batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This study objectively measured physical activity levels in overweight and obese adults with severe mental illness and examined relationships among psychiatric symptoms, cognitive functioning and physical activity. A diverse sample (50% female, 50% African American) of overweight and obese adults (n =55) with mental illness were asked to wear accelerometers for 4 days. Study participants averaged 120 min/week of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA); 35% had ≥150 min/week of MVPA. Only 4% accumulated ≥150 min/week of MVPA in bouts ≥10 min as per public health recommendations. Depressive symptoms, psychological distress and cognitive functioning were not associated with physical activity (p >.05). Although participants appeared to have substantial minutes of MVPA, increased physical activity bouts, or sessions, may be necessary for increased health and weight management benefits for persons with severe mental illness. Efforts are needed to increase physical activity sessions in this vulnerable population.
We administered tests commonly used in the diagnosis of auditory processing disorders (APDs) to twins recruited from the general population. We observed significant correlations in test scores between co-twins. Our analyses of test score correlations among 106 MZ and 33 DZ twin pairs indicate that dichotic listening ability is a highly heritable trait. Dichotic listening is the ability to identify and distinguish different stimuli presented simultaneously to each ear. Deficits in dichotic listening skills indicate a lesion or defect in interhemispheric information processing. Such defects or lesions can be prominent in elderly listeners, language-impaired children, stroke victims, and individuals with PAX6 mutations. Our data indicates that other auditory processing abilities are influenced by shared environment. These findings should help illuminate the etiology of APDs, and help to clarify the relationships between auditory processing abilities and learning/language disorders associated with APDs.
Polyanion-type cathode materials have received considerable attention for lithium-ion battery applications because of their excellent thermal stability compared to oxide compounds. Although the incorporation of carbonaceous materials can augment the cycling performance, the role of carbon structures in lithium vanadium phosphate (Li3V2(PO4)3, LVP) compounds remains unclear at an elevated temperature. Herein, carbon-coated Li3V2(PO4)3 (C-LVP) and reduced-graphene-oxide-wrapped Li3V2(PO4)3 (rGO-LVP) samples are prepared, their electrochemical performance is examined at room temperature and an elevated temperature. The rGO-LVP and C-LVP samples exhibit discharge capacities of ∼131mAhg−1 and ∼124mAhg−1, respectively, at charge and discharge rates of 10C in the range of 3.0–4.3V at 55°C after cycling at various rates. The capacity retentions of the rGO-LVP and C-LVP samples are ∼95% and ∼85%, respectively, after 150 cycles at charge and discharge rates of 1C in the range of 3.0–4.3V at 55°C. The excellent rate performance and cycling stability of the rGO-LVP sample are due to its capability in maintaining a low charge transfer resistance or a higher electrical conductivity and ionic conductivity as compared to the C-LVP sample during electrochemical cycling, as demonstrated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The results have provided essential insight into designing inorganic–carbon hybrid materials for future batteries.
Whilst a net zero energy (NZE) home produces the same amount of energy as it consumes it still exchanges significant amount of energy with the grid due to mismatch between the generation and load patterns. Consequently, the homeowner has to pay an annual electric bill because the cost of imported energy is usually higher than that of exported energy. Installing a local battery energy storage system (BESS) can reduce the electric bill by exchanging less energy with the grid. This paper proposes a method of determining the optimal size of a BESS for a typical NZE home with rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) system to minimize the annual net payment for electricity and battery cost. The optimal battery size is determined through solving an optimization problem which is formulated using hourly load and PV generation data for a South Australian home, battery annual payment rate, retail price (RP), and feed-in tariff (FIT). The effects of interest rate, RP and FIT on the annual net payment are investigated. The results obtained are thoroughly analysed and clearly indicate that, with current installation cost of BESS and South Australian RP and FIT, the use of a local BESS is economically beneficial for the homeowner.
The commercialization of high-energy batteries with lithium-rich cathode materials exhibiting combined cationic/anionic redox processes awaits the elimination of certain practical bottlenecks. Among these, large voltage hysteresis remains the most obscure from a fundamental thermochemical perspective. Here, we study this issue by directly measuring, via isothermal calorimetry, the heat generated by Li/Li2Ru0.75Sn0.25O3 (Li/LRSO) cells during various cycling conditions, with LRSO being a ‘model’ Li-rich layered cathode. We show how this heat thermodynamically relates to the lost electrical work that is crucial for practical applications. We further reveal that anionic redox on charging and discharging adopts different metastable paths having non-identical enthalpy potentials, such that the overall Li content no longer remains the unique reaction coordinate, unlike in fully path-reversible cationic redox. We elucidate how quasi-static voltage hysteresis is related to heat dissipated due to non-equilibrium entropy production. Overall, this study establishes the great benefits of isothermal calorimetry for enabling energy-efficient electrode materials in next-generation batteries.
The commercial conductive carbon black (CCB) with large surface area and good electrical conductivity after activation treatment is employed as conductive matrix to support sulfur for the cathode of lithium/sulfur battery. The S/activated CCB composites with 64 and 73 wt% sulfur are prepared by a simple heat treatment method. The microstructure and morphology of the as-prepared S/activated CCB composites are characterized by thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is demonstrated that sulfur can be loaded into the pores of the host activated CCB matrix in highly dispersed state, when sulfur loading is limited to 64 wt%. While the loaded sulfur increases to 73 wt%, some crystalline sulfur nanoparticles of less than 2 nm can be observed near the pores of the host activated CCB matrix. As expected, the S/activated CCB composite with 64 wt % sulfur presents the optimized electrochemical performance, including the utilization of active sulfur, discharge capacity and cycle stability. Apparently, in order to improve the electrochemical performance of the S/activated CCB composite, the activation treatment of the commercial CCB is essential for increasing the sulfur loading.
In this paper, a wet-laid non-woven material consisted of fibrillated fibers is presented, which is potential to be separator for lithium-ion battery. Average pore size of the separators calendered at different line pressures is 0.180μm and 0.372μm, respectively. The results show that the pore size of non-woven separator could be controlled efficiently by fibrillated fiber and pressure of calender which could help to reduce the internal short circuit. The permeability and the rate of absorption of non-woven separator are higher than those of the conventional polyolefin separator.
Li–Mg alloy electrodes are prepared by two methods: (1) direct-alloying through the melting of mole percent specific mixtures of Li and Mg metal under vacuum and (2) the kinetically-controlled vapor formation and deposition (KCVD) of a Li–Mg alloy on a substrate. It is found that processing conditions greatly influence the microstructures and surface morphologies, and hence, the electrochemical properties of the Li–Mg alloy electrodes. When applying the KCVD technique, the composition of each prepared alloy is determined by independently varying the temperature of the molten lithium, the temperature of magnesium with which the lithium interacts, and the temperature of the substrate on which the intimately mixed Li–Mg mixture is deposited. Here, the required temperature for lithium induced Mg vaporization is more than 200°C below the magnesium melting point. The effect of these variable temperatures on the microstructure, morphology, and electrochemical properties of the vapor-deposited alloys has been studied. The diffusion coefficients for lithium in the Li–Mg alloy electrodes prepared by the KCVD method are in the range 1.2×10−7 to 5.2×10−7 cm2 s−1 at room temperature, two to three orders of magnitude larger than those in other lithium alloy systems (e.g. 6.0×10−10 cm2 s−1 in LiAl). These observations suggest that Li–Mg alloys prepared by the KCVD method might be used effectively to prevent dendrite formation, improving the cycleability of lithium electrodes and the rechargeability of lithium batteries as a result of the high diffusion coefficient of lithium atoms in the Li–Mg alloy. Li–Mg alloy electrodes also appear to show not only the potential for higher rate capabilities (power densities) but also for larger capacities (energy densities) which might considerably exceed those of lithiated carbon or Sn-based electrodes for lithium batteries.
The highly radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans responds to gamma radiation or desiccation through the coordinated expression of genes belonging to Radiation and Desiccation Resistance/Response (RDR) regulon. RDR regulon is operated through cis-acting sequence RDRM (Radiation Desiccation Response Motif), trans-acting repressor DdrO and protease IrrE (also called PprI). The present study evaluated whether RDR regulon controls the response of D. radiodurans to various other DNA damaging stressors, to which it is resistant, such as UV rays, mitomycin C (MMC), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), ethidium bromide (EtBr), etc. Activation of 3 RDR regulon genes (ddrB, gyrB and DR1143) was studied by tagging their promoter sequences with a highly sensitive GFP reporter. Here we demonstrated that all the DNA damaging stressors elicited activation of RDR regulon of D. radiodurans in a dose-dependent and RDRM-/IrrE-dependent manner. However, ROS-mediated indirect effects [induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), methyl viologen (MV), heavy metal/metalloid (zinc or tellurite), etc.] did not activate RDR regulon. We also showed that level of activation was inversely proportional to cellular abundance of repressor DdrO. Our data strongly suggests that direct DNA damage activates RDR regulon in D. radiodurans.
This investigation examines the cycle-life of valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries which have been fabricated either with the manufacturer's own leady oxide (termed ‘factory oxide’) or with leady oxide prepared from Pasminco VRLA Refined™ lead (termed ‘VRLA Refined™ oxide’). VRLA Refined™ lead is a soft lead of high purity with a specified amount (0.05 wt.%) of bismuth. To provide a comparison of performance, benchmark tests are performed on batteries of equivalent design that have been supplied by two different manufacturers. Batteries made from factory oxide exhibit cycle-lives which exceed the minimum life specified by the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) test and by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) test. Under the JIS procedure, the failure of both types of battery is due to expansion of the positive-plate material and subsequent extensive loss in connectivity between the constituent agglomerates of lead dioxide. By contrast, battery failure under the IEC procedure is caused by undercharging of the negative plates. The use of VRLA Refined™ oxide produces a marked improvement in battery cycle-life. Gains in performance from 675 to 800 cycles and from 510 to 675 cycles are obtained under JIS and IEC tests, respectively. It appears that the presence of bismuth at the specified level extends battery life by strengthening and increasing the connectivity in the positive-plate material (JIS test) or by raising the chargeability of negative plates (IEC test).
In recent years, there has been growing public attention to a problem many US health institutions and providers disclaim: bullying and coercion of pregnant women during birth by health care personnel, known as obstetric violence. Through a series of real case studies, this article provides a legal practitioner’s perspective on a systemic problem of institutionalized gender-based violence with only individual tort litigation as an avenue for redress, and even that largely out of reach for women. It provides an overview of the limitations of the civil justice system in addressing obstetric violence, and compares alternatives from Latin American jurisdictions. Finally, the article posits policy solutions for the legal system and health care systems.
This paper presents an Early Mathematical Patterning Assessment (EMPA) tool that provides early childhood educators with a valuable opportunity to identify young children’s mathematical thinking and patterning skills through a series of hands-on and drawing tasks. EMPA was administered through one-to-one assessment interviews to children aged 4 to 5 years in the year prior to formal school. Two hundred and seventeen assessments indicated that the young low socioeconomic and predominantly Australian Indigenous children in the study group had varied patterning and counting skills. Three percent of the study group was able to consistently copy and draw an ABABAB pattern made with coloured blocks. Fifty percent could count to six by ones and count out six items with 4 % of the total group able to identify six items presented in regular formations without counting. The integration of patterning into early mathematics learning is critical to the abstraction of mathematical ideas and relationships and to the development of mathematical reasoning in young children. By using the insights into the children’s thinking that the EMPA tool provides, early childhood educators can better inform mathematics teaching and learning and so help close the persistent gap in numeracy between Indigenous and non-Indigenous children.
The behaviour of Na2/3Co2/3Mn2/9Ni1/9O2 in composite electrodes is studied via Na half-cells utilizing a dedicated cyclic voltammetry approach. The application of increasing sweep rates enabled a detailed analysis of the red-ox peaks of this material. All peak currents due to cathodic/anodic processes demonstrated clear capacitive properties. This finding widens the picture of classical Na+ insertion/extraction in this complex oxide, as purely diffusive processes of Na+ through its layers do not fully explain the pseudocapacitance displayed by its red-ox peaks, which are typically linked to concomitant oxidation state changes for its transition metal atoms and/or phase transitions. No phase transition was observed during in operando X-Ray diffraction upon charge to 4.2 V vs. Na+/Na, proving good structural stability for P2-NaxCo2/3Mn2/9Ni1/9O2 upon Na+ removal. The origin of such pseudocapacitive properties is likely nested in strong electrostatic interactions among the metal oxide slabs and a tendency to release Na+ from its crystallites, e.g. to form surface by-products upon air exposure. Such a reactivity induces defects (e.g. vacancies) in its lattice and charge compensation mechanisms are required to maintain an overall charge neutrality, thus ultimately influencing the electrochemical properties. Possible limiting factors for the performances of this compound in composite coatings are also discussed.
The effects of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzeneboronic acid (BA) as a new film-forming additive have been theoretically and experimentally studied for a graphite (CMS) electrode in propylene carbonate-based (PC) electrolyte for lithium ion batteries. Calculation based on the density functional theory (DFT) method suggests that the energy of the LUMO (the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) of BA is lower than that of PC, consistent with the results of cyclic voltammograms that BA is reduced before PC. SEM, FT-IR and XPS measurements show that the reduced products of BA contribute in part to the effective SEI film on the graphite electrode surface. Discharge–charge measurements indicate that the addition of BA can effectively prevent the decomposition and the co-intercalation of PC, and lithium ions can reversibly intercalate into and deintercalate from the graphite electrode. These results show that addition of BA improves the electrochemical performance of graphite in PC-based electrolyte.
Corrosion of zinc in aqueous methanesulfonic acid has been evaluated over a wide range of concentrations of acid (0.5–5 mol dm−3), dissolved zinc (0.5–2 mol dm−3), and electrolyte temperature (22–50 °C). The corrosion rate of zinc, in terms of weight loss and the volume of hydrogen evolved, varied with time and it was found to be highly dependent on the surface state and electrolyte conditions. With an initial active layer of zinc present, the corrosion rate rapidly increased following a decline when the proton concentration in the solution decreased to ca. 0.56 mol dm−3. Organic and inorganic inhibitors were added to the electrolyte to suppress the zinc corrosion in 1 mol dm−3 methanesulfonic acid. The strong adsorption and blocking effects of cationic organic adsorption inhibitors, such as cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and butyltriphenyl phosphonium chloride, led to a significant decrease in zinc corrosion over a 10 h immersion period. With the addition of indium and lead ions inhibitors, the zinc surface showed less activity. Zinc corrosion continued to a smaller extent in the presence of these metallic inhibitors during the first few hours, but the metallic layer of the inhibitors did not cover the surface completely resulting in continued hydrogen evolution and making the inhibitors less effective at longer times.
Positive plate formation with pulsed current is investigated under a wide range of pulse characteristics and compared with continuous current formation. The results indicate that pulsed current formation has a higher faradaic efficiency for conversion into lead dioxide than formation with continuous current. On the other hand, with pulsed current, there is always some residual tetrabasic lead sulfate, not observed on plates formed with continuous current. Pulsed current formation yields higher β-PbO2/α-PbO2 ratio than continuous current formation, and is more efficient at longer times of formation.
Hydrous manganese oxide with amorphous structure is prepared by anodic deposition in manganese acetate solution. The effect of heat treatment (100–700°C) on the material characteristics of the oxides is investigated. The thermal property of the deposited oxide is examined by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. Dehydration, organic-matter decomposition, oxidation and crystallization of the manganese oxide as a function of temperature are examined. Glancing angle X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are carried out to explore, respectively, the crystal structure, surface morphology and chemical state of the oxide electrodes. It is found that the as-deposited manganese oxide, with an amorphous structure and fibrous feature, is further oxidized and tends to tangle with increasing annealing temperature (below 500°C). When the temperature uses above 500°C, the formation of crystalline oxide is confirmed. Cyclic voltammetry is also performed to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the oxide electrodes annealed at various temperatures. Excellent pseudo-capacitive behaviour of the oxide electrodes is revealed at a low annealing temperature (≤200°C). The cyclic stability of the deposited manganese oxide is significantly improved by introducing proper heat treatment.
Zinc ferrite (ZFO) is a promising anode material to replace the conventional graphite used in lithium ion batteries. However, the unstable structure and poor electrical conductivity of ZFO hinder its practical applications. In this work, carbon-coated ZFO nanospheres anchored on the reduced graphene oxide (C/ZFO/rGO) was synthesized by the solvothermal method and subsequent carbonization with an ionic liquid. In such a sandwich structure, ZFO nanospheres are double-protected by rGO and ionic liquid-derived carbon to maintain structural integrity and enhance electrical conductivity. It was found that the discharge/charge specific capacity of lithium ion batteries with C/ZFO/rGO is capable to maintain to be 963/952 mAh g−1 after 60 cycles at a current density of 0.3 A g−1. Its discharge/charge specific capacity can maintain to be 183.3/180.2 mAh g−1 even after 2000 cycles at a current density of 8 A g−1. The improved cycling performance and enhanced rate capability can be explained by the enhanced electrode kinetics and less degradation of structural integrity resulted from the double-protected sandwich structure.
Ocean thermal energy is formed by temperature difference between sea surface and deep sea. Underwater glider is a new kind of autonomous underwater vehicle. It ascends and descends between the sea surface and deep sea periodically by adjusting its net buoyancy. Thermal underwater glider can harvest ocean thermal energy through the utilization of phase change material (PCM) and convert it into mechanical energy for buoyancy-driven. In this paper, the fundamental principle of this thermal engine is unveiled. A nonlinear model for relationship between system pressure and phase change rate is established. Based on the established nonlinear model, influencing factors for system pressure and stored energy are analyzed comprehensively. Selected PCM is Hexadecane. Value range for air solubility in liquidus PCM is 0.06–0.1, and for residual air in the system is −0.02 to 0.05. The influence of these two factors on relative energy storage is similar. For typical values of air solubility 0.08 and residual air 0.005, utilization ratio of the thermal engine is less than 50%. Through experiment in the lake, the nonlinear model was verified, maximum system pressure was 12.5MPa, and average stored energy of each cycle was 2.48kJ. A prototype of thermal underwater glider has also been tested in the South China Sea. It had worked continuously for 29days without any failure. Total number of working profile was 121 and total cruising range was 677km, total stored energy was 300kJ. High reliability and performance was validated by the sea trial.
Islands offer the advantages of notional deep ocean wind stations without the problems of mounting wind turbines in a hostile marine environment. In principle, island wind-power stations could take advantage of rich (up to Class 7) wind resources. Because connection to an electricity grid will be difficult for most island-based systems, electrical energy could be converted into hydrogen (by electrolyzing seawater) and stored for use on the island or shipped to the mainland. To attain the benefits of high-speed wind-turbine systems, several technical and policy issues, dealing with wind resources, specialized wind-turbine equipment, and the political and economic potential of island wind stations, need to be addressed. Until such multifaceted research can be completed, the technical potential for island-based wind turbines will remain just that—potential.