batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Ethnic groups are universal and unique to human societies. Such groups sometimes have norms of behavior that are adaptively linked to their social and ecological circumstances, and ethnic boundaries may function to protect that variation from erosion by interethnic interaction. However, such interaction is often frequent and voluntary, suggesting that individuals may be able to strategically reduce its costs, allowing adaptive cultural variation to persist in spite of interaction with out-groups with different norms. We examine five mechanisms influencing the dynamics of ethnically distinct cultural norms, each focused on strategic individual-level choices in interethnic interaction: bargaining, interaction-frequency-biased norm adoption, assortment on norms, success-biased interethnic social learning, and childhood socialization. We use Bayesian item response models to analyze patterns of norm variation and interethnic interaction in an ethnically structured Amazonian population. We show that, among indigenous Matsigenka, interethnic education with colonial Mestizos is more strongly associated with Mestizo-typical norms than even extensive interethnic experience in commerce and wage labor is. Using ethnographic observations, we show that all five of the proposed mechanisms of norm adoption may contribute to this effect. However, of these mechanisms, we argue that changes in relative bargaining power are particularly important for ethnic minorities wishing to preserve distinctive norms while engaging in interethnic interaction in domains such as education. If this mechanism proves applicable in a range of other ethnographic contexts, it would constitute one cogent explanation for when and why ethnically structured cultural variation can either persist or erode given frequent, and often mutually beneficial, interethnic interaction.
Ultrathin Al2O3 is directly deposited on LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) composite electrodes by atomic layer deposition (ALD). After 4 ALD cycles, the coated cathode exhibits significantly improved cycling performance and thermal stability, especially at high working voltage. The capacity retention of the coated cathode is 76.8% after 30 cycles in the voltage range of 2–4.8V, compared to 58.4% of pristine cathode. The exothermic peak in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, corresponding to the reactions between delithiated electrode and electrolyte, is also delayed after cycling. The improvement is attributed to the reduced charge transfer resistance and enhanced Li ion diffusivity, as the Al2O3 coating may suppress the side reactions between electrode and electrolyte, and inhibit the oxygen release under high operating voltage.
Collections of batteries are used to supply energy to a variety of applications. By utilizing the energy in such a collection efficiently, we can improve the lifetime over which energy can be supplied to the application. We say that the discharge of a collection of batteries is coordinated when, at the end of discharge, the difference in the remaining capacity of individual batteries is small. This paper presents a decision-maker based on a goal-seeking formulation that coordinates the discharge of a collection of batteries. This formulation allows us to use a simple battery model and simple decision-making algorithms. We present results from MATLAB simulations that demonstrate the performance of the decision-maker when energy is drawn out of the collection in three different discharge scenarios. The new decision-maker consistently improves the discharge efficiency obtained using scheduling methods. Our results show that when the discharge is coordinated, the lifetime of the collection is extended.
In dynamical air atmosphere, the non-isothermal and isothermal thermal decomposition of FePO4·2H2O have been studied by TG, DTG, DSC and XRD techniques. The studies clearly indicate that the decomposition occurs in a single reaction step: the dehydration of FePO4·2H2O to FePO4. The model-free methods together with multivariate non-linear regression approach were employed to determine the activation energy (E), the pre-exponential factor (A) and the kinetic model function (mechanism) of the dehydration reaction. The results show that the most probable kinetic model of dehydration for FePO4·2H2O is well described by the nth-order reaction (Fn), corresponding to the differential function f(α)=(1− α) n . For non-isothermal reaction, the values of n, E and ln(A/s−1) are 0.63, 81.10kJmol−1 and 16.79, respectively. For isothermal reaction, the values of n, E and ln(A/s−1) are 0.25, 81.47kJmol−1 and 16.70, respectively.
Many cyanobacterial species co-occur commonly in a freshwater ecosystem and can be consumed simultaneously by zooplankton. Both Microcystis aeruginosa and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii are the dominant species and coexist in eutrophic tropical waters, and they together are assumed to have exert a stronger effect on the life history traits of cladocerans than a single cyanobacterial species. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis with life-history experiments of Daphnia sienesis, a large cladoceran species in tropics. In the experiments, M. aeruginosa and C. raciborskii were used as a mixture of food with Chlorella pyrenoidosa for the experimental animals. D. sienesis showed excellent growth and survival on sole diets of C. pyrenoidosa (CP). By contrast, Daphnia’s growth decreased significantly and reproduction was completely inhibited when cyanobacteria comprised 100% of the food offered. The supplementation of C. pyrenoidosa into cyanobacterial diets significantly decreased their harmful effects on Daphnia, who improved the life history traits with the reduction of cyanobacterial percentage in mixed foods, irrespective of cyanobacterial species. Compared with the cultures of D. sienesis fed with a single cyanobacteria species, the animals in the treatments fed both M.aeruginosa-FACHB469 (F469) and C. raciborskii N8 (N8) had a lower growth rate in all the proportion of C. pyrenoidosa (25% CP, 50% CP or 75% CP). The strongest synergistic inhibition by the two cyanobacterial strains was found in the treatments with the 25% CP (i.e., 25% CP + 37.5% F469 + 37.5% N8), and no animal survived to maturity and reproduced. Thus, the simultaneous exposure to the two cyanobacterial species should be taken into account in assessing the ecological risks of cyanobacterial blooms, since multiple cyanobacterial coexistence can result in strong synergistic inhibition on growth and reproduction of zooplankton.
The performance of energy storage materials is highly dependent on their nanostructures. Herein, hierarchical rod-in-tube TiO2 with a uniform carbon coating is synthesized as the anode material for sodium-ion batteries by a facile solvothermal method. This unique structure consists of a tunable nanorod core, interstitial hollow spaces, and a functional nanotube shell assembled from two-dimensional nanosheets. By adjusting the types of solvents used and reaction time, the morphologies of TiO2/C composites can be tuned to nanoparticles, microrods, rod-in-tube structures, or microtubes. Among these materials, rod-in-tube TiO2 with a uniform carbon coating shows the highest electronic conductivity, specific surface area (336.4m2 g−1), and porosity, and these factors lead to the best sodium storage capability. Benefiting from the unique structural features and improved electronic/ionic conductivity, the as-obtained rod-in-tube TiO2/C in coin cell tests exhibits a high discharge capacity of 277.5 and 153.9 mAh g−1 at 50 and 5000mAg−1, respectively, and almost 100% capacity retention over 14,000 cycles at 5000mAg−1. In operando high-energy X-ray diffraction further confirms the stable crystal structure of the rod-in-tube TiO2/C during Na+ insertion/extraction. This work highlights that nanostructure design is an effective strategy to achieve advanced energy storage materials.
Skilled movements, such as reaching and grasping, have classically been considered as originating in the primate lineage. For this reason, the use of rodents to investigate the genetic and molecular machinery of reaching and grasping has been limited in research. A few studies in rodents have now shown that these movements are not exclusive to primates. Here we present a new test, the Mouse Reaching and Grasping (MoRaG) performance scale, intended to help researchers in the characterization of these motor behaviors in the mouse. Within the MoRaG test battery we identified early phenotypes for the characterization of motor neurone (Tg[SOD1-G93A]dl1Gur mice) and neurodegenerative (TgN(HD82Gln)81Dbo transgenic mice) disease models in addition to specific motor deficits associated with aging (C3H/HeH inbred strain). We conclude that the MoRaG test can be used to further investigate complex neuromuscular, neurological, neurodegenerative and behavioral disorders. Moreover, our study supports the validity of the mouse as a model for reaching and grasping studies.
Problems relating to oil supply, pollution, and green house effects justify the need for developing of new technologies for transportation as a replacement for the actual technology based on internal combustion engines (ICE). Fuel cells (FCs) are seen as the best future replacement for ICE in transportation applications because they operate more efficiently and with lower emissions. This paper presents a comparative study performed in order to select the most suitable control strategy for high-power electric vehicles powered by FC, battery and supercapacitor (SC), in which each energy source uses a DC/DC converter to control the source power and adapt the output voltage to the common DC bus voltage, from where the vehicle loads are supplied. Five different controls are described for this kind of hybrid vehicles: a basic control based on three operation modes of the hybrid vehicle depending on the state of charge (SOC) of the battery (operation mode control); a control strategy based on control loops connected in cascade, whose aim is to control the battery and SC SOC (cascade control); a control based on the technique of equivalent fuel consumption, called equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS); and two based on control techniques very used nowadays, the first one of them is a fuzzy logic control and the second one is a predictive control. These control strategies are tested and compared by applying them to a real urban street railway. The simulation results reflect the optimal performance of the presented control strategies and allow selecting the best option for being used in this type of high-power electric vehicles.
Lithium metal is one of the most exceptional anode materials for the next-generation rechargeable batteries because of its ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity and lowest reduction potential. Unfortunately, low Coulombic efficiency, poor cycling lifespan and short-circuiting-related safety issues due to the uncontrolled growth of lithium dendrites during battery cycling have hindered practical applications of rechargeable lithium-metal batteries. Herein, we report an efficient strategy to overcome these shortcomings by using a multi-walled carbon nanotube interlayer film with controllable thickness between lithium anode and a separator. Lithium electrodes with added interlayers can stabilize the cycling of symmetrical cells up to 600 h at 3 mA h cm−2 capacity and 5 mA cm−2 current density and up to 180 h at 5 mA h cm−2 capacity and 10 mA cm−2 current density, respectively, without any signs of short circuits. The volume expansion is significantly mitigated by the interlayer during cycling. Using lithium anode with interlayer, we achieve excellent Coulombic efficiency, superior capacity retention and small polarization for lithium-oxygen battery and lithium-lithium cobalt oxide/lithium iron phosphate batteries. These interlayers, produced using low-cost raw materials and simple methods, have a promising potential for realization of high-capacity, dendrite-free and long-life lithium metal anodes for the large-scale production.
The capacity fading of LiMn2O4 is improved by adding amphoteric oxides such as Al2O3, ZnO, SnO2, and ZrO2 to the cathode slurry. The effectiveness of the amphoteric oxides on the fade resistance of LiMn2O4 is compared by measuring the capability of scavenging hydrofluoric acid (HF) in the electrolyte by the oxides using a pH meter and by BET surface analysis. Results suggest that the capacity fading is determined by the reactivity of oxides with HF and the effective surface-area of the oxide particles when they were mixed in the slurry. Zinc oxide is the most effective of the oxides in scavenging HF.
This study examines the extent to which a single-item question on sense of community belonging captures the multi-dimensionality of the underlying concept. Many studies use multi-item scales to measure the different dimensions of this concept, but including extensive questions on community belonging in large surveys is often impractical given constraints on survey lengths and budgets. Having an economical and robust measure provides considerable scope for future studies to consider the effects of community belonging without reliance on multi-item scales. Drawing on several large, nationally representative Canadian surveys, the study shows that self-assessed community belonging is a parsimonious measure of a broad range of factors that pertain to local social relations, neighbourhood characteristics, and place attachment. Social capital yields the strongest correlations, and also plays an important mediating role vis-à-vis other variables. However, neighbourhood characteristics (e.g., perceptions of area crime, the built environment) and “rootedness” (e.g., duration of residence in an area) are also significantly correlated with sense of community belonging, independent of individuals’ strength of social capital.
In this paper an extensive literature review on load–frequency control (LFC) problem in power system has been highlighted. The various configuration of power system models and control techniques/strategies that concerns to LFC issues have been addressed in conventional as well as distribution generation-based power systems. Further, investigations on LFC challenges incorporating storage devices BESS/SMES, FACTS devices, wind–diesel and PV systems etc have been discussed too.
An approach to battery end-of-life (EOL) management is developed involving cathode refunctionalization, which enables remanufacturing of the cathode from EOL materials to regain the electrochemical performance. To date, the optimal end-of-life management of cathode materials is based on economic value and environmental impact which can influence the methods and stage of recycling. Traditional recycling methods can recover high value metal elements (e.g. Li, Co, Ni), but still require synthesis of new cathode from a mix of virgin and recovered materials. Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) has been selected for study as a representative cathode material due to recent mass adoption and limited economic recycling drivers due to the low inherent cost of iron. Refunctionalization of EOL LiFePO4 cathode was demonstrated through electrochemical and chemical lithiation methods where the re-lithiated LiFePO4 regained the original capacity of 150–155 mAh g−1. The environmental impact of the new recycling technique was determined by comparing the embodied energy of cathode material originating from virgin, recycled, and refunctionalized materials. The results demonstrate that the LiFePO4 refunctionalization process, through chemical lithiation, decreases the embodied energy by 50% compared to cathode production from virgin materials.
The electrochemical precipitation of nickel hydroxide is examined by varying nickel and nitrate ion concentration, pH, current density, and temperature. The particle size, crystallographic orientation and morphological patterns are studied. The grain size increases, but both current efficiency and tap density decrease with increase in current density. The tap density increases with increase in nickel concentration. XRD data show peaks at 39.0, 59.6 and 33.6°, which conforms that samples obtained by the electrochemical route after drying at 100°C are β-Ni(OH)2. The charge and discharge characteristics are investigated to assess the capacity of the active nickel hydroxide material in 30% KOH solution.
Agrometeorological information, used for decision making, represents part of a continuum; at the other end is scientific knowledge and understanding. Other components of this continuum are the collection of data and transforming data into useful information. Information has value when it is disseminated in such a way that the end-users get the maximum benefit in applying its content. This paper explores the potential of the new information and communications technologies to improve the access to agrometeorological information. The Internet will play an important role in the collection and transfer of information. In developing countries, Multi-Purpose Community Telecentres (MCTs) will be the equivalent of an information supermarket. Radio can be used to transfer information from MCTs to rural areas. Using response farming as an example, a prototype information system that can have wide applicability is suggested. Procedures on evaluating the impact of agrometeorological information are provided. Future concerns about the information needs of diverse end-users, information on a fee basis, and the training needs of end-users and intermediaries are discussed. Although modern technology has improved agrometeorological information and increased the number of end-users, continued improvements are necessary to ensure that the content of the information is adequate to fulfill the requirements of the farming communities.
The effects of vinylene carbonate (VC) on high temperature storage of high voltage Li-ion batteries are investigated. 1.3M of LiPF6 dissolved in ethylene carbonate (EC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) of 3:3:4 volume ratio is used as original electrolyte for 18650 cylindrical cells with LiCoO2 cathode and graphite anode. VC is then added to electrolyte. At the initial stage of the high temperature storage, higher open-circuit voltage (OCV) is maintained when increasing the VC concentration. As the storage time increases, OCV of higher VC concentration drops gradually, and then the gas evolution takes place abruptly. Gas analysis shows methane (CH4) decreases with increase of the VC concentration due to formation of stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer on the graphite. Since the residual VC after formation of the SEI layer decomposes on the cathode surface, carbon dioxide (CO2) dramatically increases on the cathode with the VC concentration, leaving poly(VC) film at the anode surface, as suggested by XPS test results.
The redox flow battery (RFB) has been the subject of state-of-the-art research by several groups around the world. Most work commonly involves the application of various low-cost carbon-polymer composites, carbon felts, cloth, paper and their different variations for the electrode materials of the RFB. Usually, the carbon-polymer composite electrode has relatively high bulk resistivity and can be easily corroded when the polarised potential on the anode is more positive than that of oxygen evolution and this kind of heterogeneous corrosion may lead to battery failure due to electrolyte leakage. Therefore, carbon electrodes with high electrical conductivity, acid-resistance and electrochemical stability are highly desirable. This review discusses such issues in depth and presents an overview on future research directions that may help commercialise RFB technology. A comprehensive discussion is provided on the advances made using nanotechnology and it is envisaged that if this is combined with ionic liquid technology, major advantages could be realised. In addition the identification of RFB failure mechanisms by means of X-ray computed nano tomography is expected to bring added benefits to the technology.
We report the synthesis and characterization of the hollow micrometer-sized (Mn0.5Ni0.4Co0.1)CO3 precursor, and one of its promising lithium-enriched phases. The chemical composition of the resulting lithiated final material was Li1.2(Mn0.5Ni0.4Co0.1)O2+y . Lithium half cells with cathodes comprised of these hollow particles as the active intercalation material showed a reversible capacity of 183mAh/g when cycled between 2.0V and 4.6V. X-ray diffraction patterns and the electrochemical data of Li1.2(Mn0.5Ni0.4Co0.1)O2+y were consistent with the existence of the Li2MnO3-type integrated component that was activated during the initial charging of the cells. The results presented herein demonstrate a method to synthesize multicomponent, multiphase materials with hollow internal morphologies that can reversibly and stably be cycled with high gravimetric capacities as the active cathode material in lithium-ion batteries.
Electrochemically reducing nitrogen-containing molecules could provide less energy-intense routes to produce ammonia than the traditional Haber–Bosh process. Here the authors use a catalyst comprising Cu embedded in an organic molecular solid to synthesize ammonia from nitrate ions.
Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets are a strategic material for a number of emerging technologies. They are a key component in the most energy efficient electric motors and generators, thus, they are vital for energy technologies, industrial applications and automation, and future forms of mobility. Rare earth elements (REEs) such as neodymium, dysprosium and praseodymium are also found in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in volumes that grow with the technological evolution, and are marked as critical elements by the European Commission due to their high economic importance combined with significant supply risks. Recycling could be a good approach to compensate for the lack of rare earths (REs) on the market. However, less than 1% of REs are currently being recycled, mainly because of non-existing collection logistics, lack of information about the quantity of RE materials available for recycling and recycling-unfriendly product designs. To improve these lack of information, different waste streams of electrical and electronic equipment from an industrial recycling plant were analyzed in order to localize, identify and collect RE permanent magnets of the Nd-Fe-B type. This particular type of magnets were mainly found in hard disk drives (HDDs) from laptops and desktop computers, as well as in loudspeakers from compact products such as flat screen TVs, PC screens, and laptops. Since HDDs have been investigated thoroughly by many authors, this study focusses on other potential Nd-Fe-B resources in electronic waste. The study includes a systematic survey of the chemical composition of the Nd-Fe-B magnets found in the selected waste streams, which illustrates the evolution of the Nd-Fe-B alloys over the years. The study also provides an overview over the types of magnets integrated in different waste electric and electronic equipment.
This paper aims to study the undesirable aging process or malfunctions state of the lead acid batteries using the fault and causal tree analysis during lead acid battery operation and during manufacturing process. The causal tree analysis presents the various possible combinations of events that involve the stratification of the electrolyte, the sulfating of the electrodes and the adherence loss of active mass to the grid. The parameters of electrical model are identified in order to found the degree of battery's degradation. The experimental determination of the variation interval of the parameters is done according to each of degradation mode. These modes are used in a diagnosis system allowing the identification of the depth of each aging process of the lead acid battery.