batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Urban aerosol samples for PM10 and PM2.5 were collected during summer (August) and winter (December) 2000 in southern Taiwan (Tainan City) to demonstrate the temporal variations of Hg and As in particulate matter (PM). The mean mass concentrations with standard deviations were 80.0±26.8μgm−3 for PM10 and 50.6±16.6μgm−3 for PM2.5. The average PM2.5/PM10 mass ratio for the two periods combined was 63%, indicating that fine particles were a large portion of PM10. Particulate samples of Hg and As were analyzed within 2 days following sampling and weighing, because of the highly volatile nature of PM Hg and As. The average Hg and As values in PM10, PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 in summer were significantly lower than those in winter. PM2.5 Hg constituted 0.34 to 5.8ngm−3 and PM2.5–10 Hg 0.05 to 3.1ngm−3. PM2.5 As constituted 1.09 to 9.51ngm−3 and PM2.5–10 As 0.18 to 4.14ngm−3. In summer and winter PM10, the Hg contents showed regular daily variation, with the higher values at daytime and lower values at nighttime, indicating conversion of gaseous Hg to the particulate phase by reaction with atmospheric oxidants under strong solar radiation during the daytime in both summer and winter. PM As behaved similar to Hg in the summer, but in the winter higher concentrations were observed during the nighttime than during the daytime, implying that the stable temperature inversion during winter nighttime caused the accumulation of PM As near the ground. In summer, SE–WSW winds carried As from an As-emitting fossil power plant to the sample area. In a similar vein, NE–WNW winter winds contributed to aerosol Hg, especially in PM2.5, originating from a waste incinerator located NW of Tainan City.
Yolk-shell Si@void@C nanostructure has greatly improved the low Li+/electron conductivity and buffered the huge volume variation of Si, whereas the surface corrosion and passivation of the Si yolks in electrolytes still limit the lithium storage capability. Herein, core-shell yolk-shell Si@C@void@C nanohybrids were proposed and successfully prepared for the first time. Compared with Si@void@C, the newly-proposed structure introduced core-shell Si@C nanoparticles as the yolks instead. Such extra carbon shell can not only decrease the electrical resistance between Si yolks and hollow carbon shells but also effectively protect Si yolks from electrolyte corrosion, i.e., the formation of Li2SiF6 layers on Si surface confirmed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. As a result, the Si@C@void@C electrodes exhibited remarkably enhanced reversible capacity, cycling stability (∼1366 mA h g−1 after 50 cycles at 500 mA g−1, with a capacity retention of ∼71% with respect to the initial reversible capacity of 1910 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1), and rate performance (with a capacity retention of ∼60% at 4000 mA g−1). This work shows the paramount role of the inner carbon shell of Si@C@void@C in limiting the electrolyte corrosion and probably improving the electronic conductivity.
One route for improving the performance of Li-based batteries is to optimize the carbon-based electrode. In order to find the best carbon-based materials, the specific roles of the molecular and solid-state contributions have to be understood. Here, the molecular contributions are analyzed. A semi-quantitative method is proposed to compare the charge storage capability of polyaromatic hydrocarbon molecules (PAHs). For planar PAHs, the ability to store electrical energy is found to be to a large extend determined by a single parameter, that is the electronic hardness (half the electronic gap) multiplied the number of carbon atom in the molecule. A compilation of results for oligophenyls, oligoacenes and medium-size planar systems suggests trends in the dependence of the energy storage capability on the size and shape of the molecules.
Common preparation methods of manganese-based Li-rich layered oxides include co-precipitation, combustion, spray pyrolysis, and molten salt synthesis. Herein, we present a facile new reactive-templating route to prepare manganese-based lithium-rich Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 using β−MnO2 nanorod, which plays a dual role as reactive template as well as Mn-source. Rietveld refinement and electron diffraction patterns confirm the formation of phase pure, highly crystalline Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 with two integrated layered components of 0.5(Li2MnO3).0.5(LiMn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3O2). Electron microscopy studies reveal the formation of anisotropic rod-like crystals of 0.8–1.0 μm in length and ∼200 nm in thickness. The Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 nanorod as cathode for Li-ion battery, delivers an impressive reversible capacity of 223 mAh.g−1 at 0.1C rate after 150 cycles and 161 mAh.g−1 at 1 C rate after 300 cycles. Rapid structural transition from layered to spinel-like phase at high temperature (55 °C) leads to gradual decay in discharge capacity upon cycling, whereas low Li-ion diffusivity, cell resistance, and high viscosity hampers the performance at low temperature (5 °C). Impedance spectroscopy along with (dis)charge differential plots corroborate that activation of Li2MnO3 and Li-ion de(intercalation) into the MnO2 phase is very facile at high temperature (55 °C), which leads to high specific capacity, high coulombic efficiency, and high-power capability.
A facile soft-templating method has been successfully developed to prepare mesoporous spinel LiMn2O4 with high crystallinity. The cathode material with narrow pore size distributions significantly enhances charge transfer and reduces lithium ion diffusion length. The mesoporous LiMn2O4 deliver initial discharge capacity of 133.6mAh/g in at a current density of 74mAh/g. After 100 cycles, discharge capacity maintains 109.1mAh/g. At a high current density of 296mAh/g, the mesoporous LiMn2O4 has a high discharge capacity around 102mAh/g. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) testing showed that the mesoporous LiMn2O4 has a higher Li-ion diffusion coefficient (DLi) than bulk LiMn2O4. Furthermore, LiMn2O4//graphite full-cell is fabricated. It also exhibits good cycling capability with specific capacity of ∼90mAh/g after 40 charge/discharge cycles.
Nanostructured Li4Ti5O12/CNT composite particles were synthesized using an aerosol spray drying process followed by thermal annealing. After assembling into CNT networks, lightweight, flexible and binder-free Li4Ti5O12/CNT anodes were fabricated for lithium-ion batteries. Electrodes fabricated from these nanocomposites showed effective electron and ion transport and, more importantly, more robust structure compared to traditional binder-bonded electrodes. The electrodes delivered a high reversible capacity and superior rate performance up to an extremely high rate of 100C. Moreover, ultralong cycling stability was attained through 8000 rapid charge-discharge cycles with 89% capacity retention. These results demonstrate the feasibility of ultrafast batteries.
Objective Early psychosomatic research proposed a hydraulic model for anger expression and blood pressure (BP); that is, people who express their anger were believed to have lower BP. Unfortunately, subsequent evaluations of this model have produced inconsistent results. In this paper, it is posited that weak methods of measuring BP, failure to address gender differences, and exclusive emphasis on linear models may have contributed to inconsistent results. Design and measures We investigated the possibility of curvilinear relationships between expressed anger and resting BP after controlling for traditional risk factors. Participants Data from two samples of varying cardiovascular health status (one healthy, the other hypertensive) and ages were examined. Results Across both samples, very low and very high self-reported expressed anger was associated with the lowest diastolic BP in women. There was no equivalent finding in men. Conclusion Women, but not men, have lower BP when they report to openly express their angry feelings. The results support the value of exploring curvilinear relationships and gender differences in anger expression effects on cardiovascular health.
Skin fragility disorders caused by keratin mutations are incurable, and a better understanding of their etiology is needed to find new ways to improve and treat these conditions. The best-studied skin fragility disorder is epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), an autosomal dominant condition caused by mutations in keratin 5 (K5) or K14. To analyze disease mechanisms and develop gene therapy strategies, we have used keratinocyte cell lines derived from EBS patients as model systems. Here, we describe two cell lines established from EBS patients with K14-null mutations. We analyze the responses of these cells to stress assays previously shown to discriminate between wild-type and keratin-mutant keratinocytes, to directly evaluate the efficacy of rescuing K14-null cells by supplementation with wild-type K14 complementary DNA (cDNA). The K14-null cells show elevated levels of stress correlating with reduced normal keratin function. By transfecting wild-type K14 into these cells, we demonstrate “proof of principle” that an add-back approach can significantly rescue the normal keratinocyte behavior profile. These K14-null cell lines provide a disease model for studying the effects of keratin ablation in EBS patients and to test the efficacy of gene add-back and other therapy approaches in keratinocytes.
This cross-sectional study investigated dynamic force–time variables and vaulting performance in young female gymnasts of different maturity status.
Publisher Summary This chapter deals with general principles of energy conversion and covers specific types of conversion suitable for different classes of renewable energy such as wind, hydro and wave energy, solar radiation used for heat or power generation. It also explains the secondary conversions in fuel cell or battery operation, and a range of conversions related to biomass, from traditional combustion to advanced ways of producing liquid or gaseous biofuels. An introduction to all the technical issues to consider in designing renewable energy systems is also presented. The complementary issues of economy, environmental impacts and planning procedures, as well as a basic physical-astronomical explanation of where the renewable energy sources come from and how they are distributed, may be found in the treatise of Sørensen. Some of the renewable energy sources are fundamentally intermittent, and sometimes beyond what can be remedied by regional trade of energy, so the energy storage must also be treated as an important partner to many renewable energy systems.
The design of a 10cm×10cm flow cell for the soluble lead acid flow battery is described. A number of extended charge/discharge cycling experiments are presented to demonstrate the capability of the battery to cycle over lengthy periods and to identify the problems that limit the number of cycles that can be achieved. A charge efficiency below 100%, leading to a build up of deposits on both electrodes and a consequent drop in the concentration of Pb2+ in the electrolyte are found to limit cycle life.
The effects of surfactants as organic additives to electrolyte solutions on potential oscillation behavior and Zn electrodeposition were observed. Applying a constant current density (−20 mA cm−2), we induced the potential oscillation of electrochemical Zn deposition in aqueous solutions of KOH, ZnO, and surfactants. Potential oscillation behavior for Zn electrodeposition was strongly affected by the presence of surfactants. While an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) slightly increased the period of potential oscillation, even small amounts of nonionic (Triton X-100) and cationic surfactants [cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB)] greatly increased the period of potential oscillation. The presence of CTAB in an electrolyte produced small spherical Zn deposits, which clearly implies that CTAB plays a role in suppressing dendrite formation during Zn deposition.
In an attempt to forge tighter social relations, small school reformers advocate school designs intended to create smaller, more trusting, and more collaborative settings. These efforts to enhance students’ social capital in the form of social closure are ultimately tied to improving academic outcomes. Using data derived from ELS: 2002, this study employs propensity scores in the context of multilevel models to estimate the effects of a specific school-level variant of social closure, referred to as a norm-enforcing school, on students’ mathematics achievement. Results estimate that attending a norm-enforcing school has no effect on 12th-grade mathematics achievement. This result questions the presumed benefits of social capital and its emphasis on norm-enforcement and social control. Policy implications are discussed in light of contemporary urban school reform initiatives that focus on reductions in school size.
Screen failure rates in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) clinical trial research are unsustainable, with participant recruitment being a top barrier to AD research progress. The purpose of this project was to understand the neuropsychological, psychiatric, and functional features of individuals who failed screening measures for AD trials. Previously collected clinical data from 38 patients (aged 50–83) screened for a specific industry-sponsored clinical trial of MCI/early AD (Biogen 221AD302, [EMERGE]) were analyzed to identify predictors of AD trial screen pass/fail status. Worse performance on non-memory cognitive domains like crystalized knowledge, executive functioning, and attention, and higher self-reported anxiety, was associated with failing the screening visit for the EMERGE AD clinical trial, whereas we were not able to detect a relationship between screening status and memory performance, self-reported depression, or self-reported daily functioning. By identifying predictors of AD trial screen passing/failure, this research may influence decision-making about which patients are most likely to successfully enroll in a trial, thereby potentially lowering participant burden, maximizing study resources, and reducing costs.
In this study, a composite polymer matrix for gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is prepared by the electrospinning process, combining poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) and nano-sized Al2O3 ceramic particles. The composite matrix is impregnated with a liquid electrolyte to prepare the GPE-Al2O3 composite and its properties are compared with those of pure GPE. The GPE-Al2O3 composite improves the interfacial resistance, ion coordination and the electrochemical stability of the GPE. The electrochemical performances are analyzed by applying the GPEs to LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) and Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) cells. The GPE-Al2O3 composite exhibits a higher discharge capacity than the GPE at 0.1 C-rate and excellent performance in both the LTO and the NMC half-cells under cyclic conditions. The GPE-Al2O3 composite shows good compatibility and high electrochemical property on LTO/NMC full-cell.
Lithium-ion batteries play an important role in the life quality of modern society as the dominant technology for use in portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, tablets and laptops. Beyond this application lithium-ion batteries are the preferred option for the emerging electric vehicle sector, while still underexploited in power supply systems, especially in combination with photovoltaics and wind power. As a technological component, lithium-ion batteries present huge global potential towards energy sustainability and substantial reductions in carbon emissions. A detailed review is presented herein on the state of the art and future perspectives of Li-ion batteries with emphasis on this potential.
The local composition of negative silicon electrodes is studied by ex situ electron energy-loss spectroscopy along the first delithiation in a lithium battery. By measuring dozens of sample areas for over a dozen compositions, the local and overall inhomogeneities in these practical electrodes are evaluated. The statistical treatment of the data highlights the existence of larger inhomogeneities at the beginning of the delithiation as well as at a 100nm scale. It is also shown that, even if incremental capacity curves are different, the compositional changes during delithiation are identical for nano- and micro-Si. Namely, an initial Li15Si4 phase is replaced by a Li2±0.3Si amorphous phase in a biphasic process, the latter compound being further delithiated to amorphous silicon in single phase process. Results also show that the electrochemical irreversibility associated with the liquid electrolyte reduction/degradation is generated during the lithiation process, not the delithiation process.
In a smart grid, consumer demand information is collected, centrally evaluated against current supply conditions and the resulting proposed price information is sent back to customers for them to decide about usage. As the whole process is time dependent, dynamically estimating grid stability becomes not only a concern but a major requirement. Decentral Smart Grid Control (DSGC) systems monitor one particular property of the grid—its frequency. So, it ties the electricity price to the grid frequency so that it is available to all participants, i.e., all energy consumers and producers. DSGC has some assumptions to infer the behavior of participants. DSGC system is described with differential equations. In this paper, we study on optimized deep learning (DL) models to solve fixed inputs (variables of the equations) and equality issues in DSGC system. Therefore, measuring the grid frequency at the premise of each customer would suffice to provide the network administrator with all required information about the current network power balance, so that it can price its energy offering—and inform consumers—accordingly. To predict smart grid stability, we use different optimized DL models to analyze the DSGC system for many diverse input values, removing those restrictive assumptions on input values. In our tests, DL model accuracy has reached up to 99.62%. We demonstrate that DL models indeed give way to new insights into the simulated system. We have learned that fast adaptation generally improves system stability.
This paper presents a simple approach to estimate the state of charge of the LiFePO4 batteries in electric vehicles under dynamic loads and variable temperature, which are inevitable during practical working conditions. This approach employs a highly adaptive estimation algorithm based on the recursive least-squares method and an original simple model of the open circuit voltage to the state of charge over a wide range of temperature. The modeling and the estimation in this approach are based on a new term for the state of charge, which is defined based on experimental findings to take into account the battery recovery capacity due to temperature variations. The proposed approach is validated through Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule experiments including harsh temperature conditions, which have been mostly overlooked in previous research. The obtained results show that this approach maintains an accurate state of charge estimation, with an error of less than 5.2% under such conditions. The accuracy and the simplicity of the proposed algorithm are crucial for a feasible battery management system to be used in electric vehicles.
The electrochemical behaviors of pyrolized polyacrylonitrile (PAN) were investigated to be applied as a carbon source in a metal–carbon composite anode in Li-ion batteries. Pyrolized PAN showed a porous structure with a reversible capacity approximately 300mAhg−1. A pyrolyzed PAN based Sn/C composites were synthesized from SnO and PAN using a high energy ball milling followed by carbothermal reduction, and the Sn particles with diameters of 100–200nm were randomly embedded on the carbon matrix. The composite electrode exhibited a relatively large capacity and an excellent cycle behavior. The enhanced electrochemical performances of this composite were attributed to the role as a matrix and porous nature of pyrolyzed PAN which accommodated a large volume expansion of the Sn during the reaction with Li, the increased electrical conductivity of pyrolyzed PAN and the uniformly dispersed nanometer sized Sn that formed during the cycling.
Vertically aligned mesoporous carbon nanotubes (MCTs) filled with Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated by a dual template method; a hard template-assisted sol–gel process. The Co3O4/MCT electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The data indicate that the Co3O4 NPs are dispersed uniformly on the inside surface of the MCT. As an anode material for a Li ion battery, the resulting electrode shows a high reversible capacity of about 627mAhg−1 after the 50th discharge. The improved electrochemical performance of Co3O4/MCT can mainly be attributed to the small-size Co3O4 NPs and the rapid diffusion of Li-ions induced by the three-dimensional structure of the MCT. The Co3O4/MCT electrode has the potential for use as a high-performance anode electrode for Li-ion batteries.
Since the discovery of electricity, the demand for effective energy storage methods has increased. Energy storage devices are efficient tools used to manage power supply and produce resilient and cost-effective energy frameworks. Advanced technologies in modern economy and society require the application and design of inexpensive, highly efficient, and various infrastructures for energy storage systems. For instance, fuel cells, batteries, electrochemical capacitors, and conventional capacitors are used as energy storage devices because they can enhance energy or power densities. They can also supply energy within short or long periods. Their performances have also been improved. This review emphasizes carbon nanotubes as electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors. Different types of substrates and thin films may yield various structural and electrochemical properties of carbon nanotubes. This review also discusses their electrochemical performance observed through cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge.
Due to the rapid increase of carbon nanotubes (CNT) applications and their inevitable release into the aquatic environment, CNT may interact with and further influence the fate and transport of other pollutants such as triclocarban (TCC). TCC is a high-production-volume chemical that is widely used as an antimicrobial agent, is continually released into the aquatic environment, and is biologically active and persistent. In the present study, the population test with Daphnia magna was performed over 93 days. Different treatments were examined: (a) control, (b) solvent control, (c) 1 mg CNT/L from the beginning, (d) 1 mg CNT/L as of day 14, (e) control with a 2-day pulse of 25 µg TCC/L on day 14, 41 µg TCC/L (day 54), and 61 µg TCC/L (day 68) and (f) same pulses of TCC with co-exposure to 1 mg CNT/L. Significant changes in all three size classes were observed as a result of the long-term exposure to 1 mg CNT/L. Increasing in number of neonates, and decreasing in number of juveniles and adults were observed. Moreover, daphnids were significantly smaller when they were exposed to MWCNT. The exposure with TCC led to size-dependent mortality in Daphnia magna populations and a subsequent recovery. Lower toxicity of TCC was observed, with the presence of MWCNT in the medium. The reported effects of TCC on population level were compared to the output of an individual-based Daphnia magna population model, in order to verify the model predictions with laboratory data.