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Publisher Summary The hydrothermal technique is especially suitable for obtaining pure and high quality crystals of elements. This chapter describes the hydrothermal synthesis of selected native element crystals. It also describes the hydrothermal growth of selected oxides of both gemstone and technological grades. Oxides form one of the largest groups of inorganic compounds both in nature and in the laboratory. A large number of oxides obtained by the hydrothermal method: TiO2, ZrO2, HfO2, Cu2O, BeO, Bi2O3, In2O3, Al2O3, ZnO, Fe2O3, to mention a few, and a great variety of mixed oxides. The native element crystals popularly grown under hydrothermal conditions are gold, silver, platinum, copper, arsenic, cobalt, nickel, tellurium and bismuth related compounds. Similarly, among the hydrothermally produced oxides, zincite, rutile, zirconia, and hafnia are very popular. In fact, the hydrothermal method is the only suitable method for the growth of these compounds for various reasons like high melting point, very low solubility, acid resistance, and so on.
The challenges for further development of lithium rechargeable batteries are finding electrolyte materials that are safe, have mechanical and thermal stability and have sufficiently high ionic conduction. Polymer electrolytes have many of these advantages, but suffer with low ionic conduction. This study involves the use of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes having nanochannels filled with polymer electrolyte to make composite solid electrolytes having ionic conductivity several orders of magnitude higher (10−4 Ω‐1cm−1) than non-confined polymer. SEM, ac impedance spectroscopy, temperature dependence studies, XRD, ATR- FTIR and DSC studies were done in order to characterize and understand the behavior of nanoconfined polymer electrolytes. The composite polymer electrolyte was found to be more amorphous with polymer chains aligned in the direction of the nanochannels, which is felt to promote ion conduction. The electrolyte systems, confined in nanoporous membranes, can be used as electrolytes for the fabrication of a room temperature all solid state battery.
In this work, small amounts of vanadium atoms were incorporated in copper oxide films in order to decrease the charge capacity loss during the electrochemical lithium reaction, mainly in the first cycle. Reactive sputtering was the film deposition technique used to deposit pure copper oxide films, CuO, and copper–vanadium mixed oxides CuO(VO y ). The composition, oxidation state and crystallinity of the deposited films were investigated. Electrochemical studies were performed, and the results demonstrated that the mixed oxides have a better electrochemical behavior with a higher capacity and stability in the charge/discharge processes, when compared to the pure CuO films behavior.
Mesoporous Co3O4 nanosheets-3D graphene networks (3DGN) hybrid materials have been synthesized by combining chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and hydrothermal method and investigated as anode materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Microscopic characterizations have been performed to confirm the 3DGN and mesoporous Co3O4 nanostructures. The specific surface area and pore size of the hybrid structures have been found ∼ 34.5 m2g−1 and ∼ 3.8nm respectively. It has been found that the Co3O4/3DGNs composite displays better LIB performance with enhanced reversible capacity, good cyclic performance and rate capability as compare with Co3O4/CNT and Co3O4 structures. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results show that the addition of 3DGN not only preserves high conductivity of the composite electrode, but also largely enhanced the electrochemical activity of Co3O4 during the cycling processes. The improved electrochemical performance is considered due to the addition of 3DGNs which prevent the cracking of electrode. In addition, the large specific surface area and porous nature of the Co3O4 nanosheets are also very convenient and accessible for electrolyte diffusion and intercalation of Li+ ions into the active phases. Therefore, this combination can be considered to be an attractive candidate as an anode material for LIBs.
We report the electropolymerization of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole (ATD) on glassy carbon (GC) and indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes in 0.10M H2SO4. The electropolymerized ATD (p-ATD) film was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM image showed that the p-ATD formed a spherical-like structure with a thickness of 25nm. XPS of the p-ATD film showed binding energies at 398.7, 400.3 and 401.3eV in the N 1s region corresponding to –N, –NH– and –N+H–, respectively, and at 285.5 and 287.0eV in the C 1s region corresponding to C–N and CN, respectively. The appearance of binding energies at 285.5 and 287.0eV confirmed that the p-ATD film proceeded via C–N and CN linkages and not via C–C or CC linkages. The p-ATD film deposited on the GC electrode was successfully used for the determination of ascorbic acid (AA) at physiological pH. The amperometric current was increased linearly from 7.5×10−8 to 2.0×10−5, and the detection limit was found to be 0.28nM (S/N=3).
This paper presents a methodology to evaluate the optimal capacity and economic viability of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) supporting the dispatch of a 30MW photovoltaic (PV) power plant. The optimal capacity design is achieved through a comprehensive analysis of the PV power plant performance under numerous HESS capacity scenarios. The analysis has been conducted using a high performance computing cluster which generated a large amount of simulation data based on a PV power profile of one month. The HESS, consisting of a vanadium redox battery and a supercapacitor bank with a power rating ratio between the two energy storage technologies of 5:1, is connected at the point of common coupling to support the PV power plant to comply with the dispatch rules in the Australian national electricity market. A quantitative relation is developed based on surface fitting, which relates the HESS capacity with the dispatch performance of the PV power plant in terms of energy yield and required ancillary services. The paper concludes the optimal capacity of HESS which will provide the maximum profit improvement under the actual market conditions.
The characteristics of CoO prepared from the calcination of Co(OH)2 (precursor of CoO) in the N2 atmosphere were analyzed, and the charge/discharge properties of CoO was also investigated in this paper. Increasing the calcination temperature from 200 to 900°C the grain size of CoO increased from 6.59 to 31.5nm, and the BET surface area decreased from 89.83 to 0.47m2 g−1. For CoO calcinated at 200°C the maximum charge capacity, the coulomb efficiency and the irreversible capacity at the first cycle of Li/CoO battery were found to be 1233.57mAhg−1, 98.46% and 305.87mAhg−1, respectively. The irreversible capacity in the first cycle could be recovered in the following charge/discharge cycles.
The redox flow battery (RFB) is one of the most promising large-scale energy storage technologies for the massive utilization of intermittent renewables especially wind and solar energy. This work presents a novel redox flow battery that utilizes inexpensive and abundant Fe(II)/Fe(III) and Pb/Pb(II) redox couples as redox materials. Experimental results show that both the Fe(II)/Fe(III) and Pb/Pb(II) redox couples have fast electrochemical kinetics in methanesulfonic acid, and that the coulombic efficiency and energy efficiency of the battery are, respectively, as high as 96.2% and 86.2% at 40 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the battery exhibits stable performance in terms of efficiencies and discharge capacities during the cycle test. The inexpensive redox materials, fast electrochemical kinetics and stable cycle performance make the present battery a promising candidate for large-scale energy storage applications.
La0.6Gd0.2Mg0.2Ni3.15-xCo0.25Al0.1Mnx(x=0–0.3) hydrogen storage alloys are prepared by induction melting followed by annealing treatment at 1173K for 8hours and the effects of partial substitution Mn for Ni on the phase structures and electrochemical properties are studied. The phase structure analyses show that (La, Mg)2Ni7 phase with Ce2Ni7-type structure, (La, Mg) Ni3 phase with PuNi3-type structure and LaNi5 phase with CaCu5-type structure are the main phases. The increase in Mn content results in the expansion of the lattice parameters and the cell volumes of the alloys. The electrochemical analyses show that a proper amount of Mn substitution for Ni (x=0.1) can increase the maximum discharge capacity and improve the cyclic stability of the alloy electrodes. Additionally, the kinetic properties of the alloy electrodes are improved because of the lower charge transfer resistance on alloy surface and the faster hydrogen diffusion rate in alloy bulk after Mn partial substitution for Ni.
The therapy of focal epilepsy remains inadequate. Many patients who have localization-related seizures find themselves either overmedicated with anticonvulsants or suffering from frequent seizures. While surgical resection can lead to excellent outcomes in up to 60% of patients with neocortical epilepsy, there are obviously many who either fail surgery or are deemed inappropriate surgical candidates. We are currently determining the efficacy of local cooling for the therapy of certain focal epilepsies. We have attempted to adapt new technologies borrowed from electrical and mechanical engineering to develop cooling devices that will ultimately improve the diagnosis and therapy of these focal epilepsies. The present review describes the rationale for this research and our progress to date.
The correlation between the temperature-dependent electrochromic (EC) activity and other properties of galvanostatically deposited Prussian Blue (PB) films is presented here. Films subjected to annealing treatment in air at temperatures up to 500°C were characterized by a variety of techniques which include TGA, XRD, FTIR, UV–vis spectrophotometry, SEM, XPS, cyclic voltammetry etc. The as-deposited X-ray amorphous hydrated PB films were blue in color and had Fe in both FeII and FeIII valence states and were electrochromically active. Consequent to changes in the valence state, degree of hydration and coordination environment of the iron ions upon annealing, EC activity and morphology of the films exhibited dramatic changes. Annealing at moderate temperatures retained the blue color of the films and decreased the EC activity consistent with dehydration and decreased the FeII content. Lack of EC activity at higher temperatures was consistent with dehydration and quenching of FeII states accompanied with change of color from blue to rust (FeIII) typical of Fe2O3. Independent of the annealing temperature, the films retained their amorphicity, however, prolonged annealing at 500°C yielded hexagonal Fe2O3.
Objective The diagnosis of ADHD relies mostly on clinical observation and employment of standard questionnaires and checklist batteries which are highly susceptible to human factors. In this study we searched for differences in the clinical profile of children with ADHD in both the Arab and Jewish sectors in Israel which might be influenced by cultural and social background. Methods Data of children aged 7–17 years diagnosed with ADHD between 2010 and 2013 in two ADHD clinics in northern Israel was analyzed. The diagnosis of ADHD was based on clinical evaluation and fulfillment of the DSM IV criteria and aided by both the Teacher and Parent Conners Rating Scales. Children with autism and intellectual disabilities were excluded. Results Out of 823 patients – 516 (62.7%) were Jewish and 307 (37.3%) were Arabs. The distributions of the ADHD subtypes were similar in both populations. Learning disabilities (LD) and psychiatric comorbidities (behavioral difficulties and anxiety) were reported more frequently in the Jewish population (49% vs. 41% for LD, 15.7% vs. 12.8% for behavioral difficulties and 27.0% vs. 1.0% for anxiety p<0.05). Patients from the Jewish sector were primarily treated with long-acting methylphenidate formulations while patients from the Arab sector were treated primarily with short acting methylphenidate (p<0.05). The most commonly reported adverse effects were anorexia, headache, insomnia and rebound effect and were more frequently reported in the Jewish population (42.0% vs. 18.0% P<0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrates that while the biological nature of ADHD and its subtypes are similar in these two populations, learning disabilities, psychiatric co morbidities, employment of long-acting MPH formulations and complaints of side-effects were more prevalent in patients from the Jewish sectors. We presume that these differences are related to cultural and socioeconomic factors and the physician should take them into consideration when treating patients with ADHD.
Ion-selective electrochemical systems are promising for liquid phase separations, particularly for water purification and environmental remediation, as well as in chemical production operations. Redox-materials offer an attractive platform for these separations based on their remarkable ion selectivity. Water splitting, a primary parasitic reaction in aqueous-phase processes, severely limits the performance of such electrochemical processes through significant lowering of current efficiencies and harmful changes in water chemistry. We demonstrate that an asymmetric Faradaic cell with redox-functionalization of both the cathode and the anode can suppress water reduction and enhance ion separation, especially targeting organic micropollutants with current efficiencies of up to 96% towards selective ion-binding. A number of organometallic redox-cathodes with electron-transfer properties matching those of a ferrocene-functionalized anode, and with potential cation selectivity, were used in the asymmetric cell, with cobalt polymers being particularly effective towards aromatic cation adsorption. We demonstrate the viability and superior performance of dual-functionalized asymmetric electrochemical cells beyond their use in energy storage systems; they can be considered as a next-generation technology for aqueous-phase separations, and we anticipate their broad applicability in other processes, including electrocatalysis and sensing.
In this work, we describe the fabrication of electrodes based on carbon nanofibers (NFC), bilayer systems of NFC and a commercial polythiophene (PEDOT-PSS), and NFC/PEDOT-PSS composites, for symmetric and asymmetric electrochemical capacitor (EC) cells. The basic electrochemical characterization was carried out for each electrode material by cyclic voltammetry (CV) using a three-electrode cell and a non-aqueous electrolyte (1M LiClO4 in acetonitrile). We assembled two-electrode cells using Swagelok cells with filter paper as the electrode separator with only the best electrode materials (NFC, and bilayer electrodes), and they were electrochemically characterized by CV to determine the working voltage window, and galvanostatic cycling to evaluate the cycle-life of the symmetric (NFC–NFC, NFCP–NFCP) and asymmetric (NFC–NFCP) cell assemblies. Capacitance values were normalized by electrode area and calculated from galvanostatic cycling experiments. We discuss the influence of PEDOT-PSS as a dispersing agent for NFCs and as an electrical conductivity enhancer. Also, we found that the asymmetric cell configuration doubled the capacity in comparison to NFCs symmetric cells, and the cycle-life was compared to the symmetric cell assembled with bilayered electrodes.
In a mouse model of traumatic brain injury, treatment with a carbon-monoxide-releasing molecule is shown to reduce pericyte cell death and promote neurogenesis, leading to an amelioration of neurological deficits.
A new kind of self-powered sensor which can synchronously detect the salinity of water solution from 0mmol/L to 1mmol/L and generate electricity is developed. The power generation of this self-powered sensor is realized by repeatedly moving water droplets down from hydrophobic PDMS surface to generate negative charges on the surface of PDMS at first and change the capacitance between two electrodes to drive the screen charges (electrons) moving back and forth between two electrodes, subsequently. The ability for droplet to change the capacitance depends on its salinity. So the self-powered sensor can successfully detect the solution's salinity. Furthermore, both the distance between two electrodes and the thickness of PDMS film can influence the change quantity of capacitance when the water droplets are same, which benefits to the improvement of self-powered sensor's detection ability. Finally, the performance of this self-powered sensor can also be optimized by improving its current signal through modulating external load.
A redox flow cell utilizing the Fe2+/Fe3+ and H2/H+ couples is investigated as an energy storage device. A conventional polymer electrolyte fuel cell anode and membrane design is employed, with a cathode chamber containing a carbon felt flooded with aqueous acidic solution of iron salt. The maximum power densities achieved for iron sulfate, iron chloride, and iron nitrate are 148, 207, and 234 mW cm−2, respectively. It is found that the capacity of the iron nitrate solution decreases rapidly during cycling. Stable cycling is observed for more than 100 h with iron chloride and iron sulfate solutions. Both iron sulfate and iron chloride solutions display moderate discharge polarization and poor charge polarization; therefore, voltage efficiency decreases dramatically with increasing current density. A small self-discharge current occurs when catholyte is circulating through the cathode chamber. As a result, a current density above 100 mA cm−2 is required to achieve high Coulombic efficiency (>0.9).
Bioluminescence-based reporter system for monitoring nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) in live cells, which identifies a group of cardiac glycosides as potent inhibitors of NMD and intracellular calcium as a key regulator of NMD.
Here we report our findings in synthesis and characterization of porous Co3O4 nanofibers coated with a surface-modification layer, reduced graphene oxide. The unique porous Co3O4@rGO architecture enables efficient stress relaxation and fast Li+ ions and electron transport during discharge/charge cycling. When tested in a half cell, the Co3O4@rGO electrodes display high Coulombic efficiency, enhanced cyclic stability, and high rate capability (∼900mAh/g at 1A/g, and ∼600mAh/g at 5A/g). The high capacity is contributed by a stable capacity yielded from reversible conversion reactions above 0.8V vs. Li/Li+, and a increasing capacity induced by the electrolyte decomposition and interfacial storage between 0.8 0.01V during discahrge. A full cell constructed from a Co3O4@rGO anode and a LiMn2O4 cathode delivers good capacity retention with operation voltage of ∼2.0V. These performances are better than those of other full cells using alloy or metal oxide anodes. Our work is a preliminary attempt for practicality of high capacity metal oxide anodes in Li-ion batteries used for the electronic devices.
Publisher Summary Electric vehicles have received new attention recently because the California Air Resources Board (CARB) developed a plan that would require 10% of all vehicles sold in California by the year 2003 to be zero-emission vehicles (ZEV) and other states are considering similar mandates. The only type of vehicle currently available that can meet the ZEV regulation is an electric vehicle (EV) powered by a bank of batteries. These batteries are limited, at present, to lead-acid or nickel-metal hydride batteries. The basic EV consists of a bank of batteries that supply power, via a controller, to an electric motor that drives the wheels. This chapter discusses the case of the EV to highlight some of the difficulties that are faced in introducing sustainable technologies. The clearest view of the status of the EV and its technological trajectory arises when a combined software-hardware view is adopted. In the case of the EV, repeated comparison with the ICE has certainly slowed the pace of technology development. Hybrids are always ready to go because the gas engine assists with the recharging duties. This is called a parallel drive system since the wheels can be powered by both the electric motor and the IC engine when both are needed.
In this work, the contribution of local velocity to the resultant flux of lithium in lithium-ion battery is introduced into the diffusion equation to describe the migration of lithium in the active material of electrodes. The effect of the local velocity on the stress evolution in a spherical electrode made of silicon is analyzed, using the derived diffusion equation and nonlinear theory of elasticity. Two boundary conditions at the surface of the electrode, which represent two extreme conditions of real electrode materials, are used in the stress analysis: one is stress-free, and the other is immobile. The numerical results with the stress-free boundary condition suggest that the effect of the local velocity on the distribution of radial stress and hoop stress increases with the increase of time and the effect of the local velocity on the distribution of lithium is relatively small. In comparison with the results without the effect of the local velocity, the effect of the local velocity is negligible for the immobile boundary condition. The numerical result shows that the use of the immobile boundary condition leads to the decrease of von-Mises stress, which likely will retard the mechanical degradation of electrode and improve the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery.
Treatment Ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement superseded tighter control of vascular risk factors, as judged by the patient's response to continuous lumbar drainage.
A fast sol–gel method based on spontaneous chemical reactions is developed to synthesize high performance Li3V2(PO4)3/C cathode material. The crystal structures, surface morphologies and electrochemical behaviors of the Li3V2(PO4)3/C samples sintered at different temperatures are investigated. In the potential range of 3.0–4.3V, the sample sintered at 750°C shows the highest discharge capacities of 127.9mAhg−1 and 124.0mAhg−1 at 1C and 5C rates after 100 cycles respectively. Furthermore, at 10C, 15C and 20C rates, the discharge capacities of the optimal Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite still retains 117.6mAhg−1, 114.9mAhg−1 and 83.6mAhg−1 in the 150th cycle respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement illustrates that the electrochemical behavior of the optimal sample almost has no change after 100 cycles at 5C rate, indicating the stable structure of the synthesized material.