batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Composite microparticles consisting of large gold (Au) particles embedded with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), denoted as MWCNTs-Au, have been successfully prepared by a facile hydrothermal process of gold(III) chloride (AuCl3) in a MWCNT aqueous solution. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy reveal that the obtained Au particles have an average diameter of about 500 nm and some MWCNTs are inserted into the Au particles. The MWCNTs-Au composites in the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) show quite different shape of cyclic voltammograms (CVs) toward EOR when compared to the previous CV reports on the pure Au substrate.
ABSTRACT Two new series of binuclear metal phthalocyanines and graphene/phthalocyanine composites (M2(PcTN)2C(CF3)2, M2(PcTA)2C(CF3)2, M2(PcTN)2C(CF3)2-Gr and M2(PcTA)2C(CF3)2-Gr, M=Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)) were synthesized and developed for high efficient catalysts to Li/SOCl2 battery. All the catalysts were characterized by IR, LRS, SEM, XRD, TEM and TGA. The capacity of the battery containing these catalysts increases by approximately 4.651-83.72% than that of the battery without them. Especially capacity of Fe2(PcTA)2C(CF3)2-Gr could increase by 83.72%. In addition, the catalytic activities between M2(PcTN)2C(CF3)2 and M2(PcTA)2C(CF3)2, M2(PcTN)2C(CF3)2 and M2(PcTN)2C(CF3)2-Gr, M2(PcTA)2C(CF3)2 and M2(PcTA)2C(CF3)2-Gr, M2(PcTN)2C(CF3)2-Gr and M2(PcTA)2C(CF3)2-Gr were made a comparison. The results indicated that activities of the catalysts were related to both the phthalocyanines rings and the conjugative effect. According to the relevant CV results, reasonable catalytic mechanisms were confirmed to explain the catalytic process.
Metal-free, heteroatom functionalized carbon-based catalysts have made remarkable progress in recent years in a wide range of applications related to energy storage and energy generation. In this study, high surface area mesoporous ordered sulphur doped carbon materials are obtained via one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of carbon/SBA-15 composite after removal of in-situ synthesized hard template SiO2. 2-thiophenecarboxy acid as sulphur source gives rise to sulphur doping level of 5.5 wt%. Comparing with pristine carbon, the sulphur doped mesoporous ordered carbon demonstrates improved electro-catalytic activity in the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline solution.
The preparation and characterization of novel carboxyl-containing polyimide (PID) grafting sulfonated polyvinyl alcohol (SPVA) copolymer membranes applied in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are presented in this work. The microphase structures of the copolymer membranes are identified by TEM and XRD. Other basic properties are characterized, particularly the oxidative and water stability. The copolymer membranes exhibit better chemical stability than normal SPIs with five-numbered rings due to the covalent bonds between PI and SPVA as well as highly dispersed microphase separated structure. The physico-chemical properties of the copolymer membranes, including IEC, water uptake, swelling ratio, proton conductivity and vanadium ion permeability are evaluated and compared with Nafion 117. The PID30-g-SPVA membrane has the highest proton selectivity (1.33 × 105 S min cm−3), being much higher than that of Nafion 117 (0.41 × 105 S min cm−3). In VRFB single cell tests, the cells assembled with copolymer membranes show higher coulombic efficiency (CE), higher energy efficiency (63.3% vs 74.3% at 90 mA cm−2) and much lower self-discharge rate than with Nafion 117. In addition, the copolymer membranes retain excellent stability after 100 cycles. All the results show that the copolymer membranes have promising prospects for VRFB applications.
Passive survivability of Commercially-off-the-shelf 18650 lithium-ion cells is tested in a thermal scenario similar to lunar night. Survivability of cells in particular and battery pack in general is crucial for resumption of function of any lunar exploration rover after hibernation at every lunar night. The test is designed to include a batch of Commercial lithium-ion cells from different manufacturers, with different nameplate capacities and different States of Charge. The cell behaviour during the test is monitored in-situ using cell terminal voltage measurements. To comprehend the effect of exposure to extreme low temperatures some complementary tests like visual examination, dimensional measurements, Residual Gas Analysis to detect any leakage, electrical tests to appraise electrical performance and 3 dimensional x-ray computed tomography analysis to view cell internal features are carried out at ambient conditions on cells both prior-to and after soaking at low temperatures. Results indicate successful survivability of tested cells after extreme thermal soak without any significant physical or internal damage or electrical performance degradation. Variation in cell terminal voltage with temperature is a reversible change attributed to the reversible phenomenon of freezing of cell electrolyte which furthermore is confirmed through ex-situ measurement of freezing point of electrolyte extracted from tested cells.
Prior studies exploring the quantitative relationship between landscape structure metrics and the ecological condition of receiving waters have used a variety of sampling units (e.g., a watershed, or a buffer around a sampling station) at a variety of spatial scales to generate landscape metrics resulting in little consensus on which scales best describe land-water relationships. Additionally, the majority of these studies have focused on freshwater systems and it is not clear whether results are transferable to estuarine and marine systems. We examined how sampling unit scale controls the relationship between landscape structure and sediment metal concentrations in small estuarine systems in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. We varied the spatial extent of the contributing watersheds used to calculate landscape structure and assessed linear relationships between estuarine sediment metal concentrations and the total area of developed and agricultural lands at each scale. Area of developed lands was consistently related to sediment metals while total agricultural land was not. Developed land had strongest associations with lead and copper; weakest with arsenic and chromium; and moderate associations with cadmium, mercury, and zinc. Local (i.e., less than 15−20 km from a sampling station) land uses have a greater impact than more distant land uses on the amount of toxic metals reaching estuarine sediments.
This chapter covers the period 1995–2003, but also contains relevant material from the period 1980–1994 not fully covered in COFGT (1995). Recent activity has centered around symmetrical and mixed tetrachalcogeno-ortho-carbonates, especially those suitable as starting materials for organic conductors.
The air-exposed Li2FeSiO4 was characterized and regenerated by calcination under argon. The original Li2FeSiO4 was prepared by a sol–gel method and was then exposed in air for a year. The impact of long-term air exposure on the structure, surface and electrochemical characteristics of Li2FeSiO4 was investigated. In comparison with the original sample, the air-exposed sample was seriously oxidized. The oxidation speed decreases with increasing air-exposure time. The oxidization of Li2FeSiO4 led to surface change and deteriorated electrochemical performance. However, the changes induced by air exposure were entirely reversible. The one year air-exposed Li2FeSiO4 was regenerated by calcination under Argon. The regeneration conditions including calcination temperature and calcination time were optimized. The sample regenerated by calcining at 700°C for 4h had similar structure, surface and electrochemical characteristics to the original sample. Based on detailed analysis, the possible regeneration mechanisms were proposed.
Publisher Summary The chapter discusses electronic devices and circuits which have applications in electronic automotive instrumentation and control systems. The chapter focuses on semiconductor devices, analog circuits, digital circuits, and the fundamentals of integrated circuits. Semiconductor devices are made from silicon or germanium purposely contaminated with impurities that change the conductivity of the material. Transistors are semiconductor devices that are used as active devices in electronic circuits. In some automotive applications, the extreme temperatures may significantly affect transistor operation. For such applications, the circuit may include components that automatically compensate for changes in transistor operation.
Polymer electrolytes were prepared from thermoplastic polyurethane with addition of mixture of N-ethyl(methylether)-N-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethanesulfonimide (PYRA12O1TFSI) ionic liquid, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfoneimide) salt and propylene carbonate. MCM-41 mesoporous silica was added in proportions ranging from 5 to 20wt.% with respect to TPU. The electrolytes were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, linear voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. The MCM-41 addition to the system was found to improve the electrochemical stability of the membranes and to reduce the gel electrolyte/metallic Li interfacial resistance. The filler influence on the ion transport processes was discussed according to results obtained by equivalent circuit fitting of impedance spectra.
Introduction There is increasing recognition of the long-term sequelae of brain tumours treated in childhood. Five year survival rates now exceed 75% and assessing the quality of survival (QoS) in multiple domains is essential to any comparison of the benefits and harms of treatment regimens. Aim The aim of this position statement is to rationalise assessments and facilitate collection of a common data set across Europe. Sufficient numbers of observations can then be made to enable reliable comparisons between outcomes following different tumour types and treatments. Methods This paper represents the consensus view of the QoS working group of the Brain Tumour group of the European Society of Paediatric Oncology regarding domains of QoS to prioritise for assessment in clinical trials. This consensus between clinicians and researchers across Europe has been arrived at by discussion and collaboration over the last eight years. Results Areas of assessment discussed include core medical domains (e.g. vision, hearing, mobility, endocrine), emotion, behaviour, adaptive behaviour and cognitive functioning. Conclusions A ‘core plus’ approach is suggested in which core assessments (both direct and indirect tests) are recommended for all clinical trials. The core component is a relatively brief screening assessment that, in most countries, is a sub-component of routine clinical provision. The ‘plus’ components enable the addition of assessments which can be selected by individual countries and/or tumour-, age-, and location-specific groups. The implementation of a QoS protocol common to all European clinical studies of childhood brain tumours is also discussed
Unknown We can expect many new fields of engineering to emerge as technology advances in the 21st century. Some of these fields are apparent today. Fields such as micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), mechatronics (robotics), nanotechnology, synthetic biology, and smart technologies (cars, structures, buildings, etc.) are all emerging engineering fields. New engineering fields are often multidisciplinary and hold enormous opportunities for future engineers. The following chapters are devoted to three specific emerging engineering fields. Bioengineering combines the analytical and experimental methods of engineering with biology and medicine to produce a better understanding of biological phenomena and develop new therapeutic techniques and devices. Students with bioengineering degrees may work as biomedical engineers to develop new medical techniques, medical devices, and instrumentation for hospitals or individual patients. Electrochemical engineering is a combination of electrical engineering and chemical engineering. While the subject involves some mature technologies, such as the synthesis of chemicals, refining metals, the development of new batteries and fuel cells, electroplating, etching, and corrosion resistance, it also holds a central position in the development of new generations of hybrid cars as well as being important in the development of the core technology for all-electric vehicles of the future. Green energy is energy produced from sources that are environmentally more friendly (or “greener”) than fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas). Green energy includes all renewable energy sources (including solar, wind, geothermal, biofuels, and hydropower), and by definition, should also include nuclear energy (though there are many environmentalists who oppose the idea of nuclear energy as green energy because of the nuclear waste issues, accidents, and its harmful environmental effects).
A sulfur–polyacrylonitrile/reduced graphene oxide (SPAN/RGO) composite with unique electrochemical properties is prepared via deposition of PAN on the surface of RGO sheets followed by ball milling with sulfur and heat treatment. Infrared spectroscopy and microscopy studies indicate that the composite consists of RGO decorated by SPAN particles of 100 nm average size. The SPAN/RGO composite shows good overall electrochemical performance when used in Li–S batteries. It exhibits ∼85% retention of the initial reversible capacity of 1467 mAh g−1 over 100 cycles at a constant current rate of 0.1C and retains 1100 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles. In addition, the composite displays excellent Coulombic efficiency and rate capability, delivering up to 828 mAh g−1 reversible capacity at 2C. The improved performance stems from the composition and structure of the composite, wherein RGO renders a robust electron transport framework and PAN matrix help suppresses the shuttle effect by absorbing sulfur/polysulfides.
This article presents an experimental study demonstrating the degree to which optimal experimental design can improve lithium-ion battery parameter estimation. The article is motivated by previous literature showing that lithium-ion batteries suffer from poor parameter identifiability. This makes it difficult to estimate battery parameters quickly and accurately from input–output cycling data. Previous research shows that optimizing the shape of a battery cycle for Fisher information – an identifiability metric – can improve parameter estimation speed and accuracy significantly. However, most studies demonstrating this improvement are simulation-based, rather than experimental. In contrast, the centermost goal in this article is to provide an experimental assessment of the degree to which trajectory optimization for Fisher identifiability can improve lithium-ion battery parameter estimation. We optimize battery cycling to maximize Fisher information for a nonlinear second-order model of a commercial lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cell. We implement this optimal cycle experimentally for 3 different battery cells, and compare it with two benchmark cycles representing automotive battery use. The results of this comparison are quite compelling: when parameterized using data from the optimal cycle, the cell voltage prediction signal-to-noise ratio improves significantly over the benchmarks. Moreover, only the optimized cycle produces reasonable estimates of battery parameters over the course of a 4-hour experiment.
Prior researches have indicated that an appropriate adoption of information technology (IT) can help hospitals significantly improve services and operations. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is believed to be the next generation innovation technology for automatic data collection and asset/people tracking. Based on the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework, this study investigated high-level managers’ considerations for RFID adoption in hospitals. This research reviewed literature related IT adoption in business and followed the results of a preliminary survey with 37 practical experts in hospitals to theorize a model for the RFID adoption in hospitals. Through a field survey of 102 hospitals and hypotheses testing, this research identified key factors influencing RFID adoption. Follow-up in-depth interviews with three high-level managers of IS department from three case hospitals respectively also presented an insight into the decision of RFID’s adoption. Based on the research findings, cost, ubiquity, compatibility, security and privacy risk, top management support, hospital scale, financial readiness and government policy were concluded to be the key factors influencing RFID adoption in hospitals. For practitioners, this study provided a comprehensive overview of government policies able to promote the technology, while helping the RFID solution providers understand how to reduce the IT barriers in order to enhance hospitals’ willingness to adopt RFID.
Different aging mechanisms occur in lithium-ion cells, such as calendar aging during storage, cycle aging while charging and discharging, and aging due to lithium plating caused by excessive charging currents. This work shows that the maximum permissible charging current depends on the aging type and aging degree of the lithium-ion cell and has to be considered accordingly. For this purpose, calendar aged, cycled aged and due to lithium plating aged cells were prepared and measured using the cell thickness method. Our results show that the charging current has to be reduced after calendar aging and aging due to lithium plating. For cycled aged cells it is even possible to increase the charging current. Finally, an in-situ analysis method for determining the aging type is developed, which is based on thickness and voltage change patterns that are typical for each aging type.
Hollow spheres structured materials have been intensively pursued due to their unique properties for energy storage. In this paper, hollow-in-hollow carbon spheres (HIHCS) with a multi-shelled structure were successfully synthesized using a facile hard-templating procedure. When evaluated as anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the resultant HIHCS anode exhibited superior capacity and cycling stability than HCS. It could deliver reversible capacities of 937, 481, 401, 304 and 236mAhg−1 at current densities of 0.1Ag−1, 1Ag−1, 2Ag−1, 5Ag−1 and 10Ag−1, respectively. And capacity fading is not apparent in 500 cycles at 5Ag−1. The excellent performance of the HIHCS anode is ascribed to its unique hollow-in-hollow structure and high specific surface area.
The authors regret that in the above mentioned article Figure 3 and Figure 4 are misplaced and should exchange each other's positions. Figure 3 should be placed at the position of Figure 4, and Figure 4 should be placed at the positon of Figure 3, while both captions of Figure 3 and Figure 4 should remain at the original positions. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Herein, a three–dimensional (3D) Na3V2(PO4)3–based hollow nanosphere with hierarchical pores (3DHP–NVP@C) has been firstly reported. Detailed studies reveal that this novel architecture is made up from the bottom–up assembly of carbon–coating NVP nanoparticles. The hierarchically porous structure offers ample space for the intimate contact between electrode/electrolyte and eliminates the disadvantageous reducing of effective surface areas in manufacturing the electrodes, as well as stabilizes the structure upon repeated sodium ions insertion/extraction, resulting to the barrier–free sodium ion diffusions and long–term cycling life. On the other hand, the graphitic carbon shells construct into a highly–conductive framework that can ensure the ultrafast electrons transfer. Consequently, extraordinary high–rate and ultralong–cycle capabilities that are superior to any other NVP–based material are obtained: the outstanding high–rate capacity retention (over 80% of the 1C capacity is retained at 400C), ultralong life span (90.9% and 92.5% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles at 1C and 5C), and extremely high–rate stability (80% capacity retention after 30,000 cycles at 50C), demonstrating its promising application in sodium ion battery.
We explored resting-state brain activity and its potential links to clinical parameters in schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) using fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 32 schizophrenic patients with TD (TD group), 31 without TD (NTD group), and 32 healthy controls (HC group). Clinical parameters including psychopathological symptoms, severity of TD, and cognitive function were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), and Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, respectively. Pearson correlation analyses were performed to determine the relationship between the regions with altered fALFF values and clinical parameters in TD patients. The TD group showed decreased fALFF in the left middle occipital gyrus (MOG) and the right calcarine sulcus (CAL) compared to the HC group, and decreased fALFF in the left cuneus compared to the NTD group. In the TD group, fALFF values in the left MOG and the right CAL were correlated separately with the delayed memory score (r = 0.44, p = 0.027; r = 0.43, p = 0.028, respectively). The AIMS total score was negatively correlated to the visuospatial/constructional score (r = −0.53, p = 0.005). Our findings suggested that resting-state brain activity changes were associated with TD in schizophrenic patients. There was an association between the decreased brain activity in the occipital lobe and the delayed memory cognition impairment in this population.
Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) consist of a complex mixture of rubber, and pavement released from tires during use on road surfaces. Subsequent transport of the TRWP into freshwater sediments has raised some concern about the potential adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Previous studies have shown some potential for toxicity for tread particles, however, toxicity studies of TRWP collected from a road simulator system revealed no acute toxicity to green algae, daphnids, or fathead minnows at concentrations up to 10,000 mg/kg under conditions representative of receiving water bodies. In this study, the chronic toxicity of TRWP was evaluated in four aquatic species. Test animals were exposed to whole sediment spiked with TRWP at concentrations up to 10,000 mg/kg sediment or elutriates from spiked sediment. Exposure to TRWP spiked sediment caused mild growth inhibition in Chironomus dilutus but had no adverse effect on growth or reproduction in Hyalella azteca. Exposure to TRWP elutriates resulted in slightly diminished survival in larval Pimephales promelas but had no adverse effect on growth or reproduction in Ceriodaphnia dubia. No other endpoints in these species were affected. These results, together with previous studies demonstrating no acute toxicity of TRWP, indicate that under typical exposure conditions TRWP in sediments pose a low risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms.
Graphene-encapsulated α-Fe2O3 nanorice (GE-FN) has been facilely fabricated via a solution-mixing method at room temperature. The Fe2O3 nanorice with an average of ∼350nm was uniformly wrapped in the graphene sheets. As an anode material for rechargeable lithium batteries, this GE-FN composite exhibits enhanced cyclability and rate performance compared with free α-Fe2O3 nanorice. Even after 500 cycles, it still delivers a capacity over 1000mAhg−1. The morphology of the active materials after the cycling process was also investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and found that the bare α-Fe2O3 nanorice agglomerated severely, while the α-Fe2O3 nanorice encapsulated by the graphene sheets could keep their pristine morphology well and almost isolate from each other after 500 cycles.