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Rechargeable aqueous Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) have attracted great attention due to their cost-effectiveness, high safety, and environmental friendliness. However, some issues associated with poor structural instability of cathode materials and fast self-discharge hinder the further development of ZIBs. Herein, a new configuration is introduced by placing a reduced graphene oxide film as a block layer between the separator and the V2O5·nH2O cathode. This layer prevents the free diffusion of dissolved active materials to the anode and facilitates the transport of Zn ion and electrons, largely improving the cyclic stability and alleviating the self-discharge. Accordingly, the optimized battery delivers a remarkable capacity of 191 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 2 A g−1. Moreover, a high capacity of 106 mAh g−1 is achieved after 100 cycles at −20 °C. The strategy proposed is expected to be applicable to other electrode systems, thus offering a new approach to circumvent the critical challenges facing aqueous batteries.
Nickel sulfide (NiS), lead sulfide (PbS) and composite of NiS-PbS hybrid are deposited onto nickel (Ni) foam current collector via a simple and cost-effective chemical bath deposition route and utilized as a binder-free battery-type electrode materials for supercapacitor applications. High-performance NiS and highly-stable PbS electrodes are rationally designed to develop a new class NiS-PbS electroactive material. Surface morphological and structural studies indicate that the NiS-PbS composite exhibits a beautiful morphology of nanosheet based microflower structures. Such hierarchical microflower structures provide abundant Faradic active sites and enable the fast redox reactions. As result, the NiS-PbS composite exhibits a higher specific capacity of 125.89 mA h g−1 at a current density of 2 A g−1 in 3 M KOH electrolyte solution, and it is 1.62 and 2.67 times higher than the bare NiS and PbS electrodes. In addition, NiS-PbS composite delivers excellent cycling stability retaining 88.97% of initial capacitance after 3000 cycles, which is much larger than that of NiS (76.86%) and PbS (82.72%) electrodes. Our results demonstrate that the microflower structured NiS-PbS composites are promising for supercapacitor applications.
The results of an investigation of a polymer electrolyte system based on the poly(trimethylene carbonate) host matrix, designated as p(TMC), with lithium tetrafluoroborate guest salt are described in this presentation. Electrolytes with lithium salt compositions with n between 3 and 80 (where n represents the number of (OCOCH2CH2CH2O) units per lithium ion) were prepared by co-dissolution of salt and polymer in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran. The homogeneous solutions obtained by this procedure were evaporated, within a preparative glovebox and under a dry argon atmosphere, to form thin films of electrolyte. The solvent-free electrolyte films produced were obtained as very flexible, transparent, completely amorphous films and were characterized by measurements of total ionic conductivity, cyclic voltammetry, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry.
The purpose of this study was to compare the fundamental movement skills of 22 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), from 6 to 12 years of age, to gender- and age-matched peers without ADHD and assess the effects of stimulant medication on the movement skill performance of the children with ADHD. Repeated measures analyses revealed significant skill differences between children with and without ADHD (p ≤ 0.001). Results from the stimulant medication trials indicated no significant effect of medication on the movement skill patterns of children with ADHD. It is concluded that children with ADHD may be at risk for developmental delays in movement skill performance. Potential factors underlying the movement skill difficulties are discussed, with suggestions for future research.
The inertial confinement fusion community is actively preparing for the transition from kilojoule- to megajoule-class lasers. To assess laser and target performance, a sophisticated array of diagnostics that can operate in increasingly harsh environments is required. In this paper, we overview some of the needs and challenges related to performing X-ray spectroscopy with very intense and highly energetic X-ray sources. To illustrate issues that will be broadly applicable to diagnostics at high energy density facilities, we relate lessons learned during early testing of the high-energy electronic X-ray spectrometer (HENEX), a core-level diagnostic commissioned by the National Ignition Facility. A spectrometer design employing symmetric Laué diffraction has proven to be particularly well suited for the high energy density environment and will extend existing diagnostic techniques to high-Z, K-shell spectroscopy.
The effect of exfoliation of vapor-grown carbon fiber (VGCF) on the electrochemical properties as an anode of lithium-ion batteries was thoroughly investigated by diverse characterization tools. The exfoliation by the ball milling followed by the acid and heat treatments changed several morphological features such as decreased length, wider interlayer spacing, and even exfoliation of the layer. Moreover, numerous defects including functional groups were observed when the VGCF was exfoliated, increasing the deposition of Fe2O3 on its surface. Owing to these advantages, the exfoliated-VGCF exhibited significantly enhanced C-rate capability with high reversible capacity even though its initial irreversible capacity increased compared to the pristine VGCF. In particular, the Fe2O3/exfoliated-VGCF composite anodes have a good cycle stability with a high capacity of 936 mA h g−1 after 50th discharge at a C-rate of 100 mA g−1.
We report a simple strategy to prepare a hybrid of lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) nanoparticles well-dispersed on electrical conductive graphene nanosheets as an anode material for high rate lithium ion batteries. Lithium ion transport is facilitated by making pure phase Li4Ti5O12 particles in a nanosize to shorten the ion transport path. Electron transport is improved by forming a conductive graphene network throughout the insulating Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles. The charge transfer resistance at the particle/electrolyte interface is reduced from 53.9Ω to 36.2Ω and the peak currents measured by a cyclic voltammogram are increased at each scan rate. The difference between charge and discharge plateau potentials becomes much smaller at all discharge rates because of lowered polarization. With 5wt.% graphene, the hybrid materials deliver a specific capacity of 122mAhg−1 even at a very high charge/discharge rate of 30C and exhibit an excellent cycling performance, with the first discharge capacity of 132.2mAhg−1 and less than 6% discharge capacity loss over 300 cycles at 20C. The outstanding electrochemical performance and acceptable initial columbic efficiency of the nano-Li4Ti5O12/graphene hybrid with 5wt.% graphene make it a promising anode material for high rate lithium ion batteries.
In recent years, integrated fuel cell (FC) type primary and secondary batteries attracted a great deal of attention as integrated on-chip power sources due to their high theoretical power densities. Unfortunately, the costs of these devices have been rather high. This is partially due to the involved clean-room processes, but also due to the fact that these devices generally rely on expensive precious-metals such as Pd and Pt. Therefore we developed a novel integrated FC type accumulator that is based on non-precious-metals only. The key component of the presented accumulator is its alkaline polymer electrolyte membrane that allows not only the usage of a low-cost AB5 type hydrogen storage electrode, but also the usage of La0.6Ca0.4CoO3 as a precious-metal free bifunctional catalyst for the air-breathing electrode. Additionally the presented design requires only comparatively few cleanroom processes which further reduces the overall production costs. Although abdicating precious-metals, the presented accumulator shows an open circuit voltage of 0.81V and a maximum power density of 0.66mWcm−2 which is comparable or even superior to former precious-metal based cells.
Using solid complex molecular precursor [bis(salicylaldehyde)ethylenediiminecobalt(II)], [Co(salen)], a simple and surfactant-free method to synthesize Co3O4 nanoparticles was proposed. Cubic-phase Co3O4 nanoparticles of size 30–50-nm could be produced by thermal treatment of the Co(salen) in the air at 500°C for 5h. The as-prepared samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The optical absorption spectrum indicates that the direct band gaps of Co3O4 nanoparticles are 1.53 and 2.02eV. The optical property test indicates that the absorption peak of the nanoparticles shifts towards short wavelengths, and the blue shift phenomenon might be ascribed to the quantum effect. The hysteresis loops of the obtained samples reveal their ferromagnetic behavior, an enhanced coercivity (H c) and a decreased saturation magnetization (M s) as compared to their respective bulk materials.
Solar photovoltaic water pumping system (SPVWPS) has been a promising area of research for more than 50 years. In the early 70s, efforts and studies were undertaken to explore the possibility of SPVWPS as feasible, viable and economical mean of water pumping. SPVWPS consists of different components and parts associated with different fields of engineering like mechanical, electrical, electronics, computer, control and civil engineering. The interdisciplinary nature of the system attracted the researchers, in the past, from all these fields of engineering and has been contributed by them to make the system more efficient and cost-effective to meet water-pumping needs of human, livestock and irrigation. The detailed literature available suggests that the research work on SPVWPS is not confined to any particular field of engineering. This review paper is an attempt to give a comprehensive review of the literature available on SPVWPS from the year 1975 to the year 2014. The review work discusses the general classification of SPVWPS, historical background of solar pumping systems, various efforts undertaken by researchers working on the different aspects of SPVWPS and the present status of research on the topic. The literature review of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system, different types of pumps and motors and rating of photovoltaic (PV) panel, which affect the performance, efficiency and economy of the SPVWPS system, has been incorporated in detail.
Room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) consisting of N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium (PP13) cation and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI) anion was synthesized and its electrochemical stability was investigated in comparison with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIBF4) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIPF6). The electrochemical window of PP13-TFSI (5.8V versus Li/Li+) is wider than that of BMIBF4 (4.7V) and BMIPF6 (4.5V). The cathodic limit of the PP13-TFSI is about −0.3V versus Li/Li+, against 0.7V for BMIPF6 and BMIBF4, so it may be used as the electrolyte for second lithium batteries based on lithium anode. In this work, charge efficiency of lithium plating/striping on nickel substrate and the cycle life have been measured using 0.4M LiTFSI/PP13-TFSI electrolyte both without and with additives such as vinyl acetate (VA), ethylene sulfite (ES), and ethylene carbonate (EC). Remarkable improvement in cycling efficiency and cycle life was found for EC as additive.
In the USA, Polypore International Inc's subsidiary Celgard Llc, which produces speciality microporous membranes, and electronics company Panasonic Corp have signed a letter of intent to work together.
With the significant obstacles that have been conquered in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, it is urgent to impel accelerating development of room-temperature Li-S batteries with high energy density and long-term stability. In view of the unique solid-liquid-solid conversion processes of Li-S batteries, however, designing effective strategies to address the insulativity and volume effect of cathode, shuttle of soluble polysulfides, and/or safety hazard of Li metal anode has been challenging. An atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a representative thin film technology with exceptional capabilities in developing atomic-precisely conformal films. It has been demonstrated to be a promise strategy of solving emerging issues in advanced electrical energy storage (EES) devices via the surface modification and/or the fabrication of complex nanostructured materials. In this review, the recent developments and significances on how ALD improves the performance of Li-S batteries were discussed in detail. Significant attention mainly focused on the various strategies with the use of ALD to refine the electrochemical interfaces and cell configurations. Furthermore, the novel opportunities and perspective associated with ALD for future research directions were summarized. This review may boost the development and application of advanced Li-S batteries using ALD.
Nature provides perfect varying models of hierarchical porous structures, but it remains a great challenge to accurately transfer these models intact to laboratory through carbonization during processing. In this study we report a new class of carbon materials whose hierarchical porous structure is accurately inherited from bagasse through a process consisting of a hydrothermal treatment with thiourea at 180 °C and then carbonization at 800 °C. The resulting composite structure consists of nanopores, supermicropores and ultramicropores with a high specific surface area of 2419 m2 g−1. The treatment with thiourea not only results in N and S doping but creates many papillae of a few hundreds of nanometer in diameter on the tubular wall. As a supercapacitor electrode working at 1 A g−1 in aqueous electrolyte, it shows a capacitance of 312 F g−1 (125 F cm−3), with 69% retention even at a very high current density of 20 A g−1. The material renders a good energy density of 11 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 125 W kg−1 and shows good cycling stability, 99.7% of initial capacitance remained after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles. As a lithium ion battery anode, it exhibited capacity of 621 mA h g-1 at 100 mA g-1 and the capacity remained at 310 mA h g-1 at 1000 mA g-1.
Here we demonstrate the powerfulness of in situ thermogravimetric measurements under varied humidity conditions for understanding the water absorption/desorption characteristics of the hygroscopic Li-ion battery positive electrode material, LiFePO4. Both plain LiFePO4 powder and different composite electrodes made with the water-based binders, acryle, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) are investigated. Out of these binder materials, acryle and PVA are found to protect the electrode to some extent against water absorption. On the contrary, the CMC binder rather enhances the water absorption. Investigation of thermal stabilities of the composite electrodes reveals that they all start to decompose between 200 and 300°C when heated in air.
A core-shell nanocomposite of Li2MnO3 is synthesized by coating FePO4 nanoparticles on the surface of our prepared Li2MnO3 nanoplate. This core-shell structured nanocomposite can eliminate the large irreversible capacity for the Li-rich materials. The FePO4 on the surface of Li2MnO3 can also serve as a host for Li ions that deintercalate from Li2MnO3 during the initial charging process and the initial Coulomb efficiency can be 100%. The composite as the cathode material for lithium ion batteries exhibits an attractive reversible capacity of 180 mAh g−1. Its cycling performance is also stable without any evident capacity fading, even when cycling in the high voltage range of 2.0–4.8 V vs. Li+/Li. This nanocomposite is free of Co- and Ni, different from other Li-rich Li2MnO3 based cathode materials, and shows great attraction for applications of low cost cathode materials for lithium ion batteries.
The electrochemical response of Al–Zn–Ga alloy in chloride medium was studied. For this purpose, linear sweep voltammetry and open circuit potential (OCP) measurements were employed and surface characterisation was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The presence of Ga whether as alloyed element in the ternary alloy or deposited from the electrolyte solution onto pure Al or onto Al–Zn alloy causes a displacement of the onset of the process of dissolution towards more negative potential in a chloride solution. The anodic behaviour of the Al–Zn–Ga alloy can be interpreted in terms of an amalgam mechanism, where the homogeneously distribution of Ga in the alloy assures the formation of a superficial Ga–Al amalgam.
Menthol (2-isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexan-1-ol) is used in food, pharmaceutical, and tobacco products. Despite its long usage history and GRAS status, scientific literature on effects of cigarette mentholation is limited. Because African-American men have high lung cancer rates and predominantly smoke mentholated cigarettes, and because menthol’s cooling effect might affect puffing and smoke inhalation, possible adverse effects of cigarette mentholation have been suggested. We review the evidence on the effects of mentholation on smokers, and we also identify areas for further study. Five large epidemiological studies provide no evidence that cigarette mentholation increases lung cancer risk. Mentholation cannot explain the higher risk for lung cancer in African-American male smokers, who also predominantly smoke mentholated cigarettes. Limited data on other cancers also suggest no risk from mentholation. The scientific literature suggests that cigarette mentholation does not increase puff number or puff volume of smoked cigarettes, and has little or no effect on heart rate, blood pressure, uptake of carbon monoxide, tar intake or retention, or blood cotinine concentration. Mentholation has little effect on other smoke constituents, and no apparent effect on nicotine absorption, airway patency and smoking initiation, dependency or cessation. Any toxicological effects of cigarette mentholation on adult smokers are probably quite limited.
A low-level zirconia coating significantly stabilizes high energy alkaline super-iron cathodes, and improves the energy storage capacity of super-iron batteries. Zirconia coating is derived from ZrCl4 in an organic medium through the conversion of ZrCl4 to ZrO2. In alkaline battery system, ZrO2 provides an intact shield for the cathode materials and the hydroxide shuttle through the coating sustains alkaline cathode redox chemistry. Most super-iron cathodes are solid-state stable, such as K2FeO4 and Cs2FeO4, but tend to be passivated in alkaline electrolyte due to the formation of Fe(III) over layer. Zirconia coating effectively enhances the stability of these super-iron cathodes. However, for solid-state unstable super-iron cathode (e.g. BaFeO4), only a little stabilization effect of zirconia coating is observed.
To overcome the long-standing challenge of poor performance of large-size automotive lithium-ion battery pack at low temperature, an internal self-heating strategy without lifetime reduction is proposed. A new method superimposing the discharge current on alternating current for self-heating is developed to prevent lithium-ion deposition, which not only avoids the measurement difficulty of potential and impedance of anode electrode, but also circumvents inconsistency problem of battery pack. The permissible alternating current and direct current are determined to avoid lithium-ion deposition. An effective yet simple soft-switching circuit is designed for heating of large-size automotive lithium-ion battery pack. The battery pack is warmed up from −20.8 °C to 2.1 °C within 600 s, where the temperature difference among twelve batteries is below 1.6 °C, implying the essentially uniform temperature distribution. Based on the performance analysis for battery pack, no obvious loss of lithium inventory is found and no lifetime reduction is observed after 600 repeated heating tests due to the suitable over-potential of anode electrode and no substantial thermal-induced aging stress. The proposed self-heating strategy, validated for heating uniformly and effectively without lifetime reduction, is of high potential to deliver a practical solution to poor performance of large-size automotive lithium-ion battery pack in cold conditions.
A novel composite of Fe2O3 and carbon (Fe2O3@C) was synthesized hydrothermally without using any template and evaluated as anode of high energy density lithium ion battery. Physical characterizations, from XRD, FESEM, TEM, HRTEM, TGA, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy, demonstrate that the resulting Fe2O3@C takes a morphology of porous rods, which is composed of 100nm Fe2O3 particles that are coated uniformly with a layer of amorphous carbon. Charge/discharge tests indicate that the resulting Fe2O3@C delivers a reversible discharge capacity of 907mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1 and 420mAhg−1 at 5000mAg−1, and maintains a discharge capacity of 639mAhg−1 after 300 cycles at 500mAg−1. These performances can be attributed to the unique configuration of the Fe2O3@C rods. The nanoparticles in the rods shorten the path of lithium ion diffusion and increase the reaction sites for lithium insertion/extraction, the pores in the rods provide space to accommodate the volume change yielded during charge/discharge process and the carbon coating preserves the structural integrity of Fe2O3.
Metal-organic frameworks derived nanoarchitectures attract considerable interests especially in electrochemical energy storage. However, controllably tuning crystal size with synchronously improving conductivity of metal-organic frameworks derived nanostructure is still the challenge for further capacity enhancement. Herein, we first conceive a strategy for the controllable synthesis of carboxylated carbon nanotubes connected hollow layered double hydroxides via sequential ion exchange of carboxylated carbon nanotubes-tailored metal-organic framework nanoarchitectures. By introducing the carboxylated carbon nanotubes, the derived hollow nanohybrids appear much smaller size and higher specific surface area, which is crucial to electrochemical reactions between electrolyte ions and electrodes. Owing to its well-designed structure and improved conductivity, the as-synthesized nanohybrids exhibit a significantly boosted specific capacity (855C g−1 at 1 A g−1) and unprecedented rate capability (91% capacity retention at 15 A g−1). When compared with the literature data by the “Ragone plots”, the hybrid supercapacitor assembled by as-synthesized nanaohybrids and active carbon demonstrates the extraordinary performance with a high energy density of 49.9 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 895 W kg−1. This novel strategy can stimulate the controllable synthesis of diverse metal-organic frameworks derived nanoarchitectures for energy storage, molecular adsorption, catalysis, drug delivery and separation towards sustainability.