batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Fuel cells are gaining momentum as a critical component in the renewable energy mix for stationary, transportation, and portable power applications. State-of-the-art fuel cell technology benefits greatly from nanotechnology applied to nanostructured membranes, catalysts, and electrodes. However, the potential of utilizing nanofluidics for fuel cells has not yet been explored, despite the significant opportunity of harnessing rapid nanoscale reactant transport in close proximity to the reactive sites. In the present article, a nanofluidic fuel cell that utilizes fluid flow through nanoporous media is conceptualized and demonstrated for the first time. This transformative concept captures the advantages of recently developed membraneless and catalyst-free fuel cell architectures paired with the enhanced interfacial contact area enabled by nanofluidics. When compared to previously reported microfluidic fuel cells, the prototype nanofluidic fuel cell demonstrates increased surface area, reduced activation overpotential, superior kinetic characteristics, and moderately enhanced fuel cell performance in the high cell voltage regime with up to 14% higher power density. However, the expected mass transport benefits in the high current density regime were constrained by high ohmic cell resistance, which could likely be resolved through future optimization studies.
Consumers generally prefer scarce products, which has been related to their exclusiveness. Currently scarce products, however, are not necessarily exclusive, but could be scarce because many other consumers previously bought them. We propose that consumers also prefer scarce products in this situation, which an appeal to uniqueness cannot explain. Three experiments support our predictions and reveal that scarcity effects even occur when consumers only see traces of others' behavior through emptied shelf space. Furthermore, this bandwagon effect disappears when uniqueness is threatened due to others in close spatial distance.
Sensitivity to grammatical gender was investigated in 22 Russian-speaking aphasic patients, compared with young controls. Experiment 1 used a cued shadowing paradigm to assess gender priming (facilitation and/or inhibition of lexical access by a prenominal modifier with congruent, incongruent or neutral gender). Experiment 2 used a grammaticality judgment paradigm with similar stimuli. Normals showed significant interactions between gender and priming in Experiment 1 (facilitation for feminine and neuter nouns but not for masculines) and Experiment 2 (larger effects of context on feminine and neuter nouns) that we interpret as a Markedness Effect. Patients showed significant priming in Experiment 1 and above-chance accuracy in Experiment 2, but failed to show reduced effects for the least-marked masculine gender (the Markedness Effect) in either experiment. Context effects were not related to specific aphasic symptoms or subtypes in either experiment. However, canonical correlation revealed differential effects of specific aphasic symptoms on judgment accuracy (false alarms vs. misses). We conclude that knowledge of grammatical gender is spared in Russian aphasics, but gender processing is deviant. A possible model to account for these differences is discussed.
A facile polyol-assisted pyro-synthesis method was used to synthesize Co3O4 nanoparticles embedded into carbon matrix without using any conventional carbon source. The surface analysis by scanning electron microscopy showed that the Co3O4 nanoparticles (~20 ± 5 nm) are tightly enwrapped within the carbon matrix. CHN analysis determined the carbon content was only 0.11% in the final annealed sample. The Co3O4@carbon exhibited high capacities and excellent cycling performance as an anode at various current rates (such as 914.4 and 515.5 mAh g−1 at 0.25 and 1.0 C, respectively, after 50 cycles; 318.2 mAh g−1 at a high current rate of 5.0 C after 25 cycles). This superior electrochemical performance of the electrode can be attributed to the various aspects, such as, (1) the existence of carbon matrix, which acts as a flexible buffer to accommodate the volume changes during Li+ ion insertion/deinsertion and facilitates the fast Li+ and electron transfer and (2) the anchoring of Co3O4 nanoparticles within the carbon matrix prevents particles agglomeration.
The first and the most important step in solving the environmental problems created by cars with internal combustion engines is research and development of electric vehicles. Selection of a proper drive and optimal control strategy of electric vehicles are the major factors to obtain optimal energy management in order to extend the running distance per battery charge. This paper presents a brief review of direct torque control (DTC) of induction motors (IM) as well as its implementation for electric vehicle (EV) applications. First, the basic DTC technique based on hysteresis controllers will be introduced, and then an overview of the major problems in a basic DTC scheme will be presented and explained, as well as some efforts for improving the technique. The main section presents a critical review of DTC for EV applications, taking into consideration the vehicle mechanics and aerodynamics of electric vehicles. The review is very important to provide guidelines and insights for future research and development on the DTC of IM drives for sustainable reliability and energy efficient EV applications.
Broca’s region, corresponding roughly to cytoarchitectonic areas 44 and 45 in the inferior frontal cortex, holds a multifunctional role in language processing, as shown, e.g., by functional imaging data. Neuro-navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) enables complementary non-invasive mapping of cortical functions with high spatial resolution. Here, we report on detailed TMS language mapping of Broca’s region in 12 healthy participants. The test protocol with an object naming task was adapted for high-resolution and semi-quantitative mapping of TMS-induced effects on speech and language performance. Hierarchical cluster analysis of normalized ratings of error frequency and severity revealed a clear focus of TMS impact at dorso-posterior target sites, close to the inferior frontal junction. Adjacent clusters of moderate and slightly affected stimulation sites yielded a posterosuperior-to-anteroinferior gradient of TMS susceptibility. Our findings indicate that the part of Broca’s region most susceptible to TMS-induced language inhibition in object naming is located in the dorsal area 44.
Compared to research progress on cathode materials, progress on anode materials for sodium rechargeable batteries has been relatively slow. To bring sodium rechargeable batteries to a next level, it is necessary to explore feasible anode materials as well as understand clearly the reaction mechanism during electrochemical cycling. We herein introduce mesoporous and bulk molybdenum dioxide materials, which show excellent sodium storage performances under ether based electrolyte conditions, as anodes for sodium rechargeable batteries. Moreover, the pseudocapacitive sodium storage behavior in molybdenum dioxide anodes is proposed based on a quantitative analysis of the cyclic voltammetry responses. This result is systematically corroborated by using synchrotron radiation based analyses, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscope and ab initio molecular dynamics simulation. Comprehensive information on the electrochemical characterization as well as sodium storage mechanism of this transition metal oxide will provide a practical strategy to further advance anode materials for sodium rechargeable batteries.
The function of cortical GABAergic interneurons is largely determined by their integration into specific neural circuits, but the mechanisms controlling the wiring of these cells remain largely unknown. This is particularly true for a major population of basket cells that express the neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK). Here we found that the tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB4 was required for the normal integration into cortical circuits of basket cells expressing CCK and vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGlut3). The number of inhibitory synapses made by CCK+VGlut3+ basket cells and the inhibitory drive they exerted on pyramidal cells were reduced in conditional mice lacking ErbB4. Developmental disruption of the connectivity of these cells diminished the power of theta oscillations during exploratory behavior, disrupted spatial coding by place cells, and caused selective alterations in spatial learning and memory in adult mice. These results suggest that normal integration of CCK+ basket cells in cortical networks is key to support spatial coding in the hippocampus.
Nickel
        sulfides have been, for the first time, electrodeposited on transparent conductive glass by a facile periodic potential reversal (PR) technique to supersede Pt counter electrodes (CEs) of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The composition and electrochemical catalytic activity of the nickel sulfide films prepared by PR technique are different from those of the ones deposited by the commonly used potentiostatic (PS) technique. PR technique produces transparent single-component NiS, while co-deposition of Ni and NiS is found in the opaque films prepared by PS method. The nickel sulfide deposited by PR technique shows high catalytic activity for the reduction of I3− to I− in a DSC. DSC with the CE deposited by PR technique performs much better (6.82%) than that by PS method (3.22%), and is comparable to the device with conventional Pt coated CE (7.00%).
In recent years, battery monitoring systems on cell level have been introduced. These architectures frequently employ current and voltage sensors at each battery cell. In this work, a novel model-based sensor data fusion method is presented, which combines the cell's individual current and voltage measurements of a battery module in order to reduce the measurement uncertainty of each value. Especially with distinct battery cell parameters, which typically arise with ongoing aging, the algorithm is superior to common approaches like averaging or total current sensing as it can handle uneven current and voltage distribution. A framework is proposed consisting of a weighted least squares regression algorithm in combination with dual Kalman filters for estimating the battery cells' states and parameters simultaneously. The method is validated with experiments and complementary simulations, in which a battery module, consisting of 12 cells, is cycled with specific current profiles. Reference model parameters are determined by supplementary characterization tests. It is shown that the sensor noise is reduced significantly with the presented algorithm, while no systematic error is induced.
We found anomalous behaviors during lithium electrochemical intercalation into graphite in the entropy curve and the crystal structure, especially, during the stages from 2 to 1 transition at x =0.5 in Li x C6. The entropy first decreases monotonously, then re-increased sharply at the transition. The average interlayer spacing displays a hysteresis during intercalation and de-intercalation and departs from linearity. The results are discussed in relation with a contribution of the vibrational entropy and possible occurrence of intermediary phase(s) between the two lithium-rich intercalation stages.
An issue with conventional vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) with Nafion membranes is the crossover of vanadium ions, resulting in low coulombic efficiency and rapid decay in capacity. In this work, a VRFB with a polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane is tested and compared with the Nafion system. Results show that the PBI-based VRFB exhibits a substantially higher coulombic efficiency of up to 99% at current densities ranging from 20mAcm−2 to 80mAcm−2. More importantly, it is demonstrated that the PBI-based VRFB has a capacity decay rate of as low as 0.3% per cycle, which is four times lower than that of the Nafion system (1.3% per cycle). The improved coulombic efficiency and cycling performance are attributed to the low crossover of vanadium ions through the PBI membrane.
Researchers in the UK are exploring a new analytical framework for predicting and measuring weld-induced residual stresses. The aim is to provide a more accurate, rapid, and less costly approach to the problem by using 3-D eigenstrain solutions. Partners in the project include British Energy Generation Ltd and Airbus.
The charge storage mechanism and ion arrangement inside electrically charged carbon nanopores is a very active research field with tremendous importance for advanced electrochemical technologies, such as supercapacitors or capacitive deionization. Going far beyond the state of art, we present for the first time a comprehensive study of tracking ion electrosorption in aqueous electrolytes during charging and discharging of porous carbon electrodes using in situ X-ray scattering. We provide novel and quantitative insights into the local concentration of anions and cations and demonstrate that the global number of ions within the pores does not vary during charging and discharging. In addition, we have unique access to the spatial arrangement of ions inside carbon nanopores by using a simple, yet powerful two-phase model. Applying this model to our data, we show that double-layer formation is accomplished by a unique combination of preferred counter-ion adsorption directly at the pore wall which drains ions from their local surrounding inside carbon nanopores. Effectively, this leads to a situation which globally appears as ion swapping.
Abstract The size- and shape-dependent properties of nanomaterials are one of the highly active areas of research in modern medical sciences applications, especially for antimicrobial effects. The antimicrobial studies of nanomaterials have shown the size-, morphology-, and composition-dependent properties. Furthermore, the fabrication and surface functionality have also played important roles. Silver (Ag) is one of the most studied nanomaterials for various applications, from materials science to biomedical field. Nearly 24% of nanomaterial-based consumer products have engineered nanosized Ag materials. This chapter aims to bring together studies of the substantial antimicrobial effects of nanomaterials and their size- and morphology-dependence. in particular, the chapter focuses on silver (Ag)-, copper (Cu)-, gold (Au)-, and zinc (Zn)-based nanomaterials.
Li metal polymer batteries incorporating crosslinked ternary PEO/PYR14TFSI/LiTFSI solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) have been prepared, using V2O5 as active cathode material. As a result of the optimization of the SPE as well as the cell assembly and cycling conditions, V2O5 lithium metal polymer batteries allow reaching 796 Wh kg−1 (of V2O5) at C/10 at 40 °C and maintaining 663 Wh kg−1 after 200 cycles at 40 °C. This is higher than the theoretical specific energy of LiCoO2 vs. Li of 609 Wh kg−1. Cycling at 80 °C allows reaching 270 mAh g−1 at C/2 and 210 mAh g−1 at 1 C, while at 20 °C it is still possible to reach a discharge capacity of almost 100 mAh g−1 at low rates. Post-cycling SEM and EDX imaging showed that, after 200 cycles at 40 °C, if the plating of Li is not fully homogeneous, no sign of dendrite growth nor obvious vanadium dissolution and redeposition on the anode side occurred.
Layered LiCu x Co1−x O2±δ (0.0≤ x ≤0.3) has been synthesized using microwave method. This method possesses many advantages such as homogeneity of final product and shorter reaction time compared to other conventional methods. The structure and electrochemical properties of the synthesized materials are characterized through various methods such as XRD, SEM, FTIR, XPS and galvanostatic charge/discharge studies. The XRD patterns of LiCu x Co1−x O2±δ confirm the formation of single-phase layered material. SEM images show that the particles are agglomerated and the average particle size decreases with increasing amount of copper. Electrochemical cycling studies are carried out between 2.7 and 4.6V using 1M LiPF6 in 1:1 EC/DEC as electrolyte. The charge/discharge cycling studies of layered material with LiCu0.2Co0.8O19 exhibit an average discharge capacity of ∼150mAhg−1 over the investigated 50 cycles.
To assist in the development of nuclear fusion as a viable commercial power source, preparation is underway for the fusion demonstration reactor (DEMO), which will build on the work of ITER, the international experimental fusion reactor. Like other advanced nuclear energy systems, DEMO must satisfy several goals including a high level of public and worker safety, low environmental impact, high reactor availability, a closed fuel cycle and the potential to be economically competitive. Yet there are still large scientific and technological safety gaps between the on-going ITER project and DEMO that will need to be addressed. Here we review international fusion safety research and development relevant to DEMO, following the lessons learned so far from ITER. We identify the main scientific and technological safety gaps, drawing on knowledge from the development of fission energy, in particular Generation IV (Gen-IV) fission reactors. From this survey, we discuss the corresponding implications for the design and operation of DEMO.
A series of hydrogel alginate binders (M-alg, M=Al, Ba, Mn, Zn) for Si anode of lithium ion battery are synthesized by coordinating alginate molecule chains with different cations respectively. Among these binders, Al-alg and Ba-alg both present their Vickers hardness higher than 32.0HV while other M-alg binders show Vickers hardness less than 25.5HV. The Ba-alg binder exhibits a viscosity of 30270 mPa s while other M-alg binders only show their viscosities less than 1700mPa s. The Si anodes with Al-alg or Ba-alg both deliver their capacities near 2100mAhg−1 after 300 cycles at 420mAg−1, while the electrodes with other M-alg binders show capacities less than 1500mAhg−1. When the current density is increased to 2100mAg−1 or the Si loading mass is increased to 1.0–1.2mgcm−2, the electrodes with Al-alg or Ba-alg still have remarkable advantages. Moreover, the ultrahigh viscosity makes Ba-alg strongly adhere with both Si and current collector, so when the electrodes are fabricated with a material mass ratio of 8:1:1 (Si: acetylene black: binder), the electrode with Ba-alg still delivers an outstanding capacity retention of 49.1% after 200 cycles at 840mAg−1.
A tidally averaged model of estuarine dynamics is used to estimate sediment transport in the Hudson River estuary over the period 1918 to 2005. In long-term and seasonal means, along-channel gradients in sediment flux depend on the estuarine salinity gradient and along-channel depth profile. Lateral depth variation across the estuary affects the near-bottom baroclinic circulation and consequently the direction of net sediment flux, with generally up-estuary transport in the channel and down-estuary transport on the shoals. Sediment transport capacity in the lower estuary depends largely on river discharge, but is modified by the timing of discharge events with respect to the spring–neap cycle and subtidal fluctuations in sea level. Sediment transport capacity also depends on the duration of high-discharge events relative to the estuarine response time, a factor that varies seasonally with discharge and estuarine length. Sediment fluxes are calculated with the assumption that over long periods, the system approaches morphological equilibrium and sediment accumulation equals sea level rise. The inferred across- and along-channel distributions of sediment erodibility correspond with observations of bed properties. Equilibrium is assumed at long time scales, but at annual to decadal time scales the estuary can develop an excess or deficit of sediment relative to equilibrium. On average, sediment accumulates in the estuary during low- and high-discharge periods and is exported during moderate discharge. During high-discharge periods, maximum export coincides with maximum sediment supply from the watershed, but the nearly cubic discharge dependence of fluvial sediment supply overwhelms the roughly linear increase in estuarine transport capacity. Consequently, sediment accumulates in the estuary during the highest flow conditions. Uncertainty remains in the model, particularly with sediment properties and boundary conditions, but the results clearly indicate variability in the sediment mass balance over long time scales due to discharge events.
Several approaches to generate electrical power directly from salinity gradient energy using capacitive electrodes have recently been developed, but power densities have remained low. By immersing the capacitive electrodes in ionic fields generated by exoelectrogenic microorganisms in bioelectrochemical reactors, we found that energy capture using synthetic river and seawater could be increased ∼65 times, and power generation ∼46 times. Favorable electrochemical reactions due to microbial oxidation of organic matter, coupled to oxygen reduction at the cathode, created an ionic flow field that enabled more effective passive charging of the capacitive electrodes and higher energy capture. This ionic-based approach is not limited to the use of river water-seawater solutions. It can also be applied in industrial settings, as demonstrated using thermolytic solutions that can be used to capture waste heat energy as salinity gradient energy. Forced charging of the capacitive electrodes, using energy generated by the bioelectrochemical system and a thermolytic solution, further increased the maximum power density to 7 W m−2 (capacitive electrode).
To overcome the limitation of the battery life for portable electronics, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), a new energy harvesting technology in the spotlight, has been demonstrated as a self-charging solution. However, it is difficult to combine TENGs with existing portable devices because of shape differences between the TENG-based charging system and electronic devices. In this study, we successfully developed an elastic spiral triboelectric nanogenerator (ES-TENG) with cylindrical shape connected to a plate. With the flat plate substrate, devices can be attached easily to the plate and ES-TENG can work as a self-powered case accessory. The elastic sheet inside ES-TENG can generate multiple alternating current outputs during both extraction and self-retraction processes. As the elastic sheet is the key to ES-TENG, it is analyzed through dynamic motion of the elastic sheet. Furthermore, we propose fabrication guidelines for ES-TENG, depending on the size of portable electronics and based on the properties of the sheet. We demonstrate the possibility of ES-TENG as a self-charging case accessory that can light 120 white LEDs and power an engineering calculator and a rechargeable Ni-MH battery. Thus, our study is a potential energy harvesting package system for conventional portable electronics.
Individuals who are intrinsically motivated to exercise are more likely to do so consistently. In previous research, those with at least one copy of the methionine (met) allele in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF; rs6265) had greater increases in positive mood and lower perceived exertion during exercise. This study examined whether genotype for BDNF is also related to intrinsic motivation, measured by self-report during a treadmill exercise session and a free-choice behavioral measure (continuing to exercise given the option to stop) among 89 regular exercisers (age M = 23.58, SD = 3.95). Those with at least one copy of the met allele reported greater increases in intrinsic motivation during exercise and were more likely to continue exercising when given the option to stop (55 vs. 33 %). Results suggest that underlying genetic factors may partially influence perceptions of inherent rewards associated with exercise and might inform the development of individually targeted interventions.