batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
By applying a DC electrical bias to a central graphene gate electrode, which separated the anode and the cathode in an electrochemical cell, we controlled the external cell's current, I cell, electrically. By irradiating the cell with modulated light intensity, we obtained an AC open-circuit response. The optically induced open-circuit AC voltage could be tuned by the DC electrical bias. Such findings suggest novel methods to control and monitor ion currents in electrochemical cells.
Design/fabrication of solid state electrolytes with high ionic conductivity is of great importance to develop next-generation Li ion batteries. In this work, the Li7P3S11 glass-ceramic electrolyte is successfully synthesized by dissolution- evaporation approach. The solvent effect on the electrochemical performance of Li7P3S11 is investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and chronoamperometry tests. The Li7P3S11 electrolyte prepared by a solution of acetonitrile has a high ionic conductivity of 9.7×10−4 Scm−1 at 298K and a low activation energy of 31.2kJmol−1. Impressively, a wide and stable electrochemical window up to 5V (vs. Li/Li+) is demonstrated between the solid electrolyte and lithium electrode. The developed dissolution-evaporation approach shows good industrial prospect due to its advantages of energy conservation and high efficiency.
Li-O2 battery electrodes based on amorphous carbon materials were analyzed by ex situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for products formed at the electrode-electrolyte interface during electrochemical cycling against metallic lithium. This analysis shows that FTIR spectroscopy offers several valuable capabilities. First it identifies lithium oxygen species and lithium carbonate as the major species observable on the cycled electrodes. Second it shows that the lithium oxygen species are both formed and partially decomposed electrochemically during discharge and recharge, respectively. Third it reveals that lithium carbonate is mainly formed by irreversible chemical conversion of lithium oxygen species upon air exposure. The limitations of FTIR spectroscopy in the context of electrode-electrolyte interface characterization in Li-O2 batteries become apparent in experiments on positive electrodes featuring different electrochemically active surface areas as well as on blends containing amorphous carbon, and different quantities of lithium peroxide or lithium carbonate. These experiments show that the matrix into which a given analyte is embedded has a marked effect on the detectability of this analyte. Accordingly, the practical detection limit for lithium carbonate is found to increase from 0.4mol% inside a matrix of KBr to > 6mol% inside a matrix of amorphous carbon. Realizing that virtually all other potential product species have lower extinction coefficients than Li2CO3 in the IR spectral range, this suggests that FTIR spectroscopy with a bench top spectrometer is only viable for the study of interface species embedded in amorphous carbon matrices if these species are present in quantities amounting to at least several mol% with respect to the carbonaceous material.
In this article, we present a review of assessment procedures and instruments of language functioning and communication. We first present the major goals of assessment and outline the clinicopathological and cognitive reference models of assessment. The two main sections are then respectively devoted to a brief presentation of assessment procedures and tools adapted to acquired and developmental deficits of language and communication. In both clinical populations, we review the purpose and use of bedside and screening tools, comprehensive batteries, and tests for specific aspects of language. Finally, questions related to the assessment of language and communication in special populations are briefly sketched before the general conclusion.
A hybrid material of carbon coated Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@C) is synthesized by chemical vapor deposition method using Fe2O3 as starting material and acetylene as carbon source. The obtained material is Fe3O4 spheres of ∼400nm coated by thin carbon layer with a thickness of ∼10nm. As an anode material for lithium ion batteries, Fe3O4@C shows an improved electrochemical performance in the reversible capacity and cycling stability, together with excellent rate capability. The performance is much better than the results obtained from bare Fe2O3 and commercial Fe3O4 of the same size. In addition to the comparison of electrochemical impedance spectra of the Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@C electrodes before and after 50 charge/discharge cycles, a surface contrast of the three electrodes before and after cycling is systematically investigated to explore the influence of carbon layer on the electrochemical performance of the Fe3O4 spheres.
Two pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with ether groups, and namely N-methoxyethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonimide (PYRA1,2O1) and 1-(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxy)ethyl)-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonide (PYRA1,2(O2)2O1), were used as plasticizers for the PEO20–LiTFSI solid polymer electrolyte. The ionic liquids differ for the number of oxygens and lateral chain length. The properties of the plasticized polymer electrolytes were investigated by means of thermal analysis, impedance spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR spectroscopy and voltammetry. Both the ILs enhanced the conductivity of PEO20–LiTFSI of about one order of magnitude at 40°C. The polymer electrolyte plasticized with PYRA1,2O1 showed a higher transport number, and a wider electrochemical window.
Boswell-Ruys CL, Sturnieks DL, Harvey LA, Sherrington C, Middleton JW, Lord SR. Validity and reliability of assessment tools for measuring unsupported sitting in people with a spinal cord injury. Objectives To develop simple tests to assess the abilities of people with spinal cord injury (SCI) to sit unsupported and to assess the construct validity and test-retest reliability of these tests. Design Cross-sectional comparisons, convenience sample. Setting Biomechanical laboratory. Participants People (N=30) with SCI between the C6 and the L2 level of 2 months to 37 years duration before assessment. The sample was stratified by impairment level (at T8) and time since injury (1y postinjury). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures On 2 separate occasions, participants performed tests that measured the distance of upper-body sway and maximal torso leaning, errors made during a coordinated stability task, timed dressing/undressing of the upper body and alternating arm reaching, and percentage change in seated upper body/arm reaching. Results All tests showed good construct validity in that they distinguished between participants with higher (C6-T7) and lower (T8-L2) level impairments (P<.05) and between participants with acute (≤1y) and chronic (>1y) lesions (P<.05). The tests also showed good to excellent test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coeffiecient3,1 range, .51–.91). Conclusions These simple and quick-to-administer tests have both construct validity and test-retest reliability. They would be appropriate for research and clinical purposes to quantify the abilities of people with SCI to sit unsupported.
This paper proposes an energy consumption change forecasting system using fuzzy logic to reduce the uncertainty, inconvenience and inefficiency resulting from variations in the production factors. The proposed fuzzy logic approach helps the manufacturer forecast the energy consumption change in the plant when certain production input factors are varied. Predictions given by the proposed system adopts the fuzzy rule reasoning mechanism so that any changes in the overall energy consumption will neither violate the stable power supply and production schedules nor result in energy wastage. To demonstrate how the fuzzy logic approach is applied to a manufacturing system, a case study of the energy consumption forecast in a clothing manufacturing plant has been conducted in an emulated environment. The result of the case indicates a percentage change in the plant’s energy consumption after analyzing three input parameters. This finding is able to provide a solid foundation on which decision makers and systems analysts can base suitable strategies for ensuring the efficiency and stability of a manufacturing system.
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) based on organic redox-active molecules are attractive, but the solubility of those molecules, and consequently the capacity, is generally low. Here, the authors develop a phenazine derivative with high solubility as an energy-dense anolyte for RFBs.
Congenital or acquired cerebellum alterations are associated with a complex pattern of motor, cognitive and social disorders. These disturbances may reflect the involvement of the cerebellum in generating and updating the internal models that sub-serve-the prediction of sensory events. Here, we tested whether the cerebellar involvement in using contextual expectations to interpret ambiguous sensory sceneries is specific for social actions or also extends to physical events. We applied anodic, cathodic and sham cerebellar transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (ctDCS) to modulate the performance of an adult sample in two tasks requiring the prediction of social actions or moving shapes. For both tasks, in an earlier implicit-learning phase (familiarization), we manipulated the probability of co-occurrence between a particular action/shape and contextual elements, which could provide either strongly or moderately informative expectations. The use of these expectations was then tested when participants had to predict the unfolding of temporally occluded videos, in situations of perceptual uncertainty (testing). Results showed that in the testing, but not in the familiarization phase, cathodic as compared to anodic and sham ctDCS hindered participants’ sensitivity in predicting actions embedded in strongly, but not moderately, informative contexts. Conversely, anodic as compared to sham ctDCS boosted the prediction of actions embedded in moderately, but not strongly, informative contexts. We observed no ctDCS effects for the shape prediction task, thus pointing to a specific involvement of the cerebellum in forming expectations related to social events. Our results encourage the exploration of rehabilitative effects of ctDCS in patients with social perception deficits.
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a clinical sleep disorder defined by total or partial airflow restraint during sleep that results in fragmented sleep and hypoxemia, impacting negatively with cognitive functioning. This review was conducted on studies investigating structural brain alteration and cognitive impairment in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Extreme heat events are natural hazards affecting many regions of the world. This study uses an example of the six largest cities in Austria to demonstrate the potential of urban climate model simulations applied in prediction mode providing detailed information on thermal conditions. For this purpose, the urban climate model MUKLIMO_3 of the German Meteorological Service (DWD) coupled with the hydrostatic numerical weather prediction model, ALARO, is used to simulate the development of the urban heat island (UHI) in Austrian cities for the summer period of 2019 with a horizontal resolution of 100 m. In addition to the evaluation of UHI predicting skills, other relevant variables, such as humidity and wind characteristics on hourly basis, are also analysed in this paper. Model evaluation confirmed that the MUKLIMO_3 microscale model had the capacity to simulate the main thermal spatiotemporal patterns in urban areas; however, a strong dependence on the input data from the mesoscale model was found. Our results showed large benefit in prediction of maximum air temperatures in urban areas, while the relative humidity predictions of MUKLIMO_3 appear to be much less plausible and show large variety of model prediction skills. Urban climate model simulations using real atmospheric conditions can facilitate better quantification and understanding of day-to-day intra-urban variations in microclimate as well as provide a basis for evaluation of the microclimate prediction skills of mesoscale numerical models with urban extensions.
In this study, a reduced order model (ROM) based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method has been applied to the coupled one-dimensional electrochemical transport equations in order to efficiently simulate lead-acid batteries, numerically. The governing equations, including conservation of charge in solid and liquid phases and conservation of species are solved simultaneously. The POD-based method for a lead-acid cell is used to simulate a discharge process to show the capability of the present method. The obtained results show that not only the POD-based ROM of lead-acid battery significantly decreases the computational time but also there is an excellent agreement with the results of previous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models.
This paper presents a feasibility analysis for renewable energy (RE) supply options feeding a small hotel in Ajloun city located in the north part of Jordan. Both technical and economical aspects are investigated for each scenario of the considered supply options. Net present cost (NPC), renewable fraction (RF) and payback time (T PB) are used to asses the potential of each supply option. All required modeling, simulation and evaluation are carried out using the assessment software package HOMER (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, US). The results obtained show that on-grid small wind turbine scheme is the most feasible supply option to feed the electrical loads in the hotel. With hub height of 25m and zero sell back rate (SBR) the NPC of this configuration is $62.7×103, which is even less than that of grid-only supply option. Moreover, it is resulted in 62% RF, a T PB of 10.9years and a reduction of green house gas emission (GHE) of 8.8ton per year. When the extra generated energy is sold back to grid with SBR of $0.06 (0.5 of the purchase price), the assessment parameters NPC, T PB and GHE are reduced to $44.3×103, 0.101ton/year and 6.6year, respectively. In addition, the results show that the NPC of grid-connected wind energy scheme sharply decreases with the increase in the carbon tax. The authors believe that the implementation of stand-alone configurations, based on wind and hybrid wind/solar energy resources, will increase in the future. This is due to the expectations of the decrease in the costs of the main components constituting these configurations and the increase in the overall efficiencies of these schemes.
Cobalt nickel phosphate nanospheres with honeycomb-like mesopores (CoxNi(3-x)(PO4)2) are firstly synthesized via a facile hydrothermal process combining with low temperature pyrolysis. The dehydration process of the hydrated cobalt nickel phosphate plays an important role in the formation of the honeycomb-like mesopores, which are illustrated in detail. The uniform honeycomb-like mesoporous structure offers more active sites for electrochemical reaction and short transport path for the electrolyte ions. For these reasons, as well as the synergistic effect between the cobalt species and the nickel species, the as-prepared porous cobalt nickel phosphate electrodes, which are primary used in supercapacitor, exhibit both high specific capacitance (1409Fg−1 at 0.25Ag−1 for Co0.86Ni2.14(PO4)2 electrode) and high rate-performance. An asymmetric supercapacitor, assembled with the as-prepared cobalt nickel phosphate as positive material and a home-made activated carbon as negative material, exhibits a high energy density of 45.8Whkg−1 at the power density of 42.4Wkg−1, and even 30.7Whkg−1 at the power density of 2.8kWkg−1.
Young children with typical fluency demonstrate a range of disfluencies, or speech disruptions. One type of disruption, revision, appears to increase in frequency as syntactic skills develop. To date, this phenomenon has not been studied in children who stutter (CWS). Rispoli, Hadley, and Holt (2008) suggest a schema for categorizing speech disruptions in terms of revisions and stalls. The purpose of this exploratory study was to use this schema to evaluate whether CWS show a pattern over time in their production of stuttering, revisions, and stalls. Nine CWS, ages 2;1 to 4;11, participated in the study, producing language samples each month for 10 months. MLU and vocd analyses were performed for samples across three time periods. Active declarative sentences within these samples were examined for the presence of disruptions. Results indicated that the proportion of sentences containing revisions increased over time, but proportions for stalls and stuttering did not. Visual inspection revealed that more stuttering and stalls occurred on longer utterances than on shorter utterances. Upon examination of individual children's language, it appears two-thirds of the children showed a pattern in which, as MLU increased, revisions increased as well. Findings are similar to studies of children with typical fluency, suggesting that, despite the fact that CWS display more (and different) disfluencies relative to typically fluent peers, revisions appear to increase over time and correspond to increases in MLU, just as is the case with peers. Educational objectives The reader will be able to: (1) describe the three types of speech disruptions assessed in this article; (2) compare present findings of disruptions in children who stutter to findings of previous research with children who are typically fluent; and (3) discuss future directions in this area of research, given the findings and implications of this study.
Lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB) is a promising salt for lithium ion batteries. However, before applying in lithium ion batteries, it is necessary to prepare high purity LiBOB with a simple method, and find more appropriate solvent systems to exert the perfect electrochemical performance of LiBOB. In this paper, LiBOB is synthesized by the compressing dry granulation method, with the yield of 97%. Moreover, the electrochemical performances of LiBOB-sulfolane (SL)/diethyl carbonate (DEC) electrolyte are investigated. It shows high oxidation potentials (>5.3V) and satisfactory conductivities, also the temperature dependence of the conductivity is well in accord with the Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher (VTF) behavior. When used in Li/MCMB (mesophase carbon microbeads) cells, this novel electrolyte exhibits not only excellent film-forming characteristics, but also low impedances of the interface films. When used in LiFePO4/Li cells, compared to the cell with the electrolyte system of LiBOB-EC/DEC electrolyte, LiBOB-SL/DEC electrolyte exhibit several advantages, such as more stable cycle performance, and higher discharge voltage plateau (>3.35V).
The combined modality treatment of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has gained worldwide acceptance for management of selected patients with peritoneal metastases from various cancers. Cytoreductive surgery is performed with the goal of removing all macroscopic disease and is coupled with perioperative chemotherapy (POC) in the form of HIPEC with or without EPIC (early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy) to deal with the microscopic residual disease. These treatments entail the use of cytotoxic drugs in the operation theatre or in the intensive care unit where they are not commonly used and put the healthcare workers participating in the treatment at risk of exposure. CRS is performed with high voltage electrocautery generating a large amount of surgical smoke which is inhaled by the involved personnel and has potential health hazards. This article outlines the safety measures to be taken while performing CRS and POC.
Hybrid hollow urchin-like cobalt and copper silicate constructed by nanotubes encapsulated in graphene nanosheets composites were successfully prepared using graphene oxide as carrier and silica spheres as template, which were done through a well-known Stȍber process and a hydrothermal method. In fact, the synthesis of hybrid urchin-like silicate constructed by nanotubes through onestep hydrothermal reaction has rarely been reported.The electrochemical performances of the composites as lithium-ion battery anode materials were studiedfor the first time. As novel anode materials of Li-ion batteries, the special hollow urchin-like structure not only could facilitate the Li+ diffusion and electron transport but alsocouldaccommodate the volume variation during the conversion reactions. In addition, the introduction of graphene can make the electrical conductivity better. Graphene wrapped hollow urchin-like silicate compositespossesses superior electrochemical cycling properties. The first discharge capacity is1955.2mAh/g with a current density of 300mA/g. The unique well-designed configuration presents a beneficial method to synthesize efficient and high performance electrode materials for advanced power applications.
Lead (Pb) in soils can be transferred to plants, animals, and even humans. The toxicity of Pb is worrisome and therefore environmental quality criteria, established by laws to support the management of contaminated sites, have been developed to prevent its deleterious effects in a wide range of soils, uses, and occupations. In Brazil, the CONAMA Resolution 420/2009 established that Brazilian states may define their prevention values (PV) for metals in soils. However, the established values should be well studied, since a wide variation of sensitivity of species exposed to Pb is reported and several have a high tolerance. We aimed to evaluate Pb toxicity to validate the suitability of the current Brazilian Pb-prevention value. A trial was carried with two plant species (sorghum and soybean) grown in two tropical soils (Typic Hapludox and Rhodic Acrudox), following ISO 11.269-2 protocols (ISO 2012). The tested soils were contaminated with Pb-acetate at the following concentrations: 0, 200, 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2200, 2800, and 3200 mg kg−1 of dry soil. Differences regarding species sensitivity were observed and sorghum seemed to be less sensitive to Pb concentration in soils. Soil characteristics as higher clay and organic matter content were responsible for decreasing the overall availability of Pb for plants. Using data from this study and from the literature, we constructed a species sensitivity distribution curve and calculated the HC5 (hazardous concentration to 5% of variables evaluated). The HC5 was 132.5 mg kg−1, which suggests that the PV currently used in Brazil (72 mg kg−1) is sufficiently protective for Brazilian soils.