batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Recent neuropsychological evidence, supporting a strong version of Whorfian principles of linguistic relativity, has reinvigorated debate about the role of language in colour categorisation. This paper questions the methodology used in this research and uses a novel approach to examine the unique contribution of language to categorisation behaviour. Results of three investigations are reported. The first required development of objective measures of category coherence and consistency to clarify questions about healthy control performance on the freesorting colour categorisation task used in previous studies. Between-participant consistency was found to be only moderate and the number of colour categories generated was found to vary markedly between individuals. The second study involved longitudinal neuropsychological examination of a patient whose colour categorisation strategy was monitored in the context of a progressive decline in language due to semantic dementia. Performance on measures of category coherence and consistency was found to be relatively stable over time despite a profound decline in the patient’s colour language. In a final investigation we demonstrated that, for both the patient and controls, between- and within-participant consistency were higher than expected by (a) random sorting and (b) sorting perceptually similar chips together. These findings indicate that the maintenance of colour categorisation need not depend on language.
Highly ordered, three-dimensional (3D) cubic mesoporous carbon CMK-8 is prepared by a facile nanocasting approach using cubic mesoporous silica KIT-6 as starting template. Afterwards, in order to increase the active sites of surface electrochemical reactions and promote the wettability in aqueous electrolyte, a chemical surface modification is carried out on the CMK-8 by nitric acid treatment. Two electrodes are prepared from the CMK-8 and the acid-modified CMK-8 (H-CMK-8) and used as the active materials for supercapacitors. The unique 3D mesoporous network combined with high specific surface area makes the nano-channel surfaces of the CMK-8 carbon favorable for charging the electric double-layer, resulting in that the CMK-8 and the H-CMK-8 electrodes both show well supercapacitive properties. Furthermore, the specific capacitance of the CMK-8 can be further improved by acid treatment, so that the H-CMK-8 exhibits the largest specific capacitance of 246Fg−1 at a current density of 0.625Ag−1 in 2M KOH electrolyte. Also, the two carbon electrodes both exhibit good cycling stability and lifetime. Therefore, based on the above investigations, such CMK-8 carbon, especially H-CMK-8 carbon can be a potential candidate for supercapacitors.
Audi and Umicore say that they have successfully completed the test phase of their joint research project focused on recovering battery metals. According to the companies, more than 90% of the cobalt and nickel in the batteries of the e-tron, Audi’s first electric car, can be recovered. They next plan to focus on developing a closed loop for cobalt and nickel, whereby Umicore will receive cell modules from the Audi e-tron model, which will initially be taken from development vehicles. From those cells, it will recover cobalt and nickel, and process them into precursor and cathode materials. From this, new battery cells containing recycled cobalt and nickel could be produced. ‘A closed loop for battery raw materials is a big leap technologically,’ said Dr. Bernd Martens, member of the board of management for procurement and IT at Audi. ‘We save precious resources and reduce CO2 emissions. In this way we come significantly closer to our goal of a sustainable supply chain and reach a milestone on the road to achieving an overall carbon–neutral balance by 2050.’ Umicore; www.umicore.com
The spherical lithium-rich cathode material with a layered-spinel hybrid structure is successfully synthesized and coated by polyaniline (PANI). The spherical material with layered-spinel hybrid structure is firstly prepared via the hydrothermal method, and then the conducting PANI is coated on the surface of the as-prepared spherical particle through an in-situ polymerization. Based on the analysis of scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), high rate transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED), it can be found that the size distribution of the spherical particles modified by PANI are about ∼1 μm, meanwhile the average thickness of the PANI layer on the surface of each particle is about 6.3 nm. The electrochemical performance of the spherical lithium-rich cathode material modified by PANI is apparently improved, the capacity retention is still 92.4% after 200 cycles at a rate of 0.5 C. The discharge capacities at 0.1 C and 10 C are as high as 302.9 mAh g−1 and 146.2 mAh g−1, respectively. Therefore, the modification of PANI for the spherical lithium-rich cathode material with a layered-spinel hybrid structure will be a promising technical route for the application with high capacity, long cycle life and good safety.
In this work, the aluminum-air battery performance is improved by adding nonionic surfactant (nonoxynol-9) to battery electrolyte (4.0 M NaOH). The efficiency of nonoxynol-9 is determined using hydrogen gas evolution and electrochemical measurements. The surface analysis is explored using scan electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Battery performance is investigated at 20 mA cm−2. The results show that the battery performance is significantly improved by adding nonoxynol-9. This is due to the low corrosion rate of aluminum in 4.0 NaOH solution resulted from physical adsorption of nonoxynol-9 on aluminum surface. The surfactant suppresses the hydrogen gas evolution and increases the anode utilization and capacity density. The maximum inhibition efficiencies of nonoxynol-9 from hydrogen gas evolution and electrochemical measurements are 85.6% and 92.8%, respectively at 2.0 mM. Nonoxynol-9 behaves as a cathodic-type inhibitor and its adsorption complies with Freundlich type isotherm. The adsorption of surfactant on the aluminum surface is emphasized by surface analysis.
Nanostructured LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with two different space groups (P4332 and Fd-3m) were synthesized respectively, by using ammonia-mediated carbonate precipitation. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement revealed that Li/Ni antisite defects exist in ordered as well as disordered LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode materials. Although the degree of Li/Ni antisite defects in Fd–3m space group was larger compared with that in P4332 space group, it showed better electrochemical performance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed that the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with an Fd–3m space group has lower charge transfer resistance. Combined with differential curves, we further revealed that there is a faster phase transition during the Li+ intercalation process in the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with an Fd–3m space group than in the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with a P4332 space group.
An ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (EMI-FSI), has been applied to an electrolyte for electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs). The electrolyte exhibited high ionic conductivity comparable to that of a conventional organic electrolyte. EDLC prepared with EMI-FSI showed excellent rate capability although the electrolyte is a neat ionic liquid; this performance was observed irrespective of the presence of a binder in an activated carbon-based electrode. The self-discharge was suppressed by using EMI-FSI. A cycling durability test showed that the cell with EMI-FSI kept over 90% of the initial capacitance even after 10,000 cycles.
Magnesium oxide (MgO)-modified lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) thin film electrodes were prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and effects of surface modification by MgO on interfacial reactions of LiCoO2 were studied. The modification by MgO was carried out by PLD on LiCoO2 thin film electrode successively after the deposition of LiCoO2 thin film by PLD. Auger electron spectroscopy suggested that Mg dispersed uniformly in nano-scale on the film electrode. Cyclic voltammetry measurements clearly showed that MgO modification suppresses the increase of resistances caused by repetition of lithium-ion insertion–extraction reaction charged up to 4.2V versus Li/Li+. Moreover, MgO modification decreased the activation energy of lithium-ion transfer reaction at LiCoO2 thin film electrode–electrolyte interface, indicating that the modification by MgO affects the kinetics of lithium-ion transfer reaction at LiCoO2–electrolyte interface.
The intrinsic transient performance capability and limitation of integrated solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems is evaluated based on the system balance-of-plant response and fuel cell operating requirements (i.e., allowable deviation from nominal operation). Specifically, non-dimensional relations are derived from conservation principles that quantify the maximum instantaneous current increase that a solid oxide fuel cell system can safely manage based on (1) the desired fuel cell operating point, (2) the maximum allowable fuel utilization, (3) the maximum average fuel cell temperature deviation, (4) the response delay and (5) the operating requirements of the system balance-of-plant components. New non-dimensional numbers representing the ratio of species or thermal convection to volumetric capacitance in the fuel cell during balance-of-plant delay have been developed. The analyses indicate: (1) SOFC intrinsic transient performance is largely limited by fuel processor flow delays that can cause fuel depletion in the anode compartment and (2) that with proper system actuators and control design transient operation of SOFC systems should be possible while maintaining SOFC average temperature within a degree. The SOFC system fuel processor lag appears to be the cause of SOFC load following limitation, while lag in air handling appears to be manageable. To demonstrate methods to avoid fuel depletion limitation a fuel flow lead compensator is developed. Integrated system simulations with proper control demonstrate significant SOFC transient performance within fuel cell operating requirements.
In this paper, a suitable adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model is presented for estimating sequences of mean monthly clearness index ( K ¯ t ) and total solar radiation data in isolated sites based on geographical coordinates. The magnitude of solar radiation is the most important parameter for sizing photovoltaic (PV) systems. The ANFIS model is trained by using a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) based on fuzzy logic (FL) rules. The inputs of the ANFIS are the latitude, longitude, and altitude, while the outputs are the 12-values of mean monthly clearness index K ¯ t . These data have been collected from 60 locations in Algeria. The results show that the performance of the proposed approach in the prediction of mean monthly clearness index K ¯ t is favorably compared to the measured values. The root mean square error (RMSE) between measured and estimated values varies between 0.0215 and 0.0235 and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is less than 2.2%. In addition, a comparison between the results obtained by the ANFIS model and artificial neural network (ANN) models, is presented in order to show the advantage of the proposed method. An example for sizing a stand-alone PV system is also presented. This technique has been applied to Algerian locations, but it can be generalized for any geographical position. It can also be used for estimating other meteorological parameters such as temperature, humidity and wind speed.
A high-energy density hybrid capacitor has been designed in organic electrolyte (1molL−1 LiPF6 in 1:1 ethylene carbonate (EC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC)) using commercial grades of graphite and activated carbon for negative and positive electrodes, respectively. Different approaches have been explored for assembling the hybrid capacitor in order to achieve an optimum ratio between the energy and power density, while keeping a long cycle-life capability. In the optimized hybrid capacitor, the potential of the positive electrode ranges from 1.5 up to 5V vs. Li/Li+, being extended to the whole stability window of the activated carbon in the organic electrolyte, whereas the potential of the negative electrode remains almost constant at around 0.1V vs. Li/Li+. After balancing carefully the respective masses of the electrodes and appropriately formatting the system, it was found that a voltage of 4.5V is the optimal value for avoiding a capacitance fading of the hybrid capacitor during cycling. Gravimetric and volumetric energy densities as high as 103.8Whkg−1 and 111.8WhL−1, respectively, were obtained. The noticeable value of volumetric energy density is 10 times higher than for symmetric or asymmetric capacitors built with the same activated carbon.
Chromium oxide (CrO x ) cathode material (with chromium oxidation state of +5.3) was synthesized by thermal decomposition of chromium trioxide at high temperature and pressure in oxygen atmosphere. The duration of thermal decomposition had a significant effect on the performance of these materials in terms of lithiation capacity. The detrimental effect of CrO3 and lower oxidation state chromium oxides have been reduced considerably by reducing their amounts in the material. The operating conditions, namely, temperature, pressure and the reaction time were optimized based on synthesizing novel CrO x cathode material with superior properties, such as low irreversible capacity loss, stable capacity and low capacity fade under continuous cycling. These materials are stable intercalation hosts for lithium and were found to be reversible in the entire intercalation range (2.0–4.2V versus Li/Li+). The average voltage of these cells is 3V versus Li/Li+. CrO x -B cathodes exhibit higher capacity than any of the prominent cathode materials used for lithium batteries with an initial lithiation capacity of capacity of 322mAh/g. The material shows very low capacity fade during cycling and retained 93% of its reversible capacity after 100 cycles.
Solder joints between semiconductors and a printed circuit board may fail due to temperature change or vibration. To assess the durability of solder joints a mechanical fatigue test was conducted instead of a thermal cycling test, and a resistance change was monitored to detect a failure at real time. Fatigue tests were conducted for five different semiconductors at three different frequencies, temperatures and displacements, and a fatigue life prediction equation with consideration of frequency, temperature and cracking energy density was proposed. It was shown that all the fatigue test data could be represented appropriately by the prediction equation.
Developing highly efficient electrocatalyst is crucial to improve the efficiency of oxygen reduction reaction for Zn-air battery. Herein, Ag-modified porous 3D nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel is synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method for promoting the electrocatalytic performance and stability toward oxygen reduction reaction. Interestingly, in this study, N doping process, reduction of AgNO3 and graphene oxide, and the three-dimensional self-assembly can be finished during the hydrothermal synthesis at the same time. The obtained Ag-modified 3D nitrogen-doped graphene hybrid presents an interconnected 3D porous framework and Ag nanoparticles homogeneously distribute on the inner and surface of 3D N-doped graphene networks. The unique structure results in excellent oxygen reduction reaction catalytic activity with a superior stability to commercial 20 wt% Pt/C. The high electrochemical activity and durability of the hybrid is also confirmed in Zn-air batteries that outperform Pt/C in discharge voltage plateau and long-term durability, showing a promising oxygen reduction catalyst for Zn-air batteries.
Large amounts of solid waste are disposed in landfills and the potential of particulate matter (PM) emissions into the atmosphere is significant. Particulate matter emissions in landfills are the result of resuspension from the disposed waste and other activities such as mechanical recycling and composting, waste unloading and sorting, the process of coating residues and waste transport by trucks. Measurements of ambient levels of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) were performed in a landfill site located at Chania (Crete, Greece). Elevated PM10 concentrations were measured in the landfill site during several landfill operations. It was observed that the meteorological conditions (mainly wind velocity and temperature) influence considerably the PM10 concentrations. Comparison between the PM10 concentrations at the landfill and at a PM10 background site indicates the influence of the landfill activities on local concentrations at the landfill. No correlation was observed between the measurements at the landfill and the background sites. Finally, specific preventing measures are proposed to control the PM concentrations in landfills.
The spatial evolution of the ionic concentration of an electrolyte in an isothermal electrochemical cell with a porous separator between the electrodes was investigated for large values of Rayleigh number. The reaction kinetics were described by the Butler–Volmer equation. The full problem, involving the coupled partial differential equations describing the velocity field, the ionic concentration, and the electric potential, was reduced by means of regular and singular perturbation theory, to a simplified evolution equation, coupled with a transcendental function for the ionic concentration and electric potential; the solution was found to agree well with the numerical solution of the full problem. In the limit of large and small cell voltages, closed analytical solutions were secured for the concentration, potential, and overall current density.
Neurological soft signs (NSS) and neurocognitive deficits (ND) are highly prevalent in schizophrenia, and have been separately proposed as candidate endophenotypes of schizophrenia. However, few relevant studies focus on remitted patients with schizophrenia (RP) and integrate NSS and ND as a composite endophenotype. This study aimed to explore the NSS and ND and examine the comparative relationship between them in RP, their first-degree unaffected relatives (FDR), and healthy controls, furthermore, to seek potential endophenotypes subitems of NSS and ND and create a composite endophenotype. 86 RP, 86 FDR, and 86 healthy controls were included. NSS and ND were independently assessed with Cambridge Neurological Inventory and MATRICSTM Consensus Cognitive Battery. RP had more NSS and ND than FDR in all subitems except disinhibition, information processing speed, working memory, and visual memory. Similarly, FDR presented poorer performance than controls in all subscales except disinhibition, sensory integration, working memory, and visual memory. Six subitems of NSS and ND met the criteria of endophenotype and the three groups were most accurately classified (71.2%) with these subitems working as a composite endophenotype. Moreover, information processing speed, attention, and social cognition were associated with sensory integration in RP and FDR. These findings add evidences that certain subitems of NSS and ND might be the endophenotypes of schizophrenia and integrating these endophenotypes may prove useful in identifying schizophrenia and high-risk individuals. Furthermore, sensory integration and specific cognitive domains covary, hence suggesting an overlap of compromised underlying neural systems.
This paper reports a sensor-integrated telemetric stent targeted at wireless detection and monitoring of restenosis, a common vascular complication induced by stent implantation. The developed “smart” stent incorporates the design and fabrication approaches that raise the practicality of the device, being tested in an in vivo study that validates its operating principle. The stent is produced to have a gold-coated helical-like structure that serves as a high-performance inductor/antenna and integrated with a novel capacitive pressure sensor chip, all based on medical-grade stainless steel. The stent device forms an inductor-capacitor resonant tank that enables radio-frequency (RF) wireless pressure sensing in an operating frequency range of 30–80 MHz. With an overall length of 20 mm, the device is designed to be compatible with standard balloon catheters and necessary crimping process. The balloon-expanded devices are characterized in saline and blood to determine selective coating of passivation layer, Parylene C, with tailored thicknesses in order to maximize both RF and sensing abilities. In vitro testing of the devices reveals a frequency sensitivity up to 146 ppm/mmHg over a pressure range of 250 mmHg. Tests in pig models show wireless detection of device’s resonance and frequency response to variations in local blood pressure, the targeted function of the device.
A modified hydrothermal method was developed to synthesize tin oxide doped with highly dispersed silicon oxide. The microstructure, morphology and electrochemical performance of the mixtures were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infra-red (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical methods. The average size of the particles is about 30nm. Silicon oxide as matrix should be able to support the anode changes accompanied by the formation of lithium–tin alloys, thus an improvement of the cycleability of the Li-ion battery would be expected. The electrochemical results showed that addition of silicon oxide reduces the irreversible capacity during the first discharge/charge cycle. The material delivers a charge capacity of more than 750mAhg−1. The capacity loss per-cycle is about 0.9% after cycling 20 times. The electrochemical performance indicates that silicon oxide is an appropriate matrix and these composites are good anode candidates for application in lithium-ion batteries.
Renewable energies have been the primary energy source in the history of the human race. During the last 200 years, industrialized countries have shifted their energy consumption toward fossil fuels. Contemporary electric power generation is based on non-renewable resources such as oil, coal, and nuclear power. New efficient and cost-effective small-scale renewable energy generation options are commercially available today. Market distortions are to be overcome in order to make renewable energies cost-competitive in today’s economic environment. Social, environmental and also economic reasons will reverse the worldwide primary energy use back to renewables and thus reapproach a sustainable economic system based on traditional and new high-tech technologies.
New and more efficient energy conversion systems are required in the near future, due in part to the increase in oil prices and demand and also due to global warming. Fuel cells and hybrid systems present a promising future but in order to meet the demand, high amounts of hydrogen will be required. Until now, probably the cleanest method of producing hydrogen has been water electrolysis. In this field, solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) have attracted a great interest in the last few years, as they offer significant power and higher efficiencies compared to conventional low temperature electrolysers. Their applications, performances and material issues will be reviewed.