batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Although short in duration, air pollutant exposures occurring in non-residential microenvironments (MEs), including restaurants, vehicles and commercial locations, can represent a large fraction of total personal exposures. For the Sources and Composition of Particulate Exposures study, a novel compact sampling system was developed, facilitating simultaneous measurement of highly speciated PM2.5 mass in a range of commercial and residential locations. This sampler also included 1-min measurements of PM2.5 mass and ultrafine particle (UFP) counts. Sampling was conducted in a number of MEs (retail stores, restaurants and vehicles) throughout Atlanta. Chemically resolved particulate measurements in these locations are of interest for both exposure scientists and epidemiologists but have typically not been conducted because of logistical constraints associated with sampling these trace constituents. We present measurements from a non-random sample of locations that are limited in their generalizability but provide several promising hypothesis-generating results. PM2.5 mass concentrations greater than 100 μg/m3, and UFPs>105 particles /cm3 were measured during several events in the restaurant and vehicle. Somewhat unexpectedly, the grocery store ME, along with the restaurant and vehicle, also had the highest levels of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC) and most elements. In-vehicle concentrations of soil-related elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K and Ti) and auto-related elements (EC, OC, Zn and Cu) were higher than those measured at a central ambient site. The lowest concentrations for most pollutants were found in the hospital and retail locations. It is questionable whether periodic, high PM concentrations in the grocery store and restaurant pose health risks for customers; however, individuals working in these locations may be exposed to levels of concern.
A mixed polyanionic Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7)/C nanocomposite is synthesized via a sol-gel route. The phosphate raw material is transformed to the mixed phosphate-pyrophosphate with high phase purity via a self-condensation reaction at 500 °C. Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7)/C can deliver an initial capacity of 110 mAh g−1 at 0.05C with the average discharge voltage approaching 3.1 V. The nanocomposite shows excellent rate capability because of the presence of an in-situ formed 3-D network of carbon. At 10 C rate, the nanocomposite delivers a discharge capacity of 78 mAh g−1 at 25 mAh °C and 82 mAh g−1 at 55 °C. The nanocomposite has a good long-term cycling stability, retaining 89% of the initial discharge capacity after 300 cycles. In-situ XRD results demonstrate that the sodium insertion/extraction process in Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) is an imperfect solid-solution reaction with an obvious local lattice distortion instead of an ideal solid-solution reaction. Using a solid-state NMR technique, it is further found that the sodium extraction from the Na1, Na3, and Na4 sites causes an obvious change in local structure. However, the local structure of Na2 remains unchanged, which may aid the stability of the host structure.
The use of environmental purchasing as corporate and political instruments to further improve the environmental performance of products is becoming increasingly widespread. Information technology and more specifically the Internet, offers a range of new opportunities to make environmental purchasing operational for both small and large, public and private operations. The benefits of internet-assisted environmental purchasing systems include global system access, no paper handling, ease of operation for procurement staff and a uniform and transparent treatment of suppliers. Tele Danmark Communication (TDC) is Denmark's largest provider of telecommunication services and also operates a chain of stores across Denmark selling telephones and other telecommunication products. Co-funded by the Danish EPA and in collaboration with RAMBØLL Consultants and the Institute for Product Development at the Technical University of Denmark, TDC has developed a prototype internet-assisted environmental purchasing system that covers a wide product assortment of telephones and fax machines. This case exemplifies the particular benefits of Internet systems for environmental purchasing. One role of environmental purchasing is to increase the availability of environmentally friendly products to the end consumer, be it companies, public institutions or private consumers. If published, the information that facilitates environmental purchasing may further assist the end consumer in his or her choice of products. Linking environmental purchasing systems with environmental product declarations may form a powerful marketing tool.
Resveratrol has been found to have potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic effects. The safety and efficacy of resveratrol supplementation in older adults are currently unknown. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to examine the safety and metabolic outcomes in 32 overweight, older adults (mean age, 73±7years). Participants were randomized into one of three treatment groups: (1) placebo, (2) moderate dose resveratrol (300mg/day), and (3) high dose resveratrol (1000mg/day). Both resveratrol and placebo were orally ingested in capsule form twice daily for 90days. Blood chemistry values remained within the normal range, and there were no significant differences in the number of participants reporting adverse events across conditions. Compared to placebo, glucose levels were significantly lower at post-treatment among participants randomized to both resveratrol conditions, with and without adjustment for the corresponding baseline values (ps<0.05). Glucose values of participants in the treatment groups, however, were not significantly different from baseline levels. These findings suggest that short-term resveratrol supplementation at doses of 300mg/day and 1000mg/day does not adversely affect blood chemistries and is well tolerated in overweight, older individuals. These findings support the study of resveratrol for improving cardio-metabolic health in older adults in larger clinical trials.
Children with specific language impairment frequently encounter difficulties in learning to read and in particular, in word recognition. The present study set out to determine the precise impact of language impairment on word reading skills. We investigated single-word reading in 27 French children with specific speech and language impairment (2SLI). Precise quantification of reading levels in the 2SLI group showed an average delay of 3.5 years. Approximately 90% of these children were affected by a reading disorder, whereas for the remaining 10%, reading performance was within normal limits. Word reading procedures are analyzed using the so-called ‘dual route model’, which proposes that reading is achieved through two processes, the phonological and the orthographic procedures. Group comparison analyses of 27 reading level-matched control children, revealed an increased lexicality effect in the 2SLI group, indicating a specific deficit in the phonological procedure. Moreover, multiple case analyses revealed interindividual differences among the children with 2SLI, with four reading subtypes. Approximately 60% of these children reached the standard levels expected of younger children with identical reading levels (delayed reading profile) in both procedures. Twenty percent displayed qualitatively different reading mechanisms, with a greater deficit in the phonological procedure (phonological profile). These children showed a severe impairment in language production at the phonological level. Ten percent exhibited a greater orthographic deficit (surface profile) and 10% had normal reading skills (normal profile). Further research is required to improve our understanding of the relationships between 2SLI or specific language impairment and reading acquisition. The present results suggest that in clinical practice, both reading procedures should be exercised, with emphasis on the phonological procedure for children with more severe deficits in phonological production.
Chemically bonded Mn3O4/Super P (MS) composite was prepared via a facile co-precipitation and the following heat treatment process for lithium ion batteries anode material, which presents interconnected granular shape about 40–50nm. The prepared MS composite exhibits a high initial capacity of 1382mAhg−1, which gradually reaches to 1537mAhg−1 after 60cycles and then decreases to 1340mAhg−1 at the next 40cycles at the current density of 100mAg−1. Moreover at a higher current densities of 500 and 1000mAhg−1, the capacities are 1079 and 790mAhg−1, respectively. Further studies showed that a different electron transfer path maintained by MnOC bonding made the reversibility of the reaction for MnO to Mn3O4 largely improve, which provides more superior capacity than nonbonding samples. In this work, the effect of MnOC bonding on the conversion reaction and the performance promotion could give help to the study of other transition metal oxides.
Contact between contaminated hands and the mouth or the area around the mouth (the perioral area) can result in inadvertent ingestion exposure. Exposure by this route is known to occur among children, but adults may also be exposed. Observations of 48 workers were carried out in 8 UK worksites to study hand- and object-to-mouth behavior. Each subject was observed in real-time for ~60 min during normal work activities. Each contact was recorded along with information about time of contact, glove use, respirator use, task and object type. Subjects were interviewed to gather information about smoking, nail biting and risk perception. The effects of factors (glove use, respirator use, smoking, nail biting, risk perception, work sector and task group) on contact frequency were assessed using non-parametric tests and Poisson regression models. Several determinants of contact frequency were identified, including time spent “between” work tasks, glove and respirator use, smoking and nail biting. Hand-to-mouth contact frequencies were particularly high while workers were “between” work tasks (23.6 contacts per hour, compared with the average contact frequency of 6.3 per hour). The factors that were related to contact frequency differed between object- and hand-to-mouth contacts, suggesting that these should be considered separately. These findings could be used for developing exposure models, to inform measurements of inadvertent ingestion among adults and to identify control strategies.
A novel thiolane polymer, poly[1,2,4,5-tetrakis(propylthio)benzene] (PTPB), was synthesized by facile oxidative-coupling polymerization, characterized by FT-IR, XPS, XRD, TGA and EA, and tested as cathode active material in rechargeable lithium batteries. The FT-IR, XPS and elemental analysis confirm the occurrence of polymerization and show the existence of C–S–C bonds. The results show that the thiolane polymer has electrochemical activity as cathode material in lithium batteries and thioether bonds may be the centers of the electrode reaction. A maximum specific capacity of 200 mAh g−1 was obtained and this agrees roughly with the theoretical prediction. In addition, high voltage efficiency was obtained first time from sulfide polymer.
We have investigated the oxidation effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) as electrode materials on the performance of an aqueous electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLC). Carboxyl groups showing hydrophilic properties were mainly introduced on the MWNT surface by oxidation with an extremely aggressive oxidizing agent such as mixed acid H2SO4/HNO3. The hydrophilicity of MWNT increased with oxidation time, promising increased capacitance due to a good wettability to the aqueous electrolyte. In contrast, the surface structure disruption resulting from excessive treatment leads to the simultaneous decrease in the conductivity of the MWNT electrode, causing deterioration in EDLC performance. The balance between hydrophilicity and conductivity is therefore a key factor when designing improved electrode materials for EDLC. In this study, we found that specific capacitance was increased with oxidation times within 60min (dominant region of hydrophilicity increase), but decreased with times of more than 60min (dominant region of conductivity decrease). These results were identified with several analyses, such as Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry, Boehm titration, N2 adsorption, water vapor adsorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform-Raman (FT-Raman), 4-probe IV measurement, and cyclic voltammetry (CV).
Fiber supercapacitor (FSC), with the advantages of high power density and ability to be knitted into arbitrary shapes, serves as an ideally energy storage of wearable electronics. Here, we report a high specific capacitance and mechanical strength fiber supercapacitor via synthesizing ruthenium dioxide hydrate (RuO2·xH2O) @graphene in situ on flexible commercial carbon fibers. The typical “cracked mud”-like RuO2·xH2O @graphene uniformly wrap around the surface of the carbon fibers by the vapor-phase hydrothermal method. Meanwhile, Graphene plays a role in linking every two chapped chips of RuO2·xH2O, increasing the electronic conductivity and mechanical strength of the electrode. The fiber electrode exhibits high specific capacitance of 210.14 F cm−3 (0.42F cm−2 and 10.56 mF cm−1). Furthermore, the solid-state symmetric supercapacitor is fabricated with H3PO4/Poly(vinyl alcohol) as electrolyte and displays excellent cycling stability with 98.40% of the initial capacitance after 50000 continuous charging/discharging cycles, as well as good mechanical stability with 96.10% of the initial capacitance after 2000 continuous bending cycles. With merits of flexibility, high specific capacitance and cyclic/mechanical stability, the RuO2·xH2O @graphene carbon fiber enables to knit into any designed shape into energy textiles used as the energy storage module for wearable electronics.
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are gaining much attentions due to their potentials to achieve large scale energy storage coupled with relatively low cost. However, typically used organic electrolytes with high flammability and poor thermal stability have impeded further developments of SIBs in large-scale energy storage. Ionic liquids (ILs), featuring excellent thermal stability, non-flammability and wide electrochemical window have been promising alternative electrolytes for SIBs. Herein, rechargeable Na/Na3V2(PO4)3 cells with NaPF6-incorporated 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide BMITFSI IL electrolyte are demonstrated to reduce the flammability of the electrolyte and improve the safety of cells. Besides, the electrochemical performances of SIBs are enhanced by forming a stable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the cathode. The optimized Na/Na3V2(PO4)3 cells with the IL electrolyte exhibit high initial discharge specific capacity of 107.2 mA h/g and good cycling performance, which is superior to that using carbonate organic electrolyte. Remarkably, the formation mechanism of the SEI layer on the Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode in NaPF6/BMITFSI IL electrolyte for SIBs is put forward in this work according to density functional theory (DFT) calculations and confirmed by Raman, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR) tests, where NaOH, Na2SO4, Na2S2O7 and NaF are assigned as the major inorganic components of SEI. These results show that NaPF6/BMITFSI is a promising electrolyte to improve the safety and electrochemical performances of SIBs.
Charge and discharge of lithium ion battery electrodes is accompanied by severe volume changes. In a confined space, the volume cannot expand, leading to significant pressures induced by local microstructural changes within the battery. While volume changes appear to be less critical in batteries with liquid electrolytes, they will be more critical in the case of lithium ion batteries with solid electrolytes and they will be even more critical and detrimental in the case of all-solid-state batteries with a lithium metal electrode. In this work we first summarize, compare, and analyze the volume changes occurring in state of the art electrode materials, based on crystallographic studies. A quantitative analysis follows that is based on the evaluation of the partial molar volume of lithium as a function of the degree of lithiation for different electrode materials. Second, the reaction volumes of operating full cells (“charge/discharge volumes”) are experimentally determined from pressure-dependent open-circuit voltage measurements. The resulting changes in the open-circuit voltage are in the order of 1 mV/100 MPa, are well measurable, and agree with changes observed in the crystallographic data. Third, the pressure changes within solid-state batteries are approximated under the assumption of incompressibility, i.e. for constant volume of the cell casing, and are compared to experimental data obtained from model-type full cells. In addition to the understanding of the occurring volume changes of electrode materials and resulting pressure changes in solid-state batteries, we propose “mechanical” blending of electrode materials to achieve better cycling performance when aiming at “zero-strain” electrodes.
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the safety of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from the perspective of the flammability characteristics of the battery vent gas (BVG). The BVG released by commercial 18650 LIBs with Lix(Ni0.80Co0.15Al0.05)O2 (NCA) and LixFePO4 (LFP) cathodes during external heating abuse was used to study its flammability characteristics at diferent state of charge (SOC). Flammability characteristics included the upper flammability limit (UFL), lower flammability limit (LFL), flammability range (RF), flammability hazard index (HF), LIB fire safety threshold (SOCF), and diluent ratio threshold (DRF). Effects of external carbon dioxide (CO2) on the flammability characteristics of the BVG were also studied. The results show that the UFL and LFL curves of the BVG form a peninsula shape for both types of batteries as the SOC decreases, with RF being essentially unchanged first and then decreased dramatically. For the LFP battery, the LFL of the BVG is higher, and the RF is lower, resulting in obviously lower HF than those of the NCA battery at the same SOC. Using CO2 dilution can significantly reduce the BVG flammability and extend the SOCF. At the same SOC, the DRF is obviously lower for LFP LIBs than the NCA type.
Solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been constructed employing supramolecular electrolytes with multiple hydrogen bonding. A supramolecule was facilely synthesized by one-pot reaction between the amines of methyl isocytosine (MIC) and the epoxy groups of poly(ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether) (PEGDGE) to produce quadruple hydrogen bonding units. Hydrogen bonding interactions and dissolution behavior of salt in supramolecular electrolytes are investigated. The ionic conductivity of the supramolecular electrolytes with ionic liquid, i.e. 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (MPII) reaches 8.5×10−5 S/cm at room temperature, which is higher than that with metal salt (KI). A worm-like morphology is observed in the FE-SEM micrographs of TiO2 nanoporous layer, due to the connection of TiO2 nanoparticles resulting from adequate coating by electrolytes. DSSCs employing the supramolecular electrolytes with MPII and KI exhibit an energy conversion efficiency of 2.5% and 0.5%, respectively, at 100mW/cm2, indicating the importance of the cation of salt. Solar cell performances were further improved up to 3.7% upon tuning interaction strength in the electrolytes.
The presence of Lynch syndrome (LS) can bring a lifetime of uncertainty to an entire family as members adjust to living with a high lifetime cancer risk. The research base on how individuals and families adjust to genetic-linked diseases following predictive genetic testing has increased our understanding of short-term impacts but gaps continue to exist in knowledge of important factors that facilitate or impede long-term adjustment. The failure of existing scales to detect psychosocial adjustment challenges in this population has led researchers to question the adequate sensitivity of these instruments. Furthermore, we have limited insight into the role of the family in promoting adjustment.
In the present article, the basic research using the mismatch negativity (MMN) and analogous results obtained by using the magnetoencephalography (MEG) and other brain-imaging technologies is reviewed. This response is elicited by any discriminable change in auditory stimulation but recent studies extended the notion of the MMN even to higher-order cognitive processes such as those involving grammar and semantic meaning. Moreover, MMN data also show the presence of automatic intelligent processes such as stimulus anticipation at the level of auditory cortex. In addition, the MMN enables one to establish the brain processes underlying the initiation of attention switch to, conscious perception of, sound change in an unattended stimulus stream.
A 36-year-old right-handed man, who had experienced partial seizures since the age of 24 every time he played or listened to music with a strong emotional charge, underwent videopolygraphic recording, including autonomic variables, and brain fMRI study during which he listened to both “neutral” and “emotionally charged” music. Three right temporal seizures recorded during videopolygraphic monitoring were elicited by listening to the triggering song. The fMRI study disclosed activation in right acoustic areas during “neutral music,” whereas an “emotionally charged melody” provoked widespread activation over the right fronto-temporo-occipital area before seizure onset. The literature review disclosed 110 published cases of musicogenic epilepsy that seemed to suggest a right-sided predominance of the epileptogenic zone. Our results support the role of the right temporal lobe in musicogenic epilepsy and demonstrate that the cerebral areas activated during the period of strong emotion leading to the seizures encompass the auditory cortex activated by neutral music.
The United Arab Emirates' Ministry of Electricity and Water plans to set up a renewable energy department within a year.
Using electrical vehicles instead of traditional ones is very important for reducing fossil oil consumption and carbon emissions. Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 is considered as a promising cathode material for advanced lithium ion batteries owing to its high power density. Nevertheless, it suffers badly from the interfacial reactions with the electrolyte at high operation potential, which degrades its electrochemical performance. The strategy of the present study is to prevent direct contact between LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and the electrolyte by using a surface coating in order to reduce solid electrolyte interfacial reactions and consequently enhance its cycling performance. The experimental results indicated that as-prepared LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 sintered at 900°C possessed the highest initial specific capacity of 132.4mAh·g−1 at 0.2C rate, with 81.0% initial capacity retention after 50 cycles. Coating AlF3 on the particle surfaces of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 using a modified solid-state method can improve its electrochemical properties by enhancing its initial specific capacity from 104.6 to 109.1mAh·g−1 and increasing its capacity retention from 80.6 to 92.1% at the 10C rate after 100 cycles.