batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The conversion of carbon dioxide and water into fuels in a solar refinery presents a potential solution for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, while providing a sustainable source of fuels and chemicals. Towards realizing such a solar refinery, there are many technological advances that must be met in terms of capturing and sourcing the feedstocks (namely CO2, H2O, and solar energy) and in catalytically converting CO2 and H2O. In the first part of this paper, we review the state-of-the-art in solar energy collection and conversion to solar utilities (heat, electricity, and as a photon source for photo-chemical reactions), CO2 capture and separation technology, and non-biological methods for converting CO2 and H2O to fuels. The two principal methods for CO2 conversion include (1) catalytic conversion using solar-derived hydrogen and (2) direct reduction of CO2 using H2O and solar energy. Both hydrogen production and direct CO2 reduction can be performed electro-catalytically, photo-electrochemically, photo-catalytically, and thermochemically. All four of these methods are discussed. In the second part of this paper, we utilize process modeling to assess the energy efficiency and economic feasibility of a generic solar refinery. The analysis demonstrates that the realization of a solar refinery is contingent upon significant technological improvements in all areas described above (solar energy capture and conversion, CO2 capture, and catalytic conversion processes).
High temperature microwave furnaces, while common in Asia, are only now beginning to be taken up by industry in the US and Europe. One company promoting this new technology is Spheric Technologies Inc. Chairman Joseph Hines spoke to Liz Nickels about the future of microwave in PM…
Co3O4 nanorods/GNS (graphene nanosheets) nanocomposites have been synthesized through a one-spot solvothermal method, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical performances reveal that the obtained Co3O4 nanorods/GNS nanocomposites exhibit improved cycling stability, remarkably high reversible lithium storage capacity and superior rate capability, e.g. approximate 1310mAhg−1 and 1090mAhg−1 of capacity are retained even after 40 cycles at a current density of 100mAg−1 and 1000mAg−1, respectively. The high electrochemical performances can be attributed to the unique structure of Co3O4 nanorods/GNS nanocomposites, in which the 1D structure of Co3O4 can prevent the aggregation of Co3O4 and reduce the stacking degree of GNS, providing an excellent ion diffusion and electronic conduction pathway.
We report a linearly polarized luminescent solar concentrator with broad absorption across the visible, and luminescence beyond the emissive spectrum of the display. When used to replace a conventional polarizer in a luminescent display, this device recycles light absorbed by the polarizer, guiding it to the frame of the display where solar cells may be mounted.
For graphitic carbons as anode materials in lithium ion batteries, the morphology and chemistry of the graphite surface have a significant impact on the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), the corresponding irreversible charge losses, and the overall electrochemical anode performance. In this work the effects of graphite surface modification, induced by an elevated temperature treatment, on the SEI formation are discussed in details. Morphology changes due to burn-off of carbon are investigated by Raman spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption measurements, which are not only used to calculate the BET specific surface area but also for the estimation of the absolute and relative extents of the basal plane surface area and the “non-basal plane surface” area. In particular, the relation of the first cycle irreversible charge loss to the change of surface morphology, especially to the quantitative amounts of the different types of surfaces is highlighted.
The aim of the research is to study the prevention process aimed at decreasing suicidal risks among student youth. On the basis of the received results, there has been determined and grounded the complex of social and pedagogical conditions providing prevention of student youth suicidal behavior which includes diagnostics in the field of suicidal behavior forecasting, development of effective program on prevention of suicidal behavior in student youth environment.120 students of the Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology of Kazan (Privolzhsky) federal university took part in the experiment, there were revealed students inclined to destructive behavior among them. The battery of tests was used to gather information. The received results were exposed to statistical processing. To decrease suicidal risks the prevention program has been developed and approved.
Rodent models of orofacial pain typically use methods adapted from manipulations to hind paw; however, limitations of these models include animal restraint and subjective assessments of behavior by the experimenter. In contrast to these methods, assessment of operant responses to painful stimuli has been shown to overcome these limitations and expand the breadth of interpretation of the behavioral responses. In the current study, we used an operant model based on a reward-conflict paradigm to assess nociceptive responses in three strains of mice (SKH1-Hrhr, C57BL/6J, TRPV1 knockout). We previously validated this operant model in rats and hypothesized in this study that wild-type mice would demonstrate a similar thermal stimulus-dependent response and similar operant pain behaviors. Additionally, we evaluated the effects on operant behaviors of mice manipulated genetically (e.g., TRPV1 k.o.) or pharmacologically with resiniferatoxin (RTX), a lesioning agent for TRPV1-expressing neurons. During the reward-conflict task, mice accessed a sweetened milk reward solution by voluntarily position their face against a neutral or heated thermode (37–55°C).
β″-Al2O3 has been the dominated choice for the electrolyte materials of sodium batteries because of its high ionic conductivity, excellent stability with the electrode materials, satisfactory mechanical strength, and low material cost. To achieve adequate electrical and mechanical performance, sintering of β″-Al2O3 is typically carried out at temperatures above 1600 °C with deliberate efforts on controlling the phase, composition, and microstructure. Here, we reported a simple method to fabricate β″-Al2O3/YSZ electrolyte at relatively lower temperatures. With the starting material of boehmite, single phase of β″-Al2O3 can be achieved at as low as 1200 °C. It was found that TiO2 was extremely effective as a sintering aid for the densification of β″-Al2O3 and similar behavior was observed with MnO2 for YSZ. With the addition of 2 mol% TiO2 and 5 mol% MnO2, the β″-Al2O3/YSZ composite was able to be densified at as low as 1400 °C with a fine microstructure and good electrical/mechanical performance. This study demonstrated a new approach of synthesis and sintering of β″-Al2O3/YSZ composite, which represented a simple and low-cost method for fabrication of high-performance β″-Al2O3/YSZ electrolyte.
A series of spinel Li4Ti5O12 samples were synthesized via a composite molten-salt method (CMSM) using the mixtures of LiCl and KCl with different L values (L is defined as the molar ratio of LiCl:KCl) as the reaction media. It is found that the melting point of the composite molten salt can effectively influence the formation of particles, and leads to different electrochemical performances of the as-prepare Li4Ti5O12. The investigations of X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size distribution (PSD), Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface area, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicate that the as-prepared Li4Ti5O12 with L =1.5 is a pure phase, and has uniform homogeneous octahedral shape particles, rather narrow PSD, and high BET surface area. Electrochemical tests show that the optimized Li4Ti5O12 with L =1.5 has an initial discharge capacity of 169mAhg−1 and an initial charge–discharge efficiency of 94% at 0.2C rate, and achieves good rate performances from 0.2C to 5C.
The behavior of two types of mesoporous carbons with different pore structures (i.e. unimodal and bimodal) as electrode material in an electrochemical double-layer capacitor has been analyzed. The carbon samples were prepared using mesostructured silica materials (MSM) as templating agents. The unimodal mesoporous carbon has a BET surface area of 1550m2 g−1, and a pore volume of 1.03cm3 g−1; the porosity is mainly made up of structural mesopores of ca. 3nm that exhibit a narrow pore size distribution (PSD). The bimodal carbon shows larger surface area (1730m2 g−1) and larger pore volume (1.50cm3 g−1); the porosity is composed of two types of mesopores: structural (size around 3nm) and complementary (size around 16nm) mesopores. Both carbons show a disordered 3-D pore structure. Heat treatments at high temperatures (1000°C) for long times (11h) do not significantly change the pore structure with respect to the two synthesised carbons (800°C). From the synthesized and heat-treated carbons, electrodes were processed as composites in which the carbons, polivinilidene fluoride (PVDF) and carbon black (CB) were the components. The effect of the heat treatment and relative CB content on specific capacitance, energy density and power density were studied. We found a specific capacitance of 200Fg−1 for low current density (1mAcm−2) and 110Fg−1 for high current density (150mAcm −2). Moreover, the curve of the specific capacitance versus current density shows three regimes, which are related to the three types of pore: micropores, structural mesopores and complementary mesopores. An energy density of 3Whkg−1 at a power density of 300Wkg−1 was obtained in some particular cases.
In most experimental works, different values of the chemical diffusion coefficient of guest ions in ion-insertion electrodes (IIEs) are evaluated by different techniques, e.g. PITT, GITT and EIS. In fact, the main problem comes from the lack of relevant models to fit accurately the responses of IIEs in the time domain. The aims of this article are the following: first to propose different models for analysis of PITT experimental data (e.g. models derived from equivalent circuit analogs, or using the concept of anomalous diffusion, or assuming that the diffusion length is fluctuating in a Gaussian fashion around a mean value), next to give a general procedure for calculation of potentiostatic current transients from the above models by numerical inversion of Laplace transforms, and finally to discriminate between the candidate models by comparison with experimental data through a non-linear fit procedure. The whole procedure is applied in this article to the analysis of PITT experimental data (issued from the specialized literature) relative to lithium-ion insertion into Li x CoO2 thin-films electrodes.
Acoustic telemetry studies often rely on the assumption that premature tag failure does not affect the validity of inferences. However, in some cases this assumption is possibly or likely invalid and it is necessary to apply a correction to estimation procedures. The question of which approaches and specific models are best suited to modeling acoustic tag failures has received little research attention. In this short communication, we present a meta-analysis of 42 acoustic tag-life studies, originally used to correct survival studies involving outmigrating juvenile salmonids in the Columbia/Snake river basin. We compare the performance of nine alternative parametric models including common failure–time/survival models and the vitality models of Li and Anderson Theor Popul Biol 76:118–131, (2009) and Demogr Res 28:341–372, (2013). The tag-life studies used acoustic tags from three different tag manufacturers, had expected lifetimes between 12 and 61 days, and had dry weights ranging from 0.22 to 1.65 g. In 57% of the cases, the vitality models of Li and Anderson Theor Popul Biol 76:118–131, (2009) and Demogr Res 28:341–372, (2013) fit the tag-failure times best. The vitality models were also the second-best choices in 17% of the cases. Together, the vitality models, log-logistic, (19%), and gamma models (14%) accounted for 90% of the models selected. Unlike more traditional failure–time models (e.g., Weibull, Gompertz, gamma, and log-logistic), the vitality models are capable of characterizing both the early onset of tag failure due to manufacturing errors and the anticipated battery life. We provide further guidance on appropriate sample sizes (50–100 tags) and procedures to be considered when applying precise tag-life corrections in release–recapture survival studies.
Manganese dioxide electrode shows reversible charge storage capacity, if the charge–discharge process is limited to 0.3e− exchange. Addition of small amount of Bi2O3 to manganese dioxide induces reversibility with an exchange of 2e−/Mn. Nickel hydroxide is known to reversibly exchange 1e−. In spite of isostructural relationship between the cobalt hydroxide, nickel hydroxide and manganese dioxide, cobalt hydroxide does not show any electrochemical activity. Bi2O3 modified cobalt hydroxide electrodes exchanges 0.3–0.5e−/Co during the charge discharge process. The oxidation–reduction process in cobalt hydroxide and Bi2O3 modified cobalt hydroxide electrodes were monitored using the PXRD patterns.
We model many combinations of renewable electricity sources (inland wind, offshore wind, and photovoltaics) with electrochemical storage (batteries and fuel cells), incorporated into a large grid system (72 GW). The purpose is twofold: 1) although a single renewable generator at one site produces intermittent power, we seek combinations of diverse renewables at diverse sites, with storage, that are not intermittent and satisfy need a given fraction of hours. And 2) we seek minimal cost, calculating true cost of electricity without subsidies and with inclusion of external costs. Our model evaluated over 28 billion combinations of renewables and storage, each tested over 35,040 h (four years) of load and weather data. We find that the least cost solutions yield seemingly-excessive generation capacity—at times, almost three times the electricity needed to meet electrical load. This is because diverse renewable generation and the excess capacity together meet electric load with less storage, lowering total system cost. At 2030 technology costs and with excess electricity displacing natural gas, we find that the electric system can be powered 90%–99.9% of hours entirely on renewable electricity, at costs comparable to today's—but only if we optimize the mix of generation and storage technologies.
Poly(vinylidenefluoride)/graphene (PVDF/graphene) gel polymer electrolyte is prepared via non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) technique for lithium ion battery application. The effect of graphene on the ion conductivity is investigated by AC impedance measurement. The relationship among the chemical structure, PVDF crystallinity, the graphene on macroporous formation and the ion conductivity are investigated. The results indicate that the graphene disperses homogenously in PVDF, and it also increases the porosity and decreases the crystallinity of the PVDF. At the same time, the unique structure increases the liquid uptake capability of PVDF/graphene polymer electrolyte. The ionic conductivity of the PVDF/graphene polymer electrolyte increases significantly from 1.85mScm−1 in pristine PVDF to 3.61mScm−1 with 0.002wt% graphene. It is found that graphene not only increases the ionic conductivity but also markedly enhances the rate capability and the cycling performances of coin cell. This study shows that PVDF/graphene gel polymer electrolyte is a very promising material for lithium ion batteries.
A Microgrid (MG) Energy Management System (EMS) is a vital supervisory control to make decisions regarding the best use of the electric power generation resources and storage devices within this MG. This paper presents an operational architecture for Real Time Operation (RTO) of an islanded MG. This architecture considers two different parts including Central Control Unit (CCU) and MG Testbed. CCU implements an EMS based on Local Energy Market (LEM) to control a MG. In order to reach this objective, this unit executes Day Ahead Scheduling (DAS) and Real Time Scheduling (RTS). Regarding DAS, a Modified Conventional EMS (MCEMS) based on LEM (MCEMS −LEM ) algorithm has been proposed to find out hourly power set-points of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and customers. LEM is also presented in MCEMS −LEM to obtain the best purchasing price in Day-Ahead Market (DAM), as well as to maximize the utilization of existing DER. With regard to RTS, it must update and feedback the power set-points of DER by considering the results of DAS. The presented architecture is flexible and could be used for different configurations of MGs also in different scenarios. Simulations and experimental evaluations have been carried out using real data to test the performance and accuracy of the MG testbed. This paper aims to operate the MG in islanded mode, ensuring uninterruptable power supply services and reducing the global cost of generated power. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and show a reduction in the generated power cost by almost 8.5%.
Nano-particles of a Ni(II) metal–organic framework (MOF) with cubic building blocks and 1D open channels, i.e. {[Na16(Ni8L12)(H2O)20(H3O)4](CH3CN)(H2O)18.5}∞ (1) (H3L=4,5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid) were synthesized by using ultrasonic method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The effect of concentration of starting reagents on size and morphology of nano-structured compound 1 has also been investigated. Calcination of the bulk powder and nano-sized compound 1 at 700°C under air atmosphere yields NiO nano-particles. Results show that the size and morphology of the NiO nano-particles are dependent upon the particles size of compound 1.
Low cost, non-dendritic magnesium metal is an ideal anode for a post lithium ion battery. Currently, development of magnesium electrolytes governs the rate of progress in this field, because electrolyte properties determine the class of cathodes utilized. A review of the latest progress in the area of magnesium battery electrolyte and a perspective on mitigating present challenges is presented herein. Firstly, density functional theory has been shown to predict the potential window of magnesium electrolytes on inert electrodes. Secondly, we report initial efforts aimed to overcome the corrosive property of these magnesium organohaloaluminates towards less noble metals such as stainless steel. This is a major challenge in developing high voltage magnesium electrolytes essential for batteries which operate above 3V. We lastly touch on cathode candidates including the insertion and conversion classes. One conversion cathode we pay particular attention to is electrophilic sulfur which can be married with magnesium metal anodes by utilizing non-nucleophilic electrolytes obtained by simple crystallization of in situ generated magnesium organohaloaluminates. Effectively, non-nucleophilic electrolytes open the door to research on magnesium/sulfur batteries.
Si/Ni alloy and graphite composites were synthesized using arc-melting followed by high energy mechanical milling (HEMM). Alloy particles comprising of NiSi2, NiSi and Si phases were distributed finely and uniformly on the surface of graphite in the composites obtained after HEMM. The composite containing 60wt.% of Si/Ni alloy exhibited a stable capacity of ∼780mAh/g. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed that some bonds were formed between alloy and graphite after HEMM, which appeared to retain the electrical connection between alloy and graphite during cycling. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that NiSi2 and NiSi phases, which acted as an inactive alloy matrix remained invariant during charge and discharge. In addition to NiSi2 and NiSi phases, disordered graphite layers also played the role of media for the accommodation of large volume change of Si during cycling. The large reversible capacity and good cycleability showed that Si/Ni alloy and graphite composite could be an alternative to conventional graphite-based anode materials for lithium-ion secondary batteries.
Hierarchical layered K0.27MnO2 microflowers are firstly synthesized via a facile and efficient route based on a topochemical reaction process. As cathode materials for aqueous sodium-ion battery, such microflowers exhibit high reversible capacity, long cyclic life and excellent rate capability. After 100 cycles, a reversible capacity of 68.5mAhg–1 at a current density of 0.2Ag–1 is attained in a full cell with K0.27MnO2 as cathode and NaTi2(PO4)3 as anode. We propose a sodium storage mechanism in K0.27MnO2 by analyzing the evolution of structure and interface during charge/discharge process.
Rational construction of advanced FeS2 cathode is one of research hotspots, and of great importance for developing high-performance lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Herein we report a facile hydrolysis-sulfurization method for fabrication of FeS2/C nanotubes arrays with the help of sacrificial Co2(OH)2CO3 nanowires template and glucose carbonization. Self-supported FeS2/C nanotubes consist of interconnected nanoburrs of 5–20 nm, and show hierarchical porous structure. The FeS2/C nanotubes arrays are demonstrated with enhanced cycling life and noticeable high-rate capability with capacities ranging from 735 mAh g−1 at 0.25 C to 482 mAh g−1 at 1.5 C, superior to those FeS2 counterparts in the literature. The composite nanotubes arrays architecture plays positive roles in the electrochemical enhancement due to combined advantages of large electrode-electrolyte contact area, good strain accommodation, improved electrical conductivity, and enhanced structural stability.
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is involved in important aspects of dementia, for example neurotransmission and memory processing, membrane function, choline availability, and antioxidative defense. Reduced PLA2-activity has been reported so far in blood samples and postmortem neuronal tissue in Alzheimer disease. For the first time, we studied PLA2 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in Alzheimer disease (AD), vascular (VD), and mixed Alzheimer/vascular dementia (MD). Intracellular PLA2 was assessed in CSF of 16 AD, 12 VD, 15 MD patients, and 19 healthy control subjects. A fluorometric assay was applied using the PLA2-specific substrate NBDC6-HPC. Significantly reduced PLA2 activity was not only found in AD, but also in VD and MD. This finding was independent of demographic co-variates and medication. PLA2 results in CSF corroborate previous findings of impaired PLA2 function in Alzheimer’s disease and extend these to patients with VD. They are likely to reflect an involvement of PLA2 impairment in a variety of pathomechanisms crucial in different dementia subtypes, in which disruption of cholinergic neurotransmission and disturbance of intact membrane function appear to be the key mechanisms.