batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Presently, renewable energies and especially wind energy are gaining a special relevance in the electrical market worldwide. This current rate of growth brings with it the need for the various wind farms to not limit themselves to producing energy but also provide stability to the network within its capabilities. So, the actual objective is to adapt the installations that produce wind energy in such a way that they give a maximum amount of support in any given moment to the electrical network. For this purpose, there are governing techno-economic parameters that influence the economic behavior of commercial wind farms. A complete cost-benefit analysis model is developed, focused on incorporating automatic capacitor banks into wind farms for the compensation of reactive power. This economic analysis is about doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines. Although this kind of wind turbines have a certain capability in terms of modulating reactive power, this capacity is not enough to achieve the new requirements of reactive power regulation in Spain and it is necessary to invest in systems of external compensation. In this paper, we have studied the case of DFIG wind turbine and capacitor banks, although the used methodology can be applied to other technologies as well by simply amplifying the algorithms according to the specific characteristics of the option elected. Following this premise, a detailed analysis of the specific needs of a wind farm has been carried out, as well as a search for the optimum performance for the compensation of reactive power.
Range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs) are becoming a development trend of new vehicles. Energy management is one of the core problems in REEVs. The structure and control method of the auxiliary power unit (APU) is determined based on the configuration analysis in this paper. An energy management optimization problem is proposed to solve the power distributions of APUs and batteries in the charge-sustaining (CS) stage of REEVs, which are determined by dynamic programming and pseudo-spectral optimal control, respectively. The results show that different limits of the APU power changing rate significantly influence fuel consumption. To obtain the power changing rate of APUs and to evaluate the energy management optimization method of REEVs, a model of the APU control system is built and verified by a platform test; the dynamic response characteristics and control parameters of the APU are obtained by step-changing conditions. Two types of strategies for tracking APU power are proposed for different power changing rates, and the fuel consumption of REEVs is analyzed in four types of driving cycles. The effect on fuel consumption caused by the power changing rate of the APU is verified.
Silver in a form of randomly distributed submicron-sized particles was electrodeposited, and simultaneously, titanium dioxide layer was formed, on the surface of mechanically polished titanium, by its potentiodynamic polarization in an aqueous AgNO3 solution. In such obtained Ag/TiO2 composite layer, the particle size distribution, and silver loading were determined by means of scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical response of this composite layer was studied in both oxygen-free and oxygen saturated aqueous 0.1M NaOH solution. The catalytic activity toward oxygen reduction reaction of this and other forms of silver- and platinum-based materials was compared.
The authors provide a polygraph primer for police psychologists involved in law enforcement personnel selection. Law-enforcement pre-employment polygraph examinations are a decision-support tool intended to add incremental validity to the personnel selection process. Problems stemming from the use of the polygraph may be related to misunderstanding of the polygraph test and to field practices surrounding the use of polygraphy in the police selection process. Potential problems can result from ineffective selection of test issues, poorly constructed test questions and misguided policies surrounding the use of the polygraph. The authors review the history of polygraph screening, research, and field practices, and suggest that using polygraph results alone to disqualify a candidate from employment is a misguided field practice. Suggestions are offered for maximizing the decision-support value of the polygraph. Polygraph examination targets are discussed, with emphasis on selecting actuarially derived predictors associated with increased success in law enforcement training and job performance. The authors provide recommendations for field practice, and propose that police psychologists may be most suited to effectively integrate the polygraph results and information into the hiring recommendation process.
We report an electrochemical study of end-capped glymes dissolving lithium salts as electrolyte solutions for lithium metal batteries. Various electrolyte formulations including triethylene and diethylene glycol dimethyl ethers as solvents and lithium salts employing bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI−), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI−), and bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide (BETI−) anions are explored. The ion transport properties, the lithium/electrolyte interphase characteristics and the electrochemical stability window are investigated by means of chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, galvanostatic cycling, and voltammetry measurements. The comparative study suggests electrochemical properties well suitable for lithium battery application which enable long cycling. The electrolyte solutions are studied in cells using an insertion cathode material, i.e., lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), and the high-energy lithium metal anode. The results reveal that the electrolyte composition has a remarkable effect on the cell performances, and indicate the solutions of LiTFSI salt in either glymes as the most adequate formulations for possible applications among the ones herein investigated.
An electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method has been developed for the first time to prepare thin-film LiFePO4 cathodes. The effects of polymers and surface-active additives in the electrolytic bath, voltage and deposition protocol have been studied with the aim of obtaining highly adhesive, compact pristine LiFePO4 and polymer–LiFePO4 composite films to be utilized in planar and three-dimensional microbatteries. The samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), XPS and TOFSIMS. These methods confirmed the presence of a polymer binder and its homogeneous lateral distribution in the composite EPD-LiFePO4 cathode. Li/LiFePO4 semi-3D concentric microbatteries (3DCMB) on perforated silicon substrates showed a peak-pulse-power capability of 175mWcm−2 and stable electrochemical behavior for over 200 cycles at 100% DOD. Coating the LiFePO4 with a thin layer of copper sulfide improved the cell performance even more. The 3D-LiFePO4–CuS-coated batteries are capable of delivering peak pulse power greater than 200mWcm−2 and an energy density of 6–10mWhcm−2 – adequate for the needs of microsystems.
Epilepsy is a common manifestation in all childhood-onset forms of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. In order to document hippocampal lesions and their relationship to epilepsy we studied autopsy specimens from the hippocampi of a series of patients with the infantile (CLN1), classic late infantile (CLN2), Finnish variant late infantile (CLN5), and juvenile (CLN3) neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis as well as Northern epilepsy (CLN8), using a battery of histological and immunocytochemical staining methods. Despite striking differences in the overall degree of neocortical neuronal storage and loss, these genetically heterogeneous forms of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis showed a common lesional pattern in the hippocampi: a relative sparing of the CAI sector and severe involvement of the neighbouring CA2 sector, with intermediate degrees of involvement of the CA3 and CA4 sectors. These findings distinguish the hippocampal pathology associated with the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses from classical 'mesial temporal sclerosis' and show that the selective lesional pattern in the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses is not a secondary anoxicischaemic phenomenon. It is rather a consequence of the primary metabolic defects and may be directly involved in the causation of the epileptic discharges.
Substitution of B for Ti in Li1+x Ti2−x B x (PO4)3 introduces x mobile Li+ ions per formula unit in the solid-station range 0< x ≤0.2. The B2O3 is also an aid to sintering dense ceramics with more uniform particle size. With x =0.2, the room-temperature Li+-ion conductivity is σ Li =2.0×10−4 Scm−1 with a motional activation energy of 0.48eV. For x >0.2, an intergranular B2O3-rich second phase impedes intergranular Li+-ion transport.
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have attracted much attention lately because they have very high theoretical specific energy (2500 Wh kg−1), five times higher than that of the commercial LiCoO2/graphite batteries. As a result, they are strong contenders for next-generation energy storage in the areas of portable electronics, electric vehicles, and storage systems for renewable energy such as wind power and solar energy. However, poor cycling life and low capacity retention are main factors limiting their commercialization. To date, a large number of electrode and electrolyte materials to address these challenges have been investigated. In this review, we present the latest fundamental studies and technological development of various nanostructured cathode materials for Li–S batteries, including their preparation approaches, structure, morphology and battery performance. Furthermore, the development of other significant components of Li–S batteries including anodes, electrolytes, additives, binders and separators are also highlighted. Not only does the intention of our review article comprise the summary of recent advances in Li–S cells, but also we cover some of our proposals for engineering of Li–S cell configurations. These systematic discussion and proposed directions can enlighten ideas and offer avenues in the rational design of durable and high performance Li–S batteries in the near future.
Publisher Summary Lead-free soldering is an unstoppable global trend because of both environmental concerns and business considerations. Consensus gradually developed on the mainstream options and eutectic Sn-Ag-Cu appears to be the most popular choice for reflow applications. Sn-Ag-Bi systems also receive great attention because of their high reliability, in the absence of lead, and processability. Perhaps, the logical choice will be to use Sn-Ag-Cu in phase one, but to use Sn-Ag-Bi-X system in phase two when lead contamination is no longer an issue. Furthermore, challenges for using lead-free alloys are inevitable.
The Li-ion and electronic conductivities of a series of p-doped poly(thiophene)s with oligo-ethylene oxide side chains have been determined at room temperature as functions of side-chain length and concentration of LiOTf dissolved in the polymers in order to assess their utility as binders in Li-ion batteries. The lithium triflate concentration was varied from 0.23 to 2.26mmol LiOTf/g –C2H4O– (100 O:Li to 10 O:Li), and the concentration of dissociated Li+ was determined from the IR spectra of the polymer solutions. The greatest ionic conductivity, 2×10−4 Scm−1, was attained with intermediate concentrations of added salt that corresponded with the greatest degree of LiOTf dissociation. Li-ion mobilities of 5×10−7 cm2 (Vs)−1 were measured for poly(thiophene)s (PT) with short oligo(ethylene oxide) side-chains (E n), PE2T and PE3T, whereas the polymers with longer side chains, PE7T and PE15T, had Li-ion mobilities about an order of magnitude greater, 5×10−6 cm2 (Vs)−1. The electronic conductivity of the polymers heavily doped with NOBF4 was near 0.1Scm−1 for PE2T and PE3T, but was orders of magnitude smaller for the polymers with longer side-chains. Addition of LiOTf caused the electronic conductivity of PE2T and PE3T to drop to that of the longer chain polymers whose conductivities were insensitive to the LiOTf concentration.
Battery characteristics vary with temperature and aging, it is necessary to identify battery parameters periodically for electric vehicles to ensure reliable State-of-Charge (SoC) estimation, battery equalization and safe operation. Aiming for on-board applications, this paper proposes a data pieces-based parameter identification (DPPI) method to identify comprehensive battery parameters including capacity, OCV (open circuit voltage)-Ah relationship and impedance-Ah relationship simultaneously only based on battery operation data. First a vehicle field test was conducted and battery operation data was recorded, then the DPPI method is elaborated based on vehicle test data, parameters of all 97 cells of the battery package are identified and compared. To evaluate the adaptability of the proposed DPPI method, it is used to identify battery parameters of different aging levels and different temperatures based on battery aging experiment data. Then a concept of “OCV-Ah aging database” is proposed, based on which battery capacity can be identified even though the battery was never fully charged or discharged. Finally, to further examine the effectiveness of the identified battery parameters, they are used to perform SoC estimation for the test vehicle with adaptive extended Kalman filter (AEKF). The result shows good accuracy and reliability.
Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common form of intractable epilepsy in adults. More than 30% of individuals with epilepsy have persistent seizures and have drug-resistant epilepsy. Based on our previous findings, treatment with bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) could interfere with early and chronic phase epilepsy in rats and in clinical settings. In this pilocarpine-induced epilepsy model, animals were randomly assigned to two groups: control (Con) and epileptic pre-treatment (Ep-pre-t). The latter had status epilepticus (SE) induced through pilocarpine intraperitoneal injection. Later, seizure frequency was assessed using a video-monitoring system. Ep-pre-t was further divided into epileptic treated with saline (Ep-Veh) and epileptic treated with BMMC (Ep-BMMC) after an intravenous treatment with BMMC was done on day 22 after SE. Analysis of neurobehavioral parameters revealed that Ep-BMMC had significantly lower frequency of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) in comparison to Ep-pre-t and Ep-Veh groups. Hippocampus-dependent spatial and non-spatial learning and memory were markedly impaired in epileptic rats, a deficit that was robustly recovered by treatment with BMMC. Moreover, long-term potentiation-induced synaptic remodeling present in epileptic rats was restored by BMMC. In addition, BMMC was able to reduce abnormal mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate gyrus. Molecular analysis in hippocampal tissue revealed that BMMC treatment down-regulates the release of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) as well as the Rho subfamily of small GTPases [Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) and Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac)]. Collectively, delayed BMMC treatment showed positive effects when intravenously infused into chronic epileptic rats.
Alloy anodes are promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to their high-energy capacity and safety characteristics. However, the commercial use of alloy anodes has been hindered to date by their low cycle life and high initial capacity loss. This review highlights the recent progress in improving and understanding the electrochemical performance of various alloy anodes. The approaches used for performance improvement are summarized, and the causes of first-cycle irreversible capacity loss are discussed. The capacity retentions and irreversible capacity losses of various alloy anodes are compared. Several alloy anodes exhibited excellent cycle life (up to 300 cycles) with high initial coulombic efficiency (80–90%) and large reversible capacity (500–700mAhg−1).
This work carries out a detailed investigation on the effects of rest time on the discharge response and the parameters of the Thevenin's equivalent circuit model for a lead acid battery. Traditional methods for battery modeling require a long rest time before a discharging test so that a steady state is reached for the open circuit voltage. In a recent work, we developed an algebraic method for parameter identification of circuit models for batteries by applying discharging tests after variable and possibly very short rest time. This new method opens a door to the understanding of the effects of rest time on battery behavior, which may be used for better simulation, analysis and design of battery powered systems for improved battery efficiency and state of health. As we used the new method to extract circuit parameters after different rest times, we observed some unexpected results on the relationship between the rest time and circuit parameters. The initial voltages on the capacitors can be negative and becomes more negative as the rest time is increased. We also observed that the time constants increase with rest time. Relationships between rest time and other parameters are also reported in this paper.
Advanced binder-free electrode materials with high mass-loading (~10mgcm−2) have proved to be extremely important in determining the performance of pseudo-capacitors. In this work, freestanding and highly conductive paper electrodes with high mass loading in the range of 7–12mgcm−2 are prepared using bacterial cellulose–polypyrrole nanofibres in combination with multi-walled carbon nanotubes via a simple vacuum-filtering method to realize highly stable and efficient pseudo-capacitors. A high capacitance of 2.43Fcm−2 at a mass of 11.23mgcm−2 is achieved under standard reporting condition with these hybrid electrodes. By direct coupling of two membrane electrodes, symmetric supercapacitors can be easily fabricated without using any binders, conductive additives, and additional current collectors. The devices are able to offer large capacitance (590mFcm−2) and excellent cycling stability (94.5% retention after 5000 cycles). Particularly, the electrode materials can be prepared in a large yield, which may open up new opportunities for development of low-cost and environmentally friendly paper-based energy-storage devices.
This chapter addresses the utilisation of geopolymers in the immobilisation of a variety of different hazardous wastes. Several elements have been investigated in detail in terms of immobilisation in geopolymers, in particular Pb and Cr as wastes from the mining industry, and Cs and Sr in radioactive wastes. There are varying degrees of effectiveness observed for different elements; geopolymer chemistry appears to provide an ideal matrix for the immobilisation of low-charged cationic species, but transition metals with the ability to take on very high oxidation states tend to be problematic. Many metallic elements appear to be trapped in the geopolymer binder in the form of precipitated hydroxides; this can give very good leach resistance in near-neutral or alkaline environments but is less desirable under acidic conditions. It is important to tailor binder chemistry to match the critical species to be immobilised; some species are much more effectively treated by immobilisation in Portland cement or alkali activated slags than in geopolymers, while in other cases the opposite is true. Waste immobilisation, in geopolymers or any other class of materials, is a highly complex area requiring detailed scientific study if acceptable and predictable results are to be obtained.
This paper presents an economic study of electricity supply to a dairy cattle farm of 50 livestock units. We compared a stand-alone battery-wind-diesel hybrid system with an only-grid connected system and we analyzed four locations in Spain with different average wind speeds. The farm׳s electricity demand is 63kWh/d and the hybrid system designed for its supply is made up of a 20kW wind turbine, a diesel generator and a battery. All simulations were made with the HOMER© (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) software. Through a sensitivity analysis we can determine the economic viability of different options and sizes of the components of the installation. In locations with an average wind speed higher than 7.39m/s, a stand-alone system is profitable as long as the distance to the grid is higher than 7km, the price of electricity is 0.192€/kWh and diesel price is 1.8€/L. If 800Ah-battery is used instead of 200Ah, the COE will be reduced by 18% in location with 7.39m/s average wind speed.
The morphology of Zn deposit can be controlled by pulse deposition. Using defined pulse parameters (20 millisecond-on and 80 millisecond-off), the deposition current density was examined in 50–200 mA cm−2, in the electrolyte 9 M KOH + 5wt% ZnO, at room temperature (approximately 20 °C) on a Zn plate. The obtained Zn morphology is a well-compact boulder microstructure below 100 mA cm−2. The coulombic efficiency of the deposition is close to 100%. The obtained Zn deposit shows over 90% packing density, with good adhesion to the Zn plate. A change in Zn morphology with deposition time is also observed. The compact boulder microstructure form in the 1 h deposition time becomes a granular spongy Zn after 5 h of deposition.
Capable of being operated by either the stand-alone control unit or by PC, the two-megapixel CCD Olympus DP20 digital camera can interface directly with a monitor or projector, which is convenient when only small lab space is available or for teaching and presentations. Live, high-resolution (1,600 × 1,200 pixels) images can be displayed on a UXGA high-definition monitor at a real-time rate of 15 frames per second. Exceptional color reproducibility and fidelity make the system a good choice for education and consultation or for applications that require frequent documentation, including pathological examination as well as inspections of electronic parts and industrial materials.
Layered Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 powder was modified by coating its surface with amorphous Al(OH)3. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed that nano-sized Al(OH)3 powders were homogeneously dispersed in the parent Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 powders. Al(OH)3 coated Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 exhibited an greater retention capacity at higher rates compared to uncoated Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2. The low area specific impedance (ASI) value of the Al(OH)3 is the major factor for its higher rate performance. The 1.4wt.% Al(OH)3 coated sample had an impedance of 41Ωcm2 while uncoated Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 had a 57Ωcm2 at 30–80% state of charge. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) also showed that the Al(OH)3 coated sample had a lower charge transfer resistance (R ct) than the uncoated sample. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that Al(OH)3 coating improved the thermal stability. Al(OH)3 coating increased the onset temperature of thermal decomposition and reduced the amount of heat for the exothermic peak.
The reaction of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and tin oxide (II) (SnO) provides an amorphous product (PSnA), which was found to be a promising precursor of an anode material for lithium ion batteries. The anode electrode composed of PSnA as the active material and polyimide as the binder showed a better cycling performance than the anode electrode using SnO as the active material. It is considered that the organic polymer chain present in PSnA might act as a buffer to the volume change in the active material during the charge–discharge cycles. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results of the electrode after delithiation revealed that nano-sized cubic tin (α-Sn) and tetragonal tin (β-Sn) particles are formed in the active material. Therefore, it is concluded that these nano-sized tin particles in the polymer matrix were effective for the storage and release of Li ions.