batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Injury Surveillance Systems based on traditional hospital records or clinical data have the advantage of being a well established, highly reliable source of information for making an active surveillance on specific injuries, like choking in children. However, they suffer the drawback of delays in making data available to the analysis, due to inefficiencies in data collection procedures. In this sense, the integration of clinical based registries with unconventional data sources like newspaper articles has the advantage of making the system more useful for early alerting. Usage of such sources is difficult since information is only available in the form of free natural-language documents rather than structured databases as required by traditional data mining techniques. Information Extraction (IE) addresses the problem of transforming a corpus of textual documents into a more structured database. In this paper, on a corpora of Italian newspapers articles related to choking in children due to ingestion/inhalation of foreign body we compared the performance of three IE algorithms- (a) a classical rule based system which requires a manual annotation of the rules; (ii) a rule based system which allows for the automatic building of rules; (b) a machine learning method based on Support Vector Machine. Although some useful indications are extracted from the newspaper clippings, this approach is at the time far from being routinely implemented for injury surveillance purposes.
N-ferrocenylphthalimide (FcPI) is prepared by replacing the hydrogen atom at the N-site of phthalimide with a ferrocene moiety. Phthalimide shows irreversible redox reaction due to H atom at the N-site of phthalimide. By replacing H atom of phthalimide with non-detachable functional group, such as alkyl group, redox reaction becomes reversible. Reversibility of redox reaction is requirement for redox couple due to cycling performance in battery system. In this work, electroactive group, not the simple functional group, is introduced to substitute H atom of phthalimide. As an electroactive group, ferrocenyl group has two main benefits. First, the redox reaction of the initial phthalimide with H atom at the N-site becomes reversible at E 1/2 = −1.87 V (vs. Fc/Fc+) with an excellent stability. Second, FcPI is a single redox couple with E cell = 1.94 V in a non-aqueous electrolyte because the ferrocene moiety in the molecule is also redox-active at E 1/2 = 0.07 V (vs. Fc/Fc+) with stability. A non-flowing coin-type cell employing FcPI as a single redox couple exhibits an excellent Coulombic efficiency of 97.3% and stable cycle performance during the 50th cycle. Furthermore, rate test realizes fast charge transfer kinetics as voltage efficiency of 96.5–90.1% at 1.0–3.0 C.
Summary In this paper, two relatively new science-based technologies—biotechnology and nanotechnology—are assessed to determine whether they provide windows of opportunity to less developed countries (LDCs) for catch up. By examining international patent and firm foundation trends in both industries, we found that Brazil, China, and India have jumped into these two potential catching up technologies. The paper turns to a discussion of the approaches to overcoming entry barriers that have been successful in this context and also describes why only a few countries are currently in a position to take advantage of them to facilitate catching up.
The ever-increasing power demands and miniaturization of portable electronics, micro-sensors and actuators, and emerging technologies such as cognitive arthropods have created a significant interest in development of micro fuel cells. One of the major challenges in development of hydrogen micro fuel cells is the fabrication and integration of auxiliary systems for generating, regulating, and delivering hydrogen gas to the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). In this paper, we report the development of a hydrogen gas generator with a micro-scale control system that does not consume any power. The hydrogen generator consists of a hydride reactor and a water reservoir, with a regulating valve separating them. The regulating valve consists of a port from the water reservoir and a movable membrane with via holes that permit water to flow from the reservoir to the hydride reactor. Water flows towards the hydride reactor, but stops within the membrane via holes due to capillary forces. Water vapor then diffuses from the via holes into the hydride reactor resulting in generation of hydrogen gas. When the rate of hydrogen consumed by the MEA is lower than the generation rate, gas pressure builds up inside the hydride reactor, deflecting the membrane, closing the water regulator valve, until the pressure drops, whereby the valve reopens. We have integrated the self-regulating micro hydrogen generator to a MEA and successfully conducted fuel cell tests under varying load conditions.
Electrochemical power sources, such as polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), require the use of precious metal catalysts which are deposited as nanoparticles onto supports in order to minimize their mass loading and therefore cost. State-of-the-art/commercial supports are based on forms of carbon black. However, carbon supports present disadvantages including corrosion in the operating fuel cell environment and loss of catalyst activity. Here we review recent work examining the potential of different varieties of graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) as catalyst supports, highlighting their likely benefits, as well as the challenges associated with their implementation. The performance of gCN and hybrid gCN-carbon materials as PEMFC electrodes is discussed, as well as their potential for use in alkaline systems and water electrolyzers. We illustrate the discussion with examples taken from our own recent studies.
Structural and morphological control is an effective approach for improvement of electrochemical performance in rechargeable batteries. In this paper, three different morphological Na3V2(PO4)3 (irregular shaped, the porous sponge-like and plate like) were successfully prepared through controlling the amount of oxalic acid by a simple two-step reduction method. It is found that the amount of oxalic acid has vital impacts on the morphology of Na3V2(PO4)3; moreover, the morphological evolution and formation mechanism are proposed based on the reactions of different amount of oxalic acid occurring in the two-step reduction process. The excellent electrochemical performances of the porous sponge-like Na3V2(PO4)3 are attributed to the unique morphology. The initial capacity of the porous sponge-like Na3V2(PO4)3 is 101.77 mAh g−1 at 30 C; after 700 cycles, it remains as high as 89.28 mAh g−1 with only 12% capacity loss. When the current density increases to 50 C and 70 C, the capacity retentions of 81% after 600 cycles, and 92.5% after 500 cycles are achieved, respectively.
This is a study of word decoding in adolescents with Down syndrome and in adolescents with Intellectual Deficits of unknown etiology. It was designed as a replication of studies of word decoding in English speaking and in Hebrew speaking adolescents with Williams syndrome (Levy & Antebi, 2004; Levy, Smith, & Tager-Flusberg, 2003). Participants’ IQ was matched to IQ in the groups with Williams syndrome and was within the range of mental retardation or borderline intelligence. Our aim was to investigate the impact of IQ on word decoding in these populations, rather than estimate their overall reading level. Similar to the results seen in people with Williams syndrome, word decoding was correlated with auditory short term memory and with phonological awareness tasks yet these correlations were mediated by IQ. It is argued that learning to decode is an explicit task that relies primarily on general cognitive resources of the kind that are most vulnerable in people with sub-normal IQ.
Today, three billion people around the world have no access to clean drinking water and about 1.76 billion people live in areas already facing a high degree of water stress. This paper analyzes the cost-effectiveness of a stand alone small-scale renewable energy-powered seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) system for developing countries. In this paper, we have introduced a new methodology; an energy optimization model which simulates hourly power production from renewable energy sources. Applying the model using the wind and solar radiation conditions for Eritrea, East Africa, we have computed hourly water production for a two-stage SWRO system with a capacity of 35m3/day. According to our results, specific energy consumption is about 2.33kWh/m3, which is a lower value than that achieved in most of the previous designs. The use of a booster pump, energy recovery turbine and an appropriate membrane, allows the specific energy consumption to be decreased by about 70% compared to less efficient design without these features. The energy recovery turbine results in a reduction in the water cost of about 41%. Our results show that a wind-powered system is the least cost and a PV-powered system the most expensive, with finished water costs of about 0.50 and 1.00$/m3, respectively. By international standards, for example, in China, these values are considered economically feasible. Detailed simulations of the RO system design, energy options, and power, water, and life-cycle costs are presented.
The article presents the results of a study on activated carbon fiber cloth (AC) and a hydrophobic microporous polypropylene (PP) membrane, both chemically modified with acidic acetone aldol condensation products, and on testing their use as an electrode material and separator in electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs). Polymer hydrogel used was based on poly(acrylamide) (PAAM), H2SO4 and water. Electrochemical characteristics of EDLCs were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge cycle tests and also by impedance spectroscopy. As a result, the capacitor with polymer hydrogel was found to exhibit similar capacitance as that with the H2SO4 aqueous solution and an excellent high-rate dischargeability. At the 4000th cycle of potential cycling (0.5Ag−1) the specific capacitance of 132Fg−1 was obtained with a energy density of 3.45Whkg−1 at a power density of 56Wkg−1. The above results provide valuable information to explore the novel composition of EDLCs.
Carbon-coated layered oxide Li1.048Mn0.381Ni0.286Co0.286O2 is prepared by combining a co-precipitation and a direct current magnetron sputtering. TEM images show that the carbon layer is relatively well coated on the surface of oxide particles. The Li1.048Mn0.381Ni0.286Co0.286O2/C composite delivers an initial discharge capacity of 203.2mAhg−1 between 2.5 and 4.5V at 0.1C, and 94% of the initial discharge capacity can be retained after 100 cycles. Moreover, the carbon-coated oxide exhibits noticeable high-rate capacity of 145mAhg−1 at 5C, much higher than the pristine one (103mAhg−1 at 5C). The improved discharge capacity and cycle performance are attributed to the carbon coating, which protects the Li-rich cathode material from reacting with the electrolyte and retarding the incrassation of SEI film on the surface of oxide particles.
A water-soluble conductive composite binder consisting of carboxymethyl chitosan (CCTS) as a binder and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as a conduction-promoting agent is reported for the LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode in Li-ion batteries. The introduction of conductive PEDOT:PSS as a conductive composite binder facilitates the formation of homogeneous and continuous conducting bridges throughout the electrode and raises the compaction density of the electrode sheet by decreasing the amounts of the commonly used conducting agent of acetylene black. The optimized replacement ratios of acetylene black with PEDOT:PSS (acetylene black/PEDOT:PSS = 1:1, by weight) are obtained by measuring electrical conductivity, peel strength and compaction density of the electrode sheets. The LFP half-cell with the optimized conductive binder exhibits better cycling and rate performance and more favorable electrochemical kinetics than that using only acetylene black conducting agent. The pilot application of PEDOT:PSS/CCTS binder in 10 Ah CCTS-LFP prismatic cell exhibits a comparable cycling performance, retaining 89.7% of capacity at 1 C/2 C (charge/discharge) rate as compared with 90% for commercial PVDF-LFP over 1000 cycles, and better rate capability than that of commercial PVDF-LFP, retaining 98% capacity of 1 C at 7 C rate as compared with 95.4% for PVDF-LFP.
This paper presents the study of energy reclamation from partially depleted primary batteries using secondary battery cells as temporary energy repositories. A DC/DC power converter is interposed between the two types of batteries to control the discharging of the primary battery as well as the charging of the secondary battery. The energy reclamation process is simulated and verified in the virtual test bed (VTB) computational environment using pre-validated battery models. Energy transferring and power losses among components are quantificationally studied. For an example system including a lithium sulfur dioxide primary battery with an initial state-of-charge of 0.3 at 296K, an aggregated total of 216kJ of energy is reclaimed and 82.87% of the energy (179kJ) is stored in a 10-cell lithium-ion battery pack. A simple application scenario is used to show the potentially significant benefit of performing this energy reclamation technology. The study results demonstrate that 8.3% of weight and 10% of cost are saved. The main factors affecting the system performance are varied and the effects are analyzed. The results show that battery energy reclamation can be improved by: (1) appropriately increasing the battery operating temperature, (2) using relatively low discharging current, and (3) improving the power converter efficiency at the user-specified discharging current level.
Music perceptual abilities are subjective and exhibit high inter-individual variability. Twenty-nine participants with varying degrees of musical training were tested for musical perception ability with the Profile of Music Perception Skills (PROMS) and brain structural measures obtained via diffusion tensor imaging. Controlling for the period of training, TBSS results showed that individuals with better musical perception abilities showed increased deviations from linear anisotropy in the corpus callosum. Specifically, mode of anisotropy in the genu and body of the corpus callosum was negatively correlated with music perception score suggesting the presence of crossing fibers. A multi-compartment model of crossing fibers revealed a significant positive relation for partial volumes of secondary fiber populations with timing aspects of music perception. Our results suggest that inter-hemispheric connectivity differences in the anterior parts of the corpus callosum may reflect innate differences in the processing of the rhythmic aspects of music.
Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on kinematics and dynamics of rigid bodies. The application of a modern multibody systems computer program requires a good understanding of the underlying theory involved in the formulation and solution of the equations of motion. It is necessary to examine the use of vectors for static analysis in multibody systems (MBS) to understand development of the equations of motion associated with large displacement rigid body dynamic motion. In multibody dynamics, bodies may undergo motion which involves rotation about all three axes of a given reference frame. An understanding that large rotations are not a vector is an important aspect of multibody systems analysis. In multibody systems analysis, it is often necessary to transform the components of a vector measured parallel to the axis of one reference frame to those measured parallel to a second reference frame. These operations should not be confused with vector rotation. If a rigid body comprises rigidly attached combinations of regular shapes, the overall inertial properties of the body can be found using the parallel axis theorem. It is possible to formulate six equations of motion corresponding with the six degrees of freedom resulting from unconstrained motion. In addition to the derivation of the equations of motion based on the direct application of Newton's laws, variational methods, including, Lagranges equations, provide an elegant alternative and are often employed in MBS formulations.
In this study an electrodeposition procedure of cobalt oxides operating under anodic condition and directly from 0.5M NaOH solutions containing 12mM gluconate and 12mM CoCl2 was defined for the modification of glassy carbon surface electrode. Different experimental approaches based on cyclic voltammetry, steady-state potentiostatic technique, chronoamperometry and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the deposited cobalt oxide films and to evaluate the kinetics and mechanism of electrodeposition. Some aliphatic aldehydes were tested as compound model in order to evaluate the electroanalytical properties of the electrodeposited cobalt film as active redox material for amperometric applications in strong alkaline aqueous solutions. Interesting results in terms of surface electrode modification “in situ” of glassy carbon substrate with cobalt oxides were obtained and critically discussed.
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) as well as overweight and obesity are of increasing importance in the study of human development. Data on the relation between DCD and obesity in adolescence are of particular interest because both phenomena are unlikely to disappear with age. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of obesity on severe DCD in adolescence. A total of 99 obese adolescents aged between 11 and 16 years and 99 normal-weight controls matched for age and gender were included in this cross-sectional study. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2 (age band 3) was used to determine subjects’ stage of motor development. Results made clear that (i) obese show a higher severe DCD-risk in comparison to normal-weight adolescents (p <.01) which is (ii) most pronounced in balance (p <.01), and (iii) thereby rather appears in boys (p ≤.10). Thus, our results at least do not exclude the possibility that obesity might have a detrimental effect on the etiopathology of DCD beyond childhood. Therefore, primary obesity prevention measures may additionally contribute to the prevention of a possible consolidation of severe DCD.
Oxygen redox in Li-rich oxide cathodes is of both fundamental and practical interest in Li-ion battery development. Bruce and team examine the current understanding of oxygen-redox processes, especially those concerning O2 formation, and discuss strategies that can harness oxygen redox with suppressed side effects.
MnCO3 nanospheres are employed as the template to prepare MoS2 hierarchical hollow nanospheres. The synthesis procedure involves the hydrothermal growth of MoS2 ultrathin nanosheets on the surface of MnCO3 nanospheres and subsequent selectively dissolving the template by acid washing. Galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements show that the MoS2 electrode has a specific capacitance of 142Fg−1 at a current density of 0.59Ag−1 and it retains 92.9% of capacitance even after 1000 cycles. These results indicate a promising potential application of hierarchical hollow MoS2 nanospheres for using as a suitable electrode material in Supercapacitors.
Highly-crystalline gadolinium doped and carbon-coated ultrathin Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) nanosheets (denoted as LTO-Gd-C) as an anode material for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are synthesized on large scale by controlling the amount of carbon precursor in the topotactic transformation of layered ultrathin Li1.81H0.19Ti2O5·xH2O (H-LTO) nanosheets at 700 °C. The characterizations of structure and morphology reveal that the gadolinium doped and carbon-coated ultrathin LTO nanosheets have high crystallinity with a thickness of about 10 nm. Gadolinium doping allows the spinel LTO products to be stabilized, thereby preserving the precursor's sheet morphology and single crystal structure. Carbon encapsulation serves dual functions by restraining crystal growth of the LTO primary nanoparticles in the LTO-Gd-C nanosheets and decreasing the external electron transport resistance. Owing to the synergistic effects rendered by ultrathin nanosheets with high crystallinity, gadolinium doping and carbon coating, the developed ultrathin LTO nanosheets possess excellent specific capacity, cycling performance, and rate capability compared with reference materials, when evaluated as an anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). The simple and effective strategy encompassing nanoscale morphological engineering, surface modification, and doping improves the performance of LTO-based anode materials for high energy density and high power LIBs applied in large scale energy storage.
Nonstoichiometric SiO x is a kind of very attractive anode material for high-energy lithium-ion batteries because of a high specific capacity and facile synthesis. However, the poor electrical conductivity and unstable electrode structure of SiO x severely limit its electrochemical performance as anode in lithium-ion batteries. In this work, highly durable sugar apple-shaped SiOx@C nanocomposite spheres are fabricated to achieve significantly improved electrochemical performance. The composite is synthesized by homogenous one-pot synthesis, using ethyltriethoxysilanes (EtSi(OEt)3) and resorcinol/formaldehyde (RF) as starting materials. The morphology, composition and structure of the composite are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), elemental analysis (EA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). At a current density of 50 mA g−1, the sugar apple-shaped SiOx@C spheres exhibit a stable discharge capacity of about 630 mAh g−1 calculated on the total mass of both SiOx and C. At a current density of 100 mA g−1, a stable discharge capacity of about 550 mAh g−1 is obtained and the capacity has been kept up to 400 cycles. The excellent cycling performance is attributed to the homogeneous dispersion of SiOx in disordered carbon at the nanometer scale and the unique structure of the composite.
Understanding the distribution of socioeconomic status (SES) and its temporal dynamics within a population is critical to ensure that policies and interventions adequately and equitably contribute to the well-being and life chances of all individuals. This study assesses the dynamics of SES in a typical rural South African setting over the period 2001–2013 using data on household assets from the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Three SES indices, an absolute index, principal component analysis index and multiple correspondence analysis index, are constructed from the household asset indicators. Relative distribution methods are then applied to the indices to assess changes over time in the distribution of SES with special focus on location and shape shifts. Results show that the proportion of households that own assets associated with greater modern wealth has substantially increased over time. In addition, relative distributions in all three indices show that the median SES index value has shifted up and the distribution has become less polarized and is converging towards the middle. However, the convergence is larger from the upper tail than from the lower tail, which suggests that the improvement in SES has been slower for poorer households. The results also show persistent ethnic differences in SES with households of former Mozambican refugees being at a disadvantage. From a methodological perspective, the study findings demonstrate the comparability of the easy-to-compute absolute index to other SES indices constructed using more advanced statistical techniques in assessing household SES.