batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Previous research on voluntary mental time travel (i.e., deliberately thinking about the past or future) has resulted in negative age effects. In contrast, studies on spontaneous past thoughts (i.e., involuntary autobiographical memories) have reported small or no age effects. The aim of the present research was to investigate the effects of age on the nature and frequency of spontaneous future thoughts in everyday life. In two studies, we examined whether older adults reported spontaneous future thoughts as often as younger adults, and whether these thoughts were predominantly goal-oriented and less dependent on incidental cues than thoughts about the past. In Study 1, young and old participants kept a diary of spontaneous thoughts of upcoming prospective memory tasks and involuntary autobiographical memories for 2 weeks. In Study 2, a 1-day experience sampling method was used to investigate spontaneous and deliberate task-unrelated future and past thoughts, by having young and old participants complete a questionnaire in response to 30 random signals. In both studies, no age effects were found in the frequency of spontaneous future thoughts, which were reported as frequently as thoughts about the past (Study 2) and referred predominantly to upcoming tasks and goals rather than future events or hypothetical events (Study 2). Results concerning the triggers of reported thoughts provide initial support for the idea that representations of future thoughts may be more activated than memories of past events. Taken together, these results have important implications for research on cognitive ageing, mind-wandering, prospective memory and involuntary autobiographical memories.
Li1+x Al x Ti2-x (PO4)3 (LATP) solid electrolytes are prepared by hydrothermal reaction as an effective method to yield moderate ionic conductivity adoptable in actual lithium-ion batteries. Particularly examined in this study are the effects of the synthesis conditions, such as Al dopant concentration (x), hydrothermal reaction time, and calcination and sintering temperatures, on the ionic conductivity of the synthesized LATP. Through repeated synthesis and characterizations of the LATPs by variation of the values of condition variables, the optimum condition for the best LATP with adequate ionic conductivity applicable to actual lithium batteries are determined to be x =0.3 or 0.4, a hydrothermal reaction time of 12h, and calcination and sintering temperatures of 600°C and 900°C, respectively.
This paper presents a techno-economic analysis of carbon-negative algal biodiesel production routes that use currently available technologies. The production process includes the following stages: carbon–neutral renewable electricity generation for powering the plant, algal growth in photobioreactors, algae dewatering and lipid extraction, and biofuel conversion and refining. As carbon dioxide is consumed in the algal growth process, side products are not burned (with CO2 release), and the energy supplied to the entire production process is obtained from concentrated solar power, the whole system is assumed carbon footprint negative. Under assumptions related to economics of scale, the techno-economic model is extended to account for varying industrial scales of production. Verified data from a selection of commercially available technologies are used as inputs for the model, and the economic viability of the various production routes is assessed. From the various routes investigated, one scheme involving combined gasification and Fischer–Tropsch of algal solids to produce biodiesel along with conversion of algal lipids into biodiesel through transesterification was found to be promising. Assuming a typical economic scaling factor of 0.8, an algal biodiesel process with an annual production rate of 100Mt/year is identified to achieve a biodiesel price comparable to the current conventional diesel price (approximately £1.39/litre at the pump, or $114/barrel of crude) with a discounted break-even time of 6years.
The conflict experienced in Turkey between adequate legal and legislative arrangements with weak capabilities of policy implementation and enforcement is a typical scenario experienced in developing countries. The difficulties faced in environmental management is increased by funding issues. Although environmental management is directly influenced by problems associated with the distribution of public funds, lack of funding is not the sole reason responsible for the mismanagement of resources. The paper seeks to answer whether the lack of funding allocated to ameliorate environmental degradation and pollution is the main reason for an environmental crisis situation in Turkey. Turkey needs to ensure implementation of the basic obligations stated in its environmental policy with respect to national and international issues. Specific obstacles Turkey needs to overcome for more effective environmental management will be examined within this context.
Orthorhombic Na0.44MnO2 with wide structural tunnels for sodium ion transport is synthesized. Butylmethylpyrrolidinium-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (BMP-TFSI) ionic liquid (IL) with various Na solutes, namely NaBF4, NaClO4, NaTFSI, and NaPF6, is used as an electrolyte for rechargeable Na/Na0.44MnO2 cells. The cell with NaClO4-incorporated IL electrolyte exhibits superior charge–discharge performance due to it having the lowest solid–electrolyte-interface resistance and charge transfer resistance at both the Na and Na0.44MnO2 electrodes. The IL electrolyte shows high thermal stability and is suitable for use at an elevated temperature. At 75 °C, the measured capacity of Na0.44MnO2 in the IL electrolyte with NaClO4 is as high as 115 mAh g−1 (at 0.05C), which is close to the theoretical value (121 mAh g−1). Moreover, 85% of this capacity can be retained when the charge–discharge rate is increased to 1C. These properties are superior to those of a conventional organic electrolyte.
The development of rechargeable batteries looks hugely successful on paper, but moving in leaps takes fundamental breakthroughs, truly meaningful performance advances, and technological integration.
Lithium ion batteries are popular for use in portable applications owing to their high energy density. However, with an increasing interest in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles over the past few years, stemming from an urgent need to migrate to green technologies, the focus has shifted to enhancing power densities in Lithium ion batteries. In this review article we focus on some of the recent achievements of the academic and industrial community in boosting the power densities of Lithium ion batteries through the development of novel nanostructured anode and cathode architectures.
The in-situ carbon coated LTO composite (LTO/C-PR) is synthesized via a wet chemical method from the phenolic resin coated TiO2 (TiO2/PR) and Li2CO3. The results indicate that the coated carbon layer pyrolyzing from phenolic resin exhibits higher degree of graphitization than that of pyrolyzing from glucose. The LTO/C-PR composite shows better rate capability and cyclic performance than the LTO/C-G composite using glucose as pyrolytic carbon source. Furthermore, it is found that the higher graphitization of carbon layer can more efficiently suppress the interfacial reactions between the LTO and the electrolyte at the cut-off voltages of 1–3V. Moreover, the higher graphitization of carbon layer is also favorable to impede the deeper reduction decomposition of the electrolyte below 1.0V by forming a more successive and thinner SEI film on the LTO electrode. These results indicate that coating the LTO with higher graphitization of carbon layer should be more preferable to solve both the rate capability and the gas generation behavior of the LTO anode material.
ZnMn2O4 nanoparticles prepared by a hydrothermal synthesis were evaluated as anode material for Li-ion batteries. XRD measurements showed that a ZnMn2O4 I4 1 /amd tetragonal spinel structure was obtained with crystallite sizes ≤5nm. TEM micrographs showed that particles of about 5nm in diameter were synthesized. Li/ZnMn2O4 half cell battery cycling showed that the nanoparticles, using lithium salt of carboxymethylcellulose as binder, give a high capacity of 430mAhg−1 when cycled 100 times at C/10.
Hoechst 33258 (bis-benzimidazole) and 5-azacytidine (5-AC) cause decondensation of the pericentric heterochromatin in mouse and aberrations in the sequence of centromere separation apparently by different mechanisms. We treated the male Indian muntjac cells (2n=7), which do not undergo decondensation of the pericentric heterochromatin, to study if these chemicals would result in induction of aneuploidy limited to the Y2 chromosome. This paper reports that both agents result in aneuploidy primarily limited to one chromosome, the Y2. It is likely that other chromosomes are not tolerated in aneuploid condition because every chromosome carries some household genes including those essential for mitotic progression. The loss/gain of the Y2 chromosome is tolerated because it is the smallest chromosome and is almost entirely composed of constitutive heterochromatin. Since Indian muntjac has only three pairs of large chromosomes comprising its basic genome, which can be clearly viewed under high dry objective, these cells are very suitable for the preliminary analysis of aneuploidy-inducing ability of various chemicals.
We focus on a problem of locating recharging stations in one-way station based electric car sharing systems which operate under demand uncertainty. We model this problem as a mixed integer stochastic program and develop a Benders decomposition algorithm based on this formulation. We integrate a stabilization procedure to our algorithm and conduct a large-scale experimental study on our methods. To conduct the computational experiments, we develop a demand forecasting method allowing to generate many demand scenarios. The method is applied to real data from Manhattan taxi trips. We are able to solve problems with 100–500 scenarios, each scenario including 1000–5000 individual customer requests, under high and low cost values and 5–15 min of accessibility restrictions, which is measured as the maximum walking time to the operating stations.
We have successfully synthesized the amorphous silicon/carbon (a-Si/C) multilayer thin films by magnetic sputtering method. The bonding characteristics and phase identification were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectrum. The electrochemical performance of the a-Si/C multilayer thin films as anode materials for lithium ion batteries showed that with various thicknesses of Si layers, the electrodes displayed huge differences on the reversible capacity and cycling stability. The 500 nm a-Si/C multilayer films, with the thickness ratio d Si:d C = 5:1, displayed a high reversible capacity of about 2000 mA h g−1 over 200 cycles at 1C rate and a best structure integrity at various charging/discharging rates test. The micro-scale a-Si/C multilayer thin films (1.1 μm) also showed a good cycling performance with a capacity of about 1900 mA h g−1 at a current density of 2000 mA g−1 over 200 cycles.
Cadmium (Cd) is a non-redox metal that can indirectly cause oxidative stress by depleting cellular levels of glutathione. It is well-known for the generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide. The latter inactivates antioxidant enzymes and induces lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in cells. In our study, we have investigated the ameliorative effect of limonene against Cd-induced genotoxicity using various biomarkers such as sister chromatid exchange (SCE), comet, and lipid peroxidation (LPA) assays in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from healthy individuals. It is a naturally occurring flavonoid, found in essential oil of citrus fruits. Limonene at 20-μM and 100-μM concentrations had significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) reduced the SCE frequency, tail moment, and peroxidation of lipids. Ameliorative effect of limonene was also determined by measuring the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). We found a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the enzyme activity after limonene treatment. We also studied the effect of GSTP1 gene polymorphism on Cd-induced genotoxicity and antigenotoxic potential of limonene. We found a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in SCE frequency, tail moment, and lipid peroxidation after limonene treatment compared to Cd. However, we did not observe any significant relationship (P > 0.05) between GSTP1 polymorphism and Cd, limonene genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity, respectively.
This paper presents the design, modeling and testing of an active single axis solar tracker. The compactness of the proposed solar tracker enables it to be mounted onto the wall. The solar irradiance is detected by two light-dependent resistor (LDR) sensors that are located on the surface of the photovoltaic (PV) panel. The smart tracker system operates at different modes to provide flexibility to accommodate different weather conditions and preference for different users. The PV panel rotates automatically based on the sun irradiance during the day while at night; the system is in ‘sleep’ mode in order to reduce the energy consumption. A computer model of the standalone solar tracker system is first modeled using MATLAB™/Simulink™. The efficiency over the fixed solar panel, the power generated and the types of PV systems to achieve the required level of efficiency can be determined before actual implementation. The experimental testing shows some agreement with the simulation results.
Thermal and oxidation stability of fluorine compound-mixed electrolyte solutions have been investigated. Charge/discharge behavior of natural graphite electrode has been also examined in the same electrolyte solutions. Fluorine compounds demonstrate much lower reactivity with metallic Li than ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate. Fluorine compound-mixed electrolyte solutions show the lower reactivity with LiC6 and the smaller exothermic peaks due to decomposition of electrolyte solutions and surface films than original solutions without fluorine compound. Oxidation currents are also smaller in fluorine compound-mixed electrolyte solutions than in original ones. First coulombic efficiencies in fluorine compound-mixed electrolyte solutions are similar to those in original ethylene carbonate-based solutions except one case. Mixing of fluorine compounds highly increase first coulombic efficiencies of natural graphite electrode in propylene carbonate-containing solution.
A LiMn2O4 nanohybrid consisting of nanotubes, nanorods and nanoparticles has been synthesized using α-MnO2 nanotubes from hydrothermal reaction as a precursor. It is characterized with X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. A formation mechanism is proposed. As a positive electrode material for supercapacitors, it exhibits a high specific discharge capacitance of 415 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 in 0.5 mol l−1 Li2SO4 aqueous solution. Even at 10 A g−1, it still has a specific discharge capacitance of 208 F g−1. The energy density of the asymmetric supercapacitor using activated carbon as the negative electrode and LiMn2O4-nanohybrid as the positive electrode in the aqueous solution in the voltage range of 0–1.8 V presents 29.8 Wh kg−1 at power density of 90 W kg−1. In addition, the cycling behavior of the asymmetric supercapacitor is good.
A novel type of hollow nitrogen-doped carbon@Bi12SiO20@nitrogen-doped graphene (H-NC@BSO@NG) nanocomposite was originally synthesized via emulsion polymerization, solvothermal process and calcination method. As a novel catalyst of cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), H-NC@BSO@NG is in detail reported for the first time. Study results have illustrated that hollow dual core-shell nanostructure with hierarchical porosity has been formed perfectly. Nitrogen-carbon layer (NC) as the hollow inner core and nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) as the outer layer can together act as both the catalysts themselves and the strong carriers of the Bi12SiO20 (BSO) catalyst, which to some extent avoid the collapse and exfoliation of the intermediate Bi12SiO20 in ORR process. And this hollow dual core-shell nanostructure can be in favor of formation of abundant bismuth-carbon/nitrogen ORR site and solve problem of poor electrical conductivity of Bi12SiO20. The H-NC@BSO@NG nanocomposite exhibits good activity, well immunity to methanol crossover, and high stability. Its onset potential can reach 1.05 V. Its limiting current density can reach 6.29 mA cm−2 in basic electrolyte. Its relative current value can remain 91.39% of its initial value after 16000 s test. Our study perhaps inspire a novel design to synthesize hollow dual core-shell nanocomposite for the cathodic catalyst of fuel cell, air batteries, electrode nanomaterials and other purposes.
Natural water evaporation (NWE) is spontaneous and ubiquitous process that absorbs ambient thermal energy. Scavenging ambient thermal energy into electricity by NWE provides a promising approach to supply power for self-powered and low-cost devices and systems. Suitable materials and techniques are required to use this ubiquitous natural process for electricity generation. Herein, a continuous NWE-driven flexible generator is fabricated by painting Ni-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) on a polyethylene terephthalate substrate at room temperature. The generator operates through an NWE-driven gradient of water that flows across the naturally formed surface-charged nanochannels between Ni-Al LDH flakes; i.e., the streaming potential mechanism. The output electrical characteristics of the device can be controlled by adjusting the environmental moisture and wind velocity. Continuous electricity output with a comparatively high power density of 16.1 μW cm−3 is achieved from a generator. The generator can maintain a stable output power under deformation. The output power of the generator can be scaled up to continuously power integrated circuit devices such as a digital calculator. Given the easy fabrication process of this flexible NWE-driven generator using an environmentally friendly LDH and its continuous electricity output with relatively high power density, this generator represents an important step towards practical green ambient energy harvesting.
Reduction in the dimensions of silicon based devices has produced extraordinary developments in the performance of electronic systems. Recently, the advantages and challenges that caused by silicon devices shrinking have been investigated in many studies. Most of them have concluded that silicon technology is coming to an end and new innovations are required in the near future. Graphene is the promising candidate material as building blocks for nanoelectronic industry in order to silicon technology replacement. Graphene is first two dimensional materials that has significant potential in future nanoelectronic devices and other nanotechnology applications; therefore, it is an attractive subject for the researchers and scientists. Graphene is a carbon allotrope and is the basic element of other carbon allotropes. In this paper, main graphene production approaches are mentioned. The mechanical, thermal, optical, electrical, electronic and other fundamental properties of graphene are introduced. Moreover, it is considered as a novel material with numerous applications, which, we mention a few of important utilizations of graphene and its derivatives. Then, the different types of defects in graphene and their specifications, the methods of defect generation, defect healing, and properties of defective graphene are studied. Graphene nanoribbons and their geometric structures, fabrication approaches and electronic specifications are investigated. The effects of width, vacancy defect and doping concentration on the band structure of the graphene nanoribbons are extracted with ATK software in this paper. Simulation results showed that by increasing in the width, vacancy defect and doping concentration of nanoribbons, their band gap were decreased. These properties are suitable for controlling the channel of graphene nanoribbon field effect transistors.
The description of the heterogeneous phenomenological, pathophysiological, and etiological nature of schizophrenia is under way; however, the relationships between heterogeneity levels are still unclear. We performed a robust cross-sectional study, including a systematic neuropsychological battery, assessment of clinical symptoms, neurological soft signs, morphogenetic anomalies and smell identification, and measurement of event-related potentials on 50 outpatients with schizophrenia in their compensated states. An explorative fuzzy cluster analysis revealed two subgroups in this sample that could be distinguished from each other on symptomatological, cognitive and neurological levels. The patterns of cognitive dysfunctions and neurological developmental anomalies equally indicate that there may be hemispherical differences between the patients belonging to the different clusters.
A Donor-acceptor (D-π-A) type near-infrared fluorescent compound 2,3-is(4′-diphenylamino)−1,1′-biphenyl] −4-l) fumaronitrile (TPATCN) is fully characterized in a mono-disperse system as well as in film. Transient absorption (TA) data showed that intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) processes exist in the mono-disperse TPATCN molecule, and the corresponding transfer velocity is accelerated by solvent polarity. The energy transfers from the excited TPATCN to the surrounding polar solvent molecules via solvent cage effects based on dipole-dipole interactions. The TA data also showed that the exciton relaxation process involves the exciton-exciton annihilation (EEA) in the TPATCN film. The EEA replaces the ICT process for the mono-disperse system in the TPATCN film. The distance between single exciton and the EEA among excitons after exciton generation are estimated to be 7.8 Å and 356.8 Å, respectively. The former is much smaller than the size of a single TPATCN (28.3 Å) indicating that the intermolecular exciton is formed after photo-excitation in the TPATCN film. The latter is about 46 times that of a singel exciton, suggesting that the nature of EEA depends on the long-range interaction based on an electric filed. Moreover, the EEA process depends not only the distance among exciton after exciton generation but also the percentage of exciton participating in the EEA process in the whole exciton population.