batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The dynamics of premixed propane–air flame in a meso-scale ceramic combustor has been examined here. The flame characteristics in the combustor were examined by measuring the acoustic emissions and preheat temperatures together with high-speed cinematography. For the small-scale combustor, the volume to surface area ratio is small and hence the walls have significant effect on the global flame structure, flame location and flame dynamics. In addition to the flame–wall thermal coupling there is a coupling between flame and acoustics in the case of confined flames. Flame–wall thermal interactions lead to low frequency flame fluctuations (∼100Hz) depending upon the thermal response of the wall. However, the flame–acoustic interactions can result in a wide range of flame fluctuations ranging from few hundred Hz to few kHz. Wall temperature distribution is one of the factors that control the amount of reactant preheating which in turn effects the location of flame stabilization. Acoustic emission signals and high-speed flame imaging confirmed that for the present case flame–acoustic interactions have more significant effect on flame dynamics. Based on the acoustic emissions, five different flame regimes have been identified; whistling/harmonic mode, rich instability mode, lean instability mode, silent mode and pulsating flame mode.
Density functional theory and classical molecular dynamics simulations permit us to elucidate details of ionic and molecular transport useful for the design of polymer electrolyte membranes. We consider two systems of current interest: (a) ionic transport in polyethylene-oxide compared to that in a polyphosphazene membrane targeted to be a good ionic carrier but a bad water carrier and (b) transport of oxygen and protons through hydrated nafion in the vicinity of a catalyst phase. It is shown that in polyphosphazene membranes, nitrogen atoms interact more strongly with lithium ions than ether oxygens do. As a result of the different complexation of Li+ with the polymer sites, Li+ has a much higher diffusion coefficient in polyphosphazene than in polyethylene oxide electrolyte membranes, with the consequent relevance to lithium–water battery technology. For the hydrated membrane/catalyst interface, our simulations show that the Nafion membrane used in low-temperature fuel cells interacts strongly with the catalytic metal nanoparticles directing the side chain towards the catalyst surface. Results at various degrees of hydration of the membrane illustrate the formation of water clusters surrounding the polymer hydrophilic sites, and reveal how the connectivity of these clusters may determine the transport mechanism of protons and molecular species.
To date, technical development has boosted the efficiencies of energy converting/storing devices with conventional planar architectures to be close to the corresponding theoretical values, which are hard to be further improved without reforming the device structures. Alternatively, ordered nanostructure arrays have recently emerged as efficacious scaffolds to construct devices for converting or storing energy more efficiently. To meet the global energy requirements for producing energy renewably and unitizing energy portably, herein we provide a comprehensive summarization on ordered nanostructure arrays for energy applications. This review starts with a brief introduction of techniques for realizing ordered nanostructure arrays and then recent progress on energy-related devices equipped with such advanced architectures will be reviewed. Particular emphasis will be placed on how to develop efficient devices via theoretical simulation and structural optimization.
Children with intellectual disability (ID) were given a comprehensive range of executive functioning measures, which systematically varied in terms of verbal and non-verbal demands. Their performance was compared to the performance of groups matched on mental age (MA) and chronological age (CA), respectively. Twenty-two children were included in each group. Children with ID performed on par with the MA group on switching, verbal executive-loaded working memory and most fluency tasks, but below the MA group on inhibition, planning, and non-verbal executive-loaded working memory. Children with ID performed below CA comparisons on all the executive tasks. We suggest that children with ID have a specific profile of executive functioning, with MA appropriate abilities to generate new exemplars (fluency) and to switch attention between tasks, but difficulties with respect to inhibiting pre-potent responses, planning, and non-verbal executive-loaded working memory The development of different types of executive functioning skills may, to different degrees, be related to mental age and experience.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Acer tegmentosum, which contains salidroside and tyrosol, has been used for the treatment of hepatic disorders in eastern Asia. However, little is known about its safety. Aim of the study To determine the safety of Acer tegmentosum, we evaluated its acute oral toxicity and genotoxicity profiles. Materials and methods Salidroside and tyrosol present in Acer tegmentosum were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Acute oral toxicity testing of Acer tegmentosum was performed in rats. Genotoxicity of Acer tegmentosum was assessed by bacterial reverse mutation, chromosomal aberration, and bone marrow micronucleus tests. All the tests were conducted in accordance with the good laboratory practices. Results The amounts of salidroside and tyrosol in Acer tegmentosum were found to be 85.01±1.21mg/g and 3.12±0.04mg/g, respectively. In the bacterial reverse mutation test, Acer tegmentosum increased the number of revertant Salmonella typhimurium TA98 colonies, regardless of metabolic activation by S9 mixture. In contrast, Acer tegmentosum application did not significantly increase the number of chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in mice. In the acute oral toxicity test, the median lethal dose (LD50) of Acer tegmentosum was found to be >2000mg/kg in rats. Conclusion Take together, Acer tegmentosum exhibits mutagenicity, which was evident from the bacterial reverse mutation test. Further studies are needed to identify the components responsible for such an effect and the underlying mechanisms.
The development of “beyond lithium-ion” battery systems with high energy density are urgently required due to the increasing demand for electric vehicles and compact energy storage applications. LithiumSulfur batteries are considered as the most promising candidate owing to their high energy and low cost. However, shuttle effect of lithium polysulfide between the cathode and anode is one of the vital obstacles limiting their commercial application. Here, we design and fabricate a multi-functional interlayer by padding the molybdenum net with graphite or graphite/molybdenum trioxide composite that is able to adsorb polysulfide effectively thus alleviate the diffusion of polysulfide. The weak molybdenum-oxygen bonds on the surface of molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles provide efficient adsorption site to capture polysulfide. In addition, part of molybdenum trioxide can have lithium-ion intercalated to form lithium molybdenum trioxide, which contributes extra reversible capacity for the lithium-sulfur battery. molybdenum net ensures high electron conductivity and mechanical flexibility to facilitate charge transfer and endure inner stress. Coupling these advantages together, the lithium-sulfur cells with the multi-functional interlayer achieve a reversible capacity of 816 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles with the capacity retention of 95%.
This study aims to evaluate and compare the genotoxic and apoptotic effect of aqueous solutions of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) with that of maleic acid (MA) using Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79) cells growing in vitro.
In the present work, a fractional order Lord & Shulman model of generalized thermoelasticity with voids subjected to a continuous heat sources in a plane area has been established using the Caputo fractional derivative and applied to solve a problem of determining the distributions of the temperature field, the change in volume fraction field, the deformation and the stress field in an infinite elastic medium. The Laplace transform together with an eigenvalue approach technique is applied to find a closed form solution in the Laplace transform domain. The numerical inversions of the physical variables in the space-time domain are carried out by using the Zakian algorithm for the inversion of Laplace transform. Numerical results are shown graphically and the results obtained are analyzed.
Shape-tunable hydroxyl copolyimide (HPI) nanoparticles are fabricated by a re-precipitation method and are coated onto electrospun HPI membranes, followed by heat treatment to prepare thermally rearranged polybenzoxazole (TR-PBO) composite membranes. The morphology of HPI nanoparticles consisted of sphere and sea-squirt structures, which is controlled by changing the concentration of the stabilizer. The morphological characteristics of TR-PBO nanoparticles convert from HPI nanoparticles by heat treatment and their composite membranes is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis, and contact angle measurements. TGA and DSC measurements confirm the excellent thermal stability compared to Celgard, a commercial PP separator for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Further, TR-PBO nano-composite membranes used in coin-cell type LIBs as a separator show excellent high power density performance as compared to Celgard. This is due to the fact that sea-squirt structured nanoparticles have better electrochemical properties than sphere structured nanoparticles at high temperature.
Dual-carbon enhanced Si-based composite (Si/C/G) has been prepared via employing the widely distributed, low-cost and environmentally friendly Diatomite mineral as silicon raw material. The preparation processes are very simple, non-toxic and easy to scale up. Electrochemical tests as anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) demonstrate that this Si/C/G composite exhibits much improved Li-storage properties in terms of superior high-rate capabilities and excellent cycle stability compared to the pristine Si material as well as both single-carbon modified composites. Specifically for the Si/C/G composite, it can still deliver a high specific capacity of about 470 mAh g−1 at an ultrahigh current density of 5 A g−1, and exhibit a high capacity of 938 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 with excellent capacity retention in the following 300 cycles. The significantly enhanced Li-storage properties should be attributed to the co-existence of both highly conductive graphite and amorphous carbon in the Si/C/G composite. While the former can enhance the electrical conductivity of the obtained composite, the latter acts as the adhesives to connect the porous Si particulates and conductive graphite flakes to form robust and stable conductive network.
CH4 emissions have been widely studied in various wetlands, such as boreal peatlands, rice paddies, and tropical swamps. However, little investigation has been carried out for CH4 emissions from lakes or wetlands in arid regions where these freshwaters play a vital role in providing ecosystem services for local people. To quantify the spatial and temporal variations of CH4 flux and understand its key controlling factors in shallow lakes in arid regions of Western China, CH4 fluxes from Wuliangsu Lake were measured at different vegetation zones and water depths with a static chamber technique during a growing season from April to October in 2003. Results showed that the average emission flux of CH4 from submerged plant (Potamogeton pectinatus) growing zones was 2.16mg CH4 m−2 h−1, which was 85.8% lower than that from emergent macrophyte (Phragmites australis) growing zones. CH4 emissions increased with increasing water depth in Phragmites Community. Significant seasonal and diurnal variations of CH4 emission were observed for P. australis during the plant growth stage, for P. pectinatus growing zones, however, the variations were minor. In addition to vegetation cover and water depth, bottom silt temperature and light intensity were also important factors influencing seasonal and diurnal variations of CH4 flux from Phargmites growing zone.
Using renewable energy sources is one of the crucial components of the sustainable development, giving rational economic, ecological and social effects. Developed countries notice the necessity of emission reduction from combustion of energy fuels processes and the necessity of seeking alternative energy resources. Support for development of the use of renewable energy sources became a very important objective within the European Union. In this article the present state and perspectives of using renewable energy sources in Poland are depicted as well as the main tools for promoting their development and utilization.
High voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 material is a promising cathode for lithium ion battery, but the unsatisfied cycle stability hinders its further development in higher energy density battery. Amorphous terpolymer poly(butyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile-styrene) (P(BMA-AN-St)), which possesses good affinity with carbonated liquid electrolyte and high adhesion ability, is used together with traditional poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) binder to improve the cyclic performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode. The retention ability of discharge capacity is 92% for Li/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 coin cell after 300 cycles at 1C rate when the cathode uses the co-binders of PVDF and P(BMA-AN-St) (2:1 in weight), compared with 55% capacity retention for the cathode fabricated with PVDF binder alone. From the physical and electrochemical characterizations of the cycled electrode, it is found that the introduced terpolymer enhances the liquid electrolyte uptake ability of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode and the adhesion strength inside the particles by building a better interconnected conductive structure. Furthermore, the improved cycle stability of co-binder based cathode is contributed to the passivating layer formed by the terpolymer on the surface of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 particles, which effectively suppresses the decomposition of liquid electrolyte at high voltage and maintains the structural integrity of active material in the repeated intercalation/de-intercalation process.
ZnS has high theoretical capacity (962.3 mAh·g−1) and low discharge platform. However, it has poor electrical conductivity and cycling performance for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this study, a natural mineral of ZnS doped with iron called marmatite was discovered. Results indicated that this natural marmatite has a structure similar to that of the ZnS of the Td2-F4-3m space group and also has low discharge platform (<1 V). Compared with pristine, the natural marmatite has superior electrochemical stability (After 1000 cycles at a current density of 2000 mA g−1, a capacity of 651 mAh·g−1 with a reversible capacity retention rate of 94% remained.) and higher capacity (1009 mAh·g−1 at a current density of 200 mA g−1). These results indicated that the natural marmatite exhibits high capacity and excellent cycle performance, demonstrating unique potential for next-generation LIBs.
Nitrogen-doped carbon materials encapsulating 3d transition metals are promising alternatives to replace noble metal Pt catalysts for efficiently catalyzing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, we use cobalt substituted perfluorosulfonic acid/polytetrafluoroethylene copolymer and dicyandiamide as the pyrolysis precursor to synthesize nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube (NCNT) encapsulating cobalt nanoparticles hybrid material. The carbon layers and specific surface area of NCNT have a critical role to the ORR performance due to the exposed active sites, determined by the mass ratio of the two precursors. The optimum hybrid material exhibits high ORR activity and stability, as well as excellent performance and durability in zinc–air battery.
Due to irregular working hours shiftworkers experience circadian disruption and sleep restriction. There is some evidence to indicate that these factors adversely affect health through changes in snacking behaviour. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of sleep restriction, prior wake and circadian phase on snacking behaviour during a week of simulated shiftwork. Twenty-four healthy males (age: 22.0±3.6 years, mean±SD) lived in a sleep laboratory for 12 consecutive days. Participants were assigned to one of two schedules: a moderate sleep restriction condition (n =10) equivalent to a 6-h sleep opportunity per 24h or a severe sleep restriction condition (n =14) equivalent to a 4-h sleep opportunity per 24h. In both conditions, sleep/wake episodes occurred 4h later each day to simulate a rotating shiftwork pattern. While living in the laboratory, participants were served three meals and were provided with either five (moderate sleep restriction condition) or six (severe sleep restriction condition) snack opportunities daily. Snack choice was recorded at each opportunity and assigned to a category (sweet, savoury or healthy) based on the content of the snack. Data were analysed using a Generalised Estimating Equations approach. Analyses show a significant effect of sleep restriction condition on overall and sweet snack consumption. The odds of consuming a snack were significantly greater in the severe sleep restriction condition (P <0.05) compared to the moderate sleep restriction condition. In particular, the odds of choosing a sweet snack were significantly increased in the severe sleep restriction condition (P <0.05). Shiftworkers who are severely sleep restricted may be at risk of obesity and related health disorders due to elevated snack consumption and unhealthy snack choice. To further understand the impact of sleep restriction on snacking behaviour, future studies should examine physiological, psychological and environmental motivators.
A promising anode material for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is Li4Ti5O12 (LTO). LTO intercalates lithium at a voltage of ∼1.5V relative to lithium metal, and thus this material has a lower energy compared to a graphite anode for a given cathode material. However, LTO has promising safety and cycle life characteristics relative to graphite anodes. Herein, we describe electrochemical and safety characterizations of LTO and graphite anodes paired with LiMn2O4 cathodes in pouch cells. The LTO anode outperformed graphite with regards to capacity retention on extended cycling, pulsing impedance, and calendar life and was found to be more stable to thermal abuse from analysis of gases generated at elevated temperatures and calorimetric data. The safety, calendar life, and pulsing performance of LTO make it an attractive alternative to graphite for high power automotive applications, in particular when paired with LiMn2O4 cathode materials.
The charging (lithiation) and discharging (delithiation) of a Ni–Sn alloy electrode was examined by means of holographic interferometry and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). The developing concentration profile of Li+ ion during discharging (delithiation) of the Ni–Sn alloy electrode agreed reasonably well with the prediction based on transient diffusion theory, indicating that the cell configuration successfully suppressed natural convection due to the electrochemical reaction. The morphological variation of Ni–Sn alloy electrode during charge/discharge cycle could be observed very clearly by in situ LSCM. It was found that the contraction of active material during the discharge (delithiation) initiates cracks in the Ni–Sn alloy electrode.
LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathodes of different thicknesses and porosities are prepared and tested, in order to optimize the design of lithium-ion cells. A mathematical model for simulating multiple types of particles with different contact resistances in a single electrode is adopted to study the effects of the different cathode thicknesses and porosities on lithium-ion transport using the nonlinear least squares technique. The model is used to optimize the design of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2/graphite lithium-ion cells by employing it to generate a number of Ragone plots. The cells are optimized for cathode porosity and thickness, while the anode porosity, anode-to-cathode capacity ratio, thickness and porosity of separator, and electrolyte salt concentration are held constant. Optimization is performed for discharge times ranging from 10 h to 5 min. Using the Levenberg-Marquardt method as a fitting technique, accounting for multiple particles with different contact resistances, and employing a rate-dependent solid-phase diffusion coefficient results in there being good agreement between the simulated and experimentally determined discharge curves. The optimized parameters obtained from this study should serve as a guide for the battery industry as well as for researchers for determining the optimal cell design for different applications.
The measurement of pH is the most widely employed test for (bio-)chemical lab. Since the first use of glass electrode to detect pH, new techniques and methods have broaden the scope of pH detection. Metal/metal oxide, ion sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFET), fibre-optical techniques, nanotechniques, and conducting polymer techniques have been extensively developed. This review covers the various methods for pH detection. New development trends were discussed.
This paper discusses a novel load management strategy for the optimal use of renewable energy in systems with wind turbines, a battery bank, and a diesel generator. Using predictions concerning wind speed and power, controllable loads are used to minimize the energy supplied by the diesel generator and battery bank, subject to constraints imposed by the user’s behavior and duty cycle of the appliances. We analyzed a small hybrid power system in Zaragoza, Spain, and the results showed load management strategy allowed improvement in the wind power use by shifting controllable loads to wind power peaks, increasing the state of the charge in the battery bank, and reducing the diesel generator operating time, when compared to a case without load management.
Presently, solar energy conversion is widely used to generate heat and produce electricity. A comparative study on the world energy consumption released by International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that in 2050, solar array installations will supply around 45% of energy demand in the world. It was found that solar thermal is getting remarkable popularity in industrial applications. Solar thermal is an alternative to generate electricity, process chemicals or even space heating. It can be used in food, non-metallic, textile, building, chemical or even business related industries. On the other hand, solar electricity is wildly applied in telecommunication, agricultural, water desalination and building industry to operate lights, pumps, engines, fans, refrigerators and water heaters. It is very important to apply solar energy for a wide variety of applications and provide energy solutions by modifying the energy proportion, improving energy stability, increasing energy sustainability, conversion reduction and hence enhance the system efficiency. The present work aimed to study the solar energy systems utilization in industrial applications and looked into the industrial applications which are more compatible to be integrated with solar energy systems.