batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
As the share of integrated renewable energy sources (RES) increases, traditional operation principles of the power systems need to change in order to maintain reliable and secure service provision, on one hand, and minimal cost and environmentally friendly electricity generation on the other. The challenge of alleviating additional uncertainty and variability brought by new sources to the system operation is seen as defining both flexibility capacities and flexibility requirements through provision of multiple services. In this context the role of emerging technologies, such as electric vehicles (EV) and energy storage (ES), is recognized through their active participation in providing both energy and reserve service. This paper elaborates on the benefits of active EV participation in multiple system services through various charging strategies. The presented mixed integer linear programming (MILP) unit commitment problem (UC) considers the capability of EV to provide primary, secondary and tertiary reserve as well as energy, however the focus is put on the benefits of EV providing spinning reserve services. The results clearly show benefits of multiple EV role to that of providing energy only. In addition the paper analyses multiple power systems, with regards to their energy mix, and recognizes how integration of EVs reflects on power system flexibility through metrics expressed as operational cost, environmental benefits and reduced wind curtailment.
A new ionic liquid-based electrolyte for lithium batteries operating at an elevated temperature of 55°C was prepared by combining N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PP13TFSI) and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI). The electrolyte does not contain volatile organic components and is thermally stable (up to 285°C) and ionically conductive (2.6mScm−1 at 55°C). The 0.7m LiFSI–PP13TFSI electrolyte has been shown to work effectively with a graphite anode due to the ability of the FSI anions to create a stable solid electrolyte interface on graphite. A discharge capacity of 340–345mAhg−1 was achieved at C/10 rate with a coulombic efficiency of 97–98%. The electrolyte is also compatible with LiCo1/3Mn1/3Ni1/3O2 (NMC) cathode material. At the C/10 rate, we achieved a discharge capacity of 160mAhg−1. The coulombic efficiency remains high above 99%.
Pericyte loss and deficient vascular platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFRβ) signaling are prominent features of the blood–brain barrier breakdown described in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) that can predict cognitive decline yet have never been studied in the retina. Recent reports using noninvasive retinal amyloid imaging, optical coherence tomography angiography, and histological examinations support the existence of vascular-structural abnormalities and vascular amyloid β-protein (Aβ) deposits in retinas of AD patients. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of such retinal vascular pathology were not previously explored. Here, by modifying a method of enzymatically clearing non-vascular retinal tissue and fluorescent immunolabeling of the isolated blood vessel network, we identified substantial pericyte loss together with significant Aβ deposition in retinal microvasculature and pericytes in AD. Evaluation of postmortem retinas from a cohort of 56 human donors revealed an early and progressive decrease in vascular PDGFRβ in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD compared to cognitively normal controls. Retinal PDGFRβ loss significantly associated with increased retinal vascular Aβ40 and Aβ42 burden. Decreased vascular LRP-1 and early apoptosis of pericytes in AD retina were also detected. Mapping of PDGFRβ and Aβ40 levels in pre-defined retinal subregions indicated that certain geometrical and cellular layers are more susceptible to AD pathology. Further, correlations were identified between retinal vascular abnormalities and cerebral Aβ burden, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and clinical status. Overall, the identification of pericyte and PDGFRβ loss accompanying increased vascular amyloidosis in Alzheimer’s retina implies compromised blood–retinal barrier integrity and provides new targets for AD diagnosis and therapy.
Optical fibers have been widely used in structural health monitoring. Traditional silica fibers are easy to break in field applications due to their brittleness. Thus, silica fibers are proposed to be replaced by plastic optical fibers (POFs) in crack monitoring in this study. Moreover, considering the uncertainty of crack propagation direction in composite materials, the influence of the angles between fibers and cracks on the monitoring capability of plastic optical fibers is studied. A POF sensing device was designed and the relationship between light intensity loss and crack width under different fiber/crack angles was first measured through the device. Then, three-point bend tests were conducted on concrete beams. POFs were glued to the bottom surfaces of the beams and light intensity loss with crack width was measured. Experimental results showed that light intensity loss in plastic optical fibers increased with crack width increase. Therefore, application of plastic optical fibers in crack monitoring is feasible. Moreover, the results also showed that the sensitivity of the POF crack sensor decreased with the increase of angles between fibers and cracks.
Carbon-encapsulated Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4@C) with varied microstructures were produced by controlling the relative concentrations of glucose and iron nitrate hydrate in a hydrothermal process, followed by heat treatment in Ar atmosphere. Three Fe3O4@C nanocomposites with different particle sizes (mean diameter 31.2, 45.1 and 55.3nm) and Fe3O4 core size (26.8, 15.4 and 10.3nm) were investigated for lithium storage performance. The Fe3O4@C nanoparticles with 15.4nm Fe3O4 core exhibit excellent initial specific capacity (1215mAhg−1) and significantly improved cycling performance (806mAhg−1 after 100 cycles) and rate capability (573mAhg−1 at current density of 1500mAg−1), in comparison to the other Fe3O4@C composites. This superior performance is attributed to microstructural effects spawned from the pomegranate-like carbon coating architecture of the composite, the appropriate carbon content, and the optimized particle size of Fe3O4@C nanoparticles, which combined suppress the agglomeration and pulverization of Fe3O4 nanoparticle upon cycling and enhance the electrical conductivity of the Fe3O4 anode.
Porous carbon materials are of tremendous importance for electrochemical energy storage. Their low cost, wide potential window and high surface area make them ideal electrodes for many applications. The activity of the electrode towards a certain reaction is given by both the available wetted surface area and the electron transfer constant k0 . The present study investigates which electrochemical methods are suitable to determine k0 on porous carbon electrodes. For this purpose, we investigate the ferric/ferrous redox couple on a porous carbon nanotube electrode as model system. We show that results from cyclic voltammetry (CV) can yield an apparent catalytic effect and elucidate its origin. Chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are shown to produce consistent values for the exchange current density I0 , which can then be normalized to k0 . Limitations of both methods in terms of k0 and diffusion constants are discussed. The gathered insights in terms of validity of methods on porous electrodes are harnessed to review the recent literature on the vanadium redox reactions. Reported k0 values spread over four orders of magnitude and there is no consensus on the influence of heat- or acid-treatment on the kinetics. Taking into account the difficulties of CVs on porous electrodes we conclude that reasonable values for the vanadium reactions are k 0 < 1.2 10 − 4 c m s − 1 and that oxidation of the samples increases surface area, catalyzes the V2+/V3+ redox reaction but impedes the VO2+/VO2 + redox reaction.
Ionic liquid-based cross-linked gel polymer electrolytes were prepared with a phosphazene-based cross-linking agent, and their electrochemical properties were investigated. Lithium polymer cells composed of lithium anode and LiCoO2 cathode were assembled with ionic liquid-based cross-linked gel polymer electrolyte and their cycling performance was evaluated. The interfacial adhesion between the electrodes and the electrolyte by in situ chemical cross-linking resulted in stable capacity retention of the cell. A reduction in the ionic mobility in both the electrolyte and the electrode adversely affected discharge capacity and high rate performance of the cell. DSC studies demonstrated that the use of ionic liquid-based cross-linked gel polymer electrolytes provided a significant improvement in the thermal stability of the cell.
Electrochemical characteristics of carbide-derived micro/mesoporous carbon material C(TiC) (prepared from TiC) have been studied in 1M LiClO4, 0.5M LiClO4 +0.5M LiPF6, and 1M LiPF6 electrolyte solutions in ethylene carbonate–dimethyl carbonate solvent mixture (1:1 by volume), by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), constant current charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Region of ideal polarizability, values of series capacitance and resistance, charge transfer resistance and capacitance, and other characteristics dependent on the electrolyte anion chemical composition have been established. The dependence of Li+ ion intercalation characteristics and solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation on the salt anion composition have been established and discussed. It was found that the three electrolytes studied are comparatively weak candidates for long-lasting high energy and power density supercapacitors.
In the last few decades, we have witnessed an increasing focus on safety in the workplace. ICT has always played a leading role in this context. One ICT sector that is increasingly important in ensuring safety at work is the Internet of Things and, in particular, the new architectures referring to it, such as SIoT, MIoT and Sentient Multimedia Systems. All these architectures handle huge amounts of data to extract predictive and prescriptive information. For this purpose, they often make use of Machine Learning. In this paper, we propose a framework that uses both Sentient Multimedia Systems and Machine Learning to support safety in the workplace. After the general presentation of the framework, we describe its specialization to a particular case, i.e., fall detection. As for this application scenario, we describe a Machine Learning based wearable device for fall detection that we designed, built and tested. Moreover, we illustrate a safety coordination platform for monitoring the work environment, activating alarms in case of falls, and sending appropriate advices to help workers involved in falls.
The photovoltaics industry has grown remarkably in recent decades but as it has grown, quality assurance during the manufacturing and installation processes has become increasingly important. There is often a cultural divide between those who develop and those who implement the designs, motivating partnering of these efforts.
Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is a promising electrical energy storage device, particularly for applications with intermittent-type renewable energies. In practical operation, the commonly used graphite felt (GF)-based electrode has to be modified first to generate a hydrophilic environment suitable for redox reactions of vanadium ions to proceed. This study proposes a novel modification approach by impregnation with a Nafion® ionomer solution that significantly improves the wettability and substantially enhances the activity of the GF electrode. Characterizations of modified electrode are carried out using various techniques. The whole-cell cyclic voltammogram obtained is well-defined having a wider electrochemical window and more pronounced redox signals than those of the electrochemically oxidized counterpart. Characterization results indicate that there are no surface functional groups generated other than the sulfonic acid of the coated ionomer, and the applied electric field might have caused improved surface graphitization of the modified GF electrode. Electrochemical test results suggest that the electrode kinetics follows a diffusion-controlled process with simple electron transfer redox reactions proceeding directly through the surface graphitic sites, instead of via generated surface functional groups as the conventionally recognized paradigm. Moreover, the fabricated single-cell VRFB exhibits an excellent cell performance. The related redox reaction mechanisms are proposed.
A three-dimensional graphene aerogel supporting LiFePO4 nanoparticles (LFP/GA) has been synthesized by a hydrothermal process. The morphology and microstructure of LFP/GA were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis. The electrochemical properties were evaluated by constant-current charge/discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Well-distributed LFP nanoparticles are anchored on both sides of graphene and then assemble into a highly porous three-dimensional aerogel architecture. Conductive graphene networks provide abundant paths to facilitate the transfer of electrons, while the aerogel structures offer plenty of interconnected open pores for the storage of electrolyte to enable the fast supply of Li ions. The LFP and graphene aerogel composites present superior specific capacity, rate capability and cycling performance in comparison to the pristine LFP or LFP supported on graphene sheets and are thus promising for lithium-ion battery applications.
The surface morphologies of lead sheets in sulfuric acid solution, with or without lignin, under temperature control during anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction are investigated by using in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy combined with cyclic voltammetry. Whether lignosulfonate (lignin) is added or not, it is found at −20°C that the precipitation of lead sulfate crystals occurs immediately after supersaturation of dissolved Pb2+ ions at the anodic oxidation peak on the cyclic voltammogram. It is also observed that the density of lead sulfate crystals formed on the lead electrode after anodic oxidation decreases and the crystal size becomes larger when lignin is added. Furthermore, the addition of lignin delays dissolution of lead sulfate crystals during cathodic reduction at room temperature (RT).
Diminished expressivity is a poorly understood, but important construct for a range of mental diseases. In the present study, we employed computerized acoustic analysis of natural speech to understand diminished expressivity in patients with schizophrenia and mood disorders. We were interested in the degree to which speech characteristics tapping alogia (i.e., average pause duration) and blunted affect (i.e., prosody computed from fundamental frequency and intensity) reflected psychiatric symptoms (i.e., depression, anxiety, paranoia and bizarre behavior) versus neurocognitive deficits. Twenty-six subjects with schizophrenia and 22 subjects with mood disorders provided speech samples in response to a variety of laboratory stimuli and completed neuropsychological batteries assessing a range of abilities. For both the schizophrenia and mood disorder groups, attentional coding deficits were significantly correlated with increased pause time (at large effect size levels) and, for the schizophrenia group only, reduced prosody (also at a large effect size level). For the mood disorder but not the schizophrenia group, increased average pause time was also significantly associated with neurocognitive deficits on a range of other tests (medium to large effect size levels). Psychiatric symptoms were not significantly associated with speech characteristics for either group (generally, negligible effect sizes). These results suggest that there is a link between expressivity and neurocognitive dysfunctions for both patients with schizophrenia and mood disorders. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Using a new simulative technique developed by us, we systematically investigated new ternary or quaternary molten salt systems, which are based on LiF–LiCl, LiF–LiBr, and LiCl–LiBr binary systems, for use as electrolytes in thermal batteries, and evaluated their ionic conductivities and melting points experimentally. It was confirmed experimentally that LiF–LiBr–KF (melting point: 425°C, ionic conductivity at 500°C: 2.52Scm−1), LiCl–LiBr–KF (405°C, 2.56Scm−1), LiCl–LiBr–NaF–KF (425°C, 3.11Scm−1), LiCl–LiBr–NaCl–KCl (420°C, 2.73Scm−1), and LiCl–LiBr–NaBr–KBr (420°C, 2.76Scm−1) meet our targets for both melting point (350–430°C) and ionic conductivity (2.0Scm−1 and higher at 500°C). A single cell using the newly developed LiCl–LiBr–NaCl–KCl molten salt as an electrolyte was prepared, and the DC-IR of the cell decreased by 20% than that of a single cell using the conventional LiCl–KCl molten salt. It was therefore concluded that the use of new quaternary molten salt systems can improve the discharge rate-capability in practical battery applications because of their high ionic conductivities.
The study of stem cells in cnidarians has a history spanning hundreds of years, but it has primarily focused on the hydrozoan genus Hydra. While Hydra has a number of self-renewing cell types that act much like stem cells—in particular the interstitial cell line—finding cellular homologues outside of the Hydrozoa has been complicated by the morphological simplicity of stem cells and inconclusive gene expression data. In non-hydrozoan cnidarians, an enigmatic cell type known as the amoebocyte might play a similar role to interstitial cells, but there is little evidence that I-cells and amoebocytes are homologous. Instead, self-renewal and transdifferentiation of epithelial cells was probably more important to ancestral cnidarian development than any undifferentiated cell lineage, and only later in evolution did one or more cell types come under the regulation of a “stem” cell line. Ultimately, this hypothesis and competing ones will need to be tested by expanding genetic and developmental studies on a variety of cnidarian model systems.
We present a plate-frame microfluidic fuel cell architecture with porous flow-through electrodes. The architecture combines the advantages of recent microfluidic fuel cells with those of traditional plate-frame PEM fuel cells and enables vertical stacking with little dead volume. Peak current and power densities of 15.7mAcm−2 and 5.8mWcm−2 were observed. In addition to the new plate-frame architecture, microfabrication techniques have been used to create a new form of high performance electrode. Laser ablation of a polymer precursor followed by a pyrolysis process was used to create a thin, low-cost micro-porous electrode that provides for more rapid reactant transport. Here we show a 140% increase in power density compared to commercial carbon fiber paper.
SnO2/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites were prepared by the solvothermal method and subsequent heat treatment at 360°C. The samples were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results on the higher SnO2 content composite sample indicate that a uniform layer of SnO2 nanocrystals with crystal size around 5nm was deposited on the surface of the carbon nanotubes. The composite demonstrates a reversible lithium storage capacity of 709.9mAhg−1 at the first cycle and excellent cyclic retention up to 100 cycles as anode for lithium ion batteries.
A number of literature studies have shown that the energy density of lithium ion battery depends majorly on the particle radius, diffusivity, electric conductivity and thickness of the electrode. However, since the discovery of these major parameters, there has been no significant breakthrough in the present design technology to achieve successful design application in the Electric Vehicle industry. The energy density still ranges around 250Wh/kg on improvement and is insignificant compared to the energy produced by the internal combustion engine. Therefore, in this paper dimensional analysis is applied to lithium ion battery’s energy density in order to obtain the sets of parameters that influence the performance with cathode material as reference. Five different cathode materials including; LiMn2O4, LiFePO4, LiCoO2, LiV6O13, and LiTiS2 were used and the ranges for all material properties was selected based on reported data from literature. In order to bridge the gap in literature towards predicting the amount of energy obtainable from a specific electrode design, an empirical energy density model is proposed. Result showed that the specific modulus of the battery’s electrode is a dominant factor for improving the energy density of the lithium ion battery compared to the particle radius, diffusivity and electrode thickness. Thus, in order to achieve a significant breakthrough, electrodes with high specific modulus are required. Designing an electrode with the characteristics of very low density, high compressibility factor, and high young modulus is necessary for an improved system performance. Thus, material combination of LiCoO2/Aqueous-Lithium-air could give a practical breakthrough in achieving very high specific modulus and consequently high energy density. It is therefore suggested that focus on the mechanical/elastic property should not be geared only to its durability but also towards the energy density.
Novel synthetic approaches for the effective construction of MoOx – organic hybrid structures and MoOx nanosheets (NSs) have been developed. A solvothermal (ST) treatment of molybdenum trioxide utilizing dodecylamine (DDA) as an intercalating agent leads to the formation of MoOx – DDA hybrid structures. Layer spacing as a function of organic molecule lengths can be controlled by changing the surfactants located between the nanosheets. Maintaining the integrity of the parent crystal, hexagonal-shaped molybdenum oxide NSs up to four micrometers in lateral size separate following sonication of the hybrid structures. Formation of MoOx–oleylamine (OAm) highly oriented nanosheets with plasmonic behavior were also achieved using a rapid ST treatment of molybdenum trioxide in the presence of OAm surfactant. The effects of time and temperature on the formation, morphology, and crystal structure of well-ordered nanosheets were explored. These synthesized hybrid nanostructures and NSs are expected to show great potential for a variety of applications including rechargeable batteries, catalysis, and nanodevices.
The deployment time of a taut-wire mooring is reduced to the time any transportation/hoisting device needs to put a payload at the sea surface. This is a matter of minutes rather than hours needed for deployment of long deep-ocean moorings in the regular way. It is achieved by extending the basic function of mooring parts to temporarily form a Launcher for Oceanographic Equipment and Instruments (LOEI). Full preparation of the mooring is done onshore where the instruments are prepared and programmed, and spooled onto the top-buoy together with the line. At sea, no other gear is required than a device that is able to lift a load of, say, 2000kg, even for long deep-ocean moorings. The compact mooring method realizes considerable budget savings through deployments from non-research vessels and airborne transportation-deployment. Limitations lay in size and weight of the oceanographic instruments. We present a test-design shaped as a barbell and loaded with 940m line and 3 current meters. Unfurling speed was maximally 2.3ms−1 and the descent speed amounted 1.2ms−1 until landing on the seabed. These speeds are comparable to those acquired during a conventional free-falling mooring deployment.