batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The Mn dissolution and capacity losses of spinel electrodes in lithium-ion cells with the various electrolyte solutions of LiPF6, LiClO4, LiBF4 and LiCF3SO3, in ethylene carbonate–dimethyl carbonate (EC–DMC) were studied using rotating ring–disk collection experiments. The cyclic voltammograms are similar at high scan rates for all electrolytes. Electrodes with LiPF6 electrolyte show the best cycling performance. Cells with both LiPF6 and LiBF4 electrolyte solutions exhibited a capacity loss of 0.45% per cycle over 200 cycles at high scan rates, and these were slightly lower than the 0.5% per cycle in LiClO4 and LiCF3SO3 electrolytes. The in situ monitoring of Mn dissolution from various electrolytes was carried out under different conditions. Ring cathodic currents of similar shaped were obtained for all electrolytes, which reveal that the Mn dissolution from the spinel LiMn2O4 electrodes exists and the highest Mn dissolution takes place at the top of charge voltage in all of electrolytes. Under both overcharge and overdischarge conditions, the ring current peak at disk potential of 5.0V in the LiCF3SO3 electrolyte is much larger than that in other electrolytes. Moreover, the increase in ring current with cycle number occurs only in the LiCF3SO3 electrolyte. These results can be attributed to the oxidation of LiCF3SO3 electrolyte due to its voltage breakdown below 5.0V.
A soft carbon and silicon suboxide modification strategy is presented to create homogeneous and multilayer core-shell structure silicon-based nanomaterials (Si@SiOx@C). The silicon suboxide layer thickness is homogeneous and can be effectively controlled from 2 to 15 nm through calcining the mesophase pitch-coated silicon nanoparticles at different temperatures. The optimized silicon suboxide thickness of 13.5 nm and a high graphitization degree of carbon allows for good protection of silicon nanoparticles. Correspondingly, quite good cycling performance with a specific capacity of 640 mAh g−1 and a superhigh coulombic efficiency of 99.4% is obtained for Si@SiOx@C anode after 700 cycles at a current of 0.2 A g−1. Si@SiOx@C also exhibits an excellent rate behavior with capacity retention of up to 70.3% when the discharge current increases from 0.05 to 20 A g−1. Such a novel and simultaneous growth of SiOx/carbon bilayers on Si nanoparticles will provide a facile synthesis strategy for the fabrication of high-performance silicon-based anode materials.
This paper presents an experimental study on the parameter identification of a battery pack, which determines the relationship between identification accuracy and measurement data. Parameter identification of the lithium-ion battery is poor when the input-output data, i.e., the input current and output voltage, is not appropriate. In addition, selection/optimization of an appropriate data set for estimation needs to adapt to different applications. A first-order equivalent circuit model is adopted to model a battery pack, and the identification accuracy is analyzed for both the single-parameter and multi-parameter identification scenarios. It is found that the accuracy of different identification scenarios is influenced by the voltage noise, the current amplitude, and the current frequency. Three experiments using sine waves with different frequencies are then performed to characterize a lithium-ion battery pack. Experimental results show that the current profile with the optimal frequency content achieves the best identification performance. Therefore, it is validated that the identification accuracy can be improved when the current excitation satisfies certain criteria.
In this study, we aim to explore the feasibility and acceptability of group cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) for anorexia nervosa (AN) inpatients, and to suggest modifications for future use.
Realistic three-dimensional magneto-thermal simulations of magnetars with strong, large-scale toroidal magnetic fields accurately describe the observed light curves of 10 out of 19 magnetars in quiescence and allow their rotational orientation to be further constrained.
Graphene-encapsulated hierarchical metal oxides architectures can efficiently combine the merits of graphene and hierarchical metal oxides, which are deemed as the potential anode material candidates for the next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to the synergistic effect between them. Herein, a cationic surfactant induced self-assembly method is developed to construct 3D Fe3O4@reduction graphene oxide (H-Fe3O4@RGO) hybrid architecture in which hierarchical Fe3O4 nano-flowers (H-Fe3O4) are intimately encapsulated by 3D graphene network. Each H-Fe3O4 particle is constituted of rod-shaped skeletons surrounded by petal-like nano-flakes that are made up of enormous nanoparticles. When tested as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries, a high reversible capacity of 2270 mA h g−1 after 460 cycles is achieved under a current density of 0.5 A g−1. More impressively, even tested at a large current density of 10 A g−1, a decent reversible capacity of 490 mA h g−1 can be retained, which is still higher than the theoretical capacity of traditional graphite anode, demonstrating the remarkable lithium storage properties. The reasons for the excellent electrochemical performance of H-Fe3O4@RGO electrode have been discussed in detail.
LiNi0.915Co0.075Al0.01O2 (NCA) with Zr(OH)4 coating is demonstrated as high performance cathode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). The coated materials are synthesized via a simple dry coating method of NCA with Zr(OH)4 powders, and then characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Experimental results show that amorphous Zr(OH)4 powders have been successfully coated on the surface of spherical NCA particles, exhibiting improved electrochemical performance. 0.50wt% Zr(OH)4 coated NCA delivers a capacity of 197.6mAh/g at the first cycle and 154.3mAh/g after 100 cycles with a capacity retention of 78.1% at 1 C rate. In comparison, the pure NCA shows a capacity of 194.6mAh/g at the first cycle and 142.5mAh/g after 100 cycles with a capacity retention of 73.2% at 1 C rate. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results show that the coated material exhibits a lower resistance, indicating that the coating layer can efficiently suppress transition metals dissolution and decrease the side reactions at the surface between the electrode and electrolyte. Therefore, surface coating with amorphous Zr(OH)4 is a simple and useful method to enhance the electrochemical performance of NCA-based materials for the cathode of LIBs.
Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the FDA, and the regulation of human drug and biological products. The mission of the FDA is to protect and enhance the public health through the regulation of medical products and food. The FDA regulates medical products throughout their life cycle to help ensure the quality of the product, the protection of human subjects in clinical trials, and the safety and effectiveness of marketed medical products. The FDA is responsible for the review of regulatory submissions, the development and implementation of regulatory policy, research and scientific exchange, product surveillance, and compliance. FDA strives to facilitate the development of new safe and effective medical products while ensuring the safety of the products and its uses. The FDA regulates these products based on sound science, law, and public health.
A metal organic framework with dual metal centers (Ni-Co-MOF) was directly grown on graphene oxide sheets (Ni-Co-MOF/GO) via a one-pot solvothermal reaction and used as a hybrid supercapacitor electrode. Synthesis of the composite employs water as an environmentally friendly solvent and 2-methylimidazole as an inexpensive organic ligand. Ni-Co-MOF/GO with a 3D structure possesses features that provide a large specific surface area, a stable interface between the electrolyte and electrodes, and better charge transfer path. The synergistic effects of mixing cobalt and nickel and the electrochemical behaviors of the graphene oxide content on the mixed metal organic framework were investigated. Ni-Co-MOF/GO 2 (amount of graphene oxide, 0.2 g) showed the highest energy storage performance. At a current density of 1 A g−1, the maximum specific capacitance was 447.2 F g−1, with excellent rate capability. Evaluation result of the cycle characteristics of Ni-Co-MOF/GO 2 showed outstanding life stability of 99.6% after 300 cycles. Based on the performance of the Ni-Co-MOF/GO electrode, this material is expected to pave the way for the development of promising materials, which hold good electrochemical properties for supercapacitors.
A range of Al doped Li2Na2Ti6O14 anode materials are synthesized by a simple solid state method at 800°C. Structure and morphology investigations show that Li2-xAlxNa2Ti6O14 (0.0≤x≤0.2) are well crystallized with a particle size in the range of 100 to 300nm, and Al doping can slightly reduce the particle size of Li2Na2Ti6O14. Electrochemical evaluation indicates that Li1.95Al0.05Na2Ti6O14 reveals the highest reversible capacity of 245.1mAhg−1 after 40 cycles at a current density of 100mAg−1 among all the as-prepared samples. For comparison, the reversible charge capacities for Li2Na2Ti6O14, Li1.9Al0.1Na2Ti6O14, Li1.85Al0.15Na2Ti6O14 and Li1.8Al0.2Na2Ti6O14 are only 225.6, 200.0, 206.7 and 216.9mAhg−1, respectively. Rate performance shows that Li1.95Al0.05Na2Ti6O14 also delivers the best electrochemical property with the charge capacities of 224.8mAhg−1 at 200mAg−1, 204.7mAhg−1 at 300mAg−1 and 192.4mAhg−1 at 400mAg−1. The excellent electrochemical performance of Li1.95Al0.05Na2Ti6O14 is attributed to the decreased electrochemical resistance and the improved chemical diffusion coefficient induced by Al doping. Besides, the zero-strain characteristic as proved by in-situ structure analysis should also be responsible for the enhanced cycling and rate properties.
Ethnopharmacological relevance A rhizome of Phragmites communis Trinius has been used in traditional medicine to remove a heat, relieve vomiting and fever, nourish body fluids, and treat diseases like cancers. However, the safety of Phragmitis rhizoma has not yet been fully assessed. Aim of the study: The present study evaluated the genotoxicity of an aqueous extract of Phragmitis rhizoma (AEPR). Materials and methods The genotoxic potential of AEPR was evaluated using both in vitro and in vivo assay systems: a bacterial reverse mutation (AMES) test using auxotrophic mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA100, TA1535, TA98, TA1537) and Escherichia coli (WP2 uvrA), a chromosomal aberration test using Chinese hamster lung cells, and a micronucleus test using bone marrow cells from male ICR mice subjected to an oral administration of AEPR. All tests were completed in compliance with the OECD guidelines or regional regulatory standards for toxicity study, and Good Laboratory Practice. Results When compared with the negative control, no genotoxic signs related to the AEPR treatment were observed in the AMES test up to 5000 μg/plate of AEPR and in the chromosomal aberration test up to 500 μg/ml of AEPR regardless of metabolic activation. Repeated oral administration of AEPR up to 5000 mg/kg/day for 2 days did not affect the body weight gains or mortalities of the experimental mice and did not induce any significant changes in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that aqueous extract of Phragmitis rhizoma is safe regarding genotoxicity in an experimental model at least under the conditions tested. Further toxicity assessment in a human clinical study should be done to support the safe use of Phragmitis rhizoma by patients and healthcare providers.
A polymeric material consisting of self-terminated oligomers with hyper branched architecture, also known as STOBA, is used as surface coating of Li(Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4)O2 cathode particles, and it is shown to effectively suppress thermal runaway and slow down voltage drop of graphite/Li(Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4)O2 18650-battery during nail-penetration test. In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study indicates that the STOBA coating does not affect the layer-to-spinel phase transformation, suggesting that the suppressing mechanism is operative below the temperature of oxygen release from the oxide particles. Data of electrochemical and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses suggest that STOBA coating passivates the surface activity of charged cathode particles so that formation of solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) under high potential is suppressed and that heat-generation rate arising from SEI break-down and electrolyte decomposition by the charged cathode surface upon heating is significantly reduced. The combination of the reduced joule-heating and diminished heat generation by the electrolyte-oxide interfacial reaction may contribute to the suppression of thermal runaway as a result of the STOBA coating.
The present study is on development of easy, facile and rapid synthetic methodologies for producing highly active low-cost bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER) which are the key barriers in various electrochemical devices such as metal–air batteries, fuel cells and water splitting reaction. The synthesized PEDOT-CoMn2O4 nanocomposites from α-MnO2 nanorod favour 4e oxygen reduction process of oxygen to water and exhibit high ORR activities in the stable conducting platform of the polymer. The catalytic effect is studied by Linear Sweep Voltammetry using Rotating Disk Electrode at varying rotation speed (0 to 3000rpm). Although the α-MnO2 nanorod does not show any OER/ORR activity, the spinel makes the difference and the nanocomposites of PEDOT - CoMn2O4 exhibit unexpected, surprisingly high ORR activities in their conducting and stable form. The enhanced catalytic activity arises from synergetic chemical coupling effects between PEDOT and CoMn2O4.
The electrodeposition of Pb–Sn alloys from a tartrate-alkaline plating bath can lead to a deposition of pure lead or a normal codeposition of lead–tin depending on the deposition potential. The percentage of tin in the Pb–Sn deposit obtained at ∼−1.15V increases from 4.08wt.% to 20.7wt.% as the charge density rises from 2.5Ccm−2 to 5.0Ccm−2 and then decreases from 12.07wt.% to 7.52wt.% as the charge density rises from 7.5Ccm−2 to 10.0Ccm−2. SEM images show that the Pb and Pb–Sn deposits obtained from a tartrate-alkaline bath did not, in general, show dendritic growth. X-ray analysis of the deposits obtained at −0.83V with 5.0Ccm−2 or 10.0Ccm−2 indicated the presence of Pb and Pb2PtO4 and the absence of Sn. However, those obtained at −1.15V and the same charge densities (q d) showed the presence of Pb, Pb2SnO4, PbSnO3 and PtSn4. The Pb2PtO4 and PtSn4 compounds were formed because the electrodeposition process occurred onto Pt substrate.
Deviances in early event-related potential (ERP) components reflecting auditory and phonological processing are well-documented in children at familial risk for dyslexia. However, little is known about brain responses which index processing in other linguistic domains such as lexicon, semantics and syntax in this group. The present study investigated effects of lexical-semantic priming in 20- and 24-month-olds at-risk for dyslexia and typically developing controls in two ERP experiments. In both experiments an early component assumed to reflect facilitated lexical processing for primed words was enhanced in the at-risk group compared to the control group. Moreover, an N400-like response which was prominent in the control group was attenuated or absent in at-risk children. Results suggest that deficiencies in young children at-risk for dyslexia are not restricted to perceptual and lower-level phonological abilities, but also affect higher order linguistic skills such as lexical and semantic processing.
Nitrogen-doped carbon/graphene (NCG) hybrid materials were prepared by an in-situ polymerization and followed pyrolysis for sodium-ion batteries. The NCG has a large interlayer distance (0.360 nm) and a high nitrogen content of 7.54 at%, resulting in a high reversible sodium storage capacity of 336 mAh g−1 at 30 mA g−1. The NCG shows a sandwich-like structure, i.e. nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets closely coated on both sides of graphene. The carbon nanosheets shorten the ion diffusion distance, while the sandwiched graphene with high electronic conductivity guarantees fast electron transport, making the NCG exhibit excellent rate capability (94 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1). It also exhibits good cycle stability with a capacity retention of 89% after 200 cycles at 50 mA g−1.
This study investigated the relationship of bullying victimization and perpetration with the levels of intelligence, attention, and executive function in children who had received a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The experiences of bullying involvement in 105 children with ADHD were assessed using the Chinese version of the School Bullying Experience Questionnaire. Their scores for four intelligence indexes on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 4th Edition-Chinese version were determined. Their levels of attention and executive function were assessed using the Comprehensive Nonverbal Attention Test Battery. The results of logistic regression analyses indicated that a high Perceptual Reasoning Index was significantly associated with a decreased risk of being victims of bullying. A high level of executive function was significantly associated with a decreased risk of being victims and perpetrators of bullying. Bullying victimization and perpetration in children with ADHD having a low PRI and low executive function should be routinely surveyed.
Three types of stack structure designs of polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFCs) were reviewed and evaluated under various humidities and temperatures, including bipolar, pseudo bipolar and monopolar (strip) stacks. The bipolar stack design is suitable for delivering moderate to high power, but if a single cell fails it may lead to a loss of power for the whole stack. Water, heat, fuel and air management is required in bipolar plate design. For the pseudo-bipolar cell stack design it is easy to achieve high power by simple addition of more bi-cell units, but each bi-cell has to be filled with fuel and air separately. In the monopolar cell stack design a common gas flow field is shared by a whole strip, when a single cell fails the stack performance will not be affected seriously. Monopolar cell stack design is suitable for applications in low power and high voltage devices because of its high internal resistance.
Hybrid electrical energy storage systems (HESS) show promise for solving the problems and exploiting the benefits of heterogeneous electrical storage systems (ESS). This paper compares the performance of a lead-acid battery/supercapacitors hybrid to that of a battery alone under pulsed loads. Two types of aging protocols, using pulsed and smoothed power, were carried out on VRLA batteries at 40°C. These protocols typically illustrate a single or hybrid battery’s use for an Uninterruptible Power Supply. In HESS, the supercapacitors smooth the power demand applied to the battery, and, when idle, the battery charges the supercapacitors. The same amount of energy is extracted from the battery during both protocols. The experiment indicated that the battery alone performs 150 ten-minute-cycles before reaching the end of its life. In the hybridized battery, the power dissipated was reduced to 36% of that used by the battery alone, and the number of cycles increased by 70%. The use of a hybrid also reduced the battery’s capacity fade by 60% and its increase of internal resistance by 83%. Finally, the amortized cost of the hybrid system was 17.6% less than that of the battery alone.
Fruits and vegetables protect against cancer by so far not well-characterized mechanisms. One likely explanation for this effect is that dietary plants contain substances able to control basic cellular processes such as the endogenous defense against oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is pivotal in many pathological processes and reduced oxidative stress is implicated in prevention of disease. Our results demonstrate that extract from onion and various flavonoids induce the cellular antioxidant system. Onion extract and quercetin were able to increase the intracellular concentration of glutathione by approximately 50%. Using a reporter construct where reporter expression is driven by the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) heavy subunit (GCSh) promoter we show that onion extract, quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin increased reporter gene activity, while a fourth flavonoid, myricetin and sugar conjugates of quercetin were unable to increase reporter expression. Quercetin was also able to induce a distal part of the GCSh promoter containing only two antioxidant-response/electrophile-response elements (ARE/EpRE). Our data strongly suggest that flavonoids are important in the regulation of the intracellular glutathione levels. This effect may be exerted in part through GCS gene regulation, and may also contribute to the disease-preventing effect of fruits and vegetables.
All-solid-state cells are safe, and have high energy densities and power densities. Sulfide-based solid electrolytes (SEs) exhibit high ionic conductivities and favorable mechanical properties allowing for the facile preparation of all-solid-state cells via simple mixing and cold-pressing processes. For practical applications, it is necessary to produce SEs and all-solid-state cells more efficiently. Herein, a novel fabrication process for homogeneous composite electrodes used in all-solid-state cells was successfully demonstrated using an infiltration technique. The Li4Ti5O12 and carbon nanotube (LTO@CNT) porous electrode was infiltrated with a precursor solution containing an argyrodite Li6PS5Br SE, and the solvent was removed by drying at 150 °C under vacuum to prepare an infiltrated SE-LTO@CNT electrode. The process without conventional mixing formed an electrochemically active interface with a large contact area and favorable conduction pathways. The all-solid-state cell with the SE-LTO@CNT electrode showed an improved capacity of 163 mAh g−1 compared to those prepared with the dry-mixed electrodes at 25 °C, and the high capacity was maintained for 500 cycles. Moreover, the cell with the SE-LTO@CNT electrode showed a reversible capacity of 100 mAh g−1 or more at 4 C-rate and 100 °C. Thus, the infiltration process is effective for the practical fabrication and application of all-solid-state cells.
This paper proposes a novel fuzzy controller based on an adaptive membership function for optimum power management of a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV). In the first phase, an electric powertrain model of the FCHEV is derived and a fuzzy controller is proposed. Then, the fuzzy controller is optimized using a genetic algorithm. The optimization process is accomplished through simulation for a given driving cycle. Since, however, the optimized result may vary according to the applied driving cycle for optimization, it is impossible for one optimized result to cover various driving cycles. In the second phase, an adaptive membership function based on a stochastic approach is proposed to guarantee optimum performance from the presented fuzzy controller, even though the driving cycle changes. This controller is referred to as the ‘Stochastic fuzzy controller’ (SFC) in this study. The SFC employs a stochastic approach where membership functions can be transformed statistically using a probability evaluated from driving pattern recognition. Then, driving cycle analysis is performed through off-line simulation and hardware in a loop simulation (HILS) test for four driving cycles. Finally, the SFC shows the best performance in terms of minimum fuel consumption and state-of-charge (SoC) maintenance.