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Several energy scavenging concepts are reviewed and analyzed to determine their potential for supplementing the on-board energy of small electric unmanned systems to enable increases in endurance and range. Photonic (solar), kinetic-flow (wind), thermal, and electromagnetic sources of energy are considered as well as autophagous structure–power concepts that allow for energy generation through self-consumption of system structure. Notional designs for each scavenging concept are evaluated with regard to their power collection capability and multifunctional potential. Power collection levels ranging from fractions of a watt to tens of watts are possible depending on the weight and size allowed for the energy collection or autophagous storage elements and the efficiency of conversion from scavenged energy to system electrical energy. An analysis methodology is developed to link energy scavenger performance to changes in unmanned system performance. The methodology is demonstrated by analyzing solar scavenging on unmanned air vehicles as a means of extending the flight endurance time.
Inspired by the classic expansion reaction, "Pharaoh's Snake", this study uses sucrose as a carbon source and NaHCO3 as a foaming agent. Since NaHCO3 is decomposed by heat to release a large amount of CO2 gas, the carbonized sucrose is converted into a loosely expanded "snake-like" carbonization under the action of CO2 gas. Then, using argon as the shielding gas and KOH as the activator, the sucrose-based porous carbon material, BZTC-T, was successfully prepared by high-temperature chemical activation. The sucrose-based porous carbon BZTC-T is amorphous carbon with a specific surface area of 2673 m2 g−1 and a reasonable pore size distribution. Cyclic voltammetry and constant current charge and discharge tests show that sucrose-based porous carbon, BZTC-800, shows excellent electrochemical performance with a specific capacitance up to 289 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 in a 6 M KOH electrolyte. Sucrose-based porous carbon BZTC-800 has good cycle stability after 10,000 cycles of charge and discharge with a capacitance retention rate as high as 93.7%.
In our contribution we study the electrocatalytic effect of oxygen functionalization of thermally treated graphite felt on kinetics of electrode reactions of vanadium redox flow battery. Chemical and morphological changes of the felts are analysed by standard physico-chemical characterization techniques. A complex method four-point method is developed and employed for characterization of the felts in a laboratory single-cell. The method is based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and load curves measurements of positive and negative half-cells using platinum wire pseudo-reference electrodes. The distribution of ohmic and faradaic losses within a single-cell is evaluated for both symmetric and asymmetric electrode set-up with respect to the treatment conditions. Positive effect of oxygen functionalization is observed only for negative electrode, whereas kinetics of positive electrode reaction is almost unaffected by the treatment. This is in a contradiction to the results of typically employed cyclovoltammetric characterization which indicate that both electrodes are enhanced by the treatment to a similar extent. The developed four-point characterization method can be further used e.g., for the component screening and in-situ durability studies on single-cell scale redox flow batteries of various chemistries.
Cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) formation is a key process that impacts the performance of lithium-ion batteries. In this work, we characterized the composition and stoichiometry of CEI layer on LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 (NMC) cathodes via a novel combination of quantitative correlation analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectra and binder-free cathode formulation. By comparing the CEI formation in NMC-based cells with lithium, graphite and lithium titanate anodes, we demonstrate a CEI formation pathway via migration of surface species that originally formed on the anode side. A case study of cathodes coated by atomic layer deposition with a thin layer of Al2O3 demonstrates that anode-to-cathode migration can be mitigated by ALD cathode coatings. This work highlights the importance of anode-mediated processes in order to correctly interpret surface phenomena on the cathode side and to guide further development of surface protection strategies.
Publisher Summary The chapter deals with the various types of dementias, differential diagnosis, diagnostic criteria, guidelines for assessment, and common measures to assist in the diagnosis of dementia in individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID). Memory disorders received increased attention over the last few decades, leading to a number of advances and refinements in their assessment and identification. Individuals who have developed the onset of dementia are now provided with better care at an earlier stage in their disease than in the past. These individuals have greater opportunities to seek and receive care that may slow the progression of their disease, as well as greater opportunities to maintain their independence and quality of life.
Development of efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts from earth abundant elements, simultaneously active for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), remains to be a grand challenge for electrocatalysis. Herein we firstly synthesized a new type of bifunctional catalyst (NCNT/Co x Mn1−x O) consisting of non-spinel cobalt–manganese oxide supported on N-doped carbon nanotubes through a simple non-surfactant assistant hydrothermal method. This hybrid catalyst exhibits much higher OER activity than that of IrO2, and comparable ORR activity to Pt/C with identical onset potential (0.96V) in alkaline media. Furthermore, the NCNT/Co x Mn1−x O catalyst was studied as a cathode in both primary and rechargeable zinc–air batteries demonstrating similar performance to commercial Pt/C or (Pt/C+IrO2), respectively. Primary zinc–air battery tests show a gravimetric energy density of 695Wh kg Zn - 1 , and the rechargeable battery exhibits a high round-trip efficiency evidenced by a low discharge–charge voltage gap (0.57V) at a current density of 7mAcm−2.
Taking into consideration that DNA damage plays an important role in carcinogenesis, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether some radiopacifiers widely used in clinical practice are able to induce genetic damage in primary human cells in vitro. Human peripheral lymphocytes obtained from 10 healthy volunteers were exposed to barium sulphate (BaSO4), zirconium oxide (ZnO2) and bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) at final concentrations ranging from 1 to 1000 μg/mL for 1 h at 37 °C. The negative control group was treated with vehicle control (phosphate buffer solution) for 1 h at 37 °C and the positive control group was treated with hydrogen peroxide (at 100 μM) for 5 min on ice. Results were analyzed by the Friedman non-parametric test. The results pointed all compounds tested out did not induce DNA breakage in human peripheral lymphocytes as depicted by the mean tail moment and tail intensity in all concentrations tested. In summary, our results indicate that exposure to these radiopacifiers may not be a factor that increases the level of DNA lesions in human peripheral lymphocytes as detected by single cell gel (comet) assay.
A Si–Zn–C composite material is prepared by mechanical ball-milling and investigated as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochemical tests show that the first charge and discharge capacities are approximately 852 and 607mAhg−1, respectively, and that 91% of the initial discharge capacity of 607mAhg−1 can be maintained for up to 40 cycles. This improved cycling performance is attributed to the use of the third element Zn. Li2ZnSi is partially formed at the interface between Si and Zn and graphite to provide superior cycling performance compared with that of the binary system.
Deficits in real-world executive functioning (EF) are a frequent characteristic of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the predictive value of using performance-based and behavioral rating measures of EF when diagnosing ADHD remains unclear. The current study investigates the use of performance-based EF measures and a parent-report questionnaire with established ecological validity and clinical utility when diagnosing ADHD. Participants included 21 healthy controls, 21 ADHD—primary inattentive, and 21 ADHD—combined type subjects aged 6–15 years. A brief neuropsychological battery was administered to each subject including common EF assessment measures. Significant differences were not found between groups on most performance-based EF measures, whereas significant differences (p < 0.05) were found on most parent-report behavioral rating scales. Furthermore, performance-based measures did not predict group membership above chance levels. Results further support differences in predictive value of EF performance-based measures compared to parent-report questionnaires when diagnosing ADHD. Further research must investigate the relationship between performance-based and behavioral rating measures when assessing EF in ADHD.
Antimony-based graphite composite has been studied as a potential material for negative electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. This material has been synthesised by antimony pentachloride intercalated graphite compound reduction using an original method consisting in the use of activated sodium hydride as reducing agent in tetrahydrofuran. The composites have been characterised by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Graphite deintercalated and antimony nanoparticles embedded in organic matrix have been observed. The electrochemical properties of this new material as lithium-ion anode have been investigated. The obtained results highlight not only the leading role of the particle size of the active material but also the influence of a stabilising organic matrix. In our case, volume changes generally occurring during insertion/extraction of lithium into/from metallic host material, which lead to rapid disintegration and deterioration of Li-alloy electrode seem to be avoided. Indeed the presence of the matrix and the conductivity of graphite work in unison to prevent antimony nanoparticles against agglomeration and lead to a good cycling stability of such composite systems.
A series of xLiMnPO4·yLi3V2(PO4)3/C (x/y =8:1, 4:1, 2:1, 1:1) composites have been successfully synthesized by spray drying followed by solid-state reaction. The morphology and crystalline structure are characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The composites contain both LiMnPO4 and Li3V2(PO4)3 phases with nanosized dispersion, and Mn doping LVP and V doping LMP also coexist. The incorporation of Li3V2(PO4)3 with LiMnPO4 can effectively enhance electrochemical kinetics of LiMnPO4 phase via the structure modification and shortened Li-diffusion length in the LiMnPO4. Among these composites, 2LiMnPO4·Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite delivers a discharge capacity of 148mAhg−1 at 0.1C rate, against 105mAhg−1 for the pristine LiMnPO4/C, and exhibits much better high/low-temperature performances than the latter.
We show in this work that template electrodeposition of nickel at room temperature from a nickel sulphamate bath prepared in a new hexagonal liquid crystalline phase of water–Triton X-100–poly (acrylic acid) results in a highly porous surface. The roughness factor value of about 3620 obtained for this coating is the highest value reported in the literature for any electrodeposited nickel. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) pictures show the formation of porous deposit with granular features in between the pores. The single electrode double layer capacitance value measured for the deposit is 338mFcm−2, which translates into a specific capacitance of 50Fg−1 without any post-thermal treatment of the electrode, suggesting its utility in super capacitors. Electrochemical studies using cyclic voltammetry (CV), Tafel plots and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and comparison of these results with some existing high surface area Ni catalysts show that the material has potential application as an excellent hydrogen evolving cathode.
Polymeric ionic liquid electrolytes have received great attention for use in next-generation solid lithium-ion batteries. However, most polymeric ionic liquid electrolytes require a high proportion of organic liquid plasticizer to improve the room temperature ionic conductivity. This comes at the expense of sacrificing the mechanical strength of the electrolytes. In addition, it is also difficult to establish a clear relationship between polymeric ionic liquid segments and properties of the electrolyte. Here, a copolymeric ionic liquid poly(N-(1-vinylimidazolium-3-butyl)-ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide)-co-poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) is synthesized and the corresponding self-standing flexible all-solid electrolyte (PVIMTFSI-co-PPEGMA/LiTFSI) is prepared via a solution-casting method. The effect of the polymeric ionic liquid segments on comprehensive properties of the electrolyte is investigated in detail by comparing the performance of PVIMTFSI-co-PPEGMA/LiTFSI with PVIM-co-PPEGMA/LiTFSI (poly(N-vinlyimidazole)-co-poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) based electrolyte) which contains un-ionized imidazole groups. As a result, the electrochemical window slightly decreases from 5.5 V to 5.3 V, but the ionic conductivity and interfacial behavior are both greatly improved. In Particular, the polymeric ionic liquid segments can restrain the formation of lithium dendrites. Moreover, a discharge capacity of 136 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C can be realized for the PVIMTFSI-co-PPEGMA/LiTFSI-based LiFePO4/Li battery that is maintained at approximately 70 mAh g−1 at 1 C at 60 °C, which is superior to that obtained for the PVIM-co-PPEGMA/LiTFSI electrolyte.
A case study of a bipolar patient whose mood changes every 24 hours is described to illustrate the changes in cognitive processing and content during different phases of bipolar disorder. The participant completed a battery of questionnaires and tasks on 4 separate occasions: twice when depressed and twice when manic. Depression tended to be associated with the recall of more general and unpleasant autobiographical memories and greater dependence on others as assessed by self-report and behavioral methods. In contrast, mania tended to be associated with more specific and pleasant autobiographical memories, and antidependence. These preliminary findings set the groundwork for further systematic studies of intraindividual variation in cognitive processing in bipolar disorder. The relevance to future research, theory, and clinical practice are discussed.
An investigation is presented on the use of the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) in non-aqueous media, namely pure ethanol and ethanol saturated with NaCl. The SVET was able to measure the ionic currents flowing in the liquid phase between anodes and cathodes in electrochemical systems such as platinum disk electrodes connected to a battery, a zinc–iron galvanic couple, painted galvanised steel with artificial defects and alumina coated cast aluminium alloy. The results show the applicability of the technique in non-aqueous highly resistive medium.
Li2S is an attractive prelithiated cathode material with a high theoretical capacity of 1166 mA h g−1, which is far above that of its transition metal oxide/phosphate counterparts. Here, we demonstrate facile, in situ synthesis of Li2S–polypyrrole composites for use as high-performance Li2S cathodes. The N atoms in polypyrrole were found to possess favorable Li–N interaction with Li2S, which enables polypyrrole to bind strongly onto and cover the surface of Li2S to constrain intermediate polysulfides during cycling. Polypyrrole, being a conducting polymer, also helps to facilitate electronic conduction. Using the Li2S–polypyrrole composites as a cathode material, we demonstrate a high discharge capacity of 785 mA h g−1 of Li2S (∼1126 mA h g−1 of S) with stable cycling over prolonged 400 charge/discharge cycles.
Silicon monoxide (SiO) is a promising next-generation anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to the high capacity it offers. However, such material also exhibits a large initial capacity loss which results in significant loss of Li inventory to irreversible reactions in a full cell. To mitigate the Li inventory loss due to the initial capacity loss of the SiO anode, a prelithiation reagent, Li5FeO4, is added to the LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) cathode, which is then paired with a SiO anode for electrochemical evaluation. The addition of Li5FeO4 leads to a significant 22% improvement in lithium utilization in NCM523. Furthermore, the capacity retention of the full cell increased from 90.94% to 98.92% for 50 cycles. We then further studied the impact of Li5FeO4 addition on the energy density of the cell via modeling. In order to maximize the energy density improvement, thicker electrodes need to be utilized.
Organizational readiness assessments have a history of being developed as important support tools for successful implementation. However, it remains unclear how best to operationalize readiness across varied projects or settings. We conducted a synthesis and content analysis of published readiness instruments to compare how investigators have operationalized the concept of organizational readiness for change.
Li3V2(PO4)3/C composites as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries were successfully synthesized through the rheological phase reaction method using LiOH·H2O, V2O5, NH4H2PO4, and C6H8O7·H2O as raw materials. The as-prepared powders were characterized by means of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scan electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The electrochemical properties of Li3V2(PO4)3/C composites were examined by the galvanostatic charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicate that the sintering temperatures have a significant effect on the crystal structure, morphology, and electrochemical performances of Li3V2(PO4)3/C composites. XRD reveals that Li3V2(PO4)3/C composites are well crystallized single phase, where Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite synthesized at 800°C for 8h displays the maximum cell volume and uniformly distributed particles. It can be seen from TEM that there is a carbon layer of about 200-500nm thick on the particle surface. The apparent D Li+ calculated from CV is in the order of magnitude of 10−7 cm2 s−1. Electrochemical tests show that Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite synthesized at 800°C for 8h exhibits excellent cycling performance of 129.149 mAh g−1 after 60 cycles at the current of 15mAg−1 and a superior rate capability of 112.101 mAh g−1 after 60 cycles at the current of 90mAg−1.
Indium thin films were evaluated as an anode material for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries (theoretical capacities of 1012 mAh g−1 for Li and 467 mAh g−1 for Na). XRD data reveal that several known Li–In phases (LiIn, Li3In2, LiIn2 and Li13In3) form providing 950 mAh g−1 reversible capacity. In contrast, the reaction with Na is severely limited (75–125 mAh g−1). XRD data of short-circuited cells (40 h at 65 °C) show the coexistence of NaIn, In, and an unknown Na x In phase. In electrodes exhibit anomalous electrolyte decomposition characterized by large discharge plateaus at 1.4 V vs Li/Li+ and 0.9 V vs Na/Na+. The presence of 5 wt% fluoroethylene carbonate additive suppresses the occurrence of the electrolyte decomposition during the first cycle but does not necessarily prevent it upon further cycling. Prevention of the anomalous decomposition can be achieved by restricting the (dis)charge voltages, increasing the current or by using larger amounts of FEC. The native surface oxides (In2O3) are responsible for the pronounced electrolyte decomposition during the first cycle while other In3+ species are responsible during the subsequent cycles. We also show that indium electrodes can exhibit very high rate capability for both Li (100 C-rate) and Na (30 C-rate).
In contrast to conventional organic liquid electrolytes that have leakage, flammability and chemical stability issues, solid electrolytes are widely considered as a promising candidate for the development of next-generation safe lithium-ion batteries. In solid polymer electrolytes that contain polymers and lithium salts, inorganic nanoparticles are often used as fillers to improve electrochemical performance, structure stability, and mechanical strength. However, such composite polymer electrolytes generally have low ionic conductivity. Here we report that a composite polymer electrolyte with well-aligned inorganic Li+-conductive nanowires exhibits an ionic conductivity of 6.05 × 10−5 S cm-1 at 30 ∘C, which is one order of magnitude higher than previous polymer electrolytes with randomly aligned nanowires. The large conductivity enhancement is ascribed to a fast ion-conducting pathway without crossing junctions on the surfaces of the aligned nanowires. Moreover, the long-term structural stability of the polymer electrolyte is also improved by the use of nanowires.
Magnesium (Mg) is a promising anode material for primary Mg batteries because of its outstanding characteristics, such as abundance, light weight, and low cost. However, self-corrosion and delayed action of Mg alloy in aqueous solution limit its performance and reduce the energy density. In this work, the influence of NaF–Na3PO4 on electrochemical behaviors of Mg alloy in composite solution is studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, galvanostatic discharge, and linear sweep voltammetry. The morphology and microstructure are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Impedance studies show that NaF and Na3PO4 are good inhibitors with the inhibition efficiency reaches 98.8%. Moreover, the delayed time is reduced to 0.08 s, despite that soaking time length is extended to 16 days. A Mg–MnO2 cell demonstrates an excellent discharge capacity of 1539 mAh g−1 at the discharge current density of 5 mA cm−2.
Multifunctional integrated devices represent the development direction of future wearable smart electronics. Increased efforts have recently been devoted to developing fiber-shaped integrated devices due to their excellent flexibility and wearability. Fiber-shaped integrated devices combining energy harvest-storage and storage-utilization have been developed. However, the design and development of a single fiber capable of energy harvest, storage, and utilization, although highly desirable, remains greatly challenging. Herein, we successfully assembled a fully solar-powered coaxial-fiber stretchable sensing system by integrating solar cells, a ZnMnO2 battery, and a stretchable strain sensor to simultaneously realize energy harvest, storage, and utilization. Specifically, the harvested solar energy can be effectively converted into electricity by the solar cells and further stored as chemical energy in the stretchable ZnMnO2 battery. More importantly, the solar-charged stretchable ZnMnO2 battery provides a steady and continuous power supply for the stretchable fibrous strain sensor. Thus, this work provides proof-of-concept design for next-generation multifunctional integrated devices.
The study of relationships between characteristics of infrastructure and road user behavior cannot be accomplished exclusively by means of laboratory work, so real data acquisition becomes necessary. This research is finalized to realize a survey device, the VPL station, specifically designed to measure and store the operating parameters (speed, position and length) of transiting vehicles on sections of rural roads. The hiding techniques used for VPL station installation make it undetectable by users, so modifications in driving behavior are prevented. These solutions and the used technologies make the VPL station an useful tool available to the analysts for rapid surveys.