batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Facile fabrication of manganese oxide (MnOx, 0<x<2) and nitrogen (N) co-doped carbon microspheres (MnOx-N-CS) has been firstly developed by one-pot construction of Mn-functionalized melamine-formaldehyde (Mn-MF) resin spheres before pyrolysis. The resulting hybrids bear evenly dispersed MnOx and N moieties in situ anchored on hierarchically porous carbon microspheres formed simultaneously. The capacitive performance is greatly tailored by varying the Mn/melamine molar ratio in the synthetic mixture and pyrolysis temperature. It is found that the MnOx-N-CS hybrid (0.008wt% Mn, pyrolyzed at 800°C) exhibits the highest specific capacitance up to 258Fg−1 at a scan rate of 1mVs−1 (in 6M KOH), and keeps a high capacitance retention ratio of 98% after 5000 cycles. The synergism between MnOx, N moieties and carbon spheres proves to be responsible for the remarkably improved performance, as compared to the pure carbon sphere and MnOx (N)-doped carbon sphere. The well-developed MnOx-N-CS hybrids highlight the great potentials for widespread supercapacitor applications.
Development of an oxygen electrode with high stability and good electrochemical activity is critical to achieve the practical applications of rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) in our daily life. here, we report the facile synthesis of a graphene-based composite as an efficient dual function precious-metal-free electrocatalyst for LOBs by applying graphite oxide as the graphene precursor, aniline as the carbon and nitrogen source, FeCl3 and Co(NO3)2·6H2O as the cation sources and argon as the atmosphere during the pyrolysis. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope observations demonstrate that the as-prepared electrocatalyst is composed of graphene sheets with nanoparticles mainly in the size of 20-50nm, while X-ray diffraction characterization confirms that the sample is composed of multiple species such as carbon, cobalt/iron oxide, cobalt/iron sulfide and metallic iron. The cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammograms tests of the electrocatalyst demonstrate favorable electrocatalytic activity for both oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, suggesting its bifunctionality. With the electrocatalyst/Ketjen Black (KB) oxygen electrode applying in LOBs, a specific capacity of 4772mAhgKB ⿿1 and a discharge plateau potential of ⿼2.75V are reached at the density of 100mAgKB ⿿1 for the related LOBs by discharging to 2.0V and charging to 4.4V.
Aqueous rechargeable zinc ion batteries are very attractive in large-scale storage applications, because they have high safety, low cost and good durability. Nonetheless, their advancements are hindered by a dearth of positive host materials (cathode) due to sluggish diffusion of Zn2+ in the solid inorganic frameworks. Here, we report a novel organic electrode material of poly 3,4,9,10-perylentetracarboxylic dianhydride (PPTCDA)/graphene aerogel (GA). The 3D interconnected porous architecture synthesized through a simple solvothermal reaction, where the PPTCDA is homogenously embedded in the GA nanosheets. The self-assembly of PPTCDA/GA coin-type cell will not only significantly improve the durability and extend lifetime of the devices, but also reduce the electronic waste and economic cost. The self-assembled structure does not require the auxiliary electrode and conductive agent to prepare the electrode material, which is a simple method for preparing the coin-type cell and a foundation for the next large-scale production. The PPTCDA/GA delivers a high capacity of ≥200 mAh g–1 with the voltage of 0.0∼1.5 V. After 300 cycles, the capacity retention rate still close to 100%. The discussion on the mechanism of Zn2+intercalation/deintercalation in the PPTCDA/GA electrode is explored by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterizations. The morphology and structure of PPTCDA/GA are examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
A new class of LiCo1−x Zr x/2Mg x/2O2 (x =0, 0.02, 0.06, 0.10, 0.20) materials has been synthesized using a solution–combustion method with mixed acetates/nitrates as the starting materials. The structure of the synthesized oxides was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Iodometry titration was used to measure the oxidation state of cobalt. The electrochemical performance of LiCo1−x Zr x/2Mg x/2O2 electrodes was analyzed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling studies in the voltage range 2.7–4.2V (versus Li metal). It is found that the maximum doping level (x) is around 0.06, above which Li2MgZrO4 is formed as an impurity phase. The use of combined Zr–Mg doping has resulted in the decrease of the electrode impedance and increase of the specific capacity and the stability of 3.6V plateau efficiency.
Activated carbon–MnO2 hybrid electrochemical supercapacitor cells have been assembled and characterized in K2SO4 aqueous media. A laboratory cell achieved 195,000 cycles with stable performance. The maximal cell voltage was 2V associated with 21±2Fg−1 of total composite electrode materials (including activated carbon and MnO2, binder and conductive additive) and an equivalent serie resistance (ESR) below 1.3Ωcm2. Long-life cycling was achieved by removing dissolved oxygen from the electrolyte, which limits the corrosion of current collectors. Scaling up has been realized by assembling several electrodes in parallel to build a prismatic cell. A stable capacity of 380F and a cell voltage of 2V were maintained over 600 cycles. These encouraging results show the interest of developing such devices, including non-toxic and safer components as compared to the current organic-based devices.
The present study examined psychometric properties of facial expressions of pain. A diverse sample of 129 people suffering from shoulder pain underwent a battery of active and passive range-of-motion tests to their affected and unaffected limbs. The same tests were repeated on a second occasion. Participants rated the maximum pain induced by each test on three self-report scales. Facial actions were measured with the Facial Action Coding System. Several facial actions discriminated painful from non-painful movements; however, brow-lowering, orbit tightening, levator contraction and eye closing appeared to constitute a distinct, unitary action. An index of pain expression based on these actions demonstrated test–retest reliability and concurrent validity with self-reports of pain. The findings support the concept of a core pain expression with desirable psychometric properties. They are also consistent with the suggestion of individual differences in pain expressiveness. Reasons for varying reports of relations between pain expression and self-reports in previous studies are discussed.
Productive knowledge work and high-level literacy are essential for engagement in a Knowledge society.
In the research reported in this article, students were engaged in sustained collaborative knowledge building in science and social studies. The vocabulary growth of 22 students over Grades 3 and 4 was traced, based on their entries to Knowledge Forum—a knowledge building environment used as an integral part of classroom work. It is the communal space where knowledge work–ideas, reference material, results of experiments, and so forth–is entered and continually improved. Analysis of lexical frequency profiles indicated significant growth in productive written vocabulary, including academic words. In a Grade 4 inquiry, students incorporated almost all the domain-specific terms at and below their current grade level, and most of those expected for upper grade levels (5–8) based on the curriculum guidelines. Domain-specific and academic words were correlated with depth of understanding. High correlations between student engagement in knowledge building and vocabulary growth suggest that productive vocabulary can be developed through sustained knowledge building in subject areas.
Phase pure LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 powders were synthesized by a chemical synthesis route and were subsequently characterized as cathode materials in a Li-ion coin cell comprising a Li anode and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), dissolved in dimethyl carbonate (DMC)+ethylene carbonate (EC) [1:1, v/v ratio] as electrolyte. The spinel structure and phase purity of the powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The presence of both oxidation and reduction peaks in the cyclic voltammogram revealed Li+ extraction and insertion from the spinel structure. The charge–discharge characteristics of the coin cell were performed in the 3.0–4.8V range. An initial discharge capacity of ∼140mAhg−1 was obtained with 94% initial discharge capacity retention after 50 repeated cycles. The microstructures and compositions of the cathode before and after electrochemistry were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive analysis by X-ray analysis, respectively. Using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical analysis, we correlated the structural stability and the electrochemical performance of this cathode.
In modern era, the awareness of green energy technologies in the Microgrid (MG) is highly adopted in order to reduce the CO2 emission and for a clean environment. The distributed energy resources, such as solar photo voltaic (PV), solar combine heat and power (CHP), diesel engines, small wind turbines and fuel cell technologies are evolving within the power system. The control and maintenance of this power have great effect on power systems. For optimal use of electric power in MGs, the Multi-Agent System (MAS) technology is adopted and has certain applications in the power systems. This research article mainly focuses on MAS technologies used for the control of MG, its optimization and market distribution. A fully controlled architecture of MG using MAS with different optimization techniques applied to renewable energy sources has been deliberate. Moreover, comparison of centralized and decentralized approach of a MG is also discussed in this article.
Asymmetric separators with polysulfide barrier properties, consisting of porous polypropylene (PP) grafted with styrene sulfonate (SS), PP-g-PLiSS, were characterized in symmetric Li/Li cells using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to investigate the influence of separator chemistry on the Li electrode/electrolyte interface. The symmetric Li/Li cell approach was found to be applicable for probing the transport properties of the separator and, therefore, determining the role of the functionality added to the separator. Electrolyte resistance and the formation of a surface film on metallic Li were both monitored as functions of time and the concentration of cation-exchange groups introduced at and near the surface of one side of the separator (expressed as the graft level). No continuous build-up of Li electrode/electrolyte interface resistance was observed, indicating that the addition of a cation-exchange layer did not hinder entirely Li-ion transport through the separator. In addition, the microstructures of the separators were reconstructed based on focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy tomography to determine the effective ionic conductivity and effective tortuosity of the PP-g-PLiSS separators. These values showed that ion mobility within the separator changed with increasing graft level, indicating that the concentration of SS groups and bulk porosity of the separator have to be adjusted to maintain the effective conductivity at a practical level.
We prospectively investigated by means of neuropsychological tests and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) the behavioural and neural effects of a 3-week optokinetic stimulation (OKS) training in 7 patients with chronic visuospatial neglect resulting from right-hemisphere lesions. Behaviourally, OKS caused both a short- and a long-term (4 weeks) improvement of performance in a neglect test battery (compared to a 3-week baseline period). This amelioration of neglect symptoms was associated with increases of neural activity during an fMRI spatial attention task bilaterally in the middle frontal gyrus and the precuneus. Additional left hemisphere increases in neural activity were observed in the cingulate gyrus, angular gyrus, middle temporal gyrus and occipital cortex. This pattern of activation represents a combination of areas normally involved in spatial attention plus a compensatory recruitment of left hemisphere areas. These results were then compared with data from our previous study (Thimm et al., 2006) which employed an alertness training (AIXTENT) with an otherwise identical treatment study design. After the OKS training there was more activation bilaterally in the precuneus than after the AIXTENT training. In contrast, after AIXTENT training there was more activation bilaterally in frontal cortex. Taken together, the results show that amelioration of neglect can be induced by both OKS and alertness training. The data furthermore suggest that the differential activations of frontal or parietal areas may reflect the specific impact of the two types of training either on an anterior system for the control of attention intensity (AIXTENT) or on the posterior system of spatial attention (OKS).
To maximize the electrochemical performance of a pseudocapacitor, we have holistically designed yolk–shell nanostructured electrode materials endowed with multiple electroactive redox states, fast redox kinetics and most importantly superior cycling stability. This can effectively be achieved by concoction of high surface area ultrathin mesoporous shell, volumetric buffering void space and lastly an in-built supporting framework that alleviates prevalent fracturing due to prolong cycling. Herein, a polystyrene spheres (PS) core known for its low-cost, lightweight, durability and elastoplasticity properties are explicitly introduced as a localized mechanical support to augment the susceptible ultrathin hollow structures. Unlike, conventional physical support which comes directly from a backbone scaffold such as foam, here the yolk–shell structure adopts comparative advantages of void spaces and movable cores needed not only for volumetric buffering but also to assume a self-supporting framework. The PS supported NiCo2S4 (PS@NiCo2S4) nanocolloids possess high surface area (220–266m2 g−1) and structural stability which manifested high capacitance and excellent cycling performances.
Acetonitrile (ACN) is widely used as solvent for electrolyte in supercapacitors in the presence of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (Et4N+BF4 −). The main advantage is its low viscosity leading to high conductivities in the presence of salts, but unfortunately it is too volatile and flammable. In order to reduce both the flammability and the volatility of ACN based electrolytes, aprotic room temperature ionic liquids, RTILs, are added either to ACN or to γ-butyrolactone (GBL), another typical solvent for the electrochemical devices. The effects of these molten salts on ACN and GBL are investigated with the aim of improving the supercapacitors security. Flammability tests are performed on these electrolytes to study their security. The results show that mixtures GBL based are more flammable than those ACN based, in spite of a higher boiling point for pure GBL because of the presence of solvates. DSC measurements over ambient temperature strengthen these flammability results. To complete this study, physical and electrochemical characteristics (density, viscosity, conductivity, linear and cyclic voltamperometry) are investigated. The results indicate that no degradation of the electrochemical performances appears with RTIL/ACN mixture by comparison with the standard electrolyte (ACN+1M Et4N+BF4 −).
Samples of Sn30TM30C40 and of Sn30Co15TM15C40, with TM=3d transition metals, were prepared by vertical-axis attritor milling. The structure and performance of these samples were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and by electrochemical testing. The XRD patterns of Sn30TM30C40 show an amorphous-like diffraction pattern only for the sample with TM=Co. The other prepared samples show broadened Bragg peaks of their main starting material, along with an amorphous-like background, even after 32h of milling. Samples with TM=Co and TM=Ni show stable differential capacity versus potential plots and stable cycling for at least 100 cycles with reversible capacities of 425 and 250mAhg−1, respectively. All samples prepared with 15at.% Co show good capacity retention for at least 100 cycles ranging from 270mAhg−1 for samples with TM=Ni to 500mAhg−1 for samples with TM=Ti. The differential capacity versus potential plots for all the prepared Sn30Co15TM15C40 samples show similar structure to that of Sn30Co30C40 except when TM=Cu. This shows the possibility of preparing tin-based negative electrode materials using a combination of cobalt and TM, especially if one looks to reduce the cobalt content.
Distributions of oxygen in surface sediments from central Sagami Bay were quantified using an autonomous vehicle carrying both a profiling microelectrode instrument and a planar optode module. Measurements were performed at 16 sites (either by microelectrodes or optodes) along a ∼175m long transect and in total 45 electrode microprofiles and 6 O2 images (each covering 6.9×5.1cm of surface sediment) were obtained. The data revealed an extensive small-scale variation of the in situ O2 distribution. The diffusive O2 uptake (DOU) as derived from the microelectrode data varied by a factor >10 with an average value of 2.6±1.6mmolm−2 d−1 ( n = 45 ) corresponding to ∼8% of the estimated average primary production for the area. There was no significant difference in the average O2 penetration depth as quantified from the microprofiles and the planar optode images ( P < 0.05 ). The O2 penetration depth of the combined dataset varied between 0.5 and 9.2mm with an average value of 3.9±1.5mm ( n = 347 ). Even though the organic carbon rich sediments of central Sagami Bay may exhibit higher horizontal heterogeneity than normally encountered in deep-sea sediments, the data document that extrapolation from a few in situ data points should be done with caution. A detailed statistical analysis of the spatial autocorrelation in the O2 penetration depth documented that measurements performed less than 2cm apart were autocorrelated. This implies that the aerobic benthic activity at the investigated site varied in patches with a characteristic size of a few cm. The presented data represent a detailed in situ study on small-scale spatial variability in sediment O2 distribution and document that planar O2 optode images provide a tool to access spatial heterogeneity of natural sediments.
The structure, gaseous storage, and electrochemical properties of Cu-modified C14-predominant AB2 metal hydride alloys with compositions of Ti12Zr21.5V10Cr7.5Mn8.1Co8.0−x Ni32.2Cu x Sn0.3Al0.4, x =0 to 5 were studied. As the Cu-content in the alloy increases, the lattice constant a increases (except at the highest Cu-content); both the lattice constants a, c, and the volume of the C14 unit cell increase; a/c ratio decreases; and the secondary phase shifts from a combination of C15 and TiNi to Zr7Ni10. In the gaseous phase reaction (analyzed by the pressure–concentration–temperature isotherm), the plateau pressure decreases; both the slope factor and hysteresis increase; and both the maximum and reversible hydrogen capacities decrease with the addition of Cu. Calculations of the heat of formation and the change in entropy indicate incompleteness of an ordered metal hydride structure. While the secondary phase plays a more important role in the gaseous reaction, the main phase determines the electrochemical properties. With the addition of Cu, both the high-rate and full discharge capacities increase; however, the ratio between the two capacities decreases due to lower bulk diffusibility of hydrogen, and activation becomes easier due to a higher pulverization rate. A good tradeoff between surface area and charge-transfer resistance, 1at.% Cu-addition is recommended for the low-temperature application of C14-predominant AB2 alloys.
MON 87411 maize, which expresses DvSnf7 RNA, was developed to provide an additional mode of action to confer protection against corn rootworm (Diabrotica spp.). A critical step in the registration of a genetically engineered crop with an insecticidal trait is performing an ecological risk assessment to evaluate the potential for adverse ecological effects. For MON 87411, an assessment plan was developed that met specific protection goals by characterizing the routes and levels of exposure, and testing representative functional taxa that would be directly or indirectly exposed in the environment. The potential for toxicity of DvSnf7 RNA was evaluated with a harmonized battery of non-target organisms (NTOs) that included invertebrate predators, parasitoids, pollinators, soil biota as well as aquatic and terrestrial vertebrate species. Laboratory tests evaluated ecologically relevant endpoints such as survival, growth, development, and reproduction and were of sufficient duration to assess the potential for adverse effects. No adverse effects were observed with any species tested at, or above, the maximum expected environmental concentration (MEEC). All margins of exposure for NTOs were >10-fold the MEEC. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that exposure to DvSnf7 RNA, both directly and indirectly, is safe for NTOs at the expected field exposure levels.
Herein, we propose a facile strategy to prepare hierarchical flower-like MoO2@ N, P co-doped carbon (NPC) hybrids on flexible carbon cloth (CC) as a self-standing and binder-free anode for sodium ion batteries. The construction of hierarchical MoO2 nanoflowers and the formation of NPC can be synchronously achieved via one-step pyrolysis of molybdophosphate-based ionic liquid precursor on CC. Serving as anode material for sodium ion batteries, the as-prepared CC@NPC@MoO2 electrode exhibits a high reversible capacity (821 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1), excellent rate capability and cycling stability (321 mA h g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 600 cycles). The excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to the uniquely hierarchical flower-like structure, which can effectively shorten the ion diffusion paths and promote the rapid ion insertion/extraction, thus boosting the sodium storage capacity. Moreover, the in-situ formed NPC on flexible CC is able to improve the charge transfer efficiency and maintain the structural integrity even after long-term cycles.
A summary utility index is useful for deriving quality-adjusted life years (QALY) for cost analyses or disability weights for burden of disease studies. However, many quality of life instruments provide descriptive profiles rather than a single utility index. Transforming quality of life instruments to a utility index could extend the use of quality of life instruments to costs analyses and burden of disease studies. The aims of the study were to map a specific oral health measure, the Oral Health Impact Profile to a generic health state measure, the EuroQol, in order to enable the estimation of health state values based on OHIP data.