batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Considerable attention has been paid to sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) for large-scale energy storage due to low cost and abundant Na source. Phosphorus (P) is proposed as a high-capacity SIB anode material with theoretical capacity of 2596mAhg−1. However, the large volume expansion of P during sodiation brings about a series of challenges, including rapid capacity decay and slow ion transport. In this work, we develop an amorphous P (αP) anode material with cubic boron nitride (c-BN) as a mechanical skeleton wrapped by nanoporous graphene (pGra) networks, which can combine synergistically the advantages of pGra and c-BN, and hence simultaneously solve the challenges for the P-based anodes. The rigid nature of c-BN is effective to suppress the severe volume expansion during P sodiation process, while the porous network of pGra serves as transport channel for electrons and ions, offering short pathways for large-radii Na + ions diffusion. The αP/c-BN/pGra composite anode shows excellent cyclability with a stable specific capacity of ∼1000mAhg−1 and ∼90% capacity retention after 100 cycles at a specific current of 50mAg−1. The rigid c-BN and flexible pGra provides a promising pathway for developing high performance alloy-based materials for low-cost SIBs.
The authors present a new model for the ageing of a lead-acid battery which is based on the initial model of Shepherd. The proposed model allows to predict temporal variations of the Shepherd coefficients and to control the deterioration of the battery parameters and performances. The model validation has been realised by the recursive least square (RLS) algorithm by using long-term measurements under several solicitations. This study will improve the storage section of stand-alone photovoltaic systems and reduce overloads and deep discharges.
With age and cycling, batteries used in Electric Vehicles (EVs) will reach a point in which they will no longer be suitable for electric mobility; however, they still can be used in stationary energy storage. This article aims at assessing the Life-Cycle (LC) environmental impacts associated with the use of a battery in an EV and secondly, at assessing the LC environmental impacts/benefits of using a battery, no longer suitable for electric mobility, for energy storage in a household. Three electricity mixes with different shares of renewable, nuclear and fossil energy sources are considered. For the primary battery use, three in-vehicle use scenarios are assessed, addressing three different driving profiles. For the secondary use, two scenarios of energy storage strategies are analyzed: peak shaving and load shifting. Results show that a light use of the battery in the EV has 42–50% less impacts per km than an intensive use. After its use in the vehicle, the battery life can be extended by 1.8–3.3 years; however, this is not always beneficial from an environmental point of view, since the impacts are strongly dependent on the electricity generation mix and on the additional efficiency losses in the battery.
Renewable energy – mainly solar power – is expected to be increasingly rapidly integrated into future electricity systems in Japan especially after the Fukushima Nuclear Accident. On the other hand, one of the most crucial elements of future electricity systems will be the capability for “smart” controls on both supply and demand sides to perform under real-time dynamics. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to evaluate the impacts of integrating PV power into future electricity system with electric vehicles (EVs) and heat pumps (HPs) under smart control strategies in Kansai Area, Japan through scenario analysis. The analysis was conducted using a model that is organized into an input–output framework, and actualized using an hour-by-hour computer simulation to derive a real-time supply-demand balance. Electricity system scenarios with different penetration levels of PV power, EV and HP were obtained. The scenario results show that EV and HP are helpful for integrating more PV power by absorbing excess electricity in future smart electricity systems, and the high level penetration of PV power can reduce CO2 emission greatly and effectively. One million EVs and one million HPs can reduce excess electricity by 3TWh which is 2% of total electricity, and 30GWp PV can reduce a maximum of 11.6 million tonnes CO2 emissions which are 43% of total CO2 emissions. Finally, the annual and monthly operation patterns of EV and HP are also uncovered in different solar irradiation and temperature situations.
SnO2 with high theoretical capacity has long suffered from its instinct large volume variation and low electrical transport linked to poor cycling stability and rate performance. Here we present the heterogeneous branched core–shell SnO2–PANI nanorod arrays which have been successfully designed and fabricated by an efficient and facile hydrothermal treatment followed by electrodeposition. The heterogeneous core–shell SnO2–PANI nanorod arrays exhibit a high reversible capacity of 506mAh/g after 100 cycles, resulting the capacity fading of 0.579% per cycle between 20 and 100 cycles, much lower than that of nanosheet-assembled hierarchal SnO2–PANI nanorod arrays (1.150%) and bare SnO2 nanorod arrays (1.151%). At high current density of 3000mA/g, heterogeneous core–shell SnO2–PANI nanorod arrays maintain a capacity of 660mAh/g after the current density returns to 100mA/g, 3 times as high as that of nanosheet-assembled hierarchal SnO2–PANI nanorod arrays (206mAh/g) and 6 times as high as that of bare SnO2 nanorod (124mAh/g). The enhanced electrochemical performance can be attributed to the branched conductive PANI shells, which not only release the stress of volume expansion and maintain mechanical integrity during cycling, but also realize three dimensional transport for electrons. Our work demonstrates a great potential for the application of heterogeneous branched core–shell PANI–SnO2 nanorod arrays for lithium batteries.
State of Health (SOH) is a critical index for a Sealed Lead-Acid (SLA) battery diagnostic which provides the information about battery replacement and aging effects. SOH is a complex function of chemical parameters of a battery such as stratification in electrolyte, electrode structure (sulfation and hard sulfation) in addition to electrical parameters of a battery. This paper describes a method of online determination of stratification, electrode structure, electrode polarization and current profile within the battery under the influence of a magnetic field. An AC magnetic field is used as a noninvasive tool during battery cycles. An induced emf in a secondary coil (SCV) is used as a measure of change in the magnetic field. The H+ proton density varies with change in sulfuric acid (electrolyte) concentration during battery cycles. The magnetic flux lines are affected by the density of H+ protons whose magnetic dipole moments try to align along the magnetic flux lines. The stratification is seen by a 12% decrease in magnetic flux linking from the top to the bottom of the electrolyte in a battery. Additional experimental results demonstrate the variation in magnetic flux linking which correlates with current profile across the electrode and electrode structure.
The Psychosis Proneness Scales developed by the Chapmans and colleagues [Chapman, J.P., Chapman, L.J., Kwapil, T.R. Scales for the measurement of schizotypy. In: Raine., A., Lencz, T., Mednick, S.A., (Eds.). Schizotypal Personality. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. pp. 79–109] are widely used to identify non-patient individuals who are hypothesized to possess heightened vulnerability to schizophrenia and related psychopathology. Yet surprisingly little is known about whether schizophrenia patients themselves show abnormalities on these scales across different clinical states, as would be expected for vulnerability indicators. Scores on four of the Psychosis Proneness Scales were evaluated at three assessment points over a 15-month period in healthy controls (n =54) and in recent-onset schizophrenia patients (n =72) who experienced symptom fluctuations across assessments. Patients showed steady elevations on the Physical Anhedonia Scale across time and clinical state, consistent with a stable vulnerability indicator. Patients had higher scores on the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation Scales than controls throughout the follow-up period but scores also changed across clinical states, consistent with a mediating vulnerability indicator. Patients had higher scores on the Impulsive Non-Conformity Scale than controls only during a psychotic state, reflecting an episode indicator. The longitudinal characteristics of these scales in people who are actually diagnosed with schizophrenia provide key evidence for the validity of three commonly used psychometric indicators of vulnerability to psychosis.
The Marcus–Hush–Chidsey (MHC) model is well known in electro-analytical chemistry as a successful microscopic theory of outer-sphere electron transfer at metal electrodes, but it is unfamiliar and rarely used in electrochemical engineering. One reason may be the difficulty of evaluating the MHC reaction rate, which is defined as an improper integral of the Marcus rate over the Fermi distribution of electron energies. Here, we report a simple analytical approximation of the MHC integral that interpolates between exact asymptotic limits for large overpotentials, as well as for large or small reorganization energies, and exhibits less than 5% relative error for all reasonable parameter values. This result enables the MHC model to be considered as a practical alternative to the ubiquitous Butler–Volmer equation for improved understanding and engineering of electrochemical systems.
The thermal conductivity of supercapacitor film electrodes composed of activated carbon (AC), AC with 15 mass% multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), AC with 15 mass% onion-like carbon (OLC), and only OLC, all mixed with polymer binder (polytetrafluoroethylene), has been measured. This was done for dry electrodes and after the electrodes have been saturated with an organic electrolyte (1 M tetraethylammonium–tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile, TEA–BF4). The thermal conductivity data was implemented in a simple model of generation and transport of heat in a cylindrical cell supercapacitor systems. Dry electrodes showed a thermal conductivity in the range of 0.09–0.19 W K−1 m−1 and the electrodes soaked with an organic electrolyte yielded values for the thermal conductivity between 0.42 and 0.47 W K−1 m−1. It was seen that the values related strongly to the porosity of the carbon electrode materials. Modeling of the internal temperature profiles of a supercapacitor under conditions corresponding to extreme cycling demonstrated that only a moderate temperature gradient of several degrees Celsius can be expected and which depends on the ohmic resistance of the cell as well as the wetting of the electrode materials.
The stability of current methods of complexity measurement are generally Inefficient. In this study, multifractal spectra (MFS) analysis, which depends on empirical mode decomposition detrended fluctuation analysis (EMD–DFA), was used to measure the complexity of the monthly precipitation series from 1964 to 2013 (50 years) of 11 districts in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China. By comparing the anti-noise capability of MFS–EMD–DFA with that of conventional complexity measurement approaches, such as sample entropy, Lempel–Ziv complexity, and approx mate entropy, it was established that MFS–EMD–DFA has greater robustness in anti-noise jamming, and thus it could be applied more widely. The precipitation series complexity strength map of the 11 regions was drawn using a geographical information system. This study analyzed the correlation between precipitation and some meteorological factors and then ranked their strengths. The results showed that many meteorological factors have strong connections with the regional precipitation series in the study area. This study provided a solid foundation for further extraction of hydrological information in Harbin and proposed a new method for complexity analysis. The novel MFS–EMD–DFA approach could also be applied to the analysis of multifractal characteristics as well as complexity measurement in various other disciplines.
The current distribution of lithium-ion batteries connected in parallel is asymmetric. This influences the performance of battery modules and packs. The ratio of asymmetry depends on the differences between the battery cell parameters and the dynamics of the load profile. This detailed simulative study varies both of these factors and shows the influences on current and charge throughput. The cell parameters are based on real-world effects caused by production and operation. Differences in impedance generate higher current deltas and charge throughput differences compared to capacity differences due to manufacturing fluctuations. The simulation model in this study uses mainly a linear open circuit voltage (OCV) so that the results are not influenced by nonlinearities. A subsequent analysis uses a defined nonlinearity in the OCV to show its impact on the current distribution. The results show that the temporary difference in current caused by the nonlinearity of the OCV exceeds the effect of the chosen parameter differences. Finally, a comparison of the different cell dimensioning shows that high-energy (HE) cells display an inert behaviour with respect to current asymmetry. High-power (HP) cells are more dynamic. This means that impedance differences have a greater influence on HE and capacity differences on HP cells.
Prenatal exposure to infection and/or inflammation is increasingly recognized to play an important role in neurodevelopmental brain disorders. It has recently been postulated that prenatal immune activation, especially when occurring during late gestational stages, may also induce pathological brain aging via sustained effects on systemic and central inflammation. Here, we tested this hypothesis using an established mouse model of exposure to viral-like immune activation in late pregnancy.
A hybrid passive control device (HPCD) consisting of a high-damping rubber (HDR) damper in series with a buckling-restrained brace (BRB) provides an innovative two-phase system for improving structural response to earthquakes. The initial phase provides damping for all magnitudes of vibration through an HDR damper. The second phase is initiated by a locking mechanism in the damper. Once engaged, the mechanism transfers sufficient force to yield the BRB. Component testing of an HPCD prototype was used to demonstrate performance and validate device design. The experimental results reported in this paper show the expected phased behavior and energy dissipation. The physical testing provides a proof-of-concept for the HPCD and supplies the motivation for further development.
In this paper the optimal operation scheduling of a microgrid laboratory system consisting of a wind turbine, a solar unit, a fuel cell and two storage battery banks is formulated as an optimization problem. The proposed optimization algorithm considers the minimization of active power losses. Due to this type of variable, the problem is formulated as a Mixed-Integer Quadratic Programming model (MIQP) and solved by a deterministic optimization technique implemented in General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). This algorithm has been used as Virtual Power Producer (VPP) software to operate the generation units and storage system, assuring a global functioning of all equipment efficiently, taking into account the maintenance, operation and the generation measurement and control considering all involved costs. The VPP software has been implemented in a mini Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system and controls the microgrid laboratory via Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) devices. The application of this methodology to a real case study of the laboratory equipment demonstrates the effectiveness of this method for solving the optimal dispatch and online control of a microgrid, encouraging the application of this methodology for larger power systems.
New Bedford Harbor (MA, U.S.A.; NBH) is a Superfund site inhabited by Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) with altered aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) signaling, leading to resistance to effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The Ahr is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression of many Phase I and II detoxifying enzymes and interacts with Nrf2, a transcription factor that regulates the response to oxidative stress. This study tested the hypothesis that PCB-resistant killifish exhibit altered sensitivity to oxidative stress. Killifish F1 embryos from NBH and a clean reference site (Scorton Creek, MA, U.S.A.; SC) were exposed to model pro-oxidant and Nrf2-activator, tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ). Embryos were exposed at specific embryonic developmental stages (5, 7, and 9 days post fertilization) and toxicity was assessed, using a deformity score, survival, heart rate, and gene expression to compare sensitivity between PCB -resistant and -sensitive (reference) populations. Acute exposure to tBHQ resulted in transient reduction in heart rate in NBH and SC F1 embryos. However, embryos from NBH were more sensitive to tBHQ, with more frequent and severe deformities, including pericardial edema, tail deformities, small body size, and reduced pigment and erythrocytes. NBH embryos had lower basal expression of antioxidant genes catalase and glutathione-S-transferase alpha (gsta), and upon exposure to tBHQ, exhibited lower levels of expression of catalase, gsta, and superoxide dismutase compared to controls. This result suggests that adaptation to tolerate PCBs has altered the sensitivity of NBH fish to oxidative stress during embryonic development, demonstrating a cost of the PCB resistance adaptation.
Thin films of Ni3P ca. 400nm in thickness were obtained by electrodeposition on a stainless steel substrate and subsequent heating at 500°C in an argon or vacuum atmosphere. The films were found to consist of pseudo-spherical agglomerates of nanosized particles (less than 70nm in size). Both types of atmospheres induced the formation of coating layers composed of metal oxide species (particularly iron oxide) by effect of the presence of oxygen traces in the environment. As revealed by the XPS depth profile analysis, the layers were thicker when heating under argon. Film thickness determined the electrochemical reactivity towards lithium. Oxide and electrolyte reduction were the main electrochemical reactions undergone by the film on discharging the cell, the Ni–P alloy component being scarcely affected. Based on XRD, XPS and electrochemical measurements, the pristine film heated under vacuum also reacted partially with lithium to give nickel and lithium phosphide. However, the reversibility of this reaction is limited and the capacity delivered by the resulting cells was low (lower than that calculated from the reaction stoichiometry, but significantly higher than that obtained from the electrode made from the bulk alloy).
This document describes a first-principles-based mathematical model developed to predict the voltage–capacity behavior of batteries having hybrid cathodes comprising a mixture of carbon monofluoride (CF x ) and silver vanadium oxide (SVO). These batteries typically operate at moderate rates of discharge, lasting several years. The model presented here is an accurate tool for design optimization and performance prediction of batteries under current drains that encompass both the application rate and accelerated testing.
We report a comprehensive analysis of the catalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) reactivity of four of today's most active benchmark platinum group metal-free (PGM-free) iron/nitrogen doped carbon electrocatalysts (Fe–N–Cs). Our analysis reaches far beyond previous such attempts in linking kinetic performance metrics, such as electrocatalytic mass-based and surface area-based catalytic activity with previously elusive kinetic metrics such as the active metal site density (SD) and the catalytic turnover frequency (TOF). Kinetic ORR activities, SD and TOF values were evaluated using in situ electrochemical NO2− reduction as well as an ex situ gaseous CO cryo chemisorption. Experimental ex situ and in situ Fe surface site densities displayed remarkable quantitative congruence. Plots of SD versus TOF (“reactivity maps”) are utilized as new analytical tools to deconvolute ORR reactivities and thus enabling rational catalyst developments. A microporous catalyst showed large SD values paired with low TOF, while mesoporous catalysts displayed the opposite. Trends in Fe surface site density were linked to molecular nitrogen and Fe moieties (D1 and D2 from 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy), from which pore locations of catalytically active D1 and D2 sites were established. This cross-laboratory analysis, its employed experimental practices and analytical methodologies are expected to serve as a widely accepted reference for future, knowledge-based research into improved PGM-free fuel cell cathode catalysts.
In this contribution, a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) was prepared by a ball milling method followed by a hot pressing process. The SPE used poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) doped with trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3) as a host matrix. Nano alumina (Al2O3) was used as filler, and dioxyphthalate (DOP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) applied as plasticizers. Various concentrations of lithium salts, nano alumina and plasticizers (5, 10, 15 and 20wt%) were studied. The morphology, ionic conductivity, thermal and mechanical properties of the SPE were also examined. The ionic conductivity increased from 10−7 to 10−6 Scm−1 upon the addition of lithium salt. The PEO-15wt% (LiCF3SO3) solid polymer electrolyte exhibited maximum room temperature ionic conductivity. Significantly, the addition of nano alumina and plasticizers into PEO-LiCF3SO3 SPE enhanced the ionic conductivity to 10−5 and 10−4 Scm−1, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies indicated that the conductivity increase was due to the decrease of crystallinity upon the addition of lithium salt, nano alumina and plasticizers into the SPE system. The mechanical properties of PEO tended to decrease with the addition of lithium salts, nano alumina and plasticizers. Nevertheless, durable film with high flexibility could be formed with a potential use as an efficient electrolyte in lithium and other rechargeable batteries.
LiCoO2 is a commercial cathode material for Li ion batteries; however, due to the structural instability with more Li+ deintercalation, only half of Li ions in LiCoO2 can be utilized in practical batteries. Therefore, there is still considerable room to improve its capacity if the stability of deliathiated layered structure is enhanced. In this work, we stabilize the delithiated structure by utilizing Li/Ni disorder to introduce Ni into Li layer. Our results demonstrate that, when charged to 4.5V (vs. Li/Li+) at 1C, the capacity retention of Ni-containing LiCoO2 after 100 cycles is twice that of pristine LiCoO2. In addition, density functional theory computations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations reveal that Ni in Li layer is immobile in the lattice, and acts as pillars to support the layered structure. Furthermore, the computed diffusion coefficient of Ni-pillared LiCoO2 at 300K is comparable to that of pristine LiCoO2, indicating that a small amount of Ni in the Li layer do not severely block Li diffusion. The pillar effect of Ni in Li layer is confirmed both experimentally and computationally, and the strategy can be generalized to the improvement and design of layered materials for high-voltage Li ion batteries.
One-year results of the VBLOC DM2 study found that intermittent vagal blocking (VBLOC therapy) was safe among subjects with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and led to significant weight loss and improvements in glycemic parameters and cardiovascular risk factors. Longer-term data are needed to determine whether the results are sustained.