batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Prospective studies of infants at familial risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have yielded insights into the earliest signs of the disorder but represent heterogeneous samples of unclear aetiology. Complementing this approach by studying cohorts of infants with monogenic syndromes associated with high rates of ASD offers the opportunity to elucidate the factors that lead to ASD.
Twelve ocean sunfish, Mola mola, were tagged with pop-up satellite archival tags off the coast of Kamogawa, Japan during the spring of 2001 and 2003–2006. Transmitted data were obtained from seven tags. An eighth tag was recovered and provided a highly detailed four-month dataset from which several recognizable diving patterns emerged. This M. mola spent considerable time at the surface, possibly warming itself. These apparent basking events were punctuated by regular deep dives below the thermocline to depths as great as 600m and temperatures as low as 2°C. The vast majority of dives occurred during the day, with relatively little vertical movement at night. Geolocation estimates were possible between tag and release for five individuals. No large, basin-scale movements were apparent with most molas remaining relatively close to their initial tagging location over a six to nine month period. Seasonal movements were apparent for some molas and corresponded to regional shifts in oceanography. Northward movements from the Kuroshio Current into the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition zone and the Oyashio Current during the summer months coincided with an increase in temperature and reduction in chlorophyll a concentrations in waters near central Japan. In the fall, most molas returned inshore to the coast of Japan. Molas are targeted and incidentally captured by fishermen in these waters, and the information presented here is vital for effective fisheries management and to forecast changes in mola behaviors associated with environmental variability.
Mixed silicon/graphite anode materials have been prepared by means of simple mechanical milling process. Research reveals that the microstructural changes, accompanying the electrochemical alloying/de-alloying operations lead to a macrostructural deformations of the anodes. The key step for improving of such composites, therefore, could be sought in alternative electrode configurations or textures, preserving the electrodes from the detrimental effect of silicon hosts volume variations.
Photochemical genotoxicity can be detected using appropriately adapted versions of most of the standard in vitro genotoxicity assays. The most sensitive approach to detect potentially photogenotoxic agents seems to be the investigation of DNA damage (DNA strand breakage, chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei) in mammalian cells in vitro. In a previous paper, we proposed the use of the micronucleus assay in Chinese hamster V79 cells for this purpose. This assay was found suitable to detect various photogenotoxic compounds with different photoactivation mechanisms. In order to extend the experimental experiences with this assay, we present here further data from a screening mode testing of 16 different potential photosensitizers. The photoclastogenic and photocytotoxic potential of the compounds was investigated concomitantly. So far, all substances detected in the photo-micronucleus assay as photogenotoxins also exhibited photocytotoxic properties but not vice versa. Among the compounds tested in the present study, tiaprofenic acid, 5-MOP, angelicin, nitrazepam, bendroflumethiazide, and dacarbazine were photogenotoxic and photocytotoxic. Further, 6-mercaptopurine, a metabolite of azathioprine was positive for both endpoints, whereas azathioprine was found negative. Azathioprine seems to be an example of a compound which lacks photo(geno)toxic properties in vitro but may be converted to a photosensitizer by enzymatical metabolization. With the results obtained in this study, the data base for the photo-micronucleus assay was extended to 35 compounds, which were tested using the same protocol and the same irradiation conditions. The photogenotoxicity results of all these compounds are summarized and discussed in correlation to their different photoactivation mechanisms, photocytotoxicity and photocarcinogenicity.
Anode-free batteries have emerged as a promising storage means to offer high energy density but still suffer from long-term reversibility. The authors analyse the cell failure mechanisms and present an optimized electrolyte to extend the lifetime of anode-free pouch cells.
The mechanism of charge storage in hydrous platinum metal oxides is considered in more detail with respect to the pH dependence of redox capacitance for applications in double-layer capacitors, fuel cells, and pH sensors. An amorphous RuO2 electrode is able to work like a pH glass electrode during the titration of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide solution. It is shown that the proton exchange mechanism at a glass membrane can be reproduced by platinum metal oxide-hydrates bound in a polymer matrix. Hydrous RuO2, obtained by alkaline precipitation or thermal decomposition from RuCl3, as well as single crystal RuO2, were characterized by TOF-SIMS, NMR spectroscopy, and electrochemical techniques. The proton conductivity of hydrous RuO2 appears to be due to the dissociative adsorption of water and the formation of acidic OH groups in Ru(III,IV) cluster ions. Depending on the pH of the solution, the electrode potential is determined by the formal hydrogen oxidation or oxygen reduction in ruthenium cluster ions. During aging, the active Ru(III) surface sites are partially oxidized to Ru(IV).
This review analyses the growth in small ‘low power’ renewable energy and consumer product technologies and their potential utility in rural and remote economic development. The historical legacy of increasingly industrial-scale and expensive centralised high voltage alternating current (AC) systems contrasts starkly against the dynamic plethora of energy efficient portable low power direct current (DC) devices and consumer goods that underpin a modern economy. Advantages of portable DC devices are their inherent utility as a deferrable load and imbedded storage, enabling the appliance to become the balance of system (BOS) component and the power management system when coupled to portable renewable energy system or a microgrid. These developments present the opportunity to revise broad assumptions of appropriate energy system investment models for non-industrialised nations without an expensive historical centralised high voltage AC industrialisation legacy. It also presents the opportunity to revisit appropriate rural clean energy stand-alone or microgrid system designs and configurations, and engage the information and communication technology (ICT) sector as a major new investor in energy services and infrastructure.
Manganese monoxide nanoparticles adhered to mesoporous nitrogen-doped carbons (MnO-m-N-C) have been synthesized and their influence on cycle performance of nonaqueous lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries is investigated. It is found that the MnO-m-N-C composites promote both oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions. They lead to reduced charge overpotentials through early decomposition of the Li2O2 particles formed on discharge, especially at the limited depth of discharge during the initial several ten cycles. Such superior activity is attributed to the good coupling between the nanosized MnO particles and the conductive mesoporous nitrogen-doped carbons, which is helpful for improving kinetics of both charge and mass transport during the cathode reactions.
A binder/additive free composite electrode of lithium iron phosphate/reduced graphene oxide with ultrahigh lithium iron phosphate mass ratio (91.5 wt% of lithium iron phosphate) is demonstrated using electrophoresis. The quasi-spherical lithium iron phosphate particles are uniformly connected to and/or wrapped by three-dimensional networks of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets, with intimate contact formed between the two. Enhanced capacity is achieved in the electrophoretic composite cathode, when compared to either the conventional one or composite cathode formed by mechanically mixing lithium iron phosphate and reduced graphene oxide. The present methodology is simple and does not disturb the active material growth process. It can be generally applied to a variety of active material systems for both cathode and anode applications in lithium ion batteries.
Due to their high glass transition temperatures, ionic liquids based on closo-boron clusters have been long discounted from consideration in energy storage applications. Here, we report a strategy that resulted in a novel family of closo-boron-cluster based room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). Their very low glass transition temperatures, high cathodic and anodic stabilities and compatibility with Li and Mg metals make them excellent candidates as electrolytes for rechargeable batteries and hybrid devices.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various types of metal—air batteries: zinc-air primary batteries, metal-air secondary batteries, and aluminum-air secondary batteries. Zinc-air batteries are used for many years, but their use has been restricted to very low-rate applications. As a result of the work performed on fuel cells and advancements in technology for making thin gas electrodes that operate at high current densities, zinc-air cells are now being examined as a power source.
Standard clinical care in neonatal and pediatric intensive-care units (NICUs and PICUs, respectively) involves continuous monitoring of vital signs with hard-wired devices that adhere to the skin and, in certain instances, can involve catheter-based pressure sensors inserted into the arteries. These systems entail risks of causing iatrogenic skin injuries, complicating clinical care and impeding skin-to-skin contact between parent and child. Here we present a wireless, non-invasive technology that not only offers measurement equivalency to existing clinical standards for heart rate, respiration rate, temperature and blood oxygenation, but also provides a range of important additional features, as supported by data from pilot clinical studies in both the NICU and PICU. These new modalities include tracking movements and body orientation, quantifying the physiological benefits of skin-to-skin care, capturing acoustic signatures of cardiac activity, recording vocal biomarkers associated with tonality and temporal characteristics of crying and monitoring a reliable surrogate for systolic blood pressure. These platforms have the potential to substantially enhance the quality of neonatal and pediatric critical care.
A facile solvothermal technique is developed to prepare a nickel oxide precursor which is subsequently calcined in air at 300°C for 4h to convert it to NiO nanospheres. These nanospheres are assembled from ultrathin mesoporous nanosheets that possess high surface areas. The final product is characterized by various techniques: thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption method. Such a highly desired structure with a great surface area of 213m2/g is believed to be formed through the Ostwald ripening mechanism. Electrochemical measurements show that our electrode can exhibit a high specific capacitance of 803Fg−1 at a discharge current density of 2Ag−1. The electrode also possesses excellent long-term stability in an alkaline electrolyte. These interesting properties promote it to be a potential supercapacitor electrode material.
Three-dimensional (3D) kenaf stem-derived porous carbon (PC) is considered to be a promising low-cost supporting material for application in energy storage devices. In this report, a simple and industry-scalable approach to prepare the hybrid (MnO2/3D-PC) of nanostructured MnO2 and 3D-PC has been developed. Such porous structures of the 3D-PC not only provided a conductive network to enhance the charge transport and mass transfer in the electrochemical process but also achieved a large MnO2 mass loading capacity of 11.5mg/cm2, which resulted in a high areal capacitance of 2.77 F/cm2 at a scan rate of 1mV/s. A specific capacitance of 416 F/g was obtained based on the mass loading of 2.52mg/cm2 at scan rate of 1mV/s. Furthermore, the symmetrical supercapacitor based on the MnO2/3D-PC exhibited outstanding cycle performance with only 14% degradation after 1000 cycles under a large specific current density of 16mA/cm2. This research demonstrated that the 3D-PC was a good potential supporting material in energy conversion and storage devices.
Lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) thin films are deposited by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique using lithium dipivaloylmethane (Li(DPM)), triethyl phosphate (TEP) and NH3 as precursor materials, and effects of substrate temperature on the deposition rate and thin film properties are investigated. The deposition rate of LiPON films increases with rising substrate temperature, and as-deposited LiPON films exhibit the typical amorphous phase. The minimum activation temperature for the film deposition is 500 °C, and the activation energy is estimated to be 102.4 kJ mole−1. Concentrations of P and N element in the film are quite low at the temperature of 500 °C, but increase dramatically above 550 °C. Oxygen concentration in the film is inversely proportional to that of nitrogen, and the ratio of Li to P stays nearly constant with rising substrate temperature. The ratio of triply coordinated nitrogen to doubly coordinated nitrogen (Nt/Nd) gradually increases with rising substrate temperature, implying that the ionic conductivity is improved. The ionic conductivity reaches close to 2.95 × 10−7 Scm−1 as the substrate temperature is raised to 575 °C, and the value stays within the well-known value range (10−6–10−8 Scm−1) of LiPON films.
Background Vitamin D deficiency is common in older adults and is more prevalent among persons with darker pigmented skin. The detrimental effects of vitamin D deficiency on the bone are widely known; however, recent data suggest that vitamin D deficiency may contribute to other disorders, including low mood, cognitive impairment, and impaired mobility. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether nonskeletal diseases such as depression, cognitive impairment, and physical disability, which have been associated with vitamin D deficiency, are more commonly seen in older African Americans. Design In a cross-sectional study of 60 older adults (30 African Americans and 30 European Americans), vitamin D status, cognitive performance, physical performance, and bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed. Differences between groups and differences between those with vitamin D deficiency and those with normal vitamin D levels were tested. Results African Americans had a lower mean 25-hydroxyvi-tamin D level (17.98 ng/ml; SD, 6.9) compared to European Americans (25.20 ng/ml; SD, 7.0; p <.0001). Participants with vitamin D deficiency performed worse on a measure of cognitive performance, the Short Blessed Test (10.87 vs 6.31; p =.016); the Physical Performance Test (PPT) (27.00 vs 28.96; p =.039); and had lower BMD (0.823 vs 0.914; p =.005) and t scores (-1.29 vs -0.72; p =.008) of the hip. Among African Americans, vitamin D deficiency was associated with worse cognitive performance and lower BMD of the hip. Conclusions Vitamin D deficiency in older African Americans was associated with worse cognitive performance and lower BMD of the hip.
The high specific capacity battery electrode materials have stimulated great research interest. Silicon (Si) as a low-cost abundant material with a theoretical specific capacity of 4200mAhg−1, offers an attractive option for the low-cost next-generation high capacity Li-ion batteries anode. However, successful applications of silicon anode have been impeded by several limitations such as large volume expansion (400%) with lithiation, poor conductivity and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with cycles. To address these challenges, we engineered Si nanoparticles by encapsulating them with monolayer graphene (mGra) with empty space generated by melt-self-assembly Cu layer. Here, a new method is introduced to uniform encapsulate the nano-silicon particles. The synthesis process used low-cost Si nanoparticles and Cu foils via chemical vapor deposition methods. The mGra and void space around the Si nanoparticles guaranteed to overcome mentioned problems. The flexibility nature and high conductivity of mGra effectively accommodate the Si volume expansion associated with the lithiation, and function as charges fast channels that allow for ions and electrons transport in fast kinetics. Most important, the crystalized mGra layer served as a flexible protective layer avoiding the SNPs direct exposed to electrolyte, which boosted the formation of stable and thin SEI interface. Our anode demonstrated a high initial coulomb efficiency (CE) 85% with gravimetric capacity ~1450mAhg−1 (based on the total mass) and long cycle life (500 cycles with 89% capacity retention). Such SNP@void@mGra structure orienting excellent cycle life and high charge capacity provide a promising prospect for the next-generation high specific energy battery.
How to develop a high-energy-density supercapacitor still remains a big challenge to us. Herein, we employ two new “anion intercalation materials” to fabricate the asymmetric micro-supercapacitor with a high energy density. It is found that both [Bi6O6(OH)3](NO3)3·1.5H2O and Bi2O(OH)2SO4 electrodes show high charge/discharge rates and excellent cycling stabilities (99.7% and 95.1% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles, repecticely). Amazingly, the micro-supercapacitors fabricated by [Bi6O6(OH)3](NO3)3·1.5H2O and Bi2O(OH)2SO4 display the high energy densities of 0.125 and 0.048 mWhcm−3 at a power density of 53 mWcm−3. In consideration of a lower BET area (1m2 g−1) and a higher electric resistance (1.06Ω) of [Bi6O6(OH)3](NO3)3·1.5H2O than those (2.2m2 g−1, 0.78Ω) of Bi2O(OH)2SO4, the higher energy density of [Bi6O6(OH)3](NO3)3·1.5H2O is mainly attributed to the unique two-dimensional (2D) extended [Bi2O(OH)2 2+]n layer structure that favors for charge insertion. This contribution demonstrates that it is the crystal structure of material but not conventional BET area and electrical conductivity that decides the electrochemical performances of micro-supercapacitors, which has been unknown before. We can expect that unique two-dimensional (2D) extended layer material could be a new candidate for next-generation supercapacitor.
The Li4Ti5O12 gassing behavior is a critical limitation for applications in lithium-ion batteries. The impact of electrode/electrolyte interface, as well as the underlying mechanisms involved during the gassing process, are still debated. Herein, a quantitative evolution of the internal pressure in 18650-type cylindrical Li4Ti5O12 batteries is investigated using a self-designed pressure testing device. The results indicate that the internal pressure significantly increases during the formation cycle and continues growing during the following cycles. After several charge and discharge cycles, the pressure finally reaches constant. Simultaneously, the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film is also investigated. The results suggest that the initial formed SEI film has a thickness of 24 nm, and is observed to shrink during the following cycles. Furthermore, no apparent increase in thickness accompanying the pressure rising is noticed. These comparative investigations reveal a possible mechanism of the gassing behavior. We suggest that the gassing behavior is associated with side reactions which are determined by the potential of the Li4Ti5O12 electrode, where the active sites of the electrode/electrolyte interface manage the extent of the reaction.
Poly[siloxane-g-oligo(ethylene oxide)] tetraacrylate cross-linker was synthesized, and the gel polymer electrolytes (GPE) was prepared by thermal curing using them. Increase of conductivity with decrease of T g was observed as the content of liquid electrolyte increased. Maximum conductivity was found to be 3.92 × 10−3 S/cm at 30°C with a 70wt.% 1M LiPF6 in EC/PC (1:1). The electrochemical stability of the resulting gel polymer electrolyte could be extended to up to 4.4V. Applicability of the resulting polymer electrolyte for lithium battery was tested by Li|GPE|LiCoO2 cell.
The challenges in developing technology for the capture and storage of CO2 from coal, oil and gas power generation, as well as those associated with the storage of nuclear waste, are widely regarded as solvable. According to proponents of clean coal, oil and gas technologies, as well as the proponents of nuclear technology, it is only a matter of time and resources to find a solution to their waste problems. Similarly, the Australian Government argues that our main efforts need to be concentrated on clean coal technologies, as well as considering the nuclear option. However, when it comes to the challenges associated with renewable energy technologies, like intermittency of wind generated grid power, storage of electricity from renewable energy and so on, there seems to be an attitude amongst Australian energy planners that these challenges represent insurmountable technical and financial problems, and will, at least in the short to medium term, prevent them from becoming a viable alternative to coal, oil, gas and uranium based energy technologies.
The electrochemical reaction kinetics of the porous core–shell structured Ni/NiO anode for Li ion battery application is systematically investigated by monitoring the electrochemical impedance evolution for the first time. The electrochemical impedance under prescribed condition is measured by using impedance spectroscopy in equilibrium conditions at various depths of discharge (DOD) during charge–discharge cycles. The Nyquist plots of the binder-free porous Ni/NiO electrode are interpreted with a selective equivalent circuit composed of solution resistance, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film, charge transfer and solid state diffusion. The impedance analysis shows that the change of charge transfer resistance is the main contribution to the total resistance change during discharge, and the surface configuration of the obtained electrode may experience significant change during the first two cycles. Meanwhile, the increase of internal resistance reduced the utilization efficiency of the active material may be another convincing factor to increase the irreversible capacity. In addition, the impedance evolution of the as-prepared electrode during charge–discharge cycles reveals that the slow growth of the SEI film is responsible for the capacity fading after long term cycling. As a result, several strategies are summarized to optimize the electrochemical performances of transition metal oxide anodes for lithium ion batteries.