 and retains 1226 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.5 A g−1, as well as outstanding rate performance of 547 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1.
An NiAl-layered double-hydroxide (NiAl-LDH) nanosheet array is grown on a graphene oxide (GO) substrate (NiAl-LDH@GO) by the hydrothermal method. The NiAl-LDH@GO is used as the precursor to synthetize an N-doped carbon@Ni–Al2O3 nanosheet array@GO composite (N–C@Ni–Al2O3@GO) by coating with dopamine followed by calcination. The N–C@Ni–Al2O3@GO is used as a non-noble metal electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline medium, and exhibits high electrocatalytic activity with low onset overpotential (−75 mV). The improved electrocatalytic performance of N–C@Ni–Al2O3@GO arises from its intrinsic features. First, it has a high specific surface area with the Ni nanoparticles in the composite dispersed well and the sizes of Ni nanoparticles are small, which lead to the exposure of more active sites for electrocatalysis. Second, there is a synergistic effect between the Ni nanoparticles and the N–C coating layer, which is beneficial to reduce the activation energy of the Volmer step and improve the electrocatalytic activity. Third, the N–C coating layer and the XC-72 additive can form an electrically conductive network, which serves as a bridge for the transfer of electrons from the electrode to the Ni nanoparticles.
Electricity storage could prove essential for highly-renewable power systems, but the ability to model its operation and impacts is limited with current techniques. Studies based on historic market prices or other fixed price time-series are commonplace, but cannot account for the impacts of storage on prices, and thus over-estimate utilisation and profits. Power systems models which minimise total system cost cannot model the economic dispatch of storage based on market prices, and thus cannot consider large aggregators of storage devices who are not perfectly competitive. We demonstrate new algorithms which calculate the profit-maximising dispatch of storage accounting for its price effects, using simple functional programming. These are technology agnostic, and can consider short-term battery storage through to inter-seasonal chemical storage (e.g. power-to-gas). The models consider both competitive and monopolistic operators, and require 1–10 s to dispatch GWs of storage over one year. Using a case study of the British power system, we show that failure to model price effects leads to material errors in profits and utilisation with capacities above 100 MW in a ∼50 G W system. We simulate up to 10 GW of storage, showing dramatically different outcomes based on ownership. Compared to a perfectly competitive market, a monopolistic owner would restrict storage utilisation by 30% to increase profits by 85%, thus reducing its benefit to society via smoothing demand and output from intermittent renewables by 20%.
Herein, we investigate the kinetics of the redox processes occurring in acidic aqueous electrolyte in electropolymerized poly(pyrrol-3-ylhydroquinone), which has been proposed for electrical energy storage applications. The redox conversion of the pendant groups is found to be limited by the quinone redox kinetics in thin films, rather than by the conduction through the polypyrrole backbone. Rate constants for the elementary steps involved in this 2e−, 2H+ process are reported. As the films are made thicker, a gradual transition to a diffusion limited reaction is observed. The origin of the diffusion process, as well as the elementary reaction steps limiting the pendant group redox conversion is analyzed using DFT computations. The fact that the electron transport through the thin film conducting polymer backbone is not limiting the quinone reaction kinetics should allow for design of battery electrodes with high rate capabilities based on the studied material.
For developing high performance zinc-air battery, an integrated air electrode with rational design of the catalyst layer and gas diffusion layer (GDL) was proposed using a facile and scalable method, in which an in-situ grown Co3O4 nanosheets was employed to tailor the pore sizes and properties of the GDL with efficient oxygen-transfer channels as well as more triple-phase boundaries. The Co3O4 nanosheets were directly grown both on the surface of nickel foam and the large pores of GDL. Therefore, this approach avoided blocking active sites due to a binder, and enabled tailoring of the architecture and properties of the GDL, resulting in more exposed active sites, fast oxygen transport capability, and abundant triple-phase boundaries. Remarkably, benefitting from their unique architecture, the Co3O4/Ni/GDL electrodes exhibited high activity toward both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Application of the Co3O4/Ni/GDL electrodes as bifunctional electrodes for zinc–air batteries resulted in an ultrahigh capacity of 806 mAh/gZn, high maximum power density of 162 mW/cm2, and superior cycling stability over 425 h at 10 mA/cm2 with a high energy efficiency of 68%. These properties were much better than those of Pt/C-based electrodes. Furthermore, the Co3O4/Ni/GDL-based flexible zinc-air battery also exhibited high mechanical flexibility and stability. Our findings thus open up a path for the design of highly efficient integrated air electrodes for metal-air batteries.
Biomolecules such as RNA, DNA, peptides, and proteins are emerging as powerful chemical tools for the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles. Specific biomolecule sequences have been isolated that afford remarkable control over the size, shape, polymorph, and hierarchical assembly of nanoparticles. Such exquisite control over nanoparticle growth and integration has already produced materials with unexpected photophysical properties and battery devices with improved performance. Continued exploration of biomolecule-mediated materials synthesis portends further advances in materials for the energy sciences. This review surveys the use of biomolecules in the synthesis and assembly of materials with a primary focus on methods that allow vast landscapes of biomolecule sequence space to be sampled simultaneously to discover unique sequence codes for new materials.
A low appropriate therapy rate indicates that a minority of patients will benefit from their implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Quantitative measurements from 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) may predict ventricular arrhythmia (VA) occurrence after ICD placement.
Accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is essential for the computation of crop water requirements, irrigation scheduling, and water resources management. In this context, having a battery of alternative local calibrated ET0 estimation methods is of great interest for any irrigation advisory service. The development of irrigation advisory services will be a major breakthrough for West African agriculture. In the case of many West African countries, the high number of meteorological inputs required by the Penman-Monteith equation has been indicated as constraining. The present paper investigates for the first time in Ghana, the estimation ability of artificial intelligence-based models (Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Gene Expression Programing (GEPs)), and ancillary/external approaches for modeling reference evapotranspiration (ET0) using limited weather data. According to the results of this study, GEPs have emerged as a very interesting alternative for ET0 estimation at all the locations of Ghana which have been evaluated in this study under different scenarios of meteorological data availability. The adoption of ancillary/external approaches has been also successful, moreover in the southern locations. The interesting results obtained in this study using GEPs and some ancillary approaches could be a reference for future studies about ET0 estimation in West Africa.
The degradation mechanism of lithium manganese oxide spinel/graphite Li-ion cells using LiPF6-based electrolyte was investigated by a Mn-dissolution approach during high-temperature storage, and by ac impedance measurement using a reference electrode-equipped cell. Through these studies, we confirmed that Mn ions were dissolved from the spinel cathode in the electrolyte and were subsequently reduced on the lithiated graphite electrode surface, due to the chemical activity of the lithiated graphite, and caused a huge increase in the charge-transfer impedance at the graphite/electrolyte interface, which consequently deteriorated cell performance. To overcome the significant degradation of the spinel/graphite Li-ion cells, we investigated a new electrolyte system using lithium bisoxalatoborate (LiBoB, LiB(C2O4)2) salt not having fluorine species in its chemical structure. Superior cycling performance at elevated temperature was observed with the spinel/graphite cells using LiBoB-based electrolyte, which is attributed to the inert chemical structure of LiBoB that does not generate HF. Mn-ion leaching experiments showed that almost no Mn ions were dissolved from the spinel powder after 55°C storage for 4 weeks. Through optimization of organic solvents for the LiBoB salt, we developed an advanced Li-ion cell chemistry that used lithium manganese oxide spinel, 0.7M LiBoB/EC:PC:DMC (1:1:3), and graphite as the cathode, electrolyte, and anode, respectively. This cell provides excellent power characteristics, good calendar life, and improved thermal safety for hybrid electric vehicle applications.
To explore improvement in motor ability, function, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and symptom severity in patients with sclerotic chronic graft-versus-host disease (ScGVHD) in response to treatment as well as the relationship among changes on such measures.
We compared the environmental burdens in the management of end-of life cathode ray tubes (CRTs) within two frameworks according to the different technologies of the production of televisions/monitors. In the first case, CRT recycling is addressed to the recovery of the panel and funnel glass for the manufacturing of new CRT screens. In the second case, where flat screen technology has replaced that of CRT, the recycling is addressed to the recovery of the glass cullet and lead for other applications. The impacts were evaluated according to the problem-oriented methodology of the Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. Our data confirm that in both cases, the recycling treatment allows benefits to be gained for the environment through the recovery of the secondary raw materials. These benefits are higher for the “CRT technology” framework (1kg CO2 saved per CRT) than for the “flat screen technology” (0.9kg CO2 saved, per CRT, as the highest possible), mainly due to the high energy consumption for lead separation from the funnel glass. Furthermore, the recovery of yttrium from the fluorescent powders that are a residue of the recycling treatment would further improve the CO2 credit for both the frameworks considered, which would provide a further saving of about 0.75kg CO2 per CRT, net of the energy and raw materials needed for the recovery. Overall, this study confirms that, even with a change in the destination of the recovered materials, the recycling processes provide a benefit for the environment: indeed the higher loads for the environment are balanced by avoiding the primary production of the recovered materials.