batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Resulting from a Ph.D. research a Vehicle Simulation Programme (VSP) is proposed and continuously developed. It allows simulating the behaviour of electric, hybrid, fuel cell and internal combustion vehicles while driving any reference cycle [Simulation software for comparison and design of electric, hybrid electric and internal combustion vehicles with respect to energy, emissions and performances, Ph.D. Thesis, Department Electrical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium, April 2000]. The goal of the simulation programme is to study power flows in vehicle drive trains and the corresponding component losses, as well as to compare different drive train topologies. This comparison can be realised for energy consumption and emissions as well as for performances (acceleration, range, maximum slope, etc.). The software package and its validation are described in [J. Automot. Eng., SAE IEE 215 (9) (2001) 1043L]. Different hybrid and electric drive trains are implemented in the software [Views on hybrid drive train power management strategies, in: Proceedings of the EVS-17, Montreal, Canada, October 2000]. The models used for the energy sources like fuel cells, batteries, ultracapacitors, flywheels and engine-generator units will be discussed in this paper in three stages: first their functionality and characteristics are described, next the way these characteristics can be implemented in a simulation model will be explained and finally some calculation results will illustrate the approach. This paper is aimed to give an overview of simulation models of energy sources for battery, hybrid and fuel cell electric vehicles. Innovative is the extreme modularity and exchangeability of different components functioning as energy sources. The unique iteration algorithm of the simulation programme allows to accurately simulate drive train maximum performances as well as all kind of power management strategies in different types of hybrid drive trains [IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., submitted for publication].
Transition-metal-oxide semiconductors are promising photoanodes for solar water splitting due to their excellent chemical stability and appropriate bandgaps. However, in absorbers such as BiVO4, TiO2, α-Fe2O3, and WO3, charge carriers localize as small polarons or become trapped, leading to low minority carrier mobilities. This limits the minority carrier collection efficiency in the quasi-neutral region of the light absorber, and lowers the overall photoactivity. In this work, we demonstrate that modestly elevating the temperature activates minority carrier hopping in monoclinic BiVO4, significantly enhancing the saturation photocurrent without a substantial anodic shift of the onset potential, and is an attractive alternative to employing complex passivation layers and nanostructured templates towards achieving the theoretical photocurrent density. Specifically, using a Mo:BiVO4/SnO2/Si tandem photoanode/photovoltaic, increasing the absolute temperature by 11% from 10 to 42 °C elevates the saturation photocurrent from 1.8 to 4.0 mA cm−2. This strong temperature enhancement, 3.8% K−1, is 5 times greater than that in α-Fe2O3. Concurrently, the onset potential shifts slightly from 0.02 V to 0.08 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (or equivalently, from −1.22 V to −1.13 V versus the equilibrium potential of oxygen evolution). Our observation contrasts with the prevailing understanding that the energy conversion efficiency generally decreases with temperature as a result of reduced photovoltage. Thermally-activating minority carrier transport represents a general pathway towards enhancing the photoactivity of light absorbers where hopping conduction limits the minority carrier collection in the quasi-neutral region.
This chapter describes the job of the A2, or deck sound person, during the tech phase of a Broadway show preparation. An interview with Mary McGregor, an experienced A2 at the Metropolitan Opera, presents information on mic placement on an actor, and how to use a wig or hat to advantage. She also discusses ear clips, how to stick a mic to skin, and ways to control sweat. Illustrations show the various techniques discussed. McGregor emphasizes that maintaining sound quality is the main job of the A2. The chapter concludes with her recommended list of items to include in the A2’s RF toolkit. Keywords A2 role in musical theatre, deck sound position, ear clip, Elastoplast, Hellerman tool, mic’ing techniques, sweat-out, Tegaderm
In this paper structural, electrical, electrochemical and thermal (DSC) characterization of series of manganese spinel samples with manganese substituted to different degree (x = 0–0.5) with chromium are presented. The conductivity and thermoelectric power measurements were performed in wide temperature range also versus oxygen partial pressure and for deintercalated samples. Electrochemical studies of these cathode materials were conducted in Li/Li+/Li y Cr x Mn2−x O4 type cells. Substitution of manganese with chromium causes disappearance of the phase transition characteristic of LiMn2O4 spinel. Studies of electrical properties reveal that Cr ions do not participate in charge transport at low temperatures. In the charge curves of Li/Li+/Li y Cr x Mn2−x O4 cells there are two visible plateaux, separated with distinct potential jump (∼0.5V), which position on Li content perfectly matches the Mn3+ content in the doped cathode material. The lower plateau is related to the Mn3+ →Mn4+ oxidation, while the next of higher voltage, of the dopant Cr3+ →Cr4+ oxidation. The schematic diagrams of relative Mn–Cr electronic levels alignment are proposed.
The galvanostatic performance of a pristine lithium iron phosphate (LFP) electrode is investigated. Based on the poor intrinsic electronic conductivity features of LFP, an empirical variable resistance approach is proposed for the single particle model (SPM). The increasing resistance behavior observed at the end of discharge process of LFP batteries can be justified by the increased ohmic resistance, a resistive-reactant feature of LFP as the positive electrode active materials. The model is validated for two different laboratory made Li/LFP coin cells: a high-energy and a high-power configuration. Comparisons between the experimental results and the model predictions reveal that a variable resistance is successful to tackle the increasing overpotential.
The carbon materials used for electrochemical capacitors were reviewed and discussed the contribution of the surfaces owing to micropores and other larger pores to the capacitance and rate performance of the electric double-layer capacitors. The necessity to have an internationally accepted specification for the measurement of capacitor performance was emphasized.
Numerous studies have documented the consequences of exposure to anesthesia in models of term and post-term infants, evaluating the incidence of cell loss, physiological alterations and cognitive dysfunction. However, surprisingly few studies have investigated the effect of anesthetic exposure on outcomes in newborn rodents, the developmental equivalent of premature human infants. This is critical given that one out of every eight babies born in the United States is premature, with an increased prevalence of surgical procedures required in these individuals. Also, no studies have investigated if the genetic sex of the individual influences the response to neonatal anesthesia. Using the newborn rat as the developmental equivalent of the premature human, we documented the effect of a single bout of exposure to either the inhalant isoflurane or the injectable barbiturate phenobarbital on hippocampal anatomy, hippocampal dependent behavioral performance and normal developmental endpoints in male and female rats. While both forms of anesthesia led to significant decrements in cognitive abilities, along with a significant reduction in volume and neuron number in the hippocampus in adulthood, the decrements were significantly greater in males than in females. Interestingly, the deleterious effects of anesthesia were manifest on developmental measures including surface righting and forelimb grasp, but were not evident on basic physiological parameters including body weight or suckling. These findings point to the hazardous effects of exposure to anesthesia on the developing CNS and the particular sensitivity of males to deficits.
Le terme de démence post-AVC regroupe toutes les démences diagnostiquées après un AVC, quel que soit le mécanisme sous-jacent. Les démences post-AVC sont fréquentes : 10 % des patients avaient une démence antérieure à l’AVC, 10 % développent une démence au décours rapide d’un premier AVC et plus d’un tiers des patients sera dément après une récidive d’AVC. La démence a un retentissement fonctionnel et une influence péjorative sur le pronostic. Le risque de démence post-AVC dépend des caractéristiques du patient, des caractéristiques de l’AVC et de caractéristiques radiologiques. Différents facteurs de risque de démence post-AVC ont été identifiés : cependant, à ce jour, aucun score prédictif n’a été élaboré et validé. Par ailleurs, si la démence s’installe le plus souvent rapidement au décours de l’AVC, le risque de démence s’installant à distance reste non négligeable, rendant nécessaire le suivi prolongé des patients ayant présenté un AVC. Différents outils sont disponibles pour la détection et le diagnostic des démences post-AVC, les plus fréquemment utilisés étant le Mini Mental State Examination, le Montréal Cognitive assessment, le Cambridge Cognitive examination-revised. Enfin, il est possible d’avoir recours à des batteries de tests neuropsychologiques plus détaillées. L’intérêt des différents tests ou batterie de tests disponibles dépend du but recherché, du fait de sensibilité et de spécificité variables, et de temps de passation des épreuves très différents.
Nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg2Ni-type Mg20−xYxNi10 (x = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) electrode alloys were fabricated using mechanical milling. The effects of the Y content and milling time on the microstructures and electrochemical performances of the alloys were investigated in detail. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that the substitution of Y for Mg yields an obvious change in the phase composition and micro morphology of the alloys. When the Y content x ≤ 1, the substitution of Y for Mg does not change the major phase Mg2Ni, but with a further increase in the Y content, the major phase of the alloys transforms into the YMgNi4 + YMg3 phase. A nanocrystalline and amorphous structure can be obtained by mechanical milling, and the amorphisation degree of the alloy visibly increases with increased milling time. Electrochemical measurements indicate that the discharge capacity of the alloys first increases and then decreases with increasing Y content and milling time. The substitution of Y for Mg dramatically ameliorates the cycle stability of the as-milled alloys, and the mechanical milling more or less impairs the cycle stability of the alloys. Furthermore, the high rate discharge ability, electrochemical impedance spectrum, Tafel polarisation curves and potential step measurements indicate that the electrochemical kinetic properties of the as-milled alloys first increase and then decrease with increasing Y content and milling time.
Phenyl tris-2-methoxydiethoxy silane (PTMS) has been studied as an additive to the PC-based electrolyte of lithium ion batteries with graphite anode. An electrolyte of 1.0M LiPF6 in propylene carbonate (PC):dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (1:1 v/v) containing phenyl tris-2-methoxydiethoxy silane can suppress the co-intercalation of PC. The main reason for this suppression is that silane can form a cross-polymerized network of SiOSi bonds on the graphite surface, thus restraining PC molecules from co-intercalating with lithium ions into graphite electrodes. The electrochemical properties of the modified electrolyte were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, charge/discharge tests, SEM, XPS and FT-IR.
An exergy analysis was performed to compare a conventional (1) two panel photovoltaic solar thermal hybrid (PVT x2) system, (2) side by side photovoltaic and thermal (PV+T) system, (3) two module photovoltaic (PV) system and (4) a two panel solar thermal (T x2) system with identical absorber areas to determine the superior technical solar energy systems for applications with a limited roof area. Three locations, Detroit, Denver and Phoenix, were simulated due to their differences in average monthly temperature and solar flux. The exergy analysis results show that PVT systems outperform the PV+T systems by 69% for all the locations, produce between 6.5% and 8.4% more exergy when matched against the purely PV systems and created 4 times as much exergy as the pure solar thermal system. The results clearly show that PVT systems, which are able to utilize all of the thermal and electrical energy generated, are superior in exergy performance to either PV+T or PV only systems. These results are discussed and future work is outlined to further geographically optimize PVT systems.
Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) based binders have been widely used for the high capacity silicon anodes of lithium-ion batteries. While numerous promising progress has been reported, there is no general guideline for choosing the right PAA binders for optimized cycling performance. In this report, aiming to optimize the cycling performance of the Si/graphite composite anodes (15 wt% Si), we systemically investigated a series of PAA binders by validating their molecular weights (MWs) and correlating them to the cycling performance of the anodes fabricated with such binders. The gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to validate the MWs of six PAA binders (PAA1 to PAA6). Those binders then underwent a series of characterizations, including rheology study, half-cell cycling, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It is observed that the MWs of PAA binders not only affected the viscosities of the binder solutions but also impacted the cycling performance, possibly due to the cohesion changes. A range of 24–150 kDa is found to be optimal for minimizing the rate and extent of capacity fade and maintaining the cohesion in the electrode matrix despite the dramatic volumetric changes due to Si alloying.
A composite electrode material, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/LiCoO2-carbon fibers (VGCF) from a continuous process of electrochemical deposition of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomer on the pre-formed LiCoO2-VGCF electrode, was prepared and characterized to test its applicability in lithium-ion battery. Compared to the bare LiCoO2-VGCF electrode, use of PEDOT/LiCoO2-VGCF composite as cathode in lithium-ion battery has enhanced properties such as the cyclability, electrochemical stability, intercalation/deintercalation rate of lithium ion and rate capability. Scanning electron microscope shows the successful coating of PEDOT on the LiCoO2 particles and the VGCF fibers. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) scans of the charged cathodes show that incorporation of PEDOT reduces the thermal stability of the cathode.
A (La,Mg)5Ni19 single-phase La0.78Mg0.22Ni3.73 alloy with superior overall electrochemical properties has been prepared by step-wise annealing the as-cast alloy sample. The as-cast alloy is composed of 2H-/3R-type (La,Mg)2Ni7 and (La,Mg)5Ni19 main phases as well as (La,Mg)Ni3 and LaNi5 minor phases. During step-wise annealing process, (La,Mg)Ni3 and LaNi5 minor phases are first consumed to form (La,Mg)2Ni7 and (La,Mg)5Ni19 phases at 800–850 °C. Then the 3R-type (La,Mg)2Ni7 phase transforms to (La,Mg)5Ni19 phase at 900 °C, followed by the transformation of 2H-type (La,Mg)2Ni7 phase to (La,Mg)5Ni19 phase which is completed at 950 °C, producing the alloy with (La,Mg)5Ni19 single phase. The (La,Mg)5Ni19 single-phase alloy possesses good structural stability and strong resistance against pulverization and corrosion/oxidation during repeated charge/discharge cycling, achieving a cycle life of above 400 cycles, nearly three times that of the as-cast alloy. Meanwhile, the (La,Mg)5Ni19-phase alloy electrode exhibits outstanding kinetics performance with a high rate dischargeability of 62.4% at 1500 mA g−1 compared with 51.2% of the as-cast alloy. The (La,Mg)5Ni19 single-phase alloy is considered a promising potential electrode material for high-power and long-lifetime Ni/MH batteries.
Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) are conducting mine illumination research with the objective of improving miner safety. Slips, trips, and falls (STFs) are the second leading accident class (18.1%, n = 2,374) of nonfatal lost-time injuries at underground mines (MSHA, 2005–2009). Factors contributing to STFs include recognition of hazards as well as postural balance and age. Improved lighting may enable better hazard recognition and reduce the impact of postural balance and age. Previous research has shown that cap lamp technology that used light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has improved hazard detection. This study was an initial investigation to determine if cap lamp lighting significantly influences measures of static postural stability (displacement and velocity of center of pressure). Results of this investigation showed no significant differences in the balance measures of interest between cap lamps tested. However, balance was shown to significantly decline (p < 0.05) when tested in an underground coal mine compared to the laboratory testing condition. Relevance to industry Underground coal mine workers wear cap lamps on their hard hats as their primary light source to illuminate nearby areas where their vision is directed. Proper illumination may improve miner safety by improving their STF hazard recognition and balance.
In micro-solid oxide fuel cells (μ-SOFCs) ceramic thin films are integrated as free-standing membranes on micromachinable substrates such as silicon or Foturan® glass ceramic wafers. The processing of μ-SOFCs involves unavoidable dry- or wet-chemical etching for opening the substrate below the free-standing fuel cell membranes. In the first part of this paper current dry- and wet-chemical etchants for structuring of ceria-based electrolyte materials are reviewed, and compared to the etch-rates of common μ-SOFCs substrates. Wet-chemical etchants such as hydrofluoric acid are of high interest in μ-SOFC processing since they allow for homogeneous etching of ceria-based electrolyte thin films contrary to common dry-etching methods. In addition, HF acid is the only choice for substrate etching of μ-SOFC based on Foturan® glass ceramic wafers. Etching of Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9−x spray pyrolysis electrolyte thin films with 10% HF:H2O is investigated. The etch-resistance and microstructures of these films show a strong dependency on post deposition annealing, i.e. degree of crystallinity, and damage for low acid exposure times. Their ability to act as a potential etch-resistance for μ-SOFC membranes is broadly discussed. Guidance for thermal annealing and etching of Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9−x thin films for the fabrication of Foturan®-based μ-SOFCs is given.
Pollution and health risks generated by improper solid waste management are important issues concerning environmental management in developing countries. In most cities, the use of open dumps is common for the disposal of wastes, resulting in soil and water resource contamination by leachate in addition to odors and fires. Solid waste management infrastructure and services in developing countries are far from achieving basic standards in terms of hygiene and efficient collection and disposal. This paper presents an overview of current municipal solid waste management in Rasht city, Gilan Province, Iran, and provides recommendations for system improvement. The collected data of different MSW functional elements were based on data from questionnaires, visual observations of the authors, available reports and several interviews and meetings with responsible persons. Due to an increase in population and changes in lifestyle, the quantity and quality of MSW in Rasht city has changed. Lack of resources, infrastructure, suitable planning, leadership, and public awareness are the main challenges of MSW management of Rasht city. However, the present situation of solid waste management in this city, which generates more than 400tons/d, has been improved since the establishment of an organization responsible only for solid waste management. Source separation of wastes and construction of a composting plant are the two main activities of the Rasht Municipality in recent years.
The present work considers the fundamental aspects of the NiCd battery recycling process. The objective was to study temperature and atmosphere effects on the decomposition of cadmium oxide in NiCd sealed batteries’ electrodes. Initially, cellular phone batteries were physically conditioned so as to obtain a mixture of ground electrodes. This material was submitted to thermal tests in laboratory scale equipment. Tests were conducted using nitrogen as a inert atmosphere, with temperatures from 600 to 1000°C. Products from the reaction were characterized by X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption spectrophotometry and size particle distribution. High purity Cd was obtained in the condenser and a Ni–Fe–Co alloy with <100ppm of Cd was also found in the crucible. Zinc was the main impurity in the condensed material.
Using renewable energy sources is an efficient alternative to supply the electrical load of stand-alone remote areas. The main motivation of this paper is to optimize the size of a biomass-based PV power plant to supply the electrical power of agricultural wells located in Bardsir, Kerman, Iran. In an off-grid PV power plant, there must be a backup system to supply the demanded load in deficit conditions. Biomass energy generation systems could be complementary taking into account their different properties in reliability. As a result, the combination of PV and biomass systems could be an effective way to make a reliable and cost-effective hybrid energy system. In the proposed hybrid system, the area of the PV system and the size of the engine–generator of the biomass system are optimized for minimizing the total net present cost (TNPC) of the system during its lifetime. The reliability of the designed system is met by considering the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) concept. For the investigated region, the obtained results indicate that the PV/biomass generation system is more promising than a single PV system or a single biomass system.
The electrochemical reactions of amorphous/nanocrystalline AlSb thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering are reported for the first time. The reaction with Li proceeds with an average reaction potential of 0.65 V, a reversible capacity of 750 mAh g−1, and very fast reaction kinetics. A storage capacity close to 500 mAh g−1 (70% of the maximum capacity) is achieved at 125 C-rate. Only small increases in overpotentials are measured with increasing currents: ∼0.15 V at 12 C and ∼0.7 V at 125 C. In contrast, the reaction with Na results in average reaction potential of 0.5 V and a storage capacity of 450 mAh g−1. The capacity retention and reaction kinetics with Na are presently not satisfactory with pronounced capacity losses upon cycling and larger overpotentials with increasing current. The capacity retention can be improved by using FEC additive in the Na-ion electrolyte, which highlights that the SEI plays an important role for the electrode cycling stability. The study of the reaction mechanism by X-ray diffraction reveals that the electrode material remains amorphous at all potentials, and suggests that during the reaction with Li the atomic short range ordering is similar to the expected phases.