batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical Ni0.54Co0.46O2 architectures composed by nanowires or nanosheets were successfully grown on bio-mass carbon fiber cloth (CFC) by hydrothermal method. The morphology of Ni0.54Co0.46O2 can be effectively controlled by using different precipitators. The structural effects of the two kinds of morphologies were researched. the results suggest that the Ni0.54Co0.46O2 nanosheet arrays grown on CFC (NCO-NSs/CFC) shows a higher Faradaic areal capacity of 438 μAh cm−2 (238.1 mAh g−1) at a current density of 1 mA cm−2 and still about 90.3% initial capacity retention even at the high current density of 50 mA cm−2. Moreover, an all-solid-state flexible symmetric supercapacitor device has been successfully assembled. The optimized device delivers superior electrochemical performance with an outstanding energy density of 92.4 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 207.2 W kg−1. Such hierarchical nanostructure composed by well-aligned uniform Ni0.54Co0.46O2 nanosheet arrays grown on bio-mass carbon fiber cloth might hold great promise as battery-type electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor.
The storage of electrical energy in a rechargeable battery is subject to the limitations of reversible chemical reactions in an electrochemical cell. The limiting constraints on the design of a rechargeable battery also depend on the application of the battery. Of particular interest for a sustainable modern society are (1) powering electric vehicles that can compete with cars powered by the internal combustion engine and (2) stationary storage of electrical energy from renewable energy sources that can compete with energy stored in fossil fuels. Existing design strategies for the rechargeable battery have enabled the wireless revolution and the plug-in hybrid electric car, but they show little promise of providing safe, adequate capacity with an acceptable shelf and cycle life to compete in cost and convenience with the chemical energy stored in fossil fuels. Electric vehicles that are charged overnight (plug-in vehicles) offer a distributed energy storage, but larger battery packs are needed for stationary storage of electrical energy generated from wind or solar farms and for stand-by power. This paper outlines the limitations of existing commercial strategies and some developing strategies that may overcome these limitations.
Transparency offers integration routes unavailable to opaque photovoltaics. Here, Lunt and co-workers review recent progress in transparent solar technologies, highlight technical challenges and measurement considerations, and review performance requirements for various applications.
In this paper, cobalt(II) oxide (CoO) has been used as an anode catalyst in a direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC). The microstructure of CoO has been characterised by X-ray diffraction. The cell performance and short-term performance stability of the DBFC using the CoO as anode catalyst have been investigated. At the optimum conditions, the maximum power density of 80mWcm−2 has been achieved at 30°C for this cell without using any precious metals and ion exchange membranes. Results from XRD, TEM, and XPS analysis confirm that the good performance of the fuel cell is attributed to the co-operation of CoO and CoB which formed from CoO during the operation.
Electrospun membranes of polyacrylonitrile are prepared, and the electrospinning parameters are optimized to get fibrous membranes with uniform bead-free morphology. The polymer solution of 16wt.% in N,N-dimethylformamide at an applied voltage of 20kV results in the nanofibrous membrane with average fiber diameter of 350nm and narrow fiber diameter distribution. Gel polymer electrolytes are prepared by activating the nonwoven membranes with different liquid electrolytes. The nanometer level fiber diameter and fully interconnected pore structure of the host polymer membranes facilitate easy penetration of the liquid electrolyte. The gel polymer electrolytes show high electrolyte uptake (>390%) and high ionic conductivity (>2×10−3 Scm−1). The cell fabricated with the gel polymer electrolytes shows good interfacial stability and oxidation stability >4.7V. Prototype coin cells with gel polymer electrolytes based on a membrane activated with 1M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate or propylene carbonate are evaluated for discharge capacity and cycle property in Li/LiFePO4 cells at room temperature. The cells show remarkably good cycle performance with high initial discharge properties and low capacity fade under continuous cycling.
Fixed radio telemetry stations are used to study the movement ecology of fishes in streams and rivers. A common assumption of such studies is that detection efficiency remains constant through space and time. The objective of this study was to understand how site characteristics and tag distance can influence the detection efficiency of a fixed receiver when used for fisheries research in a small stream. Field tests included a fixed receiver station on Forty Mile Creek, in Banff National Park, AB, Canada that recorded signals from radio tags over specified distances (i.e., 0 m, 27 m, 53 m, 80 m) within the expected detection range from July to October, 2016. Model selection was used to test which parameters may influence detection efficiency.
Pressure ulcers (bedsores) often develop following prolonged sitting especially where people are immobile or are unable to feel discomfort due to injury or disease. This guideline provides health professionals with specific recommendations intended to minimise any risk of developing pressure ulcers when their clients are seated. The guideline covers sitting when people are acutely ill in hospital and, more commonly, where people have a long-term need for prolonged sitting for example after spinal injury. Particular focus is placed upon the need to make sure the physical size and shape of the seat is appropriate for the seated individual. Guidance is provided upon areas where seated individuals require information to help them minimise pressure ulcer development. The advantages and disadvantages of different cushion materials are described.
Amorphous CoSnO3@C nanoboxes have been synthesized by thermal annealing of CoSn(OH)6 nanoboxes, followed by carbon nanocoating. Benifiting from the unique structure, they exhibit exceptional long-term cycling stability over 400 cycles for highly reversible lithium storage.
In this review article, recent advances in the development of the direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC) technology are reviewed. Based on the reported results, it is concluded that the BH4 − electro-oxidation is determined by the catalyst used and BH4 − concentration at the catalytic sites. Hydrogen evolution during the DBFC operation can be suppressed by: (1) using a composite catalyst or a hydrogen storage alloy as the anode catalyst via a quasi 8-electron reaction; (2) using metals with high hydrogen over-potential, such as Au and Ag as the anode catalyst via an intrinsic 8-electron reaction; and/or (3) modifying and optimizing fuel composition. The single cell and stack performance of DBFC is mainly influenced by the hydrogen evolution, the BH4 − cross-over, and the BH4 − tolerance of cathode catalyst. The development of non-platinum cathode catalysts and stacking technology is on the way. The reported results are encouraging but some problems still remain to be further investigated and solved.
Electrolyte additives have been found to be effective for the cyclic stability improvement of layered lithium-rich oxide (LRO), which is ascribed to the formation of cathode films derived from the preferential oxidation of the electrolyte additives. However, the detailed mechanism on the formation of the cathode film is unclear. This paper uncovers the interaction between LRO and additive-containing electrolyte through theoretical calculations, electrochemical measurements and physical characterizations. A representative LRO, Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2, is synthesized, and an electrolyte, 1 M LiPF6 in EC/DMC (1/2, in volume) using triethyl phosphite (TEP) as additive, is considered. Charge/discharge tests demonstrate that LRO suffers severe capacity fading and TEP can significantly improve the cyclic stability of LRO. Characterizations from SEM and TEM demonstrate that a cathode film exists on the LRO after cycling in the TEP-containing electrolyte. The theoretical calculations suggest that TEP traps the active oxygen and is then oxidized on LRO preferentially compared to the electrolyte, forming the cathode film. The further characterizations from FTIR and GC, confirm that the preferential combination of TEP with active oxygen is beneficial for the suppression of oxygen evolution, and that the resulting cathode film can suppress the electrolyte decomposition and protect LRO from destruction.
Objective Though tDCS is well tolerated, it is desirable to further limit the voltage applied for additional safety factors and optimized device design. We investigated the minimum voltage required for tDCS using 1.5 and 2.5mA. Methods Impedance data has been collected prior to, during and after 18 tDCS sessions, using 1.5mA and 2.5mA tDCS currents and three different test current magnitudes. Data was pooled and tested for differences using t-tests, corrected for multiple comparisons. Average impedance data was fitted into a RLC circuit model with additional double integrator. Results We report that the impedance drop during tDCS initiation significantly reduces the voltage compliance required to achieve the target current (14.5V for 1.5mA, 18.5V for 2.5mA). Data was well approximated by a 4th order linear impedance model. Conclusion In addition to indicating the feasibility of reduced voltage tDCS, we propose an extra-low voltage “Limited Total Energy” approach where stimulation is continued at voltage compliance allowing time for impedance to decrease and target current to be reached. Significance Reduced-voltage and Limited Total Energy tDCS are viable approaches towards more protective and robust tDCS protocols.
The potential for disposable electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) to be classified as hazardous waste was investigated. The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) was performed on 23 disposable e-cigarettes in a preliminary survey of metal leaching. Based on these results, four e-cigarette products were selected for replicate analysis by TCLP and the California Waste Extraction Test (WET). Lead was measured in leachate as high as 50mg/L by WET and 40mg/L by TCLP. Regulatory thresholds were exceeded by two of 15 products tested in total. Therefore, some e-cigarettes would be toxicity characteristic (TC) hazardous waste but a majority would not. When disposed in the unused form, e-cigarettes containing nicotine juice would be commercial chemical products (CCP) and would, in the United States (US), be considered a listed hazardous waste (P075). While household waste is exempt from hazardous waste regulation, there are many instances in which such waste would be subject to regulation. Manufactures and retailers with unused or expired e-cigarettes or nicotine juice solution would be required to manage these as hazardous waste upon disposal. Current regulations and policies regarding the availability of nicotine-containing e-cigarettes worldwide were reviewed. Despite their small size, disposable e-cigarettes are consumed and discarded much more quickly than typical electronics, which may become a growing concern for waste managers.
Evidence suggests that there is an association between polymorphisms in the α5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit and risk of developing alcohol dependence in humans. The α5 nAChR subunit has also recently been shown to modulate some of the acute response to ethanol in mice. The aim of the current study was to further characterize the role of α5-containing (α5*) nAChRs in acute ethanol responsive behaviors, ethanol consumption and ethanol preference in mice. We conducted a battery of tests in male α5 knockout (KO) mice for a range of ethanol-induced behaviors including hypothermia, hypnosis, and anxiolysis. We also investigated the effects of α5* nAChR on ethanol reward using the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) assay. Further, we tested the effects of gene deletion on drinking behaviors using the voluntary ethanol consumption in a two-bottle choice assay and Drinking in the Dark (DID, with or without stress) paradigm. We found that deletion of the α5 nAChR subunit enhanced ethanol-induced hypothermia, hypnosis, and an anxiolytic-like response in comparison to wild-type controls. The α5 KO mice showed reduced CPP for ethanol, suggesting that the rewarding properties of ethanol are decreased in mutant mice. Interestingly, Chrna5 gene deletion had no effect on basal ethanol drinking behavior, or ethanol metabolism, but did decrease ethanol intake in the DID paradigm following restraint stress. Taken together, we provide new evidence that α5 nAChRs are involved in some but not all of the behavioral effects of ethanol. Our results highlight the importance of nAChRs as a possible target for the treatment of alcohol dependence.
This paper presents a dynamic model for studying the cold start dynamics and observer design of an auxiliary power unit (APU) for automotive applications. The APU is embedded with a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack which is a quiet and pollutant-free electric generator; however, it suffers from slow start problem from ambient conditions. The SOFC APU system equips with an after-burner to accelerate the start-up transient in this research. The combustion chamber burns the residual fuel (and air) left from the SOFC to raise the exhaust temperature to preheat the SOFC stack through an energy recovery unit. Since thermal effect is the dominant factor that influences the SOFC transient and steady performance, a nonlinear real-time sliding observer for stack temperature was implemented into the system dynamics to monitor the temperature variation for future controller design. The simulation results show that a 100W APU system in this research takes about 2min (in theory) for start-up without considering the thermal limitation of the cell fracture.
An integrated mobile system for port security is presented. The system was designed to perform passive measurements of neutrons and γ-rays to search and identify radioactive and special nuclear materials as well as for the active investigations by using the tagged neutron inspection technique of suspect dangerous materials. The discrimination between difficult-to-detect uranium samples and high Z materials as lead was specifically studied. The system has been employed in laboratory detection tests and in a seaport field test.
This paper emphasizes on the novel approaches for energy efficient and eco-friendly solid state lighting. Limitations and global haphazards of currently used lighting systems such as Incandescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps can be overcome by replacing the present lighting system by green technology called solid state lighting, which is possible only with organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs). This paper also explains important characterization techniques used to evaluate the performance, efficiency, life time; colour rendering index (CRI), Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates and correlated color temperature (CCT) of OLEDs. Review of literature on red, blue, green (RBG) light emitting materials and OLED devices is illustrated since the very first synthesized complex and a range of device architectures are presented and appraised. Measures to increase the efficiency and the life time of OLEDs and handling the degradation issues of the organic materials for OLEDs are also discussed. With these measures if we succeed in improving the efficiency, performance and life time, the present lighting system can be replaced by eco-friendly, energy efficient green technology called Solid state lighting, which would play a significant role in reducing global energy consumption.
Lithium-sulfur batteries are facing the big challenge of high-rate charge/discharge with long durability owing to the severe shuttle and polarization effects. Herein, we report a durable high-power cathode for lithium-sulfur batteries by employing multifunctional hierarchical nitrogen-doped carbon nanocages (hNCNC) to encapsulate sulfur and serve as interlayer. The highly-efficient electrocatalytic function of nitrogen-doped sp2-carbon to lithium-polysulfides conversion reactions is revealed by electrocatalytic experiments and density functional theory simulations. The excellent catalytic and charge-transfer functions of hNCNC, together with its physical confinement and chemical adsorption to the polysulfides, effectively suppress the polarization and shuttle effects, leading to the high-power performance with a capacity of 539 mAh g−1 at ultrahigh current density of 20 A g−1 for the sulfur cathode with the areal loading of 0.8 mg cm−2. The superb durability is demonstrated by 1000 cycles at 10 A g−1 with a retained capacity of 438 mAh g−1. When the areal sulfur loading is increased to 3 mg cm−2, a high capacity of 605 mAh g−1 is still obtained at the high current density of 3 A g−1. This study provides an effective approach to durable high-power lithium-sulfur batteries by designing suitable electrocatalytic-active carbon-based hosts.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used as a white pigment in paints, plastics, inks, paper, creams, cosmetics, drugs and foods. In the present study, the genotoxicity of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles was evaluated in vivo using the comet assay after a single or repeated intratracheal instillation in rats. The nanoparticles were instilled intratracheally at a dosage of 1.0 or 5.0mg/kg body weight (single instillation group) and 0.2 or 1.0mg/kg body weight once a week for 5weeks (repeated instillation group) into male Sprague–Dawley rats. A positive control, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) at 500mg/kg, was administered orally 3h prior to dissection. Histopathologically, macrophages and neutrophils were detected in the alveolus of the lung in the 1.0 and 5.0mg/kg TiO2 groups. In the comet assay, there was no increase in % tail DNA in any of the TiO2 groups. In the EMS group, there was a significant increase in % tail DNA compared with the negative control group. TiO2 nanoparticles in the anatase crystal phase are not genotoxic following intratracheal instillation in rats.
Unlike markets for storable commodities, electricity markets depend on the real-time balance of supply and demand. Although much of the present-day grid operate effectively without storage technologies, cost-effective ways of storing electrical energy can make the grid more efficient and reliable. This work addresses an economic comparison between emerging and traditional Electric Energy Storage (EES) technologies in a competitive electricity market. In order to achieve this goal, an appropriate Self-Scheduling (SS) approach must first be developed for each of them to determine their maximum potential of expected profit among multi-markets such as energy and ancillary service markets. Then, these technologies are economically analyzed using Internal Rate of Return (IRR) index. Finally, the amounts of needed financial supports are determined for choosing the emerging technologies when an investor would like to invest on EES technologies. Among available EES technologies, we consider NaS battery (Natrium Sulfur battery) and pumped-storage plants as emerging and traditional technologies, respectively.
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries stand as an important candidate for next-generation high-energy secondary batteries due to its high specific capacity, low cost and environmental friendliness. However, practical application of Li-S batteries suffers from low rechargeability, poor rate capability and cycling instability of sulfur cathode, which can be mainly ascribed to the poor conductivity of sulfur and the dissolution of the intermediate polysulfides generated during discharge-charge cycles. In this work, a Nafion/super P-modified dual functional separator is designed to improve the long-term cycle stability and rate capability of the pure sulfur cathode. The electrostatic repulsion between the SO3 − groups and the dissolved negative Sn 2− ions, and the trap and reutilizing effect of super P for polysulfides, provide double insurance to confine the polysulfides within the cathode side, leading to great improvement in both reversible capacity and cycling stability of the sulfur cathode as compared to the battery with pristine Celgard separator. With such dual functional separator, a simple elemental sulfur cathode with 70% S content delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 1087mAhg−1 at 0.1C and a long-term cyclability with only 0.22% capacity fade per cycle over 250 cycles at 0.5C.
This work proposes a systematic approach for the adaptive identification and implementation of efficient power management strategies (PMS) in the course of operation of hybrid renewable energy microgrids. The approach is based on the temporal evolution of the system power grand composite curve (PGCC), which is adaptively shaped on-line and within short-term time intervals to form a sequence of decisions indicating the instant and duration of activation of different subsystems. It builds on from previous work where the potential for system performance enhancement could not be exploited through pre-specified PMS identified off-line. More specifically, it involves a stored energy targeting step that exploits the PGCC to identify the desired operational profile of an accumulator during a prediction horizon in order to satisfy the system operating goals. The identified energy targets are subsequently enforced through a sequence of control actions that enable the exact matching of the PGCC hence resulting in a new PMS. The method is elaborated graphically for multiple potential operating goals and is supported by a formal mathematical model that captures system structural and temporal characteristics. It is implemented on an actual hybrid microgrid considering multiple RES-based energy generation and storage options for expected and unexpected weather conditions.
Introduction This study investigates the effect of exposure to “The Troubles” (the period of civil unrest from 1968 onwards) in Northern Ireland on symptomatology in people with schizophrenia. Method Eighty-two participants were assessed on a number of psychiatric rating scales and on measures of trauma, including an instrument designed to assess exposure to “Troubles”-related trauma. Results People with schizophrenia and a history of exposure to “The Troubles” had significantly higher levels of anxiety, depression, dissociative symptoms and number of admissions compared to those patients with no such exposure. Discussion “Troubles”-related trauma has a direct effect on the presentation of schizophrenia in Northern Ireland. Specific therapeutic intervention may be required in order to help patients come to terms with their experiences.