batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The body sensor networks (BSNs) have attracted great attention due to their numerous important features and wide applications in health and safety monitoring, especially in some hostile or potentially dangerous workplaces. In this paper, aiming to provide continuous coverage from the initial Region of Interest (ROI) to a New Region of Interest (NROI) to trace the BSNs for human health and safety monitoring, we formulate and define the novel confident information coverage (CIC)-based Intelligent Sensor Relocation for NROI (CIC-ISR-NROI) problem in mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs) based on the novel CIC model. For handing the CIC-ISR-NROI problem, we develop two energy-efficient intelligent sensor relocation algorithms based on multi-sensor fusion, the Rapid Relocation Time Low Energy Consumption (RRTLEC) algorithm and optimized RRTLEC algorithm, to relocate redundant mobile sensors from the ROI to cover the NROI in a timely and energy-efficient manner while constructing the communication chain to connect the ROI and the NROI. To verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed schemes, we conduct a series of experiments which correspond to the realistic scenarios in health and safety monitoring in the 272 uranium tailing. Experimental results show that the performance of our approaches is better than the other typical peer approaches by the metrics of the total moving energy consumption and the maximum relocation time.
The popularization of mobile phones, combined with a technological evolution, means a large number of scrap and obsolete equipment are discarded every year, thereby causing economic losses and environmental pollution. In the present study, the printed wiring boards scrap of mobile phones were characterized in order to recycle some of the device components, using techniques of mechanical processing, hydrometallurgy and electrometallurgy. The use of the techniques of mechanical processing (milling, particle size classification, magnetic and electrostatic separation) was an efficient alternative to obtain a concentrated fraction (mainly iron in the magnetic fraction and copper in the conductive fraction) and another fraction containing polymers and ceramics. At the end of mechanical processing, a concentrated fraction of metals could be obtained with an average concentration of 60% copper. This concentrated fraction in metals was dissolved in aqua regia and sent to electrowinning to recover 92% of the dissolved copper. The obtained cathodes have a copper content above 95%, which demonstrates the technical feasibility of recovery of copper using the techniques of mechanical processing, hydrometallurgy and electrometallurgy.
LiBOB (lithium bis(oxalato)-borate) based electrolytes for high power Li-ion batteries are prepared by dissolving different concentrations of LiBOB into two different types of liquid solvents, γ-Butyrolactone (γ-BL) and propylene carbonate (PC). The ionic conductivity, solubility, and viscosity of the as-prepared electrolytes are characterized and compared. Raman spectroscopic and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) are employed to investigate the fundamental solvation interactions of the LiBOB with the two types of solvents. The results indicate that lithium cation tends to coordinate with the carbonyl functional group of γ-BL. In contrast, it exists mainly through ion-pairing in PC solvent. By fitting the Raman spectra, the solvation numbers for both electrolytes are calculated and compared, which would further help understand the observed difference in ionic conductivity shown by these two electrolytes.
Goverover Y, Kalmar J, Gaudino-Goering E, Shawaryn M, Moore NB, Halper J, DeLuca J. The relation between subjective and objective measures of everyday life activities in persons with multiple sclerosis. Objectives To investigate the relation between subjective and objective performance-based measures of functional status in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), and to compare their performance with healthy controls. Design A between-groups design, using a correlational approach to examine the relation between objective and subjective measures of functional capacity. Setting Outpatient rehabilitation research institution. Participants Seventy-four subjects with clinically definite MS and 35 healthy controls. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The Executive Function Performance Test (EFPT), Functional Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis (FAMS), and Functional Behavior Profile (FBP). Results MS participants reported more difficulties performing functional tasks than did the healthy controls. MS participants also performed significantly worse on the EFPT than healthy controls. However, all correlations between subjective and objective functional measures were nonsignificant. After controlling for depressive symptomatology, EFPT performance was significantly associated with FBP scores, but not FAMS scores. Conclusions The lack of association between objective performance-based measures and subjective self-report measures of functional activities is a challenge to outcomes measurement and has implications for assessment of functional performance. Results are discussed in terms of the different dimensions that these tools are measuring and their respective strengths and limitations.
We report a computational investigation of the potential of new open-framework allotropes of silicon as Na and Li-ion batteries. Most anode materials used in energy storage systems are characterized by a very high capacity but are very sensitive to the charge/discharge cycling. It is hence appealing to design a material with at the same time a good capacity and maintaining crystalline morphology upon multiple battery operation cycles. We investigated using electronic structure the capacity of a recently synthesized framework of silicon c-Si24 as an anode material and showed that the breaking of some Si-Si bonds leads to the formation of two new more flexible allotropes. We demonstrate that the major advantage of these allotropes is their reversible stable capacity that would sustain after several battery charge-discharge cycles.
The electrical conductivity and lithium ion transport properties of the polyethylene oxide (PEO) with lithium salt Li(CF3SO2)2N (LiTFSI) and a room temperature ionic liquid of N-methyl-N-propylpiperdinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (PP13FSI) were examined as a function of the ionic liquid content. The electrical conductivity of PEO18LiTFSI–xPP13FSI increased and the lithium ion transport number decreased with increasing the ionic liquid content. The interface resistance between PEO18LiTFSI–xPP13FSI and lithium metal was dependent on x and the lowest interface resistance was observed in the range of x = 1.2–1.44. The critical current density of lithium deposition and dissolution on lithium metal was reduced and lithium dendrite formation was suppressed by the addition of PP13FSI into PEO18LiTFSI.
A porous 3D graphene hydrogel (GH) composite embedded with Si nanoparticles coated with an ultrathin SiOx layer (Si@SiOx/GH) is successfully synthesized using a solution-based self-assembly process. The thickness of the SiOx coating, formed by an ozone treatment of the 30–50 nm diameter Si particles, increases with the treatment temperature, and its formation results in the presence of Si2+ and Si4+ on the surface of the Si nanoparticles. The GH provides an electrically conducting network of interconnecting, micron-size open cells bounded by ultrathin stacked graphene sheets onto which the coated Si nanoparticles are dispersed. The agglomeration among the Si particles decreases with increasing extent of surface oxidation. Electrodes constructed with the Si@SiOx/GH containing 71 wt.% Si@SiOx exhibit a stable storage capacity of 1020 mAh g−1 at 4 A g−1 and 1640 mAh g−1 after 140 cycles at 0.1 A g−1. The outstanding electrochemical performance can be attributed to the porous, open cell 3D structure of GH, which provides a large internal space and flexible and electrically conductive graphenic matrix that can accommodate volumetric changes of Si nanoparticles and a highly porous 3D structure of high specific surface area that allows rapid diffusion of Li-ions and easy penetration of electrolyte.
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are favored in hybrid-electric vehicles and electric vehicles for their outstanding power characteristics. In this paper the energy loss due to electrical contact resistance (ECR) at the interface of electrodes and current-collector bars in Li-ion battery assemblies is investigated for the first time. ECR is a direct result of contact surface imperfections, i.e., roughness and out-of-flatness, and acts as an ohmic resistance at the electrode–collector joints. A custom-designed testbed is developed to conduct a systematic experimental study. ECR is measured at separable bolted electrode connections of a sample Li-ion battery, and a straightforward analysis to evaluate the relevant energy loss is presented. Through the experiments, it is observed that ECR is an important issue in energy management of Li-ion batteries. Effects of surface imperfection, contact pressure, joint type, collector bar material, and interfacial materials on ECR are highlighted. The obtained data show that in the considered Li-ion battery, the energy loss due to ECR can be as high as 20% of the total energy flow in and out of the battery under normal operating conditions. However, ECR loss can be reduced to 6% when proper joint pressure and/or surface treatment are used. A poor connection at the electrode–collector interface can lead to a significant battery energy loss as heat generated at the interface. Consequently, a heat flow can be initiated from the electrodes towards the internal battery structure, which results in a considerable temperature increase and onset of thermal runaway. At sever conditions, heat generation due to ECR might cause serious safety issues, sparks, and even melting of the electrodes.
Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PYR14TFSI) was successfully tested as an electrolyte for graphite composite anodes at elevated temperature of 55°C. The graphite anode showed a good cyclability during the galvanostatic testing at C/10 rate and 55°C with the capacity close to theoretical. The formation of SEI in different electrolytes was the subject of study using impedance spectroscopy on symmetrical cells containing two lithium electrodes. The 0.7m LiFSI in PYR14TFSI exhibits a good ionic conductivity (5.9mScm−1 at 55°C) along with high electrochemical stability and high thermal stability. These properties allow their potential application in large-scale lithium ion batteries with improved safety.
In Japan, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) that is not covered by the recycling laws are treated as municipal solid waste. A part of common metals are recovered during the treatment; however, other metals are rarely recovered and their destinations are not clear. This study investigated the distribution ratios and substance flows of 55 metals contained in WEEE during municipal waste treatment using shredding and separation techniques at a Japanese municipal waste treatment plant. The results revealed that more than half of Cu and most of Al contained in WEEE end up in landfills or dissipate under the current municipal waste treatment system. Among the other metals contained in WEEE, at least 70% of the mass was distributed to the small-grain fraction through the shredding and separation and is to be landfilled. Most kinds of metals were concentrated several fold in the small-grain fraction through the process and therefore the small-grain fraction may be a next target for recovery of metals in terms of both metal content and amount. Separate collection and pre-sorting of small digital products can work as effective way for reducing precious metals and less common metals to be landfilled to some extent; however, much of the total masses of those metals would still end up in landfills and it is also important to consider how to recover and utilize metals contained in other WEEE such as audio/video equipment.
At electric vehicle fast-charging stations, it is generally recommended to avoid charging beyond ∼80% State-of-Charge (SOC) since topping-off to full capacity disproportionately increases the charging time. This necessitates studying its long-term impact compared to slower rate charging to full capacity typical of home or residential charging. Here we present the long-term ageing effects on commercial 18650 NMC-LMO/graphite cell cycled between 2.6–4.2V at three different charging protocols: 1.5 C-rate fast-partial charging (to 82.5% SOC), 0.5 C-rate slow standard charging without or with a constant-voltage step (to 93% or 100% SOC). Quantitative discharge-curve and postmortem analyses are used to evaluate ageing. The results show that ageing rate increases in the order: fast-partial charging < standard charging < standard charging with constant-voltage period, indicating that higher SOC-range near full capacity is more detrimental to battery life than fast-charging. The capacity fade is totally dominated by cyclable-lithium loss. The ∼8% NMC-LMO active material loss has negligible impact on the cell capacity fade due to the electrodes excess material in the fresh cell and its moderate loss rate with ageing compared to the cyclable-lithium. Similar ageing modes in terms of capacity fade and impedance rise are found irrespective of the charging protocol.
A case of a dermoid cyst with an oral and a submental component is presented here in a 10-year-old child who presented with complaints of a slow growing painless mass in the oral cavity and difficulty in chewing and swallowing solid foods for about 2years. Ultrasonography revealed cystic swelling occupying the sublingual as well as submental space. Under general anesthesia and with nasotracheal fiber optic intubation in awake state, the patient underwent excision of the mass. Although the cyst was large and extending through the mylohyoid muscle, intraoral midline incision was performed through the mucosa overlying the swelling and the cyst was separated from the surrounding tissues with appropriate traction and countertraction and successfully removed without extraoral incision. Oral approach in surgical enucleation is a useful procedure to avoid cosmetic problems in large sublingual dermoid cysts.
Category: Paediatric Purpose: To study the cost-effectiveness of brain MRI compared to biochemestry and genetic testing in children with early developmental impairment (EDI). Methods and materials: Retrospective case note review of children referred to Sheffield Children's Hospital to determine the degree and cause of EDI. Haematology, biochemestry and genetics (microarray) tests and brain MRI results were reviewed and their findings divided into normal, specific diagnosis or non-specific diagnosis. Participants were divided into two groups: EDI and no additional features (EDI-) and EDI with additional features (EDI+). Results: 699 participants, 68.8% male, median age at investigation two years eight months (range three months–11 years five months). The following investigations found causes for EDI: MRI (24%), microarray (11.5%), plasma amino acids (1.2%), urine organic acids (0.9%) and thyroid function tests (0.5%). The cost per diagnosis was: £4,025 with brain MRI, £2,600 with microarray and £11,280 for the battery of blood and biochemstry tests. Conclusion: MRI has the highest diagnostic rates for EDI and is more cost effective than the battery of blood and biochemistry tests. The majority of blood and biochemistry investigations for EDI are not diagnostic, highlighting an area of potential cost saving for the NHS. We propose a new, streamlined guideline for the investigation of EDI based on our data.
Pre-lithiation is an indispensable step for making hybrid lithium-ion capacitors (LICs), its high cost and process complexity have greatly hindered the commercialization of LICs. Aiming to eliminate the pre-lithiation step, we propose an in-situ lithiation concept by introducing a Li+ ion source material into the positive electrode to enable the lithiation to be completed in the formation cycle. In this paper we start with the fundamental principle of LICs to discuss the requirements for Li+ ion source materials and demonstrate this concept by employing Li-rich Li2CuO2 as the Li+ ion source material, natural graphite and activated carbon (AC) as the negative and positive electrode materials. It is shown that the LICs made such behave as a pure capacitor with ability to deliver the same level of specific capacity and specific capacitance, i.e., 56 mAh g−1 and 143 F g−1 vs. the mass of AC in the voltage range between 2.8 V and 4.2 V, as those obtained from the counterpart Li/AC half-cell. The present concept is also applicable to other LICs with the negative electrode required to be pre-lithiated.
Transition-metal fluorosulfates are currently being extensively explored for their use as cathodes in Li-ion batteries. Several new polymorphs of LiMSO4F (M = Fe, Mn, Zn) crystallizing in the tavorite, triplite and sillimanite structures have captured much recent interest, but synthetic access is limited and the underlying phase stability and ion transport in these materials are poorly understood. Here we report that solvothermal routes to LiMSO4F (M = Fe, Mn, Zn) offer significant advantage over both exotic ionothermal methods and solid state synthesis by enabling greater control of the chemistry. We show new limits for the onset of triplite crystallization, and report new phases in the Li[Fe,Zn]SO4F system that enable a fuller understanding of the complex chemistry and thermodynamics underlying these fascinating materials. The transformation of LiFeSO4F from the tavorite to the triplite polymorph is triggered in the absence of any substituents, proving that tavorite is an intermediate in the reaction pathway. As a result of structural changes between tavorite and triplite, their Li+ transport paths are quite different. Combined X-ray/neutron diffraction studies of the triplites suggest that distinct inter-site zig-zag paths must be involved, owing to complete cation disorder that impacts the electrochemical behavior.
An innovative method is developed to measure specific surface areas (SSAs) of a battery’s cathode active material from its particle size distribution and XRD measurements and its applications to observe and monitor the rate-capability behavior of the lithium ion battery. This method is applied on Li-ion batteries of spinel cathode material and its validity is discussed based on the measured capacities of the fabricated batteries and comparison of the calculated SSAs with those measured experimentally. The present method predicts the processing effect on battery performance and is thought to be time-saving in optimizing the processing parameters of the cathode material. It can also be extended to other systems of spinel structures thus assisting, in general, the development of lithium ion batteries.
Two series of Mg substituted and F substituted nickelates were prepared, among them Li1−z Ni1+z F y O2−y (y=0.015, z=0.06) and Li1−z (Mg x Ni1−x )1+z O2 (x=0.05, z=0.08) have shown improved cycling performance compared to un-substituted LiNiO2. Cyclic voltametry (CV), quasi open circuit voltage (QOCV) measurements, and X-ray diffraction all indicate that phase transitions in the charge and discharge reactions are partially suppressed after F or Mg substitution. Excessive substitution, however, results in reduced capacity and the lack of electrochemical activity. For Li1−z Ni1+z F y O2−y this is explained by the increasing presence of divalent nickel ions at the lithium 3b sites. For Li1−z (Mg x Ni1−x )1+z O2, the presence of Mg ions at the lithium sites is more likely the reason.
In this article, the MgO imporous fibers, MgO porous fibers and hydrofluoric acid (HF) modified MgO porous fibers were researched as the electrolyte binders in Li–Si/LiCl–KCl/FeS2 thermal batteries respectively. The results show that the wettability between the LiCl–KCl molten salt and the MgO fiber binders increases significantly in order of MgO porous fibers and HF modified MgO porous fibers. The separator pellet using the MgO porous fiber modified by 40 mol% (of the MgO fiber) HF solution as the electrolyte binder exhibits an extremely small amount of electrolyte leakages (19.6 mg cm−2) and the highest ionic conductivity (0.66 S cm−1 at 450 °C). Meanwhile, the corresponding thermal battery shows the largest discharge capacity (425 mA h g−1 at 1.0 V voltage plateau). Moreover, the effect of HF modification on the ion migration was analyzed based on the analysis of element diffusion and the formed MgF2 phase. In summary, modification of MgO porous fiber binder by HF solution is a potential way to improve the performance of thermal batteries.
Poisonings of granivorous birds by cereal seed treatments have been reported in the UK, but the true frequency of poisonings is unknown. We aimed to measure the rate of mortality due to poisoning by seed treatments in woodpigeons (Columba palumbus) in an area of East Anglian farmland where the risk from these compounds appeared high. Woodpigeons were fitted with temperature-sensing radio-tags and monitored daily during the winters of 1994/95 and 1995/96. Birds’ deaths were detected and attempts made to retrieve carcasses for post-mortem examination including, where possible, analysis for pesticide residues. Ninety-one woodpigeons were monitored. Eleven birds died, but the causes of their deaths were uncertain: one contained a low residue of insecticide and in the other ten cases, no carcass was recovered, so no analysis was possible. Therefore, the number poisoned by pesticides could lie anywhere between zero and eleven. During 1994/95, estimated mortality ranged from 0% to 52%, depending on how many (if any) of the 11 casualties were poisoned. During 1995/96 there were no casualties. Using conservative diagnostic rules for classifying birds as poisoned by OP seed treatments, no link was found between the availability of treated fields in the study area and the rate of poisonings, and there were no significant differences between the two study years. For reasons discussed in the paper, true mortality resulting from exposure to insecticide seed treatments was considered likely to lie in the range 0–5%.
Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) are asymmetric electrochemical supercapacitors combining the advantages of high power density and long cycle life of electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC), and high energy density of lithium-ion battery. A three-electrode LIC cell has been assembled employing activated carbon (AC) cathode and soft carbon anode. Self-discharge behavior and leakage current of LIC cell have been investigated using this three-electrode cell. It has been demonstrated that, in a LIC cell, the constant-voltage charge process and the applied voltage have significant impacts on self-discharge, which mainly occurs on AC cathode. Meanwhile, self-discharge and leakage current of LIC is much superior to EDLC. An approach to diminish self-discharge and leakage current has been proposed accordingly. The results will be beneficial to understand self-discharge behavior of LICs.