batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Computation offloading has been used and studied extensively in relation to mobile devices. That is because their relatively limited processing power and reliance on a battery render the concept of offloading any processing/energy-hungry tasks to a remote server, cloudlet or cloud infrastructure particularly attractive. However, the mobile device’s tasks that are typically offloaded are not time-critical and tend to be one-off. We argue that the concept can be practical also for continuous tasks run on more powerful cyber-physical systems where timeliness is a priority. As case study, we use the process of real-time intrusion detection on a robotic vehicle. Typically, such detection would employ lightweight statistical learning techniques that can run onboard the vehicle without severely affecting its energy consumption. We show that by offloading this task to a remote server, we can utilse approaches of much greater complexity and detection strength based on deep learning. We show both mathematically and experimentally that this allows not only greater detection accuracy, but also significant energy savings, which improve the operational autonomy of the vehicle. In addition, the overall detection latency is reduced in most of our experiments. This can be very important for vehicles and other cyber-physical systems where cyber attacks can directly affect physical safety. In fact, in some cases, the reduction in detection latency thanks to offloading is not only beneficial but necessary. An example is when detection latency onboard the vehicle would be higher than the detection period, and as a result a detection run cannot complete before the next one is scheduled, increasingly delaying consecutive detection decisions. Offloading to a remote server is an effective and energy-efficient solution to this problem too.
Self-discharge characteristics of synthetic graphite electrodes with different particle sizes have been investigated by electrochemical and analytical methods. Variations of open-circuit potential (OCP), residual capacity and electrochemical impedance responses were monitored during or after the storage at different temperatures. The rate of self-discharge depended on the particle size, or the specific surface area, of the graphite sample. The temperature dependence of the self-discharge rate revealed that the activation energy for the process does not depend on the particle size of the graphite electrode. The ac impedance responses suggest that the self-discharge processes consist of the loss of the Li species in the graphite and SEI (Solid-Electrolyte-Interphase) formation at the graphite surface. The latter SEI formation process was found to be dependent on the surface site, edge or basal planes, from the results of surface observation and elemental analyses.
In this study, the air–water two phase flow behavior in PEM fuel cell parallel channels with porous media inserts was experimentally investigated using a self-designed and manufactured transparent assembly. The visualization images of the two phase flow in channels with porous media inserts were presented and three patterns were summarized. Compared with the traditional hollow channel design, the novel configuration featured less severe two phase flow mal-distribution and self-adjustment to water amount in channels, although a higher pressure drop was introduced due to the porous media inserts. The dominant frequency of pressure drop signal was found to be a diagnostic tool for water behavior in channels. The novel flow channel design with porous media inserts may become a solution to the water management problem in PEM fuel cells.
Phase plates improve contrast in cryo-electron microscopy, but suffer from electrostatic charging and electron scattering. A laser phase plate overcomes these problems and may improve imaging of biological specimens.
The interest in cellulose and its modification has been exponentially increasing. The outstanding properties of cellulose were evident due to high stiffness, high chemical resistance, low co-efficient of thermal expansion as well as high aspect ratio. Up to the present time, in order to support clean technology, the use of cellulose has been extensively gained many interests for many sectors of research. Cellulose was therefore modified to enhance its conductivity. The example was due to design cellulose based composite with conductive polymer and doping on small amount of metallic particle and active carbon. In this review, the objective of article was focused on the modification on conductivity of cellulose. The application on conductive cellulose was therefore presented in rechargeable lithium based battery.
A hybrid asymmetric electrochemical supercapacitor is constructed by employing two different nanostructured conducting polymers of polypyrrole (PPy) and self-doped polyaniline (SDPA). Different electrochemical methods, including cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), are performed to characterize the electrochemical performance of the supercapacitor. The maximal working potential window of 1.3V is associated with more than 97Fg−1 of total electrode materials. The cell maintains approximately 70% of its initial capacitance after 1000 cycles with an equivalent series resistance (ESR) below 1.6Ωcm2. Furthermore, the system shows high specific energy, specific power and maximum power values of 22.87Whkg−1, 570Wkg−1 and 45,193Wkg−1, respectively, at a current density of 5mAcm−2 in 1M KCl. Long-life cycling is achieved by removing dissolved oxygen and using a mild pH electrolyte, which limits the redox activity of the electrically conducting polymers (ECPs). Moreover, the proposed supercapacitor exhibits high capacitance retention of 89% at a higher current density (40mAcm−2), indicating good electrochemical stability and rate capability. The performance of the proposed hybrid supercapacitor has been compared with two other symmetric cells.
Lithium ion batteries are under intense development to meet the performance specifications for consumer applications in portable electronic devices, electric vehicle batteries and stationary storage as back-up for intermittent renewable energy generation technologies. The most expensive and capacity-limiting component in these battery systems is the cathode material. Research has been directed to the development of novel cathode materials with high capacity and energy density and the lithium transition metal orthosilicates have been identified as possible high performance cathodes. In this review we focus on recent developments in the study of Li2MnSiO4 and its derivatives as a lithium-ion battery cathode material. Preparation techniques, structural issues, conductivity enhancement and complex morphologies are discussed, to show the recent improvements and limitations in synthesis and electrochemical performance.
A hydrometallurgical process is developed to recover valuable metals of the lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) cathodes from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Effect of parameters such as type of acid (H2SO4, HNO3 and HCl), acid concentration (1–4 mol L−1), leaching time (3–18 h) and leaching temperature (25–90 °C) with a solid to liquid ratio fixed at 5% (w/v) are investigated to determine the most efficient conditions of dissolution. The preliminary results indicate that HCl provides higher leaching efficiency. In optimum conditions, a complete dissolution is performed for Li, Ni, Co and Al. In the nickel and cobalt recovery process, at first the Co(II) in the leaching liquor is selectively oxidized in Co(III) with NaClO reagent to recover Co2O3, 3H2O by a selective precipitation at pH = 3. Then, the nickel hydroxide is precipitated by a base addition at pH = 11. The recovery efficiency of cobalt and nickel are respectively 100% and 99.99%.
The aim of this study was to compare the quantity/quality of sleep obtained by people living on split and consolidated sleep–wake schedules. The study had a between-groups design, with 13 participants in a consolidated condition (all males, mean age of 22.5yr) and 16 participants in a split condition (all males, mean age of 22.6yr). Both conditions employed forced desynchrony protocols with the activity:rest ratio set at 2:1, but the consolidated condition had one sleep–wake cycle every 28h (9.33+18.67), while the split condition had one sleep–wake cycle every 14h (4.67+9.33). Sleep was assessed using polysomnography. Participants in the split and consolidated conditions obtained 4.0h of sleep per 14h and 7.6h of sleep per 28h, respectively. Some differences between the groups indicated that sleep quality was lower in the split condition than the consolidated condition: the split sleeps had longer sleep onset latency (9.7 vs. 4.3min), more arousals (7.4 vs. 5.7 per hour in bed), and a greater percentage of stage 1 sleep (4.1% vs. 3.1%), than the consolidated sleeps. Other differences between the groups indicated that sleep quality was higher in the split condition than the consolidated condition: the split sleeps had a lower percentage of wake after sleep onset sleep (11.7% vs. 17.6%), and a greater percentage of slow wave sleep (30.2% vs. 23.8%), than the consolidated sleeps. These results indicate that the split schedule was not particularly harmful, and may have actually been beneficial, to sleep. Split work–rest schedules can be socially disruptive, but their use may be warranted in work settings where shiftworkers are separated from their normal family/social lives (e.g., fly-in fly-out mining) or where the need for family/social time is secondary to the task (e.g., emergency response to natural disasters).
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with high theoretical energy density are promising next-generation green energy storage devices. However, the severe shuttling and depressed conversion of lithium polysulfides in sulfur cathode are two pivotal factors that limit the practical application of Li–S batteries. To solve these issues, rationally designed hollow polyhedra/carbon nanotube confined CoP nanoparticles superstructures (CoP@HPCN) for enhanced Li–S batteries are proposed here. With the high porosity and cavity, and multidirectional channels, hollow polyhedra/carbon nanotube architecture can effectively accommodate volume expansion and entrap sulfur species. More importantly, the experimental and theoretical results indicate that the uniformly inserted polar CoP nanoparticles as electrocatalyst not only significantly anchor polysulfides, but also catalyze the transformation of lithium polysulfides. Benefiting from these advantages, the CoP@HPCN based sulfur cathode can achieve good rate performance, impressive cycling stability, and ultralow self-discharge constant of 0.03% per day after resting for 60 days even at high sulfur loading of 3.7 mg cm−2. This work synergistically combines desired design and electrocatalysis in sulfur electrode and sheds some light on the construction of advanced Li–S batteries.
To develop high performance and cost-effective membranes with low permeability of vanadium ions for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) application, poly(phenyl sulfone) anion exchange membranes with pyridinium groups (PyPPSU) are prepared and first investigated for VRFB application. PyPPSU membranes show much lower vanadium ions permeability (0.07 × 10−7–0.15 × 10−7 cm2 min−1) than that of Nafion 117 membrane (31.3 × 10−7 cm2 min−1). As a result, the self-discharge duration of the VRFB cell with PyPPSU membrane (418 h) is about four times longer than that of VRFB cell with Nafion 117 membrane (110 h). Furthermore, the VRFB cell with PyPPSU membrane exhibits higher battery efficiency (coulombic efficiency of 97.8% and energy efficiency of 80.2%) compare with that of VRFB cell with Nafion 117 membrane (coulombic efficiency of 96.1% and energy efficiency of 77.2%) at a high current density of 100 mA cm−2. In addition, PyPPSU membrane exhibits stable performance in 100-cycle test. The results indicate that PyPPSU membrane is high performance and low-cost alternative membrane for VRFB application.
In-situ imaging of electrochemistry of individual, micrometer-sized Pt clusters supported on glassy carbon is described. The image is formed by the local current change induced by the local temperature transient caused by a scanned, focussed laser. A confocal scanning laser microscope was adapted for this purpose. Differences in electrochemical activity, and differences in electrochemical behaviour of the individual clusters, are demonstrated. In principle, electroactive particles of nm size on a support where the electrochemistry is irreversible can be detected and characterised. The advantage of the method is that it allows relatively large areas to be scanned quickly, with a simple zoom into any area of interest. It is usefully complementary to scanning probe microscopy.
The discovery of novel electrode materials promises to unleash a number of technological advances in lithium-ion batteries. V2O5 is recognized as a high-performance cathode that capitalizes on the rich redox chemistry of vanadium to store lithium. To unlock the full potential of V2O5, nanotechnology solution and rational electrode design are used to imbue V2O5 with high energy and power density by addressing some of their intrinsic disadvantages in macroscopic crystal form. Here, we demonstrate a facile and environmental-friendly method to prepare nanorods-constructed 3D porous V2O5 architectures (3D-V2O5) in large-scale. The 3D porous architecture is found to be responsible for the enhanced charge transfer kinetics and Li-ion diffusion rate of the 3D-V2O5 electrode. As the result, the 3D-V2O5 surpasses the conventional bulk V2O5 by showing enhanced discharge capacity and rate capability (delivering 154 and 127 mAh g−1 at 15 and 20 C, respectively).
The electrochemical formation of Ni–Sn was investigated in molten LiCl–KCl in the temperature range 380–580°C. Before, an electrochemical study of the Ni2+/Ni0, Sn4+/Sn2+ and Sn2+/Sn0 redox couples was performed by cyclic voltametry and chronopotentiometry in a wide temperature range. It had been pointed out that in the case of the Sn4+/Sn2+ redox couple, an insoluble compound is probably formed for T <460°C. For higher temperature, this compound becomes soluble and then, the shape of the cyclic voltammogram is analogue to the one usually observed when a diffusion-controlled process is involved. The diffusion coefficient values of Ni2+ and Sn2+ ions were determined. For instance, D Ni(II) and D Sn(II) values deduced from chronopotentiometry were about 2.1×10−5 and 2.7×10−5 cm2 s−1 at 440°C, respectively. Then, Ni–Sn alloys have been formed in potentiostatic mode. The electrochemical route proposed in this paper leads to the formation of crystallized alloys with a well-defined composition depending on the operating conditions.
Dextran assisted greener route has been used for the fabrication of mesoporous Co3O4/Carbon composite via co- precipitation method followed by heat treatment. The structural, morphological, elemental and pore size analysis were made for the prepared composites. The electrochemical characteristics of Co3O4/C composites have been studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and AC - impedance (EIS) analysis. Co3O4/C composite prepared at 500°C exhibits maximum specific capacitance and 93.4% capacitance retention even at 2000 continuous charge-discharge cycles. The electrochemical performance of the hybrid material has been evaluated by the fabrication of symmetric supercapacitors, which exhibits the specific capacitance of 154Fg−1 at the sweep rate of 2mVs−1, signifies that the Co3O4/Carbon composite prepared at 500°C is an excellent candidate for supercapacitor applications.
The physico-chemical characteristics of two microalgae species (Scenedesmus sp and Nannochloropsis gaditana) and their extracted oils have been investigated. Microalgae oils had high calorific value, low ash content, high volatile content and low moisture. A comparison of the pyrolysis and combustion performance of microalgae and oils samples was carried out by performing simultaneous TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) and DSC (differential scanning calorimeter) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). The thermochemical behavior of microalgae samples was a function of their biochemical composition (proteins, carbohydrates and lipids) and inorganic content (ash content). Thermal treatment of microalgae oils released lesser NO x and SO x emissions than those of the parent microalgae. Finally, the economic viability and environmental sustainability of pyrolysis and combustion technologies of microalgae and their oils was evaluated by means of life cycle assessment methodology. Four different scenarios were analyzed and compared in order to provide useful information from the industrial point of view. CO and CO2 were the main gases produced during the pyrolysis and combustion processes. Materials and energy requirements of the processes involved were calculated by process simulation. Microalgae oils were the best option in terms of energetic performance. Selling price of microalgae biomass and plant capacity are critical variables to be considered for establishing the financial feasibility of the thermochemical process.
Abstract The main characteristics of the equipment in the air conditioning and solar energy installations are presented with energy and exergy analyses, showing how to calculate the irreversibilities and the exergy efficiency. The chapter starts with absorption refrigerators, describing the simple cycle and showing the energy and exergy analysis of each one of its components. A similar treatment is followed for adsorption refrigerators. The adsorption/desorption process and the operation of a single-effect machine are described. Next, the energy and exergy analysis of an air treatment unit with a rotary desiccant dryer is considered. After, an analysis of the basic air conditioning processes is done, showing the differences between conventional energy and exergy analysis. Later, ventilation systems are explained, using exergy to evaluate the advantages and limitations of heat recovery. Finally, solar energy systems are studied, by applying exergy analysis to photovoltaic cells, thermal collectors and to hybrid panels.
LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 is suitable for electrochemical applications as an active material. This material has capability for high rate application in Li-ion battery. In this research, the diffusion mechanism of Li ions in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 was studied by chronoamperometry technique and computer simulation (ab initio and Fickian approach). According to the results, two bulk diffusion constants were calculated for LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 during intercalation or deintercalation. At low concentration of Li ions in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, the diffusion constant was about 10−9 cm2/s and for other Li ions concentration, it was about 10−11 cm2/s. In addition, the diffusion constant at the surface of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 was estimated 10−8 cm2/s by a semi empirical model. So, the diffusion constant of Li ions in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 has been estimated in the range of 10−8 to 10−11 cm2/s.
Abstract This chapter presents information about the importance of effective communication and the variety of communication devices that are available, including two-way radios, telephones, cell phones, and intercoms. The appropriate techniques for radio etiquette (identify yourself, right channel, etc.) are addressed. The security officer should maintain a professional tone at all times when communicating on a given device. The importance of having contact information for all personnel who need to be notified during an emergency is emphasized.
Available data suggest that body dissatisfaction is common during pregnancy and may even be a precursor to post-natal depression. However, in order to accurately identify at-risk women, it is essential to first establish that body image measures function appropriately in pregnant populations. Our study examines the suitability of the Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ) for measuring body dissatisfaction among pregnant women by comparing the psychometric functioning of the BAQ: (1) across key phases of pregnancy, and (2) between pregnant and non-pregnant women.
Lithium non-stoichiometric Li[Li x (Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)1−x ]O2 materials (0≤ x ≤0.17) were synthesized using a spray drying method. The electrochemical properties and structural stabilities of the synthesized materials were investigated. The synthesized materials exhibited a hexagonal structure in all the x-value and the lattice parameters of the materials were gradually decreased with increasing x-value due to an increasing amount of Ni3+ ions for charge compensation. The capacity retention ability and rate capability of the stoichiometric Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 material were improved by increasing x-value, the so-called overlithiation. We found that the overlithiated materials could keep more structural integrity than the stoichiometric one during electrochemical cyclings, which could be one of reasons for a better electrochemical properties of the overlithiated materials.
In comparison with genomics and proteomics, the advancement of glycomics has faced unique challenges in the pursuit of developing analytical and biochemical tools and biological readouts to investigate glycan structure-function relationships. Glycans are more diverse in terms of chemical structure and information density than are DNA and proteins. This diversity arises from glycans' complex nontemplate-based biosynthesis, which involves several enzymes and isoforms of these enzymes. Consequently, glycans are expressed as an 'ensemble' of structures that mediate function. Moreover, unlike protein-protein interactions, which can be generally viewed as 'digital' in regulating function, glycan-protein interactions impinge on biological functions in a more 'analog' fashion that can in turn 'fine-tune' a biological response. This fine-tuning by glycans is achieved through the graded affinity, avidity and multivalency of their interactions. Given the importance of glycomics, this review focuses on areas of technologies and the importance of developing a bioinformatics platform to integrate the diverse datasets generated using the different technologies to allow a systems approach to glycan structure-function relationships.
Lithium-rich cathode material Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 with hierarchically porous micro-rod structures has been synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method. The morphology and XRD patterns explain the formation mechanism of the sample. Micro-rod oxalates precursor with rough surface is formed during the hydrothermal reaction, and then the product with hierarchically porous structures constructed of nanoparticles is synthesized during the sintering process at high temperatures. The electrochemical performance results show that the as-prepared sample exhibits high capacities, good cycleability and outstanding rate capability. It delivers discharge capacities of 280.7, 254.8, 232.3, 225.6, 201.7 and 172.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1C, 0.2C, 0.5C, 1C, 2C and 5C rates, respectively. The cycle voltammograms indicate the good reversibility of the as-prepared Li1.2Ni0.13Mn0.54Co0.13O2 material. The high onset temperature of the exothermal peak in the differential scanning calorimetry curve implies its good thermal stability. The good performance of the as-prepared material is endowed by its hierarchically porous structures.