batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A facile fabrication method of transparent, conductive and flexible films was achieved by embedding an Au nanofin array into a polymer film. The Au nanofin was prepared by Au sputtering on the grating surface and successive dry etching. The main structural feature of the Au nanofin electrodes is its vertical alignment despite the width of less than 100 nm. Surprisingly, high aspect ratios of height and width, which provide a wide cross sectional effect, are obtained with the vertically disposed metal fins. The Au nanofin film exhibited anisotropic electrical conductivity in a parallel direction with the Au nanofins and its transmittance under visible light and sheet resistance were ca. 81% and 43 Ω/□, respectively, which are comparable to those of a commercial ITO sheet. Moreover, the Au nanofin film could be bent repeatedly with a curvature radius of 3.5 mm without losing its high and anisotropic conductivity. The Au nanofin films can be applied in the electrodes of solar batteries and in see-through displays with high flexibility.
To rapidly promote the development of electric vehicles, an efficient cathode catalyst for Li-O2 batteries is urgently needed. In the present study, we prepared a new type of doped carbon catalyst derived from nori biomass for the cathode of Li-O2 batteries, using a hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis method. The catalyst presented a graphene-like nanosheet structure, a high surface area, and excellent ORR/OER activity. Li-O2 batteries with this catalyst exhibited superior round-trip efficiency (at current densities of 500mA/g, the corresponding coulombic efficiency was 99.8%) and excellent cycling stability (100 stable cycles at 200mA/g under capacity limitation). Furthermore, the charge–discharge overpotential could be reduced dramatically by adding LiI to the electrolyte, resulting in greatly enhanced battery performance. The battery’s energy efficiency was over 90%, even after 100 cycles at limited capacity. We concluded the following: (i) the high surface area and nanosheet structure of the nori catalyst provided sufficient space not only to accommodate the discharge products but also to guarantee that oxygen, soluble catalyst, and lithium ions could be freely transported; and (ii) these combined with the redox mediator LiI that was added to the electrolyte, which could freely access the interior of the air electrode, easily reacting with the solid discharge products and effectively changing the morphology and chemical nature of the discharge products. We believe these factors were responsible for the significantly enhanced performance of the resulting Li-O2 batteries, suggesting this method may be a facile way to achieve a high-performance Li-O2 battery.
We present herein Raman spectroscopy and SEM characterizations of composite graphite electrodes in conjunction with classical electroanalytical characterizations (SSCV and EIS) during prolonged cycling. During cycling, graphite particles crack into smaller pieces that are less oriented than the original platelets, with the possible filling of the cracks thus formed by the reduction products of the electrolyte solution. In addition, the average crystalline size (estimated by Raman spectroscopy) decreases as cycling progresses. The borders between the crystallites may possess dangling bonds and generally contain low-energy (or hollow) sites for irreversible interaction with Li-ions and solution species. The redistribution between the hollow and the shallow sites (i.e. the site for reversible Li-ion storage) occurring during electrode cycling is responsible for the moderate decrease of the reversible capacity of graphite electrodes observed during prolonged cycling.
Among high capacity cathodes, LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 has a high capacity and stable electrochemical performance, although it suffers from degradation upon cycling and aging as a result of the formation of inactive NiO on the surface edges. In this study, the role of Ti, which partially replaces Ni in the transition metal layer that is in particular intended to surface region not in bulk of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, is investigated on the electrochemical performance and interfacial phenomena using transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses before and after electrochemical cycling. As a result, formation of NiO inactive phase is inhibited for the Ti-doped LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, so that the electrode could deliver higher capacity upon cycling test. Further electrochemical impedance analysis is performed to understand the interfacial behavior of Ti-doped LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.02Ti0.03O2).
Salinity and stable oxygen isotope (δ18O) data collected from eight estuaries distributed throughout the Canadian Arctic Archipelago were used to apportion contributions from local meteoric water (MW) and sea ice meltwater (SIM) sources during July and August of 2015 and 2016. The size of the rivers flowing into the estuaries varied by an order of magnitude (in terms of mean annual discharge); however, the inventories of MW were always greater or equal to SIM inventories, indicating that MW was the dominant freshwater source. Residence times of MW generally ranged between 1 and 8 days, with longer times (> 20 days) computed for estuaries in the Somerset Island and Baffin Island regions. Shorter residence times indicate, but do not confirm, that river waters move through the estuaries and proceed offshore relatively quickly. Despite this swift transport, nonconservative behaviors were observed for barium and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). These behaviors were identified via examination of total alkalinity, barium, and DOC concentrations that remained after accounting for contributions from MW and seawater . Remaining concentrations/anomalies that deviated significantly from a linear correlation with SIM were attributed to nonconservative behaviors (e.g., desorption of barium from river-borne particles, remineralization of DOC) or inaccurate assignments of endmember values in the water type analyses. Thus, these anomalies offer a means to better inform water type analyses in the correct assignment of endmember properties that best represent the environment studied.
A novel thioether containing conjugative polymer, poly(tetrahydrobenzodithiophene) (PTBDT), with high discharge specific capacity as the cathode material for lithium batteries, has been synthesized chemically. The polymer has been characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The cyclic voltammogram of the polymer shows multiple redox peaks. The charge–discharge tests show stable discharge specific capacity about 560mAhg−1 and the maximal capacity of 820mAhg−1, and discharge voltage about 2.3V. The results indicate that the thioether bonds of the polymer are involved in the electrode reaction. It is tentatively proposed that the thioether cations are formed during the redox reaction on the cathode. The reversible redox reaction on thioether bonds that is a multi-electron process offers a high specific capacity, and low discharge voltages.
Learning can be categorized into cue-instructed and spontaneous learning types; however, so far, there is no detailed comparative analysis of specific brain pathways involved in these learning types. The aim of this study was to compare brain activity patterns during these learning tasks using the in vivo imaging technique of single photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). During spontaneous exploratory learning, higher levels of rCBF compared to cue-instructed learning were observed in motor control regions, including specific subregions of the motor cortex and the striatum, as well as in regions of sensory pathways including olfactory, somatosensory, and visual modalities. In addition, elevated activity was found in limbic areas, including specific subregions of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the insula. The main difference between the two learning paradigms analyzed in this study was the higher rCBF observed in prefrontal cortical regions during cue-instructed learning when compared to spontaneous learning. Higher rCBF during cue-instructed learning was also observed in the anterior insular cortex and in limbic areas, including the ectorhinal and entorhinal cortexes, subregions of the hippocampus, subnuclei of the amygdala, and the septum. Many of the rCBF changes showed hemispheric lateralization. Taken together, our study is the first to compare partly lateralized brain activity patterns during two different types of learning.
Surface cobalt doping and bulk yttrium doping were combined to improve the cycling stability of spherical spinel LiMn2O4 at elevated temperature (55°C). The cobalt surface doping was more effective than cobalt bulk doping at the same doping level, because the surface cobalt doping prevents more efficiently manganese from dissolving in electrolyte. At yttrium doping level of 5%, doped spinel LiMn2O4 had specific capacity in excess of 130mAhg−1 and 120mAhg−1 at first cycle and at 100th cycle, respectively, at 25°C. Doping of yttrium enhanced the activity of manganese in spinel LiMn2O4, leading to both increase of specific capacity and decrease of cycleability, because the active manganese easily dissolved into electrolyte during cycling. Moreover, the raise of the temperature led to an intensive dissolution of manganese and poor performance at elevated temperature when yttrium doped. The dissolution could be effectively inhibited by cobalt surface doping. 0.5% yttrium bulk and 0.5% cobalt surface co-doped spherical spinel LiMn2O4 had the excellent performance, and its initial specific capacities are 118mAhg−1 and 110mAhg−1 at 25°C and 55°C, respectively, and its 50th cycle specific capacities remained to be 114mAhg−1 and 91mAhg−1 at 25°C and 55°C, respectively.
The design of cost-effective power systems with high shares of variable renewable energy (VRE) technologies requires a modelling approach that simultaneously represents the whole energy system combined with the spatiotemporal and inter-annual variability of VRE. Here, we soft-link a long-term energy system model, which explores new energy system configurations from years to decades, with a high spatial and temporal resolution power system model that captures VRE variability from hours to years. Applying this methodology to Great Britain for 2050, we find that VRE-focused power system design is highly sensitive to the inter-annual variability of weather and that planning based on a single year can lead to operational inadequacy and failure to meet long-term decarbonization objectives. However, some insights do emerge that are relatively stable to weather-year. Reinforcement of the transmission system consistently leads to a decrease in system costs while electricity storage and flexible generation, needed to integrate VRE into the system, are generally deployed close to demand centres.
Existing health care systems are designed to react on illness and are optimized to manage illness. The widespread use of communication and information technologies has facilitated the delivery of medical services at a distance, which is known as telemedicine [1]. Ranging from tele- and videoconferencing to robotic surgery, telemedicine has extended the reach of medical services from elite medical institutions to remote villages in Finland and isolated Greek islands. New approaches have also forced changes in clinical practices, the most notable being the introduction of electronic medical records and information and communications technology. This new paradigm is known as eHealth [2, 3].
Al-substituted β-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets are directly grown on nickel foam by a simple template-free growth process. Their microstructure and surface morphology are studied by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The SEM and TEM images show changes in the microstructure of β-Ni(OH)2 by the addition of Al. The XRD results show that the α-phase Ni(OH)2 appeared in Al-substituted Ni(OH)2 electrodes. The effects of Al content on the electrochemical behaviors are investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the 7mol% of Al in Ni(OH)2 has better electrochemical performance, such as better reaction reversibility, higher proton diffusion coefficient, lower electrochemical impedance, higher specific capacity, and better cyclic stability. The as-prepared 7%-Al-Ni(OH)2 electrode exhibits a specific discharge capacity of 324.5mAhg−1 at 0.2C, 220.6mAhg−1 at 10C, and 198.6mAhg−1 at 30C. The specific capacity loss is less than 8% after 200 charge/discharge cycles at 0.2C and with columbic efficiency higher than 90%. This work suggests that the as-prepared 7%-Al-Ni(OH)2 electrode has a promising future as higher charging/discharging rate materials for nickel metal hydride power battery.
Novel hybrid solid electrolytes were prepared by mechanochemistry using the Li+ conductive Li2S–P2S5 glasses and –OH terminated oligomers. The P–O–C bonds were observed in FT-IR spectra for the obtained electrolytes, suggesting that the molecular level hybrid materials were synthesized. The addition of small amounts of oligomers into the glass successfully enhanced the conductivity of hybrid electrolytes by lowering glass transition temperature. The hybrid electrolyte with 2mol% of 1,4-butanediol exhibited the ambient temperature conductivity of 9.7×10−5 Scm−1, which is 1.5 times as large as the conductivity of the pristine glass. The hybrid with a polyether showed lower conductivity than the hybrid with 1,4-butanediol. Incorporating oligomer blocks into glass network is a new approach to enhance the conductivity of glass-based solid electrolytes.
This paper introduces a disposable battery-driven heating system for loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification (LAMP) inside a centrifugally-driven DNA purification platform (LabTube). We demonstrate LabTube-based fully automated DNA purification of as low as 100 cell-equivalents of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in water, milk and apple juice in a laboratory centrifuge, followed by integrated and automated LAMP amplification with a reduction of hands-on time from 45 to 1 min. The heating system consists of two parallel SMD thick film resistors and a NTC as heating and temperature sensing elements. They are driven by a 3 V battery and controlled by a microcontroller. The LAMP reagents are stored in the elution chamber and the amplification starts immediately after the eluate is purged into the chamber. The LabTube, including a microcontroller-based heating system, demonstrates contamination-free and automated sample-to-answer nucleic acid testing within a laboratory centrifuge. The heating system can be easily parallelized within one LabTube and it is deployable for a variety of heating and electrical applications.
A novel synthesis of controlled crystallization and granulation was attempted to prepare nano-scale β-Ni(OH)2 cathode materials for high power Ni-MH batteries. Nano-scale β-Ni(OH)2 and Co(OH)2 with a diameter of 20nm were prepared by controlled crystallization, mixed by ball milling, and granulated to form about 5μm spherical grains by spray drying granulation. Both the addition of nano-scale Co(OH)2 and granulation significantly enhanced electrochemical performance of nano-scale Ni(OH)2. The XRD and TEM analysis shown that there were a large amount of defects among the crystal lattice of as-prepared nano-scale Ni(OH)2, and the DTA–TG analysis shown that it had both lower decomposition temperature and higher decomposition reaction rate, indicating less thermal stability, as compared with conventional micro-scale Ni(OH)2, and indicating that it had higher electrochemical performance. The granulated grains of nano-scale Ni(OH)2 mixed with nano-scale Co(OH)2 at Co/Ni=1/20 presented the highest specific capacity reaching its theoretical value of 289mAhg−1 at 1C, and also exhibited much improved electrochemical performance at high discharge capacity rate up to 10C. The granulated grains of nano-scale β-Ni(OH)2 mixed with nano-scale Co(OH)2 is a promising cathode active material for high power Ni-MH batteries.
Zinc-graphene composite has been electrolytically produced for the first time using a graphene quantum dot (GQD) electrode. The electrochemical reduction of zinc ion at a GQD electrode is shifted to a lesser negative potential with the complimentary anodic peak due to the oxidation of the composite shifted towards a positive potential as compared to zinc ion reduction in the GQD bath. The coulombic efficiency of the composite represents a gain of nearly 10% over the conventional Zn/Zn2+ in the energy storage systems. In galvanostatic electrolysis, the deposition of zinc-graphene composite is carried out under neutral and acidic conditions. The X-ray diffraction of the electrolytically prepared composite shows distinct features of 2 theta reflection at 8° due to (001) plane of graphene, in addition to the characteristic reflections at 38.9°,43.2°, 54.3°, 70.1° and 90° arising from Zn at (002), (100), (101), (102) and (110). A large scale preparation of the zinc-graphene composite has been achieved at a zinc plate as the working electrode in the GQD bath. The composite is stable up to 250 °C. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and energy dispersion X-ray analysis (EDAX) shows a string like structure with peaks for carbon and zinc in EDAX.
Because of the potential integration the high energy density of lithium ion batteries and high power output of electrochemical capacitors, lithium ions hybrid capacitors (LIHCs) have been emerged as one of the promising electrochemical energy storage devices. Developing suitable battery-type anodes and capacitive-type cathodes are important to achieve high-performance LIHCs. Herein, we construct an orthorhombic niobium pentoxide/carbon (T-Nb2O5/C) nanocomposite with surface-driven lithium ion storage merit via a facile pyrolysis of Nb-based coordination-polymer. The synthesized T-Nb2O5/C exhibits higher capacity and a much better rate capability compared to commercial Nb2O5. At the same time, benefiting from the host-guest chemistry, we synthesize a high-capacitance N-doped porous carbon cathode through annealing the mixture of β-cyclodextrin and urea combined with a potassium hydroxide activation. As a consequence, an advanced LIHCs is built based on the above electrode materials, that delivers a high energy density (92 W h kg− 1) and high power density (17.5 kW kg− 1) within the wide potential window of 0–3.5 V. A superior cycling performance is also delivered by our device with 86% of the capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles at the 2 A g− 1, successfully bridging the performance gap between conventional batteries and supercapacitors.
Abstract This chapter includes information on typical crimes experienced by religious institutions. Crimes are categorized as financial, crimes against persons, crimes against property, and hate crimes. Financial crimes, often committed by insiders who have access to financial instruments, include embezzlement, skimming, and larceny. Fraud and financial scams are financial crimes that can be perpetrated by insider or outsiders. Crimes against persons include sexual assault, robbery, assault and battery, and homicide. Property crimes include arson, vandalism, bombing, theft, and burglary. Hate crimes can involve any single or combination of the previous methods. The difference is that the motive is an attack on the religious institution for ideological reasons and not financial gain. Methods for crime prevention and reducing vulnerability for each of those types of crime are detailed. Procedures for handling the finances of a religious institution are also detailed as methods for limiting exposure to financial mismanagement.
Purpose To determine the influence of general anesthesia and strabismus surgery on children's intellectual abilities. Design Prospective, observational study. Methods settings: Institutional. patients: Children 5 to 10 years of age receiving general anesthesia with sevoflurane and undergoing strabismus surgery were included. Intellectual abilities were examined before and 4 weeks after surgery using the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. Four subtests representing intellectual abilities related to complex cortical function were examined: identification of objects in a partially completed picture, reproduction of a presented design by using rubber triangles, selecting a picture that completes or is similar to another picture, and memory for location of pictures presented on a page. main outcome measures: Preoperative and postoperative age-adjusted scores of the 4 subtests of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. Results The study group consisted of 21 children who underwent strabismus surgery under general anesthesia (mean duration, 51.3 minutes). The mean preoperative total score of the 4 subtests was 49.4 ± 6.2. The mean postoperative total score adjusted for potential learning effects and test–retest reliability was 48.1 ± 7.7. There was no significant postoperative change in the total score (P = .108). However, the triangle test score decreased significantly after operation (P = .019), particularly in patients with decreased stereoacuity after surgery. Conclusions General anesthesia with sevoflurane and strabismus surgery generally do not affect the intellectual abilities of complex cortical function in children 5 to 10 years of age at 4 weeks after surgery. Cortical functions related to hand–eye coordination may be affected by transient changes in postoperative stereoacuity.
Thermal reactions of charged Li x CoO2 and electrolyte are investigated by means of temperature-programmed decomposition–mass spectrometry (TPD–MS), DSC, TGA, and XRD. The electrolyte is composed of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate. Direct observation of gas species resulting from the reactions is beneficial in understanding the reaction mechanisms. From O2 peaks in the TPD–MS spectra with weight loss in TGA and XRD results, it is obvious that the reduction of Li x CoO2 to LiCoO2 and Co3O4 is triggered at 190°C and completed at 400°C. The initial stages of electrolyte combustion and decomposition are confirmed by H2O and CO2 peaks in the TPD–MS spectra along with exothermic peaks in DSC plots. The reaction of electrolyte with O2 released from the reduction of Li x CoO2 begins at 240°C; the decomposition starts at 290°C.