batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Today, as a consequence of the growing installation of efficient technologies, such as combined heat and power (CHP) as a co-generation, the integration of electricity through grid supply, Photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage systems as an integrated network is attracting a lot of attention in smart grid applications. To model the interaction among electricity and natural gas, the energy hub framework is adopted to determine a modelling procedure for such multi-carrier energy systems. This paper presents a residential energy hub model for a smart home as a modified framework of conventional energy hubs in a smart grid with consideration of heat pump water heater, coordination of sources and carbon emissions. Therefore, this study is twofold; the first part optimizes the operation of the combined CHP, Photovoltaic and storage system under dynamic pricing. Since residential load management plays a key role in realizing household demand response programs in a smart grid, performing optimal load management in the proposed residential energy hub model is also studied in this paper. To achieve this, the optimization problem is extended by considering modelling of a heat pump water heater. It is also found out that CO2 signal could give customers an environmental motivation to shift or reduce loads during peak hours, as it would enable co-optimization of electricity consumption costs and carbon emissions reductions.
Anode and cathode materials, graphite and LiCoO2, are studied by neutron diffraction under “in operando” conditions in commercial batteries (ICR 18650-type). The evolution of their crystal structure versus state of charge (SOC) and fatigue (state of health, SOH) has been analyzed using the Rietveld refinement technique. Neutron radiography data and their tomography reconstruction revealed the local neutron absorption density, which reflects mainly the Li-distribution density, but also further details of the battery design. Changes in the neutron absorption contrast have also been evaluated in dependence on SOC and SOH.
Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of the research work conducted to analyze the invasion of erythrocytes in case of malaria. In 1969, the invasion of erythrocytes by merozoites was described in electron microscopic studies. With improvements in electron microscopy techniques and membrane sieving methods that allowed for isolation of large numbers of Plasmodium knowlesi merozoites, a detailed description of the morphological characteristics of invasion was achieved. As other electron microscopic studies have shown similar structural characteristics for erythrocytic merozoites, it is assumed that the steps in invasion are similar for all the species of malaria parasites including Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. In an elegant series of studies using both videomicroscopy and electron microscopy, the dynamics of the entry process have been described in considerable detail. The earliest light microscopic investigations, as well as the visualization of the steps in invasion that suggest the presence of parasite ligands and red cell receptors are discussed. The experimental study using in vitro short-term culture system to study invasion is described. An overview of the human Duffy antigen is also presented.
As one of the most important components of the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), the electrolyte can impose a significant impact on cell properties, performance and capital cost. In particular, the electrolyte composition will influence energy density, operating temperature range and the practical applications of the VRFB. Various approaches to increase the energy density and operating temperature range have been proposed. The presence of electrolyte impurities, or the addition of a small amount of other chemical species into the vanadium solution can alter the stability of the electrolyte and influence cell performance, operating temperature range, energy density, electrochemical kinetics and cost effectiveness. This review provides a detailed overview of research on electrolyte additives including stabilizing agents, immobilizing agents, kinetic enhancers, as well as electrolyte impurities and chemical reductants that can be used for different purposes in the VRFBs.
Health-care workers have an increased risk for chronic low back pain (LBP) leading to reduced workability. Depression, a highly prevalent, costly and disabling condition, is commonly seen in patients with sub-acute LBP. This study investigated the psychometric properties and construct-validity of a modified 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9-mFIN) in female health-care workers with sub-acute LBP.
LiNi0.5−xFe2xMn1.5−xO4 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) spinel cathode materials are synthesized using citric acid-assisted sol-gel method with final calcination temperature of 1000 °C. The structure and morphology of the materials are characterized by using synchrotron and neutron powder diffraction as well as scanning electron microscopy. Different from the parent LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) material, the Fe-doped spinels do not contain a rock-salt type impurity phase. However, they contain additional layered (C2/m) and spinel Fe3O4 ( F d 3 ¯ m ) phases in small amounts. The substitution of Fe into the spinel structure has been confirmed by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The Fe-doped spinels exhibit improved cycling stability (with a C/2 charge-discharge rate) and rate capability compared to the parent LNMO at room temperature in a voltage range 3.5–5.0 V. Among all these samples, the composition LiNi0.4Fe0.2Mn1.4O4 shows the best room temperature cycling stability (capacity retention of 92% after 300 cycles) as well as the highest initial discharge capacity (134 mAh g−1). The delivered capacities at high C-rates (especially at 10C and 20C) with respect to the capacity delivered at C/2 are higher for all Fe-doped samples compared to the parent LNMO. Furthermore, Fe-doping improves the thermal stability of the Ni-Mn spinels in the delithiated state.
Oxygen reduction kinetics on bare and Pt-modified Ru(10 1 ̄ 0) and Ru(0001) single crystal surfaces, and on carbon-supported Ru nanoparticles have been investigated. Spontaneous deposition of Pt was used to form approximately 1.5 and 0.5 monolayers on Ru single crystals and nanoparticles, respectively. The reaction kinetics of O2 on single crystal surfaces has a small structural dependence. It is also affected by the oxidation state of the Ru surfaces. The reaction involves the exchange of approximately four electrons per O2 molecule, with the transfer of the first electron being the rate determining step. A deposit of 1.5 monolayers of Pt makes the surfaces considerably more active than bare Ru, but nevertheless still less active than bulk Pt. An electrocatalyst made by the deposition 0.5 monolayers of Pt on carbon-supported Ru nanoparticles is somewhat less active than commercial catalysts, but contains considerably lower Pt loadings.
This study investigated the annealing of atomic layer deposited (ALD) Al2O3 coated onto Li-ion battery cathodes to enhance their electrochemical properties. LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC) cathode powders were coated with 5 ALD cycles at 100 °C, annealed between 300 and 700 °C, cast into electrode sheets and assembled into coin cells. Cells were characterized using charge-discharge cycling, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, pre-casting and postmortem X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and charge endpoint slippage measurement. Diffusion of Al into bulk NMC was observable at ≥500 °C, and extent of diffusion increased with increasing temperature. Un-annealed ALD-coated cathodes showed exceptional capacity retention at high charge-discharge rates, while annealed cells showed recovery of initial charge capacity lost upon ALD coating. High quantities of LiF forming surface species were detected in cells annealed at 500 °C. This study approaches post-deposition annealing as a parameter that may be used to explore the electrochemical properties of ALD-coated battery cathodes.
In order to resolve the pollution and waste caused by urea-rich wastewater, designing superior and stable earth-abundant catalysts for urea oxidation reaction (UOR) have always been attractive and urgent but still challenging. Herein, we report on a facile surface-engineering strategy of building hierarchical nickel hydroxide nanosheet@nanowire array on Ni foam (Ni(OH)2 NS@NW/Ni foam) as anode material toward superior urea electrolysis. This Ni(OH)2 based-catalyst with peculiar nanosheet@nanowire configuration just requires a small potential of 0.34 V (vs. SCE) to drive 10 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KOH with 0.33 M urea, which outperforms the one with pure nanosheet array architecture and even the commercial Pt/C catalyst. Further, a two-electrode electrolysis system is built here with the cathode of cobalt phosphide nanowire array on Ni foam (Co2P NW/Ni foam) and anode of Ni(OH)2 NS@NW/Ni foam for overall urea electrolysis, which needs a low voltage of 1.58 V to drive 5 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KOH with 0.33 M urea. Note that, the current density presented in this work is based on the real surface area of Ni foam but not the geometric area, unless otherwise specified.
Processing speed on cognitive tasks relies upon efficient communication between widespread regions of the brain. Recently, novel methods of quantifying network communication like ‘navigation efficiency’ have emerged, which aim to be more biologically plausible compared to traditional shortest path length-based measures. However, it is still unclear whether there is a direct link between these communication measures and processing speed. We tested this relationship in forty-five healthy adults (27 females), where processing speed was defined as decision-making time and measured using drift rate from the hierarchical drift diffusion model. Communication measures were calculated from a graph theoretical analysis of the whole-brain structural connectome and of a task-relevant fronto-parietal structural subnetwork, using the large-scale Desikan–Killiany atlas. We found that faster processing speed on trials that require greater cognitive control are correlated with higher navigation efficiency (of both the whole-brain and the task-relevant subnetwork). In contrast, faster processing speed on trials that require more automatic processing are correlated with shorter path length within the task-relevant subnetwork. Our findings reveal that differences in the way communication is modelled between shortest path length and navigation may be sensitive to processing of automatic and controlled responses, respectively. Further, our findings suggest that there is a relationship between the speed of cognitive processing and the structural constraints of the human brain network.
Objective To investigate the relationship between physical impairment and brain–computer interface (BCI) performance. Method We present a meta-analysis of 29 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and six patients with other severe neurological diseases in different stages of physical impairment who were trained with a BCI. In most cases voluntary regulation of slow cortical potentials has been used as input signal for BCI-control. More recently sensorimotor rhythms and the P300 event-related brain potential were recorded. Results A strong correlation has been found between physical impairment and BCI performance, indicating that performance worsens as impairment increases. Seven patients were in the complete locked-in state (CLIS) with no communication possible. After removal of these patients from the analysis, the relationship between physical impairment and BCI performance disappeared. The lack of a relation between physical impairment and BCI performance was confirmed when adding BCI data of patients from other BCI research groups. Conclusions Basic communication (yes/no) was not restored in any of the CLIS patients with a BCI. Whether locked-in patients can transfer learned brain control to the CLIS remains an open empirical question. Significance Voluntary brain regulation for communication is possible in all stages of paralysis except the CLIS.
We report the fabrication of sandwich-type metal/TiO2 nanotube (TNT) array/metal structures as well as their betavoltaic effects under build-in voltage through contact potential difference. The sandwiched structure is integrated by immobilized TNT arrays on Ti foil with radioisotope 63Ni planar source on Ni substrate (Ni–63Ni/TNT array/Ti). Under irradiation of the 63Ni source with activity of 8 mCi, the structure (TNT diameter ∼ 130 nm, length ∼ 11 μm) presents optimum energy conversion efficiency of 7.30% with open-circuit voltage of 1.54 V and short-circuit current of 12.43 nA. The TNT arrays exhibit a highly potential for developing betavoltaic batteries due to its wide band gap and nanotube array configuration. The TNT-betavoltaic concept offers a facile solution for micro/nano electronics with high efficiency and long life-time instead of conventional planar junction-type batteries.
Dance-movement intervention (DMI) offers multi-component stimulation of cognitive functions, and it may ameliorate cognitive deficits in the elderly. We investigated the effects of intensive DMI on the cognitive performances of healthy seniors (HS) and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In addition, we evaluated whether the baseline MRI hippocampus-to-cortex volume (HV:CTV) ratio (i.e., a marker of a typical AD-specific brain atrophy and of distribution of neurofibrillary tangles in the brain) has any impact on the DMI-induced cognitive changes. The research cohort consisted of 99 subjects who were randomly assigned (in a 1:1 ratio) to a DMI group or to a control (life-as-usual) group. The DMI group consisted of 49 subjects with an average age of 69.16 years (SD = 5.36), of which 34 were HS (69.4%) and 15 had MCI (30.6%). The control group consisted of 50 subjects aged 68.37 years (SD = 6.10), of which 31 were HC (62%) and 19 (38%) had MCI. The DMI group underwent a 6-month intervention, which consisted of 60 lessons supervised by a qualified instructor. Statistical analysis yielded a significant improvement of the figural fluency task as measured by the five-point test in the DMI group as compared to the control group [t (97) = 2.72; p = 0.008]. The baseline HV:CTV ratio was not associated with cognitive changes on that task or with changes in any cognitive domain’s Z scores. We observed DMI-induced effect on the test evaluating executive functions across the spectrum of HS and MCI, which was not dependent on the magnitude of AD-related brain pathology.
The variety of different causal theories together with inconsistencies about the anatomical brain markers emphasize the heterogeneity of developmental dyslexia. Attempts were made to test on a behavioral level the existence of subtypes of dyslexia showing distinguishable cognitive deficits. Importantly, no research was directly devoted to the investigation of structural brain correlates of these subtypes. Here, for the first time, we applied voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to study grey matter volume (GMV) differences in a relatively large sample (n = 46) of dyslexic children split into three subtypes based on the cognitive deficits: phonological, rapid naming, magnocellular/dorsal, and auditory attention shifting. VBM revealed GMV clusters specific for each studied group including areas of left inferior frontal gyrus, cerebellum, right putamen, and bilateral parietal cortex. In addition, using discriminant analysis on these clusters 79 % of cross-validated cases were correctly re-classified into four groups (controls vs. three subtypes). Current results indicate that dyslexia may result from distinct cognitive impairments characterized by distinguishable anatomical markers.
Intradermal testing has been practiced for decades in human and veterinary medicine. The primary utility of intradermal testing is in the demonstration of IgE-mediated allergen hypersensitivity. The presence of a positive reaction on an intradermal test is not always indicative of allergy, as it may sometimes be an indication of sub-clinical hypersensitivity. Despite its widespread use by veterinary dermatologists, the usefulness of the intradermal test would be greatly enhanced by the use of standardized allergen extracts and homogeneous criteria for the interpretation of results. Irrespective of these shortcomings, intradermal testing is regarded as a valuable tool in the demonstration of allergen-specific hypersensitivity when performed according to accepted guidelines.
Oxide solid electrolytes Li3/8Sr7/16-3x/2LaxZr1/4Ta3/4O3 (LSLZT, x = 0, 0.025, 0.05) with different A-site vacancy were synthesized using conventional solid-state reaction procedure at 1300 °C. Approximately single-phase perovskite-type was obtained which was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Moreover, scanning electron microscope, AC impedance spectroscopy and potentiostatic polarization measurement methods were adopted to study the microstructure, Li+ conductivities and electronic conductivities of the samples, respectively. Among these samples, the optimal composition of Li3/8Sr7/16-3x/2LaxZr1/4Ta3/4O3 (x = 0.025) was selected with bulk conductivity of 1.26 × 10−3 S cm−1, total conductivity of 3.30 × 10−4 S cm−1, electronic conductivity of 6.60 × 10−9 S cm−1 at 30 °C and activation energy of 0.28 eV. Furthermore, the cyclic voltammogram analysis indicated the stability of this solid electrolyte at voltages higher than 1.3 V against metallic lithium. The solid electrolyte as a separator in LiFePO4/Li half-cell showed good cycle performance that comprises 98.7% of original values at 0.2 C charge-discharge rates after 50 cycles.
Effect on the ionic conductivity of B-site ion (M) substitution in (Li3x La2/3−x )1+y/2M y Ti1−y O3 (M=Al, Cr) has been investigated. It has been found that partial substitution of smaller Al3+ for Ti4+ is effective to enhance the ionic conductivity of Li3x La2/3−x TiO3. At 300 K, the maximum bulk conductivity of (1.58±0.01)×10−3 S cm−1 is observed from the composition of (Li0.39La0.54)1−y/2Al y Ti1−y O3 with y=0.02 (x=0.13), that is the highest yet reported for known perovskite solutions at room temperature. The conductivity enhancement is interpreted as being due to the substitution-induced bond-strength change rather than due to bottleneck size change for Li migration, TiO6-octahedron tilting or A-site cation ordering.
A vanadium/oxygen fuel cell (VOFC) with a geometrically active area of 51 cm2 and two membranes was discontinuously operated over a period of over 676 h with 47 successive tests at room temperature with a current density of 19.6 mA/cm2 in order to investigate signs of ageing. As well as measuring cell voltages, the test setup was also used to measure anode and redox potentials as well as cell and half-cell impedances. The performance data of the VOFC fluctuated widely over the course of the test period, due to different V2+ concentrations and instabilities of the starting solutions on the one hand and complex changes in cathode conditions on the other. The desired behaviour of the anode reactions was achieved primarily through improved methods for producing the V2+ solutions, and remained stable at the end of the experiments. The kinetics of the cathode reactions were temporarily increased by purging with 2 M H2SO4, however their performance decreased over time. The VOFC had symptoms of ageing by complex and overlaid changes in the cathode’s triple phase boundary layer and in the special conditions between the two electrodes and membranes.
The Kalman filter is a common state of charge estimation algorithm for lithium-ion cells. Since its first introduction in the application of lithium-ion cells, different implementations of Kalman filters were presented in literature. However, due to non-uniform validation methods and filter tuning parameters, the performance of different Kalman filters is difficult to quantify. On this account, we compare 18 different implementations of Kalman filters with an enhanced validation method developed in our previous work. The algorithms are tested during a low-dynamic, high-dynamic and a long-term current load profile at −10°C, 0°C, 10°C, 25°C and 40°C with a fixed set of filter tuning values. To ensure comparability, a quantitative rating technique is used for estimation accuracy, transient behaviour, drift, failure stability, temperature stability and residual charge estimation. The benchmark shows a similar estimation accuracy of all filters with an one and two RC term equivalent circuit model. Furthermore, a strong dependency on temperature during high-dynamic loads is observed. To evaluate the importance of the tuning parameters, the temperature dependency is reduced with an individual filter tuning. It is reasoned, that not only the filter type is significant for the estimation performance, but the filter tuning.
Olivine-phosphate LiCo1/3Mn1/3Ni1/3PO4, synthesized via conventional solid state (SS) and polymer assisted sol–gel (SG) methods, is reported as a cathode material for aqueous rechargeable batteries. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms phase pure compounds in an orthorhombic structure for both these methods. However, microstructural images show polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) assisted SG method aids colloidal growth giving evenly distributed microparticles while SS method tend to an agglomeration during high-temperature processing. The electrochemical properties for SG are seen to be dramatically superior to those of SS. The galvanostatic analysis of the SG shows improved specific capacity over the initial cycles (45mAh/g and 60mAh/g for the 1st and 20th cycles) and stabilized upon cycling. This unique capability is due to the trapped organic products from the thermal decomposition of PVP that facilitates Li+ transfer. The trapped organic coating on the cathode surface without affecting the bulk olivine is evidenced by XRD, FTIR and XPS spectroscopic techniques.
Background Factor analytic studies have shown that in schizophrenia patients, disorganization (e.g., conceptual disorganization and bizarre behavior) is a separate dimension from other types of positive symptoms such as reality distortion (delusions and hallucinations). Although some studies have found that disorganization is more strongly linked to neurocognitive deficits and poor functional outcomes than reality distortion, the findings are not always consistent. Methods A meta-analysis of 104 studies (combined n =8015) was conducted to determine the magnitude of the relationship between neurocognition and disorganization as compared to reality distortion. Additional analyses were conducted to determine whether the strength of these relationships differed depending on the neurocognitive domain under investigation. Results The relationship between reality distortion and neurocognition was weak (r =−.04; p =.03) as compared to the moderate association between disorganization and neurocognition (r =−.23; p <.01). In each of the six neurocognitive domains that were examined, disorganization was more strongly related to neurocognition (r's range from −.20 to −.26) than to reality distortion (r's range from .01 to −.12). Conclusions The effect size of the relationship between neurocognition and disorganization was significantly larger than the effect size of the relationship between neurocognition and reality distortion. These results hold across several neurocognitive domains. These findings support a dimensional view of positive symptoms distinguishing disorganization from reality distortion.