batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this paper the recycling of nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion (Li-ion) and primary lithium batteries was examined. Three mechanical routes of treatment were developed for each type recovering mainly three fractions: ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals and electrodic powders. The above mentioned types of spent batteries were also treated together by a unique mechanical route, obtaining in this way a powder enriched in cobalt, nickel and manganese which can be further extractable by chemical leaching. Experimental tests of solvent extraction were performed on synthetic leach liquors simulating a feed mixture of spent devices with weight composition 40% NiMH, 40% primary lithium, and 20% Li-ion (as determined by manual sorting of 3 tons of end of life batteries collected in Northern Italy). Under these conditions nickel and cobalt can be easily separated by using Cyanex 272 (stoichiometric ratio Cyanex/Co = 4, pH 5–6), but in presence of manganese Cyanex 272 loses its selectivity towards cobalt. Thus manganese must be preliminarily removed by using D2EHPA (stoichiometric ratio D2EHPA/Mn = 2, pH 4). Mechanical treatments and hydrometallurgical section to recover metals from electrodic powder are unavoidable operations in order to recover at least 50% of batteries as weight according to European Guideline 2006/66/EC.
Birth registration marks a child’s right to identity and is the first step to establishing citizenship and access to services. At the population level, birth registration data can inform effective programming and planning. In Tanzania, almost two-thirds of births are in health facilities, yet only 26% of children under 5 years have their births registered. Our mixed-methods research explores the gap between hospital birth and birth registration in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
One hundred and forty-four people with convulsive seizures (CS) and 144 healthy controls were evaluated for cognitive function, using a battery of neuropsychological tests. People with CS performed significantly worse than the controls on the Mini‐Mental State Examination, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, auditory verbal learning test, digit span test, verbal fluency test, and digit cancellation test. The percentage of patients who had abnormal scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was higher than that of controls (54.9% vs. 7.6%, p<0.001). Cognitive functional impairment was detected in 65.3% of the patients and 29.2% of the controls (p<0.001). People with CS presented with depressive mood and a wide range of cognitive deficits, particularly deficits in episodic declarative memory, attentional capacity, semantic memory, and mental speed. Years in education were positively associated with the cognitive performance of people with CS (OR=0.655, 95% CI: 0.486–0.882, p=0.005).
A hybrid power system configuration based on proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), lion-lithium battery (LIB) and supercapacitor (SC) was designed without grid connection for the hybrid tramway. To adapt to the rapid load power change and achieve higher fuel efficiency and optimal oxygen excess ratio (OER) operation of the PEMFC power subsystem, a master-slave energy management strategy based on fuzzy logic hysteresis state machine (FuHSM) and differential power processing compensation (DPPC) was proposed for the hybrid tramway, effectively taking into consideration of the dynamic response and optimum OER tracing of the integrated PEMFC subsystem. The master FuHSM controller was utilized to grantee the optimal power coordination of the multiple power sources and the slave DPPC controller was responsible for further compensating the load power demand to enhance the dynamic performance and bus voltage stability. Furthermore, the equivalent H2 consumption minimization optimization considering characteristics of the proposed energy management strategy was realized by means of EIA-PSO algorithm to further improve the fuel economy of the overall hybrid power system. The results demonstrate that the proposed energy management strategy can guarantee the stability of the hybrid power system throughout the driving cycle. In addition, more efficient power coordination dynamics among the PEMFC, LIB and SC subsystems could be achieved without additional performance degradation of the integrated PEMFC subsystem, and the results of the comparisons with other control strategies verify that the proposed energy management strategy could achieve an increase in fuel efficiency of nearly 7% for the overall hybrid tramway. Finally, the influence of the proposed energy management strategy on the service life of the PEMFC subsystem was detailed discussed, and the performance degradation of the PEMFC subsystem was quantified so as to be integrated into the proposed energy management strategy.
The intercalation of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), into molybdenum disulfide, like that of other electron pair donors, leads to mixed ionic–electronic conductors. At room temperature, intercalates show electrical and lithium-ion conductivities better than MoS2 and bulk PEO composites, respectively. However, these products are known to be sensitive to temperature; indeed, in the range 80–100°C an irreversible decrease of the electrical conductivity is observed. In order to investigate these features, the thermal behavior of a series of polyethers of different molecular weights (poly(ethylene glycol) (Mw 3400) and PEO with Mw in the range 104–4×106, pure and intercalated in MoS2, (Lix(MoS2)(polyether)y with x∼0.1 and y=1.1−1.5), was comparatively analyzed. Furthermore, the effect of thermal treatment of the sample on the electrical conductivity was studied for one of the intercalated products. Results indicate that irreversible changes, detected by both loss of weight and a significant conductivity lowering, are occurring in the range from about 100°C to a temperature near to the decomposition point of the organic phase at about 350°C.
Working memory (WM) is considered a core deficit in Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), with numerous studies demonstrating impaired WM among children with ADHD. We tested the degree to which WM in children with ADHD was improved by performance-based incentives, an analog of behavioral intervention. In two studies, WM performance was assessed using a visuo-spatial n-back task. Study 1 compared children (ages 9–12 years) with ADHD–Combined type (n = 24) to a group of typically developing (TD) children (n = 32). Study 1 replicated WM deficits among children with ADHD. Incentives improved WM, particularly among children with ADHD. The provision of incentives reduced the ADHD-control group difference by approximately half but did not normalize WM. Study 2 examined the separate and combined effects of incentives and stimulant medication among 17 children with ADHD-Combined type. Both incentives and a moderate dose of long-acting methylphenidate (MPH; ~0.3 mg/kg t.i.d. equivalent) robustly improved WM relative to the no-incentive, placebo condition. The combination of incentives and medication improved WM significantly more than either incentives or MPH alone. These studies indicate that contingencies markedly improve WM among children with ADHD–Combined type, with effect sizes comparable to a moderate dose of stimulant medication. More broadly, this work calls attention to the role of motivation in studying cognitive deficits in ADHD and in testing multifactorial models of ADHD.
We consider the methodology of intelligent analysis of telemetry data based on modern mathematical methods of information processing. We define urgent tasks of analysis and forecasting, taking into account the 20-year experience of operating the Russian segment of the International Space Station (ISS RS). We give a basic description of these methods and present the results of testing on real data obtained from ISS RS telemetry information.
Vehicle electrification is expanding worldwide and has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) from the transportation sector. Batteries are a key component of energy storage systems for electric vehicles (EVs), and their integration into EVs can lead to a wide range of possible environmental outcomes. These outcomes depend on factors such as powertrain type, electricity source, charging patterns, and end-of-life management. Given the complexities of battery systems, a framework is needed to systematically evaluate environmental impacts across battery system life cycle stages, from material extraction and production to use in the EV, through the battery’s end-of-life. We have developed a set of ten principles to provide practical guidance, metrics, and methods to accelerate environmental improvement of mobile battery applications and facilitate constructive dialogue among designers, suppliers, original equipment manufacturers, and end-of-life managers. The goal of these principles, which should be implemented as a set, is to enhance stewardship and sustainable life cycle management by guiding design, material choice, deployment (including operation and maintenance), and infrastructure planning of battery systems in mobile applications. These principles are applicable to emerging battery technologies (e.g., lithium-ion), and can also enhance the stewardship of existing (e.g., lead-acid) batteries. Case study examples are used to demonstrate the implementation of the principles and highlight the trade-offs between them.
We present a set of stimuli representing human actions under point-light conditions, as seen from different viewpoints. The set contains 22 fairly short, well-delineated, and visually “loopable” actions. For each action, we provide movie files from five different viewpoints as well as a text file with the three spatial coordinates of the point lights, allowing researchers to construct customized versions. The full set of stimuli may be downloaded from
High-capacity flexible electrode materials for high-energy lithium–ion batteries become critically important with technological improvements on portable and bendable electronic equipment such as rollup displays, implantable medical devices, active radio-frequency identification tags, and wearable devices. Although different types of bendable electrode materials have been introduced, it is very important to fabricate highly-flexible electrode materials with reasonable fabrication technique and high electrochemical performance similar to those of conventional high-capacity electrode materials. Herein, we introduced high-capacity, flexible Si/SiO2/C nanofiber composite anode materials by simple electrospinning and subsequent heat treatment processes. To further improve the long-term cycling performance, additional nanoscale carbon coating of flexible Si/SiO2/C nanofibers was performed by CVD technique. Electrochemical performance results showed that CVD carbon-coated flexible Si/SiO2/C nanofiber composites exhibited high capacity retention of 86.7% and high coulombic efficiency of 96.7% at the 50th cycle. It is, therefore, demonstrated that CVD carbon-coated flexible Si/SiO2/C nanofiber composites are promising anode material candidate for next-generation flexible and high-energy lithium–ion batteries.
Graphite–silicon mixtures are encapsulated in a Si–O network derived from sol–gel transformation of alkoxy-silane(methyl-trimethoxy-silane). The composites are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The catalyst used in the sol–gel process significantly affects the electrochemical properties of the composites. The initial specific capacity of the composites is close to 500mAhg−1, which is between that of graphite alone (∼300mAhg−1) and mechanical mixtures of graphite and silicon of identical silicon contents (∼900mAhg−1). Base (NH4OH) catalyzed composites perform substantially better than acid (HCl) catalyzed composites. The experimental results have yet to demonstrate any real advantage of the composites over graphite in terms of cycleability. Nevertheless, this approach should not be dismissed as the network material in this study may not have been optimized.
Structure changes of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 were detected at the electrode/electrolyte interface of lithium cell using synchrotron X-ray scattering and two-dimensional model electrodes. The electrodes were constructed by an epitaxial film of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 synthesized by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. The orientation of the film depends on the substrate plane; the 2D layer of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 is parallel to the SrTiO3(110) substrate ((110) LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2//(110) SrTiO3), while the 2D layer is perpendicular to the SrTiO3(111) substrate ((003) LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2//(111) SrTiO3). The in situ X-ray diffraction of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2(003) confirmed three-dimensional lithium diffusion through the two-dimensional transition meal layers. The intercalation reaction of LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 will be discussed.
A simple and fast method for preparing chitosan (CH)/conducting polymer (CP) composite film with and without reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was realized to investigate the effect of rGO on an optoelectrochemical system. For this purpose, firstly rGO was successfully dispersed in the acidic aqueous solution of CH by ultrasonic agitation. One by one CH and CH/rGO blend deposited on an indium tin-oxide (ITO) coated glass electrode by drop-casting method. After that, N1,N4-bis(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)terephthalamide (m(BT)) electroactive monomer was deposited onto CH and CH/rGO modified ITO electrode surfaces via electrochemical polymerization. Electrochemical and optical properties of the composite structures were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique and UV–vis spectroscopy. The surface characterizations of nanocomposites have been performed by scanning electron microscopy. It was observed that, chemical functionalities of CH, rGO and p(BT) provide excellent compatibility. Therefore, the CH/rGO/p(BT) electroactive nanocomposite has better conductivity, stability, charge density, electrochromic switching kinetics and electrochemical properties than the CH/p(BT) and p(BT)/rGO composites. This is due to more efficient synergistic effect between CH, rGO and p(BT) which provide larger active surface area and ease ion transport. This method for producing composite films with novel optical, electrical and stability properties has been gaining a new perspective in the material world, which enables smart and advanced material design in various practical applications especially for designing molecular detection systems.
In this work, for the first time, carbon self-repairing porous g-C3N4 nanosheets (CPCN-NSs) with high surface area (220.7m2 g−1) are prepared by a solvothermal process coupled with post multistep thermal treatment in air. Then a facile hydrothermal method is developed to synthesize carbon self-repairing porous g-C3N4 nanosheets/NiCo2S4 nanoparticles (CPCN-NSs/NCS-NPs) hybrid composite for supercapacitor electrode. With large surface area as well as ultrathin thickness and porous structure, the as-prepared CPCN-NSs could be served as an excellent scaffold to combine with NiCo2S4 nanoparticles (NCS-NPs), while the NCS-NPs with high conductivity could function as conductive linkers between CPCN-NSs and improve the electrical conductivity of the hybrid composite. Electrochemical characterizations indicate that the as-prepared hybrid composite delivers excellent electrochemical properties, exhibiting a high capacitance (1557Fg−1 at current density of 1Ag−1) and excellent cycling stability (only 7.4% loss after 10000 cycles). These results clearly demonstrate that the combination of CPCN-NSs with NCS-NPs can substantially improve the capacitive performance of materials and ultimately increase the cycling stability of supercapacitor electrode.
Interfacial phenomena in lithium ion polymer batteries result in capacity fade upon cycling due to a number of reasons, with the major one being the poor electrode/electrolyte interface. This leads to poor chemical and electrochemical stability of the electrolyte, i.e. decomposition, electrode passivation, etc. In this paper, we describe a model system, which we have applied to a lithium ion battery for improving compatibility between electrodes and electrolytes in a truly solid-state system. This involved the fabrication of plasticizer-free multi-layered polymer electrolytes wherein the different layers have different compatibility characteristics with the electrodes. These characteristics include morphology, ionic and electronic mobility within the whole cell. Preliminary results using this approach are described.
Volume change can occur in a lithium–air cell due to Li metal oxidation (reduction) in anode during discharge (charge) and due to solubility of reaction product (lithium peroxide) in the electrolyte at cathode. A mathematical model is developed to study the performance of lithium–air batteries considering the significant volume changes at the anode and cathode sides. Moving boundary technique is used to obtain the governing equations for transport of lithium ions and oxygen as well as for liquid phase potential. A numerical method is introduced to solve the moving boundary problem, and the electrical performance of lithium–air cell is obtained for various load conditions. Results obtained from this model are validated with experimental results for Lithium–air cell. Numerical results indicate that volume changes significantly affect the functioning of lithium–air cells. The high solubility of lithium peroxide in the electrolyte can reduce the passivation in the cathode, but it can also reduce the effective reaction area in the anode. However, the benefit of the former outweighs the detriment of the later phenomenon. On the other hand, if lithium peroxide is insoluble in electrolyte, electrolyte leakage can take place due to decrease in total available space for electrolyte.
Bioleaching of spent lithium ion secondary batteries, containing LiCoO2, was attempted in this investigation. The present study was carried out using chemolithotrophic and acidophilic bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, which utilized elemental sulfur and ferrous ion as the energy source to produce metabolites like sulfuric acids and ferric ion in the leaching medium. These metabolites helped dissolve metals from spent batteries. Bio-dissolution of cobalt was found to be faster than lithium. The effect of initial Fe(II) concentration, initial pH and solid/liquid (w/v) ratio during bioleaching of spent battery wastes were studied in detail. Higher Fe(II) concentration showed a decrease in dissolution due co-precipitation of Fe(III) with the metals in the residues. The higher solid/liquid ratio (w/v) also affected the metal dissolution by arresting the cell growth due to increased metal concentration in the waste sample. An EDXA mapping was carried out to compare the solubility of both cobalt and lithium, and the slow dissolution rate was clearly found from the figures.
Compared to mobile devices of the past decade, current devices provide desktop computer-level processing power in a palm-sized package. However, battery life of such devices has not made the same stride, forcing the user to rely on portable battery packs for backup power. Portable energy harvesting methods could provide a possible solution to reduce the user's dependence on the power grid. In this regard, a mobile energy harvester powered by human arm motion during walking or running activities is developed and tested. The device consists of a pendulum connected to a DC generator through a planetary gear train. An electronic module filters the output and supplies power to a load. A mathematical model of the human arm-harvester system is derived and simulated based on the triple pendulum system. The power output of the harvester for two output modes are recorded for a constant running pace by the user, and the results are compared with the simulation. The model predicted an energy output of 1.72 mJ and testing resulted in 1.39 mJ and 1.16 mJ for a period of 5 s of running activity. This successfully demonstrates the energy harvester's potential as a mobile power supply for charging portable consumer electronics.
9LiFePO4·Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite cathode material is prepared by a sol–gel method, using ferric citrate, V2O5, Li2CO3, NH4H2PO4 and citric acid as raw materials. The composite material is composed of the olivine LiFePO4 and monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3 phases. XRD results indicate that most of the iron and vanadium in the raw materials tend to form the LiFePO4 and Li3V2(PO4)3 phases, and only small amounts of Fe and V as the dopants enter into the lattice of Li3V2(PO4)3 and LiFePO4, respectively. The electronic conductivity and Li+ diffusion coefficient of 9LiFePO4·Li3V2(PO4)3/C are 6.615×10−3 Scm−1 and ∼10−10 cm2 s−1, which are three orders of magnitude and one order of magnitude larger than those of the LiFePO4/C, respectively. The composite material shows a first discharge specific capacity of 131.3mAhg−1 and capacity retention of 95.1% after 200 cycles at 10C rate. Compared with the LiFePO4/C, its rate capability and cycle performance are both remarkably improved.
Dual type polymer electrochromic devices (ECDs) based on potentiodynamically coated films of octanoic acid 2-thiophen-3-yl-ethyl ester (OTE), decanedioic acid bis-(2-thiophen-3-yl-ethyl) ester (DATE) and ethylene dioxythiophene (EDOT) were constructed. The former two function as anodically coloring layers and the latter as a cathodically coloring layer in between tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBAFB) poly(methylmethacrylate) gel media. The spectroelectrochemistry, switching ability and stability of the devices were investigated by UV–Vis spectrometry and cyclic voltammetry. These devices exhibit low switching voltages (0–1.4 V) and short switching times with reasonable switching stability under atmospheric conditions.
In mice, social odors activate vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs); a large percentage of VSNs detect sulfated steroids. Here, the authors find that information about these molecules is conveyed through just a few sensory 'processing streams'. Downstream responses of accessory olfactory bulb neurons suggest distinct integratory roles: most relay a VSN pattern, although a substantial minority integrate across processing streams.
Materials development has historically been driven by human needs and desires, and this is likely to continue in the foreseeable future. The global population is expected to reach ten billion by 2050, which will promote increasingly large demands for clean and high-efficiency energy, personalized consumer products, secure food supplies, and professional healthcare. New functional materials that are made and tailored for targeted properties or behaviors will be the key to tackling this challenge. Traditionally, advanced materials are found empirically or through experimental trial-and-error approaches. As big data generated by modern experimental and computational techniques is becoming more readily available, data-driven or machine learning (ML) methods have opened new paradigms for the discovery and rational design of materials. In this review article, we provide a brief introduction on various ML methods and related software or tools. Main ideas and basic procedures for employing ML approaches in materials research are highlighted. We then summarize recent important applications of ML for the large-scale screening and optimal design of polymer and porous materials, catalytic materials, and energetic materials. Finally, concluding remarks and an outlook are provided.