batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The aim of the study was to verify whether adult patients with occipital lobe epilepsy (OLE) are at risk for cognitive impairment compared with controls. Twenty patients with OLE and 20 controls, matched as closely as possible to the epilepsy group in terms of gender, age, education, and intelligence, were administered a battery of tests based on visuoperceptive domains. None of the participants was affected by progressive pathologies, received any medication other than antiepileptic drugs, nor had a psychiatric background. We noted a statistically significant difference between patients with OLE and controls in the following tasks: Perceptive Differences Test, and Object Denomination Test, and Famous Faces Test (P <0.05). No difference was noted between symptomatic and nonsymptomatic patients with respect to neuropsychological results (P >0.05). The linear regression analysis performed did not show any statistically significant contribution by clinical variables. Our data confirm that patients with OLE manifest subtle difficulties in processing and mental manipulation of visual spatial data.
Semi-solid flow batteries have been reported to have among the highest energy densities for redox flow batteries, however, they rely on percolated carbon networks which increase the electrolyte viscosity significantly. We report the first demonstration of carbon-free redox flow couples comprised of dispersed lithium-ion battery active material suspensions, with sub-micrometer LiCoO2 (LCO) particles at the cathode and Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) particles at the anode. Both electrochemical and rheological properties of the LCO suspensions are reported and compared to previous reports for LTO dispersed electrochemical redox couples. An LTO anode and LCO cathode full cell was constructed and reversible electrochemical redox reaction of the dispersed particles was successfully demonstrated. This carbon-free dispersed lithium-ion active material full cell provides a proof-of-concept for a system that lies between the relatively high viscosity semi-solid flow cells with percolated carbon networks and the relatively low energy density conventional flow cells comprised of dissolved transition metals, providing a system for future study of the trade-off between energy density and viscosity for electrochemical flow cells that rely on solid active materials.
Nanochitin has been incorporated in a poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO)-LiPF6 matrix for the first time. The incorporation of chitin whiskers significantly improves the ionic conductivity, thermal stability, mechanical integrity along with the interfacial properties. The prepared membrane is also tested in a LiFePO4/C–Li cell and the galvanostatic cycling behaviour is analysed at 70 °C showing an improved specific capacity and outstanding cycling stability. The obtained results and the use of such environment friendly component would make these hybrid organic, nanochitin-based composite polymer electrolyte systems a strong contender in the field of flexible and green lithium-based power sources.
Lithium-ion batteries using LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) as the positive electrode material and hard carbon as the negative electrode material with electrolyte of mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate containing LiPF6 were fabricated, and the surface materials on the positive electrode were observed by ATR spectroscopy of FT-IR measurement. Lithium carbonate was mainly observed as the surface material and the intensity of IR absorption peaks were depended on state of charge (SOC) of the batteries. The result suggests that the amount of lithium carbonate increases by discharge and decreases by charge.
The majority of foreign body (FB) ingestions occur in children. In adults, accidental FB ingestion tends to be food (meat) bolus. Non-food FB ingestions occur more in denture users, incarcerated individuals, and patients with psychiatric disorders or alcohol intoxication. The majority of the ingested FBs will pass spontaneously. Once through the esophagus, most FBs including sharp objects pass uneventfully. Sharp or pointed FBs, animal or fish bones, and magnets increase the risk of perforation. Emergent endoscopy is indicated in: (1) esophageal obstruction when the patient is unable to swallow secretions and (2) disk batteries and sharp-pointed FBs in the esophagus. In general, esophageal FBs and food impactions without complete obstruction should be removed within 24 h (urgent endoscopy). This video manuscript describes general principles, devices, and techniques in endoscopic management of ingested FBs. Several clinical scenarios are presented. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
This paper investigates the potential of electric vehicles to meet the mobility demand currently met by conventional fuel vehicles and explores the application of GIS datasets to geo-reference the electric energy demand resulting from their deployment on large geographical areas. The study is based on driving patterns collected from conventional fuel vehicles in the Italian provinces of Modena and Firenze by means of on-board GPS systems. The analysis is carried out over one month, considering approximately 28,000 vehicles and 36million kilometres. Two types of battery electric vehicles and five recharging behavioural models are considered, to evaluate the trips and the fleet share suitable to be served by EVs, by following all the trips and parking sequences in the databases. This allows deriving the impact on the electricity grid of the electrification of urban vehicles in terms of additional electric energy demand and its geographical distribution. The results show that more than 80% of the urban trips can be covered by electric vehicles and that an urban fleet share between 8% and 28% could be replaced by the current generation of electric vehicles without any change in their driving patterns. The derived electric energy demand increase remains below 5% of the total electric energy demand, and below 20% of the domestic electric energy demand in the analysed areas. The geographical analysis shows in detail how this additional demand is distributed over the areas analysed, and how it compares with the already available recharging infrastructures in the two provinces. A complete description of the model developed is provided, focusing on the potential of GIS datasets to address the integration of electric vehicles in urbanised areas.
The objective of the current study was to evaluate the types and concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the passenger cabin of selected sedan automobiles under static (parked, unventilated) and specified conditions of operation (i.e., driving the vehicle using air conditioning alone, vent mode alone, or driver's window half open). Data were collected on five different passenger sedan vehicles from three major automobile manufacturers. Airborne concentrations were assessed using 90-min time-weighted average (TWA) samples under U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Method IP-1B to assess individual VOC compounds and total VOCs (TVOCs) calibrated to toluene. Static vehicle testing demonstrated TVOC levels of approximately 400–800 μg/m3 at warm interior vehicle temperatures (approximately 80°F), whereas TVOCs at least fivefold higher were observed under extreme heat conditions (e.g., up to 145°F). The profile of most prevalent individual VOC compounds varied considerably according to vehicle brand, age, and interior temperature tested, with predominant compounds including styrene, toluene, and 8- to 12-carbon VOCs. TVOC levels under varied operating conditions (and ventilation) were generally four- to eightfold lower (at approximately 50–160 μg/m3) than the static vehicle measurements under warm conditions, with the lowest measured levels generally observed in the trials with the driver's window half open. These data indicate that while relatively high concentrations of certain VOCs can be measured inside static vehicles under extreme heat conditions, normal modes of operation rapidly reduce the inside-vehicle VOC concentrations even when the air conditioning is set on recirculation mode.
In this paper, along with the progress of modern wind energy technology, the trends of wind energy technology and potential challenges have been studied thoroughly. It is estimated that within the next 2–3 decades, the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) can dominate the wind-energy technology. The VAWT requires less land space and using the same space; it is capable of producing more wind energy than that of its counterpart. By implying the Fish Schooling Concept effectively and successfully, it is possible to advance the wind-energy technology more. In the last 3–4 decades, the wind turbine capacity has been increased around 30–40 times. With the increase of wind energy capacity, the demand of the energy storage system has been increased significantly. Along with the many energy storage systems, fuel cells and batteries are the two most promising devices to meet the demand in RE systems. The wind-energy technology is established itself but not yet fully mature and hence there are many areas where improvements are required to reduce the cost of wind energy.
We report in situ measurements of stress evolution in a silicon thin-film electrode during electrochemical lithiation and delithiation by using the multi-beam optical sensor (MOS) technique. Upon lithiation, due to substrate constraint, the silicon electrode initially undergoes elastic deformation, resulting in rapid rise of compressive stress. The electrode begins to deform plastically at a compressive stress of ca. −1.75GPa; subsequent lithiation results in continued plastic strain, dissipating mechanical energy. Upon delithiation, the electrode first undergoes elastic straining in the opposite direction, leading to a tensile stress of ca. 1GPa; subsequently, it deforms plastically during the rest of delithiation. The plastic flow stress evolves continuously with lithium concentration. Thus, mechanical energy is dissipated in plastic deformation during both lithiation and delithiation, and it can be calculated from the stress measurements; we show that it is comparable to the polarization loss. Upon current interruption, both the film stress and the electrode potential relax with similar time constants, suggesting that stress contributes significantly to the chemical potential of lithiated silicon.
A model for the shunt currents in an all-vanadium redox flow battery consisting of 3 stacks which are electrically connected in series. It is based on an equivalent circuit which treats the shunt current pathways as Ohmic resistors. The conductivity of the vanadium electrolyte has been measured for different state-of-charges in order to implement a dependency of the resistances on the state-of-charge of the system. Published results are used to validate the simulation data of a single stack. Three setups of pipe networks are evaluated using the model. The pipe connections between the stacks give rise to external shunt currents, which also increase the amount of shunt currents within the stacks. These connections also lead to a nonuniform distribution of the shunt currents. The effects of the shunt currents on the Coulombic efficiency and the energy efficiency of the system are studied by the means of the model.
Chronic constipation may be categorized as normal transit (NTC), slow transit (STC), or outlet obstruction. Colonic wake response is a relative increase in colonic motility upon awakening. Colonic manometry studies have demonstrated attenuated wake response in STC. We sought to evaluate wake response among healthy (H), NTC, and STC patients using wireless motility capsule (WMC).
The presence of polysulfides in Li–S batteries significantly affects battery operation, but their presence and reaction mechanisms are not well understood. Now, an operando X-ray diffraction approach is used to directly observe these polysulfides, offering insights on their formation and evolution.
This paper demonstrates an asymmetric micro supercapacitor with superior overall performance that combines the advantages of both MnO2 positive electrode and carbon negative electrode for energy storage on a chip. Nano-structured MnO2 with rough surface is synthesized as active material for micro electrode. A self-supporting composite containing MnO2 and another containing nanoporous activated carbon (AC) are separated in an interdigital structure by using micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication technologies. Measurements of the prototype show that the asymmetric micro supercapacitor has well-performed capacitive behavior, and its working voltage range is extended from 1 V to 1.5 V in aqueous electrolyte due to the MnO2–AC configuration. Calculations prove that it stores much higher energy densities than symmetric ones using either MnO2 or AC. Moreover, this work provides an attractive approach to achieve various asymmetric micro energy storage systems on chips.
The massive use of lithium batteries in industries, such as automotive and electrical network accumulation, requires the development of safer electrolytes, economic and possibly made from renewable resources using eco-friendly processes. In this work, we reported the synthesis and the physico-chemical and functional characterization of a polymer gel electrolyte (GPE) based on a skeleton of polyhydroxyalkanoate obtained from biomass by means of an easy and environmentally friendly chemical process. The GPE has an ionic conductivity of 0.8mScm−1 at room temperature, is thermally stable up to over 100°C and is not flammable. The electrochemical stability window is higher than 5V. The cell Li/GPE/LiFePO4 shows specific capacity of 100 mAhg−1 at 3C with 100% coulombic efficiency. These results demonstrate that the GPE based on polyhydroxyalkanoate is very promising for use in lithium batteries of high power density.
Energy storage components improve the energy efficiency of systems by reducing the mismatch between supply and demand. For this purpose, phase-change materials are particularly attractive since they provide a high-energy storage density at a constant temperature which corresponds to the phase transition temperature of the material. Nevertheless, the incorporation of phase-change materials (PCMs) in a particular application calls for an analysis that will enable the researcher to optimize performances of systems. Due to the non-linear nature of the problem, numerical analysis is generally required to obtain appropriate solutions for the thermal behavior of systems. Therefore, a large amount of research has been carried out on PCMs behavior predictions. The review will present models based on the first law and on the second law of thermodynamics. It shows selected results for several configurations, from numerous authors so as to enable one to start his/her research with an exhaustive overview of the subject. This overview stresses the need to match experimental investigations with recent numerical analyses since in recent years, models mostly rely on other models in their validation stages.
To reduce the fabrication cost and avoid unfavorable reactions between components of solid oxide fuel cells, it is necessary to improve the sinterability of the electrolyte materials, especially doped ceria for intermediate-temperature operation. Here we report a unique process for fabrication of single cells at a co-sintering temperature as low as 1150 °C using highly active SDC powders derived from a glycine-nitrate process, demonstrating higher cell performance than those co-sintered at higher temperatures while maintaining adequate long-term stability. In particular, it is found that the electrode polarization at high current densities is significantly suppressed when operated at 650 °C.
A novel composite of single-wall carbon nanohorns (SWCNHs） supported nanoporous anatase TiO2, TiO2/SWCNHs, is facilely synthesized by hydrolysis of tetrabutoxytitanium in the presence of SWCNHs. The phase structure, morphology, and pore structure of TiO2/SWCNHs are investigated with transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and the nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms measurements. The TiO2/SWCNHs composite materials show excellent electrochemical properties, and are expected to be a promising anode material for high power density lithium ion batteries. It is found that the TiO2/SWCNHs composite not only exhibits excellent cycling performance, but also shows high rate capability as anode materials by the cyclic voltammetry and constant current discharge–charge tests. Especially, the specific charge capacity of the TiO2/SWCNHs composite remains as high as 100 mAh g−1 at a high rate of 30 C, which is four times higher than that of pure TiO2 anode materials. The SWCNHs with high rate production in low cost have hopeful application to electrode materials for lithium ion batteries.
While cortical thinning has been associated with HIV infection, it is unclear whether this reflects a direct effect of the virus, whether it is related to disruption of subcortical function or whether it is better explained by epiphenomena, such as drug abuse or comorbid medical conditions. The present study investigated the relationship between cortical thickness and subcortical function in HIV+ patients. Specifically, we examined the relationship between prefrontal cortical thickness and striatal function. Twenty-three largely treatment naïve, non-substance abusing HIV+ participants and 19 healthy controls matched for age, gender, and educational status were included. Cortical morphometry was performed using FreeSurfer software analysis. Striatal function was measured during an fMRI stop-signal anticipation task known to engage the striatum. Any cortical regions showing significant thinning were entered as dependent variables into a single linear regression model which included subcortical function, age, CD4 count, and a measure of global cognitive performance as independent predictors. The only cortical region that was significantly reduced after correction for multiple comparisons was the right superior frontal gyrus. Striatal activity was found to independently predict superior frontal gyral cortical thickness. While cortical thinning in HIV infection is likely multifactorial, viral induced subcortical dysfunction appears to play a role.
A Li2FeP2O7/Carbon (C) nanocomposite was successfully synthesized via a combination of spray pyrolysis and wet ball milling followed by annealing from a precursor solution; in which LiNO3, H3PO4 and Fe(NO3)3·9H2O were stoichiometrically dissolved into distilled water. Ascorbic acid was added to the precursor solution as a reduction agent. The peaks of the Li2FeP2O7/C nanocomposite obtained by X-ray diffraction analysis were indexed to the monoclinic structure with the space group P21/c. The Li2FeP2O7/C nanocomposite cathode delivered a first discharge capacity of 100 mAh g−1 at 0.05 C, which corresponded to 91% of its theoretical capacity. After various higher discharge rates from 0.05 to 2 C in the cycle performance test, a discharge capacity of 93 mAh g−1 was achieved at 0.05 C, which showed an excellent capacity retention (93%) after 29 cycles.
Polyvinylsilsesquioxanes (PVS) coatings were synthesized by the hydrolytic polycondensation of vinyltrimethoxysilane using hydrochloric acid as a catalyst. Their structure was characterized by Fourier transform IR (FTIR) and the viscosity [in centipoise(cP)] of polyvinylsilsesquioxanes was measured at 298 K. The electrochemical behavior of I–IV coated steel electrodes, of polymer concentration as follows: [I(20%), II(40%) of viscosity 50 cP and III(20%), IV(40%) of viscosity 15 cP], was investigated in 3% NaCl solution using various electrochemical techniques, i.e., open-circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance measurements (EIS), and surface examination via scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique. The influence of immersion time on the electroctrochemical behavior of polysilsesquioxane-coated electrodes was also studied. The results of polarization measurements showed that corrosion current density (icorr) decreases in the order IV > III > II > I. Also, the film resistance is the highest for PVS-coated electrode I as evaluated from EIS measurements. OCP, EIS, and polarization results are in good agreement with each other. The obtained results were confirmed by surface examination using scanning electron microscope.
Two fluorosilanes with oligo(ethylene oxide) unites were synthesized through hydrosilylation of chlorosilane with allyl substituted oligo(ethylene oxide) ether followed by fluorination with potassium fluoride. The synthesized fluorosilane compounds exhibited lower viscosity, higher dielectric constant and higher oxidation potential, compared with their non-fluorination counterparts. Difluoro(3-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)propyl)methylsilane (DFSM2), one of the two compounds, was evaluated as high-voltage and thermal stable electrolyte co-solvent with the conventional carbonate-based electrolytes. Using an optimized electrolyte of 1M LiPF6 in EC/DFSM2/EMC (2/3/5 in vol.) with addition of 5 wt% fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), high-voltage LiCoO2(LCO)/graphite full cell displayed outstanding cycling stability of 92.5% capacity retention after 135 cycles at 4.4 V upper cutoff voltage. Characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, the DFSM2-based electrolyte demonstrated higher thermal stability with lithiated graphite anode and delithiated LCO cathode, thus better safety feature compared with the conventional electrolyte.
The present paper describes the utilization of nickel hydroxide modified electrodes toward the catalytic oxidation of carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, lactose and sucrose) and their utilization as electrochemical sensor. The modified electrodes were employed as a detector in flow injection analysis for individual carbohydrate detection, and to an ionic column chromatography system for multi-analyte samples aiming a prior separation step. Kinetic studies were performed on a rotating disk electrode (RDE) in order to determine both the heterogeneous rate constant and number of electrons transferred for each carbohydrate. Many advantages were found for the proposed system including fast and easy handling of the electrode modification, low cost procedure, a wide range of linearity (0.5–50ppm), low detection limits (ppb level) and high sensitivities.
An ionic complex of anionic and cationic monomers was obtained by protonation of (N,N-diethylamino)ethylmethacrylate with acrylic acid. A novel ionically crosslinked polyampholytic gel electrolyte was prepared through the free radical copolymerization of the ionic complex and acrylamide in a solvent mixture of ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate (1:1:1, v/v) containing 1mol/L of LiPF6. The impedance analysis indicated that the ionic conductivity of the polyampholytic gel electrolyte was rather close to that of solution electrolytes in the absence of a polymer at the same temperature. The temperature dependence of the conductivity was found to be well in accord with the Arrhenius behavior. The formation processes of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed in both gel and solution electrolytes during the cycles of charge–discharge were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The cyclic voltammetry curves show a strong peak at a potential of 0.68V and an increase of the interfacial resistance from 17.2Ω to 35.8Ω after the first cycle of charge–discharge. The results indicate that the formation process of SEI formed in both gel and solution electrolytes was similar which could effectively prevent the organic electrolyte from further decomposition and inserting into the graphite electrode. The morphologies of SEI formed in both gel and solution electrolytes were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that the SEI formed in the gel electrolyte showed a rough surface consisting of smaller solid depositions. Moreover, the SEI formed in the gel electrolyte became more compact and thicker as the cycling increased.