batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Aluminum-air cells have attracted a lot of interests because they have the highest volumetric capacity density in theory among the different metal-air systems. To overcome the self-discharge issue of aluminum, a microfluidic aluminum-air cell working with KOH methanol-based anolyte was developed in this work. A specific capacity up to 2507 mAh g−1 (that is, 84.1% of the theoretical value) was achieved experimentally. The KOH concentration and water content in the methanol-based anolyte were found to have direct influence on the cell performance. A possible mechanism of the aluminum reactions in KOH methanol-based electrolyte was proposed to explain the observed phenomenon.
Objective In patients with chronic pain, catastrophizing is a significant determinant of self-rated pain intensity and disability. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) was developed to assist with both treatment planning and outcome assessment; to date, no German version has been validated. Methods A cross-cultural adaptation of the PCS into German was carried out, strictly according to recommended methods. A questionnaire booklet containing the PCS, visual analogue scales (numeric rating scale) for pain intensity and general health, the ZUNG self-rating depression scale, the Modified Somatic Perception Questionnaire (MSPQ), the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ), and the Roland–Morris (RM) disability questionnaire was completed by 111 patients with chronic low back pain (mean age, 49 years), 100 of which also completed it again 7 days later. Results Cronbach's α (internal reliability) for the three subsections of the PCS—helplessness, magnification, rumination—and for the whole questionnaire (PCSwhole) were .89, .67, .88, and .92, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficients of agreement for the reproducibility were .81, .67, .78, and .80, respectively. The PCSwhole scores correlated with the other scores as follows: pain intensity r=.26, general health r=−.29, ZUNG r=.52, MSPQ r=.53, FABQactivity r=.51, FABQwork r=.61 and RM r=.57. Factor analysis revealed three factors, with an almost identical factor structure to that reported in previous studies. Conclusion The psychometric properties of our German version of the PCS were comparable to those reported in previous studies for the original English version. It represents a valuable tool in the assessment of German-speaking chronic low back pain patients.
Basic properties and battery performances of the novel high temperature stable lithium salt (Li2B12F12, Dilithium Dodecafluorododecaborate; Li2DFB) were studied using a Mn-based cathode and anode composed of a hard carbon and graphite mixture. The effect of co-solvents (mainly linear carbonate in electrolyte formulation of PC/EC/co-solvent (5/30/65vol% mixture)) on conductivity, viscosity, charge–discharge capacities, rate performance, temperature performance, cycle life and storage life at 60°C was investigated. Conductivity of Li2DFB electrolyte increased with reducing its viscosity by changing co-solvent and increasing the volume of the higher dielectric solvent. Li2DFB electrolytes showed comparable discharge capacity and columbic efficiency against LiPF6 electrolyte. Li2DFB electrolytes improved the storage life and cycle life of a Mn-based cell at 60°C.
The SNP rs2251214 of the SYT1 gene was recently associated with externalizing phenotypes, including ADHD and cocaine use disorder (CUD). Here, we investigated whether SYT1-rs2251214 could also be implicated with cognitive performance variations among women with CUD. Results showed that G homozygous (n = 146) have lower cognitive performance in the Stroop, Trail Making and Matrix Reasoning tests compared with A-allele carriers (n = 64), suggesting that rs2251214 may influence the severity of cognitive impairments in CUD.
The structural changes upon the first charge and discharge of a Li-rich layered cathode material Li[Ni0.17Li0.2Co0.07Mn0.56]O2 were investigated using high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED). Atomic resolution STEM observations revealed that some of the transition metal (TM) atoms were transferred from the TM layers to the Li layers upon the first charge and discharge, leading to the partial formation of a framework structure. This framework structure was considered as a spinel structure based on our simulation results of the corresponding SAED pattern of the fully charged state. This framework structure was also recognized even at the early stage of the first charging process in the plateau region around 4.5V by using the SAED patterns, indicating that the formation of this framework structure started at the same time as the electrochemical activation.
High-temperature supercapacitors with enhanced charge transportation and capacitances are promising to meet specific requirements for underhood automotive component, oil drilling, military and space applications. However, state-of-the-art supercapacitors are always operated at room temperature due to the thermal instability of the hydrous electrolytes and organic separators. Herein, we present the fabrication of a high-temperature supercapacitor tailored by a ceramic NiO/ZrO2 separator. This supercapacitor has a working temperature up to 140 °C, a capacitance of 342 F g-1 at current density of 2 A g−1 and good cycling stability over 2000 cycles. The experimental realization of physical proof-of-concept high-temperature supercapacitors may provide new opportunities for markedly improving the capacity of energy storage systems.
Peatlands cover about 21% of the landscape and contain about 80% of the soil carbon stock in western Canada. However, the current rates of carbon accumulation and the environmental controls on ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration in peatland ecosystems are poorly understood. As part of Fluxnet-Canada, we continuously measured net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) using the eddy covariance technique in a treed fen dominated by stunted Picea mariana and Larix laricina trees during August 2003–December 2004. The total carbon stock in the ecosystem was approximately 51,000gCm−2, with only 540gCm−2 contributed by live above ground vegetation. The NEE measurements were used to parameterize simple physiological models to assess temporal variation in maximum ecosystem photosynthesis (A max) and ecosystem respiration rate at 10°C (R 10). During mid-summer the ecosystem had a relatively high A max (approx. 30μmolm−2 s−1) with relatively low R 10 (approx. 4μmolm−2 s−1). The peak mid-day NEE uptake rate during July and August was 10μmolm−2 s−1. The ecosystem showed large seasonal variation in photosynthetic and respiratory activity that was correlated with shifts in temperature, with both spring increases and fall decreases in A max well predicted by the mean daily air temperature averaged over the preceding 21 days. Leaf-level gas exchange and spectral reflectance measurements also suggested that seasonal changes in photosynthetic activity were primarily controlled by shifts in temperature. Ecosystem respiration was strongly correlated with changes in ecosystem photosynthesis during the growing season, suggesting important links between plant activity and mycorrhizae and microbial activity in the shallow layers of the peat. Only very low rates of respiration were observed during the winter months. During 2004, the peatland recorded a net annual gain of 144gCm−2 year−1, the result of a difference between gross photosynthesis of 713 and total ecosystem respiration of 569gCm−2 year−1.
Many different types of commercial regulators can be found in the market. These devices can be basically divided into two categories according to their operation mode: those which modulate the input voltage using PWM (pulse-width modulation) in order to generate the output voltage required to charge the batteries; and those which make the PV (photovoltaic) array operate in their MPP (maximum power point), which can be tracked in several different ways. The former are normally used for low-power applications, whereas the latter can provide an increase of power up to 25% as compared to their PWM counterpart. This paper presents a regulator which can operate in the maximum power point of PV arrays by means of a microcontroller. A simple, highly-accurate algorithm suitable to be implemented in a low-cost microcontroller has been developed in order to make PV arrays track and operate in their maximum power point. The control strategy proposed allows parallel connection of different regulators, thus making it possible to keep and integrate previous equipment.
In the field of medicinal applications, early / (Timely) detection of Breast cancer is a key diagnosing process which provides effective medical treatment and also reduces women mortality. Due to the advancement and growth of medical sciences, efficient antennas are needed for imaging, diagnosing and providing superior treatment to the patients. Since tumor is tiny in size at the early stage, the knowledge of its precise location is chiefly required. For this purpose several antennas with high accuracy are designed. Among them, Flexible antenna has several advantages compared to other antennas. The main advantage of flexible antenna is its simple construction, high gain and cost-efficiency. The proposed research work implements a novel flexible antenna for detection of early breast cancer, with and without tumor application. In the study, (for the sake of comprehensive analysis and accuracy / familiarity / simplicity), Jean material is used as dielectric substrate with dielectric constant 1.7. The flexible antennas are designed with a slot loaded over the patch and with ground plane that are made up of copper as the conducting material. The jeans cloth material with 1 mm thickness is considered as a substrate, which is to be placed on the breast surface. Co-axial feeding method is chosen for the proposed antenna which improves the antenna performance. In addition to this, the antenna is a wearable textile type designed for ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band 2.4 GHz applications. The antenna is simulated using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Spectrum) software. From the simulation analysis, Return loss (S11), Gain in dB, Radiation pattern, axial ratio (AR) and VSWR are obtained and analyzed. Finally, the simulation results are compared with the existing methodologies.
The study examined the relationship between motor skills, participation in leisure activities and quality of life (QOL), within a temporal context (school year vs. summer vacation and school days vs. weekends). Parents of 22 children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and of 55 typically developing children, aged 6–11, filled out two questionnaires relating to their children's participation in leisure activities (vigorous, moderate and sedentary) and QOL. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) was administered to their children. Results showed that among the children with DCD, balance scores positively correlated with participation in sedentary activities, and in both groups both balance and aiming and catching were related to the physical and school aspects of QOL. Furthermore, participation in vigorous activities in the summer was positively correlated with social and school QOL. In contrast, among typically developing children, participation in vigorous activities during the school year was negatively correlated with school QOL. Finally, in both groups, participation in sedentary activities during school days was negatively correlated with school QOL. These results suggest that the parents’ perceptions of their children's QOL may be related to the level of activeness of the leisure activities but also to temporal aspects. Therefore, it is important that therapists and educators consider the temporal aspects, when consulting with parents and their children regarding participation in leisure activities.
Li4Ti5O12/C–C (using glucose and polyurethane as double carbon sources) microspheres with particle sizes ranging from 200 to 300 nm were fabricated with a spray drying method, followed by a solid-state reaction. Compared with pure Li4Ti5O12 and Li4Ti5O12/C (using glucose as single carbon source), Li4Ti5O12/C–C exhibits higher rate performance and better cycling properties. The initial discharge capacity of Li4Ti5O12/C–C can reach 152.6 mA h g−1 at 5.0 C, which is much higher than the discharge capacity of pure Li4Ti5O12 (124.7 mA h g−1) and Li4Ti5O12/C (141 mA h g−1). Li4Ti5O12/C–C delivers a reversible capacity of 152.1 mA h g−1 (99.7% of capacity retention) during a cycle test at 5.0 C (400 cycles). This capacity is much higher than that of pure Li4Ti5O12 (118.5 mA h g−1, 95.1%) and Li4Ti5O12/C (140 mA h g−1, 99.3%). What is more gratifying is that the discharge capacity of Li4Ti5O12/C–C is still 131 mA h g−1 after another 1600 cycles, and the Coulombic efficiency remains close to 100%, indicating the crystal structure remains stable. These excellent electrochemical properties are attributed to the different carbon content and contribution from the double carbon source coating, which increases electronic conductivity, the diffusion coefficient of lithium ions, and the effective polarization reduction.
We have for the first time fabricated a unique three-dimensional branched single-crystal β-Co(OH)2 nanowire array supported on Ni foam. This structure is formed by the splitting crystal growth effect combined with the specific topological structure of β-Co(OH)2. A branched Co3O4@MnO2 core–shell nanowire array is prepared for use as supercapacitor electrode. At a current density of 10mAcm−2, the branched Co3O4@MnO2 core–shell nanowire array exhibits 0.99Fcm−2 of areal capacitance, which is 69.3% of the capacitance (1.43Fcm−2) measured at 1mAcm−2. In addition, the branched core–shell hybrid can still retain 93.6% of the initial capacitance after 5000 cycles. Such excellent electrochemical performance of the branched Co3O4@MnO2 core–shell nanowire array is attributed to the unique configuration and the strong synergistic effect from the porous Co3O4 nanowire core and the ultrathin MnO2 shell.
The performance of macrocyclic catalysts in oxygen reduction was investigated for a direct methanol fuel cell. The dependence of catalytic activity on different factors was determined for two classes of precursors; namely, iron porphyrin (Fe-PC) and iron phthalocyanine (Fe-TPP). It was found that there was an optimal heat-treating temperature for each precursor. Heat-treated Fe-TPP shows maximum activity at 750 °C, while the highest performance in the case of Fe-PC is observed at 500 °C. It was shown that oxygen reduction activity is affected by the number of nitrogen bonds formed with iron, particle size, and formation of carbon layers.
In this paper, the nano-sized Ag particles were coated on the surfaces of the spinel LiMn2O4 nanoparticles through a one-step combustion method. It was shown that the rate performance and cycling performance of LiMn2O4 could be effectively improved by the appropriate amount of Ag (5wt%) not only at room temperature (25°C) but also at high temperature (55°C). This was because the Ag particles dispersed on the surface of LiMn2O4 had dramatically increased its electronic conductivity. Definitely, the electrochemical performance of the Ag-coated LiMn2O4 particles at 55°C was not as excellent as that at 25°C. Besides, the Ag-coated LiMn2O4 displayed much better cycling performance at higher C-rates (2C and 5C) at 55°C, compared with that at lower C-rate (0.5C). This was because Ag was just dispersed rather than being densely coated on the surface of LiMn2O4, so the dissolution of LiMn2O4 at 55°C could not be completely inhibited by Ag. Moreover, the dissolution of LiMn2O4 at 2C and 5C at 55°C was much weaker than that at 0.5C, caused by the faster transformation between Mn3+ and Mn4+. As a result, the electrochemical performance of LiMn2O4 could be enhanced by the Ag-coating at high temperature.
Verbal memory deficits are arguably the most common cognitive abnormalities in biological relatives of schizophrenia patients. Because verbal memory is a complex cognitive function, it is necessary to differentiate its intact and compromised aspects in order to reveal aberrant neural systems that reflect genetic risk in relatives of schizophrenia patients. Using an experimental verbal memory task, we examined encoding, free-recall, repetition priming, and recognition of verbal material in 22 schizophrenia patients, 22 first-degree biological relatives of schizophrenia patients, and 23 nonpsychiatric control participants. Schizophrenia patients exhibited intact repetition priming, but worse size judgment task performance (encoding), recall, and recognition than the control participants. Biological relatives of schizophrenia patients exhibited intact size judgment task performance, repetition priming, and recognition, but a free-recall deficit. Although size judgment task performance at encoding was associated with recall of verbal material in schizophrenia and control groups, in the relative group encoding performance was associated with the degree of repetition priming. Findings are consistent with impaired explicit recollection of verbal material, but intact implicit verbal memory in schizophrenia patients and biological relatives of schizophrenia patients.
The delithiation–lithiation process of C-coated olivine LiFePO4 (C/LFP) cathodes with the temperature range between 25 and 55°C has been investigated using cyclic voltammtery, charge–discharge cycling, and ac impedance spectroscopy. Using polyethylene glycol as carbon precursor, the C/LFP powders are synthesized by an efficient calcination/pyrolysis method at 650°C. The experimental results reveal that the high-temperature operation of C/LFP cathodes shows an improved capacity at 0.1–5C but negative effect on high-rate cyclic stability. The ac impedance spectroscopy incorporated with equivalent circuit indicates the decrease in equivalent series resistance and the increase in diffusion coefficient (D Li) with operating temperature. The D Li value achieved is as high as 1.49×10−12 cm2 s−1 at 55°C according to the Randles plot, and the apparent activation energy for the ionic diffusion in the C/LFP cathode is approximately 110kJmol−1, determined from the Arrhenius plot. On the basis of the results, the improved performance is attributed to high ionic conductivity, high ionic migration rate in solid electrolyte interphase film, high electronic conductivity, and high diffusion rate.
Mutations in the catalytic subunit of polymerase γ (POLG1) produce a wide variety of neurological disorders including a progressive ataxic syndrome with epilepsy: mitochondrial spinocerebellar ataxia and epilepsy (MSCAE). Our earlier studies of patients with this syndrome raised the possibility of more prominent right than left hemisphere dysfunction. To investigate this in more detail, eight patients (six women, two men; mean age: 22.3years) were studied. All completed an intelligence test (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; WAIS), and four were also given memory tests and a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Patients with MSCAE showed significant cognitive dysfunction. Mean Verbal IQ (84.3) was significantly better than Performance IQ (71.8) (t =5.23, P =0.001), but memory testing and neuropsychological testing failed to detect a consistent unilateral dysfunction. Further studies are needed to define the profile and development of cognitive symptoms in this disorder.
Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries have attracted considerable research enthusiasm and meanwhile achieved great successes in industry during the past three decades. To meet the ever-increasing demand of batteries safety especially for the application in electric vehicles and energy storage devices, phosphorus-based flame retardants as additives have been developed and investigated. Herein, trivalent and pentavalent phosphorus-based flame retardants are purposely employed to comparably investigate the influence on safety and electrochemical performance of Li-ion batteries. The results show that pentavalent phosphorus-based electrolytes possess wider electrochemical windows and can endure higher voltage compared to trivalent phosphorus-based electrolytes, revealing that pentavalent phosphorus-based flame retardants are more suitable as efficient additives for cathode materials systems. Interestingly, trivalent phosphorus flame retardants may act as solid electrolyte interphase layer formers, which can be decomposed and meanwhile promote the formation of stable solid electrolyte interphase layer on the surface of graphitic anode materials even with a low loading. Moreover, it is worth noting that both trivalent and pentavalent phosphorus flame retardants show potential for application in high rate performance. This work can provide help for scientific research or industry in the study of phosphorus-containing flame retardants for batteries.
The effects of silver hexafluorophosphate (AgPF6) as an electrolyte additive on the electrochemical behaviors of graphite anode are systematically studied by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The surface structure and composition of graphite electrode after electrochemical cycles are investigated through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is found that Ag nanoparticles derived from electrochemical reduction of Ag+ are homogenously distributed on the graphite surface. Significant improvements on the discharge capacity, rate behavior, and low-temperature performance of graphite electrode are obtained. The reasons are associated with the decreased resistances of solid-electrolyte interface and charge-transfer process, which improve the electrode kinetics for Li+ intercalation/deintercalation.
The objective of this study was to carry out a field survey of the solid waste generation profile in parts of Makurdi, a rapidly growing urban city in north central Nigeria. The areas surveyed covered low, medium and high-density residential quarters, representing high/medium/low income groups in the area. Results of the survey show that the bulk (∼82%) of the solid waste generated in the area originates from households, rather than from commercial, institutional or industrial premises. Of the waste from households, a substantial proportion consists of various putrescible materials (36–57%), with ash, dust and sand (combined) forming another significant proportion (21–41%). From the non-household sources, putrescible matter is also significant (23–45%), as is the combined ash/dust/sand fraction (32–36%). The quantity of plastics/cellophane materials from household and non-household sources was, however, comparable (6–10%). There was more paper from commercial and institutional premises (9–12%) than from household or small/medium scale industrial premises (2–4%). Glass (0.1–6.9%), metals (mostly cans and bottle corks, 0.7–3.4%) and textiles (0.3–6%) form only a minor proportion of the waste across generators. Waste generation rates were for households, 0.54kg/cap/day; for commercial, 0.018kg/m2/day; institutional, 0.015kg/m2/day while for small and medium scale industries, the rate was 0.47kg/m2/day. As there is no previous study of this kind in the Makurdi urban area, what is reported here may be taken as baseline for the entire area. The implications of the findings for solid waste management planning are discussed.