batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Estimating the temperature distribution within Li-ion batteries during operation is critical for safety and control purposes. Although existing control-oriented thermal models - such as thermal equivalent circuits (TEC) - are computationally efficient, they only predict average temperatures, and are unable to predict the spatially resolved temperature distribution throughout the cell. We present a low-order 2D thermal model of a cylindrical battery based on a Chebyshev spectral-Galerkin (SG) method, capable of predicting the full temperature distribution with a similar efficiency to a TEC. The model accounts for transient heat generation, anisotropic heat conduction, and non-homogeneous convection boundary conditions. The accuracy of the model is validated through comparison with finite element simulations, which show that the 2-D temperature field (r, z) of a large format (64 mm diameter) cell can be accurately modelled with as few as 4 states. Furthermore, the performance of the model for a range of Biot numbers is investigated via frequency analysis. For larger cells or highly transient thermal dynamics, the model order can be increased for improved accuracy. The incorporation of this model in a state estimation scheme with experimental validation against thermocouple measurements is presented in the companion contribution (Part II).
MnO2/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposites were synthesized via a simple solution method at room temperature for use in Li-ion batteries. Owing to the mesoporous features as well as the high electrical conductivity of rGO, the overall electronic and ionic conductivities of the nanocomposite were increased, resulting in improved electrochemical properties in terms of specific capacity, rate capability, and cyclability. In particular, as-prepared nanocomposites showed 222 and 115 mAh g−1 at a current density of as high as 5 and 10 A g−1, and the specific capacitance was well maintained after 400 cycles. In addition, MnO2, via composite formation with rGO, permitted the additional conversion reaction between MnO and Mn3O4, resulting in the reduction of the initial irreversible capacity despite the high first discharge capacity caused by the large specific surface area.
Oxygen evolution reaction is an integral part of energy storage technologies such as metal air batteries, water splitting, and regenerative fuel cells. However, oxygen evolution is 4 electron transfer process that suffers from sluggish reaction kinetics and indolent thermodynamics which mandates the use of a suitable noble metal catalyst. Considering the availability and cost of these precious metal catalysts, development of catalyst based on more abundant metal such as Fe is of vital interest for practical implication of these technologies. In this regards, over past few years several Fe based heterogeneous electrocatalysts are investigated for their electrocatalytic activity. Significant advances in improving the catalytic activity as well as exploring the catalytic mechanism are achieved in this area. Herein, we present an in-depth review on the recent progress in this field. Specific attention is given to design, synthesis, catalytic performance and strategies for improving their performance. A brief overview of existing challenges and future directions in the field of OER catalyst is also summarized.
Low ionic conductivity and poor interfacial compatibility between lithium electrodes and Li7P3S11 sulfide solid electrolytes are the greatest challenges for all-solid state lithium-sulfur batteries. Herein, we introduce a hybrid solid electrolyte with Li7P3S11 being wrapped with polyethylene oxide-LiClO4 (PEO-LiClO4). As served as conductive bridge between Li7P3S11 particles, PEO-LiClO4 would provide Li+ transition paths between Li7P3S11 particles, thus successfully improve its ionic conductivity. Moreover, the polymer layer of PEO-LiClO4 can isolate lithium metal and Li7P3S11 solid electrolyte, suppressing the reaction between lithium electrode and Li7P3S11 electrolyte. Therefore, hybrid solid electrolyte Li7P3S11-PEO-LiClO4 shows excellent interfacial compatibility with lithium foil. Lithium-sulfur battery with the hybrid electrolyte Li7P3S11-PEO-LiClO4 exhibits much improved electrochemical performance with better cycling stability and higher Coulombic efficiency.
As efforts to shorten the duration of untreated psychosis increase, there is a need for short screening instruments to identify those at-risk. It is feared that remote Indigenous populations, manifesting many of the risk factors associated with schizophrenia and often lacking access to adequate mental health services, may be overlooked as the general population effort shifts towards early detection. This article aimed to review studies investigating psychotic symptoms in Indigenous communities in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and United States of America and aimed to evaluate the usefulness of the instruments. Eleven relevant studies were identified using seven unique instruments. The available instruments assessed psychotic symptoms to varying degrees, although no screener for early detection was found thus supporting concerns that these disadvantaged populations do not have access to suitable support enabling early detection of psychosis. We recommend that a rapid screening tool for detecting at-risk individuals be developed and validated for community use in Indigenous populations living in remote areas.
The air conditioning (AC) system provides cool, heating and ventilation in the cabin of the electric vehicles (EVs). It is necessary to control the interior thermal environments of the vehicle and ensure safety in visibility. Because AC systems are electrically powered, vehicle range is reduced drastically when the AC system is operating. EVs present a particular challenge to the development of more efficient AC systems for automotive applications. In this paper, the state of the art for various AC system solutions to EVs was critically reviewed. The investigations of alternative solutions are continuing along many parallel routes, e.g. vapor compression refrigeration-dedicated heater AC systems, reversible vapor compression heat pump AC systems, non-vapor compression AC systems and integrated thermal management system combined AC and battery pack. The characteristics and particular applications of each solution have been extensively discussed. Finally, a comparison listing the various pros and cons of the different available solutions was presented.
Spinel LiMn2O4 and LiAl x Mn2−x O4 (x=0.05, 0.15) are synthesized by a sol–gel method using citric acid as a chelating agent. The effect of calcination temperature on the purity of the Al-substituted spinel is examined by X-ray diffraction measurements which suggests that pure material is obtained by calcination at 800°C. Cyclic voltammetry is employed to characterize the reactions of lithium insertion into and extraction from the spinel materials. Surface morphology changes are observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicate that Al-substitution enhances sintering of the spinel LiMn2O4. Charge–discharge cycling studies show that Al-substitution improves substantially the capacity retention of the spinel LiMn2O4.
Transparent conducting Copper oxide CuO thin films were successfully synthesized on glass and n-type Silicon substrates by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method. The crystal structure, surface texture, optical and electrical properties were studied. The results revealed that the deposited CuO thin films at different cycles number (5, 10, 15), have polycrystalline structure nature with monoclinic phase, and the crystallite size increases with the increase of cycles number. The average roughness and the root mean square values increase with increasing cycles number. The optical energy band gap and Urbach energy was decrement from 2.33 eV and 1.2 eV for 5 cycles to 2.1 eV and 0.82 eV for 15 cycles. The electrical properties of Ni/CuO/n–Si pn junction were studied using current–voltage (I–V) measurements. The barrier heights
A facile, robust and cost-effective co-precipitation method was employed to develop NiCo2O4 (NCO) hexagonal nanostructures for effective positive electrode in asymmetric supercapacitors. With an inclusion of alkali ions in growth solution, the nickel and cobalt ions were homogeneously precipitated and nucleated in the form of hexagonal-shaped NCO with porous properties. Electrochemical performance of NCO was probed in aqueous electrolyte of 2 M KOH. NCO nanostructures exhibited good electrochemical performance with a maximum specific capacitance of 1525 (±5) F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. Owing to good electrochemical properties of the material, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was assembled in 2 M KOH electrolyte. Specific energy and power densities of the ASC were obtained to be 24.5 Wh kg−1 and 175 W kg−1, respectively at 0.25 A g−1. Furthermore, the parallel-connected two red colored light-emitting diodes (1.8 V @ current 20 mA) were lit for 4 min. In addition, ASC device can also drive the electrical motor fan up to 50 s, showing the potential application of the electrode material. This high performance in both three electrode and two electrode systems is related to rich redox reaction, well-defined morphology with mesopores and nano-architecture electrode material.
Nowadays the increasing demand for sustainable mobility has fostered the introduction of innovative propulsion systems also in the public transport sector in order to achieve a significant reduction of pollutant emissions in highly congested urban areas. This paper describes both the design and the optimization of an environmentally friendly hybrid bus (hereafter referred to as “HYBUS”) for urban public transportation. After a preliminary description of the main features of the hybrid architecture, this paper assessed, through numerical simulations, the fuel economy potential of the hybridization in real world driving conditions. The promising results of this first part of the study led to the development of a first prototype. The first prototype of the bus was built by integrating an innovative hybrid propulsion system featuring a plug-in series architecture into the chassis of an old IVECO 490 TURBOCITY. The bus is 12m long and capable to host up to 116 passengers in the original layout. The project relied on a modular approach where the powertrain could be easily customized for size and power, depending on the specific application. The prototype was then extensively tested in the city of Genoa, Italy, an urban context extremely challenging for a hybrid powertrain due to its frequent uphill routes and significant road grades. The outcomes of the test campaign confirmed the simulations forecasts, and fostered additional analysis aimed to optimize the energy management strategy of the hybrid powertrain. Numerical simulations were then used in order to identify more refined energy management strategies capable of further enhancing the fuel economy potential of the hybrid architecture. Consequently, a novel energy management was developed, and virtually tested, to manage the HYBUS in a more effective way. The results demonstrated the interesting potential of such hybrid architecture.
A porosity-controllable Si-based composite electrode was fabricated in the present study. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), which possesses the unique thermal property of unzipping, was utilized as a pore-forming agent during electrode fabrication. PMMA-treated electrodes presented relatively low volume expansion and little deformation during lithiation. The cyclic dilation behavior of PMMA-treated electrodes was investigated by applying an in situ electrochemical dilatometric method, and enhanced dimensional reversibility during cycling was observed. The dilation behavior was closely related to the electrochemical performance, and PMMA-treated electrodes exhibited improved capacity retention and low impedance change during cycling. The newly generated pores in the PMMA-treated electrode can accommodate the volumetric expansion of Si-based active materials, which suppresses electrode deformation and the breakdown of the electrical network. The porosity plays an important role in Si-based electrodes. Thus, controlling the porosity through PMMA-treatment can be an effective way for the application of Si-based composite electrodes for advanced lithium-ion batteries.
In this work, we have developed a versatile method for hybrid Ni–Co hydroxide array fabricated on copper foam (CF). Starting from commercial copper foam, the process involves sequential solution immersion and electrolytic deposition steps, both of which are simple and rapid to carry out and potentially scalable. The resulting Ni–Co hydroxide/Cu(OH)2/CF has a hierarchical and the nanoarray has a hollow structure, and exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance as battery-type electrode material for hybrid supercapacitors with excellent specific capacity (849.6Cg−1, at 5mAcm−2) and good cycling stability (81.03% of its initial capacity value was preserved after 5000 charge/discharge cycles at 100mAcm−2). Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor was fabricated with the Ni-Co hydroxide/Cu(OH)2/CF as positive electrode while the rGO as negative electrode. The hybrid device exhibits excellent energy density of 58.61Whkg−1 at a power density of 359.33Wkg−1. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the process is also scalable in practice, by fabricating a large-size (20cm×30cm) Ni–Co hydroxide/Cu(OH)2/CF which retains excellent specific capacity.
Although cognitive impairments are consistently linked to functional outcome in chronic schizophrenia, the relationship remains unclear for patients with first-episode schizophrenia. The objective of this present study was to determine whether there are distinct developmental trajectories for functional outcome in patients with different levels of baseline cognition. The present study has a multi-follow-up design, and includes data from six follow-ups over four years. Assessments were conducted yearly, apart from the first year where assessments were conducted every six months. A total of 28 patients with first-episode schizophrenia participated in the study, with 79% of patients retained at the 4-year follow-up. Cognition was assessed with MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. Functional outcomes were obtained through Global functioning: Social and Global functioning: Role. Data were analyzed with linear multilevel models. Results suggest steady improvements in social and role functioning among the patients across the four year period. Baseline attention, verbal learning, and verbal working memory were significantly associated with social outcome. Role functioning was significantly associated with attention, verbal working memory, and reasoning/problem solving. Furthermore, the rate of change in social outcome varies among patients depending on their baseline level of attention and verbal working memory, with the lowest scoring group showing the least improvement over the years. The subgroup of patients with the largest cognitive impairments at the onset of the disorder shows limited improvements in social functioning compared to higher functioning groups.
Spherical Li3V2(PO4)3/C composites are synthesized by a soft chemistry route using hydrazine hydrate as the spheroidizing medium. The electrochemical properties of the materials are investigated by galvanostatic charge–discharge tests, cyclic voltammograms and electrochemical impedance spectrum. The porous Li3V2(PO4)3/C spheres exhibit better electrochemical performances than the solid ones. The spherical porous Li3V2(PO4)3/C electrode shows a high discharge capacity of 129.1 and 125.6mAhg−1 between 3.0 and 4.3V, and 183.8 and 160.9mAhg−1 between 3.0 and 4.8V at 0.2 and 1C, respectively. Even at a charge–discharge rate of 15C, this material can still deliver a discharge capacity of 100.5 and 121.5mAhg−1 in the potential regions of 3.0–4.3V and 3.0–4.8V, respectively. The excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to the porous structure, which can make the lithium ion diffusion and electron transfer more easily across the Li3V2(PO4)3/electrolyte interfaces, thus resulting in enhanced electrode reaction kinetics and improved electrochemical performance.
Extending the range of analysis of previous measurements on energy storage in ionic liquid (IL)-based supercapacitors with very well defined carbon materials indicates that there are two distinct processes at play: the one at lower voltages is (classically) related to the micropore inclusion of single ions, while a previously unknown high voltage transition can be ascribed to a change in the structure and coordination number of the ionic liquid. This opinion article discusses a proof of circumstantial evidence for this so far weakly understood and often overlooked mode of energy storage, which in principle could take supercapacitors to a new level of energy storage.
ABSTRACT We have developed a facile and mass-producible strategy named electric discharge method to successfully improve the surface properties of Cu foils with rough carbon layer. Electrochemical tests in half-cells demonstrate that the coated carbon layer can significantly reduce the polarization resistance and enhance the reversible capacity of graphite anode when utilizing the Cu foils as current collector for lithium ion batteries. More importantly, the developed carbon coated Cu anode current collector can also improve the overall performances of LiFePO4 full cells in terms of enhanced rate capability (from 887.9 to 946.3mAh at 4C rate), reduced polarization voltage (11.7mV lower at 4C rate), longer cycle life (about 650 increased cycles if taking 80 % capacity retention as the end of cycle life when used at 1C rate) as well as improved low-temperature performance (capacity retention: 42.87% vs. 38.85% at -20°C).
Osteoid osteoma is a painful, benign bony tumor affecting a predominantly young patient population, with 60% occurring between ages 10 and 20 years old and a male predominance [19]. Nocturnal and rest pain are hallmarks. Symptoms vary from a mild ache to severe debilitating pain in response to excessive prostaglandin production. As such, the pain is classically responsive to aspirin due to its anti-prostaglandin effect [13]. Localized swelling and tenderness may be present on examination. Radiographically, osteoid osteoma is traditionally described as a 1–2-cm radiolucent lesion with a sclerotic border and central nidus consisting of vascular osteoid with focal mineralization. Imaging modalities including radiographs, bone scan, CT, and MRI can be helpful in the diagnosis of osteoid osteoma.
The electrochemical performance of mixed oxides, Ca2Fe2O5 and Ca2Co2O5 for use in Li-ion batteries was studied with Li as the counter electrode. The compounds were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction and SEM. Ca2Fe2O5 showed a reversible capacity of 226mAh/g at the 14th cycle and retained 183mAh/g at the end of 50 cycles at 60mA/g in the voltage window 0.005–2.5V. A reversible capacity in the range, 365–380mAh/g, which is stable up to 50 charge–discharge cycles is exhibited by Ca2Co2O5 in the voltage window, 0.005–3.0V and at 60mA/g. This corresponds to recycleable moles of Li of 3.9±0.1 (theoretical: 4.0). Significant improvement in the cycling performance and attainable reversible capacity were noted for Ca2Co2O5 on cycling to an upper cut-off voltage of 3.0V as compared to 2.5V. Coulombic efficiency for both compounds is >98%. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data clearly indicate the reversible formation/decomposition of polymeric surface film on the electrode surface of Ca2Co2O5 in the voltage window, 0.005–3.0V. Cyclic voltammetry results compliment the galvanostatic cycling data.
It has been reported that congenital prosopagnosics may have a general imagery deficit or an imagery deficit specific to faces. However, much of this evidence is based on self-report questionnaires, rather than experimentally based testing (Grüter et al., 2007, 2009). This study tested face and non-face based imagery in a case series of congenital prosopagnosics, utilising both questionnaire based and forced choice accuracy measures. Our findings indicate that all the prosopagnosics showed impaired face based imagery, which contrasted with normal performance on imagery of objects and colours – a pattern that is consistent with reports of acquired prosopagnosia (Barton, 2008; Michelon and Biederman, 2003). Given all our experimentally based testing indicated face imagery impairments, despite no such problems being seen on self-report questionnaires, we would argue that testing based only on the latter must be interpreted with some caution. Overall, we would advocate that our findings demonstrate a category specific visual imagery impairment in congenital prosopagnosia, such that general imagery skill can be intact in such cases.
In this work, we synthesize inexpensive Vulcan XC-72 carbon supported Fe2O3 nanoparticles (Fe2O3/XC) as an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst for non-aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries. It is demonstrated that the battery with the Fe2O3/XC cathode exhibits a charge voltage plateau of 4.01V at a current density of 200mAg−1, which is 0.43V lower than that with the pure XC carbon cathode. The battery also presents an outstanding rate capability, giving a charge voltage plateau of 3.99, 4.01 and 4.15V at the current density of 100, 200 and 400mAg−1, respectively. Furthermore, the battery can be operated for 50 cycles at a fixed capacity of 500mAhg−1 without obvious degradation, showing its superior cycling stability. The results suggest that the iron oxide is a cost-effective catalyst for non-aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries.
In this paper, the mathematical modelling of a novel Electrical Energy Storage (EES) Receiver for Solar Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) is presented. The EES receiver is essentially a Heat Collecting Element (HCE) with built in storage in the form of thermal batteries such as the Sodium Sulphur (NaS) battery. The conceptual design and mathematical models describing the operation of the receiver are presented along with important results of model validation. When held under adiabatic conditions (a primary indicator of model validity), results were highly consistent with established PTC, models and with National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL, USA) experimental data for existing SCHOTT PTR-70 and Solel UVAC3 receiver tubes, currently being used in existing PTC power plants.
Electrochemical polymerization in a room temperature ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM]PF6), has been used to prepare electrochromic poly(3-methylthiophene) (PMeT) and its more attractive derivatives: poly(3-hexylthiophene) (PHexT) and poly(3-octylthiophene) (POcT). Spectroelectrochemistry and electrochromic properties of the resulting polymers were characterized using various experiment techniques in [BMIM]PF6/CH3CN (1:1, v/v) solution. The thin films were bright red, orange red and orange yellow at its fully reduced state for PMeT, PHexT and POcT, respectively. After oxidization of these undoped polymers, the films underwent reversible change to the bright blue, blue or black blue form. These poly(3-alkylthiophene)s (PMeT, PHexT and POcT) films exhibit high chromatic contrast (46, 45 or 39%), comparative switching times (1.1, 1.4 or 1.9s), great electrochromic efficiency (250, 220 and 230cm2 C−1) and long-term switching stability. High quality electrochromic polymers were provided for the use of commercially available thiophene monomers, avoiding the use of other custom synthesized monomers.