batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Background Rapid eye movement [REM] sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) may herald neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiological deficits similar to those identified in neurodegenerative diseases have been reported in idiopathic RBD. Researchers are looking for early markers supporting a possible role of RBD as a harbinger of impending neurodegenerative disease. Objective To examine the neuropsychological functions in idiopathic RBD subjects. Should they be found to present a neuropsychological dysfunction that overlaps that reported in neurodegenerative diseases, it would be possible to consider cognitive deficits as possible early markers of an underlying degenerative process. Methods Twenty-three subjects with idiopathic RBD (21 males, mean age 67.0±7.0 years) and a group of healthy controls matched for sex, age and education underwent a neuropsychological battery evaluating different cognitive domains. Findings Considering mean values, poorer performances were observed in the Word Span (p <.001), Rey–Osterrieth’s complex figure recall (p =.003), Digit Span (p =.003) and Logic Memory (p =.003) tests. On the basis of equivalent scores, the RBD subjects performed significantly more poorly on tests of visuo-constructional learning abilities (p <.001). Interpretation Our data show the possible presence of cognitive deficits in RBD defined as idiopathic, sharing common features in particular with Lewy body disease. Neuropsychological evaluation in RBD could lead to presymptomatic identification of neurodegenerative disease, but until more prolonged long-term follow-up data are available, the true neurobiological significance of cognitive deficits in RBD will remain unknown.
High-performance electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction are indispensable in many electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies. However, the lack of efficient and inexpensive catalysts or catalyst systems that can compete with noble metal catalysts hinders their large-scale industrial applications. As an important class of porous materials, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with systematically tailored structures and compositions have recently been suggested as promising precursors for the preparation of diverse functional materials. Here we report a dual-MOF confined-pyrolysis approach for the preparation of iron carbide nanoparticle-embedded carbon nanotube assemblies. Starting from a novel MOF-in-MOF precursor consisting of a Zn-based MOF polyhedron host and many engulfed Fe-based MOF nanorods, a complex structured composite material constructed from iron carbide nanocrystallite-embedded carbon nanotubes encapsulated in a porous carbon matrix is successfully prepared. We further demonstrate that the as-derived composite material manifests remarkable electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction in an alkaline electrolyte. The present strategy significantly expands the toolbox for the design and synthesis of MOF-derived functional materials for a wide range of applications.
With the continuously growing energy demand and ever-escalating environmental problems, the great energy transition from conventional fossil fuels to renewable sources of energy is under way, and requires more efficient and reliable electrochemical energy storage devices, such as electrochemical capacitors (also called as supercapacitors). In order to achieve high energy and power densities of supercapacitors, numerous efforts are devoted to the development of advanced multi-component hybrid electrode materials for realizing high-performance. This review summarizes the most recent progress in the development of nanostructured electrode materials for energy storage, with a particular focus on these nanostructures that integrate carbon materials, metal oxides/hydroxides and conducting polymers for enhancing energy storage performances via taking advantage of each component's unique functionality and their synergetic effects. Finally, we give some perspectives on the challenges and opportunities in this intriguing field.
Nanoporous (NP) TiO2/Co3O4 composite is straightforwardly fabricated by dealloying the well-designed TiCoAl ternary alloy in mild condition without external oxidation procedures. Upon etching the TiCoAl alloy the Ti and Co atoms undergo the spontaneous oxidation to form the TiO2/Co3O4 composite characterized by uniform nanoporous architecture with the pore size mainly distributed around 50nm. Electrochemical measurements indicate that the NP-TiO2/Co3O4 composite has superior lithium-storage performance as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) compared with the pure NP-TiO2. Especially, the NP-TiO2/Co3O4 composite exhibits enhanced specific capacity, superior cycling stability for 500 cycles, and higher rate capability than pure NP-TiO2. The interconnected network backbone and rich porosity in NP-TiO2/Co3O4 composite effectively buffers the volume change as well facilitates the diffusion of Li+, while the combination of Co3O4 is favorable for improving the capacity of the TiO2 sample.
Background In recent years, neuroscientists and ethicists have warned of the dangers of the unsupervised home use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), in which individuals stimulate their own brains with low levels of electricity for self-improvement purposes. Although the home use of tDCS is often referred to as a novel phenomenon, in reality the late nineteenth and early twentieth century saw a proliferation of electrical stimulation devices for home use. In particular, the use of an object known as the medical battery bears a number of striking similarities to the modern-day use of tDCS. Objective This article reviews a number of features thought to be unique to the present day home use of brain stimulation, with a particular focus on analogies between tDCS and the medical battery. Methods Archival research was conducted at the Bakken Museum and at the American Medical Association's Historical Health Fraud Archives. Results Many of the features characterizing the contemporary home use tDCS—a do-it-yourself (DIY) movement, anti-medical establishment themes, conflicts between lay and professional usage—are a repetition of themes that occurred a century ago with regard to the medical battery. A number of features, however, seem to be unique to the present, such as the dominant discourse about risk and safety, the division between cranial and non-cranial stimulation, and utilization for cognitive enhancement purposes. Conclusion(s) Viewed in the long durée, the contemporary use of electrical stimulation at home is not a novel phenomenon, but rather the latest wave in a series of ongoing attempts by lay individuals to utilize electricity for therapeutic purposes.
The purpose of this study was defining the effectiveness of an authors made instructional model based on Robert C. Gardner's Integrative &Instrumental motivation in L2;A model which aims to improve motivation in Persian (Farsi)language learners(persian as a foreign language). For doing so a case study research design selected and after replying to a farsi version of Attitude/Motivation Test Battery(AMTB) (Gardner:1985) and also an individual questionnaire, one case, who is entitled here Y, entered in the study in a purposive sampling. Y was a 20 years old, chinese student, whose results of AMTB and interviews showed his motivation in learning persian language,is integrative one. The case was male and had passed a 240hours preliminary course of Farsi in 2012 & expressed interest in our study. Our instructional model had two different approaches for each motivational types(i.e.instrumental a& integrative one):a model which considered some strategieg for choosing the place of instruction,the media type, the words, contexts, writing subjects, listening and speaking materials in compliance with the instrumental or integrative motivation. The instruction started and lasted for a 16 weeks period. At the end of each week Y participated in a general Farsi skills exam(i.e reading, writing, listening and speaking skills) and the scores and also Y's own perspective on Farsi learning, were collected. The final results qualitative analysis showed a clear improvement in case's scores and also self-satisfaction about own learning during instuction and application of model. Based on our finding, it can be concluded that, presented instructional model for farsi learning of the studied case, Y, was effective.
La–Mg–Ni-based hydrogen storage alloys are a promising candidate for the negative electrode materials of nickel metal hydride batteries. However, their fast capacity degradation hinders them from more extensive application. In this study, the electrochemical performance and capacity degradation mechanism of single-phase La2MgNi9, La3MgNi14 and La4MgNi19 alloys are studied from the perspective of their constituent subunits. It is found that the rate capability and cycling stability of the alloy electrodes increase with higher [LaNi5]/[LaMgNi4] subunit ratio, while the discharge capacity shows a reverse trend. Degradation study shows that the inter-molecular strains in the alloys are the main reason that leads to the fast capacity degradation of La–Mg–Ni-based alloys. The strains are caused by the difference in the expansion/contraction properties between [LaNi5] and [LaMgNi4] subunits during charge/discharge which is mainly observed in the H-dissolved solid solution instead of hydride. It is also found that the strains can be relieved by adjusting [LaNi5]/[LaMgNi4] subunit ratio of the alloys, thus achieving less pulverization and oxidation, and better cycling stability. We expect our findings can inspire new thoughts on improving the electrochemical performance of La–Mg–Ni-based alloys by tuning their superlattice structures.
Industrial Estates are significant for the growth of any economy. In this research, the business mangers’ perceptions of the internal and external obstacles facing medium and large enterprises in the Industrial Estates are collected and analyzed. The research is conducted with special reference to the Rusayl Industrial Estate (RIE), a prominent Industrial Estate in Oman. A structured questionnaire was administered to a sample of 42 enterprises in the RIE. The survey discovered that medium enterprises reported more obstacles, both internal and external, compared to larger enterprises. Among a variety of external barriers, the lack of raw materials, the lack of skilled workers, visas for foreign workers and the high interest rate of business loans, are at the top of the list. The most significant internal obstacles are competitive pressure in the market, difficulty of external marketing, high labor cost and high operating cost. Some challenges, such as lack of skilled workers and difficulty getting visas for foreign workers are common to medium and large enterprises alike. The study emphasized the need for strategic intervention by regulatory agencies primarily aimed to mitigate the various challenges and provide a conducive environment for enterprises to develop.
The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence and titer of rheumatoid factor (RF) in Korean health screening subjects and consecutive subjects with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and to examine the factors influencing RF positivity.
This study examined the effects of various levels of dietary nonphytate phosphorus on laying performance and the expression patterns of phosphorus metabolism related genes in Dwarf pink-shell laying hens. A total of 405 28-week-old Dwarf pink-shell laying hens were fed the same corn-soybean basal meals but containing 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.30%, 0.35% or 0.40% nonphytate phosphorus. The results showed that feed intake, egg production, and average egg weights were quadratically correlated with dietary nonphytate phosphorus content (P < 0.05), and the highest egg production, feed intake and average egg weights were achieved when dietary nonphytate phosphorus was at 0.3% (P < 0.05). mRNA expression of intestinal sodium phosphorus co-transporter linearly decreased when dietary nonphytate phosphorus increased. mRNA and protein expression of intestinal calbindin and vitamin D receptor correlated quadratically with dietary nonphytate phosphorus, and the highest expression was found when dietary available phosphorus was at 0.25% to 0.3%. In conclusion, the ideal phosphorus requirement for Dwarf pink-shell layer hens is estimated to be 0.3% in a corn-soybean diet. With this level of phosphorus supplementation, calbindin and vitamin D receptor reached their highest expression.
The present study investigated the chemical composition of wet and bulk atmospheric precipitation samples in the Candiota region, in South Brazil. The samples were analyzed from January to December 2001 at four different stations located 50km from the emission source. Bulk and wet precipitation were analyzed for conductivity, pH, alkalinity, Cl−, NO3 −, F−, SO4 2−, Na+, K+, Mg2+, NH4 +, Ca2+ and Zn, Ni, Cu, Fe, Al, Mn. The average pH value was 5.4 for the region and wet precipitation samples showed higher acid pH values than those of bulk precipitation did. The major ions in wet and bulk atmospheric precipitation showed high NH4 +, Ca2+, SO4 2−, Na+ and Cl− concentrations. Factor Analysis applied to the studied variables allowed identifying the major sources. For major ions, the study identified association of three groups: Mg, Na, Cl and Ca, related to the origins of soil and sea salts; NH4 +, K+, SO4 2− and NO3 −, related to local anthropogenic sources (coal burning, agriculture, biomass burning), and H+ and F−, related to the influence of the coal-fired power plant. As for Ni, Zn, Cu, Mn, Al, and Fe it indicated origin from local anthropogenic activities and from the soil, respectively.
In sensor networks, energy plays a vital role during communication between the sensor nodes. The amount of energy available at a sensor node increases or decreases the life of the network. A group of sensor nodes can share their information, only when they are active and alive that is they have enough energy to communicate. Over the past few years researchers have been involved in conserving energy by designing and proposing techniques that consume less energy. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient geocast technique for underwater sensor networks. This work extends over the RMTG protocol. The ERMTG algorithm takes into account the current energy state of the nodes to select the next relay node. The transmission energy of a node depends on the distance between it and the next hop node to which it wishes to transmit. By preferring paths made of closer nodes, a routing algorithm may reduce the energy consumption, hence increasing a node’s life. The simulation results obtained, show that the proposed ERMTG protocol is able to decrease the energy utilization in the network as compared to the RMTG protocol under similar working environment. The ERMTG protocol is found to outperform the RMTG protocol on various parameters such as network energy, path energy and the number of dead nodes.
A lightweight and inexpensive stainless steel mesh has been investigated as an electrode substrate material for Li/polypyrrole rechargeable battery. The effects of substrate materials on surface morphology of films, charge–discharge capacity and coulombic efficiency are discussed in detail. The results show that the capacity of the cell with stainless steel mesh is about 10% lower than the cell using platinum mesh, but it is much lighter and cheaper than that of platinum mesh, therefore, it is a promising substrate material for Li/polymer batteries.
Developing stable and efficient bifunctional catalysts for overall water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen is a critical step in the realization of several clean-energy technologies. Here we report a robust and highly active electrocatalyst that is constructed by deposition of the ternary metal phosphide FeMnP onto graphene-protected nickel foam by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition from a single source precursor. FeMnP exhibits high electrocatalytic activity toward both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Utilizing FeMnP/GNF as both the anode and the cathode for overall water splitting, a current density of 10mAcm−2 is achieved at a cell voltage of as low as 1.55V with excellent stability. Complementary density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that facets exposing both Fe and Mn sites are necessary to achieve high HER activity. The present work provides a facile strategy for fabricating highly efficient electrocatalysts from earth-abundant materials for overall water splitting.
Abstract Piezoelectric materials allow for solid-state conversion of mechanical vibration energy to usable electric energy with no moving parts or by-products. This article explores piezoelectric energy systems as a means of providing sustainable power supplies to low-power electronic devices. An introduction to piezoelectricity and piezoelectric energy harvesting is provided, an electromechanical model is presented, and several current research trends are reviewed.
A separator made of the polymer blends of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is prepared by a wet process for the Li-ion secondary battery. An investigation is made of the effect on the mechanical properties of the separator by the blending of the polymers and the drawing conditions. The mechanical strength is increased with increasing molecular weight and content of UHMWPE polymer. A film containing 6wt.% UHMWPE has a tensile strength of about 1000kgcm−2 at a draw ratio of 5. The pores of the separator are very uniform with a size of 0.1–0.12μm. The shut-down (SD) characteristics increase rapidly in the vicinity of 130°C and the fusion temperature is 160°C. These features suggest that the separator is applicable to the Li-ion secondary battery.
Soft magnetics simplify manufacture of electric motors and produce a more efficient and environmentally friendly product…
Supercapacitors have attracted considerable attention because they can store more energy than conventional capacitors and can have higher power densities than batteries. In this study, microwave irradiation was used for the rapid and facile synthesis of mesoporous RGO@(Co,Mn)3O4 oxide nanosheets as an electrode material for supercapacitor applications. The as-prepared electrode exhibited a high capacitance of 1004Fg−1 at 3mVs−1 in a 6M KOH electrolyte solution. Moreover, the electrode showed good specific retention and high Coulombic efficiency of 81.6% and 96.9%, respectively, after 3000 charge-discharge cycles. The electrode also exhibited a high energy density of 53Whkg−1 (at power density of 500Wkg−1) and high power density 5000Wkg−1 (at energy density of 27Whkg−1). Overall, the RGO@(Co,Mn)3O4 electrode showed very promising results for supercapacitor applications.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the basics of wireless communications, such as signal multiplexing, filtering, and modulation. The sharing of a communications channel by multiple users is known as multiplexing. There are a number of methods to successfully locate and receive particular signals and reject others, including frequency-division multiplexing, time-division multiplexing, spatial multiplexing, code-division multiplexing, and directional multiplexing. Any signal that is periodic in time can be regarded as being composed of sinusoids of differing frequencies or described either as a function of time or as a function of frequency by taking its Fourier transform. The orthogonality of differing frequencies makes it possible to extract a signal from a complex mixture of signals of different frequencies, which is generally known as filtering. To transmit information, waves must be modulated, resulting in a finite bandwidth for a given data rate and thus a finite amount of spectrum to share between differing uses and users. The chapter examines various modulation schemes including binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM), on-off keying (OOK), and amplitude-shift keying (ASK). The chapter also examines two specialized modulation techniques, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), and pulse radio, of increasing interest in the modern wireless world.
Sulfur and nitrogen containing groups have been bonded to carbon in graphite felt electrodes using a hydrothermal treatment with ammonium persulfate (APS) for use in an aqueous all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRB). Our results reveal that the hydrothermal treatment with APS is a very effective means to attach both sulfur and nitrogen groups to the surface of graphite felt, and as a result, the inclusion of these groups significantly improved the voltaic efficiencies (∼95%), discharge capacities (>400 mAh), and capacity retention (∼83%) of these batteries at current density of 50 mA/cm2. The direct addition of reactive sulfur and nitrogen groups also substantially extended the range of current densities available to the battery (in excess of 200 mA/cm2) without sacrificing capacity and capacity retention. Linear sweep voltammetry indicated that APS treated graphite felts showed an electrochemical enhancement factor over double that of untreated pristine graphite felts. These results suggest that the direct addition of sulfur and nitrogen containing groups on the graphite felt as a simple and effective method for improving the performance of all-vanadium redox flow batteries.
In this article, microstructural changes in anatase titania (TiO2) nanotubes (NTs) upon electrochemical lithium (Li)-insertion/de-insertion using ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been reported. TiO2 NT-arrays have been fabricated by coating the wall of the pores of the nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates using atomic layer deposition (ALD). Anatase TiO2 NT-array based anode with the wall thickness of ∼14 nm shows a reversible discharge capacity of ∼175 mAh g−1 (i.e., Li-concentration (x) of ∼0.53) in the second discharge cycle. The NTs are structurally intact and maintain their high crystalline quality after many repetitions of charging and discharging. Reversible phase transformations from tetragonal (anatase) to orthorhombic (Li-titanate) polymorphs and back to tetragonal (anatase) in complete discharging/charging cycled TiO2 NTs are observed ex situ. Electrical conductivity of the NTs decreases a bit due to lithiation. Arrays of the anatase TiO2 NTs as anode in Li-ion secondary batteries show satisfactory cycle response and structural stability even after 50 cycles of charging/discharging.
To test the hypothesis that obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and snoring affect not only the patients but also their bed partners, resulting in increased severity of symptoms of depression and sleepiness that may improve after the patients receive radiofrequency tissue ablation (RFTA) treatment.