batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In the current study, a nanoscale perovskite SrFeO3 (SrFNPs) was synthesized by a rapid microwave-assisted co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray, and vibrating sample magnetometer techniques. Modified glassy carbon electrode with Pt nanoparticles (PtNPs), functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and SrFNPs as multifunctional catalyst is prepared and its catalytic activity toward methanol oxidation is investigated. Based on the electrochemical studies, a PtNPs–CNTs–SrFNPs nanocomposite was shown a considerable activity for methanol oxidation in comparison of PtNPs, PtNPs–CNTs, and PtNPs–SrFNPs. A direct methanol fuel cell was designed, assembled, and tested with suggested PtNPs–CNTs–SrFNPs nanocomposites under several different conditions. The effect of some experimental factors such as temperature, methanol concentration, and flow rate as well as NaOH concentration on electrical performances of fuel cell were studied and optimized.
Hierarchical structured Li4Ti5O12, assembling from randomly oriented nanosheets with a thickness of about 10–16nm, is fabricated by a facile hydrothermal route and following calcination. It is demonstrated that the as-prepared sample has good cycle stability and excellent high rate performance. In particular, the discharge capacity of 128mAhg−1 can be obtained at the high current density of 2000mAg−1, which is about 87% of that at the low current density of 200mAg−1 upon cycling, indicating that the as-prepared sample can endure great changes of various discharge current densities to retain a good stability. In addition, the pseudocapacitive effect based on the hierarchical structure, also contributes to the high rate capability of Li4Ti5O12, which can be confirmed in cyclic voltammograms.
An analytical solution for the voltage distribution in one-dimensional porous electrode subjected to cyclic voltammetric (CV) conditions was developed by considering the resistivity of both electrode and electrolyte. Voltage distribution inside the electrode as a function of dimensionless distance was generated at different electrode phase resistances. The analytical solution of voltage distribution for cyclic voltammetric conditions was employed in deriving the charging currents. Capacitance studies were conducted on carbons derived from catechol-formaldehyde gels prepared at pH conditions of 3, 6, and 7.5 in 30wt.% H2SO4 electrolyte using CV and constant current charge/discharge studies. Charging currents derived from voltage distribution were fitted with experimental anodic part of CV curves and equivalent series resistance (ESR) was generated. Thus, generated ESR values were compared with that obtained using constant current charge–discharge curves. The model fitted resistance values matched closely with resistance values obtained from galvanostatic constant current charge–discharge method.
Case-based reasoning system (CBR) has been widely applied to the issue of market segmentation. Most of previous studies focused on dividing customers into two groups. Consequently, traditional voting method used for two groups in CBR would become inappropriate when one would like to divide customers into three groups through some segmentation variable. In this paper, a new voting method called 3NN+1 is proposed to bridge the gap. To make the inference of the 3NN+1 based CBR system more efficient, the features and instances (or cases) for reasoning is selected simultaneously by means of genetic algorithms. This new system is applied to a real case of notebook market to demonstrate its usefulness for market segmentation. From the results of the real case, it shows that the system would be valuable to enterprises, when dividing customers into three groups in compliance with their purchasing behaviors for developing marketing strategies.
Methacrylic-based thermo-set gel-polymer electrolyte membranes obtained by a very easy, fast and reliable free radical photo-polymerisation process and reinforced with microfibrillated cellulose particles are here presented. The morphology of the composite electrolytes is investigated by scanning electron microscopy and their thermal behaviour (characteristic temperatures, degradation temperature) are investigated by thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The composite membranes prepared exhibit excellent mechanical properties, with a Young's modulus as high as about 80MPa at ambient temperature. High ionic conductivity (approaching 10−3 Scm−1 at 25°C) and good overall electrochemical performances are maintained, enlightening that such specific approach would make these hybrid organic, cellulose-based composite polymer electrolyte systems a strong contender in the field of thin and flexible lithium based power sources.
Magnetron-sputtered iron films were potentiodynamically anodized at two different sweep rates to 50V in an ethylene glycol electrolyte containing ammonium fluoride and water. At a high sweep rate of 1.0Vs−1, a barrier-type anodic film was formed even though the current efficiency was as low as ∼50%. In contrast, a nanoporous anodic film developed at a low sweep rate of 0.05Vs−1, and the film-formation efficiency reduced to 37%. The main part of the anodic films consists of iron (III) hydroxyfluoride with a thin inner layer composed of FeF3. The inner fluoride layer is formed owing to the faster inward migration of fluoride ions compared to that of the oxygen species. During immersion or re-anodizing of the iron specimen with an approximately 100-nm-thick, barrier-type anodic film at and below 15V, thinning of the anodic film proceeded uniformly and film dissolution was enhanced by applying an electric field. The impact of the electric field on film formation and dissolution is discussed.
The 1×1 magnesium octahedral molecular sieve (Mg-OMS-7), utilizing as cathode material in aqueous rechargeable magnesium ions batteries, is synthesized by a simple one-step hydrothermal method. Meanwhile, by changing the concentrations of H2SO4, the Mg-OMS-7 materials with controllable size and shape are obtained. To check the structure and morphology, the host materials are measured by X-ray power diffraction, scanning, transmission and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical reaction mechanism is examined by cyclic voltammetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The Mg-OMS-7 changes the morphology from micro-rugby to nano-club by controlling the concentrations of H2SO4. The nano-club Mg-OMS-7 which obtained by the 1.6moldm−3 H2SO4 owns a more uniformly distribution and smaller size, which provides the shorter route for magnesium ions insert/deinsert into/from the lattice of host material and exhibits the better rate ability and cycle performance. The initial discharge capacity of this electrode can obtain 283.1mAhg−1 at the current density of 10mAg−1 in the 0.2moldm−3 Mg(NO3)2 aqueous electrolyte and the specific capacity retention rate is 94.1% after cycling 200cycles at 100mAg−1 in the 0.5moldm−3 Mg(NO3)2 electrolyte.
For the first time, cycling capability and life analysis of the FeSb2/Na battery are tested. Thanks to an appropriate carboxymethyl cellulose/carbon formulation, this electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical performances as negative electrode material for Sodium-Ion Batteries (SIB), sustaining a reversible capacity exceeding 540 and 440 mAh/g over more than 130 cycles at a current of 36 and 300 mA/g, respectively. Such performances overtake those of Sb in terms of cyclability under high rate, one of the best negative electrodes reported to date for SIB. In situ X-ray diffraction and low temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy analyses indicate that the reaction mechanism of the first sodiation of FeSb2 is based on a conversion reaction, leading to the formation of a very efficient Na3Sb/metallic Fe0 nanosized electrode with an excellent capacity retention at relatively high rate. The reaction mechanism after the first discharge is based on a reversible alloying reaction (2Na3Sb ↔ 2Sb + 6Na), where iron is no more involved. The role of Fe appears however to be crucial in the excellent cycling performances, likely due to the increase of the electronic conductivity brought both by its nanosized nature and its homogenous distribution in the electrode.
In this paper, single-phase pyrite with different particle sizes is prepared by hydrothermal method with the reactants of Na2S, S, and FeSO4. Compared with natural pyrite powder, synthesized pyrite nanocubes with small particle sizes and fine distribution have lower resistance, higher specific capacity and power density during the discharging process. The enlarging contacting surface area of pyrite with electrolytes will reduce the concentration polarization caused by the discharging current and improve the utilization efficiency of the pyrite materials. When pulse currents are loaded, compared with natural pyrite single-cell thermal battery, synthetic ones have smaller voltage drops and higher power density during the pulse discharging process. Influences of particle sizes on the thermal stability of the pyrite powders have also been investigated.
Background: Memory dysfunction among healthy relatives of patients with schizophrenia suggests that genetic liability to the disorder can also be manifested as cognitive impairment. This study was designed to further elucidate the nature of the memory dysfunction being transmitted. Method: Memory function was assessed in 62 schizophrenic patients, 98 of their healthy relatives and 66 controls. Material-specific immediate/delayed recall and percentage retention were investigated using the Logical Memory and Visual Reproduction tests of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS). A third subtest of the WMS, the Associate Learning and a visual analogue of it, the Abstract Paired Associates, were used to measure verbal and visual learning. Current general intellectual function was assessed using a five-subtest short-form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale—Revised (WAIS-R). Results: Schizophrenic patients performed significantly worse than controls on nearly all measures. Their relatives also showed significant deficit on the immediate and delayed recall of the Logical Memory, immediate recall of the Visual Reproduction, and the Abstract Paired Associates tests. Logical memory was substantially more impaired than the other measures for both patients and relatives. The deficit in immediate recall of the Logical Memory remained significant even after excluding those relatives with an Axis I diagnosis and schizotypal personality disorder. These findings were despite the relatives having an equivalent level of general intellectual function to that of controls. Conclusion: Familial, presumed genetic, liability to schizophrenia may be expressed as dysfunction in verbal memory.
Increasing the average Ni content and extending the working voltage are effective approaches to enhancing the reversible capacity of Li[Ni1−x−yCoxMny]O2 layered oxide cathode materials. However, these would cause severe structural instability and rapid capacity fade upon cycling. In order to address this issue, Al3+ modified novel progressive concentration gradient material Li[Ni0.7Co0.13Mn0.17]O2 is successfully prepared, which maximizes the average Ni content as well as the surficial and structural stability at high cut-off voltage of 4.5 V, attributing to the progressively accelerated transition metals evolution rates from core to surface of the spherical particles and the Al3+ suppressed high-voltage phase transition. Consequently, superior reversible capacity of 206.1 mA h g−1 at 0.1C and capacity retention of 95.7% after 50 cycles at 0.5C rate are obtained, providing skilful approach to obtain promising high-performance cathode materials with both high energy density and long calendar life to satisfy the growing demands of future electric vehicles.
Objective. To identify the features of cognitive impairments (CI) in patients with alcoholic (AE) and dyscirculatory (DE) encephalopathies. Materials and methods. The study included 32 patients with DE and 30 with AE. Along with clinical observations, patients underwent computerized electroencephalography (EEG), recording of cognitive event-related potentials, and neuropsychological testing. Results and conclusions. The pathologies studied here showed both common and distinct signs in the clinical picture, in the emotional-personality domain, and impairments to cognitive processes. Common features of encephalopathies of different etiologies were CI and asthenic syndrome; AE was characterized by hyposthenic and DE by mixed (hyper- and hyposthenic) syndromes. The EEG showed that changes in bioelectrical activity in DE were predominantly located in the occipital-parietal areas of the cortex, while in AE they were located in the temporal and occipital-parietal areas. CI in DE and AE consisted of disorders to categorial thinking, long-term memory, reciprocal coordination, and digital gnosis, pointing to dysfunction of the frontal and parietal lobes of the left hemisphere, hippocampus, and corpus callosum. The indexes of the δ, β1, and β2 rhythms were discriminating features of CI in AE and DE.
This paper presents the optimal mapping of hybrid energy systems, which are based on wind and PV, with the consideration of energy storage and backup diesel generator, for households in six locations in the South-South geopolitical (SS) zone of Nigeria: Benin-city, Warri, Yenagoa, Port Harcourt, Uyo and Calabar. The optima hybrid energy systems are able to meet 7.23 kWh/day household's electrical energy demand. The hybrid energy system for each of the locations was optimally obtained based on HOMER software computation and TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making algorithm that considers technical, economic, environmental, and sociocultural criteria. Wind energy potential was conducted for the six locations using the Weibull distribution function; the wind speed ranges between 3.21 and 4.19 m/s at 10 m anemological height. The wind speeds and the wind characteristics were extrapolated for 30 m and 50 m hub heights. The solar resource potentials across the six locations are also presented – ranges between 4.21 and 4.71 kWh/m2/day. The best hybrid system for the locations in Benin-city, Yenagoa and Port Harcourt is the Diesel generator-PV-Wind-Battery system; whereas the best hybrid system for the locations in Warri, Uyo and Calabar is the PV-Wind-Battery system. The hybrid systems in Benin-city, Yenagoa and Port Harcourt emit CO2, only 8.47%, 15.02% and 14.09% of the business as usual (the diesel generator). The payback time ranges between 3.7 and 5.4 years, using 0.893 US$/kWh cost of energy obtained for the business as usual. The cost of energy of the hybrid systems ranges between 0.459 and 0.562 US$/kWh, which compares well with available data in the public domain. The design parameters of the optima hybrid energy systems are also presented. The methodology presented here will serve as a design tool for renewable energy professionals.
Current technologies that provide climate control in the transportation sector are quite inefficient. In gasoline-powered vehicles, the use of air-conditioning is known to result in higher emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants apart from decreasing the gas-mileage. On the other hand, for electric vehicles (EVs), a drain in the onboard electric battery due to the operation of heating and cooling system results in a substantial decrease in the driving range. As an alternative to the conventional climate control system, we are developing an adsorption-based thermal battery (ATB), which is capable of storing thermal energy, and delivering both heating and cooling on demand, while requiring minimal electric power supply. Analogous to an electrical battery, the ATB can be charged for reuse. Furthermore, it promises to be compact, lightweight, and deliver high performance, which is desirable for mobile applications. In this study, we describe the design and operation of the ATB-based climate control system. We present a general theoretical framework to determine the maximum achievable heating and cooling performance using the ATB. The framework is then applied to study the feasibility of ATB integration in EVs, wherein we analyze the use of NaX zeolite–water as the adsorbent–refrigerant pair. In order to deliver the necessary heating and cooling performance, exceeding 2.5kWh thermal capacity for EVs, the analysis determines the optimal design and operating conditions. While the use of the ATB in EVs can potentially enhance its driving range, it can also be used for climate control in conventional gasoline vehicles, as well as residential and commercial buildings as a more efficient and environmentally-friendly alternative.
This article presents a preliminary study of the measurement of local current density in all-vanadium redox flow batteries. Two batteries are designed and manufactured in this study, and the experimental results are compared. In the first cell, the current collector is divided into 25 segments, and the flow field plate is not segmented, whereas in the other cell, the flow field plate is segmented. The effects of the electrolyte flow rate on the battery efficiencies and the local current density variation are investigated. The experimental results show that the current density near the outlet significantly decreases when the discharge capacity approaches zero. In addition, the battery has a larger discharge depth at a higher electrolyte flow rate.
In this study, several emerging compounds of concern in waste water are identified and discussed in relation to data available on their sources and mass flows in urban waters. In most western European situations, the highest contributions to the mass flow of xenobiotics to the urban water cycle stems from household and services applications (e.g. personal care compounds, pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones, flame retardants, fluorinated detergents etc.) as well as building and constructing environments (e.g. flame retardants, plasticizers, UV-blockers and biocides). The contribution from industrial point sources such as incineration industries e.g. coal, tar, steel and gas production (such as PAHs, PCBs, dioxins, etc.) and chemical industries are decreasing in relevance in terms of input and are hence currently of more local relevance only. In relation to identified compounds, this paper considers current data availability and its use in a range of management strategies for the mitigation or controlling of xenobiotics ‘at source’. However it also identifies major knowledge gaps relating to the behaviour and fate of organic pollutants in various sectors of the urban water cycle including stormwater management, bank- and soil infiltration as well as underground and soil passage of polluted waters. It is also discussing the major sources of a range of current day urban pollutants. The paper considers the sources of emerging pollutants in a qualitative way.
The processes occurring in aprotic electrolyte on a lithium electrode in the steady state conditions and under polarization are studied using the method of electrochemical noise characterization. The evidence of the electro-chemical noise measurements on polarized lithium electrodes indicates that the discharge of lithium ions under cathodic polarization, as well as lithium anodic dissolution, is localized under the passive film rather than on its surface. An increase in the polarizing current results in local breakdown of the film; in this case, the electrochemical process emerges on the electrode surface affecting the character of potential fluctuations. The intensity of electrochemical noise significantly increases in the course of cathodic polarization with high currents. The reason is that lithium metal crystals, which are formed under the passive film, perforate the film, and dendrites grow on its surface. The method shows the dependence of electrochemical noise intensity on the nature of the electrolyte and establishes the correlation between the stability of the lithium electrode in the course of cycling and the intensity of fluctuations. This offers an opportunity of using the method of electrochemical noise for screening organic electrolytes for lithium batteries.
An implantable transducer for monitoring the flow of Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for the treatment of hydrocephalus has been developed which is based on measuring the heat dissipation of a local thermal source. The transducer uses passive telemetry at 13.56 MHz for power supply and read out of the measured flow rate. The in vitro performance of the transducer has been characterized using artificial Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) with increased protein concentration and artificial CSF with 10% fresh blood. After fresh blood was added to the artificial CSF a reduction of flow rate has been observed in case that the sensitive surface of the flow sensor is close to the sedimented erythrocytes. An increase of flow rate has been observed in case that the sensitive surface is in contact with the remaining plasma/artificial CSF mix above the sediment which can be explained by an asymmetric flow profile caused by the sedimentation of erythrocythes having increased viscosity compared to artificial CSF. After removal of blood from artificial CSF, no drift could be observed in the transducer measurement which could be associated to a deposition of proteins at the sensitive surface walls of the packaged flow transducer. The flow sensor specification requirement of +−10% for a flow range between 2 ml/h and 40 ml/h. could be confirmed at test conditions of 37°C.
Three-component layer double hydroxides (LDHs) with varying compositions were produced by urea precipitation, and tested for their stability and electrochemical performance. Optimum initial metal ion concentrations in the starting solutions were established. Initial Al3+ concentration in the solution needs to be at least 0.015M for the LDH formation. From the solutions with initial Al3+ concentration of 0.025M, higher fractions of Ni2+ and Co2+ could be recovered. Co2+ could be incorporated at various levels without disturbing the LDH structure. LDH structure proved stable once it formed. Cyanate in the LDHs was dominantly N-bonded which contributed to the stability of the structure. Highest specific discharge capacity delivered by a LDH was 336mAh/g, which was about 30% higher than that by β-Ni(OH)2. LDHs reached their stable capacities at a lower rate than either β-Ni(OH)2 or the interstratified-Ni(OH)2 (α+β). The interstratified sample delivered the highest capacity compared to any of the tested compositions.
Methods of wet and dry crushing are adopted to experiment on spent lithium-ion batteries in this investigation. Particle size distribution is analyzed using the wet and dry screening respectively and fine crushed products are characterized by XRD, SEM and EDX. A comprehensive comparison of the characteristics between the two crushing methods indicates that the wet crushing results in an enrichment of each component in spent lithium-ion batteries to fine fractions because of the scouring action of water flow, which makes the fine products complicated and lost; while the dry crushing method can bring the selective crushing characteristics of spent lithium-ion batteries into full play, and in this case, lithium cobalt oxide and graphite electrode materials can be liberated from aluminum foil and copper foil without the overcrushing of the other components in spent lithium-ion batteries. Thus, the purity and dispersion of electrode materials can be improved to create favorable conditions for subsequent purification and regeneration.