batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this paper, we examine the influence of different aspect ratio paste additives on the performance of lead–acid batteries. Previous computer models have been developed to investigate the influence that spherical conductive and non-conductive paste additives have on battery performance. However, many additives used in both the positive and negative plates have aspect ratios that are not spherical. We extend models previously developed for spherical additives to handle additives having different aspect ratios and find that conductive additives with high aspect ratios can improve paste utilization above that of an equal volume of spherical additives. These results suggest that very high aspect ratio conductive additives would be advantageous in improving conductivity in both the negative and positive paste.
Electropolymerization of 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene (EDOT) on gold electrodes was studied in situ by means of an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) using aqueous micellar monomer solutions. Electrodeposition from micellar solutions performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) displayed an enhanced rate as compared to surfactant concentrations lower than the critical micelle concentration (cmc) or in surfactant-free monomer solutions. EQCM data indicate the occurrence of additional film growth during the reductive scan to large negative potentials which does not occur in electropolymerization experiments using potentiostatic pulses or cyclovoltammetric cycles with less negative potential scans. Our results further suggest that in the case of the anionic surfactant the oxidation potential of the monomer is lowered even at surfactant concentrations below the cmc. AFM investigations show a slightly enhanced roughness of the films obtained from micellar monomer solutions.
Semantic and phonemic fluency tasks are frequently used to test executive functioning, speed and attention, and access to the mental lexicon. In semantic fluency tasks, subjects are required to generate words belonging to a category (e.g., animals) within a limited time window, whereas in phonemic fluency tasks subjects have to generate words starting with a given letter. Anatomical correlates of semantic and phonemic fluency are currently assumed to overlap in left frontal structures, reflecting shared executive processes, and to be distinct in left temporal and right frontal structures, reflecting involvement of distinct memory processes and search strategies. Definite evidence for this assumption is lacking. To further establish the anatomical correlates of semantic and phonemic fluency, we applied assumption-free voxel-based and region-of-interest-based lesion-symptom mapping in 93 patients with ischemic stroke. Fluency was assessed by asking patients to name animals (semantic), and words starting with the letter N and A (phonemic). Our findings indicate that anatomical correlates of semantic and phonemic fluency overlap in the left inferior frontal gyrus and insula, reflecting shared underlying cognitive processes. Phonemic fluency additionally draws on the left rolandic operculum, which might reflect a search through phonological memory, and the middle frontal gyrus. Semantic fluency additionally draws on left medial temporal regions, probably reflecting a search through semantic memory, and the right inferior frontal gyrus, which might reflect the application of a visuospatial mental imagery strategy in semantic fluency. These findings establish shared and distinct anatomical correlates of semantic and phonemic fluency.
The discharge behaviors of rolled Mg–6 mass%Al–0.3 mass%Mn–2 mass%Ca (AMX602) and Mg–6 mass%Al–0.3 mass%Mn (AM60) alloys used as anodes for Magnesium–air batteries were investigated. The AMX602 alloy exhibited superior discharge properties compared to the AM60 alloy, especially at low current density. The discharge products of the AMX602 alloy were dense and thin, and many cracks were observed at all current densities. In addition, the discharge products were detached at some sites. These sites often corresponded to the positions of Al2Ca particles. The comparison of the discharge and corrosion tests indicated that the dense and thin discharge products of AMX602 were easily cracked by dissolution of the Mg matrix around Al2Ca particles, and the cracks promoted the penetration of the electrolyte into the discharge products, retaining the discharge activity. In contrast, concerning the AM60 alloy, thick discharge products were formed on the surface during discharge, and cracking of the discharge products hardly occurred, degrading the discharge properties. Localized and deeply corroded pits that could result from the detachment of metal pieces from the anode during discharge were partly observed in the AM60 alloy. It is suggested that these detached metal pieces are another reason for the low discharge properties of the AM60 alloy.
This paper continues previous work concerning the use of maximum length sequences within parameter estimation for batteries. Using the familiar Randles’ model batteries are examined over typical operational temperatures for variations in readily identifiable equivalent circuit parameters, using previously identified methods [1]. This analysis is used to present characteristics which can be subsequently used to inform the design of an online State-of-Charge (SoC) and State-of-Health (SoH) system for these batteries.
A graphene/silicon (Si) multilayer sandwich structures are fabricated using electron beam (EB) deposition without air exposure. The graphene and Si thin films are formed on Cu current correctors through a continuous process in high-vacuum EB chamber. Synthesized graphene should be suggested to the stacked multiple layer from Raman analysis. The fabricated multilayer films are used as anodes. In the beginning, the half-cell, which used a seven-layer of each thickness 50-nm graphene and Si film, exhibits good specific capacity retention over 1000mAhg−1 after 30 charge/discharge cycles. The capacity value changed with the number of graphene and Si layers. In this study, the number of layers that exhibited optimal properties is seven. Morphological investigation showed a fine layer-by-layer structure. The relationship between different thicknesses of graphene and Si is investigated at 7L. A 100-nm thickness exhibited optimal properties. Finally, the optimal 7L and 100-nm thick graphene/Si exhibited high discharge capacitance >1600mAhg−1 at a current density of 100mAg−1 after 30 cycles. Initial coulombic and reversible efficiencies exceed 84%. The capacity retention (30th/1st discharge value) at 100nm and 7L exceeds 90%. Finally, the soft package battery is assembled by combining the fabricated graphene and Si electrode as anode, LiCoO2 as cathode, separator and liquid electrolyte. It can be used for commercial light-emitting diode (LED) lighting even under bending status.
In order to offer cost-effective options to supersede fossil fuel resources, we developed a research methodology based on techno-economic feasibility analysis. The purpose of this paper is to find off-grid renewable energy solutions, including solar panel, wind turbine and batteries as possible options for zero-emission stand-alone power generation in KhshU Site, a renewable energy laboratory in Iran. The HOMER software, which determines the most cost effective system for a given load by considering incident solar radiation, wind speed, electrical demand profile, and equipment characteristics, was employed. The results revealed that the most economical configuration among different renewable energy systems (RES's) was the PV-battery, which has a total net present cost (NPC) of 8173 US$ and a cost of energy (COE) of 0.546 $/kWh, followed by the hybrid PV/wind/battery. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that raising discount rates could increase the cost of energy while net present cost of the entire system would be reduced in any inflation rate. The analysis also showed that the wind speed variation between 3 and 6 m/s didn't have a considerable effect on NPC and COE.
The purpose of this study was to compare working memory, saliva cortisol hormone, and problem solving skill between students in two different contexts: Open Inquiry and Conventional Learning. The participants were consisted of two classes of 86 10th grade students, from one school during the 0211 academic year. A pretest - posttest control group design was used in the experiment. The tools were consisted of1) salivary cortisol assay 0)The computerized assessment battery test 3)problem solving skill test. The collected data were analyzed by arithmetic mean, sd., t – test, and Hotelling T2. The findings revealed that: after intervention 1) student's saliva cortisol hormone in Open Inquiry group was lower than Conventional group at .05 level of significance 2) student's working memory in Open Inquiry group were higher than students in Conventional group at .05 level of significance, but unable to proof about the difference of student's problem solving ability.
Battery-active materials are routinely evaluated via the electrochemical performance of their composite electrodes which are prepared with standard formulations and routine processing conditions. The relationship between electrochemical responses and formulation variables are not commonly explored, however, and mechanical properties are almost never considered. We therefore offer some quite basic studies of the effects of formulation on these properties for the most common Li-ion chemistry—LiCoO2 particles with PVDF binders, focusing on the effects of porosity and microscopic structure.
Olivine based cathodes with a chemical formula of LiMn1−xMxPO4 (where M = Fe, Ni, Co…) are considered as a potential candidate with their viability of high voltage applications, improved stability against various battery components and ambient conditions. However, the technology for scaling up the material synthesis remains a challenge. Solution combustion method stood forward among the other synthesis methods since it is possible to synthesize large quantities of materials with improved homogeneity and repeatability. In this study, olivine based LiMn1−xCoxPO4@C cathode materials were synthesized by a modified solution combustion method (SC) using glycine as fuel source, and starch as an additional carbon source. X-ray diffraction characterization of all samples suggested a highly crystallized orthorhombic olivine structure. In addition, it confirmed that Co2+ substitutes proportionately the transition metal Mn2+ without structural changes. Electron microscopy and Raman results pointed out the nanometer sized particles with a limited agglomeration and very thin carbon coating was successfully done. Electrochemical results suggested that Co-doping can improves cycling and high-rate capability of the pristine LiMnPO4/C material. Among all doped samples, LiMn0.99Co0.01PO4/C exhibited the best rate capability and cycling stability and the highest initial discharge capacity of 157 mAhg−1 at C/20, with a remarkable coulombic efficiency of about 98.1%, which is higher compared to that of the pristine sample LiMnPO4/C (80.38%). As a potential impact; this work reveals structure–property-process relationships for developing high-voltage cathodes by SC method targeted the best performance.
Bimetallic compound, composed of two different metal elements, has emerged as an important class of electrode system. Amorphous carbon materials are widely used in anodes to reduce the internal resistance of electrodes. Therefore, SnSe bimetallic compound uniformly dispersed in acetylene black as a carbon-support has been fabricated for lithium ion batteries by high energy mechanical milling (HEMM) process under argon atmosphere. The SnSe-C composite retains a reversible capacity of 564 mAh g−1 with a coulombic efficiency of 99.8%, at a current rate of 100 mA g−1 after 50 cycles. In the high rate capability test, the SnSe-C composite exhibits the charge capacity of 530 mAh g−1 at 5000 mA g−1 charge rate. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results indicate that SnSe-C composite shows small increase of surface resistance than that of plain SnSe composite. The enhanced cycle stability of SnSe-C composite can be attributed to the amorphous carbon additive that offers high electrical conductivity as well as a buffer matrix that prevents the volume change during cycling.
An energy management strategy, based on double deep Q-learning algorithm, is proposed for a dual-motor driven hybrid electric tracked-vehicle. Typical model framework of tracked-vehicle is established where the lateral dynamic can be taken into consideration. For the propose of optimizing the fuel consumption performance, a double deep Q-learning-based control structure is put forward. Compared to conventional deep Q-learning, the proposed strategy prevents training process falling into the overoptimistic estimate of policy value and highlights its significant advantages in terms of the iterative convergence rate and optimization performance. Unique observation states are selected as input variables of reinforcement learning algorithm in view of revealing tracked-vehicles characteristic. The conventional deep Q-learning and dynamic programming are also employed and compared with the proposed strategy for different driving schedules. Simulation results demonstrate the fuel economy of proposed methodology achieves 7.1% better than that of conventional deep Q learning-based strategy and reaches 93.2% level of Dynamic programing benchmark. Moreover, the designed algorithm has a good performance in battery SOC retention with different initial values.
Commercial 18650 lithium ion cells containing a blended positive electrode of layered LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 and spinel Li1.1Mn1.9O4 alongside a graphite negative electrode were stored at various depth-of-discharge (DoD) at 60 °C for 1, 2, 4, and 6 months. After storage, the cells were cycled at C/25 at 25 °C between 2.75 and 4.2 V for capacity determination and incremental capacity analysis (ICA). In addition to ICA analysis, the mechanism for capacity fade was investigated by combining the results of neutron powder diffraction under in-situ and operando conditions, in conjunction with post-mortem studies of the electrodes using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Among the cells, those stored at 25% DoD suffered the highest capacity fade due to their higher losses of active Li, NMC, and LMO than cells stored at other DoD. The cells stored at 0% DoD shows second high capacity fade because they exhibit the highest of active LMO and graphite anode among the stored cells and higher losses of active Li and NMC than cells stored at 50% DoD.
Here, a model redox-active electrolyte (RAE) is fully characterized in terms of its transport properties, and subsequent flow cell polarization experiments enable extraction of mass-transfer coefficients. Specifically, experimental manipulation of flow rate and electrolyte viscosity are coupled with a 1-D polarization model in a flow cell to quantify the mass-transfer coefficients as a function of these material and operating parameters. Both flow-through and interdigitated flow fields are used to develop dimensionless correlations that describe mass-transfer rates as a function of RAE properties. Experimental results and fitted model parameters illustrate and quantify the changes in limiting current and mass-transfer coefficient as a function of electrolyte velocity and viscosity. The resulting power-law correlations for the Sherwood (Sh) number, in terms of the Péclet (Pe) and Schmidt (Sc) numbers, are S h = 0.0040 P e 0.75 S c − 0.24 and S h = 0.018 P e 0.68 S c − 0.18 for the flow-through and interdigitated flow fields, respectively. These correlations provide quantitative estimates of mass-transfer coefficients within high-performance flow cell architectures as a function of geometry and RAE properties, enabling front-end screening in future RAE development campaigns, as well as performance benchmarking for potential redox flow batteries (RFBs).
Diminished expressivity is a characteristic feature of schizophrenia-spectrum pathology. However, attempts to elucidate the neurobiological underpinnings of diminished expressivity have yielded limited information. The present study posited that diminished expressivity was associated with a right, but not left-hemispheric dysfunction. Diminished expressivity was measured in separate groups of controls and psychometrically-identified individuals with schizotypic traits using 1) acoustic analysis of natural speech during a controlled laboratory procedure, and 2) self-report of expressivity. A state measure of emotional experience was also employed. For the most part, the schizotypy and control groups performed similarly on the neurocognitive measures. Within the schizotypy group diminished expressivity, measured using acoustic analysis, was significantly correlated with right hemispheric but not left hemispheric deficits. Conversely, the self-report measures of emotional expressivity and experience were relatively unrelated to the neurocognitive measures. These results highlight the role of the right hemisphere in diminished expressivity and support the use of acoustic analysis of speech as a sensitive means for researching diminished expressivity. The discussion focuses on placing the present findings in the larger context of understanding the neuropathology of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
Negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries generally consist of graphite-based active materials. In order to realize batteries with a high current density and therefore accelerated charging processes, the intercalation of lithium and the diffusion processes of these carbonaceous materials must be understood. In this paper, we visualized the electrochemical active surface area for three different anode materials using a novel OsO4 staining method in combination with scanning electron microscopy techniques. The diffusion behavior of these three anode materials is investigated by potentiostatic intermittent titration technique measurements. From those we determine the diffusion coefficient with and without consideration of the electrochemical active surface area.
While cetaceans have been extensively studied around the world, nocturnal movements and habitat use have been largely unaddressed for most populations. We used satellite telemetry to examine the nocturnal movements and habitat use of four bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from a well-studied population in a complex estuary along the east coast of Florida. This also enabled us to explore the utility of satellite tracking on an apex predator within a very narrow and convoluted ecosystem. Our objectives were to evaluate (1) nocturnal home ranges and how individual dolphins moved within them, (2) nocturnal utilization of habitats surrounding ocean inlets, (3) nocturnal movements outside of the population’s known range (i.e., the study area), and (4) nocturnal use of select environmental variables.
Colloidal hierarchical self-assembled Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O hollow spheres were synthesized using a facile hydrothermal synthesis route without using PS hollow sphere template. Powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) of the obtained Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O sample demonstrated that the sample well-indexed to the monoclinic phase with high purity and well crystallinity. Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) of the sample proved hydrophilicity of the as-synthesized sample. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated that the product consist of a large amount of the colloidal hierarchical Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O hollow spheres with a mean diameter of about 2–4 µm, in which an individual self-assembled spherical structure was composed of a large number of the 50–90 nm nanoparticles. The optical properties of the sample was studied by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) and emission/excitation spectra analyses (PL). The results showed that the sample has photo absorption ability in the visible region and an energy band-gap of 2.44 eV was estimated from UV–Vis absorption spectrum. Also, the as-prepared nanostructures has a very red-shifted PL emissions with high intensity under the excitation wavelength of 237 nm in their photoluminescence spectra.
As compared to traditional batteries, solid state nano-energy batteries have a higher voltage and a wider potential range. In addition, they possess unique characteristics such as high specific capacity, high energy density, fast charging and discharging, explaining why they are considered the reliable energy batteries for electric vehicles. Since these batteries are capable of achieving larger capacity and longer life through nanotechnology, they are prospective in the field of renewable and sustainable energy for electric vehicles. This Review comprehensively summaries and discusses the work of new structural models, size effect and energy system design of solid state batteries. It also analyzes the main challenges and battery’s industrial potential for electric vehicles, focusing on the compatibility between solid state electrolyte and battery electrode. With respects to the life span, power density and energy capacity, this Review indicates the prospects of solid state batteries, combines design with application and outlines the research direction of the technologies.
Sn4+-doped FeS2 cubes with high yield thin films have been successfully synthesized on FTO glass through a simple hydrothermal process. The Sn4+-doped FeS2 cubes are single crystalline in cubic structure with (200) facet as the main exposed surface. The formation process was investigated. Sn2+ was found to play an important role during the formation process of FeS2 growing on FTO glass. The direct optical band gap value can be estimated to be 1.71eV which is much larger than that of bulk FeS2 due to the Sn4+ doping. The photoelectrochemical properties of the Sn4+-doped FeS2 films were studied as well. There is a significant increase in photocurrent of Sn4+-doped FeS2 electrode compared to that of undoped sample.
Background Pediatric heart transplant recipients exhibit cognitive delays, as evident in assessments of their general intelligence. Less is known about their specific neurocognitive impairments. Methods All 19 children in Finland aged 6 to 16 years who had undergone heart transplantation (HTx) participated. Of these, 12 (63%) had cardiomyopathy (CM) and 7 (37%) had congenital heart disease (CHD). They were assessed on average 5.5 (SD, 3.6) years post-operatively at a mean age of 12.0 (SD, 3.1) years. A standardized test of intelligence (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children [WISC]-III), a neuropsychological test battery (NEPSY-II), and a parental developmental questionnaire (FTF) were administered. The neuropsychological test profile of the HTx group was compared with that of a matched control group. Results HTx children had a lower mean Performance Intelligence Quotient (PIQ; 82.2, p = 0.001) and Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ; 85.6, p = 0.004) compared with population norms. HTx children scored generally lower than the control group on the neuropsychological tests (p = 0.002). Seven patients with pre-HTx neurologic sequelae (n = 6) or extreme prematurity (n = 1) had lower mean FSIQ (72.1) than did children without major pre-HTx risk factors (93.5, p = 0.012). The latter group scored below average on only 1 of 6 WISC-III sub-tests and 2 of 10 NEPSY-II sub-tests, all measuring visuoconstructional performance. Conclusions Children without major neurologic risk factors pre-HTx may have normal general intelligence after HTx but deficits in the visuoconstructional domain.
Nominal Na0.6(Li0.2Mn0.8)O2 with the layered P3 structure (s.g. R3m) showed XPS evidence of holes in the O-2p bands on removal of Na+ ions. A large voltage plateau at 4.1 V versus Na+/Na faded significantly over 50 cycles although the capacity in the range 20 ≤ V < 4.5 V remained unchanged. Oxidation of the O-2p bands is not reversible.