batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Environmental and occupational causes of cancer are defined as either physical or chemical agents in the workplace or general environment to which individuals are involuntarily exposed. This article reviews the state of the science for cancer sites that have been most strongly linked to environmental and occupational causes. The article also describes efforts to quantify the contribution of environmental and occupational exposures to the overall cancer burden, reviews the issue of cancer clusters and their contribution to the science, and details other lines of evidence that further justify the importance of preventing environmental and occupational causes of cancer.
Spherically shaped carbon/silicon nanocomposites have been obtained in a one-step procedure using hydrothermal carbonization of glucose in the presence of commercially available silicon nanoparticles and have been tested electrochemically as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafted multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-g-PEG or MP) were synthesized and used to modify LiFePO4 as cathodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The effects of different molecular weights of PEG grafted on MWCNTs and different mass fractions of MP on the properties of LiFePO4/MP composite cathodes were evaluated by their morphology, charge–discharge tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrical and thermal conductivities. Their electrochemical behaviors at ambient temperature and low temperature, high rate capability and cycling performance were observed in the presence of the MP additives. The lithium ions diffusion in the LiFePO4/MP composite electrodes was almost 2 orders of magnitude higher than that in the LiFePO4/acetylene black (AB) electrode when the conductive additive content was 5 wt.%. Thermal studies of LiFePO4/MP were also examined by the heat-pole method, which showed higher thermal conductivity of the cathode in cases of MP being incorporated into LiFePO4 particles than LiFePO4 cathodes with AB or MWCNTs additives. These results suggest that MP is a promising conductive additive to increase the electrochemical performances, thermal transport and safety of LiFePO4 cathodes for LIBs.
A chemical co-precipitation method was attempted to synthesize nickel hydroxide/carbon composite material for high-power Ni/MH batteries. The XRD analysis showed that there were a large amount of defects among the crystal lattice of the Ni(OH)2/C composite, and the SEM investigation revealed that the as-synthesized spherical particles were composed of hundreds of nanometer crystals with a unique three-dimensional petal shape. Compared with pure Ni(OH)2, the Ni(OH)2/C composite showed improved electrochemical properties such as superior cycling stability, higher discharge capacity and higher mean voltage of discharge under high-rate discharge conditions, the discharge capacity and the mean discharge voltage of the Ni(OH)2/C composite were about 281mAhg−1 and 0.303V (vs. Hg/HgO) at 1C-rate, 273mAhg−1 and 0.296V at 5C-rate, 250mAhg−1 and 0.292V at 10C-rate, respectively. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests showed that the Ni(OH)2/C composite exhibited good electrochemical reversibility and the formation of γ-NiOOH during the charge–discharge processes was prevented. The existence of carbon in the Ni(OH)2/C composite contributed great effect on the improvement of high-rate discharge performance.
Social cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is common and associated with poor functional outcome. While correlations in the moderate range suggest that social cognition and neurocognition are separate but overlapping domains, less is known about whether intact neurocognition represents a “necessary but not sufficient” condition for intact social cognition, as has been suggested. In the present study we examined the following in a sample of 119 psychiatrically stable outpatients with schizophrenia: 1) correlations between multiple social cognitive measures and neurocognition, 2) the predictive value of neurocognitive domains in explaining social cognitive performance, and 3) the co-occurrence of social cognitive and neurocognitive impairment within participants. While ¼ of participants showed intact overall neurocognition and impaired overall social cognition, only one participant had normal-range social cognition and impaired neurocognition. Results support the notion that normal range neurocognition is a necessary though not necessarily sufficient building block for good social cognitive performance.
Silicon diphosphide (SiP2), a next-generation anode material for lithium ion batteries, exhibits a high theoretical specific capacity (2900 mAh g−1), however, its capacity is rapidly faded due to its large volume change. An effective way to improve the electrochemical performances of SiP2 is to composite with carbon buffer. In the composite, chemical bonds of SiP2 and carbon are expected to maintain SiP2 to carbon connections during cycling, thereby, provide electron conduction pathways even under the volume change of SiP2. However, effect of the chemical bonds is not clearly understood. Thus, it is very important to distinguish contributions of the carbon buffer and chemical bonds to the electrochemical properties of SiP2. Herein, SiP2 composites with nanocarbon are prepared with and without chemical bonds between SiP2 and carbon by controlling ball milling parameter with an aim to investigate respective contribution of the carbon buffer and chemical bonds to the electrochemical properties of SiP2. The SiP2/nanocarbon composite with P–O–C and Si–O–C chemical bonds shows great improvement of electrode performances over the composite without the chemical bonds. Furthermore, the SiP2–nanocarbon interface is found to facilitate fast ion conduction, overcoming the issues associated with the ionically insulative LiP.
We report the synthesis of titania (TiO2) nanotubes (NTs) with precisely controlled wall thickness by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using alumina membranes as template and their application as anode material for lithium (Li) ion storage in secondary battery. As-grown nanotubes are amorphous in nature and transform into anatase phase by subsequent thermal annealing. The charge/discharge capacities and rate performance are found to be dependent on the wall thickness, which is highly uniform, of the NTs. Maximum reversible capacity for Li-insertion in anatase TiO2 ∼330mAhg−1 has been achieved by reducing the tube wall thickness to 5nm. NTs with the wall thickness of 40nm show reversible capacity of ∼170mAhg−1 which is similar to the maximum theoretical capacity of the bulk anatase as reported. With decrease in the wall thickness, rate performance of the NTs is significantly improved. NTs with 5nm in the wall thickness render excellent rate capability and cycle response.
Poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/graphene oxide/cobalt oxide (PEDOT/GO/Co3O4) nanocomposite was prepared using a single-step electropolymerization technique via chronoamperometry at 1.2V. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images revealed the presence of Co3O4 nanoparticles on the wrinkled-sheets of PEDOT/GO. The presence of Co3O4 particles in the ternary nanocomposite was proven using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. Ternary PEDOT/GO/Co3O4 nanocomposite electrode displayed better capacitive performances than pure PEDOT and hybrid PEDOT/GO nanocomposite. The ternary nanocomposite electrode exhibited a specific capacitance of 535.60Fg−1 and excellent cycle stability with the capacitance retention of 92.69% after 2000 cycles. PEDOT/GO/Co3O4 possessed much smallest charge transfer resistance (R ct) and equivalent series resistance (ESR) indicating that the ternary nanocomposite has low charge transfer resistance and excellent electronic conductivity. Thus, PEDOT/GO/Co3O4 could be recommended as an excellent electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor.
A novel method has been designed to obtain the optimum community energy storage (CES) systems for end user applications. The method evaluates the optimum performance (including the round trip efficiency and annual discharge), levelised cost (LCOES), the internal rate of return and the levelised value of suitable energy storage technologies. A complimentary methodology was developed including three reference years (2012, 2020 and zero carbon year) to show the evolution of the business case during the low carbon transition. The method follows a community approach and the optimum CES system was calculated as a function of the size of the community. In this work, this method was put in practice with lead-acid (PbA) and lithium-ion battery (Li-ion) technologies when performing PV energy time-shift using real demand data from a single home to a 100-home community. The community approach reduced the LCOES down to 0.30£/kWh and 0.11£/kWh in 2020 and the zero carbon year respectively. These values meant a cost reduction by 37% and 66% regarding a single home. Results demonstrated that PbA batteries needs from 1.5 to 2.5 times more capacity than Li-ion chemistry to reduce the LCOES, the worst case scenario being for the smallest communities, because the more spiky demand profile required proportionately larger PbA battery capacities.
In this study, ammonium iron (II) sulfate hexahydrate [(NH4)2Fe (SO4)2·6H2O] was used as a negative electrolyte and vanadium sulfate oxide hydrate (VOSO4) as a positive electrolyte to develop a vanadium/iron redox flow battery (V/Fe RFB). To promote the battery's efficiency, its key components (i.e., separation membrane, electrode, and flow channel) were modified through various methods. The carbon paper (C) electrode was modified through electroless plating and sol–gel method to form a C–TiO2–CoP composite electrode, which showed a high electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acid medium. In purely capacitive model, we can obtain the internal and external capacities, C d,i and C d,e from the C–TiO2–CoP electrode; however, other composite electrodes can't be measured because no faradaic reactions occurred. The results showed that the C–TiO2–CoP electrode combined with staggered flow channels could greatly improve the voltage efficiency from 64% to 84% compared with the C electrode. Using the N–117/SiO2–SO3H membrane as the separation membrane, the C–TiO2–CoP as the negative electrode, and staggered flow channels in a single V/Fe RFB, excellent cyclic performances in a charge–discharge durability test of 50 cycles could be achieved. The coulombic efficiency is still kept to 97% at a current density of 60 mA/cm2, and the attenuated percentage is less than 3% for the discharge capacity.
Since last decade, the concept of microgrid (MG) is growing rapidly with increasing electricity generation through renewable energy sources (RES) and small dispatchable sources. A stand-alone MG is a better option for growing unserved electricity demand especially in remote areas, where classical power transmission system is not economically and technically feasible. The energy scheduling of RES and small dispatchable sources can be efficiently handled by the inclusion of battery storage system (BSS) along with RES. Further, the BSS in MG includes some degree of complexity in the objective function of optimal scheduling strategy. This paper deals the optimal energy scheduling in stand-alone MG consisting of wind turbine (WT), photovoltaic (PV), diesel engine generators (DEs) and BSS, which is not an easy task because of uncertainty in nature, dynamic market bid, and demand profiles. The BSS is operated in three different strategies based on fluctuation in RES power, load, and market bid to obtain the optimal energy scheduling of MG in continuous and discrete operation modes of DEs. The scheduling strategies maximize the arbitrage of MG system in both modes of DEs operation. The problem is simulated in MATLAB® environment, using artificial bee colony (ABC) and its variant global best (Gbest) guided ABC (GABC) algorithms, and other existing algorithms as particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA). The obtained results depict that the GABC provides better revenue and, exploration, and exploitation capabilities in all operational strategies, than ABC, PSO and GA algorithms. The operational strategy based on variable market bid, load, and RES power gives optimal revenue and reduced or equal green house gases (GHG) emissions than other strategies in the considered modes of DEs operation.
Objective To study the association between physical fitness and body-size phenotypes, and to test which aspects of physical fitness show the greatest independent association with cardiometabolic risk in perimenopausal women. Study design This cross-sectional study involved 228 women aged 53 ± 5years from southern Spain. Main outcome measurements Physical fitness was assessed by means of the Senior Fitness Test Battery (additionally including handgrip strength and timed up-and-go tests). Anthropometry, resting heart rate, blood pressure and plasma markers of lipid, glycaemic and inflammatory status were measured by standard procedures. The harmonized definition of the ‘metabolically healthy but obese’ (MHO) phenotype was employed to classify individuals. Results The overall prevalence of the MHO phenotype was 13% but was 43% among the obese women. Apart from traditional markers, metabolically healthy non-obese women had lower levels of C-reactive protein than women with the other phenotypes (p<0.001), and levels of glycosylated haemoglobin were lower in MHO women than in metabolically abnormal non-obese women (overall p=0.004). Most of the components of physical fitness differed with body-size phenotypes. The 6-min walk and the back-scratch tests presented the most robust differences (both p<0.001). Moreover, the women’s performance on the back-scratch (β=0.32; p<0.001) and the 6-min walk (β=0.22; p=0.003) tests was independently associated with the clustered cardiometabolic risk. The back-scratch test explained 10% of the variability (step 1, p<0.001), and the final model, which also included the 6-min walk test (step 2, p=0.003), explained 14% of the variability. Conclusion Low upper-body flexibility was the most important fitness indicator of cardiometabolic risk in perimenopausal women, but cardiorespiratory fitness also played an important role.
The theoretical foundation of potentiometric diffusivity and transference-number measurements is revisited, through an analysis of the diffusion-potential relaxation a concentrated binary electrolyte exhibits after being subjected to a current pulse in a planar electrolytic cell. Earlier theory is extended to include solute-volume effects, as well as being modified to incorporate a particle-fraction basis for composition and to account for the nonlinear relationship between composition differences and cell voltage. The new theory provides significant corrections when concentration polarization is very large or when electrolytes are moderately concentrated, rationalizing the unexpected voltage responses seen during some previous transport measurements. Guidelines are developed to aid the design of galvanostatic-polarization experiments involving non-aqueous electrolytes similar to those used in lithium batteries. Complete property sets are provided for 0.85 M LiPF6 in propylene carbonate and for 2.24 M LiPF6 in a mixed-carbonate solvent.
With increasing interest in energy storage and conversion devices for automobile applications, the necessity to understand and predict life behavior of rechargeable batteries, PEM fuel cells and super capacitors is paramount. These electrochemical devices are most beneficial when used in hybrid configurations rather than as individual components. A system model helps us to understand the interactions between components and enables us to determine the response of the system as a whole. However, system models that are available predict just the performance and neglect degradation. The objective of this research is to provide a framework to account for the durability phenomena that are prevalent in fuel cells and batteries in a hybrid system. Toward this end, the methodology for development of surrogate models is provided, and Pt catalyst dissolution in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is used as an example to demonstrate the approach. Surrogate models are more easily integrated into higher level system models than the detailed physics-based models. As an illustration, the effects of changes in control strategies and power management approaches in mitigating platinum instability in fuel cells are reported. A system model that includes a fuel cell stack, a storage battery, power-sharing algorithm, and dc/dc converter has been developed; and preliminary results have been presented. These results show that platinum stability can be improved with only a small impact on system efficiency. Thus, this research will elucidate the importance of degradation issues in system design and optimization as opposed to just initial performance metrics.
The literature reports a sex-related asymmetry in the ability to process different semantic categories: women are more proficient with biological categories and men with man-made objects. The origin of this asymmetry is still debated. In this study, we directly checked whether the acquisition of names belonging to different semantic categories differs according to sex. We carried out our inquiry on 202 children aged 3–5 years, who were given a coloured picture naming task using a battery of 60 stimuli belonging to different semantic categories. Boys differed from girls only on naming of stimuli belonging to the categories of tools and vehicles, where they showed an earlier name acquisition. No sex differences were found for animals or plant life, notwithstanding evidence in the literature of an overrepresentation of males among patients affected by biological categories impairment. Our findings suggest that the male advantage for tools and vehicles reported in the literature on verbal fluency and naming tasks is strongly related to the earlier age in males of name acquisition for these categories, and possibly to their higher familiarity. On the contrary, the female advantage for plant life knowledge, which becomes evident later in life, has a still undefined nature and only a dubious relationship to familiarity, although it is sufficient to cause an overrepresentation of males among patients affected by a category specific impairment of biological categories, especially of plant life knowledge.
Water plays an important role in all our day to day activities and its consumption is increasing day by day because of increased living standards of mankind. Some regions of the globe are under severe stress due to water scarcity and pollution. The fresh water needs of mankind can be only satisfied if saline water which is available in plenty is converted to potable water by desalination. Desalination industry has shown increased threats of CO2 emissions and severe environmental impacts. Desalination industry can be made sustainable if they are integrated with renewable energy and if proper brine disposal methods are followed. In this review different desalination units integrated with renewable energy with special emphasis given to solar energy is discussed. The problems associated with desalination units and their remedies have been presented. Apart from this some novel methods of desalination process has also been explained. This review will allow the researchers to choose appropriate desalination technology for further development.
The interfacial characteristics between the lithium (Li) electrode and the plasticized polymer electrolyte composed of poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl methacrylate) [P(AN-co-MMA)], ethylene carbonate (EC), and LiPF6 salt was investigated by means of a.c. impedance spectroscopy. The Li electrode/P(AN-co-MMA)-based plasticized polymer electrolyte/Li electrode symmetric cell showed relatively stable interfacial resistance under prolonged storage time. This behavior is due to the enhanced compatibility between the matrix polymer and the organic solvent, EC, in the plasticized polymer electrolyte, which could lead to a suppression of leakage of the organic solvent from the polymer electrolyte film into the Li electrode.
Multi-walled carbon nanotube/selenium composites (MWCNT/Se) are prepared via a simple solution-based processing strategy using ethylenediamine as the solvent. The selenium nanoparticles in diameter of about 100 nm are homogeneously deposited on the network of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the composites. Compared with multi-walled carbon nanotube/selenium composites by melt-infusing method (MWCNT/Se-M), the multi-walled carbon nanotube/selenium composites by solution-based process (MWCNT/Se–S) can deliver a much higher initial discharge capacity (645.7 mAh g−1) and a better cycling stability (355.5 mAh g−1 remaining at a rate of 0.5C after 100 cycles). Even at 4C, it still exhibits a reversible capacity of 468.7 mAh g−1. The superior electrochemical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube/selenium composites via solution-based process could be ascribed to the diminished size of selenium and uniform distribution of selenium nanoparticles in carbon matrix.
Poly[3,4-(ethylenedithio)thiophene] (PEDTT) has been synthesized by oxidative-coupling polymerization of 3,4-(ethylenedithio)thiophene (EDTT) in the absence of solvent at ambient conditions. The resulting polymer has been characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TGA, UV–vis and solution NMR analyses. In addition, PEDTT has been evaluated as the cathode active material for rechargeable lithium batteries. The charge–discharge tests are carried out at room temperature. PEDTT shows discharge specific capacity above 425mAhg−1. It is tentatively proposed that electrode reaction involves the formation of thioether cation, which imparts multi-electron redox reaction, high discharge specific capacity, high charge voltage and low discharge voltage.
Phase change materials (PCMs) are frequently and widely used in latent thermal energy storage (LTES) system and thermal management (TM) system due to their large latent heats and capabilities of maintaining nearly constant temperature. However, the performances of PCMs in LTES and TM systems are seriously limited by their low thermal conductivities and poor heat transfer performances, which consequently stimulates intensive experimental and theoretical investigations on improving the thermal conductivities and heat transfer performances of PCMs by using different methods. The present paper reviews the recent progresses of the investigations and applications of the composite PCMs with the enhanced performance. The focuses are placed on the composite PCMs fabricated by using the metal foams and carbon materials, which have been proved to be the most promising approaches for thermal conductivity and heat transfer promotion on PCMs. The fabrication processes of the composite PCMs are first introduced in the present paper followed by the thermal characterization. The measurement of the effective thermal conductivities of the composite PCMs is discussed in detail by comparing different measuring methods, and the theoretical models to predict the effective thermal conductivities of the composite PCMs are also presented. The mathematical models describing the phase change heat transfer characteristics of the composite PCMs which are very important for system modeling and design are also addressed and discussed in the present review. Furthermore, the applications of the composite PCMs to LTES and TM systems are introduced and summarized by illustrating the typical examples. It can be understood that the composite PCMs can effectively improve the performances of LTES and TM systems, which therefore calls for the further investigation in this research field. Finally, the future research topics are suggested.