batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are used to investigate the electrochemical lithiation/delithiation behaviour of self-organized amorphous TiO2 and anatase TiO2−x nanotubes. With proceeding bulk lithiation of the active material, surface films form on both nanotube arrays. Carbonates start forming with the beginning of the phase transitions and are reversibly desorbed upon delithiation, on both materials. LiF is found to mainly influence the lithiation/delithiation properties on amorphous nanotubes due to an important decrease of the surface film resistance and an increase of the surface film capacitance at potentials ≤2.0V, where large amounts of LiF adsorb at the surface. Surface film formation is found to be completely reversible on amorphous nanotubes, while CO, CO and fluoride containing adsorbates partially stay adsorbed on anatase nanotubes. The higher reversibility of the surface chemistry on amorphous TiO2 nanotubes is therefore assumed to be essential for the higher rate capability, faster kinetics, and the higher capacity retention observed for amorphous TiO2 materials. This demonstrates that lithiation properties can be substantially altered through changes of the surface chemistry, which can be used to improve kinetics and cycling stability of titania based anode materials in general.
Battery energy storage devices coupled with photovoltaic (PV) systems have to react to the fluctuating nature of the PV output and electrical demand in residential buildings. However, the charging and discharging power cannot be adjusted to the power fluctuations without any time delay so that an inherent temporal mismatch between the battery power and the residual power (PV output minus load) occurs under dynamic conditions. This paper presents a simulation study analyzing the response time-induced mismatch losses of grid-connected PV-battery systems. Firstly, the response time issue is analyzed theoretically to reveal how the energy flows between the household and the grid are changed due to the delayed battery response. Then, measurements are presented to show the dynamic behavior of two different PV-battery systems. The experimental results reveal settling times of up to 7 s to reach the steady state after an abrupt step change in the load demand. Thirdly, simulations of an AC-coupled PV-battery system are carried out with a time step size of 1 s. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the impact of the dynamic response on the annual amount of energy exchanged with the grid. It is found that longer response times are accomplished by an increase in the grid feed-in and grid supply as well. Consequently, a slow-reacting battery system diminishes the economic benefit for the owner of the PV-battery system. In order to improve the transparency from the end-customeŕs point of view, response time-related specifications should be stated in the data sheets of the products in the future.
Layered compounds LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 have recently received much attention as they have been regarded as a promising cathode materials for industrial application. However, its fast energy density decay and poor rate performance which originate from structure disruption especially at high rate and high cut-off voltage limit its large-scale application. Here, a novel designed concept and facile method were firstly used to fabricate (PO4)3− polyanions doped layered LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (LNMC-(PO4) 0.015-O1.94) structure, which could offer more stable high-voltage cycling performance and high rate capability. We attribute this improved performance to the robust Ptet-O covalence, which will stabilize the oxygen close-packed structure during repeated cycling. Moreover, our stepwise pre-cycling treatments could effectively restrain the formation of micro-cracks and non-crystallization defects, and significantly improve cyclic durability with high charge voltage of 4.7V. The LNMC-(PO4) 0.015-O1.94 electrode can still delivers capacity retention of 81% after 200 cycles at a current density of 300mAg−1. The preliminary results reported here manifest that this novel-designed LNMC-(PO4) 0.015-O1.94 material represents an attractive alternative to ultrafast-rate, long-life and high-voltage electrode material for lithium ion batteries.
In the last decade, bio-inspired self-organising mechanisms have been applied to different domains, achieving results beyond traditional approaches. However, researchers usually use these mechanisms in an ad-hoc manner. In this way, their interpretation, definition, boundary (i.e. when one mechanism stops, and when another starts), and implementation typically vary in the existing literature, thus preventing these mechanisms from being applied clearly and systematically to solve recurrent problems. To ease engineering of artificial bio-inspired systems, this paper describes a catalogue of bio-inspired mechanisms in terms of modular and reusable design patterns organised into different layers. This catalogue uniformly frames and classifies a variety of different patterns. Additionally, this paper places the design patterns inside existing self-organising methodologies and hints for selecting and using a design pattern.
This article presents a framework for optimizing the thermal cycle to estimate a battery cell's entropy coefficient at 20% state of charge (SOC). Our goal is to maximize Fisher identifiability: a measure of the accuracy with which a parameter can be estimated. Existing protocols in the literature for estimating entropy coefficients demand excessive laboratory time. Identifiability optimization makes it possible to achieve comparable accuracy levels in a fraction of the time. This article demonstrates this result for a set of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cells. We conduct a 24-h experiment to obtain benchmark measurements of their entropy coefficients. We optimize a thermal cycle to maximize parameter identifiability for these cells. This optimization proceeds with respect to the coefficients of a Fourier discretization of this thermal cycle. Finally, we compare the estimated parameters using (i) the benchmark test, (ii) the optimized protocol, and (iii) a 15-h test from the literature (by Forgez et al.). The results are encouraging for two reasons. First, they confirm the simulation-based prediction that the optimized experiment can produce accurate parameter estimates in 2 h, compared to 15–24. Second, the optimized experiment also estimates a thermal time constant representing the effects of thermal capacitance and convection heat transfer.
Chemical probes are urgently needed to functionally annotate hitherto-untargeted kinases and stimulate new drug discovery efforts to address unmet medical needs. The size of the human kinome combined with the high cost associated with probe generation severely limits access to new probes. We propose a large-scale public-private partnership as a new approach that offers economies of scale, minimized redundancy and sharing of risk and cost.
The insulating nature of sulfur and the shuttling of polysulfides are two major fundamental issues that have to be tackled in Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, generally leading to low sulfur utilization and fast capacity decay. Constructing sulfur hosts with both excellent conductivity and efficient polysulfides immobilization is critical to the successful implementation of Li-S batteries. Herein, mesoporous molybdenum nitride (Mo2N) with interconnected structures is readily designed as sulfur hosts to resolve the low conductivity and polysulfides dissolution issues. The specific surface area and the conductivity of the mesoporous Mo2N are verified to be 121 m2 g−1 and 1 × 105 S m−1, respectively. Along with its high polarity enabling the chemisorption of polysulfides, the as-obtained mesoporous Mo2N is promising as sulfur host. The polysulfides dissolution is efficiently suppressed owing to the fruitful nanospaces in the mesoporous Mo2N that offer more exposed polar interfaces for intensive chemical affinity/adsorption with polysulfides. Encouragingly, the as-prepared mesoporous, conductive and polar Mo2N with sulfur delivers superior capacity of 995 mA h g−1, long cycle stability (91.9% capacity retention after 100 cycles), superior to those of Nonporous-Mo2N/S and Mesoporous-MoO3/S. Our results reveal that vivid engineering of metal nitrides via creating nanopores is promising for pursuing high-performance Li-S batteries.
This paper considers the evaluation of a configuration of solar-hydrogen mild hybrid fuel cell power systems for electric vehicles. The primary objectives are to relieve the prerequisite need on the infrastructure for hydrogen supply and reduce the cost of fuel cell module compared to the conventional fuel cell electric vehicles. The advantage of the proposed vehicle power system configuration is addressed in terms of the criteria of availability and affordability. Availability considers issues of energy resource and engineering technology. Affordability considers issues of operational cost and environmental cost. With regard to issues of implementation, a cost-benefit ratio is defined and used to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed mild hybrid power systems. A demonstration is conducted based on four exemplary vehicles. The value of the computed cost-benefit ratio can be used to determine the suitability of implementation of the proposed configuration of a hybrid power system for electric vehicles. The presented costs are based on per/unit prices as cited by manufacturers on the Internet and are useable guidelines for further development. In actual practice, substantial further efforts would be needed to facilitate safe, reliable cost-efficient operation of the proposed system.
The hybrid electrode material of carbon fiber and vanadium nitride (CF@VN) is fabricated from waste metal ions absorbed on the recycled cigarette butts under the mixed atmosphere of NH3 and N2 at 800°C for supercapacitors. The microstructures and morphologies of CF@VN are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and BET methods; and the electrochemical properties are investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and impedance spectroscopy, respectively. The results demonstrate that the CF@VN material is in nanoscale with hierarchical porous structure, and the high specific capacitance of 104.05Fg−1 is obtained at the current density of 0.5Ag−1 in 2M KOH aqueous electrolyte. The asymmetric supercapacitor is assembled by using CF@VN as negative electrode and activated carbon as positive electrode, which exhibits the maximum specific capacitance of 23.28Fg−1 at current density of 0.5Ag−1 with the potential range of 0 to 1.6V with about 82% of capacitance retention rate after 1000 cycles at a current density of 1Ag−1. In addition, there is a wide utilization of the recycled cigarette butts in absorbing the other metal nitrides, such as Fe3+, Co2+, and Ni2+ ions, for application in supercapacitors.
A study is made of a polymer electrolyte system composed of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as a host polymer, lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) and lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3) as salts and a mixture of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate as plasticizers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveales that the salts and plasticizers disrupt the crystalline nature of PVC-based polymer electrolytes and converts them into an amorphous phase. Differential scanning calorimetry studies suggest that the plasticized samples have lower values of the glass tranisition temperature T g, and thermogravimetric studies show that the thermal stability of the polymer electrolytes decreases with addition of plasticizers. The plasticized PVC electrolyte is used in the fabrication of electrochemical cells. The open-circuit voltage, discharge time for the plateau region, etc. are evaluated.
For many years dissipative quantum maps were widely used as informative models of quantum chaos. In this paper, a new scheme for generating good pseudo-random numbers (PRNG), based on quantum logistic map is proposed. Note that the PRNG merely relies on the equations used in the quantum chaotic map. The algorithm is not complex, which does not impose high requirement on computer hardware and thus computation speed is fast. In order to face the challenge of using the proposed PRNG in quantum cryptography and other practical applications, the proposed PRNG is subjected to statistical tests using well-known test suites such as NIST, DIEHARD, ENT and TestU01. The results of the statistical tests were promising, as the proposed PRNG successfully passed all these tests. Moreover, the degree of non-periodicity of the chaotic sequences of the quantum map is investigated through the Scale index technique. The obtained result shows that, the sequence is more non-periodic. From these results it can be concluded that, the new scheme can generate a high percentage of usable pseudo-random numbers for simulation and other applications in scientific computing.
Functional imaging data collected during cognitive tasks show which brain regions are active during those tasks, but do not necessarily indicate which regions are essential for those tasks. Here, in a study of two cases of selectively impaired written naming of verbs after focal brain ischemia, we combined imaging and behavioral testing to unambiguously identify brain regions that are crucial for a specific cognitive process. We used magnetic resonance perfusion imaging to show that the selective impairment in each case was due to hypoperfusion (low blood flow) in left posterior inferior frontal gyrus (PIFG) and precentral gyrus (PrG); the impairment was immediately reversed when blood flow was restored to these regions, indicating that parts of the left frontal lobe are crucial for representing and processing verbs.
Physical Activity (PA) plays an important role in the health and quality of life of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, but little is known about their PA in daily living. With the use of accelerometers it is now possible to monitor activity profiles in detail. The goals of this study are to assess feasibility and acceptance of a longer-term use of accelerometers in daily living in CF patients, study the possibility of detecting changes in PA in relation to the patients’ clinical state and compare the findings between a CF and an age-matched healthy control group. We asked 15 CF patients to wear two accelerometers for 21 days and fill in a diary. Ten of them (age 21 to 40, mean 29.5 years) participated and delivered data that could be evaluated. We also recruited 10 age-matched control subjects. Data was processed for calculating usage time and features extracted to construct models of activity. The younger patients, particularly females, were concerned with fashion and style and considered wearing the sensors a challenge. Overall, the compliance of patients with CF seemed to be lower than reported for elder subjects in the literature. Time-series analysis of the data indicated characteristic patterns of PA over time, provided that data pre-processing and noise-filtering had been optimized. Further studies have to assess whether the continuous recording of PA yields additional clinical information in CF and in particular, whether it is possible to detect or even predict exacerbations in patients with CF or other diseases.
The use of the Modified Reactive System Screening Tool (MRSST) to study the thermal stability of electrolytes for lithium ion batteries was demonstrated. Important data for the understanding of the thermal behavior of lithium ion batteries (vapor liquid equilibrium data, heat capacity, heats of vaporization, reaction rates, and heats of reaction) can be obtained with the MRSST. The technique also allows sampling of the system (gas phase or liquid phase) at any time. The thermal stability of EMC and EC was analyzed using the MRSST. The results indicated that EMC is thermally stable until 320°C, while the EC decomposes at 263°C generating gases such as CO2, O2, and H2. The effect of O2 on the thermal stability of EMC was also studied. It was found that EMC thermally decomposes in the presence of O2 between 220 and 235°C generating non-condensable gases such as CO2.
A facile one-pot hydrothermal route was presented for the synthesis of novel Ni3S2 hierarchical dendrites with a three-dimensional (3D) framework. Through adjusting the reaction temperature and reaction time, various morphologies of Ni3S2 nanostructures were obtained. The as-prepared Ni3S2 samples have been characterized with X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectrum, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. A possible growth mechanism was proposed to illustrate the formation procedure of Ni3S2 3D hierarchical dendrites. Moreover, the electrochemical performances of all the prepared samples used as supercapacitor electrodes were investigated by cyclic voltammerty and the galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. Interestingly, the Ni3S2 hierarchical dendrites electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical properties, which can be attributed to enough electroactive sites for redox action provided by special hierarchical dendrites with individual 3D framework.
Grid-scale energy storage promises to reduce the cost of decarbonising electricity, but is not yet economically viable. Either costs must fall, or revenue must be extracted from more of the services that storage provides the electricity system. To help understand the economic prospects for storage, we review the sources of revenue available and the barriers faced in accessing them. We then demonstrate a simple algorithm that maximises the profit from storage providing arbitrage with reserve under both perfect and no foresight, which avoids complex linear programming techniques. This is made open source and freely available to help promote further research. We demonstrate that battery systems in the UK could triple their profits by participating in the reserve market rather than just providing arbitrage. With no foresight of future prices, 75–95% of the optimal profits are gained. In addition, we model a battery combined with a 322MW wind farm to evaluate the benefits of shifting time of delivery. The revenues currently available are not sufficient to justify the current investment costs for battery technologies, and so further revenue streams and cost reductions are required.
This paper discusses the development of a predictive artificial neural network (ANN)-based prototype controller for the optimum operation of an integrated hybrid renewable energy-based water and power supply system (IRWPSS). The integrated system, which has been assembled, consists of photovoltaic modules, diesel generator, battery bank for energy storage and a reverse osmosis desalination unit. The electrical load consists of typical households and the desalination plant. The proposed Artificial Neural Networking controller is designed to be implemented to take decision on diesel generators ON/OFF status and maintain a minimum loading level on the generator under light load and high solar radiation levels and maintain high efficiency of the generators and switch off diesel generator when not required based on predictive information. The key objectives are to reduce fuel dependency, engine wear and tear due to incomplete combustion and cut down on greenhouse gas emissions. The statistical analysis of the results indicates that the R 2 value for the testing set of 186 cases tested was 0.979. This indicates that ANN-based model developed in this work can predict the power usage and generator status at any point of time with high accuracy.
Several lithium borates (Salt A and Salt B) and a lithium aluminate (Salt C) with electron-withdrawing groups, OC6F5, OCOCF3 or N(SO2CF3)2, and oligoether chains (O(CH2CH2O) n CH3) directly bonded to the ate complex center, B or Al, were prepared. Lithium borate and lithium aluminate were mixed to get mix-salt electrolytes. Higher ionic conductivity was observed for the mix-salt than for the pure-salt. Conductivity as high as 1.1×10−4 S/cm at ambient temperature (25°C) was achieved for the electrolyte in the optimized composition. The reason for such mixing effect on enhancement of ionic conductivity was discussed. Other electrochemical properties including electrochemical stability, compatibility with lithium anode and cyclic performance were also investigated for the mix-salt electrolytes.
Clearing one’s plate out of habit when eating may promote excess energy consumption. This study examined whether plate clearing is related to increased body weight in a sample of young adults. It also sought to identify potential determinants of plate clearing. A cross-sectional design was used in which 385 young adults from a UK university completed self-report measures of plate clearing, weight and height, and demographic characteristics. Plate clearing was predictive of heavier body weight in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Parental encouragement to clear one’s plate during childhood (retrospectively reported) and personal concerns about food waste were both independent predictors of plate clearing tendencies. Clearing one’s plate when eating is associated with heavier body weight, and the prevalence of this behaviour may depend on parenting practices and concerns about food waste. Further work examining the longitudinal effect of plate clearing on weight gain is now needed.
A novel voltammetric method using the PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thiophene) modified electrode was developed for simultaneous measurement of various combinations of dopamine (DA) and ascorbate anion (AA). Both the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry were used for the measurement of neurotransmitters by means of the PEDOT modified electrodes. Well-separated voltammetric peaks were observed for dopamine and ascorbate anion at the PEDOT modified electrodes with peak separation of 0.170V. The electrostatic interaction between the heteroatom of PEDOT film and ascorbate anion was confirmed by adsorption of molybdate ions. A hydrophobic interaction was existed between the aromatic part of dopamine and the PEDOT film. The RRDE (rotating ring disk electrode) method was applied to study the redox reaction mechanism of dopamine and ascorbate anion. The Levich plot indicated that the electrocatalytic reaction between ascorbate anion and dopamine was mass transfer-controlled. The value of ‘diffusion co-efficient’ of dopamine and ascorbate anion were calculated to be 6.1×10−6 cm2 s−1 and 9.2×10−6 cm2 s−1.
We construct a two-scale mathematical model for modern, high-rate LiFePO4 cathodes. We attempt to validate against experimental data using two forms of the phase-field model developed recently to represent the concentration of Li+ in nano-sized LiFePO4 crystals. We also compare this with the shrinking-core based model we developed previously. Validating against high-rate experimental data, in which electronic and electrolytic resistances have been reduced is an excellent test of the validity of the crystal-scale model used to represent the phase-change that may occur in LiFePO4 material. We obtain poor fits with the shrinking-core based model, even with fitting based on “effective” parameter values. Surprisingly, using the more sophisticated phase-field models on the crystal-scale results in poorer fits, though a significant parameter regime could not be investigated due to numerical difficulties. Separate to the fits obtained, using phase-field based models embedded in a two-scale cathodic model results in “many-particle” effects consistent with those reported recently.