batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The Woodcock-Johnson Tests (WJ III) is a valid and reliable assessment tool of both cognitive abilities and achievement among children and adults. It is based on the most current theoretical model of intelligence, Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory. The broad CHC abilities measured on one or more of the WJ Tests are: Long-Term Retrieval (Glr), Auditory Processing (Ga), Fluid Reasoning (Gf), Processing Speed (Gs), Short-Term Memory (Gsm), Visual-Spatial Thinking (Gv), Comprehension-Knowledge (Gc), Reading-Writing (Grw), and Quantitative Knowledge (Gq). The WJ III proves to be a valuable diagnostic tool to be used to identify exceptional children including high incidence disabilities like head injury, Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD; low incidence disabilities such as visual impairment and autism; and gifted students including those with a learning disability. Higher education students have benefit from WJ III tests as well.
Unmanaged forests at a late stage of successional development are considered to be insignificant as carbon sinks, since in theory, assimilation is thought to be balanced by respiration. However, little experimental evidence for this hypothesis exists so far for forests at the ecosystem level. Therefore, we performed continuous eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide over an unmanaged beech forest in the Hainich National Park in Central Germany as part of the EU project CARBOEUROFLUX. This forest shows typical characteristics of an ‘advanced’ forest with large dead wood pools, a diverse stand structure and a wide tree age class distribution, up to 250 years. This forest was a large carbon sink over 2 years, with 494gCm−2 per year in 2000 and 490gCm−2 per year in 2001. Daytime summer fluxes were strongly controlled by photosynthetic photon flux density (R 2=0.7–0.9), with minor effects of the ratio of diffuse to total downward radiation or the vapor pressure deficit. Nighttime CO2 fluxes were mainly controlled by soil temperature (R 2=0.8) and soil moisture. In addition, high nighttime CO2 fluxes (4–6μmolm−2 s−1) were found directly before and during bud break in spring as well as just after leaf fall of both years (2000 and 2001), reflecting stand physiology corresponding to phenological changes, independent of soil temperature. Additional wind profile measurements at five heights within the canopy revealed a decoupling of above and below canopy air flow under conditions of low friction velocity (u *<0.4ms−1), probably indicating down slope drainage. In conclusion, unmanaged forests at a comparatively late stage of successional development can still act as significant carbon sinks with large implications for forest management practice and negotiations about biological sinks within the Kyoto Protocol.
Monoclinic layered Li2MnO3 has been extensively investigated due to its large discharge capacity. However, the poor cycling stability hinders its application as a cathode material of lithium-ion batteries. Herein we present a new strategy of sodium substitution for partial lithium to significantly enhance the cycling stability of Li2MnO3 through a conventional solid state reaction. In the electrochemical window of 2.0–4.6 V vs. Li/Li+, Li1.90Na0.10MnO3 delivers an initial discharge capacity of 181 mAh g−1 with an excellent capacity retention of 99.3% after 45 cycles at 1/10 C, and 161 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of 98.6% after 100 cycles at 1/2 C. Sodium substitution for partial lithium is promising to make Li2MnO3 be practically applied at a low current density.
Entrapping polysulfide from dissolution into electrolyte by strong chemisorption of polar materials has been widely reported in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery. Here, for the first time, zinc sulfide (ZnS) was demonstrated as an activation catalyst in Li-S battery to suppress the soluble polysulfide shuttle effect by powering kinetics redox reactions of lithium polysulfide/sulfide. Kinetic analyses comprehensively identify that ZnS not only facilities polysulfide redox kinetics in liquid phase (Li2S8→Li2S6→Li2S4), but also promotes the effective decompositions of lithium sulfide (Li2S). Furthermore, first-principle calculations confirm that the low lithium ion diffusion barrier on the surface of ZnS promotes the redox reaction between lithium ion and sulfur species; and the low migration energy barrier of polysulfide on its surface guarantees the fast diffussion of polysulfides from the ZnS surface to the nearby conductive substrate, thus effectively smoothes polysulfides’ entrapping-diffusion-conversion mechanism across the ZnS interface, resulting in the highly reversible electrochemical performance. As evidenced by the ex situ SEM and visible experiment, the reaction between migrated sulfur species and lithium anode was significantly alleviated, and the insulating Li2S/Li2S2 was uniformly deposited on the ZnS-CB/S cathode. This ZnS cathode based Li-S battery exhibits outstanding performance including an excellent retained discharge specific capacity of 589 mA h gsul −1 with the high sulfur loading of 7 mg cm−2 (200 cycles) and extended cycling stability at the high current rate of 2 C, 5 C (632, 388 mA h gsul −1 after 1000 cycles).
Substituted layered sodium manganese oxide bronzes with the P2 structure were prepared by glycine-nitrate combustion synthesis. The Na in the as-prepared materials could be completely ion-exchanged for Li under mild conditions. All lithium manganese oxide compounds obtained after ion-exchange have O2 stacking of the layers. Cyclic voltammetry and stepped potential experiments on lithium cells containing these materials show that the main redox reaction around 3.1V is a diffusion-controlled process and is completely reversible. O2-Li0.6[Al0.1Mn0.85□0.05]O2 and O2-Li0.6[Ni0.1Mn0.85□0.05]O2 are particularly promising as cathode materials in lithium cells because of the high reversible discharge capacities (180mAh/g).
Uneven electrical current distribution in a parallel-connected lithium-ion battery pack can result in different degradation rates and overcurrent issues in the cells. Understanding the electrical current dynamics can enhance configuration design and battery management of parallel connections. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the current distribution for various discharge C-rates of both parallel-connected LiFePO4 and Li(NiCoAl)O2 cells. A first-order Thevenin model for current distribution calculation was applied to assess the maximum discharge current discrepancy between cells when the number of cells increases. This study reveals why balancing circuits are seldom implemented on cells in a parallel connection, and provides guidance on reducing cell imbalances by managing battery operation in terms of state of charge range and discharge C-rates, as well as improving connection design.
In this paper, the second of a series on battery fuel gauging, we present an approach for real time capacity estimation. In part I of this series, we presented a real time parameter estimation approach for various battery equivalent models. The proposed capacity estimation scheme has the following novel features: it employes total least squares (TLS) estimation in order to account for uncertainties in both model and the observations in capacity estimation. The TLS method can adaptively track changes in battery capacity. We propose a second approach to estimate battery capacity by exploiting rest states in the battery. This approach is devised to minimize the effect of hysteresis in capacity estimation. Finally, we propose a novel approach for optimally fusing capacity estimates obtained through different methods. Then, the proposed algorithm was validated using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) data collected from commercially available Li-ion batteries. The proposed approach performs within 1% or better accuracy in terms of capacity estimation based on both simulated as well as HIL evaluations.
Neurologists and aphasiologists have debated for over a century whether right hemisphere recruitment facilitates or impedes recovery from aphasia. Here we present a well-characterized patient with sequential left and right hemisphere strokes whose case substantially informs this debate. A 72-year-old woman with chronic nonfluent aphasia was enrolled in a trial of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). She underwent 10 daily sessions of inhibitory TMS to the right pars triangularis. Brain activity was measured during picture naming using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) prior to TMS exposure and before and after TMS on the first day of treatment. Language and cognition were tested behaviorally three times prior to treatment, and at 2 and 6 months afterward. Inhibitory TMS to the right pars triangularis induced immediate improvement in naming, which was sustained 2 months later. fMRI confirmed a local reduction in activity at the TMS target, without expected increased activity in corresponding left hemisphere areas. Three months after TMS, the patient suffered a right hemisphere ischemic stroke, resulting in worsening of aphasia without other clinical deficits. Behavioral testing 3 months later confirmed that language function was impacted more than other cognitive domains. The paradoxical effects of inhibitory TMS and the stroke to the right hemisphere demonstrate that even within a single patient, involvement of some right hemisphere areas may support recovery, while others interfere. The behavioral evidence confirms that compensatory reorganization occurred within the right hemisphere after the original stroke. No support is found for interhemispheric inhibition, the theoretical framework on which most therapeutic brain stimulation protocols for aphasia are based.
Si nanowires are successfully grown in porous carbon by supercritical fluid-liquid-solid (SFLS) process, which show high specific capacities and charge–discharge cycling stability as anode materials for Li-ion storage. The enhancement capacity and cycling stability of the Si nanowires/porous carbon composite nanostructures is attributed to the porous carbon serving as a highly conductive framework and absorption of volume changes of Si nanowires during the lithiation/delithiation process. At optimized condition, the Si nanowires/porous carbon electrodes maintain reversible capacities of 1678 mAh g−1 for the 100th cycle at a current density of 420 mA g−1, which is much better as compared to that of pure Si nanowires.
High-voltage operation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a facile approach to obtaining high specific energy density, especially for LiNi0·5Mn0·3Co0·2O2 (NMC532) cathodes currently used in mid- and large-sized energy storage devices. However, high-voltage charging (>4.3 V) is accompanied by a rapid capacity fade over long cycles due to severe continuous electrolyte decomposition and instability at the cathode surface. In this study, the sulfite-based compound, [4,4′-bi(1,3,2-dioxathiolane)] 2,2′-dioxide (BDTD) is introduced as a novel electrolyte additive to enhance electrochemical performances of alumina-coated NMC532 cathodes cycled in the voltage range of 3.0–4.6 V. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and AC impedance of cells reveal that BDTD preferentially oxidizes prior to the electrolyte solvents and forms stable film layers on to the cathode surface, preventing increased impedance caused by repeated electrolyte solvent decomposition in high-voltage operation. The cycling performance of the Li/NMC532 half-cell using an electrolyte of 1.0 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate (3/7, in volume) can be improved by adding a small amount of BDTD into the electrolyte. BDTD enables the usage of sulfite-type additives for cathodes in high-voltage operation.
Graphene oxide (GO) was de-oxygenated using gallic acid under mild conditions to prepare reduced graphene oxide (RGO). The resultant RGO showed a lithium-ion storage capacity of 1280mAhg−1 at a current density of 200mAg−1 after 350 cycles when used as an anode for lithium ion batteries. The RGO was further used to stabilize silicon (Si) nanoparticles to prepare silicon-graphene composite electrode materials. Experimental results showed that a composite electrode prepared with a mass ratio of Si:GO=1:2 exhibited the best lithium ion storage performance.
The porous phase pure lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4/C) composite particles with a few nanometers thick layer of carbon were synthesized by sol–gel method. The in situ coating of carbon on the LiFePO4 particles was achieved by the pyrolysis of carbon source during the thermal treatment. The synthetic conditions were observed to affect physical, morphological and electrochemical properties of the composites. The composite synthesized via a single-step thermal treatment at 700°C in the presence of a mixture of citric acid and sucrose possesses a large surface area and porous structure. The structure of the residual carbon coated in this sample is observed to be graphene-rich with the lowest D/G (disordered/graphene) ratio in the Raman spectra. When the three LiFePO4/C composites were evaluated as cathode materials in lithium cells at room temperature, the composite prepared in the presence of sucrose as an additional carbon source showed the highest electrochemical performance exhibiting high discharge capacities of 153 (corresponding to 90% of the theoretical capacity), 120, 112, and 94mAh/g at 0.1, 1, 3, and 5 C-rates, respectively.
A new type of hierarchically porous carbon (HPC) structures of simultaneously high surface area and high pore volume has been synthesised from carefully controlled carbonization of in-house optimised metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Changes in synthesis conditions lead to millimetre-sized MOF-5 crystals in a high yield. Subsequent carbonization of the MOFs yield HPCs with simultaneously high surface area, up to 2734 m2 g−1, and exceptionally high total pore volume, up to 5.53 cm3 g−1. In the HPCs, micropores are mostly retained and meso- and macro- pores are generated from defects in the individual crystals, which is made possible by structural inheritance from the MOF precursor. The resulting HPCs show a significant amount of CO2 adsorption, over 27 mmol g−1 (119 wt%) at 30 bar and 27 °C, which is one of the highest values reported in the literature for porous carbons. The findings are comparatively analysed with the literature. The results show great potential for the development of high capacity carbon-based sorbents for effective pre-combustion CO2 capture and other gas and energy storage applications.
Graphitic carbon instead of activated carbon has been employed as the positive electrode material in the activated carbon (AC)/carbon capacitors using organic electrolytes. The advantageous electrochemical performance of the AC/graphite capacitors has been investigated as compared with the AC/AC capacitors. The charge storage mechanism of anions on the graphite positive electrodes in the AC/graphite capacitors has been studied by in situ XRD measurements.
Organic electrode materials have long been proposed but their electrochemical performances are far from satisfactory in, for example, specific capacity and cycling stability, for secondary batteries. This article reports the electrochemical performance of a composite of polypyrrole (PPy) and nickel oxide (NiO), in which another lithium storage material, polypyrrole–nickel–oxygen (PPy–Ni–O) coordination complex, was fabricated during initial galvanostatically discharging. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate the process of the electrochemical formation of a PPy–Ni–O coordination and determine its multilayer structure. The strong and electrochemically stable coordination between the nickel and nitrogen atoms ensures the excellent electrochemical performances of the complex. These findings pave new ways to construct a new type of high-performance organic anode material for lithium ion batteries.
The characterization of three-dimensional (3D) carbon foams coated with olivine structured lithium iron phosphate is reported for the first time. The LiFePO4 as cathode material for lithium ion batteries was prepared by a Pechini-assisted reversed polyol process. The coating has been successfully performed on commercially available 3D-carbon foams by soaking in aqueous solution containing lithium, iron salts and phosphates at 70°C for 2–4h. After drying-out, the composites were annealed at different temperatures in the range 600–700°C for 15–20min under nitrogen. The formation of the olivine-like structured LiFePO4 was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis performed on the powder prepared under similar conditions. The surface investigation of the prepared composites showed the formation of a homogeneous coating by LiFePO4 on the foams. The cyclic voltammetry curves of the composites show an enhancement of electrode reaction reversibility by decreasing the annealing temperature. The electrochemical measurements on the composites showed good performances delivering a discharge specific capacity of 85mAhg−1 at a discharging rate of C/25 at room temperature.
The purpose of the present study is to analyse the influence of Pterocarpus marsupium methanolic extract and isolated Pterocarpus marsupium isoflavone on a battery of cellular targets Glut-4, PPARγ and PI3 kinase. Pterocarpus marsupium is an anti-diabetic plant indigenous to South India. Sequential extraction performed with different solvents were analysed for glucose uptake activity at each step. Fraction-9 showing maximum glucose activity on glucose uptake was purified by column chromatography and the structure was elucidated as 7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl oxy-4′-methoxy-5-hydroxy isoflavone using NMR and mass spectroscopy. The significant glucose uptake showed by Pterocarpus marsupium crude and pure was comparable with insulin and rosiglitazone. Elevation of Glut-4 and PPARγ gene expression in parallel with glucose uptake supported the in vitro glucose uptake activity of Pterocarpus marsupium methanolic extract and Pterocarpus marsupium isoflavone. The inhibitory effect of cycloheximide on Pterocarpus marsupium methanolic extract and Pterocarpus marsupium isoflavone-mediated glucose uptake suggested that new protein synthesis is required for elevated Glut-4 protein expression. PI3 kinase plays an important role in glucose transport and activated by Pterocarpus marsupium methanolic extract but not the isolated pure isoflavone. Therefore, we postulate that the isoflavone from Pterocarpus marsupium may activate glucose transport by a PI3 kinase independent pathway, which require further analysis.
A pure, high surface area and cost-effective carbon-based material with possible application in electrochemical processes was synthesized from industrial sludge. Surface characterization included N2-adsorption isotherm data and mathematical models such as the DR equation, and BJH methods. The extent of the purity was assessed from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The electrochemical properties, i.e. the potential use as electrode in Li ion batteries, were evaluated using conventional electrochemical testing such as charge/discharge cycling and impedance spectroscopy. The results of the data analysis were promising and indicated that paper mill sludge can be successfully used to produce a pure carbon for potential use in electrochemical applications.
LiCoPO4 thin films were deposited on Li1+x+y Al x Ti2−x Si y P3−y O12 (LATSP) solid electrolyte by radio frequency magnetron sputtering and were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The films show a (111) preferred orientation upon annealing and are chemically stable with LATSP up to 600°C in air. An all-solid-state Li/PEO18-Li(CF3SO2)2N/LATSP/LiCoPO4/Au cell was fabricated to investigate the electrochemical performance and Li-ion chemical diffusion coefficients, D ˜ Li , of the LiCoPO4 thin films. The potential dependence of D ˜ Li values of the LiCoPO4 thin film was investigated by potentiostatic intermittent titration technique and was compared with those of the LiFePO4 thin film. These results showed that the intercalation mechanism of Li-ion in LiCoPO4 is different from that in LiFePO4.
Neurocognitive and psychological dysfunctions associated with pituitary adenomas (PAs) are clinically relevant, though probably under-reported. The aim of the current review is to provide an update on neuropsychological status, psychopathology, and perceived quality of life (QoL) in patients with PAs. A systematic research was performed in PubMed and Scopus in order to identify reports on neurocognitive, psychiatric, and psychological disorders in PAs. Prevalence of alterations, QoL evaluation, and used tests were also recorded. PRISMA guidelines were followed. Of 62,448 identified articles, 102 studies were included in the systematic review. The prevalence of neurocognitive dysfunctions was 15–83% in Cushing’s Disease (CD), 2–33% in acromegaly, mostly affecting memory and attention. Memory was altered in 22% of nonfunctioning (NF) PAs. Worsened QoL was reported in 40% of CD patients. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in CD reached 77% and in acromegaly 63%, mostly involving depression, followed by psychosis, and anxiety. The prevalence of psychopathology was up to 83% in CD, and 35% in acromegaly. Postoperative improvement in patients with CD was observed for: learning processes, overall memory, visuospatial skills, and language skills. Short-term memory and psychomotor speed improved in NFPAs. Postoperative improvement of QoL, somatic symptoms, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and coping strategies was seen in CD and acromegaly. Reports after radiotherapy are discordant. There is wide variability in used tests. PAs have been recently shown to be associated with altered neurocognitive and neuropsychological functions, as well as QoL. These data suggest the importance of a multidisciplinary evaluation for an optimal management.
MANET(Mobile Adhoc Networks) possess the open system condition, absence of central server, mobile nodes that make helpless to security assault while conventional security components couldn’t meet MANET security prerequisites in view of restricted correspondence data transfer capacity, calculation power, memory and battery limit in addition to the vitality enabled environment. The trusted MANETs provide a reliable path and efficient communication but the secrecy of the trust values sometimes may be overheard by the masqueraders. Due to the need of the clustered MANETs the exchange of mathematical values remains to be a necessary part. In the proposed security of the trusted MANETs is focused so as to provide rigid and robust networks when additional resources are added. For clustering of the nodes LEACH protocol is suggested in which the CHs and CMs are fixed for the data transfer in the network. The energy is disseminated in the LEACH as to avoid the battery drain and network fatal. Hence to add resistance and to make an authentic network, the encryption and decoding is incorporated as a further supplementary to avoid the denial of service attacks, we have utilized DoS Pliancy Algorithm in which the acknowledgment based flooding attacks is focused. Likewise the encoded messages from the source node in one cluster can be recoded in the transmission stage itself to reproduce the messages. Contrasted with the past works, QoS of our proposed work has been made strides when tested with black hole and sink hole attacks. Simulation results shows that the DoS pliancy scheme works better and efficient when compared to the existing trust based systems.