batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A modularly organized brain mechanism, specialized for number appreciation and processing, seems to have been developed by evolution. The process of capturing numerosity and accessing the corresponding mental representation is performed via three basic tasks: subitizing, counting, and estimation. Number representation is believed to be analogical. Calculation relies on a general ability, conceptual knowledge, on specific abilities for dealing with procedures and on a specialized memory system for rote arithmetical knowledge. Neuropsychological investigations have revealed several independent subsystems in both number processing and calculation, and partly clarified their complex relation with processing of language.
In this study, the techno-economic potential and optimal configuration are investigated under various renewable energy (RE)-based, stand-alone and grid-connected microgrid scenarios. HOMER software is employed to assess the physical, operating, and economic performance of the system’s components, and to obtain the most cost-effective configuration pattern. The outputs obtained from the case study for a residential community in Beijing can help the decision maker identify the optimal adoption of renewable energy sources, electricity generation, and economic benefits. Results show that there is a very high potential for applying a predominantly RE-based microgrid in a residential community in Beijing, which could supply at least 90% of the onsite electricity demand with 47–100% RE sources. In the grid-connected model, the total net present cost (TNPC) of the microgrid system would be, at most, 57% of the obtained electricity less than that completely from the external grids. Results also indicate that it would be more cost-effective when wind power becomes the main energy source and combined with moderately capacity of solar photovoltaic (PV) in the RE hybrid microgrid system. Additionally, a system with moderate size of batteries tends to be more ecologically friendly and cost-effective both in the stand-alone and grid-connected models than a system without batteries.
In this paper we describe a Ni–Sn intermetallic material obtained via template electroplating synthesis. The structure and the morphology of this material are investigated by X ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. We demonstrate that Ni–Sn behaves as a sub-micrometric electrode showing a favourable response when cycled in a lithium cell. The results here reported suggest that the template electroplating is a promising synthetic approach that can lead to an optimized structure and morphology of the Ni–Sn electrode, such as to confer it a role of a high capacity anode in advanced lithium ion batteries.
A comparative study of the thermal stability of charged cathodes, by accelerating rate calorimetry, found that cathodes based on Li3CrMnO5 were less thermally reactive with a conventional electrolyte solution, 1M LiPF6 in 3:7 EC/DEC, than cathodes containing LiCoO2. Arrhenius parameters of activation energies and frequency factors were determined from forced heating experiments. The exothermic reactions of Li3CrMnO5 cathodes were investigated as a function of state of charge, electrolyte solution volume and electrolyte salt concentration.
Effective capacity-loss diagnosis and life-time prediction are the foundations of battery second-use technology and will play an important role in the development of the new energy industry. Of the two, the capacity-loss diagnostic, as a precondition of the life-time prediction, needs to be studied first. Performing a capacity-loss diagnosis for an aging cell consists of finding the decisive degradation mechanisms for the cell's capacity degradation. Because a cell's capacity just equals the span of the open-circuit voltage (OCV), when suspect degradation mechanisms affect a cell's capacity, they will leave corresponding and particular clues in the OCV curve. Taking a cell's OCV as the diagnostic indicator, a multi-mechanistic and non-destructive diagnostic method is developed in this paper. To establish an unambiguous relationship between OCV changes and the combinations of the decisive mechanisms, all the possible OCV changes under various aging situations are systematically analyzed based on a novel simultaneous coordinate system, in which the effects of each suspect capacity-loss mechanism on the OCV curve can be clearly represented. As a summary of the analysis results, a straightforward diagnostic flowchart is presented. By following the flowchart, an aging cell can be diagnosed within three steps by observation of the OCV changes.
Small-sized variable renewable energy sources (RES) live a large-scale development in urban electrical systems. They increase local high dynamic unbalancing and then can create instabilities on the inertia response. Thus, setting an adequate operating reserve (OR) power to compensate the unpredicted imbalance between RES generation and consumption is essential for power system security. Indeed, effective calculation and dispatching of OR considering inaccurate forecast of both RES and load demand can provide substantial cost reductions. Thus, to facilitate the energy management and system optimization in an urban microgrid (MG), a user-friendly tool for Energy Management System and Operational Planning has been developed. The tool provides a complete set of user-friendly graphical interfaces to study the details of photovoltaic (PV) and batteries, load demand, as well as micro gas turbines (MGTs). Furthermore, this energy management system allows system operators to properly model RES uncertainty. In addition, it could assist operators for the day-ahead energy management with an efficient information system and an intelligent management.
This paper focuses on electric urban freight mobility by taking into account technical, legal and social factors that are relevant for small and medium-sized cities. It offers an overview of current developments by providing examples of European cities that have successfully introduced electric vehicles into their logistics fleets.
The increasing proliferation of intermittent renewables is driving great attention to grid-scale energy storage, particularly vanadium redox flow batteries. The performance of vanadium redox flow batteries has improved remarkably over the last few decades. However, due to the premature cut-off resulting from growing concentration overpotentials at low or high states-of-charge and the discrepancy of active reactants in the tank and stack, the energy capacity of the electrolytes has not yet been fully utilized. In this study, we develop a method for enhancing effective energy capacity of vanadium redox flow batteries, especially in applications with large amounts of electrolytes. The developed system uses four electrolyte tanks to achieve the objective through the avoidance of the mixing of the (dis-)charged and un(dis-)charged electrolytes in tanks. Both experimental and simulative studies are conducted to investigate the performance of the proposed system, which is confirmed to afford a significant increase in the effective energy capacity of more than 10% compared with a two-tank setup. And the enhancement increases with decreasing electrolyte flowrate and increasing electrolyte volume. Besides, the voltage efficiency can be also enhanced by more than 2%. The underlying mechanisms are analyzed in the present study.
Lithium metal has been considered to be the most promising anode material for the new generation of energy-storage system. However, challenges still stand in protecting lithium metal from spontaneous reactions with electrolytes and preventing the dendritic propagation, both of which would lead to undesirable decrease in Coulombic efficiency. Polysulfone (PSf) membrane with high rigidity and free-volume cavities of approximately 0.3 nm was employed to provide a stable interface on the surface of anodic electrode. The isotropic channels were constructed by the interconnected and uniformly distributed free volumes in the polymer matrix, and were expected to be swelled by solvent molecules and anions of lithium salt and to allow Li+ ions to pass through onto the electrode surface. As a result, dendrite-free morphology of deposited lithium was observed. The stabilized interface arose from the PSf film was verified by the promoted performances of Cu|Li cells and steady voltage polarization of Li|Li cells. The full cell with PSf coated anode exhibited excellent cyclability (85% capacity retention rate over 400 cycles at 1 C) and an outstanding rate capability (117 mAh g− 1 at 5 C). The beneficial performances were further verified by the EIS results. This work provides a new strategic idea to settle the dendritic problems of Li metal anodes.
An electrolyte-probe screening method was proposed for combinatorial electrochemical analysis, which is not only suitable for half-cell but also for full-cell electrochemical research. The accuracy of this method was examined by investigating the electrochemical oxidation of methanol in an electrode array for various methanol∣air cells. Reproducible voltage–current curves were obtained for various parallel experiments in the same electrode array. The effects of catalyst loading and methanol concentration on the discharge performance for the methanol∣air cells were observed by fast screening the anode electrodes in the array containing different catalyst loadings and various methanol concentrations, respectively.
In July 1999 the U.S. Congress passed a formal resolution condemning our article on child sexual abuse (CSA), an article in which we concluded, based on 59 meta-analytically reviewed studies using college samples, that the assumed harmfulness of CSA had been overstated (Rind, Tromovitch, & Bauserman, 1998). The condemnation followed months of attacks by social conservatives and by mental health professionals specializing either in curing homosexuality or in treating patients by inducing them to recover memories of CSA. In this article, we detail the chronology behind the attacks. Then we discuss the science behind our meta-analysis, showing that the attacks were specious and that our study employed sound science, advancing the field considerably by close attention to issues of external, internal, and construct validity, as well as precision and objectivity. Next, we discuss orthodoxies and moral panics more generally, arguing that our article was attacked as vehemently as it was because it collided with a powerful, but socially constructed orthodoxy that has evolved over the last quarter century. Finally, we offer reflections and recommendations for fellow researchers, lest this kind of event recur. We focus on the need for greater cognizance of historical attacks on science to anticipate and deflate future attacks. We argue that our research should stand as another reminder among many that sacred-cow issues do not belong in science. We discuss nonscientific advocacy in the social sciences and the need to recognize and counter it. We discuss the failure of psychology to adequately deal with the study of human sexuality, a problem that enabled the faulty attacks on our article, and we suggest directions for becoming more scientific in this area. And last, we raise the issue of how professional organizations might deal more effectively with such attacks in the future.
High-purity micro-rod β-Na0.33V2O5 particles 2⿿5μm in width and 3⿿10μm in length are prepared by the chemical switch method. Electrochemical characterization demonstrates that micro-rod β-Na0.33V2O5 as a cathode material for lithium ion batteries provides high discharge capacity, good rate-capability, and cyclic stability. It delivers high discharge capacities of 297, 245, 220, and 178mAhg⿿1 at current densities of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1C-rate, respectively. The capacity fading rate is less than 1% per cycle, with high volumetric discharge capacities (504mAhcm⿿3 at 0.1C and 301mAhcm⿿3 at 1C). Scanning electron microscopy images of the micro-rods during cycling indicate that they have excellent crystal structural reversibility in the voltage range of 1.5⿿4.0V. These superior electrochemical properties are attributed to the tunneled crystal structure and internal pores formed by crystal defects in the micro-rods.
K2CO3 is evaluated as a film-forming additive in 1 mol dm−3 LiPF6–EC:DMC electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries. It is found that the cyclic performance of graphite electrode is improved in the electrolyte with K2CO3, due to the reduction of EC during the first lithiation process is largely suppressed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are used in order to better understand the reaction mechanism. The results show that, K2CO3 successfully modifies the SEI film to a worm mesh structure with better viscoelasticity to accommodate the volume changes of graphite electrode during electrochemical cycles, and makes it easier for lithium ions to intercalate into and deintercalate from the graphite electrode, thus contributes to better performance of graphite electrode.
The present study aims at establishing a methodology for a comprehensive calendar ageing predictive model development, focusing specially on validation procedures. A LFP-based Li-ion cell performance degradation was analysed under different temperature and SOC storage conditions. Five static calendar ageing conditions were used for understanding the ageing trends and modelling the dominant ageing phenomena (SEI growth and the resulting loss of active lithium). The validation process included an additional test under other constant operating conditions (static validation) and other four tests under non–constant impact factors operating schemes within the same experiment (dynamic validation), in response to battery stress conditions in real applications. Model predictions are in good agreement with experimental results as the residuals are always below 1% for experiments run for 300–650 days. The model is able to predict dynamic behaviour close to real operating conditions and the level of accuracy corresponds to a root-mean-square error of 0.93%.
Understanding and controlling the surface activities of electrode materials is critical for optimizing the battery performance, especially for nanoparticles with high surface area. Na0.44MnO2 is a promising positive electrode material for large-scale sodium-ion batteries. However, its application in grid-scale energy storage requires improvements in cycling stability at high rate. Here, we performed comprehensive surface-sensitive soft x-ray spectroscopic studies of the Na0.44MnO2 electrode. We are able to quantitatively determine the Mn evolution upon the potentials and cycle numbers. We reveal the Mn2+ formation on the top 10nm of Na0.44MnO2 particles when the electrochemical potential is below 2.6V, which does not occur in the bulk. A portion of the surface Mn2+ compounds become electrochemically inactive after extended cycles, contributing to the capacity fading. Based on the spectroscopic discoveries, we demonstrate that cycling Na0.44MnO2 above 3V could efficiently suppress the Mn2+ formation.
We describe a simple strategy, which is based on the idea of space conﬁnement, for the synthesis of carbon coating on LiFePO4 nanoparticles/graphene nanosheets composites in a water-in-oil emulsion system. The prepared composite displayed high performance as a cathode material for lithium-ion battery, such as high reversible lithium storage capacity (158mAhg−1 after 100 cycles), high coulombic efficiency (over 97%), excellent cycling stability and high rate capability (as high as 83mA h g−1 at 60C). Very significantly, the preparation method employed can be easily adapted and be extended as a general approach to sophisticated compositions and structures for the preparation of highly dispersed nanosized structure on graphene.
As a part of a larger study of normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which included patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), we investigated the response to median nerve stimulation in primary and secondary somatosensory areas. We hypothesized that the somatosensory response would be relatively spared given the reported late involvement of sensory areas in the progression of AD. We applied brief pulses of electric current to left and right median nerves to test the somatosensory response in normal elderly (NE), MCI, and AD. MEG responses were measured and were analyzed with a semi-automated source localization algorithm to characterize source locations and timecourses. We found an overall difference in the amplitude of the response of the primary somatosensory source (SI) based on diagnosis. Across the first three peaks of the SI response, the MCI patients exhibited a larger amplitude response than the NE and AD groups (P < 0.03). Additional relationships between neuropsychological measures and SI amplitude were also determined. There was no significant difference in amplitude for the contralateral secondary somatosensory source across diagnostic category. These results suggest that somatosensory cortex is affected early in the progression of AD and may have some consequence on behavioral and functional measures.
Sensor networks are expected to evolve into long-lived, open, ubiquitous, multi-purpose networked systems. We propose a new concept called AutoNomouS netWorked sEnsoR system (ANSWER) whose mission is to provide in situ users with real-time, secure information that enhances their situational and location awareness. To the best of our knowledge, solutions that accomplish this goal do not yet exist. ANSWER finds immediate applications to both overt and covert operations ranging from tactical battlefield surveillance to crisis management and homeland security. The architectural model of ANSWER is composed of a large number of sensors and of a set of (mobile) aggregation-and-forwarding nodes that organize and manage the sensors in their vicinity. In this paper we present the main features that enable ANSWER to effectively and efficiently provide secure, QoS-aware information services to in situ mobile users; namely, secure dynamic task-based networking and in-network storage to support application-level tasks and queries (each specified with desired QoS and security attributes), while hiding network-level details; and a model-based methodology exploiting QoS and security trade-offs for smart AFN mobility subject to application and network requirements and constraints. This new concept is in sharp departure from the prevalent view in NSS design that networking is independent of the task(s) at hand and information processing and storage are, primarily, the responsibility of remote entities.
Overcharge abuse is one of the most common and dangerous safety issues with state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries. Thus, incorporation of overcharge prevention into the lithium-ion battery pack is key to its practical application. Redox shuttle molecules that can be reversibly oxidized and reduced at specific potentials (redox potential) provide an effective and economic method to prevent overcharge abuse for lithium-ion batteries. We have developed a novel oligo(ethylene glycol)-functionalized redox shuttle, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)benzene (DBBB), that is not only capable of providing efficient and long-lasting overcharge protection to lithium-ion batteries (capable of withstanding over 180 cycles of 100% overcharge at the C/2 rate), but is also compatible with the state-of-the-art lithium-ion cell system. Density functional theory calculations provided an understanding of the stability properties of this new redox shuttle.
Parameters for an electrochemistry-based Lithium-ion battery model are estimated using the homotopy optimization approach. A high-fidelity model of the battery is presented based on chemical and electrical phenomena. Equations expressing the conservation of species and charge for the solid and electrolyte phases are combined with the kinetics of the electrodes to obtain a system of differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) governing the dynamic behavior of the battery. The presence of algebraic constraints in the governing dynamic equations makes the optimization problem challenging: a simulation is performed in each iteration of the optimization procedure to evaluate the objective function, and the initial conditions must be updated to satisfy the constraints as the parameter values change. The ε-embedding method is employed to convert the original DAEs into a singularly perturbed system of ordinary differential equations, which are then used to simulate the system efficiently. The proposed numerical procedure demonstrates excellent performance in the estimation of parameters for the Lithium-ion battery model, compared to direct methods that are either unstable or incapable of converging. The obtained results and estimated parameters demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed simulation approach and homotopy optimization procedure.
During the testing of the alkali metal thermal to electric converter (AMTEC) in laboratory, maximum power output of the AMTEC was found to be decreasing from 2.48 to 1.27W after 18,000h of operation with the hot side temperature of 1023K and the condenser side temperature of 600K. Electrode is one of the components in AMTEC which has effective lifetime. In this study, the role of the electrode on the overall power degradation has been investigated and reasons of the degradation are established qualitatively and quantitatively. The electrode is found 17% on average responsible for the overall degradation of power output.
Free-standing films of graphite anode and LiCoO2 cathode materials were produced using 1wt.% ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) as a polymeric binder. The technique of vacuum deposition was used in order to provide the anode and cathode materials with 1μm thick layers of aluminium and copper, respectively, as current collectors. Porous separators were produced by drawing a UHMWPE film filled with inorganic particles. The anode, separator, and cathode materials were then laminated under heat and pressure to produce a single flat cell. The cells were soaked in a liquid electrolyte and sealed in aluminium laminated plastic bags. Batteries produced in this way were cycled at high rates and after 300 cycles only a slight decrease in capacity was observed. Thanks to the thin current collectors and the small amount of polymeric binder the amount of non-active material in the battery was minimised.
Reputation systems are fundamental for assessing the quality of user contributions in participatory sensing. However, naively associating reputation scores to contributions allows adversaries to establish links between multiple contributions and thus de-anonymize users. We present the IncogniSense framework as a panacea to these privacy threats. IncogniSense utilizes periodic pseudonyms generated using blind signature and relies on reputation transfer between these pseudonyms. Simulations are used to analyze various reputation cloaking schemes that address the inherent trade-off between anonymity protection and loss in reputation. Our threat analysis confirms the robustness of IncogniSense and a prototype demonstrates that associated overheads are minimal.