batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A new type of oxygen stoichiometric and Mg-doped LiMn2O4 spinel with improved crystallinity and decreased surface area was synthesized by a special “two-step” method: first, calcinate the mixture of metal oxides at “ultra-high” temperatures (950–1100°C) to obtain an intermediate product with improved crystallinity, larger particle size and oxygen defects; then, anneal the intermediate at relatively low temperatures (600–800°C) with the addition of extra LiOH to achieve oxygen stoichiometry. These spinels with general formula Li1+x Mg y Mn2−x−y O4+δ or (Li, Mg, Mn)3O4+δ are oxygen-rich based on chemical analysis (O/(Li+Mg+Mn) ratio larger than 4:3), and they can be called oxygen stoichiometric spinels with metal cation vacancies and rewritten as [Li]8a [Li n Mg m Mn2−n−m−p □ p ]16d [O4]32e . This new kind of materials with controlled oxygen stoichiometry exhibited greatly improved cycling performance and reduced Mn dissolution at elevated temperatures over that of other Mg-doped materials prepared by conventional “one-step” method.
Si/LiTi2O4 nanocomposite film was synthesized by a sol–gel method in combination with a following heat-treatment process. Through this process, the nanosized Si particles were homogeneously distributed in the porous composite. The electrochemically less active LiTi2O4 working as a buffer matrix successfully prevented Si from cracking/crumbling during the charging/discharging process. The Si/LiTi2O4 nanocomposite exhibited a reversible lithium storage capacity of about 1100mAhg−1 with good cyclability, suggesting its promising nature in anode materials for Li ion batteries. A two-parallel diffusion path model fitted well with the impedance data of porous Si/LiTi2O4 composite at different potentials. The impedance in the low-frequency region was directly related to the diffusion of Li ions, and the Li ion diffusivity was on the order of 10−13 cm2 s−1 based on the semi-infinite diffusion model.
A commercial graphite is ball-milled and the pristine and ball-milled graphites are characterised for use as negative electrodes in lithium-ion capacitors (LICs). Ball milling graphite results in a decrease in discharge capacity when the charge rate is relatively slow, whereas, it leads to an increase in discharge capacity when the charge rate is high. When charged at 0.1C, the discharge capacities of pristine, 3h, 10h and 30h-milled materials at 6C are 75, 69, 67 and 66% of theoretical capacity, respectively; however, when charged at 60C, the discharge capacities of pristine, 3h, 10h and 30h-milled materials, at 60C, fall to 0.9, 13, 23 and 24% of theoretical capacity, respectively (theoretical capacity: 372mAhg−1, for LiC6 stoichiometry). This difference in the discharge rate capability behaviour of the pristine and ball-milled graphites with charge rate is attributed to the interplay of two different charge storage mechanisms: Li-ion intercalation and Li-ion adsorption that co-exist; but the later becomes more significant for milled samples. In terms of cycle-life performance, pristine and ball-milled graphites follow similar trends observed for their rate capability behaviour.
Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNM) is a potential high-voltage cathode for commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Maintaining an appropriate amount of Mn3+ in LNM is necessary to improve the rate performance. However, Mn3+ dissolution in the interface of LNM and electrolyte leads to the fast capacity degradation. Therefore, designing a cathode to prevent Mn3+ loss during charge/discharge is important for high performance LIBs. Here we present an active core-shell design with coating another high-voltage cathode material LiCoPO4 (LCP) on the surface of LNM nanoparticles. The LCP layer can simultaneously induce Mn3+ ions at the interface between LCP and LNM, and act as a stable shell to prevent the loss of Mn3+. The optimized sample LNM@5%LCP possesses 128 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C and 115 mAh g−1 at 20 C rate, and maintains 96% of the initial capacity operated at 55 °C over 100 cycles.
Polyanilline powder of high conductivity is prepared by chemical polymerization of aniline in a solution of 0.10M aniline, 2M perchloric acid and 0.15M ammonium persulfate at 5°C. The powder is mixed with graphite and acetylene black to obtain the required conductivity and porosity. The mixed powder is compressed into a ring shape at a pressure of 2tcm−2 for use as positive electrodes (cathodes) in batteries. Zinc powder is mixed with magnesium oxide, zinc oxide and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and then compressed into a cylindrical shape at a pressure of 7tcm−2 for use as negative electrodes (anodes) in batteries. The battery electrolyte comprises 2M Zn(ClO4)2, 1M NH4ClO4, and 1.0×10−4 M Triton-X100 at pH 3. A 1wt.% Optalloy powder is added to the negative-electrode composite to prevent the release of hydrogen gas. The assembled battery has an open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.64V, a charge storage capacity of 125.43mAhg−1, and a Coulombic efficiency greater than 95% during the first 100 charge–discharge cycles. Due to the low amount of electrolyte used, the battery is considered as a dry battery.
This paper provides a multi-disciplinary overview of the research issues and achievements in the field of Big Data and its visualization techniques and tools. The main aim is to summarize challenges in visualization methods for existing Big Data, as well as to offer novel solutions for issues related to the current state of Big Data Visualization. This paper provides a classification
of existing data types, analytical methods, visualization techniques and tools, with a particular emphasis placed on surveying the evolution of visualization methodology over the past years. Based on the results, we reveal disadvantages of existing visualization methods. Despite the technological development of the modern world, human involvement (interaction), judgment and logical thinking are necessary while working with Big Data. Therefore, the role of human perceptional limitations involving large amounts of information is evaluated. Based on the results, a non-traditional approach is proposed: we discuss how the capabilities of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality could be applied to the field of Big Data Visualization. We discuss the promising utility of Mixed Reality technology integration with applications in Big Data Visualization. Placing the most essential data in the central area of the human visual field in Mixed Reality would allow one to obtain the presented information in a short period of time without significant data losses due to human perceptual issues. Furthermore, we discuss the impacts of new technologies, such as Virtual Reality displays and Augmented Reality helmets on the Big Data visualization as well as to the classification of the main challenges of integrating the technology.
This paper assesses the impact of the location and configuration of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) on Low-Voltage (LV) feeders. BESS are now being deployed on LV networks by Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) as an alternative to conventional reinforcement (e.g. upgrading cables and transformers) in response to increased electricity demand from new technologies such as electric vehicles. By storing energy during periods of low demand and then releasing that energy at times of high demand, the peak demand of a given LV substation on the grid can be reduced therefore mitigating or at least delaying the need for replacement and upgrade. However, existing research into this application of BESS tends to evaluate the aggregated impact of such systems at the substation level and does not systematically consider the impact of the location and configuration of BESS on the voltage profiles, losses and utilisation within a given feeder. In this paper, four configurations of BESS are considered: single-phase, unlinked three-phase, linked three-phase without storage for phase-balancing only, and linked three-phase with storage. These four configurations are then assessed based on models of two real LV networks. In each case, the impact of the BESS is systematically evaluated at every node in the LV network using Matlab linked with OpenDSS. The location and configuration of a BESS is shown to be critical when seeking the best overall network impact or when considering specific impacts on voltage, losses, or utilisation separately. Furthermore, the paper also demonstrates that phase-balancing without energy storage can provide much of the gains on unbalanced networks compared to systems with energy storage.
Modeling tools typically have their own interaction methods for combining virtual objects. For realistic composition in 3D space, many researchers from the fields of virtual and augmented reality have been trying to develop intuitive interactive techniques using novel interfaces. However, many modeling applications require a long learning time for novice users because of unmanageable interfaces. In this paper, we propose two-handed tangible augmented reality interaction techniques that provide an easy-to-learn and natural combination method using simple augmented blocks. We have designed a novel interface called the cubical user interface, which has two tangible cubes that are tracked by marker tracking. Using the interface, we suggest two types of interactions based on familiar metaphors from real object assembly. The first, the screw-driving method, recognizes the user’s rotation gestures and allows them to screw virtual objects together. The second, the block-assembly method, adds objects based on their direction and position relative to predefined structures. We evaluate the proposed methods in detail with a user experiment that compares the different methods.
The aim of this study was to examine possible cognitive changes throughout the early course of schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
This study proposes a power source that operates between acidic and basic reservoirs under sunlight to treat acidic wastewater sustainably. We present a strategy that harvests energy from an ionic gradient associated with acidic solution neutralization and water photo-oxidation under UV light. In contrast to neutralization batteries, these photo-assisted acid-base machines operate with an interconnected battery ensemble comprising (A) a photo-assisted acid battery composed of photo-anode (TiO2) for water photo-oxidation and a selective self-assembled cathode consisting of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and phosphomolybdic acid for proton insertion; (B) a proton-alkali ion battery composed of the self-assembled electrode for proton deinsertion and a cathode made of copper hexacyanoferrate for potassium ion electro-insertion, which can be used as portable or stationary power source; (C) an alkali ion-air battery composed of the polycyanometalate for potassium ion deinsertion and a platinum cathode for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). This ensemble avoids reverse water splitting reactions and dismisses the need for external electrical power sources, which increases machine efficiency. Experiments demonstrate that acidic solution neutralization from pH = 1.3 to pH = 6.0 can harvest 102.6 kJ per mol of electro-inserted proton: this process converts energy from sunlight and from ionic gradient into electrical work. Therefore, the strategy presented here may contribute to environmental preservation and sustainable growth.
Algae cells can be considered as microrobots from the perspective of engineering. These organisms not only have a strong reproductive ability but can also sense the environment, harvest energy from the surroundings, and swim very efficiently, accommodating all these functions in a body of size on the order of dozens of micrometers. An interesting topic with respect to random swimming motions of algae cells in a liquid is how to precisely control them as microrobots such that they swim according to manually set routes. This study developed an ingenious method to steer swimming cells based on the phototaxis. The method used a varying light signal to direct the motion of the cells. The swimming trajectory, speed, and force of algae cells were analyzed in detail. Then the algae cell could be controlled to swim back and forth, and traverse a crossroad as a microrobot obeying specific traffic rules. Furthermore, their motions along arbitrarily set trajectories such as zigzag, and triangle were realized successfully under optical control. Robotize algae cells can be used to precisely transport and deliver cargo such as drug particles in microfluidic chip for biomedical treatment and pharmacodynamic analysis. The study findings are expected to bring significant breakthrough in biological drives and new biomedical applications.
We assessed possible ecotoxicological implications of ozone application to secondary treated wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment plant on Gammarus fossarum, an aquatic leaf shredding amphipod. Our 10-week study exposed G. fossarum populations to ozone-treated, non-ozone treated wastewater, or tap water in replicated outdoor flow-through stream microcosms. Feeding activity, an indicator for organic matter decomposition, of amphipod populations exposed to ozone treated wastewater was significantly higher compared to those exposed to non-ozone treated wastewater (repeated measure ANOVA, p = 0.0002, df = 44). Also the population size was at the end of the experiment with approximately 150% significantly (t-test, p = 0.0059, n = 4) increased in ozone treated wastewater compared to non-ozone treated wastewater. Additionally, chlorophyll-a concentration, an indicator for algal biomass, was significantly higher in ozone treated wastewater (repeated measure ANOVA, p = 0.0404, df = 65). Thus, from an ecotoxicological viewpoint, we conclude that ozonation may improve wastewater quality, which should translate into positive ecological outcomes in the receiving waters. However, because ozonation also can cause toxic transformation products, the process may best be considered on a case-by-case basis.
Development of MnO2 based electrode materials for supercapacitor application with high comprehensive electrochemical performance, such as high capacitance, superior reversibility, excellent stability, and good rate capability, is still a tremendous challenge. In this work, a distinctive interwoven three-dimensional (3D) structure electrode with ultra-thin 2D graphene nanosheet decorated on the surface of 1D C/TiC nanowire array is built as the support to immobilize MnO2 nanoflakes (MnO2-Graphene nanosheet-C/TiC nanowire array, denoted as MGCT). Compared with the normal 1D core/shell structure, this novel 3D architecture can dramatically not only increase the surface area for MnO2 loading but also facilitate the ion and electron transfer. The electrochemical performance of the as-prepared 3D MnO2 electrode is evaluated by cyclic voltammetrys, galvanostatic charging-discharging tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, high specific capacitance (856 F g−1 at 2 A g−1), good rate capability (69.1% capacitance retention at 40 A g−1 vs 2 A g−1), superior reversibility, and cycling stability (85.7% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 10 A g−1) are obtained, suggesting that this novel structure can offer a new and appropriate idea for obtaining high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials.
Methyl viologen (MV) as a bench-mark anolyte material has been frequently applied in aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) towards large-scale renewable energy storage. However, only the first reduction of MV was utilized in aqueous electrolytes because of the insoluble MV0 generated from the second reduction of MV. Herein, we report that methyl viologen with bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide counter anion, MVTFSI, can achieve two reversible reductions in a nonaqueous supporting electrolyte. Paired with (Ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, FcNTFSI, as catholyte, the MVTFS/FcNTFSI nonaqueous organic redox flow battery (NOARFB) can take advantage of either one electron or two electron storage of the methyl viologen moiety and provide theoretical energy density of 24.9 Wh/L and a cell voltage of up to 1.5 V. Using a highly conductive LiTFSI/CH3CN supporting electrolyte and a porous Daramic separator, the NOARFB displayed excellent cycling performance, including up to a 68.3% energy efficiency at 40 mA/cm2, and more than 88% total capacity retention after 100 cycles.
Since the birth of the lithium ion battery in the early 1990s a lot of methods has been tried to prepare materials with better performance and/or lower cost. In comparison with other methods, mechanochemical methods are advantageous because they are based on simple processes, show high efficiency, low energy consumption and cost They are widely applied to prepare materials for lithium ion batteries such as cathode materials, anodic ones and solid electrolytes. The latest progress on these aspects is reviewed in this paper including the effects of mechanochemical methods and mechanisms in improving electrochemical performance. In addition, some problems concerning some materials and further directions are pointed out.
A soluble anion exchange ionomer with high OH− ion conductivity comparable to that of H+ conductivity of Nafion is synthesised by chloromethylation of polystyrene-b-poly (ethylene/butylene)-b-polystyrene (SEBS) and used with NiCo2O4 electro-catalyst for water electrolysis. The ionomer has an ion exchange capacity of 1.9 mmol g−1 and ionic conductivity of 0.14 S cm−2 at 50 °C. The cell voltage at 20 °C at 100 mA cm−2 is 1.77 and 1.72 V in, 0.1 and 1.0 M NaOH, respectively, for an optimum loading of 10 mg cm−2 NiCo2O4. At 10 mg cm−2 NiCo2O4 electrolyser cell performance is at least equal to or superior to that of IrO2 at 2 mg cm−2 with excellent stability over 1 h. When the catalyst is sprayed on the GDL instead of CCM, the performance is further improved to 1.65 V at 100 mA cm−2 at 60 °C & 0.1 M KOH. The limited AEM electrolyser performance when operating with deionised water in comparison to PEM and alkaline electrolyser arises from the sluggish OER in the AEM environment equivalent to pH of 11.5 and the two orders of magnitude lower HER activity with respect to acid medium combined with the high Tafel slope of 120 mV dec−1.
Since carbothermal reduction of SnO2 occurs above 600°C, carbon-coating experiments using various polymer precursors have been carried out at relatively low temperatures (∼500°C). It is not likely, however, that the carbon synthesized at ∼500°C much enhances the conductivity of SnO2 anodes, because polymer precursors have undergone insufficient carbonization. This article confirms that the main role of carbon coating is sustaining the domain of each Sn nanoparticle by preventing its aggregation, and thereby improving the cycling performance of SnO2 nanoparticles. The transmission electron microscopy after cycling showing well dispersed Sn nanoparticles and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealing larger charge-transfer resistances with increasing carbon contents are in line with these interpretations.
Animalism offers a more attractive account of the human person than the Embodied Mind Account. If people are not animals, but small proper parts of animals, then there is a threat of spatially coincident thinkers. This will likely have to be avoided at the cost of the sparsest of ontologies, one in which there are no larger entities that can become reduced to the size of the brain or cerebrum-size thinker. This will be a rather implausible ontology as such thinkers will not fit well into the natural world, meet traditional independence or unity criteria for being substances, nor provide a compositional principle with causal glue.
Piglets are born with eight sharp teeth that during nursing can cause facial lesions on littermates and teat lesions on the sow. Teeth grinding in piglets is therefore often practiced to reduce these lesions. The aim of this study was to assess the consequences of grinding piglet teeth in regard to the occurrence of lesions.
Photoelectrically active tin selenide coatings of nanometric thickness were manufactured by electrodeposition from separate solutions of Sn and Se precursors. Sn was deposited from acidic SnSO4 electrolytes and Se was deposited from H2SeO3 solutions. Fine-grained Sn coatings were deposited at potential φ =−0.3V with 100% current efficiency. Se coatings were formed at two potentials: φ =−0.5V, forming Se0, and φ =−0.85V, forming Se2− ions. After the Sn coating was immersed into H2SeO3 solution, small quantities (∼2at.%) of SnSe were formed and SeO3 2− was adsorbed on the surface. A short-time deposition of Se at φ =−0.5V passivated the surface, so no Sn dissolution is observed upon anodic polarization. XPS and Auger data indicated that under those conditions 20at.% of Se0 and only 2at.% of SnSe were formed. Thickening of Sn and Se layers led to formation of larger quantities of Se0 (75at.%) and SnSe (4–5at.%) on the surface, whereas deeper layers contained up to 10 times more of SnSe phase. Upon deposition of Se at φ =−0.85V, new SnSe2 phase was formed and the quantity of SnSe phase is increased and that of Se0 was reduced. All coatings formed exhibited photoelectric properties.
Storage devices and demand control may constitute beneficial tools to optimize electricity generation with a large share of intermittent resources through inter-temporal substitution of load. This paper quantifies the related cost reductions in a simulation model of a simplified stylized medium-voltage grid (10kV) under uncertain demand and wind output. Benders Decomposition Method is applied to create a two-stage stochastic optimization program. The model informs an optimal investment sizing decision as regards specific ‘smart’ applications such as storage facilities and meters enabling load control. Model results indicate that central storage facilities are a more promising option for generation cost reductions as compared to demand management. Grid extensions are not appropriate in any of the scenarios. A sensitivity analysis is applied with respect to the market penetration of uncoordinated Plug-In Electric Vehicles which are found to strongly encourage investment into load control equipment for ‘smart‘ charging and slightly improve the case for central storage devices.
Neuropsychological tests requiring patients to find a path through a maze can be used to assess visuospatial memory performance in temporal lobe pathology, particularly in the hippocampus. Alternatively, they have been used as a task sensitive to executive function in patients with frontal lobe damage. We measured performance on the Austin Maze in patients with unilateral left and right temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), with and without hippocampal sclerosis, compared to healthy controls. Performance was correlated with a number of other neuropsychological tests to identify the cognitive components that may be associated with poor Austin Maze performance. Patients with right TLE were significantly impaired on the Austin Maze task relative to patients with left TLE and controls, and error scores correlated with their performance on the Block Design task. The performance of patients with left TLE was also impaired relative to controls; however, errors correlated with performance on tests of executive function and delayed recall. The presence of hippocampal sclerosis did not have an impact on maze performance. A discriminant function analysis indicated that the Austin Maze alone correctly classified 73.5% of patients as having right TLE. In summary, impaired performance on the Austin Maze task is more suggestive of right than left TLE; however, impaired performance on this visuospatial task does not necessarily involve the hippocampus. The relationship of the Austin Maze task with other neuropsychological tests suggests that differential cognitive components may underlie performance decrements in right versus left TLE.