batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We report a versatile route for the preparation of metal phosphides using PH3 plasma for supercapacitor applications. The high reactivity of plasma allows rapid and low temperature conversion of hydroxides into monometallic, bimetallic, or even more complex nanostructured phosphides. These same phosphides are much more difficult to synthesize by conventional methods. Further, we present a general strategy for significantly enhancing the electrochemical performance of monometallic phosphides by substituting extrinsic metal atoms. Using NiCoP as a demonstration, we show that the Co substitution into Ni2P not only effectively alters the electronic structure and improves the intrinsic reactivity and electrical conductivity, but also stabilizes Ni species when used as supercapacitor electrode materials. As a result, the NiCoP nanosheet electrodes achieve high electrochemical activity and good stability in 1M KOH electrolyte. More importantly, our assembled NiCoP nanoplates//graphene films asymmetric supercapacitor devices can deliver a high energy density of 32.9Whkg−1 at a power density of 1301Wkg−1, along with outstanding cycling performance (83% capacity retention after 5000 cycles at 20Ag−1). This activity outperforms most of the NiCo-based materials and renders the NiCoP nanoplates a promising candidate for capacitive storage devices.
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been associated with diverse functions including attentional processes, visceromotor activity, decision making, goal directed behavior, and working memory. Using retrograde tracing techniques, we examined, compared, and contrasted afferent projections to the four divisions of the mPFC in the rat: the medial (frontal) agranular (AGm), anterior cingulate (AC), prelimbic (PL), and infralimbic (IL) cortices. Each division of the mPFC receives a unique set of afferent projections. There is a shift dorsoventrally along the mPFC from predominantly sensorimotor input to the dorsal mPFC (AGm and dorsal AC) to primarily ‘limbic’ input to the ventral mPFC (PL and IL). The AGm and dorsal AC receive afferent projections from widespread areas of the cortex (and associated thalamic nuclei) representing all sensory modalities. This information is presumably integrated at, and utilized by, the dorsal mPFC in goal directed actions. In contrast with the dorsal mPFC, the ventral mPFC receives significantly less cortical input overall and afferents from limbic as opposed to sensorimotor regions of cortex. The main sources of afferent projections to PL/IL are from the orbitomedial prefrontal, agranular insular, perirhinal and entorhinal cortices, the hippocampus, the claustrum, the medial basal forebrain, the basal nuclei of amygdala, the midline thalamus and monoaminergic nuclei of the brainstem. With a few exceptions, there are few projections from the hypothalamus to the dorsal or ventral mPFC. Accordingly, subcortical limbic information mainly reaches the mPFC via the midline thalamus and basal nuclei of amygdala. As discussed herein, based on patterns of afferent (as well as efferent) projections, PL is positioned to serve a direct role in cognitive functions homologous to dorsolateral PFC of primates, whereas IL appears to represent a visceromotor center homologous to the orbitomedial PFC of primates.
Proton conducting gel electrolytes based on a network of various polymer matrices such as methyl methacrylate (MMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) containing perdeuterated H3PO4 have been synthesized using propylene carbonate (PC), dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylacetamide (DMA) as entrapped solvents. These systems have ionic conductivities as high as 10−4 S cm−1 at ambient temperatures. The operating range of these electrolytes is from 220 to 370 K. In an attempt to understand their structure and dynamic properties, we report 31P (I=1/2) spectroscopic and self-diffusion coefficient (D) measurements of mobile phosphorus species for these materials at room temperature, using pulsed field-gradient Hahn spin-echo techniques. The 31P NMR signal in some systems was found to have multiple peaks indicating the presence of o-phosphoric acid, charged dissociated species, and condensed phosphates. It is estimated that condensed phosphates comprise up to 40% of the phosphate species in GMA based electrolytes. As expected 31P diffusion coefficients of the different phosphate species present are determined to be dependent on the size of the moving phosphate species.
The retrosplenial cortex (Rsp) is a transitional cortex located between the neocortex and archicortex, but the molecular mechanism specifying Rsp from the archicortex remains elusive. We here report that the transcription factor Satb2 is required for specifying Rsp identity during its morphogenesis. In Satb2 CKO mice, the boundary between the Rsp and archicortex [i.e., subiculum (SubC)] disappears as early as E17.5, and Rsp efferent projection is aberrant. Rsp-specific genes are lost, whereas SubC-specific genes are ectopically expressed in Rsp of Satb2 CKO mice. Furthermore, cell-autonomous role of Satb2 in maintaining Rsp neuron identity is revealed by inactivation of Satb2 in Rsp neurons. Finally, Satb2 represses the transcription of Nr4a2. The misexpression of Nr4a2 together with Ctip2 induces expression of SubC-specific genes in wild-type Rsp, and simultaneous knockdown of these two genes in Rsp Satb2-mutant cells prevents their fate transition to SubC identity. Thus, Satb2 serves as a determinant gene in the Rsp regionalization by repressing Nr4a2 and Ctip2 during cortical development.
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine whether physical function can predict mortality in patients with cancer.
A thin coating layer composed of the mixture of the electronic conductive carbon and lithium ionic conductive inorganic solid electrolyte was introduced on one side of the routine Celgard separator. This functional coated separator is designed to localize the polysulfides on the cathode side and act as an upper current collector for further utilization of sulfur while alleviating the ion conductivity decrease induced by the dissolved polysulfides in the discharge and charge process. Moreover, catalytic conversion of polysulfides by the solid state highly ionic conductor is observed. This brings significant improvement in battery specific capacity and cycling stability, with an initial discharge capacity of 1247 mA h g−1 and a reversible capacity of 830 mA h g−1 after 150 extended cycles at 0.5 C rate. Rest-testing proves a low self-discharge and excellent capacity retention of the modified cells.
Flexible supercapacitors with large power and energy densities, long life cycles and good operational safety are necessary devices for various applications. In this work, we demonstrate the integration of a composite based on graphene nanosheets/multiwalled carbon nanotubes in an in-plane supercapacitor configuration by using a straightforward preparation involving the filtration of nanomaterials to produce an electrode film. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) received 15wt % carbon nanotubes to act as a conducting additive, which led to a flexible and transferable thin film (RGO/MW) with an average conductivity of 20.0Scm−1. Three ionic liquids were tested as electrolytes for the supercapacitor, among which 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMITFSI) was observed to exhibit the best performance. The specific capacitance of the supercapacitor based on RGO/MW-EMITFSI reached 153.7Fg−1 at a current density of 0.2Ag−1 and exhibited a capacitance retention of 88% after 2000 cycles. The maximum energy and power densities were calculated to be 41.3Whkg−1 and 3.5kWkg−1, respectively, for the RGO/MW-EMITFSI supercapacitor.
Aluminum has long attracted attention as a potential battery anode because of its high theoretical voltage and specific energy. The protective oxide layer on the aluminum surface is however detrimental to the battery performance, contributing to failure to achieve the reversible potential and causing the delayed activation of the anode. By developing aluminum alloys as anodes and solution additives to electrolytes, a variety of aluminum batteries have been extensively investigated for various applications. From molten salt and other non-aqueous electrolytes, aluminum can be electrodeposited and therefore be suitable for developing rechargable batteries. Considerable efforts have been made to develop secondary aluminum batteries of high power density. In the present paper, these research activities are reviewed, including aqueous electrolyte primary batteries, aluminum-air batteries and molten salt secondary batteries.
LiFePO4/graphene composites have been synthesized by a facile surfactant-assisted self-assembly way. In the LiFePO4/graphene composites, graphene could form an effective conductive network for electric transport. The effects of graphene content on structure and electrochemical performance have been investigated. The results show that all LiFePO4/graphene composites have higher rate capability and longer cycling stability than those of primitive LiFePO4. LiFePO4/graphene (with weight ratio of 94:6) displays the lowest charge transfer resistance among all samples and delivers discharge capacity of 132.6 mAh g−1 at 5 C rate, which is much more improved than that of primitive LiFePO4, i.e., 87.5 mAh g−1. Moreover, the capacity retention of all four LiFePO4/graphene composites are about 80% after 1000 cycles, which is much better than that of primitive LiFePO4, i.e., 49%.
Archaeometry could be defined as the interdisciplinary field where knowledge and analytical methods and techniques from natural and applied sciences have enhanced research carried out in archaeology. Many studies have been focused on answering questions related to dating, exploration, artefact function and use, materials sources, and manufacturing methods. In the last decades, materials considered, research topics, and scale of analysis have broadened, allowing to reach a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of social knowledge, behaviours, technologies and other aspects from ancient periods to recent times. Investigations within the field of maritime archaeology show an increasing interest in the application of archaeometric tools to a plethora of sites, including shipwrecks, harbours, dockyards, military batteries, and coastal cities. So far, noteworthy progress has been accomplished in the identification of materials and manufacturing methods, dating, provenance, in situ and laboratory conservation, exploration and survey. In Argentina, the application of archaeometric means of analysis has also gained an important place, especially since the new century. Interdisciplinary studies of wooden and metal artefacts—among other organic and inorganic remains—recovered from 17th to 20th century shipwrecks have not been left out of this trend. Based on a quantitative perspective, studies on metal artefacts show a special place in the country as well as in Latin America. This paper presents a review of the outcomes achieved on archaeometric research on shipwreck remains since the early 2000s, with an emphasis on archaeometallurgical studies, and explores ideas on how future research could be conducted in order to exploit the potential of these studies.
As one of the most theoretically promising next-generation chemistries, Li–O2 batteries are the subject of intense research to address their stability, cycling, and efficiency issues. The recharge kinetics of Li–O2 are especially sluggish, prompting the use of metal nanoparticles as reaction promoters. In this work, we probe the underlying pathway of kinetics enhancement by transition metal and oxide particles using a combination of electrochemistry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and thermochemical analysis in carbon-free and carbon-containing electrodes. We highlight the high activity of the group VI transition metals Mo and Cr, which are comparable to noble metal Ru and coincide with XAS measured changes in surface oxidation state matched to the formation of Li2MoO4 and Li2CrO4. A strong correlation between conversion enthalpies of Li2O2 with the promoter surface (Li2O2 + MaOb ± O2 → LixMyOz) and electrochemical activity is found that unifies the behaviour of solid-state promoters. In the absence of soluble species on charge and the decomposition of Li2O2 proceeding through solid solution, enhancement of Li2O2 oxidation is mediated by chemical conversion of Li2O2 with slow oxidation kinetics to a lithium metal oxide. Our mechanistic findings provide new insights into the selection and/or employment of electrode chemistry in Li–O2 batteries.
The growth of a country can be gaged directly from its growing demand for energy. If the demand for energy is not met in-time then it would severely hamper growth leading to economic meltdown and collapse. Pakistan is a developing economy with a vast potential for industrialization. However, the ever increasing energy deficit faced by the country has led to a severe economic slowdown. Apart from the industrial demand for electricity, transport sector is also a major consumer of energy in the country. This research, keeping in view the importance of transport sector as well as its energy requirements, proposes to utilize solar energy for the development of a solar powered railway transport system in the country. For this purpose, the solar energy potential of Pakistan has been evaluated and a case study for solar powered vehicles is presented, with an aim of utilizing renewable energy resources within the country.
The electrochemical performance of a W-coated SiO–graphite composite anode was evaluated in Li-ion secondary coin cells. Tungsten was coated onto the SiO–graphite composite electrode by physical vapor deposition. The layered structure of the W-coated electrode was imaged using transmission electron microscopy and the uniformity of the coating was confirmed by electron probe microanalysis. In coin cells, the W-coated electrode showed a higher retention capacity and discharge capacity than the uncoated electrode at a C rate of 0.5 C after 100 cycles. The discharge capacity of the coated cell was 566 mAh g−1 after the 1st cycle and 358 mAh g−1 after the 100th cycle at a C rate of 0.5 C, whereas that of the uncoated cell was 517 mAh g−1 after the 1st cycle and 269 mAh g−1 after the 100th cycle. The retention capacity of the coated cell was 63.2 % after 100 cycles, whereas that of the uncoated cell was 52.0 %. A comparison of the W-coated and uncoated electrodes after 100 cycles revealed that the W layer, which has superior conductivity and mechanical properties, improved the electrochemical performance of the electrode. Impedance analysis also confirmed that the W coating enhanced the cell performance.
Here we report that a novel member of the TNF-α family, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), contributes substantially to amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in human SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line. Involvement of TRAIL in the amyloid-induced cell death is supported by cDNA array, Northern blot, and Western blot data, demonstrating increased TRAIL expression after treatment of the cells with a neurotoxic fragment of amyloid protein (βAP). TRAIL was also found to be released in the culture media after βAP treatment with a time-course overlapping to contents of the intracellular protein. Contribution of TRAIL to βAP neurotoxicity is demonstrated by data showing that TRAIL-neutralizing monoclonal antibody protects neuronal SH-SY5Y cells from βAP neurotoxicity. Moreover, exposure of neuronal SH-SY5Y cells to TRAIL leads to cell death, indicating that this substance per se is endowed with neurotoxic properties. We also found that, similarly to βAP and TRAIL, activation of the death-domain adaptor protein FADD results in neuronal cell death. Lack of FADD function, by overexpression of its dominant negative, rescued cells from either TRAIL- or βAP-induced neurotoxicity, supporting the hypothesis that these three molecules share common intracellular pathways. Finally, we found that βAP strongly activated caspase-8, and the cell-permeable, selective caspase-8 inhibitor z-IETD-FMK prevents both βAP- and TRAIL-induced neurotoxicity. In view of TRAIL's potency in inducing neuronal death, and its role as mediator of βAP, it is plausible to hypothesize that TRAIL can be regarded as a molecule that provides substantial contribution to βAP-dependent cell death, which takes part in the progression of the neurodegenerative process and related chronic inflammatory response.
Environmentally safe disposal of end-of-life (EoL) or discarded mobile phone is a serious problem on account of their ever increasing number and toxic metals contents. In the present work, metal toxicity of mobile phone plastics, printed wire boards (PWBs) and batteries were assessed through dynamic batch leaching using Milli Q (MQ) water. Phone plastics failed Toxicity Characterization Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and Waste Extraction Test (WET) for Pb as the cumulative amount of Pb leached from plastics (5.33mg/l) exceeded the regulatory limits (5.0mg/l) used in characterizing a waste as hazardous. Similarly, the average cumulative amount (21.83mg/l) of Ni leached from PWBs exceeded the regulatory limit of 20mg/l and thus PWBs failed WET. Metals leached from batteries in small amounts (Cr: 0.40mg/l and Ni: 0.15mg/l). The presence of Fe in the batteries and its precipitation as oxides/hydroxides in the leaching solution hindered the leaching of other metals in MQ water. Both plastics and PWBs should be treated as hazardous waste and should not be disposed in open landfills. Further, MQ water leaching could provide good simulation of metals leaching from the mobile phones disposed at landfill sites.
Many people wait long periods for community outpatient services. However little is known about the impact of waiting from referral to first visit on patient outcomes. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate whether waiting for community outpatient services is associated with adverse effects on patient outcomes.
The results of previous cross-sectional studies suggest that free thyroxine (FT4) levels are associated with cognitive abilities (particularly attention/vigilance) during the early stages of psychosis. We aimed to explore whether hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid hormones predict cognitive changes in a 1-year longitudinal study following first episodes of psychosis (FEP). We studied 36 FEP patients and a control group of 50 healthy subjects (HS). Plasma levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and FT4 were measured. Cognitive assessment was performed with the MATRICS Cognitive Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). FEP patients were assessed twice (baseline and after 1year), whereas HS were assessed only once. We compared cognitive changes at 1year between three groups based on baseline FT4 levels: 1) lowest quartile (Q1, FT4<1.16ng/dL); 2) medium quartiles (Q2–Q3, FT4 1.16–1.54ng/dL); and 3) highest quartile (Q4, FT4>1.54ng/dL). No differences in TSH or FT4 levels were found between HS and FEP patients. All participants had FT4 levels within the normal range. HS outperformed FEP patients in all cognitive tasks. In relation to the relationship between FT4 levels and cognitive changes, a U-shaped pattern was observed: FEP patients from the middle quartiles (Q2–Q3) improved in attention/vigilance, whereas both extreme quartiles (Q1 and Q4) showed a worsening in this cognitive domain over time. Patients with lower FT4 (Q1) showed poorer baseline attention; therefore, lower baseline FT4 levels predicted a poorer prognosis in terms of attention performance. Our study suggests that baseline FT4 levels are associated with changes in attention and vigilance performance over one year in FEP patients.
Traditionally, capacity has been procured to meet system peak load with no formal regard for flexibility characteristics. However, this planning paradigm is shifting, with increasing variable energy resource penetration, to consider system flexibility requirements in addition to peak capacity. Flexibility is broadly defined as the capability of system operators to respond to changing loads net of intermittent renewable generation. It can be provided by energy storage, but also by gas-fired generation, enhancement of existing resources, responsive loads, new or redefined ancillary services and operational rule changes. We show that traditional cost of new entry (CONE) capacity planning metrics fail to fairly represent the net cost of different types of flexible capacity resources. We contribute to existing literature by using a mixed integer linear program to (1) optimize the dispatch of three bulk energy storage technologies and a conventional combustion turbine (CT) and (2) co-optimize their dispatch as price-takers first in day-ahead and subsequently in real-time energy and ancillary service markets. We then define a “flexible capacity” CONE and demonstrate, that even without premium “pay-for-performance” payments, bulk energy storage can be cost competitive with a CT as a flexible resource in today’s markets.
To meet the continuously increasing demands of flexible and wearable miniaturized electronic device in modern life, printable energy storage device has attracted extensive attention to accomplish the mission, such as supercapacitor, lithium-ion battery, solar cell, etc. Particularly, printed flexible solid-state supercapacitors are considered as next-generation energy storage systems due to its promising features as high power density, excellent cycling stability, safety, substrate-versatile ability, high throughput and can be produced on a large scale. The combination of large-scale and high-volume printing techniques to fabricate supercapacitors with excellent performance meets the integration requirements of smart supercapacitors for portable and wearable electronics, improving the possibility of commercial application of supercapacitors. This review introduces the recent progress of printed solid-state supercapacitors involved in portable and wearable electronics from an overall perspective, focusing on their design, fabrication, and applications. Moreover, we discussed the existing challenges and future development trends of printed flexible solid-state supercapacitors for portable and wearable electronics.
Space astronomy in the last 40 years has largely been done from spacecraft in low Earth orbit (LEO) for which the technology is proven and delivery mechanisms are readily available. However, new opportunities are arising with the surge in commercial aerospace missions. We describe here one such possibility: deploying a small instrument on the Moon. This can be accomplished by flying onboard the Indian entry to the Google Lunar X PRIZE competition, Team Indus mission, which is expected to deliver a nearly 30 kgs of payloads to the Moon, with a rover as its primary payload. We propose to mount a wide-field far-UV (130–180 nm) imaging telescope as a payload on the Team Indus lander. Our baseline operation is a fixed zenith pointing but with the option of a mechanism to allow observations of different attitudes. Pointing towards intermediate ecliptic latitude (50∘ or above) ensures that the Sun is at least 40∘ off the line of sight at all times. In this position, the telescope can cover higher galactic latitudes as well as parts of Galactic plane. The scientific objectives of such a prospective are delineated and discussed.