batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this paper a data-validated power-efficiency model of a diesel-powered fuel-cell-based auxiliary power unit (APU) system is used to investigate the various sizes of the power unit and the battery and to evaluate the optimal choices for specified load profiles. The challenge comes from the FCGEN (Fuel Cell-based power GENeration) EU FP7 project, where such an APU was developed. The system consists of a fuel processor, a PEM stack, and a battery providing power for the startup, shutdown, and for covering load transients; however, the developed prototype system is not optimised. Before redesigning it for mass production, the optimal size of the main components needs to be identified to enable the best possible exploitation of the technology. In this work a case-specific load profile was used and a mesh grid of scenario simulations has been performed using various sizes of the fuel cell with fuel processor as a power unit and the batteries of various capacities as an energy storage unit. For this purpose a scalable APU model, including the BoP component consumption, has been developed. Upon the analysis results, the relation for optimal combinations in terms of efficiency and degradation is proposed and the confronted tradeoffs are discussed.
Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in China warrants particular attention as China has become the largest MSW generator in the world and the total amount of MSW it produces continues to increase. In recent years, central and local governments have made great efforts to improve MSWM in China. New regulations and policies have been issued, urban infrastructure has been improved, and commercialization and international cooperation have been encouraged. Considering these developments, an overview is necessary to analyze the current state as well as new opportunities and challenges regarding MSWM in China. This paper shows that since the late 1990s, the amount of MSW collected has been largely decoupled from economic growth and incineration has become an increasingly widespread treatment method for MSW. We identify and discuss four major challenges and barriers related to China’s MSWM, and propose an integrated management framework to improve the overall eco-efficiency of MSWM.
Spinel lithium titanate, Li4Ti5O12, with novel hollow-sphere structure was fabricated by a sol–gel process using carbon sphere as template. The effect of the hollow-sphere structure as well as the wall thickness on the Li storage capability and high rate performance was electrochemically evaluated. High specific capacity, especially better high rate performance was achieved with this Li4Ti5O12 hollow-sphere electrode material with thin wall thickness. It is believed that this macroporous hollow-sphere structure has shortened the Li diffusion distance, increased the contact area between Li4Ti5O12 and electrolyte, and also led to better mixing of the active material with AB. All these factors have resulted in the good rate capability of the hollow-sphere structured Li4Ti5O12 electrode material.
A uniform, dense film of spinel LiMn2O4 (0.1μm thick) has been prepared by the electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) technique. The electroanalytical behavior of this electrode is elucidated by application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The data have been modeled using an equivalent circuit approach. An excellent fit was found between measured data and an equivalent circuit, comprising Li+ migration through surface film, potential-dependent charge transfer resistance, semiinfinite Warburg-type element, reflecting solid state Li+ ion diffusion and a finite space Warburg-type element, describing both diffusion and accumulation of lithium at the very low frequency. The apparent chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium in the spinel phase was found within 10−12< D ̃ Li <10−9 cm 2 s −1 as a function of electrode potential with minima at the potentials corresponding to the voltammetric peaks. The intercalation capacitance was found 0.7<C L<47mFcm−2 exhibiting maxima at the potentials corresponding to the voltammetric peaks.
The particle surface of Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 was modified by AlF3 as a new coating material to improve the electrochemical properties in the high cutoff voltage of 4.5V. The AlF3-coated Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 showed no difference in the bulk structure compared with the pristine one and the uniform AlF3 coating layers whose thickness is of about 10nm covered Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 particles, as confirmed by a transmission electron microscopy. The AlF3 coating on Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 particles improved the overall electrochemical properties such as the cyclability, rate capability and thermal stability compared with those of the pristine Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2. Such enhancements were attributed to the presence of the stable AlF3 layer which acts as the interfacial stabilizer on the surface of Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2.
Activity of B-esterases (BChE: butyrylcholinesterase and CbE: carboxylesterase using two model substrates: α-naphthyl acetate and 4-nitrophenyl valerate) in a native frog, Leptodactylus chaquensis from rice fields (RF1: methamidophos and RF2: cypermethrin and endosulfan sprayed by aircraft) and non-contaminated area (pristine forest) was measured. The ability of pyridine-2-aldoxime methochloride (2-PAM) to reactivate BChE levels was also explored. In addition, changes in blood cell morphology and parasite infection were determined. Mean values of plasma BChE activities were lower in samples from the two rice fields than in those from the reference site. CbE (4-nitrophenyl valerate) levels varied in the three sites studied, being highest in RF1. Frog plasma from RF1 showed positive reactivation of BChE activity after incubation with 2-PAM. Blood parameters of frogs from RF2 revealed morphological alterations (anisochromasia and immature erythrocytes frequency). Moreover, a major infection of protozoan Trypanosoma sp. in individuals from the two rice fields was detected. We suggest that integrated use of several biomarkers (BChE and CBEs, chemical reactivation of plasma with 2-PAM, and blood cell parameters) may be a promising procedure for use in biomonitoring programmes to diagnose pesticide exposure of wild populations of this frog and other native anuran species in Argentina.
In this work, the formation of lithium dendrites in lithium/Li4Ti5O12 battery cells is studied using different experimental techniques. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is presented as a tool to investigate non-invasively the dendritic growth on a lithium metal surface in lithium/Li4Ti5O12 cells during numerous discharging/charging cycles. Scanning electron microscopy is used for visual inspection of the dendrite formation. In situ 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is sensitive to quantitative changes at the lithium metal surface. Application to symmetrical lithium/lithium battery cells allows for a careful comparison of the investigated electrolytes. All these experimental methods provide consistent results. It is demonstrated that the growth of lithium dendrites is significantly correlated to the electrolyte employed. All electrolytes based on the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl)azanide (EMIM-TFSA) show reduced dendrite growth in comparison to the standard electrolyte for Li-ion batteries, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC). LiPF6 in EMIM-TFSA and LiPF6 in EMIM-TFSA/propylene carbonate suppress lithium dendrites most efficiently.
Rational design of low-cost, highly electrocatalytic activity, and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has been a great significant for metal–air batteries. Herein, an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst based on hollow cobalt oxide nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets (Co/N-Pg) is fabricated for Zn–air batteries. A low-cost biomass peach gum, consisting of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen without other heteroatoms, was used as carbon source to form carbon matrix hosting hollow cobalt oxide nanoparticles. Meanwhile, the melamine was applied as nitrogen source and template precursor, which can convert to carbon-based template graphitic carbon nitride by polycondensation process. Owing to the unique structure and synergistic effect between hollow cobalt oxide nanoparticles and Co-N-C species, the proposal Co/N-Pg catalyst displays not only prominent bifunctional electrocatalytic activities for ORR and OER, but also excellent durability. Remarkably, the assembled Zn–air battery with Co/N-Pg air electrode exhibited a low discharge-charge voltage gap (0.81 V at 50 mA cm–2) and high peak power density (119 mW cm–2) with long-term cycling stability. This work presents an effective approach for engineering transition metal oxides and nitrogen modified carbon nanosheets to boost the performance of bifunctional electrocatalysts for Zn–air battery.
Functional neuroimaging research in autism spectrum disorder has reported patterns of decreased long-range, within-network, and interhemispheric connectivity. Research has also reported increased corticostriatal connectivity and between-network connectivity for default and attentional networks. Past studies have excluded individuals with autism and low verbal and cognitive performance (LVCP), so connectivity in individuals more significantly affected with autism has not yet been studied. This represents a critical gap in our understanding of brain function across the autism spectrum.
Bayesian optimization (BO) has been used for a wide range of applications. However, multi-objectives (e.g., time and cost of moving people and/or products) are often found in practical situations, and thus, multi-objective optimization is often required. In addition, correlated observations are found in various applications, e.g., materials discovery. To deal with such situations effectively, random scalarizations and vector-valued Gaussian processes (GPs) are adopted. For multi-objective BO (MOBO) using random scalarizations (linear and Tchebychev schemes) and vector-valued GPs, regret bounds are analyzed. In terms of Tchebychev scalarizations, these are sub-linear in the number of rounds. Bayes risk decomposition of the GP upper confidence bound (UCB) is utilized for theoretical analysis. In addition, a weight distribution for scalarizing objective functions is estimated by nonstationary Thompson sampling where the Dirichlet distribution is a prior, thereby achieving automatic weight adaptations according to the progress of optimization. Experimental results generated from 10 benchmark functions and one real application (a hydrogen storage material database) testify to the effectiveness of using vector-valued GPs compared to real-valued GPs and the weight adaptations. Moreover, under very noisy observations in the experimental settings, real-valued GPs are found to work better than vector-valued GPs in the context of MOBO convergence. This is because of random fluctuation in posterior variance caused by noisy observations in the UCB.
Toothbrushing, though aimed at biofilm removal, also affects the lubricative function of adsorbed salivary conditioning films (SCFs). Different modes of brushing (manual, powered, rotary–oscillatory or sonically driven) influence the SCF in different ways. Our objectives were to compare boundary lubrication of SCFs after different modes of brushing and to explain their lubrication on the basis of their roughness, dehydrated layer thickness, and degree of glycosylation. A pilot study was performed to relate in vitro lubrication with mouthfeel in human volunteers.
Executive function (EF) is a multifaceted construct that has been defined as a set of higher-order cognitive processes that allow for flexibility, self-regulation, strategic planning, and goal-directed behaviors. EFs have been studied in numerous clinical disorders using a variety of neuropsychological tasks and, more recently, neuroimaging techniques. The underlying physiological substrates of EF were historically attributed to the frontal lobes; however, recent studies suggest more widespread involvement of additional brain regions. The purpose of the present study was to conduct a systematic review (using PRISMA 2009 guidelines) of neuroimaging studies employing functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging methods investigating the physiological substrates of EFs in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to other clinical groups and non-clinical participants. Research articles were retrieved using PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, MEDLINE, and ScienceDirect, beginning February 2015 through May 2016. A total of 42 studies met eligibility. Of those 42 studies, 22 studies included clinical participants and 20 studies included non-clinical participants. Results revealed increased activation of the frontal brain region in the majority of non-clinical studies and approximately 50% of the clinical studies, albeit with some inconsistencies across subregions, tasks, and age groups. Implications, methodological limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 modified with superconducting YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) is synthesized by mixing as-prepared LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 powders and the sol–gel-driven YBa2Cu3O7 matrix, subsequently followed by high-temperature calcinations. The effect of YBCO-modification on the electrochemical performances of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4@YBCO cells in a wide operation temperature is investigated systematically by the charge/discharge testing, cyclic voltammograms and AC impedance spectroscopy, respectively. In comparison with the pristine LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4@YBCO samples exhibit higher capacity, better cyclability and higher rate capability in a wide operation temperature range. An analysis of the electrochemical measurements reveals that the improved performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4@YBCO is due to the better electric contact among particles, much lower charge-transfer resistances and higher lithium diffusion rate, especially at low temperature. In addition, the homogeneous YBCO layer formed on the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 protects the active materials from chemical attack by HF, which suppresses the dissolution of Ni or Mn from LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 in the LiPF6 based electrolyte.
We used satellite tags to record the patterns of depth utilisation for four ocean sunfish (Mola mola) and two leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) moving in broadly the same area off South Africa. Individuals were tracked for between 2 and 8 months and dive data relayed via satellite. For all the sunfish and one of the turtles, we received binned data on depth distribution, while for the second turtle we received individual dive profiles along with the proportion of time spent diving. Leatherback turtles dived almost exclusively within the upper 200 m, spending only 0.6 and 0.2% of their time >200 m. There were times when sunfish likewise occupied these relatively shallow depths. However, there were also protracted periods when sunfish spent the majority of their time much deeper, with one individual remaining around 500 m for many hours at a time. These results suggest that sunfish sometimes exploit deeply distributed prey which is beyond the foraging range of leatherback turtles. We conclude that while both species are believed to feed predominantly on gelatinous zooplankton, the fact that sunfish do not need to come to the surface to breathe means that they can occupy an expanded vertical niche compared to the leatherback turtle.
The structure and electrochemical properties of Cr doped LiNi0.5−x Mn1.5Cr x O4 cathodes with different Cr contents (x =0.00, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05) were investigated by X-ray diffraction, SEM, cyclic voltammetry, charge–discharge tests, and thermogravimetric analysis. In particular, restoration of Li in the cathode during intercalation was carefully analyzed by employing heating-cooling cycles of thermogravimetric technique. Results showed that the initial discharge capacity and capacity retention of the LiNi0.5−x Mn1.5Cr x O4 cathode were improved as the Cr content was increased. Thermal analysis and CV test results suggested that the improvement of the electrochemical properties of the Cr doped LiNi0.5−x Mn1.5Cr x O4 cathode was attributed to the high oxygen affinity of the Cr, which reduced oxygen deficiency and improved structural stability of the cathode.
It is well-established that the micro-sized LiFePO4 exhibits very poor rate capability, whereas nano-sized LiFePO4 displays very excellent rate capability. Thereby, kinetic behavior of nano-sized LiFePO4 is attracting wide attention. Herein, it is reported that nano-sized LiFePO4 can realize the fast charge/discharge of 100 C with limited carbon additive. Most importantly, it is discovered that the capacity of LiFePO4 observed above 3.5 V (vs. Li/Li+) and below 3.4 V (vs. Li/Li+) is mainly due to the pseudo-capacitive behavior rather than single-phase Li-intercalation, indicating that there is only very small potential difference (100 mV, 3.4–3.5 V) between the single-phase transformation and two-phase equilibrium. Also cycle-life test, combining with TEM observations, demonstrates that the crystalline-to-amorphous transformation in part of nano-LiFePO4 particles during cycling process can result in the change of voltage at the end of charge/discharge.
Ga-, Y- co-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 ceramic electrolytes with composition of Li7-3xGaxLa3-yYyZr2O12 (x = 0.2 and y = 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5) were prepared via conventional solid-state reaction in air and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and AC impedance spectroscopy. XRD analysis and Raman spectra showed that all samples formed a single cubic phase with garnet-type structure. Among the materials investigated, Li6.4Ga0.2La2.75Y0.25Zr2O12 sample presented the highest lithium-ion conductivity of 1.61 mS cm−1 at room temperature, a minimum activation energy of 0.281 eV along with the maximum relative density of 96.6%. The stability of Li6.4Ga0.2La2.75Y0.25Zr2O12 material was also investigated in liquid electrolyte, air, LiCl solution, deionized water and LiOH solution. Although the Li+/H+ exchange was confirmed by XRD, Raman spectra, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), the garnet-type cubic structure was found to be stable for the sample after immersion in organic liquid electrolyte, in LiCl solution, deionized water, at room temperature for two weeks. The lithium-ion conductivity was more or less decreased in the sample treated in air, LiCl solution, deionized water and LiOH solution. However, no decrease in conductivity was observed in the sample upon organic liquid electrolyte treatment for a long time, making it a suitable alternative in fabricating hybrid lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, through construction of the symmetric Li/Garnet/Li cells, the interfacial resistance decreases from 970 to 205 Ω cm2 by adding liquid electrolyte as a buffer layer. Meanwhile, the full cells consisting of hybrid electrolyte, lithium-metal anode, and LiCoO2 cathode demonstrate a high initial discharge capacity of 140 mAh g−1 and excellent cycling stability with 130 mAh g−1 retained after 100 cycles at a charge/discharge rate of 15 mA g−1 at room temperature.
LiMn1−x Fe x PO4 nanomaterials at low Fe concentration (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2) for lithium-ion batteries have been synthesized with high yield via a facile solvothermal route in a mixed solvent of water and polyethylene glycol (PEG200). SEM and TEM images reveal that all samples are single crystalline with similar rod-like shapes, and XRD characterizations indicate that the crystal lattices decrease with the increasing concentration of Fe. Electrochemical tests show that the best electrochemical properties can be achieved by substituting 20% of Fe at Mn-site. The as-prepared LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4 sample delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 165.3 mAh g−1 at 0.05C, which is close to the theoretical capacity of LiMnPO4. Moreover, it also demonstrates excellent cycle performance and remarkable rate capability.
Sociability entails some of the most complex behaviors processed by the central nervous system. It includes the detection, integration, and interpretation of social cues and elaboration of context-specific responses that are quintessentially species-specific. There is an ever-growing accumulation of molecular associations to autism spectrum disorders (ASD), from causative genes to endophenotypes across multiple functional layers; these however, have rarely been put in context with the opposite manifestation featured in hypersociability syndromes. Genetic copy number variations (CNVs) allow to investigate the relationships between gene dosage and its corresponding phenotypes. In particular, CNVs of the 7q11.23 locus, which manifest diametrically opposite social behaviors, offer a privileged window to look into the molecular substrates underlying the developmental trajectories of the social brain. As by definition sociability is studied in humans postnatally, the developmental fluctuations causing social impairments have thus far remained a black box. Here, we review key evidence of molecular players involved at both ends of the sociability spectrum, focusing on genetic and functional associations of neuroendocrine regulators and synaptic transmission pathways. We then proceed to propose the existence of a molecular axis centered around the paradigmatic dosage imbalances at the 7q11.23 locus, regulating networks responsible for the development of social behavior in humans and highlight the key role that neurodevelopmental models from reprogrammed pluripotent cells will play for its understanding.
The synergistic effects of LiB(C2O4)2 (LiBOB), LiF2B(C2O4) (LiDFOB), triphenylamine (Ph3N), and 1,4-benzodiozane-6,7-diol (BDOD) as functional electrolyte additives in high-energy electrochemical cells is examined. The influence of these additives, individually, and in different combinations, is evaluated using galvanostatic cycling of cells containing Li1.2Ni0.15Mn0.55Co0.1O2 (0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiMn0.375Ni0.375Co0.25O2)-based positive electrodes, graphite-based negative electrodes, and a LiPF6-based electrolyte. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and voltage-hold tests are also used. By itself, LiBOB is a good additive for reducing cell capacity loss, but cell impedance rise is still significant after extended cycling. Similarly, neither Ph3N nor BDOD alone provide desired improvements in cell performance. However, cells containing LiBOB in combination with LiDFOB, Ph3N, or BDOD exhibit enhanced capacity retention, rate capability, and cyclability; probable reaction mechanisms are highlighted here. Combining electrolyte additives that act synergestically is a practical and versatile strategy to improve performance and life of lithium-ion cells.
Crystalline Co3O4 powders with controllable morphology have been prepared using cobalt chloride and various alcohol precursors at different temperatures. The non-aqueous precursor is examined by simultaneous differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the obtained powders are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Co3O4 particles demonstrate a dramatic tetragonal dipyramid structure when synthesized from benzyl alcohol and cobalt chloride. A stable and reversible storage capacity for lithium of 740mAhg−1 within 50 cycles is achieved on electrochemical performance testing.