batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
European efforts to fight climate change, to improve the security of energy supply, and to drive innovation and competitiveness in the next decade will make distributed generation (DG) develop and grow considerably. DG growth is an integral component of a new vision of an effective and highly responsive “European Smart Grid” in which the actions of all stakeholders are fully integrated. According to IMPROGRES (Improvement of the Social Optimal Outcome of Market Integration of Distributed Generation (DG) and renewable energy resources (RES) in European Electricity Markets), DG/RES electricity generation in the EU-27 will increase from 490 TWh/year in 2005 to approximately 1280 TWh/year in 2030. The relative proportion to the total electricity generated will also grow from 15% to approximately 26% during the same time period. However, there are a number of existing barriers that prevent the spread of DG in the European market. These barriers range from simple commercial issues, such as the fact that the energy produced is currently not cost-effective in comparison to the electricity generated on a large scale, to complex regulatory reforms. In Spain, these barriers are being overcome, grid parity is almost certain, and regulatory reform is on track to become a reality. In this article, several comparisons are made regarding different solutions already adopted in European countries for low power distributed generation, thereby providing possible solutions to the budding energy situation in Spain, as well as an overview of trends and growth forecasts for distributed generation and smart grid (SG) projects.
Studies on adult racial/ethnic minority populations show that the increased concentration of racial/ethnic minorities in a neighbourhood—a so-called ethnic density effect—is associated with improved health of racial/ethnic minority residents when adjusting for area deprivation. However, this literature has focused mainly on adult populations, individual racial/ethnic groups, and single countries, with no studies focusing on children of different racial/ethnic groups or comparing across nations. This study aims to compare neighbourhood ethnic density effects on young children’s cognitive and behavioural outcomes in the US and in England. We used data from two nationally representative birth cohort studies, the US Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort and the UK Millennium Cohort Study, to estimate the association between own ethnic density and behavioural and cognitive development at 5 years of age. Findings show substantial heterogeneity in ethnic density effects on child outcomes within and between the two countries, suggesting that ethnic density effects may reflect the wider social and economic context. We argue that researchers should take area deprivation into account when estimating ethnic density effects and when developing policy initiatives targeted at strengthening and improving the health and development of racial and ethnic minority children.
As a promising material for sodium-ion batteries, molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) affords excellent electrochemical performance owing to its large surface area and the accelerated electron transport within individual layers. However, it suffers from slow reaction kinetics and agglomeration owing to low conductivity and high surface energy. In this work, nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber@MoS2 nanosheets arrays with S-vacancies (NC@MoS2-VS) are developed via a process involving electrospining, hydrothermal and annealing. When served as an anode material for SIBs, this material displays a superior capacity of 495 mAh g−1 over 100 charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1, and the pseudocapacitive contribution is up to 74.4% as revealed by the cyclic voltammogram (CV) at 1 mV s−1. The theoretical calculations show that the presence of sulfur vacancies facilitates the adsorption of Na+ and enhances the conductivity of MoS2. This work may pave a new avenue to develop other types of metal sulfides for high-performance SIBs.
Polysulfide dissolution and the insulating nature of sulfur cause significant capacity fading and low efficiency in rechargeable lithium–sulfur batteries. Here, we show that these defects can be effectively diminished by immobilizing sulfur in porous carbon via the interaction of a small amount of selenium. Amorphous S-rich S1−xSex/C (x ≤ 0.1) composites have been prepared starting from Se and S powders at 260 °C. Raman spectra reveal the existence of S–Se bonds in S1−xSex/C composites. As cathodes for lithium–sulfur batteries, S1−xSex/C (x ≤ 0.1) composites exhibit high electrochemical performance in a carbonate-based electrolyte. S0.94Se0.06/C composites deliver the best performance with a capacity of 910 mA h g−1 at 1 A g−1 over 500 cycles, 1105 mA h g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 100 cycles and a good rate capability of 617 mA h g−1 at 20 A g−1.
Sub-micro spinel LiNi0.5−x Mn1.5+x O4 (x <0.1) cathode materials powder was successfully synthesized by the ultrasonic-assisted co-precipitation (UACP) method. The structure and electrochemical performance of this as-prepared powder were characterized by powder XRD, SEM, XPS, CV and the galvanostatic charge–discharge test in detail. XRD shows that there is a small Li y Ni1−y O impurity peak placed close to the (400) line of the spinel LiNi0.5−x Mn1.5+x O4, and the powders are well crystallized. XPS exhibits that the Mn oxidation state is between +3 and +4, and Ni oxidation state is +2 in LiNi0.5−x Mn1.5+x O4. SEM shows that the prepared powders (UACP) have the uniform and narrow size distribution which is less than 200nm. Galvanostatic charge–discharge test indicates that the initial discharge capacities for the LiNi0.5−x Mn1.5+x O4 (UACP) at C/3, 1C and 2C, are 130.2, 119.0 and 110.0mAhg−1, respectively. After 100 cycles, their capacity retentions are 99.8%, 88.2%, and 73.5%, respectively. LiNi0.5−x Mn1.5+x O4 (UACP) at C/3 discharge rate exhibits superior capacity retention upon cycling, and it also shows well high current discharge performance. CV curve implies that LiNi0.5−x Mn1.5+x O4 (x <0.1) spinel synthesized by ultrasonic-assisted co-precipitation method has both reversibility and cycle capability because of the ultrasonic-catalysis.
Five integrative biomarker indices are compared: Bioeffects Assessment Index (BAI), Health Status Index (HSI), integrated biological response (IBR), ecosystem health condition chart (EHCC) and Integrative Biomarker Index (IBI). They were calculated on the basis of selected biomarker data collected in the framework of the Prestige oil spill (POS) Mussel Watch monitoring (2003–2006) carried out in Galicia and the Bay of Biscay. According to the BAI, the health status of mussels was severely affected by POS and signals of recovery were evidenced in Galicia after April-04 and in Biscay Bay after April-05. The HSI (computed by an expert system) revealed high levels of environmental stress in 2003 and a recovery trend from April-04 to April-05. In July-05, the health status of mussels worsened but in October-05 and April-06 healthy condition was again recorded in almost all localities. IBR/n and IBI indicated that mussel health was severely affected in 2003 and improved from 2004 onwards. EHCC reflected a deleterious environmental condition in 2003 and a recovery trend after April-04, although a healthy ecosystem condition was not achieved in April-06 yet. Whereas BAI and HSI provide a basic indication of the ecosystem health status, star plots accompanying IBR/n and IBI provide complementary information concerning the mechanisms of biological response to environmental insult. Overall, although the integrative indices based on biomarkers show different sensitivity, resolution and informative output, all of them provide coherent information, useful to simplify the interpretation of biological effects of pollution in marine pollution monitoring. Each others’ advantages, disadvantages and applicability for ecosystem health assessment are discussed.
Toys help children in mastering developmental tasks. This study investigated toy effect on children with developmental disabilities as they engage in using ordinary and adaptive toys. A single-subject design was used to identify the effects on their toy play abilities. Differences in toy effects between playing ordinary and adaptive toys were examined. Three special education teachers chose ordinary toys and modified ordinary toys. Modified ordinary toys, i.e., adaptive toys, were designed according to the individual disabilities of participating children, treatment goals, and the toy types. Three children with developmental disabilities from pre-schools in Taiwan were enrolled. Appropriate participation of three pre-schoolers increased dramatically in playing adaptive toys during intervention phase. The toy effects demonstrate that when using adaptive toys, children with developmental disabilities may response better during toy play sessions.
A novel approach for the development of a model for Li-ion batteries with the potential for application in on-board diagnostic is introduced. This approach is not tied to a particular electrochemistry, and has the advantages of scalability and automatable parameterization as well as feasibility regarding an implementation on microcontrollers. The dynamic behavior of the cell under test, a Li-ion pouch cell with a graphite anode and a blend cathode, is characterized in an extremely broad frequency range from 100 kHz to 17 μHz. The introduced model gives predictions consistent with the experimental data, its accuracy depends on the assumed number of relaxation times respectively model order. Recommendations concerning application are given and limitations of the approach are discussed.
Multi-dimensional model of large-scale lithium-ion batteries is developed. The model is based on equivalent circuit model (ECM) which is capable of dynamic response simulation. Model parameters are functions of both state of charge and temperature, which are implemented by bilinear interpolation method. Local degradation effects such as capacity fade and resistance growth are incorporated into the multi-D model by empirical method. Local distributions of current, potential, temperature, state of charge (SOC), and state of health (SOH) are observed with the developed model. It is found that local degradation worsens under severe operating condition. Low thermal conductivity of a battery results in non-uniform SOH distribution. Simulation result shows good agreement with experiment data under various operation modes.
A porous nanowall Co3O4 film is prepared by a facile cathodic electrodeposition. The as-prepared porous nanowall Co3O4 film shows a net-like porous structure with huge porosity. The porous network is made up of free standing interconnected Co3O4 nanoflakes with a thickness of 20nm. As cathode material for pseudocapacitors, porous nanowall Co3O4 film exhibits weaker polarization, higher electrochemical reactivity and better cycling performance as compared to the dense Co3O4 film. The specific capacitance of porous nanowall Co3O4 film is 325Fg−1 at 2Ag−1 and 247Fg−1 at 40Ag−1, respectively, much higher than that of the dense Co3O4 film (230Fg−1 at 2Ag−1 and 167Fg−1 at 40Ag−1). The better pseudocapacitive performances of the porous nanowall Co3O4 film are attributed to its highly porous morphology, which provides large reaction surface and short ion diffusion paths, and relaxes the volume change caused by the reaction during the cycling process.
In the present study, DNA damaging and mutagenic effects of chlorinated drinking water (CDW) extracts obtained from polluted raw water resources were examined in metabolically competent human Hep G2 hepatoma cells using the in vitro micronucleus assay and the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE, comet assay). Additionally, the in vivo induction of micronuclei (MN) was studied in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) derived from bone marrow of CDW-treated Wistar rats. Furthermore, we examined the influence of CDW on the lipid peroxidation (LpO) in blood, liver, kidney and testicle of rats. The results demonstrated significant increases of micronucleated PCEs in the bone marrow of rats fed with relatively low CDW doses (33.3ml/kg body weight per day). Similar effects, i.e. increases of MN frequencies, were found in Hep G2 hepatoma cells after CDW treatment (41 MN/1000 binucleated cells (BNCs) for 167ml CDW) in comparison to the vehicle control (24 MN/1000 BNC). Additionally, DNA damages caused by CDW were observed in the comet assay. As a product of LpO, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly enhanced almost in all animals and organs tested after CDW treatment. In livers and serum of rats dose-dependent increases of MDA were observed. The data indicated that extracts from CDW obtained from polluted raw water were able to cause oxidative damages and to induce various biological effects in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro, i.e. clastogenicity and/or aneugenicity, DNA strand breaks and/or alkali-labile damages. The consistency of the results among the various biological systems and endpoints led to the conclusion that the consumption of chlorinated drinking water obtained from polluted raw water may enhance the body burden with mutagenic and/or carcinogenic substances and therefore, means a potential genetic hazard for human health.
A one step method for the fabrication of Mn3O4 nanoparticles/graphene composite materials is described. An in-situ transformation technique using an aqueous phase at ambient conditions is employed. During the process of forming Mn3O4 nanoparticles, graphene oxide is simultaneously reduced to a graphene nanosheet which simplifies the overall process and eliminates the need for an additional reduction step, which is generally energy consuming and produces toxic by-products. The resulting materials were characterized using XPS, XRD, TEM, STEM–EDS and electrochemical analysis. The Mn3O4 nanoparticles with uniform size (about 14 nm) and shape are highly dispersed on the surface of graphene. The material exhibits a reversible capacity of over 500 mAh g−1, at a current density of 60 mA g−1 with less significant fades after 40 cycles. Furthermore, its rate capability and cycling stability are enhanced in comparison with that of the pure Mn3O4 nanoparticles.
Here we demonstrate the fine tuning of the supercapacitive performance of nanoporous carbon electrodes with different pore diameters and found that pore diameter of the electrodes, which maintain better electrochemical performance with excellent cycle life, dictates the value of specific capacitance that increases significantly from 108 to 186Fg−1 with increasing the pore diameter from 3 to 6.5nm.
Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are considered a potential energy storage technology due to their low cost and the abundance of sodium resources. Numerous strategies have been made to address the remaining challenges such as low electronic conductivity, huge volume change, and sluggish sodium ions kinetics. In spite of impressive advances, a comprehensive understanding of the microstructure-stability correlation remains elusive. Here, the three-dimensional (3D) Fe3S4 flower-like hierarchical materials constructed from two-dimensional (2D) nanosheet building units were synthesized via a facile and cost-effective method. Instead of materials synthesis and performance evaluation, more attentions have been paid on the underlying coupling mechanism between microstructure design, surface chemistry and 3D electronic/ionic transport pathways. It found that the thin and stable SEI layer generated by ether-based electrolytes contributes to the stable surface chemistry and fast interfacial Na+ ion transport, while 3D hierarchical structure enables short diffusion distance, volume change accomodation as well as stabilizing SEI layer. Taking advantage of the inherent high electronic conductivity in Fe3S4, we have demonstrated the paramount importance of the synergistic strategy to improve the stability of SIBs through X-ray nanotomography. This work explicitly illuminate the electrochemical stability mechanisms of 3D hierarchitectures and resolves new strategies to rational design SIBs anodes.
Butylene sulfite (BS) has been synthesized and the BS-based electrolytes containing different lithium salt are evaluated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and alternating current impedance spectroscopy. These electrolytes exhibit high thermal stability and good electrochemical properties. BS has been investigated as a new film-forming additive to propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolytes for use in lithium ion batteries. Even in small additive amounts (5vol.%) BS can effectively suppress the co-intercalation of PC with solvation lithium ion into graphite. The formation of a stable passivating film on the graphite surface is believed to be the reason for the improved cell performance. The LUMO energy and the total energy of the sulfite molecules are higher than that of the carbonate ones. It is clearly indicated that the sulfite molecules can easily accept electrons and bears a high reaction activity. The lithium-oxy-sulfite film (Li2SO3 and ROSO2Li) resulting from the reductive decomposition of BS is studied by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In addition, the PC-BS electrolytes are characterized by a high oxidation stability allowing the cycling of a LiMn1.99Ce0.01O4 and LiFePO4-C cathodes with good reversibility.
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) demonstrates decline of fractional anisotropy (FA) as a marker of fiber tract integrity in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We aimed to assess the longitudinal course of white matter microstructural changes in AD and healthy elderly control (HC) subjects and to evaluate the effects of treatment with the cholinesterase inhibitor galantamine on white matter microstructure in AD patients. We enrolled 28 AD patients and 11 healthy elderly control subjects (HC). AD patients were randomly assigned to 6-month double-blind galantamine treatment or placebo, with a 6-month open-label extension phase. DTI was performed at baseline, as well as at 6 and 12-month follow-up in AD patients. The HC subjects underwent DTI at baseline and 12-month follow-up without treatment. We measured FA in regions of interest covering the posterior cingulate and corpus callosum. At 6-month follow-up, the AD group showed significant FA decline in the left posterior cingulate. FA decline was significantly preserved in the posterior body of the corpus callosum in AD group with treatment compared to placebo. At 12-month follow-up, the AD patients showed no differences in FA decline between initial treatment and placebo groups after the 6-month open-label extension phase. A significant FA decline occurred in the left posterior cingulate across the AD and HC groups without between-group differences. DTI demonstrated FA decline in intracortically projecting fiber tracts in aging and AD over 1 year. Galantamine had limited impact on regional FA decline, which was not preserved after additional 6-month open-label treatment.
Introduction Clinical research highlights the importance of massed practice in the rehabilitation of chronic post-stroke aphasia. However, while necessary, massed practice may not be sufficient for ensuring progress in speech-language therapy. Motivated by recent advances in neuroscience, it has been claimed that using language as a tool for communication and social interaction leads to synergistic effects in left perisylvian eloquent areas. Here, we conducted a crossover randomized controlled trial to determine the influence of communicative language function on the outcome of intensive aphasia therapy. Methods Eighteen individuals with left-hemisphere lesions and chronic non-fluent aphasia each received two types of training in counterbalanced order: (i) Intensive Language-Action Therapy (ILAT, an extended form of Constraint-Induced Aphasia Therapy) embedding verbal utterances in the context of communication and social interaction, and (ii) Naming Therapy focusing on speech production per se. Both types of training were delivered with the same high intensity (3.5 h per session) and duration (six consecutive working days), with therapy materials and number of utterances matched between treatment groups. Results A standardized aphasia test battery revealed significantly improved language performance with ILAT, independent of when this method was administered. In contrast, Naming Therapy tended to benefit language performance only when given at the onset of the treatment, but not when applied after previous intensive training. Conclusions The current results challenge the notion that massed practice alone promotes recovery from chronic post-stroke aphasia. Instead, our results demonstrate that using language for communication and social interaction increases the efficacy of intensive aphasia therapy.
The Li-rich layered cathode material, Li[Ni0.2Li0.2Mn0.6]O2, was synthesized via a “mixed oxalate” method, and its structural and electrochemical properties were compared with the same material synthesized by the sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the synthesized powders have a layered O3–LiCoO2-type structure with the R-3m symmetry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicates that in the above material, Ni and Mn exist in the oxidation states of +2 and +4, respectively. The layered material exhibits an excellent electrochemical performance. Its discharge capacity increases gradually from the initial value of 228 mA hg−1 to a stable capacity of over 260 mA hg−1 after the 10th cycle. It delivers a larger capacity of 258 mA hg−1 at the 30th cycle. The dQ/dV curves suggest that the increasing capacity results from the redox-reaction of Mn4+/Mn3+.
We examined the possible use of the following ionic liquids all having the same anion, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TFSI) and the following cations: 1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium (HMITFSI), 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-3-methyl imidazolium (MEMITFSI), N-ethyl-NN-dimethyl-2-methoxyethylammonium (EDMETFSI), 1-methyl-1-butylpyrrolidinium (BMPTFSI), and 1-methyl-1-propylpiperidinium (MPPpTFSI) solutions with LiTFSI (the source of Li ions), as electrolyte systems for 5V, rechargeable battery systems with Li metal anodes and LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 spinel cathodes. Standard solution based on alkyl carbonates and LiPF6 was examined in this respect for comparison. The ionic liquids (ILs) based on derivatives of piperidinium and pyrrolidinium demonstrate a very wide electrochemical window (up to 5.5V) and they can be compatible with lithium metal anodes. At low potentials in the presence of Li ions in solutions (or on Li metal surfaces), TFSI anions are reduced to insoluble Li compounds which passivate Li, noble metal and graphite electrodes in the Li salt/IL solutions. The mechanism, kinetics and effectiveness of electrodes’ passivation in these systems depend on the nature of both IL and electrode used. It was possible to demonstrate reversible behavior of Li/LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 cells (4.8V) with solutions based on BMPTFSI and MPPpTFSI. Possible parasitic anodic reactions upon charging at the high potentials are much lower in the ILs than in standard solutions.