batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Thermal management is critically important to maintain the performance of lithium ion battery stacks. In this study, a numerical model and an analytical model for the thermal management of lithium ion battery stacks are developed to investigate the thermal behaviors of flat-plate and cylindrical stacks during discharging processes. It is found that for the same volume ratio of cooling channel and battery of flat-plate design, changing the channel size and the number of channels results in similar average battery temperatures, however, increasing the channel size improves the cooling energy efficiency but leads to more unevenly distributed temperature, and vice versa. The volume ratio of cooling channel to battery needs to be higher than 0.014 for flat-plate design when the Reynolds number of cooling air is around 2000 or higher with a high discharging rate of 2 C. The cylindrical battery stacks considered in this study are generally less compact and more energy-efficient in cooling than the flat-plate battery stacks, and the general thermal behaviors are similar between these two designs. A counter-flow arrangement of the cooling channels or changing the flow direction of the co-flow arrangement periodically may also help the thermal management.
Uniformly stacked nanosheets of Mn3O4 with different sizes and crystallinities have been self-assembled on a titanium substrate by a simple and scalable strategy. When the prepared Mn3O4 nanosheets are applied as electrode materials for supercapacitors, they exhibit enhanced electrochemical performances due to the high utilization of active materials. More significantly, based on these stacked nanostructures, we have discussed the relationships between specific area, crystallinity and the electrochemical performance of this material. The stacked nanostructures exhibit a high specific capacitance of 398 Fg−1 at a scan rate of 0.005 V s−1 over a potential window from −0.1 to 0.9 V with high rate capability and good cycling stability. These results demonstrate the importance of a well-arranged and stacked architecture of Mn3O4 in high-energy-storage applications.
Barium ferrate material was coated with nanoparticulate thin films of SiO2 and TiO2 using sol–gel techniques, and was evaluated for use in both zinc-alkaline and lithium non-aqueous batteries. Iron(VI) content was monitored for ferrate materials stored under dry conditions and wetted with KOH and LiPF6 electrolytes. Coated barium ferrate demonstrated improved stability relative to uncoated BaFeO4. SiO2 coated materials do not appear to be useful for either zinc alkaline or lithium non-aqueous systems at this time. TiO2 coated materials demonstrated poor shelf life in alkaline electrolyte, but provided somewhat more favorable results in the lithium cells.
A novel finding, that the “burned” graphene has a significant role in determining the morphology of the resultant LiNiO2 nanoparticles prepared under the air conditions, was reported in this work. Briefly, prior to the calcination-preparation of LiNiO2, a series of graphene with various weight contents (0.5wt%, 1wt%, 1.5wt% and 2wt%) were added in the starting materials of LiNiO2, and then followed by a subsection calcination method under the air conditions. The obtained samples were thoroughly characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was found that when the “burned” content of graphene is below 2wt%, LiNiO2 particles with an average size ranging from about 100 to 500nm were demonstrated to have regular crystal structures. Results obtained from the electrochemical measurements effectively indicated that the largest value of initial discharge capacity and the highest cycling stability were exhibited by the 1.5wt% graphene-burned LiNiO2 cathode material as compared to other graphene-burned samples. Interestingly, when employing graphite other than graphene as the carbon source, LiNiO2 particles with well defined octahedron structure were prepared by the same process, which is beneficial to the development of micro-devices. A novel concept, that burned graphene has a significant role in determining the morphology as well as the electrochemical properties of resulting samples, is presented in this work.
Mindfulness is an increasingly prominent construct in health research but its study has been impeded by a lack of well-validated measures. The Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS; Brown and Ryan, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84:822–848, 2003) is a promising measure and the goal of the present study was to further validate the MAAS in a large university sample (n = 711). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the unidimensional factor structure of the MAAS in the overall sample. No gender differences in MAAS performance were evident, but the factor structure was not confirmed in the subsample of men, apparently due to power limitations. No categorical differences were evident based on experience with meditation, and MAAS performance was not significantly associated with experience with meditation. These findings are interpreted as broadly supporting the MAAS as a valid measure of mindfulness, but suggesting that novice-level experience with meditation should not be presumed to be associated with greater mindfulness.
As a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries, MoS2 unfortunately suffers from its poor electrical/ionic conductivity and drastic volume variation during the repeated sodiation/desodiation, which lead to unsatisfied rate capability and cycleability. Herein, we employ popcorn, an environment benign biomass, as carbon source to construct MoS2/popcorn-derived carbon composites. The composite processes a sandwich-like structure due to the intercalation of carbon, realizing sufficient contact of MoS2 monolayers with carbon as well as expanded interspace of (002) layers in MoS2. The sandwiched structure facilitates electronic transfer as well as Na+ diffusion, and is robust to the volume variation during the sodiation/desodiation. As an anode material for sodium-ion batteries, the optimized composite displays a reversible capacity of 475 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 in the initial cycle, and maintains 406.9 mAh g−1 after 340 cycles. When coupled with NaV0.9Fe0.1PO4 in full sodium-ion batteries, the composite delivers a reversible capacity of 278.4 mAh g−1 in the voltage range of 1.0–3.2 V at 1 A g−1, indicating its practical application for sodium-ion batteries.
The SUR/FIN 2013 exhibition will feature scores of manufacturers, chemical suppliers, and other professionals serving the surface finishing industry. Following is a sampling of some of the products and innovations that will be on display:
Lithium-sulfur batteries have currently attracted wide interest due to their high theoretical capacity, but the practical applications are being hampered by capacity decay, mainly attributed to the polysulfide shuttle. Here, we have designed a novel three-dimensional (3D) nanostructure of graphene hollow spheres (HGs) as the sulfur host. The 3D HGs were successfully prepared via a self-assembly method of wrapping graphene oxide (GO) on SiO2 spheres, and then followed by carbonization and etching of the SiO2. The impregnation of sulfur into the hollow graphene spheres lead to obtaining the HGs/S cathode, which reaches up a high sulfur loading of 90wt% in the composite (72wt % in the whole cathode). The HGs/S cathode material remains a high discharge capacity of 810mAhg−1 after 200 cycles at 0.5C rate. Furthermore, it demonstrates a low capacity-decay rate of 0.083% per cycle after 600 cycles at 1C rate. Compared with pristine reduced graphene oxide/sulfur composites (RGO/S), the as-prepared 3D self-assembled graphene hollow spheres HGs/S exhibit significantly improved electrochemical performances in terms of high specific capacity, remarkable rate capability and excellent cycling stability. These synergistic effects are achieved by more effective 3D ion/electron transport pathways, and efficient confinement of polysulfide dissolution and shuttling.
Automation of complicated underwater tasks require acoustic image based object recognition. This paper presents an acoustic image based real-time object recognition system. We proposed an acoustic image predictor to estimate an object's shape in advance. Depending on the acoustic camera's position, the predictor generates optimal template for recognition. The proposed method is implemented in our autonomous marine vehicle. For real-time processing, efficient recognition strategies are addressed. The vehicle detects an object and localizes it for recognition. In the detection process, the acoustic image's specific characteristics are used as the detection cues. In the localization process, the vehicle's horizontal and vertical positioning strategies are described. Efficient template generation method to minimize computing power is addressed. This realizes real-time recognition using the vehicle. To estimate the proposed system's accuracy and reliability, a recognition test was carried out in the field. The vehicle successfully recognized two different objects with high accuracy.
MnO2 is electrodeposited onto ZnO nanorod array grown on Ni foil, forming a binder-free ZnO/MnO2 composited electrode. XRD, EDS, SEM and TEM are used to analyze the phase and microstructure of this composite. Burr-like MnO2 nanoflakes grows on ZnO nanorod array, the top of the composite is hollow and at the bottom exists ZnO large block core as an internal support, forming ZnO/MnO2 sea urchin-like sleeve array. As anode material for lithium ion batteries, ZnO/MnO2 sleeve array exhibits higher discharge capacity and coulombic efficiency, better rate performance and cycling stability than single ZnO nanorod array or directly electrodepsited MnO2, and the composite effect is very remarkable. After 100 cycles, the discharge capacity of ZnO/MnO2 still reaches 1259mAhg−1, and coulombic efficiency surpasses 98%, higher than those of ZnO nanorod array (111mAhg−1) and directly electrodeposited MnO2 (507mAhg−1). The improvement of the electrochemical performances is due to the unique sea urchin-like sleeve array architecture. MnO2 burr tube shell structure leads to high electrochemical activity while the internal ZnO core support ensures good structure stability. The gradually opening of sea urchin-like sleeve during the cycling further enhances the electrochemical activity of MnO2, stabilizing and increasing electrochemical performances of the ZnO/MnO2 composite.
Li4Ti5O12 nanoclusters are successfully prepared by a facile solution-based method and subsequent calcination. The influences of calcination temperatures on the microstructure and electrochemical performance of the products are studied. Results indicate that the sample annealed at 700°C exhibits outstanding rate performances and excellent long-term cycle stabilities. It displays a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 96.0% and a desirable discharge capacity of 176mAhg−1 at 0.1°C between 1.0 and 2.5V (vs. Li/Li+). The discharge capacity at 10°C is as high as 116mAhg−1 with capacity retention of 95.7% over 100cycles. Therefore, this Li4Ti5O12 nanocluster material can be a superior and practical candidate for the anodes of high-power lithium-ion batteries.
A calendar life study was conducted on lithium ion pouch cells which were stored under float charge condition at five temperatures. The half cell study showed that the anode experienced severe loss of the active material, especially at high temperatures. The capacity fade mechanisms were then proposed. The capacity fade at low temperatures could mostly be caused by the loss of lithium inventory to side reactions and impedance increase. The capacity fade at high temperatures demonstrated a two-regime pattern. The fading mechanisms in the first regime could be similar to those at low temperatures. The capacity fade in the second regime could be dominated by the severe loss of active carbon material. The impedance rise plays a minor role in the second capacity fade regime.
Silicon/carbon composite anode materials were prepared by pyrolyzing the phenol-formaldehyde resin (PFR) mixed with silicon and graphite powders. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation showed that the morphology stability of the composite electrodes can be retained during cycling. A structure evolution mechanism is proposed to illuminate the enhancement of cycleability of the composite electrode. The composite used as anode material for lithium ion batteries possesses a reversible capacity of over 700mAh/g.
This paper reports the facile synthesis of a novel electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor. The binder-free Zn-Mn-Co ternary oxide nanoneedles with highly exposed active sites to electrolyte were examined by multiple characterizations. Zn-Mn-Co ternary oxide nanoneedle electrode exhibited a high specific capacity of 849Cg−1 at a current density of 1Ag−1 in three electrode measurements. Furthermore, it showed an excellent cycling stability after 8000cycles and a very high coulombic efficiency. Moreover, hybrid supercapacitor device was assembled using Zn-Mn-Co ternary oxide nanoneedles as a positive electrode and activated carbon as a negative electrode. The hybrid supercapacitor device showed a high specific capacity of 158Cg−1 at a current density of 1Ag−1. The device delivered a high energy density of 35.5Whkg−1 and a high power density of 7.5kWkg−1. Interestingly, the hybrid supercapacitor device showed 100% initial capacitance retention over 7000cycles. All these attractive results demonstrate the importance of this electrode material towards practical application.
While asymmetry in the fusiform gyrus (FFG) has been reported in functional and structural studies in typically developing controls (TDC), few studies have examined FFG asymmetry in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) subjects and those studies are limited by small sample sizes, and confounded by cognitive ability or handedness. No previous work has examined FFG surface area or cortical thickness asymmetry in ASD; nor do we understand the trajectory of FFG asymmetry over time. Finally, it is not known how FFG structural asymmetry relates to ASD symptom severity.
Nanotechnology has opened up new frontiers in materials science and engineering in the past several decades. Considerable efforts on nanostructured electrode materials have been made in recent years to fulfill the future requirements of electrochemical energy storage. Compared to bulk materials, most of these nanostructured electrode materials improve the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of electrochemical reactions for achieving high energy and power densities. Here we briefly review the state-of-the-art research activities in the area of nanostructured positive electrode materials for post-lithium ion batteries, including Li–S batteries, Li–Se batteries, aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries, Li–O2 batteries, Na-ion batteries, Mg-ion batteries and Al-ion batteries. These future rechargeable battery systems may offer increased energy densities, reduced cost, and more environmental benignity. A particular focus is directed to the design principles of these nanostructured positive electrode materials and how nanostructuring influences electrochemical performance. Moreover, the recent achievements in nanostructured positive electrode materials for some of the latest emerging rechargeable batteries are also summarized, such as Zn-ion batteries, F- and Cl-ion batteries, Na–, K– and Al–S batteries, Na– and K–O2 batteries, Li–CO2 batteries, novel Zn–air batteries, and hybrid redox flow batteries. To facilitate further research and development, some future research trends and directions are finally discussed.
In this manuscript, we present a facile and friendly wet chemical method to prepare monodisperse SnO2 nanocrystals assembled on reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Aided with sodium dodecyl sulfonate, small SnO2 nanoparticles (∼5 nm) are deposited onto the flexible support evenly and tightly. A cheap compound, urea, is used for the controlled precipitation of SnO2 and the reduction of graphene oxide. When tested as the anode material, the hybrid composite electrode delivers excellent cyclability at high current density, such as high reversible capacity over 1000mAhg−1 after 400 cycles at 0.5Ag−1 and ∼560mAhg−1 after 400 cycles at 1Ag−1. The composites also exhibit superior rate capability varying from 0.1 to 4Ag−1, and possess capacity of 423mAhg−1 at 4Ag−1. This synthesis strategy seems to be suitable for industrial production and can also be extended to produce a variety of metal oxide/RGO composites.
Core–shell structured, carbon-coated, nano-scale Cu6Sn5 has been prepared by a modified carbothermal reduction method using polymer coated mixed oxides of CuO and SnO2 as precursors. On heat treatment, the mixture oxides were converted into Cu6Sn5 alloy by carbothermal reduction. Simultaneously, the remnants carbon was coated on the surface of the Cu6Sn5 particles to form a core–shell structure. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images demonstrate that the well-coated carbon layer effectively prevents the encapsulated, low melting point alloy from out flowing in a high-temperature treatment process. Core–shell structured, carbon coated Cu6Sn5 delivers a reversible capacity of 420mAhg−1 with capacity retention of 80% after 50 cycles. The improvement in the cycling ability can be attributed to the fact that the carbon-shell prevents aggregation and pulverization of nano-sized tin-based alloy particles during charge/discharge cycling.
Herein, we report the electrochemical water oxidation efficiency of nano-Co3O4 catalyst samples obtained by the thermal decomposition of Co(NO3)2·6H2O at various temperatures (320, 420, 520, and 620 °C). The structural and morphological details of the synthesized samples were determined by employing X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. These studies revealed the formation of well-dispersed nano-Co3O4 particles with sizes, shapes, and crystallinity levels that differed for the different decomposition temperatures. The prepared catalysts were immobilized on filter-paper-derived carbon electrodes for checking their electrochemical properties. The electrochemical efficiency levels of the Co3O4 catalyst samples were evaluated by employing each of them as an anode to study the water oxidation reaction. The nano-Co3O4 sample prepared at 420 °C yielded the highest efficiency and good stability towards the water oxidation reaction. The higher efficiency of this sample was attributed to the relatively small average size and low level of agglomeration of its nanoparticles, and to the high electrochemically active surface area of its electrode.
An electrochemical thermal model was developed to study the internal short-circuit behavior of a lithium ion cell. The model was used to understand several experimental observations: several short-circuit scenarios possible in a lithium ion cell were simulated and the power generated from each case was calculated. Influence of parameters like the SOC and initial temperature of the cell was studied. Experiments were carried out to verify the predictions made using the model. Some pointers are provided towards design of a safer cell.
In this paper, an optimal energy control of a 3kW residential grid-interactive solar PV system is presented. A typical two-bedroom household within the eThekwini municipality in the city of Durban, South Africa, is considered. The aim is to assess the potential of energy cost saving and cost effectiveness the system can achieve under the new residential feed-in tariff (FIT), referred to as residential embedded generation tariff. Simulation results show that a potential of 69.41% energy cost saving and payback period (PBP) of 19years can be achieved under the current FIT. By increasing the current FIT by 58%, the energy cost saving is increased by 22.8%, while the period is decreased to 14years. When the FIT is increased by 71.25% from its current value, a 75% increase in the cost saving is achieved with a PBP of 8.6years. However, it is shown that the higher the FIT the lesser the need for a battery bank if grid failures are not considered as a constraint. The impact of battery storage and grid electricity price on the profitability of the grid-interactive solar PV system is also analyzed. It is shown that the use of battery storage system will have a positive effect on the system profitability only when the FIT is not attractive. For attractive FITs, the use of battery storage will have a negative effect on the profitability of the grid-interactive solar PV system. Simulation results also show that the higher the grid electricity price the higher the profitability of the system.
While genome-wide association (GWA) studies have yielded notable findings with regard to the identification of risk variants in diseases such as obesity and diabetes, similar studies of schizophrenia – and neuropsychiatric diseases in general – have failed to produce strong findings. One, plausible explanation for this relates to phenotypic heterogeneity and what may be inherent imprecision associated with diagnostic categories in neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review we discuss a general approach to addressing the problem of heterogeneity that draws on concepts in behavioral informatics and the use of multivariable behavioral profiles in genetic studies of neuropsychiatric disease. The use of behavioral profiles as phenotypes eliminates the need for categorizing individuals with different ‘subtypes’ of a disease into one group and provides a way to investigate genetic susceptibility to different neuropsychiatric disorders that share similar clinical characteristics, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Further, behavioral profiles are a direct, quantitative representation of the emotional, personality, and neurocognitive functioning of the individuals being studied, and as such, the use of these profiles may provide increased statistical power to detect genetic associations and linkages. We describe and discuss four general data analysis approaches that can be used to analyze and integrate multivariate behavioral profile data and high-dimensional genomic data. Ultimately, we propose that behavioral profile-based phenotypes provide a meaningful alternative to the use of single measures, such as diagnostic category, in genetic association studies of neuropsychiatric disease.
Idiom comprehension in 15 aphasic patients was assessed with three tasks: a sentence-to-picture matching task, a sentence-to-word matching task and an oral definition task. The results of all three tasks showed that the idiom comprehension in aphasic patients was impaired compared to that of the control group, and was significantly affected by the type of task and type of idiom. Whilst performance on the oral definition and sentence-to-picture matching tasks was similarly impaired, the patients performed significantly better on the sentence-to-word matching task. The results confirm the relevance of task and idiom type in drawing conclusions about figurative language interpretation in brain-damaged patients.
Nano-sized Ni3P2O8-Co3P2O8·8H2O is synthesized via a facile chemical precipitation method as the active material of supercapacitors. The experiment result expresses the Ni3P2O8-Co3P2O8·8H2O of the Ni/Co molar ratio of 8:2 exhibits enhanced capacitive behaviors relatively than others, it delivers a highest mass specific capacitance of 1974Fg−1 at 0.5Ag−1, which is higher than both Ni3P2O8 and Co3P2O8·8H2O. The sforzato in specific capacitance is on account of the pore structure, uniform particle morphology, and hyperbaric of Ni. An asymmetric supercapacitor is assembled using the Ni3P2O8-Co3P2O8·8H2O and activated carbon (AC) as positive and negative electrode, respectively. It not only sends a large specific capacitance (94Fg−1) but also good cycling stability (up to 5000 cycles). The impressive results presented here may be potential applications for high energy density storage systems.