batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We study ion transport limitations in composite electrodes for all-solid-state lithium batteries. These electrodes are composed of variable volume fractions of active material particles (Li4Ti5O12) and of a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, while the volume fraction of carbon black acting as conductive additive is held constant. The ion transport limitations are characterized by impedance spectroscopic measurements on different types of symmetrical solid-state cells. Ion transport resistances are calculated either based on a transmission line model or from the Li+ ion current under electron-blocking conditions. In addition, we demonstrate a cell setup, for which both types of measurements can be carried out on the same composite electrodes. Effective ion transport tortuosities τ eff are then derived from the resistance values and analyzed in dependence on the volume fraction of the solid electrolyte in the composite electrodes, ε . We show that for ε ≥ 0.4 , both methods yield very similar tortuosity values, while discrepancies between the results obtained from the two methods are found for ε < 0.4 . Our results give strong indication that the power density of solid-state batteries with volume fractions ε around 0.4 of the best solid Li+ electrolytes should be at least equal that of commercial liquid electrolyte-based Li-ion batteries.
Objective To investigate if adjunctive artemisinin, an anti-malarial compound with in vivo activity against Toxoplasma gondii, reduces symptoms or antibodies in schizophrenia. Method N=66 outpatients with schizophrenia were randomized to receive 100mg of artemisinin twice a day or placebo for 10weeks after a 2week placebo run-in in addition to their usual psychiatric medications. Symptoms were assessed biweekly. Antibodies to toxoplasma and to gliadin, a food antigen, were assessed at the beginning and end of the trial. Results A total of 57 participants (26 in the artemisinin arm and 31 in the placebo arm) completed the 12weeks of the trial. The medication was well tolerated and there were no significant side effects associated with the treatment regimen. There was no significant difference in the change of positive, negative, general, or total PANSS symptoms between groups for all of the randomized patients or for just the completers. However, individuals in the artemisinin arm but not in the placebo arm had significant decreases in the levels of antibodies to gliadin (p<.0005, p>.2, respectively by paired t-test). Neither group had significant changes in antibodies to T. gondii. Conclusions The study did not demonstrate clinical benefit of adjunctive artemisinin for schizophrenia symptoms. The finding of reduced levels of antibodies to gliadin in the artemisinin group merits further study.
The development of aluminium batteries relies heavily on the discovery of cathode materials that can reversibly insert Al-containing ions. Here the authors show that phenanthrenequinone-based compounds can take up the cationic aluminium complex, leading to promising aluminium batteries.
The flow field design of vanadium redox flow battery is a critical issue for performance optimization of the battery. In this work, an interdigitated flow field is designed in carbon felt porous electrode with active area of 57.5 cm2 and simulated by a three-dimensional multi-physical model. The “leaf” shaped ionic concentration and voltage distribution patterns are observed in the numerical results and analyzed to understand the cell performance. Compared with other two conventional designs, the interdigitated flow field in bipolar plate and no flow field designs, fluid pressure drop of flow field designed in electrode is the least and the system efficiency shows the best over the major operation range of electrolyte flow rates. The flow field designed in electrode greatly lowers sealing pressure demand for vanadium redox flow battery with better reliability and shows potential benefit for large-scale cell stack design and energy storage system application.
Alloy materials have attracted increasing attentions because they possess superior electrical conductivity which can contribute to excellent electrochemical performance. Herein a dendritic Ni3C alloy material has been prepared by the pyrolysis of nickel acetylacetonate employing oleylamine as a reductant and 1-octadecene or octadecane as the solvent. The current–voltage curves indicating that the electrical conductivity of Ni3C is higher than that of nickel oxide. Electrochemical testing indicates that a high specific capacity of 390C/g is found in alkaline electrolyte at 0.5A/g, and deliver excellent rate characteristic as well as cycle life. The excellent electrochemical performance may be attributed to its high electrical conductivity and dendritic nanostructure that can promote diffusion of electrolyte ions. In addition, the AC//Ni3C asymmetric supercapacitor has been assembled at a cell voltages between 0 and 1.6V, achieving a maximum energy density of 37Wh/kg (at a power density of 0.3995kW/kg), and this manifests that the Ni3C alloy is a promising electrode material for electrochemical energy storage.
In cycled Li-ion batteries, the carbon negative electrode is buried under a thin passivating layer referred to as the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). In the present study, the increased depth sensitivity of hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) as compared to conventional X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to study electrochemical changes at such a buried carbon/SEI. Samples from graphite/LiFePO4 cells cycled to specific potentials during the first four charge/discharge cycles were studied. The results show dynamic changes in the SEI during cycling. Reversible, state of charge (SOC) dependent changes in the SEI thickness as well as amounts of lithium oxide, lithium fluoride, lithium and carbon active material were discussed. Moreover, the results indicate lithium enrichment close to the carbon active material surface, which could not be explained by intercalation of lithium into carbon with LiC6 structure or by SEI formation at the surface. Potential dependent shifts in the binding energy of the carbon active material C1s feature showed the importance of internal energy calibration with an SEI feature rather than carbon active material.
The all-solid-state lithium–air cells using lithium anode, the Li1+xAlyGe2−y(PO4)3 inorganic solid electrolyte and the air electrode composed of carbon nanotubes and inorganic solid electrolyte were constructed. The electrochemical performance and reaction mechanism of the cells were investigated in the air atmosphere. The all-solid-state lithium–air cells were successful in discharging and charging. The first discharge and charge capacities were about 1700 mA h g−1 and 900 mA h g−1, respectively, at a current density of 500 mA g−1 in the voltage range of 2.0–4.2 V (vs. Li/Li+). The observed electrochemical redox potential of around 3.1 V (vs. Li) indicated that the electrochemical reaction in the cells is the formation and decomposition of Li2O2. Additionally, the total polarization of 0.2 V, between charge and discharge curves under a low current density, proved that the use of stable solid electrolytes can improve the large polarization observed in the cell using organic liquid electrolytes. However, the presence of both electrochemical and chemical side reactions, in which gases such as water and carbon dioxide in the ambient air were involved, was also suggested and discussed according to experimental results.
In recent years, transportation electrification has emerged as a trend to support energy efficiency and CO2 emissions reduction targets. The true success, however, of this trend depends on the successful integration of electric vehicles into the infrastructure systems that support them. In effect, electric vehicles and their supporting charging infrastructure couple the transportation and electrical power systems into a nexus. In the absence of fully deployed large scale electrified transportation systems, this paper argues the need for a transportation electrification test case analogous to those used ubiquitously in the power systems engineering field. It then presents such a test case; aptly called Symmetrica. It consists of a multi-modal electrified transportation system topology, an electric power topology, and activity-based use case data that spans transportation and charging. The paper concludes with several potential research areas where the test case may be applied.
The present study is focused on a relatively new class of solid-state lithium halide electrolytes with antiperovskite crystal structure that are designed to alleviate safety concerns related to conventional lithium-ion batteries. The solid-state Li3ClO electrolyte membranes were produced by a casting/delamination method and deposited on a graphite-based working electrode. The electrolyte charge transfer resistances, electrochemical performance, and chemical stability in a half-cell configuration were evaluated over a broad temperature range from room temperature up to 100 °C. The electrochemical cells with lithium metal as a reference electrode demonstrated linear Arrhenius behavior in the temperature range of 25–100 °C confirming the absence of phase transformations. Cyclic voltammetry at 50 °C and 100 °C confirms that the electrochemical cell performance during lithiation/delithiation from 0.05 to 1.00 V is reproducible within at least 100 cycles. The solid-state electrolyte electrochemical stability in contact with lithium metal is confirmed for the first time by demonstrating the constant values of charge transfer resistances during charge/discharge operations in 575 cycles at 50 °C and 1/5 C-rate. Transport of lithium ions between the lithium metal and Li3ClO electrolyte in contact with a graphite working electrode provides evidence that lithium halide antiperovskites can serve as effective and electrochemically stable electrolytes for a new generation of all-solid-state lithium-ion or lithium metal batteries.
A series of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode samples with different morphologies was synthesized via a template method and facile post-calcination process. Rod-like and truncated octahedral particles with {111} surface are obtained through increasing the calcination temperature. The exposed surface of as-prepared materials is mainly detected by SEM and TEM images. Detailed characterization of electrochemical performance of samples reflects that the T-775 cathode sample displays superior rate capability, and the discharge capacity reaches 108.2 mAh g−1 at 100C. The energy density of full cells, T-775 sample as the cathode material and commercial graphite as the anode material, retain 534.9 Wh kg−1 after 100 cycles. These improvements might be due to the synergistic effect of the {111} surface and smaller particle sizes, which improves interfacial stability and reduces the diffusion distance of Li+ during the interaction/deinteraction process.
Several rehabilitative approaches have been used to reduce neglect disorders. Some studies tried to demonstrate that hemineglect can be ameliorated by using tasks promoting attentional activation towards the neglected hemispace (Robertson et al., 1995, 2001). As a consequence, a functional link between level of attention and disorders of space exploration has been proposed. For this reason we tried to explore the possible role of attentional deficits on the efficacy of a standard neglect treatment based on visuo spatial rehabilitation. In this study we then examined the performances of a selected group of seven right brain damaged patients, suffering from both severe hemineglect and attentional deficits (of both phasic and tonic components of attention), to several tasks before and after a visuo-spatial training (VST) whose efficacy has been already demonstrated (Pizzamiglio et al., 1992). Results showed that VST induces a significant remission of hemineglect symptoms independently from disorders of attention. Moreover, after visuo-spatial rehabilitation, no improvement of attentional deficits is detectable.
Three pitches derived from anthracene oils have been characterised in order to determine the effects of oxidative stabilisation by air blowing treatments of variable duration. From 6 to 12h, significant changes are observed in both the morphological properties and the electrochemical behaviour as active materials in lithium test batteries. Continued oxidative treatment beyond 12h led to high oxygen absorption resulting in less layered morphologies, highly irreversible capacities in the first cycle and low reversible capacities on subsequent cycling. Therefore, the beneficial effect of oxidative stabilisation requires a control of the annealing time to avoid an extended oxygen absorption and consequently a lower electrochemical efficiency of the carbon material when used as electrode in lithium batteries.
Only a small number of studies have tried to identify factors influencing the subjective QoL of patients suffering from schizophrenia in a longitudinal design. These studies suffer from small clinical samples or compare baseline data only with a single follow-up. The European Schizophrenia Cohort Study overcomes these shortcomings by providing data from five time points on 1208 patients in psychiatric treatment in three European countries over a period of 2 years. QoL was measured with the brief version of Lehman's Quality of Life Interview. Random effects, between-effects and within-effects regression models were computed in order to measure the influence on subjective QoL of patients' socio-demographic and clinical characteristics and objective QoL. Objective QoL scores were generally found to be related to the equivalent subjective QoL scores. People's financial situation, and depressive and positive symptoms had a general effect on almost all subjective domains. The significant effects of objective finances on subjective domains like health and social relations raise interesting possibilities for intervention. Sufficient financial resources appear to be a necessary condition for achieving satisfactory QoL in schizophrenia patients. However, changes in individual's characteristics and circumstances did not relate as strongly as expected to changes in QoL, suggesting effective intervention may be difficult.
In the realm of stationary energy storage, a plurality of candidate chemistries continues to vie for acceptance, among them the Na–NiCl2 displacement battery, which has eluded widespread adoption owing to the fragility of the β″-Al2O3 membrane. Here we report a porous electronically conductive membrane, which achieves chemical selectivity by preferred faradaic reaction instead of by regulated ionic conduction. Fitted with a porous membrane of TiN, a displacement cell comprising a liquid Pb positive electrode, a liquid Li–Pb negative electrode and a molten-salt electrolyte of PbCl2 dissolved in LiCl–KCl eutectic was cycled at a current density of 150 mA cm−2 at a temperature of 410 °C and exhibited a coulombic efficiency of 92% and a round-trip energy efficiency of 71%. As an indication of industrial scalability, we show comparable performance in a cell fitted with a faradaic membrane fashioned out of porous metal.
The present study assessed the personal protection efficiency of seven commercially available mosquito control devices (MCD) under field conditions in Israel. Trials were performed in a high biting-pressure area inhabited by large populations of mosquito and biting midge species, using human volunteers as bait in landing catch experiments. Results show that under minimal air-movement, three spatial repellent based products (ThermaCELL® Patio Lantern, OFF!® PowerPad lamp, and Terminix® ALLCLEAR Tabletop Mosquito Repeller) significantly reduced the biting-pressure (t-test – P <0.01) when positioned at short distances from a volunteer (3, 7.5, and 10ft.), with the ThermaCELL unit being most effective (96.1, 89.9, and 76.66% reduction, respectively). No significant differences were seen between the three aforementioned devices at distances of 3 and 7.5ft., while at a distance of 10ft., only the ThermaCELL patio lantern repelled significantly more mosquitoes then the Terminix ALLCLEAR Tabletop Mosquito Repeller (t-test, P <0.05). In contrast, mosquito traps using attracting cues to bait mosquitoes (Dynatrap®, Vortex® Electronic Insect Trap, Blue Rhino® SV3100) either significantly increased or had no effect on the biting-pressure at short distances compared with the unprotected control. Trials conducted over large areas showed that only the Blue Rhino trap was able to significantly reduce the biting-pressure (40.1% reduction), but this was only when operating four units at the corners of an intermediate sized area.
The bare V2O5 and doped (V1.95M0.05)O5 (M = Nb, Ta) nano/submicron sized compounds were prepared by the simple polymer precursor method. The compounds were characterized by different physical and electroanalytical techniques. The effects of doping and different synthesis conditions on the energy storage performance of the V2O5 compounds were discussed. All compounds delivered a discharge capacity (at the end of the 2nd cycle) in the range 245 to 261 (±3) mA h g−1, except for the tantalum doped compound (V1.95Ta0.05)O5 which exhibited a discharge capacity of 210 (±3) mA h g−1, cycled in the range 2.0–4.0 V at a current rate of 120 mA g−1. An excellent cycling stability of 96% till twenty cycles was achieved for the compound V2O5 prepared by the polymer precursor method. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies at different voltages during discharge and charge cycles were discussed in detail.
Considerable attention has been devoted to using rational nanostructure design to address critical carbonaceous anode material issues for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the fabrication of nanostructured carbonaceous anode materials often involves complex processes and expensive starting materials. Diesel engine is an important source of nanostructured carbon particles with diameters ranging 20 nm–60 nm suspended in air, resulting in a serious scourge of global climate and a series of diseases such as lung cancer, asthma, and cardiovascular disease. Here, we show that diesel carbon nanoparticles collected from diesel engines can be chemically activated to create a porous structure. The resulting nanostructured carbon electrodes have a high specific capacity of 936 mAh g−1 after 40 cycles at 0.05 A/g, and excellent cycle stability while retaining a capacity of ∼210 mAh g−1 after 1200 cycles at 5 A/g. As recycled diesel carbon nanoparticles are readily available due to the several billion tons of diesel fuel consumed every year by diesel engines, their use represents an exciting source for nanostructured carbonaceous anode materials for high-performance LIBs and improves our environment and health.
In this work, a bottom-to-up strategy is adopted to design, fabricate and test a uniformly distributed bismuth nanoparticle-modified carbon cloth electrode for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). The first-principles study reveals that increasing the number of oxygen-functional groups on the surface of carbon fibers can promote the uniform distribution of electrodeposited bismuth nanoparticles, which increases the effective surface areas and active sites. Results also show that the oxygen-functional groups and bismuth exhibit a synergistically catalytic effect, which enhances the kinetics of redox reactions. Therefore, carbon cloth substrate with a high content of oxygen-functional groups is fabricated and tested. The material and electrochemical characterizations, including scanning electron microscope (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), verify the predictions of the first-principles study. Battery tests show that the VRFBs with the prepared electrode enables an energy efficiency of 88.4% at 160 mA cm−2, 19.6% higher than that with the original electrode. Additionally, the battery is capable of delivering an energy efficiency of 80.1% at a high current density of 320 mA cm−2, which are among the highest performances in the open literature. Finally, it is also proved that the prepared bismuth nanoparticle-modified carbon cloth electrode outperforms the bismuth nanoparticle-modified carbon paper electrode, ascribed to the excellent ion/mass transport properties of carbon cloth.
Nanostructured vanadium pentoxide/carbon (V2O5/carbon) composite powders with enhanced specific capacitance were synthesized by the spray pyrolysis technique. Electrochemical properties were examined by the cyclic voltammetry technique. Following analysis of powders sprayed at different temperatures, composite powders obtained at an optimum temperature of 450°C yielded a maximum specific capacitance of 295Fg−1 in 2M KCl electrolyte at a 5-mVs−1 scan rate. The weight percentage of carbon-related species was 2.7wt% in this V2O5/carbon composite, as detected by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and confirmed by transmission electron microscope energy dispersive spectroscopy (TEM-EDS) analysis. Following initial X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization, scanning electron microscope (SEM), TEM and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) imaging revealed a specific morphology of spherical shell agglomerates of V2O5 nanorods and nanoribbons, with each shell comprising a network of these one- and two-dimensional nanoparticles in an amorphous carbon matrix. The V2O5 network was not fully dense, and the majority of the nanorod sizes were in the range of 50–150nm, with additional long nanoribbons extending from the outsides of the spherical shells. The specific surface area was 18m2 g−1 for the composite powders, and the pore size distribution revealed that the majority of pores had diameters in the range of 40–50Å, which was relatively larger than the pore diameters obtained at 500°C and would be beneficial for electrochemical performance. The enhancement of the specific capacitance in V2O5/carbon composites was attributed to the distribution of amorphous carbon throughout the V2O5 and the particular open nanostructure.
The use of hybrid cyclic phosphazene polymer/graphite anodes, where the phosphazene serves as distributed loci for Li deposition, has been investigated. Capacity within the hybrid system was found to occur reversibly in distinct regions. At the most positive voltages, above 0.06 V vs Li/Li+, the capacity was associated mostly with Li+ intercalation into graphite. In the most negative region, deposition of Li within the polymer was the predominate mechanism. A transitional region is inferred by the data whereby bulk aggregation or clustering of Li atoms occurs in proximity to the phosphazene sites that then serve as a template for more widespread population of Li within the anode at higher voltages, akin to a nucleation process. In full cells with a mixed oxide cathode, controlling the extent of Li deposition by limiting the charging voltage to 4.45 V enabled repeated cycling with no loss in capacity. Capacities as high as 183 mAh g−1 have been achieved for systems containing as little as 10% graphite while retaining coulombic efficiencies of 98% over 50 cycles. This level of cycling equates to the deposition of 7.4 Li per cyclic phosphazene.
Intrathecal baclofen is perhaps the most effective treatment for significant spasticity regardless of the origin. For appropriately selected patients, it can provide qualitative and quantitative improvements in quality of life. This article discusses the practical aspects and patient selection, trial, implant, and ongoing management of patients with intrathecal baclofen pump therapy.