batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Coastal freshwater forested wetlands are rapidly transitioning from forest to marsh, leaving behind many standing dead trees (snags) in areas often called ‘ghost forests’. Snags can act as conduits for soil produced greenhouse gases (GHG) and can also be sources as they decompose. Thus, snags have the potential to contribute GHGs to the atmosphere, but emissions are not well understood. We assessed GHG emissions (carbon dioxide—CO2, methane—CH4, and nitrous oxide—N2O) from snags and soils in five ghost forests along a salinity gradient on the coast of North Carolina, USA. Mean (± SE) soil GHG fluxes (416 ± 44 mg CO2 m−2 h−1, 5.9 ± 1.9 mg CH4 m−2 h−1, and 0.1 ± 0.06 mg N2O m−2 h−1) were ~ 4 times greater than mean snag GHGs (116 ± 15 mg CO2 m−2 h−1, 0.3 ± 0.09 mg CH4 m−2 h−1, and 0.04 ± 0.009 mg N2O m−2 h−1). Hydrological conditions and salinity influenced soil GHG fluxes between the two field campaigns, but snags were less predictable and more variable. Snag and soil CO2/N2O fluxes were influenced by similar environmental parameters. The drivers for soil and snag CH4 however, were often not the same and at times oppositely correlated. Our results illustrate the need to further research into the drivers and importance of GHG emissions from snags, and the need to include tree stems into ecosystem GHG research.
Lithium-air battery has attracted extensively attention and now developing catalysts with high electrocatalytic activity is one of the challenges for lithium-air battery. In this paper, 3D hierarchical porous spinel CoFe2O4 hollow nanospheres were first prepared by a facile hydrothermal method. The hollow CoFe2O4 nanospheres have unique bimodal porous structure which consists of micropores and mesopores. The catalytic activity of the CoFe2O4 hollow nanospheres for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has been studied and compared with the acetylene black, the solid CoFe2O4 nanospheres and the commercial Pt/C by using rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) technique. The spinel CoFe2O4 hollow nanospheres exhibit superior catalytic activity for the ORR compared to the acetylene black and the solid CoFe2O4 nanospheres. Besides, the spinel CoFe2O4 hollow nanospheres also afford high catalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Furthermore, the hollow CoFe2O4 nanospheres show the smallest overpotential between ORR and OER. The chronoamperometric studies show that the CoFe2O4 hollow nanospheres exhibit excellent stability for both the ORR and OER. The high ORR and OER activities and stabilities of CoFe2O4 hollow nanospheres could be attributed to their special 3D hierarchical porous structure. This material shows a significant potential application on lithium-air battery.
Aripiprazole (OPC-14597) is an antipsychotic with a unique pharmacology as a dopamine D2 receptor partial agonist, which has been demonstrated to reduce symptoms of schizophrenia. To further profile this compound in preclinical models, we examined aripiprazole-induced activity changes as measured by pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and characterized the drug in several rodent models of motor behaviors and of psychosis. Continuous arterial spin labeling MRI measuring blood perfusion (as an indirect measure of activity) reveals that aripiprazole dose-dependently decreased brain activity in the entorhinal piriform cortex, perirhinal cortex, nucleus accumbens shell, and basolateral amygdala. While no deficits were observed in the rotarod test for motor coordination in the simpler (8 RPM) version, in the more challenging condition (16 RPM) doses of 10 and 30mg/kg i.p. produced deficits. Catalepsy was seen only at the highest dose tested (30mg/kg i.p.) and only at the 3 and 6h time points, not at the 1h time point. In pharmacological models of psychosis, 1–30mg/kg aripiprazole i.p. effectively reduced locomotor activity induced by dopamine agonists (amphetamine and apomorphine), NMDA antagonists (MK-801 and phencyclidine (PCP)), and a serotonin agonist (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI)). However, aripiprazole reversed prepulse inhibition deficits induced by amphetamine, but not by any of the other agents tested. Aripiprazole alters brain activity in regions relevant to schizophrenia, and furthermore, has a pharmacological profile that differs for the two psychosis models tested and does not match the typical or atypical psychotics. Thus, D2 partial agonists may constitute a new group of antipsychotics.
The limited fossil fuel prompts the prospecting of various unconventional energy sources to take over the traditional fossil fuel energy source. In this respect the use of hydrogen gas is an attractive alternate source. Attributed by its numerous advantages including those of environmentally clean, efficiency and renew ability, hydrogen gas is considered to be one of the most desired alternate. Cyanobacteria are highly promising microorganism for hydrogen production. In comparison to the traditional ways of hydrogen production (chemical, photoelectrical), Cyanobacterial hydrogen production is commercially viable. This review highlights the basic biology of cynobacterial hydrogen production, strains involved, large-scale hydrogen production and its future prospects. While integrating the existing knowledge and technology, much future improvement and progress is to be done before hydrogen is accepted as a commercial primary energy source.
Optimal exact designs are problematic to find and study because there is no unified theory for determining them and studying their properties. Each has its own challenges and when a method exists to confirm the design optimality, it is invariably applicable to the particular problem only. We propose a systematic approach to construct optimal exact designs by incorporating the Cholesky decomposition of the Fisher Information Matrix in a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming formulation. As examples, we apply the methodology to find D- and A-optimal exact designs for linear and nonlinear models using global or local optimizers. Our examples include design problems with constraints on the locations or the number of replicates at the optimal design points.
Ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) is one of the most common chelators used to bind the metal ions in extremely stable complexes in heavy metal contaminated soils and thus to remediate such substrates. EDTA forms water soluble complexes with many metal ions and it is used to release the various metals. In this study, EDTA extraction of copper, chromium, and arsenic from chromated copper arsenate (CCA-C) treated wood was evaluated using batch leaching experiments. CCA-treated wood samples were extracted with eight different concentrations of EDTA for 4, 8, 18, and 24 h at room temperature. Exposing CCA-treated chips and sawdust to EDTA extraction enhanced removal of CCA components compared with extraction by deionized water. Grinding CCA-treated wood chips into 40-mesh sawdust provided greater access to and removal of CCA components. Extraction with 1% EDTA solution for 24 h removed 60% copper, 13% chromium, and 25% arsenic from treated chips. EDTA extraction of treated sawdust samples resulted in 93% copper, 36% chromium, and 38% arsenic removal. CCA leaching from treated wood blocks was also evaluated according to modified AWPA E11-99 standard test method of determining the leachability of wood preservatives. Leaching of CCA components from treated wood blocks with 1% EDTA solution for 14 days caused more copper leaching compared to leaching with deionized water. Leaching with 1% EDTA for 14 days removed 53% copper from the blocks whereas 14% copper was leached from the blocks with deionized water. The results suggest that EDTA extraction removes significant quantities of copper from CCA-treated wood. Thus, EDTA could be important in the remediation of wood waste treated with the newest formulations of organometalic copper compounds and other water-borne wood preservatives containing copper.
The cross-hole seismic technique was used to identify the extent of the Excavation Damage Zone (EDZ) is in a test tunnel and in a tunnel under construction. For the cross-hole test, a new electro-mechanical impact-based transmitter was developed and tested. The transmitter was specially designed to generate appropriate impact energy and fit into a 45-mm rock bolt borehole. In the test tunnel, 79P-wave rays were measured. The interval between the boreholes was 1.5m. From the measured P-wave velocity, 2D tomography was constructed and the average velocity gradient curves at the offsets of 0.21, 0.57, 0.93, and 1.29m were drawn. Given that the wave velocity gradient curves show spatial variation due to the quality of the rock mass, upper and lower bounds that delimit the P-wave velocity were drawn. The extent of the EDZ was determined as the depth at which the average velocity is lower than the lower bound. By applying this approach, the depth of the EDZ at the test tunnel was determined to be about 1.1m from the tunnel surface. The cross-hole seismic measurement was compared with the condition of the extracted rock cores. A gray-scale image of the rock core was compared to the P-wave velocity profile. According to the image, disintegrated rock cores were present up to a depth of 1.1m. From the seismic data and a visual inspection, a similar result was found. The same approach was applied in a tunnel under construction. From the site, the observed depth of the EDZ was about 0.9m. In addition, because of the developed transmitter can generate S-waves, P- and S-wave velocities were measured and compared. The results show that S-waves can be successfully applied to identify an EDZ. The S-wave profile shows less scatter compared to a P-wave measurement.
The aim of the present research is to investigate the prevalence of Specific Learning Disorders (SLD) in Ogliastra, an area of the island of Sardinia, Italy. Having experienced centuries of isolation, Ogliastra has become a high genetic homogeneity area, and is considered particularly interesting for studies on different kinds of pathologies. Here we are going to describe the results of a screening carried out throughout 2 consecutive years in 49 second grade classes (24 considered in the first year and 25 in the second year of the study) of the Ogliastra region. A total of 610 pupils (average age 7.54 years; 293 female, 317 male) corresponding to 68.69% of all pupils who were attending second grade in the area, took part in the study. The tool used for the screening was “RSR-DSA. Questionnaire for the detection of learning difficulties and disorders”, which allowed the identification of 83 subjects at risk (13.61% of the whole sample involved in the study). These subjects took part in an enhancement training program of about 6 months. After the program, pupils underwent assessment for reading, writing and calculation abilities, as well as cognitive assessment. According to the results of the assessment, the prevalence of SLDs is 6.06%. For what concerns dyslexia, 4.75% of the total sample manifested this disorder either in isolation or in comorbidity with other disorders. According to the first national epidemiological investigation carried out in Italy, the prevalence of dyslexia is 3.1–3.2%, which is lower than the prevalence obtained in the present study. Given the genetic basis of SLDs, this result, together with the presence of several cases of SLD in isolation (17.14%) and with a 3:1 ratio of males to females diagnosed with a SLD, was to be expected in a sample coming from a high genetic homogeneity area.
Transition metal hexacyanoferrates are versatile inorganic compounds widely employed for the assembling of sensors and biosensors in a variety of different electroanaytical applications. A modified version of the recently introduced redox competition mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (RC-SECM) was exploited to visualize the local electrocatalytic activity of microstructured Prussian blue (PB) films towards the reduction of H2O2 with improved lateral resolution. The PB films were electrochemically deposited in a spot on glassy carbon surfaces using a droplet cell. The influence of the potential applied to the PB modified surface on the current at the SECM tip was evaluated when both the sample and the SECM tip were competing for H2O2 in solution. Thus, high local electrocatalytic activity is indicated by low currents at the SECM tip. The same strategy was successfully employed for the characterization of the performances of a biosensor employing the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized within a polymer hydrogel matrix on the top of PB-modified glassy carbon electrodes.
A novel ternary rGO/PPy/S nanocomposite possessing of a hierarchical nanostructure via incorporating the matrix of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) coated by polypyrrole (PPy) with sulphur was prepared by a facile one-pot in situ method. The chemical bonds exist between PPy and rGO through the formation of graphitic N and pyridine oxide N, and the CS, SC=S and SO chemical bonds form between rGO/PPy and S in the structure of the rGO/PPy/S material. The loading content of sulphur is 69.43wt.% for the rGO/PPy/S sample. The rGO/PPy/S material exhibits a high performance when used as the cathode of Li-S battery. The initial and last discharge capacity arrived at 991.5 and 626.7mAhg−1 at 1C with 400 cycles which is corresponding to the capacity retention ratio of 63.2%, indicating its very high cyclic stability. The discharge capacity of 537.4mAhg−1 could be obtained at 5C and it maintained at 442.1mAhg−1 after 400 cycles with the Coulombic efficiency of more than 90%, showing its excellent rate stability.
It is shown that stable and active lead dioxide on titanium anodes (including mesh electrodes) may be fabricated by appropriate pretreatment of the substrate and a strategy involving the anodic deposition of two PbO2 layers—a thick underlayer with the lead dioxide doped with fluoride and iron and a top layer with the lead dioxide doped with bismuth. Periods on open circuit, especially in solutions containing an oxidisable organic or inorganic species must, however, be avoided since all forms of PbO2 are reducible unless protected by an anodic current; the rates of the reduction does depend on the medium, the dopants in the PbO2 and the morphology of the layer. It is also shown that, as at gold substrates, the morphology of the PbO2 layer on titanium (consequently, their properties including adhesion and electrocatalytic activity) depend strongly on the deposition conditions including the bath composition (including Pb(II) concentration, acid concentration, concentration and choice of dopant ion), temperature, current density and deposition charge.
We have investigated the evolution of the thermodynamics behaviour and of the crystal structure of electrodes materials of lithium-ion batteries based on graphite anode and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cathode after applying high voltage charging between 4.2V and 4.9V cut-off voltages (COV). We found the entropy and enthalpy profiles vary dramatically with the applied COV. These changes correlate well with the anode and the cathode crystal structure degradation as evidenced by post-mortem X-ray diffractometry and Raman scattering spectrometry. Our finding is thermodynamics measurements can be used as a new and non-destructive investigation tool to characterize the degradation level of electrode materials and consequently assess the cell's state of health (SOH).
RuO2 electrodes were prepared by polymeric precursor method. Initially the composition variables were investigated using a factorial design and in a second step the calcination temperature was studied between 250 and 600°C. Cyclic voltammograms in acid medium show no changes in the profile for different preparation temperature. On the other hand, a high decrease of the current density occurs as the calcination temperature is increased. Consequently, the specific capacitance of the electrodes also decreases. Specific capacitances of 70Fg−1 were obtained for films prepared at 250°C.
We present a LiFePO4/graphene composite prepared via a solid-state synthesis where electrochemically fabricated few-layer graphene was used as one of the precursors. Thin few-layer graphene flakes decorated with LiFePO4 submicron-sized particles were obtained, and the corresponding characterization was performed using electrochemical methods, XRD, and SEM. The electrochemical performance of the electrode material enhanced with the few-layer graphene as additive was compared to a reference sample with conventional Super P carbon used.
The results of studying the possibility of producing ultradispersed powders of metals, which can serve as components of metal-plating greases used to implement the effect of wearlessness during friction, from waste nickel–cadmium batteries are presented. Electrochemical mechanisms of the synthesis of Ni and Cd powders are studied, the chemical analysis of these powders is carried out, as well as the size distribution and the shape of their particles are determined. Tribological characteristics of experimental compositions of the metal-plating greases based on TSIATIM-201 that contain the produced ultradispersed powders are tested. It has been found that the disposal of metal-containing waste makes it possible to produce functional tribological nanomaterials, which comply with the requirements of green tribology, as well as possess fairly high technical efficiency and are economically reasonable and environmentally friendly.
Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) has received considerable attention as a lithium battery cathode because its specific capacity (>250 mA h g−1) is higher than those (<170 mA h g−1) of most commercial cathode materials. Despite this conspicuous advantage, V2O5 has suffered from limited cycle life, typically below a couple of hundred cycles due to the agglomeration of its particles. Once V2O5 particles are agglomerated, the insulating phases continuously expand to an extent that ionic and electronic conduction is severely deteriorated, leading to the significant capacity decay. In this study, in order to overcome the agglomeration issue, the electrodes were uniquely designed such that ultrathin V2O5 nanowires were uniformly incorporated into graphene paper. In this composite structure, the dispersion of V2O5 nanowires was preserved in a robust manner, and, as a result, enabled substantially improved cycle life: decent specific capacities were preserved over 100000 cycles, which are 2–3 orders of magnitude larger than those of typical battery materials.
The burden on healthcare services in the world has increased substantially in the past decades. The quality and quantity of care have to increase to meet surging demands, especially among patients with chronic heart diseases. The expansion of information and communication technologies has led to new models for the delivery healthcare services in telemedicine. Therefore, mHealth plays an imperative role in the sustainable delivery of healthcare services in telemedicine. This paper presents a comprehensive review of healthcare service provision. It highlights the open issues and challenges related to the use of the real-time fault-tolerant mHealth system in telemedicine. The methodological aspects of mHealth are examined, and three distinct and successive phases are presented. The first discusses the identification process for establishing a decision matrix based on a crossover of ‘time of arrival of patient at the hospital/multi-services’ and ‘hospitals’ within mHealth. The second phase discusses the development of a decision matrix for hospital selection based on the MAHP method. The third phase discusses the validation of the proposed system.
Due to recent advancements in electrochemical devices such as batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors, novel electrochemical processes for industrial plant scale including water treatment and desalination are being actively investigated. Slurry electrodes for flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) are representative process technology with continuous and easy scale-up characteristics. These characteristics are feasible as slurry electrodes can be flowed in microchannels, instead of stacking conventional electrodes fixed on plates. However, the electrochemical properties of slurry electrodes for electrochemical process engineering have not been clearly identified, compared to those of conventional fixed electrodes. In the present study, we investigated the electrochemical properties of capacitive slurry electrodes with changes in carbon content and electrolyte salt concentration using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and deionization/regeneration cycle tests with newly fabricated button-type cells. The CV patterns were rectangular, symmetrical, and reversible at a scan rate of 2mV/s, indicating electrical double-layer capacitive behavior. The results of the EIS and cycle tests demonstrated that increasing the carbon content and electrolyte salt concentration in slurry electrodes improved the cell efficiency due to the higher capacitance and lower total resistance.
On the 12th of March 2011, The Great Tōhoku Earthquake occurred 70 km off the eastern coast of Japan, generating a large 14 m high tsunami. The ensuing catalogue of events over the succeeding 12 d resulted in the release of considerable quantities of radioactive material into the environment. Important to the large-scale remediation of the affected areas is the accurate and high spatial resolution characterisation of contamination, including the verification of decontaminated areas. To enable this, a low altitude unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with a lightweight gamma-spectrometer and height normalisation system was used to produce sub-meter resolution maps of contamination. This system provided a valuable method to examine both contaminated and remediated areas rapidly, whilst greatly reducing the dose received by the operator, typically in localities formerly inaccessible to ground-based survey methods. The characterisation of three sites within Fukushima Prefecture is presented; one remediated (and a site of much previous attention), one un-remediated and a third having been subjected to an alternative method to reduce emitted radiation dose.
Retailers can benefit from allowing customers to touch their products. The influence of tactile input on evaluation, however, remains undemonstrated in the literature. In four experiments, effects of tactile input were observed for product categories wherein tactile input was diagnostic, and depended on product quality. While this effect was moderated by individual differences in need for touch when there was no opportunity for multiple product comparisons, there was no support for a mediating role of affect. Implications for retailing theory and practice are discussed.