batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Organometal halide perovskite solar cells have evolved in an exponential manner in the two key areas of efficiency and stability. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) reached 20.1% late last year. The key disquiet was stability, which has been limiting practical application, but now the state of the art is promising, being measured in thousands of hours. These improvements have been achieved through the application of different materials, interfaces and device architecture optimizations, especially after the investigation of hole conductor free mesoporous devices incorporating carbon electrodes, which promise stable, low cost and easy device fabrication methods. However, this work is still far from complete. There are various issues associated with the degradation of Omh-perovskite, and the interface and device instability which must be addressed to achieve good reproducibility and long lifetimes for Omh-PSCs with high conversion efficiencies. A comprehensive understanding of these issues is required to achieve breakthroughs in stability and practical outdoor applications of Omh-PSCs. For successful small and large scale applications, besides the improvement of the PCE, the stability of Omh-PSCs has to be improved. The causes of failure and associated mechanisms of device degradation, followed by the origins of degradation, approaches to improve stability, and methods and protocols are discussed in detail and form the main focus of this review article.
Here we discuss various aspects of design and development of the complete instrument, the structural and finite-element analysis of the system performed to ensure that the payload withstands launch-load stresses and vibrations. We expect to fly this telescope—Lunar Ultraviolet Cosmic Imager (LUCI)—on a spacecraft to the Moon as part of the Indian entry into Google X-Prize competition. Observations from the Moon provide a unique opportunity to observe the sky from a stable platform far above the Earth’s atmosphere. However, we will explore other opportunities as well, and will fly this telescope on a high-altitude balloon later this year.
This article is the third and last in a series entitled The Finnish Disease Heritage I–III. All the 36 rare hereditary diseases belonging to this entity are described for clinical and molecular genetic purposes, based on the Finnish experience gathered over a period of half a century. In addition, five other diseases are mentioned. They may be included in the list of the "Finnish diseases" after adequate complementary studies.
Carbon materials of various types have been extensively used as negative electrode materials for rechargeable Li-ion batteries because of their consistent performance and potentialities. High aspect ratio (>1000) carbons such as carbon fibers and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) of different dimensions have been employed to fabricate free standing anode materials. Various characterization techniques such as SEM, TEM, TGA, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry has been carried out to evaluate the structure of the anode that was further correlated to its performance in Li-ion cell. MWCNTs prepared under specified conditions not only exhibits high purity and crystallinity in structure but also shows exceptional electrochemical behavior of increasing capacity with successive cycling. This is probably due to the formation of a very constructive SEI with negligible charge transfer resistance as shown by the Nyquist plots.
Charging Li-ion cells at low temperatures and/or high currents can cause the lithium ions to deposit on the anode surface rather than intercalating into the graphite lattice. This effect, named lithium plating, may severely affect the performance, reliability and safety of the cell. Because metallic lithium at the anode consumes more space than intercalated into the graphite, the cell volume increases in the case of lithium plating. An experimental setup for precise measuring the thickness of pouch cells with a resolution of 1 μm was built. The cell thickness as a function of its charge under standard cycling conditions was recorded as a reference. In the case of lithium plating an additional increase of the thickness was observed. This can be used as an indicator for the non-destructive detection of lithium plating in pouch cells. Compared with the standard capacity based methods this procedure allows a higher sensitivity and gives results more quickly.
Purpose Bilingual aphasia generally affects both languages. However, the age of acquisition of the second language (L2) seems to play a role in the anatomo-functional correlation of the syntactical/grammatical processes, thus potentially influencing the L2 syntactic impairment following a stroke. The present study aims to analyze the influence of late age of acquisition of the L2 on syntactic impairment in bilingual aphasic patients. Methods Twelve late bilingual participants (speaking French as L2 and either English, German, Italian or Spanish as L1) with stroke-induced aphasia participated in the study. The MAST or BAT aphasia batteries were used to evaluate overall aphasia score. An auditory syntactic judgement task was developed and used to test participants syntactic performance. Results The overall aphasia scores did not differ between L1 and L2. In a multiple case analysis, only one patient had lower scores in L2. However, four patients presented significantly lower performances in syntactic processing in the late L2 than in their native language (L1). In these four patients the infarct was localized, either exclusively or at least partially, in the pre-rolandic region. Conclusion This pilot study suggests that, in late bilingual aphasics, syntactic judgment abilities may be more severely impaired in L2, and that this syntactic deficit is most likely to occur following anterior lesions.
We present in this article a theoretical approach describing the viscosity increase in an overmelt liquid as the result of an augmentation of covalent bonds in the glass network being created, by means of an agglomeration of well-defined structural entities. Thus, one can study the characteristic temperature of this agglomeration process, identified as the glass-transition temperature, as a function of the modifier rate in a binary system. Result analysis and comparison with experiment points out that connectedness (and the subjacent entropy of the glass network) control mainly the variation of the glass-transition temperature with the modifier rate.
Transition metal oxides have attracted considerable attention as possible electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. However, poor electrical conductivity and volume change during cycling result in low rate capacity and rapid capacity fading, which hinder the practical applications of those electrodes. In this work, we report a facile approach to modify Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) by laser irradiation treatment. The structural and composition of the samples were studied by different techniques. The results show that the surface of the as-prepared particles transforms to a thin CoO layer, and oxygen vacancies are generated after the laser treatment. Compared to the as-prepared Co3O4 NPs, the laser treated sample shows a higher reversible capacity of 833.4 mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.1 Ag-1. A capacity of 348.4 mAhg−1 can be obtained at a rate of 5 Ag-1. The unique microstructure that induced by laser irradiation in the Co3O4 NPs is responsible for the improved lithium storage properties.
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) ‘fast-fail’ approach seeks to improve too-often-misleading early-phase drug development methods by incorporating biomarker-based proof-of-mechanism (POM) testing in phase 2a. This first comprehensive application of the fast-fail approach evaluated the potential of κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonism for treating anhedonia with a POM study determining whether robust target engagement favorably impacts the brain circuitry hypothesized to mediate clinical effects. Here we report the results from a multicenter, 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial in patients with anhedonia and a mood or anxiety disorder (selective KOR antagonist (JNJ-67953964, 10 mg; n = 45) and placebo (n = 44)). JNJ-67953964 significantly increased functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) ventral striatum activation during reward anticipation (primary outcome) as compared to placebo (baseline-adjusted mean: JNJ-67953964, 0.72 (s.d. = 0.67); placebo, 0.33 (s.d. = 0.68); F(1,86) = 5.58, P < 0.01; effect size = 0.58 (95% confidence interval, 0.13–0.99)). JNJ-67953964, generally well tolerated, was not associated with any serious adverse events. This study supports proceeding with assessment of the clinical impact of target engagement and serves as a model for implementing the ‘fast-fail’ approach.
Massive data storage is an advanced function in a fully functional battery management system (BMS). Reducing the recording signal length undoubtedly saves the precious memory space for BMS. And it also reduces the network and computation loads. However, it leads to a side effect that the trend of signal distortion is enhanced. The optimal recording frequency in practice should be as low as possible on the condition that little signal distortion happens. This paper presents a novel method which uses a multi-frequency recording technology that cooperates two approaches according to the signal dynamics. A flexible recording frequency method is applied for stationary signals which only records signals when their values are changed. While for dynamic signals, the most dynamic period is found using discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) and further analyzed by fast Fourier transformation (FFT). By comparing two recording signal indicators for four different recording frequencies, we conclude that recording at 1Hz is not qualified for the cell voltage and current during the dynamic period in our system due to the high dynamic performance of the vehicle. In the demonstrated vehicle, only by increasing the recording frequency to at least 2Hz, can the accuracy of the recorded cell voltage achieve the level the same as the measurement accuracy in engineering. And we also verify that when the recording frequency is reduced to the optimal frequency compared to the high frequency recorded original signals, the accuracy of the SOC estimation is not influenced.
In this paper, the novel nickel oxide@carbon (NiO@C) hollow hybrid networks (HHNs) consisted of nanotubes with interconnected branches are designed and fabricated via template-assisted electrodeposition method. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the NiO@C HHNs electrodes exhibit high specific capacitance (C sp) (572.5F/g) at current density of 2.5A/g, which is more than twice as that of NiO hollow networks (HNs) electrode (259.6F/g). The NiO@C HHNs electrodes show high flexibility and excellent cycle performance (almost no capacitance loss after 2000 cycles) and exhibit superior rate capability (∼14% C sp decay with scan rate increasing from 5 to 100mV/s). The assembled asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) based on NiO@C HHNs as positive electrodes and 3D active carbon (AC) as negative electrodes also shows high specific capacitance, excellent cycle performance, and high energy and power densities. Two ASC device units connected in series could drive a red light-emitting diode (LED, 2.0V) well for more than 60s after charging at 28A/g for 10s. The above results indicate that the NiO@C HHNs own promising potential for electrochemical energy storage.
Carbon nanocolumn arrays have been fabricated directly onto a titanium foil by a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique using graphite as a target. The sample has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope. The carbon nanocolumns with aspect ratio over 20:1 are composed of plenty of curved graphite sheets stacked parallel to the substrate. The initial discharge and charge capacities of these carbon nanocolumns are approximately 1060 and 670mAhg−1, respectively, at a rate of 0.1Ag−1. A reversible capacity of approximately 315mAhg−1 is still retained after 50 cycles. The good electrochemical performance and high aspect ratio suggest that the carbon nanocolumn arrays are promising microelectrode for three dimensional microbattery applications.
The work presented here describes the development and characterization of platinum-mercury hemispherical nanoelectrodes for the spatially resolved quantitative detection of manganese cations. The electrochemical probes were made by electrodeposition of metallic mercury from a mercuric ion solution onto Pt/quartz laser-pulled concentric disk nanoelectrodes (with disk radii ranging from 3 to 500nm). The nanoelectrodes were characterized by steady-state voltammetry, scanning electrochemical microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and calibrated with respect to the concentration of Mn2+ ions using anodic stripping voltammetry. The fully characterized probes were employed for the quantitative detection of Mn2+. The technique has been used to evaluate the impact of a novel approach for mitigating the undesirable consequences of manganese dissolution in Li-ion batteries.
A better understanding of sea turtle spatial ecology is critical for the continued conservation of imperiled sea turtles and their habitats. For resource managers to develop the most effective conservation strategies, it is especially important to examine how turtles use and select for habitats within their developmental foraging grounds. Here, we examine the space use and relative habitat selection of immature green turtles (Chelonia mydas) using acoustic telemetry within the marine protected area, Buck Island Reef National Monument (BIRNM), St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands.
In this work, a 370-W small wind turbine was developed which is equipped to a controllable nuzzle-diffuser duct. The developed duct is consisting of a fixed ring and a two-piece diffuser which can rotate on each other and so the diffuser wall opening will have altered from 0 to 180°. This mechanism is developed to control speed-up ratio and drag forces acting on the turbine structure in high ranges of wind speeds. The rotor is designed using BEM algorithm and the duct geometry is reached by CFD works considering the atheistic aspect of view. As the turbine is designed for a comprehensive research project, so it contains several a subsystems like an electromagnetic brake, external electric starter motor, electromagnetic flywheel, variable nacelle, etc. The designed mechanism fabricated using several machining processes as turning, milling, boring, drilling, welding and rolling works. The turbine performance implemented in a low-speed wind tunnel. Experimental results show a comprehensive raise in power generation and rotor speed by shrouded wind turbines. In the 180-degree diffuser wall opening, the augmentation ratio in average is 39.75% while the ratio is 28.5% for a complete diffuser augmented wind turbine. The rotor speed-up ratio for them is 53 and 74% respectively.
Semicrystalline porous films of poly(vinylidenefluoride) (PVdF) were prepared by a phase-inversion method. The microstructure of the films depends on the preparation conditions, and can be classified in two categories: sponge-like and finger-like. Porosities higher than 75% can be reached with finger-like texture, and all the pore structure is accessible to the electrolyte solution. Conductivity higher than 2mS/cm is easily obtained by soaking the films into standard electrolyte solutions.
Worker training is a priority for manufacturing organizations, and State and Federal policymakers in the United States. There is a need among US manufacturing industries for a training process plan, including information on what to train the worker in given the changes in product, process, and system-level technologies, and how best to deliver such training at minimal cost. Also, from the viewpoint of the manufacturing worker, possession of transferable skills is commonly expected to provide the worker flexibility and mobility. The objectives of this paper are to examine the issues involved in generating such a training plan, and suggest a framework for generating such a plan. A case study illustrating application of elements of the training framework is also presented. Relevance to industry Manufacturing industry can use the framework presented in this paper for development of effective training plans (both in terms of cost and technical effectiveness) so that workers are ahead of constant technological changes in manufacturing.
The flexible binderless films composed of cobalt selenide grains attached on carbon nanofibers (denoted as CoSe2/CNFs) are prepared by electrospinning to enhance the electronic conductivity, Na-ions diffusion and alleviate volume variation during charge/discharge process for high performance sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The binderless and flexible CoSe2/CNFs electrode can obtain a high reversible capacity of 430 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g−1, an exceptional rate capability of 224 mAh g−1 at 15 A g−1, even a capacity of 370 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 after 1000 cycles. The superior electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the synergistic effects of the homogeneous distribution of CoSe2 grains attached to the carbon nanofibers and the high electronic conductivity framework of 3D interconnecting carbon nanofibers, which can alleviate the volume variation during charge-discharge process and sustain the high electrical conductivity and fast Na-ions diffusion throughout the electrode. This binderless flexible CoSe2/CNFs nanocomposite electrode may hold great application promising for high cycling performance SIBs.
Activated carbon electrodes for electrochemical capacitors have been prepared by the chemical activation of a natural renewable and by-product material precursor – olive pits – from the olive oil production industry. The careful adjustment of the synthesis conditions has allowed synthesizing a series of microporous carbon electrodes with an optimized microporosity, enabling a gravimetric and volumetric capacitance in basic aqueous medium up to 260Fg−1 and 140Fcm−3, respectively, with good rate capability. A relation amongst capacitance, specific surface area, accessible average pore size and effective dielectric permittivity has been established, demonstrating that there is not just a single parameter decisively impacting the capacitance value. The collective analysis of experimental data suggests that solvation imposes an optimum pore size for each ion with regard to rate capability: moderate solvation contributes to enhancing capacitance in pores slightly exceeding solvated ion size while excessive solvation deteriorates the high-rate response of supercapacitor electrodes having pores much wider than ion size.
To improve the high-rate charging/discharging performance of a cell of laminated lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) cathodes/graphite anodes, micrometer-sized through-holes were formed on the electrode surfaces with a pico-second pulsed laser. The through-holes having 20 μm diameter were uniformly arranged with a hole opening rate of 1% as the ratio of the holed and un-holed areas on the cathode and anode surface. Compared with the cells fabricated from non-porous electrodes and electrodes prepared with the conventional porous current collectors, the present cell composed of the porous anode and cathode electrodes showed a large discharge capacity retention even at a high current density. The formation of through-holes on the electrodes provides a remarkable improvement in the high-rate charging/discharging performance as a result of the increased paths available in Li+ ion transfer from/to the active materials (LiFePO4 and graphite layers).
As lithium ion batteries (LIBs) anode, SnO2 suffers fast capacity fading due to its large volume expansion during discharge/charge process. To overcome the problem, sandwich-like C@SnO2/Sn/void@C hollow spheres (referred as C@SnO2/Sn/void@C HSs) are prepared by in-situ polymerization and carbonization, using hollow SnO2 as self-template and dopamine as carbon source. The C@SnO2/Sn/void@C HSs possesses the merits of hollow and core/void/shell structure, so that they can accommodate the volume change under discharge/charge process, shorten the transmission distance of Li ions, own more contact area for the electrolyte. Thanks to these advantages, C@SnO2/Sn/void@C HSs display excellent electrochemical performance as anode materials for LIBs, which deliver a high capacity of 786.7 mAh g−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1 after 60 cycles. The simple synthesis method for C@SnO2/Sn/void@C HSs with special structure will provide a promising method for preparing other anode materials for LIBs.
Single-crystalline nanotubes of LiNi0.473Mn1.473Al0.054O4 (LNMAO-NT) have been synthesized and evaluated as cathode using LNMAO-NT/Li half cell and LNMAO-NT/Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) full cell, respectively. Galvanostatic charge/discharge tests show that the LNMAO-NT half cell exhibits discharge capacity of 118 mAh g−1 and specific energy (calculated only based on the cathode material) of 508 Wh kg−1 at 5 C. Two types of full cells (LTO-limited and LNMAO-NT-limited cell) are constructed using three-electrode configuration. Measurement results reveal that LTO-limited full cell has a lower cathode potential vs. Li metal than LNMAO-NT-limited one at the end of cutoff voltage. The LNMAO-NT/LTO full cell exhibits discharge capacity of 158 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C and 120 mAh g−1 at 10 C, respectively, showing superior high-rate capability of LNMAO-NT. In addition, 87% of capacity retention of the LNMAO-NT/LTO full cell can be achieved after 200 cycles at 5 C, indicating good structural stability of one dimensional LNMAO-NT. Moreover, study of in situ Raman spectra at different potentials reveals good structural reversibility during charging and discharging process, indicating that LNMAO-NT would be one of the most promising high-voltage cathodes for high power lithium ion batteries.
The global demand for transport energy is large, growing, and primarily met by petroleum-derived liquid fuels powering internal combustion engines (ICEs). Moreover, the demand for jet fuel and diesel is projected to grow faster than the demand for gasoline in the future, and is likely to result in low-octane gasoline components becoming more readily available. Significant initiatives with varying motivations are taking place to develop the battery electric vehicle (BEV) and the fuel cell as alternatives to ICE vehicles, and to establish fuels such as biofuels and natural gas as alternatives to conventional liquid fuels. However, each of these alternatives starts from a very low base and faces significant barriers to fast and unrestrained growth; thus, transport—and particularly commercial transport—will continue to be largely powered by ICEs running on petroleum-based liquid fuels for decades to come. Hence, the sustainability of transport in terms of affordability, energy security, and impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and air quality can only be ensured by improving ICEs. Indeed, ICEs will continue to improve while using current market fuels, through improvements in combustion, control, and after-treatment systems, assisted by partial electrification in the form of hybridization. However, there is even more scope for improvement through the development of fuel/engine systems that can additionally leverage benefits in fuels manufacture and use components that may be readily available. Gasoline compression ignition (GCI), which uses low-octane gasoline in a compression ignition engine, is one such example. GCI would enable diesel-like efficiencies while making it easier to control nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and particulates at a lower cost compared with modern diesel engines. Octane on demand (OOD) also helps to ensure optimum use of available fuel anti-knock quality, and thus improves the overall efficiency of the system.