batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Objective The objective of this study was to review the current literature evaluating the effect of carotid revascularization on neurocognitive function. Methods A PubMed search was performed using the following keywords: carotid surgery, carotid stenosis, cognition, and cognition disorders. Bibliographies were cross referenced and related-articles searches were performed once an article of interest had been identified. Results Twenty-two studies have been identified from the literature since 1998. Seventeen articles evaluated carotid endarterectomy (CEA), four evaluated carotid stenting, and one compared CEA to stenting. Eight studies found improvements in mood and/or cognition after revascularization, 11 studies showed mixed results, and 3 studies found declines. Conclusions There is no consensus within the current literature as to the effect of carotid revascularization on neurocognitive function. Further research—with attention to laterality of neurocognitive effects, patients' symptomatology at the time of presentation, the role of perioperative embolization, and trial design including adequate control groups and comparison between open surgery and stenting factors—is necessary in order to clarify the effects of carotid revascularization on cognition.
We report all-solid-state lithium ion batteries based on nano-sized Li2FeSiO4 coated by carbon cathode materials with fast rechargeable (67.5mAhg−1 at 30C) and high capacity (258.2mAhg−1 with 1.55 Li-ion storage at 1C within 1.5–4.5V) performances for the first time. By investigating and comparing with Li2FeSiO4, LiFePO4 and LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode materials for all-solid-state lithium ion batteries, the mechanism of the higher rate performance of the Li2FeSiO4 based battery is found to be attributed to the high temperature depended diffusivity and electrical conductivity, which are increased by nearly four orders of magnitude from 300K to 373K, and also to permeation of the cathode/electrolyte solid-solid interface to generate the overlapping between Li2FeSiO4 particles and electrolyte.
The solid electrolyte Li1.3Zr1.4Ti0.3Al0.3(PO4)3 compound was synthesized by a solid-state reaction. The ceramic samples were sintered 1, 2 and 3h and studied by X-ray and complex impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range from 106 to 1.2×109 Hz in temperature range from 300 to 600K. The investigated compound at room temperature belongs to rhombohedral symmetry (s.g. R 3 ¯ c ) with six formula units in the lattice. Two regions of relaxation dispersion were found. The dispersions are related to the fast Li+ ion transport in the grain and grain boundaries of ceramics. Varying of the sintering time affects the density of the ceramics, the values of total conductivity and its activation energy. The values of grain conductivity, its activation energy, and relaxation frequency in grain, dielectric permittivity and dielectric losses are independent from sintering duration of the ceramics. The value of activation energy of grain conductivity and activation energy of relaxation frequency is the same. That can be attributed to the fact that the temperature dependence of the grain conductivity is caused only by the mobility of Li+ ions, while a number of charge carriers remains constant with temperature.
We have recently reported that γ-tocopherol (γT) reduces allergen- and zymosan-induced inflammation using rodent models. As an initial step in extending these observations to humans, we conducted an open-label, Phase I dosing study of two doses (one or two capsules daily for 1 week) of a γ-tocopherol-rich preparation containing 623 mg of γ-tocopherol, 61.1 mg of d-α-tocopherol, 11.1 mg of d-β-tocopherol (11.1 mg), and 231 mg of d-σ-tocopherol per capsule. Endpoints for this study include serum levels of 5-nitro-γ-tocopherol, as a marker of oxidative stress, and changes in serum γ-, α-, and δ-tocopherol and γ-2′-carboxyethyl-6-hydroxychroman (CEHC) 6 and 24 h after the first dose and after 1 week of treatment. To assess the biological activity of this treatment, we obtained peripheral blood mononuclear cells at baseline and after 1 week of treatment with two capsules of a γ-tocopherol-rich preparation/day and examined the inflammatory cytokine response of these cells in culture to ex vivo endotoxin/LPS (0.01 ng/ml) challenge. We also monitored a number of safety endpoints to examine how well this preparation is tolerated in eight normal volunteers (four allergic and four nonallergic) and eight allergic asthmatics. We further obtained human monocytes from a subset of these volunteers and treated them ex vivo with γT, αT, γ-CEHC, and α-CEHC and assessed their actions on LPS-induced degradation of IκBα and JNK signaling and ROS generation. As detailed herein, this open-label study demonstrates that γ-tocopherol-enriched supplementation decreased systemic oxidative stress, increased serum levels of γ-tocopherol, and inhibited monocyte responses to LPS without any adverse health effects. Further, in vitro treatment of human monocytes with γ-CEHC and α-CEHC inhibits ROS generation and LPS-induced degradation of IκB and JNK activation.
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the editor-in-chief as it bears substantial similarity to another paper by the same author: Applied Energy, volume 86, issue 12, pp. 2651-2660 (2009),
A single-metal redox flow battery employing bis(acetylacetone)ethylenediamine cobalt(II) as the active species and tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate as the supporting electrolyte with acetonitrile as the solvent has been examined. Cyclic voltammetry is used to measure the electrode kinetics of the anodic and cathodic reactions. Three redox couples are observed in the stable potential window, these electrode reactions are quasi-reversible and together yield a cell potential of 2.0 V. The disproportion reactions of active species are controlled by the diffusion coefficient. The effect of the environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen and water, has been tested in the experiment. The charge–discharge characteristics of this system are evaluated in an H-type glass cell. The coulombic efficiencies 90.24% and 87.88% in cycle 5 and cycle 8 are obtained, respectively, with 1 mA charge 0.5 mA discharge current.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy can be used to obtain simulation models for the non-linear, non-stationary dynamic behavior of electrochemical power sources. Some extensions of porous-electrode theory are necessary for this purpose, which are not provided by standard EIS data evaluation software. This paper presents experimental data and consistent equivalent-circuit models for different dc conditions, regarding three electrochemical systems: supercapacitors as almost ideally blocking porous electrodes, lead/acid batteries under overcharge (water electrolysis) operation, and the same battery type under discharge/charge operation. The series inductance which masks the electrochemical behavior for frequencies as low as 100 Hz for a 100 Ah cell can be attributed mainly to the macroscopic cell geometry. The dependence of impedance parameters on direct current (non-linearity), temperature, state-of-charge, and previous discharge/charge regime is investigated. It is shown that model parameters extracted from the impedance spectra are closely linked with the charge-transfer kinetics, double-layer capacitance, transport limitation, and porous structure of the electrodes. Consequences for impedance-based determination of the battery's state-of-charge or state-of-health are discussed.
Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) based gel electrolyte has excellent chemical stability and low interfacial resistance but its mechanical strength is poor. In this study, organic palygorskite modified PMMA (p(OPal-MMA)/poly(vinylidene fluoride)) (PVDF) blend based electrolyte membrane was prepared via phase inversion casting technique. The physical and electrochemical properties of the blend membrane were investigated by XRD, SEM, tensile test and electrochemistry workstation. The results showed that PVDF can significantly improve the mechanical strength. The crystal phase of PVDF disappeared after blending. The porosity and ionic conductivity of the p(OPal-MMA)/PVDF membrane was 57.73% and 4.93×10−3 S/cm respectively. The electrochemical stability window of Li/gel B-PVDF electrolyte/SS cell was stable up to 4.7V (vs. Li+/Li), and the cell of Li/gel B-PVDF 43% electrolyte/LiFePO4 exhibited good cycling performance and the Coulombic efficiency was maintained above 98.5% during all the cycling process.
While a rapid decommissioning of fossil fuel technologies deserves priority, most climate stabilization scenarios suggest that negative emission technologies (NETs) are required to keep global warming well below 2 °C. Yet, current discussions on NETs are lacking a distinct energy perspective. Prominent NETs, such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS), will integrate differently into the future energy system, requiring a concerted research effort to determine adequate means of deployment. In this perspective, we discuss the importance of energy per carbon metrics, factors of future cost development, and the dynamic response of NETs in intermittent energy systems. The energy implications of NETs deployed at scale are massive, and NETs may conceivably impact future energy systems substantially. DACCS outperform BECCS in terms of primary energy required per ton of carbon sequestered. For different assumptions, DACCS displays a sequestration efficiency of 75–100%, whereas BECCS displays a sequestration efficiency of 50–90% or less if indirect land use change is included. Carbon dioxide removal costs of DACCS are considerably higher than BECCS, but if DACCS modularity and granularity helps to foster technological learning to <100$ per tCO2, DACCS may remove CO2 at gigaton scale. DACCS also requires two magnitudes less land than BECCS. Designing NET systems that match intermittent renewable energies will be key for stringent climate change mitigation. Our results contribute to an emerging understanding of NETs that is notably different to that derived from scenario modelling.
Uniform nanocable-like Nb2O5/surface-modified carbon nanotubes (SMCNTs) composites for anode materials in lithium ion batteries were synthesized by hydrothermal method. It was indicated that Nb2O5 nanoparticles were tightly and uniformly cultivated on carbon nanotubes when CNTs were pretreated with concentrated H2SO4. As a result, Nb2O5/SMCNTs composite materials showed remarkable electrochemical performance as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. It delivered a high reversible capacity of 441mA h g−1 cycled at the current density of 40mAg−1 after 100 cycles and an excellent rate capacity of 185mA h g−1 at the high current density of 5000mAg−1 after 200 cycles.
Several environmental rating methodologies are available worldwide to evaluate and compare the environmental performance of vehicles, which can be useful for consumers decisions and for organizations in the promotion of less pollutant technologies and fuels. This paper presents an overview of vehicle environmental rating methodologies available worldwide. Four of them adopt a life-cycle perspective: Green Score (US), Ecoscore (Belgium), Green Car Rating (UK) and EcoTest (Europe), while VCD (Germany), Eco vehicles rating (Mexico) and Green Vehicle (Australia) only consider the fuel in-use stage. Fuel in-use stages methodologies are good indicators of air quality rankings but would rank a fuel cell hydrogen vehicle on top along with the electric vehicles which does not reflect the carbon footprint of the overall fuel pathways and side effect pollutants. Therefore life cycle based methodologies are worth being further explored. Between the more complete life cycle based methodologies, Green Score and Ecoscore differ in terms of the impact categories considered, stages of the life cycle taken into account, weighting system and geographical application, but both use environmental economics and translate the results into a single indicator 0–100 (best). For this relevant variability of aspects they were selected to be applied to a set of seven real vehicles, comprising internal combustions engines and alternative vehicles, including the alternative fuels hydrogen and biodiesel. The application of methodologies shows that the position of the commercial vehicles obtained in the ranking for both methodologies differs. Internal combustion engine (ICE) has the higher impact in the environment and electric vehicle (EV) scores between the best positions; the position of the fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV) and the biodiesel ICE vary significantly. A sensitivity analysis shows that the US rating has high sensitivity to variations, namely in damage costs and fuel pathway.
A novel composite of layered lithium-rich oxide with AlF3 and graphene, Li-Rich@AlF3@Graphene, is synthesized as high performance cathode of lithium ion battery in terms of rate capability and cyclic stability. Physical characterizations from X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, demonstrate that the layered lithium-rich oxide in Li-Rich@AlF3@Graphene is composed of uniform nanoparticles of 100nm, which are coated with a layer of 2nm AlF3 and wrapped with graphene sheets. Charge/discharge tests indicate that the naked lithium-rich oxide exhibits poor cyclic stability and rate capability as cathode of lithium ion battery, which can be improved to some extent by the only contribution of AlF3 but significantly by the concurrent contribution of AlF3 and graphene.
Following the successful nondestructive testing of three bridges in Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) has prepared an on-call contract with Materials Technologies, Inc. (MATECH) for the entire state.
Electrochemical impedance analysis was performed for Li[Li0.1Al0.1Mn1.8]O4 (LAMO) used as a lithium-insertion electrode by the diluted electrode method to identify the origin of resistance. Utilization of diluted electrodes, in which some portion of active material, LAMO, was systematically replaced with the same amounts of spectator Al2O3 material to maintain the original structure of the LAMO electrode, is a promising method to discriminate between the resistance attributed to the lithium-insertion reaction in LAMO (charge-transfer resistance) and that accompanied by conduction of electron and/or ion in the porous electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectra of the diluted electrodes consisted of two semicircles. The radius of a semicircle in the lower frequency region depends on the LAMO content in a diluted electrode, indicating that the semicircle is associated with charge-transfer resistance. On the other hand, the radius of the other semicircle in the higher frequency region is independent of the LAMO contents, suggesting that the semicircle is mainly related to the resistance accompanied by the porous structure of electrodes. Thus, the structure of lithium-insertion electrode should be carefully considered in designing high-energy and high-power lithium-ion batteries that employ thick electrodes.
Exploring inexpensive and efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical for rechargeable metal-air batteries. Herein, we report a new 3D hierarchical sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon nanocages (hSNCNC) as a promising bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst by an in-situ MgO template method with pyridine and thiophene as the mixed precursor. The as-prepared hSNCNC exhibits a positive half-wave potential of 0.792 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE) for ORR, and a low operating potential of 1.640 V at a 10 mA cm−2 current density for OER. The reversible oxygen electrode index is 0.847 V, far superior to commercial Pt/C and IrO2, which reaches the top level of the reported bifunctional catalysts. Consequently, the hSNCNC as air cathodes in an assembled Zn-air battery features low charge/discharge overpotential and long lifetime. The remarkable properties arises from the introduced multiple heteroatom dopants and stable 3D hierarchical structure with multi-scale pores, which provides the abundant uniform high-active S and N species and efficient charge transfer as well as mass transportation. These results demonstrate the potential strategy in developing suitable carbon-based bi-/multi-functional catalysts to enable the next generation of the rechargeable metal-air batteries.
Alpha particle emitting radionuclides may be released into the atmosphere as a result of a severe nuclear accident, the malevolent use of radioactive material or some other incident. Rapid detection methods are then of crucial importance for carrying out well-timed protective actions. The present paper demonstrates that a method in which an aerosol sample is collected on a filter and directly analysed by high-resolution alpha spectrometry in a vacuum chamber, but without radiochemical sample treatment, is suitable for field measurements. A detection limit of less than 0.1Bqm−3 for 239Pu is achieved assuming 1-h sampling using a glass-fibre filter and 1-h data acquisition. This value is higher than in the case when sampling is performed using a porous membrane filter. A measurement system consisting of standard components is mounted in a vehicle designed for rapid field measurements.
In this work a hydrometallurgical route to recover nickel, cobalt and cadmium after leaching spent Ni–Cd batteries with hydrochloric acid was investigated. Co(II) and Cd(II) were both recovered by solvent extraction. Cd(II) was first extracted (99.7 wt.%) with pure tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP), in the original leachate acidity (5.1 mol L−1), in two stages at 25 °C with an aqueous/organic (A/O) phase ratio = 1 v/v. The Co(II) present in the raffinate (free acidity 4.1 mol L−1) was extracted with Alamine 336 or Alamine 304 (10 vol.% in kerosene) at 25 °C with an A/O ratio = 1 in two stages. 97.5 wt.% of Co(II) was extracted using Alamine 336 while only 90.4 wt.% was extracted in the case of Alamine 304. Ni(II) was isolated from the raffinate as oxalate after addition of ammonium oxalate at pH 2.
The mesoporous dominant cashewnut sheath derived bio carbon is reported for the first time as anode material for lithium and sodium ion batteries (LIBs and SIBs). Primarily, cashewnut sheath carbon (CNSC) is synthesized through carbonization of cashewnut sheath, followed by KOH activation at temperatures such as 750, 800, 850 and 900 °C. Bestowed with a high surface area of 1967 m2 g−1, mesoporous dominant, porous sheet like structure with a pore radius of 2–8 nm and an acceptable electronic conductivity of 0.1638 mS cm−1, CNSC carbon activated at 800 °C offers ample scope to explore it further as probable anode material for LIBs and SIBs. CNSC-800 anode delivers a discharge capacity of 620 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 for 100 cycles, 348 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 for 100 cycles and 271 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1 upto 200 cycles in LIBs. Similarly, a progressive capacity of about 200 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 for more than 100 cycles has been observed in SIBs. The in-house prepared CNSC-800 anode, when explored for high rate application demonstrates 55 mAh g−1capacity at 5 A g−1 condition for 300 cycles in SIBs, which is noteworthy.
Bilingual children have been shown to outperform monolingual children on tasks measuring executive functioning skills. This advantage is usually attributed to bilinguals’ extensive practice in exercising selective attention and cognitive flexibility during language use because both languages are active when one of them is being used. We examined whether this advantage is observed in 24-month-olds who have had much less experience in language production. A battery of executive functioning tasks and the cognitive scale of the Bayley test were administered to 63 monolingual and bilingual children. Native bilingual children performed significantly better than monolingual children on the Stroop task, with no difference between groups on the other tasks, confirming the specificity of bilingual effects to conflict tasks reported in older children. These results demonstrate that bilingual advantages in executive control emerge at an age not previously shown.
The most commonly used type of lithium-ion battery model in current battery management systems is the equivalent circuit model (ECM), but ECMs can predict only the input/output dynamics of cells but not internal electrochemical states. Since knowledge of these internal electrochemical states is needed to devise controls that can directly mitigate premature aging, researchers increasingly demand advanced control-oriented electrochemical models. Historically, electrochemical models have been computationally complex; in order to reduce this computational complexity many efforts have been made to simplify the original electrochemical model. However, in order to facilitate the application of the electrochemical model, there are still two issues to address: (1) electrochemical parameter identification and (2) taking into account the electric double layer and constant-phase-element (CPE) dynamics. In this paper, we first reformulate the original electrochemical model using lumped parameters to produce a full-order model (FOM) with the number of parameters reduced from 36 down to 24. All redundant/unobservable parameters are eliminated, and thus a minimum set of parameters are obtained, making system identification possible. Then, a series of lumped-parameter transfer functions are derived using only the required assumption of linearity. CPEs are added to the transfer functions to capture more accurately dynamic behavior of real cells. The derived lumped-parameter transfer functions are used to generate a lumped-parameter discrete-time state-space model. Time-domain data are generated by a virtual battery cell created via COMSOL using the FOM as a benchmark for comparison. Testing results under different conditions shows an overall improvement in estimation of cell voltage and state variables for a cell having realistic double-layer capacitance by using the lumped-parameter reduced-order model with CPE.
This work reports the synthesis of Pd-based alloys of Co and their evaluation as anode materials in a microfluidic formic acid fuel cell (μFAFC). The catalysts were prepared using the impregnation method followed by thermal treatment. The synthesized catalysts contain 22wt.% Pd on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Pd/MWCNT) and its alloys with two Co atomic percent in the sample with 4 at.% Co (PdCo1/MWCNT) and 10 at.% Co (PdCo2/MWCNT). The role of the alloying element was determined by XRD and XPS techniques. Both catalysts were evaluated as anode materials in a μFAFC operating with different concentrations of HCOOH (0.1 and 0.5M), and the results were compared to those obtained with Pd/MWCNT. A better performance was obtained for the cell using PdCo1/MWCNT (1.75mWcm−2) compared to Pd/MWCNT (0.85mWcm−2) in the presence of 0.5M HCOOH. By means of external electrode measurements, it was also possible to observe shifts in the formic acid oxidation potential due to a fuel concentration increment (ca. 0.05V for both PdCo1/MWCNT and PdCo2/MWCNT catalysts and 0.23V for Pd/MWCNT) that was attributed to deactivation of the catalyst material. The maximum current densities obtained were 8mAcm−2 and 5.2mAcm−2 for PdCo2/MWCNT and Pd/MWCNT, respectively. In this way, the addition of Co to the Pd catalyst was shown to improve the tolerance of intermediates produced during formic acid oxidation that tend to poison Pd, thus improving the catalytic activity and stability of the cell.