batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The possible role of Mansonia uniformis mosquitoes in the transmission of lymphatic filariasis was assessed in an endemic area of Uganda, by examining their diurnal biting cycle, host preference and ability to support the development of experimental and natural Wuchereria bancrofti infections. Anopheles gambiae s.l. served as controls. Human landing catches revealed that outdoor biting peaked early in the evening (19:00–20:00h), while indoor biting peaked around midnight (23:00–24:00h). By far the majority of indoor collected M. uniformis had derived their blood meals from humans. Both biting and feeding behaviour were therefore compatible with a potential for transmission. In experimentally fed M. uniformis (total of 1915), the microfilariae were seen to ex-sheath and to start migration, but the L1s accumulated in the thorax and only few developed further. In dissections from Day 11 onwards, 4.6% (43/932) of M. uniformis had L2 larvae and 0.7% (7/932) had L3 larvae of W. bancrofti. The corresponding figures for An. gambiae s.l. were 13.4% and 4.6%, respectively. Dissection of wild caught M. uniformis (total of 6823) did not reveal any natural infections with W. bancrofti infective larvae, whereas wild caught An. gambiae s.l. had an infective rate of 1.3%. Other filarial species, and mermithids, were common in M. uniformis. It is concluded that M. uniformis has a limited potential to support development of W. bancrofti to the infective stage, and it does not appear to play a role as a vector under natural conditions.
Antimony (Sb) nanoparticles dispersed in a hybrid matrix consisting of aluminum (Al) and carbon, AlC0.75-C were synthesized via one-step high-energy mechanical milling (HEMM) process and assessed as potential anode materials for use in sodium-ion batteries. The introduction of carbon during HEMM led to the formation of individual Sb nanoparticles dispersed in the AlC0.75-C matrix; in the absence of carbon during HEMM, an AlSb alloy was formed. The Sb-AlC0.75-C composite anodes demonstrated better cycling performance as well as higher rate capability compared to an AlSb anode; these improved properties could be due to the well-developed Sb phase, which acts as an electrochemically active nanocrystalline material in the AlC0.75/carbon conductive matrix. Furthermore, when fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) was added to the electrolyte, the sodium-ion cells exhibited the best electrochemical performances, corresponding to a capacity retention of 83% at 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1 and a high rate capacity retention of 58% at 5000 mA g−1. In addition, the as-prepared Sb-AlC0.75-C composite has a high tap density; thus, its volumetric capacity was approximately three times that of carbon.
Two types of lithium cobalt oxides (LiCoO2) as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries are synthesized from two cobalt sources of different facial-shapes (octahedral and truncated-octahedral Co3O4) and Li2CO3 using solid state synthesis. From X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy measurements, the reaction mechanism of the formation of LiCoO2 is investigated. It is revealed that LiCoO2 from octahedral Co3O4 with only {111} surfaces grows in one direction whereas the crystal orientation of LiCoO2 from truncated-octahedral Co3O4 with {111} and {100} surfaces is not unique and the spinel intermediates of Li x Co2O4 are formed during synthesis. They show largely unequal rate and cycling performances for lithium ion battery, even though their outer appearances are nearly identical. Almost single-crystalline LiCoO2 from octahedral precursors shows much better electrochemical performances than LiCoO2 from truncated-octahedral precursors as a lithium ion battery cathode. By studying crystal orientation, it is shown that the poor electrochemical performances of LiCoO2 from truncated-octahedral Co3O4 are originated by crystal-mismatch between crystallites.
Performance on three verbal measures (story recall, paired associated learning, category fluency) designed to assess the integration of long-term semantic and linguistic knowledge, phonological working memory and executive resources within the proposed ‘episodic buffer’ of working memory (Baddeley, 2007) was assessed in children with intellectual disabilities (ID). It was hypothesised that children with ID would show equivalent performance to typically developing children of the same mental age. This prediction was based on the hypothesis that, despite poorer phonological short-term memory than mental age matched peers, those with ID may benefit from more elaborate long-term memory representations, because of greater life experience. Children with ID were as able as mental age matched peers to remember stories, associate pairs of words together and generate appropriate items in a category fluency task. Performance did not, however, reach chronological age level on any of the tasks. The results suggest children with ID perform at mental age level on verbal ‘episodic buffer’ tasks, which require integration of information from difference sources, supporting a ‘delayed’ rather than ‘different’ view of their development.
The optimal design of the renewable energy system can significantly improve the economical and technical performance of power supply. In this paper, the technical-economic optimization study of a stand-alone hybrid PV/wind system (HPWS) in Corsica Island is presented. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to estimate the appropriate dimensions of a stand-alone HPWS that guarantee the energy autonomy of a typical remote consumer with the lowest levelised cost of energy (LCE). A secondary aim is to compare the performance and the optimal sizing of two system configurations. Finally, to study the impact of the renewable energy potential quality on the system size, the optimum dimensions of system are defined for five sites in Corsica Island. In this context, a complete sizing model is developed, able to predict the optimum system configuration on the basis of LCE. Accordingly, an integrated energy balance analysis is carried out for the whole time period investigated. The simulation results indicate that the hybrid system is the best option for all the sites considered in this study, yielding lower LCE. Thus, it provides higher system performance than PV or wind systems alone. The choice of the system configuration type affects the state of charge variation profile, especially at low wind potential sites, while the system size and the LCE are significantly influenced. It is shown that the LCE depends largely on the renewable energy potential quality. At high wind potential site, more than 40% of the total production energy is provided by the wind generator, while at low wind potential sites, less than 20% of total production energy is generated by the wind generator.
A facile one-step method is developed for the direct growth of Ni3S2 nanoplates on a conductive nickel foam, which interwove together to form nest-like highly porous microstructure. When used as a binder- and conductive-agent-free electrode, the Ni3S2/Ni electrode demonstrates remarkable electrochemical performance with a superior cycling stability and a high rate capability, proving its potential applicability as a high performance anode for lithium ion batteries. The excellent electrochemical properties can be attributed to the 3-dimesional (3-D) structure of the Ni foam uniformly covered with a porous layer of Ni3S2 nanoplates. This structure provides excellent electrical contact between the active material and the current collector, a large electroactive surface area as well as well-sustained electrode integrity. The Ni3S2/Ni electrode maintains a reversible capacity of 623mAhg−1 after 150 cycles at a current density of 0.1Ag−1, and delivers a high reversible capacity of 377mAhg−1 at a high current density of 1.5Ag−1. The observed surplus capacity is found to originate from an interface storage process via a pseudocapacity-like storage mechanism.
Climate change, air quality and energy security will change the way energy is used and supplied over the next century. Supplying increasing amounts of clean and secure energy will be a challenge that will require a great deal of innovation and investment. However, this paper shows that there are visible paths to clean and secure energy. There are plenty of resource and technology options that could lead to emissions reductions in the heat, transport and electricity sector, while improving energy security. The costs of supplying energy from different options vary widely. However, several clean energy options are viable today and several others are likely to be so in the future, as technologies improve, costs are reduced, and the competitive landscape for energy technologies evolves. Tackling climate change and energy security requires the simultaneous deployment of available commercial clean technologies, demonstration and commercialisation of technologies at the advanced research, development and demonstration stage, and research into new technologies.
Gel nanocomposite polymer electrolyte (NCPE) was prepared by UV polymerization and thermal polymerization, respectively in the presence of liquid electrolyte with nanosize SiO2-contained poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) as the monomer. Nanosize SiO2-contained PEGDA was synthesized using aqueous colloidal silica as one of starting materials and its viscosity was very low. The partial silanol surface groups of SiO2 were modified to acrylic group by employing of methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (MAPTMS), which made the dispersion of nanosize SiO2 in PEGDA uniform and stable. Compared with the gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) based on PEGDA without nanosize SiO2, the ionic conductivity of the gel NCPE was higher and the electrochemical stability and interfacial stability were better, whether it was prepared by UV polymerization or thermal polymerization. It showed oxidation stability up to 5.0V versus Li/Li+ and lithium deposition/dissolution on the stainless steel electrode highly reversible. The applicability of the gel NCPE to lithium polymer batteries was demonstrated by graphite/SPE/LiCoO2 cell, which was prepared by in situ thermal polymerization. It showed that the discharge capacity was stable with charge–discharge cycling.
Chemicals with carcinogenic activity in either animals or humans produce increases in neoplasia through diverse mechanisms. One mechanism is reaction with nuclear DNA. Other mechanisms consist of epigenetic effects involving either modifications of regulatory macromolecules or perturbation of cellular regulatory processes. The basis for distinguishing between carcinogens that have either DNA reactivity or an epigenetic activity as their primary mechanism of action is detailed in this review. In addition, important applications of information on these mechanisms of action to carcinogenicity testing and human risk assessment are discussed.
Abstract The historical development of wheelchairs is first explored. Second, the characteristics of their main components are described, and third, the issues required to adequately select a wheelchair oriented to optimize functional independence and prevent deformations or injuries by use of the occupant are analyzed. Finally, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) normative developed for wheelchairs, known as the ISO 7176 series (which specifies the terminology and the test procedures used to evaluate the dimensions, safety, and performance of both manual and powered versions of wheelchairs), is cited indicating the minimum technical specifications that wheelchairs must meet to serve their intended use.
We develop an ultrahigh-precision charge/discharge system (UHP C/D) that can control and measure charge and discharge currents precisely. By using our UHP C/D, we observe that the coulombic efficiency of graphite composite anodes depends strongly on density and loading. From the relationship between the irreversible capacity and loading calculated by the linear regression method, two kinds of irreversible capacity are identified; one is proportional to composite loading, while the other is loading-independent. This result suggests different side reaction rates of the composite interior and surface during the charge/discharge process.
The electrode kinetics of the NaBH4 oxidation reaction (BOR) in a molten NaOH-KOH eutectic mixture is investigated by rotating disk electrode (RDE) voltammetry on electrochemically oxidized Ni at temperatures between 458 K and 503 K. The BH4 − diffusion coefficient in the molten alkali eutectic together with the BOR activation energy, exchange current density, transfer coefficient and number of electrons exchanged, are determined. Electrochemically oxidized Ni shows excellent BOR electrocatalytic activity with a maximum of seven electrons exchanged and a transfer coefficient up to one. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveals the formation of NiO as the catalytically active species. The high faradaic efficiency and BOR rate on oxidized Ni anode in the molten electrolyte compared to aqueous alkaline electrolytes is advantageous for power sources. A novel molten electrolyte battery design is investigated using dissolved NaBH4 at the anode and immobilized KIO4 at the cathode. This battery produces a stable open-circuit cell potential of 1.04 V, and a peak power density of 130 mW cm−2 corresponding to a superficial current density of 160 mA cm−2 at 458 K. With further improvements and scale-up borohydride molten electrolyte batteries and fuel cells could be integrated with thermal energy storage systems.
Polyaniline materials are widely utilized as electrodes for supercapacitors because of low cost, facile synthesis, high mechanical flexibility and theoretical high specific capacitance. However, the poor cycle stability and low rate capability restrict their practical applications. Integration of polyaniline with carbon materials is an effective strategy to solve the aforementioned limitations. In this review, polyaniline electrode materials, especially in the forms of different nanostructures, are firstly summarized to demonstrate the general merits of polyaniline-carbon composites for supercapacitors. Subsequent emphasis focuses on the rational design of the composites with various carbon materials, including activated carbon, porous carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, graphene or their hybrids. The importance of the compositions, desired architectures and synergistic interactions on the enhanced electrochemical properties is emphasized. In particular, the research trends in the configurational design of unconventional devices, such as flexible, stretchable, compressible and asymmetric supercapacitors with excellent performance at different states (bending, stretching, compressing and/or folding). The review ends with a summary and discusses the perspectives and challenging issues regarding the rational design of flexible supercapacitors in future studies, along with the current outlook for the integrated electronic devices.
In this article, the formation constants of ionic pairs in salt-low molecular weight analogs of PEO (glyme, diglyme, triglyme) systems are estimated using NMR spectroscopy. The results from 7Li, 11B and 19F NMR titration are compared and the role of the nuclei studied is discussed. It is shown that even in the solvents of very similar coordination (in terms of the donor and acceptor number values) and dielectric properties, the ionic pair formation constant depends on solvent used. The role of the solvent is discussed in terms of effects related to ion agglomerate formation, non-covalent interactions between ions and liquid matrix as well as the number of interacting centers present in the molecules of the solvent. The discrepancies between the results obtained using various nuclei NMR as well as discrepancies between ion pair formation constant calculated for different experimental regimes are also analyzed.
The use of the pulsed electro acoustic (PEA) method allowed us to perform the direct observations of spatio-temporal charge distributions in EDLCs based on polarizable nanoporous carbonaceous electrode. The negative charge density became the maximum, about −173C/m3 at the region where was near to anode layer in EDLCs for case of dc voltage 2.5V, while the positively charged density became the maximum, about 70.7C/m3 at the region where it was located around the cathode layer. The behavior of negative and positive charges measured by the PEA method reflected the hetero-charges distribution in EDLCs. The performance of the sample was found to be better in terms of the capacitance (C s) with a maximum value of 55.4F/g than general EDLCs which use organic electrolyte.
Nano-scale carbon materials such as Ketjenblack (KB) was used to combine with traditional conductive polymer such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and LiCoO2 to prepare composite cathode for lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery. The PEDOT/LiCoO2–KB cathodes were made by electrochemical deposition of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomer on the pre-formed LiCoO2–KB electrodes with 1 and 5wt% of KB content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to confirm the successful coating of PEDOT layer on the LiCoO2 and KB components. To evaluate the effect of PEDOT coating, LiCoO2–KB electrodes with and without PEDOT component were then tested and compared their results from different electrochemical characterizations. Homogeneity of the KB component and the presence of conductive PEDOT layer are found to be important factors in controlling the cathode properties such as the involved capacity, cycle ability, intercalation/de-intercalation rate and rate capability.
In the USA, engineers at Ohio State University have developed a thin, plastic membrane that stops rechargeable batteries from discharging when they are not in use and enables them to be recharged rapidly. The technology has the potential to enable electric cars to travel further for each minute of charging.
This chapter examines the translation of circuit design to real-world scenarios. It begins with a historical discussion of the transition from analog to digital. Electromechanics are then covered with descriptions of DC motors, methods of controlling them—speed control, linear control, switching control, maintaining speed, torque, braking, regeneration, and changing directions—brushless DC motors and stepper motors, followed by AC and universal motors. Next up are power supplies and how to regulate them with transformers and switchers. The following section covers troubleshooting faulty components, particularly resistors, capacitors, and inductors, and stresses the importance of reading parts’ datasheets. The discussion turns to creating robust designs that take into consideration these real-world problems and concludes with several examples of successful circuit designs, including hybrid Darlington pairs, DC level shifters, virtual grounds, voltage followers, AC-only amplifiers, inverter oscillators, constant current sources, and some designs sent in response to previous editions of the text.
Paraquat (N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride) is one of the most widely used herbicides owing to its high efficacy and low environmental persistence. However, because paraquat has significant acute toxicity, fatalities are often caused by accidental or voluntary ingestion of paraquat. In consideration of the strong toxicity and fast-acting property of paraquat, on-site analysis at accident scenes should be effective in facilitating immediate medical treatment. In this study, a simple and rapid chemiluminescence assay using a portable luminometer was developed for on-site analysis of paraquat. The proposed assay is based on luminol chemiluminescence detection of superoxide anion radical resulting from the redox reaction between paraquat and dithiothreitol. Intense chemiluminescence was observed after mixing of paraquat and dithiothreitol in the presence of luminol. Because the chemiluminescence intensity was proportional to the concentration of paraquat, a quantitative measurement of paraquat was possible. The calibration curve for standard paraquat solution was linear from 0.025 to 2.5 μM with the correlation coefficient of 0.992; the detection limit (blank + 3SD) was 22 nM. The proposed assay was applied to determine paraquat in beverage samples after a cation exchange clean-up procedure. Given that the portable luminometer used in this study is small and lightweight, the proposed assay should be useful for on-site analysis of paraquat.
Sodium ion battery attracts significant attentions due to its unlimited sodium resources and low cost. However, sodium ion battery usually suffers from the cathode materials' low capacity and poor cyclic stability. Here we demonstrate that the ultrafine Cu7S4 nanoparticles as cathode for sodium ion battery, which is in-situ generated during the cycling of commercial sulfur/graphene composite electrodes, can enable superior specific capacity and ultra-stable cycling performance. The Cu7S4 has an open crystal structure for Na+ insertion, the graphene conductive networks ensure the fast transportation of electrons and also provide more active sites, and the ultrafine-sized Cu7S4 with a larger specific surface area guarantees efficiently electrochemical reactions. Thus, the ultrafine Cu7S4 nanoparticles and graphene nanosheets composite exhibit a high capacity of 585.5 mAh g−1 (0.41 mAh cm−2) at the current density of 100 mA g−1, ultra-stable cycling performance even after 2000 cycles with a capacity of 409.9 mAh g−1 (0.29 mAh cm−2) at a current density of 500 mA g−1 and excellent rate performance even at the highest current density of 2000 mA g−1 with a reversible capacity of 277.1 mAh g−1 (0.19 mAh cm−2).
Cognitive impairment has been found in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. However, the structural alteration of the brain and underlying mechanisms are poorly understood.
Polymer electrolyte composed of poly(ethylene oxide) PEO with dissolved lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt LiTFSI of molar ratio EO:Li 16:1 was prepared by casting from solution. The electrolyte has been investigated by microscope observation simultaneous with impedance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and local Raman spectroscopy. The presented results provide direct support for model of phase segregation which takes place in PEO:LiTFSI electrolytes. According to the model proposed in our earlier publications, crystallization of PEO or PEO:salt complexes causes rejection or drainage of salt from specific regions of electrolyte. Thus, a resulting semicrystalline electrolyte is divided into large domains of different composition. In the case of investigated PEO:LiTFSI 16:1 electrolyte, the results obtained by local Raman spectroscopy indicated, that in areas situated within large circular spherulites the concentration of salt is lower than in molten (amorphous) electrolyte. In areas situated outside of these spherulites, the concentration of salt was considerably higher than for amorphous electrolyte. This is in good agreement with the assumption that the circular spherulites have the crystalline skeleton of pure PEO, whereas the PEO6:LiTFSI crystalline phase dominates in the areas between their borders.
In 1911, James Franck and Gustav Hertz began a collaboration to investigate the nature of collisions of slow electrons with gas molecules that led to a series of carefully planned and executed experiments, culminating in their discovery of inelastic collisions of electrons with mercury vapor atoms in 1914. This paper tells the story of their collaboration and the eventual reinterpretation of their results as a confirmation of Niels Bohr’s new atomic theory, largely as a result of experiments done in North America during the Great War.