batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The carbon honeycomb grid is proposed as innovative solution for high energy density lead acid battery. The proof of concept is demonstrated, developing grids suitable for the small capacity, scale of valve-regulated lead acid batteries with 2.5–3Ah plates. The manufacturing of the grids, includes fast, known and simple processes which can be rescaled for mass production with a minimum, investment costs. The most critical process of green composite carbonisation by heating in inert, atmosphere from 200 to 1000°C takes about 5h, guaranteeing the low cost of the grids. An AGM–VRLA, cell with prototype positive plate based on the lead–2% tin electroplated carbon honeycomb grid and, conventional negative plates is cycled demonstrating 191 deep cycles. The impedance spectroscopy, measurements indicate the grid performance remains acceptable despite the evolution of the corrosion, processes during the cycling.
The lithium-rich solid solutions between layer-structured Li2MO3 (M = Mn, Zr, Ti) and LiM′O2 (M′ = Mn0.5Ni0.5, Mn0.33Co0.33Ni0.33, Co, etc.) are attractive cathode materials for lithium ion batteries with high specific energies. However, these solid solutions suffer from low coulombic efficiency due to the loss of oxygen in the form of Li2O and electrolyte decomposition at high potentials in the initial cycle and poor cyclability due to decreased number of sites for lithium ion insertion/extraction in the subsequent cycles. In addition, the presence of a solid electrolyte interphase layer on these solid solutions is still in argument. In this work, Li1.2Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13O2 (0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiMn0.33Co0.33Ni0.33O2) is prepared by Pechini method and coated with conducting polypyrrole (PPy). The physical characterization (XRD, SEM, HRTEM, FTIR) and electrochemical evaluation (EIS, CV and galvanostatic cycling) demonstrate the effectiveness of the surface modification on improving the electrochemical performances of the solid solution and the presence of a solid electrolyte interphase layer on the charged PPy-modified material.
Nanorod-based rutile TiO2 microspheres composed of numerous single-crystalline nanorods are successfully fabricated by hydrothermal treatment of peroxo titanic acid in acidic solution. The formation of highly oriented nanorod-based microspheres can be explained in view of crystal growth under the coordination chemistry rule, followed by particle attachment and coalescence. As anodes for Li-ion batteries, the TiO2 microsphere electrodes show enhanced rate performance, deliver a high reversible specific capacity of 180 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C (33.6 mA g−1) and 85.6 mAh g−1 at an extremely high rate of 50 C with an outstanding retention of 47.5%. These remarkable electrode properties are attributed to the efficient electron-transport by the hierarchical conductive pathway which promoted electronic conductivity and the shortened Li+ diffusion length resulting from the ultrafine nanorod structure.
In this paper, an autonomous isolated hybrid power system (IHPS) consisting of wind turbine generators (WTGs), diesel engine generators and an energy storage system (ESS) is considered. Due to the stochastic nature of wind, electric power generated by WTG is highly erratic and may affect power supply quality. ESSs may play an important role in controlling WTG’s power output and, therefore, enabling an increased penetration of WTG in IHPS. This article deals with several ESSs like flywheel energy storage system, battery energy storage system, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), capacitive energy storage (CES) and fuel cell for IHPS application. All the tunable parameters of the studied IHPS model along with those of ESS are optimized by using quasi-oppositional harmony search algorithm and comparative simulation results between various ESSs application in IHPS model for frequency and power deviation are presented in terms of rise time, settling time and steady state error for sudden changes in load/generation or both. The performance analysis of the system with different ESSs has been also carried out with different performance indices. From the simulation results it is inferred in this study that SMES and CES based IHPS perform neck to neck and these two ESSs outperform the others while controlling both frequency and power deviations.
Self-organized amorphous TiO2 nanotube arrays (NTAs) were successfully fabricated on both Ti foil and porous Ti foam through electrochemical anodization techniques. The starting Ti foams were fabricated using ARCAM's Electron Beam Melting (EBM) technology. The TiO2 NTAs on Ti foam were used as anodes in lithium ion batteries; they exhibited high capacities of 103 μAh cm−2 at 10 μA cm−2 and 83 μAh cm−2 at 500 μA cm−2, which are two to three times higher than those achieved on the standard Ti foil, which is around 40 μAh cm−2 at 10 μA cm−2 and 24 μAh cm−2 at 500 μA cm−2, respectively. This improvement is mainly attributed to higher surface area of the Ti foam and higher porosity of the nanotube arrays layer grown on the Ti foam. In addition, a Na-ion half-cell composed of these NTAs anodes and Na metal as the counter electrode showed a self-improved specific capacity upon cycling at 10 μA cm−2. These results indicate that TiO2 NTAs grown on Ti porous foam are promising electrodes for Li-ion or Na-ion rechargeable batteries.
The distribution of relaxation times (DRT) is a fast-growing methodology that is used to interpret data obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiments. However, the DRT deconvolution is often difficult to interpret. We tackle this issue by framing the DRT problem within a Bayesian statistical framework. This is critically important because, within such framework, we can introduce our experience regarding the EIS in the form of prior models and define the DRT as probability distribution function (pdf). The first such prior model is implemented in the regularization parameter and enables the detection of discontinuities in the DRT. This is critical for the recovery of various discontinuous elements including the Gerischer impedance. The second model focuses on the weights, which we can assign to each individual data point, and allows for the detection of outliers in EIS data. We also show that we can sample the DRT pdf given the data and the hypotheses on the regularization parameter and weights. By applying this framework to synthetic experiments and real EIS data, we show that we can obtain far more insight than with ridge regression (or Tikhonov regularization).
Polysiloxane-based gel electrolyte (PBGE) is prepared and investigated as a new gel electrolyte for valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries. PBGE particles, characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), reveal good stability and their particle sizes are 30–50nm. The initial cyclic properties of the absorptive glass mat (AGM)–PBGE and AGM–colloid silica gel electrolyte (CSGE) hybrid batteries are investigated by electrochemical techniques, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The addition of PBGE improves the utilization efficiency of positive active material (PAM) in AGM–PBGE hybrid batteries and thus enhances the batteries capacity compared with the AGM–CSGE reference batteries. Cyclic overdischarge tests show that the AGM–PBGE hybrid batteries have superior recharge and discharge during partial-state-of-charge (PSoC). It is also found that the greatly enhanced electrochemical performance of the AGM–PBGE batteries may be due to higher charge efficiency, good conductivity with lower internal resistance and the open three-dimensional network structure of the polyelectrolyte. The analysis results of SEM and XRD indicate that softening and shedding of positive active material are the main causes of failure for the two hybrid batteries.
In this work, lead (Ⅱ)-containing activated carbon (Pb@C) is prepared as the additive of negative active mass (NAM), aiming to enhance the electrochemical characteristics of the lead-acid battery. The characters of the Pb@C materials and their electrochemical properties are characterized by XRD, SEM, back-scattering electron image (BESI) and electrochemical methods. The lead (Ⅱ) ions disperse well in the carbon bulk of the obtained Pb@C materials as observed, and these materials exhibit remarkable higher specific capacitance and higher hydrogen evolution over-potential compared with original carbons. Many 2 V lead-acid batteries are assembled manually in our lab, and then the batteries are disassembled after formation and high-rate-partial-state-of-charge (HRPSoC) cycling. Results manifest that the Pb@C additives exhibit high affinity to lead and act as a porous-skeleton in the formation process as well as under HRPSoC cycling conditions, leading to the small and fine formation of PbSO4 particles and accordingly higher active material utilization rate more than 50%, better cycling performance and charging acceptance. Besides, excellent cycle performances of these batteries have great relationship with the dazzling hydrogen evolution performance of Pb@C materials. A possible working mechanism is also proposed based on the testing data in this paper.
Publisher Summary This chapter describes the coal-fired emissions and legislative action in the United States. This chapter illustrates the use of coal has a long history of emitting a variety of pollutants into the atmosphere and has contributed to several known health episodes in the past. In the United States, the major development of legislative and regulatory acts occurred from 1955 to 1970, and by the mid- 1970s the basis for national regulation of air pollution was well developed. The regulations are continually changing, as more information on the effect of emissions on health and the environment is obtained, new control technologies are developed, and society demands a safe living environment. The use of coal for power generation is a highly regulated industry with more regulations soon to be implemented. This chapter explains the past health episodes, primarily in light of their role in the passage of regulations on the use of coal. The emphasis of this chapter is on federal legislation and regulatory trends in the United States. A history of legislative action in the United States as it pertains to coal-fired power plants is presented, and it also discusses the impending legislation regarding emissions not currently regulated. This chapter concludes with a brief discussion of emissions and legislation from other countries and the purpose of comparing to the United States.
Time-dependent, thermal behaviour of a lithium-ion (Li-ion) polymer cell has been modelled for electric vehicle (EV) drive cycles with a view to developing an effective battery thermal management system. The fully coupled, three-dimensional transient electro-thermal model has been implemented based on a finite volume method. To support the numerical study, a high energy density Li-ion polymer pouch cell was tested in a climatic chamber for electric load cycles consisting of various charge and discharge rates, and a good agreement was found between the model predictions and the experimental data. The cell-level thermal behaviour under stressful conditions such as high power draw and high ambient temperature was predicted with the model. A significant temperature increase was observed in the stressful condition, corresponding to a repeated acceleration and deceleration, indicating that an effective battery thermal management system would be required to maintain the optimal cell performance and also to achieve a full battery lifesapn.
Metallic Cobalt nanoparticles segregated in situ on conductive vanadium nitride (Co/VN) nanosheets synthesized by ammonia nitridation of hydrothermally prepared Co2V2O7 nanosheets are investigated as high-performance oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts. The metallic Co nanoparticles with a large number of exposed active sites are distributed uniformly and adhere firmly to the VN substrate to enhance the OER efficiency, facilitate fast charge transfer, and improve the stability. As a result, a small overpotential of 320mV is required to achieve a current density of 10mAcm−2 with a small Tafel slope of 55mVdec−1. The excellent stability is indicated by an overpotential shift of only 34mV after 2000 cyclic voltammetry cycles at a large current density of 200mAcm−2. The precious-metal-free Co/VN nanosheets deliver outstanding OER performance and are promising as electrocatalysts in water splitting and related applications.
In this paper, a dynamic fuzzy energy state based AODV (DFES-AODV) routing protocol for Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks (MANETs) is presented. In DFES-AODV route discovery phase, each node uses a Mamdani fuzzy logic system (FLS) to decide its Route REQuests (RREQs) forwarding probability. The FLS inputs are residual battery level and energy drain rate of mobile node. Unlike previous related-works, membership function of residual energy input is made dynamic. Also, a zero-order Takagi Sugeno FLS with the same inputs is used as a means of generalization for state-space in SARSA-AODV a reinforcement learning based energy-aware routing protocol. The simulation study confirms that using a dynamic fuzzy system ensures more energy efficiency in comparison to its static counterpart. Moreover, DFES-AODV exhibits similar performance to SARSA-AODV and its fuzzy extension FSARSA-AODV. Therefore, the use of dynamic fuzzy logic for adaptive routing in MANETs is recommended.
Biomass, as the most widely used carbon sources, is the main ingredient in the formation of fossil fuels. Biomass-derived novel carbons (BDNCs) have attracted much attention because of its adjustable physical/chemical properties, environmentally friendliness, and considerable economic value. Nature contributes to the biomass with bizarre microstructures with micropores, mesopores or hierarchical pores. Currently, it has been confirmed that biomass has great potential applications in energy storage devices, especially in lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries. In this article, the synthesis and function of BDNCs for Li–S batteries are presented, and the electrochemical effects of structural diversity, porosity and surface heteroatom doping of the carbons in Li-S batteries are discussed. In addition, the economic benefits, new trends and challenges are also proposed for further design excellent BDNCs for Li–S batteries.
Thin silicon layers are deposited from ionic liquid electrolyte 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMP][TFSI]) in the presence of SiCl4. Typical features of the deposit involve integration of electrolyte species and decomposition products into the structure due to concurrent electrochemical reactions. Furthermore, the evolution of the surface morphology with time and the influence of experimental conditions bring additional challenges to the deposition control and practical application. Consequently, the large increasing damping monitored by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) indicates that the deposition process is also affected by surface roughness and/or by change in the mechanical properties of the layer, i.e. viscoelastic effects. In order to characterize this complex physical behavior, analysis of the acoustic impedance of the growing film is performed. The EQCM experimental data are used to extract in-situ information on the mechanical shear storage and loss moduli of the silicon layer. The results are interpreted by means of theoretical concept for acoustic impedance of viscoelastic layer coupled with a model accounting surface roughness effect.
We present results on the electrolyte additive acrylic acid nitrile (AAN), which allows the use of propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolytes together with graphitic anodes. This report will focus on the basic electrochemical properties and on XPS results of the films formed in the presence of AAN. Further data on in situ investigations of AAN is presented in another paper of this proceedings. The combination of both reports gives strong evidence, that the initiative step for solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation is a cathodic, i.e. by reduction induced electro-polymerisation of the vinyl-group. It is concluded that this electro-polymerisation may also be a main reduction mechanism of other vinyl compounds such as vinylene carbonate (VC), vinylene acetate and others.
Full tetrahedron connected structures possess considerable potential as cathodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to more lithium storage sites to obtain high specific capacity. However, different from the full octahedron and octahedron/tetrahedron hybrid structures with coplanar or collinear, the tetrahedron network is connected by common vertex, which provokes structural instability and poor electrochemistry performance. Here, using first principles calculations combined with experiments, we found that a heavy distortion and big volume expansion during delithiation for full tetrahedron (LiO4, FeO4 and SiO4 tetrahedra) Li2FeSiO4 nanocrystal lead to phase change or even structure fracture, and the optimized Ti(IV) doped in Fe sites can enhance the coupling effect among the tetrahedra by the strong d-orbital hybridization and like “spring” to hold these tetrahedra and prohibit structure fracture. Meanwhile, the Ti(IV) doping can also shorten the distance of two adjacent Li sites to decrease the activation barrier for Li-ion diffusion. Furthermore, the n-type doping effect increases the electronic conductivity. This discovery can be extended to other tetrahedron structures as well, providing a general approach to develop promising next-generation cathode materials for high-energy and long-life lithium-ion batteries.
Mg batteries are one of several new battery technologies expected to partially substitute lithium-based batteries in the future due to the lower cost and higher safety. However, the development of Mg batteries has been greatly hindered by the sluggish Mg migration kinetics in the solid state. Here, we exploit a high performance cathode for Mg battery based on a tailored nanocomposite, synthesized by in-situ growth of nanocrystalline Mn3O4 on graphene substrates, which provides high reversible capacities (~ 220 mA h g−1 at 15.4 mA g−1 and ~ 80 mA h g−1 at 1.54 A g−1), good rate performance (high reversibility at various current rates), and excellent cycling stability (no capacity decay after 700 hundred cycles). The magnesiation mechanism in our cell system has been identified as a combination of capacitive processes and diffusion-controlled reactions involving electrolyte solvents. Characterization is performed by ex-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM)/scanning TEM (STEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in addition to quantitative kinetics analysis. Exploiting the high-performance capacitive-type electrodes, where the specific capacity is limited by the kinetics of surface processes and not by bulk Mg ion diffusion governing the properties of conventional intercalation-type electrodes, could reveal a new approach to developing commercially viable Mg batteries.
Traumatic brain injury is a major problem worldwide. Our objective is to synthesize available evidence in the literature concerning the effectiveness of neuroprotective drugs (cerebrolysin, citicoline, and piracetam) on Glasgow outcome score (GOS), cognitive performance, and survival in traumatic brain injury patients. Comprehensive search of electronic databases, search engines, and conferences proceedings; hand search journals; searching reference lists of relevant articles, theses, and local publications; and contact of authors for incomplete data were performed. Studies included patients in all age groups regardless of severity of trauma. There was no publication date restriction. Two reviewers independently extracted data from each study. Fixed effect or random effects model selection depends on results of statistical tests for heterogeneity. The literature search yielded 13 studies. Patients treated with cerebrolysin (n = 112) had favorable GOS three times more than controls (OR 3.019; 95 % CI 1.76 to 5.16; p = 0.003*). The odds of cognition improvement in the treatment group was 3.4 times more than controls (OR 3.4; 95 % CI 1.82 to 5.21; p < 0.001*). Survival of cerebrolysin-treated patients did not differ from controls (103 patients; OR = 2.81; 95 % CI 0.905 to 8.76). Citicoline did not improve GOS (1355 patients; OR 0.96; 95 % CI 0.830 to 1.129; p = 0.676), cognitive performance (4 studies; 1291 patients; OR 1.35; 95 % CI 0.58 to 3.16; p = 0.478), and survival (1037 patients; OR = 1.38; 95 % CI 0.855 to 2.239). One study showed a positive effect of piracetam on cognition. Further research with high validity is needed to reach a solid conclusion about the use of neuroprotective drugs in cases of brain injury.
Obtaining a research participant’s voluntary and informed consent is the bedrock of sound ethics practice. Greater inclusion of children in research has led to questions about how paediatric consent operates in practice to accord with current and emerging legal and socio-ethical issues, norms, and requirements.
In situ neutron powder diffraction measurements of a commercial lithium-ion battery reveal perturbations to the phase evolution of the Li x C6 electrode caused by overcharge. Above ∼4.5 V the anode is entirely composed of LiC6. During discharge from the post-overcharged state LiC6 persists to the 90% discharge state, compared with its persistence to the 27% discharge state during conventional cycling. At the completely discharged state the post-overcharged anode is a mixture of LiC12, LiC18, and graphite, while the conventionally cycled anode is composed of graphite alone. The phase evolution of a post-overcharged battery during charge also differs relative to conventional cycling, most noticeably until the 9% state of charge.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses basic principles of energy conversion and outlines engineering design details for specific energy conversion devices, ordered according to the energy form being converted and the energy form obtained. In several cases, more than one energy form emerges as a result of the action of the device such as heat in addition to one of the other energy forms. Many devices also perform a number of energy conversion steps, rather than the single ones such as a power plant may perform the conversion process chain between energy forms such as first step involves the conversion of chemical energy to heat energy, which in turn gets converted to mechanical energy that gets converted to electrical energy. Diagonal transformations are also possible, such as conversion of mechanical energy into mechanical energy or of heat into heat at a lower temperature. The second law of thermodynamics forbids a process in which the only change is that heat is transferred from a lower to a higher temperature. Such transfer can be established if at the same time some high-quality energy is degraded such as by a heat pump. The efficiency with which a given conversion process can be carried out depends on the physical and chemical laws governing the process. The principle of an energy conversion device involves a mass flow into the device and another one out from it, as well as an incoming and outgoing heat flow. The work output may be in the form of electric or rotating shaft power. It may be assumed that the converter is in a steady state, implying that the incoming and outgoing mass flows are identical and entropy of the device is constant.