batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In order to achieve information visualization, realize good interaction between users and information, and meet the needs of users, this study first studied the interaction behavior of the user when using the smartphone was studied, and analyzed the visual factors of the smartphone interface were analyzed from the user sensory interaction level, and the user operation mode level, from the expression of visual form to the commonly used interface mode and User Interface (UI) component space. On this basis, the situational visual expression of the scene in different interaction scenarios was analyzed. Secondly, the basic theory of visual design of smartphone application interface was explained from the perspectives of aesthetics, semiotics and Gestalt psychology, In other words, the visual design of the application interface should be metaphorical, highlighting the key points in the overall visual style, and conforming to the user’s psychological model. At the same time, in order to meet the user’s personalized needs for control, it must add customized options. Finally, the model of the interface visual design method of the interdisciplinary “Shared Communication” system for the interface design of the mobile APP was constructed, and the case of Didi Chuxing was analyzed, which preliminarily confirmed the feasibility of the construction of the interface visual design method model of the “Shared Communication” system.
This paper introduces newly developed solid zinc anodes using fibrous material for high power applications in alkaline and large size zinc–air battery systems. The improved performance of the anodes in these two battery systems is demonstrated. The possibilities for control of electrode porosity and for anode/battery design using fibrous materials are discussed in light of experimental data. Because of its mechanical integrity and connectivity, the fibrous solid anode has good electrical conductivity, mechanical stability, and design flexibility for controlling mass distribution, porosity and effective surface area. Experimental data indicated that alkaline cells made of such anodes can have a larger capacity at high discharging currents than commercially available cells. It showed even greater improvement over commercial cells with a non-conventional cell design. Large capacity anodes for a zinc–air battery have also been made and have shown excellent material utilization at various discharge rates. The zinc–air battery was used to power an electric bicycle and demonstrated good results.
This paper presents a promising transparent counterelectrode system for a WO3 electrochromic device (ECD) on the basis of a stability-enhanced indium hexacyanoferrate (InHCF) electrode and a NaClO4/propylene carbonate (PC) electrolyte. Through SEM characterization it was found that clusters of granular InHCF nanoparticles (ca. 80–140nm) were deposited on ITO substrates in HCl and KCl-stabilized plating solutions, and uniform micrometer thick films with high charge capacity could be obtained. From in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study, it was discovered that Na+ would enter or move out from the InHCF film in the “desolvated” form during the redox process in a PC electrolyte. Besides, NaClO4/PC resulted in higher electrochemical activity and reversibility than LiClO4/PC. With these discoveries, a durable WO3-InHCF ECD featuring blue-to-colorless electrochromism was fabricated successfully. The device remained 73.6 and 88.7% of its initial ΔT values at 600 and 800nm after 40,000 rapid and successive coloring/bleaching cycles, respectively. Moreover, the cycling-induced loss of electrochromic performance almost completely restored after 1-month rest and kept unchanged for another month. Thus, the applicability of this nonaqueous InHCF counterelectrode system to ECDs was verified.
Tracking of multiple moving objects is commonly assumed to be carried out by a fixed-capacity parallel mechanism. The present study proposes a serial model (MOMIT) to explain performance accuracy in the maintenance of multiple moving objects with distinct identities. A serial refresh mechanism is postulated, which makes recourse to continuous attention switching, a capacity-limited episodic buffer for identity-location bindings, indexed location information stored in the visuospatial short-term memory, and an active role of long-term memory. As identity-location bindings are refreshed serially, a location error is inherent for all other targets except the focally attended one. The magnitude of this location error is a key factor in predicting tracking accuracy. MOMIT’s predictions were supported by the data of five experiments: performance accuracy decreased as a function of target set-size, speed, and familiarity. A mathematical version of MOMIT fitted nicely to the observed data with plausible parameter estimates for the binding capacity and refresh time.
Mn(III) doped Li3V2-xMnx(PO4)3/C (x=0.2) is prepared by sol-gel method. Mn(III) is well substituted the position of V in Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP) without any Mn-contained impurity phase. The crystal structure and morphology in Mn-substituted Li3V2(PO4)3 are studied by X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), XPS and scanning and high-resolution transmission electronic microscopy (SEM and HRTEM). Mn(III) substitution increases the electrochemical performance of Li3V2(PO4)3 at high cut-off voltage of 4.8V. Li3V1.8Mn(III)0.2(PO4)3 delivers 185 mAh g−1 at 0.1C, close to the theoretical capacity of Li3V2(PO4)3, and delivers initial capacities of 130 and 126 mAh g−1 at 5C and 10 C-rate, remaining 95% and 97% of the initial capacities after 100 cycles when charged to 4.8V. Mn(III) plays an important role in maintaining the three-dimensional (3D) solid framework structure to provide an improved cycle life at higher cut-off voltage of 4.8V and improving the high-rate performance of Li3V2(PO4)3.
For a tobacco heating product (THP), which heats rather than burns tobacco, the emissions of toxicants in the aerosol were compared with those in cigarette smoke under a machine-puffing regimen of puff volume 55 ml, puff duration 2 s and puff interval 30 s. The list of toxicants included those proposed by Health Canada, the World Health Organization Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg), the US Food and Drug Administration and possible thermal breakdown products. In comparison to the University of Kentucky 3R4F reference cigarette the toxicant levels in the THP1.0 emissions were significantly reduced across all chemical classes. For the nine toxicants proposed by TobReg for mandated reduction in cigarette emissions, the mean reductions in THP1.0 aerosol were 90.6–99.9% per consumable with an overall average reduction of 97.1%. For the abbreviated list of harmful and potentially harmful constituents of smoke specified by the US Food and Drug Administration Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee for reporting in cigarette smoke (excluding nicotine), reductions in the aerosol of THP1.0 were 84.6–99.9% per consumable with an overall average reduction of 97.5%.
Lithium cobalt oxide was the first commercially successful cathode for the lithium-ion battery mass market. Its success directly led to the development of various layered-oxide compositions that dominate today’s automobile batteries.
Lithium-rich materials, which exhibit high capacity due to the existence of anionic redox, are in highly demanded for high energy density Li ion batteries. Nevertheless, the low operating voltage and rapid voltage drop of Li-Rich cathodes are seen as the fatal issues, which result in reduced energy density and degraded energy quality of the batteries, limiting their further commercial application. Herein, we focus on the local electronic structure controlled by chemical composition (to prepared high Ni content Li-rich cathode) to improve the operating voltage and suppress voltage decay. Through detailed physical characterization, electrochemical analysis and theoretical calculations, we summarize three main factors for improving the voltage of lithium-rich materials: 1) Increasing the O-Ni2+/3+/Li+ content effectively regulates the coordination environment of oxygen in Li-rich materials, realizes the regulation of local electronic structure; 2) the substitution of Ni increases the oxidation state of TM ions, especially for Mn, to keep charge balance, so as to improve the operating voltage and suppress voltage decay; 3) adjusting local electronic structure shifts the TM 3d-O 2p bands and the non-bonding O 2p band to lower energy, leading to an increase in the redox reaction potential. This strategy provides a method to regulate the coupling reaction of cation and anion redox in Li-rich cathodes by compositional design, so as to realize the regulation of voltage. Furthermore, when the as-prepared high Ni content electrode assembled with Si/C anode into a full-cell, impressive operating voltage (~3.70 V) and long cycle life (72.29% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 1C) can be achieved. Our work provides an efficient and up-scalable strategy for the preparation of electrodes with high voltage and high useful energy density, and making them a rather promising cathode candidate for Li ion batteries.
This paper presents background information on the methods and first results of the 25-years follow-up of the prospective longitudinal Upper Bavarian Study in the community. Longitudinal epidemiological studies which cover very long time spans require special methods. Issues concerning these requirements are discussed using design and experiences from the Upper Bavarian Study.
Technological improvements in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are fuelled by their exciting possibilities in portable, transportation and stationary applications. In this paper, a synopsis of the worldwide efforts resulting in inventions of a plethora of DMFC prototypes with low, medium and high power capacities by a number of Companies, Research Institutions and Universities is presented. The most promising short term application of DMFCs appears to involve the field of portable power sources. Recent advances in the miniaturization technology of DMFCs devices make these systems attractive to replace the current Li-ion batteries. In the field of electrotraction recent demonstration of DMFC stacks with specific power densities and efficiencies approaching those of the combined system methanol reformer-polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEMFC) have stimulated further investigation on the development of materials with higher performance and lower cost. The most appropriate range of operation temperatures for applications in transportation appears to lie between 100 and 150°C. These operating conditions may be sustained by using new high temperature electrolyte membranes or composite perfluorosulfonic membranes containing inorganic materials with water retention properties at high temperature. The most challenging problem for the development of DMFCs is the enhancement of methanol oxidation kinetics. At present, there are no practical alternatives to Pt-based catalysts. High noble metal loading on the electrodes and the use of perfluorosulfonic membranes significantly contribute to the cost of these devices. Critical areas include the design of appropriate membrane electrode assemblies for specific DMFC applications and the reduction of methanol cross-over. This latter aspect is strictly related to the use of membrane alternatives to Nafion, but it may also be conveniently addressed by the development of methanol-tolerant oxygen reduction catalysts.
The performance of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries is greatly improved by using acidized carbon nanotube paper (ACNTP) to induce in situ polymerization of ether-based DOL/DME liquid to grow an ion-selective solid barrier, to seal in soluble polysulfides on the cathode side. The Li–S battery with the in situ barrier showed an initial specific capacity of 683 mA h g−1 at a high current density of 1675 mA g−1, and maintained a discharge capacity of 454 mA h g−1 after 400 cycles. The capacity decay rate was 0.1% per cycle and a high Coulombic efficiency of 99% was achieved. Experimental characterizations and theoretical models demonstrate the in situ polymerized solid barrier stops sulfur transport while still allowing bidirectional Li+ transport, alleviating the shuttle effect and increasing the cycling performance. The soft and sticky nature of the solid electrolyte barrier makes it a good sealant, forming an enclosed catholyte chamber on the sulfur side.
We have synthesized mesoporous silica (MPSi) as a novel type of inorganic filler for polyether-based electrolytes and have characterized the effect of addition on ionic conduction. Both poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and PMEO composites filled with MPSi showed higher ionic conductivity than the original and the composites filled with particle silica (pSiO2). It was considered that the increase is caused by the difference in the surface area between MPSi and pSiO2. In the PEO composites, the addition of MPSi gave rise to the reduction of crystal PEO and crystalline complex domains. The glass transition temperature of the PMEO composites increased with the addition of the MPSi, in spite that the conductivity increased with increasing the filler contents. It has been suggested that the Lewis acid–base interactions between ions, ether chains and filler surface strongly affect on the ionic conduction in the composite electrolytes.
Preliminary studies have found that hollow waveguide solar cell is expected to be able to make full use of sunlight and enhance the application level of existing planar silicon thin film solar cell. However, it is still an urgent problem to quantitatively evaluate the light injection capability of this type of hollow waveguide solar cell. A silicon thin-film hollow waveguide solar cell capable of capturing more light was proposed based on transfer-matrix simulations of reflectivity of a traditional multilayered silicon solar cell. The light capture of the waveguide solar cell was evaluated using Ray model under different light illumination conditions. The numerical results agree with the experimental results. The waveguide layers, hollow core size, waveguide length and the maximum light launching angle influence the light capture performance of the waveguide cell. A single-junction silicon thin-film hollow waveguide solar cell is able to achieve the energy absorption efficiency of a multi-junction planar silicon solar cell.
Nano-scaled NiO particles (nano-NiO) are prepared by a ligand stabilization method and compared with micron-sized NiO particles (micro-NiO) as anodic material of Li-ion battery. The structural and physical properties are characterized by N2 physisorption, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The nano-NiO shows uniform spheres with an average particle size of 9 nm with high and stable discharge capacity of 637 mAh g−1, while the micro-NiO forms irregularly shaped particles with an average particle size of 750 nm with low capacity of 431 mAh g−1 at 0.5C. In situ X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analysis reveals that the capacity and reversibility of the NiO anode is highly affected by the particle size of the NiO. The micro-NiO exhibits a low capacity with absence of phase transformation upon the discharge/charge cycles. In contrast, the nano-NiO exhibits a high capacity with reversible phase transformation between NiO and Ni metal upon the cycle test.
In order to overcome the capacity fading of LiCoO2 cathode material cycled in the voltage of 3.0–4.5V (vs. Li/Li+), electrochemically active Li[Li0.2Mn0.6Ni0.2]O2 was coated onto the surface of LiCoO2 by sol-gel method. The detrimental surface effects arising from the high Co-content are countered by the Li[Li0.2Mn0.6Ni0.2]O2 coating. The surface morphology and structure of bare and coated LiCoO2 is characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). It is found that LiCoO2 exhibits better high-voltage performance after coating with Li[Li0.2Mn0.6Ni0.2]O2 than before. Besides, the coating layer can significantly suppress the dissolution of Co in the electrolyte. Comparative data for the coated and uncoated materials are presented and discussed.
Lange G, Waked W, Kirshblum S, DeLuca J. Organizational strategy influence on visual memory performance after stroke: cortical/subcortical and left/right hemisphere contrasts. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:89-94. Objective: To examine how organizational strategy at encoding influences visual memory performance in stroke patients. Design: Case control study. Setting: Postacute rehabilitation hospital. Participants: Stroke patients with right hemisphere damage (n = 20) versus left hemisphere damage (n = 15), and stroke patients with cortical damage (n = 11) versus subcortical damage (n = 19). Main Outcome Measures: Organizational strategy scores, recall performance on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF). Results: Results demonstrated significantly greater organizational impairment and less accurate copy performance (ie, encoding of visuospatial information on the ROCF) in the right compared to the left hemisphere group, and in the cortical relative to the subcortical group. Organizational strategy and copy accuracy scores were significantly related to each other. The absolute amount of immediate and delayed recall was significantly associated with poor organizational strategy scores. However, relative to the amount of visual information originally encoded, memory performances did not differ between groups. Conclusions: These findings suggest that visual memory impairments after stroke may be caused by a lack of organizational strategy affecting information encoding, rather than an impairment in memory storage or retrieval. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Farming in town, be it livestock or crop production, is often considered detrimental to the urban environment. Less well known are the beneficial effects of farming for the urban environment. Both the positive and negative effects have been poorly researched. This paper deals with urban horticulture in Cotonou (Benin) and focuses on the role this sector plays in relation to two urban environmental aspects, namely solid waste and liquid waste. The sector was found to be currently contributing to a better environment in various ways and, potentially, the benefits could be even greater.
Macroporous Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 cathode materials with high crystallinity and hexagonal ordering are synthesized by aerogel template followed by solid state reaction. High discharge capacities of 244.0 mA h g−1 and 153.9 mA h g−1 are obtained for the Li-rich layered oxide synthesized at 800 °C at current densities of 200 mA g−1 and 2000 mA g−1 between 2.0 V and 4.8 V. Increasing the synthesis temperature to 900 °C, the macroporous Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 delivers a high discharge capacity of 220.2 mA h g−1 at a current density of 200 mA g−1 with a capacity retention of 89.1% after 50 cycles, 129.8 mA h g−1 at a current density of 2000 mA g−1 and almost no capacity fading after 120 cycles. The diffusion coefficients of Li+ in the Li-rich layered oxide determined by galvanostatic intermittent titration technique are in the range of 5.0 × 10−18−8.0 × 10−14 cm2 s−1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicates that the macroporous structure with good particle contact of the layered oxide can improve its rate capability and cyclic stability.
Wireless power transfer (WPT) concept offers users the freedom from annoying wires, and allowing seamless powering and charging of portable devices in an unburdened mode. Since Nikola Tesla׳s early experiment, the WPT technology has observed the remarkable technological advancement on transmission methods which previously deemed unfeasible. This review paper outlines recent research activities on wireless power technology covering the history, the basic principle of magnetic resonant coupling, and early works on resonant coupled WPT. The two fundamental concepts of power transmission, the maximum power transfer and maximum energy efficiency principles, are summarized in terms of their energy efficiency and transmission distance capabilities. This paper also reviews the comparative study between coupled-mode theory (CMT) and reflected load theory (RLT) in case of analyzing the power transmission model of conventional 2-coil resonant coupled WPT with frequency splitting modes. The study shows that circuit-based RLT provides accurate results as CMT while predicting the average power transmission efficiency in steady-state analysis and is more convenient. This paper explains the effectiveness of advance 4-coil resonant coupled system adopting maximum power transfer principle in extending the operating range of WPT with better power transmission. Various efficiency enhancement techniques for resonant coupled WPT including system with multiple receivers are demonstrated in this paper. The review implies that the adaptive impedance matching using LC circuits is more prolific in practical terms to improve the efficiency of coupled coils. Moreover, the benefits of resonant coupled WPT, its implementation in both consumer and non-consumer applications, and the commercial journey of WPT along with the safety consideration to human exposure issues are also addressed in this paper.
In the present report, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at polycrystalline gold (Au (poly)) electrode in situ modified by the underpotential deposition (upd) of Sn-adatoms is addressed. The ORR was investigated at the Sn-adatoms-modified Au (poly) electrode by the hydrodynamic voltammetric technique with a view to evaluating the various related kinetic parameters. The results demonstrated that the underpotential deposited Sn-adatoms on the Au (poly) electrode substantially promoted the activity of the electrode towards an exclusive one-step four-electron ORR forming H2O as the final product.
Separators are an essential part of current lithium-ion batteries. Vanessa Wood and co-workers review the properties of separators, discuss their relationship with battery performance and survey the techniques for characterizing separators.
Renewable energy has the potential to play an important role in providing energy with sustainability to the vast populations in developing countries who as yet have no access to clean energy. Although economically viable for several applications, renewable energy has not been able to realise its potential due to several barriers to its penetration. A framework has been developed in this paper to identify the barriers to renewable energy penetration and to suggest measures to overcome them.
Well-crystallized FeS2 powders are synthesized via solid state reaction. Influence of particle size on electrochemical performances has been conducted. Compared with other anode materials, FeS2 powder with mean particle size of 0.28μm exhibits high coulombic efficiency, initial discharge specific capacity, low polarization and enhanced electrode process kinetics. The enhanced electrochemical properties are attributed to the dense powder packing, better electrical contact and relative stable structure during cycling process. Smaller FeS2 particles (0.078 and 0.071μm) have difficulty in dispersing and mixing with carbon black and binder and less dense packing state, leading to a decrease of reactive contact surface area and poor electrochemical performance.