batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The authors examined whether multiple childhood indicators of neurodevelopmental instability known to relate to schizophrenia-spectrum disorders could predict later schizophrenia-spectrum outcomes. A standardized battery of neurological and intellectual assessments was administered to a sample of 265 Danish children in 1972, when participants were 10–13years old. Parent psychiatric diagnoses were also obtained in order to evaluate the predictive strength of neurodevelopmental factors in combination with genetic risk. Adult diagnostic information was available for 244 members of the sample. Participants were grouped into three categories indicating level of genetic risk: children with a parent with schizophrenia (n =94); children with a parent with a non-psychotic mental health diagnosis (n =84); and children with a parent with no records of psychiatric hospitalization (n =66). Variables measured included minor physical anomalies (MPAs), coordination, ocular alignment, laterality, and IQ. Adult diagnoses were assessed through psychiatric interviews in 1992, as well as through a scan of the national psychiatric registry through 2007. Through a combination of multiple childhood predictors, the model correctly classified 73% (24 of 33) of the participants who eventually developed a schizophrenia-spectrum outcome in adulthood. Results suggest that, with replication, multivariate premorbid prediction could potentially be a useful complementary approach to identifying individuals at risk for developing a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Genetic risk, MPAs, and other markers of neurodevelopmental instability may be useful for comprehensive prediction models.
Do ordinary people support programs of economic reform? If so, why? If not, why not? This article breaks new ground by reporting and comparing public opinion from seven Southern African countries based on systematic Afrobarometer surveys. It finds that people support some adjustment policies (such as price reforms) but oppose others (such as institutional reforms). An eclectic explanation is offered for these attitudes that draws on structural factors (especially poverty), cultural values (such as self-reliance), and exposure to mass media. The most formative influence on mass economic opinion in Southern Africa, however, is the institutional legacy of settler colonialism as expressed through race and nation.
As the penetration of renewable technologies on UK low voltage networks increases, the likelihood of line utilization and voltage violation rises. Whilst previous studies have examined the use of centrally controlled energy storage to manage violations, the economic feasibility of such methods are generally not considered. In this paper, a novel approach to the placement and dispatch of behind-the-meter battery energy storage for voltage and utilization control is presented. The placement strategy is formulated as a multi-period mixed integer linear programming (MILP) that allows for both variable and fixed size storage systems. The real time dispatch strategy is presented as a 2-stage convex linear programming (LP) heuristic that involves management of both real and reactive power, and incorporates ARIMA based generation forecasting methods to aid prediction of future generation, which is used to optimise for end user self-consumption, line loss reduction, storage efficiency loss reductions, and storage degradation minimisation. We apply both models to an unbalanced 3-phase openDSS model of a particularly sensitive LV feeder in the northwest of England, compare placements costs to the costs of reconductoring (which are calculated using a further novel MILP formulation), and use the real time dispatch strategy to identify self-consumption potential that cannot be determined from a placement calculation. We show that even with near ideal placement, costing, and control conditions, storage for voltage and utilization control at the 230 V level cannot compete economically with traditional means of reinforcement in the UK for our particular case study.
In this study, manganese oxide was coated on a graphite electrode by immersion. Durations for immersion were varied to control the amount of manganese oxide coated onto the electrode surface. Maximum capacitance of 556mFcm−2 was obtained in 0.5M LiCl and with better/superior conditions (immersion time=80min and potential scan rate=10mVs−1). In addition, cyclic voltammograms of the prepared electrode at different potential scan rates exhibited the approximately rectangular and symmetric current–potential characteristics of a capacitor. Furthermore, the chronopotentiometry (CP) charge–discharge curves of the electrode prepared at 80min of immersion time with a constant current of 1mA were symmetric and similar isosceles triangles, which demonstrate its high electrochemical reversibility and good stability. Finally, under scanning electron microscope (SEM), the surface of the electrode prepared at 80min of immersion time and after 1500 cycles of potential cycling revealed that numerously three-dimensional network of macropores appeared on large spherical grains.
Over the last few decades, paediatric gastroenterology has rapidly developed into a well-established sub-specialty. Improvements in training and equipment have led to enhanced safety with fewer complications following endoscopies. In specialized units, diagnostic and therapeutic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and proctosigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy are regularly performed under conscious sedation or general anaesthesia. Emerging guidelines and new advances in the diagnostic tools are being incorporated into routine paediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy practice.
Novel hierarchical NiCo2O4 microspheres with a yolk-shell structure are successfully constructed via a two-step synthetic method combining a facile and scalable spray pyrolysis with a simple but powerful heat treatment process. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) dissolved in precursor solution is used as a functional template playing a vital role in structural design. Hierarchical carbon combustion reactions of NiO@CoO@C precursor powder produce yolk-shell structure during the heat-treatment process. Heat-treated temperatures can be adjusted to obtain different structured nickel-cobalt oxide microspheres. As a potential anode material for Li-ion batteries, the hierarchical yolk-shell NiCo2O4 microspheres exhibit a large reversible specific capacity of 984mAhg−1 at a high current density of 1000mAg−1 after 100 cycles, representing a high capacity retention of 98.2%. When operating at a current density of 5Ag−1, it delivers ultrafast charge-discharge performance, exhibiting a high capacity of 813mAhg−1. These excellent electrochemical properties very likely originate from characteristic yolk-shell structures, which provide buffer areas for the enormous volume expansion caused by Li-ion insertion/extraction and shorten the diffusion path of Li ions by increasing the contact area between the electrode and the electrolyte. This work may serve as a reference for the design of structurally novel functional materials in other advanced energy conversion and storage areas, such as supercapacitors, lithium–sulfur batteries, fuel cells, and Na-ion batteries.
There is increasing interest in developing wireless LVADs as a means to reduce the rate of infection and percutaneous cable fractures, and to improve quality of life. The Arrow LionHeart was the first and only completely implantable LVAD in clinical use. Percutaneous cables were eliminated by a transcutaneous energy transmission system (TETS) and implantable controller. Although this pulsatile LVAD was abandoned in favor of smaller rotary VADs, we retrospectively review the TETS technology and lessons learned regarding system design, implantation, reliability, and patient management, with implications for future systems. The LionHeart was implanted in a total of 40 patients, including 26 in the European trial and 10 in the US trial. It received the CE Mark in 2003. The TETS used double-tuned series-resonant coils, an operating frequency of 200 kHz, and was capable of transmitting 80 watts. The maximum coil separation was 2.5 cm axial and radial. Support time in the EU and US trials totaled 24.9 patient-years, 3.4 years maximum, 87 days median. Mean age was 64.2 +/−7.8 years. The LionHeart demonstrated high reliability; there were no failures of the TETS. There were two non-emergent implanted controller replacements due to gradual loss of implanted battery capacity. The implanted coils were well-tolerated. The coil site was moved from the lateral pectoral to the infraclavicular region to improve coil coupling stability. One patient died due to an unrecognized decoupling alarm. Decoupling also occurred in an obese patient. Patients resumed normal activities including bathing and swimming. A challenge for wireless LVAD designers is the reduction of a complex technology to an effective and safe user interface for clinicians, patients, and caregivers. Improvements were made in coil fixation, re-design of patient alarms, the level of user information, and batteries. This technology is easily adaptable to less complex and lower power systems.
An energy-saving technology for the production of carbon materials from agricultural wastes and sphagnum moss has been developed. The materials produced may be used in the manufacture of petroleum sorbents and also tungsten and titanium carbides.
Tin particles embedded in graphene (G) sheets have been synthesized by microwave reduction of tin halide (SnCl2.2H2O) and graphite oxide (GO) followed by annealing in argon. The microwave reaction resulted in the formation of tin oxide embedded in graphene sheets. Annealing in argon at elevated temperatures initiated carbothermal reduction culminating in the formation of tin decorated graphene sheet composites that were employed as anodes for lithium-ion batteries. X-ray diffraction analysis of the final composite showed the presence of crystalline tin combined with a very small diffraction peak corresponding to (002) plane of graphite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed decorated graphene layers with tin droplets. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the presence of graphene and graphene oxide in the composite. Electrochemical cycling response indicated that the tin/graphene composite exhibited initial discharge capacities varying from 790 mAh/g to 850 mAh/g depending on the composition, while a stable reversible capacity of ∼500 mAh/g was achieved for optimized compositions when cycled at a current density of ∼100mA/g in the voltage window of 0.02 to 1.2V vs. Li+/Li. Carbon coating of the Sn/G composite ultimately achieved by decomposition of dextrose using microwave heating significantly improved the electrochemical cycling stability.
We developed mesoporous and nanostructured TiO2 anodes with very high specific surface, up to more than 500m2 g−1, that show good promise for lithium battery applications. Modifying the surfactant to form a carbon coating inside the pores at low temperature shows better promises than normal carbonization processes, since the high temperature needed is too high and results in the crystal formation and the loss of porosity.
Tin (Sn) has long been considered to be a promising replacement anode material for graphite in next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), because of its attractive comprehensive advantages of high gravimetric/volumetric capacities, environmental benignity, low cost, high safety, etc. However, Sn-based anodes suffer from severe capacity fading resulting mainly from their large volume expansions/contractions during lithiation/delithiation and subsequent pulverization, coalescence, delamination from current collectors, and poor Li+/electron transport. To circumvent these issues, a number of extraordinary architectures from nanostructures to anchored, layered/sandwich, core-shell, porous and even integrated structures have been exquisitely constructed to enhance the cycling performance. To cater for the rapid development of Sn-based anodes, we summarize the advances made in structural design principles, fabrication methods, morphological features and battery performance with focus on material structures. In addition, we identify the associated challenges and problems presented by recently-developed anodes and offer suggestions and perspectives for facilitating their practical implementations in next-generation LIBs.
Drought caused a decrease of water flux and photosynthesis due to stomata closure, typical of drought-avoiding strategy. No photoinhibitory stress was observed.
This paper presents the design and analysis of a hybrid energy system for an Antarctic Station. The research considered the constraints of the extreme climate, the logistics limitations and the technical assets of the Brazilian Antarctic Station. The thermal and electrical annual profiles of the Station, the spreadsheets of the organic solid waste, and the local measured data of wind and sun were investigated. The application of anaerobic digestion, combined heat and power generation, use of photovoltaic panels and wind turbines were analysed. In the renewables analyses, 25 years of local climatic data were assessed. The influences of air density, temperature and ground reflectance on the renewable generation were also investigated. In order to assess potentials hybrid energy systems for the Brazilian Antarctic Station, possible topologies were organized in groups and then analysed by consumption, performance and feasibility. The methodology supported the identification of an efficient and feasible energy system for the Brazilian Station. The proposed system reached 37% of fuel saves considering the original demand profile of the Station. This work adopted the liter of oil as a currency, thus in any future time the results can be used for financial studies.
The influence of carbon content and porosity of lithium vanadium phosphate, Li3V2(PO4)3, on its diffusion properties and electrochemical performance was examined by GITT and galvanostatic charge/discharge experiments. The diffusion coefficient of Li3V2(PO4)3, as determined by GITT measurements, appears relatively high, thus making this material interesting also for high power application. Moreover, the results of this study clearly show that the porosity and the carbon content of the electrode materials is an important factor affecting the diffusion as well as the electrochemical performance of Li3V2(PO4)3. It was demonstrated that excessive carbon coating may lead to kinetic hindrances but may also contribute specific capacity in anode materials in voltage regions below 1.0 V versus Li/Li+.
Polydopamine (PDA) functionalized graphene/NiFe2O4 (GNSs–PDA–NiFe2O4) nanocomposite has been successfully synthesized through an in-situ ultrasonic method. The obtained GNSs–PDA–NiFe2O4 nanocomposite shows a reversible capacity up to 947mAhg−1 and much improved rate capability, e.g. delivering a capacity of 562mAhg−1 at 5Ag−1, about 7 times higher than that of graphene/NiFe2O4 nanocomposite. The improvement in the rate capability of the obtained GNSs–PDA–NiFe2O4 nanocomposite can be attributed to the improved interactions between graphene and NiFe2O4 derived from PDA, and a high conductive network fabricated by PDA functionalized graphene, which can be supported by TEM images and EIS measurements. Further studies reveal the strong graphene–NiFe2O4 interactions are also beneficial for retaining the high conductive network after the charge–discharge processes, and further beneficial for its cyclic stability.
The dynamic response performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) significantly affects its durability and reliability. Thus, the improvement of the dynamic performance of PEMFC has become the key for prolonging the PEMFC life in fuel cell vehicle applications. In this study, RuO2·xH2O is prepared by sol–gel method, and then sprayed onto catalyst layers to promote PEMFC dynamic response performance. The prepared RuO2·xH2O is characterized by TEM, which shows that the average particle size of RuO2·xH2O is 8 nm and that the particulates are uniformly distributed. A 10-cell stack is assembled using membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with and without RuO2·xH2O. This stack is studied under various loading cycles and operating conditions, including different air stoichiometries, relative humidities, and loading degrees. Results show that the steady-state performance of the MEA with RuO2·xH2O is better than that in the MEA without RuO2·xH2O with a decreasing relative humidity from 80% to 20%. A slower and more unstable dynamic response of the MEA without RuO2·xH2O is observed as air stoichiometry and relative humidity decrease as well as the loading increase. Thus, RuO2·xH2O improves the dynamic response performance, indicating that RuO2·xH2O can buffer the voltage undershoot, improve the stability, and prolong the lifetime of the PEMFC stack.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) has recently received a lot of attention as an augmentation and interface technology with physical and virtual objects in the ubiquitous computing domain. As RFID tags can be attached to any items, they can be used to provide various ubiquitous and tangible interfaces. Although a new paradigm shift in computing environments offers various opportunities for extending existing RFID capabilities, most of the previous works have utilized only simple RFID IDs and their mappings such that a rich set of RFID capabilities has not been fully utilized. In this paper, we propose a visual, context-aware, and tangible interaction technique with physical and virtual objects using RFID. It combines context awareness with RFID for providing context-aware RFID services, which can seamlessly integrate physical worlds with virtual worlds in a user-oriented manner. The proposed approach adopts semantic ontology in order to systematically represent and reason about RFID-related contexts. Moreover, the rewritable characteristic of the RFID tag memory is utilized to manage the dynamic RFID context. Further, the paper presents how to support visual and tangible interactions with physical and virtual objects by combining context-aware RFID services with augmented reality. We will show the effectiveness and the novelty of the proposed approach by demonstrating several practical case studies.
Various xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) cathode materials were prepared by the one-step sol–gel route. The structure of xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 composites was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The surface morphology and microstructure of xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical performance of xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 composites was evaluated in terms of capacity, cycling performance and rate capability. Although the morphology and structure were found to be affected by the Li2MnO3 content, all composites showed an α-NaFeO2 structure with R3m space group. Electrochemical results showed that cells using 0.3Li2MnO3·0.7LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 composites had good performance, in terms of large reversible capacity, prolonged cycling stability, and excellent rate capability.
Anode materials Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) and Sc-doped Li4Ti4.95Sc0.05O12-δ (LTSO) for lithium-ion batteries are both successfully synthesized by the modified sol–gel method with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid (CA) as a bi-components chelating agent. The samples are characterized by XRD, BET, XPS, EDX and SEM. The dopant Sc totally enters into the 16d sites of the spinel structure of LTO, and then further affects its morphology and property. The LTSO powder exhibits a 3D network morphology and its grain size is about 200 nm. The LTSO electrode material exhibits an excellent initial discharge capacities of 174 and 94 mAh g−1 at 1 C and 40 C, respectively. The reversible capacities of LTSO at different current rates remain nearly 100% after 50 cycles, which are compared with the capacities of the second cycles. Sc3+ doping can greatly improve the electronic conductivity of LTO which is demonstrated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry measurements also reveal that LTSO has small polarization resistance due to the high electrical conductivity and Li-ion apparent diffusion rate.
In an independent regional power grid, the optimal coordination of renewable energy resources such as wind and solar becomes the key to making full use of the energy storage capacity of hydropower. In this paper, a medium to long-term optimal operation strategy is proposed for IRPG in the dry season based on the statistical characteristics of wind-solar power and the long-term plan of hydropower. The objective of the work is to minimize the difference between the monthly water consumption of hydropower stations and the predicted, considering the constraints of water flow and daily average battery energy storage fluctuation. Because of the pessimistic attitude of dispatchers to forecasting results, a correction coefficient is used to modify forecasting outputs. Finally, simulation results show the advantages of the proposed optimal strategy over the strategy without optimal operation in ensuring the water level of reservoir, improving the generation efficiency of hydropower, and avoiding the risk of no water to power generation in hydropower stations at the end of dry season.
This work investigates the integration of solid oxide fuel cells with a novel underwater propulsion system based on the exothermic reaction of aluminum with seawater. The purpose of the fuel cell is to increase the overall thermodynamic efficiency of the system and consume waste hydrogen produced by the aluminum–water reaction. The system is modeled using a NASA-developed framework, Numerical Propulsion System Simulation, by assembling thermodynamic models of components. The base aluminum–water system can increase range/endurance by factors of 2.5–7 over equivalent battery powered systems. Incorporating the fuel cell may not be beneficial when venting hydrogen overboard is permissible. However, when venting hydrogen is not permissible – which would be the situation for most naval underwater missions – the fuel cell is essential for consuming waste hydrogen and the combined combustor/fuel cell system provides a 3–4 fold increase in range/endurance compared to batteries. Methodologies for predicting how component volumes scale with power are developed to enable prediction of power and energy density. The energy density of the system is most sensitive to the efficiencies of the turbine and H2 compressor. The ability to develop a compact and efficient isothermal hydrogen compressor is also critical to maximizing performance.
On-line heating rolling mill which could efficiently preheat sheet and apply tensile force on both ends of the sheet along rolling direction (RD) was used to investigate the effect of tension on mechanical behavior and shape quality of magnesium sheets. For revealing the influence mechanism, many analysis techniques including optical microscope, electron backscattered diffraction, macrotexture and transmission electron microscope were performed. The shape defect, edge wave, could be eliminated under higher tension along RD, which was attributed to more uniform distribution of microstructure and microstrain. Nevertheless, it is undesirable that the forward tensile force exceeds 3 kN in present work because the strength decreased for high recrystallization level when the tensile force is beyond this value. Furthermore, the main deformation mode was still slip during rolling process despite of accompanying twining, e.g., double twins, but more prismatic slip activated when tensile force exceeds 3 kN. The distribution of shear bands was affected by the applied tensile force that they appear as “V” shape along RD at a low forward or backward tensile force, while they appear as reticulate shape under applied tensile force of 5 kN.