batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
It has long been assumed that one of the reasons clients maintain improvement after psychotherapy is that they learn skills during the course of therapy and continue to apply them once therapy has ended. While research on homework completion and psychotherapy outcome provides support for this assumption, there has been no direct examination of “afterwork,” the use of skills learned in therapy after therapy has ended, or how those posttherapy skills differ across different theoretical approaches. The purpose of this study is to test a skills hypothesis of long-term psychotherapeutic benefit in a sample of 90 older adults who have completed psychotherapy for depression. Helpfulness of the techniques learned in therapy was negatively associated with depressive symptoms up to 2 years after treatment. The number of techniques used was positively correlated with depressive symptoms within 6 months of treatment once helpfulness was controlled, indicating that skills learned in therapy are used when symptoms return. There were also between-group differences in which skills were reported to be covered and used by patients after therapy ended. These findings support the expectation that the benefits of therapy are extended by continuing to use helpful skills learned in therapy.
The effect of LiClO4 on the ionic transport behavior in poly(ethylene oxide)20–poly(propylene oxide)70–poly(ethylene oxide)20 (P123) polymer electrolyte was studied. Its conductivity reaches maximum as molar ratio between ether O atoms and lithium ions [n(O)/n(Li)] equals 8. The results show that LiClO4 could interact with P123 well and has impacts on polymer organization and chain dynamics. As LiClO4 concentration decreases, the glass transition temperature (T g) decreases and the free ion percentage increases. The tendency of conductivity with LiClO4 concentration is the result of competing effects between polymer chain mobility and free charge carrier concentration.
The cranking and charging processes of a VRLA battery during stop–start cycling in micro-hybrid applications were simulated by one dimensional mathematical modeling, to study the formation and distribution of lead sulfate across the cell and analyze the resulting effect on battery aging. The battery focused on in this study represents a conventional VRLA battery without any carbon additives in the electrodes or carbon-based electrodes. The modeling results were validated against experimental data and used to analyze the “sulfation” of negative electrodes – the common failure mode of lead acid batteries under high-rate partial state of charge (HRPSoC) cycling. The analyses were based on two aging mechanisms proposed in previous studies and the predictions showed consistency with the previous teardown observations that the sulfate formed at the negative interface is more difficult to be converted back than anywhere else in the electrodes. The impact of cranking pulses during stop–start cycling on current density and the corresponding sulfate layer production was estimated. The effects of some critical design parameters on sulfate formation, distribution and aging over cycling were investigated, which provided guidelines for developing models and designing of VRLA batteries in micro-hybrid applications.
Air pollution is one of the greatest challenges cities are facing today and improving air quality is a pressing need to reduce negative health impacts. In order to efficiently evaluate which are the most appropriate policies to reduce the impact of urban pollution sources (such as road traffic), it is essential to conduct rigorous population exposure assessments. One of the main limitations associated with those studies is the lack of information about population distribution in the city along the day (population dynamics). The pervasive use of mobile devices in our daily lives opens new opportunities to gather large amounts of anonymized and passively collected geolocation data allowing the analysis of population activity and mobility patterns. This study presents a novel methodology to estimate population dynamics from mobile phone data based on a user-centric mobility model approach. The methodology was tested in the city of Madrid (Spain) to evaluate population exposure to NO2. A comparison with traditional census-based methods shows relevant discrepancies at disaggregated levels and highlights the need to incorporate mobility patterns into population exposure assessments.
This paper presents an adaptive supervisory control strategy for a fuel cell/battery-powered city bus to fulfill the complex road conditions in Beijing bus routes. An equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is firstly proposed to optimize the fuel economy. The adaptive supervisory control strategy is exploited based on this, incorporating an estimating algorithm for the vehicle accessorial power, an algorithm for the battery charge-sustaining and a Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithm for fuel cell performance identification. Finally, an adaptive supervisory controller (ASC) considering the fuel consumption minimization, the battery charge-sustaining and the fuel cell durability has been implemented within the hybrid city buses. Results in the “China city bus typical cycle” testing and the demonstrational program of Beijing bus routes are presented, demonstrating that this approach provides an improvement of fuel economy along with robustness and ease of implementation. However, the fuel cell system does not leave much room for the optimal strategy to promote the fuel economy. Benefits may also result in a prolongation of the fuel cell working life, which needs to be verified in future.
A novel roll-to-roll flexographic printing process for rechargeable zinc-based battery manufacturing was presented in this paper. Based on the fundamental operating mechanism of flexography, key criteria for developing functional flexographic printing inks were established, including composite ink rheology (steady-state viscosity and yield stress), ink wettability as well as ink dispersing qualities. A variety of MnO2 cathode inks were developed and analyzed comprehensively based on these criteria. A novel type of aqueous cathode ink based on PSBR polymeric binder showed excellent flexographic printability as well as promising electrochemical performance.
Polyaniline is a promising electrode active material for secondary batteries because of its high conductivity, light weight, good redox reversibility and high environmental stability. However, the low attainable specific capacity of polyaniline limits its applicability in commercial battery systems. Here, we prepare a novel copolymer, poly(aniline-co-N-methylthionine) (PANMTh), by incorporating redox-active N-methylthionine unit into a polyaniline chain via electrochemical copolymerization. The resultant PANMTh film exhibits greatly enhanced electrochemical properties and cycling stability when used as a cathode active material in an aqueous Zn-polymer secondary battery. It delivers a high specific capacity of 146.3Ahkg−1 at a current density of 1mAcm−2 and retains about 99.4% of the capacity over 150 consecutive cycles at a current density of 2mAcm−2.
Intermetallic compounds A 2 B 7 (A = rare earth, B = transition metal) are of interest for Ni-MH batteries. Indeed they are able to absorb hydrogen reversibly and exhibit good specific capacity in electrochemical route. To understand the effect of rare earth on properties of interest such as thermodynamic, cycling stability and corrosion, we synthesized and studied three compounds: Y2Ni7, Gd2Ni7 and Sm2Ni7. Using Sieverts’ method, we plot P-c-isotherms up to 10 MPa and study hydride stability upon solid-gas cycling. Electrochemical cycling was also performed, as well as calendar and cycling corrosion study. Corrosion products were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction, Raman micro-spectroscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopies. Magnetic measurements were also performed to calculate corrosion rates. A corrosion mechanism, based on the nature of corrosion products, is proposed. By combining results from solid-gas cycling, electrochemical cycling and corrosion study, we attribute the loss in capacity either to corrosion or loss of crystallinity.
Psychostimulants such as mixed amphetamine salts (MAS, brand name Adderall) are widely used for cognitive enhancement by healthy young people, yet laboratory research on effectiveness has yielded variable results. The present study assessed the effects of MAS in healthy young adults with an adequately powered double-blind cross-over placebo-controlled trial. We examined effects in 13 measures of cognitive ability including episodic memory, working memory, inhibitory control, convergent creativity, intelligence and scholastic achievement, with the goals of determining (1) whether the drug is at least moderately enhancing (Cohen's d >= .5) to some or all cognitive abilities tested, (2) whether its effects on cognition are moderated by baseline ability or COMT genotype, and (3) whether it induces an illusory perception of cognitive enhancement. The results did not reveal enhancement of any cognitive abilities by MAS for participants in general. There was a suggestion of moderation of enhancement by baseline ability and COMT genotype in a minority of tasks, with MAS enhancing lower ability participants on word recall, embedded figures and Raven's Progressive Matrices. Despite the lack of enhancement observed for most measures and most participants, participants nevertheless believed their performance was more enhanced by the active capsule than by placebo. We conclude that MAS has no more than small effects on cognition in healthy young adults, although users may perceive the drug as enhancing their cognition. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Cognitive Enhancers’.
The lithium(1s) K-edge X-ray absorption spectra of lithium-ion battery relevant materials (Li metal, Li3N, LiPF6, LiC6, and LiMn1.90Ni0.10O4) are presented. The Li and LiC6 spectra are discussed and compared with literature data. The Li in lithium-intercalated carbon LiC6, typically used as anode battery electrode material, could be clearly identified in the spectrum, and a presumed purely metallic character of the Li can be ruled out based on the chemical shift observed. The Li in corresponding cathode electrode materials, LiMn1.90Ni0.10O4, could be detected with near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, but the strong (self-) absorption of the spinel lattice provides an obstacle for quantitative analysis. Owing to its ionic bonding, the spectrum of the electrolyte salt LiPF6 contains a sharp π-resonance at 61.8eV, suggesting a distinct charge transfer between Li and the hexafluorophosphate anion. In addition, LiPF6 resembles many spectral features of LiF, making it difficult to discriminate both from each other. Residual electrolyte on anodes or cathodes poses a problem for the spectroscopic analysis of the electrodes, because its Li spectrum overshadows the spectral features of the Li in the anode or cathode. The electrolyte must be removed from electrodes prior to spectroscopic analysis.
A spherical carbon-coated nano–micro structured LiFePO4 composite is synthesized for use as a cathode material in high-power lithium-ion batteries. The composites are synthesized through carbothermal reduction with two sessions of ball milling (before and after pre-sintering of precursor) followed by spray-drying with the dispersant of polyethylene glycol added. The structure, particle size, and surface morphology of the cathode active material and the properties of the coated carbon are investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Results indicate that the LiFePO4/C composite has a spherical micro-porous morphology composed of a large number of carbon-coated nano-spheres linked together with an ordered olivine structure. The carbon on the surface of LiFePO4 effectively reduces inter-particle agglomeration of the LiFePO4 particles. A galvanostatic charge–discharge test indicates that the LiFePO4/C composites exhibit initial discharge capacities of 155mAhg−1 and 88mAhg−1 at 0.2C and 20C rates with the end of discharge voltage of 2.5V, respectively. This behavior is ascribed to the unique spherical structure, which shortens lithium ions diffusion length and improves the electric contact between LiFePO4 particles.
Coastal aquifers are characterized by a mixing zone with freshwater–saltwater interactions, which have a strong relationship with hydrological forcings such as astronomical and storm tides, aquifer recharge and pumping effects. These forcings govern the aquifer hydraulic head, the spatial distribution of groundwater salinity and the saline interface position. This work is an empirical evaluation through time-series analysis between aquifer head and groundwater salinity associated with the sea-level dynamics and the aquifer recharge. Groundwater pressure, temperature and salinity were measured in a confined aquifer in the northwest coast of Yucatan (México) during May 2017–May 2018, along with precipitation. Cross-correlation and linear Pearson correlation (r) analyses were performed with the data time series, separating astronomical and meteorological tides and vertical recharge effects. The results show that the astronomical and meteorological tides are directly correlated with the aquifer head response (0.71 < r < 0.99). Salinity has a direct and strong relationship with the astronomical tide (0.76 < r < 0.98), while the meteorological tide does not (r < 0.5). The vertical recharge showed a moderate correlation with the aquifer head (0.5 < r < 0.7) and a nonsignificant correlation with the groundwater salinity (r < 0.5). In this study, the sea level (r > 0.7) is a more important forcing than the vertical recharge (with 0.5 < r < 0.7). Empirical relationships through time-series analysis and the separation of individual hydrological forcings in the analysis are powerful tools to study, define and validate the conceptual model of the aquifer.
A well defined nano-structured material, NaV6O15 nanorods, was synthesized by a facile low temperature hydrothermal method. It can perform well as the cathode material of rechargeable sodium batteries. It was found that the NaV6O15 nanorods exhibited stable sodium-ion insertion/deinsertion reversibility and delivered 142mAhg−1 sodium ions when worked at a current density of 0.02Ag−1. In galvanostatic cycling test, a specific discharge capacity of around 75mAhg−1 could be obtained after 30 cycles under 0.05Ag−1 current density. Concerned to its good electrochemical performance for reversible delivery of sodium ions, it is thus expected that NaV6O15 may be used as cathode material for rechargeable sodium batteries with highly environmental friendship and low cost.
A new pseudocapacitive nanocomposite is reported in this article. Such amorphous materials were prepared via restacking of Ni-Mn LDH and MnO2 nanosheets obtained by exfoliation treatments. Synergetic effects of the two components were demonstrated in both alkaline and neutral aqueous electrolytes, as rate capability and cycle stability were both greatly improved compared to each-component samples and mixture. Tests on an activated carbon//nano-composite asymmetric device reveal that the energy density could be about 16 Wh/Kg at a power density of 15KW/Kg in alkaline electrolytes, while in neutral electrolytes, the value reached about 13 Wh/Kg at a power density of 9KW/Kg, matching with many other composition technologies. Besides, rather small leakage and self-discharge currents further indicate its promising applications in practical areas.
In wheel–rail adhesion studies, most of the test rigs used are simplified designs such as a single wheel or wheelset, but the results may not be accurate. Alternatively, representing the complex system by using a full vehicle model provides accurate results but may incur complexity in design. To trade off accuracy over complexity, a bogie model can be the optimum selection. Furthermore, only a real-time model can replicate its physical counterpart in the time domain. Developing such a model requires broad expertise and appropriate software and hardware. A few published works are available which deal with real-time modeling. However, the influence of the control system has not been included in those works. To address these issues, a real-time scaled bogie test rig including the control system is essential. Therefore, a 1:4 scaled bogie roller rig is developed to study the adhesion between wheel and roller contact. To compare the performances obtained from the scaled bogie test rig and to expand the test applications, a numerical simulation model of that scaled bogie test rig is developed using Gensys multibody software. This model is the complete model of the test rig which delivers more precise results. To exactly represent the physical counterpart system in the time domain, a real-time scaled bogie test rig (RT-SBTR) is developed after four consecutive stages. Then, to simulate the RT-SBTR to solve the internal state equations and functions representing the physical counterpart system in equal or less than actual time, the real-time simulation environment is prepared in two stages. To such end, the computational time improved from 4 times slower than real time to 2 times faster than real time. Finally, the real-time scaled bogie model is also incorporated with the braking control system which slightly reduces the computational performances without affecting real-time capability.
Many methods have been used to determine differential gene expression from single-cell RNA (scRNA)-seq data. We evaluated 36 approaches using experimental and synthetic data and found considerable differences in the number and characteristics of the genes that are called differentially expressed. Prefiltering of lowly expressed genes has important effects, particularly for some of the methods developed for bulk RNA-seq data analysis. However, we found that bulk RNA-seq analysis methods do not generally perform worse than those developed specifically for scRNA-seq. We also present conquer, a repository of consistently processed, analysis-ready public scRNA-seq data sets that is aimed at simplifying method evaluation and reanalysis of published results. Each data set provides abundance estimates for both genes and transcripts, as well as quality control and exploratory analysis reports.
This paper reports on a one-dimensional lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) battery model incorporating the competitive uptake of discharge intermediate between the electrode surface and the aprotic electrolyte. Unlike previous models, in which a single-step reaction is assumed for aprotic Li-O2 batteries (2Li+ +2e− +O2 →Li2O2), the present model more realistically depicts the electrochemical process in a battery system by taking account of multiple-step reactions, including the surface reduction reactions of adsorbed oxygen ( Li + + O 2 ∗ + e - → LiO 2 ∗ ) and adsorbed superoxide ( LiO 2 ∗ + Li + + e - → Li 2 O 2 ) along with the dissolution of superoxide into electrolyte. Transient and spatial analyses are performed to identify the limiting steps for the battery’s performance, including oxygen transport and final discharge product precipitation. The effects of the kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction and superoxide dissolution are also investigated. In addition, the impact of cathode microstructures on the battery’s performance is studied. It is found that the electrolyte’s ability to dissolve the discharge intermediate (LiO2) is critically important to improve the discharge capacity.
For on-site renewable energy supply, such as photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation, an important issue is the daily and seasonal matching between on-site supply and demand. The matching potential is frequently expressed using the load matching indicators such as self-sufficiency and self-consumption. This paper presents the Energy matching chart, which is a novel graphical approach to visualize the PV-load matching. The chart uses self-sufficiency and self-consumption to provide information regarding the matching in both size and time. Using the Energy matching chart, the matching between PV production and load presented in previous studies is graphically analyzed and compared. Furthermore, the potentials for the two most common measures for improving the matching, namely energy storage and load shifting, are investigated. The results show that energy storage has, on average, a significantly higher potential for increasing the PV-load matching than load shifting. The second part of the paper, illustrates the benefits of the Energy matching chart by evaluating the Swedish implementation of the EU legislation on nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEBs). The assessment is performed for detached houses and evaluates the feasibility to use PV and battery systems for Swedish nZEBs. The results show that on-site PV production can help buildings to meet the nZEB regulations, but there are limitations due to the poor time-dependent matching. With a combined PV-battery system, the potential to meet the regulation is significantly larger. To summarize, the Energy matching chart has the potential to become a useful tool in the assessment of PV system and the evaluation of load matching measures.
Flexible multi-functional nano/micro-systems with integrated energy units and functional sensing/detecting units on a single chip have gained considerable attention recently due to their optimized maximum functionality within a minimized sized chip and excellent mechanical flexibility and stability. In this work, we present a prototype of a flexible integrated on-chip photodetecting system with a reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based in-plane microsupercapacitor and a CdS nanowire-based photodetector. For the system, the optimized electrodes in the microsupercapacitor were utilized as the source and drain electrodes of the CdS photodetector simultaneously, configuring a minimized self-powered-like visible light photodetector system without external power source. Driven by the microsupercapacitor (volumetric capacitance=8.01F/cm3 and energy density=6.204Wh/cm3), current on/off ratios of 34.50 and 79.81 were obtained for the CdS-based photodetector depending on the number of the microsupercapacitors. The performance of the designed systems exhibited stable photo-current response consistent with the conventional one driven by the external power source, demonstrating the feasibility of the flexible integrated photodetector systems, which are promising for further large-scale and integrated applications.