batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This paper presents a methodology for modeling and calculating the reliability and availability of low power portable direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). System reliability and availability are critical factors for improving market acceptance and for determining the competitiveness of the low power DMFC. Two techniques have been used for analyzing the system reliability and availability requirements for various system components. Reliability block diagram (RBD) is formed based on the failure rates of irreparable system components. A state-space method is developed to calculate system availability using the Markov model (MM). The state-space method incorporates three different states—operational, derated, and fully faulted states. Since most system components spend their lifetime in performing normal functional task, this research is focused mainly on this operational period. The failure and repair rates for repairable DMFC systems are estimated on the basis of a homogeneous Poisson process (HPP) and exponential distribution. Extensive analytical modeling and simulation study has been performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
An integral part of hazard and safety assessments is the estimation of a chemical’s potential to cause skin sensitization. Currently, only animal tests (OECD 406 and 429) are accepted in a regulatory context. Nonanimal test methods are being developed and formally validated. In order to gain more insight into the responses induced by eight exemplary surfactants, a battery of in vivo and in vitro tests were conducted using the same batch of chemicals. In general, the surfactants were negative in the GPMT, KeratinoSens and hCLAT assays and none formed covalent adducts with test peptides. In contrast, all but one was positive in the LLNA. Most were rated as being irritants by the EpiSkin assay with the additional endpoint, IL1-alpha. The weight of evidence based on this comprehensive testing indicates that, with one exception, they are non-sensitizing skin irritants, confirming that the LLNA tends to overestimate the sensitization potential of surfactants. As results obtained from LLNAs are considered as the gold standard for the development of new nonanimal alternative test methods, results such as these highlight the necessity to carefully evaluate the applicability domains of test methods in order to develop reliable nonanimal alternative testing strategies for sensitization testing.
We use time-domain electrostatic force spectroscopy (TD-EFS) for characterizing the ion dynamics in solid electrolytes on a nanoscopic level. For partially crystallized glass ceramics we are able to distinguish between dynamic processes in the glassy phase, in crystallites, and at interfaces. Nanoscopic polarization spots can be created and directly visualized, and their time evolution can be studied. By applying grid-type spectroscopic measurements, maps of the local relaxation strength can be obtained, giving information about the spatial distribution of the glassy and crystalline phases.
The transition metals in ternary oxide cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries inevitably exchange with protons in LiPF6-containing electrolytes to be dissolved, leading to loss of the active material and rapid capacity fading. Here, a chemically inert Nd2O3 interlayer is employed to avoid the direct contact of the active material (LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2) and electrolyte. As a result, Nd2O3-coated LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) shows improved cycle performances with a capacity retention of 88.0% after 100 cycles over 3.0–4.4 V, 9.3% higher than the retention of the bare NCM811. Even at an elevated temperature, Nd2O3-coated NCM811 exhibits better cycle performance as well. The superior electrochemical performances for Nd2O3-coated NCM811 are ascribed to that Nd2O3 encapsulation-assisted surface passivation alleviates the undesirable interface side reactions and transition metal dissolution (TMD). These features suggest the promising potential of chemically inert Nd2O3 as a long-acting surface modifier in passivating electrolyte/electrode interface.
Even though Zn/air energy system is considered to be a promising power energy source, it has been limited to be applied for an electrically rechargeable system basically due to the problem of the irreversible reaction and the corrosion reaction. In this paper a novel attempt has been made to compare the behavior of zinc electrode with a zinc oxide electrode and a modified zinc oxide electrode containing zinc oxide and lead oxide. The hydrogen overpotential is favorable in the zinc electrode, and the modified zinc oxide electrode shows the improved properties showing the more negative potential than the case of the zinc oxide electrode. Investigations of cyclic voltammogram reveal that the pure zinc electrode is irreversible, while both the zinc oxide and the modified zinc oxide electrodes are reversible. However, as far as dendrite formation is concerned there is no marked improvement in case of the zinc oxide and the modified zinc oxide electrodes.
Sulfide-based all-solid-state lithium batteries are a possible next-generation power source due to their incombustibility and large energy density. A composite comprising LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) and 75Li2S·25P2S5 (LPS) glass electrolytes are used as a positive electrode material, which exhibits excellent charge–discharge cycle characteristics. In this study, to understand the origin of exothermal reactions during heating, we investigated structural changes in initially charged NMC–LPS composites mainly by in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements and ex-situ transmission electron microscopy observations. We found that significant structural changes occurred in the NMC–LPS composites after heating above 300 °C. NMC decomposed into transition metal sulfides, such as MnS and CoNi2S4, while crystallization occurred in LPS predominantly precipitating a Li3PO4 crystalline phase. The formation of Li3PO4 is attributable to oxidation reactions between Li3PS4 and oxygen, which was generated during NMC decomposition. Thus, the exothermic peaks that were characteristic of the charged NMC–LPS composites are fundamentally related to heat generation that accompanies the formation of transition metal sulfides and Li3PO4 crystalline phases. As a result, when exposed to real cell operating environments, LPS and NMC yield a chemical reaction via heat treatment that leads to the exothermal reactions.
Influence of carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (CMC) and carboxymethylcellulose-formate (CMC-f) binders on the cyclability of a MgH2–33.3% CMC type binder–33.3%C t,x electrodes has been investigated for the first time. These electrodes show a large reversible capacity of 1800–1900mAhg−1 at an average voltage of 0.5V vs. Li+/Li° which is suitable for the negative electrode in lithium-ion batteries. Moreover, addition of CMC or CMC-f binder with C t,x carbon leads to an improved capacity retention with 240mAhg−1 and 542mAhg−1, respectively, compare to 174mAhg−1 for MgH2–18%C t,x after 40 cycles.
State-of-charge (SOC) estimation is one of the most challengeable tasks for battery management system (BMS) in electric vehicles. Since the external factors (voltage, current, temperature, arrangement of the batteries, etc.) are complicated, the formula of SOC is difficult to deduce and the existent SOC estimation methods are not generally suitable for the same vehicle running in different road conditions. In this paper, we propose a new SOC estimation based on an optimized support vector machine for regression (SVR) with double search optimization process. Our developed method is tested by simulation experiments in the ADVISOR, with a comparison of the estimations based on artificial neural network (ANN). It is demonstrated that our method is simpler and more accurate than that based on ANN to deal with the SOC estimation task.
Organophosphorus compounds (OP) inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and cause cultured cells to undergo apoptosis. Live mice treated with OP have reduced AChE activity, but after a short recovery period, their AChE activity rebounds to levels that exceed baseline by more than 2-fold. To date no information is available on whether abnormally high AChE activity is characteristic of apoptosis in animals. Our goal was to determine whether induction of AChE activity is associated with apoptosis in live mice. For this purpose we treated mice with 1500 mg kg−1 tri-o-cresyl phosphate. On day one after treatment their plasma AChE activity was inhibited by 50%. On day 4, plasma AChE activity rebounded to a level 2.2-fold higher than pretreatment activity and remained elevated for about two months. On day 4, AChE activity in the lung was 1.5-fold higher than in controls. Cells in lung sections that were positive in the apoptosis TUNEL assay, stained heavily for AChE activity. In conclusion, AChE activity and apoptosis are induced in mice treated with tri-o-cresyl phosphate. Unusually high AChE activity may be a marker of exposure to apoptosis-inducing substances.
In stand-alone PV System facilities no grid connection exists, therefore the solar generator and battery bank have to be carefully sized in order to supply the energy demand for a given period of time. Batteries are considered as a weak component of the system, comprising an important part of the total cost and are usually replaced one or two times during PV system lifetime. A priority load control algorithm has been developed in order to gain an optimal energy management over system loads and the battery storage, and therefore provides a better energy management efficiency and guarantee the energy supply for critical loads. This will increase the reliability of the system and the end-user satisfaction. This article describes a stand-alone PV system model used for the development of a priority load control algorithm and explains and implements the algorithm. The results of several test scenario simulations are shown and discussed.
ABSTRACT We have studied the redox potentials and electronic properties of C60 and C59N using density functional theory method. It is found that doping C60 with one nitrogen atom results in a slight increase in redox potential. Next, we have also studied C59N functionalized with various redox-active oxygen containing functional groups and strongly electron withdrawing functional groups. It is found that the intrinsic electronic structure of the molecule is the major determinant of the redox potential. Our DFT calculations show that the electron affinity to redox potential of functionalized C59N is correlated with the LUMO of the systems very well. This is the first systematic study on the redox properties and electronic structures of N-doped C60 systems.
The present article aims to evaluate the effects of a programme to enhance proficiency in linguistic competence in verbal aptitude, inductive reasoning, academic performance, self-efficiency in linguistic intelligence and linguistic competence. For this aim, a quasi-experimental study was designed with repeated measurements and a control group. A total of 204 participants were taken from second year secondary schoolchildren (51.47% girls) with a mean age of 12.48 years (SD =1.48). The results showed that the programme stimulated a significant improvement in language skills, academic performance, linguistic intelligence self-efficacy, as well as linguistic competence, in the experimental groups.
New composite polymer electrolytes composed of polyurethane acrylate (PUA), nano-size SiO2 as a ceramic filler, and LiN(CF3SO2)2 as a lithium salt were examined in an all-solid-state lithium-polymer battery (Li/PUA-SiO2/Li0.33MnO2). The addition of hydrophobic SiO2 could increase the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolyte about one-fold. The dynamic modulus of polymer electrolyte increased 50 and 150% by adding 9.1% hydrophobic and hydrophilic SiO2, respectively. The addition of nano-size SiO2 powders enhanced greatly the interfacial stability between polymer electrolytes and lithium electrode. The capacity fading of the cell could be improved by the addition of nano-size SiO2 powders. The cycling performance of the cell reached about 75 and 45% of initial capacity (192mAhg−1) after 100, and 500 cycles, respectively, with an efficiency of charge–discharge of about 100% at 60°C.
The solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer plays a critical role in the cycle life of Li-ion batteries. The potential difference across the SEI during charging results in the potential for Li+ intercalation at the graphite-SEI interface to be lower than the potential at the SEI-electrolyte interface, which can prevent electrolyte reduction and decomposition. The stability of the SEI layer at certain critical battery operating conditions remains a challenge in the performance of lithium ion batteries. Electrolyte additives and surface modification of the anode electrode have been shown to improve the formation of an effective SEI layer. However, there is still a need for improving the robustness of the SEI to withstand extreme battery operating conditions. In this paper, the formation and stability of the SEI layer for lithium ion batteries is reviewed. This review includes discussion of the formation, growth and stability of the SEI on graphite anode materials.
Zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) typically work well in aqueous electrolytes. Most high-performance cathode materials of aqueous ZIBs exhibit much-deteriorated capacity, voltage plateau and rate capability in organic electrolytes. It remains a challenge to have a Zn battery that is highly compatible with both aqueous and organic electrolytes. Herein, a conversion-type Zn–Se battery is constructed, which delivers a superior performance in both organic and aqueous electrolytes benefiting from a highly reversible conversion reaction between Se and ZnSe. Extraordinary capacities in organic systems (551 mA h gSe−1) and aqueous systems (611 mA h gSe−1) were successfully achieved, accompanied by a remarkable rate performance and cycling performance in each of the two systems. In addition, very low voltage plateau slopes, 0.94 V/(A h g−1) and 0.61 V/(A h g−1), are obtained for organic and aqueous systems, respectively, due to the advanced conversion mechanism. These unique features equip these Zn–Se batteries with unprecedented energy densities of up to 581 W h kgSe−1 (290 W h kgSe/CMK-3−1) for the organic system and 751 W h kgSe−1 (375 W h kgSe/CMK-3−1) for the aqueous system. Our research has developed a new Zn battery chemistry that benefits from a conversion mechanism and is highly compatible with both organic and aqueous electrolytes, opening a door for zinc batteries to achieve a higher energy density and better compatibility with various electrolytes.
Personal exposure to particulate matter of aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) can be affected by various factors. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of activity pattern and the contribution of each microenvironment to personal PM2.5 exposure. Technicians carried a nephelometer for PM2.5 while engaging in scripted time location activities. The scripted activities of 10 different population groups were based on time activity patterns of the Seoul population in Korea. A total of 58 daily PM2.5 personal exposures were available for analysis. The average PM2.5 personal exposure was 19.8 ± 15.3 μg m−3. The average personal exposure of each population group ranged from 9.8 to 43.1 μg m−3. High peak and average concentrations were observed in restaurants and bars; such high concentrations were due to secondhand smoke and cooking with charcoal on tables. The residential indoor level of the nine microenvironments was the largest contributor to personal exposure. The contributions from residential indoor, non-residential indoor, transportation, and outdoor levels were 36.2%, 53.4%, 6.7%, and 3.7%, respectively. The contributions of microenvironments varied among population groups; these variations suggest that the impact of activity pattern on personal exposure is significant.
To date there are no widely accepted methods for the toxicological testing of complex gaseous mixtures and aerosols, such as cigarette smoke, although some modifications to the standard regulatory methods have been developed and used. Historically, routine testing of cigarettes has primarily focused on the particulate fraction of cigarette smoke. However, this fraction may not accurately reflect the full toxicity and mutagenicity of the smoke aerosol as a whole, which contains semi-volatiles and short-lived products of combustion. In this study we have used a modified version of the bacterial reverse-mutation (Ames) assay for the testing of mainstream smoke generated from 3R4F reference cigarettes with a Vitrocell® VC 10 exposure system. This method has been evaluated in four strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, YG1024 and YG1042) and one strain of Escherichia coli (WP2 uvrA pKM101) in the absence and presence of a metabolic activation system. Following exposure at four concentrations of diluted mainstream cigarette-smoke, concentration-related and reproducible increases in the number of revertants were observed in all four Salmonella strains. E. coli strain WP2 uvrA pKM101 was unresponsive at the four concentrations tested. To quantify the exposure dose and to enable biological response to be plotted as a function of deposited mass, quartz-crystal microbalances were included in situ in the smoke-exposure set-up. This methodology was further assessed by comparing the responses of strain YG1042 to mainstream cigarette-smoke on a second VC 10 Smoking Robot. In summary, the Ames assay can be successfully modified to assess the toxicological impact of mainstream cigarette-smoke.
In the present work, poly ortho aminophenol/copolyimides (POAP/PI) composites were prepared using PIs together with POAP. PIs were synthesized using different molar ratios of diamines and dianhydride by polymerization method. Different electrochemical methods including cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were applied to study system performance. Presence of PIs in the composite films improved mechanical and electrochemical performance of the p-type conductive polymer. This study reveals that POAP/PI with high specific capacitance and long cycle-life is suitable for application in energy storage materials.
To improve the electrochemical performance of LiMnPO4 cathode for lithium ion battery, many efforts focus on cation doping/substitution on Mn-site. Here we synthesize a boron doped LiMnPO4 on P-site, LiMn(P0.9B0.1O4−δ ), by a simple solid-state method. It is characterized by X-ray diffraction, scan electron microscopy, cyclic voltammograph, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and capacity testing. Results show that its electrochemical performance is improved compared with the virginal LiMnPO4. It delivers a capacity of about 130 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and remains 71% of the capacity at high discharge rate of 2 C. After 50 cycles at 0.2 C, there is no evident capacity fading.
This paper revises detailed data on hooking (at-haulback) mortality of swordfish captured and discarded by pelagic longlines, using as a case study the shallow night setting Portuguese pelagic longline fishery that targets manly swordfish, in the Atlantic Ocean. The overall at-haulback mortality for swordfish was very high, specifically 85.2% for all sample/sizes combined, and even higher for the smaller sizes classes. Specifically, observed at-haulback mortality was 87.8% for specimens smaller than 125 cm lower jaw fork length (LJFL) and 88.1% for specimens smaller than 119 cm LJFL, corresponding to the minimum landing size options currently in place in the Atlantic Ocean. The mortality was modeled with logistic generalized linear models, showing that specimen size, sea surface temperature (SST) and mode of operation were significant variables, and with the hooking mortality decreasing with specimen size while increasing with SST. Even though this study only focuses one fishery, the data is widespread and covers a wide Atlantic area, being representative of most modern shallow setting longlines targeting swordfish, and including both fresh and freezer operating vessels. Additionally, this study only focuses hooking mortality, with a note that the overall mortality rates are likely higher due to post-release mortality of released specimens. Overall, this work presents new and important information on swordfish mortality and opens the discussion on the efficiency of the minimum landing sizes for swordfish currently in place in the Atlantic that were established mainly to protect juvenile swordfish.
The simultaneous reduction of the graphene oxide/polyaniline (GO/PANI) flake composites prepared by coating polyaniline (PANI) onto graphene oxide (GO) sheets was developed to prepare the novel electrode materials for the high performance supercapacitors. Firstly, the GO/PANI composites were prepared by the chemical oxidation polymerization of aniline in the aqueous dispersion of GO. Secondly, the reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline (R(GO/PANI)) flake composites were obtained by the chemical reduction of the GO/PANI composites with hydrazine hydrate as the reducing agent. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and cyclic voltommetry (CV) were employed to investigate the morphology, thermal property, and electrochemical activity of the samples. TEM results revealed that PANI was polymerized on the surface of GO sheets and there was still thin PANI coating on RGO sheets after being reduced. The results of TGA and CV indicated that both the thermal stability and the electroactivity of the R(GO/PANI) flake composites were distinctly enhanced than those of the GO/PANI composites. In the R(GO-PANI) flakes, RGO played the dual roles: as electron acceptor and also as a counterion to stabilize an atypical intermediate oxidation state of PANI, which resulted in the high electroactivity of the R(GO/PANI) flakes.
In battery research, the development of analytical techniques is of key importance for determining intrinsic properties of active materials ultimately dictating the battery performance. We report the application of nano-impact electrochemistry to gain insight into the intrinsic properties of commercial battery materials i.e. TiO2 particles in non-aqueous media. Potentiostatic lithiation measurements do not only provide qualitative information about the rate-limiting step in the lithiation process, but also demonstrate that nano-impact electrochemistry is a suitable technique in non-aqueous media in complete absence of oxygen and water. Our results reveal that the intrinsic lithiation rate of individual TiO2 particles is not – as generally assumed – determined by interfacial ion transfer kinetics, mobility of ion and/or electrons in the bulk of the particle, but by the solid-solid electron transfer. These findings have important implications for future studies of fundamental properties of battery materials considering that charge transfer in battery electrodes does not always obey Butler-Volmer kinetics.