batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Two chromite spinel-based composite materials, MnIICrIII 2O4/MnIIMnIII 2O4/C and CoCr2O4/C are successfully synthesized by a solid-state conversion process via annealing MnCr-coordination compound and CoCr-coordination compound at 350 °C in air for 1 h, respectively. The two composite materials both show the morphology of nanoparticles, in which the spinels are embedded in carbon matrix into a continuous phase. The as-prepared composite materials are used as supercapacitor electrodes in basic electrolyte. The MnIICrIII 2O4/MnIIMnIII 2O4/C composite material possesses a high specific capacity of 184.0 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 with a superior rate capability of 138.3 mAh g−1 (75.2% retention) at 20 A g−1. Meanwhile, CoCr2O4/C nanoparticles also deliver a high specific capacity of 158.8 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 with a superior rate capability of 125.0 mAh g−1 (78.7% retention) at 20 A g−1. The good supercapacitive behaviors of the two composite materials are probably attributed to the characteristics of bimetallic compound and the presence of multiple valence states in the samples, giving rise to obvious redox responses. And the MnIICrIII 2O4/MnIIMnIII 2O4/C and CoCr2O4/C composites possess reversible electrochromism.
The nitrogen doping generally plays an important role in alkali-ion storage. Herein the nitrogen doping effect on K+ storage in graphite foam is explored. Experimental and theoretical calculations reveal that the K+ storage behavior is strongly dependent on nitrogen doping concentration and doping configurations. Specifically, high doping level i) provides more pyridinic/pyrrolic nitrogen content, thus creating more holey structures for K+ storage, ii) enlarges interlayer spacing to facilitate K+ intercalation, and iii) increases electronic conductivity to ensure fast kinetics. For the first time, we proved that the holey structure, rather than nitrogen doping, contributes to the capacity enhancement for carbon-based potassium ion batteries. Our investigations promote better understanding of K+ ion storage mechanism in doped graphite and provide invaluable guidance to optimize carbon-based electrode design for high-performance potassium ion batteries.
Charged electrochemical capacitors and battery electrodes are in a state of high Gibbs energy in relation to that of their discharged states; hence there is a thermodynamic “driving force” for their self-discharge on open-circuit. Several mechanisms for self-discharge can be envisaged and diagnostically distinguished. They must take place by mixed cathodic/anodic electrochemical processes (as in corrosion) or, in some cases, by a surface-chemical process. Self-discharge can be characterized by two procedures: (a) measurement of open-circuit decline of electrode potential or state-of-charge with time or (b) by establishing the polarizing currents, so-called float-currents, at various potentials in the self-discharge process that are required just to maintain those respective potentials constant. The importance, for either case, of characterizing the self-discharge behavior individually for each electrode of a cell pair (using a third electrode as a reference) is stressed. Experimental data are presented for potentiostatic float-current measurements at porous C-cloth and glassy-C electrodes, and related to digital potential-decay measurements under the same conditions in aqueous H2SO4 below the decomposition potential of the solution. Treatment of an equivalent circuit model enables the time dependence of components of double-layer charging and self-discharge under potentiostatic float conditions to be understood and evaluated.
In this work, we investigated experimentally the effect of the anode flow field design on the performance of a DMFC. Single serpentine (SSFF) and parallel flow fields (PFF) with different sizes were designed, fabricated and tested. The experimental results showed that the DMFCs equipped with the SSFFs yielded better performance than those with the PFFs. It was also found that gas bubbles blocked the flow channels in the PFF at low methanol solution flow rates and high current densities, but this channel-blocking phenomenon was never found in the SSFF under all the test conditions in the present work. Studies on the effects of SSFF design parameters revealed that both open ratio and flow channel length had significant influences on the cell performance and pressure drop. An open ratio of around 50% led to the best cell performance at moderate and high methanol solution flow rates. However, at low methanol solution flow rates, a larger open ratio yielded a higher power density at higher current densities, corresponding to the mass transfer limitation region. In addition, it was found that a longer flow channel usually gave better cell performance, but caused a larger pressure drop.
This paper represents a unique collaboration between experts in architecture and engineering from around the globe to evaluate the true potential to reduce CO2 emissions from buildings. The result of this experiment in remote collaboration between Europe, USA, Japan and China, was a summary that was generated for the Holcim Forum workshop, “Reduce CO2 – With technology to zero emissions.” This covers challenges of reducing emissions from building construction, operation and maintenance while also presenting an array of potential solutions. Here we expand on that work for the benefit of a broader audience. The paper covers the overall problem of building emissions, both direct and indirect. It discusses the often-overlooked impacts of building material use. It also reviews the problems related directly to building CO2 emissions and energy consumption, as well as new analysis methods for better system design. Finally, many new processes are discussed that have the potential to drastically reduce building CO2 production to nearly zero. In summary we encourage new perspectives that increase the utilization of new methods and systems, thereby providing examples of technological groundwork that can incite new policy to reduce building CO2 emissions.
Allele-specific competitive blocker PCR (ACB-PCR) is a sensitive allele-specific amplification method in which preferential amplification of the mutant allele occurs by using a primer that has more mismatches to the wild-type allele than to the mutant allele (mutant-specific primer, MSP). Additionally, a non-extendable primer with more mismatches to the mutant allele than to the wild-type allele (blocker primer, BP) competes with the MSP for binding to the wild-type allele, thereby reducing background amplification from the wild-type allele. ACB-PCR primer design is largely dependent upon the basepair substitution being measured, making it unclear if this method is broadly applicable. In an earlier study, an H-ras codon 61 CAA→AAA mutation had been detected by ACB-PCR at a sensitivity of 10−5. In this study, ACB-PCR was applied to two human K-ras codon 12 mutations: GGT→GTT and GGT→GAT. The method was optimized by systematically altering the concentrations of Perfect Match PCR Enhancer, MSP, BP, and dNTPs. For each mutation, mutant fractions as low as 10−5 were detected, indicating that this assay can be used on a variety of base substitution mutations. In addition, the results suggest that the 3′-terminal mismatches between the MSP and wild-type allele may be used to predict the ACB-PCR conditions that will be appropriate for the detection of other base substitution mutations. The range of concentrations for each of these components is narrow, making this method relatively easy to apply to additional mutational targets.
Contrast coding has been reported to differ between dyslexic and normal readers. Dyslexic readers require higher levels of contrast to detect sinewave gratings for certain spatiotemporal conditions, and dyslexic readers show faster visual search at low contrast. We investigated whether these differences in early contrast coding generalize to reading performance by measuring reading speed as a function of text contrast for dyslexic children and adults and for age-matched controls. Contrast affected reading performance of dyslexic and normal readers similarly. For both groups, reading speed was relatively constant between 100 and 2% contrast, and decreased rapidly below 2% contrast. This pattern of results held true for both children and adults, for text with and without sentence context, across a range of character sizes, and for reading aloud and reading silently. We conclude that earlier findings of group differences in contrast effects on grating detection or visual search tasks do not generalize to reading.
Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) spinel oxide is a promising electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the catalytic activity of CoFe2O4 is limited by its poor electronic conductivity. In this study, CoFe2O4 strongly coupled with carbon nanotubes (CoFe2O4/CNTs) hybrid has been fabricated to address this issue. The as-synthesized CoFe2O4/CNTs hybrid exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activities for both the ORR and OER in alkaline solution. The onset potential of CoFe2O4/CNTs for ORR is −0.124V (vs. Ag/AgCl), which is much higher than that of the CoFe2O4 +CNTs mixture (−0.259V). Meanwhile, the CoFe2O4/CNTs hybrid shows much higher activity for OER as compared to the CoFe2O4 +CNT mixture. The onset potential of the former is 54mV higher than that of the latter. The CoFe2O4/CNTs also holds high stability for both the ORR and OER, outperforming the CoFe2O4 +CNTs mixture. The excellent electrocatalytic activity and stability of the CoFe2O4/CNTs hybrid for both the ORR and OER make it a potential bi-functional electrocatalysts for metal-air batteries.
We present a new olivine LiFePO4(LFP)@C/reduced graphene oxide(RGO) nanocomposite synthesized by a solvothermal method. In this hybrid nanocomposite, the cooperation of the LiFePO4 with a carbon coating and the reduction of the graphene oxide has been tuned to produce an effective three-dimensional (3D) conductive network. Compared with conventional LFP@C nanocomposites, the experimental results of LFP@C/RGO nanocomposites show their outstanding electrochemical performance with higher rate capability and better cycability. In particularly, no obvious capacity fading after 200 cycles at a current of 10C is observed and a discharge capacity of 119mAh/g can be still delivered at 20C, pointing out that the electronic conductivity of electrode particles also contribute to achieve a high-rate performance. This study may play a key role in large power sources when applied in industrial productions, such as electric vehicles.
The galvanostatic cycling behaviour of Sn/SnSb composite electrodes has been studied in 1moll−1 LiClO4/propylene carbonate (PC), 1moll−1 LiPF6/ethylene carbonate (EC)/diethyl carbonate (DEC) (1:1), and 1moll−1 LiClO4/PC saturated with trans-decalin (t-Dec). Capacities between 500 and 600mAhg−1 (with respect to the mass of active material) were obtained. Reasons for the irreversible capacities are given and film formation on lithium storage metals and alloys is discussed. The observed coulombic efficiencies were slightly higher for the EC-containing electrolyte than for the PC-based one. Alternatively, improved efficiencies and stand-time behaviour were obtained when the PC electrolyte was saturated with t-Dec, which acts as a surfactant.
Manual dexterity and phonological decoding involve the posterior parietal cortex, which controls location coding for visually guided actions, as well as a large fronto-cerebellar network. We studied the relationship between manual dexterity and reading ability in adult typical readers. Two measurements of manual dexterity were collected to index the procedural learning effect. A linear regression model demonstrated that phonological short-term memory, manual dexterity at time 1 and procedural learning of manual dexterity predicted phonological decoding speed. Similar results were found when left-hand dexterity at time 1 and procedural learning dexterity were entered last. The better one’s phonological decoding skill was, the less fluent their manual dexterity was, suggesting a recycle from object–location to letter–location coding. However, the greater the procedural learning, the faster phonological decoding was, suggesting that larger plasticity of object–location coding was linked to better letter–location coding. An independent role of the interhemispheric connections or of the right posterior parietal cortex is also suggested.
In this research, vehicle maintenance activities and their safety risks were statistically analyzed. This study focused on three types of vehicle: hybrid, battery electric, and hydrogen fuel cell cars. The repair activities and the risks for each power train technology were identified by a panel of experts. Depending on its frequency and severity, risk values were calculated for each maintenance activity. The method chosen was the staticized group method, which involves collection opinions from a panel of experts. The ten experts finally chosen were asked to anonymously respond to a survey that had been especially designed to reduce bias and ensure the quality of the data. The most dangerous vehicle maintenance activities were the manipulation of asbestos, charging and discharging of high value capacitors, and welding. Relevance to industry The results of this research reflect the urgent need for workers in the automobile sector to be trained for emerging risks in new technologies.
Equations routinely used to describe the properties of conventional symmetric electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are expanded to develop straightforward mathematical functions that can effectively describe the performance characteristics of asymmetric supercapacitors based on electrically conducting polymer and activated carbon (ECP–AC) electrodes. Formulae are developed to describe cell parameters (based on total active material mass) such as maximum specific capacitance (Fg−1), maximum specific energy (Whkg−1), and optimum electrode mass ratios that can be used for maximising the specific energy of asymmetric cells. The electrode mass ratios are found to have a significant impact on the swing voltages across the positive and negative electrodes. Illustrative EDLC and ECP–AC devices are explored and employed to verify the derived equations that serve to predict essential parameters of both symmetric and asymmetric systems, irrespective of electrolyte ion concentration, solvent or species and independent of voltage. The utility of the equations is demonstrated by predicting cell parameters for a number of theoretical asymmetric ECP–AC systems and used to correlate experimentally obtained parameters.
We present a facile one-step solvothermal approach for in situ growth of ultradispersed nickel cobalt sulfide (NiCo2S4) nanoparticles on the graphene (GR) sheets without adding any surfactant. When acting as an electrochemical supercapacitor electrode material, the NiCo2S4@GR delivers a highly improved specific capacitance of 1708Fg−1 at a current density of 1.0Ag−1, compared with that of free NiCo2S4 (950Fg−1). The performances of NiCo2S4@GR electrode material can also be optimized by carefully tailoring the amount of each ingredient NiCo2S4 and GR in the nanocomposites. Asymmetric supercapacitor devices based on these NiCo2S4@GR nanocomposites and aqueous electrolyte showd a long-term cycling ability with a high-energy density (68.5Whkg−1 at 850.0Wkg−1) and a high-power density (17.0kWkg−1 at 37.7Whkg−1), implying its great potential application in high-performance energy storage devices.
This perspective article discusses the most recent developments in the field of hybrid electrolytes, here referred to electrolytes composed of two, well-defined ion-conducting phases, for high energy density lithium metal batteries. The two phases can be both solid, as e.g., two inorganic conductors or one inorganic and one polymer conductor, or, differently, one liquid and one inorganic conductor. In this latter case, they are referred as quasi-solid hybrid electrolytes. Techniques for the appropriate characterization of hybrid electrolytes are discussed emphasizing the importance of ionic conduction and interfacial properties. On this view, multilayer systems are also discussed in more detail. Investigations on Lewis acid-base interactions, activation energies for lithium-ion transfer between the phases, and the formation of an interphase between the components are reviewed and analyzed. The application of different hybrid electrolytes in lithium metal cells with various cathode compositions is also discussed. Fabrication methods for the feasibility of large-scale applications are briefly analyzed and different cell designs and configurations, which are most suitable for the integration of hybrid electrolytes, are determined. Finally, the specific energy of cells containing different hybrid electrolytes is estimated to predict possible enhancement in energy with respect to the current lithium-ion battery technology.
Behavior problems such as aggression, property destruction, stereotypy, self-injurious behavior, and other disruptive behavior are commonly observed among adults with intellectual disabilities (ID), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and epilepsy residing at state-run facilities. However, it is unknown how these populations differ on behavior problem indicies. Assessment of behavior problems were made with the ASD–behavior problems-adult version battery. One hundred participants with ID were matched and compared across four equal groups comprising 25 participants with ID, 25 participants with epilepsy, 25 participants with ASD, and 25 participants with combined ASD and epilepsy. When controlling for age, gender, race, level of ID, and hearing and visual impairments, significant differences were found among the four groups, Wilks's Λ =.79, F(12, 246)=1.93, p <.05. The multivariate η 2 based on Wilks's Λ was .08. A one-way ANOVA was conducted for each of the four subscales of the ASD–BPA as follow-up tests to the MANOVA. Groups differed on the aggression/destruction subscale, F(3, 96)=.79, p >.05, η 2 =.03, and stereotypy subscale, F(3, 96)=2.62, p >.05, η 2 =.08. No significant differences were found on the self-injury subscale and disruptive behavior subscale. Trend analysis demonstrated that individuals with ID expressing combined co-morbid ASD and epilepsy were significantly more impaired than the control group (ID only) or groups containing only a single co-morbid factor with ID (ASD or epilepsy only) on these four subscales. Implications of these findings in the context of known issues in ID, epilepsy, and ASD, current assessment practices among these populations and associated challenges are discussed.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses applications of some of the main types of lithium batteries. Lithium-sulphur dioxide batteries have their application in the military field and in the operation of electronic components, especially where high energy density, long shelf life and low weight are requirements. Applications for lithium-thionyl chloride cells and active batteries include all those for which active lithium-sulphur dioxide cells and batteries are recommended and also high-temperature applications. Other applications of lithium-thionyl chloride cells include utility metering gauges, security alarm systems, automobile electronic systems and well logging, and electronic applications. Lithium-vanadium pentoxide have two main applications: reserve batteries are for applications requiring extremely long shelf and operational life (10-30 years) and relatively low discharge rates. The lithium-copper oxide battery has applications in power well lagging equipment, microprocessors, public address systems, high-temperature heat counters, and specialized industrial and military applications..
Layered oxides are regarded as promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. We present Na2/3Co1/2Ti1/2O2 as a potential new cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. The crystal features and morphology of the pristine powder were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cathode material is evaluated in galvanostatic charge-discharge and galvanostatic intermittent titration tests, as well as ex-situ X-ray diffraction analysis. Synthesized by a high-temperature solid state reaction, Na2/3Co1/2Ti1/2O2 crystallizes in P2-type structure with P63/mmc space group. The material presents reversible electrochemical behavior and delivers a specific discharge capacity of 100 mAh g−1 when tested in Na half cells between 2.0 and 4.2 V (vs. Na+/Na), with capacity retention of 98% after 50 cycles. Furthermore, the electrochemical cycling of this titanium-containing material evidenced a reduction of the potential jumps recorded in the NaxCoO2 parent phase, revealing a positive impact of Ti substitution for Co. The ex-situ XRD measurements confirmed the reversibility and stability of the material. No structural changes were observed in the XRD patterns, and the P2-type structure was stable during the charge/discharge process between 2.0 and 4.2 V vs. Na+/Na. These outcomes will contribute to the progress of developing low cost electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries.
A digestibility trial was performed with gilthead sea bream juveniles (IBW = 72 g) fed four diets differing in lipid source (fish oil, FO; or a blend of vegetable oil, VO) and starch content (0 %, CH−; or 20 %, CH+) to evaluate the potential interactive effects between carbohydrates and VO on the processes involved in digestion, absorption and transport of lipids and glucose. In fish fed VO diets a decrease in lipid digestibility and in cholesterol (C), High Density Lipoprotein(HDL)-C and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)-C (only in CH+ group) were recorded. Contrarily, dietary starch induced postprandial hyperglycemia and time related alterations on serum triacylglycerol (TAG), phospholipid (PL) and C concentrations. Fish fed a CH+ diet presented lower serum TAG than CH− group at 6 h post-feeding, and the reverse was observed at 12 h post-feeding for TAG and PL. Lower serum C and PL at 6 h post-feeding were recorded only in VOCH+ group. No differences between groups were observed in hepatic and intestinal transcript levels of proteins involved in lipid transport and hydrolysis (FABP, DGAT, GPAT, MTP, LPL, LCAT). Lower transcript levels of proteins related to lipid transport (ApoB, ApoA1, FABP2) were observed in the intestine of fish fed the CH+ diet, but remained unchanged in the liver. Overall, transcriptional mechanisms involved in lipid transport and absorption were not linked to changes in lipid serum and digestibility. Dietary starch affected lipid absorption and transport, probably due to a delay in lipid absorption. This study suggests that a combination of dietary VO and starch may negatively affect cholesterol absorption and transport.
Problems related to dendrite growth on lithium-metal anodes such as capacity loss and short circuit present major barriers to next-generation high-energy-density batteries. The development of successful lithium dendrite mitigation strategies is impeded by an incomplete understanding of the Li dendrite growth mechanisms, and in particular, Li-plating-induced internal stress in Li metal and its effect on Li growth morphology are not well addressed. Here, we reveal the enabling role of plating residual stress in dendrite formation through depositing Li on soft substrates and a stress-driven dendrite growth model. We show that dendrite growth is mitigated on such soft substrates through surface-wrinkling-induced stress relaxation in the deposited Li film. We demonstrate that this dendrite mitigation mechanism can be utilized synergistically with other existing approaches in the form of three-dimensional soft scaffolds for Li plating, which achieves higher coulombic efficiency and better capacity retention than that for conventional copper substrates.