batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Field measurements of the effect of shear waves on sediment suspension and transport have been made on the seaward side of the crest of an intertidal bar using an array of pressure sensors, electromagnetic current meters and optical backscatter sensors mounted just above the bed. A tide with strong mean longshore currents (up to 0.77m/s) was singled out for analysis, and during this tide shear waves contributed up to 93% of total velocity variance for far infragravity frequencies <0.015Hz. Suspension events in the time series occurred at incident wave frequency, but were modulated at shear wave frequency. The offshore phase of the incident waves was preferred for suspension. The most suspension occurred when the offshore directed backwash, the undertow, and the offshore travelling part of the shear wave combined to give strong seaward directed flows >0.5m/s. Cross-shore sediment flux due to the shear waves was directed offshore, and accounted for up to 16% of the total cross-shore transport, and up to 37% of the oscillatory cross-shore transport. The mean component dominated the cross-shore transport, accounting for up to 69% of the total. In the longshore direction, shear waves dominated the oscillatory component of transport (up to 90%). This transport was in the opposite direction to the mean flow, but was small (up to 12% of the total) compared to the mean longshore sediment transport.
A novel ferrocene-contained pyrrole, 4-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl) phenyl ferrocenecarboxylate (FcPy) was synthesized by esterification of 4-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl) phenol (PLPY) and ferrocenecarboxylic acid. Then the homopolymer of FcPy (PFcPy), copolymer of FcPy and pyrrole (P(FcPy-co-Py)), polypyrrole (PPy) were prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization. And the structure, morphology, electrochemical properties of prepared polymers were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammograms (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), respectively. Also, the charge/discharge properties of the prepared polymers were studied by galvanostatic charge–discharge testing. The results demonstrated that the introduction of ferrocene to polypyrrole obviously improved the specific capacity of PPy cathode and gave a well-defined plateau at the potential rang of about 3.5V. Under our experimental conditions, the discharge capacity of undoped PPy-based electrodes only presented 16.5mAhg−1 at 20mAg−1 between 2.5 and 4.2V, while PFcPy-based electrodes exhibited an initial discharge capacity of up to 43.2mAhg−1. Specially, the P(FcPy-co-Py)-based electrodes even showed a discharge capacity of 68.1mAhg−1 and the improved discharge platform, which were ascribed to the resonance doping effect of pendant group, the advanced electrochemical nature of ferrocene moiety and the loose morphology of copolymer.
The validity of impedance response measurements within the plateau region of galvanostatic charge–discharge curve of LiFePO4 cathode material was studied in detail. Based on (i) measurement of dependence of impedance response on the mode (voltage, current) and amplitude of excitation, (ii) analysis of higher harmonics of the response signal, and (iii) comparison of impedance response with time-domain measurements, we conclude that above a certain critical frequency that lies in the range 1–100mHz, the impedance response of LiFePO4 satisfies the criteria of linearity and time invariance (LTI). At lower frequencies the impedance response becomes scattered and does not satisfy the LTI criteria anymore. The critical frequency at which the transition from LTI to non-LTI behaviour occurs, depends on the amplitude of current excitation signal.
Aqueous batteries are suitable for large scale energy storage due to cost and safety concerns. Among all aqueous batteries, rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion battery is a promising choice because zinc electrode has low equilibrium potential, high exchange current density, and high hydrogen evolution overpotential. However, since zinc ion is a divalent cation, it is difficult to find a cathode material in which zinc ion can reversibly insert and extract. In this work, we introduce a novel V2O5 nanopaper consisting of V2O5 nanofibers and carbon nanotubes as reversible Zn-ion cathode. V2O5 has a layered crystalline structure. The spaces between the oxide layers may serve as 2-dimensional diffusion pathways for Zn ions. Meanwhile, the nanofiber morphology endows the material with short ionic diffusion distance and may tolerate high volume change. As a result, the V2O5 nanopaper cathode delivers a high capacity of 375 mAh g−1 and long cycle life up to 500 cycles.
The corrosion and electrochemical behaviour of pure aluminium in alkaline methanol solutions has been investigated. The results of hydrogen collection experiments showed that aluminium has a lower corrosion rate in alkaline methanol solutions compared to water based solutions and that the corrosion rate increases with increasing water content of the solution. Polarization and galvanostatic discharge experiments showed that there is a wide potential window of electrochemical activity and a better discharge performance in the alkaline methanol solutions with a certain amount of water. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX) showed that the passivation in the later stages of discharge in alkaline methanol solutions at relatively high current densities is due to the formation of a dense Al(OH)3 layer on the surface of the anode.
Transparent flexible and stretchable nanogenerators (NGs) that harvest various types of mechanical energy exhibit a great potential for powering low-power portable devices and self-powered electronic systems. Integration of transparency, flexibility and stretchability to NGs has gained a lot of interest for realizing the energy harvesting systems in practical life. Flexible piezoelectric nanostructures, which can generate electrical signal when mechanically deformed, are the most promising candidates for piezoelectric NGs, which offer sufficient power to drive portable electronics and cardiac pacemakers. Moreover, triboelectric NGs enlighten a new technique to harvest mechanical energies with high conversion efficiency. This review highlights the recent research progress of transparent and flexible ZnO nanorods/nanowires, two-dimensional ZnO nanosheets, stretchable micro-patterned P(VDF-TrFE) polymer, ZnSnO3 nanocubes-based piezoelectric NGs along with graphene and hydrophobic sponge structure-based triboelectric NGs, and their potential applications in powering portable electronics are summarized and presented. Finally, the power generation under different modes of pressure/friction such as vertical compressive, bending, contact-separation and stretching are collected and the involved future challenges are discussed in terms of device configuration and efficiency.
Background Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) in humans reduces cortical excitability. Objective The objective of this study was to determine if prolonged tSMS (2 h) could be delivered safely in humans. Safety limits for this technique have not been described. Methods tSMS was applied for 2 h with a cylindric magnet on the occiput of 17 healthy subjects. We assessed tSMS-related safety aspects at tissue level by measuring levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE, a marker of neuronal damage) and S100 (a marker of glial reactivity and damage). We also included an evaluation of cognitive side effects by using a battery of visuomotor and cognitive tests. Results tSMS did not induce any significant increase in NSE or S100. No cognitive alteration was detected. Conclusions Our data indicate that the application of tSMS is safe in healthy human subjects, at least within these parameters.
The layered Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 materials were synthesized by a spray pyrolysis method using citric acid as a polymeric agent. The Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 powders were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), charge/discharge cycling, cyclic voltammetry, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The discharge capacity increases linearly with the increase of the upper cut-off voltage limit. TEM analysis showed that particles in the as-prepared powder possessed a polycrystalline structure. During cycling, the particle structure is mostly preserved although some surface grains on the polycrystalline particle became separated and transformed to the spinel phase.
The electrochemical and battery performances of a CH3–O–(C2H4O)3–CH3/LiN(SO2CF3)2 1:1 equimolar complex electrolyte were evaluated using [Li metal|Li metal], [LiFePO4|Li metal], and [LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2|Li metal] cells. A relatively favorable surface was formed at the Li metal/electrolyte interface revealed by observation of the storage time dependence of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A 3V-class [LiFePO4|Li metal] cell exhibited favorable capacity retention with little degradation after 600 cycles (2.5–4.0 V). A 4V-class [LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2|Li metal] cell also exhibited good capacity retention of approximately 60% of the initial discharge capacity after 400 cycles (2.7–4.2 V), while the capacity retention decreased markedly upon increasing the upper charge cutoff voltage above 4.4 V.
Vanadium oxide films composed of porous walnut-like particles are fabricated by electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) with an oil-bathed suspension precursor. The micron-sized particles are constructed from vanadium oxide nanocrystals of size around 50–100 nm and the valence of vanadium is determined by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). As a cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries, it exhibits stable reversible specific capacity and ultra-high rate capability. It delivers a specific discharge capacity of 254 mAh g−1 in first cycle, and still maintains 200 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles in the voltage range of 2.1–4.0 V. When the cell is cycled between 2.5 and 4.0 V, its discharge capacity reaches 103 mAh g−1 at 50 C and reserves 85 mAh g−1 at 10 C even at −10 °C.
Previously this newsletter has reviewed progress in the various fields of the PV industry by the type of materials. In the last issue it was the turn of one of the newer semiconductor material systems, the alloy silicon-germanium (SiGe). Attention this time turns to a much longer-established materials family, the II-VI compound semiconductors. These include the oxides, sulfides, selenides and tellurides of cadmium, zinc and mercury in the form of complex multi-layer, multi-element compound structures.
Fermented foodstuffs and condiments remain a key constituents of diets throughout many parts of Asia and Africa. In cases where the process of fermentation evolved for the development of taste or aroma, it often resulted in enhanced nutrition, stabilisation of the original raw materials, and detoxification of anti-nutrient factors. Several fermented products rely on the participation of various Bacillus species, including Bacillus natto and B. subtilis. Often, the finished products are of a very local character and exhibit sensory properties resulting from unique flora and processing technologies applied in small scale, home-based fermentations. Fermentation with B. natto and B. subtilis can produce very characteristic aromas in fermented products such as natto and dawadawa (also referred to as daddawa). Moreover, the hydrolytic capabilities of these microorganisms can result in a precursor-rich environment, which is useful for subsequent reactions leading to flavour production. A 1995 patented process demonstrated the ability to produce a fermented flavouring composition with the use of Bacillus spp. Hydrolysed protein obtained after fermentation with Bacillus spp. is mixed with reactive flavour precursors, which are subsequently heated to induce flavour formation and can be dried to a powder format. The product of this patented process imparts a basic meaty flavour, with a reduced yet characteristic dawadawa-like aroma. This paper briefly summarises some of the characteristics and uses of traditional dawadawa and illustrates alternatives described in the patent for the production of a process flavour base. Issues and considerations for the industrialisation of a fermentation process are briefly discussed, as well as some future opportunities for development and exploitation of traditional fermentation technology.
Electrochemical deposition of polyaniline (PANI) is carried out on a porous carbon substrate for supercapacitor studies. The effect of substrate is studied by comparing the results obtained using platinum, stainless steel and porous carbon substrates. PANI deposited at 100mVs−1 sweep rate by potentiodynamic technique on porous carbon substrate is found to possess superior capacitance properties. Experimental variables, namely, concentrations of aniline monomer and H2SO4 supporting electrolyte are varied and arrived at the optimum concentrations to obtain a maximum capacitance of PANI. Low concentrations of both aniline and H2SO4, which produce PANI at low rates, are desirable. The PANI deposits prepared under these conditions possess network morphology of nanofibrils. Capacitance values as high as 1600Fg−1 are obtained and PANI coated carbon electrodes facilitate charge–discharge current densities as high as 45mAcm−2 (19.8Ag−1). Electrodes are found to be fairly stable over a long cycle-life, although there is some capacitance loss during the initial stages of cycling.
Design and prepare electrode material with porous structure is an effective method to enhance the electrochemical performance in supercapacitors. In this work, we developed hierarchical porous NiCo2S4 hexagonal plates via hydrothermal method by controlling sulfidation process. Measurements, such as XRD and SEM, are used to investigate the morphological and structural evolution of the hierarchical porous NiCo2S4 hexagonal plates. With advantages of high electronic conductivity, the interconnected nanometer-sized subunits of the material and the existence of porous, which cause shorter distance for transportation of electrolyte ion, excellent electrochemical performances exhibit with a high specific capacitance of 852.5 F g−1 after 5000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g−1. The outstanding properties indicate hierarchical porous NiCo2S4 hexagonal plates are promising future electrode materials for supercapacitors.
A novel bifunctional oxygen electrode (BOE) consisting of titania supported electrocatalysts (Pt/TiO2 and Ir/TiO2) and a corrosion-resistant gas diffusion layer (GDL) were developed for application in unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs). The corrosion-resistant GDL comprised of a conventional carbon substrate and a protective micro-porous layer (MPL) of iridium–titanium nitride (Ir–TiN). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed uniform distribution of Pt and Ir nanoparticles on the TiO2 support with particle sizes of 4.5 and 2.0nm, respectively, which was also confirmed by the XRD analysis. Among the various Pt–Ir compositions prepared, Pt85Ir15 (with a Pt/Ir weight ratio of 85/15) showed the highest catalyst efficiency towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The URFC testing results showed that the round-trip energy conversion efficiency (ɛ RT) of supported Pt–Ir/TiO2 (42%) was significantly higher than that of unsupported Pt–Ir black (30%). The TiO2 support provided high surface area for the uniform dispersion of the catalyst particles. The URFC performance increase was ascribed to the uniform dispersion and better utilization of noble metal catalysts. Furthermore, the stability of URFC cycle performance was significantly improved by using Ir–TiN as an additional protective MPL mainly due to reduced carbon corrosion of the GDL especially during water electrolysis.
The aim of the study was to analyze the assessment procedure and identify predictors for the team decision when assessing fitness to drive a car after stroke. The material used was a retrospective data set with 200 stroke clients from Queen Elisabeth's Foundation Mobility Centre at Banstead UK. Fifty-four percent of clients were considered fit to continue driving where 9% could resume driving after car adaptation and training. Important factors for the outcome were vision (acuity and field), neuropsychological functions (divided attention), and track and/or on road test (reaction time, anticipation, speed, and positioning). Cognitive impairment was the main problem in those who failed the driving test and judged not fit for continued driving. Car adaptation, mainly comprising infrared transmitted secondary controls together with automatic transmission was recommended in 35% of the cases. Conclusions: The contribution of different specialist groups appears to be necessary for an effective evaluation, but the assessment procedure can be done more cost-effectively by dividing it into two separate parts and removing certain subtests. The in-car track test is an important part of the assessment procedure with a high face validity and could in many cases make it unnecessary to perform in-traffic tests with unsafe drivers. Car adaptation is often necessary for a client with pronounced hemi-paresis and a full road test can for those only be performed after training the use of car controls.
This study reports the investigation of several compounds as electrolyte additives for Li[Li0.2Mn0.56 Ni0.16 Co0.08]O2 (a.k.a lithium rich NMC) cathode material. Among the compounds investigated via electrochemical and ex-situ analytical techniques, i.e. XRD, XPS and RAMAN spectroscopy, only 1,3-propane sultone and tris(trimethylsilyl) borate show a beneficial effect on the capacity retention and coulombic efficiency of the layered cathode. The results suggest that the improved capacity retention of the cells containing the two above-mentioned additives mainly originates from their participation in the formation of the cathode passive layer, which prevents the dissolution of the metals from the cathode material. Additionally, the borate additive reduces the lithium consumption upon the passive layer formation thus leaving a higher amount of lithium available in the electrolyte. Graphite/Li[Li0.2Mn0.56 Ni0.16 Co0.08]O2 cells containing the borate additive in the electrolyte showed 85% capacity retention after 485 cycles, confirming the feasibility of its employment for practical applications.
Rational design of carbon based binary composites is of critical importance to improve the performance of alloy type anode materials in lithium ion batteries. In this work, two thin film Sn-C electrodes with similar Sn/C ratio but distinct nanostructures, namely carbon coated core-shell structure and alternating Sn/C multilayers, are prepared by direct plasma deposition in a tandem plasma reactor and are compared for their performance as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Lithiation/delithiation behaviors of the two samples are comprehensively studied by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results suggest that the core-shell Sn@C electrode is more favorable for Li+ transport and the interface charge transfer, which leads to higher cyclic stability and rate performance than the alternating Sn/C multilayer electrode, featuring for a high capacity of 849 mAh g−1 (0.083 mAh cm−2) after more than 600 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1 (0.01 mA cm−2) and a high capacity of 500 mAh g−1 (0.049 mAh cm−2) at high current density of 2000 mA g−1 (0.2 mA cm−2).
Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) mixtures were used in the past for wood preservation, leading to large scale soil contamination. This study aimed at contributing to the risk assessment of CCA-contaminated soils by assessing the toxicity of binary mixtures of copper, chromium and arsenic to the earthworm Eisenia andrei in OECD artificial soil. Mixture effects were related to reference models of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA) using the MIXTOX model, with effects being related to total and available (H2O and 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable) concentrations in the soil. Since only in mixtures with arsenic dose-related mortality occurred (LC50 92.5 mg/kg dry soil), it was not possible to analyze the mixture effects on earthworm survival with the MIXTOX model. EC50s for effects of Cu, Cr and As on earthworm reproduction, based on total soil concentrations, were 154, 449 and 9.1 mg/kg dry soil, respectively. Effects of mixtures were mainly antagonistic when related to the CA model but additive related to the IA model. This was the case when mixture effects were based on total and H2O-extractable concentrations; when based on CaCl2-extractable concentrations effects mainly were additive related to the CA model except for the Cr–As mixture which acted antagonistically. These results suggest that the CCA components do interact leading to a reduced toxicity when present in a mixture.
The battery manufacturing process significantly affects battery performance. This Review provides an introductory overview of production technologies for automotive batteries and discusses the importance of understanding relationships between the production process and battery performance.
This study aimed to elaborate a procedure for early identification reading problems and to identify predictive variables for students of 1st grade. 206 students aged 6:0 to 7:11 years old were assessed by a procedure developed, contemplated with seven cognitive-language skills (knowledge of the alphabet, phonological awareness, working memory, rapid automatic naming, visual attention, reading words and non-words, understanding of words and phrases from pictures). The results showed statistically significant differences, showing that all students had lower performance comparing obtained with expected score in all skills. After regression analysis, the predictive variables were reading words, working memory and phonological awareness.
This article provides a review of contemporary standards for the management of athletes who have sustained a sports-related head injury. Recent research regarding concussion management is reviewed with specific reference to clinical care. The use of neuropsychologic testing in sports also is reviewed, and a systematic protocol for the management of sports-related concussion is presented.
Abstract Wind turbines are machines just like cars, tractors, refrigerators, and copiers, and they contain many specialized parts. There are many different types of wind turbines with each designed to meet the various needs and desires of the individual purchaser. The basic parts of a small wind machine are discussed, and then a machine used to generate electricity is emphasized. Wind machines designed for other applications are also discussed.
The aim of the present study was to examine the communicative abilities of traumatic brain injury patients (TBI). We wish to provide a complete assessment of their communicative ability/disability using a new experimental protocol, the Assessment Battery of Communication, (ABaCo) comprising five scales—linguistic, extralinguistic, paralinguistic, context and conversational—which investigate all the main pragmatic elements involved in a communicative exchange. The ABaCo was administered to 21 TBI subjects and to a control group. The results showed that performance by TBI patients was worse than that of controls on all scales; moreover they showed a trend of increasing difficulty in understanding and producing different pragmatic phenomena, i.e., standard communication acts, deceits and ironies, whether such phenomena are expressed through the linguistic or extralinguistic modality.