batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Objective Suffering a stroke typically has a negative impact on a person's quality of life. There is some evidence that post-stroke cognitive impairment is associated with poor quality of life, but the relative importance of deficits in different cognitive domains has not been established. Methods Patients with confirmed stroke were recruited in the acute hospital. A subgroup of patients completed 2 computerized cognitive tasks (simple and choice reaction time) within 2weeks of stroke. The full cohort was followed up at 3months with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and then at 12months with the Assessment of Quality of Life ('AQoL). Results Sixty patients participated in the study (mean age 72.1years, SD 13.9), with a subgroup of 33 patients tested acutely (mean age 75.5years, SD 11.9). Presence of cognitive impairment at 3months was independently associated with lower quality of life at 12months (p=0.021). Attention and visuospatial ability were the cognitive domains most closely associated with quality of life. Faster choice reaction time in the acute stage (mean 5.4days post-stroke) was significantly associated with better quality of life at 12months (p=0.003). Conclusion Cognition, particularly attention and visuospatial ability, is strongly associated with quality of life after stroke. It is possible that straightforward reaction time tasks are sensitive to the extent of brain damage, and might therefore be surrogate markers for quality of life.
Voltage fade is a major problem in battery applications for high-energy lithium- and manganese-rich (LMR) layered materials. As a result of the complexity of the LMR structure, the voltage fade mechanism is not well understood. Here we conduct both in situ and ex situ studies on a typical LMR material (Li1.2Ni0.15Co0.1Mn0.55O2) during charge–discharge cycling, using multi-length-scale X-ray spectroscopic and three-dimensional electron microscopic imaging techniques. Through probing from the surface to the bulk, and from individual to whole ensembles of particles, we show that the average valence state of each type of transition metal cation is continuously reduced, which is attributed to oxygen release from the LMR material. Such reductions activate the lower-voltage Mn3+/Mn4+ and Co2+/Co3+ redox couples in addition to the original redox couples including Ni2+/Ni3+, Ni3+/Ni4+ and O2−/O−, directly leading to the voltage fade. We also show that the oxygen release causes microstructural defects such as the formation of large pores within particles, which also contributes to the voltage fade. Surface coating and modification methods are suggested to be effective in suppressing the voltage fade through reducing the oxygen release.
Those with more severe symptomatology had more metabolic abnormality and shorter slow wave sleep (SWS). Our findings suggest clinical symptoms as linked with heavier body weight, wider neck circumference, elevated blood pressure, and shorter SWS. Further studies are warranted to confirm the preliminary finding and to elucidate the underlying mechanism
Schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder causing deterioration of cognitive and daily function, is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome, rendering patients vulnerable to morbidity and mortality[1].1 Biological factors, lifestyle, and antipsychotics all contribute to obesity of patients[2], [3], which influences their sleep quality[4]. Prevalence of poor sleepers among schizophrenics is around 45%, related to adverse events of medication and accompanying depression and psychological distress [5], [6]. Metabolic abnormality and sleep disturbance seem correlated. Consequently, these patients reportedly have poor life quality; correlation between clinical symptoms and sleep quality remains unclear. We hypothesize patients with severe clinical symptoms as more likely to have metabolic abnormality and sleep disturbance.
New electrode materials for electrochemical capacitor, tungsten carbide WC and molybdenum carbide Mo2C coated by porous carbon, were prepared through a simple heat treatment of the mixture of K2WO4 and K2MoO4, respectively, with hydroxy propyl cellulose. Carbide changed to hydroxide during the 1st charge–discharge cycle in H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte, which showed redox reaction in further charge–discharge cycles, in addition to electric double layers of the carbon formed on its surface. The carbon-coated carbide gave a high capacitance in 1molL−1 H2SO4 electrolyte, as about 350Fcm−3 for carbon-coated WC and 550–750Fcm−3 for carbon-coated Mo2C. Coating of carbon inhibits the growth of carbide particles during their formation, of which the small particle size make possible to complete transformation to hydroxides during the 1st charge–discharge cycle, and also disturbs the agglomeration of tungsten and molybdenum hydroxides during charge–discharge cycles, as well as porous carbon coated act as electrode material for electric double layers of electrolyte ions.
The overall safety of Li-ion batteries is compromised by the state-of-the-art electrolytes; the thermally unstable lithium salt, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), and flammable carbonate solvent mixtures. The problem is best addressed by new electrolyte compositions with thermally robust salts in low flammability solvents. In this work we introduce electrolytes with either of two lithium nitrile salts, lithium 4,5-dicyano-1,2,3-triazolate (LiDCTA) or lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-trifluoromethylimidazolide (LiTDI), in solvent mixtures with high flashpoint adiponitrile (ADN), as the main component. With sulfolane (SL) and ethylene carbonate (EC) as co-solvents the liquid temperature range of the electrolytes are extended to lower temperatures without lowering the flashpoint, but at the expense of high viscosities and moderate ionic conductivities. The anodic stabilities of the electrolytes are sufficient for LiFePO4 cathodes and can be charged/discharged for 20 cycles in Li/LiFePO4 cells with coulombic efficiencies exceeding 99% at best. The excellent thermal stabilities of the electrolytes with the solvent combination ADN:SL are promising for future electrochemical investigations at elevated temperatures (> 60 °C) to compensate the moderate transport properties and rate capability. The electrolytes with EC as a co-solvent, however, release CO2 by decomposition of EC in presence of a lithium salt, which potentially makes EC unsuitable for any application targeting higher operating temperatures.
This Special Issue is devoted to the 56th Annual ISE Meeting which was held in Busan (Korea) from 25 to 30 September 2005. A report on the meeting, written by the local Chairman Hasuck Kim, can be found in the next pages. This issue contains a selection of 59 papers from four sub-symposia, specifically devoted to batteries, fuel cells, capacitors and nanostructured materials. The main reason for the choice of the title topics has been that this research field has particularly grown in the Asia region. The higher number of papers in the section of this issue devoted to batteries stresses the exceptional development of this area in the host country. A number of Guest Editors was charged to select titles, invite authors and process manuscript. As Co-ordinating Editor, I would like to express my deep gratitude and appreciation to the Guest Editors for their dedication and excellent job. Further, on Guest Editors’ behalf, I want to express deep appreciation to the colleagues who devoted part of their time to serve as referees of the manuscripts submitted.
The electrochemical insertion of sodium ions into pitch-based and PAN-based carbon fibres was studied in the liquid electrolyte composed of ethylene carbonate as the solvent and NaClO4 as the salt. The sodium uptake depends on the nature of the carbon precursor and on the manufacture mode. In pitch-based materials, the reversible electrochemical capacity is higher in the less graphitized structure up to a Na0.31C8 composition. In PAN-based fibres, sodium inserts massively to give the metal-rich Na0.75C8 compound. Two concomitant insertion mechanisms can be proposed: one consists in sodium intercalation between the graphene layers while the other is related to sodium adsorption in the material pores. The comparison of the electrochemical and the X-ray diffraction results indicates that the intercalation process is predominant for pitch-based fibres whereas the sorption phenomenon occurs mainly in the PAN-based structures. The contribution of each mechanism in relation with the characteristics of the fibres is discussed in order to select the host material presenting the best electrochemical properties.
In the past two decades, several advancements have improved the care of HIV-infected individuals. Most importantly, the development and deployment of combination antiretroviral therapy (CART) has resulted in a dramatic decline in the rate of deaths from AIDS, so that people living with HIV today have nearly normal life expectancies if treated with CART. The term HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) has been used to describe the spectrum of neurocognitive dysfunction associated with HIV infection. HIV can enter the CNS during early stages of infection, and persistent CNS HIV infection and inflammation probably contribute to the development of HAND. The brain can subsequently serve as a sanctuary for ongoing HIV replication, even when systemic viral suppression has been achieved. HAND can remain in patients treated with CART, and its effects on survival, quality of life and everyday functioning make it an important unresolved issue. In this Review, we describe the epidemiology of HAND, the evolving concepts of its neuropathogenesis, novel insights from animal models, and new approaches to treatment. We also discuss how inflammation is sustained in chronic HIV infection. Moreover, we suggest that adjunctive therapies — treatments targeting CNS inflammation and other metabolic processes, including glutamate homeostasis, lipid and energy metabolism — are needed to reverse or improve HAND-related neurological dysfunction.
A particle measurement campaign was conducted in a suburban environment near a major road in Kuopio, Central Finland from 3 August to 9 September 1999. The mass concentrations of fine particles (PM2.5) were measured simultaneously at distances of 12, 25, 52 and 87m from the centre of a major road at a height of 1.8m, using identical samplers. The concentration measurements were conducted during 16 daytime hours (from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m.) for 27 days. Traffic flows and relevant meteorological parameters were measured on-site; meteorological measurements from a nearby synoptic weather station were also utilised. We also suggest a preliminary model for predicting the concentrations of PM2.5 and apply this model in order to analyse the measured data. The regionally and long-range transported contribution was evaluated on the basis of a semi-empirical mathematical model utilising as input values the daily sulphate, nitrate and ammonium measurements at the EMEP stations (Co-operative programme for monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe). The influence of primary vehicular emissions from the nearest roads was evaluated using a roadside emission and dispersion model, CAR-FMI, in combination with a meteorological pre-processing model, MPP-FMI. The contribution of non-exhaust particulate matter emissions (including resuspension of particulate matter from road surfaces) was estimated simply to be directly proportional to the concentrations originating from primary vehicular emissions. Comparison of the predicted results and measurements yields information on the relative importance of various source categories of the measured concentrations of PM2.5. The regionally and long-range transported contribution, the primary and non-exhaust vehicular emissions, and other sources were estimated to contribute on average 41±6%, 33±6% and 26±7% of the observed PM2.5 concentrations, respectively. The model presented could also be applied in other European cities for analysing the source contributions to measured fine particulate matter concentrations.
LiFePO4 is an attractive cathode material for lithium ion battery due to its high capacity of 170 mAh g−1, long cycle life, good safety and low cost, which suffers from the instinct low electron conductivity and poor rate performance. Herein, a composite material consisting of LiFePO4, activated carbon and graphene is synthesized with a facile solvothermal method, which presents excellent high-rate performance with highly-efficiency capacitive-battery characteristics. The obtained LiFePO4/activated carbon/graphene cathode material has hierarchical porous architecture mainly originated from the activated carbon and interconnected conductive networks constructed by the graphene, ensuring both the abundant pathways for Li+ diffusion and the fast electron transfer. Furthermore, the high surface area (367 m2 g−1) provides a double layer capacitive process during charge/discharge process, and also protects the LiFePO4 against the heavy current attack, especially under high current rate. As a result, the capacitive-battery behavior leads to superior rate capability and long cycle life. The LiFePO4/activated carbon/graphene cathode exhibits a remarkable high capacity of 66 mAh g−1 at an extremely high rate of 100 C, and the brilliant cycle stability is confirmed with the capacity retention of 82% after 3000 cycles, promising the high power applications. Furthermore, this study provides a new insight in simple preparation of the capacitive-battery materials by combing the active components and the capacitive components.
We demonstrate TiO2@graphitic-like carbon core@shell (TiO2@C) nanostructures using chemical vapor deposition as the heating process under a CH4 atmosphere at 700°C (TiO2@C-700). The TiO2@C-700 nanostructure consists of a TiO2 core coated by a carbon shell. The carbon shells on TiO2 nanostructures generally have 2∼3 layers exhibiting graphitic-like properties. The TiO2@C-700 nanostructure is homogeneously covered with a graphite-like carbon layer, resulting in excellent contact between the TiO2 and carbon and improving the electrical conductivity. The improved specific capacity and electrochemical properties of the TiO2@C-700 nanostructure are attributed to the graphitic-like carbon acting as a conductive region, resulting in improved electron transport properties on the electrode surface and enhanced lithium ion intercalation, leading to lower charge transfer resistance and high diffusion coefficient. The combination of electrochemical data and structural properties of the TiO2@C-700 nanostructure makes it a promising candidate for the anode in lithium ion batteries.
Use of metallic Li anode raises serious concerns on the safety and operational performance of Li-S batteries due to uncontrolled hazard of Li dendrite formation, which is difficultly eliminated as long as the metallic Li exists in the cells. Pairing lithium sulfide (Li2S) cathode with currently available metallic Li-free high-capacity anodes offers an alternative solution to this challenge. However, the performance of Li2S cathode is primarily restricted by high activation barrier upon initial charge, low active mass utilization and sluggish redox kinetics. Herein, a MXene-induced multifunctional collaborative interface is proposed to afford superb activity towards redox solid-liquid/liquid-liquid phase transformation, strong chemisorption, high conductivity and fast ionic/charge transport in high Li2S loading cathode. Applying collaborative interface effectively reduces initial voltage barrier of Li2S activation and regulates the kinetic behavior of redox polysulfide conversion. Therefore, stable operation of additive-free Li2S cathode with high areal capacities at high Li2S loading up to 9 mg cm−2 can be achieved with less sacrifice of high capacity and rate capability in Li-S batteries. Rechargeable metallic Li-free batteries are successfully constructed by pairing this high-performance Li2S cathode with high-capacity metal oxide anodes, which delivers superior energy density to current Li-ion batteries.
Glyme-based electrolytes with various lithium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonamide (LiTFSI) salt concentrations have been investigated for their use in Li‑oxygen battery applications. Charge/discharge cycling with a cycle capacity of 500 mAh·g−1 showed an improvement as high as 300% for electrolytes containing higher LiTFSI concentrations. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies of Li-O2 full cells and Raman spectroscopy studies on the discharged cathodes revealed that the superior cyclability at higher LiTFSI contents was due to a decrease in the rate of growth of glyme degradation products (lithium carbonate species). Raman spectroscopy analyses of the electrolytes also suggested that the increase in LiTFSI concentration afforded the formation of cationic and anionic complexes that helped mitigate the tetraglyme degradation.
The convergence of biotechnology and nanotechnology has led to the development of hybrid nanomaterials that incorporate the highly selective catalytic and recognition properties of biomaterials. The conjugation of nanoparticles (NPs) and other nanoobjects (e.g. nanorodes, nanowires and nanotubes) with biomolecules is an attractive area of research within nanobiotechnology. Here, this study focused on the design of cytochrome c/nickel oxide nanoparticles/glassy carbon electrode, prepared by the electrochemical deposition of the nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) on the glassy carbon (GC) electrode surface and the self-immobilization of cytochrome c on the surface of the electrodeposited nickel oxide nanoparticles. The existence of different geometrical shapes of the NiO NPs was exhibited using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). These geometrical structures could lead to the better immobilization of proteins on their surfaces. The resulting electrode displayed an excellent behavior for the redox of the cytochrome c. Also, the resulting heme protein exhibited a direct electrical contact with the electrode as a result of the structural alignment of the heme protein on the nanometer-scale nickel oxide surfaces. In line with our investigation, non-physiological electrochemical responses were analyzed for this electrode.
Fe2O3 nanobelts/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composites were successfully synthesized by a novel homogeneous precipitation of FeC2O4 on CNTs followed with thermal annealing. The bundle-like Fe2O3 nanobelts, with a width of 10nm, are homogeneously dispersed on CNTs. Compared to the bare Fe2O3 nanobelts, the Fe2O3 nanobelts/CNTs composites showed significantly improved electrochemical performance which can be attributed to their uniform conducting networks structure. The Fe2O3 nanobelts/CNTs composites delivered an initial reversible capacity of 847.5 mAh g−1 at current density of 100mAg−1, and exhibited excellent cycling performance with a reversible capacity of 865.9 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles. Meanwhile, the composites also maintained a high reversible capacity of 442.1 mAh g−1 even at a current density up to 4 A g−1.
The cave-embedded porous Mn2O3 hollow microsphere is synthesized from aqueous manganese chloride by a facile one-step spray pyrolysis. When evaluated as anode materials for LIBs, the as-obtained Mn2O3 microsphere easily allows the electrolyte to penetrate into the hollow interior through the cave, providing more active sites and a shortened Li+ diffusion pathway. As a result, the enhanced charge transfer and lithium ion diffusion kinetics is achieved. Furthermore, the special structure is able to mitigate the stress led by enormous volume variation and maintain the structural integrity during conversion reaction process. Benefiting from the special structural features, the Mn2O3 microspheres with such smart architecture delivers a reversible capacity of ∼1000mAhg−1 at 300mAg−1 after 100th cycle, and maintains a high reversible capacity of 639mAhg−1 at 1600mAg−1, showing better electrochemical performance than the conventional Mn2O3 microspheres.
Controlling the morphology of nanostructured manganese oxide materials can be an effective way to improve capacitance for supercapacitor applications. Herein we demonstrated for the first time the synthesis of MnO/Mn3O4 nanocomposite tetrahedrons with a porous structure, and a new method to synthesize porous urchin-shaped MnO/Mn3O4 nanocomposite. Compared with the non-porous MnO nanocrystalline octahedrons and the mixture of non-porous MnO and Mn3O4, the porous MnO/Mn3O4 nanocomposite ‘urchins’ exhibited superior capacitance in supercapacitor application, while the porous MnO/Mn3O4 nanocomposite tetrahedrons displayed superior stability. The excellent capacitance and stability of these nanocomposites could be explained in terms of the much higher surface area associated with their porous structure. These porous nanostructures offered a good model to investigate the effects of morphology and surface area on the capacitance of nanocomposites.
It has long been proposed that individuals with autism exhibit a superior processing of details at the expense of an impaired global processing. This theory has received some empirical support, but results are mixed. In this research we have studied local and global processing in ASD and Typically Developing children, with an adaptation of the Navon task, designed to measure congruency effects between local and global stimuli and switching cost between local and global tasks. ASD children showed preserved global processing; however, compared to Typically Developing children, they exhibited more facilitation from congruent local stimuli when they performed the global task. In addition, children with ASD had more switching cost than Typically Developing children only when they switched from the local to the global task, reflecting a specific difficulty to disengage from local stimuli. Together, results suggest that ASD is characterized by a tendency to process local details, they benefit from the processing of local stimuli at the expense of increasing cost to disengage from local stimuli when global processing is needed. Thus, this work demonstrates experimentally the advantages and disadvantages of the increased local processing in children with ASD.
In order to mitigate energy crisis and to meet carbon-emission reduction targets, the use of electrical energy produced by solar photovoltaic (PV) is inevitable. To meet the global increasing energy demand, PV power capacity will be expanded ranging from large-scale (from ten to several hundred MWs) PV farms at high and medium voltage level to kilowatt residential PV systems at low voltage level. It is expected that the PV penetration will increase in power systems with the retirement of traditional carbon-emission emitting power plants. Solar energy is diurnal in nature and in practice, it is highly uncertain due to various perturbation effects. With the recent technological advancements and rapid cost reductions in electrical energy storage (EES), EES could be deployed to enhance the system's performance and stability. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the emerging high penetration of PV with an overview of EES for PV systems. The crucial element, the building block of solar panel and the solar cell are reviewed. The emerging cell technologies are presented. A study of solar power forecasting techniques, an important tool for the successful operation and planning of PV and EES is included. A selection of EES is presented and studied for PV system purposes. Future research and areas for improvements in recent works and related areas are identified.