batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC) is a progressive cerebral disorder with diverse motor, cognitive, and psychiatric expression. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Three IBGC-causing genes have been identified in the past 2 years: SLC20A2, PDGFRB, and PDGFB. Biological and genetic evidence showed that loss of function of either SLC20A2 or the PDGFB/PDGFRB pathway was the mechanism underlying calcification in patients with a mutation. Recently, in a study focusing on SLC20A2, a large deletion at this locus was reported. No study has systematically searched for copy number variants (CNV) involving these three genes. We designed a quantitative PCR assay of multiple short fluorescent fragments (QMPSF) to detect CNVs involving one of these three genes in a single assay. Among the 27 unrelated patients from our IBGC case series with no mutation in SLC20A2, PDGFRB, and PDGFB, we identified in one patient a heterozygous partial deletion involving exons 2 to 5 of PDGFB. This patient exhibited both strio-pallido-dentate calcification and white matter hyperintensity of presumed vascular origin, associated with mood disorder, subtle cognitive decline, and gait disorder. We confirmed by RT-PCR experiments that the allele carrying the deletion was transcribed. The resulting cDNA lacks sequence for several critical functional domains of the protein. Intragenic deletion of PDGFB is a new and rare mechanism causing IBGC. CNVs involving the three IBGC-causing genes should be investigated in patients with no point mutation.
Reading motivation has been viewed as a multifaceted construct with multiple constituents. Our investigation of motivational multiplicity expanded on previous literature by including motivation constructs (interest, perceived control, collaboration, involvement, and efficacy), text genres, specific versus general contexts, and the self-versus other evidence sources about motivation. We expected that this multiplicity would influence the identification of reading comprehension growth predictors. We obtained pre- and post-interview data, teacher ratings, motivation self-reports, and reading comprehension scores. Interviews showed motivation constructs to be semi-independent. Students’ reading motivations for narrative and information texts were not highly associated; and self-reports and other motivation reports were not highly associated, but situated and general reading motivations were correlated. Interview-based coding of motivation predicted reading comprehension growth, but reading comprehension did not predict motivation growth. Situated motivation for information books predicted general motivation growth according to multiple regression analyses. Implications for an engagement model of reading development were discussed.
Liquid-phase ultrasonic exfoliation approach was applied to acquire ultrathin lithium iron (II) phosphate (LiFePO4) nanosheets (LFP-NS) with the thickness of only ∼15nm. The LFP-NS were then self-assembly with graphene oxide (GO) with amido bonds. Ultrashort diffusion pathways to lithium ions (Li+) could be achieved with high percentage of (010) facets exposed to LFP-NS, which reduced the diffusion distance for Li+ along the [010] direction effectively. In addition, the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) firmly adhered to the surface of LFP-NS by self-assemble method after sintering, which formed an excellent conductive network and facilitate electron transportation. The ultrathin diffusion channels into Li+ and tight conductive network resulting in an excellent high rate discharging performance, e.g. up to 102mAhg−1 at 30C, while discharge capacity retention can reach to 93.4% at 20C after 500 cycles. This kind of composite was an ideal cathode material used in high rate lithium ion batteries.
In this study, we identified mass and charge transfer resistances for an oxygen reducing biocathode in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The oxygen reducing biocathode was grown using nitrifying sludge as the inoculum. A standard model for charge transfer at the electrode surface combined with diffusion across a boundary layer was used. EIS measurements were performed under variation of both linear flow velocities and cathode potentials. Fitting the impedance data to the standard model at constant potential and different flow rates confirmed that increasing flow rate had no effect on charge transfer resistance, but led to a decrease in mass transfer resistance. From the variation in cathode potential at constant flow rate, a minimum in charge transfer resistance was found at 0.28 V vs.Ag/AgCl. The minimum in charge transfer resistance could be explained by the combined biochemical and electrochemical kinetics typical for bioelectrochemical systems.
In this paper, core-shelled silicon–carbon composites as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are prepared by a cost-effective method of the combined mechanical ball milling and high-temperature heat treatment. The microstructures and morphologies of such anode materials with different silicon contents are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. Both coin and soft-packed LIBs are fabricated using these silicon–carbon composites as anode materials. The batteries can give high capacities of 377.7 mA h g−1, 418.5 mA h g−1, 450.9 mA h g−1, and 500.1 mA h g−1 at the silicon contents of 2.0%, 6.5%, 9.5%, and 14.5%, respectively. The effects of silicon content on the coulomb efficiency, low-temperature capacity, resistance, and cycle life are also studied, and the results show that a silicon content of 9.5% can give the best battery performance. Considering that the process has no surfactant, corrosive acidic or alkaline reagent added, and that the ball milling and heat treatment are efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly, it can be expected that the fabrication process described in this paper should be usable for large-scale production of silicon–carbon composite materials for anodes of LIBs.
With an aim to broaden the understanding of the factors that govern electrochemical performance of lithium-rich layered oxide, the influences of insufficient lithium on reversible capacity, cyclic stability and rate capability of the oxide as cathode of lithium ion battery are investigated in this study. Various concentrations of lithium precursor are introduced to synthesize a target composition Li[Li0.13Ni0.30Ni0.57]O2, and the resulting products are characterized with inductively coupled plasma spectrum, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical measurements. The results indicate that the lithium content in the resulting oxide decreases with reducing the concentration of lithium precursor from 10wt%-excess lithium to stoichiometric lithium, due to insufficient compensation for lithium volatilization during synthesis process at high temperature. However, all these oxides still exhibit typically structural and electrochemical characteristics of lithium-rich layered oxides. Interestingly, with decreasing the Li content in the oxide, its reversible capacity increases due to relatively higher content of active transition-metal ions, while the cyclic stability degrades severely because of structural instability induced by higher content of Mn3+ ions and deeper lithium extraction.
Lithium ion conductivity in many structural families can be tuned by many orders of magnitude, with some rivaling that of liquid electrolytes at room temperature. Unfortunately, fast lithium conductors exhibit poor stability against lithium battery electrodes. In this article, we report a fundamentally new approach to alter ion mobility and stability against oxidation of lithium ion conductors using lattice dynamics. By combining inelastic neutron scattering measurements with density functional theory, fast lithium conductors were shown to have low lithium vibration frequency or low center of lithium phonon density of states. On the other hand, lowering anion phonon densities of states reduces the stability against electrochemical oxidation. Olivines with low lithium band centers but high anion band centers are promising lithium ion conductors with high ion conductivity and stability. Such findings highlight new strategies in controlling lattice dynamics to discover new lithium ion conductors with enhanced conductivity and stability.
This paper describes an in situ formed, triple junction structured PdSn electrocatalyst dispersed on a stable conductive TiC surface. Through extensive characterization and computational modeling, we show that the multicomponent catalyst forms a unique PdSn/SnOx/TiC triple junction structure. This structure stabilizes Pd and promotes its catalytic performance toward a model reaction, formic acid oxidation. Computational modeling suggests that the triple junction structure is the most stable configuration that provides desired anchoring sites for Pd and enables a favorable synergy between the multicomponents Pd, Sn, SnOx, and TiC for high activity. The triple junction structure also can provide better stability against catalysts migration, detachment, or sintering. Experimental measurements also confirm that multicomponent catalysts provide synergistic functions. The intermediate products, COads, prefer to adsorb onto the Pd sites, while the OH prefers the Sn and SnOx sites, which function together to prevent catalyst poisoning.
In recent years, development to increase the performance of Pt-based catalysts and reduce the cost has received significant attention. Among them, the preparation of Pt-based catalysts with high atom utilization efficiency can induce more active sites between the Pt atoms and participating molecules, resulting in improved mass activity. In addition, the combination of high atom utilization efficiency with well-controlled surface structure and composition could boost the mass activity for Pt-based catalysts. This review describes recent progress in the design and synthesis of Pt-based catalysts with high atom utilization efficiency and their enhanced catalytic performance in electrochemical catalytic reactions. The significance for the fabrication of nanostructures and single atom catalysts with high atom utilization will be presented in the introduction section. We discuss the synthetic strategies according to two routes: (1) the rational design of Pt nanostructures, including porous, nanowire, core–shell and hollow structures; and (2) preparation of Pt single atom catalysts and the stabilization of single atoms. Additionally, we discuss the superior electro-catalytic applications of Pt-based catalysts with high atom utilization efficiency. These recent advancements in rational design of Pt-based catalysts offer numerous cases for potential industrialized catalysts with high mass activity and reduced cost in the future.
The impedance spectra of Li-ion batteries as a function of the number of charge–discharge cycles have been measured to study the cycle life of the commercial Li-ion battery (prismatic Sanyo UF653467) during cycling at 1C charge–discharge rate. The individual electrodes in the batteries have been examined using XRD, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SEM. The results show that the Nyquist plots of commercial lithium-ion batteries are comprised of an inductive tail at high frequency followed by two semicircles at medium and low frequencies. The size of the semicircles at low frequency increase during cycling due to the increase in interfacial resistances of both cathode and anode. Thus, it may be used to predict the cycle life of the battery. XRD, TEM and SEM studies of the individual electrodes show that the cation disorder, microcracks of the LiCoO2 particles in the cathode and the increase in thickness of the passive film on the anode due to the reduction of the electrolyte are linked to the capacity fade of the battery during cycling.
Axillary ultrasound (AUS) with needle biopsy is used to detect metastasis in patients with invasive breast cancers. Our hypothesis is that preoperative AUS significantly reduces sentinel node biopsy (SLNB) use in patients with invasive breast tumors >2 cm upon clinical examination.
Domestic violence not only harms spousal relationships but also damages parent–child interactions. In the Chinese culture, tension between abused mothers and their children is likely to arise because of indirect and hierarchical communication customs. Therefore, an expressive arts-based model (EAT-MCR) was adapted for the Chinese culture to help improve mother–child relationships and to help victims cope with the trauma of domestic violence. Based on concepts derived from group and trauma therapies, this model prepares clients for personal transformation within a safe network formed by the participants, including family groups and a team of professionals. In this four-step model, we initiate clients by helping them find strengths from their positive mother–child interactions, guide them to explore the traumatic aspects of domestic violence, and then transform their perceptions to create a new family outlook that can be shared by mothers and their children. Finally, we conclude with a ceremony to fully integrate the transformed phase and interactive life skills. Detailed cultural considerations are discussed and illustrated by examples utilizing artistic creation and psychodrama techniques.
CuO/nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (CuO/N-RGO) composites are prepared by refluxing in ammonia solution and low temperature annealing. The as-prepared samples have been characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The loading of CuO has been measured by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Results reveal that the CuO nanoparticles with ∼5nm in diameter are anchored homogeneously on the nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-RGO) nanosheets. Their electrochemical performances for supercapacitors are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The CuO/N-RGO composite with 15.1wt% CuO loading shows a high specific capacitance of 340Fg−1 at a charge/discharge current density of 0.5Ag−1 in 6moldm−3 KOH electrolyte, and with a wide potential window of 1.4V. Importantly, 58% of capacitance is retained when the charge/discharge current density increases from 0.5Ag−1 to 5Ag−1. The capacitance retention can reach to 80% after 500 charge/discharge cycles. These findings demonstrate that the CuO/N-RGO material is a promising candidate for supercapacitor applications.
New simian–human immunodeficiency chimeric viruses with an HIV-1 env (SHIVenv) are critical for studies on HIV pathogenesis, vaccine development, and microbicide testing. Macaques are typically exposed to single CCR5-using SHIVenv which in most instances does not reflect the conditions during acute/early HIV infection (AHI) in humans. Instead of individual and serial testing new SHIV constructs, a pool of SHIVenv_B derived from 16 acute HIV-1 infections were constructed using a novel yeast-based SHIV cloning approach and then used to infect macaques.
Low level connective tissue inflammation has been proposed to play a role in thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). The aim of this study was to investigate this postulate by a musculoskeletal approach together with biochemical parameters.
Hydrodynamic forces can affect survival as well as limit the movement of motile benthic animals. An animal's danger of dislodgement depends on the hydrodynamic forces it experiences in its microhabitat relative to the force required to dislodge it (tenacity) from the substratum. We measured water flow and substratum characteristics in two different habitats of the shore crab Pachygrapsus crassipes: a wave-swept rocky shore and an intertidal mudflat. The maximum water velocities and accelerations in the microhabitats of the crabs at the wave-swept site were three times and two times greater, respectively, than at the mudflat site. In the laboratory, we measured the tenacity of crabs of various sizes on different substrata, and also measured their drag, lift and added-mass coefficients. Using these data, we calculated the flow conditions under which crabs would be overturned or sheared off the substratum in their two habitats. The net horizontal force (drag plus acceleration reaction) required to dislodge a crab on a rugose rock substratum was an order of magnitude greater than on smooth rock and two orders of magnitude greater than on mud. Our calculations indicate that, under non-storm conditions, crabs will not be dislodged from the substratum in either the mudflat or the wave-swept habitat when grasping the substratum with maximum tenacity. Moving crabs have lower tenacity and our calculations predict that hydrodynamic forces will restrict the mobility of large crabs more than that of small ones on smooth, but not on rugose rock.
Nanocomposites of V2O5 xerogel and polypyrrole (Ppy) were prepared from a vanadyl tris(isopropoxide) precursor and pyrrole monomer by in situ oxidative polymerization of the pyrrole in the sol stage followed by gelation. Unlike previous sol-gel nanocomposite synthetic routes, the gel forms a stable solution from which thin homogeneous films can be cast. The nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, FTIR and electrochemical measurements. Three different thin film types with different spatial arrangements were used to characterize the compensation of charge. X-ray diffraction reveals that the Ppy chains are intercalated within the interlayer region of the V2O5, leading to an increase in the d-spacing from 11.85 Å for V2O5 to 13.8 Å for the nanocomposite. Electrogravimetric results showed that electroneutrality during charging and discharging is achieved predominantly by Li+ transport. EQCM studies of a bilayer film arrangement with the nanocomposite cast over an electropolymerized film of Ppy revealed that the nanocomposite is an effective barrier for anion transport. The nanocomposite showed a higher specific capacity (283 A h kg−1) than that of V2O5 (236 A h kg−1). This result was attributed to differences in structure between the two materials. The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) was used to obtain the diffusion coefficients of Li+ in the nanocomposite and the V2O5 xerogel. These values range from 2×10−11 to 3×10−13 cm2 s−1, decreasing as the amount of intercalated Li+ is increased. For V2O5 the Li+ diffusion coefficient ranged from 1×10−12 to 8×10−14 cm2 s−1, also decreasing as the amount of intercalated Li+ increased. In situ resistance measurements revealed a very high conductivity over the potential range of 0.4 to −0.7 V (vs. Ag/AgNO3) for the nanocomposite, more than a factor of five larger than that for V2O5.
Manganese dissolution into an electrolyte from the spinel LiMn2O4 in the lithium-ion cell has been recently investigated. In order to study the influence of the dissolved manganese species on the lithium intercalation/deintercalation into a natural graphite electrode, the electrochemical behavior of graphite was investigated in 1 mol dm−3 LiClO4 electrolyte solution containing a small amount of Mn(II) by the addition of manganese(II) perchlorate. During the charging process, Mn(II) ions were firstly electroreduced on the electrode around 1.0 V versus Li/Li+ followed by irreversible decomposition of the electrolyte and lithium intercalation into the graphite. By microscopic observation of the graphite surface, manganese deposition was confirmed after the charge/discharge test. Due to the manganese deposition, the reversible capacity of the graphite electrode was drastically decreased. Furthermore, the cyclability of the anode was degraded with the amount of the manganese additive increasing. We compared these results with those of the cobalt(II) and nickel(II) additives by dissolving the corresponding perchlorates. Furthermore, we discussed the influence in practical cells based on the consideration of electrochemistry of the deposited metals.
The method of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was used to fabricate ion-conducting polymer-in-ceramic membranes. TGA, DSC, XRD, TOFSIMS, ESEM and AC-impedance tests were used for the characterization of the films. We found that the relative content of polyethylene oxide and LiAlO2 in the membrane depends on the type of solvent and composition of the suspension. Films deposited at 50V are smoother, conformal and more uniform than those prepared at 100, 150 and 200V. TOFSIMS positive-ion-species images showed that with increase in concentration of ceramic powder in the suspension, the deposition of PEO occurs predominantly between the LiAlO2 particles. The ionic conductivity of a composite membrane, with impregnated 0.3M LiTFSI–PYR14TFSI ionic-liquid electrolyte is 1–3mS/cm at 30–60°C and comparable to that of commercial battery separators. The conductivity of quasi-solid plasticized PEO-in-LiAlO2 electrolyte is 0.2mS/cm at room temperature and does not change up to 100°C. When deposited on a Si anode the membrane conformally follows the contours of the rough electrode surface and provides strong mechanical integrity to the anode, enabling improved capacity of the Li/Si cell. This study paves the way for the application of a new simple EPD approach to the preparation of wide-temperature-range quasi-solid lithium-ion conducting electrolytes.
The electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries is highly temperature dependent. An accurate determination of battery thermal parameters is crucial for research including cell thermal analysis, safety design, and multiphysics simulations. This work explores the possibility to use a lumped capacitance model based experimental approach to measure the battery convective heat transfer coefficient and specific heat capacity. In this approach, the transient temperature of the battery and its can (by removing the jellyroll) is measured with an infrared radiation camera. When the Biot number of the battery Bi ≪ 1 , the lumped capacitance model can be used to determine cell specific heat capacity through the measured battery surface temperature, where the convective heat transfer coefficients of both the can and the battery are the same and the specific heat capacity of the can is known. As an example, the specific heat capacity of LG G5 smartphone batteries is measured to demonstrate the proposed approach. The specimens are tested under both natural and forced convection conditions. The measured cell specific heat capacity is very consistent between these two convection conditions.
Understanding the environmental and anthropogenic factors influencing habitat selection of multiple species is a foundation for quantifying human impacts on biodiversity and developing effective conservation measures.