batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Nanocomposite polymer films of [Ru(bpy)2(PVP)10]2+ metallopolymer and gold monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs) have been formed. Cyclic voltammetry of the films has been performed in both acidic (0.1M H2SO4) and neutral (0.1M Na2SO4) pH electrolyte solution. In acidic electrolyte, the protecting monolayers is desorbed as the gold surface is oxidized. Transmission electron microscopy of the nanocomposite following electrochemical cycling reveals aggregates of “naked” MPCs. In sharp contrast, in neutral pH electrolyte, the MPCs are stable towards voltammetric cycling and no gold oxide formation is evident in the voltammetry. The homogeneous charge-transfer diffusion coefficient, DCT , was determined for a range of nanocomposite films as the MPC mole fraction is systematically varied. When acidic electrolyte is used, DCT decreases from 2.8±0.5×10−10 to 1.5±0.1×10−11 cm2 s−1 as the MPC mole fraction is increased from 0 to 0.45. In contrast, the DCT determined in neutral electrolyte is universally lower than that determined in acidic electrolyte, it increases by over two orders of magnitude from 2.6±0.9×10−15 to 4.0±0.5×10−13 cm2 s−1 as MPC mole fraction increases from 0.05 to 0.5.
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) represent an attractive choice for stationary energy storage. Its widespread application relies on the development of novel, reliable cathode materials. Herein, we find NASICON structured Na3V2(PO4)3 manifests simultaneous Zn2+/Na+ intercalation/de-intercalation in a single component electrolyte (2.0 M Zn(CF3SO3)2). The Na3V2(PO4)3/rGO microspheres prepared by spray drying deliver a high specific capacity of 114 mAh g−1 with an average discharge platform of 1.23 V at 50 mA g−1. Impressively, a high capacity of 74 mAh g−1 can be obtained after 200 cycles at 500 mA g−1. These excellent electrochemical performances can be ascribed to the stable and open NASICON framework, fast ion diffusion, as well as continuous electron transport. This work sheds light on the development of secondary batteries with hybrid ion intercalation/de-intercalation behaviors using a single component electrolyte.
The cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are very efficient catalysts of foreign compound metabolism and are responsible for the major part of metabolism of clinically important drugs. The enzymes are important in cancer since they (a) activate dietary and environmental components to ultimate carcinogens, (b) activate or inactivate drugs used for cancer treatment, and (c) are potential targets for anticancer therapy. The genes encoding the CYP enzymes active in drug metabolism are highly polymorphic, whereas those encoding metabolism of precarcinogens are relatively conserved. A vast amount of literature is present where investigators have tried to link genetic polymorphism in CYPs to cancer susceptibility, although not much conclusive data have hitherto been obtained, with exception of CYP2A6 polymorphism and tobacco induced cancer, to a great extent because of lack of important functional polymorphisms in the genes studied. With respect to anticancer treatment, the genetic CYP polymorphism is of greater importance, where treatment with tamoxifen, but also with cyclophosphamide and maybe thalidomide is influenced by CYP genetic variants. In the present review we present updates on CYP genetics, cancer risk and treatment and also epigenetic aspects of interindividual variability in CYP expression and the use of these enzymes as targets for cancer therapy. We conclude that the CYP polymorphism does not predict cancer susceptibility to any large extent but that this polymorphism might be an important factor for optimal cancer therapy using selected anticancer agents.
In order to solve the problem of polysulfide dissolution into the electrolyte on sulfur-based cathodes, we propose a novel method of modifying the S cathode by coating it with a polypyrrole (PPy) film, which is prepared by oxidative electropolymerization using a solution consisting of, 1-methyl-1-butylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), and pyrrole. The PPy film demonstrates a high Li+ transport number. The film also exhibits a superior ability to inhibit polysulfide dissolution into the electrolyte during the charge–discharge cycles. Furthermore, the charge–discharge properties of the coated cathode is evaluated using an electrolyte consisting of 1.0 M LiTFSI in a mixture of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) and 1,3-dioxolane (DOL), which is known to easily dissolve polysulfides. Because of the surface modification with the PPy film, the cathode exhibits excellent specific capacities of 823 and 354 mAh g−1 at C-rates of 0.1 and 1.0 C, respectively, with high coulombic efficiency. Thus, the strategy of coating the S cathode with PPy is successful in inhibiting the polysulfides dissolution even in electrolytes known to easily dissolve polysulfides, besides allowing high C-rate operation. Further, the modification of the S cathode allows the selection of a suitable electrolyte based on the anode, rather than being limited by the cathode.
To investigate electrochemical performances of an amorphous lithium tungsten oxide (LWO) layer, an amorphous LWO-modified LiCoO2 (LCO) thin film electrode is fabricated by pulsed laser deposition and is exposed under a humid environment. The amorphous LWO-modified LCO exhibits high capacity retention of 80% at a rapid charge-discharge rate of 20 C. Conversely, the bare LCO exhibits capacity retention of 0% at the rates of 20 C. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrates that the LWO-modified LCO maintains a low interfacial resistance after the cycling test compared with the bare LCO. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), scanning transmission microscopy (STEM), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) indicate the presence of Li2CO3 on the surface of the bare LCO electrode and a thick degraded surface layer of CoO structure on the surface of LCO primary particle after electrochemical tests. XPS, STEM, and EELS indicate the presence of low amounts of Li2CO3 on the surface of the LWO-modified LCO, the LCO layer remains in a normal state, and LWO layer maintains the amorphous LWO state after the tests. Thus, the amorphous LWO protective layer contributes to suppressing the degradation of LCO and maintaining an amorphous LWO state with a lithium ion conductor, resulting in high-power durability.
The electrode of array of CuO nanosheet is prepared via a template-free growth method, and it is doped by Ag via the silver mirror reaction. The morphology of Ag-doped CuO nanosheet is examined by scanning electron microscopy. The phase structure of the Ag-doped CuO nanosheet is analyzed by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. The supercapacitance behavior of Ag-doped CuO nanosheet is investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the thickness of a single nanosheet is up to around 150nm. The specific capacitance of the Ag-doped CuO nanosheet electrode is 689Fg−1 at 1Ag−1 and 299Fg−1 at 10Ag−1, respectively, much higher than that of the unmodified CuO nanosheet arrays (418Fg−1 at 1Ag−1 and 127Fg−1 at 10Ag−1). The improved capacitance is explained in terms of the presence of dispersed Ag particle coated the CuO nanosheet arrays having good electrical conductivity.
Feelings of well-being and happiness fluctuate over time and contexts. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) studies can capture fluctuations in momentary behavior, and experiences by assessing these multiple times per day. Traditionally, EMA was performed using pen and paper. Recently, due to technological advances EMA studies can be conducted more easily with smartphones, a device ubiquitous in our society. The goal of this review was to evaluate the literature on smartphone-based EMA in well-being research in healthy subjects. The systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Searching PubMed and Web of Science, we identified 53 studies using smartphone-based EMA of well-being. Studies were heterogeneous in designs, context, and measures. The average study duration was 12.8 days, with well-being assessed 2–12 times per day. Half of the studies included objective data (e.g. location). Only 47.2% reported compliance, indicating a mean of 71.6%. Well-being fluctuated daily and weekly, with higher well-being in evenings and weekends. These fluctuations disappeared when location and activity were accounted for. On average, being in nature and physical activity relates to higher well-being. Working relates to lower well-being, but workplace and company do influence well-being. The important advantages of using smartphones instead of other devices to collect EMAs are the easier data collection and flexible designs. Smartphone-based EMA reach far larger maximum sample sizes and more easily add objective data to their designs than palm-top/PDA studies. Smartphone-based EMA research is feasible to gain insight in well-being fluctuations and its determinants and offers the opportunity for parallel objective data collection. Most studies currently focus on group comparisons, while studies on individual differences in well-being patterns and fluctuations are lacking. We provide recommendations for future smartphone-based EMA research regarding measures, objective data and analyses.
The ever increasing and continuously unpredictable fluctuating diesel prices that power electricity generation has detrimental impact on the business climate in an area that fights to move away from recovery of post-conflict situation to a relatively rapid economic development. In view of this, this paper aims to investigate the possibility of supplying electricity from a renewable energy-supplemented hybrid system to Hargeisa, Somaliland׳s major urban center. The city has yet to establish its own standard modern electricity grid. Because of the great need to reduce energy costs in Somaliland, a feasibility study has been carried out on how to supply electricity to a sampled residential load. The electric load consists of only a primary type that is in-line with the present electricity consumption in the area. A software tool, hybrid optimization model for electric renewables (HOMER) is used for the analysis. The results of the techno-economic analysis indicate the economic prospect of achieving a 58% of renewable energy (RE) penetration. This consequently reduces the cost of energy (COE) by 30% and the total net present cost (NPC) of the simulated system by a further 25% as compared to a current diesel-only microgrid. The deployment of a hybrid microgrid shows the viability of a better economic prospect than the current “business-as-usual” scenario in Somaliland.
The aim of this study was to evaluate simultaneously a battery of biomarkers in Prochilodus lineatus fish in order to obtain a holistic overview of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) toxicity. Juveniles were exposed to 2.5 and 25.0 µgAgNP L−1 for 5 and 15 days. We analyzed silver accumulation in tissues (liver, intestine and brain), morphometric and hematological parameters, oxidative stress markers (antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals-ACAP-), and metabolic responses in plasma (glucose, proteins, triglycerides and cholesterol), liver and muscle (glycogen, proteins, and lipids). Additionally, after 15-day exposure, the number of colony forming units (CFU) of bacteria living at the skin mucus secretion was analyzed to corroborate the AgNP biocide properties. Tissue Ag accumulation was concentration- and time-dependent: liver > intestine > brain. The hepatosomatic index increased at both periods of exposure at 25.0 µgAgNP L−1. Hematological and plasma biochemical parameters increased after 5 days of exposure to the highest concentration. When fish were exposed for 15 days to 25.0 µgAgNP L−1, many changes were observed: glycogen content increased in liver and muscle, muscle protein concentration decreased, all antioxidant enzymes activities were enhanced and ACAP decreased in liver. The CFU decreased in the mucus of fish exposed to both AgNP treatments when compared to the control group. The multivariate analysis revealed a clear difference in physiological profiles of individuals exposed to the different treatments. Our results showed that AgNP in short and subchronic exposures threaten the health of fish.
Our objective is to review the history and development of different procedures of bariatric surgery, along with a summary of the most commonly performed bariatric procedures today and a look on the future trends in the field of bariatric surgery.
A rotating Pt3Co, thermally prepared alloy disc is used to study electrochemical oxygen reduction in alkaline solutions of different pH. In all solutions two Tafel regions are found: at low current densities ∂E/∂log j=−2.3RT/F and at high current densities ∂E/∂log j=−2.3×2RT/F. The reaction order with respect to OH− is confirmed to be −1/2 and 0 for low and high current density regions, respectively. The coverage, θ, with oxygen intermediates, determined by a programmed potentiodynamic method, is found to be a function of potential and pH. In all solutions, substantial coverages are observed only at potentials in the low current density region. It is found that the fractional reaction order at low current densities is related through the adsorption of oxygen species under Temkin conditions and the dependence of activation energy on θ and pH.
In our effect to develop a lithium secondary battery with high energy density, aluminum sulfide (Al2S3) was studied for use as an active material. The measured initial discharge capacity of Al2S3 was ca. 1170mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1. This corresponds to 62% of the theoretical capacity for the sulfide. Al2S3 exhibited poor capacity retention in the potential range between 0.01V and 2.0V, mainly due to the structural irreversibility of the charge process or Li extraction. XRD and Al and S K-XANES analyses indicated that the surface of Al2S3 reacts reversibly during charge and discharge processes, while the core of Al2S3 showed structural irreversibility because LiAl and Li2S were formed from Al2S3 at the initial discharge and remained as they were afterward.
We present a simple polymer-pyrolysis assisted method to prepare vanadium trioxide and carbon nanocomposites as an advanced anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The as-prepared material deliver a superior battery performance with highly retained capacity of ∼780 mAh g− 1 over 100 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g− 1, showing excellent cyclic stability, and good rate capability. The improved electrochemical performance of vanadium trioxide and carbon nanocomposites electrode makes it promising as a suitable anode material for practical battery applications.
We investigated self-discharge characteristics of Li/S batteries using tetra ethylene glycol dimethylether (TEGDME) electrolyte. The open circuit voltages (OCV) and discharge curves were measured as a function of storage time. The self-discharge of the Li/S battery depended on current collectors. Li/TEGDME/S batteries with stainless steel (SUS) current collector showed the highest self-discharge rate of 59% per month. The self-discharge rate of Li/TEGDME/S battery using Al current collector is 34% during initial 80 days, but only 36% after 360 days storage. The discharge capacity decreases only 2% from 80 to 360 days. The self-discharge of Li/S battery using Al current collector is severe during initial 80 days, but is not an important factor after 80 days. Average self-discharge rate of Li/TEGDME/S battery using Al current collector is 3% per month for 1 year.
Cationic and anionic doping in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 has been prepared via a solid state method. The effect of substitution on the structure, morphology, and electrochemical properties were investigated. The XRD and Raman results indicate that all synthesized materials have a phase-pure spinel structure with a space group of Fd3m and no obvious impurity phase peaks. Excellent cycle life is measured for these 5V Cr and (or) F-doped electrodes. When the charge/discharge rate returns to 1C after the test of rate capability (0.1-5C), the capacity can be completely recovered and the capacity retention is about 98.6%, 98.8% and 96.2% after 100 cycles for LiNi0.45Cr0.05Mn1.5O4, LiNi0.45Cr0.05Mn1.5O3.9F0.1 and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O3.9F0.1, respectively. Furthermore, rate capability is greatly influenced by the relative content of Mn3+. Cr and (or) F substitutions supply an efficient process to tune the Mn3+ concentration in the lattice.
(a) Cross-section SEM image of a representative aluminum anode all-solid-state thin-film battery before cycling. (b–d) Top down SEM images show how the aluminum anode surface evolves during the first cycling step. By increasing the charging current, the density of clusters also increases—(b) shows the effect of 10 nA after 50 min, (c) is 20 nA at 17 min, and (d) is 30 nA at 3 min—indicating that the aluminum–lithium alloy formation is a kinetically driven process. Courtesy of NIST
Organization, Time Management, and Planning (OTP) problems are a key mechanism of academic failure for adolescents with ADHD. Parents may be well positioned to promote remediation of these deficits; yet, almost nothing is known about OTP management behaviors among parents of middle and high school students with ADHD. In a sample of 299 well-diagnosed adolescents with ADHD, a measure of parental OTP management was psychometrically validated. Latent Class Analysis was conducted to detect distinct patterns of parental OTP management and yielded four unique classes: Parental Control (18.7 %), Parent-Teen Collaboration (20.4 %), Homework Assistance (20.4 %), and Uninvolved (40.5 %). Logistic Regression analyses indicated that maladaptive parental OTP strategies were related to higher levels of parent and adolescent psychopathology. Parental OTP management did not relate to current adolescent OTP skills or GPA, indicating that parents did not select OTP management strategies in immediate response to adolescent functioning. Implications for parent-directed intervention are discussed.
Abstract This article provides a comprehensive review of Alzheimer's disease, providing a description of the history, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, genetics, risk factors, treatment, and societal impact of the disease. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized behaviorally by progressive memory and cognitive decline and physiologically by the presence of amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. The underlying cause of AD, as well as its treatment, is still under investigation. A number of valuable diagnostic tools have been developed and continue to be improved. Risk factors for AD include age, genetic predisposition, environmental factors, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and diet.
This paper describes the synthesis and properties of the porous MgO fibers used as a binder of the electrolyte for thermal batteries. Porous MgO fibers with controlled pore size were prepared by a facile hydrothermal method in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The effect of PEG addition on the pore sizes of the porous MgO fibers was systematically investigated. The influence of porous MgO fibers having different pore sizes on the electrolyte (LiCl-KCl) leakage and electrochemical performances of the corresponding model cells were measured. The results show that a large amount of PEG leads to porous MgO fibers having high specific surface area and total pore volume, and reaching the maximum, 13.65m2 g−1 and 0.097m3 g−1 respectively, at 1.5mol% of PEG addition. The model cell fabricated with porous MgO fiber having high surface area and pore volume shows low deformation and electrolyte leakage, as well as high discharge capacity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis shows that, the ionic conductivity of the cell increases as the porous MgO fiber pore size increasing. These performances are much better than the performances of cell fabricated with traditional MgO powders. The dimensional stability and large surface area contact of porous MgO fibers with molten electrolyte should account for the superior physical and electrochemical performances of model cell fabricated with porous MgO fibers.
Transition metal oxides (TMDs) have large theoretical capacity as anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), but this merit is difficult to achieve in the process of practical application. Some researches demonstrated that increasing pseudocapacitive lithium storage is an effective method to improve the performance of TMDs. Herein, we reported a facile strategy to synthesize 3D porous carbon network (3DCN) encapsulating cobalt oxides (Co3O4) nanoparticles coated within N-doping carbon (NC) composites by pyrolysis followed oxidation process of ZIF/3DCN precursor. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of ultrasmall Co3O4 particles, hierarchical porosity, high specific surface area, mechanical integrity and high electrical conductivity, the Co3O4@NC/3DCN electrode exhibits a large discharge capacity of 1208 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1 and superior high-rate performance (reached to 539 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1), and the long cycling reversible capacities of 901 mAh g−1 and 516 mAh g−1 can be maintained after 400 cycles at 1000 and 5000 mA g−1, respectively. More importantly, the electrochemical kinetic analysis of Co3O4@NC/3DCN electrode indicates that the lithium storage is a dominant capacitive process. This method can be easily extended to prepare other transition-metal oxides/carbon composites for the application of excellent performance electrodes with high pseudocapacitive contribution in LIBs.
Haridwar once regarded as the holiest city of India has fast assumed the garb of an industrial destination after the establishment of the integrated industrial estate (IIE) Haridwar in the year 2000. IIE Haridwar is flanked by the Rajaji National Park and rural/agricultural areas in addition to urban residential, commercial and other industrial areas. Five heavy metals Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn) were monitored monthly at 18 groundwater locations for a year in and around IIE Haridwar. Co was detected in 94 %, Fe in 99 % and Cr in 98 % samples; and Ni in 90 % and Zn in 99 % of the 216 samples. Co, Cr, Fe and Ni were found to exceed standard guideline limits in 196/216, 199/216, 71/216 and 147/216 samples, respectively. Two-way ANOVA showed main effects of season on concentrations of Fe and Zn. Significant correlations were identified between metal pairs Co–Cr and Fe–Zn. PCA identified two principal components, the anthropogenic pollution factor with loadings on Co and Cr and geogenic factor with loadings on Zn and Fe. HCA supported the findings of PCA and formed three clusters. Health risk assessment showed non-carcinogenic risk at all 17/18 locations due to Cr indicating adverse impact of industrial activity on human health.
The Neuropsychological Test Battery (NTB) is a combination of widely used clinical neuropsychological tests measuring memory and executive function and was designed to overcome some of the limitations of the traditionally used Alzheimer’s disease Assessment Scale – Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog). A previously reported account indicated high levels of NTB reliability in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).