batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Existing early detection methods that deal with the pre-diagnosis of dementia have been criticised as not being comprehensive as they do not measure certain cognitive functioning domains besides being inaccessible. A more realistic approach is to develop a comprehensive outcome that includes cognitive functioning of dementia, as this will offer a robust and unbiased outcome for an individual. In this research, a mobile screening application for dementia traits called DementiaTest is proposed, which adopts the gold standard assessment criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). DementiaTest is implemented and tested on the Android and IOS stores. More importantly, it collects data from cases and controls using an easy, interactive, and accessible platform. It provides patients and their family with quick pre-diagnostic reports using certain cognitive functioning indicators; these can be utilized by general practitioners (GPs) for referrals for further assessment in cases of positive outcomes. The data gathered using the new application can be analysed using Artificial Intelligence methods to evaluate the performance of the screening to pinpoint early signs of the dementia.
the electrochemical performance of LiFe0.75Mn0.25PO4 material is further enhanced via synergistic strategies including crystal orientation growth, microspherical self-assembly and graphene encapsulation. The crystal orientation growth of LiFe0.75Mn0.25PO4 with plate-like morphology not only reduces the Li-ion transport length, but also enlarges the (010) surface, and leads to the improvement of Li-ion diffusion. The self-assembled spherical hierarchical superstructures can effectively prevent the plane-plane stacks of LiFe0.75Mn0.25PO4 nanoplates during spontaneously aggregating, providing more (010) surface for Li+ insertion/extraction. The graphene encapsulation can build a 3D conductive network as well as stabilize the microspherical aggregations, resulting in superior electronic conductivity and stability. As a consequence of the synergistic effects, the as-obtained LiFe0.75Mn0.25PO4 sample exhibits excellent rate capability (141.1mAhg−1 at 5C, 126.5mAhg−1 at 10C, 107.7mAhg−1 at 20C) and outstanding cyclability (25°C, 94.6% capacity retention after 500 cycles at 1C). The synergistic strategy involving crystal orientation growth, microspherical self-assembly and graphene encapsulation provides a fascinating candidate to obtain superior olivine-type cathode materials with excellent rate capability and cycling stability, and holds the potential to be extended to the controlled preparation of other electrode materials.
The success of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in transforming the lives of HIV-infected individuals with access to these drugs is tempered by the increasing threat of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) to their overall health and quality of life. Intensive investigations over the past two decades have underscored the role of host immune responses, inflammation, and monocyte-derived macrophages in HAND, but the precise pathogenic mechanisms underlying HAND remain only partially delineated. Complicating research efforts and therapeutic drug development are the sheer complexity of HAND phenotypes, diagnostic imprecision, and the growing intersection of chronic immune activation with aging-related comorbidities. Yet, genetic studies still offer a powerful means of advancing individualized care for HIV-infected individuals at risk. There is an urgent need for 1) longitudinal studies using consistent phenotypic definitions of HAND in HIV-infected subpopulations at very high risk of being adversely impacted, such as children, 2) tissue studies that correlate neuropathological changes in multiple brain regions with genomic markers in affected individuals and with changes at the RNA, epigenomic, and/or protein levels, and 3) genetic association studies using more sensitive subphenotypes of HAND. The NIH Brain Initiative and Human Connectome Project, coupled with rapidly evolving systems biology and machine learning approaches for analyzing high-throughput genetic, transcriptomic and epigenetic data, hold promise for identifying actionable biological processes and gene networks that underlie HAND. This review summarizes the current state of understanding of host genetic factors predisposing to HAND in light of past challenges and suggests some priorities for future research to advance the understanding and clinical management of HAND in the cART era.
Poly(2,2′-dithiodianiline) [poly(DTDA)], which is a conducting polymer interconnected with disulfide (SS) bonds, was studied electrochemically in acidic aqueous media. Redox reactions and structural changes of the poly(DTDA) in acidic aqueous solutions at various applied potentials and pH values were investigated. A Pourbaix diagram [potential (E)–pH profile] for the poly(DTDA) was plotted in order to distinguish the structures of the poly(DTDA) for the applied potentials and the pH values. The detailed structural changes were characterized using in situ UV–vis and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopies.
A porous gel polymer electrolyte based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was for the first time prepared via a foaming technology using salicylic acid as a foaming agent. The pores are evenly distributed with an average diameter of about 400nm. The results from TG/DTA, XRD and FT-IR show that there are no vesicant residues after the PVDF film was heat-treated at 200°C to get the porous structure. When the film is gelled with liquid electrolyte, the ion conductivity can be up to 4.8×10−3 Scm−1 at room temperature and the activation energy for ionic transfer is 10.2kJmol−1. LiCoO2 cathode also presents good cycling performance. These primary results show great promise for this simple method to prepare porous gel polymer electrolytes for practical application in lithium ion batteries.
The understanding of the formation and movement of charges inside solid polymer electrolytes is a critical point of the research for the development of better lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In order to facilitate the understanding of the charge distributions, the Kelvin probe force microscopy with a reliable statistical data analysis approach has been used. As poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is a material used as an electrolyte in LIBs, the PEO and its salt compound with lithium perchlorate (LiClO 4) were investigated with this approach. The transient formation and movement of internal potential and simultaneously the charge distribution were investigated with respect to time under biased and unbiased conditions.
A novel honeycomb-like nitrogen and oxygen dual-doped porous carbon (NOPC) has been successfully fabricated by using biomass waste (soybean residue) as the precursor through facile carbonization and activation. Instrumental analysis shows that the obtained NOPC possesses a special hierarchical porous carbon structure, large specific surface area (2690.3m2 g−1), high pore volume (1.34cm3 g−1) and appropriate N and O co-doping. The NOPC is then used to synthesize the NOPC-sulfur (NOPC/S) composite as the cathode material of lithium-sulfur batteries for the first time. The NOPC/S composite with 64.5wt% sulfur content delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 1185.4mAhg−1 at 0.2C and a good rate capability (482.7mAhg−1 at 2C). When cycling at 1C, the first and the 600th discharge capacities of 698.5mAhg−1 and 435.7mAhg−1 are retained, respectively, along with a low decay rate of 0.063% per cycle. The superior electrochemical property is primarily attributed to the synergistic effect of the hierarchical porous structure and in-situ N and O co-doping, which can effectively sequestrate the soluble lithium polysulfides by combining physical confinement and strong chemical adsorption.
The use of nano-sized SnO and SiO1.1 powders as anode materials for lithium ion batteries can give high cycle capacities. However, these metallic oxides show striking irreversibility in the first cycle. This study focuses on the irreversibility compensation of such oxides by Li2.6Co0.4N compound. The mixed hosts for a new composite electrode can offer an initial efficiency close to 100%. The cycle performance is improved significantly by choosing a suitable electrode binder and electron conductor. Moreover, it is found that the rechargeability of SiO1.1-containing electrodes is strongly dependent on cell construction. A packed electrode demonstrates a much better cycling stability than a hanging one in the present composition range. The changes in microstructure of the active materials on cycling have been followed by X-ray diffraction analysis.
Nanoparticles (∼20nm) of tetragonal (P42/mnm) cobalt fluoride (CoF2) has been synthesized by precipitation using cobalt nitrate and ammonium fluoride solution at room temperature, followed by annealing at 400°C under argon atmosphere. The morphology and structure have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical lithiation of CoF2 and its structural and valence changes during conversion have been investigated. Electrochemical measurements revealed a discharge specific capacity close to theoretical specific capacity of 553mAhg−1 and charge specific capacities ranging from 250 to 450mAhg−1 in the first cycle, depending on the type of conductive carbon addictive used. Lithiation of CoF2 occurs without any intercalation, but via conversion reaction CoF2 +2Li+ +2e− →Co(0)+2LiF. During lithiation, CoF2 is fully reduced to Co(0) and breaks down into smaller particles of ∼2nm. Upon recharging, CoF x is formed instead of CoF2. XPS and EELS studies show that only the surface of the electrode is reconverted back to CoF x during recharging. In addition, recharging to form CoF x commences at the interface between the cobalt and lithium fluoride. These results offer the experimental evidence explaining the lack of cycle stability of metal fluorides that undergo a conversion reaction with lithium such as cobalt fluoride. In addition, they also provide insight into the reactions during conversion and reconversion. Finally, it is shown that the morphology of the conductive carbon addictives used in electrode fabrication plays a crucial role in determining the capacity retention ability for materials that undergo a conversion reaction with lithium.
Room temperature anodization of titanium foil specimens was carried out in 0.5M phosphoric acid solution with addition of various halide ions. Addition of 0.138M HF or NaF resulted in self-ordered nano-tubular oxide structure. Addition of bromide and chloride ions initiated only pitting and nano-pores were not observed during anodization. Acidified fluoride solution is found to be necessary to obtain ordered nano-structure as neutral fluoride solution did not form nano-pores. Instability of the oxide layer during anodization and formation of the self-ordered structure can be explained by the perturbation theory. Separation of individual nano-tubes of titanium oxide layer from the inter-connected nano-pores could be attributed to the possible repulsion forces of the cation vacancies.
We demonstrate state-of-the-art room temperature operation of silicon microchannel-based micro-direct methanol fuel cells (μDMFC) having a very high fuel use efficiency of 75.4% operating at an output power density of 9.25mWcm−2 for an input fuel (3M aqueous methanol solution) flow rate as low as 0.55μLmin−1. In addition, an output power density of 12.7mWcm−2 has been observed for a fuel flow rate of 2.76μLmin−1. These results were obtained via the insertion of novel hydrophilic macroporous layer between the standard hydrophobic carbon gas diffusion layer (GDL) and the anode catalyst layer of a μDMFC; the hydrophilic macroporous layer acts to improve mass transport, as a wicking layer for the fuel, enhancing fuel supply to the anode at low flow rates. The results were obtained with the fuel being supplied to the anode catalyst layer via a network of microscopic microchannels etched in a silicon wafer.
This paper proposes a novel control scheme for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for microgrid applications. The proposed two-stage control method is used to control the HESS to stabilize a microgrid’s voltage level and extend battery service lifetime during the coupling/decoupling of a microgrid from the main power grid. The conventional HESS control method (the filtration method) is not suitable to compensate for a microgrid’s power demand when it is decoupled from the main grid. This research focuses on using a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and battery HESS to assist with the microgrid coupling/decoupling process. To compensate for the instantaneous high power demand during decoupling, the battery will need to rapidly discharge. Moreover, batteries have difficulty supporting high discharging rates, which results in ineffective compensation of the power demand. In this paper, the high power density of the SMES system combined with the high energy density of a battery shows good performance on stabilizing microgrid bus voltage during the decoupling process. A novel energy management method for the HESS is proposed to improve the battery performance when the microgird coupled/decoupled from main grid. The sizing design is simplified based on the control methodology. Moreover, a SMES and battery HESS experimental platform is built to validate the proposed control methodology and its reliability.
Lebanon is situated on the 1000 km long Levant transform fault that separates the Arabic from the African tectonic plates. In Lebanon, the Levant fault splits up into a set of ramifications that had, in the past, generated major destructive earthquakes causing a lot of destruction and thousands of casualties. The most devastating one was the 551 A.D. offshore earthquake that destroyed Beirut, the capital of Lebanon. This paper presents a site effect study in Beirut, aimed at proposing a framework for future microzonation works in the city. It includes two complementary parts. A 6-month, temporary seismological experiment was first conducted to estimate the site response at 10 sites sampling the main geological units of Beirut on the basis of local and regional earthquake recordings. This spatially sparse information was then complemented by a large number (615) of microtremor measurements covering the Beirut municipality and part of its suburbs with a 400 m dense grid. The recordings were analysed with the standard site-to-reference and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio methods for earthquake recordings, and the horizontal-to-vertical ratio for ambient noise recordings. Significant ground motion amplification effects (up to a factor of 8) are found in a few areas corresponding to recent deposits. The consistency between results from earthquake and microtremor recordings allows proposing a map of the resonance frequencies within the city and its suburbs, with frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 5 Hz for the deepest deposits, and 5–10 Hz for shallow areas. Finally, the results are discussed and a way to combine the results obtained from the temporary stations to the great number of recordings coming from the permanent Lebanese network is proposed.
Effects of Al3+ substitution for Zr4+ in LiZr2(PO4)3 on its structure and lithium ion conduction are investigated. Li1+x Zr2-x Al x (PO4)3 samples prepared via a sol-gel route and calcined at 900 °C crystallize in monoclinic structure with P21 /n space group and show a reduction in cell volume with an increase in x. Raman spectra showed an increase in broadening of higher frequency v 1 & v 3 vibrational modes and a spectral weight transfer between v 2 & v 4 bending modes of PO4 tetrahedra with the increase in Al3+ doping. Analysis of Raman spectra further suggested that the renormalization of the mode frequencies in doped samples is controlled by Li-ion motion via strongly interacting with internal bending modes of PO4 tetrahedra. A significant improvement in ionic conductivity was observed in Al-doped samples, and the highest conductivity of 1.83 × 10−4 Ω−1m−1 and lithium diffusion coefficient of about 5.7 × 10−19 m2s−1 was observed for Li1.25Zr1.75Al0.25(PO4)3 at room temperature. Li transference number suggested that the conductivity in Li1.25Zr1.75Al0.25(PO4)3 is predominantly ionic. Activation energy was found to decrease from 0.58 eV for LiZr2(PO4)3 to 0.47 eV for Li1.25Zr1.75Al0.25(PO4)3.
Prescribing for older patients is challenging and complex. Cancer patients are at a considerable increased risk of drug-related problems because they typically receive a large number of medications during their cancer treatment, both for the cancer itself and for supportive care. Few studies have examined the scope of this problem in older newly diagnosed cancer patients.
The ambient vibration-based micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) piezoelectric harvester has become an important subject in most research publications. Providing a green and virtually infinite alternative power source to traditional energy sources, this harvester will significantly expand the applications of wireless sensor networks and other technologies. Using piezoelectric materials to harvest the ambient vibrations that surround a system is one method that has seen a dramatic rise in the power-harvesting applications. The simplicity associated with piezoelectric micro-generators makes them very attractive for MEMS applications in which ambient vibrations are harvested and converted into electric energy. These micro generators can become an alternative to the battery-based solutions in the future, especially for remote systems. In this paper, we proposed a model and presented the simulation of a MEMS-based arrayed energy harvester under ambient vibration excitation using the Coventorware approach. This arrayed cantilever-based MEMS energy harvester that operates under ambient excitation of frequency band of 67 to 70Hz, within a base acceleration of 0.2 to 1.3g produces an output power of 6.8μw and 0.4 volts at 20.1 k-ohms load.
Microstructure regulation is of great significance to carbon based materials for desired applications in the fields of energy storage and conversion. Herein, we report the microstructure engineering towards porous carbon materials from the same precursor enabling multiple energy storage applications. Highly disordered carbon materials (HDCMs) and graphene-like carbon materials (GLCMs) can be obtained from one biomass waste of peanut dregs. Thanks to the ultrahigh surface area, relative narrow pore size, and disordered structure, the as-resulted HDCMs display high hydrogen uptake of 3.03%, and high specific capacitance of 449 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1, outstanding rate capability as well as remarkable cycling performance. As anode materials for LIBs, the resultant GLCMs exhibit reversible capacity of 731 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 and excellent cycling stability, owing to the high graphitization, lamellar structure, and dominant mesoporosity. These results demonstrate that this microstructural engineering approach is promising and efficient to design and controllable preparation of porous carbon materials for multiple desirable energy storage applications.
Recently, implantable medical electronics (IMEs) have become essential for extending patient’s lives. Extending the lifespan of these devices has in turn become a main challenge for their development; thus, current research efforts on this topic are focusing on their power sources (e.g., generation of energy by body activity). In this respect, piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) are ideal candidates for the capture and subsequnt conversion of biomechanical energy into electric energy to operate IMEs (e.g., energies created through muscle relaxation and contraction, body movement, blood circulation, lung motion, and cardiac motion). This paper reviews the recent developments in PEHs and associated biomedical devices. The materials and fabrication processes needed for the development of PEHs are also discussed along with their biomedical applications (e.g., cardiac pacemaker, active pressure sensors, direct stimulation of tissue, and living cells). The present limitation and future prospects of PEH technology are discussed finally.
The discharge characteristics of a Li/Li y CoO2 cell were simulated by numerical calculations. Based on the program proposed by Newman's group, the change in entropy due to lithium-ion insertion into the active materials was introduced into the open-circuit potential (OCP) for more practical applications. The OCP of LiCoO2 (y =1) at a full-discharge state was 3.82V, which was determined from the original program. However, it should show a rapid decrease to minus infinity when discharge is complete (y =1), which is due to the introduced entropy term. In addition, the local use of active materials across the Li y CoO2 electrode was not uniform, whereas the original program showed a constant value throughout the electrode. Based on the present results, the introduction of an entropy term to the OCP of Li y CoO2 works reasonably well for more practical applications.
In the end it was not the face-to-face showdown anticipated at SAE, but nevertheless the attempt by the American Iron and Steel Institute to promote C-70 crackable bar steel con rods at the expense of the powder-forged variety ended in very public failure, as Joe Capus reports…
Synergistic effects of heterostructures can improve electrochemical properties of electrode materials. Herein, core-shell heterogeneous structures of V2O5@MV6O15 (M=Na,K) nanoparticles were designed and successfully synthesized through a facile “semi-solid” method. V2O5@NaV6O15 nanoparticles showed a high discharge capacity of 140mAhg−1 at 200mAg−1 which retained 94.9% after 200 cycles, higher than those of V2O5 nanoparticles (116.1mAhg−1 and 58%). Moreover, through an advanced in-situ XRD technology, the synergistic effect of buffering and smoothing Li+ diffusion from MV6O15 outer layer was revealed. This facile strategy could be widely applied to improve the electrochemical performances of other electrode materials.
Biodegradable carboxymethylated lignin–tetra ethoxysilane (TEOS) nanocomposites (CML–T) were synthesized using lignin extracted from rice straw (RS) followed by surface modification through carboxymethylation. Composites were characterized by UV-spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and particle size distribution (PSD). The average diameter (D50) of the CML–T composite particles was observed in the range of 160–560 nm. XRD spectra and SEM micrographs confirmed the high degree of crystallinity (peaks located at lower angle, 2θ = 12 and 22.0°) and porous nature of nanocomposites with increasing concentrations of TEOS. The composite exhibited nickel (Ni2+) and cadmium (Cd2+) adsorption up to 70.72 and 81.79 %, respectively in AAS analysis. The CML–T composite was investigated to assess their future applications as wound dressings and antimicrobial and packaging agents. Based on the antimicrobial properties and potential to remediate toxic heavy metals, the composites are proposed to be used for wastewater treatments, as packaging materials and for preparation of biofilters for environmental protection.