batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A lithium-ion battery cathode material, Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2, with excellent electrochemical properties was prepared via two-step isothermal sintering, using eutectic lithium salts (0.38LiOH·H2O–0.62LiNO3) mixed with Co, Ni, or Mn hydroxides. Based on analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), a thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetric (TG–DSC) analyzer, and Fourier-transform Infrared (FT-IR), this synthetic process consists of procedures including lithium salt melting, permeation, reaction, crystalline transformation, and crystallization. Due to the lower melting point of the eutectic molten salts compared with that of the single lithium salt, a relatively mild synthetic condition (low temperature) is needed, and the product can be highly crystallized with low cation mixing, which facilitates maintenance of the precursor morphology. The electrochemical properties of the product were investigated by constant current discharge–charge and cyclic voltammetry. The results show that the initial discharge capacity is 160mhAg−1, with excellent cycling stability even after 50 cycles. We conclude that this novel eutectic molten salt method is a promising and practical approach for synthesizing cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
Classical activating stimuli like LPS drive macrophages to secrete a battery of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-12/23, through Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. TLR activation in the presence of some factors, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), promotes an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile, with production of IL-10 and suppression of IL-12/23 secretion. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a key regulator of macrophage IL-10 production. Since it inhibits ERK, we investigated the impact of Sorafenib on the cytokine profile of macrophages. In the presence of PGE2, Sorafenib restored the secretion of IL-12 and suppressed IL-10 production. Moreover, IL-12 secretion was enhanced by Sorafenib under conditions of TLR ligation alone. Furthermore, the impact of tumor culture supernatants, cholera toxin, and cAMP analogs (which suppress IL-12 secretion), was reversed by Sorafenib. Sorafenib inhibited the activation of the MAP kinase p38 and its downstream target mitogen and stress activated protein kinase (MSK), and partially inhibited protein kinase B (AKT) and its subsequent inactivation of the downstream target glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK3-β). Interference with these pathways, which are pivotal in determining the balance of inflammatory versus anti-inflammatory cytokines, provides a potential mechanism by which Sorafenib can modulate the macrophage cytokine phenotype. These data raise the possibility that the use of Sorafenib as cancer therapy could potentially reverse the immunosuppressive cytokine profile of tumor-associated macrophages, rendering the tumor microenvironment more conducive to an anti-tumor immune response.
A solvent processable, low water uptake, partially fluorinated copoly(arylene ether) functionalized with pendant quaternary ammonium groups (QAPAE) was synthesized and uses as the ionomer in alkaline electrodes on fuel cells. The quaternized polymers containing fluorinated biphenyl groups were synthesized via chloromethylation of copoly(arylene ether) followed by amination with trimethylamine. The resulting ionomers were very soluble in polar, aprotic solvents. Highly aminated ionomers had conductivities approaching 10mScm−1 at room temperature. Compared to previous ionomers based on quaternized poly(arylene ether sulfone) (QAPSF) with similar ion exchange capacity (IEC), the water uptake of QAPAE was significantly less due to the hydrophobic octafluoro-biphenyl groups in the backbone. The performance of the fuel cell electrodes made with the QAPAE ionomers was evaluated as the cathode on a hybrid AEM/PEM fuel cell. The QAPAE alkaline ionomer electrode with IEC=1.22meqg−1 had superior performance to the electrodes prepared with QAPSF, IEC=1.21meqg−1 at 25 and 60°C in a H2/O2 fuel cell. The peak power densities at 60°C were 315mWcm−2 for QAPAE electrodes and 215mWcm−2 for QAPSF electrodes.
It is considered that measurement of salivary α-amylase activity is a useful tool for evaluating the sympathetic nervous system. The purpose of this research is to demonstrate a new design of a flat-chip microanalytical enzyme sensor (flat-chip sensor) for salivary amylase activity as a Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), which may be used for wearable analytical systems. To meet this purpose, the biosensor needs to be miniaturized and to possess high-sensitivity. A pre-column and a flat-enzyme electrode were incorporated in a flow cell of volume 25.7 ml. In order to miniaturize the flow cell, two enzymatic membranes containing maltose phosphorylase obtained from Enterococcus hirae (MP membrane) and glucose oxidase and peroxidase (GOD-POD membrane) were immobilised on the same planar surface. As a result, a flat-chip sensor incorporating a flow cell as small as a C battery was produced. The optimum conditions of three parameters of the fabricated flat-chip sensor, the immobilising method of the enzymatic membrane, dropping volume of the mixed enzymatic solution and flow rate of the sample solution, were examined. An analytical system for 0–190 kU/l amylase activity with R2 of 0.97 was fabricated with a sample volume of 50 μl. This research indicates the possibility of a wearable biosensor for continuous monitoring of salivary amylase activity.
Children with intellectual disabilities show deficits in cognitive abilities and adaptive behavior which increase the risk of psychopathological disorders. This exploratory study aims at delineating profiles of children based on their cognitive functioning and adaptive behaviors, and to compare them on psychopathological manifestations. A cognitive assessment and an evaluation of adaptive behaviors are conducted with 52 school-age children receiving services from a rehabilitation center for people with intellectual disabilities. Adaptive behaviors are evaluated by a special educator and a questionnaire concerning psychopathology is filled out by a parent and a teacher. Cluster analyses highlight three profiles among children: Performing, Uncooperative and Non-performing. They differ on cognitive functions, collaboration and in terms of practical abilities of adaptive behaviors. Chi-square tests show significant differences in social competences, but not in problematic behaviors, according to the viewpoint of parents and teachers. Potential explanations are provided to understand the absence of significant differences in problematic behaviors between the three profiles.
Li-S batteries have shown great potential for next generation energy storage due to the high theoretical specific capacity and low cost. However, the issues of shuttle effect of polysulfide, poor conductivity of sulfur, and volume expansion during lithiation/delithiation seriously restrict the development of Li-S batteries. Inspired by the strong chemical absorption between metal oxides and polysulfides, a jujube pit like Fe3O4/C composite derived from iron-based metal-organic framework (Fe-MOF) are applied as efficient sulfur host in Li-S batteries in this work. Benefitting from the strong chemical bond between iron ion and polysulfides, as well as the interaction between oxygen anion and lithium ion, the Fe3O4/C composite can immobilize the sulfur and inhibit the diffusion of polysulfides efficiently. In addition, the carbon component not only improves the electrical conductivity, but also serves as buffer layer to accommodate the volume variation upon charging/discharging. Consequently, such Fe3O4/C/S cathode shows a high initial specific capacity of 1324 mAh/g at a current density of 0.05 C and could retain a specific capacity of 642 mAh/g after 300 cycles at current density of 1 C, corresponding to a low fading rate of 0.072% per cycle.
Cost-effective, active and stable electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are highly desirable for the wide-spread adoption of technologies such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Among the already reported non-precious metal catalysts, carbon-supported transition metal-nitrogen complexes, i.e., M-N/C catalysts, are the most promising candidate. Herein, by comparing the ORR activities of standard Fe-N/C catalysts synthesized with or without the doped phosphorus species, the promotional effect of phosphorus doping is discerned. Such phosphorus doping is achieved by using an acidic phosphate ester as a dopant in the synthesis, which introduces no change in catalyst morphologies and structures. The linked structure of phosphate ester cations with the nitrogen precursor, i.e., polyaniline chain, is favored for the evenly P doping of the catalyst, showing to a superior ORR activity to that for the undoped Fe-N/C catalyst. The activity and durability of the catalysts are demonstrated in direct methanol fuel cells.
We propose a real time simulation for window frost formation on mobile devices that uses both particles and grids. Previous ice formation methods made heavy demands on both memory and computational capacity because they were designed for a desktop environment. In this paper, a frost skeleton grows around a location touched by the user using particles, and the ice surfaces are constructed using a grid. Using a nonlattice random-walk technique, the frost skeleton grows freely and naturally. A hash grid technique is used to search efficiently for neighbor particles during the crystallization process. Finally, some 2.5D details are added to the ice skeleton by adjusting the height of the grid vertices around the skeleton. Experiments show that our method creates realistic frost in real time. Our method can be used to express ice formation effects in touch-based mobile device applications such as weather forecasts or games.
Nanoscale cobalt oxide (CoO) particles were synthesized by analysis of CoCO3 in vacuum. Four groups of sealed Ni/MH batteries with different ratio of nanoscale CoO in the positive electrodes were assembled. The overall characteristics of Ni/MH batteries were investigated at different discharge rates at room temperature. The high-rate discharge performance of the Ni/MH batteries was improved by the addition of nanoscale CoO in positive electrode as compared with the addition of normal CoO. Under high-rate discharge conditions, the batteries with sufficient nanoscale CoO in positive electrodes presented much better cycling stability, higher discharge mean voltage, lower internal resistance and higher high-rate capacity. The addition of 8wt.% nanoscale CoO was proved a desired amount to modify the battery performance at high discharge rates. Too much nanoscale CoO contributed no effect on the improvement of overall performance of Ni/MH batteries.
Hydrated sodium manganese oxide was synthesized by reducing permanganate ion using ethanol by a sol–gel method. By including acetylene black in the synthetic reaction, we obtained composite materials in which sodium manganese oxide hydrate particles were small and mixed well with the acetylene black. We evaluated those composites as a lithium battery cathode and found that they showed 170mAhg−1 under 5mAg−1 and 117mAhg−1 under 5Ag−1 on the basis of composite weight. This rapid discharge performance was probably caused by the favorable contact condition of the composite constituents.
Abtract LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2 has been widely pursued as an alternative to LiCoO2 cathode materials for lithium ion batteries because of its high capacity and acceptable cycling property. However, that NCA can react with commercialized electrolyte during cycling restrains its wide use. Here, olivine structured LiMnPO4 has been introduced to modify the surface of NCA by a sol-gel method. Characterizations from structure, morphology and composition analysis technologies demonstrate that a LiMnPO4 layer has been uniformly coated on NCA particles. The electrochemical performance and thermo stability of modified samples are characterized by electrochemical tests, XRD and metallic nail penetration tests. The olivine structured skin, which provides structural and thermal stability, is used to encapsulate the high powered core via using the effective coating technique. The modified material displays a high discharge capacity of 211.0mAhg−1 at 0.2C and better rate performance and promoted cycling stability than the uncoated control sample. Furthermore, the thermal stability of coated sample in the delithiated state is upgraded to the pristine powders remarkably.
Demand response provides more flexibility in the operation of a power grid with high renewable energy penetration. In this paper, a mathematical model of storage devices and loads with thermal inertia, such as batteries, water heaters, and air conditioners, is presented. Dynamic and linear programming methods are used to solve the optimization problem subject to comfort constraints. The price signal for these devices can incorporate financial criteria as well as reliability criteria. Optimal operation of the storage devices and loads with thermal inertia are obtained considering the given price signal. Individual device performance optimization is compared with all of the devices as a single solution and optimal operation plots and results are presented and discussed. The presented optimization problem for house devices is solved using dynamic programming and mathematical programming and the results are compared.
Our evaluation of various characteristics of large-capacity 40Ah and 80Ah Lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells developed for industrial use shows that these cells exhibit reduced voltage characteristics and increased internal resistance in degraded conditions. We constructed a DC power supply system for telecommunications equipment using 80Ah Li-ion batteries incorporating a function to estimate the cell status from the voltage characteristics during an automatic discharge of the battery. The Li-ion batteries in this system are maintained by a floating charge method, and we miniaturized the battery unit. In a field trial test lasting approximately 2 years, this DC power supply system performed well inclusive of the automatic discharge. The specifications and characteristics of prototype 200Ah and 400Ah cells, which were assembled to expand the application areas of Li-ion cells, are shown. Because these cells have similar characteristics to those of current 40Ah and 80Ah cells, they can be widely used as a substitute for conventional valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) cells.
Different LiMn1-xVxPO4 (x = 0, 0.05, 1, and 0.15) samples of olivine-type structure were successfully synthesized by solvothermal method in ethylene glycol. The effect of vanadium incorporation on the performance of LiMnPO4 was systematically investigated using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, charge/discharge measurements, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests. The control of the vanadium insertion in 4c sites within octahedral sites, particle size, desired morphology and conductivity, was achieved by an adequate thermal treatment. TEM images showed particle sizes of 100 nm and carbon coating thickness of between 3 and 4 nm. The vanadium insertion increases the number of lithium ion diffusion pathways and free charges in the LiMnPO4 structure. For this reason, the doped materials exhibit superior ionic and electronic conductivity to undoped material. Consequently, the LiMn1-xVxPO4 cathode material can retain more than 60% capacity when tested at rates as high as 5C. Vanadium-doped olivine exhibited a capacity of 126 mAhg−1 at 0.2C and a high cycling stability.
A simple and versatile way to synthesize porous nano-sheet carbon (PNSC) with high activity for Br2/Br- based on nano-sheet zeolite-type metal organic framework (NSZIF) was presented. The NSZIF was prepared by directly stirring an aqueous solution at room temperature, which avoided the usage of organic solvent and huge energy consumption. The PNSC was prepared by pyrolyzing NSZIF, which inherited a nano-sheet morphology and created a well-defined electron conductive framework. In the design, the nano-sheet morphology shortens the electron transport path and increases electronic conductivity. The in-plane nanopores and highly porous loose structure created by CO2 activation provide 3D transport channels and substantially enhance the ion diffusion rate within the framework. And the high specific surface area (~2085m2 g−1) provides more reactive sites and ensures excellent activity. As a result, the zinc bromine flow battery with PNSC exhibited a voltage efficiency of 83% and an energy efficiency of 82% at a current density of 80mAcm−2. This paper provided a simple and efficient approach to fabricate the high activity positive electrode material for bromine-based flow batteries.
E-waste is a complex waste category containing both hazardous and valuable substances. It demands for a cost-efficient treatment system which simultaneously liberates and refines target fractions in an environmentally sound way. In most developing countries there is a lack of systems covering all steps from disposal until final processing due to limited infrastructure and access to technologies and investment. This paper introduces the ‘Best-of-2-Worlds’ philosophy (Bo2W), which provides a network and pragmatic solution for e-waste treatment in emerging economies. It seeks technical and logistic integration of ‘best’ pre-processing in developing countries to manually dismantle e-waste and ‘best’ end-processing to treat hazardous and complex fractions in international state-of-the-art end-processing facilities. A series of dismantling trials was conducted on waste desktop computers, IT equipment, large and small household appliances, in order to compare the environmental and economic performances of the Bo2W philosophy with other conventional recycling scenarios. The assessment showed that the performance of the Bo2W scenario is more eco-efficient than mechanical separation scenarios and other local treatment solutions. For equipment containing substantial hazardous substances, it demands the assistance from domestic legislation for mandatory removal and safe handling of such fractions together with proper financing to cover the costs. Experience from Bo2W pilot projects in China and India highlighted key societal factors influencing successful implementation. These include market size, informal competitors, availability of national e-waste legislation, formal take-back systems, financing and trust between industrial players. The Bo2W philosophy can serve as a pragmatic and environmentally responsible transition before establishment of end-processing facilities in developing countries is made feasible. The executive models of Bo2W should be flexibly differentiated for various countries by adjusting to local conditions related to operational scale, level of centralized operations, dismantling depth, combination with mechanical processing and optimized logistics to international end-processors.
Electrochemical intercalation of potassium into graphite in molten potassium fluoride at 1163K was investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic electrolysis and open-circuit potential measurements. It was found that potassium intercalated into graphite solely between graphite layers. In addition, the intercalation compound formed in graphite bulk in molten KF was quite unstable and decomposed very fast. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that a very dilute potassium–graphite intercalation compound was formed in graphite matrix in the fluoride melt. Analysis with scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope shows that graphite was exfoliated to sheets and tubes due to lattice expansion caused by intercalation of potassium in molten KF.
Organic carbonyl compounds are considered as promising candidates for lithium batteries due to their high capacity and environmental friendliness. However, they suffer from serious dissolution in the electrolyte, leading to fast capacity decay. Here we report core-shell structured 1,4-benzoquinone@titanium dioxide (BQ@TiO2) composite as cathode for lithium batteries. The composite cathode can deliver a high discharge capacity of 441.2 mA h/g at 50 mA/g and a high capacity retention of 80.7% after 100 cycles. The good cycling performance of BQ@TiO2 composite can be attributed to the suppressed dissolution of BQ, which results from the physical confinement effect of TiO2 shell and the strong interactions between BQ and TiO2. Moreover, the combination of ex situ infrared spectra and density functional theory calculations reveals that the active redox sites of BQ are carbonyl groups. This work provides an alternative way to mitigate the dissolution of small carbonyl compounds and thus enhance their cycling stability.
Molybdenum phosphide (MoP) has attracted extensive attention as promising anode candidates for lithium-ion batteries owing to its high specific capacity, low potential range and low polarization. However, severe volume changes and intrinsic low conductivity are major challenges for further application of MoP electrode materials. In this work, a coral-like MoP microsphere encapsulated by N-doped carbon (MoP@NDC) was successfully prepared through annealing the precursor derived from self-polymerization of dopamine with phosphomolybdic acid. The introduction of carbon framework not only serves as matrix to confine MoP nanocrystals from aggregations, but also improves the electrochemical conductivity and facilitates lithium ion or electron transport on the surface of MoP. Such hierarchical structure delivered high discharge capacity of 495 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles with 90.1% capacity retention, which could be attributed to the synergistic effects of MoP nanoparticles and conductive carbon network. This design strategy shows MoP@NDC electrode with applicable application as anode in lithium-ion battery.
CuS nanosheets and their various assembled forms prepared by dealloying a Ti-Cu amorphous alloy have been investigated as electrochemical pseudocapacitor materials for energy storage applications. The properties of the assembled forms of the CuS nanosheets are determined by using the concentration of H2SO4 employed in the dealloying process. Spherical clusters composed of CuS nanosheets were fabricated by this process. These clusters have the highest specific surface areas provided by the nanosheets and exhibit high electrochemical and charge storage-release performances. The CuS spherical clusters showed a high specific capacitance of ∼276Fg−1 (at a scan rate of 5mVs−1 in cyclic voltammetry tests) and ∼713Fg−1 (at a charge-discharge current of 1.0Ag−1). The high pseudocapacitive performance can be attributed to the highest specific surface area in our case and absence of volume change of the nanosheets. These results suggest the importance of a rational nanostructure design for high-performance energy applications.