batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
An original selective and quantitative detection method for direct access to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in near-neutral aqueous solutions during transient electrochemical experiments is described herein. Several chemiluminescent probes, which were selected for their high selectivity toward ROS were used and the selective electrogenerated chemiluminescence (SECL) method was validated on several electrocatalytic materials known to exhibit different behaviors toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR); the examined electrodes consisted of platinum, Au(111), glassy carbon and boron-doped diamond (BDD). We first selected appropriate molecular probes that are suitable for use under electrochemical polarization conditions and that are chemiluminescent in the chosen aqueous solutions. The roles of the concentration, solubility and possible activation of the molecular probes were identified. Then, the information obtained by the simultaneous recording of the amperometric signal was correlated with the chemiluminescence intensity, which was measured with a highly sensitive photomultiplier tube (PMT). The experimental results were interpreted by constructing a potential vs. pH diagram for the oxygenated species. The complementary nature of the information about the mechanistic path of the ongoing mechanism of ORR on the different electrode materials allowed us to propose a unified scheme. A coupled proton electron transfer (CPET) mechanism can be invoked to explain the major differences observed from the identified reactive intermediates in relation to the electrocatalytic activity of the electrode materials.
Copper vanadates have received considerable attention as the novel anode materials for lithium ion battery. However, its further application was restricted by the inferior cycling performance because of their larger volume change in lithiation reaction. In this paper, an in-situ crystallization route was employed to prepare a Cu2O coated Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O three dimensional microflower (Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O@Cu2O) for lithium-ion battery anodes. The designed Cu2O layers could prevent the damage originated from the volume variation of Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O in the lithium insertion/extraction process. The cycling stability of Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O@Cu2O microflower has been significantly improved compared to pure Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O. It exhibits a reversible capacity of 414mAhg−1 at the current density of 100mAg−1 after 100cycles.
The residential sector contributes significantly to primary energy consumption. Energy efficiency measures in this sector consequently play a key role in the transformation towards a more sustainable energy system. There are a multitude of options available to increase the energy efficiency, e.g. the installation of various electricity and heat supply systems or retrofitting of the building stock. Due to the availability of all these options, the investment planning decision for residential energy supply systems is very complex and requires the support of mathematical optimization methods. However, existing works in this field often use simplifications with regard to the considered portfolio of measures or the considered time resolution in order to maintain computational feasibility. These simplifications lead to sub-optimal or incomplete decisions for residential energy system investments. In this paper, a novel optimization model for the integrated investment and operation planning decision for residential energy supply systems is presented. Instead of using simplifications, the presented model uses a dual dynamic programming approach to reduce computational complexity. Due to this efficient solution strategy, additional decision variables can be integrated into the optimization without meeting computational limits. The functionality and mathematical structure of the decomposition approach are presented and compared to a general mixed-integer linear programming model. An exemplary case study is conducted for both a single family and an apartment building.
The critical impacts of climate change have imposed an imperative for accelerated global actions to curb the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The “historic Paris agreement” on climate change as well as the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) initiative are among the well-known foundations to restrict GHG emission by promoting renewable energy (RE) across the globe. In Yemen, a country with abundant RE resources, feasibility studies to explore RE potentiality are scarce. This paper first reviews the historical development of RE technologies as well as the RE prospects in Yemen. This is followed by a comprehensive feasibility study of an off-grid renewable-based power system for rural electrification in Yemen. Shafar, a key district in Hajjah province, is considered as a case study. Five different cases (various combination of energy resources) of power system have been investigated with a key objective to find out the most suitable hybrid system that yields the minimal system cost as well as environmental impact. In this work, the hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER) is employed to perform the optimization and sensitivity analysis. The simulation results indicate that combination of photovoltaic and wind energy system achieves potential reduction of 100% in the CO2 emission, along with 30% decrement in the cost of energy (COE). Comparatively, the photovoltaic/wind/diesel energy system could only achieve 70% reduction in the CO2 emission but 45% decrement in the COE. Furthermore, the latter case exhibits a superior system robustness to RE variability in comparison with the former case. Finally, the study recommends the deployment of the proposed hybrid system (photovoltaic/wind/diesel) as the means for Yemen (and other similar context countries) to sustainably achieve Paris agreement targets and the SE4All initiatives, simultaneously.
We demonstrate a simple electrospinning for preparing Si-carbon composite Nanofiber (NF) in which aciniform aggregates of Si particles are well encased by amorphous carbon. The Si-carbon composite NF exhibit a significantly improved electrochemical performance with a high specific capacity of 1250 mAh·g−1 and a superior cycling performance during 50 cycles at a rate of 0.2C. More importantly, Si-carbon composite NF maintain about 70% of initial capacity at 0.2C and an excellent cycling stability even at 25 times higher current density compared to the initial condition, proving that it has superb kinetics compared to ever reported Si or SiOx materials. The electrochemical superiority of Si-carbon composite NF can be attributed to amorphous carbon framework accommodating the inherent volume expansion of Si during lithiation as well as the enlarged contact area between active materials and conducting agent attributed to the morphological characteristics of its one dimensional (1D) nanostructure.
We investigated the relationship between deficits in naming and areas of focal atrophy in primary progressive aphasia (a neurodegenerative disease that specifically affects language processing). We tested patients, across multiple input modalities, on traditional naming tasks (picture naming) and more complex tasks (sentence completion with a name, naming in response to a question) and obtained high resolution MRI. Across most tasks, error rates were correlated with atrophy in the left middle and posterior inferior temporal gyrus. Overall, this result converges with prior literature suggesting that this region plays a major role in modality independent lexical processing.
Novel Sn–Ni–Fe ternary alloys were successfully deposited by pulse plating technique from an electrolyte based on sodium gluconate which acts as a complexing agent. XRD results revealed the predominantly amorphous character for the majority of the deposits. 57Fe and 119Sn conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy indicated the formation of a paramagnetic amorphous alloy using a short on-pulse duration and where the Fe content was less than 22 wt.%. Galvanostatic charge–discharge tests of the novel Sn-Ni-Fe deposits were carried out in a model Li-ion cell and indicated that the Sn-Ni-Fe alloys have potential as an electrode material.
Electrode materials for intermediate temperature (500–700 ∘C) solid oxide fuel cells require electrical and mechanical stability to maintain performance during the cell lifetime. This has proven difficult to achieve for many candidate cathode materials and their derivatives with good transport and electrocatalytic properties because of reactivity towards cell components, and the fuels and oxidants. Here we present Ba0.5Sr0.5(Co0.7Fe0.3)0.6875W0.3125O3−δ (BSCFW), a self-assembled composite prepared through simple solid state synthesis, consisting of B-site cation ordered double perovskite and disordered single perovskite oxide phases, as a candidate cathode material. These phases interact by dynamic compositional change at the operating temperature, promoting both chemical stability through the increased amount of W in the catalytically active single perovskite provided from the W-reservoir double perovskite, and microstructural stability through reduced sintering of the supported catalytically active phase. This interactive catalyst-support system enabled stable high electrochemical activity through the synergic integration of the distinct properties of the two phases.
A new, glassy, solid electrolyte system CdI2–Ag2O–V2O5–B2O3 has been synthesized and the composition with high ionic conductivity is used as an electrolyte in a solid-state cell. The silver ion transport number of this electrolyte is nearly unity. The thermoelectric power varies inversely with absolute temperature. The discharge and current–voltage characteristics are examined for different negative and positive electrodes to evaluate the applicability of these cells as power sources for low-energy applications.
This article discusses the evaluation of pain and disability and reviews definitions, statistics, guidelines, and models of disability. The authors review patient evaluation, including history, physical examination, and a questionnaire, and specialized testing such as functional capacity evaluation and rating scales. Current systems for compensating patients who have pain, including Workers’ Compensation, private insurance, Social Security, and the Veterans’ Administration, also are presented. Resources used for this article include several referenced papers on the evaluation of chronic pain and disability, the American Medical Association Guide to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, and various handouts and publications over the years from the Social Security and Veterans’ Administration.
Ferroelectrics have attracted great attention due to their above-bandgap photovoltages. To improve the quantum efficiency and fill factor of ferroelectric photovoltaic devices, recent studies have focused on band and electrode engineering. Here, we report the enhancement of charge quantity in ferroelectric BaTiO3 materials by coupling piezo–pyro–photoelectric effects. The influencing factors for photovoltaic performance and the interaction of various effects in BaTiO3 were investigated under various working conditions. The observed modulation of ferroelectric photovoltaic performance is directly related to the piezoelectric constant of BaTiO3, which can increase on decreasing the device temperature. By simultaneous application of vibration and wind, a temperature decrease of the device is observed, resulting in the best charging performance. A 4.7 μF capacitor can be easily charged to 0.44 V in 20 s. This work pushes forward a significant step toward the modulation of ferroelectric photovoltaic performance, which holds great promise for intelligent energy generation from the ambient environment and potential applications in self-powered micro/nano-devices.
The stabilities of different conductive carbon additives have been systematically investigated in high voltage lithium ion batteries. It is found that the higher surface area of conductive additives leads to more parasitic reactions initiating from different onset voltages. A closer inspection reveals that for the low surface area carbon such as Super P, PF 6 − anions reversibly intercalate into carbon structure at around 4.7 V. For high surface area carbons, in addition to the electrolyte decomposition, the oxidation of functional groups at high voltage further increases the irreversible capacity and Li+ ion consumption. Coulombic efficiency, irreversible capacity and cycling stability observed by using different carbon additives are correlated with their structure and surface chemistry, thus providing information for predictive selection of carbon additives in different energy storage systems.
Several types of commercial batteries employ the H2NiO2–HNiO2 (or Ni(OH)2–NiOOH) reaction in their positive electrodes. Such batteries often exhibit a so-called “memory effect” in which the available capacity at useful voltages noticeably decreases if they are used under conditions in which they are repeatedly only partially discharged before being recharged. However, if such cells are deeply discharged, the apparently lost capacity can be recovered. It is shown that these phenomena can be rationally explained by considering the reactions in the “nickel electrode” in terms of the thermodynamics of the ternary H–Ni–O system.
Olivine-type phosphates (LiMPO4, M = Fe, Mn, Co) are promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries that are generally accepted to follow first order equilibrium phase transformations. Herein, the phase transformation dynamics of sub-micro sized LiFePO4 particles with limited rate capability at a low current density of 0.14 C was investigated. An in-situ X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) measurement was conducted at the Fe and P K-edge for the dynamic studies upon lithiation and delithiation. Fe K-edge XANES spectra demonstrate that not only lithium-rich intermediate phase LixFePO4 (x = 0.6–0.75), but also lithium-poor intermediate phase LiyFePO4 (y = 0.1–0.25) exist during the charge and discharge, respectively. Furthermore, during charge and discharge, a fluctuation of the FePO4 and LiFePO4 fractions obtained by liner combination fitting around the imaginary phase fractions followed Faraday's law and the equilibrium first-order two-phase transformation versus reaction time is present, respectively. The charging and discharging process has a reversible phase transformation dynamics with symmetric structural evolution routes. P K-edge XANES spectra reveal an enrichment of PF6 −1 anions at the surface of the electrode during charging.
Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms in a closely packed honeycomb lattice. As a new class of two-dimensional nanomaterial, graphene has attracted considerable attention in terms of both the experimental and theoretical aspects in recent years. The unique nanostructure and its other properties endow graphene with potential applications such as capacitors, cell images, sensors, devices, drug delivery, and solar cells. This review presents a general description of preparation route for graphene and its composites in the last few years. The new developments and improvements in its electrochemical applications in inorganic analysis, organic analysis, immunoassay and other electrochemical fields are also discussed.
In this study, novel electrolyte mixtures for Li-ion cells are presented which are composed of ethylene carbonate/dimethyl sulfone (80:20 wt./wt.) as a solvent mixture and LiPF6, lithium bis(oxalato)borate and lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate as conducting salts. The main advantages of the solvent mixture are high flash points of >140 °C which enhance the intrinsic safety of Li-ion cells while maintaining good cell performance above 0–5 °C. The movability of the lithium ions in the electrolyte is investigated via programmed current derivative chronopotentiometry. It is found that pure electrolyte properties cannot necessarily predict the electrolyte behavior in real Li-ion cells but the complex interplay between electrolytes, electrode materials and separators has to be taken into account. Using the newly developed electrolytes, it is possible to achieve C-rates up to 1.5C with >80% of the initial specific discharge capacity (25 °C). Within 200 cycles during one month in cell tests (C||NMC) it is proven that the retention of the specific capacity is >98% of the third discharge cycle in dependence of the conducting salt.
The Multiple Diagnostic Digital Dyslexia Test for Adults (MDDDT-A) consists of 12 newly developed tests and self-report questions in the Dutch language. Predictive validity and construct validity were investigated and compared with validity of a standard test battery of dyslexia (STB) in a sample of 154 students. There are three main results. First, various analyses of principal components showed that six or more factors of dyslexia can be distinguished (rapid naming, spelling, reading, short-term memory, confusion, phonology, attention, complexity). All factors are represented by the MDDDT-A. Second, various discriminant analyses showed good predictive validity for both the tests of the MDDDT-A (90%) and the STB (90%). However, predictive validity of the questionnaire was highest (97%). Third, we analysed the best predictors of dyslexia and found that predictive validity is higher when construct validity is high, that is when a set of predictors represents many characteristics of dyslexia. The main conclusion is that a digital test battery can be a reliable screening instrument for dyslexia in students, especially when it is accompanied by self-report questions. A theoretical conclusion is that dyslexia is characterized by at least six cognitive impairments in a complex way. In students, this structure may be modulated by high intelligence and good schooling through various compensation strategies. It is therefore recommended to include assessments of all characteristics of dyslexia to achieve the most reliable diagnoses in different samples and in different countries.
Soft matter provides diverse opportunities for the development of electrolytes for all solid state lithium batteries. Here we review soft matter solid electrolytes for lithium batteriesthat are primarily obtained starting from liquid electrolytic systems. This concept of solid electrolyte synthesis from liquid is significantly different from prevalent approaches. The novelty of our approach is discussed in the light of various fundamental issues and in relation to its application to rechargeable lithium batteries.
Dynamic simulations are performed for the NASA planned propulsive small expendable deployer system (ProSEDS) space tether mission using two finite element analysis codes. The first is a specialized code for simulating tethered space systems. The second is an in-house flexible multibody dynamics code adapted herein for modeling tethered satellites. The simulation of the ProSEDS mission is divided into two operations: a tether deployment operation and an electrodynamic operation. The specialized code uses a fixed number of nodes and finite elements in simulating the deployment operation, while the in-house code uses a variable number of nodes and elements. The application of each approach is discussed. A fuzzy-set technique is used in conjunction with the two codes to assess the effect of parameter variations on the deployment and electrodynamic operation of the ProSEDS tether. Detailed numerical simulations reveal that the deployment operation is not sensitive to variations in material parameters, but is sensitive to variations in the initial tether ejection momentum and to controller parameters. The electrodynamic operation is found to be highly sensitive to variations in earth's magnetic field and, to a lesser extent, variations in material and plasma parameters.
As a facile and scalable approach to the surface modification of high-voltage cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, direct UV-assisted conformal coating of poly(tris(2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl) phosphate) (PTAEP) gel polymer electrolyte on as-formed LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM) cathode is presented. The smooth and continuous PTAEP coating layer with nanometer-thickness (∼20 nm) is successfully introduced on the NCM surface without impairing electronic/ionic conduction pathways preformed in the NCM cathode. Owing to this structural uniqueness, the PTAEP-coated NCM cathode significantly improves the high-voltage (4.6 V) cycling performance and mitigates the exothermic reaction between the delithiated NCM and liquid electrolyte. This demonstrates that the conformal PTAEP nanocoating layer proposed herein, which is completely different from conventional inorganic material-based coating layers, acts as a new ion-conductive protective film that effectively suppresses unwanted interfacial side reactions between the high-voltage cathode materials and liquid electrolyte.
Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) composed of porous methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymer membrane and electrolyte solution were prepared. The electrochemical characteristics of these polymer electrolytes were investigated in terms of copolymer composition and content of liquid electrolyte. The ionic conductivity reached 1.0×10−3 S/cm in the gel polymer electrolyte prepared with porous methyl methacrylate-styrene copolymer membrane of which methyl methacrylate composition is 77mol%. This system showed good mechanical properties and a sufficient electrochemical stability to allow operation in the rechargeable lithium-ion polymer batteries (LIPBs).
A composited anode material with combined Fe3O4/FeO nanotube and carbon shell is synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method with subsequent CVD heat treatment. The as-prepared Fe3O4/FeO/C composite shows excellent cycle stability and rate capability as lithium ion battery anode. We study the effect of FeO on the electrochemical performances of the Fe3O4/FeO/C electrode. A capacity climbing phenomenon can be observed for the Fe3O4/FeO/C electrodes, which tends to be more evident with increasing FeO content. The “extra capacity” is correlated with the reversible formation of polymeric gel-like film on the particle surface of active materials, which is electrochemical active towards Li ions. The FeO component presents a certain extent of catalytic role in assisting the formation of the gel-like film. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analytical technique are combined to further confirm the reversible growth of the SEI gel-like film. High temperature promotes the formation of gel-like film, while the resistance from the film decreases remarkably with temperature due to the enhanced lithium ion conductivity. The film contributes little to the whole EIS resistance of Fe3O4/FeO nanotube/carbon electrode. Tentative explanations based on the current experiments and existing literature are made to explain such unusual finding.
This paper presents extensive three-dimensional (3D) simulations of large LiFPO4 pouch cells. 3D simulations of the Li-ion battery behavior are highly nonlinear and computationally demanding. Coupling electrochemical modeling to thermal models represents an important step towards accurate simulation of the Li-ion battery. Non-uniform temperature, potential and current density through the battery induce non-uniform use of the active material and can have a negative impact on cell performance and lifetime. Different pouch cell designs, with different tab locations, have been investigated in term of performance, current density, potential and heat distributions. The model is first validated with experimental data at different current discharge rates. Afterwards, the electrochemical, thermal and electrical behaviors over each cell design under high discharge rate (4 It) are compared between configurations. It has been shown that the designs with symmetrical configurations show uniform potential and current density gradient, which minimize the ohmic heat and lead to more uniform active material utilization and temperature distributions across the cell surface.Introduction