batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A novel reduced graphene oxide/poly(1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene)/TiO2 (RGO/PDHN/TiO2) ternary nanocomposite conducting polymer is electrochemically synthesized on gold electrodes for supercapacitor applications. The RGO/PDHN/TiO2 nanocomposite polymer film is characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrochemical performance of the nanocomposite polymer-modified electrode in 1.0 M HClO4 is investigated by various electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The RGO/PDHN/TiO2 nanocomposite polymer film in a three-electrode system exhibits a large specific capacitance of 556 F g−1 in comparison with those obtained using RGO/PDHN (432 F g−1) and PDHN (223 F g−1) at a current density of 2.4 A g−1. Simultaneous usage of the electrical double layer capacitance (EDLC) of RGO with the pseudocapacitive behavior of PDHN and TiO2 results in the large specific capacitance in RGO/PDHN/TiO2. The electrochemical self-stabilities of RGO/PDHN/TiO2, RGO/PDHN, and PDHN polymer films are investigated by continuous cycling between −0.20–0.45 V. The RGO/PDHN/TiO2 nanocomposite yields longer self-stability than that of other polymers after 1700 cycles and maintains about 74% of the initial capacitance values.
The reason for choosing this topic of experimental research was based on the fact that in the framework of the preliminary periodic tests applied in winter, a fairly large number of junior football players score rather poorly on the specific tests concerning the coordination component, which has direct implications on their physical and technical results. Our psychomotor assessment consisted in two tests, the coordination and the balance tests, using the specific items of the Bruininks-Oseretsky battery. We used specific tools to perform a computer-based statistical analysis of the results in the initial testing, relying on the BOT-2-ASSISTTM Scoring and Reporting System.
In this work, Fe(VI) (or ferrate) was generated by electrochemical oxidation of iron electrodes, made by pressing iron (99.5%) powder, in 14 M NaOH at room temperature. For comparison purpose, an iron foil electrode was also used to evaluate the effect of porosity on the yield for Fe(VI) generation. The cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of pure iron pellet revealed a broad anodic wave between −1 and 0.5 V versus Hg/HgO corresponding to iron dissolution and passivation of the electrode. These processes are followed by an irreversible oxidation wave attributed to the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the generation of ferrate. On the return scan, the cathodic wave at about 0 V versus Hg/HgO is associated with the reduction of electrochemically generated ferrate. The electrochemical generation of ferrate occurred with higher concentration and yield at an iron pellet electrode than at a foil electrode due to the porous structure of the pellet electrode, which favors iron dissolution. However, the electrochemically active thickness of the pellet electrode was estimated to be only about 1% of the actual pellet thickness.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are now widely applied to electric vehicles, such that the inevitable mechanical abuse safety problem during possible vehicle accidents has become a prominent barrier. This study initially proposes a multiphysics computational framework model that couples mechanical, thermal, and electrochemical models to describe the complete process for a single 18650 LIB cell subjected to abusive mechanical loading from initial deformation to the final thermal runaway. The designed experiments reveal the proposed model’s suitable agreement with the established multiphysics model. Parametric studies in terms of governing factors, such as state of charge, loading speed, and deformation displacement, are conducted and discussed. These studies reveal the underlying mechanism for the mechanical abuse safety of LIBs. This model can lay a solid foundation to understand the electrochemical and mechanical integrity of LIBs, as well as provide critical guidance for battery safety designs.
Autism Spectrum Disorders are a class of conditions categorized by communication problems, ritualistic behaviors, and deficits in social behaviors. While evidence supporting a genetic component of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) is strong, no specific genetic marker has been identified. Thus, professionals have had to utilize intelligence tests and measures of adaptive functioning to aid in the diagnosis of individuals with ASD. The present study aimed to isolate specific differences in adaptive functioning in adults with ASD. Two hundred and thirty-four adults with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) or Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) and intellectual disabilities (IDs) were evaluated with respect to the nature and extent of their independent living skill functioning. The implications of these data for more fully describing and diagnosing autism and PDD-NOS in adults are discussed.
Mothers of children with epilepsy are at risk for problems in adapting to their child's condition; however, factors associated with maternal adaptation to a child's epilepsy have not been well articulated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations among maternal and child characteristics, maternal beliefs, and maternal adaptation outcomes. A conceptual model was formulated based on the literature. Maternal beliefs were proposed to mediate the relationships between maternal and child characteristics and maternal adaptation outcomes. A sample of 156 maternal–child dyads provided data via structured telephone interviews. Multiple regression analysis was used to test for additive and mediated relationships. Mediation was not supported statistically. Child behavior problems, maternal satisfaction with family, and maternal learned helplessness had the strongest associations with maternal outcomes, suggesting that maternal adaptation to a child's epilepsy is complex and includes multiple factors in addition to the child's seizure condition.
Objective It is increasingly recognized that cognitive assessments, unlike symptom ratings, provide a reliable predictor of functional outcome in schizophrenia. This study evaluated the utility of the ‘IntegNeuro’ computerized test battery for assessing cognition in first episode schizophrenia. We determined the presence of separable factors of general and social cognition, their equivalence to the consensus domains identified by the NIMH MATRICS project, and their effectiveness in predicting real world functional outcomes. Method Fifty six first episode schizophrenia (FES) patients and 112 matched healthy controls were assessed on the touchscreen-based ‘IntegNeuro’ cognitive test battery and FES patients for social functioning (SOFAS) and quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF). Results Principal components analysis identified i) six factors corresponding to MATRICS domains of general cognition (‘Information Processing Speed’, ‘Verbal Recall’, ‘Working Memory Capacity’, ‘Sustained Attention/Vigilance’, ‘Verbal Processing’, ‘Executive Function’), ii) an ‘Emotional Intelligence’ factor corresponding to the MATRICS social cognition domain, and iii) an additional ‘Sensori-Motor Function’ factor of general cognition and ‘Negativity’ factor of social cognition. Patients showed impairments relative to controls across all factors, but especially for Working Memory Capacity, followed by Verbal Memory, Sustained Attention/Vigilance and Negativity. These factors strongly predicted poorer social functioning in FES, along with poorer quality of life in psychological, social, and health satisfaction facets. Conclusion The IntegNeuro battery has utility for assessing separable domains of general and social cognition in FES, which are predictive of real world outcomes. Thus, it may be appropriate for clinical application, including in multi-center trials targeting new treatments for cognition in schizophrenia.
Two micro-patterns of different sizes (50 and 80 μm) are designed to have equivalent capacities of 1.06 and 2.44 mAh cm−2 by building a computational battery model. After preparing two stamps each possessing a micro-pattern design, the corresponding pattern is properly imprinted on the surface of 100 μm lithium metal, which is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. When both micro-patterned lithium metals are electrochemically reduced and oxidized up to 1 mAh cm−2 in Li/Li symmetric cells at 1 or 2 mA cm−2, the 80 μm-patterned lithium shows a more stabilized lower overpotential during long-term cycling than the 50 μm-patterned and bare lithium, probably due to the lithium anchoring effect and a larger empty volume in the patterns. Additionally, an overflow of lithium deposits is easily observed in the 50 μm-patterned lithium metal, while the 80 μm-patterned lithium metal holds most of the lithium deposits within the patterns. When both micro-patterned lithium metals are assembled to full cells with a LiNi0·6Co0·2Mn0·2O2 cathode of 2 mAh cm−2, the 80 μm-patterned lithium metal shows much better electrochemical performances with stable plating/stripping behavior within the patterns.
The sulfide solid electrolytes have the characteristics of high ionic conductivity and low grain boundary resistance, which make them suitable for bulk-type all-solid-state batteries. However, most of them suffer from poor stability in air. Here, we explore the air stable sulfide solid electrolytes in Li4SnS4-Li3SbS4 system. The solid solutions of Li4– x Sb x Sn1– x S4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) can be formed in Li4SnS4-Li3SbS4 system. Li3.8Sb0.2Sn0.8S4 achieves the highest ionic conductivity of 3.5 × 10−4 S cm−1 in this system, which is 5 times as that of Li4SnS4 and 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of Li3SbS4, respectively. Li3.8Sb0.2Sn0.8S4 crystallizes into the same structure with high ionic conductivity phase of β-Li3PS4. Moreover, Li3.8Sb0.2Sn0.8S4 owns good stability in humid air. Matching with LiCoO2 and Li4Ti5O12, Li3.8Sb0.2Sn0.8S4 exhibits the potential to be applied in all-solid-state batteries.
Experimental results of leaching tests using waste fractions obtained by mechanical pretreatment of lithium ion batteries (LIB) were reported. Two physical pretreatments were performed at pilot scale in order to recover electrodic powders: the first including crushing, milling, and sieving and the second granulation, and sieving. Recovery yield of electrodic powder was significantly influenced by the type of pretreatment. About 50% of initial LIB wastes was recovered by the first treatment (as electrodic powder with size <0.5mm, Sample 1), while only 37% of powder with size <1mm (Sample 2) can be recovered by the second treatment. Chemical digestion put in evidence the heterogeneity of recovered powders denoting different amounts of Co, Mn, and Ni. Leaching tests of both powders were performed in order to determine optimized conditions for metal extraction. Solid/liquid ratios and sulfuric acid concentrations were changed according to factorial designs at constant temperature (80°C). Optimized conditions for quantitative extraction (>99%) of Co and Li from Sample 1 are 1/10g/mL as solid/liquid ratio and +50% stoichiometric excess of acid (1.1M). Using the same solid/liquid ratio, +100% acid excess (1.2M) is necessary to extract 96% of Co and 86% of Li from Sample 2. Best conditions for leaching of Sample 2 using glucose are +200% acid excess (1.7M) and 0.05M glucose concentration. Optimized conditions found in this work are among the most effective reported in the literature in term of Co extraction and reagent consumption.
The established biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) require invasive endeavours or presuppose sophisticated technical equipment. Consequently, new biomarkers are needed. Here, we report that plasma levels of soluble amyloid precursor protein β (sAPPβ), a protein of the initial phase of the amyloid cascade, were significantly lower in patients with symptomatic AD (21 with mild cognitive impairment due to AD and 44 with AD dementia) with AD-typical cerebral hypometabolic pattern compared with 27 cognitively healthy elderly individuals without preclinical AD. These findings yield further evidence for the potential of sAPPβ in plasma as an AD biomarker candidate.
Particle mass and number of smoke aerosol exposures of firefighters were studied during prescribed fire events. In addition, organic and elemental carbon, functional content and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were determined by spectrometric and chromatographic methods. During the study, firefighters engaged in working tasks including maintenance of the fire front using drip torch ignition and support activities related to fire progression monitoring. Particle number concentration was dominated by particles in the fine range (diameter 0.5–2.5 μm) including significant quantities (about 10–30%) of coarse particles (diameter > 2.5 μm). Particle number concentrations varied substantially during a fire event and were related to topography as well as firefighter’s activity with elevated particle number concentrations during increased walking speeds. This variation was in agreement with the median and standard deviation of the percent relative concentration difference values indicating within-subject variability. Both organic and elemental carbon were accumulated in particles with a diameter lower than 1.0 μm. Combustion 4- and 5-ring PAHs including pyrene, chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene were accumulated in fine aerosol, with naphthalene being present mostly in larger particles. The values of PAHs concentration diagnostic ratios indicated a mixture of biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion probably due to the use of gasoline and diesel to ignite the fire. These findings may also be relevant for environmental exposures to wildifres smoke because of the proximity of large and intense wildfires in populated centers.
This article will briefly discuss the genesis of the Li-ion chemistry and its meteoric rise to prominence, supplanting aqueous rechargeable batteries such as NiCd and NiMH. The principal intent of this article is to discuss the issues with thermal instability of common Li-ion electrolytes, which detract from the positive attributes of this chemistry. The development of an innovative low-cost non-flammable electrolyte will greatly improve the safety and reliability of lithium batteries, a key technological hurdle that must be overcome for the wider application of this chemistry. This article will also include the advancements made in combating/mitigating solvent flammability through the addition of fire retardants, fluoro-solvents, ionic liquids etc. The scope of the article will be limited to the flammability of non-aqueous solvents and will not include the thermal instability issues of anodes and cathodes. We will elaborate using examples from our in-house research aimed at mitigating solvent flammability by using hydrofluoro ethers (HFEs) as a cosolvent. Additionally, we will describe in-house capabilities for prototyping 18,650 cells and in-house thermal abuse test capabilities that allow us to evaluate materials and their thermal responses in actual cell configurations.
Oxygen evolution is one half of the overall water splitting reaction to produce hydrogen. Although this reaction is well studied, there remains debate over the particulars of the catalytic mechanism. Here, the authors investigate Co–Zn oxyhydroxide electrocatalysts, and suggest that the mechanism depends on the amount of Zn2+ they contain.
The transfer behavior of different ions (V2+, V3+, VO2+, VO2 +, H+, SO4 2−) across ion exchange membranes is investigated under vanadium flow battery (VFB) operating condition. VX-20 anion exchange membrane (AEM) and Nafion 115 cation exchange membrane (CEM) are selected to investigate the influence of fixed charged groups on the transfer behavior of different ions. The interaction between different ions and water is discussed in detail aiming to ascertain the variation of different ions in the charge–discharge process. Under the VFB medium, the transfer behavior and function of different ions are very different for the AEM and CEM. V2+ ions at the negative side accumulate when VFB is assembled with Nafion 115, while the VO2 + ions at the positive side accumulate for VX-20. The SO4 2− ions will transfer across Nafion 115 to balance the charges and the protons can balance the charges of VX-20. Finally the capacity fade mechanism of different membranes is investigated, showing that the capacity decay of VFB assembled with Nafion 115 mainly results from the cross mix of vanadium ions across the membrane, however, for VX-20, the side reactions can be the major reason. This paper provides important information about electrolyte for the application of VFB.
A vehicular powertrain can be thought as an energy conversion chain, each component being characterized by its efficiency. Significant global efficiency improvements can be achieved once is identified the system energy breakdown, individuating the losses connected to each powertrain component; it is then possible to carry out the most appropriate interventions. This paper presents a simulation study of a diesel-fuelled commercial vehicle powertrain based on the above summarized point of view. The work aims at individuating the energy flows involved in the system during different missions, proposing an intelligent combination of technical solutions which minimize fuel consumption. Through a validated Matlab–Simulink model, able to indicate the powertrain energy breakdown, simulations are carried out to evaluate the fuel saving associated to a series of powertrain management logics which lead to the minimization of engine losses, the recovery of reverse power in deceleration and braking, the elimination of useless engine cycles. Tests were performed for different real missions (urban, extra-urban and highway). The results obtained point out a –23% fuel consumption (average value for urban, extra-urban and highway missions) compared to the traditional powertrain. Clearly, such result affects positively the CO2 emission.
Global energy demand and environmental concerns are the driving force for use of alternative, sustainable, and clean energy sources. Solar energy is the inexhaustible and CO2-emission-free energy source worldwide. The Sun provides 1.4×105 TW power as received on the surface of the Earth and about 3.6×104 TW of this power is usable. In 2012, world power consumption was 17TW, which is less than 3.6×104 TW. Photovoltaic (PV) cells are the basic element for converting solar energy into electricity. PV cell technologies, energy conversion efficiency, economic analysis, energy policies, environmental impact, various applications, prospects, and progress have been comprehensively reviewed and presented in this paper. This work compiles the latest literature (i.e. journal articles, conference proceedings, and reports, among others) on PV power generation, economic analysis, environmental impact, and policies to increase public awareness. From the review, it was found that PV is an easy way to capture solar energy where PV based power generation has also rapidly increased.
Background Age related declines in walking performance may be partly attributable to skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction as mitochondria produce over 90% of ATP needed for movement and the capacity for oxidative phosphorylation decreases with age. Methods Participants were from two studies: an ancillary to the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) Study (n =33), which recruited lower functioning participants (Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB], 7.8±1.2), and the Study of Energy and Aging-Pilot (SEA, n =29), which enrolled higher functioning (SPPB, 10.8±1.4). Physical activity was measured objectively using the Actigraph accelerometer (LIFE) and SenseWear Pro armband (SEA). Phosphocreatine recovery following muscle contraction of the quadriceps was measured using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy and ATPmax (mM ATP/s) was calculated. Walking performance was defined as time (s) to walk 400m at a usual-pace. The cross-sectional association between mitochondrial function and walking performance was assessed using multivariable linear regression. Results Participants were 77.6±5.3years, 64.2% female and 67.2% white. ATPmax was similar in LIFE vs. SEA (0.52±0.14 vs. 0.55±0.14, p =0.31), despite different function and activity levels (1.6±2.2 vs.77.4±73.3min of moderate activity/day, p <0.01). Higher ATPmax was related to faster walk-time in SEA (r2 =0.19, p =0.02,); but not the LIFE (r2 <0.01, p =0.74) cohort. Conclusions Mitochondrial function was associated with walking performance in higher functioning, active older adults, but not lower functioning, sedentary older adults.
We report the case study of a French–Spanish bilingual dyslexic girl, MP, who exhibited a severe visual attention (VA) span deficit but preserved phonological skills. Behavioural investigation showed a severe reduction of reading speed for both single items (words and pseudo-words) and texts in the two languages. However, performance was more affected in French than in Spanish. MP was administered an intensive VA span intervention programme. Pre–post intervention comparison revealed a positive effect of intervention on her VA span abilities. The intervention further transferred to reading. It primarily resulted in faster identification of the regular and irregular words in French. The effect of intervention was rather modest in Spanish that only showed a tendency for faster word reading. Text reading improved in the two languages with a stronger effect in French but pseudo-word reading did not improve in either French or Spanish. The overall results suggest that VA span intervention may primarily enhance the fast global reading procedure, with stronger effects in French than in Spanish. MP underwent two fMRI sessions to explore her brain activations before and after VA span training. Prior to the intervention, fMRI assessment showed that the striate and extrastriate visual cortices alone were activated but none of the regions typically involved in VA span. Post-training fMRI revealed increased activation of the superior and inferior parietal cortices. Comparison of pre- and post-training activations revealed significant activation increase of the superior parietal lobes (BA 7) bilaterally. Thus, we show that a specific VA span intervention not only modulates reading performance but further results in increased brain activity within the superior parietal lobes known to housing VA span abilities. Furthermore, positive effects of VA span intervention on reading suggest that the ability to process multiple visual elements simultaneously is one cause of successful reading acquisition.
Surface layer formation processes on a LiCoO2 thin film electrode in a non-aqueous electrolyte containing lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB) were investigated using in situ FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The in situ FTIR spectra of the electrolyte solution containing LiBOB showed that the adsorption of BOB anions on the electrode surface occurred during the charge process of the LiCoO2 thin film electrode above 4.0V. XPS analysis for the LiCoO2 thin film electrode charged in an electrolyte containing LiBOB suggested that the adsorbed BOB anions on the electrode surface prevent the continuous decomposition of hexafluorophosphate (PF6) anions resulting in the formation of a very thin surface layer containing organic species, while the LiCoO2 charged in a LiPF6 solution had a relatively thick surface layer containing organic species and inorganic species.
The purpose of this investigation was to recognize pulp sensitivity changes in teeth receiving orthodontic treatment by means of an electric pulp tester (Vitality Scanner Model 2006; Kerr Corporation, Brea CA, USA).