batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this study, local cyclic changes of surface topography, phase and volume of TiO2 anode within an all-solid-state thin film Li-ion battery (TiO2/LiPON/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2) at nanoscale are studied. These changes are caused by reversible bias-induced electric field through an in situ scanning probe microscopy (SPM) without external electrochemical attachment. Combining simultaneous measurements of phase and amplitude images, high spatially resolved mapping of “nano-spots” related to Li+ distribution can be obtained, providing new insight into the ionic transport mechanism and diffusion preferred paths in a real all-solid-state thin film lithium ion battery. In addition, the thin film anode shows reversible topographical changes as the volume expansion/contraction is related to the cyclic Li+ insertion/extraction, which are analogues to the charge/discharge behavior observed in electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) studies. The results suggest that the applications of local reversible biases are very useful for modeling the charge/discharge processes of lithium ion batteries.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses several types of silver batteries, such as silver oxide-zinc primary batteries, silver-zinc secondary batteries, and silver-cadmium secondary batteries. There are two types of silver oxide cell: one has a cathode of monovalent silver oxide (Ag20) and the other type uses divalent silver oxide (AGO). The latter type has a higher theoretical potential (1.8 V) and, because there is an additional chemical reduction from AgO to Ag2O, it has a higher capacity. The silver oxide battery consists of a depolarizing silver oxide cathode, a zinc anode of high surface area and a highly alkaline electrolyte. Silver-zinc secondary batteries are leakproof, spillproof and have high impact strength. The assembled cells can be enclosed in sturdy lightweight cases for special mechanical and environmental conditions. Batteries can also be designed and built to meet the most stringent requirements. The design of silver-cadmium secondary batteries is very similar to that of the silver-zinc battery, with the exception that the zinc negative electrode is replaced by one fabricated from cadmium..
Pb–Ca foil laminated on rolled sheet for positive grid of lead-acid battery is proposed to prevent premature capacity loss (PCL) during charge–discharge cycling. Batteries with Pb–Ca foil laminated on positive grid had longer life during charge–discharge cycle than conventional battery, which failed early by PCL. PCL is a phenomenon due to the increase of the interfacial resistance between the positive grid and the positive active mass (PAM) during discharging by PbSO4 formation in the corrosion layer. Positive plates suffered from PCL when the compression between the grid and the PAM was poor, H2SO4 concentration at the interface was high or the corrosion layer mainly consisted of β-PbO2. Adhesion between the PAM and Pb–5%Sb alloy or Pb–1%Ca alloy was firmer than that between the PAM and Pb–0.06%Ca–1.5%Sn. Corrosion layer formed at the interface between grid material and the PAM during cycle included more α-PbO2 on Pb–5%Sb and on Pb–1%Ca than on Pb–0.06%Ca–1.5%Sn. It was found out that excellent cycle life performance with Pb–1%Ca foil against PCL is due to firm adhesion between the PAM and grid material, and that α-PbO2 is formed at the interface as a result of firm adhesion of the PAM and Pb–1%Ca grid.
Road transportation as an important requirement of modern society is presently faced with restrictions in mainly two respects, namely the ever tightening emission legislation as well as the availability of petroleum fuels, and as a consequence the fuel cost. But in any review of power sources for future road transport vehicles, the performance of the existing internal combustion engine is likely to be the yardstick against which other power sources will be compared. The power sources most likely to provide favourable comparison are those, which can display comparable range and speed, long and reliable life and manufactured at a cost comparable to petrol engine. A vehicle which fails in any of these requirements is unlikely to achieve anything but a niche market share. This article is an appraisal of a variety of proposed electrochemical systems, viz. rechargeable batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors, for an electric car. It is surmised that a viable electric car could be powered with a fuel cell to provide power for cruising and climbing coupled in parallel with a supercapacitor/battery bank to deliver additional short-term burst-power during acceleration.
Abstract Power amplifiers (PAs) are critical components in modern phones and there are ever-increasing pressures to improve performance and lower costs. The requirements for handset PAs have evolved and are placing new, more challenging, requirements on these circuits. In this chapter, we describe the system driven considerations for PA technology selection and discuss how various circuit architectures drive semiconductor technology. Contrary to many published works that only focus on the performance aspects of the power devices we expose the reader to overall considerations for process/technology selection. Considerations such as prototype cycle, wafer cost, and turn-around time are first discussed. Detailed designer considerations such as device offerings, passive device metrics, and active device characterization are presented. Comparisons of several important device technologies are shown and the link between small-signal data and large-signal performance is explored. Finally, we discuss layout floor planning and packaging considerations.
Poly(2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate) polymer gel electrolytes containing immobilised lithium bis(oxalato)borate in aprotic carbonates: propylene carbonate (PC), propylene carbonate–ethylene carbonate (PC–EC 50:50vol.%) and diethyl carbonate–ethylene carbonate (DEC–EC 50:50vol.%) were prepared by a direct radical polymerisation. The electrolyte composition was optimised to achieve suitable ionic conductivity 0.5 and 2.4mScm−1 at 25 and 70°C respectively along with good mechanical properties. The electrochemical stability up to 5.1V vs. Li/Li+ was determined on gold electrode by voltammetrical measurements. The polymer electrolytes with high-boiling solvents (PC and PC/EC) showed higher thermal stability (up to 110–120°C) compared to the liquid electrolytes. The proposed area of application is in the lithium-ion batteries with cathodes operating at elevated temperatures of 70°C, where higher electrochemical stability of the polymer electrolytes is employed.
Recently developed textile and paper based supercapacitors are well-suited for wearable energy storage devices due to their mechanical flexibility and stretchability. In this study, the effects of mechanical straining on carbon nanotube coated textiles are studied, and we demonstrate the pre-straining of the textile can result in an enhanced specific capacitance as well as power and energy densities. In-situ resistance measurement during mechanical straining of the textile capacitors show a decrease in resistance with tensile straining, which contributed directly to the enhancement of electrochemical performance. Two different carbon nanotube textiles based on polyester and cotton with different mechanical behaviors are examined, where the polyester textile show an increase in specific capacitance from 53.6 F g−1 to 85.7 F g−1 after the textile is pre-strained to 30% permanent elongation prior to electrochemical testing, constituting a 37% enhancement. Similarly, the cotton textile shows an enhancement in specific capacitance from 122.1 F g−1 to 142.0 F g−1 after 30% permanent elongation, which is a 22% enhancement. Specific capacitance, energy density, and power density are increased further by electroplating of MnO2 nanoparticles on the carbon nanotube coated cotton textile and then imposing a permanent elongation of 30%. Our results indicate that the simple mechanical pre-straining of the textile fibers contribute to significant enhancements in the electrochemical performance of the supercapacitors.
Objective To examine, in a field study circadian phase changes associated with two different light–dark exposures patterns, one that was congruent with a phase advanced sleep schedule and one that was incongruent with an advanced schedule. Methods Twenty-one adults (mean age±standard deviation=22.5±3.9years; 11 women) participated in the 12day study. After a five-day baseline period, participants were all given individualized, fixed, 90-minute advanced sleep schedules for one week. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups, an advance group with a light–dark exposure prescription designed to advance circadian phase or a delay group with light–dark exposure prescription designed to delay circadian phase. The advance group received two morning hours of short-wavelength (blue) light (λ max ≈476±1nm, full-width-half-maximum≈20nm) exposure and three evening hours of light restriction (orange-filtered light, λ <525nm=0). The delay group received blue light for three hours in the evening and light restriction for two hours in the morning. Participants led their normal lives while wearing a calibrated wrist-worn light exposure and activity monitor. Results After seven days on the 90-minute advanced sleep schedule, circadian phase advanced 132±19 minutes for the advance group and delayed 59±7.5 minutes for the delay group. Conclusions Controlling the light–dark exposure pattern shifts circadian phase in the expected direction irrespective of the fixed advanced sleep schedule.
The electrochemical performance of the layered Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 material have been investigated as a promising cathode for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application. A C/Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 cell, cycled between 2.9 and 4.1V at 1.5C rate, does not show any sign of capacity fade up to 100 cycles, whereas at the 5C rate, a loss of only 18% of capacity is observed after 200 cycles. The Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 host cathode converts from the hexagonal to a monoclinic symmetry at a high state of charge. The cell pulse power capability on charge and discharge were found to exceed the requirement for powering a hybrid HEV. The accelerated calendar life tests performed on C/Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 cells charged at 4.1V and stored at 50°C have shown a limited area specific impedance (ASI) increase unlike C/Li(Ni0.8Co0.2)O2 based-cells. A differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) comparative study clearly showed that the thermal stability of Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 is much better than that of Li(Ni0.8Co0.2)O2 and Li(Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05)O2 cathodes. Also, DSC data of Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 cathode charged at 4.1, 4.3, and 4.6V are presented and their corresponding exothermic heat flow peaks are discussed.
The purpose of this research is to measure e-Book device quality levels as the effects of country of origin from six countries including Thailand. Four hundred thirty questionnaires were answered by consumers in Bangkok. The results revealed that the highest quality ranking was country of origin from the USA, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, China, and Thailand respectively. Also, the finding showed that e-Book devices made in developed countries and developing countries had significantly different effects on Thai consumer perceptions of quality.
Proliferation of structural, semi-structural and no-structural data, has challenged the scalability, flexibility and processability of the traditional relational database management systems (RDBMS). The next generation systems demand horizontal scaling by distributing data over autonomously addable nodes to a running system. For schema flexibility, they also want to process and store different data formats along the sequence factor in the data. NoSQL approaches are solutions to these, hence big data solutions are vital nowadays. But in monitoring scenarios sensors transmit the data continuously over certain intervals of time and temporal factor is the main property of the data. Therefore the key research aspect is to investigate schema flexibility and temporal data integration aspects together. We need to know that: what data modelling should we adopt for a data driven real-time scenario; that we could store the data effectively and evolve the schema accordingly during data integration in NoSQL environments without losing big data advantages. In this paper we explain a middleware based schema model to support the temporal oriented storage of real-time data of ANT+ sensors as hierarchical documents. We explain how to adopt a schema for the data integration by using an algorithm based approach for flexible evolution of the model for a document oriented database, i.e, MongoDB. The proposed model is logical, compact for storage and evolves seamlessly upon new data integration.
Forest clear-cutting followed by soil preparation means disturbance for soil microorganisms and disruption of N and C cycles. We measured fluxes of N2O and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in upland soil (podzol) and adjacent peat within a clear-cut forest catchment. Both soil types behaved in a similar way, showing net uptake of N2O in the first year after the clear-cutting, and turning to net release in the second. The N2O flux dynamics were similar to those of N content in logging residues, as reported from a nearby site. As organic matter is used in the food web of the decomposers, we attempted to explain the dynamics of N2O uptake and release by measuring the concurrent dynamics of the low molecular weight (LMW) fraction and the aromaticity of DOC in a soil solution. The labile and most readily available LMW fractions of DOC were nearly absent in the year following the clear-cutting, but rose after two years. The more refractory high molecular weight (HMW) fraction of DOC decreased two years after the clear-cutting. The first year’s net uptake of N2O could be accounted for by the growth of decomposer biomass in the logging residues and detritus from the degenerating ground vegetation, resulting in immobilization of nitrogen. Simultaneously, the labile, LMW fraction of DOC became almost completely exhausted. The low availability of the LMW fraction could retard the growth and cause the accumulated decomposer biomass to collapse. During the following winter and summer the fraction of LMW clearly increased, followed by increased N2O emissions. The presence of LMW DOC fractions, not the concentration of DOC, seems to be an important controller for N2O liberation after a major disturbance such as clear-cutting and site preparation. The complex connection between DOC characteristics, nitrification or denitrification merits further studies.
Considerable promotion of RuO2 hosted by perovskite-like structure of rare earth–CoO3 composite and vice versa supercapacitive performances is reported. Spherical, sub-μm-sized, regular spheres of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 (LSCO), were synthesized by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. The sphere surface was subsequently hydrothermally doped by RuO2. LSCO and LSCO/RuO2 composites were investigated for their supercapacitive performances in alkaline solution. Microstructure and surface morphology were studied by SEM and XRD. It was found that amorphous Ru species decorate LSCO surface, and possibly incorporate partially into B-site of the LSCO lattice. Electrochemical characterization by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (G-C/DC) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) clearly revealed that capacitive performances of LSCO are considerably improved by addition of 20 mass. % of RuO2. The registered capacitance for LSCO/RuO2 reaches the values of pure RuO2, which reveals the promoting influence of LSCO on RuO2 pseudocapacitance. The EIS analysis showed that RuO2 catalyzes the redox transition of Co species, with simultaneous proportional increase in pseudocapacitive RuO2 abilities while being hosted by LSCO. This intrinsic interactive promotion introduces LSCO/RuO2 composite as unique supercapacitive material. G-C/DC curves showed that LSCO/RuO2 is of modest cyclability with respect to pure LSCO and RuO2, although the capacitance losses with cycling are acceptably low.
Uniform minor Mn-doped LiFePO4/C cathode materials are synthesized and their electrochemical performances are investigated systematically. Via tuning the doping amount of Mn, it is found that the well crystallized LiFePO4/C doped with 11000ppm Mn gives the highest discharge capacity of 165mAhg−1 at 0.1C at room temperature. Remarkably, it holds a quite stable cycling performance at 45°C, with capacity retention of 97.4% after 200 cycles using a high rate of 3.0C, and its low-temperature (−20°C) specific capacity maintains at high up to 131.4mAhg−1 at 0.1C, higher than that of the majority reports. The higher or lower Mn-doping amount than 11000ppm is found to have less positive impact on the performance of LiFePO4/C. Such phenomenon may be attributed to the negative cooperative effect of Mn doping, which enlarges the crystal space for improving the Li+ transfer under low dose due to the large radius of Mn, but increases the charge transfer resistance and declines the performance under high dose owing to its poor intrinsic kinetics.
A qualitative syber green real-time PCR with primers designed for a truncated portion of the 56kDa major outer membrane antigen gene of Orientia tsutsugamushi was used to diagnose scrub typhus from the blood or serum of suspected patients. Sixty-six blood and/or sera samples from fever cases, either with high index of suspicion for scrub typhus and/or positive by Weil–Felix test (≥1:160), were tested with the PCR. Specificity of the PCR was confirmed by end point melt curve analysis and sequencing of the amplicons. A nested PCR for determination of the serotypes of O. tsutsugamushi was performed on to the samples. In real-time PCR strong positive fluorescence was obtained in 73% of the suspected samples. Serotype-specific PCR amplification of some of the positive samples was indicative of the Kuroki type whereas the rest were non-responsive to this test. Sequence analyses of PCR amplicons indicated the presence of new, previously undescribed type of O. tsutsugamushi in this region. This one-step real-time PCR can be used for the detection and confirmation of scrub typhus, when used independently or in conjunction with, the Weil–Felix test, which is still the only available detection test for scrub typhus in most parts of the developing world. Elaborate studies need to be taken up to further evaluate its suitability as specific molecular tool for the diagnosis of scrub typhus and to delineate the prevalent strain types in these regions for a clear epidemiological understanding of this emerging infectious disease.
A novel Ce4+/Ce3+–V2+/V3+ redox flow cell has been designed. The electrochemical responses of higher concentration Ce4+/Ce3+ couple in H2SO4 solution were investigated via cyclic voltammetry. The normal potential and the kinetic parameters for anodic oxidation of Ce3+ and cathodic reduction of Ce4+ were measured. The results showed the surface of platinum electrode was fully covered with type I oxide that inhibited the reduction of Ce4+. The reversibility of the Ce4+/Ce3+ couple improved with the increase of H2SO4 concentration. Different electrochemically active substances existed at various state of charge (SOC) and the reversibility of the Ce4+/Ce3+ couple at the carbon electrode was superior to platinum.
In this work, an in-situ experimental mass-electrochemical investigation of the LiFePO4 (LFP) and NaFePO4 (NFP)electrolyte interfacial chemical reactions and surface redox potential is achieved by adopting electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) to monitor the mass change trend. In organic electrolyte, LFP (NFP) cathode's mass decreases/increases during the charge/discharge process because of deintercalation/intercalation of Li (Na) ions, which is an normal phenomenon which is generally known. However, the mass-potential curve for LFP nanocrystals in aqueous electrolyte show an anomalous mass change interval (AMCI) around 3.42V (vs. Li/Li+) where the cathode's mass increase in the charging process and mass decrease in the discharging process, which doesn’t obey the normal law of mass change. Through density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we gain a microscopic picture of the solid-liquid interface structure with a reconstructed LFP (010)/H2O and NFP (010)/H2O interface. Taken together, it's concluded that the surface redox potential of LFP is around 3.31V, which is lower than the bulk potential (3.42V) and the desolvation/solvation rate of surficial Li-ion is lower than the bulk Li-ion diffusion rate. While for NFP, it's surface redox potential is almost the same as the bulk one.
Bay–marsh systems, composed of an embayment surrounded by fringing marsh incised by tidal channels, are widely distributed coastal environments. External sediment availability, marsh-edge erosion, and sea-level rise acting on such bay–marsh complexes may drive diverse sediment-flux regimes. These factors reinforce the ephemeral and dynamic nature of fringing marshes: material released by marsh-edge erosion becomes part of a bay–marsh exchange that fuels the geomorphic evolution of the coupled system. The dynamics of this sediment exchange determine the balance among seaward export, deposition on the embayment seabed, flux into tidal channels, and import to the marsh platform. In this work, we investigate the sediment dynamics of a transgressive bay–marsh complex and link them to larger-scale considerations of its geomorphic trajectory. Grand Bay, Alabama/Mississippi, is a shallow microtidal embayment surrounded by salt marshes with lateral erosion rates of up to 5 m year−1. We collected 6 months of oceanographic data at four moorings within Grand Bay and its tidal channels to assess hydrographic conditions and net sediment-flux patterns and augmented the observations with numerical modeling. The observations imply a divergent sedimentary system in which a majority of the suspended sediment is exported seaward, while a smaller fraction is imported landward via tidal channels, assisting in vertical marsh-plain accumulation, maintenance of channel and intertidal-flat morphologies, and landward transgression. These results describe a dynamic system that is responsive to episodic atmospheric forcing in the absence of a strong tidal signal and the presence of severe lateral marsh loss.
Metallic Li is a promising anode material for high energy density batteries but it suffers from poor stability and formation of unsafe dendrites. Previous studies demonstrated that 3D metal foams are able to improve the stability of Li metal but the properties of these foams are inherently limited. Here we report a facile surface modification approach via magnetron sputtering of mixed oxides that effectively modulate the properties of Cu foams for supporting Li metal with remarkable stability. We discovered that hybrid Li anodes with Li metal thermally infused to aluminum-zinc oxides (AZO) coated Cu foams have significantly improved stability and reactivity compared with pristine Li foils and Li infused to unmodified Cu foams. Full cells assembled with a LiFePO4 cathode and a hybrid anode maintained low and stable charge-transfer resistance (<50 Ω) during 500 cycles in carbonate electrolytes, and exhibited superior rate capability (∼100 mAh g−1 at 20 C) along with better electrochemical reversibility and surface stability. The AZO modified Cu foams had superior mechanical strength and afforded the hybrid anodes with minimized volume change without the formation of dendrites during battery cycling. The rational construction of surface architecture to precisely control Li plating and stripping may have great implications for the practical applications of Li metal batteries.
Research has demonstrated impaired executive functioning among Binge Eating Disorder (BED) patients that could be influenced by age and weight. We aim to compare decision-making, set-shifting and central coherence between BED-obese patients (BED-Ob), non-BED-obese patients (non-BED-Ob), and normal-weight healthy controls (NW-HC) without the influence of these variables.