batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The recent development of new and innovative home battery systems has been seen by many as a catalyst for a solar energy revolution, and has created high expectations in the sector. Many observers have predicted an uptake of combined PV/battery units which could ultimately disconnect from the grid and lead to autonomous homes or micro-grids. However, most of the comments in social media, blogs or press articles lack proper cost evaluation and realistic simulations. We aim to bridge this gap by simulating self-consumption in various EU countries, for various household profiles, with or without battery. Results indicate that (1) self-consumption is a non-linear, almost asymptotic function of PV and battery sizes. Achieving 100% self-consumption (i.e. allowing for full off-grid operation) is not realistic for the studied countries without excessively oversizing the PV system and/or the battery; (2) although falling fast, the cost of domestic Li-Ion storage is most likely still too high for a large-scale market uptake in Europe; (3) home battery profitability and future uptake depend mainly on the indirect subsidies for self-consumption provided by the structure of retail prices; (4) the self-sufficiency rate varies widely between households. For a given household, the volume of self-consumption cannot be predicted in a deterministic way. Along with these results, this study also provides a database of synthetic household profiles, a simulation tool for the prediction of self-consumption and a method for the optimal sizing of such systems.
The design of a lumped parameter battery model preserving physical meaning is especially desired by the automotive researchers and engineers due to the strong demand for battery system control, estimation, diagnosis and prognostics. In light of this, a novel simplified fractional order electrochemical model is developed for electric vehicle (EV) applications in this paper. In the model, a general fractional order transfer function is designed for the solid phase lithium ion diffusion approximation. The dynamic characteristics of the electrolyte concentration overpotential are approximated by a first-order resistance-capacitor transfer function in the electrolyte phase. The Ohmic resistances and electrochemical reaction kinetics resistance are simplified to a lumped Ohmic resistance parameter. Overall, the number of model parameters is reduced from 30 to 9, yet the accuracy of the model is still guaranteed. In order to address the dynamics of phase-change phenomenon in the active particle during charging and discharging, variable solid-state diffusivity is taken into consideration in the model. Also, the observability of the model is analyzed on two types of lithium ion batteries subsequently. Results show the fractional order model with variable solid-state diffusivity agrees very well with experimental data at various current input conditions and is suitable for electric vehicle applications.
Physical and chemical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) binders are investigated in this paper, including functional group analysis, crystallinity and thermal properties. Then LiMn2O4 cathodes with four different binder systems (PAA binders/NMP solvent, PVDF binders/NMP solvent, PAA binders/H2O solvent and CMC binders/H2O solvent) are prepared, and their adhesion strengths, swelling properties, morphologies and electrochemical properties are studied. The results show that the LiMn2O4 cathode with PAA/NMP system displays the best cycle performances at both 25 °C and 55 °C among these four cathodes; the better capacity retention for LiMn2O4 cathode with PAA/NMP system is related to strong binding ability, appropriate swelling property and homogeneous distribution of particles inner the electrode.
A LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2–graphene composite has been synthesized by a high energy mechanical ball milling (HEMM) process. The structural and morphological features of the synthesized samples are characterized by various techniques. Electrochemical studies on the LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2–graphene composite are conducted using of the galvanostatic charge–discharge process and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods by constructing a lithium-ion cell. The LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2–graphene composite exhibits a high capacity of >180mAh/g with good cyclability and high rate capability. The improved electrochemical performance is attributed to increased electrical contact provided by the graphene layer, which reduces the cell polarization.
We use the example of the Spanish Decree on Fertilizers (2005) to discuss the need of new horizontal regulations for assessing the quality of all the materials reaching the soil as amendments of fertilizers, in particular in what concerns potentially toxic trace elements in compost. Here it is proposed that the new regulations take into account the following: establishing maximum legal limits for the total loads for each element when compost is added to agricultural soils; establishing the maximum total concentration and bioavailability of each element in the final compost; and that they take into account the soil characteristics for establishing those limits.
Mental training intends to support athletes in mastering challenges in sport. The aim of our study was to investigate the differential and shared effects of psychological skills training and mindfulness training on psychological variables relevant to athletic performance (e.g., handling emotions or attention control). We assumed that each approach has its own strengths (e.g., mindfulness has a differential effect on the acceptance of emotions), but for some goals (e.g., attention control), both training forms are expected to be equally successful (i.e., shared effects).
The current study aimed to investigate temporal processing in Chinese children with Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) using time production, time reproduction paradigm and duration discrimination tasks. A battery of tests specifically designed to measure temporal processing was administered to 94 children with ADHD and 100 demographically matched healthy children. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and a repeated measure MANOVA indicated that children with ADHD were impaired in time processing functions. The results of pairwise comparisons showed that the probands with a family history of ADHD performed significantly worse than those without family history in the time production tasks and the time reproduction task. Logistic regression analysis showed duration discrimination had a significant role in predicting whether the children were suffering from ADHD or not, while temporal processing had a significant role in predicting whether the ADHD children had a family history or not. This study provides further support for the existence of a generic temporal processing impairment in ADHD children and suggests that abnormalities in time processing and ADHD share some common genetic factors.
Deposition of an amorphous Si (a-Si) thin film anode was carried out by a radio-frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering. In order to avoid mechanical disintegration of the Si electrodes, the Si was deposited on two types of Cu foil: normal Cu foil and Cu foil with a rough surface. The surface of the Cu foil was roughened with sandpaper. The properties of Si film were observed by FESEM, Raman, XRD, AFM, CLSM and electrochemical performance was evaluated. It was believed that the rough foil helped the active Si material to maintain the electronic contact with the current collector during charging and discharging.
Electric vehicles have recently received considerable attention given their environmental and financial implications. This paper focuses on electric and diesel-powered vehicle routing, a vehicle routing problem targeted at electric and diesel-powered vehicles. We introduce the new concept of original graph, where various conditions such as inclines of roads, vehicle speed and acceleration are considered. Moreover, we formulate the problem as a mixed integer linear programming formulation. The results of simulations demonstrate the utility of the new model in the real world.
One important feature of a neuropsychological test is its ecological validity, which defines how much patients’ test scores are linked to real-life functioning. However, many of the currently available neuropsychological tools show low to moderate levels of ecological validity. Virtual reality (VR) emerged as a possible solution that might enhance the ecological value of standard paper-and-pencil tests, thanks to the possibility of simulating realistic environments and situations where patients can behave as they do in real life. Moreover, a recent kind of virtual environments, the 360° spherical photos and videos, seems to guarantee high levels of graphical realism and lower technical complexity than standard VR, despite their limitations concerning interactive design. In this pilot study, we tested the possible application of 360° technology for the assessment of memory, developing an adaptation of a standardized test. We focused on Free Recall and Recognition accuracies as indexes of memory function, confronting and correlating the performances obtained by the participants in the standard and in the 360° test. The results, even if preliminary, support the use of 360° technology for enhancing the ecological value of standard memory assessment tests.
Although the cathode of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries has a theoretical specific capacity of 1,672mAhg−1, its practical capacity is much smaller than this value and depends on the electrolyte/sulfur ratio. The operation of Li-S batteries under lean electrolyte conditions can be challenging, especially in the case when the solubility of lithium polysulfide (LiPS) sets an upper bound for polysulfide dissolution. In this work, specially designed cathode structures and electrolyte configurations were built in order to analyze the effects of LiPS solubility on cell capacity. Two reaction pathways involving the reduction of LiPS in liquid and solid phase are proposed and analyzed. We show that at discharge rates above 0.4mAcm−2 the reaction in the liquid phase dominates the discharge process. Once the electrolyte becomes saturated, the solid phase LiPS cannot be further reduced and does not contribute to the capacity of the cells. This phenomenon prevents Li-S batteries from achieving their high theoretical specific capacity. Finally, the specific energy of the Li-S cell is reevaluated and discussed considering the limitation imposed by LiPS solubility.
The structural, optical, magnetic and electrical properties of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles prepared by hydrothermal route are analyzed by subjecting them to characterization techniques such as Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), High resolution scanning electron microscope (HRSEM), High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX), Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, Ultraviolet–Visible analysis, Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis and Dielectric measurements. The PXRD, FTIR, Raman and EDAX analyses confirm the formation of CeO2 nanoparticles. The PXRD studies reveal that the cerium oxide nanoparticles have crystalline nature and have Face Centered Cubic structure. The average crystallite size, estimated using Scherrer formula, is 7 nm. The HRSEM and HRTEM images reveal that the CeO2 nanoparticles have spherical morphology with an average particle size of 23 nm. The optical band gap energy of the cerium oxide nanoparticles, calculated from UV–Vis studies, is 3.4 eV which could be due to the substantial concentration of Ce3+ ions in the ceria nanoparticles. The Ferromagnetic behavior of CeO2 at room temperature is implied from VSM studies. The Dielectric analysis divulge that the dielectric constant of cerium oxide nanoparticles decreases as the frequency and temperature increases. The electrical behaviour, activation energy and relaxation time of electrons of CeO2 nanoparticles are studied by plotting Nyquist plot, Arrhenius plot and Bode plot respectively.
We have designed the air electrode for rechargeable Li–O2 batteries by adapting conventional current collectors-carbon papers (CPs), as freestanding substrates. The MnO2@CP electrodes are prepared by simply floating CPs on KMnO4 solution at room temperature. CPs act as the reducing agents as well as the freestanding substrates. Birnessite-type MnO2 nanosheets are observed to in situ grow vertically from the surface of CPs, thus building 3D porous architecture. The nanosheets are uniformly distributed and interconnected each other, which contributes to an improved electrical connection among the MnO2 catalyst and CPs. The cycling tests using the electrode as the cathode in rechargeable Li–O2 batteries exhibit high reversibility and superior cycling stability, over 90 cycles with a capacity of more than 1000 mA h (g MnO2)−1 and a high coulombic efficiency of around 100% in the voltage rang of 2.2–4.4 V.
Antimony doped SnO2 (ATO) microspheres composed of ATO nanoparticles were prepared by using a hydrothermal process in a nonaqueous and template-free solution from the inorganic precursors (SnCl4 and Sb(OC2H5)3). The physical properties of the as-synthesized samples were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, and X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS). The resulting particles were highly crystalline ATO microspheres in the diameter range of 3–10μm and with many pores. The as-prepared samples were used as negative materials for lithium-ion battery, whose charge–discharge properties, cyclic voltammetry, and cycle performance were examined. The results showed that a high initial discharge capacity of 1981mAhg−1 and a charge capacity of 957mAhg−1 in a potential range of 0.005–3.0V was achieved, which suggests that tin oxide-based materials work as high capacity anodes for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. The cycle performance is improved because the conducting ATO nanoparticles can also perform as a better matrix for lithium-ion battery anode.
In young children, visual attention, analysis or memory is only rarely evaluated. Moreover, tools to test for such higher-order visual capacities in children are limited. In an attempt to develop and refine such tools, we selected nine tests to assess visuo-attentional abilities before formal reading education (grade 1). The battery consisted of gaze fixation, visual field, visual extinction, binocular visual pursuit, visual memory, “A” cancellation, Teddy bears cancellation, embedded figures, and matching tasks. This battery was used in the general population (n =110) to calculate cut-off scores identifying the lower 5% of the general population to obtain a screening measure for neurovisual disabilities in children. To evaluate our battery's sensitivity and specificity to neurovisual disorders over ophthalmological diseases, a neurovisual group (n =9) and an ophthalmologic group (n =13) also completed the tests. Overall, all but three tests of the battery could be used to discriminate between neurovisual and ophthalmologic children. The ophthalmologic children failed the visual field extent examination and the cancellation tasks, consistent with deleterious effects of ophthalmologic disease on visual perception as well as higher-order vision. Using the cut-off scores, the battery identified only 2 out of 13 ophthalmologic patients, but 5 out of 9 neurovisual patients. In the general population, these cut-off scores identified seven children. These children were previously undiagnosed with any disability (i.e., no diagnosis of ophthalmological, neurological, or psychiatric disease) and thus did not receive any rehabilitation. This preliminary study highlights the necessity for a neurovisual disorder screening tool for young children.
Since 5 V lithium ion batteries have attracted more and more attentions and are deemed to be an important tendency in the future, the matched design of the separators has also become a necessary and significant work. In this work, the lithium ionic conducting glass ceramic Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3-polypropylene (PP) based inorganic–organic composite separator (LAGP-PP) is prepared. Compared with the pristine PP separator, the LAGP-PP separator owns enhanced thermal stability and wettability. Meanwhile, the LAGP-PP separator shows higher ion conductivity than the traditional Al2O3 coated PP separator due to the more facile lithium ion diffusion channels in the coating layer. The superior C-rate capacity and cyclability in the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 based 5 V lithium ion batteries indicate that the LAGP-PP separator is a good alternative for the traditional inert inorganic ceramic coated polyolefin separators and is a kind of promising candidate separator for the high voltage lithium ion batteries.
Zn-Al layer double hydroxides (LDHs) were prepared through a simple hydrothermal method and proposed as an anode additive for Zn/Ni alkaline secondary batteries. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of sample LDHs indicates that LDHs was well prepared. The electrochemical properties of the ZnO anodes with different contents of Zn-Al-LDHs were investigated by galvanostatic charge-discharge, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscope (EIS). The structures and morphologies after cycles were also measured by SEM. The results indicate that the presence of Zn-Al-LDHs in the electrode exhibits better electrochemical performance compared with the pure ZnO electrode, such as superior electrochemical cycle stability, better reversibility and higher discharge capacity and utilization ratio. Especially for the electrode added with 24% Zn-Al-LDHs, the discharge capacity hardly declined over 250 cycles, the average utilization ratio could reach 98.5%, and the electrode had no obvious shape change and Zn dendrites after the cycling tests.
Sexual segregation in foraging habitats and associated diet differences have been reported in many seabirds. These sexual distinctions can be caused by differences in competitive ability or nutritional requirements. Here, we investigated the diets of male and female Black-tailed Gulls Larus crassirostris by collecting regurgitations during the incubation period and examining foraging behaviours and habitat use via tracking with Global Positioning System data loggers. In both males and females, the regurgitations predominantly contained Japanese Sand Lance Ammodytes personatus. Females were more likely than males to make long foraging trips. Males frequently foraged in fishing ports and fish processing plants; however, females rarely foraged in these locations. Males favoured nearshore areas (< 50 m sea depth), whereas females expanded their foraging range to deeper areas near the ocean frontal zone. The observed sexual segregation in foraging habitat use despite consumption of the same prey might be derived from competitive exclusion by males, which have a larger body size and stronger competitive abilities than females, rather than from different nutritional requirements.
A cylindrical Li7La3Zr2O12 specimen in contact with an Al2O3 crucible is sintered and the effect of Al diffusion on the microstructure, phase composition, and Li-ion conductivity of Li7La3Zr2O12 is investigated. The decrease in the Li-ion conductivity and Al concentration with increasing distance from the contact area with the Al2O3 crucible is confirmed using spatially resolved local-impedance spectroscopy and compositional analysis. The region close to the Al2O3 crucible shows abnormally large grains (size > 0.7 mm) within a matrix of fine grains (size: ∼10 μm), abundant intergranular liquid, the Li7La3Zr2O12 phase mostly in cubic form, and a high Li-ion conductivity (8.5 × 10−5 S cm−1). In contrast, the region far from the Al2O3 crucible exhibits uniform fine grains (size: ∼10 μm), scarce intergranular liquid, the tetragonal form of the Li7La3Zr2O12 phase, and a low Li-ion conductivity (1.1 × 10−6 S cm−1). The incorporation of Al into the Li7La3Zr2O12 lattice and the resulting increase in the number of Li-ion vacancies is suggested to be the main reason for the increase in the Li-ion conductivity. The origins of the abnormal grain growth induced by the diffusion of Al are discussed in relation to the atomic surface structures of Li7La3Zr2O12 and the presence of intergranular liquid phase.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in long-term neurological deficits, which may be mediated in part by pro-inflammatory responses in both the injured brain and the circulation. Inflammation may be involved in the subsequent development of neurodegenerative diseases and post-injury seizures. The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) has multiple biological functions, affecting cell survival, apoptotic cell death, axonal growth, and degeneration in pathological conditions. We recently found that EVT901, a novel piperazine derivative that inhibits p75NTR oligomerization, is neuroprotective, reduces microglial activation, and improves outcomes in two models of TBI in rats. Since TBI elicits both CNS and peripheral inflammation, we used a mouse model of TBI to examine whether EVT901 would affect peripheral immune responses and trafficking to the injured brain.
Development of language is taken for granted by most. Problems with language development can result in stress for the individual and family; there is a challenge in that the contemporary education system assumes children have appropriate skills when they begin school. The purpose of the study is to further test a theoretical model of language readiness known as language-based cognitive fitness, which includes measures associated with structural concepts of language involving verbal reasoning ability, visual synthesis, and active analysis that explained 91% of the variance in achievement, with longitudinal data. The sample includes children from a private school who received an extensive battery of tests at admission and annually thereafter. Scores from 11cognitive measures were used in a structural equation modeling framework to test the model derived from cross-sectional data with longitudinal data over three time points. Results from this longitudinal analysis demonstrated language-based cognitive fitness to be an interaction of verbal reasoning abilities, visual synthesis, and active analysis depending on the time period. There is a hint of hierarchical structure but it is a secondary consideration to the core model. Implications for positive social change include an improved understanding of the language structures responsible for language deficits and how these relate to overall cognitive fitness; and, the potential for interventions crafted to help children more quickly make up language deficits.
In this work, novel alkaline solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) with tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (Me4NOH·xH2O) have been developed, without addition of any volatile solvent. It was found that some polymers such as poly(sodium acrylate) had good compatibility with Me4NOH·xH2O. The polymer-Me4NOH·xH2O electrolytes thus prepared in this work appeared to have improved mechanical properties as compared with the pure hydroxide and remained highly conductive in the solid state (102 S cm−1 at ∼40°C). The thermal properties of the alkaline SPEs and the dependence of conductivity on composition and temperature are presented, and the relationships between properties and composition as well as conductivity mechanism for these new systems are discussed.