batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The batteries used with standalone PV systems are very sensitive to the current-voltage charging. Thus, for choosing the right battery, a PV system designer needs to make an accurate estimate of the current and voltage outputs of the PV module under consideration. However, this task is challenging due to randomness in the field operating conditions. To achieve this goal, the PV module in this work has been represented by a well-known equivalent one-diode electrical circuit with five unknown PV parameters. Using multiple current-voltage curves at different operating conditions, the proposed methodology extracts the five unknown PV parameters against each current-voltage curve. Each PV parameter is then plotted independently, first against the varying sunlight and then against the varying temperature. Then introducing a novel concept of shift-factors, the proposed methodology couples the two independent plots of each PV parameter and helps predict the value of that PV parameter at any operating condition. Unlike other works from the literature, the variations of these five PV parameters by the proposed methodology have been shown to be in accordance with the PV device theory and the physical behavior of the PV devices. The proposed model has been validated against both the PV panel’s datasheet information and the experimental in-field data. With realistic values captured for each PV parameter by the proposed methodology, the validations show a significant increase in the prediction accuracy of the current-voltage output of the PV panel. It has also been shown how this methodology can be used to better understand the behavior of the PV system and aid in its preventive/corrective maintenance.
Quinacrine has been used for voluntary female non-surgical sterilization for its ability to produce tubal occlusion. Safety issues regarding quinacrine have been raised because it has been shown to intercalate with DNA. Therefore, safety issues need to be resolved by appropriate toxicology studies to support a review for human transcervical use. Such toxicology studies include mutagenicity assays. Here we report an evaluation of the genotoxicity of quinacrine dihydrochloride dihydrate (QH) using a battery of assays. In the bacterial mutagenicity assay, QH was strongly positive in Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA1537 with and without S9-activation and in S. typhimurium tester strain TA98 with S9-activation; QH was also strongly positive in Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA without S9-activation. QH was not mutagenic in S. typhimurium tester strains TA100 and TA1535 with and without S9-activation. QH was mutagenic in the mouse lymphoma assay in the absence of S9-activation. QH was clastogenic in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, with and without S9-activation. QH was negative for polyploidy in the same chromosome aberration test. Using a triple intraperitoneal injection treatment protocol in both male and female mice, QH was negative in the in vivo mouse micronucleated erythrocyte (micronucleus) assay. These results confirm that QH is mutagenic and clastogenic in vitro and suggest a potential risk to human health due to QH exposure after intrauterine exposure.
Peste des petits ruminants virus causes a highly contagious disease, which poses enormous economic losses in domestic animals and threatens the conservation of wild herbivores. Diagnosis remains a cornerstone to the Peste des petits ruminants Global Control and Eradication Strategy, an initiative of the World Organisation for Animal Health and the Food and Agriculture Organisation. The present review presents the peste des petits ruminants diagnostic landscape, including the practicality of commercially available diagnostic tools, prototype tests and opportunities for new technologies. The most common peste des petits ruminants diagnostic tools include; agar gel immunodiffusion, counter-immunoelectrophoresis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction either gel-based or real-time, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification, reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assays, immunochromatographic lateral flow devices, luciferase immunoprecipitation system and pseudotype-based assays. These tests vary in their technical demands, but all require a laboratory with exception of immunochromatographic lateral flow and possibly reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification and reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assays. Thus, we are proposing an efficient integration of diagnostic tests for rapid and correct identification of peste des petits ruminants in endemic zones and to rapidly confirm outbreaks. Deployment of pen-side tests will improve diagnostic capacity in extremely remote settings and susceptible wildlife ecosystems, where transportation of clinical samples in the optimum cold chain is unreliable.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are being widely investigated as a replacement for activated carbon in supercapacitors. A wide range of CNT specific capacitances have been reported in the literature based on experiments using different CNT materials, fabrication methods, and characterization routines; making it difficult to draw conclusions about the relative merits of the different fabrication methods. This work systematically compares four solution-based electrode fabrication methods (drop casting, air brushing, filtration, and electrospraying) and, to a lesser extent, some solution preparation techniques to determine if there is an optimum method for fabricating electrochemical capacitor electrodes out of single-wall CNTs (SWCNTs). We have found that it is best to use CNT solutions free from additives that may be difficult to remove from the fabricated electrode. In addition, the CNT solution preparation (e.g., dilution and sonication) had little effect on the resulting specific capacitance. Large differences in performance due to the fabrication methods were not seen, and the differences that were seen could be ascribed to material loss or contamination during the deposition. A single-layer graphene electrode was also fabricated and tested to obtain an estimate of the specific capacitance potentially achievable with SWCNTs, with 550F/g demonstrated using 1 molar (M) sulfuric acid.
Manganese phosphide anode material is successfully prepared by a high-temperature solid-phase synthesis process, and its phase structure changes during cycling are revealed in this work. The results derived from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) combined with selection area electron diffraction (SAED) show that the prepared MnP powder has a single crystalline structure covered with an amorphous oxide layer. Galvanostatic charge/discharge test results indicate that in the voltage range between 0.01V and 2.00V at the current density of 50mAg−1, the MnP anode delivers an initial lithiation and delithiation capacity of 1104mAhg−1 and 870mAhg−1, respectively. After 50 cycles, the retained capacity reaches 287mAhg−1. XRD results indicate that the single crystalline MnP phase is transformed to an amorphous Li x Mn y P z phase during the initial lithiation process. During the following cycles, the content of the MnP phase is gradually reduced, and the content of the amorphous Li x Mn y P z phase is continuously accumulated. The amorphous Li x Mn y P z and Mn2P phases residued in the anode act as the buffer matrix for the MnP active material to suppress the decrease of the lithiation and delithiation capacity during cycling. This amorphous structure is believed to be responsible for the reversible lithiation and delithiation after decade cycles.
The effect of addition of nanoparticle inorganic oxides to poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) complexed with LiClO4 on cation transport properties has been explored by electrochemical and 7 Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. The presence of the nanoparticles generally increases the ionic conductivity and the cation transference number, the effect being greatest for TiO2. The enhancement in cation transference number is directly correlated with increased Li diffusivity measured by NMR. The NMR results also demonstrate that the increased ionic conductivity is not attributable to a corresponding increase in polymer segmental motion, but more likely a weakening of the polyether-cation association induced by the nanoparticles.
Pulsed electric field (PEF) technology has been used for the inactivation of microorganisms and to prevent flavor loss in liquid foods and beverages in place of thermal pasteurization. When used to pasteurize orange juice, PEF may prevent loss of volatile sensory attributes. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 (EHEC), two strains of Salmonella Typhimurium, and twenty strains of non-pathogenic bacteria were screened for inactivation in orange juice by PEF at 22 and 20kV/cm at 45 and 55°C, respectively. Higher populations of both salmonellae were inactivated (2.81 and 3.54 log CFU/ml) at 55°C, in comparison with the reduction of EHEC (2.22 log). When tested under the same conditions, inactivation of EHEC was slightly greater than that of a non-pathogenic E. coli (NPEC) ATCC 35218 (2.02 log). NPEC was further tested as a surrogate for EHEC by comparing inactivation kinetics at 45, 50 and 55°C at field strengths of between 7.86 and 32.55kV/cm. Statistical comparison of revealed that EHEC and NPEC inactivation curves were homogeneous at outlet temperatures of 45 and 50°C; however, EHEC was slightly more sensitive to PEF than the surrogate NPEC at 55°C. The higher PEF resistance of non-pathogenic E. coli 35218 at 55°C may provide a desirable margin of safety when used in pilot plant challenge studies in place of E. coli O157:H7.
A comparative experimental study of the electrochemical features of as-cast Pb–1wt.% Sn and Pb–1wt.% Sb alloys is carried out with a view to applications in the manufacture of lead-acid battery components. The as-cast samples are obtained using a water-cooled unidirectional solidification system. Pb–Sn and Pb–Sb alloy samples having similar coarse cell arrays are subjected to corrosion tests in order to assess the effect of Sn or Sb segregation in the cell boundary on the electrochemical performance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) diagrams, potentiodynamic polarization curves and an equivalent circuit analysis are used to evaluate the electrochemical parameters in a 0.5M H2SO4 solution at 25°C. Both the experimental and simulated EIS parameters evidence different kinetics of corrosion. The Pb–1wt.% Sn alloy is found to have a current density which is of about three times lower than that of the Pb–1wt.% Sb alloy which indicates that dilute Pb–Sn alloys have higher potential for application as positive grid material in maintenance-free Pb-acid batteries.
Super-P supported copper nanoparticles (Cu/Super-P) have been synthesized via one-pot microwave-assisted polyol procedure. The electrochemical performances of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO-Aldrich) electrodes manufactured with Cu/Super-P as conductive agent have been studied by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic cycling, impedance spectroscopy and compared to those of electrodes containing pristine Super-P. The use of the synthesized Cu/Super-P remarkably increases the reversible capacities at every C-rate. The reasons of the improved electrochemical performances can be explained in terms of reduced electrodes polarization and reduced charge-transfer resistance.
An electrolyte solution that includes redox couples is an essential component of a redox flow battery (RFB), and it directly affects the efficiency, power density, and cycle stability of the device. In this work, 12-phosphotungstic acid (PTA), a keggin type heteropolyacid, is evaluated as a redox active material in negative electrolyte. PTA has high redox reversibility and electrochemical activity with a kinetic constant of 0.015 cm s−1 and a low permeability of 6.17 × 10−10 cm2 min−1 through a Nafion®211 membrane. A single RFB is assembled with PTA and HI as the negative and positive redox active materials, respectively. The cell has a specific capacity of 12.8 Ah·L−1 at 100 mA cm−2; however, it exhibits poor cycle stability because of the osmotic pressure imbalance between the electrolyte solutions, the permeation of I−, and the serious hydrogen evolution side reaction. Using a mixed solution of PTA and HI as electrolytes on both sides of the cell and by adjusting the charge cutoff voltage, the cycle stability improved significantly. During 700 charge/discharge cycles at 100 mA cm−2, the battery has high coulombic efficiency of 99.6%, energy efficiency around 80.1%, and capacity retention of 99.99% per hour.
In this paper we compare the use of nanoporous TiO2 and ZnO films as substrates for protein immobilisation and as electrodes for electrochemical reduction of the absorbed protein. These two metal oxides are of particular interest as at physiological pH values their surface charges are counterpoised, their isoelectric points (IEPs) being 6 and 9.5 for TiO2 and ZnO, respectively. We find that protein immobilisation on both films may be readily achieved from pH 7 aqueous solutions at 4°C with a high binding stability and no detectable protein denaturation. However, consistent with the difference in surface charge of the two metal oxides at this pH, we find that immobilisation of cytochrome c (Cyt-c, IEP 10.5) is an optimum on TiO2 films, whereas, green fluorescence protein (GFP, IEP 4.5) binds optimally to the ZnO film. We conclude that, ZnO films may be particularly attractive for the immobilisation of low IEP proteins. Cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry are employed to investigate reduction of immobilised Cyt-c on both metal oxides. Control studies in the absence of adsorbed protein indicate the ZnO film to be more conductive at moderate applied potentials than the TiO2 film. Studies with adsorbed Cyt-c indicate that the direct reduction of Cyt-c is possible on both films without the addition of electron transfer promoters or mediators and that all the protein on both films is electroactive. However, consistent with the difference in conductivity of the two films, Cyt-c reduction is observed at less negative potentials for the ZnO film relative to TiO2. This observation suggests that the use of ZnO films may be advantageous for the development of nanoporous biosensors employing reductive electrochemistry.
This paper presents a flameless catalytic combustion-based thermoelectric power generator that uses commercial thermoelectric modules. The structure of the thermoelectric generator (TEG) is introduced and the power performance is measured based on a designed circuit system. The open circuit voltage of the TEG is about 7.3V. The maximum power output can reach up to 6.5W when the load resistance matches the TEG internal resistance. However, the system output is sensitive to load variation. To improve this characteristic, maximum power point tracking technique is used and results in an open circuit voltage of 13.8V. The improved characteristic makes the TEG system a good charger to keep the lead acid battery fully charged so as to meet the needs of electronic instruments on gas pipelines. In addition, the combustion features have been investigated based on the temperature measurement. Test results show that the uniformity of combustion heat transfer process and the combustion chamber structure play important roles in improving system power output. It can get an optimized TEG system (maximum power output: 8.3W) by uniformly filling a thermal insulation material (asbestos) to avoid a non-uniform combustion heat transfer process.
Phosphorus-containing carbon has been prepared by the pyrolysis of phenolic resin containing chemically bonded phosphorus atoms, which is synthesized through the esterification of phenolic hydroxyl group by phosphoric acid. The electrochemical insertion of lithium in as-prepared carbon is also investigated. It is found that, at a pyrolysis temperature of 500°C, the addition of phosphoric acid in the precursor lowers the reversible capacity of the resultant carbon, but at 900°C, the addition of phosphoric acid in the precursor resin increases the reversible capacity of resultant carbon. Especially, the phosphorus-containing carbon prepared by the above method at 900°C gives a capacity beyond the theoretical value of graphite and reasonable discharge/charge curves. The phosphorus-containing carbon prepared by the pyrolysis at 500°C shows a similar electrochemical behavior to that of pure carbon and the effect of phosphorus atoms is little. Its reversible capacity is mainly determined by the content of hydrogen atoms rather than phosphorus atoms. However, at a relatively high pyrolysis temperature, 900°C, more phosphorus atoms are bonded with carbon atoms and are introduced to the microcrystallite structure of carbon. Hence, phosphorus element exerts a strike effect on the electrochemical behavior of carbon and, because of its different electronic effect from carbon element, more lithium species are inserted into carbon matrix.
A kW class all-vanadium redox-flow battery (VRB) stack, which was composed of 14 cells each with an electrode geometric surface area of 875cm2, with an average output power of 1.14kW, at the charge–discharge current density of 70mAcm−2, was successfully assembled by filter press type. Then, a 10kW class VRB stack was manufactured with a configuration of 4×2 (serial×parallel) of the improved aforementioned kW class stack modules, which produced a direct output of 10.05kW (current density 85mAcm−2). The energy efficiency of more than 80%, at an average output power of 10.05kW, for the 10kW class VRB stack was achieved, indicating VRB is a promising high efficiency technology for electric storage.
This article deals with an electrical model of lithium-ion battery, based on a 1D analog representation of mass and charge transport phenomena. By using an electrical analogy to describe migration and diffusion of species and charges in electrodes and electrolyte, the model can be directly implemented in standard simulation software used in electrical engineering (such as Saber, in our case), so that it can be easily employed for the simulation of electrical systems involving lithium-ion batteries. The paper explains how the analog model is obtained from mass and charge transport equations, then it presents a comparison with results obtained by means of a finite element method. At last, some electrical power systems are simulated in order to show advantages of our modeling method.
The authors regret that Fig. 5 of this paper was incorrect. As a result, discussion on Fig. 5 needs to be revised. The corrected Fig. 5 and discussion are given below. The authors would like to apologize for an inconvenience that may have caused to the readers of the journal. The last sentence of the 5th paragraph in Section 3.1 should be revised as “It can be observed in Fig. 4(b) and (d) that the lattice interplanar spacings of 2.48Å, 3.03Å and 3.73Å corresponds to the (002), (020)/(211) and (011) planes of orthorhombic LiMn0.9Fe0.1PO4, respectively, revealing a preferable crystal growth along bc plane.” The sentence “In morphological viewpoint, plate-like particles (S22) with prominent ac plane and small size in [010] direction is expected to provide a higher capacity than spindle-like particles (S21).” is to be deleted in the 1st paragraph in Section 3.2. The word “ac plane” in Section 4 should be revised as “bc plane”.
Present study aims at development of thin films of sol–gel Ta2O5 with tunable refractive index that could be used as an active medium for volatile organic compound (VOCs) optical detection. In order to tune the refractive index, mesoporosity is introduced through soft templating approach where series of co-polymers (Pluronics) are utilized as structure-directing agents. Thin films are prepared by spin-coating method using tantalum sol synthesized from TaCl5 as a precursor and ethanol as a solvent. The temperature annealing at 320 °C finalizes the tantalum oxide lattice formation and decomposes the template being used. The morphology and elemental composition of the films are studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in STEM, respectively, and the amorphous status of the films is confirmed by selected area electron diffraction. Non-linear curve fitting method and non-destructive UV–Vis reflectance measurements are used for determination of optical parameters of the films. The free volume fraction in the films is estimated through modeling of refractive index by Bruggeman effective medium approximation. The films are exposed to acetone vapors as a commonly studied VOC. The reaction of the film due to vapors’ exposure is recorded as a change in the reflection spectra of the film and the adsorbed acetone quantity is estimated. The influence of template composition on optical and sensing properties of Ta2O5 films is revealed and discussed.
A team of materials scientists from Penn State, Cornell, and Argonne National Laboratory has, for the first time, visualized the 3D atomic and electron density structure of one of the most complicated, least symmetrical material systems studied to date. This system is a strained 3D perovskite crystal with octahedral tilts in all directions, grown on another equally complex crystal structure. It was visualized by expanding and modifying an uncommon x-ray visualization technique called COBRA (coherent Bragg rod analysis).
Ion transport in a polymer–ionic liquid (IL) soft matter composite electrolyte is discussed here in detail in the context of polymer–ionic liquid interaction and glass transition temperature. The dispersion of polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIPF6) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (BMITFSI) resulted in transparent composite electrolytes with a “jelly-like” consistency. The composite ionic conductivity measured over the range −30°C to 60°C was always lower than that of the neat BMITFSI/BMIPF6 and LiTFSI-BMITFSI/LiTFSI-BMIPF6 electrolytes but still very high (>1mS/cm at 25°C up to 50wt% PMMA). While addition of LiTFSI to IL does not influence the glass T g and T m melting temperature significantly, dispersion of PMMA (especially at higher contents) resulted in increase in T g and disappearance of T m. In general, the profile of temperature-dependent ionic conductivity could be fitted to Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher (VTF) suggesting a solvent assisted ion transport. However, for higher PMMA concentration sharp demarcation of temperature regimes between thermally activated and solvent assisted ion transport were observed with the glass transition temperature acting as the reference point for transformation from one form of transport mechanism to the other. Because of the beneficial physico-chemical properties and interesting ion transport mechanism, we envisage the present soft matter electrolytes to be promising for application in electrochromic devices.