batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A new mixed-matrix membrane based on stabilized phosphotungstic acid (PTA) incorporated to chitosan (CS)-hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC) for application in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) is reported. Membranes are characterised using Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and their mechanical properties are evaluated. The PTA content in the CS-HEC blend and its influence on proton conductivity, water/methanol sorption, and methanol cross-over in the DMFC is studied. The DMFC with 3 wt. % stabilized PTA-CS-HEC mixed-matrix membrane delivers peak power-density of 58 mW/cm2 at a load current-density of 210 mA/cm2 with a lower methanol cross-over than that observed for a DMFC operating with a Nafion membrane electrolyte.
Realizing stable cycling performance with high areal capacity is a great challenge for metal-ion battery anodes. Achieveing high areal capacity generally requires the electrode in a high active loading with increased electrode thickness, which is not beneficial to the cycling stability. In this work, novel nanosheet-assembled compact CaV4O9 microflowers are firstly synthesized through a facile method, which exhibit both high areal capacity and stable cycling performance at high mass loadings. The compact microflower structure leads to an increased tap density of the electrode materials, benefiting to reduce the anode thickness at high mass loadings. Meanwhile, the assembled nanosheets maintain the nano-effects of the active materials for favorable electrochemical reactions. These merits together with the intrinsic superior electrochemical properties of CaV4O9, result in the outstanding electrochemical performance. When used as Li-ion battery anodes, a high areal capcity of ~2.5 mAh cm−2 at a high mass loading of 4.4 mg cm−2 is obtained, and a stable cycling over 400 cycles with the areal capacity over 1.5 mAh cm−2 is demonstrated. Besides, the superior electrochemical performance at high mass loadings is also observed for Na storage. These achievements may pave the way for constructing applicable high-capacity and stable anode materials in metal-ion batteries.
The process chain for production of lithium-ion battery electrodes commonly includes the compaction by calendering. This process step decisively determines the pore structure of the coating and therefore the electrochemical performance of the produced lithium-ion battery cells. For the targeted adjustment of the pore structure, it is of substantial interest to be able to control this process comprehensively. In this study, a Heckel-based model equation is supplemented by a predictive model for the lowest achievable coating porosity based on the theoretical packing structures of equally sized spheres. Using this approach, the influence of different active materials, varying in particle size distribution and mechanical characteristics, on the compaction behavior is examined. An addition of smaller particles as well as increased initial porosities due to coarser particles decrease the compaction resistance. Furthermore, the impact of increasing mass loadings of the coating on the compaction resistance is analysed, resulting in a linear proportional relationship for the considered range from 80 to 280 g/m2.
Hand hygiene compliance is the most significant, modifiable cause of hospital-acquired infections, yet national averages for compliance rates remain unsatisfactory. Noncompliance can contribute to patient mortality, extended hospital stays, higher re-admission rates, and lower reimbursement for hospitals under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Although several hand sanitizing tracking systems currently exist, they pose problems of personal tracking, workflow interference, system maintenance concerns, among others. Considering these barriers, we created a prototype system that includes compliance rate tracking, real-time sanitization reminders, and a data archive for future studies.
Developing a convenient synthetic strategy to achieve graphene based composites with ideal electrochemical properties is still a huge challenge. In this work, three-dimensional sulfur doped graphene supported by nickel-iron bimetallic sulfides (NiFeS2/3DSG) as high performance supercapacitors electrode are fabricated by one-step microwave alcohothermal method, in which mercaptoacetic acid is applied as sulfur source of doped graphene as well as precursor of nickel-iron sulfide. The 3DSG not only exhibits space laminated structure with ideally pore sizes and large specific surface area, but also increases the binding of nickel-iron precursor through chemical bonds of sulfur. NiFeS2/3DSG electrode has reflected in the specific capacitance of 643.9 C g−1 (1073.2 F g−1) at the current density of 1 A g−1 in 6.0 M KOH electrolyte. Furthermore, the asymmetric supercapacitor device is constructed of NiFeS2/3DSG electrode as positive electrode and 3DSG as negative electrode (NiFeS2/3DSG//3DSG), which delivers a superior energy density of 45.7 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 222 W kg−1 under a wide potential range of 1.6 V. After 5000 cycles of charge and discharge, the specific capacitance of this device hold the retention rate of 82%. These results indicate that the graphene based hybrid with outstanding electrochemical performance could be a strong competitive prospect in the applications of supercapacitor.
In this work, we synthesize a sandwich-structured graphite-metallic silicon@C (MS-G@C) composite, which shows good electrochemical performance compared to metallic silicon or graphite-metallic silicon. The improved electrochemical performance may be ascribed to the sandwich structure of the composite with the carbon coating on metallic Si and to the metallic Si particles with high electronic conductivity according to the results of four probe tester measurement and a density functional theory study. When evaluated as an anode material for LIBs, the low cost MS-G@C anodes Exhibit 830mAhg−1 at 0.5C, 650mAhg−1 at 1C, and 251.2mAhg−1 at 5C, respectively, and after 100 cycles with an average capacity loss of only 0.02% per cycle at 0.5C. The synthetic method presented in this paper is provided a facile and low-cost strategy for the large-scale production of silicon-based material as an anode in LIBs.
Solar PV and battery storage technologies are known to provide savings to customers in the form of reduced electricity charges. Currently, these savings are only determined for the volume component (kWh) and not the demand component (kW or kVA). As interest grows in commercial solar PV and battery storage installations, the need to predict demand charge reductions is great. The aim of this research is to determine, with accuracy and reliability, the ability of solar PV and battery storage technologies in reducing demand charges. Results have shown that when simulated against a commercial-scale electricity consumption profile solar PV was able to reduce the maximum demand across five electricity networks in Australia by 0.05–1.51%. When coupled with a 12 kWh battery storage an additional 1.31–2.02% reduction was experienced. Battery utilisation strategy was shown to be critical in yielding greater demand reduction from the battery storage. Notably, it was shown that in the Ergon Energy electricity network, battery storage was able to supply demand at 34% lower cost ($/kW) than the network was able to. The results detail the first instance of demand reduction evaluation of solar PV coupled with battery storage, focusing on physical and financial outcomes in an Australian context.
In human cells, interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1) is a component of protein complexes involved in homotypic adhesion and the transduction of antiproliferative signals. Here, we reported the cloning of an IFITM1 homologue from the spleen of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea (LycIFITM1). The complete cDNA of LycIFITM1 is 734 nucleotides (nt) encoding a protein of 124 amino acids (aa), with a putative molecular weight of 13.6kDa. The deduced LycIFITM1 protein is significantly homologous to interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) in mammals and fish, and has the typical structural features of IFITMs, including two transmembrane domains (residues 43–63 and 90–112, respectively) and one intracellular domain between them (residues 64–89), as well as one conserved protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation site (residues 65–67, SIK). Phylogenetic analysis showed that LycIFITM1 formed a cluster with fish IFITM, reflecting a relative distant evolutionary relationship from mammals. LycIFITM1 gene was constitutively expressed in various tissues examined, such as gills, intestine, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, muscle and blood. Upon induction with poly(I:C), LycIFITM1 gene expression was obviously up-regulated in gills, kidney, heart and spleen at 24h after stimulation, suggesting that LycIFITM1 may be involved in the immune response induced by poly(I:C). Time course analysis using real-time PCR showed that the mRNA levels of LycIFITM1 in spleen and kidney were quickly up-regulated by poly(I:C) and reached the peak at 24h post-induction (48.7- and 280.4-fold mRNA increases in spleen and kidney, respectively). The results suggest that the IFITM1 homologue from large yellow croaker may represent a novel member of IFITMs family in fish.
The Si–SiC nanocomposites were synthesized by high-energy mechanical milling (HEMM) using two different starting mixtures, Si:SiC=1:2 and Si:C=3:2. Both mixtures result in amorphous silicon and nanocrystalline silicon carbide as confirmed by XRD results. The Si–SiC nanocomposite corresponding to Si:SiC=1:2 obtained after milling for 30h shows a capacity as high as ∼370mAh/g. The nanocomposite synthesized using HEMM for 24h from a mixture corresponding to Si:C=3:2 also exhibits a stable capacity of ∼370mAh/g. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis shows that SiC nanocrystallites ≅10nm in size are distributed homogeneously within the nanocomposite. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) maps of C suggests that SiC is uniformly present within the particles.
SiOx-based anodes have received intensive attention with the effort on increasing the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for applications such as electric and hybrid electric vehicles. To ensure the security and energy density of LIBs, it is prerequisite to address the cell deformation arising from the huge volume variation of SiOx-based anodes during battery operation. We herein reported the compacted SiOx/G/C granules constructed by the interfacial adhesion between SiOx nanoparticles and thin-layer graphite under the collaborative auxiliary of binder pitch, which contributes to preserving intact conduction pathway and structure integrity of anodes during the repeated lithiation/delithiation process. The as-prepared SiOx/G/C granules deliver superior cycling stability, high initial Coulombic efficiency and good rate capability. In particular, low deformation (13.7% thickness expansion), which is comparable with that of graphite anodes, could be attained in high capacity SiOx/G/C anode (653 mA h g−1). The excellent properties of SiOx/G/C anodes, especially in maintaining structure integrity and lowering deformation, provide insights into the rational design of high capacity electrode materials with huge volume variation.
The effect on cycle capacity is reported of cathode material (metal oxide, carbon, and current collector) in lithium/metal oxide cells cycled with fumed silica-based composite electrolytes. Three types of electrolytes are compared: filler-free electrolyte consisting of methyl-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) oligomer (PEGdm, M w=250)+lithium bis(trifluromethylsufonyl)imide (LiTFSI) (Li:O=1:20), and two composite systems of the above baseline liquid electrolyte containing 10-wt% A200 (hydrophilic fumed silica) or R805 (hydrophobic fumed silica with octyl surface group). The composite electrolytes are solid-like gels. Three cathode active materials (LiCoO2, V6O13, and Li x MnO2), four conducting carbons (graphite Timrex® SFG 15, SFG 44, carbon black Vulcan XC72R, and Ketjenblack EC-600JD), and three current collector materials (Al, Ni, and carbon fiber) were studied. Cells with composite electrolytes show higher capacity, reduced capacity fade, and less cell polarization than those with filler-free electrolyte. Among the three active materials studied, V6O13 cathodes deliver the highest capacity and Li x MnO2 cathodes render the best capacity retention. Discharge capacity of Li/LiCoO2 cells is affected greatly by cathode carbon type, and the capacity decreases in the order of Ketjenblack>SFG 15>SFG 44>Vulcan. Current collector material also plays a significant role in cell cycling performance. Lithium/vanadium oxide (V6O13) cells deliver increased capacity using Ni foil and carbon fiber current collectors in comparison to an Al foil current collector.
A mobile health unit may be useful to follow up adult and pediatric patients on antiretroviral treatment and living in remote areas devoid of laboratory facilities. The study evaluated the use of the simplified, robust, single-plateform, volumetric, pan-leucogating Auto40 flow cytometer (Apogee Flow Systems Ltd, Hemel Hempstead, UK) for CD4 T cell numeration in a mobile unit, compared against a reference flow cytometry method.
Charge–discharge properties of sodium-ion batteries using the Na[FSA]–[C3C1pyrr][FSA] (FSA: bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide, C3C1pyrr: N–methyl–N–propylpyrrolidinium) ionic liquid were investigated over a temperature range of 273–363 K. NaCrO2 and hard carbon (HC) were used as positive electrode and negative electrode active materials, respectively, and their fundamental charge–discharge characteristics were examined with coin-type half-cells. A 1.5 mAh coin-type full cell composed of HC/NaCrO2 showed excellent cycle properties, maintaining 90 % of its initial capacity after 1000 cycles at 333 and 363 K. The 1.5 mAh full cell also exhibited a high charge–discharge energy efficiency of 97.5 % at 363 K and C/5 rate. A large-sized prismatic HC/NaCrO2 full cell with a capacity of 27 Ah was fabricated by a mass production process, and its performance was confirmed to be comparable with that of the 1.5 mAh coin-type cell.
The composite materials of B-doped LiFeP1−x B x O4−δ /C (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15) at P-site are synthesized in flowing N2 atmosphere by liquid phase reduction method with heat treatment. The synthesized products are characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. The results show that the samples all have well-regulated olivine-type structures, high crystallinity, moderate and uniform particle size, while B-doping improves the conductivity of composite materials, decreases the polarization of electrode, and enhances the cycling performance and high rate capability effectively. The LiFeP0.9B0.1O4−δ /C composite exhibits the best electrochemical performance in the all samples. The discharge capacities of LiFeP0.9B0.1O4−δ /C are 155.2 mAh g−1, 146.2 mAh g−1, 139.4 mAh g−1, 132.4 mAh g−1, 119.1 mAh g−1 and 102.6 mAh g−1 at the rate of 0.2C, 0.5C, 1.0C, 2.0C, 5.0C, and 10.0C.
Porous LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 (LMFP) is synthesized by a modified sol–gel process. Highly conductive LMFP due to uniform dispersion of carbon throughout LMFP particles are achieved by the addition of sucrose as an additional carbon source. The LMFP obtained has a high specific surface area with a uniform, porous, and web-like nano-sized carbon layer on the surface. The initial discharge capacity and energy density of the LMFP cathode is 152 mAh g−1 and 570 Wh kg−1, respectively, at 0.1C current rate. The combined effect of high porosity and high electrical conductivity lead to fast lithium ion diffusion and enhance initial capacity compared to materials prepared by the general sol–gel method. However, with conventional electrolyte (1M LiPF6 in EC/DMC) poor cycle performance is observed due to HF attack. To improve the cycle stability we add tris (trimethylsily) phosphite (TMSP) as an additive in the electrolyte which dramatically improves cycle stability and rate-capability.
We present an efficient, easy to construct, air-breathing biocathode for dioxygen reduction using the enzyme bilirubin oxidase encapsulated in a silicate gel film on Toray paper. Functionalised single-walled carbon nanotubes were used for improving electron transfer between the enzyme and the Toray paper. A current density of 1.2 mA cm−2 was measured under air without any mediators. The biocathode was connected with a Nafion-covered Zn-anode to form a zinc–oxygen battery. The biobattery has an open circuit voltage of 1.75 V and gives a maximum power density of 5.25 mW cm−2 at ca 0.4 V, which is the best result published so far for such a device. The device was used to power a two-LED bicycle lamp.
A measurement system is required for the assessment of the structural and kinematic response of a free-running model, either at model or full scale. Tethered and optical measurements systems used in towing tanks and wave basins are unsuited to this application. A system of wireless sensor nodes with synchronised video capability has been developed which allows rigid body motions and three-axis accelerations to be obtained by a single nine degree of freedom sensor node whilst the structural deformation of the hull girder can be obtained from a minimum of three nodes in parallel. The system performance was assessed in a controlled towing tank environment in comparison to a tethered system, using three nodes mounted on a flexible, four segment model hull. Measurements from the wireless system were comparable to the tethered results with the same degree of accuracy. Further tests showed a single node to produce comparable measurements to an optical system. The additional synchronised video capability allows a visual image of an extreme wave encounter to be correlated to the magnitude of the responses experienced. Practical advantages of the wireless system demonstrate its viability for acquiring high quality model data; further development should allow its application to full scale.
This work lays out the two-potential framework for the constitutive modeling of dielectric elastomers. After its general presentation, where the constraints imposed by even electromechanical coupling, material frame indifference, material symmetry, and entropy imbalance are all spelled out, the framework is utilized to put forth a specific constitutive model for the prominent class of isotropic incompressible dielectric elastomers. The model accounts for the non-Gaussian elasticity and electrostriction typical of such materials, as well as for their deformation-enhanced shear thinning due to viscous dissipation and their time-dependent polarization due to electric dissipation. The key theoretical and practical features of the model are discussed, with special emphasis on its specialization in the limit of small deformations and moderate electric fields. The last part of this paper is devoted to the deployment of the model to fully describe the electromechanical behavior of a commercially significant dielectric elastomer, namely, the acrylate elastomer VHB 4910 from 3M.
Background Previous literature has shown inconsistency in the prevalence of developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (MABC-2) is often used for DCD prevalence studies, although the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) recommends four criteria. Aims The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of DCD in Korean children using the DSM-5 and MABC-2. Methods A total of 548 Korean elementary school students (mean age: 8.5 years ± 4.5 months) completed this study procedure. All four criteria defined by the DSM-5 were used to classify children with DCD. MABC-2 test scores were used to classify students into four subgroups: high-risk DCD, mild-risk DCD, probable DCD and typical development. Results Cohen’s kappa revealed that the estimates of DCD prevalence were not significantly different between MABC-2 and DSM-5. When DSM-5 criteria were applied, 60 children out of 548 were classified as probable DCD (10.94%) compared to 70 children with probable DCD (12.77%) when MABC-2 was used. Conclusions DCD prevalence based on DSM-5 is not significantly different from MABC-2, though it tends to estimate less than MABC-2. Future studies should consider our findings when selecting an assessment tool.
A thermal-runaway retardant (TRR) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), dibenzylamine (DBA), is investigated. In a TRR-modified LIB, DBA can be encapsulated in packages made of inert materials. When the LIB is subjected to mechanical abuse, the packages would be broken apart and the TRR is released. In nail penetration and impact tests, addition of 4 wt% DBA reduces the temperature increase of fully charged LIR-2450 cells by nearly 50%. The influence of TRR packages on the cycling performance of LIBs is negligible. The working mechanism of DBA is associated with the decrease in electrolyte conductivity, the increase in charge transfer resistance, and the reduction in lithium ion (Li+) transference numbers.
The open terminal voltage of a lithium ion battery is measured at temperatures ranging from 0°C to 50°C in increments of 10°C. Primary focus is on three states of charge of the battery (full charge, late life, charge depletion). Estimates of the enthalpy, ΔH, and the entropy, ΔS, of the battery reaction are made using the established thermochemical relationship between the open terminal voltage and the Gibbs free energy, ΔG. As expected, ΔS is found to be dependent on the state of charge. The enthalpy also shows some dependence on the state of charge, which is at variance with the ideal Nernstian behavior. This may attributed to non-equivalence of intercalation sites as well as near neighbor interactions. Furthermore, the rate of discharge has little apparent effect on these results. An equilibration time well in excess of 20hours is also observed.
This paper presents an overview of dry mouth, an important condition in the older population. Dry mouth will first be defined, followed by consideration of its occurrence. There will then be an overview of the leading causes of dry mouth. Next, the impact of dry mouth will be discussed in order to explain why it is a significant condition. Lastly, there will be a brief description of the diagnosis and management of dry mouth.
Polyacene (PAS)/carbon coated lithium iron phosphate composites were synthesized with starch as surfactant using hydrothermal route at 180°C for 5h followed by calcining phenolic resin surface coated LiFePO4 at 750°C for 6h. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was performed to investigate the structure and phase purity of all samples. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) characterization show that the polyacene (PAS) and carbon double layer are coated on the surface of LiFePO4 successfully. The sample synthesized in hydrothermal route shows small particle size (100–150nm) as demonstrated in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, which can be ascribed to the coated starch nano-layer restricting the growth of the LiFePO4 particles. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as well as charge and discharge tests was carried out to investigate the electrochemical performance of all samples. High initial discharge capacity (161.7mAhg−1 at 0.2C) and good cycling stability are observed in PAS/carbon double coated LiFePO4 synthesized using the hydrothermal route. Compared with the S-PLFP, the lower charge transfer resistance (R ct) and the higher lithium ion diffusion coefficient of the H-PCLFP can be ascribed to the double coating layer (PAS and carbon) on the surface of H-PCLFP and the small grain size.