batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Hybrid anodes with Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles uniformly embedding in a mesoporous activated carbon matrix are prepared by CO2 activation of copolymerized resorcinol and hexamethylenetetramine loaded by lithium acetate and tetrabutyl titanate. The Li4Ti5O12/activated-carbon hybrid anodes show increased capacity retention as the activated carbon content in the composite increases, although their overall specific capacity decreases gradually. The hybrid anode with an activated-carbon content of 54 wt% exhibits the highest capacity retention of 67% at 4 A g−1 referencing to that at 0.1 A g−1. When coupling it with commercial AC cathode, the Li-ion capacitor displays an outstanding high energy density of 38 Wh kg−1 even at a high power density of 7964 W kg−1. Moreover, an energy density retention of 90.8% after 2000 cycles at 1 A g−1 is preserved, demonstrating its very stable cycle performance. The results reported in this work indicate that the Li4Ti5O12/activated-carbon hybrids prepared by the proposed copolymerization and post-activation process may be very promising anode materials of Li-ion capacitors designed for high power applications.
In this experimental investigation, silicon nanoparticles and graphene nanosheets suspensions were produced by the pulsed laser ablation in distilled water separately. Then graphene and silicon were mixed in different volumetric ratio and irradiated by UV radiation to produced graphene/silicon nanocomposites. In order to characterize the structural and optical properties of samples, UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy, Raman spectrum, and transmission electron microscopy were carried out. According to Raman spectra the defects introduced into the graphene nanosheets are more than the defects in the graphene/silicon nanocomposites. The extinction coefficients and bandgap energies of graphene/Si nanocomposites were decreased with increasing the amount of graphene suspension. The z-scan method was employed to estimate the role of the volume ratio of graphene nanosheets to silicon nanoparticles in changing the nonlinear responses of the graphene/silicon nanocomposites. Results of z-scan show that the nonlinear optical properties of graphene/silicon nanocomposites enhanced by increasing the concentration of Si nanoparticles. Furthermore, the measured values of third order nonlinear optical susceptibility, χ3
The conspicuous advancement of nanotechnology and nanoscience, in the last few decades, has led to develop the variety number of nanomaterials is undeniable (Naseri et al. 2017; Solati and Dorranian 2013). Significant growth in their number and type and their remarkable linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties have turned nanomaterials to be the first pioneers in developing modern photonic devices and nano-scale optoelectronic technology (Chen et al. 2013; Solati and Dorranian 2016; Wang et al. 2011; Hernández et al. 2008). Nonlinear optics which is equipped with laser technology investigates the interaction between strong laser radiation and materials (Zhang and Wang 2017; Donnelly and Tan 2014; Zhou et al. 2015; Liu et al. 2012).
Today lead acid batteries are the most commonly used energy storage technology in material handling systems. Evaluation methods for the energy efficiency of forklifts, traction batteries and chargers have gained in relevance in this field. Generally, representative cycles are used to determine the energy efficiency in order to avoid multiple long lasting cycle live tests. At first glance this seems to be the adequate approach. However, for electrochemical storage systems with significant side reactions - like lead acid batteries - this procedure leads, to significantly lower values for energy efficiencies than in real life applications. While these battery systems need some overcharging to reach fully charged state, an overcharge is not necessary at every charge/discharge cycle. We report on results obtained with flooded lead acid batteries demonstrating that with a management strategy which includes operation in a partial state of charge, energy efficiencies of about 0.87 can be reached with minimal impact on lifetime. The usage of a typical representative cycle leads to an efficiency value of 0.77 with active electrolyte circulation respectively 0.70 without. We were able to identify the so called ’hard sulfation’ of the negative plates as the major failure mode of insufficiently charged batteries.
Mechanical alloying (MA) process was used to synthesize nanocrystalline TiNi-type hydrogen storage materials. The electrochemical behavior of these compounds in conditions of their performance in sealed rechargeable nickel–metal hydride batteries are presented and compared with those of Ni–Cd battery. The cells were constructed by the pressing negative and positive electrodes, polyamide separator and KOH (ρ=1.20gcm−3) as electrolyte solution. The effects of the chemical composition of the nanocrystalline TiNi-type alloy with alkaline solutions were investigated. It was found that the respective replacement of nickel in TiNi by Fe or by Zr improved not only the discharge capacity, but also the cycle life of these electrodes. The results show that the sealed battery using the nanocrystalline TiNi0.75Fe0.25 alloy has a capacity about two times that with of TiNi.
ABSTRACT Hybrid and full electric vehicles are introducing a new era in the field of mobility. The success of this new technology depends heavily on the performance of the energy storage systems under use. As development advances further, it becomes more and more obvious that it is absolutely vital to understand and control the thermal behaviour of the energy storage system. Because design and layout of the traction battery cooling system will vary from one application to another, numerical simulation methods provide efficient tools to model, simulate and analyze the cooling system and thermal behaviour before prototypes become available for testing. In addition, simulation models can be easily subjected to arbitrary conditions and load profiles, also allowing for coupled simulations including thermal, electric and drive dynamic vehicle behaviour. This paper presents the development and layout of the thermal model of an electric vehicle traction battery. The model is created via a widely-used numerical simulation software package. In order to validate the simulation model, single-cell heat transfer simulations are carried out using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools. The model is intended to cover a wide range of cooling system layouts. Its modular structure allows modelling nearly any design which employs bottom plate cooling. The model is built by linking battery cells to cell packs and cell packs to cell stacks. The coolant flow through the battery system can also be exactly directed by linking the cooling channels of the various cells to each other.
Co-P precursor was prepared by a mechanical alloying method and then is controlled to synthesis of CoP phase through an annealing method. The optimal conditions of ball milling and annealing temperature are investigated. The CoP exhibits higher electrical conductivity than graphite and cobalt oxide, showing excellent pseudocapacitive properties due its high electrical conductivity which can result in a fast electron transfer in high rate charge–discharge possess. The as-obtained CoP electrode achieves a high specific capacitance of 447.5 F/g at 1 A/g, and displays an excellent rate capability as well as good cycling stability. Besides, the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) based on the CoP as the positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode was assembled and displayed a high rate capability (60% of the capacitance is retained when the current density increased from 1 A/g to 12 A/g), excellent cycling stability (96.7% of the initial capacitance is retained after 5000 cycles), and a superior specific energy of 19Wh/kg at a power density of 350.8W/kg. The results suggest that the CoP electrode materials have a great potential for developing high-performance electrochemical energy storage devices.
Feasibility of the ILSI-HESI (ACSA) extended one-generation protocol was tested with vinclozolin (dietary 0, 4, 20, 100mg/kg/day). Parental Wistar rats (n =25/sex/dose) were dosed pre-mating (males 4, females 2weeks) through F1 offspring weaning (postnatal day PND21); F1 dosing continued through PND70. At PND21, 3 subsets (each 1 pup/sex/litter) were selected for neurotoxicology (functional observational battery, motor activity, neuropathology), clinical pathology (hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, thyroid hormone assay) (subsets 1a, 1b; each n =10/sex/dose), immunotoxicology (IgM) SRBC antibody response and natural killer cell assays (subset 2; n =25/sex/dose), and estrus cycle (subset 3; n =25/dose). Vinclozolin reduced parental and offspring bodyweight and prostate, seminal vesicles and epididymides weight, and increased adrenal weight/induced adrenal cortical hypertrophy at 100mg/kg. Mating, fertility, gestation and lactation were unaffected. At 20 and 100mg/kg, F1 males had reduced anogenital distance and retained areolae; at 100mg/kg only, there was hypospadias, purulent prostatitis and seminal vesicle inflammation with atrophy, and Leydig cell hyperplasia, and in F1 females accelerated vaginal opening. These effects are consistent with vinclozolin’s known anti-androgenic developmental effects. Neuro- and immunotoxicology tests were unaffected. F1 Only T4 was reduced at 20 and 100mg/kg. The overall sensitivity of the extended one-generation protocol is comparable to or even greater than the current two-generation study. Thus it reduces animal use while maintaining or enhancing information for risk assessment.
Much groundbreaking research in the field of lithium batteries occurred in the 1970s. Some of “the first” rechargeable lithium cells for commercial applications were fabricated by the Exxon Enterprises Battery Division in New Jersey. A small collection of 1978-era 25 mAh and 100 mAh button cells were preserved in the personal collections of the original researchers. This presented a unique opportunity to evaluate lithium cells after 35 years of storage. Cells were characterized for capacity, cycling, rate and impedance. Results were compared with original data as recovered from historical documents.
Recently, it was reported that a graphite-based Al-ion battery is capable of operating under extremely high charge/discharge rate. This raises an interesting problem concerning how the AlCl4 clusters can diffuse so fast in the graphite cathode. In this paper, we first demonstrate by means of density functional theory calculations that AlCl4 cluster exists in graphite with planar quadrangle geometry, rather than a tetrahedral structure. Upon AlCl4 intercalation, the interlayer spacing distance between graphene layers is substantially enlarged from 3.353Å to 6.025Å. With such a large spacing, the AlCl4 diffusion becomes very easy with migration energy barriers ranging from 0.023 to 0.089eV for different migration paths in a 2-dimensional diffusion plane. These results give underlying explanation to the dynamic performance of the graphite-based Al-ion batteries.
People with severe mental illnesses (SMI) are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Clinical guidelines recommend regular screening for CVD risk factors. We evaluated a nurse led intervention to improve screening rates across the primary-secondary care interface.
Aluminum-air power sources are receiving increased attention for applications in portable electronic devices, transportation, and energy systems. This study reports on the development of an aluminum-air electrochemical generator (AA ECG) and provides a technical foundation for the selection of its components, i.e., aluminum anode, gas diffusion cathode, and alkaline electrolyte. A prototype 1.5 kW AA ECG with specific energy of 270 Wh kg−1 is built and tested. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of AA ECGs as portable reserve and emergency power sources, as well as power sources for electric vehicles.
ABSTRACT Spinel Li4Ti5O12 has been thought as one of ideal anode materials for Li ion batteries due to its safety performance and long cycle life, while the low conductivity and Li-ion diffusion capability has limited its application. To improve the electrochemical performance of Li4Ti5O12, Gd-doped single-crystalline Li4Ti5O12/TiO2 (rutile phase) nanosheets composites in this study was prepared via a solvothermal synthesis assisted method. It is found that the as prepared doped dual phases composites showed superior electrochemical performance as anode material. At a current density of 0.2 A/g (1.14C), the Gd-LTO/TiO2 electrode can deliver a specific capacity of ∼180.2mAh/g, and it can deliver a specific capacity as high as ∼111.1mAh/g even at current density of 20A/g (114.3C). The introduction of Gd ion has been found to play a crucial role in improving the electrochemical performance, and its introduction modifies the morphology of as prepared sample at the same time.
Vertical boundary-layer ozone profiles were measured from a tethered balloon platform during the 2003 Antarctic Tropospheric Chemistry Investigation (ANTCI) at South Pole Station, Antarctica. Electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesondes were used in obtaining 128 ascent and descent profile measurements to about 500m height during 13–30 December 2003. Various data checks and intercomparisons were done to confirm the accuracy of the ozonesondes. The ozonesondes compared well to a surface ozone ultra-violet (UV) absorption monitor located next to the tether balloon site. During the 18-day period, ozonesonde measurement checks at the surface averaged 0.2±1.0ppbv higher than the continuous ozone measurements under ambient concentrations ranging from 18 to 51ppbv. This agreement was also consistent when compared to the nearby NOAA UV-monitor sampling at 17m above ground level during well-mixed conditions near the surface. In addition to the single ECC sonde profiles, five dual ECC ozonesondes were run on the tether platform. Four release balloon-borne ozonesondes were also launched during the project. Under very sharp ozone gradient events, the release ozonesonde (with a rise rate of ∼4–6ms−1) passed through the gradient layer too quickly to capture the detail as measured by the controlled tethersonde at ∼0.3ms−1 ascent/descent rate. Another method of ozone profiling was also done utilizing the UV monitor at the tether site and a 135-m-long Teflon sampling line with a sampling inlet mounted to and raised with the tethered balloon. The ECC ozonesonde averaged about 0.7±0.8ppbv lower than the long-line sampling method from eight profiles.
Commercial lithium/polycarbon monofluoride batteries [Li–(CF) n ] are typically current-limited and are therefore not implemented in high-rate or low-temperature applications. Recent results suggest, however, that CF-based cathodes that use sub-fluorinated CF x (SFCF x ) active materials in a thin electrode form factor are able to support very high currents (up to 5C) while still providing a significant fraction of their specific capacity. In this work, the low temperature efficacy of these materials is examined in a −40°C environment. CF0.54 and CF0.65 powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. These materials were then implemented in a spray-deposited electrode using a 1-mil (∼25μm) aluminum foil current collector and PVDF as a binder. Electrochemical tests showed that these materials were able to deliver specific capacity values up to five times greater than commercial CF1.08 powder inserted into identically fabricated test cells tested at −40°C. Testing also indicated that a room-temperature pre-discharge step was necessary to condition the electrode materials before exposure to the low-temperature test environment.
Manganese dioxide/cabon nanotubes (MnO2/CNTs) composites with tunable density of MnO2 nanosheets on the surface of CNTs were synthesized by a facile room temperature solution method. When applied in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as anode materials, the spacial density of MnO2 nanosheets in the MnO2/CNT composite was verified to be crucial for the lithium storage performance. The optimized composite with moderate spatial density of MnO2 nanosheets delivered a reversible capacity of 903mAhg−1 at the current rate of 0.24Ag−1. Moreover, this composite exhibited a high stable capacity of 540mAhg−1 even at a high current density of 2.4Ag−1 after 1500 cycles, demonstrating its potential for applications in LIBs with long cycling life and high power density. The enhanced electrochemical performance of the optimized composite was ascribed to sufficient space between the MnO2 nanosheets on the CNTs, which not only allows the effective electrical contact between the CNT backbones and the conductive carbon but also accommodates the large volume changes upon repeated lithiation/delithiation.
Five kinds of nickel dioxide polymorphs, Li x NiO2 with x≈0, were prepared by treating LiNiO2 with sulfuric acid solutions, occasionally followed by low-temperature heating. Here we report their structure and properties as lithium insertion electrodes. Acid-treated Li0.10NiO2 with two layered phases turned into a single-layered compound at 160°C and then to a spinel-related compound at 170°C. Acid-treated Li0.04NiO2 contained a phase with a cadmium iodide structure, which was not observed with Li0.10NiO2. Heating this Li0.04NiO2 yielded a spinel-related compound on heating. The NiO distances in these compounds suggested that the nickel oxidation state was kept approximately +4. These ‘nickel dioxide’ polymorphs exhibited varied characteristics as lithium insertion electrodes. We discuss the electrode behavior together with the structural changes that occur during lithium insertion. We also examined the effect of the electrode drying condition on the cycling performance.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with SiO x anodes possess high energy density, stemming from the Li-Si alloying reaction. However, several issues hinder the application of SiO x anodes in commercialized LIBs. In particular, the low electronic conductivity and sluggish kinetics of SiO x result in inadequate electrochemical performance. Herein, we report the use of a selective alcoholysis-based reaction to prepare a (C-Ti x Si1-x O y )@C composite using SiCl4, TiCl4, and ethylene glycol (EG) with benzene. The preferential reaction between EG and TiCl4 results in Ti3+ doping as well as the formation of a homogenous distribution of Ti ions. During the selective alcoholysis reaction, the Ti-Si-O-C-H sol transforms into a (C-Ti x Si1-x O y )@C composite and benzene decomposes into conductive carbon matrices through dispersion forces. The combination of Ti doping and carbon coating greatly enhance the conductivity of SiO x ; in addition, the incorporated carbon acts as an effective oxide buffer, preventing structural degradation. Thus, the (C-Ti x Si1-x O y )@C composite exhibits a high Li-ion diffusion coefficient and low charge-transfer resistance, resulting in excellent capacity retention of 88.9% over 600 cycles at a high current density of 1 A g−1 with a high coulombic efficiency of ∼99%.
The Pseudo Two Dimensional (P2D) porous electrode model is less preferred for real time calculations due to the high computational expense and complexity in obtaining the wide range of electro-chemical parameters despite of its superior accuracy. This paper presents a finite volume based method for re-parametrising the P2D model for any cell chemistry with uncertainty in determining precise electrochemical parameters. The re-parametrisation is achieved by solving a quadratic form of the Butler-Volmer equation and modifying the anode open circuit voltage based on experimental values. Thus the only experimental result, needed to re-parametrise the cell, reduces to the measurement of discharge voltage for any C-rate. The proposed method is validated against the 1C discharge data and an actual drive cycle of a NCR18650BD battery with NCA chemistry when driving in an urban environment with frequent accelerations and regenerative braking events. The error limit of the present model is compared with the electro-chemical prediction of Li y CoO 2 battery and found to be superior to the accuracy of the model presented in the literature.
The in vitro micronucleus assay with TK6 cells is frequently used as part of the genotoxicity testing battery for pharmaceuticals. Consequently, follow-up testing strategies are needed for positive compounds to determine their mode of action, which would then allow for deployment of appropriate in vivo follow-up strategies. We have chosen 3 micronucleus positive compounds, the clastogen etoposide, the aneugen noscapine and the cytotoxicant tunicamycin to evaluate different approaches to determine their aneugenic or clastogenic properties. Each of the three compounds were evaluated following 4 and 24h of continuous treatment by flow cytometry for micronucleus induction, the aneugenicity markers phosphorylated-histone 3 (p-H3) and polyploidy, the clastogenicity marker γH2AX and the apoptosis marker cleaved caspase 3. They were further evaluated by Western blot for mono-ubiquitinated and γH2AX. Results show that the clastogen etoposide produced a dose related increase in γH2AX and mono-ubiquitinated H2AX and a dose related decrease in p-H3 positive mitotic cells. Conversely, the aneugen produced increases in p-H3 and polyploidy with no significant increases seen in mono-ubiquitinated H2AX or γH2AX. Lastly, the cytotoxicant tunicamycin induced neither an increase in p-H3 nor γH2AX. All three compounds produced dose-related increases in cleaved caspase 3. The results from this study provide evidence that adding clastogenicity and aneugenicity markers to the in vitro micronucleus assay in TK6 cells could help to identify the mode of action of positive compounds. The combination of endpoints suggested here needs to be further evaluated by a broader set of test compounds.
Cube-shaped porous carbon (CPC) was obtained from the carbonization of MOF-5 (Zn4O(OOCC6H4COO)3) crystals and shows abundant micro/mesopores, high mechanical strength, largest surface area (2316m2 g−1, BET method) and good electrical conductivity (a high weight ratio 98.17/1.83 of C/O). When utilized as anode material for sodium-ion batteries, the CPC presents a high overall sodium storage capacity ∼240mAhg−1 at a current density of 100mAg−1 after 100 cycles, and maintains a high specific capacity of 100mAhg−1 after 5000 cycles at a current density of 3200mAg−1. For the advantages of this unique carbon framework structure, the CPC might be a promising anode material for the application of SIBs.
In this work, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanostructures with three different morphologies are synthesized and tested with respect to their applicability as anode material in lithium ion batteries with ionic liquid-based electrolytes. The nanostructured samples are compared with thin-film samples to evaluate the influence of the morphologies on the electrochemical performance. Characterization methods include X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic cycling, and thin-film calorimetry. The thin-film samples show a reversible capacity of 525 mAh g−1, whereas for the nanostructured samples a maximum capacity 225 mAh g−1 is found.