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A two step approach for synthesis of porous α-Fe2O3 nanostructures has been realized via polyol method by complexing iron oxalate with ethylene glycol. Crystalline Fe2O3 samples with different porosities are obtained by calcination of Fe-Ethylene glycol complex at various temperatures. The as-prepared porous Fe2O3 structures exhibit promising lithium storage performance at high current rates. It is observed that the calcination temperature and the resultant porosity have a significant effect on capacity and cycling stability. Samples calcined at high temperature (600 °C) demonstrates stable cycle life with capacity retention of 1077 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1 current rate after 50 charge-discharge cycles. Samples calcined at temperatures of 500 and 600 °C display stable cycle life and high rate capability with reversible capacity of 930 mAh g−1 and 688 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1, respectively. Impregnation of electrodes with electrolyte before cell fabrication shows enhanced electrochemical performance. The viability of Fe2O3 porous nanostructures as prospective anode material examined against commercial LiFePO4 cathode shows promising electrochemical performance.
LiCr2Y Ni0.5−Y Mn1.5−Y O4 (0< Y ≤0.2) spinels have been synthesized by a sucrose-aided combustion method. Two sets of Cr-doped samples have been obtained by heating the “as-prepared” samples at 700 and 900°C for 1h. X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric data show that pure and single phase spinels with similar lattice parameter have been synthesized. The homogeneity and the sub-micrometric particle size of the spinels have been shown by SEM and TEM. The main effect of the temperature is to increase the particle size from ≈50 to ≈500nm, on heating from 700 to 900°C. The study of the influence of Cr-dopant content and thermal treatment on the electrochemical properties at 25°C and at 55°C has been carried out by galvanostatic cycling in Li-cells. The discharge capacity (≈130mAhg−1) does not noticeably change with the synthesis conditions; but the cycling performances are strongly modified. Key factors that control the cycling performances have been determined. The most highlighted result is that spinels heated at 900°C with Y ≤0.1 have very high capacity retention at 55°C (>96% after 40 cycles, cyclability >99.9% by cycle) indicating that metal doping is a new approach to prepare 5V LiNi0.5Mn1.5O5-based cathodes with excellent cycling performances at high temperature.
A high-throughput method has been developed using a commercial piezoelectric inkjet printer for synthesis and characterization of mixed-metal oxide photoelectrode materials for water splitting. The printer was used to deposit metal nitrate solutions onto a conductive glass substrate. The deposited metal nitrate solutions were then pyrolyzed to yield mixed-metal oxides that contained up to eight distinct metals. The stoichiometry of the metal oxides was controlled quantitatively, allowing for the creation of vast libraries of novel materials. Automated methods were developed to measure the open-circuit potentials (Eoc), short-circuit photocurrent densities (Jsc), and current density vs. applied potential (J–E) behavior under visible light irradiation. The high-throughput measurement of Eoc is particularly significant because open-circuit potential measurements allow the interfacial energetics to be probed regardless of whether the band edges of the materials of concern are above, close to, or below the values needed to sustain water electrolysis under standard conditions. The Eoc measurements allow high-throughput compilation of a suite of data that can be associated with the composition of the various materials in the library, to thereby aid in the development of additional screens and to form a basis for development of theoretical guidance in the prediction of additional potentially promising photoelectrode compositions.
In this work, the optimal power scheduling for a grid-connected hydrokinetic-battery hybrid system is proposed to sufficiently explore hydrokinetic energy and to benefit customers at demand side. The developed model for the hybrid system’s optimal power flow management aims to minimize electricity cost subject to the power balance, hydrokinetic and battery storage outputs as well as other operational constraints. With respect to demand side management, an optimal control method is developed to schedule the power flow of hybrid system over 24-h. Simulations are performed using MATLAB (R2016a), and the results demonstrate that operating the proposed hybrid system under the developed optimal energy management model can reduce the operation cost and allow consumers to generate substantial income by selling power to the grid.
Corroborative evidence has a dual function in argument. Primarily, it functions to provide direct evidence supporting the main conclusion. But it also has a secondary, bolstering function which increases the probative value of some other piece of evidence in the argument. This paper argues that the bolstering effect of corroborative evidence is legitimate, and can be explained as counter–rebuttal achieved through inference to the best explanation. A model (argument diagram) of corroborative evidence, representing its structure and operation as a schematic pattern of defeasible argument is also supplied. In addition to explaining the operation and theoretical foundation of corroborative evidence, the model facilitates the correct analysis and guides the evaluation (assessment and critique) of corroborative evidence as it occurs in argument.
A comprehensive and accurate assessment of pain is critical for successful pain management. However, there is a lack of reliable and valid assessment tools for exploring multidimensional aspects of the chronic pain experience in culturally and linguistically diverse communities. This study investigates the reliability and validity of the Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure + (PRISM+) for evaluating pain-related suffering and the sociocultural context of chronic pain within culturally and linguistically diverse patient cohorts.
Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) have attracted an increased attention in the last years. Presently, graphite is the mostly used material for the negative electrodes of LICs. Nevertheless, many works showed that graphite electrodes display rather low performance during high rate charge, as those required for LICs. Therefore the use of alternative carbonaceous anodes could be of importance for the realization of advanced LICs. In this work we show that soft carbon represents a promising alternative to graphite. While the lithium insertion in graphite is hindered every time a new intercalation stage is reached, in soft carbon the lithium insertion process does not show significant decrease over the used potential range. This difference, caused by the different structural properties of these carbonaceous materials, has dramatic consequences on the capacity retention of these carbons during the high rates typically used in LICs.
In the anodes of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), Pt poisoning by CO adsorption during methanol electro-oxidation has been a serious problem. Efforts to overcome or minimize this obstacle have largely involved investigations of PtRu bimetallic catalysts. In order to prepare fine PtRu alloyed hydrosols, we used non-ionic surfactants including L121, Pluronic P123, P65, Brij 35, and Tween 20 as stabilizers in this study. The sizes of the prepared metal particles change with the surfactant used. The finest metal hydrosol is obtained when Pluronic P123 and P65 are used. The resulting metal hydrosols with Pluronic P123, Brij 35 and Tween 20 are supported on Vulcan XC-72R. PtRu/XC-72R prepared with Pluronic P123 exhibits the best catalytic activity due to better dispersion of the alloyed metal. To improve further the activity of the PtRu catalyst, the commercial Vulcan XC-72R is replaced with carbon spherule (CS), a home-made carbon support. Electrochemical analyses such as cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic-polarization tests are performed to evaluate the prepared catalyst. PtRu/CS has a superior performance to PtRu/XC-72R in methanol electro-oxidation when Pluronic P123 is employed as the stabilizer. The higher conductivity and larger inter-particle space of the CS appear to facilitate methanol electro-oxidation.
As a promising large-scale energy storage battery, vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is urgently needed to develop cost-effective membranes with excellent performance. Novel acid-base ion exchange membranes (IEMs) are fabricated based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) matrix and modified graphene oxide (GO) by solution blending. N-based functionalized graphene oxide (GO-NH2) is fabricated by grafting ethylenediamine onto the edge of GO via a facile method. On one hand, the impermeable layered structures effectively block ion transport pathway to restrain vanadium ions crossover. On the other hand, acid-base pairs form between SO3 − groups and N-based groups on the edge of GO nanosheets, which not only suppress vanadium ions contamination but also provide a narrow pathway for proton migration. The structure is beneficial for achieving an intrinsic balance between conductivity and permeability. By altering amounts of GO-NH2, a sequence of acid-base IEMs are characterized in detail. The single cells assembled with acid-base IEMs show self-discharge time for 160h, capacity retention 92% after 100 cycle, coulombic efficiency 97.2% and energy efficiency 89.5%. All data indicate that acid-base IEMs have promising prospects for VRFB applications.
The hydrogen energy provided by solar-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting must be greater than the energy used to produce and operate the technology, as a fundamental system requirement to enable energetic benefits to society. PEC H2 production will require significant advances from both basic scientific research and applied technology development, prior to manufacturing and field deployment. To identify opportunities and priorities, here we use prospective life cycle system modeling to investigate the net-energy significance of six characteristics describing the PEC life cycle: (1) embodied energy of active cell materials, (2) embodied energy of inactive module materials, (3) energy intensity of active cell fabrication, (4) energy intensity of PEC module assembly, (5) initial energy use for production of balance-of-system (BOS), and (6) ongoing energy use for operation and end-of-life of BOS. We develop and apply a system model describing material and energy flows during the full life cycle of louvered thin-film PEC cells and their associated modules and BOS components. We find that fabrication processes for the PEC cells, especially the thin-film deposition of active cell materials, are important drivers of net energy performance. Nevertheless, high solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency and long cell life span are primary design requirements for PEC systems, even if such performance requires additional energy and material inputs for production and operation. We discuss these and other system dynamics, and highlight pathways to improve net energy performance.
Hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs), which usually involve faradaic or pseudocapacitive positive materials and electric double-layer capacitive negative materials, have demonstrated great potentials with enhanced energy density outdistancing traditional electrical double-layer capacitors. To endow materials with higher energy density and power density, the rational design and synthesis of electrodes with hierarchical and mesoporous structure are highly desired. In this work, we report the fabrication of hierarchical mesoporous NiO nanoarrays (NiO-HMNAs) as a battery-type electrode for hybrid supercapacitor with an ultrahigh specific capacitance (3114Fg−1 at the current density of 5mAcm−2), which is beyond the theoretical faradaic capacitance value of NiO. NiO-HMNAs were prepared by a self-generated sacrificial template approach, which involves the preparation of hierarchical ZnO/NiO composites by co-deposition of Zn2+ and Ni2+ and the removal of ZnO by an alkali etching process to construct mesoporous structure. The ultrahigh capacitance of NiO-HMNAs is ascribed to the nearly full redox reaction of NiO in the unique hierarchical mesoporous architecture, and the raised electrical double-layer capacitance at the enlarged surface of nanoarrays. Moreover, the optimized HSC fabricated by using NiO-HMNAs as the positive electrode and macroporous graphene monoliths (MGMs) as the negative electrode has demonstrated a high energy density of 67.0Whkg−1 at a power density of 320Wkg−1 with a maximum voltage of 1.6V and outstanding cycleability (capacitance retention of 89.6% after 6000 cycles).
Perovskite Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ (SSC) based bifunctional (BF) air electrodes were fabricated by dry fibrillation mixing, wet tape processing and hot plate pressing method using Vulcan XC-72 carbon black as conductive support, polytetrafluoroethylene as binder and Ni exmet (or Ni foam) as current collector. The BF air electrodes exhibited encouraging performance and cycle-ability. Under the test condition of room temperature (20–22 °C), 6 M KOH and 50 mA/cm2, the obtained oxygen evolution reaction (OER) potential was around 0.67 V and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) potential was around −0.20 V vs. Hg/HgO reference electrode. Number of cycle of 2 h (approximately) duration reached over 180 cycles at 20 mA/cm2 using a copper exmet as negative Zn electrode substrate. The Zn air battery prototype showed coulombic efficiency and energy efficiency around 95–98% and 50–52%, respectively. It was found that using Ni-foam reinforced BF air electrode structure further improved the stability of the electrode, especially for the OER. Performance degradation of approximately 1.5% and 15% were observed for the OER and the ORR, respectively over a test period of 300 h. The electrode performance degradation was explained due to KOH wetting-through the backing layer causing electrode flooding. Active SSC material de-binding and carbon support oxidation were also observed in this study.
Lithium manganese silicate (Li2MnSiO4) demonstrates rich polymorphism with orthorhombic Pmn21 polymorph having better crystalline ordering over orthorhombic Pmnb and monoclinic forms. In this work, Li2MnSiO4 nanoparticles with the Pmn21 phase were synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis. Powder X-ray diffraction, HRSEM, and HRTEM as well as SAXS investigations revealed crystalline, spherical nanoparticles with average diameters between 14 and 25 nm. The binding energy of surface active Mn2+ ions in Li2MnSiO4 was observed at 642.9 eV in XPS analysis. SSNMR spectroscopic results revealed isotropic peaks at − 288.5 and 295.32 ppm which are attributed to the hyperfine coupling between the Li nuclei and the unpaired electrons of the Mn2+ ions. The electrochemical properties of Li2MnSiO4 electrode were studied in various 1 M LiX (X = SO42−, NO3− and ClO4−) aqueous electrolytes at a potential window of 0.2–1 V. Studies in the Li2SO4 aqueous electrolyte demonstrated better electrochemical properties with increasing peak current values up till the 2000th cycle. Charge and discharge capacities of 77.0 and 57.7 mAh g−1 were obtained at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 with a Li-ion diffusion coefficient of 1.61 × 10−16 cm2 s−2. A small charge transfer resistance in the Li2SO4 electrolyte was also observed in EIS measurements indicating faster charge transfer kinetics. An aqueous Li-ion Swagelok-type full cell was assembled with microcrystalline graphite as anode and Li2MnSiO4 as the cathode. 1 M Li2SO4 was used as the electrolyte. The cell delivered a charge capacity of 61.8 mAh g−1 and a discharge capacity of 52.5 mAh g−1 at a current load of 1.2 A g−1 with good capacity retention of 94.0% and a Coulombic efficiency of 99.5% over 3300 cycles.
Hard carbon is the most popular anode material for Na-ion batteries, but its long-term reliability has still to be further improved. We herein examine fluoroethylene carbonate and succinic anhydride as electrolyte additives for improving the cycle performance of hard carbon anodes. For a proper evaluation, hard carbon symmetric cells as well as hard carbon/Na half-cells are employed to discriminate the influence of the additives on the hard carbon and Na electrodes. We confirm that fluoroethylene carbonate hardly improves the cyclability of hard carbon symmetric cells, but it does enable far better cycle behavior of Na metal, and thus improves the cycle performance of hard carbon/Na half-cells by mitigating the degradation of the hard carbon anodes caused by harmful products derived from Na metal. In contrast, succinic anhydride markedly improves the performance of hard carbon symmetric cells in the cycle and storage tests at 60 °C. The superior thermal stability of succinic anhydride is attributed to a Na2CO3/sodium alkyl carbonates-rich solid-electrolyte interphase layer formed on the hard carbon surface, as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements.
Background Transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation is a promising treatment modality in patients suffering mood disorders and chronic pain, however, the mechanisms are still to be elucidated. A recently developed technique of EEG responses to electrical stimulation of the inner side of the tragus suggests that these responses are far field potentials, generated in the vagal system – Vagal Sensory Evoked Potentials (VSEP). Objective To reproduce the VSEP technique free from myogenic artifacts. Methods Fourteen ASA I–II patients scheduled for elective surgery in standardized Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) were enrolled. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation was applied to the inner side of the right tragus. Averaged EEG responses were recorded from the electrode positions C4-F4 and T4-O2 before and after induction of TIVA, during the maximal effect of the non-depolarizing muscle relaxing agent, cis-atracurium (C-AR) and after recovery from C-AR under TIVA. Results Typical response curves with P1, N1 and P2 peaks could be reproduced in all patients before and after anesthesia induction. The response curves disappeared during the C-AR action and re-appeared after recovery from C-AR under TIVA. Conclusion The disappearance of the scalp responses to electrical tragus stimulation under the neuromuscular block suggests a muscular origin of these potentials.
This paper reviews the development of clean vehicles, including pure electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), and high energy power batteries, such as nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), lithium-ion (Li-ion) and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The mathematical models and thermal behavior of the batteries are described. Details of various thermal management techniques, especially the PCMs battery thermal management system and the materials thermal conductivity, are discussed and compared. It is concluded that the EVs, HEVs and FCEVs are effective to reduce GHG and pollutants emission and save energy. At stressful and abuse conditions, especially at high discharge rates and at high operating or ambient temperatures, traditional battery thermal energy management systems, such as air and liquid, may be not meeting the requirements. Pulsating heat pipe may be more effective but needs to be well designed. In addition, progress in developing new high temperature material is very difficult. PCM for battery thermal management is a better selection than others. Nevertheless, thermal conductivity of the PCMs such as paraffin is low and some methods are adopted to enhance the heat transfer of the PCMs. The performance and thermo-mechanical behaviors of the improved PCMs in the battery thermal management system need to be investigated experimentally. And the possibility of the heat collection and recycling needs to be discussed in terms of energy saving and efficient.
A composite material anode for lithium ion batteries (LIB) consisted of electrodeposited Sn–Sb alloy dispersing in a conductive micro-porous carbon membrane coated on Cu current collector was investigated. The composite material was obtained by directly electrodepositing Sn–Sb alloy on the micro-porous membrane electrode via micro-pores in it, which was prepared by casting a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) solution containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) on a copper foil and then immersing the copper foil into de-ionized water to perform phase inversion, following by heat-treatment. SEM examinations showed that the composite material consisted of isolated pillar-like structure SnSb electrodeposited on Cu current collector dispersing in a conductive micro-porous carbon membrane deriving from pyrolysis of PAN. Constant current charge and discharge tests using the composite anode showed stable coulombic efficiency and desirable cyclability. The reversible discharging capacity was 339.5mAhg−1after 50 cycles, corresponding to 78.6% of the discharge capacity retention.
Battery Energy Storage (BES) systems are adequate alternative for any Wind Power Generation System (WPGS) for achieving greater operational flexibility by compensating the generation volatility. An efficient Local Energy Management (LEM) for Wind/ Battery Energy Storage (BES) system is described in this chapter to reduce the prediction error and to improve associated battery life. Error in prediction impacts on DG control reference & system stability for local energy management. BES life degrades by prediction error in terms of battery power loss and temperature. A Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based WPGS is considered as primary Distributed Generation (DG), where DC link voltage stability challenges due to wind speed volatility, as well as prediction error is addressed with Lithium-ion (Li-ion) BES stacks. A new online Multi Kernel Ridge Pseudo Inverse Neural Network (MK-RPINN) algorithm is proposed to obtain an impactful decrease in prediction error. A new secondary controller is proposed here for addressing temperature effect of battery. A Model Reference (MR) based battery temperature plan, linked to Rule based switching characteristics of battery stacks with temperature tolerance, is being incorporated in the proposed secondary controller. The effectiveness of this model is represented in various observations through TMS320 C6713 and MATLAB platform.
Engineering of a composite electrode containing Si-based anode materials is important for the practical applications of Si-based lithium-ion batteries. In this work, a hybrid composite anode of silicon/carbon/polymer was fabricated in situ by optimized heat treatment of the coating slurry containing silicon power and polyamic acid polymer, without adding any carbon agent. The resulting electrode has a three-component (silicon-carbon-polyamide) composite structure, wherein the nanohybrid carbon/polyamide matrix is in-situ generated from polyamic acid by optimized heat treatment. The hybrid Si composite electrode exhibits robust binding and conductive properties, and delivers promising battery performance even for high contents of the micron-sized Si powder (∼95 wt%). Consequently, the proposed method for Si anode engineering is another effective way to manufacture advanced lithium-ion batteries.