batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The development of reading ability in a group of deaf children was followed over a 3-year period. A total of 29 deaf children (7–8years of age at the first assessment) participated in the study, and every 12months they were given a battery of literacy, cognitive, and language tasks. Earlier vocabulary and speechreading skills predicted longitudinal growth in reading achievement. The relations between reading and the predictor variables showed developmental change. Earlier reading ability was related to later phonological awareness skills, suggesting that deaf children might develop their phonological awareness through reading. Deaf children who had the most age-appropriate reading skills tended to have less severe hearing losses and earlier diagnoses and also preferred to communicate through speech. The theoretical implications of the role for speechreading, vocabulary and phonological awareness in deaf children’s literacy are discussed.
Li-S batteries are a promising next-generation battery technology but are confronted with a series of fundamental challenges, in particular the notorious shuttle effect of soluble polysulfide intermediates. Current research efforts are mostly focused on designing proper host materials for the entrapment and immobilization of polysulfides. Herein, we demonstrate that electrocatalysis may play an unexpected role in Li-S batteries. Nanosized tungsten carbide particles dispersed on the carbonaceous support are prepared from the pyrolysis of phosphotungstic acid-functionalized metal-organic frameworks. Both experimental measurements and theoretical calculations demonstrate that they not only have strong affinity toward polysulfide intermediates, but also significantly accelerate the reduction of low-order polysulfides that is otherwise kinetically challenged. Using these supported tungsten carbide nanoparticles as the cathode catalyst, our Li-S batteries achieve large capacity, excellent cycling stability and impressive rate capability.
Micro–nanosized vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) was synthesized by hydrothermal reduction of amorphous V2O5, followed by thermal treatment in air atmosphere. Pyrrole was in-situ polymerization on the surface of V2O5 to obtain V2O5@PPy hybrid material.The as-synthesized V2O5 with about 100 nm in diameter and several hundreds nanometers in length were obtained and PPy layer with about 100 nm in thickness coated on the surface of V2O5. Electrochemical measurement showed that V2O5@PPy hybrid material had improved lithium storage ability and cycling performance compared with pure V2O5. PPy modification supplied a new route to obtain V2O5 hybrid cathode with significantly improved cyclic performance and showed promising applications in recharged lithium batteries.
This paper reports the facile synthesis of a novel architectural of NiS/PEDOT:PSS with DEG, where the complementary features of the three components (well-defined NiS black pepper like nanoparticles on nickel foam, an ultrathin layers of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and diethylene glycol (DEG)) are deposited sequentially to a single entity to fabricate a high-performance electrode for supercapacitor applications. Owing to the high electrical conductivity of the well-defined NiS nanoparticles, in which the conductivity, and good chemical and electrochemical stability is enhanced further by the PEDOT:PSS and DEG thin layers, the as-fabricated NiS/PEDOT:PSS with a DEG chrysanthemum petal-like nanostructure exhibits good rate capability, excellent cycling stability, and high specific capacitance. The PEDOT:PSS with DEG offers extra conductive paths for each layer on NiS, yielding a lower internal resistance and charge-transfer resistance than that of the NiS/PEDOT:PSS without DEG. As a result, the NiS/PEDOT:PSS with the DEG electrode shows a tremendous pseudocapacitance of 750.64Fg−1 at 1.11Ag−1, along with a high energy density of 24.52Whkg−1 at a power density of 138.88Wkg−1 and good cycling stability, suggesting that it is a promising candidate for energy storage. The unique performance of NiS/PEDOT:PSS with a DEG benefits from its unique chrysanthemum petal-like nanostructure, which could offer faster ion and electron transfer ability, greater reaction surface area and good structural stability.
Aluminum cobalt oxide-coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) cathode materials are synthesized via a wet-coating method. The surface coating of the LNMO with cobalt aluminum oxide (CoAl2O4) does not alter its spinel structure, but greatly affects its thermostability. The complete, thin cobalt aluminum oxide coating layer strongly adheres to the host material and possesses a great thermal stability and electrochemical resistance, and it is not damaged in acid or alkali environments. The CoAl2O4 coating layer in this work successfully inhibits the dissolution of transition metal ions and maintain the stability of the LNMO structure. This CoAl2O4 coating layer also hold back the HF scavenger of the spinel structure in the electrolyte, which leads to enhanced electrochemical properties, especially at high temperatures. Furthermore, the coated LNMO exhibits an obviously improved thermostability compared with bare LNMO.
The paper explores some of the developments in the philosophy and epistemology of language testing with particular reference to the notion of ‘responsibility’. This term is used to include the ethical practices of the individual language testing practitioner; the professional standards to which language testing as professional practice should be held; and the accountability to society and by society that should drive all those involved in the industry of creating, administering, consuming, preparing people for, and critiquing tests. The paper argues that as the millennium changes, language testing is at a point of change too. Contending with complexities on multiple levels, the future is still unclear, but we can see that it will take us in some directions quite different from the past.
Background In vitro studies have demonstrated that electrical current may affect fibroblast proliferation and synthesis of collagen fibers. In humans, the application of electrical current by positioning the positive electrode on skin wounds resulted in thinner hypertrophic scars. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of preoperative electrical stimulation on cutaneous wound healing in rats. Materials and Methods Forty rats were divided into two groups of 20 animals each. In the control group, an incision was made on the back of the animals. In the stimulation group, a preoperative electrical stimulation was applied using a rectangular pulse current at a frequency of 7.7 Hz, and intensity of 8 mA, for 30 min, with the positive electrode placed on the back of the animal, and the negative electrode placed on the abdominal wall. Following, an incision was made on their back. Biopsy was carried out on postoperative day 7 and 14, and histologic analysis was performed. Results The number of newly formed vessels, fibroblasts, and type III collagen fibers in the stimulation group on postoperative day 7 were greater than those in the control group. Conclusions Preoperative positive-polarity electrical stimulation positively affects angiogenesis and fibroblast proliferation.
The reduction of oxygen at electronically conducting polymers (ECPs) such as polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), polythiophen (PTh), and poly(3-methyl)thiophen (PMeT), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) have been studied. The electrochemical investigations of ECPs based catalytic electrodes in oxygen-saturated electrolytes indicate the existence of electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction at different ECPs with the exception of PEDOT. To explain the reasons of the catalytic activity of ECPs, a quantum-chemical modeling of ECPs and adsorption complexes of ECPs with oxygen have been performed. To calculate the electronic structure of molecular clusters and their complexes with oxygen, the PM 3 program of the MOPAC computer system was used. The catalytic activity takes place due to the unique electronic structure of ECPs. The calculations showed that the bond orders in chemisorbed oxygen molecules at PANI decrease by a third, and the bond length increases by more than 20% in comparison with that in a free oxygen molecule. Thus, chemisorbed oxygen molecules have a fairly high degree of activation and can be readily reduced at the polymeric surface. The similar mechanism takes place on the active carbon atoms of PPy, PTh, and PMeT.
The advent of polymer electrolytes was perfectly timed with the enormous increase in computational power and availability in the early 1980’s. Thus we could/should expect a pool of knowledge to be available from all modelling efforts; MD or MC simulations, analytical approaches, FEM, ab initio/DFT, etc. This would be especially valuable when (now again) more emphasis is directed towards safer electrolytes in general and all solid-state electrolytes and batteries in particular – where polymer electrolytes has a major role to play. Here the main lines of polymer electrolyte modelling research both historical and current, as well as the balance between fundamentals/materials/applications, and especially what we might be missing to address, are brought forward. As a result the emphasis has historically clearly been on PEO and PPO based polymer electrolytes aimed at Li and Na batteries application. This mini-review is largely based on the plenary lecture delivered at the ISPE-14 conference held in Geelong, Australia during August 2014 and on the ISPE1-13 conference proceedings.
Ruthenium nitride thin films with ZnS type cubic structure are successfully and reproducibly deposited by pulsed-DC magnetron sputtering. Their electrochemical behavior as negative electrode for Li-ion microbatteries is investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic experiments. The influence of the film thickness and the rate capability are reported and discussed. A specific capacity of about 400mAhg−1 is proved to be stable at C/2 over 20 cycles at a mean voltage of 0.25V vs. Li+/Li and attractive specific capacities varying from 100 to 300μAhcm−2 can be reached depending on the thickness in the range 250nm–850nm. XRD, SEM, HRTEM, electron diffraction and EELS are used to understand the electrochemical mechanism of RuN with lithium. Electrochemical properties and structural characterization support the occurrence of a reversible conversion reaction of RuN into Ru metal and Li3N.
Temperature measurements of Li-ion batteries are important for assisting Battery Management Systems in controlling highly relevant states, such as State-of-Charge and State-of-Health. In addition, temperature measurements are essential to prevent dangerous situations and to maximize the performance and cycle life of batteries. However, due to thermal gradients, which might quickly develop during operation, fast and accurate temperature measurements can be rather challenging. For a proper selection of the temperature measurement method, aspects such as measurement range, accuracy, resolution, and costs of the method are important. After providing a brief overview of the working principle of Li-ion batteries, including the heat generation principles and possible consequences, this review gives a comprehensive overview of various temperature measurement methods that can be used for temperature indication of Li-ion batteries. At present, traditional temperature measurement methods, such as thermistors and thermocouples, are extensively used. Several recently introduced methods, such as impedance-based temperature indication and fiber Bragg-grating techniques, are under investigation in order to determine if those are suitable for large-scale introduction in sophisticated battery-powered applications.
This paper will review the performances of nickel/cadmium and nickel/hydrogen Geocentric Earth Orbital (GEO) satellite battery packs which have been evaluated at NAVSEA Crane for the Air Force and NASA-Glenn. The nickel/cadmium data will deal, in part, with the attempts to find space-qualified substitutes for the disappearance of Pellon 2505 as a separation material. The nickel/hydrogen data will illustrate the development of this chemistry as a substitute for nickel/cadmium batteries.
Single crystals of the new compound, NaMn2V3O10, were grown by conventional solid-state reaction. The crystal structure of the synthesized sample was determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. NaMn2V3O10 crystallizes in the triclinic system with space group P1-
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 thin films have been deposited on the NASICON-type glass ceramics, Li1+x+y Al x Ti2−x Si y P3−y O12 (LATSP), by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering followed by annealing. The films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. All-solid-state Li/PEO18-Li(CF3SO2)2N/LATSP/LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2/Au cells are fabricated using the LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 thin films and the LATSP electrolyte. The electrochemical performance of the cells is investigated by galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry (CV), potentiostatic intermittent titration technique (PITT) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Interfacial reactions between LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 and LATSP occur at a temperature as low as 300°C with the formation of Mn3O4, resulting in an increased obstacle for Li-ion diffusion across the LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2/LATSP interface. The electrochemical performance of the cells is limited by the interfacial resistance between LATSP and LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 as well as the Li-ion diffusion kinetics in LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 bulk.
Batavia M, Gianutsos JG, Vaccaro A, Gold JT. A do-it-yourself membrane-activated auditory feedback device for weight bearing and gait training: a case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:541-5. An augmented auditory feedback device comprised of a thin membrane switch mini-buzzer, and battery is described as a modification of a previously described feedback device. The membrane switch can be customized for the patient and is designed to fit inside a patient's shoe without altering the heel height. Its appeal lies in its simplicity of construction, low cost, and ease of implementation during a patient's training for weight bearing and gait. An ever-present source of information, it provides performance-relevant cues to both patient and clinician about the occurrence, duration, and location of a force component of motor performance. The report includes suggested applications of the device, instructions to construct it, and a case report in which the device was used to improve weight bearing and gait in a cognitively healthy person with spina bifida. © 2001 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Exposure to environmental metals can cause nephrotoxicity. There is an international epidemic of chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu). Whether metal exposures contribute to kidney dysfunction in populations at risk for CKDu remains unresolved.
Online state-of-health (SoH) estimation and remaining useful life (RUL) prediction is a critical problem in battery health management. This paper studies the modeling of battery degradation under different usage conditions and ambient temperatures, which is seldom considered in the literature. Li-ion battery RUL prediction under constant operating conditions at different values of ambient temperature and discharge current are considered. A naive Bayes (NB) model is proposed for RUL prediction of batteries under different operating conditions. It is shown in this analysis that under constant discharge environments, the RUL of Li-ion batteries can be predicted with the NB method, irrespective of the exact values of the operating conditions. The case study shows that the NB generates stable and competitive prediction performance over that of the support vector machine (SVM). This also suggests that, while it is well known that the environmental conditions have big impact on the degradation trend, it is the changes in operating conditions of a Li-ion battery over cycle life that makes the Li-ion battery degradation and RUL prediction even more difficult.
The world literature shows that empirical research regarding the process of decision-making when cancer in adolescents is no longer curable has been conducted in High-income, English speaking countries. The objective of the current study was to explore in-depth and to explain the decision-making process from the perspective of Mexican oncologists, parents, and affected adolescents and to identify the ethical principles that guide such decision-making.
The treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced neuropathic pain presents a challenging healthcare problem. The lack of available robust pharmacological treatments underscores the need for novel therapeutic methods and approaches. Due to the complex character of neuropathic pain following SCI, therapies targeting multiple mechanisms may be a better choice for obtaining sufficient long-term pain relief. Previous studies in our lab showed analgesic effects using combinations of an NMDA antagonist peptide [Ser1]histogranin (SHG), and the mu-opioid peptides endomorphins (EMs), in several pain models. As an alternative to drug therapy, this study evaluated the analgesic potential of these peptides when delivered via gene therapy.
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) produce bioelectricity from a wide variety of organic and inorganic substrates. Chitin can be used as a slowly degrading substrate in MFCs and thus as a long-term fuel to sustain power by these devices in remote locations. However, little is known about the effects of particle size on power density and length of the power cycle (longevity). We therefore examined power generation from chitin particles sieved to produce three average particle sizes (0.28, 0.46 and 0.78mm). The longevity increased from 9 to 33 days with an increase in the particle diameter from 0.28 to 0.78mm. Coulombic efficiency also increased with particle size from 18% to 56%. The maximum power density was lower for the largest (0.78mm) particles (176mWm−2), with higher power densities for the 0.28mm (272mWm−2) and 0.46mm (252mWm−2) particle sizes. The measured lifetimes of these particles scaled with particle diameter to the 1.3 power. Application of a fractal dissolution model indicates chitin particles had a three-dimensional fractal dimension between 2 and 2.3. These results demonstrate particles can be used as a sustainable fuel in MFCs, but that particle sizes will need to be controlled to achieve desired power levels.
In this paper, a novel strategy to regulate the discharge reservoir of negative electrodes in Ni–MH batteries is introduced by using Ni(OH) x (x =2.10) and γ-CoOOH. The electrochemical measurements of these batteries demonstrate that the use of Ni(OH) x (x =2.10) and γ-CoOOH can not only successfully regulate the discharge reservoir of negative electrodes in Ni–MH batteries to an adequate quantity, but also effectively improve the electrochemical performance of the batteries. Compared with normal batteries, the in-house prepared batteries with a lower discharge reservoir exhibit an enhanced discharge capacity, improved high-rate discharge ability, higher discharge potential plateau and superior cycle stability. The effect of Ni(OH) x (x =2.10) and γ-CoOOH on the electrochemical performance of nickel electrode is also investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results suggest that the new method is simple and effective for cost reduction of Ni–MH batteries with improved electrochemical performance.
Graphene oxide (GO) cast on conductive substrates was electrochemically reduced in some organic solvents. The amount of electricity required for the almost complete reduction of GO was 2.0C for 1mg GO, corresponding to attaching of a one-electron reducible species to each benzene ring in graphene. The electrochemically reduced GO film gave an electrical conductivity of about 3Scm−1 and exhibited a relatively high specific capacitance of 147.2Fg−1 in propylene carbonate. The electrochemical reduction of GO was feasible on Al foils as well.
In this paper we present investigations on the morphological and electrochemical changes of lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) under mechanically bent conditions. Therefore, two types of electrochemical cells with LiPON thin films were prepared by physical vapor deposition. First, symmetrical cells with two blocking electrodes (Cu/LiPON/Cu) were fabricated. Second, to simulate a more application-related scenario cells with one blocking and one non-blocking electrode (Cu/LiPON/Li/Cu) were analyzed. In order to investigate mechanical distortion induced transport property changes in LiPON layers the cells were deposited on a flexible polyimide substrate. Morphology of the as-prepared samples and deviations from the initial state after applying external stress by bending the cells over different radii were investigated by Focused Ion Beam- Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) cross-section and surface images. Mechanical stress induced changes in the impedance were evaluated by time-resolved electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Due to the formation of a stable, ion-conducting solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), cells with lithium show decreased impedance values. Furthermore, applying mechanical stress to the cells results in a further reduction of the electrolyte resistance. These results are supported by finite element analysis (FEA) simulations.
Standalone renewable energy (RE) systems hold the most promising solution to the electrification of remote areas without utility grid access, while a feasible energy storage is a core part for achieving a continuous and reliable power supply since RE is usually intermittent and weather dependent. In the present study, the pumped hydro storage system is proposed, which is considered as a promising technology for solar energy penetration and particularly for small autonomous systems in remote areas. The mathematical models for the major components are developed, and system reliability and economic criteria are discussed as a benchmark for optimization. The genetic algorithm (GA), along with Pareto optimality concept, is used for the system techno-economic optimization: to maximize power supply reliability and minimize system lifecycle cost simultaneously. The proposed methodology is applied on a real remote inhabited island without power supply. System sizing, simulation and optimization are carried out using single-objective and double-objective GA technique. The performance of the optimal case under zero LPSP is examined. This study demonstrates that the proposed models and optimization algorithm is effective and can be used for other similar studies in the future.
A flower-shaped hydrated layered sodium titanate material, Na2Ti2O4(OH)2, have been synthesized through a facile hydrothermal method and subsequently converted into sodium free titania (anatase). Potential application of the Na2Ti2O4(OH)2 as an electrode for supercapacitors under pseudo-capacitance storage mode is evaluated. The Na2Ti2O4(OH)2 showed sixfold higher specific capacitance (C S ∼300Fg−1) in an aqueous electrolyte than the anatase and demonstrated stable electrochemical cycling. This high C S is originated from a combination of electrochemical double layer and pseudo-capacitance storage mechanisms. The presence of hydrated layered within some loose interlayer plays an important role in assisting the diffusion process of ions as confirmed in electrical impedance spectroscopy analysis.