batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The vanadium redox flow battery is a promising technology for buffering renewable energies. It is recognized that negative electrode is the limitation in this device where there are problems of slow heterogeneous electron transfer (HET) of V3+/2+ and parasitic H2 evolution. Any methods aimed at addressing one of these barriers must assess the effects on the other. We examine electrochemical enhancement of a common commercially available material. Treatment of Panasonic pyrolytic graphite sheets is through oxidation at 2.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl for 1 min in 1 M H2SO4. This increases the standard HET rate for V3+/2+ from 3.2 × 10−7 to 1 × 10−3 cm/s, one of the highest in literature and shifts voltammetric reductive peak potential from −1.0 V to −0.65 V in 50 mM V3+ in 1 M H2SO4. Infrared analysis of the surfaces indicates formation of COH, CO, and CO functionalities. These groups catalyze HET with V3+/2+ as hypothesized by Skyllas-Kasacos. Also of significance is that electrode modification decreases the fraction of the current directed towards H2 evolution. This proportion decreases by two orders of a magnitude from 12% to 0.1% as measured at the respective voltammetric peak potentials of −1.0 V (pristine) and −0.65 V (modified).
Hollow graphitic carbon spheres (HGCSs) with a high surface area are produced by the carbonization of hollow polymer spheres obtained by the polymerization of core/shell-structured pyrrole micelles. HGCSs are employed as a carbon support material in a direct methanol fuel cell catalyst, and their effect on the electrocatalytic activity toward methanol oxidation is investigated. Pt catalyst supported on HGCSs shows a better electrocatalytic activity compared to that on Vulcan XC-72, which has been commonly used in fuel cell catalysts. The observed enhancement in the electrocatalytic activity is attributed to the improved electronic conductivity and high surface area of HGCSs.
Sodium orthosilicates Na2 MSiO4 (M denotes transition metals) have attracted much attention due to the possibility of exchanging two electrons per formula unit. In this work, we report a group of sodium iron orthosilicates Na2FeSiO4. Their crystal structures are characterized by a diamond-like Fe-Si network. The Fe-Si network is quite robust against the charge/discharge process, which explains the high structural stability observed in experiment. Using the density functional theory within the GGA+U framework and X-ray diffraction studies, the crystal structures and structural stabilities during the sodium extraction/re-insertion process are systematically investigated.
Indium oxide (In2O3) coating on Pt, as an electrode of thin film lithium battery was carried out by using cathodic electrochemical synthesis in In2(SO4)3 aqueous solution and subsequently annealing at 400°C. The coated specimens were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for chemical bonding, X-ray diffraction (XRD) for crystal structure, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology, cyclic voltammetry (CV) for electrochemical properties, and charging/discharging test for capacity variations. The In2O3 coating film composed of nano-sized particles about 40nm revealing porous structure was used as the anode of a lithium battery. During discharging, six lithium ions were firstly reacted with In2O3 to form Li2O and In, and finally the Li4.33In phase was formed between 0.7 and 0.2V, revealing the finer particles size about 15nm. The reverse reaction was a removal of Li+ from Li4.33In phase at different oxidative potentials, and the rates of which were controlled by the thermodynamics state initially and diffusion rate finally. Therefore, the total capacity was increased with decreasing current density. However, the cell delivering a stable and reversible capacity of 195mAhg−1 between 1.2 and 0.2V at 50μAcm−2 may provide a choice of negative electrode applied in thin film lithium batteries.
The recent evolution of the Internet of Things into a cyber-physical reality has spawned various challenges from a data management perspective. In addition, IoT platform designers are faced with another set of questions. How can platforms be extended to smoothly integrate new data management functionalities? Currently, data processing related tasks are typically realized by manually developed code and functions which creates difficulties in maintenance and growth. Hence we need to explore other approaches to integration for IoT platforms. In this paper we cover both these aspects: (1) we explore several emerging data management challenges, and (2) we propose an IoT platform integration model that can combine disparate functionalities under one roof. For the first, we focus on the following challenges: sensor data quality, privacy in data streams, machine learning model management, and resource-aware data management. For the second, we propose an information-integration model for IoT platforms. The model revolves around the concept of a Data-Sharing Market where data management functionalities can share and exchange information about their data with other functionalities. In addition, data-sharing markets themselves can be combined into networks of markets where information flows from one market to another, which creates a web of information exchange about data resources. To motivate this work we present a use-case application in smart cities.
The electrochemical stability of various current collector materials such as Si, Pt, 304 stainless steel, Ti, Al exposed to the most common lithium-ion electrolyte salts (LiPF6, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiTFSI, LiClO4) have been herein investigated. For applied potentials greater than 3V, the acidic fluorine-based electrolytes were shown to be the most corrosive. Consequently, aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes (1M LiNO3/H2O vs. 1M LiClO4/EC-DMC) were successfully applied to study the electrochemical properties of C-free LiFePO4 thin films whose redox potential is near 3.5V vs. Li+/Li0. Using aqueous electrolyte has resulted in a lowering of both cell resistance and interfacial charge transfer resistance by almost one order of magnitude, hence enabling to considerably increase the electrochemical capacity of our LiFePO4 thin films. Besides, we unravel the importance of the mechanical strains at the substrate/LiFePO4 thin film interface on the film textural, structural modification and electrochemical stability upon cycling.
A novel kind of microsized nest-like LiFePO4/C architectures was synthesized by solvothermal method using inexpensive and stable Fe3+ salt as iron source and ethylene glycol as mediate. A layer of carbon could be coated directly on the surface of LiFePO4 crystals and the nest-like unique structures offer the cathode materials with high reversible capacity, excellent cycling stability and high rate performance. The reversible capacity can maintain 159mAhg−1 at 0.1C and 120mAhg−1 at 10C.
Magnetic skyrmions are topological objects that have been recently extensively studied for their particular characteristics and a view to be used in spintronics devices. The authors present a Small Angle Neutron Scattering study of the deformation of magnetic skyrmion lattice propelled by an electric current and find that the skyrmions experience frictional movement at the edges of their sample providing better understanding of the motion of skyrmions.
Integration of Distributed Renewable Generation (DRG) to the future Smart Grid (SG) is one of the important considerations that is highly prioritized in the SG development roadmap by most of the countries including Malaysia. The plausible way of this integration is the enhancement of information and bidirectional communication infrastructure for energy monitoring and controlling facilities. However, urgency of data delivery through maintaining critical time condition is not crucial in these facilities. In this paper, we have surveyed state-of-the-art protocols for different Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with the aim of realizing communication infrastructure for DRG in Malaysia. Based on the analytical results from surveys, data communication for DRG should be efficient, flexible, reliable, cost effective, and secured. To meet this achievement, IEEE802.15.4 supported ZigBee PRO protocol together with sensors and embedded system is shown as Wireless Sensor (WS) for DRG bidirectional network with prospect of attaining data monitoring facilities. The prospect towards utilizing ZigBee PRO protocol can be a cost effective option for full integration of intelligent DRG and small scale Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV)/Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) under SG roadmap (Phase4: 2016–2017) conducted by Malaysia national utility company, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). Moreover, we have provided a direction to utilize the effectiveness of ZigBee-WS network with the existing optical communication backbone for data importing from the end DRG site to the TNB control center. A comparative study is carried out among developing countries on recent trends of SG progress which reveals that some common projects like smart metering and DRG integration are on priority.
Abstract Thermoelectric (TE) is able to transform heat into useful energy, and early investigations on TE materials have mainly been focused on inorganic materials, but the high processing cost and low manufacturability restrict the wide applications. Polymers-based materials are promising alternatives for TE uses due to their relatively low cost, good processability and reasonable malleability. This chapter is to provide a comprehensive summary of a variety of conducting polymers-based TE materials including poly(acetylene), PEDOT, poly(thiophene), poly(aniline), poly(pyrrole), and poly(carbazole). Conducting polymer-inorganic TE composites and carbon-based nanostructures/polymer TE nanocomposites are also summarized.
The relation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to other forms of psychopathology is complex as diagnostic criteria include symptoms of both mood- and anxiety-related conditions. Drawing from Watson’s (2009) quadripartite model of comorbidity, the current study examined (a) the association of PTSD symptom dimensions with indices of generalized distress, (b) the specificity of PTSD symptom dimensions for core aspects of anxiety and depression, and (c) the unique associations of symptom dimensions with markers of positive emotionality, somatic arousal, generalized distress, and cumulative trauma history. Confirmatory analyses were used to model symptom dimensions in help-seeking survivors of intimate partner violence (N = 238; 51.7% White/Non-Hispanic). Latent markers of positive emotionality, somatic arousal, and generalized distress were also estimated. A 3-factor version of the Simms et al. (2002) Dysphoria model was identified as a preferred solution, with Intrusion and Avoidance criteria collapsed on a common dimension. Analyses revealed moderate correlations of generalized distress with Intrusion-Avoidance, Dysphoria, and Hyperarousal dimensions (r = .30–.38). Intrusion-Avoidance and Hyperarousal factors evidenced specificity for the core aspects of anxiety while Dysphoria demonstrated an association with the characteristic features of depression when controlling for nonspecific distress. Hyperarousal was the only symptom dimension holding a unique association with cumulative trauma controlling for somatic arousal, positive emotionality, and generalized distress. Results offer preliminary support for the specificity of core dimensions of PTSD above and beyond the influence of nonspecific distress.
This study investigates the influence of tab position and quantity as well as multi-segment electrodes in cell design for the performance of an 18650 power-oriented lithium-ion cell. The resistances of cells with traditional and center-tab designs are simulated by a simplified model. It shows that tab position significantly influences the cell resistance even when other components in the cell are fixed. The performances of both center-tab and traditional designs are compared by the cell direct-current resistance (DCR), body temperature, and 15A cycling test to demonstrate the impact of cell design. The multi-tab design also shows better performance than the single-tab design for power cells; however there are diminishing returns for cells with three or more tabs as the additional tabs do not significantly reduce the cell resistance. The two-tab design is concluded to be the best choice for an 18650 power cell considering the process ability and overall high-rate performance. The difference in the waste power between the center-tab and the traditional designs, which is transformed into heat, is the main reason for the poor high-rate cycling performance as expected. Such modeling provides a quick design reference for a power cell with new size to get the most suitable electrode design.
The design of electrodes for the electrochemical energy storage devices, particularly Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and Supercapacitors (SCs), has extraordinary importance in optimization of electrochemical performance. Regardless of the materials used, the architecture of electrodes is crucial for charge transport efficiency and electrochemical interactions. This report provides a critical review of the prototype architectural design and micro- and nano-material properties designated to electrodes of LIBs and SCs. An alternative classification criterion is proposed that divides reported hierarchical architectures into two categories: aligned and unaligned structures. The structures were evaluated and it was found that the aligned architectures are superior to the unaligned in the following characteristics: 1) highly-organized charger pathways, 2) tunable interspaces between architecture units, and 3) good electric-contacted current collectors prepared along with electrodes. Based on these findings, challenges and potential routes to resolve those are provided for future development.
Objective To investigate the effect of ramelteon on sleep and daytime functioning among individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design A double-blind, placebo-controlled study with a crossover design. Setting A research facility attached to an acute rehabilitation hospital. Participants Individuals with TBI (N=13) complaining of sleep difficulties with a Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score >5. Interventions A nightly dosage of ramelteon (8mg) was given over a period of 3 weeks. Main Outcome Measures An actigraph and a daily sleep log were used to measure sleep/wake patterns. Daytime functioning was measured after 3 weeks of treatment using a computer-administrated neuropsychological test battery in conjunction with subjective questionnaires measuring mood, daytime sleepiness, and fatigue. Results A significant increase in objectively measured total sleep time and a small increase in sleep latency were observed after 3 weeks of treatment compared with placebo. Treatment also showed a significant increase in standardized neuropsychological test scores, with a particular improvement on an index of executive functioning. Conclusions Preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of 8mg of ramelteon taken nightly over a 3-week period was found in the treatment of sleep difficulties among individuals with TBI. Improvements in total sleep time and some aspects of cognitive functioning are discussed.
Multilayered porous ultralong LiMn2O4 nanorods with a length of 30 μm, a diameter of 900 nm have been synthesized by using the ultralong γ-MnOOH as a self-sacrifice template, which is involved in the dissolution, regrowth and self-assembly process. Galvanostatic charge and discharge measurements show that the multilayered porous ultralong LiMn2O4 nanorods exhibit superior rate, specific capacity, long cycle stability and excellent high temperature performance. It delivers an initial charge and discharge specific capacity of 137.5 mAh g−1 and 134 mAh g−1 at 0.2C rate. Importantly, the multilayered porous ultralong nanorod structures are well preserved after prolonged charge and discharge cycling (1000 cycles) at a relatively high rate of 2C, 3C and 5C, demonstrating the excellent structural stability of the as-synthesized LiMn2O4, as is confirmed from scanning electron microscope images after several hundred cycles. Moreover, even at an extremely high rate of 50C, it still delivers a capacity of 75.4 mAh g−1. The long cycle life, excellent high temperature and superior rate, and specific capacity performance are attributed to its ultralong and one-dimensional porous nanostructure, respectively.
Mesoporous Cr2O3 with a high specific surface area of 162 m2 g−1 is prepared by the solution combustion method. The mesoporous Cr2O3 has a sheet structure, which consists of nanoparticles with an average size of 20nm. As an anode electrode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, the mesoporous Cr2O3 nanoparticles display enhanced electrochemical performance. Stable and reversible capacity of 480mA h g−1 after 55 cycles is demonstrated. The enhanced electrochemical performance of the Cr2O3 can be attributed to the high surface area and morphological characteristics of mesoporous materials.
Several customers of Xradia, Inc. have used VersaXRM 3-D x-ray microscopes to achieve groundbreaking research results not previously possible in their labs. The VersaXRM family has introduced unprecedented resolution for 3-D nondestructive imaging at high contrast into laboratory environments, enabling synchrotron-quality research for a broad range of applications.
The International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT) meets every four years to seek consensus on difficult or conflicting approaches to genotoxicity testing based upon experience, available data, and analysis techniques. At the 2017 IWGT meeting in Tokyo, one working group addressed the sensitivity and selectivity of the bacterial strains specified in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline TG471 to recommend possible modification of the test guideline. Three questions were posed: (1) Although TA100 is derived from TA1535, does TA1535 detect any mutagens that are not detected by TA100? (2) Among the options of Salmonella TA1537, TA97 or TA97a, are these strains truly equivalent? (3) Because there is a choice to use one of either E. coli WP2 uvrA, E. coli WP2 uvrA pKM101, or Salmonella TA102, are these strains truly equivalent? To answer these questions, we analyzed published bacterial mutation data in multiple strains from large (>10,000 compound) databases from Leadscope and Lhasa Limited and anonymized data for 53 compounds tested in TA1535 and TA100 provided by a pharmaceutical company. Our analysis involved (1) defining criteria for determining selective responses when using different strains; (2) identifying compounds producing selective responses based upon author calls; (3) confirming selective responses by visually examining dose-response data and considering experimental conditions; (4) using statistical methods to quantify the responses; (5) performing limited additional direct-comparison testing; and (6) determining the chemical classes producing selective responses. We found that few mutagens would fail to be detected if the test battery did not include Salmonella strains TA1535 (8/1167), TA1537 (2/247), TA102 (4/46), and E. coli WP2 uvrA (2/21). Of the mutagens detected by the full TG471 strain battery, 93% were detected using only strains TA98 and TA100; consideration of results from in vitro genotoxicity assays that detect clastogenicity increased this to 99%.
The ever-growing need for next-generation rechargeable batteries with high energy density, long lifetime, high safety and affordable price calls for advanced electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as well as the development of alternative energy storage systems based on abundant resources such as sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), potassium-ion batteries (KIBs), and magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs). Among various electrode materials, tin-based materials, including oxides, sulfides, alloys, stannates, and phosphides, attract substantial attentions since they can electrochemically react with lithium ions, as well as sodium ions, potassium ions and magnesium ions. The mechanisms for the storage of these alkali (earth) ions in tin-based materials have similarities, such as forming alloys (intermetallics) with tin. Meanwhile, the energy storage mechanism of a certain tin-based material may vary significantly from one battery system to another, resulting in considerable differences in electrochemical properties. In particular, findings associated with energy storage mechanisms are summarized and discussed. The effects of particle morphologies, micro/nanostructures and the integration with carbonaceous matrices on the electrochemical performances are summarized, and various innovative designs of novel three-dimensional architectures are highlighted. In addition, the remaining challenges and future perspectives of the development of tin-based materials for alkali (earth)-ion batteries are presented.
As well as the technical design criteria, the performance of a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system depends on other variables, such as the solar radiation distribution and load profile. Different load profiles are encountered in stand-alone PV applications. Load profiles may vary from 24-h constant to only nighttime or oppositely only daytime load profiles. This article presents results of system performance simulations for analysing the effect of different load profiles on the system performance. The load demand used in this article is appropriate for an average residential application with an average 9.4kWh of daily energy demand. The loss-of-load probability (LLP) of the PV system is simulated for five different weekly load profiles and the results are examined based on techno-economic parameters, including the total system cost or alternatively the cost of electricity per kWh for a 20-year system lifetime. The results are drawn based on 1-year long hourly time-series solar radiation and ambient temperature data.
ABSTRACT A nanocomposite for supercapacitor electrode materials was designed and developed by integrating partially disabled Cu2O (low specific capacity, but high cycling ability) and Ni(OH)2 (low cyclability and high specific capacity) in the presence of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets. Nanocomposite of Cu2O/RGO/Ni(OH)2 was directly grown on nickel foam (NF) through a facile one-pot hydrothermal process without any other reductant or oxidant, in which nickel foam acted as both a reductant of GO and Ni source, and a substrate for nanocomposite. The resultant Cu2O/RGO/Ni(OH)2 nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical performance of the as-synthesized Cu2O/RGO/Ni(OH)2/NF electrodes were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS) in 6molL−1 KOH aqueous solution. This Cu2O/RGO/Ni(OH)2 nanocomposite exhibits superior capacitive performance: high capability (3969.3mFcm−2 at 30mAcm−2, i.e., 923.1Fg−1 at 7.0Ag−1), excellent cycling stability (92.4% retention even after 4,000 cycles, for RGO/Ni(OH)2/NF, 92.3% after 1,000 cycles), and good rate capacitance (50.3% capacity remaining at 200mAcm−2).