batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A ternary electrode material, based on graphene, tin oxide (SnO2) and poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has been obtained via one–pot synthesis for supercapacitors. The resulting composite graphene/SnO2/PEDOT (GE/SnO2/PEDOT) shows excellent electrochemical stability in acidic electrolyte, and good electrochemical performance with enhanced capacitance and energy density in both acidic and neutral electrolytes, compared to their binary composites. A maximum specific capacitance of 184Fg−1 in 1M H2SO4 and 180Fg−1 in 1M Na2SO4 respectively was obtained. Its energy density reaches 22WhKg−1 at a power density of 238.3Wkg−1, and 17.1Whkg−1 at a high power density of 5803.3Wkg−1 in H2SO4. While in Na2SO4, the energy density achieves 23.4WhKg−1 at a power density of 253Wkg−1 and 10.2WhKg−1 at power density of 3684Wkg−1, respectively. The specific capacitance can still be retained about 100% and 70% at 1Ag−1 after 5000 cycles in 1M H2SO4 and Na2SO4, respectively. The improved electrochemical property of GE/SnO2/PEDOT as electrode materials is mainly ascribed to the well-designed ternary nanostructure of the functional components with enhanced synergistic effects.
The effect of chemical etching on the electrochemical intercalation of lithium into multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) was investigated. The results showed that the charge capacity of etched MWNTs is greater than the theoretical capacity of graphite. Moreover, the charge curve does not show a well-defined voltage plateau. To explain this phenomenon, we proposed a non-GIC (graphite intercalation compound) mechanism that, except for the lithium intercalated between graphene layers to form graphite intercalation compounds, the higher charge capacity should be related to lithium doped into such regions as disordered graphitic structures, defects, microcavities, and edges of graphitic layers, which is generally called a non-GIC mechanism in this paper.
There has been growing attention on battery electric vehicles (BEVs) due to their energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. This paper deals with the user equilibrium (UE) problems for the mixed BEVs and traditional gasoline vehicles (GVs) in transportation networks with battery swapping stations and road grade constraints. Under the assumption that electricity consumption rate is not affected by traveling speed or traffic flow, a nonlinear minimization model in terms of path flows is first formulated by incorporating effects of road grade on the electricity consumption rate. The battery swapping action based paths are defined for BEVs in the represented network to facilitate the model building with flow-dependent dwell time at the battery swapping stations. The Frank-Wolfe (F-W) algorithm, where descent direction is found by the multi-label method in a pseudo-polynomial time, is adopted to solve the model. Moreover, the aforementioned assumption about the flow-independent electricity consumption rate is then relaxed and a system of inequalities has been proposed to formulate the UE conditions. For the nonlinear minimization model, two numerical examples are presented to assess the propose model and algorithm, as well as to analyze the impact of usable battery capacity, BEVs’ market share and some attributes of battery swapping stations on the equilibrium link flows and/or swapping flows. The system of inequalities is exactly solved for a small network by path enumeration to demonstrate the non-uniqueness of UE link flow solutions.
Background A valine/methionine polymorphism of the catechol O-methyltransferase gene at the nucleotide which encodes amino acid val or met at position 158 in the protein (COMT Val158Met polymorphism) has been associated with deficits in executive functioning in schizophrenia in some studies. The association between the COMT polymorphism and other cognitive domains has been the focus of only limited investigation. Methods We measured COMT Val158Met genotypes in N =364 individuals with schizophrenia. Cognitive functioning was assessed with the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). We employed univariate and multivariate analyses of variance to determine the association between COMT genotypes and the RBANS index and individual test scores. Results There was no significant association between the COMT Val158Met genotypes and any of the RBANS index or individual test scores measured in either univariate or multivariate analyses (all p >.3). Conclusion Based on the results in our sample, the catechol O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism is not associated with broad-based cognitive functioning in schizophrenia.
Cognitive decline is commonly reported during the menopausal transition, with memory and attention being particularly affected. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a commercially available soy drink on cognitive function and menopausal symptoms in post-menopausal women.
Over the past years, many studies have evaluated the performance of nondestructive testing high-energy X-ray imaging methods. In these high-energy industrial X-ray imaging systems, the noise is very important when accurately assessing the nondestructive analysis of faults inside the object volume. A common way to improve the noise performance is the total variation (TV) noise reduction algorithm. Thus, the purpose of this study is to establish a high-energy industrial X-ray imaging system using 450 kVp energy and to confirm the feasibility of our designed TV noise reduction algorithm. We used an X-ray generator (including source, power supply, and cooler) and a flat panel detector made of an amorphous silicon material. In addition, we acquired the X-ray image for a battery and an air pump and then applied our designed TV noise reduction algorithm to these images. To evaluate the image performance, we used normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS), contrast to noise ratio (CNR), and coefficient of variation (COV). According to the NNPS result, the noise performance of our method was improved compared to conventional noise reduction methods. In addition, the CNR of our TV noise reduction algorithm was 1.58, 1.30, and 1.26 times greater than that achieved for the noisy image, median filter and Wiener filter, respectively. We also acquired excellent COV results for the high-energy X-ray imaging system (about 1.93 times higher than that of the noisy image). Our results suggest that a TV noise reduction algorithm can be constructed with an improved image performance in high-energy industrial X-ray imaging systems.
Male songbirds often move off-territory to pursue extra-pair fertilizations. This movement represents a trade-off between paternity gain and loss and can be influenced by male quality and access to fertile females. Access to females could be reduced in fragmented landscapes that have small patches and low connectedness. We studied movement and extra-pair fertilization success of radio-tracked male American Redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla) in forest patches in an agricultural landscape in Alberta, Canada, over 2 years. Males spent an average of 18% of their time off-territory, mostly intruding onto adjacent territories and rarely moving between patches. They averaged 0.8 trips/h, with mean trip duration of 17 min and mean trip distance of 104 m. Less time was spent off-territory when their mate was nest-building and males intruded most often onto territories with nest-building females. Males with higher song rates and more nearby females intruded most onto other territories. Monogamous males in better condition with higher song rates spent the most time off-territory. However, males with more nearby females and higher local breeding synchrony spent the least time off-territory, suggesting these males face a trade-off between seeking extra-pair fertilizations and protecting against cuckoldry. Forest cover was not an important predictor of movement. Investment in off-territory movement did not predict extra-pair fertilization success or probability of cuckoldry. However, few tracked males achieved extra-pair fertilizations (1/22 tracked males vs 18/57 non-tracked males), possibly an artefact of low sample size or the effect of radio transmitters on female choice.
Experimental procedures are exposed that allow quantitative conclusions about the use of alternate mode (alternation of constant current charge and open-circuit periods) instead of floating mode (constant voltage condition) in standby applications of VRLA batteries. The level of capacity and the rate of a recharge following a discharge period are particularly studied. The influence of the three parameters of an alternate mode, that is to say the charging current, the maximum and minimum voltages, is especially discussed, with regard to the previously described responses.
The effect of pesticides on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and plants are of interest to agriculture. Hence, the present study was conducted to understand the potential effect of two systemic fungicides (Ridomil “250 and 500 mg/L” and Bavistin “500 and 1000 mg/L”) and one insecticide (Agrothoate 40% EC “1.25 and 2.50 ml/L H2O”) on AM fungal colonization, some biochemical changes and K+ content of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.). AM and non-AM cucumber plants were exposed to two concentrations of each pesticide. Results revealed an increase in mycorrhizal colonization (F%) with Ridomil and Bavistin applications however there was a decrease in this percentage with Agrothoate. Stimulation of phosphatase enzymes activity was observed subsequent to pesticides application. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in K+ content with increasing pesticides concentration, and this decrease was more distinct in non-AM cucumber plants than AM ones. Our results also showed a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content in all pesticides treated cucumber plants relative to control ones. Thus, the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as phenolic and flavonoids was stimulated by pesticides application and with AM fungal inoculation, further augmentation in their contents was detected. Therefore AM fungi can partially or completely alleviate pesticides toxicity and helpful to overcome some of their negative effects on the biochemical metabolites of cucumber. Thus the judicious use of these pesticides may have stimulatory effect on AM fungal colonization.
Pouch type LiFePO4-natural graphite lithium-ion cells were cycled at constant current with periodic pulse-power testing in several different configurations. Components were analyzed after cycling with electrochemical, Raman and TEM techniques to determine capacity fade mechanisms. The cells with carbon-coated current collectors in the cathode and LiBOB-salt electrolyte showed the best performance stability. In many cases, iron species were detected on the anodes removed from cells with both TEM and Raman spectroscopy. The LiFePO4 electrodes showed unchanged capacity suggesting that the iron is migrating in small quantities and is acting as a catalyst to destabilize the anode SEI in these cells.
Ever since the first report of the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) in January 2012, its output area power density has reached 500 W m−2, and an instantaneous conversion efficiency of ∼70% and a total energy conversion efficiency of up to 85% have been demonstrated. We provide a comprehensive review of the four modes, their theoretical modelling, and the applications of TENGs for harvesting energy from human motion, walking, vibration, mechanical triggering, rotating tire, wind, flowing water and more as well as self-powered sensors.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising electrical storage materials due to their abundant electroactive components and large ion diffusion tunnels, however, there is no report on the employment of MOFs as electrodes for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) hitherto. Here in this work, we firstly develop a cobalt(II) terephthalate-based layered MOF (referred as ‘L-Co2(OH)2BDC’, BDC=1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) as an anode material for PIBs. The exceptional potassium storage performance of L-Co2(OH)2BDC is demonstrated with a high reversible capacity of 188mAhg−1 after 600 prolonged cycles at 1Ag−1, revealing the considerable foreground of MOFs as superior potassium storage anodes. Moreover, the redox chemistry investigation of L-Co2(OH)2BDC based on X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and soft X-ray spectroscopy (sXAS) techniques substantiate that both Co centers and organic ligands participate in the potassium storage, and the coordination between oxygen ions and cobalt significantly ensures the reversibility of potassiation and depotassiation processes. This work represents a significant step forward for the intensive application of MOFs in rechargeable metal batteries.
Bionanoscience is an inter-disciplinary area of research that sits at the interface of chemistry, biology, materials science, engineering and medicine. During the past 10 years the suitability and applicability of using plant viruses as building blocks, synthons, scaffolds or templates in bionanoscience/technology have begun to be explored. This short review describes how the plant Cowpea mosaic virus can be functionalised on its outer surface to form electroactive nanoparticles, can be used to construct monolayers on solid surfaces and multilayer arrays by a bottom-up, layer-by-layer approach, and how it can template mineralization processes to give new routes to monodisperse nanoparticles. Potential applications of virus-derived nanoparticles include nanoelectronics, sensory devices, catalysis, photonics and medical applications from imaging to the targeting and delivery of therapeutic agents.
MnO2 nanorods coated carbon nanotubes forest composite were synthesized on stainless steel substrate (SS). The annealed carbon nanotubes with high defect density showed the advantage for efficient electron transfer, demonstrating a good platform for fabrication of composite electrode materials of high performance. Initially, multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were grown on SS by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method without the addition of external metal catalyst and followed by annealing at 500 °C for 2 h to obtain eligible defect density on CNT forest surface. Then MnO2 nanostructures were electrodeposited for various time intervals to control favorable morphology and excellent capacitance performance. The obtained nanocomposite materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman analysis. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge and Ac Impedance tests were also carried out to evaluate its capacitive property. The MnO2-800/O-CNTs nanocomposite exhibited high capacitance of 531 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 and 398 F g−1 at a current density of 10 A g−1. After 1000 cycles, the capacity retention is still maintained at 95.7%, suggesting potential applications for fabrication of high performance energy storage devices.
Electronic cigarettes (ECs) have recently become very popular among the population due to the various flavors available for vaping products. Consequently, manufacturers are trying to attract more users through the addition of various additives including nicotine, new flavors, and aromas. However, the inhalation of unknown and untested chemicals may cause health problems. Therefore, more clinical reports need to be collected for standardization of ECs for their effective regulation. However, detailed compositional information for EC additives is not commonly available. The aim of this review is, therefore, to study the state-of-the-art methods that can be employed for the quantitative analysis of the composition of electronic cigarettes with respect to these additives and flavors along with the basic cigarette ingredient like nicotine (both before and after consumption). In addition, efforts have also been made to address the clinical impacts of vaping EC and its additives on both the organ and cellular level. It was found that the effect of flavorings in EC is clearly associated with pathogenicity at the molecular level and need of standardization of the usage of EC and its flavorings is urgently needed.
As more renewable energy is developed, energy storage is increasingly important and attractive, especially grid-scale electrical energy storage; hence, finding and implementing cost-effective and sustainable energy storage and conversion systems is vital. Batteries of various types and sizes are considered one of the most suitable approaches to store energy and extensive research exists for different technologies and applications of batteries; however, environmental impacts of large-scale battery use remain a major challenge that requires further study. In this paper, batteries from various aspects including design features, advantages, disadvantages, and environmental impacts are assessed. This review reaffirms that batteries are efficient, convenient, reliable and easy-to-use energy storage systems (ESSs). It also confirms that battery shelf life and use life are limited; a large amount and wide range of raw materials, including metals and non-metals, are used to produce batteries; and, the battery industry can generate considerable amounts of environmental pollutants (e.g., hazardous waste, greenhouse gas emissions and toxic gases) during different processes such as mining, manufacturing, use, transportation, collection, storage, treatment, disposal and recycling. Battery use at a large scale or grid-scale (>50 MW), which is widely anticipated, will have significant social and environmental impacts; hence, it must be compared carefully with alternatives in terms of sustainability, while focusing on research to quantify externalities and reduce risk. Alternatives such as pumped hydro and compressed air energy storage must be encouraged because of their low environmental impact compared to different types of batteries.
Electrochemical models are a widespread framework to simulate lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries and to design their battery management algorithms. To obtain numerically efficient models, the polynomial approximation (PA) is one of many order reduction techniques applied to the solid-state lithium-ion (SSLi+) diffusion equation, the core of the so-called pseudo-two-dimensional electrochemical model (P2DM). Although the validity of PA is constrained to slow-varying current scenarios, many algorithms reported in the literature to estimate the state-of-charge of Li-ion cells rely on low-order PA-based dynamic models (PADMs) derived from the P2DM. Moreover, assuming that most properties of their low-order counterparts are inherited, some authors suggest that PADMs of arbitrary high order can be used to provide very accurate approximations of the state-of-charge, even under complex operating conditions. Nevertheless, to authors knowledge, in the open literature there is not a proper analysis to support such assertion. In this paper, by introducing a systematic method to derive PADMs of arbitrary order, the ability of high-order PADMs to reproduce the average and surface concentrations described by the SSLi+ diffusion equation is investigated in time and frequency domains, with the aid of classic control systems theory techniques. The main result shows that PADMs of order greater than 2 are structurally fragile as non-minimum-phase zeros as well as spurious unstable modes are induced by the PA technique, implying that high-order PADMs are not suitable for simulation or estimation purposes because of their weak internal structure.
Well-designed nanostructures have been regarded as keys for exploring new electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. In this work, we reported a facile approach to prepare a novel flower-like clusters of Co3O4/C nanosheets via in situ pyrolysis of cheap inorganic-organic layered precursors. The as-prepared sample exhibits a two-dimensional architecture from well-graphitized carbon nanosheets embedded or anchored homogeneously by numerous Co3O4 nanoparticles (5–8nm). When used as an anode material, the composite displays a high reversible capacity (1082mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1), superior rate capability (531mAhg−1 at 2000mAg−1) and excellent cycling stability. More importantly, a very interesting and amazing microstructural evolution from the lamellar precursors to nanosheets has been unveiled for the first time, which not only manifests the rich in structural variation of inorganic-organic hybrids in pyrolysis process, but also opens up new perspectives on the rational design and controllable fabrication of novel functional materials by utilizing such lamellar hybrids.
A detailed kinetic and thermodynamic study of ferrate(VI) oxidation of aniline (aminobenzene) has been carried out in isotopic solvents, H2O and D2O, as a function of reductant concentration, solution pH, temperature and pressure by means of conventional stopped-flow and high-pressure stopped-flow spectrophotometric methods. Under pseudo first-order conditions with reductant in at least 10-fold excess over ferrate, these redox processes give rise to a simple exponential change of optical density. The temperature profile reveals relatively low activation enthalpies, and the activation entropies found for these processes are very negative. In addition, the significant negative activation volumes estimated from the pressure dependence of the rate constants indicate a substantial decrease in partial molar volume during the formation of the transition state, suggesting that highly structured transition states are formed in these reactions. An EPR result indicates a free radical reaction mechanism. The kinetic isotopic results for aniline systems measured in H2O and in D2O solvent indicate that the amino hydrogen/deuterium plays a role in the formation of the transition states.
In the present research, the decomposition of CaO was verified by observing the calciothermic reduction of ilmenite powders that were placed near the negative terminal without a direct connection. With the addition of 0–2 mol% CaO in equimolar CaCl2-NaCl molten salt, it was demonstrated that CaO was electrochemically decomposed to calcium metal, and the metallic phase acted as the reductant to further reduce the ilmenite with the formation of intermediates Fe, CaTiO3, Fe2Ti and FeTi. A sustainable reduction of CaTiO3 commenced with greater calcium metal participation, and the calcium metal content was determined using the CaO concentration in the molten salt. The effect of CaO concentration on the direct electrochemical reduction of a bulk ilmenite pellet was studied. The results proved that the dissolved CaO had an appreciable effect on the phase transformation. Upon the addition of 1 mol% CaO into equimolar CaCl2-NaCl molten salt, the deoxidization rate of ilmenite was promoted, leading to the complete production of an FeTi alloy in fine and homogeneous microstructures with a particle size of 2–8 μm. A lower CaO content (0–0.5 mol%) set the oxide ion transfer limit, and a higher content (more than 1.5 mol%) raised the electronic background current, resulting in charge loss and insufficient electricity for the electrochemical reduction of ilmenite.
Biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays, typically used to assess anaerobic biodegradability of liquid wastes with added nutrients and bacteria, were adapted to compare hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material under sulfidogenic and methanogenic environments. A method based on selective inhibition of microorganism activity, by 3% toluene, was used to measure the hydrolysis rate of lignocellulosic material and the accumulation of sugar. The neutral sugars, galactose, glucose, and xylose, which were released from lignocellulosic material such as office paper and newspaper in the presence 3% toluene, clearly accumulated over time under sulfidogenic conditions. The accumulation rates of sugars, glucose, and xylose, were higher in the sulfidogenic condition than in the methanogenic condition, indicating a faster degradation of lignocellulosic materials under the sulfidogenic condition.