batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The usage of Li metal in lithium sulfur (Li-S) battery has largely hampered the application of Li-S battery due to the formation of Li dendrite during cycling. Here, a novel potentiostatic (p-stat) lithiation method was developed to fabricate Li2Sx cathode. The pre-lithiated Li2Sx cathode can be used to pair with the Li metal free anode to make a full cell with better safety. The dissolution of the polysulfide in electrolyte is the main problem in S cathode, which leads to severe active material loss during lithiation process. Normally, the way to alleviate the dissolution of polysulfide is by trapping the polysulfide from diffusing into the electrolyte. In this work, it is innovatively raised the p-stat lithiation method which can suppress the formation of polysulfides. As a result, dissolution of polysulfide species could be kinetically suppressed. The p-stat lithiated Li2Sx cathode exhibits higher capacity performance (around 400 mAh g−1) than the galvanostatic (g-stat) lithiated Li2Sx cathode. The Li metal free full cell assembled by pairing p-stat lithiated Li2Sx cathode with graphite anode shows stable cyclability.
Options for capture and storage of CO2 that would otherwise be released into the atmosphere by combustion of fossil fuels are considered. This paper assesses whether CO2 can be captured, whether sufficient potential capacity exists for storage in geologic formations, describes physical mechanisms that can prevent escape of the CO2 from the subsurface, delineates methods for monitoring the movement of CO2 in the subsurface and for detecting leaks, and describes field experience with CO2 injection. While much remains to be learned about the design of specific storage projects, the current state of knowledge of carbon capture and storage is sufficient to permit testing at the scale of large power plants.
Aim To determine longitudinal motor performance in very preterm (VPT) infants from 6 months to 5 years of age for the entire cohort of infants, according to gender and gestational age and at the individual level. Method Single-center, prospective longitudinal study of 201 VPT infants (106 boys) without severe impairments. Outcomes Motor performance was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II-MS: 6, 12, 24 months) and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2-NL: 5 years). Results At 6, 12, and 24 months and then at 5 years, 77%, 80%, 48%, and 22% of the infants, respectively, showed delayed motor performance (<−1SD). At 5 years, girls performed significantly better than boys in manual dexterity and balance. Mixed model analyses that examined interactions between time and gender and time and gestational age, revealed no significant interactions. The variance at child level was 29%. Linear mixed model analysis revealed that mean z-scores of −1.46 at 6 months of age declined significantly to −0.52 at 5 years. Individual longitudinal motor performance showed high variability. Implications Longitudinal motor performance improved almost 1 SD over five years. However, the variability of individual longitudinal motor performance hampers evaluation in clinical care and research.
A high lithium-ion conductive solid electrolyte with Li7P3S11 phase and small particle size was prepared by a liquid phase process, and the solid electrolyte was used as the ionic conductor in the composite cathode for bulk-type all-solid-state batteries. The electrochemical performance of the all-solid-state cell using Li7P3S11 solid electrolyte prepared by liquid phase was studied and compared to that using Li7P3S11 solid electrolyte prepared by ball milling. Solid electrolytes prepared by the liquid phase and ball milling processes consisted mainly of the Li7P3S11 crystal phase and the local structure was composed by PS4 3−, P2S7 4− and P2S6 4− units. Both solid electrolytes exhibited a comparable high ionic conductivity over 10−3 Scm−1. A particle size around 500 nm was obtained by the liquid phase process, while a particle size larger than 10 μm was obtained by the ball milling process. The composite cathode using the solid electrolyte obtained by the liquid phase process displayed a better distribution of the solid electrolyte and the active material, verified by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The all-solid-state cell using LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 and the solid electrolyte prepared by the liquid phase exhibited a better electrochemical performance than that using the solid electrolyte prepared by ball milling. The all-solid-state cells exhibited a first discharge capacity of 154 mAh g−1 and 46 mAh g−1, respectively. Furthermore, the structure of the solid electrolyte prepared by the liquid phase process, after charge-discharge measurements with charge-end voltages of 4.6 V vs Li, was investigated by using ex-situ Raman spectroscopy. Significant structural changes were not observed, indicating that Li7P3S11 is stable against charge-discharge processes.
Renewable energies are a central element in the search for energy sustainability, so they are becoming a substantial component of the energy scenario of every country, both as systems connected to the grid or in stand-alone applications. Feasibility of these renewable energy systems could be necessary not only in their application in isolated areas, but also in systems connected to the grid, in this last case when their contribution reaches a substantial fraction of the total electricity demand. To overcome this reliability problem, hybrid renewable systems could become essential and activities to optimize their design should be addressed, both in the simulation and in the experimental areas. In this paper, a laboratory to simulate and verify the reliability of hybrid renewable systems is presented and its application to the feasibility analysis of multicomponent systems including photovoltaic panels, wind generator and biomass gasification plant, plus energy storage in a battery bank, are described.
An efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the air cathode is a prerequisite for high-performance metal-air batteries (MABs), as it decreases the excessive charge-discharge overpotential to reduce side-reactions. Here, we develop a composite catalyst for MABs by loading ultrathin CeO2 nanoflakes (UCNFs) on a three-dimensional graphene (3DG) network to form the UCNFs@3DG. The UCNFs@3DG composite features a high activity approaching the commercial Pt/C catalyst in the ORR, probably due to synergic effects of the catalytically active UCNFs and the conductive 3DG network. The UCNFs@3DG can serve as an efficient air cathode in a series of MABs, delivering a capacity of 613 mAh h gZn −1 in the Zn-air battery (ZAB) and 839 mAh h gAl −1 in the Al-air battery (AAB), respectively. Finally, the UCNFs@3DG cathode in lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) achieves a high discharge capacity of 21,166 mAh h gc −1 at 0.2 A gc −1 and over 15,000 mAh h gc −1 under elevated current densities up to 2 A gc −1, validating the UCNFs@3DG as a general air cathode in MABs.
A hybrid system combining a 2kW air-blowing proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack and a lead–acid battery pack is developed for a lightweight cruising vehicle. The dynamic performances of this PEMFC system with and without the assistance of the batteries are systematically investigated in a series of laboratory and road tests. The stack current and voltage have timely dynamic responses to the load variations. Particularly, the current overshoot and voltage undershoot both happen during the step-up load tests. These phenomena are closely related to the charge double-layer effect and the mass transfer mechanisms such as the water and gas transport and distribution in the fuel cell. When the external load is beyond the range of the fuel cell system, the battery immediately participates in power output with a higher transient discharging current especially in the accelerating and climbing processes. The DC–DC converter exhibits a satisfying performance in adaptive modulation. It helps rectify the voltage output in a rigid manner and prevent the fuel cell system from being overloaded. The dynamic responses of other operating parameters such as the anodic operating pressure and the inlet and outlet temperatures are also investigated. The results show that such a hybrid system is able to dynamically satisfy the vehicular power demand.
Pseudocapacitive materials that store charges by fast redox reactions are promising candidates for designing high energy density electrochemical capacitors. MXenes – recently discovered two-dimensional carbides, have shown excellent capacitance in aqueous electrolytes, but in a narrow potential window, which limits both the energy and power density. Here, we investigated the electrochemical behavior of Ti3C2 MXene in 1M solution of 1-ethly-3-methylimidazolium bis- (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide (EMITFSI) in acetonitrile and two other common organic electrolytes. This paper describes the use of clay, delaminated and composite Ti3C2 electrodes with carbon nanotubes in order to understand the effect of the electrode architecture and composition on the electrochemical performance. Capacitance values of 85 F g−1 and 245 F cm−3 were obtained at 2 mV s−1, with a high rate capability and good cyclability. In situ X-ray diffraction study reveals the intercalation of large EMI+ cations into MXene, which leads to increased capacitance, but may also be the rate limiting factor that determines the device performance.
Al2O3 coating is utilized in this work to further improve the cycling stability of LiV3O8 nanoflakes. Surprisingly, three layered Al2O3/LixV2O5/LiV3O8 nanostructure is well formed as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results. When used as a cathode for Li-ion battery, the hybrid demonstrates significantly improved cycling stability with a discharge capacity of 203mAhg−1 remaining after 200 cycles at 150mAg−1 and 87.5% of the initial capacity maintaining after 500 cycles at 300mAg−1. Such superior cycling performance should be attributed to the mutual protection of Al2O3 and LixV2O5 layer between Al2O3 and LiV3O8, which can well suppress the damage of LiV3O8 during the long-term cycling process. More importantly, the LixV2O5 middle layer could contribute to the improvement of interfacial electrochemical properties of the hybrid electrode.
Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the New Approach Directives, their structure, objectives, essential requirements, and proof of conformity, and their individual requirements for CE Marking. The technical and administrative requirements for CE Marking vary between Directives, within Directives, and between different industrial product categories. Marking needs some form of third-party involvement in assessing the industrial product and/or the industrial production facility. Directive requires that electrical equipment may be placed on the market only if it has been constructed in accordance with good engineering practice in safety matters in force in the Community. Industrial products are presumed to conform to the safety objectives of the Low Voltage Directive (LVD) where the equipment has been manufactured in accordance with harmonized technical standards. Legally binding obligations include everything necessary for the protection of the public interest—safety of products, protection of workers, protection of consumers, health, and environmental protection.
The involvement of working memory (WM) was examined in two types of mental calculation tasks: exact and approximate. Specifically, children attending Grades 3 and 4 of primary school were involved in three experiments that examined the role of verbal and visuospatial WM in solving addition problems presented in vertical or horizontal format. For Experiment 1, the children were required to solve addition problems with carrying. For Experiment 2, they were required to solve addition problems without carrying. Then, for Experiment 3, the children needed to solve approximate problems with and without carrying. Results confirmed that different WM components are involved in solving mental addition problems. In Experiment 1, horizontally presented addition problems were more impaired than vertically presented ones, according to a verbal WM load; conversely, vertically presented addition problems were more affected by a visuospatial WM load, especially when the children were required to perform approximate calculations. In Experiment 2, this pattern emerged in neither exact nor approximate calculations. Finally, in Experiment 3, the specific involvement of WM components was observed only in problems with carrying. Overall, these results reveal that both approximate calculation and carrying procedures demand particularly high WM resources that vary according to the task’s constraints.
Continuous spike–waves during sleep (CSWS) are associated with several cognitive, neurological, and psychiatric disorders, which sometimes persist after CSWS disappearance. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the correlation between general (clinical and instrumental) and neuropsychological findings in CSWS, to identify variables that predispose patients to a poorer long-term neuropsychological outcome. Patients with spikes and waves during sleep with a frequency ≥25/min (spikes and waves frequency index — SWFI) were enrolled. There were patients presenting abnormal EEG activity corresponding to the classic CSWS and patients with paroxysmal abnormalities during sleep <85% with SWFI ≥25/min that was defined as excessive spike–waves during sleep (ESWS). Clinical and instrumental features and neuropsychological findings during and after the spike and wave active phase period were considered. A statistical analysis was performed utilizing the Spearman correlation test and multivariate analysis. The study included 61 patients; the mean follow-up (i.e., the period between SWFI ≥25 first recording and last observation) was 7years and 4months. The SWFI correlated inversely with full and performance IQ during CSWS/ESWS. Longer-lasting SWFI ≥25 was related to worse results in verbal IQ and performance IQ after CSWS/ESWS disappearance. Other variables may influence the neuropsychological outcome, like age at SWFI ≥25 first recording, perinatal distress, pathologic neurologic examination, and antiepileptic drug resistance. This confirms that CSWS/ESWS are a complex pathology and that many variables contribute to its outcome. The SWFI value above all during CSWS/ESWS and long-lasting SWFI ≥25 after CSWS/ESWS disappearance are the most significant indexes that appear mostly to determine cognitive evolution. This finding underscores the importance of EEG recordings during sleep in children with a developmental disorder, even if seizures are not reported, as well as the importance of using therapy with an early efficacy.
The <8 mm fraction of aged incinerator bottom ash from a commercial incinerator (energy from waste) plant has been collected at regular intervals, characterised and processed to form ceramic materials. Ashes were sieved, wet ball milled, dried, compacted and sintered at temperatures between 1080 and 1115 °C. Variations in the chemical composition and mineralogy of the milled ash, and the mineralogy, physical properties and leaching of sintered products have been assessed. Milling produces a raw material with consistent chemical and mineralogical composition with quartz (SiO2), calcite (CaCO3), gehlenite (Ca2Al(AlSi)O7) and hematite (Fe2O3) being the major crystalline phases present. Different batches also milled to give consistent particle size distributions. Sintering milled incinerator bottom ash at 1110 °C produced ceramics with densities between 2.43 and 2.64 g/cm−3 and major crystalline phases of wollastonite (CaSiO3) and diopside (CaMgSi2O6). The sintered ceramics had reduced acid neutralisation capacity compared to the as-received ash and exhibited reduced leaching of Ca, Mg, Na and K under all pH conditions. The leaching of heavy metals was also significantly reduced due to encapsulation and incorporation into glassy and crystalline phases, with Cu and Al showing greatly reduced leaching under alkali conditions.
Risk assessment guidelines for the environmental release of microbial agents are performed in a tiered sequence which includes evaluation of exposure effects on non-target organisms. However, it becomes important to verify whether environmental risk assessment from temperate studies is applicable to tropical countries, as Brazil. Pseudomonas putida is a bacteria showing potential to be used for environmental applications as bioremediation and plant disease control. This study investigates the effects of this bacteria exposure on rodents and aquatic organisms (Daphnia similis) that are recommended to be used as non-target organism in environmental risk assessments. Also, the microbial activity in three different soils under P. putida exposure was evaluated. Rats did not show clinical alterations, although the agent was recovered 16h after the exposure in lung homogenates. The bacteria did not reduce significantly the reproduction and survival of D. similis. The soil enzymatic activities presented fluctuating values after inoculation with bacteria. The measurement of perturbations in soil biochemical characteristics is presented as an alternative way of monitoring the overall effects of the microbial agent to be introduced even in first stage (Tier I) of the risk assessment in tropical ecosystems.
Resumen Introducción Existen escasas baterías de memoria episódica verbal adaptadas a nuestro medio. La batería de eficacia mnésica Signoret (BEM 144) permite observar el funcionamiento global de la memoria episódica y capacidad de aprendizaje, y cuantificar los déficits mnésicos. Objetivo Presentar los datos normativos de las sub pruebas verbales de la BEM 144 y analizar la validez discriminativa para la detección de trastornos de memoria episódica verbal en pacientes con deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL). Materiales y métodos Se seleccionó a 227 sujetos normales de entre 20 y 93 años de edad. Sus resultados fueron comparados con 95 sujetos que cumplían criterios para DCL. Se obtuvieron datos normativos para las subpruebas de la BEM 144. Se calcularon valores predictivos positivo (VPP) y negativo (VPN) y likelihood ratio positivo y negativo (LR+/LR–). También se obtuvieron las curvas tipo receiver operator characteristics (ROC) y área bajo la curva (ABC). Resultados Dentro de los sujetos normales, el factor etario presentó la mayor correlación con las variables mnésicas. No se objetivó una correlación significativa (p: > 0,05) entre las variables mnésicas y de educación formal. Se realizaron baremos para 6 grupos etarios. El grupo de más de 86 años obtuvo los puntajes más bajos. Respecto de los pacientes con DCL, las curvas ROC presentaron una buena exactitud diagnóstica (ABC: 0,83) para las variables recuerdo con claves y el reconocimiento por clave y elección. Conclusión La versión Argentina de la BEM 144 es un instrumento de detección válido y efectivo para el diagnóstico de pacientes con DCL.
Redox shuttle electrolyte additives have been suggested as a possible mean of internal overcharge protection of secondary lithium-ion batteries. TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) is one of these redox shuttles for overcharge protection of 3V class Li-ion cells. The electrochemical reversibility and the diffusion coefficient of this molecule has been evaluated by mean of cyclic voltammetry. The redox shuttle voltage was found to be 3.5V versus Li/Li+ and D =cm2 s−1. The electrochemical stability of TEMPO in different overcharging conditions has been evaluated by long-term cycling using Li/Li4Ti5O12 cells. Results show that the TEMPO redox system does not act as an ideal shuttle. When dissolved in the electrolyte at 0.5M, this additive is able to level off the cell potential at 3.5V for a long period at low overcharging current (C/200 to C/50). Nevertheless, it appears that the cell capacity fades drastically at the first cycles and with time. This phenomenon is probably related to the stability of the oxidized and reduced form of the TEMPO molecule.
Members of Bacillaceae family are of major interest in medical industry due to vast antimicrobial peptides they produce as therapeutic agents. For decades, synthetic and natural occurring antibiotics have been used to treat infectious diseases, but heavy dependence on these drugs has led to significant drawbacks which propel continuous development of new antibiotics generation. Recent findings have shown several bacteriocins of Bacillaceae as promising alternatives to the conventional drugs to combat the emergence of new drug-resistant pathogens. In this present review, Bacillaceae bacteriocins’ classification such as lantibiotics and thiazole/oxazole-modified microcins as well as their biochemical characterization such as sensitivity to enzymes, temperature, pH and chemicals are described. This article enlightens on the medical application of several Bacillaceae bacteriocins emphasizing those that underwent and on-going preclinical trials. This review also discusses the development of Bacillaceae bacteriocins production, focusing strains selection and fermentation factors such as inocula size, medium (carbon, nitrogen, minerals sources), temperature, pH, agitation and aeration rate, dissolved oxygen tension (DOT), fermentation time, inducers and mode of operation via various statistical methods for their optimization. It also highlights recent advance in the production of bioengineered and recombinant bacteriocins in bioreactors system which are rarely disclosed in literature.
Nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared from succinylated gelatin (s-GL) cross-linked with aldehyde heparin (a-HEP) and used subsequently as a nano-template for the mineralization of hydroxyapatite (HAP). Gelatin was functionalized with succinyl groups that made it soluble at room temperature. Heparin was oxidized to generate aldehyde groups and then used as a cross-linker that can react with s-GL to form NPs via Schiff’s base linkage. The polymer concentrations, feed molar ratios and pH conditions were varied to fabricate NPs suspension. NPs were obtained with a spheroid shape of an average size of 196 nm at pH 2.5 and 202 nm at pH 7.4. These NPs had a positive zeta potential of 7.3 ± 3.0 mV and a narrow distribution with PDI 0.123 at pH 2.5, while they had a negative zeta potential of −2.6 ± 0.3 mV and formed aggregates (PDI 0.257) at pH 7.4. The NPs prepared at pH 2.5 with a mean particle size of 196 nm were further used for mineralization studies. The mineralization process was mediated by solution without calcination at 37 °C. The HAP formed on NPs was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. HAP coated s-GL/a-HEP NPs developed in this study may be used in future as osteoinductive fillers enhancing the mechanical properties of injectable hydrogel or use as potential multifunctional device for nanotherapeutic approaches.
In order to explore how to improve the electrochemical performance of the lead-acid battery positive active material, PbO2 particles with multiple morphologies and phases including urchin-like and ball-like β-PbO2 particles with size of 0.5–1 μm, flower-like α-PbO2 particles with size of 1–2 μm are chemically synthesized. These samples are composed of different smaller nanoparticles. The electrode made with urchin-like β-PbO2 and flower-like α-PbO2 in the ratio of 1:1 can deliver a discharge capacity of 183 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C after 100 cycles, and subsequent rate performance test shows that a discharge capacity of 97.2 mA h g−1 can be obtained even at 1 C. Moreover, this kind of electrode pretreated in 1 M H2SO4 solution displays improved stability of cycle, a capacity of 146.7 mA h g−1 can be obtained after 100 cycles, and its corresponding active material utilization ratio can reach 65%.