batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Objective This study explores the efficacy of a one-week informed consent information training process for improving competence to provide consent in stable community patients with schizophrenia over a one-year follow-up period. Method A one-week training session designed to enhance competence to provide informed consent for research was conducted. The training was guided by a research protocol that provided detailed explanations of each major conceptual unit. Participants were followed for one year, and comprised 50 stable community outpatients with schizophrenia who were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (IG, n=33) or a control group (CG, n=17) that did not receive any training. The Chinese Mandarin MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Clinical Research (MacCAT-CR) was used to assess competence for informed consent pre-training (baseline), post-training (one week later), and at the end of one year. Results A repeated measures analysis comparing the IG and CG at pre-training, post-training and the one-year follow-up revealed significant improvements in the Understanding and Appreciation subscale following the one-week training. However, by the end of one year, scores returned to baseline levels, with the exception of the Appreciation subscale, which was below baseline. There were significant main effects across time on the Appreciation and Reasoning subscales, indicating considerable changes over time. The CG showed no significant changes from pre-training to one week later or at one-year follow-up for all subscales. Conclusions The capacities of understanding and appreciation can be improved in stable community patients with schizophrenia after one week of training; however, this training effect is not sustained one year later. The results suggest that more intensive or periodic trainings may be needed to maintain long-term competence levels in patients with schizophrenia, particularly with regard to their capacity to appreciate the nature and consequences of study participation.
LiCoO2 coated Li2ZnTi3O8 is synthesized by a preliminary formation of Li2ZnTi3O8 by facile solid state reaction and a following coating process with LiCoO2 nano layer via a wet chemical process followed by heat treatment. The structure and electrochemical property of the as-prepared samples have been characterized comprehensively. A thin LiCoO2 layer with a thickness of about 2nm is uniformly coated on the surface of active particles, which does not affect the crystal structure and space group. After LiCoO2 surface modification, high discharge capacities of 192.1, 163.7, 108.2mAhg−1 with capacity retention of 99.1, 92.3, 71.4% are obtained at 1.0, 2.0, 3.0Ag−1 after 100 cycles for the coated composite, respectively, which are obviously larger than those of un-coated sample. Besides, the discharge capacity and cyclic stability of Li2ZnTi3O8 after 1000 cycles have been enhanced after coating. Cyclic voltammograms and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements prove that the LiCoO2 coating can dramatically decrease polarization and reduce the charge transfer resistance during repeated Li+ intercalation/de-intercalation process. The improved electrochemical properties of LiCoO2 coated Li2ZnTi3O8 are attributed to small particle sizes, large packed holes, high surface area and better electronic conductive.
High-power 18650 Li-ion cells have been developed for hybrid electric vehicle applications as part of the DOE Advanced Technology Development (ATD) program. The thermal abuse response of two advanced chemistries (Gen1 and Gen2) were measured and compared with commercial Sony 18650 cells. Gen1 cells consisted of an MCMB graphite based anode and a LiNi0.85Co0.15O2 cathode material while the Gen2 cells consisted of a MAG10 anode graphite and a LiNi0.80Co0.15 Al0.05O2 cathode. Accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to measure the thermal response and properties of the cells and cell materials up to 400°C. The MCMB graphite was found to result in increased thermal stability of the cells due to more effective solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation. The Al stabilized cathodes were seen to have higher peak reaction temperatures that also gave improved cell thermal response. The effects of accelerated aging on cell properties were also determined. Aging resulted in improved cell thermal stability with the anodes showing a rapid reduction in exothermic reactions while the cathodes only showed reduced reactions after more extended aging.
X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) across multiple length scales is utilized for the first time to investigate the physical abuse of high C-rate pulsed discharge on cells wired individually and in parallel.. Manufactured lithium iron phosphate cells boasting high rate capability were pulse power tested in both wiring conditions with high discharge currents of 10C for a high number of cycles (up to 1200) until end of life (<80% of initial discharge capacity retained). The parallel assembly reached end of life more rapidly for reasons unknown prior to CT investigations. The investigation revealed evidence of overdischarge in the most degraded cell from the parallel assembly, compared to more traditional failure in the individual cell. The parallel-wired cell exhibited dissolution of copper from the anode current collector and subsequent deposition throughout the separator near the cathode of the cell. This overdischarge-induced copper deposition, notably impossible to confirm with other state of health (SOH) monitoring methods, is diagnosed using CT by rendering the interior current collector without harm or alteration to the active materials. Correlation of CT observations to the electrochemical pulse data from the parallel-wired cells reveals the risk of parallel wiring during high C-rate pulse discharge.
Climbazole is an imidazole antifungal agent that can provide anti-dandruff benefits when incorporated into a shampoo matrix. A series of genotoxicity studies were performed to support the human safety of this azole antifungal drug. Climbazole was not mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli Ames assay and did not induce micronuclei in human lymphocytes. In the mouse lymphoma assay (MLA), climbazole was negative (non-mutagenic) with and without metabolic (S9) activation after a 4h exposure; an increase in small colony mutants was observed without metabolic activation after a 24h exposure at concentrations of 15 and 17.5μg/mL. An in vivo mouse micronucleus test was negative up to a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 150mg/kg climbazole administered orally. In the in vivo/in vitro unscheduled DNA synthesis assay, climbazole showed no evidence of DNA damage in the livers of rats at doses up to the MTD of 200mg/kg orally. A toxicokinetic study was performed in mice with oral administration of [14C]-climbazole (150mg/kg). Radioactivity (20.42μg-equiv./g plasma) was detected 15min after oral administration of [14C]-climbazole, and the peak concentration was 62.96μg-equiv./g plasma at 8h after dosing. The measured amounts of radioactivity in plasma, at all sample times from 15min up to 24h, exceeded the concentrations that induced increases in mutation frequency after 24h exposure of mouse lymphoma cells in vitro (15 and 17.5μg/mL). These observations lend support to the conclusion that climbazole does not present a genotoxic risk in vivo. Furthermore, these data are consistent with the published data for other azole antifungals that work by preventing the synthesis of ergosterol and, as a class, are generally non-genotoxic, except some isolated positive results of questionable significance. Collectively, these data are supportive of the view that climbazole does not present a genotoxic or carcinogenic risk to humans.
Two asymmetric aqueous electrochemical capacitors operated in 5 M LiNO3 are reported: C/Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (BSCF) and FeWO4/BSCF, with activated carbon and FeWO4 (synthesized by a precipitation method) as negative electrodes, respectively, and BSCF (synthesized by a modified glycine-nitrate process) as positive electrodes. These two devices were operated between 0 and 1.6 V and between 0 and 1.4 V, respectively. They demonstrated a remarkable cycling ability with a high capacitance retention over 10,000 and 45,000 cycles, respectively. Thanks to the high density of BSCF, the C/BSCF device exhibits a volumetric energy density up to 2.7 Wh L−1 at low current densities. This study demonstrates the advantages and limits of the use of high density multicationic oxides with pseudocapacitive behavior to improve the volumetric energy density of aqueous electrochemical capacitors.
One of the least understood mechanisms of Li-ion batteries is the development of internal short circuits under mechanical loads. In this study, a micro mechanical model is developed and subjected to various loading scenarios to understand the sequence of failure in the multi-layer, multi-material structure of a Li-ion battery jellyroll. The constitutive response of each component of the electrode stack is obtained by comprehensive experimental tests using uniaxial and biaxial tensile and compressive loads. The homogenized response of the model is recovered through the computational homogenization theory. The model is validated by comparing the results of a macroscale simulation against experimental data. The study focuses next on the development of a failure criterion for the electrode stack based on the microstructural observations. Results show distinct failure mechanisms when the loading is predominantly tensile versus when it is compressive or combined tensile/compressive. A failure locus is plotted from the results of the simulations as a criterion to detect the onset of short circuit under complex multi-axial loading scenarios.
Nanotechnology is providing new solutions and opportunities to ensure sustainable energy and environments for the future. Materials of nanofiberous morphology are attractive to solve numerous energy and environmental issues. Nanofibers can be effectively produced by electrospinning, which is a simple and low cost technique. In addition, electrospinning allows the production of nanofibers from various materials e.g. organics and inorganics in different configurations and assemblies. This is highly beneficial for energy devices, where inorganic materials especially metal oxides can be synthesized and electrospun, improving conducting and ceramic properties. Excitonic solar cells fabricated with aligned nanofiberous metal oxide electrodes provide higher solar–electric energy conversion efficiency, whereas fuel cells made with nanofiberous electrodes enable uniform dispersion of catalysts, and thus increase electrocatalytic activity to obtain higher chemical–electric energy conversion efficiency. The nanofibers used in filtration membranes for environmental remediation, minimize the pressure drop and provide better efficiency than conventional fiber mats. The large surface area-to-volume ratio of nanofiber membranes allows greater surface adsorption of contaminants from air and water, and increases the life-time of the filtration media. This review highlights the potential and application of electrospun nanofiberous materials for solving critical energy and environmental issues.
Ultra-small vanadium nitride quantum dots embedded in porous carbon (VNQDs/PC) were fabricated by a thermal treatment process of NH4VO3/C3H6N6 under nitrogen atmosphere. The specific capacitance of VNQDs/PC was 1008 mF cm−2 at a current density of 0.004 A cm−2, whereas the VN/carbon hybrid material obtained by a solid-state blending of NH4VO3 and C3H6N6 just exhibited a capacitance of 432 mF cm−2 at the same current density. By mediating the ratio of NH4VO3 and C3H6N6, a maximum specific capacitance of 1124 mF cm−2 was achieved at a current density of 0.002 A cm−2 in aqueous 6 mol/L KOH electrolyte with the potential range from 0 to −1.15 V when it reached 1: 7 (wt./wt.). Additionally, symmetrical supercapacitor fabricated with synthesized VNQDs/PC presented a high specific capacitance of 215 mF cm−2 at 0.002 A cm−2 based on the entire cell, and exhibited a high capacitance retention of 86.6% with current density increased to 5 A g−1. The VNQDs/PC negative electrodes were combined with Ni(OH)2 positive electrodes for the fabrication of hybrid supercapacitors. Remarkably, at a power density of 828.7 W kg−1, the device delivered an ultrahigh energy density of 47.2 Wh kg−1.
A novel C/Fe3C composite prepared by simple polymerization-pyrolysis of iron phthalocyanine (PcFe) at 700°C in an Ar atmosphere, exhibits a high reversible capacity, stable cyclability, excellent rate performance, improved initial efficiency and reduced hysteresis as an anode material for lithium ion batteries. In-situ embedded Fe3C nanoparticles and N doping can enhance electrical conductivity and facilitate the reaction of C/Fe3C electrode effectively. This work provides a new way for developing high performance non-graphitic carbon electrode materials in the future.
Uniform hexagonal-shaped cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanodisks were prepared in large scale via facile aqueous solution based hydrothermal process at 110°C. The detailed structural characterizations confirmed that the synthesized products are hexagonal cobalt oxide nanodisks, possessing very well-crystalline cubic spinel structure. A coin cell of type −2032 was assembled using the synthesized Co3O4 nanodisks and its charge–discharge profile was analyzed between the voltages 0.01 and to 2.5V vs. Li/Li+ reference electrode. The electrochemical cell composed of Li/Co3O4 delivered an initial lithium insertion capacity of 2039mAh/g. Although the cell exhibited high irreversible capacity during the first four cycles, the columbic efficiency has been improved upon cycling.
In order to enhance the cycleability and electronic conductivity of Si-based anodes, we fabricated a hierarchical micro-nano structured silicon/graphene nanosheets (Si/GNs) hybrid by discharge plasma-assisted milling (P-milling) using Si nanoparticles and expanded graphite (EG) as starting materials. Owing to the synergistic effect of rapid plasma heating and ball mill grinding with Si nanoparticles as nanomiller, the graphene nanosheets was exfoliated efficiently from the loose structured EG, which tightly wrapped and connected the Si nanoparticles to form microsized composite agglomerates. This high powder tap density Si/GNs hybrid exhibited a high reversible capacity of 942mAhg−1 (857mAhcm−3) at the current density of 0.2Ag−1, with 88% capacity retention after 100 cycles. The charge capacity remained super stable more than 350 times when the electrode was cycled with a fixed lithiation capacity of 1000mAhg−1 at a current density of 0.2Ag−1 between 0.01 and 1.5V (vs. Li/Li+). This superior cycle performance was attributed to the microsized GNs matrix which facilitated the electronic conductivity and the Li+ diffusion in the hybrid, and effectively accommodated the volume change of Si nanoparticles during Li+ alloying and dealloying processes.
Metal-organic frameworks, ZIF-8, derived carbon materials are firstly applied as a counter electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells due to their easy fabrication, large specific surface area and high catalytic activities towards the reduction of I3 − ions. An efficiency of 7.32% is achieved under the illumination of 1 sun (AM 1.5, 100 mW/cm2), which is comparable to that of the solar cell based on Pt electrode.
The electrochemical performance as anodes in lithium-ion batteries of graphite-like materials that were prepared by high temperature treatment of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) is investigated by galvanostatic cycling. These CNFs were produced in the catalytic decomposition of methane (CDM). By this process, a valuable free-CO2 hydrogen was simultaneously produced. The graphitized CNFs have provided reversible capacities up to 320mAhg−1 after 50 discharge/charge cycles. These values are similar to those of oil-derived graphite (petroleum coke being the main precursor) which are currently employed as anode in the commercial lithium-ion batteries. Moreover, they have showed excellent cyclability and cycling efficiency (>99%), thus making feasible their application to this end. Besides the degree of crystallinity, the presence of loops between adjacent active end planes on the graphene layers of the graphitized CNFs were also found to influence on the battery reversible capacity. The textural properties of these graphitic materials, specifically, the surface area and the mesopore volume, are important factors affecting their performance as anode in terms of irreversible capacity and capacity retention along cycling, respectively.
The importance of solar photovoltaic systems in renewable energy technology is growing rapidly. So is the cost of photovoltaic panels decreasing due to innovative measures and government policies towards development and progress. The demand for renewable energy technology in the day to day life is on a rise due to increased electricity tariff rates, load shedding etc. This paper presents the performance analysis of a residential solar photovoltaic system with utility backup in Nagpur, a city situated in the center of India. The technical and commercial parameters have been analyzed with focus on energy saving. The system has been designed for partial saving of electricity using solar panels, charge controller, inverter, battery and autocontroller. To simulate the system PSpice 9.1 software is used. Solar radiation data of one sunny week in January has been used for simulation analysis. From the case study, it has been concluded that there is partial energy saving in the existing PV system with utility backup.
The accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation of power Li-ion batteries is one of the most important issues for battery management system (BMS) in electric vehicles (EVs). Temperature has brought great impact to the accuracy of the SOC estimation, which greatly depends on appropriate battery models and estimation algorithms. The fact that the model parameters, such as the internal resistance and the open-circuit voltage, are dependent on battery temperature and current detection precision is greatly related to the drift noise in current measurements will lead to errors in SOC estimation. Aiming at this problem, we present a temperature-compensated model with a dual-particle-filter estimator for SOC estimation of power Li-ion batteries in EVs. To overcome the effect of model parameter perturbations caused by temperature, a practical temperature-compensated battery model, in which the temperature and current are taken as model inputs, is presented to study and describe the relationship between the internal resistance, voltage and the temperature comprehensively. Additionally, the drift current is considered as an undetermined static parameter in the battery model to eliminate the effect of the drift current. Then, we build a dual-particle-filter estimator to obtain simultaneous SOC and drift current estimation based on the temperature-compensated model. The experimental and simulation results indicate that the proposed method based on the temperature-compensated model and the dual-particle-filter estimator can realize an accurate and robust SOC estimation.
The spinel LiMn2−2xMgxSixO4 (x=0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07) cathode materials were successfully synthesized by a citric acid assisted sol-gel process with LiOH·H2O, Mn(CH3COO)2 ·4H2O, Mg(NO3)2 ·6H2O and C8H20O4Si as raw materials. The crystal structures and morphologies of LiMn2−2xMgxSixO4 were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. All the obtained samples with good crystallinity were identified as the cubic spinel structure of LiMn2O4 and no impurity peaks were observed. Equimolar Mg2+ and Si4+ ions could completely occupy the octahedral (16d) sites to substitute Mn3+ and Mn4+ ions, respectively, which significantly improved the structural stabilization and suppressed the Jahn–Teller distortion. The effects of equimolar Mg2+ and Si4+ ions co-doping on the electrochemical properties of LiMn2−2xMgxSixO4 were investigated by galvanostatic charge–discharge test, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that the equimolar Mg2+ and Si4+ ions co-doped LiMn2O4 presented better cycling retention and rate performance. For the optimal LiMn1.90Mg0.05Si0.05O4, the initial discharge capacity was 126.9mAhg−1 and remained 123.5mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at 0.5C in the voltage range of 3.20∼4.35V. The capacity retention could reach 97.3%, which was far higher than that of the undoped LiMn2O4.
Mesoporous and worm-like In2O3 catalysts have been prepared using KIT-6 and MCM-41 silicas as templates, which show low crystallinities and high surface areas. Compared with commercial In2O3 catalyst with low surface area, these two nano-structured In2O3 catalysts exhibit higher catalytic activity for steam reforming of ethyl alcohol at low temperature to produce hydrogen containing no detectable CO impurity, presenting an advantage in comparison with the previous reported catalysts.
Salmonella outbreaks in humans are often linked with the consumption of contaminated eggs. Therefore a profound knowledge of the actual prevalence of Salmonella spp. in laying hens and the factors that influence the presence and persistence of Salmonella on a farm is of utmost importance. The housing of laying hens in conventional battery cages will be forbidden in the European Union (EU) from 2012 onwards. There is an urgent need to evaluate whether this move to alternative housing systems will influence the prevalence of Salmonella in laying hens. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was performed in 5 European countries (Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy and Switzerland) to determine the between and within flock prevalence of hens shedding Salmonella and to investigate whether there is an effect of the housing type on Salmonella prevalence. In total 292 laying hen farms were sampled in the month prior to depopulation. An on-farm questionnaire was used to collect information on general management practices and specific characteristics of the sampled flock. Twenty-nine flocks were found positive for at least 1 Salmonella-serotype. In these flocks the within flock prevalence of shedding hens, determined by individual sampling of 40 hens, varied between 0% and 27.50%. A wide variety of serotypes was isolated with Salmonella Enteritidis as the most common. Housing in conventional battery cages, the absence of dry cleaning in between production rounds and sampling in winter turned out to be risk factors for the shedding of Salmonella Enteritidis or Typhimurium (P <0.05).
Movable volumetric three-dimensional multielectrode implants coupled to a modular headcap with wireless capabilities allow simultaneous recording of nearly 500 cortical neurons in freely behaving rhesus monkeys.
Following Ebbinghaus (1885/1964), a number of procedures have been devised to measure short-term memory using immediate serial recall: digit span, Knox's (1913) cube imitation test and Corsi's (1972) blocks task. Understanding the cognitive processes involved in these tasks was obstructed initially by the lack of a coherent concept of short-term memory and later by the mistaken assumption that short-term and long-term memory reflected distinct processes as well as different kinds of experimental task. Despite its apparent conceptual simplicity, a variety of cognitive mechanisms are responsible for short-term memory, and contemporary theories of working memory have helped to clarify these. Contrary to the earliest writings on the subject, measures of short-term memory do not provide a simple measure of mental capacity, but they do provide a way of understanding some of the key mechanisms underlying human cognition.