batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 has aroused much interest as a new generation of cathode material for Li-ion batteries, due to its great advantages in capacity, stability, low cost and low toxicity, etc. Here we report a novel single-crystalline spherical LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 material that is prepared by a convenient rheological phase reaction route. The X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy indicate that the particles are highly dispersed with spherical morphologies and diameters of about 1–4μm, and more interestingly, they show a perfect single-crystalline nature, which is not usual according to the crystal growth theories and may bring extra benefits to applications. Electrochemical tests show good performance of the material in both the capacity and cycling stability as cathode material in a model cell.
Herein we studied a rechargeable sodium–oxygen cell operating at room temperature and employing a cathode comprising multi-walled carbon nanotubes coated on a gas diffusion layer. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is investigated and improved by optimizing the cathode configuration. We demonstrated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements that, using a low-volatile tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEG-DME)-sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate (NaCF3SO3) electrolyte solution, the major discharge product is NaO2. Moreover, we originally demonstrated that controlled amount of superoxide formed at the cathode side by discharge facilitates the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), thus resulting in a charge-discharge polarization as low as 400mV. The developed system can deliver a capacity of 500mAhg−1 with an energy efficiency as high as 83% for 60 charge-discharge cycles. The data here reported represent a step-forward in the development of an efficient sodium-air battery.
Background Schizophrenia is characterized by prominent cognitive deficits, impacting on memory and learning; these are strongly associated with the prefrontal cortex. Objective/hypothesis To combine two interventions, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the prefrontal cortex and cognitive training, to examine change in cognitive performance in patients with schizophrenia. Methods A double blind, sham-controlled pilot study of 49 patients with schizophrenia, randomized into real or sham tDCS stimulation groups. Subjects participated in 4 days of cognitive training (days 1, 2, 14, 56) with tDCS applied at day-1 and day-14. The primary outcome measure was change in accuracy on working memory and implicit learning tasks from baseline. The secondary outcome measure was the generalization of learning to non-trained task, indexed by the CogState neuropsychological battery. Data analysis was conducted using multilevel modelling and multiple regressions. Results 24 participants were randomized to real tDCS and 25 to sham. The working memory task demonstrated a significant mean difference in performance in the tDCS treatment group: at day-2 (b = 0.68, CI 0.14–1.21; p = 0.044) and at day-56 (b = 0.71, 0.16–1.26; p = 0.044). There were no significant effects of tDCS on implicit learning. Trend evidence of generalization onto untrained tasks of attention and vigilance task (b = 0.40, 0.43–0.77; p = 0.058) was found. Conclusions This is the first study to show a significant longer-term effect of tDCS on working memory in schizophrenia. Given the current lack of effective therapies for cognitive deficits, tDCS may offer an important novel approach to modulating brain networks to ameliorate cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
Clinical staging of mental disorders proposes that individuals can be assessed at various sub-syndromal and later developed phases of illness. As an adjunctive rating, it may complement traditional diagnostic silo-based approaches. In this study, we sought to determine the relationships between clinical stage and neuropsychological profile in young persons presenting to youth-focused mental health services.
Recently, three-dimensional core-shell structures have attracted much attention due to their excellent electrochemical properties. Here, core-shell structure of CoMn2O4@Ni-Co-S nanowires were prepared by facile hydrothermal and electrodeposition methods on Ni foam. The unique core-shell structure consisting of CoMn2O4 nanowires and Ni‐Co‐S nanosheets exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance. The specific capacity of composites electrode reached 1.62 mAh/cm2 at current density 5 mA/cm2, and it is 7.1 times higher than the single CoMn2O4 nanowires electrode. Furthermore, a hybrid electrochemical capacitors was assembled by CoMn2O4@Ni‐Co‐S electrode as the positive electrode and active carbon electrode as the negative electrode. The prepared CoMn2O4@Ni‐Co‐S//AC hybrid electrochemical capacitors delivered high area capacity of 1.09 mAh/cm2 with a maximum energy density of 0.845 mWh/cm2 and power density of 77.5 mW cm−2. More important, the prepared ECs shown superior cycling ability with about 86.3% capacity retention even after 5000 cycles. The above experimental results indicate CoMn2O4@Ni‐Co‐S has great application prospects.
This study aims to develop an aqueous zinc/electrospun poly(5-cyanoindole) fibers secondary battery system. Zn foil and ZnCl2 are used as anode active materials and the electrolytic solution, respectively. Poly(5-cyanoindole) synthesized by chemical oxidation is electrospun into fibers and used as cathode active materials. FTIR and NMR test are carried out to investigate the chemical structure of poly(5-cyanoindole). Surface properties of electrospun poly(5-cyanoindole) fibers are studied by SEM, TEM, and BET. The performance of zinc/electrospun poly(5-cyanoindole) fibers battery system is evaluated in term of electrical conductivity, cyclic voltammogram, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, discharge capacity and durability test. The cell achieves 2.0 V electromotive force with about 107–61 Ah Kg−1 discharge capacity at 0.2C–10C rate. At 800th cycle, the discharge capacity remains 80–57 Ah Kg−1 at 0.2C–2C rate, which is about 75–63% of the maximum discharge capacity. These results indicate that the cell has very excellent cyclic properties as well as fast charge/discharge properties. Electrospun poly(5-cyanoindole) fibers have been proved to be a better candidate than polyindole powder as cathode material in zinc/polymer battery.
In this work, we report a facile and one -step hydrothermal method to decorate SnO2 nanostructures on few-layered graphene for superior dopamine detection. The structural and morphological properties of the prepared nanohybrids illustrated the tetragonal crystal system of SnO2, reconstruction of graphene layers with oxygen containing functional groups, increased ID/IG ratio, and uniform decoration of SnO2 nanostructures on graphene layers. The prepared nanohybrids exhibited a high electrochemical activity toward dopamine oxidation in comparison with individual graphene sheets. This enhanced performance can be due to the presence of SnO2 nanostructures between the graphene layers, which efficiently avoid the restacking and increase the surface area accessibility. The fabricated nanohybrid-based sensor showed an increase in current with respect to the increased analyte concentration over the wide range of 0.005–0.20 × 10−6 M. The sensor exhibits excellent catalytic activity toward dopamine with the lowest detection limit of 6.3 nm. Further, the modified electrode exhibited good stability, reproducibility, and better recovery of 99 % in human urine samples suggesting the real-time usability of the sensor.
Despite the evolution and enhancements that mobile devices have experienced, they are still considered as limited computing devices. Today, users become more demanding and expect to execute computational intensive applications on their smartphone devices. Therefore, Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) integrates mobile computing and Cloud Computing (CC) in order to extend capabilities of mobile devices using offloading techniques. Computation offloading tackles limitations of Smart Mobile Devices (SMDs) such as limited battery lifetime, limited processing capabilities, and limited storage capacity by offloading the execution and workload to other rich systems with better performance and resources. This paper presents the current offloading frameworks, computation offloading techniques, and analyzes them along with their main critical issues. In addition, it explores different important parameters based on which the frameworks are implemented such as offloading method and level of partitioning. Finally, it summarizes the issues in offloading frameworks in the MCC domain that requires further research.
Correlating composition and structures with battery performance is key aspect of electrode material design and improvement. Here utilizing in situ open cell transmission electron microscopy, we studied the in situ cycling rate performance of vanadium oxide coated tin dioxide nanowire electrode by tuning the lithiation/delithiation current. In situ results show that the good rate performance of such high capacity compositional material lies in the layered vanadium oxide coating strategy. For cycling at high rate, the layered vanadium oxide also serves as fast ions and electrons transportation route while tin nanoparticles aggregate to the surface with sizes controlled by the coating layer, cycle induced volume change is released to the surface and excellent mechanical tolerance of tin nanoparticle and inner nanowire ensure improved cyclability of the electrode.
Li2MSiO4 (M=Fe, Mn, Co) compounds have since their discovery gained increased attention as alternative, inexpensive and inherently safe positive electrodes for Li-ion batteries. To meet the required performance for an electrode, sophisticated, complex and time-consuming synthesis measures are required at present. Here, we present a time-efficient and scalable aerosol combustion method with subsequent annealing, leading to nanoscale and carbon-coated Li2FeSiO4 and Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4. Using liquid-feed flame spray pyrolysis, we demonstrate synthesis of orthosilicate materials, with phase purities exceeding 95wt. % according to Rietveld quantifications, in a relatively short time. The importance of the precursor concentration, in order to obtain loosely agglomerated nanoparticles, is discussed and the long-term performance is investigated. In the case of Li2FeSiO4, the optimised precursor concentration yielded particles of about 30nm, which delivered an initial discharge capacity of up to 150mAhg−1 at 60°C and C/20. Furthermore, over 50% of the capacity is retained at a high rate of 5C, and long-term cycling showed outstanding capacity retention of over 90% after 300 cycles at a moderate rate of C/2. Li2Fe0.5Mn0.5SiO4 on the other hand, was shown to suffer from a severe capacity fade, and upon prolonged cycling the redox activity can be attributed solely to Fe.
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip is a major cause of functional disability and reduced quality of life. Management options aim to reduce pain and improve or maintain physical functioning. Current evidence indicates that therapeutic exercise has a beneficial but short-term effect on pain and disability, with poor long-term benefit. The optimal content, duration and type of exercise are yet to be ascertained. There has been little scientific investigation into the effectiveness of manual therapy in hip OA. Only one randomized controlled trial (RCT) found greater improvements in patient-perceived improvement and physical function with manual therapy, compared to exercise therapy.
Synchrotron radiation has become an increasingly important tool for research in the fields of art, archaeometry, and the conservation of objects of cultural heritage significance. Scientists using conventional laboratory techniques are finding that the fundamental characteristics of synchrotron radiation — high brightness, low divergence, and highly linear polarization — can be used to give information not readily available in the laboratory context. In the author's experience, experiments do not translate directly from the laboratory to the synchrotron radiation laboratory: there are subtle differences in the use of what seem to be similar experimental apparatus. To achieve the best results, the research scientist must be able to discuss his or her research aims meaningfully with beamline scientists. And to be able to do this, the research scientist must have an understanding of the properties of synchrotron radiation, and also the various techniques that are available at synchrotrons but are unavailable in the laboratory. The chapter includes a discussion of synchrotron radiation and its properties, monochromators, detectors, and techniques such as infrared (IR) microscopy; soft X-ray spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; micro-X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analysis; X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), including extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), and X-ray tomography. The underlying principles of these techniques are discussed here. Later in this book, authors will address these techniques in more detail.
PANI/SWCNT composites were prepared by electrochemical polymerisation of polyaniline onto SWCNTs and their capacitive performance was evaluated by means of cyclic voltammetry and charge–discharge cycling in 1M H2SO4 electrolyte. The PANI/SWCNT composites single electrode showed much higher specific capacitance, specific energy and specific power than pure PANI and SWCNTs. The highest specific capacitance, specific power and specific energy values of 485F/g, 228Wh/kg and 2250W/kg were observed for 73wt.% PANI deposited onto SWCNTs. PANI/SWCNT composites also showed long cyclic stability. Based upon the variations in the surface morphologies and specific capacitance of the composite, a mechanism is proposed to explain enhancement in the capacitive characteristics. The PANI/SWCNT composites have demonstrated the potential as excellent electrode materials for application in high performance supercapacitors.
Rational design of modified separator is of great significance in effectively suppressing the shuttle of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and hence realizing fulfilling cycling performance of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). In this paper, we developed a facile strategy to fabricate P-doped carbon coated CNT skeleton coupled with nickel phosphide (Ni2P) nanospheres (PCCNT@NPS), and then we employed the as-developed hybrid as a multifunctional modified interlayer onto PP separator (denoted as PCNPmPP) to face the challenge of LiPSs shuttling. The as-prepared hybrid provides abundant physical confinement and strong chemical adsorption for inhibiting polysulfides shuttling as well as efficient catalysis for accelerating LiPSs converting. As a result, the LSBs based on PCCNT@NPS modified PP separator have delivered a highly reversible cycling performance with high initial discharge capacity of 1067 mAh g−1 and low capacity decay rate of 0.077% per cycle within 500 cycles at 1 C. The promising results demonstrate that the PCCNT@NPS composite is capable of effectively inhibiting the diffusion and shuttle of LiPSs. This paper provides a novel thinking for the synthesis of multifunctional interlayer onto PP separator for advanced LSBs.
Periodontal scaling might cause musculoskeletal disorders, and scaling instruments might not only have different effectiveness and efficiency but also differ in their ergonomic properties. The present study assessed ergonomic working patterns of experienced (EO) and less experienced operators (LO) when using hand and powered devices for periodontal scaling and root planning.
This paper proposes a novel solution to power management based on sliding control techniques. Most of solutions to power management over fuel cell systems are based on traditional constant frequency control techniques like peak, valley and average current or voltage control or other kind of control techniques like PID controllers which act over switching devices on power conditioning stages (DC/DC converters). However, variable frequency control techniques like sliding control are widely used to control the hydrogen and oxidant supply (Balance of Plant, BOP) on PEM fuel cell stacks, but not on power management. In this paper, authors give a further step, and they join constant and variable frequency control techniques to establish the power management in fuel cell hybrid systems. That is, the power supplied by sources in a hybrid system is regulated applying hybrid control based on combining peak, valley or average current control (traditionally associated with fixed frequency), and sliding control techniques (variable frequency technique). Features like stability, precision, easy to implement and speed derive from this hybrid control concept. Simulation results of real system will show different power management solutions based on hybrid control applied to different topologies of fuel cell based systems.
Lithium–sulfur batteries using positive electrodes (cathodes) with various binders are assembled to examine the correlation between cathode morphology and battery performance. The pore distribution and pore area of the cathodes are measured and to understand the effect on sulfur utilization on the discharge rate. The matrix of binders consists of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)+carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), PTFE+polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The cathode with PTFE+CMC (18:2wt.%) as binder shows the greatest enhancement of capacity. The specific surface area of the composite material and the sulfur utilization in this cathode are about 10m2 g−1 and more than 65%, respectively.
Summary We analyze the financial constraint—export relationship in a framework that is consistent with stylized features of data. The analysis accounts for whether firms need loans or have sufficient capital, and studies the use of bank loans (quantity of finance) and availability of overdraft facilities (flexibility of finance). We develop a two-stage estimation procedure that uses an equation of bank financing in the first stage and an export equation in the second. We find that export participation (extensive margin) and the share of exports in total sales (intensive margin) increase with the availability of overdraft facilities, particularly so for SMEs with loan needs. The percentage of foreign ownership, ISO certification, and operation in manufacturing sector are also significant and positively associated with a firm’s export participation and firm’s share of exports in total sales. The main results are robust to a battery of econometric specifications and statistical tests applied on the firm-level data from our sample countries. The finding of a large economic significance of the overdraft facility variable is consistent with a growing concern from SMEs that the regulatory response to the Global Financial Crisis has forced banks to tighten risk management, thereby raising the rejection rates of overdraft and loan applications from SMEs. For SMEs in developing countries and emerging markets, the improvement of alternative financing forms and supportive government interventions has become ever more challenging.
Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are clinically and neuropathologically highly related α-synucleinopathies that collectively constitute the second leading cause of neurodegenerative dementias. Genetic and neuropathological studies directly implicate α-synuclein (αS) abnormalities in PDD and DLB pathogenesis. However, it is currently unknown how αS abnormalities contribute to memory loss, particularly since forebrain neuronal loss in PDD and DLB is less severe than in Alzheimer’s disease. Previously, we found that familial Parkinson’s disease-linked human mutant A53T αS causes aberrant localization of the microtubule-associated protein tau to postsynaptic spines in neurons, leading to postsynaptic deficits. Thus, we directly tested if the synaptic and memory deficits in a mouse model of α-synucleinopathy (TgA53T) are mediated by tau. TgA53T mice exhibit progressive memory deficits associated with postsynaptic deficits in the absence of obvious neuropathological and neurodegenerative changes in the hippocampus. Significantly, removal of endogenous mouse tau expression in TgA53T mice (TgA53T/mTau−/−), achieved by mating TgA53T mice to mouse tau-knockout mice, completely ameliorates cognitive dysfunction and concurrent synaptic deficits without affecting αS expression or accumulation of selected toxic αS oligomers. Among the known tau-dependent effects, memory deficits in TgA53T mice were associated with hippocampal circuit remodeling linked to chronic network hyperexcitability. This remodeling was absent in TgA53T/mTau−/− mice, indicating that postsynaptic deficits, aberrant network hyperactivity, and memory deficits are mechanistically linked. Our results directly implicate tau as a mediator of specific human mutant A53T αS-mediated abnormalities related to deficits in hippocampal neurotransmission and suggest a mechanism for memory impairment that occurs as a consequence of synaptic dysfunction rather than synaptic or neuronal loss. We hypothesize that these initial synaptic deficits contribute to network hyperexcitability which, in turn, exacerbate cognitive dysfunction. Our results indicate that these synaptic changes present potential therapeutic targets for amelioration of memory deficits in α-synucleinopathies.
As large format lithium ion batteries are used in EV and ESS applications, the temperature control of a battery is important to achieve a safe and long cycle life operation. To control the temperature properly, we need to know the heat generation characteristics. Heat generation of a battery mainly depends on the applied current, internal resistance, temperature and entropy of the battery. However, it is not easy to measure the entropy, because they depend on SOC and temperature simultaneously. Here, we suggested a new way to measure the entropy, on the assumption of adiabatic condition and calculate the heat generation. Internal resistance, specific heat capacity, OCCP values are also measured experimentally. The entropy (F ∂EOC ∂T−1) at a given SOC were measured from the variation of OCCP with temperature and expressed via a polynomial equation. The temperature dependence of the internal resistance were also expressed in the same procedure. The battery temperature variations calculated from the above parameters showed a good agreement with those from experiments. This suggested method provides a simple and reliable temperature estimation of lithium ion batteries.
Extremely high concentrated solutions of lithium perchlorate in formamide and acetonitrile equimolar mixture were investigated by spectroscopic and conductimetric techniques. The spectral changes observed in the characteristic bands of the solvents, the appearance of the band at 939cm−1 and the slight increase of conductivity in all solutions were interpreted in terms of a solvent separated ion pairs model. In fact, the mixture of solvents with considerable differences in the donor–acceptor characters allows to prepare electrolytic solutions where the contact ion pairs formation seems uncertain.