batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The energy management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) has witnessed significant academic and industrial attention in recent years. Indeed, the use of different power sources in HEV requires both smart and efficient energy management scheme to split and manage power among them. The energy management strategy should enable continuous supply load balance. In HEVs, the energy management procedure should consider the constraints of load and the different available sources. The fundamental contribution of this paper is the energy management in the HEV in presence of faults in the fuel cell (FC) level while considering battery state of charge constraints. For the flexibility and durability of the proposed energy management scheme, the system mathematical modeling using Port-Controlled Hamiltonian (PCH) approach is developed. Therefore, the Interconnection and Damping Assignment Passivity Based Control (IDA-PBC) is used for a smartly energy management. According to the simulation results, the IDA-PBC is an adequate nonlinear control method that guarantees the stability of the system.
The formation of damage, which results from the large volume expansion of the active sites during electrochemical cycling, in rechargeable Li-batteries, is modelled from a fracture mechanics viewpoint to facilitate the selection of the most effective electrode materials and configurations. The present study is a first step towards examining stable cracking in such high-energy storage devices, by considering three different configurations at the nanoscale, which are currently at an experimental stage. As a result, stability diagrams concerning crack growth are constructed and compared for the following cases: (a) the electrodes are thin films, (b) the Li-insertion sites in the anode are nanofibre-like inclusions, (c) the active sites in both electrodes are spherical.
Tremendous research progress has been made in the development of post-lithium-ion batteries (PLIBs), yet there is little discussion on the manufacturing of these upcoming technologies. In this Review, the authors survey the current production status of several representative PLIBs and offer an industrial-scale manufacturing outlook.
The synthesis and electrochemical characteristics of LiNi1−x−y Co x M y O2 (M=Al, Ga) compounds for use as positive-electrode (cathode) materials in rechargeable lithium batteries are investigated. Layered LiNi1−x−y Co x M y O2 is synthesized by solid-state reaction. The composition, structure, morphology, and particle size of the samples are characterized by means of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical properties of LiNi1−x−y Co x M y O2 are examined by impedance spectroscopy and charge–discharge tests in half-cell and practical lithium batteries. The discharge capacities of the LiNi1−x−y Co x M y O2 compounds containing Al and Ga are above 190mAhg−1. Cells using these cathode materials show good low-temperature discharge and high-rate discharge performance, as well as good cycleability. The LiNi0.8Co0.18Ga0.02O2 compound, in particular, delivers approximately 210mAhg−1 of discharge capacity with good reversibility.
Li3V2(PO4)3 cathode materials were synthesized by a simple carbon-thermal reduction method using polystyrene as a carbon source. The residual carbon produced by the pyrolysis of polystyrene produced fine particle sizes and uniform carbon distribution on the Li3V2(PO4)3 particle surface. By increasing the amount of polystyrene added in the range of 0–16wt.%, the thickness of the carbon coating increased, and the coating thickness was found to influence the electrochemical performance of the Li3V2(PO4)3 significantly. Our results indicate that the 6wt.% polystyrene added Li3V2(PO4)3 with a 0.5–1nm thick carbon coating possesses the highest initial discharge capacity of 132.7mAhg−1 between 3.0 and 4.3V at 0.1C. However, at high current densities, the higher polystyrene added Li3V2(PO4)3/C with a thicker carbon coating shows better performance in terms of the discharge capacity and cycling stability than that with the thin carbon coating. The improved cycling performance at higher current densities is attributed to the relatively small particle size and the suppressed impedance increase because of the thicker carbon coating.
Within the next decade, there will be major changes in automotive technology with the introduction of several new features which will increase significantly the on-board power requirements. This high power demand is beyond the capability of present 14V alternators and thus a 42V power network is to be adopted. The new ‘PowerNet’ requires the lead-acid battery to be capable of providing a large number of shallow discharge–charge cycles at a high rate. High-rate discharge is necessary for engine cranking and power assist, while high-rate charge is associated with regenerative braking. The battery will operate at these high rates in a partial-state-of-charge condition, so-called HRPSoC duty. Under simulated HRPSoC duty, it is found that the valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery fails prematurely due to the progressive accumulation of lead sulfate mainly on the surfaces of the negative plates. This is because the lead sulfate cannot be converted efficiently back to sponge lead during charging either from the engine or from regenerative braking. Eventually, the layer of lead sulfate develops to such extent that the effective surface area of the plate is reduced markedly and the plate can no longer deliver the high cranking-current demanded by the automobile. A mechanistic analysis of battery operation during HRPSoC duty shows that high-rate discharge is the key factor responsible for the build-up of the lead sulfate layer. Such discharge causes a compact layer of tiny lead sulfate crystals to form on the surface of the negative plate and subsequent charging gives rise to an early evolution of hydrogen. Hydrogen evolution is further exacerbated when a high charging current is used.
We demonstrate the synthesis of Ag–NiO core–shell nanoflower arrays via a one-step solution-immersion process and subsequent RF-sputtering method. The aligned Ag nanoflower arrays on copper substrate are prepared by a facile displacement reaction in absence of any surfactant at a mild temperature. When used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the Ag–NiO core–shell nanoflower arrays show better cycling performance and higher capacity than the planar NiO electrodes. The improved performance should be attributed to the core–shell structures that can enhance the conductivity and accommodate the volume change during the charge–discharge process.
A multiphase Ge-based Ge/FeGe/FeGe2/C (Fe-Ge-C) composite is prepared through the reaction between ferrous tartrate and GeO2 at Ar/H2 atmosphere, in which the active Ge, alloying components and amorphous carbon are generated synchronically. When evaluated as an anode material for lithium ion batteries, the Fe-Ge-C anode manifests an enhanced capacity of 1095mAhg−1 at 0.1Ag−1 and with capacity retention of 890mAhg−1 at 0.5Ag−1 over 400 cycles. A good rate capacity of 465mAhg−1 at 10Ag−1 is also obtained. The synchronically formed conductive alloying components and amorphous carbon lead to the long cycle stability, and good rate capability. Furthermore, the synthetic route could be extended to the preparation of other kinds of multiphase Ge-based composites.
As human beings are becoming increasingly dependent on technology, the relationship of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) with the natural environment is continuously degrading. In the past, ICT was often regarded as a low-carbon enabler but its widespread adoption has adversely turned it into a power drainer. The negative consequence is climate change, which is a complex social problem with rebound effects on human beings. Taking cognizance of this problem, it is becoming vital for each and every computer user to contribute and reduce the growing carbon footprint of ICT. This work identifies and analyses the key contributors in diminishing the carbon footprint of ICT before investigating into the adoption process by end users via a proposed Knowledge-Implementation-Effect Cycle. The relationship between the key contributors and the adoption process by end users is studied via nine research questions to identify key limitations and finally recommend potential solutions to further help in reducing the ICT carbon footprint.
Much work has considered the practicalities and affordability of solar systems for domestic energy supplies in remote rural areas. There is less understanding of its utility for small-scale business enterprises in such areas. We examined the patterns of use of two 12V and one 24V systems for small-scale enterprises housed in transportable containers. Monitoring of load shed and top of charge indicated that the 12V systems were inadequate to meet the requirements of the enterprises. The 24V operation performed a lot better. Despite some technical limitations the system offered a number of social, economic and environmental positives; primarily the offering of business products not otherwise available in the area, incomes to the entrepreneurs and greater connectivity with regional centres through office services such as cell-phone charging and faxing. Customers of the small-scale enterprises felt that their presence in the area saved them some money because they no longer had to travel as frequently to regional urban centres.
A high specific capacity carbon anode for lithium-ion polymer batteries was developed using a mixture of a spherical mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF), and a lithium conducting binder of polyethylene oxide (PEO) with Li(CF3SO2)2N (LiTFSI). The reversible specific capacity of the anode was dependent on the thickness of the electrode and the molecular weight (M w) of PEO in the composite electrode. The specific capacity of a 30 μm thick carbon anode with PEO at M w = 6 × 105 was 310 mA h g−1, which was decreased to 260 mA h g−1 for a 60 μm thick electrode. A reversible specific capacity of 320 mA h g−1 was observed for the lithium-ion conducting binder of PEO18LiTFSI with a high M w of 5 × 106 and an electrode thickness of 60 μm. The specific capacity is comparable to that for a carbon anode for lithium-ion batteries using a liquid electrolyte.
This work presents a photogrammetric technique that provides geometric and thermal information about building façades. It uses low cost and portable scale bars, specially designed for thermal imaging, and processing software based on single image rectification. Image rectification corrects the original photo displacement due to the projection and perspective, and radial distortions introduced by the lens of the camera. The technique is tested by comparing laser scanning and thermal data. Seven segments of different orientation and length are selected for the measurement. Accuracy tests show errors between 44mm and 151mm. Precision values range between 22mm and 61mm for a maximum length of 7259mm. The accuracy and precision results obtained for the technique open the possibility of extending its use to building inspection tasks.
The lithium storage performance of silicon (Si) is improved substantially by forming composite of nano-Si particles embedded homogeneously in graphene nanosheets (GNs) using a simple discharge plasma assisted milling (P-milling) method. The synergistic effect of the rapid heating of the plasma and the mechanical ball mill grinding with nano-Si as nanomiller converted the graphite powder to GNs with the integration of nano-Si particles in the in-situ formed GNs. This composite structure inhibits the agglomeration of nano-Si and improves electronic conductivity. The cycling stability and rate capability are enhanced, with a stable reversible capacity of 976 mAhg−1 at 50 mAg−1 for the P-milled 20 h nano-Si/GNs composite. A full cell containing a commercial LiMn2O4 cathode is assembled and demonstrated a satisfying utilization of the P-milled nano-Si/GNs composite anode with stable working potential. This composite shows promise for application in lithium ion batteries.
0.1 × 0.1 m2 tin-doped hematite photo-anodes were fabricated on titanium substrates by spray pyrolysis and deployed in a photo-electrochemical reactor for photo-assisted splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen. Hitherto, photo-electrochemical research focussed largely on the fabrication, properties and behaviour of photo-electrodes, whereas both experimental and modelling results reported here address reactor scale-up issues of minimising inhomogeneities in spatial distributions of potentials, current densities and the resultant hydrogen evolution rates. Such information is essential for optimising the design and photon energy-to-hydrogen conversion efficiencies of photo-electrochemical reactors to progress their industrial deployment. The 2D and 3D reactor models presented here are coupled with a modified micro-kinetic model of oxygen evolution on hematite thin films both in the dark and when illuminated. For the first time, such a model is applied to a scaled-up photo-electrochemical reactor and validated against experimental data.
Small wind turbines operating at low wind speeds regularly face the problem of poor performance due to laminar separation and laminar separation bubbles on the blades. This is due to the low Reynolds number (Re) resulting from low wind speeds and small rotor size. The use of specially designed low Re airfoils permits start up at lower wind speeds, increasing the startup torque and thus improving the overall performance of the turbine. A new airfoil was designed and the performance of a 2-bladed rotor designed for low Re application fitted to an Air-X marine 400 W wind turbine was tested at a wind speed range of 3–6 m/s. The low Re rotor incorporated taper and twist to the low Re AF300 airfoil section. The pitch of the blades was varied over a range of 15°, 18° and 20° to study the performance and the startup wind speed. It was found that the turbine performed best at 18° pitch angle. On an average, the wind turbine yielded a power coefficient (C P) of 0.255 at a height of 8.22 m at a wind speed of 6 m/s at 18° pitch angle. Maximum C P based on 10 s data at the freestream velocity of 6 m/s was 0.291. The cut-in wind speed based on 10 s averaged data at the optimum pitch angle was 3.24 m/s whereas the instantaneous cut-in wind speed was 2.34 m/s. In comparison with the baseline 3-bladed rotor, the new 2-bladed rotor produced more electrical power at the same freestream velocity.
The majority of existing battery models that simulate composite electrode behavior assume the binder as a linear elastic material due to lack of a thorough understanding of time-dependent mechanical behavior of binders. Here, thin films of polyvinylidene fluoride binder, prepared according to commercial battery manufacturing method, are subjected to standard monotonic, load-unload, and relaxation tests to characterize the time-dependent mechanical behavior. The strain in the binder samples is measured with the digital image correlation technique to eliminate experimental errors. The experimental data showed that for (charging/discharging) time scales of practical importance, polyvinylidene fluoride behaves more like an elastic-viscoplastic material as opposed to a visco-elastic material; based on this observation, a simple elastic-viscoplastic model, calibrated against the data is adopted to represent the deformation behavior of binder in a Si-based composite electrode; the lithiation/delithiation process of this composite was simulated at different C rates and the stress/strain behavior was monitored. It is observed that the linear elastic assumption of the binder leads to inaccurate results and the time-dependent constitutive behavior of the binder not only leads to accurate prediction of the mechanics but is an essential step towards developing advanced multi-physics models for simulating the degradation behavior of batteries.
The lab-scale manufacturing of Li/LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12/LiFePO4 stacked battery prototypes and their performance characterization are described here. The prototypes were realized in the frame of an European Project devoted to the development of greener and safer lithium batteries, based on ionic liquid electrolytes, for integration with photovoltaic panels. N-Butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PYR14TFSI) and N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluoro-methanesulfonyl)imide (PYR14FSI), selected as the ionic liquids (ILs), were used to formulate the poly(ethylene oxide)-LiN(SO2CF3)2-PYR14TFSI (PEO-LiTFSI-PYR14TFSI) polymer electrolyte and the LiTFSI-PYR14FSI liquid electrolyte, which were employed to produce lithium metal and lithium-ion prototypes, respectively. The composite electrodes for the lithium metal and lithium-ion prototypes were prepared through, respectively, a solvent-free and a water-based procedure route. The performance of the lithium battery prototypes was evaluated in terms of specific capacity, energy, cycle life and coulombic efficiency at different current densities. The results have indicated high reproducibility and the feasibility of scaling-up solvent-free, lithium batteries based on ionic liquids for low and mid rate applications such as renewable energy storage.
The preparation of single-layer TiS2 and TaS2 nanosheets is realized by optimizing the electrochemical lithium interaction and exfoliation method. As a proof of concept, Pt and Au nanoparticles are grown on the aforementioned ultra-thin nanosheets to form functional composites. Notably, the Pt–TiS2 hybrid presents good electrocatalytic activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction.
Thoracic surgical patients have chest drains inserted to enable re-expansion of lungs, to clear contents from the pleural cavity which sometimes require negative suction. Suction impedes mobility, may have variable suction delivery and increases risk of infection. Assessment of air-leak in conventional drains is not scientific and is subjective. Thopaz chest drain system is a portable suction unit which allows mobilization of the patient, with scientific digital flow recordings and an in built alarm system.
Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is essential in various electrochemical energy conversion processes, but its sluggish kinetics calls for catalysts made of platinum or its alloys. Although their high catalytic activity has been hardly challenged, the high price of the precious metal has limited their wide applications. Nitrogen-doped carbonaceous materials have been reported as alternatives due to the low cost of carbon and nitrogen precursors, but the low-cost has accompanied by low catalytic activity and poor stability, particularly in acidic media. Here we developed 3-dimentional (3D) N/Fe-containing carbon nanotube (CNT) sponges showing striking improvements in catalytic activity and stability in both acidic and basic solutions. The onset potential and limiting current density in 0.5 M H2SO4 or 0.1 M KOH were comparable to those of Pt/C (20 wt% Pt). More importantly, cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests up to 30000 cycles suggest their excellent long-term stability even better than those of Pt/C. We believe that the key for the high performance is pyridinic nitrogen coordinated with iron in 3D CNTs, according to the comparative studies with their variants whose characteristics include iron-deficiency as well as nitrogen doping with weak iron coordination. This study demonstrates that a proper doping, coordination, and morphology design of CNT bulks could lead to an outstanding performance, and the findings will be of great value for further improving non-precious metal catalysts. The self-standing and porous sponge-like 3D structure could substantially facilitate the mass transfer for ORR and, therefore, potentially act as a gas diffusion layer in electrochemical cells. The unique bi-functionality with a low cost but a high performance could make fuel cells as commercially viable options in the future.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been turned out to be an excellently self-sacrificing template for preparing porous carbon. Herein, we synthesized a nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials (NPCs) by direct thermolysis of zinc-based MOFs (ZIF-8). Fortunately, the NPCs with high specific surface area and abundant pore structure was suitable for using as conductive substrate to anchor organic molecules. Anthraquinone (AQ), 1, 4-naphthoquinone (NQ) and tetrachlorobenzoquinone (TCBQ) were selected to functionalize NPCs via noncovalent interactions, respectively. As a consequence, the multielectron redox centers possessed by AQ, NQ and TCBQ were implanted in the NPCs. More interestingly, the electrochemical rate-determining step for the functionalized NPCs was surface process rather than diffusion, which is similar to capacitive behavior of the electrical double layer. The functionalized NPCs revealed an enhanced overall capacitance (about 1.4 times higher than NPCs) because the electrochemical capacitance was superposed on the electrical double layer capacitance. Furthermore, the as-assembled asymmetrical supercapacitor (ASC) exhibited excellent energy storage performance. The topological structure of MOFs skeleton and the potential self-matching behavior between the positive and negative electrodes were responsible for high energy density (23.5Whkg−1 at 0.7kWkg−1, which is 1.54 times higher than that of NPCs symmetrical supercapacitor) of the device.
Electrochemically anodic exfoliation of graphite has been developed for nitrogen-doped few-layer graphene sheets (N-FLGS), demonstrating high N-doping levels of 6.05 atom%. The process for the preparation of N-FLGS is involved with the intercalation of glycine anions H2NCH2COO− into the graphite layers, electro-polymerization of large electro-oxidation products H2NCH2CONHCH2 −, and in situ N-doping in the graphite layer. Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy were employed to characterize the structure and properties of the N-FLGS. The as-fabricated N-FLGS utilized as electrode materials for supercapacitor exhibit enhanced electrochemical performance, including excellent cycling stability (the capacitance ratios after 10 000 cycles is 96.1%) and a remarkable rate capability (184.5Fg−1 at 1Ag−1, 132.7Fg−1 at 50Ag−1).
In the past, the selection of resources to execute various warehouse operation services was done solely by experts. In this paper, a RFID-based Resource Management System (RFID-RMS) is designed to help users to select the most suitable resource usage packages for handling warehouse operation orders by retrieving and analysing useful knowledge from a case-based data warehouse for solutions in both time saving and cost effective manner. In addition, a pure integral-linear programming model using a branch and bound algorithm to define the optimum travel distance of forklifts is also developed and embedded in the proposed system. The proposed system, which is suitable for usage in a warehouse operation environment, enhances the effectiveness in formulating resource usage package and managing resource operation by integrating the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), case-based reasoning (CBR) technologies and the programming model for forklift route optimization. Through applying RFID-RMS in the GENCO Distribution System, a multinational logistics company, the utilization of warehouse resources is expected to be maximized while work efficiency will be greatly enhanced.