batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The article presents the recent progress in the carbon honeycomb grid technology for valve-regulated lead-acid batteries with absorptive glass-mat separators (AGM-VRLAB). The work is focused on the development of negative current collectors using industrial grade composite honeycomb precursors. The developed model AGM-VRLA cells comprised of one prototype honeycomb negative electrode and two conventional traction positive counter-electrodes show high utilisation of the negative active material and long cycle life both in high-rate partial state of charge (HRPSoC) cycling mode and in deep cycling mode. The analysis of the results from the cycle-life tests and the tear-down analysis indicate that the benefits delivered by the novel grids can be related to the low mesh size of the grid, low γ-coefficient, as well as the use of milled carbon fibre additive. The combination of the three, results in the reversibility of the negative active material sulfation process when the electrolyte concentration in the cells is lower than the one traditionally used in the AGM-VRLAB technology. The negative plates show no signs of irreversible degradation after more than 900 cycles in deep cycling mode and more than 2000 capacity turnovers (equivalent cycles) in HRPSoC cycling mode.
Nanocrystalline TiO2 particles were precipitated from the ethanol solution of titanium isopropoxide (Ti(O–iPr)4) and H2O2 by refluxing at 80°C for 48h. The obtained particles were filtered and dried at 100°C for 12h. The dried powder itself, the sample with heating at 400°C, and the sample with ultrasonically treating were prepared to investigate the effects of post treatments on materials characteristics and electrochemical properties of nanocrystalline TiO2. The X-ray diffraction patterns of all of the samples were fitted well to the anatase phase. The field emission-TEM image of as-prepared sample shows a uniform spherical morphology with 5nm particle size and the sample heated at 400°C shows slightly increased particle size of about 10nm while maintaining spherical shape. The sample treated with ultrasonic for 5h or more at room temperature shows high aspect ratio particle shape with an average diameter of 5nm and a length of 20nm. According to the results of the electrochemical testing, as-prepared sample, the sample heated at 400°C for 3h, and the sample treated with ultrasonic show initial capacities of 270, 310 and 340mAhg−1, respectively.
It is currently unknown whether speech and limb motor effectors in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are controlled by similar underlying brain processes. Based on computerized objective analysis, the aim of this study was to evaluate potential correlation between speech and mechanical tests of upper limb motor function. Speech and upper limb motor tests were performed in 22 PD patients and 22 healthy controls. Quantitative acoustic analyses of eight key speech dimensions of hypokinetic dysarthria, including quality of voice, sequential motion rates, consonant articulation, vowel articulation, average loudness, loudness variability, pitch variability, and number of pauses, were performed. Upper limb movements were assessed using the motor part of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, contactless three-dimensional motion capture system, blinded expert evaluation, and the Purdue Pegboard Test. Significant relationships were observed between the quality of voice assessed by jitter and amplitude decrement of finger tapping (r = 0.61, p = 0.003), consonant articulation evaluated using voice onset time and expert rating of finger tapping (r = 0.60, p = 0.003), and number of pauses and Purdue Pegboard Test score (r = 0.60, p = 0.004). The current study supports the hypothesis that speech impairment in PD shares, at least partially, similar pathophysiological processes with limb motor dysfunction. Vocal fold vibration irregularities appeared to be influenced by mechanisms similar to amplitude decrement during repetitive limb movements. Consonant articulation deficits were associated with decreased manual dexterity and movement speed, likely reflecting fine motor control involvement in PD.
Biodegradable batteries play an important role in fully degradable biomedical or environmental systems. The development of biodegradable batteries faces many challenges including power content, device compactness, performance stability, shelf and functional lifetime. In particular, a key driver in the lifetime and overall size of microfabricated biodegradable batteries is the liquid electrolyte volume. Harnessing liquid from the environment to serve as the battery electrolyte may, therefore, be desirable; however, for stable operation, maintaining a constant electrochemical environment inside the cell is required even in the presence of changing body or environmental conditions. We report a biodegradable battery featuring a solid electrolyte of sodium chloride and polycaprolactone. This approach harnesses the body fluid that diffuses into the cell as an element of the electrolyte; however, the large excess of sodium chloride suspended in the polycaprolactone holds intracell ionic conditions constant. A constant discharge profile can then be achieved even in the presence of varying external aqueous conditions, enabling compact, stable-performing cells. This design also features easy integration and automatic activation, providing a simplified strategy to fabricate batteries with long shelf life and desirable functional life span. In addition, the polymeric skeleton of the solid electrolyte system acts as an insulating layer between electrodes, preventing the metallic structure from short-circuit during discharge.
In typical applications of lithium-ion batteries, the cells are monitored in order to guarantee a safe and stable performance during operation. Therefore, methods to characterize aging processes in a non-destructive way are desired. In this work, internal resistance and power capability calculated from time domain measurements are investigated. Test cells (NMC/graphite) are cycled at the lowest temperature in the operational range ( T = 0 ° C ) as well as under high temperature conditions ( T = 50 ° C ) in order to characterize the aging behavior for extreme temperatures. For both internal resistance and power capability, an analysis of their sensitivities towards capacity loss induced by high or low temperature cycling is carried out. It is demonstrated how discrepancies in sensitivity can be used for the diagnostic purpose of discriminating between low and high temperature aging effects during cycling. A baseline diagnostic approach for constant operating conditions and an extended algorithm for varying conditions are presented. The extended approach is based on the evaluation of cell trajectories in a state space with capacity loss and polarization parameters. It provides measures which characterize the aging behavior and allow to identify the dominant aging mechanism.
The response of the basal plane of graphite towards an external field has been investigated by DFT. Because of the low electronic density of states the field penetrates over a distance of several tenth of a nanometer and exhibits oscillations. These calculations have been combined with a simple model for the electrolyte solution, which is represented as an ensemble of hard spheres. The combined model explains quantitatively the capacity characteristics of graphite. The behavior of graphite is contrasted with that of typical metal surfaces like Ag(111), Au(111) and Pt(111).
Amorphous and well dispersed Co nanoparticles (less than 10nm) have been in situ synthesized in aqueous solution at room temperature. The as-synthesized Co nanoparticles possess high catalytic activity (1116Lmol−1 min−1) and excellent recycling property for the hydrogen generation from aqueous solution of ammonia borane under ambient atmosphere at room temperature. The present low-cost catalyst, high hydrogen generation rate and mild reaction conditions (at room temperature in aqueous solution) represent a promising step toward the development of ammonia borane as a viable on-board hydrogen-storage and supply material.
Three E’s are the national energy policy drivers of any country of the world, Energy security, Economic growth and Environmental protection. A fuel cell is an energy conversion device that produces electricity by electrochemically combining fuel (hydrogen) and oxidant (oxygen from the air) gases through electrodes and across an ion conducting electrolyte. The principal characteristic of a fuel cell is its ability to convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy giving much higher conversion efficiencies than any conventional thermo-mechanical system thus extracting more electricity from the same amount of fuel, operate without combustion so they are virtually pollution free and have quieter operation since there are no moving parts. The emission of fuel cells running on hydrogen derived from a renewable source will be nothing but water vapour. Fuel cells are presently under development for a variety of power generation applications in response to the critical need for a cleaner energy technology. This paper reviews the existing or emerging fuel cells technologies, their design and operation, their limitations and their benefits in connection with energy, environment and sustainable development relationship. Few potential applications of fuel cell will be discussed.
Gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) was prepared with the porous polymer-coated separator by soaking in an electrolyte solution. The porous polymer coated on both sides of polyethylene separator was gelled in contact with the electrolyte solution and encapsulated a larger amount of electrolyte solution. The gel polymer electrolyte exhibited high ionic conductivity in order of 10−3 S/cm and was electrochemically stable up to 4.9 versus Li. With the gel polymer electrolyte, lithium metal polymer cell composed of a lithium anode and LiCoO2 cathode was assembled and its cycling performances were evaluated.
To measure the size distribution of radioactive aerosols in the widest possible range, a complex system operating on different physical principles was designed. The system consists of a twelve-stage diffusion battery, a five-stage cascade impactor, and a set of three analytical aerosol filters with established permeability functions. The diffusion battery allows obtaining data on the distribution of aerosols in the range of 0.5–50 nm, the cascade impactor in the range of 0.8–20 μm, and the standard analytical filters in the range of 0.05–0.8 μm. This system was tested in a standard radon box. At a low aerosol concentration (less than 1000 cm−3), nearly 45–75% of radon decay product activity was associated with ultrafine particles with an AMTD of ~1 nm (the so-called unattached fraction). Additionally, a mode with a diameter of ~ 5–8 nm was registered. Larger aerosol particles were not caught by the cascade impactor, instead being deposited on the final filters. This shows that the particles are less than 800 nm in size (the first cut-off diameter of the impactor), which is in good agreement with the literature. When a high concentration of aerosol particles is created by an additional aerosol source, the unattached fraction is absent and maximum activity is observed in the cascade impactor and finishing filters.
Use of a silylamido–magnesium chloride and a magnesium bis-silylamide where the Si–N–Si core is crafted in a cyclic structure, toward magnesium battery application is demonstrated. Reaction between prepared silylamido–magnesium compounds and a Lewis acid in tetrahydrofuran solvent furnishes the desired electrolytes. Embedding the Si–N–Si core into cyclic structure enhances the oxidation potentials of the ‘in situ’ electrolytes (without any purification) against Mg/Mg2+ compare to the acyclic analogue. Theoretical calculation provides insight into the ionic species present in the electrolyte systems.
In vitro studies have been widely used to support the toxicological evaluation of chemicals and complex mixtures including cigarette smoke. In this study, the total particulate matter and whole aerosol from a Kentucky reference 3R4F cigarette and two commercially available tobacco heating products (THPs) were assessed using in vitro mutagenicity, cytotoxicity and tumour-promoting activity assays. The Ames assay assessed mutagenicity using Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA102 ± metabolic activation (S9). The mouse lymphoma assay was used with short 3 h and longer 24 h exposures. The Bhas 42 cell transformation assay was incorporated as an in vitro alternative for detecting tumour promoters, and the neutral red uptake cell viability assay provided an acute measure of cytotoxicity. To complement the approach, the Ames assay was also employed with S. typhimurium tester strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA97 and TA102 using a scaled down methodology for the assessment of aerosols. All the in vitro techniques employed produced a clear positive response with cigarette smoke and in contrast, a negative response to THPs at doses equivalent to or higher than a cigarette smoke test matrix. The data show little difference between the THPs assessed suggesting parity between products.
We demonstrate an ex situ method for analyzing the chemistry of battery electrode particles after electrochemical cycling using the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The arrangement of particles during our analysis is the same as when the particles are being cycled. We start by sectioning LiFePO4 battery electrodes using an ultramicrotome. We then show that mapping of the Fe2+ and Fe3+ oxidation state using energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM) and multivariate statistical analysis techniques can be used to determine the spatial distribution of Li in the particles. This approach is validated by comparison with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) analysis of the same samples [Chueh et al. Nanoletters, 13 (3) (2013) 866–72]. EFTEM uses a parallel electron beam and reduces the electron-beam dose (and potential beam-induced damage) to the sample when compared to alternate techniques that use a focused probe (e.g. STEM–EELS). Our analysis confirms that under the charging conditions of the analyzed battery, mixed phase particles are rare and thus Li intercalation is limited by the nucleation of new phases.
Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded as healthy participants listened to puns such as “During branding, cowboys have sore calves.” To assess hemispheric differences in pun comprehension, visually presented probes that were either highly related (COW), moderately related (LEG), or unrelated, were presented in either the left or right visual half field (LVF/RVF). The sensitivity of each hemisphere to the different meanings evoked by the pun was assessed by ERP relatedness effects with presentation to the LVF and the RVF. In Experiment 1, the inter-stimulus interval between the pun and the onset of the visual probe was 0 ms; in Experiment 2, this value was 500ms. In Experiment 1, both highly and moderately related probes elicited similar priming effects with RVF presentation. Relative to their unrelated counterparts, related probes elicited less negative ERPs in the N400 interval (300–600ms post-onset), and more positive ERPs 600–900ms post-onset, suggesting both meanings of the pun were equally active in the left hemisphere. LVF presentation yielded similar priming effects (less negative N400 and a larger positivity thereafter) for the highly related probes, but no effects for moderately related probes. In Experiment 2, similar N400 priming effects were observed for highly and moderately related probes presented to both visual fields. Compared to unrelated probes 600–900ms post-onset, related probes elicited a centro-parietal positivity with RVF presentation, but a fronto-polar positivity with LVF presentation. Results suggest that initially, the different meanings evoked by a pun are both active in the left hemisphere, but only the most highly related meaning is active in the right hemisphere. By 500ms, both meanings are active in both hemispheres.
Global mobile telecommunication is possible due to millions of Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). Nearly 1 million of these are operating off-grid, typically powered by diesel generators and therefore leading to significant CO2 emissions and other environmental burdens. A novel type of Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) powered by cracked ammonia is being developed for replacement of these generators. This study compares the environmental and economic performance of the two systems by means of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE), respectively. Results show that the production of ammonia dominates the LCA results, and that renewable ammonia production pathways greatly improve environmental performance. Sensitivity analyses reveal that the fuel cell parameters that most affect system cost and environmental burdens are cell power density and lifetime and system efficiency. Recycling of anode catalyst and electrode substrate materials is found to have large impacts on environmental performance, though without large cost incentives. For a set of target parameter values and fossil sourced ammonia, the AFC is calculated to produce electricity with life cycle CO2 eq emissions of 1.08 kg kWh−1, which is 23% lower than a diesel generator with electricity costs that are 14% higher in the same application.
Energy harvesting is a promising technique that can help produce renewable and clean energy and improve sustainability of infrastructure. The objective of this paper is to review available energy harvesting techniques that are used for roadway and bridge for different applications, including photovoltaic cell, solar collector, geothermal, thermoelectric, electromagnetic, and piezoelectric systems. The energy harvested can produce electric energy, provide heating or cooling, ice melting, power wireless sensors, and monitor structure conditions. Each energy harvesting technology is examined in depth including working principles, application examples, prototype developments, and major findings reported in the literature. The review summarized previous study efforts on energy harvesting system in the areas of material design, system optimization, theoretical analysis, laboratory testing, field experiment, and numerical modeling. Different energy-harvesting technologies were compared in terms of power output, cost-effectiveness, technology readiness level, advantages and disadvantages, support from government and industry. Finally, future research recommendations of energy harvesting in roadway and bridge were proposed.
A binder free battery type supercapacitor electrode composed of 3D hierarchical dandelion-fiber flake-like structure has been synthesized by cost-effective, layer by layer (LbL) method for 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 LbL cycles on flexible stainless-steel substrate. Among all the synthesized working electrodes, 40 LbL cycles shows the prominent electrochemical performance with a wide operating potential window (−1.0 to +1.0 V) in 1.0 M aq. Na2SO4 electrolyte. The maximum specific capacity of 958 C g−1 (maximum specific capacitance 479 F g−1) for 1 mA current rate has been achieved by using the three-electrode system. The novel composite material Al(OH)3/MnO2 shows the battery type supercapacitor electrode that comprises the high electronic conductivity with a better electrocapacitive performance that improves the energy storage capability. For having the deeper insight of charge storage mechanism, we evaluate the contribution of charges coming from the individual surface capacitive and diffusion-controlled process. The galvanostatic charge discharge illustrates good cyclic reversibility of composite film whereas electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrate the capacitive behavior of nanocomposite thin film with a low value of Rct ∼ 0.01 Ω cm−1. Therefore, it could be anticipated that Al(OH)3/MnO2 nanocomposite thin film is a promising electrode material for flexible and portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, etc.
This paper proposes a design and implementation of an assist-mode, hybrid electric motorcycle (H.E.M.). The proposed hybrid electric motorcycle is a revised vehicle from a 50cc motorcycle and designed to match up with a 100cc motorcycle. In order to expedite the developing phase and lower down the cost, a master–slave tracking control method is utilized. A dc servo-motor is deployed to track the speed of the rear wheel of the motorcycle and to provide more torque through power composite into the rear wheel so that the performance of hybrid electric motorcycle can be promoted. The advance of performance as well as the energy saving can both be expected. In road trip experiment, the H.E.M. prototype achieves an average gasoline mileage of 46kml−1 compared to the original 34kml−1. The overall efficiency is about 35% lift. Experimental results confirm the feasibility and prosperities of the proposed hybrid electric motorcycle.
Li2RuO3 (001) films with a lithium-rich layered rocksalt structure are epitaxially grown on a Al2O3(0001) substrate through pulsed laser deposition, followed by stacking of an amorphous Li3PO4 solid electrolyte. A half solid-state battery with a Li3PO4/Li2RuO3 cathode, liquid electrolyte, and lithium anode exhibits two redox peak pairs at 3.4 and 3.6 V, demonstrating lithium intercalation in the Li2RuO3 through the Li3PO4 solid electrolyte. All-solid-state batteries are fabricated by Li or In metal anode deposition on the Li3PO4/Li2RuO3. The Li/Li3PO4/Li2RuO3 cell delivers an initial discharge capacity of 101 mAh g−1, which does not fade significantly over 30 cycles. Furthermore, the Li2RuO3 rate capability is comparable to that of a liquid-type battery. Lithium-rich layered materials are available for use as cathodes in all-solid-state batteries.
α-Mn2O3 microstructures, including spheres and polyhedrons, were fabricated through a two-step process: MnF2 precursor was first hydrothermally synthesized using manganese acetate and hydrofluoric acid in ethanol, and then pyrolyzed to α-Mn2O3 at 350°C. α-Mn2O3 morphologies were controlled through MnF2 precursors by adjusting HF/Mn(CH3COO)2 molar ratio and solvents. Spherical α-Mn2O3 particles were formed when HF/Mn(CH3COO)2 molar ratio was 2:1, and polyhedral α-Mn2O3 particles were prepared and particle size increased when the molar ratio increased to 12:1. Solvent viscosity affected Mn2O3 morphologies and particle size. Irregular particles of α-Mn2O3 with larger size were formed as aqueous solvent was substituted for ethanol. Smaller particles of α-Mn2O3 were formed when glycerol was used instead. The discharge mechanism and cycling stability of α-Mn2O3 electrode materials were studied. Spherical α-Mn2O3 exhibited excellent lithium storage capacity of 2899mAhg−1 at first cycle and 265mAhg−1 after 15 cycles. The formation of LiAl alloy did much contribution to the discharge capacity of first cycle. As for supercapacitor electrode materials, α-Mn2O3 was transformed into burserite during charge/discharge process, and capacitance increased with the increase of surface area. The highest specific capacitance was 202Fg−1 and kept steady after 400 cycles. The as-prepared α-Mn2O3 with various microstructures might be applied as rechargeable electrode materials for lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor.