batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This study develops a facile and effective methodology to synthesize carbon-coated Fe3O4/graphene composite in one-pot high temperature hydrothermal processing, which not only simplifies the synthesis procedure, but also partly avoids graphene re-stacking and aggregation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Fe3O4@C nanoparticles of about 50nm are uniformly dispersed on the graphene nanosheets. The electrochemical test of the Fe3O4@C/graphene nanocomposite demonstrates high rate capacity. The first reversible specific capacity is 1016.6mAhg−1 and increases to 1199.8mAhg−1 after 500 cycles at 1.0Ag−1, and the reversible specific capacity at 20.0Ag−1 remains 52.8% of that at 0.2 Ag−1. The excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to high extrinsic conductivity where carbon layer and graphene can provide rapid transfer channels for electrons and small particles size that can accommodate volumetric changes of Fe3O4 due to their elastic feature. In addition, the winkle structure representing a curled and corrugated morphology that the graphene owns intrinsically may also act as lithium ion rapid transfer channels. Full batteries using the Fe3O4@C/graphene nanocomposite as the anode and lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide as the cathode show excellent cycle performance.
Start–stop systems require the battery to provide high power, endure shallow cycling, and exhibit long cycle life. The LFP/LTO (lithium iron phosphate/lithium titanate) battery is a potential candidate to meet such requirements because, at room temperature, both materials can be operated at high rate and have good stability (calendar and cycle life). In this work, we have investigated the feasibility of using Li x FePO4/Li4+3y Ti5O12 (0 < x < 1, 0 < y < 1) lithium ion batteries for start–stop systems. We evaluate both the rate and temperature dependence of LFP/LTO cells subjected to galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling. Excellent rate performance was observed at temperatures above or at ambient. However, at low temperatures, significant resistance is observed, and this must be addressed for the LFP/LTO system to be viable. In addition, we investigate the SOC dependence of equivalent circuit parameters using triangular current and voltage excitation method to facilitate the implementation of circuit-based control algorithms for vehicle applications. Parameter values are nearly constant over the broad voltage-plateau region of the substantially two-phase behavior of both the LFP and LTO materials.
Short and ‘fuzzy’ poly(ethylene) glycol chains with different molecule weights have been successfully grafted on to a pristine SiO2 nanoparticle surface using toluene 2,4-diisocyanate as the bridging molecule. Solvent-free composite electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide), LiBF4 and SiO2 or modified SiO2 particles have been prepared and compared. Composite electrolytes with modified SiO2 show a noticeably smoother surface texture under scanning electron microscopy. This is attributed to improved compatibility between the ceramic particles and polymer. The increased amorphization of the polymer leads to increase in room-temperature ionic conductivity as more ion-conduction channels are created in close proximity to the modified silica particles. On the other hand, a lower transference number is the result of weakened Lewis acid–base interactions between the polymer backbone and a smaller number of OH groups on the silica surface.
A new sizing approach is applied in this paper to stand-alone PV systems design, which is based on systems configurations without shedding load. The investigation is based on a detailed study of the minimum storage requirement and an analysis of the sizing curves. The analysis reveals the importance of using daily series of measured solar radiation data instead of monthly average values. For high-reliability systems, it is important that these data series are as long as possible, while the configuration of large generator and small battery seems to deal better with the unpredictability of solar radiation.
Publisher Summary This chapter describes the myriad of factors that influence an individual's report of neurocognitive impairment, provides information related to definitions and categories of cognitive impairment, and reviews assessment procedures used in diagnosing cognitive disorders. Motor vehicle collisions (MVC) involvement may result in a variety of distress reactions, the type and intensity of these distress reactions determined by parameters of the collision; the number and severity of physical injuries and impairments; the level of pain that accompanies injuries; and the level of compromise to various lifestyle domains and overall quality of life. Cognitive impairment can be transient, temporary, fulminating, or permanent. Some people involved in MVC can have long-term neurological, psychiatric, physical, or psychological problems. These problems, singly or in combination, can have an adverse impact on thinking skills. The complexity lies in accurately identifying problems with cognition, quantifying the deficits, estimating the impact on day-to-day functioning, and apportioning causation. All of these factors, singly or in combination, can have an adverse impact on cognition. Following an MVC, the most common causes of cognitive impairment are traumatic brain injury, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic pain, and chronic sleep disturbance.
This research presents a short version of the Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) scale, one of the most frequently used questionnaires in the arena of applied healthcare investigation. It measures burnout (BO), compassion fatigue (CF), and compassion satisfaction (CS).
Serious decay of capacity and voltage for Li-rich layered cathode materials restrict their commercial application for Li-ion batteries. In this paper, a spherical core-shell structure, Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2@Li1.2Ni0.4Mn0.4O2 was in-situ prepared using hydrothermal method. SEM images as well as the analysis with XPS and EDS verified that the core-shell structure grows well. Electrochemical properties showed that the merits of the both materials have been preserved for high capacity of core material and high voltage as well as superior cycling stability of shell material. C/S-1/1 sample, whose mass proportion of core to shell is 1:1, exhibits the initial discharge capacity of 218 mAh·g−1 with the highest operating voltage of 3.763 V at 0.1C between 2.0 and 4.8 V, splendid cycling stability with the capacity retention of 93.1% and high voltage retention value of 3.335 V after 100 cycles. The improvement of electrochemical performances are attributed to the stable Li1.2Ni0.4Mn0.4O2 protective shell, which is beneficial to improve the electrochemical kinetics, mitigate the morphology evolution and retard the layered-spinel phase transition by restraining the release of O2 and weakening the electrode-electrolyte interfacial reaction.
We aim to characterize the qualities of estimation approaches for individual exposure to ambient-origin fine particulate matter (PM2.5), for use in epidemiological studies.
Silicon has been regarded as one of the most promising anode material for the next generation lithium ion battery. Unfortunately, the structure damage caused by the volume change of silicon and the continual interfacial reaction due to the electrolyte remain two major challenges. Here, we design a novel kind of in-situ growth binder-free silicon-based anodes. The adaptable silicon nanoparticles were encapsulated in graphene nanosheets (SiNPs@GNS). Simultaneously, the SiNPs@GNS composites anchored on vertically aligned graphene trees with loose intersecting leaves (GrTr). In the resulting samples, the GNS shells, as adaptable sealed wraps, could synergistically accommodate the volume change of the wrapped SiNPs, thus effectively avoiding the direct contact between encapsulated silicon and the electrolyte and enabling the interfacial and structural stabilization of encapsulated SiNPs during cycling. The GrTrs directly grown on current collector act as supporters of SiNPs, which ensure their dispersion uniformity and supply three dimensional short transportation paths for both Li ions and electrons. The in-situ growth of SiNPs@GNS–GrTr composites were proximately used as anodes in LIBs without adhesives and other complex brushing processes of the active material. The composite material exhibits a high capacity (1528mAhg−1 at 150mA/g), relatively good cycle stability (88.6% after 50 cycles), and fast charge/discharge rate (412mAhg−1 at 8A/g). The uniquely designed structure of the composites, which provide an ultra-thin, flexible GNS shell to accommodate the changes in volume, introduces large efficient areas, good conductivity, three dimensional transportation paths for both Li ions and electrons, and contributes to its excellent performance.
In this paper, optimization of operating conditions for electrochemical energy sources is attempted using a dynamic optimization approach. This rigorous approach is demonstrated using a nonlinear diffusion equation that governs the mass transport limitation from/to the planar electrode. The resulting differential-algebraic model is solved using piecewise constant control vector iteration method that uses vectorized discharge current. The results obtained using the optimal control profile is compared with constant current discharge method and also with another trial and error approach that uses linear current control. It is found that the optimal control method achieves 12% more state of discharge against constant current discharge method with better energy efficiency and battery use. The proposed approach can be extended to complex systems such as operating electrochemical energy sources in hybrid environments that require proper control of energy distribution among the hybrid components.
Wind farm power fluctuations resulted from the wind random nature bring a significant challenge to the wind turbine generators operating in the maximum power point tracking. Furthermore, the smoothing process of a large wind farm in which the Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is used, needs a considerable initial investment cost. Utilizing Smart Parking Lots (SPLs) can be considered as an applicable solution. In this paper, assuming conventional parking lots in Tehran converted to an SPL set in a near future and thus establishing an enormous charging/discharging capacity, the smoothing process is performed on a 51 MW wind farm. For this purpose, a coordinated control system based on two control algorithms is proposed. The first proposed algorithm chooses eligible SPLs for charging/discharging activity before receiving a new sample of the wind farm output power. Afterwards, the second proposed algorithm determines qualified vehicles in selected SPLs. The main aim is to minimize the number of SPLs (vehicles) taking part in the process. According to the simulation results, the required BESS capacity in the power smoothing process of a typical wind farm decreases considerably when the proposed approach is applied. Thus, the investment cost of BESS is reduced significantly.
LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) as a cathode material for lithium ion batteries has been synthesized by the sol–gel method. The X-ray diffraction Rietveld refinement results indicated that single-phase NMC with hexagonal layered structure was obtained. Scanning electron microscope images revealed well crystallized NMC with uniform particle size in the range of 100–200 nm. The performance of the NMC electrodes with sodium carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), and alginate from brown algae as binders was compared. Constant current charge–discharge test results demonstrated that the NMC electrode using CMC as binder had the highest rate capability, followed by those using alginate and PVDF binders, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test results showed that the electrode using CMC as the binder had lower charge transfer resistance and lower apparent activation energy than the electrodes using alginate and PVDF as the binders. The apparent activation energies of NMC electrodes using CMC, alginate, and PVDF as binders were calculated to be 27.4 kJ mol−1, 33.7 kJ mol−1, and 36 kJ mol−1, respectively.
An easy scalable reaction is used to prepare nanometric particles of the cryolite Li3FeF6 by precipitation below room temperature. Precipitation of Li3FeF6 in water:2-propanol ratio of 1:3 at 0°C from a solution of Fe(NO3)3·9H2O, 6HF(aq) and Li2CO3, produces the smallest particles (ca. 20nm). These particles are agglomerated building up spherical “raspberry-shaped” motifs having ca. 200nm diameter. Interestingly, processing of as prepared Li3FeF6 using mechanical milling with carbon affects the size of agglomerates and its morphology, while the size of elemental nanometric particles is kept. Furthermore, mechanical milling has a beneficial effect on the electrochemical Li insertion and Li cells bearing Li3FeF6 as cathode deliver the theoretical full capacity (140mAhg−1). The improvement of electrochemical performances is related to the more intimate mixing of Li3FeF6 and carbon black in the electrode due to the breakage of the “raspberry-shaped” agglomerates upon ball milling. A different result is obtained when Li3FeF6 is prepared from pure aqueous solution without addition of alcohol. Isolated submicrometric prismatic particles having an average size of 300nm are obtained. These release only a 70% of theoretical electrochemical capacity in Li cells after mechanical milling.
The negative environmental impacts from urban freight transport and deliveries to a large extent are derived from the fact that conventionally fuelled vehicles are mainly used for transporting goods. Many countries, including all those in the EU, have implemented regulations aimed at setting high technical parameters for conventionally fuelled vehicles in order to reduce their negative impacts, however, in the long term it seems to be insufficient. This, combined with the issue of oil resources depletion, leads to the need to search for alternative forms of delivery transport. One such solution is electric vehicles. These are becoming more and more popular, nevertheless, but they are mainly used in passenger transport. This article analyses a selected range of electrically powered freight vehicles and points out possibilities of applying such vehicles to make deliveries in cities.
Ultrafine SnSb0.14 and SnO powders as hosts for lithium insertion show high irreversibility in the first cycle. A combination of the tin-containing hosts with Li2.6Co0.4N has been examined for composite anodes in lithium ion batteries. The new anode systems reduce or eliminate the first irreversible capacity and improve the cycle performances.
Cryo-focused ion beam milling of frozen-hydrated cells has recently provided unprecedented insights into the inner space of cells. In combination with cryo-electron tomography, this method allows access to native structures deep inside cells, enabling structural studies of macromolecules in situ. However, this approach has been mainly limited to individual cells that can be completely vitrified by plunge-freezing. Here, we describe a preparation method that is based on the targeted extraction of material from high-pressure-frozen bulk specimens with a cryo-gripper tool. This lift-out technique enables cryo-electron tomography to be performed on multicellular organisms and tissue, extending the range of applications for in situ structural biology. We demonstrate the potential of the lift-out technique with a structural study of cytosolic 80S ribosomes in a Caenorhabditis elegans worm. The preparation quality allowed for subtomogram analysis with sufficient resolution to distinguish individual ribosomal translocation states and revealed significant cell-to-cell variation in ribosome structure.
Elastomers consisting of a copolymer of epichlorohydrin and ethylene oxide were studied as solid polymer electrolytes in polymer/KOH systems. This alkaline solid polymer electrolyte exhibits a high ionic conductivity at room temperature, typically 10−3 S cm−1, as measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Moreover, it exhibits a good anionic transference number, namely 0.93, as determined by a technique derived from the Hittorf method. The potential stability window (0.9 V) has been determined by cyclic voltammetry. Initial tests concerning a nickel/metal hydride secondary battery and a zinc/air primary cell, containing this solid polymer electrolyte, show good performance of these systems in such electrolyte, at different temperatures.
The exciting development of advanced nanostructured materials has driven the rapid growth of research in the field of electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems which are critical to a variety of applications ranging from portable consumer electronics, hybrid electric vehicles, to large industrial scale power and energy management. Owing to their capability to deliver high power performance and extremely long cycle life, electrochemical capacitors (ECs), one of the key EES systems, have attracted increasing attention in the recent years since they can complement or even replace batteries in the energy storage field, especially when high power delivery or uptake is needed. This review article describes the most recent progress in the development of nanostructured electrode materials for EC technology, with a particular focus on hybrid nanostructured materials that combine carbon based materials with pseudocapacitive metal oxides or conducting polymers for achieving high-performance ECs. This review starts with an overview of EES technologies and the comparison between various EES systems, followed by a brief description of energy storage mechanisms for different types of EC materials. This review emphasizes the exciting development of both hybrid nanomaterials and novel support structures for effective electrochemical utilization and high mass loading of active electrode materials, both of which have brought the energy density of ECs closer to that of batteries while still maintaining their characteristic high power density. Last, future research directions and the remaining challenges toward the rational design and synthesis of hybrid nanostructured electrode materials for next-generation ECs are discussed.
The growing demands for large-scale energy storage devices have put a spotlight on aqueous sodium-ion batteries, which possess a number of highly desirable features, such as sodium abundance, low cost and safety over organic electrolytes. While lots of cathode materials were reported, only few candidate materials like active carbon and NaTi2(PO4)3 were proposed as anodes. It is a long-standing common knowledge that the low cost, non-toxicity, and highly reversible FePO4·2H2O is known as an attractive cathode material for non-aqueous lithium- and sodium-ion batteries, but we demonstrate for the first time that nano-size non-carbon coated amorphous FePO4·2H2O can be used as the anode for an aqueous sodium-ion battery. Its optimum operating voltage (∼2.75 V vs. Na+/Na) avoids hydrogen evolution. The capacity is as high as 80 mAh/g at a rate of 0.5 C in a three-electrode system. The full cell, using the Na0.44MnO2 as cathode, maintained 90% of the capacity at 300 cycles at a rate of 3 C. The calculations also show that its volume change during the intercalation of Na ions is below 2%. Its low cost, high safety, along with its outstanding electrochemical performance makes amorphous FePO4·2H2O a promising anode material for aqueous sodium-ion batteries.
A novel process is proposed to produce nanostructured batteries anodes from spent lithium-ion batteries. The electrodic powder recovered by the mechanical treatment of spent batteries was leached and the dissolved metals were precipitated as cobalt carbonates. Two different precipitation routes were separately tested producing cobalt carbonates with different Cu and Fe contents. Nanowire anodes were produced by electrodeposition into nanoporous alumina templates from the electrolytic baths prepared by dissolution of the precipitated carbonates. The electrochemical performances of the produced anodes were evaluated as compared to nanowire anodes produced with the same electrodeposition method but using a synthetic cobalt bath. The application of the carbonates produced by directly precipitating all the leached metals gave nanowires with capacity about halved as compared to the nanowires electrodeposited from the synthetic bath. Selectively removing Cu and Fe prior cobalt carbonate precipitation yielded, in contrast, nanowires with capacity initially larger and then gradually approaching that attained by the nanowire electrodeposited from the synthetic bath. A detailed analysis is presented describing the role of metallic impurities in determining the capacity of the produced nanowires. The impact of the illustrated results for the development of sustainable recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries is discussed.
In this work, a stochastic, physics-based model for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is presented in order to study the effects of parametric model uncertainties on the cell capacity, voltage, and concentrations. To this end, the proposed uncertainty quantification (UQ) approach, based on sparse polynomial chaos expansions, relies on a small number of battery simulations. Within this UQ framework, the identification of most important uncertainty sources is achieved by performing a global sensitivity analysis via computing the so-called Sobol' indices. Such information aids in designing more efficient and targeted quality control procedures, which consequently may result in reducing the LIB production cost. An LiC6/LiCoO2 cell with 19 uncertain parameters discharged at 0.25C, 1C and 4C rates is considered to study the performance and accuracy of the proposed UQ approach. The results suggest that, for the considered cell, the battery discharge rate is a key factor affecting not only the performance variability of the cell, but also the determination of most important random inputs.
Temporal lobe arachnoid cysts are common findings during brain imaging. Debate exists regarding whether they result from temporal lobe agenesis or are a malformation of the arachnoid matter. We measured temporal lobe volumes in five children with left middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts using morphometric analysis of magnetic resonance imaging scans. Three patients had neuropsychologic testing, and two patients had positron emission tomography scanning. All patients had significantly smaller left temporal lobes compared with the right side. On neuropsychologic testing two patients had cognitive deficits suggestive of left temporal lobe dysfunction. Temporal lobes adjacent to arachnoid cysts are smaller and less metabolically active when compared with the temporal regions on the opposite side. Patients with middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts should undergo careful assessment of temporal lobe structure and function before any therapeutic intervention.