batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
An unprecedented array of observing systems, coupled with ever increasing computing capacity, makes this a golden era for ecologists to study and quantify ecosystem services using remote sensing technology. Here, we review recent studies that utilize remote sensing to understand the supply and demand of ecosystem services, with a specific focus on pollination services by bees in forested and agroforestry contexts. Pollination by bees is a globally threatened ecosystem service that supports the production of food crops and maintains plant biodiversity. We explore how studies that use remote sensing to characterize landscapes, monitor individual organisms, measure biodiversity proxies or species habitat, and describe ecosystem processes may improve modeling of pollination services on spatial scales that match large-scale management efforts, such as forest conservation policy. We then discuss future research opportunities, such as exploring LiDAR and radar for 3-D habitat measurements, mapping phenology in space and time, and direct measurement of pollination events and outcomes.
New electrolyte materials can offer breakthroughs in the development of next-generation batteries. Here Atsuo Yamada and colleagues review the progress made and the road ahead for salt-concentrated electrolytes, an emerging and promising electrolyte candidate.
Neuronal inclusions of poly(GA), a protein unconventionally translated from G4C2 repeat expansions in C9ORF72, are abundant in patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) caused by this mutation. To investigate poly(GA) toxicity, we generated mice that exhibit poly(GA) pathology, neurodegeneration and behavioral abnormalities reminiscent of FTD and ALS. These phenotypes occurred in the absence of TDP-43 pathology and required poly(GA) aggregation. HR23 proteins involved in proteasomal degradation and proteins involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport were sequestered by poly(GA) in these mice. HR23A and HR23B similarly colocalized to poly(GA) inclusions in C9ORF72 expansion carriers. Sequestration was accompanied by an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and decreased xeroderma pigmentosum C (XPC) levels in mice, indicative of HR23A and HR23B dysfunction. Restoring HR23B levels attenuated poly(GA) aggregation and rescued poly(GA)-induced toxicity in neuronal cultures. These data demonstrate that sequestration and impairment of nuclear HR23 and nucleocytoplasmic transport proteins is an outcome of, and a contributor to, poly(GA) pathology.
In this manuscript we investigate the surface chemistry of positive electrodes for Li-ion cell applications constituted by LiCoPO4 (LCP). This high potential material reversibly de-intercalates/intercalates lithium ions at 4-7-4.8V vs. Li. However it suffers the occurrence of large irreversible capacity loss in the first galvanostatic cycle, capacity fading upon repeated cycling and self-discharge once fully charged up to 5V vs. Li. These detrimental phenomena roots in the parasitic chemistry that occurs on the surface of the LCP electrodes upon cycling or in open circuit conditions after charge. Here we illustrate our recent findings about the evolution of LCP electrodes upon charge and self-discharge. The self-discharge in LCP electrodes is a self-feeding process that occurs with the spontaneous transfer of electrons from the electrolyte to the Co3+ ions in the de-lithiated electrode, mediated by a porous and partially reactive SEI film that is unable to fully passivate the electrode surface.
The ability to rationally design binder-free electrode materials that possess interconnected nanostructures is highly desirable for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with long cycling and excellent rate performances. Such electrode containing pores between nanostructures imparts large-area contact with electrolyte, improved electrical conductivity with current collector, and good structural stability and mechanical integrity. Herein, we report, for the first time, outstanding cycling stability and rate performance of CuO electrode in LIBs. CuO nano-labyrinths (NLs) composed of densely interlaced nanowalls on Cu foil are crafted via a facile solution-based etching process. It is notable that macroscopic and mesoscopic pores are found to ubiquitously present among the adjacent CuO nanowalls and within the nanowall, respectively (i.e., forming hierarchically porous CuO NLs). Intriguingly, CuO NLs anodes yield an ultralong cycling stability, that is, a specific capacity of 320 mA h g−1 after 800 cycles without the capacity fading at high current density of 1 A g−1, and an outstanding high-rate performance (up to 30 C). This is a direct consequence of unique synergistic effects of hierarchical pores and interlaced nanostructures. Moreover, a further enhancement of reversible capacity is achieved by deposition Si thin film on the surface of CuO NLs. Such interlaced nanowall-containing structures with hierarchical pores represent an important type of architectures that underpin the development of electrode materials for long cycle-life energy storage devices.
The electrochemical behavior of a commercial LiCoO2 with spherical shape in a saturated Li2SO4 aqueous solution was investigated with cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Three redox couples at E SCE =0.87/0.71, 0.95/0.90 and 1.06/1.01V corresponding to those found at E Li / L i + = 4.08 / 3.83 , 4.13/4.03 and 4.21/4.14V in organic electrolyte solutions were observed. The diffusion coefficient of lithium ions is 1.649×10−10 cm2 s−1, close to the value in organic electrolyte solutions. The results indicate that the intercalation and deintercalation behavior of lithium ions in the Li2SO4 solution is similar to that in the organic electrolyte solutions. However, due to the higher ionic conductivity of the aqueous solution, current response and reversibility of redox behavior in the aqueous solution are better than in the organic electrolyte solutions, suggesting that the aqueous solution is favorable for high rate capability. The charge transfer resistance, the exchange current and the capacitance of the double layer vary with the charge voltage during the deintercalation process. At the peak of the oxidation (0.87V), the charge transfer resistance is the lowest. These fundamental results provide a good base for exploring new safe power sources for large scale energy storage.
Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on robotics in micro-manufacturing and micro-robotics. First, an introduction to robotics is made, so as to provide a clear differentiation between three different type-scales of robots: macro-robots, micro-robots and nano-robots. MEMS (micro-electric-mechanical systems) are also commented upon, as they are closely related to micro-robots. This chapter deals into two main micro-robotics applications: micro-assembly and micro-handling. In general, assembly applications are very well known in the robotic macro-world, as they are spread over numerous industrial applications, but these applications are completely different and relatively unknown when referring to the micro-scale. The second main application for micro-robotics is in micro-manipulation or micro-handling. Micro-manipulation consists basically in moving a micro-component from one location to another. To achieve this task, the end-effector plays an important role as it has the task of physically picking up and releasing the micro-part.
Lead poisoning remains a significant problem in the United States affecting the health of women and children. Although the damage is greatest at higher levels of accumulation, no level of lead has been found to be safe. Over the last 25 years, the blood level of lead thought to be associated with toxicity has dropped dramatically, from to 60 mcg/dL in 1960 to 10 mcg/dL today. Studies confirm that exposure to lead causes kidney damage, encephalopathy, and impaired cognitive function in children and in adults. Recent evidence indicates children with levels less than 10 mcg/dL may suffer from compromised development and intellectual performance later in life. This article discusses the case of a woman found to have lead poisoning during pregnancy. Environmental sources of lead, implications for the immediate and future health of the fetus and mother, and techniques clinicians can use in their practice to minimize the adverse effect of lead on their clients are reviewed.
Cow dung is one of the most abundant wastes generated on earth and has been traditionally used as fertilizer and fuel in most of the developing countries. In this study activated carbon is synthesized from cow dung by a modified chemical activation method, where partially carbonized cow dung is treated with KOH in different ratio. The synthesized activated carbon possesses irregular surface morphology with high surface area in the range of 1500–2000 m2 g−1 with proper amount of micropore and mesopore volume. In particular, we demonstrate that the surface morphology and porosity parameters change with increase in KOH ratio. These activated carbons are tested as electrode material in two-electrode symmetric supercapacitor system in non-aqueous electrolyte and found to exhibit high specific capacitance with excellent retention of it at high current density and for long term operation. In particular, the activated carbon synthesized at 2:1 ratio of KOH and the pre-carbonized char shows the best performance with specific capacitance of 124 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and retains up to 117 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 current density. The performance is attributed to high surface area along with optimum amount of micropore and mesopore volume.
Despite the synergistic features arising from three-dimensional (3D) interconnected porous networks and constitutive reduced grpahene oxide (rGO) sheets, the one-pot synthesis and self-assembly of metal nanoparticles (NPs) deposited on the 3D rGO aerogels (GAs) is still challenging. Herein, we demonstrate the in-situ synthesis and direct deposition of 3D macroporous GA/palladium (Pd) NP hybrids for electrocatalytic applications. The discrete Pd NPs with a narrow size distribution of 8 to 10 nm are uniformly distributed onto the pore surface of GAs, while 3D macroporosity being constructed via a one-pot, hydrothermal process. The morphology, chemical composition and structure, and textural property of the 3D GA/Pd NP hybrids are comprehensively characterized. As a consequence of the coupling effect of the hierarchical porosity and the discrete Pd NPs, the 3D GA/Pd NP hybrids exhibit the greater electrocatalytic activity compared to those of 3D GAs and 2D rGO/Pd NP hybrids.
Many genes associated with dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) systems influence cognitive deficits of schizophrenia patients, but one key enzyme is dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), which converts DA to NE and whose activity and levels are under strong genetic control. This study examines the association of the 19bp insertion/deletion (Ins/Del) polymorphism in the 5′ flank of the DBH gene with cognitive deficits in first-episode schizophrenic patients (FEP). We assessed the cognitive function in 195 FEP and 304 healthy controls using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). The 19bp Ins/Del polymorphism of DBH gene was genotyped. Our results showed that the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the 19bp Ins/Del polymorphism significantly differed between FEP and healthy controls (both p<0.05). Cognitive test scores were significantly lower in FEP than healthy controls on all scales (all p<0.001) except for the visuospatial/constructional index (p>0.05). Immediate memory abilities significantly differed by genotype (p<0.05) but not genotype×diagnosis. Immediate memory score was lower in FEP with DBH5′-Del/Del genotype (61.3±17.2) than those with DBH5′-Ins/Ins genotype (68.6±16.2; p<0.05). The 19bp Del allele was associated with poorer immediate memory performance than the Ins allele in FEP (p<0.05). However, healthy controls did not show any differences in cognitive function indices between the Ins and Del for either the allele or genotype of the 19bp Ins/Del polymorphism. Our findings suggest that the DBH5′-Ins/Del polymorphism may play a role in susceptibility to FEP. The DBH5′-Ins/Del polymorphism may also influence immediate memory in FEP. Moreover, FEP had poorer cognitive function than healthy controls in all examined cognitive domains except for the visuospatial/constructional index.
Photovoltaic generation, due to its decreasing cost and versatility, has seen a growing utilization in residential buildings. However, the mismatch between the demand and the photovoltaic generation profiles leads to high power flows between the household and the grid. The appearance of tariffs that foster the self-consumption and penalize the injection of energy into the electrical grid increases the need to provide cost-effective solutions to enable the matching between electric generation and consumption. Used EV batteries are unsuitable for vehicles, but can be used in secondary applications, such as residential PV energy storage. This paper presents a technical and economic assessment of the reuse of batteries from electric vehicles as a storage system for the residential sector by analysing the cost, the remaining capacity and the lifetime for second applications through the implementation of a degradation model in MATLAB-Simulink. A case study is presented for an average Southern Europe residential building with a photovoltaic system that generates enough energy to ensure the average consumption needs.
Molybdenum sulfide is deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using molybdenum hexacarbonyl and hydrogen sulfide. Film growth is studied using in-situ quartz crystal microbalance, ex-situ X-ray reflectivity and ellipsometry. Deposition chemistry is further investigated with in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Self-limiting nature of the reaction is observed, typical of ALD. Saturated growth rate of 2.5Å per cycle at 170°C is obtained. As-deposited films are found amorphous in nature. As-grown films are tested as lithium-ion battery anode under half cell configuration. Electrochemical charge-discharge measurements demonstrate a stable cyclic performance with good capacity retention. Discharge capacity of 851 mAh g−1 is obtained after 50 cycles which corresponds to 77% of capacity retention of the initial capacity.
Polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) systems for light-duty vehicles must be able to start unassisted and rapidly from temperatures below −20°C. Managing buildup of ice within the porous cathode catalyst and electrode structure is the key to self-starting a PEFC stack from subfreezing temperatures. The stack temperature must be raised above the melting point of ice before the ice completely covers the cathode catalyst and shuts down the electrochemical reaction. For rapid and robust self-start it is desirable to operate the stack near the short-circuit conditions. This mode of operation maximizes hydrogen utilization, favors production of waste heat that is absorbed by the stack, and delays complete loss of effective electrochemical surface area by causing a large fraction of the ice to form in the gas diffusion layer rather than in the cathode catalyst layer. Preheating the feed gases, using the power generated to electrically heat the stack, and operating pressures have only small effect on the ability to self-start or the startup time. In subfreezing weather, the stack shut-down protocol should include flowing ambient air through the hot cathode passages to vaporize liquid water remaining in the cathode catalyst. Self-start is faster and more robust if the bipolar plates are made from metal rather than graphite.
Due to inherent advantages of DC system over AC system such as compatibility with renewable energy sources, storage devices and modern loads, Direct Current Microgrid (DCMG) has been one of the key research areas from last few years. The power and energy management in the DCMG system has been a challenge for the researchers. MG structure and control strategies are the integrated part of the power and energy management system. This paper covers all the aspects of the control of DCMG, whether it is DC bus voltage, power or energy related. Different MG Structures with their comparative analysis has been given in this paper. Various control schemes: Basic control schemes like centralized, decentralized and distributed control and multilevel control scheme such as hierarchal control has been discussed. The Power management in grid-connected, Islanded mode and transition mode has been presented. Different energy management strategies have been presented as energy management plays very important role in optimizing the size and rating of energy storage system and their maximum utilization. The energy management of a battery and super capacitor based HESS in all configurations has also been discussed and finally, future trends in further research are presented.
Large volume changes (∼300%) during cycling and low electronic conductivity of silicon (Si) always lead to the failure of the Si anode for lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, we report a facile method to fabricate Si/Ti3SiC2 composites by one-step sand-milling process. Ti3SiC2 is used as a mechanical strengthening and high conductive matrix for Si-based anode for the first time. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are conducted to characterize the structure and morphology of the Si/Ti3SiC2 composites. Capacity and cycling performance are studied by galvanostatic method. Nanoindentation test is performed to measure the elastic modulus and hardness of the electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and four-probe electronic conductivity measurement are used to assess the effect of Ti3SiC2 on the electronic conductivity of Si anode. Electrochemical investigations show that both cycling stability and rate performance of Si/Ti3SiC2 anodes are significantly improved comparing with those of the pure Si anode. SEM, nanoindentation and four-probe electronic conductivity measurement results reveal that the Ti3SiC2 can not only significantly enhance the electronic conductivity of the Si/Ti3SiC2 anodes but also maintain the integrity of the electrode during cycling by markedly increasing the elastic modulus and hardness of the electrodes.
Due to the course of registration of pesticides in Japan, the Food Safety Commission (FSC) has the responsibility to make a risk assessment of residual pesticides and related chemicals through foods. Among the set of safety evaluations for pesticides, genotoxicity assay data are mandatory. The standard test battery for this evaluation consists of a bacterial gene mutation assay, in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberrations and/or other chromosome damage assay, and in vivo rodent micronucleus assay. These assay outcomes are used for mechanistic consideration of carcinogenicity, if any. As a rule, if a certain substance is carcinogenic and the mechanism of it includes genotoxicity, the FSC might decide it is not possible to establish the acceptable daily intake of that pesticide. Therefore, the information about genotoxicity is critical for potentially carcinogenic chemicals, whether the applied substance will be adopted and permitted for use or not as pesticides. It is important to assess fairly, carefully, and transparently, but feasible, rapid, and efficient assessment also should be taken into account. Therefore, needless to say, the assay(s) should have the sensitivity to detect potent mutagens. It is also important to be aware that the required data set should be consisted of reliable assays without certain assay(s) that give(s) false positive information or offer less of a contribution for the safety assessment.
All-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries are expected to be valuable next generation batteries. To improve the performance of all-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries, it is essential to raise both the reactivity of sulfur and the ionic conductivity of the positive composite electrode. For achieving this, we investigate a positive composite electrode prepared using P2S5 and a solid electrolyte with a high ionic conductivity. As a result, we have found that the lithium–sulfur cell exhibits a relatively low activation energy together with high ionic conductivity. The positive composite electrode exhibits an extremely high capacity of 1550 mA h g−1 (sulfur) at 1.3 mA cm−2 and 25 °C. Moreover, when using the positive electrode, the energy densities at the cell level (18650) are 540 W h kg−1 and 990 W h L−1, estimated from the equivalent structure of a current lithium-ion battery.
The methane storage properties of five benchmark high surface area adsorbent materials were studied at ambient temperature and up to 250bar service pressure. Using adsorption and sample density data, we evaluated the potential of these materials to store methane in a 110L pressure vessel. At 50bar, the adsorbent materials significantly outperformed traditional compressed gas storage. Two materials, an activated carbon and a copper based metal–organic framework (Cu-BTC), also showed improvement over compressed gas storage at 250bar. Driving ranges calculated from storage data show that with an adsorbent, a 110L tank filled to 50bar could have a driving range of up to 140miles, more than three times the range offered by a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle when operating as a pure battery electric vehicle.
Tetrapodal framework based two compounds P and R were synthesized bearing two urea and thiourea moieties respectively. The organic nanoparticles (ONPs) were produced from P and R by re-precipitation method and their recognition behavior was studied by investigating the fluorescence emission pattern of ONPs-analyte complexes. The chemosensing studies of P-ONPs and R-ONPs revealed that P-ONPs (0.009 mM, size 20–30 nm) showed selective recognition behavior towards Pb(II) in aqueous medium among other alkali, alkaline earth and transition metal ions with the limit of detection as 1.56 µM via photoinduced electron transfer (PET)-OFF mechanism. In comparison to other metal ions, prominent peaks with higher intensity at 363 nm and 428 nm for Pb(II) were observed. R-ONPs have not shown any kind of selective chemosensing behavior. The judicially placed two urea bridges in P-ONPs are well suited for Pb(II) sensing.
Novel characteristics of graphene have captured great attention of researchers for energy technology applications. Incorporation of graphene related hybrid and composite materials have demonstrated high performance and durability for fuel cell energy conversion devices. This article overviews graphene based materials for fuel cell technology applications such as electrodes additives, bipolar plates and proton conducting electrolyte membrane. The graphene dispersion over electrodes has revealed enhanced exposure of electrochemically active surface area for improved electro-catalytic activity towards fuel oxidation and oxidant reduction reactions. The issue of device stack durability and degraded performance due to corrosion of bipolar plates is discussed by incorporating graphene based materials. In proton exchange membrane devices, graphene as an electrolyte has shown an excellent performance towards high ionic conductivity and power density. The graphene incorporation in fuel cell devices has exhibited commendable performance and has bright future for commercial applications.