batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
1H NMR-based metabolomics was used to examine the metabolic profile of D2O-buffer extracted tissues of Eisenia fetida earthworms exposed for 2 days to an artificial soil spiked with sub-lethal concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, or 25 mg/kg Aroclor 1254). Univariate statistical analysis of the identified metabolites revealed a significant increase in ATP concentration in earthworms exposed to the highest soil PCB concentration, but detected no significant changes in other metabolites. However, a multivariate approach which considers alterations in multiple metabolites simultaneously, identified a significant linear relationship between earthworm metabolic profiles and PCB concentration (cross-validated PLS-regression with 7 components, R2X = 0.99, R2Y = 0.77, Q2Y = 0.45, P < 0.001). Significant changes in pair-wise metabolic correlations were also detected as PCB concentration increased. For example, lysine and ATP concentrations showed no apparent correlation in control earthworms (r = 0.22, P = 0.54), but were positively correlated in earthworms from the 25 mg/kg treatment (r = 0.87, P = 0.001). Overall, the observed metabolic responses suggest that PCBs disrupted both carbohydrate (energy) metabolism and membrane (osmolytic) function in E. fetida. The ability of 1H NMR-based metabolomics to detect these responses suggests that this method offers significant potential for direct assessment of sub-lethal PCB toxicity in soil.
Basic knowledge of detailed spatiotemporal migration patterns is lacking for most migratory bird species. Using the smallest available geolocator, we aim to map autumn migration and wintering areas of north European wood warblers Phylloscopus sibilatrix and compare the spatiotemporal pattern with recoveries of individuals ringed across Europe.
A magnesium (Mg) battery in the combination with the redox active polymers possesses attractive electrochemical properties as a future battery technology. This concept has been demonstrated by using quinone based polymers and the non-nucleophilic electrolytes, while polyimides were rarely investigated. In this work, a naphthalene-hydrazine diimide polymer (NP) has been tested as a cathode material for Mg organic battery in two different electrolytes. Average discharge voltage of the Mg-NP battery is 1.70 V with Coulombic efficiency above 99% in the TEGDME/DOL based electrolyte. The electrochemical mechanism was studied by in operando ATR IR spectroscopy and confirmed by DFT calculation of the IR spectra. We confirmed redox activity of carbonyl moieties, which undergo reversible reduction to enolate anion. Moreover, in operando IR spectroscopy shows charge delocalization in the reduced form since none of the bonds has pure single/double bond character.
A new kind of cathode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, lithium vanadium oxide nanotubes synthesized by a combined sol–gel reaction and hydrothermal treatment procedure is reported in this paper. SEM, TEM, XRD and XPS techniques were performed to investigate the morphology and structure of the resulting materials. The results confirmed that the synthetic materials are composed of uniformly open-ended multiwalled nanotubes with a length from 1 to 3μm. The inner and the outer diameters of the obtained nanotubes vary from 30 to 50nm and 50 to 120nm, respectively. The electrochemical performance as a cathode material was examined and evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling and AC impedance spectroscopy techniques. The results indicated that the resultant lithium vanadium oxide nanotubes have a high initial discharge capacity of 457mAhg−1 in the potential range of 1.0–4.0V (vs. Li/Li+) and good cycling performance. The improved electrochemical performance of the products should be due to its special one-dimensional multiwalled tubular structure and the contribution of lithium-ions.
Research into new negative electrode materials as an alternative to carbonaceous materials brings new questions about electrode/electrolyte interface mechanisms. For graphite, these mechanisms have great importance on the ageing phenomena. What about intermetallic alloys, such as Cu–Sn systems? The nature of the electrode and its potential of lithium ions uptake (different from graphite) may have a great influence on the passivation film formed at the surface of the electrode. In this paper, we report on the XPS study of the electrode/electrolyte interface of a Cu6Sn5-based electrode. The main difference with graphite is not the nature and composition of the passivation layer, but its poor dependence on the electrochemical reaction during cycling.
The syndrome of spatial neglect is typically associated with focal injury to the temporoparietal or ventral frontal cortex. This syndrome shows spontaneous partial recovery, but the neural basis of both spatial neglect and its recovery is largely unknown. We show that spatial attention deficits in neglect (rightward bias and reorienting) after right frontal damage correlate with abnormal activation of structurally intact dorsal and ventral parietal regions that mediate related attentional operations in the normal brain. Furthermore, recovery of these attention deficits correlates with the restoration and rebalancing of activity within these regions. These results support a model of recovery based on the re-weighting of activity within a distributed neuronal architecture, and they show that behavioral deficits depend not only on structural changes at the locus of injury, but also on physiological changes in distant but functionally related brain areas.
The surface modified lithium electrode is prepared by coating an ionic conductive poly(vinylene carbonate-co-acrylonitrile) layer as a solid electrolyte interphase on lithium metal. The thin protective polymer layer with strong adhesion to the lithium electrode suppresses the corrosion of lithium metal and stabilizes the interface of lithium electrode in prolonged contact with organic electrolyte. Cycling performance of the Li/LiCoO2 cells can be improved by using the surface modified lithium electrode. SEM analysis of lithium electrodes after repeated cycling reveals that the use of a surface modified lithium electrode effectively suppresses dendrite growth during cycling, which results in stable cycling characteristics compared to that of the cell with an un-modified lithium electrode.
This work reports on the development of a solvent-free method for the fabrication of a self-supported single-wall carbon nanotubes electrode, which is based on successive sedimentation of both SWCNT/surfactant and PtRu–SWCNT/surfactant suspensions followed by a thermal treatment at 130°C. The as-prepared self-supported electrode showed sufficient mechanical strength for half-cell investigation and membrane-electrodes assembly fabrication. By using a Pt catalyst loading of 1mgcm−2, the overall thickness of the gas diffusion electrode reached 95μm. Its electrochemical activity towards methanol oxidation was investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry and current–voltage polarisation measurements under half-cell and direct methanol fuel cell conditions.
In order to improve the electrochemical cycle stability of La–Mg–Ni system (PuNi3-type) hydrogen storage alloy, a trace of Cr was added and rapid quenching techniques were employed. The electrochemical performances and microstructures of the as-cast and -quenched alloys were determined and measured. The effects of Cr content and quenching rate on the microstructures and electrochemical properties of the alloys were investigated in detail. The obtained results show that the as-cast and -quenched alloys are composed of the (La, Mg)Ni3 phase (PuNi3-type structure) and the LaNi5 phase as well as the LaNi2 phase. The amount of the LaNi2 phase increases with the increase of Cr content. The addition of Cr enhances the cycle stability of the as-cast and -quenched alloys, but decreases the discharge capacities of the alloys. The cycle lives of the alloys increase with the increase of the quenching rate. The as-cast and -quenched alloys have an excellent activation performance.
Methyl tetrafluoro-2-(methoxy) propionate (MTFMP) was evaluated as co-solvent for PC-based electrolytes in combination with graphite electrodes. Already 10wt% (5.6mol%) of MTFMP in PC were sufficient to form an effective and stable SEI on graphite as confirmed by battery tests. In the first cycle, the formation of an effective SEI via the decomposition of MTFMP was observed before PC co-intercalation thus preventing the subsequent exfoliation of the graphite. The stability of this SEI was verified by long term cycling tests, which showed that the capacity loss of the graphite-based cell was only 1.3% after 300 cycles at 1C. The electrolyte, 1M LiPF6 in PC:MTFMP (9:1wt%), showed also a good rate capability up to 5C on graphite. Therefore, MTFMP can be considered as a new, very promising co-solvent for PC-based electrolytes for use in lithium-ion batteries with graphite anodes.
In recent years there has been several technological advances in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), but energy still remains a paramount resource. The amount of available energy has a direct effect on the performance, functionality and lifetime of WSN. Being bound by cost and size, sensor nodes are usually equipped with limited amount of energy and therefore requires a replacement of batteries occasionally. But replacement might not always be feasible option and in some scenarios might even be prohibitive. This indicates the need for more viable solutions, these involve generating energy at the sensor nodes or have it delivered to them i.e., energy harvesting or wireless energy transfer. The objective of this paper is threefold: first we present a survey on potential renewable energy resources along with their characteristics and applications in WSN. Second, this study also describes various battery recharging techniques and their applications with respect to WSN. Finally, we discuss formidable issues, challenges and future research directions.
While quantitative structure–property relations (QSPRs) have been developed successfully in multiple fields, catalyst synthesis affects structure and in turn performance, making simple QSPRs inadequate. Furthermore, catalysts often have multiple active sites preventing one from obtaining insights into structure–property relations. Here, we develop a data-driven quantitative synthesis–structure–property relation (QS2PRs) methodology to elucidate correlations between catalyst synthesis conditions, structural properties and observed performance and to provide fundamental insights into active sites and a systematic way to optimize practical catalysts. We demonstrate the approach to the synthesis of nitrogen-doped catalysts (NDCs) made via pyrolysis for the performance of the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), quantified by the onset potential and the current density. We determine crystallinity, nitrogen species type and fraction, surface area, and pore structure of the NDCs using XRD, XPS, and BET characterization. We demonstrated that an active learning-based optimization combined with various elementary machine learning tools (regression, principal component analysis, partial least squares) can efficiently identify optimum pyrolysis conditions to tune structural characteristics and performance with concomitant savings in materials and experimental time. Unlike previous reports on the importance of pyridinic or graphitic nitrogen, we discover that the electrochemical performance is not driven by a single catalyst property; rather, it arises from a multivariate influence of nitrogen dopants, pore structure and disorder in the NDC materials. Identification of active sites can help mechanistic understanding and further catalyst improvement.
Nitrogen-doped graphene hollow spheres (NGHS) have been prepared by a simple layer-by-layer assembly of graphene oxide (GO) and polyaniline (PANI) on polystyrene (PS) nanospheres, followed by calcination to remove the PS template and realize the carbonization of PANI. The resultant NGHS has a high nitrogen content of 8.7 atom%, in which various nitrogen species, such as pyridinic-N, pyrrolic-N, and quaternary-N, are detected. The hollow nanostructure of NGHS can provide high electroactive regions, while the effective nitrogen-doping of graphene can increase electron mobility and space charge capacitance. The specific capacitance of NGHS with four bilayers (NGHS-4bi) can reach 381 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. The greatly enhanced electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the synergistic effect of the hollow nanostructure and nitrogen-doping, suggesting that NGHS as novel electrode materials may have potential applications in high performance energy storage devices.
In this report, we demonstrate that the low temperature power capability of a Li-ion battery can be substantially improved not by adding commercially unavailable additives into the electrolyte, but by rational design of the composition of the most commonly used solvents. Through the detail analysis with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the formation of a homogenous solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer on the carbon anode surface is found to be critical to ensure the performance of a Li-ion battery in a wide temperature range. The post mortem analysis of the negative electrode by XPS revealed that all the electrolyte compositions form similar compounds in the solid electrolyte interphase. However, the electrolytes which give higher capacities at low temperature showed higher percentage of LiF and lower percentage of carbon containing species such as lithium carbonate and lithium ethylene di-carbonate. The electrolyte compositions where cyclic carbonates make up less than 25% of the total solvent showed increased low temperature performance. The solvent composition with higher percentage of linear short chain carbonates showed an improved low temperature performance. The high temperature performances were similar in almost all the combinations.
The shift to low operational temperature of solid oxide or ceramic fuel cells has induced many new concepts and novel technologies. In the present study, fuel cell assembled by all nano composite materials – NiO/Fe2O3-SDC anode, SDC-carbonate electrolyte and lithiated NiO/ZnO cathode – is investigated. A range of techniques, i.e., X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy as well as polarization measurements are employed to characterize the crystalline structures, morphologies and electrochemical properties of the synthesized nanocomposite materials and cells. Performance comparison is made between single cells with and without a pre-sintering process. Finally, single cell short term stability and thermo cycle behaviors are also examined. Combined the facile fabrication process, relative high performance and reasonable stability, the current all nanocomposite system may be a promising functional system for low temperature ceramic fuel cells.
Electrochemical activity of nano Li2FeSiO4 material with the Pmn2 1 symmetry is reported against lithium. Small amount of carboxylic group impurity distributed heterogeneously over the Li2FeSiO4 surface is concluded with Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The electrode material with Pmn2 1 symmetry is prepared by simple sol-gel technique and further modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to achieve better electron passage to the particle-particle boundaries. Our strategy helps to improve the electrochemical performance and storage capacity to a level compared to bare material. The Li2FeSiO4/MWCNT composite electrode delivered first discharge capacity of 240 mAh g−1 at 16.5mAg−1, when it is cycled between 1.5 V- 4.8V at 20°C. This indicates more than one lithium is extracted. The voltage plateau of second charge is different and lower than that of first charge plateau whereas first and second discharge plateaus are almost similar, structural rearrangement involving the lithium and iron exchange between their sites and pre-activation during first oxidation step are the possible reasons for this phenomenon. Since silicates are inexpensive compared to other electrode materials, we have undertaken this work to improve the electrochemical activity and power performance by nanosizing of particle and adding MWCNTs as conductive additives.
The Doppler is thought to be more comfortable and effective compared to the fetoscope for assessing the fetal heart rate (FHR) during labor. However, in a rural Tanzanian hospital, midwives who had easy access to both devices mostly used fetoscope. This study explored midwives’ perception of factors influencing their preference for using either a Pinard fetoscope or a FreePlay wind-up Doppler for intermittent FHR monitoring.
Restorative home care services help older people maximise their independence using a multi-dimensional approach. They usually include an exercise program designed to improve the older person’s strength, balance and function. The types of programs currently offered require allocation of time during the day to complete specific exercises. This is not how the majority of home care clients prefer to be active and may be one of the reasons that few older people do the exercises regularly and continue the exercises post discharge.
Two different nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxides (N-rGOs) were used to modify glassy carbon electrodes (GCE/N-rGOs) as electrochemical sensors for the detection of dopamine (DA). For comparison, GCE/rGO was also studied. The N-rGOs were synthesized via hydrothermal treatment of graphene oxide (GO) with the N-dopants amitrole and urea. The resultant graphene materials exhibited distinct types and distributions of nitrogenated functional groups, but they possessed a similar oxygen content, thus avoiding interference from oxygenated groups. Pyridinic nitrogen was introduced into the rGO structure when amitrole was used as the N-dopant, whereas pyrrolic nitrogen was preferentially formed in the reaction with urea. After optimization of several experimental parameters and sensor calibration, the GCE/pyrrolic-N-rGO electrode was found to exhibit superior electrochemical performance compared with the pyridinic-N-rGO one, demonstrating a limit of detection and sensitivity of 335 nM and 3.51 μA μM−1, respectively. This sensor also showed better selectivity in the presence of interfering agents in the forms of ascorbic and uric acids. A significant improvement of sensor parameters can be explained in terms of the contribution of electrons derived from the pyrrolic structure to the delocalized C sp2-conjugated graphene system.
Commercial hydrophobic polypropylene (PP) membranes were modified by a novel chemical method. This procedure consists of two steps. In the first step, the virgin hydrophobic PP membrane is saturated with acetone; in the second step, the filled membrane is dipped in aqueous KOH solution (d =1.28gcm−3), i.e. in the electrolyte typical for the nickel–cadmium cell. This two-step procedure starts the aldol condensation process of acetone and its products accumulated and adsorbed onto walls of micropores make the membrane hydrophilic. The presented method provided the hydrophilic PP membrane, persistent and soaked with KOH solution with electrolytic resistance of 23–29mΩcm2. This result was compared with the data obtained with commercial hydrophilic membranes: Celgard 3501 and Cellophane. The aldol condensation process of acetone was monitored using the HPLC-ES-MS technique, and modified PP membranes were evaluated by FT-IR and SEM measurements. With the above-mentioned membrane as a separator, nickel–cadmium cells showed good high-rate performance.
Significant emissions from transportation contribute to the formation of O3 and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), causing poor air quality and health. In this study, four scenarios were developed to understand how future fleet electrification and turnover of both gasoline and diesel vehicles affect air quality and health in the Houston Metropolitan area. These scenarios considered increased vehicle activity and various configurations of emissions controls. Comparing to a base year of 2013, model predictions for 2040 indicated a ∼50% emissions increase in the Business As Usual (BAU) case, and ∼50%, ∼75%, and ∼95% reductions in the three distinct emissions control cases, the Moderate Electrification (ME), Aggressive Electrification (AE), and Complete Turnover (CT) cases, respectively. Each modeling scenario was conducted using a high-resolution (1 km) WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ-BenMAP air quality and health modeling framework, which helped capture urban features in higher detail. The emissions control cases resulted in 1–4 ppb maximum 8 h O3 increase along highways and reductions both in the regions enclosed by the highways and those downwind. Simulated PM2.5 concentrations decreased between 0.5 and 2 μg m−3. Health impact results suggest that increased O3 and PM2.5 concentrations from the BAU case will lead to 122 additional premature deaths with respect to 2013. However, reduced emissions for the control cases (ME, AE, CT) will prevent 114–246 premature deaths. Additionally, about 7,500 asthma exacerbation and 5,500 school loss days will be prevented in the ME case, benefiting younger individuals. The economic benefits generally followed the same trends as health impacts. The analysis framework developed in this study can be applied to other metropolitan areas. The effects of motor vehicle electrification on power plant emissions were estimated using the Argonne National Laboratory's Autonomie data, and indicated the electrification load to be negligible as opposed to projected electricity generation.
To ascertain whether measurement of possible contributing factors to carcinogenesis concurrently with the transgenic mutation assay is useful to understand the mode of action underlying tumorigenesis of non-genotoxic carcinogens, male and female gpt delta mice were given dicyclanil (DC), a mouse hepatocarcinogen showing all negative results in various genotoxicity tests, at a carcinogenic dose for 13 weeks. Together with gpt and Spi− mutations, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and bromodeoxyuridine labeling indices (BrdU-LIs) in the livers were examined. Whereas there were no changes in TBARS levels among the groups, significant increases in 8-OHdG levels and centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy were observed in the treated mice of both genders. In contrast, BrdU-LIs and liver weights for the treated females, but not the males were significantly higher than those for the controls. Likewise, the gpt mutant frequencies (MFs) in the treated females were significantly elevated, GC:TA transversion mutations being predominant. No significant alterations were found in the gpt MFs of the males and the Spi− MFs of both sexes. The results for the transgenic mutation assays were consistent with DC carcinogenicity in terms of the sex specificity for females. Considering that 8-OHdG induces GC:TA transversion mutations by mispairing with A bases, it is likely that cells with high proliferation rates and a large amounts of 8-OHdG come to harbor mutations at high incidence. This is the first report demonstrating DC-induced genotoxicity, the results implying that examination of carcinogenic parameters concomitantly with reporter gene mutation assays is able to provide crucial information to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of so-called non-genotoxic carcinogenicity.