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Standalone, self-supported SnO2–Cu6Sn5@C-Cloth/C-Felt anodes have been successfully synthesized through electroless metallization of the surface of C-Felt by Cu and Sn and subsequent heating at respective temperatures of 200 °C and 400 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron miscroscopy (SEM), and the nitrogen (N2) adsorption/desorption isotherms were used to obtain the composition, structure and morphology of the electrode. The electrochemical characteristics were assessed using a two-electrode cell arrangement versus lithium metal. Results presented show that SnO2–Cu6Sn5 nanoparticles or thin film uniformly coated the C-Felt tubular network (matrix) establishing a binder-free anode. Galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling of the SnO2–Cu6Sn5@C-Cloth/C-Felt anode exhibited a reversible discharge capacity of 641 mAh/g and 681 mAh/g after 140 cycles at the current density of 150 mA/g, for the samples heated at the respective temperatures of 200 °C and 400 °C. We attributed the high capacity performances of the synthesized 400 °C anode to the higher content of SnO2, smaller particle sizes, higher Li ion diffusion coefficient and higher surface area. The outstanding cycle and rate capacity performances indicated that the heat-treated electrodes might be potentially applicable in lithium ion batteries.
Graphene sheets (GNS) surface-grown with polyaniline nanorods (GP) was wrapped by Polyaniline nanofibers (GP-P) via interfacial polymerization. The polyaniline nanofibers can act as structure coupling bridges and conductive wires for linking adjacent layers of GP together, thus accelerating the charge transfer among different GP layers and enhancing the specific capacitance and rate capability of the electrode materials. The specific capacitance of GP-P can reach 578 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. An asymmetric supercapacitor based on GP-P cathode and a GNS anode was assembled. An energy density of 18.8 W h/kg at a power density of 1000 W/kg was obtained with a retention life of 93% after 10,000 cycles, suggesting a good cycling stability of the GP-P. The good capacitive performance of GP-P is contributed to the fact that the GP-P in the form of compact and multilayers' structures exhibits high interaction between the PANI nanofibers and GP, resulting in high resistance from mechanical damage during charge/discharge process.
In this paper, an account of two novel ontologies is given to point to the need to revise the status of facts in school curriculum. It is argued that schooling is in dire need of re-enchantment. The way to re-enchant schooling is to re-enliven the world we inhabit. We need to fall head over heels in love with the world again. In order to do that, we need to shake up our conception of “the hard and cold facts of the world” to make the latter come alive radiating vibrancy and luminosity out into the world. Facts have to be liberated from their “cold and hard” status and become things that captivate us with their uniqueness and dynamism. To the extent that facts enchant (instead of merely re/present the world), working with them leads to educative experience. To work out how to let the facts do that, two thinkers and two ways to reconceptualize ‘facts’ are discussed: Graham Harman and his objects, and Ken Wilber and his holons.
Lead-acid batteries commonly installed in solar home systems have a short lifespan. In rural areas of developing countries, this may leave systems non-functional because of the lack of service or financial limitations to acquire a new battery. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries present revolutionary attributes, as longer lifespan, higher energy and power densities, as well as better tolerance to external parameters. In this paper we present the potential of Li-ion batteries to be an ideal substitution of lead-acid batteries in off-grid rural solar home systems. We defend that the mass production of Li-ion cells, to respond to industrial demand, particularly from the electric automobile industry, will benefit renewable energy and especially small size solar home systems. The electric automobile is one of the driving forces of Li-ion industry. It will indirectly allow rural zones of developing countries to access electricity at a lower cost to replace inefficient and harmful candles and kerosene lamps. Through the prototypes, built and presented in this study, we show that Li-ion battery packs when assembled locally, in developing countries, could be more affordable and contribute to a form of technological emergence. We present the case study of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
Battery degradation is a complex physicochemical process that strongly depends on operating conditions. We present a model-based analysis of lithium-ion battery degradation in a stationary photovoltaic battery system. We use a multi-scale multi-physics model of a graphite/lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) cell including solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. The cell-level model is dynamically coupled to a system-level model consisting of photovoltaics (PV), inverter, load, grid interaction, and energy management system, fed with historic weather data. Simulations are carried out for two load scenarios, a single-family house and an office tract, over annual operation cycles with one-minute time resolution. As key result, we show that the charging process causes a peak in degradation rate due to electrochemical charge overpotentials. The main drivers for cell ageing are therefore not only a high state of charge (SOC), but the charging process leading towards high SOC. We also show that the load situation not only influences system parameters like self-sufficiency and self-consumption, but also has a significant impact on battery ageing. We assess reduced charge cut-off voltage as ageing mitigation strategy.
A novel and highly effective treatment based on modified Hummers method was firstly used to improve the electrochemical activity of graphite felt as the positive electrode in all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The graphite felt was treated by the modified Hummers method and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical performance of the prepared electrode was evaluated through cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results show that graphite felt treated by modified Hummers method exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity and reaction rate to vanadium redox couples. In our research, the hydrogen electrode and H2 replaced the graphite felt and V2+/V3+ couple in the negative side in the VRFB performance test. The coulombic, voltage, and energy efficiencies of the VRFB with the as-prepared electrodes at 50mA cm−2 are 95.0%, 81.3%, and 77.2%, respectively. These values are much higher than those of the cell-assembled graphite felt electrodes that were conventionally and thermally treated. The graphite felt treated by the modified Hummers method carries more hydrophilic groups, such as–OH, on its defects, which is advantageous in facilitating the redox reaction of vanadium ions, thereby improving the operation efficiency of the vanadium redox flow battery.
Publisher Summary Headsprout Reading Basics is a highly effective, balanced, and phonics-based reading program that teaches the skills and strategies necessary to sound out as well as read words. Phonemic awareness instruction is integrated throughout many of the Headsprout Reading Basics' teaching routines. Learners hear letter sounds to select visual stimuli and then hear them again as confirmation of selections. In Headsprout Reading Basics, children learn 34 carefully chosen phonetic elements that maintain a consistent pronunciation in over 85 % of the words in which they appear. An essential component of vocabulary growth is the concept that words are made of sounds that have meaning when put together. Headsprout Reading Basics teaches that words have meaning, and that they make sentences that, in turn, make stories.
Metallic lithium is the most promising negative electrode for high energy rechargeable batteries due to its extremely high specific capacity and the lowest redox potential. However, the low cycle efficiency and lithium dendrite formation during charge/discharge processes consistently hinder its practical application. Here a new dual-salts electrolyte composed of Li[N(SO2F)2] and Li[N(SO2CF3)2] has been explored to simultaneously cope with these two problems. Under the unique protection of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film formed in this electrolyte solution and the improvement in Li crystal growth pattern, high cycle efficiency of ca. 99% and dendrite-free Li deposit have been achieved. Moreover, the excellent cycling performance and favorable lithium morphology can be retained even at high current density of 10 mA cm−2. This study will greatly promote the development of Li-metal rechargeable batteries with high power and high energy density.
We report on a gas-phase synthesis method for the preparation of free-standing few-layer graphene in a microwave plasma reactor using pure ethanol as precursor. This scalable synthesis route produces gas-phase graphene (GPG) with lab-scale production rates up to a few hundred mg/h. The physico-chemical properties of the resulting GPG were characterized by XRD, FTIR-, and Raman spectroscopy, electrical conductivity measurements, XPS, and HRTEM in combination with EELS. The materials' properties were compared with those of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) made by the established Hummers' method. The results indicate that the gas-phase synthesis method provides highly-ordered few-layer graphene with extraordinary high purity, very low oxygen content of less than 1 at.%, and high specific conductivity. Both graphene materials were processed in combination with gas-phase synthesized silicon nanoparticles towards silicon-graphene nanocomposites for Li-ion battery anodes. Subsequent electrochemical testing revealed that the gas-phase graphene significantly enhances the long-term stability and Coulomb efficiency of the composite compared to pristine silicon and outperforms the composite fabricated from reduced graphene oxide.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been widely used for major definite diagnostic tool, but very limited its place used only indoor such as hospital or diagnosis lab. For the rapid on-site detection of pathogen in an outdoor environment, a low-power cordless polymerase chain reaction (PCR) thermal cycler is crucial module. At this point of view, we proposed a low-power PCR thermal cycler that could be operated in an outdoor anywhere. The disposable PCR chip was made of a polymeric (PI/PET) film to reduce the thermal mass. A dual arrangement of the Pt heaters, which were positioned on the top and bottom of the PCR chip, improved the temperature uniformity. The temperature sensor, which was made of the same material as the heater, utilized the temperature dependence of the Pt resistor to ensure simple fabrication of the temperature sensor. Cooling the PCR chip using dual blower fans enabled thermal cycling to operate with a lower power than that of a Peltier element with a high power consumption. The PCR components were electrically connected to a control module that could be operated with a Li-ion battery (12 V), and the PCR conditions (temperature, time, cycle, etc.) were inputted on a touch screen. For 30 PCR cycles, the accumulated power consumption of heating and cooling was 7.3 Wh, which is easily available from a compact battery. Escherichia coli genomic DNA (510 bp) was amplified using the proposed PCR thermal cycler and the disposable PCR chip. A similar DNA amplification capability was confirmed using the proposed portable and low-power thermal cycler compared with a conventional thermal cycler.
Deficits consistently found in autism include an impaired “theory of mind”, weak central coherence, and deficits in executive function. The current study examined whether this traditional cluster of symptoms existed in a group of Chinese-speaking children with autism. Sixteen high-functioning, non-retarded children with autism were matched to 16 typically developing (TD) children on gender, non-verbal IQ and age. Non-verbal IQ's of all participants were measured using the Raven Progressive Matrices. Each participant was tested individually on measures of “theory of mind”, central coherence and executive function. Results indicated that most, but not all, participants with autism performed significantly poorer on two standard measures of first-order “theory of mind,” although there was no significant difference on two other measures of that domain. As expected, they performed significantly worse on executive function tasks. However, the hypothesis of weak central coherence in autism was not substantiated. There was no evidence that these three cognitive impairments co-existed in individuals with autism. More likely, each of these deficits appears singly or in pair instead of forming a cluster.
The kinetic performance of graphite particles is difficult to deconvolute from half-cell experiments, where the influences of the working electrode porosity and the counter electrode contribute nonlinearly to the electrochemical response. Therefore, thin-layer electrodes of circa 1μm thickness were prepared with standard, highly crystalline graphite particles to evaluate their rate capability. The performance was evaluated based on the different stage transitions. We found that the transitions toward the dense stages 1 and 2 with LiC6 in-plane density are one of the main rate limitations for charge and discharge. But surprisingly, the transitions toward the dilute stages 2L, 3L, 4L, and 1L progress very fast and can even compensate for the initial diffusion limitations of the dense stage transitions during discharge. We show the existence of a substantial difference between the diffusion coefficients of the liquid-like stages and the dense stages. We also demonstrate that graphite can be charged at a rate of ∼6C (10min) and discharged at 600C (6s) while maintaining 80% of the total specific charge for particles of 3.3μm median diameter. Based on these findings, we propose a shrinking annuli mechanism, which describes the propagation of the different stages in the particle at medium and high rates. Besides the limited applicable overpotential during charge, this mechanism can explain the long-known but as yet unexplained asymmetry between the charge and discharge rate performance of lithium intercalation in graphite.
Deep eutectic solvent (DES) is a promising electrolyte for non-aqueous redox flow batteries as it offers unique advantages including a wide electrochemical window, low vapor pressure and ease in preparation. In this work, the electrochemical characteristics of the Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox couple and the transport properties of ferric ions in the reline DES are studied. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves show that the redox reaction is quasi-reversible with the charge transfer coefficient of 0.44 at room temperature. The diffusivity, viscosity, conductivity of ferric ions in the reline DES are measured at different temperatures. The results indicate that the transport properties are similar to those for conventional ionic liquids. The high solubility of ferric ions in the reline DES is attributed to the formation of hydrogen bond donors, which is confirmed by the FT-IR absorption spectra analysis.
A well-designed material comprising Co3O4 nanoparticles embedded in one-dimensional porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers (Co3O4@NCNFs) is prepared through electrospinning, immersion in a cobalt-containing zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-67/ZIF-8) and follows by calcination and oxidation. The resultant sample displays a high discharge capacity of 332 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1 and an outstanding long-term performance (181 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 over 1000 cycles), which is better than the reported high current density for Co3O4-based materials. The excellent electrochemical performance is attributed to the nanostructure comprising Co3O4 nanoparticles homogeneously embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers, which can effectively inhibit the aggregation of Co3O4 nanoparticles, accommodate the volume change during charge and discharge processes and provide high electrical conductivity of the electrode. This work provides a facile method to obtain one-dimensional oxide composites with high electrochemical performance using a new metal-organic framework as the sacrificial template.
The statistical design-of-experiment method was used to identify the significant factors for making a manganese oxide-loaded activated carbon matrix. The carbon matrixes, which were made by reacting KMnO4 with carbon material, were tested as gas-diffusion electrodes for oxygen reduction. Three factors—KMnO4 concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction duration were tested in a two-level full-factorial design-of-experiment. The modification of carbon morphology and its effect on the performance of oxygen reduction are discussed. Temperature, KMnO4 concentration, and the interaction between temperature and reaction time were found to have a significant influence on the catalytic activity of the manganese oxide-loaded carbon electrode.
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is recognized to mainly contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside (TSG) has been proved to be beneficial for health with a great number of pharmacological properties. We examined the effects of TSG against dopamine (DA) neuronal loss towards development of a PD treatment strategy.
A comparative study of the cathodic behavior of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) and chemically prepared battery grade manganese dioxide (BGM) in Zn|MnO2|aqueous lithium hydroxide (LiOH) cells has been carried out. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectra (IR), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigations showed that the two materials had different phase compositions, water content and particle sizes. The cells with BGM had a higher open circuit voltage (OCV) and discharged at higher voltages as compared to those with EMD. The discharge capacity of BGM was lower compared to that of EMD. On discharge both the materials produced same phase i.e. lithium intercalated manganese dioxide (Li x MnO2). This was also confirmed through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigation of the discharged products.
In this paper, three of the leading options for large scale CO2 capture are reviewed from a technical perspective. We consider solvent-based chemisorption techniques, carbonate looping technology, and the so-called oxyfuel process. For each technology option, we give an overview of the technology, listing advantages and disadvantages. Subsequently, a discussion of the level of technological maturity is presented, and we conclude by identifying current gaps in knowledge and suggest areas with significant scope for future work. We then discuss the suitability of using ionic liquids as novel, environmentally benign solvents with which to capture CO2. In addition, we consider alternatives to simply sequestering CO2—we present a discussion on the possibility of recycling captured CO2 and exploiting it as a C1 building block for the sustainable manufacture of polymers, fine chemicals, and liquid fuels. Finally, we present a discussion of relevant systems engineering methodologies in carbon capture system design.
A study of the LiNi1−x−y Co x Mn y O2 (x = y =0.1; 0.2; 0.33) cathode materials prepared from mixed hydroxides and LiOH using the method of mechanical activation has been performed. All as prepared materials were indexed in the R-3m space group. The cell volume and the degree of structural disordering decrease with reducing of Ni content. According to XPS study, the main electronic state of d-ions in the surface layer of particles corresponds to Ni2+, Co3+ and Mn4+. However, the Ni2p3/2 and Co2p3/2 binding energy increases versus Ni content, indicating the increased MeO bond covalency. The highest specific discharge capacity was observed for LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2—170mAhg−1. The position of redox peaks on the differential capacity curves depends on the composition of the sample: it shifts towards lower voltage with increased Ni content.
Background Schizophrenia (SZ) patients' low scores on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) are often attributed to frequent perseverative errors, a pattern typically interpreted as a failure to shift from previously rewarded behavior in response to negative feedback. In this study we tested the hypothesis that SZ patients, due to dysregulated error-processing mechanisms, are more fundamentally impaired in their on-line, trial-to-trial use of feedback to guide behavior. Methods Analysis of archival WCST data from 145 adults with schizophrenia and 80 healthy comparison subjects. Results Schizophrenia patients' impaired use of negative feedback was evident on the first four WCST cards, where they were significantly less accurate than comparison subjects. Performance on these early cards significantly predicted overall task success as indexed by categories completed and proportion of perseverative errors. Conclusions Patients' poor performance on pre-shift WCST trials likely reflects a fundamental impairment in the ability to use feedback to guide behavior. Recent data from both humans and primates suggest that reward-based learning processes like those employed in the WCST are driven by phasic changes in midbrain dopamine activity. It might, therefore, be possible to interpret higher order executive dysfunction in schizophrenia as a manifestation of altered DA signaling.
Traditional Li-ion batteries are encountering a technical hurdle in further increasing their energy density. Li-S batteries have been attracted increasing attention owing to the high theoretical capacity of element sulfur (S, 1672mAhg−1). Nevertheless, the insulation nature of the S element and polysulfide shuttle effect, resulting in low S utilization and poor cycling stability, are the main obstacles to widespread practical utilization of Li-S batteries. To tackle these issues, a well-designed hybrid cathode, consisted of S-infused activated carbon fiber (ACF) cloth and a thin TiO2 wrapping layer (TiO2-ACF/S), is developed in this work with the TiO2 wrapping layer as a polysulfide chemisorption layer, while the ACF cloth being a conductive network. Compared to the pure S and ACF/S cathodes, the TiO2-ACF/S hybrid cathode, with a high S loading of about 3.0mgcm−2, displays an improved initial specific capacity (915mAhg−1 at 0.2C), cycle stability (capacity retention of 77% after 100 cycles, 702mAhg−1), and rate ability (438mAhg−1 at 5C). The enhanced electrochemical performances of TiO2-ACF/S hybrid cathode are attributed to the synergistic effects from TiO2 (polysulfide chemisorption material), ACF (electronically conductive material) and S (high hosting capacity of Li ions).
An Mg–C composite, prepared by high energy mechanical milling, was investigated as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that the first charge and discharge capacities were 1810 and 1433mAhg−1, respectively, with a coulombic efficiency for the first cycle of 80%. Ex situ XRD analyses combined with a differential capacity plot of the Mg–C composite electrode showed the phase changes during the electrochemical Li–Mg alloying/dealloying reaction. Significantly enhanced rate capability and reversibility of the electrochemical reaction of Mg with lithium were observed and the improvement in the electrochemical properties of the composite electrode was attributed to the high energy mechanical milling of Mg with carbon on the surface of the Mg–C composite.