batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this work the discharge mechanism for heat treated electrolytic manganese dioxide (HT-EMD) in a primary lithium battery is investigated. In-situ and ex-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction is utilized to study the structural evolution with respect to material utilization (Li x MnO2). At a 4.3 mA g−1 discharge rate, HT-EMD undergoes a simultaneous two-phase transformation and solid solution reaction for 0 < x ≲ 0.21 . Beyond this point both these processes continue in conjunction with a solid solution reaction of the lithiated phase (observed for x > 0.34) formed in the two phase process. At higher discharge rates (17.1 mA g−1), no evidence for the new lithiated phase is observed, suggesting the discharge mechanism is rate dependent. These findings represent a key step in understanding the mechanistic behaviour of HT-EMD in primary battery systems, which in turn will assist in optimizing battery performance characteristics and broadening possible electronic applications.
For the consideration of environmental aspects of the personal transportation, electric vehicle (EV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) has the prospective solution nonetheless there is an obstacle to access the charging system plug. Additionally, the charging system delivers its own troubles when we compared it with petrol station since the participation of the different charging alternative. For the last few years, the studies associated with optimization of PHEV/EV charging infrastructure have drawn the researcher׳s consideration. New challenges and chances for the growth of smart grid technologies depend upon the recently introduced electric vehicle charging infrastructure services. In this particular review study, the literature bearing on the use of optimization methods for charging infrastructure is considered.
Random walk is one of the widely used techniques for information discovery in unstructured networks like Ad hoc Wireless Networks (AWNs) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In a random walk, instead of taking all steps uniform randomly, our idea is to modify the random walk to take some level biased steps to improve its energy efficiency and latency which are important design parameters of protocols for WSNs. The level of a node is defined as the minimum number of hops in which it can reach the sink node. We propose three protocols viz., Several Short Random Walks (SSRW) search, Random Walk with Level Biased Jumps (RWLBJ) search, and Level Biased Random Walk (LBRW) search. The proposed protocols use a combination of random and level biased steps to search for the target information. As we move from SSRW to LBRW, the percentage of biased steps increases and the percentage of random steps decreases i.e., SSRW uses fewer biased steps compared to the other proposals, LBRW uses only biased steps, and the usage of biased steps in RWLBJ is somewhere in between. We show by extensive simulations and testbed experiments that SSRW, RWLBJ, and LBRW are better choices compared to that of a pure Random walk in terms of the energy consumption and latency of search, and we also show that among the proposed protocols, LBRW and RWLBJ are the best.
Electronic contact lenses are a promising platform for medical sensors. With these devices a variety of vital signs and medical parameters can be monitored noninvasively and without the risk of foreign body response. However, one current limitation of this technology is the need for an external power supply, resulting in bulky, multi component devices. In this paper, we for the first time investigate and compare the application of abiotic glucose fuel cells and Mg/air batteries as alternative power supply technologies for electronic contact lenses. While abiotic glucose fuel cells harvest energy from metabolites present in tear fluid, Mg/air batteries provide electricity by the oxidation of a sacrificial anode. Considering the space available on standard contact lenses, our results indicate that approx. 40 μW and 2 μW can be generated by Mg/air batteries and glucose fuel cells for a period of at least 24 h, respectively. However, coating galvanic cells with the commonly used contact lens material pHEMA, results in drastically reduced performance, presumably due to hindered mass transport. Nevertheless, even under those circumstances a Mg/air battery can still provide about 7 μW for 24 h, which would already be sufficient for many electronic contact lens applications.
Abstract The behavior of coal during carbonization and the quality of coke are mainly governed by the grades of coal charged (type and rank) and the operating parameters, bulk density and heating rate. There are several possibilities to increase the bulk density. Among them, compacting of the whole blend before charging into the oven delivers the highest density and the best possible flexibility in the raw material selection. Significantly higher amounts of poor coking coals and other carbon-containing materials can then be used in coking blends. In this chapter, the methods of the industrial coal compacting are shortly presented, and the most relevant parameters influencing the compacting process and compact mechanical stability are discussed. Best practice applications are shown based on extensive experimental works by using specially designed and manufactured experimental setups. The economic performance of coal compacting is shown in the example of the stamp charging process. Coal compacting is a time and energy consuming process. Coal has to be crushed to a certain particle size distribution before compacting. The new developed compact grinding process, combining crushing and preliminary bulk density increase in only one process step, is presented as an approach to reduce the compacting time and consequently the compacting energy, which contributes to improving operational efficiency.
Aluminum-air battery is one of the most promising systems to replace traditional fossil resources. In this report, an advanced and facile cathode catalyst of Fe-N-C electrocatalyst for aluminum-air battery is synthesized by calcining the mixture of Super P (SP), melamine and ferric chloride. The Fe contained catalyst among with the sample without Fe and the sample without N are both studied by linear polarization as catalysts compared with the commercial Pt/C catalysts. The Fe-N-C catalyst shows the ORR onset potential of −0.09V, approaching the commercial Pt/C (20wt%) catalyst. Besides the excellent properties of ORR, Further electrochemical performance as air cathodes in a model battery were tested in galvanostatic discharge measurements, and the Fe-N-C catalyst exhibits a high discharge voltage of 1.33V at the current density of 50mAcm−2. The profound study shows that N in carbon matrix and Fe-Nx species are both involved to provide active sites catalyzing reduction of oxygen. We believe the Fe-N-C catalyst could be a good and economic potential choice for the practical high power aluminum-air batteries.
Lithium-ion batteries have attracted great attention as one of the most versatile electrochemical energy storage devices. However, to meet the ever-growing energy needs for wide applications, further improvements on energy density of batteries are expected, which requires the development of innovative high-energy electrode materials. Silicon (Si) and sulfur (S) are two promising candidates and have been studied intensively as anode and cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, the excellent performance achieved with Li–Si and Li–S half cells usually does not easily translate to high-performance Si–S full cell. Here, we will discuss the challenges in the Si–S full cell integration, and a failure mechanism of Si–S full cell is proposed, which is due to the spontaneous reaction between Si (and lithiated Si) and polysulfides. On this basis, we report one prototype of Si-S full cells using lithiated Nafion-coated porous Si as anode and sulfur as cathode, and our study on the functionality of Nafion in shielding Si from reaction with polysulfides. With optimized mass ratio between sulfur and silicon, the full cell yields specific capacity of 330mAh/g and energy density of 590Wh/kg after 100 cycles based on the total mass of sulfur and silicon. The achieved energy density is more than 2 times higher than commercially available lithium-ion batteries. The investigation of issues in Si–S full cell research and the proposed full cell prototype will shed light on the development of next-generation lithium-ion batteries.
The effects of cathode/anode area ratio on the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries are investigated using 2032-type coin full cells. As the anode area is increased from 1.13 (ø12 mm) to 2.54 cm2 (ø18 mm) while maintaining the cathode area as 1.13 cm2 (ø12 mm), both coulombic efficiency and discharge capacity at the first formation step become increasingly worse, probably owing to greater formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Moreover, rate capability also declined with increased anode area, whereas discharge capacity retention behavior during 1C/1C charge/discharge cycling appeared similar except for a slightly decreased capacity of coin cells with larger anode areas. The findings indicate that cathode/anode area ratio should be carefully evaluated to achieve reliable data on electrochemical performance.
To investigate the ability of cadmium to affect gene transcription in fish, the messenger RNA (mRNA) differential display technique was used to analyze gene expression in the Antarctic icefish Chionodraco hamatus exposed to sublethal doses of cadmium salt. Seven DNA complementary to RNA (cDNA) bands whose steady-state levels of expression significantly changed in response to cadmium exposure were identified. The results obtained show that two groups of genes are affected by cadmium in icefish liver. The first group comprises genes that are up-regulated by the metal: in particular, a gene encoding the heat-shock protein HSP70 and another encoding a protein homologous to GP49 of Sparus aurata egg envelope. The other group comprises genes down-regulated by cadmium. These are the transferrin gene and a gene encoding a protein presenting homology to mouse T2K, a kinase having a role in the prevention of apoptosis. Three cDNAs had no homology to known gene sequences, thus suggesting that may either encode not yet identified proteins, or correspond to untranslated regions of mRNA molecules.
The symposium aims to foster communication among researchers and practitioners with a common interest in improving high-temperature processing techniques. Representatives from industry can discuss problems and challenges involved in their industrial process and gain insight into potential solutions. For academics and researchers, it is a chance to present their research and get fresh perspective on their work. Postgraduate students will get the opportunity to discuss their research with experienced researchers and practitioners and expand their network.
This paper is devoted to the effect of sodium sulfate as negative paste additive on the performance of the lead-acid battery. Six different percentages of sodium sulfate were added to negative paste. The effect of sodium sulfate on discharge capacity, cycle life and cold cranking ability of the sealed lead-acid batteries were investigated. Batteries containing sodium sulfate in negative plates at low amount (0.1wt%) showed a remarkable electrical behavior during the test. Results indicate that negative electrodes containing 0.1wt% sodium sulfate exhibit discharge capacity of the more than 3% and 12% with respect to negative electrodes without sodium sulfate before and after cycling test, respectively. Addition of sodium sulfate also increases the time of reaching to cut off voltage of 6V at cold cranking test more than 17%. The main effect of sodium sulfate is to increase the cycle life of the lead-acid batteries to more than 18%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for the investigation of paste morphology.
A hydrometallurgical route is proposed in this paper for the selective separation of zinc and manganese from spent alkaline batteries. The recycling route comprises the following steps: (1) batteries dismantling to separate the spent batteries dust from other components (iron scraps, plastic and paper), (2) grinding of the batteries dust to produce a black homogeneous powder, (3) leaching of the powder in two sequential steps, “neutral leaching with water” to separate potassium and produce a KOH solution, followed by an “acidic leaching with sulphuric acid” to remove zinc and manganese from the powder, and (4) selective precipitation of zinc and manganese using the KOH solution (pH around 11) produced in the neutral leaching step. For the acidic leaching step, two alternative routes have been investigated (selective leaching of zinc and total leaching) with regard to the following operational variables: temperature, time, sulphuric acid concentration, hydrogen peroxide concentration and solid/liquid ratio. The results obtained in this study have shown that the proposed route is technically simple, versatile and provides efficient separation of zinc and manganese.
The increased use of CAD systems by product development organizations has resulted in the creation of large databases of assemblies. This explosion of assembly data is likely to continue in the future. In many situations, a text-based search alone may not be sufficient to search for assemblies and it may be desirable to search for assemblies based on the content of the assembly models. The ability to perform content-based searches on these databases is expected to help the designers in the following two ways. First, it can facilitate the reuse of existing assembly designs, thereby reducing the design time. Second, a lot of useful designs for manufacturing, and assembly knowledge are implicitly embedded in existing assemblies. Therefore a capability to locate existing assemblies and examine them can be used as a learning tool by designers to learn from the existing assembly designs. This paper describes a system for performing content-based searches on assembly databases. We identify templates for comprehensive search definitions and describe algorithms to perform content-based searches for mechanical assemblies. We also illustrate the capabilities of our system through several examples.
The integration of energy storage systems in power distribution networks allows to obtain several benefits, such as, the minimization of energy losses, the improvement of voltage profile and the reduction of the energy costs. However, due to the high cost of these energy storage systems, this integration must be carefully applied. Thus, this work proposes the integration of energy storage systems based on a multiobjective optimization. The type of storage systems that is considered are the batteries. These systems require electronic power converters as an interface between the batteries and the grid. Thus, this work uses those converters to supply an ancillary service, more specifically, reactive power compensation. In this way, besides the peak shaving, the optimization approach will also consider the reactive-power compensation, allowing to improve the capital investment return of these systems. The reactive power compensation considers the maximum active power of the converter, to minimize the cost of the system. In consequence, when the energy storage system is at its maximum discharge mode, the reactive power compensation function will be inhibited. Since the multi-objective optimization generates a Pareto-optimal set with a large number of solutions, an approach to support the choice of the solution is also proposed. This approach considers a new post-Pareto analysis, which is based on the sum of the ranking differences. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach, a case study using the 94-bus real test feeder is presented. Three scenarios tests are also presented for the post-pareto optimality analysis, each considering different weights for the objective functions. The results show that even for a specific case where the weights are assigned for each of the objective functions, more than one solution is obtained.
It has now passed more than forty years since solid-state fermentation (SSF) research developments have gained importance for the scientific community. After so many years, numerous processes and equipment for SSF were studied and designed focusing on the production of different commercially relevant bioproducts such as enzymes, fermented food, such as Chinese daqu and koji, organic acids, pigments, phenolic compounds, aromas, biosorbents and so many others. However, no review paper has been focused yet specifically on agricultural and animal feed bioproducts obtained through SSF techniques. This review comprises the description of agricultural sub-products that have been employed in most important developed processes concerning the production of animal feed products and agricultural products such as spores, probiotics, biofungicides, bioinsecticides and other biopesticides, biofertilizers and plant growth hormones. Major designed SSF bioreactors are also described and the most important related cases of successful employment of the technique are reported. Finally, a summary of patents and innovations regarding SSF products and processes in this area is presented, showing that the main involved countries are China, South Korea, India and the USA. It is clear that the interest in this theme is increasing and that scientific and technological developments are still needed.
This paper investigates the possibility of using hybrid Photovoltaic–Wind renewable systems as primary sources of energy to supply mobile telephone Base Transceiver Stations in the rural regions of the Democratic Republic of Congo. For this purpose, three different areas not served by the grid namely: Kabinda, Mbuji-Mayi and Kamina where solar and wind resources are available, were selected as pilot sites to implement this study. Four different possible options including a hybrid Photovoltaic–Wind, a diesel generator, a pure Photovoltaic and a pure Wind energy system were designed to compare and evaluate their technical performance, economics and environmental impact. Simulations using HOMER are performed to determine the Initial Capital, the Total Net Present Cost, the Cost of Energy as well as the system Capacity Shortage of the different supply options. The selection criteria include the financial viability, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions for a project life time of 20 years.
Autonomous driving is being implemented in electric vehicles, but its energy impact is unclear. Here the authors build physics models to analyse the energy demand of autonomous electric vehicles and suggest that the influences of automation on vehicle range and battery longevity are small.
Real-time medication monitoring (RTMM) may potentially enhance adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART). We describe a participant in an ongoing trial who, shortly after completing trial participation, died of cryptococcal meningitis despite high levels of adherence according to self-report, pill-counts and RTMM (> 99%). However, she evidenced consistently high HIV viral load throughout the 48-week study follow-up. Subsequently, her relatives unsolicitedly returned eight months’ dispensed ART medication that she was supposed to have taken. This brief report illustrates the challenges of adherence measurements including RTMM, and reinforces the need to combine adherence assessments with viral load monitoring in HIV care.
In this work, we demonstrate that a new mechanical attrition process can be used to prepare nanosilicon powder from metallurgical grade silicon lumps. Composite Li-ion anode made from this nanometer-size powder was found to have a high reversible capacity of 2400 mAh g−1 and an improved cycling stability compared to micrometer-sized powder. It is proposed that improved battery cycling performance is ascribed to the nanoscale silicon particles which supresses the volume expansion owing to its superplasticity.
A new strategy for increasing the power density of an air-breathing small proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system for the main energy source of portable consumer electronics is presented. The small PEMFC system is composed of a single cell. Utilizing the output voltage of the single cell, we introduce a newly designed ultra-low voltage input boost converter. The boost converter can generate 4.1V output from input sources with low voltage ranges, such as under 1.0V. The cathode plate is made from a thin SUS 316L stainless steel plate and has ribs that prevent the cathode from bending. The hydrogen is supplied by a metal hydride (MH) tank cartridge. The MH tank contains highly packed AB5-type MH. The MH tank cartridge has a volume of 13.2cm3 and can absorb 6.7L of hydrogen. The maximum power of the small PEMFC is 4.42W at room temperature. Using 6.7L of hydrogen, the small PEMFC can generate 11Wh of electricity. The power density of the small PEMFC reaches 0.51Whcm−3. And the power density of the whole small PEMFC system, which contains the boost converter, a small Li-ion battery for a load absorber, and a case for the system, reaches 0.14Whcm−3. This value matches that of external Li-ion battery chargers for cell phones. We installed the small PEMFC system in a cell phone and confirmed the operations of calling, receiving, videophone, connecting to the Internet, and watching digital TV. And also confirmed that the small PEMFC system provides approximately 8.25h of talk time, which is about three times as long as that for the original Li-ion battery.
Sleep is a coordinated process involving more or less simultaneous changes in sensory, motor, autonomic, hormonal, and cerebral processes. On the other hand, none of the changes occurring with sleep are invariably coupled to sleep. EEG synchrony, heat loss, sleep-related hormone secretion, and even REM-related motoneuron paralysis may occur independent of the parent state. In REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) the muscle tone of wakefulness intrudes into REM sleep, allowing the release of dream-enacting behaviours. Status dissociatus (SD) is a condition in which brain and mind are in disarray along the boundaries of sleep and wakefulness. The existence of such dissociated behaviours shows that they have separate neuronal control systems and indicates that the whole organization of sleep is an emergent property of the collective neuronal systems to synchronize. Insults to the brain can drastically alter the circuitries responsible for maintaining the integrity of wakefulness, NREM sleep, and REM sleep. As a consequence, the basic states of existence can become admixed and interchanged with striking disturbances of consciousness, brain electrophysiology, and the behavioural and polygraphic expression of sleep and wakefulness. The evolution of RBD into SD may result from a disarray of (brainstem) structures that orchestrate the whole brain wake–sleep conditions, but with preserved discrete systems and dissociable strategies to still place navigation in wake and sleep. Advances in the fields of genetics, neuroimaging, and behavioural neurology will expand the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the organization of the states of being along with their somatic/behavioural manifestations.