batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Impact milling is investigated as a rapid, one-step, solvent free, ambient temperature method to make high capacitance porous graphitic materials from natural flake graphite. The effects of impact milling-induced structural and chemical changes on the capacitance of the graphitic material are evaluated in aqueous electrolyte (1 M H2SO4). Gas adsorption analysis shows that the surface area of the graphite increases from 8 to 350 m2g−1 after 6 hours of milling. The increase in surface area is accompanied by an increase in pore volume to 0.36 cm3g−1. Mesopores account for 75 % of the pore volume. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy show that impact milling creates fractured material with fewer layers and less sp2 hybridized carbon than natural flake graphite. In cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the impact-milled porous graphitic material displays near ideal capacitive behavior and low resistance. Galvanostatic charge/discharge shows that the milled porous graphite has gravimetric and area normalized capacitances of 55 Fg−1 and 16 μFcm−2, respectively. Taken together, the electrochemical and structural data show that solvent free, ambient temperature impact milling is a viable single-step method to create cost competitive porous graphitic material with high capacitance.
How to exert the value-added superiority was a key link in the development of biomass valorization that heightens an appeal for a waste-minimized protocol. The fractional use of three building blocks in biomass became an urgent challenge to be faced. Herein, we report an autohydrolysis-aided biorefinery for the sequential conversion of wheat straw hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin into xylooligosaccharides (XOS), fermentable glucose and lithium-sulfur cathode at the end of the process, respectively. The yield of XOS (DP of 2–6) reached up to 24.06% (w/w) of xylan and 6.19% (w/w) of the initial biomass. The hydrothermal treatment removed the amorphous portion and disrupted the rigid structure, thereby improving the cellulose digestibility from 14.1 to 88.9%. The molecular weights, functional groups and structural features of residual lignin after enzymatic hydrolysis were thoroughly explored for the cathode of lithium-sulfur batteries via the carbonizing process. Because of the considerable surface area, the covalent linkage between the lignin-derived carbon (LC) and sulfur, and the uniform dispersion of sulfur particles, the developed LC@S cathode exhibited excellent rate capability, and the specific capacity of 1238, 1085 and 1035 mA h g−1 at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 C, respectively. The LC@S cathode retained 596 mA h g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.5 C with a coulombic efficiency of 92%. The present study provides a systematic strategy that bears the primary responsibility for exploiting biomass into a potential feedstock with worthwhile functions in the thriving domains of chemicals, biofuels and energy storage devices.
In many rural areas, poor people still depend on wood and other biomass fuels for most of their household and income-generating activities. The difficult, time-consuming work of collecting and managing traditional fuels is widely viewed as women's responsibility, which is a factor in women's disproportionate lack of access to education and income, and inability to escape from poverty. Therefore, it is important for energy access programs to have a special focus on women. New options for energy access and sustainable livelihoods, like small-scale biofuels production, can have dramatic benefits for rural women, and their families and communities. Energy development, as both a driving force and a consequence of such tremendous changes, has had profound impact on economic, social, and environmental development. Rural energy has always been a critical issue due to years of energy shortage for both households and industries. Biomass, for long time, has been the only available fuel in many rural areas. The situation in rural areas is even more critical as local demand for energy outstrips availability and the vast majority of people depend on non-commercial energy supplies. Energy is needed for household uses, such as cooking, lighting, heating; for agricultural uses, such as tilling, irrigation and post-harvest processing; and for rural industry uses, such as milling and mechanical energy and process heat. Energy is also an input to water supply, communication, commerce, health, education and transportation in rural areas.
We present a design and synthesis of a hierarchical architecture of multi-walled carbon nanotubes @ mesoporous carbon (MWCNT@Meso-C) using unique multi-walled carbon nanotubes @ metal–organic framework (MWCNT@MOF-5) as both template and precursor. Active sulfur is encapsulated into the MWCNT@Meso-C matrix prepared via carbonizing MWCNT@MOF-5 polyhedrons for high performance lithium sulfur battery. The initial and 50th cycle discharge capacity of MWCNT@Meso-C/S sulfur cathode are as high as 1343 mAh g−1 and 540 mAh g−1 at a high current rate of 0.5 C. CV and EIS tests indicate that the MWCNT@Meso-C/S sulfur cathode has smaller resistance and better kinetics characteristics than that of the MWCNT@MOF-5 sulfur cathode. Test results indicate that the MWCNT@Meso-C is a promising host material for the sulfur cathode in the lithium sulfur battery applications.
Optical frequency combs can provide phase-coherent links between optical frequencies and microwaves, allowing for precise optical frequency generation; however current technologies require external optical references or multiple power-intensive peripherals that make them less suitable for on-chip applications. Here, the authors present phase stabilization of a frequency microcomb without nonlinear processes nor external optical reference signals.
This paper uses evidence from focus groups in England to consider how consumers think about and, more importantly, distinguish foods by both primary and secondary qualities, using both their own judgement but also advice produced by various organisations acting as ‘knowledge intermediaries’, such as independent certification bodies. We thus consider the ‘sorting out’ that consumers do with food, particularly in developing typologies of ‘goodness’ and ‘badness’, and the cues on which they base these judgements, from the material immediacy of ‘mucky carrots’ to the abstract remoteness of organic certification. In particular, we problematise the ‘knowledge-fix’ that underlies attempts to provide knowledge to promote more sustainable and ethical consumption. This raises problems of how consumers give assurance schemes meaning, how ethical and sustainable schemes are subject to re-fetishization and how consumers tend towards increasing scepticism and distrust of such claims, thus making a ‘politics of reconnection’ far from easy.
Geothermal energy pile foundations are an alternative energy source for heating and cooling needs. Utilising this source of energy has great potential due to the environmental, economic and social benefits. This paper looks at an extensive amount of literature on the technology behind the system including the overall process, primary considerations for each of the main components including latest developments as well as design implications such as the integration of ground energy systems into structural piles of buildings. Environmental considerations including performance-dependent parameters of the subsurface are described. Main parameters include thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity and moisture content. Temperature and groundwater effects are also discussed and design considerations are provided. Mathematical models are available to aid in the design of these systems but there are various other issues and complex parameters that need to be considered qualitatively. Furthermore, the design of these systems is governed by various standards and government legislation. Case studies are presented to show the application of these systems in practise including assessments of system performance. Examples originate from countries such as Austria, Switzerland, Germany, UK, USA, Japan, Iran, Sweden and Norway. Benefits and limitations of implementing these systems are summarised and finally, the feasibility of geothermal energy pile foundations in Australia is explored. This paper found that these systems, although exhibiting some limitations and possible challenges, are a viable option in terms of an alternative energy source.
Integrated Testing Strategies (ITSs) are considered tools for guiding resource efficient decision-making on chemical hazard and risk management. Originating in the mid-nineties from research initiatives on minimizing animal use in toxicity testing, ITS development still lacks a methodologically consistent framework for incorporating all relevant information, for updating and reducing uncertainty across testing stages, and for handling conditionally dependent evidence. This paper presents a conceptual and methodological proposal for improving ITS development. We discuss methodological shortcomings of current ITS approaches, and we identify conceptual requirements for ITS development and optimization. First, ITS development should be based on probabilistic methods in order to quantify and update various uncertainties across testing stages. Second, reasoning should reflect a set of logic rules for consistently combining probabilities of related events. Third, inference should be hypothesis-driven and should reflect causal relationships in order to coherently guide decision-making across testing stages. To meet these requirements, we propose an information-theoretic approach to ITS development, the “ITS inference framework”, which can be made operational by using Bayesian networks. As an illustration, we examine a simple two-test battery for assessing rodent carcinogenicity. Finally, we demonstrate how running the Bayesian network reveals a quantitative measure of Weight-of-Evidence.
Estimating the impacts of global and local threats on coral reefs requires monitoring reef health and measuring coral growth and calcification rates at different time scales. This has traditionally been mostly performed in short-term experimental studies in which coral fragments were grown in the laboratory or in the field but measured ex situ. Practical techniques in which growth and measurements are performed over the long term in situ are rare. Apart from photographic approaches, weight increment measurements have also been applied. Past buoyant weight measurements under water involved a complicated and little-used apparatus. We introduce a new method that combines previous field and laboratory techniques to measure the buoyant weight of entire, transplanted corals under water. This method uses an electronic balance fitted into an acrylic glass underwater housing and placed atop of an acrylic glass cube. Within this cube, corals transplanted onto artificial bases can be attached to the balance and weighed at predetermined intervals while they continue growth in the field. We also provide a set of simple equations for the volume and weight determinations required to calculate net growth rates. The new technique is highly accurate: low error of weight determinations due to variation of coral density (<0.08%) and low standard error (<0.01%) for repeated measurements of the same corals. We outline a transplantation technique for properly preparing corals for such long-term in situ experiments and measurements.
Portugal is a country with an energy system highly dependent on oil and gas imports. Imports of oil and gas accounted for 85% of the country’s requirements in 2005 and 86% in 2006. Meanwhile, the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the total primary energy consumption was only 14% in 2006. When focusing only on electricity production, the situation is somewhat better. The share of RES in gross electricity production varies between 20% and 35% and is dependent on the hydropower production in wet and dry years. This paper presents, on a national scale, Portugal’s energy system planning and technical solutions for achieving 100% RES electricity production. Planning was based on hourly energy balance and use of H2RES software. The H2RES model provides the ability to integrate various types of storages into energy systems in order to increase penetration of the intermittent renewable energy sources or to achieve a 100% renewable island, region or country. The paper also represents a stepping-stone for studies offering wider possibilities in matching and satisfying electricity supply in Portugal with potential renewable energy sources. Special attention has been given to intermittent sources such as wind, solar and ocean waves that can be coupled to appropriate energy storage systems charged with surplus amounts of produced electricity. The storage systems also decrease installed power requirements for generating units. Consequently, these storages will assist in avoiding unnecessary rejection of renewable potential and reaching a sufficient security of energy supply.
Electrochemical charge injection (ECI) is proved a powerful technique to maximize the available widen potential range of aqueous electrolyte. In this report, reduced graphene oxide/polymer dots (rGO/PDs) nanocomposites are prepared and tested as electrode materials for flexible supercapacitors. The weight ratio of GO/PDs plays an important role in the electrochemical performance of rGO/PDs nanocomposites. Through the ECI technique, a 1.7-V output potential can be delivered by rGO/PDs-based flexible supercapacitors operating with 1 mol L−1 Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. A specific energy of 7.1 W h kg−1 with corresponding specific power of 85 W kg−1 can be achieved for a typical flexible supercapacitor, which exhibits a capacitance retention of 90.6% after 5000 cycles at 0.5 A g−1.
Recent advances in super-iron batteries, based on an unusual Fe(VI) cathodic charge storage, are presented. Fe(VI) cathodes that have been demonstrated in super-iron batteries include the synthesized Fe(VI) compound with three-electron cathodic charge capacity Na2FeO4, K2FeO4, Rb2FeO4, Cs2FeO4 (alkali Fe(VI) salts), alkali earth Fe(VI) salts BaFeO4, SrFeO4, and also a transition Fe(VI) salt Ag2FeO4 which exhibits a five-electron cathodic charge storage. This paper focus on the primary alkaline Fe(VI) charge storage in aqueous electrolyte systems. Primary alkaline super-iron batteries exhibit a higher capacity than conventional alkaline batteries. Configuration optimization, enhancement and mediation of Fe(VI) cathode charge transfer of primary Fe(VI) alkaline batteries are summarized. Composite Fe(VI)/Mn(IV or VII), Fe(VI)/Ag(II) and zirconia coating stabilized Fe(VI)/Ag(II) cathode alkaline batteries are also illustrated.
Word and nonword identification skills were examined in a sample of 80 elementary school age students with mild intellectual disabilities and mixed etiologies who were described as struggling to learn to read by their teachers. Performance on measures of receptive and expressive vocabulary, measures of phonological awareness, and measures of word and nonword identification were included for analyses. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that, after controlling for chronological age and vocabulary knowledge, phonological processing accounted for a large and significant amount of unique variance of both word and nonword identification. In addition, the pattern of results found in this study is similar to that obtained with typically developing learners. As with typically developing children, measures of phonological awareness were significantly correlated with measures of both reading achievement and vocabulary knowledge.
This study was to examine to what extent the motor deficits of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) verified by the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) are linked to their visual-perceptual abilities. Seventeen children with DCD and seventeen typically developing children (TD) aged 5–10 years screened from a total of 250 children were recruited. The assessments included MABC-2, traditional test of visual perceptual skills (TVPS-R), and computerized test for sequential coupling of eye and hand as well as motion coherence. The results indicated that children with DCD scored lower than TD in MABC-2, and their total scores were highly correlated with manual dexterity component scores. DCD group also showed poor visual-perceptual abilities in various aspects. The visual discrimination and visual sequential memory from the TVPS-R, the sequential coupling of eye and hand, and the motion coherence demonstrated a moderate or strong correlation with the MABC-2 in the DCD rather than the TD group. It was concluded that the motor problems screened by MABC-2 were significantly related to the visual-perceptual deficits of children with DCD. MABC-2 is suggested to be a prescreening tool to identify the visual-perceptual related motor deficits.
Muscle quality (i.e., the expression of muscle function per unit of muscle mass) has been proposed as a clinically-relevant measure to detect individuals at risk of functional incapacity. Individuals with obesity might be at an increased risk of having poor muscle quality. Thus, we aimed to analyze the prevalence of poor muscle quality in obese individuals, to determine associated variables, and to provide normative values for this population.
Hybrid buses are widely seen as an important element in reducing carbon dioxide and noxious emissions. These buses are now starting to be seen in significant numbers in some city bus fleets. However, whilst some designs have been successful, others have been plagued by battery problems and failure to achieve predicted fuel savings in service. This has sometimes been caused by lack of understanding by both the vehicle designer and battery supplier, who generally have little experience in each other's areas. This paper looks at some key design issues that need to be addressed in developing a successful hybrid bus battery pack design.
To measure and assess health outcomes and quality of life at the national level, large-scale surveys using multiple vendors to gather health information is becoming the norm. This study evaluates the ability of multiple survey vendors to gather and report data collected as part of the 1998 Medicare Health Outcomes Survey (HOS).
This work develops an 8th order, non-linear thermal model of an automotive proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell system. Subsystem models are developed from first principals where ever possible and validated against data from a physical system. The system model is validated against data from an automotive 120kW fuel cell system, with good agreement. Next, a reduced order model is constructed from the full model and the performance of the two models are compared. The reduced order linear model provided an acceptable representation of the full non-linear model.
Rational design and optimization of metal-free electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial for fuel cells and metal-air batteries. However, identifying design principle that links the active sites and their synergistic effects is far from satisfactory, especially for B,N-codoped graphene. Herein, we provide four B,N-codoped porous graphenes with tunable contents of pyridinic N, graphitic N, BC3 and C-B(N)O. BC3 shows multiple-fold specific activity compared with graphitic N and pyridinic N, while C-B(N)O offers no positive contribution. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the synergistic effect between graphitic N and BC3 can effectively facilitate the reduction of O2. These pinpoint that graphitic N and BC3 are the main active sites among various nitrogen or/and boron doping configurations. The most active catalyst exhibits superior activity than the commercial Pt/C catalyst using the RDE method in alkaline media, and displays comparable power density to Pt/C catalyst in Zn-air battery.
In this research, two parallel hybrid- and two diesel-buses fitted with selective catalytic reduction systems were tested in real world conditions using portable emission measurement systems. The hybrid buses were chosen to operate in either hybrid mode or diesel mode. In hybrid mode, the buses consumed less fuel, but the brake specific fuel consumptions were higher. The hybrid buses produced less engine-out NOX emissions than diesel buses, but as a result of lower exhaust temperature and lower efficiencies of SCR systems, the tailpipe NOX emissions from hybrid buses were a little higher. The brake specific NOX emissions from hybrid buses were very high and beyond the limit value of Euro-IV standard. History effect was also important for the efficiency of SCR system. The CO emissions from hybrid buses were lower in the unit of g/s, but the fuel-based CO emissions were higher than diesel buses.
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is part of our everyday life. There are many automobiles invented today that operates by Li-ion batteries. The issue with batteries is that they lose capacity and reliability over time as they are charged and discharged. This paper introduces a lifecycle assessment system for Li-ion EV battery considering the condition of each battery which helps decision making. The proposed research concerns not only for the ad-hoc condition but also regular condition of the Li-ion EV battery. We apply the Markov Decision Process (MDP) with selected policies for the measurement of each stage probability. The result shows that we could monitor product aging status with the proposed algorithm. It also shows that the calculated product life span was longer than the general warranty time period.
This paper treats the design and control of two hybrid source using supercapacitors, fuel cell, with and without batteries on the DC link. A fuel cell, as a slowest dynamic source in these systems (because of its auxiliaries) acts to supply the permanent energy. The supercapacitors, as a high dynamic and high power density device, compensate the intrinsic limitations in embedded sources and shave transient power peaks. The batteries module, as a high energy density device, operates for supplying energy if limitations of the power and energy sources occur. The load is a single phase DC machine connected directly in the DC bus. Our interest is focused on the comparison of the two structures and on the principles of control of this two hybrid power sources. Some results are presented and discussed.
Lithium-ion batteries have started replacing the conventional aqueous nickel-based battery systems in space applications, such as planetary landers, rovers, orbiters and satellites. The reasons for such widespread use of these batteries are the savings in mass and volume of the power subsystems, resulting from their high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, and their ability to operate at extreme temperatures. In our pursuit to further enhance the specific energy as well as low-temperature performance of Li-ion batteries, we have been investigating various layered lithiated metal oxides, e.g., LiCoO2, LiNi0.8Co0.2 and LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, as well as different low-temperature electrolytes, including ternary and quaternary carbonate mixtures with various co-solvents. In this paper, we report our recent studies on Li1+x (Co1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3)1−x O2 cathodes, combined with three different low-temperature electrolytes, i.e.: (1) 1.0M LiPF6 in EC:EMC (20:80), (2) 1.2M LiPF6 in EC:EMC (20:80) and (3) 1.2M LiPF6 in EC:EMC (30:70). Electrical performance characteristics were determined in laboratory glass cells at different discharge rates and different temperatures. Further, individual electrode kinetics of both Li1+x (Co1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3)1−x O2 cathodes and MCMB graphite anodes were determined at different temperatures, using dc micropolarization, Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Analysis of these data has led to interesting trends relative to the effects of solvent composition and salt concentration, on the electrical performance and on the kinetics of cathode and anode.