batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The meaning and relevance of the increased rates of neuromotoric deviation (ND) observed in patients with schizophrenia and their biological relatives remain unclear. ND could represent free-floating, independent characteristics of individuals in these families vs. signs of an increased risk for current or future mental disorder. The co-temporaneous relationship between ND and mental disorder at 6 years of age was investigated among 31 children with an increased risk for schizophrenia and similar psychoses, defined as having a mother with a history of schizophrenia or unspecified functional psychosis. As compared with high-risk cases with a low level of ND, the subgroup of 10 high-risk offspring showing notably increased rates of ND had significantly more frequent psychiatric diagnoses (typically language disorders and enuresis), poor functioning on global assessment, poor interpersonal competency and high anxiety proneness. Neuromotoric items representing “overflow” (e.g., choreatic movements, tremor) were significantly positively related to each of these mental characteristics. Among high-risk offspring, an increased rate of ND is very clearly associated with increased rates of current mental disorder, and might potentially identify a subgroup with an especially high risk for serious mental disorder in the future.
Recently, the topic of developing lightweight, flexible and implantable energy storage systems to address the energy-supply problem of wearable electronics has aroused increasing interests. In this paper, by introducing reduced graphene oxide (rGO), we successfully converted the commercial cotton fabric into free-standing, electrically conductive and electrochemically active fabric. Flexible supercapacitor based on the obtained conductive reduced graphene oxide-carbonized cotton fabric (rGO/CCF) exhibits high capacitance (87.53 mF cm−2 at 2 mV s−1), well cycling stability (89.82% capacitance retention after 1000 charge–discharge cycles) and excellent electrochemical stability (90.5% capacitance retention after 100 bending cycles). Moreover, a macroscopic three-dimensional sandwich-interdigital device structure was designed to enhance the supercapacitor performance. The unique rGO/CCF based sandwich-interdigital structure (SIS) supercapacitor shows a volumetric capacitance of 5.53 F cm−3 at current density of 0.0625 A cm−3 in aqueous electrolyte, which is 1.67 and 4.28 orders higher than the traditional sandwich structure (SS) and interdigital structure (IS) supercapacitor based on the same electrode material and electrolyte. Furthermore, energy density enhancement of the supercapacitor has also been achieved by adopting the well-designed device structure. The original SIS supercapacitor based on the elaborate device structure and high-performance electrode material may provide new design opportunities for flexible energy storage devices.
Studies suggest that musical training enhances spatial-temporal reasoning and leads to greater learning of mathematical concepts. The aim of this prospective study was to verify the efficacy of a Non-Instrumental Musical Training (NIMT) on the Numerical Cognition systems in children with low achievement in math. For this purpose, we examined, with a cluster analysis, whether children with low scores on Numerical Cognition would be grouped in the same cluster at pre and post-NIMT. Participants were primary school children divided into two groups according to their scores on an Arithmetic test. Results with a specialized battery of Numerical Cognition revealed improvements for Cluster 2 (children with low achievement in math) especially for number production capacity compared to normative data. Besides, the number of children with low scores in Numerical Cognition decreased at post-NIMT. These findings suggest that NIMT enhances Numerical Cognition and seems to be a useful tool for rehabilitation of children with low achievement in math.
We review a small selection of recent fundamental and applied results related to the electrocatalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction in acid electrolytes, including polymer electrolytes. There have been a number of promising developments, which may lead to advances at the practical level in polymer electrolyte fuel cells.
This work reports the performance of LiNi0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2 electrodes employing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as the binder (CMC/NCM). Compared with conventional organic PVDF-based electrodes, the CMC/NCM electrodes display very uniform distribution of NCM and carbon particles together with strong adhesion among the particles and with the current collector, leading to significantly mitigated crack formation and delamination of the electrode upon repeated delithiation/lithiation processes. Additionally, these electrodes offer enhanced Li+ diffusion kinetics, reduced polarization, therefore, excellent high C-rate capability, and extremely stable cycling performance even at elevated temperature (60 °C). Benefiting from the features of low cost, environmentally friendliness, and easy disposability-recyclability, the water-soluble CMC is a promising binder for practical application in energy storage systems.
This work presents a method of enhancing the kinetics of the interfacial reaction using 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene (TFB) which is used as an electron acceptor due to its locally biased polarity and as a source of rearranging the layer of the electrolyte around LiCoO2 electrode, not a SEI layer source. The full cells with TFB show a decrease in irreversible capacity loss during the first charge-to-discharge process, regardless of the SEI layer formation, and also show better discharge properties even at high rate conditions. The charge transfer resistance (R ct) of the LiCoO2 half cell with TFB shows the smaller resistance than that of the TFB free half cell, and the activation energy calculated from the R ct was 24.7kJ/mol for the TFB free half cell and 19.3kJ/mol for the half cell with TFB. In addition, the film resistance of the half cell with TFB shows higher value when the temperature is below 283K. Since R ct is related to the transfer resistance of the solvated Li+ ions on the surface of the LiCoO2 electrode, it will help design the electrolyte to improve the transfer velocity of Li+ ions around the cathode electrode for high power Li ion battery.
The electrochemical behavior of the three new vanadium oxides M y H1−y V3 VO8 (M=Li, Na, K; y=0.6–0.9) towards lithium insertion was studied. For each compound, the main insertion phenomena, and the lithium amount which can be inserted, were determined from galvanostatic studies performed at different rates. In order to better explain the differences between the compounds, the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique was used and chronoamperometry experiments were performed. Cyclability studies have shown that the performances of M0.6H0.4V3O8 (M=Li, K) are not better than those of H2V3O8. On the contrary, Na0.9H0.1V3O8 presents very interesting lithium insertion properties, with a specific capacity of 215 mAh g−1 in the 1.5–4 V voltage range at C/10, and a capacity loss at the 40th cycle remaining smaller than 2.5%. Na0.9H0.1V3O8 is therefore a good candidate as positive electrode material for rechargeable lithium batteries.
The growing demand of numerous industries for clean energy sources necessitates the development of high performance lithium-ion batteries. This in turn requires a deeper understanding of the corresponding electrode degradation phenomena. The formation of the solid electrolyte interphase, formed by chemical reactions of active materials with the electrolyte, is a major factor governing the cycling-induced degradation of lithium-ion battery anode materials. Therefore, the visualization of solid electrolyte interphase layers and the characterization of their chemical and electrical properties are tasks of high practical importance. Herein, we visualize the solid electrolyte interphase layers formed inside lithium-ion battery anodes comprising a mixture of Si-C composites and graphite particles as active materials by scanning spreading resistance microscopy. Quantitative and comparative scanning spreading resistance microscopy of pristine and 100-fold cycled anodes reveal that the latter sample features solid electrolyte interphase layers exhibiting a prominently higher electrical resistance than the active materials and demonstrate that thick solid electrolyte interphase layers start to form in the voids between active materials in the cycled anodes with the capacity decreased by ∼17%. This study confirms that scanning spreading resistance microscopy is useful for characterizing solid electrolyte interphase layers and active materials in various lithium-ion battery electrodes.
Neuropsychological assessment provides crucial information about cognitive, behavioral, and socioemotional functioning in medical, educational, legal, and social contexts. During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the Israeli Ministry of Health initially mandated that all psychological assessments be postponed. However, as referrals to time-sensitive, high-need, and high-stakes assessments began to accumulate, it became necessary to consider remote solutions. In the current paper, we describe the considerations that affected the transition to remote activity in a prominent Israeli provider of neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation services, referring to technological and environmental conditions, cognitive requirements, and tasks, as well as to legal, regulatory, and funding issues. After discussing how assessments should be conducted to maximize feasibility and validity while minimizing risks to clients and clinicians, we propose a preliminary model for deciding whether specific referrals warrant remote administration. The model delineates key factors in decisions regarding remote assessment, emphasizing the distinct roles of the referring clinician and the neuropsychologist who conducts the assessment, and highlighting the need for collaboration between them. The abrupt need for remote assessments during the pandemic required a quick response with little preparation. The lessons learned from this process can be applied in the future, so that the need for remote services can be met with greater certainty and uniformity.
The applicability of the Waste Management Hierarchy concept that appeared to be an essential element in current national environmental policies was investigated in the case of a region in Southern Europe. The waste generation profile that determines the appropriateness of different waste management options was created after a 1-year municipal waste sampling investigation conducted in the Municipality of Pilea in Northern Greece. The paper describes the results of (1) the sampling method, which was conducted four times during 1 year (once per season) in selected areas of the city, (2) the qualitative analysis of the collected samples and (3) the waste treatment, which consisted of drying, grinding, calorific value measurement, incineration and chemical analysis of the collected samples. Comparative analysis between the above mentioned data and on past data derived from investigations conducted in other Greek regions with similar characteristics to those of Pilea were used to identify and discuss future trends in the composition of generated waste over time. An analysis of the current waste management status in Greece as well as the feasibility of implementing a comprehensive management approach is assessed taking into account guidelines set worldwide to promote renewable energy sources use. It is concluded that recycling, perhaps the most positively received of all waste management practices, is going to be an essential part of contemporary waste management strategies, composting can play an important role, while incineration seems to be a conditionally feasible solution.
Limited air monitoring studies with long-term measurements during all phases of development and production of natural gas and natural gas liquids have been conducted in close proximity to unconventional natural gas well pads.
A facile method for obtaining nanometric Sb particles that perform well as electrode in lithium cells is proposed. The method involves reducing SbCl3 with NaBH4 in solution and in the presence of commercial cellulose fibers. Once dry, the resulting composite requires no additive for use in lithium cells, where it delivers high capacity values (ca. 470mAhg−1) after the first few cycles. We believe that cellulose acts as a buffer alleviating the mechanical stress to which the element is subject during the lithium insertion/de-insertion process. In fact, an electrode made from nanometric Sb prepared in the absence of cellulose was found to perform poorly; thus the capacity delivered after the fifteenth cycle was below 100mAhg−1.
Bi-doped Zn-Al layered double hydroxides (Zn-Al-Bi LDH) are prepared by the constant pH hydrothermal method and proposed as a novel anodic material in Zn/Ni secondary cells. The Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images reveal that the as-prepared samples are well-crystallized and hexagon layer structure. The electrochemical performances of the Zn-Al-Bi LDH were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry, tafel plot, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests. Compared with Zn-Al LDH, Zn-Al-Bi LDH with different Zn/Al/Bi molar rations, especially the sample of Zn/Al/Bi=3:0.8:0.2 (molar ration) have higher discharge capacity and more stable cycling performances. Cyclic voltammograms clearly illuminated that the Zn-Al-Bi LDHs could decrease polarization, maintain the electrochemical activity, and enhance the discharge capacity of Zn-Al LDH. This battery can undergo at least 800 charge-discharge cycles at constant current of 1C without dendrite and short circuits. The discharge capacity of Zn-Al-Bi LDH after the 800th cycle remains about 380mAhg−1 and the hexagonal crystal structure have no much changed after cycles.
Contrary to Rule-based Controller and Fuzzy Logic Controller, which are usually restricted by pre-defined rules, the proposed control strategy implements power distribution algorithm to offer higher flexibility to the Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System by introducing a charging threshold and a discharging threshold. It allows the Hybrid Energy Storage System to be charge/discharged without constraints. The proposed optimization method, which comprises Self-Organizing Map and Particle Swarm Optimization, optimizes the parameters of power distribution algorithm every minute based on predicted one-hour power demand and supercapacitor state-of-charge to mitigate peak demand and short charge-discharge cycles of battery. The proposed optimization method initializes the initial population of particles within the range of optimal solution instead of randomizing the particles like the conventional method. This method offers faster convergence and reduces the optimization time up to 68.97% as compared to conventional method. The simulation results show the proposed control strategy can compensate the prediction error of prediction model and outperform the Filtration-based Controller and Particle Swarm Optimization-optimized Fuzzy Logic Controller in different scenarios. Moreover, it significantly increases the supercapacitor utilization by 7.33 times and reduces the mean absolute rate of change of battery power and battery peak demand up to 91.94% and 61.36%, respectively.
Rice husk (RH) is an abundant and sustainable waste biomass. Silica-rich RH can be converted to biofuels (e.g., bio-oil, vapors) and biochars simultaneously via thermochemical processes such as pyrolysis, gasification. Bio-oil can be further upgraded into renewable biofuels (e.g., biodiesel) by using the RH-derived catalysts. Meanwhile, vapors from organic matters decomposition can be converted to value-added syngas for energy purpose or chemical synthesis by using the RH silica materials, which are used for gas cleaning or catalytic reforming. In general, the applications of RH-derived biochars mainly include soil remediation, pollutants removal, silicon battery materials, and so on. This paper reviewed recent progresses in the syntheses of RH silica materials and their sustainable applications, especially in energy and environment functional materials. As for the environmental issues, the RH-silica materials can remove heavy metals and organic contaminants in soil amendment, wastewater treatment, and gas purification by means of adsorption, catalysis and integrated processes. In summary, biomass with high content of silica can become a potential resource of low cost precursors for the production of high value-added silica/silicon materials for practical applications.
The irreversible capacity during the first cycle is investigated at a carbon electrode in a Li-ion battery in 1M LiPF6/EC:DEC (ethylene carbonate:1,2 diethyl carbonate; 1:1 volume ratio). Solvent decomposition is one of main causes of the initial irreversible capacity. A lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) thin-film, which is a solid ionic conductor, is deposited on the surface of the carbon electrode by means of a radio frequency magnetron sputtering system. The effect of the LiPON layer is examined with chronopotentiometry and cyclic voltammetry, as well as with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The deposition of LiPON on the surface of the carbon electrode results in a decrease in the initial irreversible capacity due to the suppression of solvent decomposition on the electrode surface.
The ‘all vanadium redox flow system’ is a promising candidate for the storage of photovoltaic energy. The reversible cell voltage of 1.3–1.4 V in charged state is well established at various electrode materials in particular carbon based substrate. The kinetics and mechanism were studied for the V2+/V3+ and VO++/VO2 + (V4+/V5+) couples and a one-electron transfer identified as the rate-determining step at smooth surface. The use of activation layers (carbon cloth, felt, etc.) decisively reduced the polarization. Catalysts, which are required for an increase of the reaction rate and the elimination of undesired side reactions, e.g. Ru(O)2 improved the behavior of the positive electrode. The influence of the separator material on mass transfer phenomena (diffusion, migration) and the charge–discharge characteristics were investigated. The requirements to be met as stand alone batteries for the energy supply of users in combination with photovoltaic plants considering the solar irradiation conditions in south Portugal were discussed and the future development goals defined.
Serologic tests for HIV infection in infants less than 18 months do not differentiate exposure and infection since maternally acquired IgG antibodies may be detected in infants. Thus, the gold standard for diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in infants under the age of 2 years is DNA or reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. There is an urgent need to evaluate alternative and cost effective laboratory methods for early diagnosis of infant HIV-1 infection as well as identifying infected infants who may benefit from cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and/or initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
A novel porous polymer membrane based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) composite poly(acrylonitrile–maleic anhydride) (P(AN–MAH)) is prepared by phase inversion method, and corresponding P(AN–MAH) composite gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is prepared by further absorbing the liquid electrolyte. The structure of the prepared POSS and P(AN–MAH), and the properties of the composite P(AN–MAH) membranes and GPEs are investigated. The results indicate that the introduction of POSS significantly reduces the crystallinity of P(AN–MAH), which gives the composite membrane and GPE excellent performance. Compared with pure P(AN–MAH)-based membrane and GPE, the composite membrane containing 5 wt% POSS exhibits the best porosity (69.9%) and electrolyte uptake (311.9 wt%), and the most excellent electrochemical performance is also presented by the corresponding GPE: enhanced ionic conductivity of 2.51 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature; better compatibility with electrode; significantly increased lithium-ion transference number of 0.53; a remarkably widened electrochemical stability window of 5.6 V (vs. Li/Li+); a higher discharge specific capacity of 147 mAh g−1 with a Li/GPE-5%/LiFePO4 cell at 0.2 C.
Hierarchical porous iron and nitrogen co-doped carbons (HP–Fe–N–Cs) as efficient cathode catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in neutral media are reported. The HP–Fe–N–Cs are prepared by using polypyrrole as nitrogen source and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel-based composites as in-situ templates. In studying the effect of the iron and the hierarchical porous structure on the nitrogen-doped carbon support for ORR, we find that HP–Fe–N–Cs show more positive onset potential, higher cathodic current density, and higher electron transfer number for the ORR in neutral media than iron-free hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon (HP–N–C) and non-hierarchical porous iron and nitrogen co-doped carbon (Fe–N–C), highlighting the importance of the iron and the hierarchical porous structure for improving the ORR performance. Furthermore, HP–Fe–N–Cs show better durability than the commercial Pt/C catalysts in neutral media, and the microbial fuel cells (MFCs) equipped with HP–Fe–N–Cs catalysts on cathodes exhibit comparable power outputs with those of MFCs with commercial Pt/C cathode catalysts.
Aromatic compounds such as biphenyl (BP), cyclohexylbenzene (CHB), and partially hydrogenated m-terphenyl (H-mTP) are used in commercial lithium-ion cells as a non-redox shuttle type overcharge protection agent, where they are electrochemically polymerized to form passivative films on the positive electrode under overcharge conditions. The reaction mechanisms of these aromatic compounds were investigated. The oxidation products of these aromatic compounds on the positive electrode were identified by electrochemical and surface analysis techniques including SEM, TPD–MS and MALDI-TOF-MS. They were the oligomers having 6–12 benzene rings, where the bond formation occurs mainly at ortho-positions of phenyl group. Their formation was not dependent on the monomer structure (BP, CHB, or H-mTP) and temperature (25 or 60°C). It was considered that the cyclohexane structure in CHB or H-mTP was converted to the benzene structure by dehydrogenation after the polymerization.
A photographic Pt printing process has been used to prepare catalysts for fuel cell applications. Ferric oxalate was used as a UV sensitizer, absorbing UV energy and converting Fe3+ to Fe2+, which then reduces metal catalyst ions, such as Pt or Pd ions to metals in the presence of a developer, such as ammonium citrate. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies revealed that Pt particles smaller than 5nm were formed, however, the particles tended to aggregate and form clusters up to 300nm. A deposition efficiency of 16% was obtained when Pt was printed on Nafion membranes. The catalytic performance of the photo-printed Pt was evaluated using a single H2 fuel cell. The mass-specific electrochemical area of the catalyst, H2 crossover rate through the Pt-printed membrane and the membrane resistance were measured. At 60°C, a peak power density of 75mWcm−2 was obtained with a MEA consisting of photo-printed Pt (0.12mgcm−2) on a Nafion membrane as the catalyst. Cyclic voltammetry measurements in solutions containing methanol or formic acid showed that a mass-specific methanol oxidation current of 197mAmg−1 Pt could be achieved and that the co-deposition of Pd with Pt lowered the formic acid oxidation potential in addition to reducing the formation of the “poisonous” intermediate COads.