batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Batteries with metallic lithium anodes offer improved volumetric and gravimetric energy densities; therefore, future batteries including the promising lithium–sulfur and lithium–air systems would benefit from them. The electrodeposition of lithium metal – which is an unwanted incident in lithium ion systems – often results in fine filaments or moss, called dendritic lithium, which leads to strong capacity fading and the danger of internal short circuiting. To study the mechanisms of dendritic growth and the behavior during lithium dissolution, lithium deposits have been observed in situ in 1 M LiPF6 in EC:DMC by light microscopy. The high resolution optical microscopy provided information on the growth and electrodissolution of single lithium filaments. The growth areas could be identified in detail: The lithium wires can grow either from the substrate–lithium interface, at kinks or in a region at or close to the tip. Based on these observations, we suggest a growth model for lithium filaments predicated on defect-based insertion of lithium at the aforementioned locations. This type of growth is not compatible with previous models of dendritic growth, for example, it is hardly influenced by electric fields at the tip and does not depend on the direction of the electric field.
Technology that is developed for or adopted by the recreational fisheries sector (e.g., anglers and the recreational fishing industry) has led to rapid and dramatic changes in how recreational anglers interact with fisheries resources. From improvements in finding and catching fish to emulating their natural prey and accessing previously inaccessible waters, to anglers sharing their exploits with others, technology is completely changing all aspects of recreational fishing. These innovations would superficially be viewed as positive from the perspective of the angler (aside from the financial cost of purchasing some technologies), yet for the fisheries manager and policy maker, technology may create unintended challenges that lead to reactionary or even ill-defined approaches as they attempt to keep up with these changes. The goal of this paper is to consider how innovations in recreational fishing are changing the way that anglers interact with fish, and thus how recreational fisheries management is undertaken. We use a combination of structured reviews and expert analyses combined with descriptive case studies to highlight the many ways that technology is influencing recreational fishing practice, and, relatedly, what it means for changing how fisheries and/or these technologies need to be managed—from changes in fish capture, to fish handling, to how anglers share information with each other and with managers. Given that technology is continually evolving, we hope that the examples provided here lead to more and better monitoring of technological innovations and engagement by the management and policy authorities with the recreational fishing sector. Doing so will ensure that management actions related to emerging and evolving recreational fishing technology are more proactive than reactive.
Herein, we report a moderate and simple approach to synthesize nickel phosphide nanorods on nickel foam (Ni2P/NF), which was employed as anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). In this paper, interconnected Ni2P nanorods were fabricated through hydrothermal treatment of NF and subsequently by high temperature phosphating. NF is not only regarded as nickel source and metal current collector, but also as a support to grow electro-active material (Ni2P). Therefore, Ni2P/NF could act as a self-supported working electrode for LIBs without any extra addition of cohesive binders. Moreover, benefiting from the conductive capacity of Ni2P/NF, the active compound behaved superior lithium storage performance and cycling reversibility during electrochemical cycling process. The Ni2P/NF delivered excellent reversibility of 507mAhg−1 at the current density of 50mAg−1 after 100 cycles. This work may provide a potential method for preparation of metal phosphides as promising materials for LIBs, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) or other fields.
US-based PolyFuel Incorporated claims that it has developed a fuel-cell stack that is capable of delivering an unprecedented 500 W/l of stack volume. As this brief feature shows, the tiny, direct methanol fuel cell stack easily fits in the palm of the hand. It has a volume of just over 111 cm3 and delivers a peak power of 56 W – more than twice that needed to power a typical laptop computer.
The unique physical and chemical properties of conventional room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) render them highly deployable materials in electrochemical devices performing functions such as solvent-free electrolytes in capacitors, batteries and sensors. However, these non-faradaic applications can be complimented by incorporating faradaic redox functionality into the ionic liquid structure which facilitates access to a large array of new electrochemical applications such as dye sensitised solar cells, redox batteries, hydrid capacitors and selective amperometric sensor applications which are all reliant on heterogeneous or homogenous electron-transfer processes. This paper presents and discuses some examples of redox active ionic liquids base on the ferri-/ferro- functionality. These functional electro-materials which are already known [Ref. [18]] exhibit simple reversible one-electron electrochemistry at very negative potentials (by at least −1V relative to aqueous systems) in anhydrous media. Glass transition temperatures lower than −50°C were also observed along with an overall thermal stability up to at least 400°C under dry N2 atmosphere conditions. Opportunities and challenges for these types of electro-materials are discussed.
The effect of using a binary iodide salt mixture in N719 dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells (DSSCs) is investigated. The cells use tetrapropylammonium iodide (Pr4NI) and magnesium iodide (MgI2) in a plasticized polyacrylonitrile gel in glass/FTO/nano-porous TiO2/gel, I2/Pt/FTO/glass solar cell structure. The salt composition in the gel electrolyte is varied to optimize the efficiency of DSSCs. The DSSCs with MgI2 or Pr4NI as the only iodide salt showed the efficiencies 2.56 and 4.16 %, respectively, under AM 1.5 (100 mW cm−2) illumination while the DSSC with mixed cations with 18.4:81.6 MgI2:Pr4NI molar ratio shows the highest efficiency of 5.18 %. Thus the efficiency enhancement, relative to the high efficiency end member is about 25 %. DC polarization measurements establish the predominantly ionic behavior of the electrolytes, and show that the variation of efficiency with salt composition correlates with the change in short circuit photocurrent density (Jsc), which appears to be governed by the iodide ion conductivity. It is also found that Jsc correlates with the iodide ion transference number estimated from DC polarization data taken with non-blocking iodine electrodes. This study suggests that binary iodide mixtures may be used to obtain efficiency enhancement in different types of DSSCs based on polymeric, gel, or solvent electrolytes.
ABSTRACT This paper presents the development of a transient thermal model of the EVO Electric AFM 140 Axial Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) machine based on a hybrid finite difference and lumped parameter method. A maximum deviation between simulated and measured temperature of 2.4°C is recorded after using a Monte Carlo simulation to optimise model parameters representing a 53% reduction in temperature deviation. The simulated temperature deviations are lower than the measurement error on average and the thermal model is computationally simple to solve. It is thus suitable for transient temperature prediction and can be integrated with the system control loop for feed forward temperature prediction to achieve active thermal management of the system.
A designed asymmetric hybrid electrochemical capacitor was presented where NiO and Ru0.35V0.65O2 as the positive and negative electrode, respectively, both stored charge through reversible faradic pseudocapacitive reactions of the anions (OH−) with electroactive materials. And the two electrodes had been individually tested in 1M KOH aqueous electrolyte to define the adequate balance of the active materials in the hybrid system as well as the working voltage of the capacitor based on them. The electrochemical tests demonstrated that the maximum specific capacitance and energy density of the asymmetric hybrid electrochemical capacitor were 102.6Fg−1 and 41.2Whkg−1, respectively, delivered at a current density of 7.5Acm−2. And the specific energy density decreased to 23.0Whkg−1 when the specific power density increased up to 1416.7Wkg−1. The hybrid electrochemical capacitor also exhibited a good electrochemical stability with 83.5% of the initial capacitance over consecutive 1500 cycle numbers.
Using a battery of look-ahead-bias free measures of accruals quality (AQ), we find a strong and long-lasting negative relation between future returns and AQ. In decile portfolios that rank on AQ, a hedge portfolio that goes long in the lowest decile and short in the highest decile generates an annualized, risk-adjusted return of 4–12 % over 1-month to 5-year horizons, depending on the AQ measure and the portfolio weighting scheme. The return premiums associated with AQ are, (1) robust to a wide range of AQ measures, (2) robust to a battery of return-informative variables, and (3) not driven by low-priced or small stocks, earnings shocks, or the fourth-quarter effect. The documented premiums are consistent with the information uncertainty effect where firm uncertainty is negatively related to future returns.
Abstract An association between deficits in executive control, particularly inhibitory control, and more severe negative and disorganised symptoms of schizophrenia has been widely reported. The importance of more basic aspects of attention, often referred to as ‘vigilant’ or ‘sustained’ attention, to this relationship remains unclear. This study examined the contribution of sustained attention to symptom severity using the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) in 69 patients with schizophrenia. We found that negative and disorganised symptom severity scores were correlated with sustained attention, working memory, and psychomotor speed. The ability to sustain attention significantly predicted variance in negative symptom severity but not disorganised symptoms, which were instead predicted by working memory performance. These data suggest that this component of attention at least partly explains variance in negative symptoms.
Compact fuel cell system was developed for a portable power generator. The power generator features a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) using a chemical hydride as a hydrogen source. The hydrogen generator extracted hydrogen using a catalytic hydrolysis from a sodium borohydride alkaline solution. A novel concept using an all-in-one reactor was proposed in which a catalyst, hydrogen chamber and byproduct separator were combined in a volume. In addition, the reactor as well as a pump, cooling fans, valves and controller was integrated in a single module. A 100W PEMFC stack was connected with the hydrogen generator and was evaluated at various load conditions. It was verified that the stable hydrogen supply was achieved and the developed system can be used to drive fuel cell-powered unmanned autonomous systems.
Owing to its high ionic conductivity (10−4 - 10−3 S cm−1), excellent stability toward lithium and a wide electrochemical window, the garnet-type solid-state electrolyte has been regarded as one of the most promising solutions to the viability of lithium metal-based batteries. However, the poor interfacial contact between the garnet and the lithium metal leads to an ultrahigh interfacial resistance (∼1000 Ω cm2) and uneven current distribution. In this work, the issue is effectively addressed by coating the garnet pellet with a SnO2 nanolayer. Attributed to the lithiation reaction between the lithium metal and SnO2, an ion-conducting interlayer is generated automatically between the garnet and lithium metal, which reduces their interfacial resistance from 1019 to 153 Ω cm2. A Li | SnO2-garnet | Li symmetric cell is then built and achieves a stable lithium plating/stripping for more than 900 h at 0.2 mA cm−2 without short circuit. Moreover, in a Li | SnO2-garnet | LiFePO4 full battery test, the SnO2 nanolayer enables the full battery to be stably operated for over 100 cycles at 0.3 C with a capacity retention of 98.6%, whereas the control group using bare garnet is unable to work at this high rate.
A model is presented which aims at quantifying the CO2 and H2O gas exchange of whole plants in their natural microenvironment, the canopy. In an up-scaling approach the model combines leaf (gas exchange, energy balance) and canopy (radiative transfer, wind attenuation) scale simulations. Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance are modelled using a nitrogen sensitive model of leaf gas exchange. An analytical solution to the energy balance equation is adopted to calculate leaf temperatures. Radiative transfer, separately for the wavebands of photosynthetically active, near-infrared and long-wave radiation, is simulated by means of a model which accounts for multiple scattering of radiation using detailed information on canopy structure as input data. Partial pressures of CO2 and H2O, as well as air temperatures within the canopy are not modelled, but instead, measured values are used as input data. Field studies were carried out at the ECOMONT pilot study area Monte Bondone (Trentino, Italy, 1550 m a.s.l.). The model is parametrised for four forbs and one graminoid species occurring at three sites differing in land use, i.e. an abandoned area, a meadow and a pasture. Independent measurements are used to validate each of the major submodels of the comprehensive whole plant gas exchange model.
The production of stable redox active layers on electrode surfaces is a key factor for the development of practical electronic and electrochemical devices. Here, we report on a comparison of the stability of redox layers formed by covalently coupling an osmium redox complex to pre-functionalized gold and graphite electrode surfaces. Pre-treatment of gold and graphite electrodes to provide surface carboxylic acid groups is achieved via classical thiolate self-assembled monolayer formation on gold surfaces and the electro-reduction of an in situ generated aryldiazonium salt from 4-aminobenzoic acid on gold, glassy carbon and graphite surfaces. These surfaces have been characterized by AFM and electrochemical blocking studies. The surface carboxylate is then used to tether an osmium complex, [Os(2,2′-bipyridyl)2(4-aminomethylpyridine)Cl]PF6, to provide a covalently bound redox active layer, E 0 ′ of 0.29V (vs. Ag/AgCl in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4), on the pre-treated electrodes. The aryldiazonium salt-treated carbon-based surfaces showed the greatest stability, represented by a decrease of <5% in the peak current for the Os(II/III) redox transition of the immobilized complex over a 3-day period, compared to a decrease of 19% and 14% for the aryldiazonium salt treated and thiolate treated gold surfaces, respectively, over the same period.
Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are well suited to time-dependent electrical power output, but in terms of their overall energy density, these devices are much more limited in comparison to Li ion batteries. However, asymmetric supercapacitors that utilize a lithiated negative electrode and a high surface area positive electrode can result in significant improvements in the overall energy density of the device. Key to the development of a Li x C6 asymmetric supercapacitor, or Li ion capacitor, is the preparation of the lithiated negative electrode. A common method of accomplishing this is to allow Li ions to intercalate into the carbon material under a spontaneous potential gradient. However, the insertion process can be very slow and may take several hours to reach equilibrium. However, an electrochemically driven lithiation process could significantly decrease the electrode preparation time, which would have great benefits for the development of these devices. Three methods for the insertion of Li into activated carbon electrodes were evaluated in this work that examined the examined the effect of electrochemically-driven lithiation of an activated carbon powder electrode as it may compare to unaided lithiation. In addition, in one of the configurations, the sacrificial Li metal electrode faced the ‘back’ side of the carbon electrode, which provides the advantage in that the cell would not have to be disassembled and re-assembled to evaluate the completed Li capacitor cell, since the positive electrode could readily be added to the cell during the initial assembly. During the lithiation process, the current flow and total charge passed were monitored and an electrochemical impedance analysis was performed to gain insight into the formation of the SEI layer on the carbon surface during the Li insertion process.
Anatase TiO2 nanopores are successfully prepared through alternating voltage induced electrochemical synthesis (AVIES) approach at room temperature. When utilizing TiO2 nanoporous materials as an anode for Na-ion battery, it delivers a reversible charge-discharge capacity of around 180 mA h g−1 at 0.2 C (67 mA g−1) after 200 cycles. Meanwhile, it also shows a good cycling performance and a high rate capability due to unique nanoporous structures, which promote electrolyte wetting and facilitate diffusion of Na+. Additionally, cyclic voltammetry demonstrate that the sodium-ion storage of as-prepared TiO2 is a cooperative control behavior of diffusion and capacitance, but mainly controlled by capacitive behavior, which further facilitates a rapid (de-)intercalation of Na+.
Background Children with cardiovascular disease risk factors demonstrate adverse arterial alterations that are predictive of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adults. Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) are at cardiovascular risk as they are more likely to be obese and inactive. Aim The purpose of this study was to assess arterial structure and function in children with and without probable DCD (p-DCD). Methods A cross-sectional study of 33 children with p-DCD (22 male) and 53 without (30 male). The Movement Assessment Battery for Children was used to classify those with p-DCD. Adiposity was assessed using the BOD POD. Compliance, distensibility, and intima-media thickness were measured at the common carotid artery (CCA). ECG R-wave-to-toe pulse wave velocity (PWV) was also measured. Results Compared to controls, males with p-DCD had lower CCA distensibility (p =0.034) and higher PWV (p =0.001). No differences were evident in females. Body fat percent was a significant predictor of CCA distensibility and removed the effect of p-DCD on PWV in males. Conclusions The present study demonstrates augmented arterial stiffness in males with p-DCD, likely attributed to body fat. These findings underscore the importance of targeted interventions in children with p-DCD, specifically males, in order to prevent future cardiovascular risk.
ABSTRACT The potential improvement in fuel economy expected from Hybrid Electric Vehicles is between 5% and 25%, depending on the level of hybridization selected [1]. But in the same time, consumers want cars that are fun to drive as well as safe, comfy and ever cheaper. Translated to vehicle engineering targets, this means that seemingly conflicting engineering challenges need to be reconciled to manufacture the cars that will determine the world's future mobility. Numerical simulators at system level are now mandatory to keep the development time and cost of vehicles into acceptable limits, allowing to simulate not only the impact of new powertrains and vehicle technologies on the fuel consumption but also on other attributes like drivability and thermal comfort.
Kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) wide application is hindered by poor electrical conductivity, although it is a promising counter electrode (CE) material for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), due to its excellent catalytic activity, hierarchical microstructure, and natural abundance. Inspired by the advantages of flexible carbon cloth, with high conductivity and expanded surface area, we designed and fabricated single-crystal CZTS nanoplate arrays (NPLAr) on flexible carbon cloth as DSSCs cathode directly, demonstrating a power conversion efficiency of 7.53% and a long-operation life performance. The outstanding performance was ascribed from the high catalytic activity, good conductive framework, effective photo-generated electron migration, and high iodide species diffusion rate of the composite CE. Our present results demonstrate that the novel and flexible CZTS/Carbon Cloth composite structure is an alternative and high-efficiency Pt-free counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells.
Abstract Although declining in the United States, tobacco addiction remains the most prevalent addiction of all drugs of abuse. Nicotine produces euphoria characterized by arousal and has a stimulant effect. Paradoxically, it also reduces perceived tension and stress. Nicotine also produces analgesia and decreases appetite. Nicotine smoke produces high carboxyhemoglobin levels and contains significant amounts of carcinogens that have been linked to the toxic effects of smoking. Much information has been gleaned from animal work about the neurobiology of the acute reinforcing and stimulant effects of nicotine. The neurobiological bases for the dependence-inducing properties of nicotine involve within-system decreases in reward-related neurotransmitter function, in a similar manner to other drugs of abuse. At the molecular level, differential receptor desensitization may underlie negative reinforcement, in which self-medication is used to control the functional recovery of nAChRs. At the neurocircuitry level, decreases in dopaminergic neurotransmission in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens are associated with the malaise associated with acute nicotine withdrawal. These changes may alter gene expression and trigger long-term neuroadaptive responses that are similar to other drugs of abuse.
CoMoO4 nanorods with small diameter (about 40∼60nm in width and 1.5∼2μm in length) uniformly distributed on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets were synthesized via a facile, green wet chemical method. The as-prepared CoMoO4/rGO composite was studied as anode material for lithium-ion batteries. It delivered an initial discharge capacity of 1496mAhg−1 at a current density of 100mAg−1, and good cycling (628mAhg−1 after 100 cycles) and rate performance (a reversible capacity of 372mAhg−1 at the rate of 5Ag−1). The excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to the small diameter of the synthesized CoMoO4 nanorods and the presence of rGO nanosheets, making it a promising candidate for next generation anode material of rechargeable lithium ion batteries.