batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A flexible electrochromic device is reported by using polyaniline (PANI) doped with dl-camphor-10-sulfonic acid (CSA)/poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSS) as coloring electrodes and poly(ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT-PSS) as complementary electrodes. The characterizations of the devices were performed by using cyclic voltammetric and in situ UV–vis spectroelectrochemical studies. The devices demonstrates the color change from pale yellow (−0.5V) to dark blue (+2.5V). The improvement of optical properties, such as coloration efficiency and stability on the basis of PANI doped with PSS and PEDOT-PSS. Furthermore, the optical properties keep the same as the device is situated at the bending state.
In our functional dissection of the CD33 Alzheimer's disease susceptibility locus, we found that the rs3865444C risk allele was associated with greater cell surface expression of CD33 in the monocytes (t50 = 10.06, Pjoint = 1.3 × 10−13) of young and older individuals. It was also associated with diminished internalization of amyloid-β 42 peptide, accumulation of neuritic amyloid pathology and fibrillar amyloid on in vivo imaging, and increased numbers of activated human microglia.
Transition metal chalcogenides become emerging materials as electrodes for electrochemical energy storage devices. In this study, we are reporting the preparation of α-MnSe nanoparticles using a one-pot hydrothermal method and examined its use as an electrode material for supercapacitors. Physico-chemical characterizations such as X-ray diffraction, laser Raman, and field emission scanning electron microscopic analyses revealed the formation of α-MnSe nanoparticles. The electrochemical analysis such as cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy suggested the mechanism of charge-storage is due to the pseudocapacitive nature of α-MnSe electrode. The α-MnSe electrode delivered a specific capacitance of 96.76 F g−1 from galvanostatic charge-discharge obtained at a constant current density of 0.1 mA cm−2 with a corresponding energy density of 8.60 Wh kg−1 and better cyclic stability over 2000 cycles. Further, the electrochemical performance of the α-MnSe symmetric supercapacitor device shows that the specific capacitance is about 23.44 F g−1 at a current density of 0.1 mA cm−2, with a potential window of 0.8 V. The superior electrochemical performance of α-MnSe highlights the potential use as electrode material in energy storage sector.
Iron compounds are abundantly present in both natural and engineered anaerobic environments where various biological processes including methanogenesis take place. Iron is an essential trace element for methanogens, and also other microorganisms involved in anaerobic digestion (AD). Dissolved iron can be readily taken up and used as a micronutrient by microorganisms; however, different iron species and compounds can influence methanogenesis in significantly different ways, both positive and negative, according to their physicochemical properties. This suggests that controlling methanogenic activity (i.e., stimulation or inhibition) in an AD system may be possible by adding a suitable type and amount of iron compound. The different effects of iron compounds on methanogenesis in anaerobic environments have not been systematically reviewed, and more comprehensive information is needed to look into the possible applications of iron compounds in biogas production. This review summarizes recent findings on the effects of different iron compounds on methanogenesis and discusses the underlying mechanisms and implications. Previous studies on the effects of iron addition on AD have reported contradictory observations for different iron sources, and the solubility, crystallinity, conductivity, and redox activity of iron compounds are the key factors that determine the direction and extent of effect on methanogenesis. These physicochemical properties are directly related to the bioavailability and/or electron-mediating capability of an iron compound, which affect the energy metabolism of methanogens and their syntrophic partners. This review will help deepen our understanding of the role and function of iron in AD and provide a reference for the control or promotion of methanogenesis, which is of particular interest from the perspective of energy production.
Zn–Al–In layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are synthesized by hydrothermal method and investigated as negative electrode materials for Ni–Zn batteries. The Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show the as-prepared samples are well-crystallized and hexagon structure. The electrochemical performances of Zn–Al-LDHs and Zn–Al–In-LDHs with different Zn/Al/In molar ration are investigated by the cyclic voltammograms (CV), Tafel polarization and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements. Zn–Al-LDHs shows good stability in the first 300-cycles. However, during the subsequent cycles, the discharge capacity decreases with increasing of the cycles. Compared with Zn–Al-LDHs, Zn–Al–In-LDHs with different Zn/Al/In molar rations, especially the sample of Zn/Al/In = 3:0.75:0.25 (molar ration) have higher discharge capacity and more stable cycling performances. This battery can undergo at least 800 charge–discharge cycles at constant current of 1C without dendrite and short circuits. The discharge capacity of Zn–Al–In-LDHs after the 800th cycle remains about 380 mAh g−1. Zn–Al–In-LDHs possess a high rate capability to meet the needs of high-storage applications.
LiMn2−y−z Li y Ni z O4 (0≤y≤0.075 and 0≤z≤0.075) cathodes have been synthesized by two procedures at 800°C in air: (1) standard solid state reactions of Li2CO3, Mn2O3 and NiO (oxide method) and (2) reaction of a Li∼0.5MnO2 precursor supplied by a commercial firm with lithium and nickel hydroxides (precursor method). The samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, surface area, manganese dissolution, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical charge–discharge measurements. The co-substituted LiMn2−y−z Li y Ni z O4 (0.04≤y≤0.075 and 0.05≤z≤0.075) samples obtained by both the oxide and precursor methods exhibit superior capacity retention, rate capability, and storage characteristics compared to both LiMn2O4 and LiMn1.97Li0.03O4. While the rate capability and storage characteristics of the LiMn2−y−z Li y Ni z O4 samples do not differ significantly between the two synthesis procedures, the samples obtained by the precursor method exhibit slightly better capacity retention despite a higher amount of manganese dissolution than the samples obtained by the oxide method. The differences are attributed to the larger and more uniform size of the secondary particles and smaller primary particles of the former compared to those of the latter.
Anthropogenic marine debris is an increasing concern because of its potential negative impacts on marine ecosystems. This is a global problem that will have lasting effects for many reasons, including: (1) the input of debris into marine environments is likely to continue (commensurate with population increase and globalization), (2) accumulation, and possibly retention, of debris will occur in specific areas due to hydrography and geomorphology, and (3) the most common types of debris observed to date will likely persist for centuries. Due to the technical challenges and prohibitive costs of conducting research in the deep sea, little is known about the abundance, types, sources, and impacts of human refuse on this vast habitat, and the extreme depths to which this debris is penetrating has only recently been exposed. We reviewed 1149 video records of marine debris from 22 years of remotely operated vehicle deployments in Monterey Bay, covering depths from 25m to 3971m. We characterize debris by type, examine patterns of distribution, and discuss potential sources and dispersal mechanisms. Debris was most abundant within Monterey Canyon where aggregation and downslope transport of debris from the continental shelf are enhanced by natural canyon dynamics. The majority of debris was plastic (33%) and metal (23%). The highest relative frequencies of plastic and metal observations occurred below 2000m, indicating that previous studies may greatly underestimate the extent of anthropogenic marine debris on the seafloor due to limitations in observing deeper regions. Our findings provide evidence that submarine canyons function to collect debris and act as conduits for debris transport from coastal to deep-sea habitats.
LiCl/DMAc (dimethylacetamide) solution dissolved microcrystalline cellulose (LD-MCC) showed potential benefits to the alkaline solid polymer electrolyte (ASPE). High alkali tolerance (up to 70wt% KOH loading), remarkable improvements in ionic conductivity (from 0.018Scm−1 to 0.153Scm−1) and mechanical properties (3-fold increase in tensile strength from 0.28MPa to 0.76MPa) were achieved just via an incorporation of 5wt% of LD-MCC into the ASPE matrix. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction indicated that LD-MCC entrapped KOH and hindered its aggregation. X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectrometer revealed that K+ was preferentially located on the LD-MCC surfaces rather than the polymeric matrix. Scanning Electron Microscopy of freeze-dry sample demonstrated a submicro-porous morphology with reduced average pore size (175nm) after the incorporation of LD-MCC in ASPE matrix. The incorporated LD-MCC acted as KOH stabilizer, hydrophilicity agent and OH− transport media. Distinct micro-structures before and after the incorporation of LD-MCC were investigated to reveal the special role of LD-MCC in the performance improvement of ASPE membrane.
Today’s electric vehicles are almost exclusively powered by lithium-ion batteries, but there is a long way to go before electric vehicles become dominant in the global automotive market. In addition to policy support, widespread deployment of electric vehicles requires high-performance and low-cost energy storage technologies, including not only batteries but also alternative electrochemical devices. Here, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of various batteries and hydrogen fuel cells that have the greatest potential to succeed in commercial applications. Three sectors that are not well served by current lithium-ion-powered electric vehicles, namely the long-range, low-cost and high-utilization transportation markets, are discussed. The technological properties that must be improved to fully enable these electric vehicle markets include specific energy, cost, safety and power grid compatibility. Six energy storage and conversion technologies that possess varying combinations of these improved characteristics are compared and separately evaluated for each market. The remainder of the Review briefly discusses the technological status of these clean energy technologies, emphasizing barriers that must be overcome.
The thermodynamic parameters: ΔG, ΔS and ΔH of Li x C6/1M LiPF6/Li1−x CoO2 battery reaction were measured by potentiometric method. The ΔS and reversible Peltier heat q r of cathode and anode reactions in lithium-ion battery were calculated from the ΔS of Li/1M LiPF6/Li1−x CoO2 and Li/1M LiPF6/Li x C6 cell reactions, and the ΔS of Li electrode reaction, respectively. For Li electrode reaction, the ΔS and q r were detected by both potentiometric and electrochemical-calorimetric methods. For a fully charged Li x C6/1M LiPF6/Li1−x CoO2 battery during reversible discharge process, the overall reaction Li1−x CoO2 +Li x C6 →LiCoO2 +6C presents exothermal heat effect with ΔS of −29.78JK−1 mol−1 and q r of 8.874kJmol−1. Furthermore, the cathode reaction xLi+ + xe− +Li1−x CoO2 →LiCoO2 shows larger exothermic effect with ΔS of −121.8JK−1 mol−1 and q r of 36.30kJmol−1, and the anode reaction Li x C6 → xLi+ + xe− +6C shows smaller endothermic effect with ΔS of 92.08JK−1 mol−1 and q r of −27.46kJmol−1. The heat produced at the positive electrode reaction is about three times more than that of overall battery reaction.
In this paper, we examine the market reaction to going concern audit opinions (GCAO) issued to firms in different life-cycle stages. We find that for firms in the introduction, decline, and shakeout stages there is information content at the time of the publication of a GCAO, reflected by a significant and negative market reaction for these firms relative to mature stage firms. This differential reaction for these life-cycle stages exists for both first-time and second-time GCAO reports, as well as for a subsample of financially distressed firms. Controlling for confounding events, such as debt covenant violations and earnings surprises, these results provide evidence that the auditors’ going concern report provides valuable information to the market during certain life-cycle stages and is consistent with the notion that information opacity exists in early and late life-cycle stages. Furthermore, we find that the variation in the information content of the audit report is conditional on high investor attention. This study overcomes conflicting evidence from prior literature, as to whether the market reacts to a GCAO issuance and whether the market understands the differences in firms’ business strategies in each life-cycle stage, by showing that only after including life-cycle stages is a significant market reaction observed, and that this reaction differs across the stages.
Two simplified methods are proposed for determining the internal ionic resistance of a porous electrode using linear voltammetry in the double layer region. With the 70% current response time t 0.7 on linear voltammogram and the independently measured uncompensated solution resistance R e, the internal ionic resistance of a porous electrode can be calculated using the equation R p=2.483t 0.7/C total−2.989R e, where C total is the total capacitance of the porous electrode and can be deduced from the plateau current on the voltammogram. When R p is not much smaller than R e, it is also possible to estimate the ionic resistance according to the curve shape of the linear voltammogram without knowing R e.
The electrocatalytic oxidative polymerization of o-phenylenediamine (o-PD) was performed on a reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/glassy carbon (GC) electrode. The electrolysis of o-PD was carried out using cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic and galvanostatic methods. The experimental results demonstrated that the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has a pronounced catalytic ability for the electrochemical oxidative polymerization of o-PD in a 0.60M H2SO4 solution compared to the bare GC electrode; however, graphene oxide has only a slight catalytic ability for the electrochemical oxidative polymerization of o-PD. The above three electrochemical techniques confirmed that there is a considerable discrepancy between the characteristics of the electrocatalytic oxidation of a species and the characteristics of the electrocatalytic oxidative polymerization of o-PD. This effect occurs because the charges passed during the electrolysis of o-PD on the bare GC electrode were mainly consumed for the formation of the soluble oligomer; however, RGO plays an important role in suppressing the formation of the soluble oligomer. An unexpected result was obtained: two or three pairs of the redox peaks of poly(o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD), synthesized using RGO as a catalyst, occur on the cyclic voltammogram in a wider potential range, depending on the polymerization conditions; however, only one pair of redox peaks occurs on the cyclic voltammogram of the conventional PoPD in a narrow potential range under exactly the same experimental conditions. The NMR and ESR spectra of the PoPD polymerized on the RGO/GC electrode are presented in this paper.
The decision to use a new material has technical, economical, and environmental consequences. The goal of this chapter is to help clarify quickly the use, possibilities, and problems of thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites. We compare consumptions, engineering and specific properties, costs of plastics, and composites with metals and some other conventional materials. After some basic reminders concerning thermoplastics, thermosets, composites, thermoplastic elastomer, and related processing methods, the designer's main problems are examined, taking into account the economic, technical, marketing, sustainability, and environmental requirements. Recycling, plastics of renewable sources, and some weaknesses of polymer materials end this chapter. The final choice of the design team will result from many iterations concerning the functional properties, the environmental constraints, the possibilities to produce the part in the required quantities, and the price.
Nonaqueous liquid electrolyte system based dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO and magnesium bromide (MgBr2) is synthesized via ‘Solvent-in-Salt’ method for the application in magnesium battery. Optimized composition of MgBr2/DMSO electrolyte exhibits high ionic conductivity of 10−2 S/cm at ambient temperature. This study discusses different concentrations from 0 to 5.4M of magnesium salt, representing low, intermediate and high concentrations of magnesium salt which are examined in frequency dependence conductivity studies. The temperature dependent conductivity measurements have also been carried out to compute activation energy (Ea ) by least square linear fitting of Arrhenius plot: ‘log σ −1/T. The transport number of Mg2+ ion determined by means of a combination of d.c. and a.c. techniques is ∼0.7. A prototype cell was constructed using nonaqueous liquid electrolyte with Mg anode and graphite cathode. The Mg/graphite cell shows promising cycling.
Humic acid as electron shuttle plays an important role in accelerating electron transfer of natural biogeochemical transformation. Exploration of the potential application of humic acid would provide new ideas for the development of bio-electrochemical system. Herein, the electron transfer availability of humic acid was evaluated by microbial fuel cell (MFC) device that has electricity output characteristic. Super-capacitor ferroferric oxide was used to load humic acid to form a stable wrappage (HA@Fe3O4) as the doped materials. The results were proved that humic acid reduced the metabolic overpotential of microorganisms and thus greatly improve electron transfer efficiency between anode and microbes. A maximum power density was produced up to be 1487.06 mW m− 2 in the MFC with HA@Fe3O4 doped anode, which has higher chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency and electron utilization rate than undoped anode. Moreover, the existence of Fe3O4 accelerates the electron transfer process between humic acid and the anode, further reducing the energy consumption required for electron transport, HA@Fe3O4 doped anode has good stability could provide a wider substrate utilization range for the growth of microorganisms, providing a high-performance output to MFC. This research provides a basis for the application of humic acid on development of bio-electrochemical system due to its electron shuttle ability.
An understanding of Lithium (Li) spatial distribution within the electrodes of a Li-ion cell, during charge and discharge cycles, is essential to optimize the electrode parameters for increased performance under cycling. In this work, it is demonstrated that the spatial distribution of Li within Vanadium Pentoxide (V2O5) electrodes of a small coin cell can be imaged by neutron computed tomography. The neutron attenuation data has been used to construct the three-dimensional Li spatial images. Specifically, it is shown that there is sufficient neutron imaging contrast between lithiated and delithiated regions of V2O5 electrode making it possible to map Li distributions even in small electrodes with thicknesses <1 mm. The images reveal that the Li spatial distribution is inhomogeneous and a relatively higher C-rate leads to more non-uniform Li distribution after Li insertion. The non-uniform distribution suggests the limitation of Li diffusion within the electrode during the lithiation process under the relatively high cycling rates.
In this work, the high-performance and flexible solid-state supercapacitors were fabricated based on poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)/NaCl/glycerol hydrogel electrolyte and activated carbon electrodes. A novel assembling method was proposed according to the formation properties of PVA/NaCl/glycerol hydrogel electrolyte. PVA/NaCl/glycerol hydrogel electrolyte could be quickly formed in a short time at room temperature. Thus the PVA/NaCl/glycerol solution was coated onto the activated carbon electrodes and the hydrogel electrolyte was in situ formed on the surface of the activated electrodes. Meanwhile, the PVA/NaCl/glycerol hydrogel electrolyte could retain outstanding flexibility and ionic conductivity at a low temperature, which makes the solid-state supercapacitor have excellent low-temperature tolerance. Thus, the electrochemical measurements of the assembled supercapacitor were performed at room temperature and a low temperature of −23 °C, respectively. The flexible supercapacitor can show an outstanding flexibility and electrochemical performance at −23 °C. Its specific capacitance can remain approximately 81.0% of its initial specific capacitance at room temperature and the capacitance retention could keep 90.5% of the initial capacitance retention at −23 °C. It also could be anticipated that this multifunctional flexible supercapacitor with the PVA/NaCl/glycerol hydrogel electrolyte would have broad applications in modern flexible energy storage device.
Controlled Ovarian Stimulation (COS) is the first step for in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment, a treatment often described and experienced as stressful to patients and their partners. COS also requires concerted efforts by the patients in administering medication and general compliance to treatment protocols. Little is known about the impacts on patients that may be specific to this important first step in treatment. The absence of a conceptually sound and well-validated measure assessing patient experience and functioning during ovarian stimulation has been an obstacle to understanding the impacts of ovarian stimulation on women pursuing IVF. To address this gap, the Controlled Ovarian Stimulation Impact Measure (COSI) was developed based upon accepted methods for designing patient reported outcome (PRO) measures. The purpose of this study was to psychometrically validate the COSI.
Implementation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in various applications can reduce material and energy requirements of products, resulting in energy savings. However, processes for the production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are energy-intensive and can require extensive purification. In this study, we investigate the net energy benefits of three CNT-enabled technologies: multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) reinforced cement used as highway construction material, single-walled CNT (SWCNT) flash memory switches used in cell phones and CNT anodes and cathodes used in lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles. We explore the avoided or additional energy requirement in the manufacturing and use phases and estimate the life cycle net energy benefits for each application. Additional scenario analysis and Monte Carlo simulation of parameter uncertainties resulted in probability distributions of net energy benefits, indicating that net energy benefits are dependent on the application with confidence intervals straddling the breakeven line in some cases. Analysis of simulation results reveals that SWCNT switch flash memory and MWCNT Li-ion battery cathodes have statistically significant positive net energy benefits (α =0.05) and SWCNT Li-ion battery anodes tend to have negative net energy benefits, while positive results for MWCNT-reinforced cement were significant only under an efficient CNT production scenario and a lower confidence level (α =0.1).