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Three dimensionally (3D) structured indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films are synthesized and characterized as a 3D electrode material for current collection applications. Using metal citrate chemistry in combination with ultrasonic spray deposition, a low cost wet-chemical method has been developed to achieve conformal ITO coatings on non-planar scaffolds. Although there is room for improvement with respect to the resistivity (9.9·10−3 Ω∙cm, 220 nm thick planar films), high quality 3D structured coatings were shown to exhibit conductive properties based on ferrocene reactivity. In view of applications in Li-ion batteries, the electrochemical stability of the current collector was investigated, indicating that stability is guaranteed for voltages of 1.5 V and up (vs. Li+/Li). In addition, subsequent 3D coating of the ITO with WO3 as a negative electrode (battery) material confirmed the 3D ITO layer functions as a proper current collector. Using this approach, an over 4-fold capacity increase was booked for 3D structured WO3 in comparison to planar samples, confirming the current collecting capabilities of the 3D ITO coating. Therefore, the 3D ITO presented is considered as a highly interesting material for 3D battery applications and beyond.
A proton exchange membrane fuel cell combined heat and power system has been chosen as a platform on which key components and system integration technologies have been developed to advance the applications of fuel-cell technology. The prototype system consists mainly of a fuel-cell stack, a natural gas reformer to supply hydrogen-rich reformate gas to the stack, a power conditioner to convert and invert the electricity generated by the stack, and a water and heat management network to provide the oxidizer (air) to and necessary cooling and humidification for the stack. The design of the stack and its components, catalysts development, design and testing of the natural gas reformer, were studied. In addition, the durability of a CO tolerant membrane-electrode-assembly has been studied with the assistance of air bleeding. Preliminary testing of the prototype combined heat and power system was carried out. It was found that the maintenance of a uniform output voltage across all single cells was more difficult with reformatted gas rather than using pure hydrogen. It was also found that the design of water and heat management network played an important role in the overall efficiency of the system.
The synthesis of Co3O4 nanostructures with controllable morphology through hydrothermal reaction was investigated. Through adjusting the reaction temperature, mesoporous nanowires (Co3O4-NWs) and mesoporous nanoflakes (Co3O4-NFs) can be directly grown on nickel foam at a reaction of temperature of 90°C and 120°C, respectively. Compared with Co3O4-NWs, Co3O4-NFs displays greatly improved performance of cyclic stability and rate capability. After 100 cycles, an outstanding reversible capacity of 1300mAhg⿿1 with negligible capacity fading is achieved at current density of 100mAg⿿1 for Co3O4-NFs. Furthermore, Co3O4-NFs exhibit excellent rate capability, with a reversible capacity up to ⿼450mAhg⿿1 even at a current density as high as 8Ag⿿1. Due to the directly growing aligned Co3O4 nanoflakes on conductive 3D nickel foam, the Co3O4-NFs electrode shows superior electrochemical performance, with potential as a promising anode candidate for lithium ion batteries.
Acoustic telemetry is an increasingly common method used to address ecological questions about the movement, behaviour, and survival of freshwater and marine organisms. The variable performance of acoustic telemetry equipment and ability of receivers to detect signals from transmitters have been well studied in marine and coral reef environments to inform study design and improve data interpretation. Despite the growing use of acoustic telemetry in large, deep, freshwater systems, detection efficiency and range, particularly in relation to environmental variation, are poorly understood. We used an array of 90 69-kHz acoustic receivers and 8 sentinel range transmitters of varying power output deployed at different depths and locations approximately 100–9500 m apart for 215 days to evaluate how the detection efficiency of acoustic receivers varied spatially and temporally in relation to environmental conditions.
Free-standing graphene composite papers exhibit very high flexibility and stability. Therefore, these materials are preferred as modular electrodes for some electrochemical applications, e.g. electrochemical sensors, supercapacitors, and batteries. Graphene composite papers are usually doped with different substances to improve their electrical conductivity, electrochemical performance, and stability. This work describes the fabrication of flexible and free-standing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) papers doped with phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, xanthene, acridine, and thiazole class of dye molecules. Fabrication procedure was applied by two basic steps: vacuum filtration of a dispersion containing GO sheets and dye molecule through a membrane and reduction of free-standing GO/dye paper to rGO/dye paper by treatment with hydriodic acid. Characterization of these rGO/dye papers were achieved by using scanning electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, powder X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–vis. absorption spectroscopy, four-point probe conductivity measurement and cyclic voltammetry techniques. Electrical conductivity and electrochemical performance studies indicated that acriflavine (Acr) doped rGO paper electrode exhibited the best performance for electrocatalytical oxidation of nitrite. When rGO/dye paper was applied as amperometric sensor for nitrite, the sensor was very stable, flexible, and reproducible. rGO/Acr paper demonstrated good quality parameters with sensitivity of 0.40 μAμM−1cm−2, detection limit of 0.12 μM, and linear range of 0.40–3600 μM.
Diethylthiourea, like other thioureas, is often used by the rubber industry and in the manufacture of neoprene. We present a patient who suffered allergic contact dermatitis to diethylthiourea in a neoprene wader and who required admission to hospital and systemic treatment. We review the literature on allergy to diethylthiourea. Thioureas are not included in the standard GEIDAC (Spanish Contact Dermatitis Research Group) battery of patch tests. In these cases, it is necessary to use a special battery of rubber allergens, which includes thiourea compounds, for diagnosis of the disease and to ensure that cases of contact allergic dermatitis to thioureas do not go undiagnosed.
Recycling of the major components from spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is considered desirable to prevent environmental pollution and recycle valuable metals. The present work investigates a novel process for recovering Co and Li from the cathode materials (containing LiCoO2 and Al) by a combination of ultrasonic washing, calcination, and organic acid leaching. Copper can also be recovered from the anode materials after they are manually separated from the cathode. Ascorbic acid is chosen as both leaching reagent and reducing agent to improve the Co recovery efficiency. Leaching efficiencies as high as 94.8% for Co and 98.5% for Li are achieved with a 1.25 mol L−1 ascorbic acid solution, leaching temperature of 70 °C, leaching time of 20 min, and solid-to-liquid ratio of 25gL−1. The acid leaching reaction mechanism has been preliminarily studied based on the structure of ascorbic acid. This method is shown to offer an efficient way to recycle valuable materials from spent LIBs, and it can be scaled up for commercial application.
A unique approach for improving the thermal stability of LiCoO2 cathode is presented, which is based on the treatment of LiCoO2 with ionic liquid (BDMIPF6, butyldimethylimidazolium-hexafluorophosphate), instead of traditional electrolyte modification. The electrolyte modification by the BDMIPF6 addition deteriorates the C-rate performances especially at high charge/discharge rates, with slightly improving the exothermic reaction between delithiated (charged) LiCoO2 and electrolytes. On the other hand, the BDMIPF6-modified cathode noticeably improves the thermal stability as well as little changes the C-rate performances. This is believed mainly due to the preferential location of BDMIPF6 in the LiCoO2 cathode rather than in the carbon anode, which might make it possible that the BDMIPF6 could effectively contribute to the suppression of exothermic reaction of delithiated LiCoO2 with electrolytes, with little affecting the electrolyte and the carbon anode.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with uniform diameter were grown on the porous alumina templates. Well ordered nanoporous alumina templates for the growth of CNTs were fabricated by two-step anodization method in oxalic acid electrolyte. The diameter and length of pores of the porous alumina templates were ca. 90nm and 2μm, respectively, and the pore density was about ~1010 pores/cm2. The barrier layer at the bottom of the cylindrical pore was thinned and dissolved away by the voltage drop treatment and the pore widening processes, sequentially. For EDLC applications, aluminium metal substrate below the porous alumina layer can work directly as the conductive electrode. The EDLC characteristics were examined by measuring the capacitances from both the charge–discharge curves and cyclic voltammograms. The specific capacitance of CNT electrodes was 49 ± 3F/g. The CNTs grown uniformly on the well ordered nanoporous templates resulted in the enhanced specific capacitances.
Research indicates that low omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) may be associated with decreased cognitive function. This study examined the association between n-3 PUFA status and cognitive function in young Australian women.
A novel design for a three-dimensional (3-D) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) along with its method of fabrication is reported. This structure utilizes two 3-D channels that are separated by unique anode/electrolyte/cathode walls that thereby increases the active volumetric surface areas of the electrodes used for the chemical reactions. To implement this structure, a graphite template having one 3-D interconnected channel is successively coated with anode (NiO–YSZ), electrolyte (YSZ), and cathode (LSM–YSZ) slurries, followed by heat-treatment at elevated temperatures. This produces an additional 3-D channel that has the NiO–YSZ layer as a replica of the graphite template, while preserving the pre-existing channel that has the LSM–YSZ layer. The thickness of the NiO–YSZ layer, which provides mechanical stability, is controlled by adjusting the number of dip-coating cycles. Using this approach, it is possible to fabricate a ∼10mm cubic SOFC without any notable defects, as well as to control the microstructures of the NiO–YSZ/YSZ/LSM–YSZ walls.
A facile and scalable step-wise approach has been developed to fabricate graphene-based TiO2/SnO2 hybrid nanosheets (TiO2@SnO2@GN). With uniform staggered distribution of rutile SnO2 and TiO2 nanocrystals in a 2D mesoporous manner, TiO2@SnO2@GN with low content of graphene (∼5 wt%) manifests superior reversible capacity and excellent rate capability as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries.
Introduction The processing of the emotion of disgust is attributed to the insular cortex (IC), which is also responsible for social emotions and higher-cognitive functions. We distinguish the role of the IC from its connections in regard to these functions through the assessment of emotions and social cognition in a double case report. These subjects were very rare cases that included a focal IC lesion and a subcortical focal stroke affecting the connections of the IC with frontotemporal areas. Materials & methods Both patients and a sample of 10 matched controls underwent neuropsychological and affective screening questionnaires, a battery of multimodal basic emotion recognition tests, an emotional inference disambiguation task using social contextual clues, an empathy task and a theory of mind task. Results The insular lesion (IL) patient showed no impairments in emotion recognition and social emotions and presented with a pattern of delayed reaction times (RTs) in a subset of both groups of tasks. The subcortical lesion (SL) patient was impaired in multimodal aversive emotion recognition, including disgust, and exhibited delayed RTs and a heterogeneous pattern of impairments in subtasks of empathy and in the contextual inference of emotions. Conclusions Our results suggest that IC related networks, and not the IC itself, are related to negative emotional processing and social emotions. We discuss these results with respect to theoretical approaches of insular involvement in emotional and social processing and propose that IC connectivity with frontotemporal and subcortical regions might be relevant for contextual emotional processing and social cognition.
Meinzer M, Rodriguez AD, Gonzalez Rothi LJ. First decade of research on constrained-induced treatment approaches for aphasia rehabilitation. Approaches for treating poststroke language impairments (aphasia) based on constraint-induced (CI) principles were first introduced in 2001. CI principles as previously applied to upper extremity and locomotor retraining in stroke survivors were derived from basic neuroscience. They comprise forced-use of the affected modality, a gradual rebuilding of targeted functions using a highly intensive treatment protocol, administered in a behaviorally relevant context. CI-based approaches have stimulated considerable neurorehabilitation research interest in the past decade. The original CI aphasia treatment protocol was tailored to improve functional communication in chronic aphasia (ie, 6–12mo after stroke) and more recently, it has been adapted to treat language impairments in acute stroke survivors as well. Moreover, CI therapy applied to aphasia has been used as a model to assess language network plasticity in response to treatment using functional imaging techniques. In the following article, we review the first 10 years of behavioral and functional brain imaging research on CI-based approaches for aphasia rehabilitation.
This work was inspired by the observation that some borates exchange their ligands that are attached to boron. Therefore, we investigated the effect of blends of two salts, lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) on lithium cycling on copper with solutions based on ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) (3:7, by wt.). Coulombic efficiencies of dissolution rate (D-rate) tests demonstrated an enhanced performance of LiBOB/LiBF4 blend electrolytes compared to the LiBOB-based and LiBF4-based electrolytes, increasing with increasing LiBF4 content. The coulombic efficiencies of the LiBOB/LiBF4 blend electrolyte with highest LiBF4 content reached almost the coulombic efficiencies of the lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) based electrolyte at high current densities in D-rate tests. Voltage drop values, conductivity measurements, and AC impedance measurements show the good performance of the LiBOB/LiBF4 blend electrolytes. The composition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) of the LiBOB/LiBF4 blend electrolytes studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) becomes more similar to the composition of the SEI of the LiDFOB-based electrolyte with increasing LiBF4 content. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements showed that the formation of LiDFOB from LiBF4 and LiBOB occurs already at room temperature by ligand exchange reactions at the boron atom. Therefore, we conclude that traces of LiDFOB in the LiBOB/LiBF4 blend are responsible for the good performance of blended electrolytes.
We report a new class of high-capacity chalcogen–carbon composite negative electrodes for Na rechargeable batteries, consisting of tellurium-infiltrated ordered mesoporous carbon CMK-3. Its unparalleled electric conductivity makes Te a promising electrode material with high-capacity utilization. The rechargeable cell Na/Te@CMK-3, using a carbonate-based electrolyte, exhibited a large stable capacity of ~ 320 mA h (g-Te)−1 at 0.2 C with an excellent rate capability (55% of the theoretical specific capacity at 2 C-rate), and long-term cyclability (> 500 cycles), as well as 100% coulombic efficiency. Our study evidences the great potential of mesoporous carbon-encapsulated Te materials concepts as a new class of high-performance chalcogen-based electrode materials for Na rechargeable batteries.
This experimental study shows the results of an analysis of the performance of a stand-alone renewable energy system for greenhouse heating on a winter day. The systems consist of photovoltaic panels connected to an electrolyzer which during daylight hours produce hydrogen by electrolysis and then store it in a pressure tank. During the night, thanks to a fuel cell, the hydrogen is converted into electricity in order to feed a ground source geothermal heat pump to heat a tunnel greenhouse. The procedure for estimating hourly solar radiation, hydrogen production and consumption for short-term energy storage on a partly cloudy day is also given. The solar energy usability concept, the capacity of energy storage systems and the thermal energy load govern the effective energy management of the system. This performance analysis is necessary to determine the actual total efficiency of integrated photovoltaic, geothermal and hydrogen renewable energy systems and their contribution to the load. The overall system efficiency obtained, starting from the amount of solar energy available during daylight hours until it is used as thermal energy at night, was 11%.
Public home care for the elderly is a key area in relation to improving health care quality. It is an important political goal to increase elderly people’s involvement in their care and in the use of welfare technology.
Daily concentrations of carbonate carbon (CC) in PM2.5 collected in semi-arid area in Northeast China (Tongyu) were quantified by acidification that measures carbon dioxide (CO2) gas evolved using DRI Model 2001 Thermal Optical reflectance (TOR) Carbon Analyzer. The concentrations of CC during Asian dust storm (DS) and non-dust storm (NDS) periods during 14 April to 21 June, 2006 were determined and the transport pathways and possible sources for the CO3 2− aerosols were identified. Concentrations of CC in PM2.5 collected from 14 April to 23 June, 2006 in Tongyu are ranged from 0.1 to 7.5μgCm−3 with an average of 1.3μgCm−3. The average CC concentration during DS events was 2.6±1.7μgm−3, which was almost 4 times the daily average concentration of 0.6±0.5μgm−3 during non-dust storm (NDS) period. Carbonate carbon accounted for 10% and 4% of total carbon in Tongyu during DS and NDS period, respectively. Carbonate concentrations were also derived by calculating the difference between cations and anions (ionic balance method). And good correlation is observed for the carbonate measured to the values for carbonate calculated from the ionic balance difference (R 2 =0.90). Higher correlations were observed between Ca with selected water-soluble ions (sulfate, nitrate or chloride) and elemental carbon in DS than in NDS periods. This is consistent with previous studies that more calcium salts (sulfate, nitrate or chloride) were formed during atmospheric transport during DS period. During the DS in spring 2006, three groups (A to C) of air mass trajectories were identified that passed over Tongyu. In general, when the air mass came from northwest, and south or southwest to Tongyu, high concentrations of carbonate were observed.
Background Pediatric OSA is associated with substantial morbidity in cognitive function. However, for any given OSA severity level, altered cognitive performance may or may not be present. Since IGF-1 is neuroprotective, we hypothesized that higher systemic IGF-1 levels may identify children at lower susceptibility for cognitive morbidity. Methods Consecutive habitually snoring and non-snoring children ages 5–7 years were recruited from the community, and underwent overnight polysomnography, and neurocognitive testing and a blood draw the next morning. Snoring children were divided into OSA or no OSA, and OSA children were further subdivided into those with ⩾2 abnormal cognitive subtests and into those with normal cognitive scores. Plasma levels of IGF-1 were also measured using ELISA. Results Among snoring children without OSA, circulating IGF-1 was 910±110pg/mL compared with 1070±240pg/mL in those with OSA (p <0.01). However, IGF-1 was 540±70pg/mL in children with OSA and cognitive deficits, compared to 1370±170μg/L in children with OSA and normal cognitive scores (p <0.001). Conclusions IGF-1 levels are higher in children with OSA, particularly in those who do not manifest neurocognitive deficits, suggesting that the magnitude of the IGF-1 response elicited by OSA may play a significant protective role against the neurocognitive dysfunction associated with OSA.
Amorphous a-LATP (x = 0.3) fine powder with the composition of Li1+x Al x Ti2−x (PO4)3 in Li2O–Al2O3–TiO2–P2O5 system was prepared directly from a mixture of Li2O, γ-Al2O3, TiO2, and P2O5 as starting materials, by using a mechanical milling (MM) technique at room temperature. A NASICON-type Li1+x Al x Ti2−x (PO4)3 (x = 0.3) (c-LATP (x = 0.3)) solid solution was obtained by the heat treatment of mechanochemically prepared amorphous a-LATP (x = 0.3) material. The sintered c-LATP (x = 0.3) pellet showed high lithium ion conductivity of the order of 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature and activation energy of about 35 kJ mol−1. The high-conducting lithium ion c-LATP (x = 0.3) solid electrolyte fine powders were investigated as surface modification materials of LiCoO2 cathode in lithium cells using nonaqueous electrolyte solutions. The c-LATP (x = 0.3)-modified LiCoO2 electrodes exhibited high capacity (ca. 180 mAh g−1) and good cycle performance with a high charge cut-off potential of 4.5 V (vs. Li/Li+) in lithium cell. The increase in the electrode/electrolyte interfacial resistance for the LiCoO2 electrode modified with c-LATP (x = 0.3) fine powder was inhibited.
A novel carbon matrix/silicon nanowires (SiNWs) heterogeneous block was successfully produced by dispersing SiNWs into templated carbon matrix via a modified evaporation induced self-assembly method. The heterogeneous block was determined by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectra and scanning electron microscopy. As an anode material for lithium batteries, the block was investigated by cyclic voltammograms (CV), charge/discharge tests, galvanostatic cycling performance and A. C. impedance spectroscopy. We show that the SiNWs disperse into the framework, and are nicely wrapped by the carbon matrix. The heterogeneous block exhibits superior electrochemical reversibility with a high specific capacity of 529.3 mAh/g in comparison with bare SiNWs anode with merely about 52.6 mAh/g capacity retention. The block presents excellent cycle stability and capacity retention which can be attributed to the improvement of conductivity by the existence of carbon matrix and the enhancement of ability to relieve the large volume expansion of SiNWs during the lithium insertion/extraction cycle. The results indicate that the as-prepared carbon matrix/SiNWs heterogeneous block can be an attractive and potential anode material for lithium-ion battery applications.