batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The acceleration of global industrialization makes the world's energy shortage a barrier to economic and social development. Electric batteries are one of the major energy sources for new energy vehicles. This Review summarizes the structure model, design method and conduction mechanism of electric batteries; it analyzes the electrode state, conductivity, and electric structure. Critical for the energy storage, conversion, transmission and recovery of new energy vehicles, electric batteries are expected to meet the growing demand for electric energy density. There is an urgent need for fast-charging batteries and nanoelectrode systems with high capacity and energy density. Higher capacity electric batteries require electrodes to have more channels to transfer charges as well as an efficient transport structure to transport ions. New battery structures and nano energy systems are necessary to enhance the performance of batteries. This Review generalizes the progress of main battery applications in electric vehicles; furthermore, it discusses the development of electrode model, battery structure theory and energy system evolution. The focus of this Review is placed on the design method, mechanisms for energy storage, conversion and transmission and nanostructures. Application prospects of electric batteries in the field of electric vehicles and future research directions are also provided.
Due to their high electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance, carbon nanotube (MWNT)-high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites are potential candidates to replace traditional activated carbon electrodes for the next generation of fuel-cells, super capacitors and flow batteries. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is employed to separate the surface conduction from bulk conduction in 15% HDPE-MWNT and 19% carbon black (CB)-HDPE composites for zinc-bromine flow battery electrodes. While exhibiting superior bulk conductivity, the interfacial conductivity of MWNT-filled composites is lower than that of CB-filled composites. High resolution conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) imaging and current-voltage (I-V) spectroscopy were employed to investigate the sub-surface electronic transport of the composite. Unlike the CB-composite, the fraction of conducting MWNTs near the surface is very low compared to their volume fraction. In addition, the non-linear I-V curves reveal the presence of a tunneling junction between the tip and the polymer-coated MWNTs. The tunneling resistance is as high as 1GΩ, which strongly affects the electronic/electrochemical transfer at the interface of the electrolyte and the surface of the composite, which is evident in the voltammetric and EIS observations.
E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) is a disease entity related to the use of battery-operated or superheating devices that create an aerosolized form of nicotine and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and/or other substances for inhalation.
MnO2 is considered as one of the most promising electrode materials for flexible supercapacitors but it often suffer in poor conductivity, which limits practical applications according to industry needs. To enhance the performance, forming MnO2-based hybrid structures with conductive materials is a promising implement approach. Ti3C2Tx MXene sheets, a new kind of 2D transition metal carbides with metallic conductivity and hydrophilic nature, are promising candidate to couple with MnO2. According to the complementary principle, we design a novel structure MnO2/Ti3C2Tx hybrid nanocomposite by synergistically coupling one-dimensional (1D) MnO2 nanoneedles with two-dimensional (2D) Ti3C2Tx MXene sheet for flexible supercapacitor. XPS investigations suggest the obvious charge transfer from Ti3C2Tx sheets to MnO2 nanoneedles, where Ti3C2Tx sheets serve as a remarkable 2D conductive substrate to facilitate the electrons transfer in the nanocomposites. This strong synergistic effect between Ti3C2Tx and MnO2 resulting from the chemical interaction greatly enhance the electrical conductivity, specific capacitance, rate stability and structural stability of the MnO2/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposite. To show the potential application in energy storage, a symmetrical flexible supercapacitor device with good electrochemical performance, high flexibility and super cycling ability is fabricated by utilizing MnO2/Ti3C2Tx nanocomposites as electrode materials. This work has proposed a new approach of developing advanced nanocomposites from a MnO2-based electrode for high performance flexible electronics.
Aluminium doped lithium lanthanum titanate (A-LLTO) powders with various excess Li2O content are synthesized using a simple citrate gel method. The obtained A-LLTO powders show an agglomerated form, composed of nano-sized particles of 20–50 nm. The morphology and conductivity of the A-LLTO ceramics are largely affected by the content of excess Li2O. The highest total ionic conductivity of 3.17 × 10−4 S cm−1 is achieved for the A-LLTO sample containing 20% excess Li2O, exhibiting a vacancy content of 6%, and a total activation energy of 0.358 eV. The A-LLTO can act as a membrane to protect lithium metal from oxygen and other contaminants diffused through the oxygen electrode part. The Li–O2 cell employing the A-LLTO solid electrolyte shows a good cycle life of longer than 100 discharge-charge cycles, under the constant capacity mode of 300 mAh g−1.
We tested whether inputs from canopy herbivores would affect soil processes such as respiration, nutrient cycling, and decomposition along an elevation gradient. The five treatments we used were frass additions, throughfall additions, removal of all litter that fell during the study, removal of greenfall that fell during the study, and controls. Soil respiration was significantly reduced on low and mid elevation sites in litter exclusion, greenfall exclusion and throughfall addition treatments (from 0.846g CO2/m2/h for controls to 0.618, 0.667, and 0.708g CO2/m2/h, respectively, for the three treatments). Throughfall additions containing PO4 and NH4 contributed to significant increases in PO4 (as much as 0.737mg/l in 100ml KCl extract greater then controls), but decreases in NO3, (0.306 mg/l in 100ml KCl extract less than con trols), in soil solution samples compared to controls. We observed no significant treatment effects on litter decomposition. Precipitation and temperature influenced soil respiration, but both factors showed a significant interaction with elevation. Phosphate concentrations in soil solutions differed significantly with elevation (low elevation mean 0.097mg/l, mid elevation mean 0.192mg/l). Elevation had no significant effect on decomposition.
A new methodology that combines the sol–gel method and a template approach is used to synthesize porous LiNi1−x Co x O2 films. Conventional films are obtained through the sol–gel method. The films are used to evaluate the influence of this new methodology on the electrochemical performance. It was observed, from X-ray diffraction analysis on the conventional film that a further increase in the annealing temperature to 450°C leads to a more ordered system indicated by the presence of characteristics LiNi1−x Co x O2 diffraction patterns. Above this temperature no significant modification in the X-ray patterns is observed in the porous film. We concluded, using other experimental techniques including cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance and charge/discharge tests) that electrochemical properties, such as, oxidation and reduction charges and charge/discharge capacity of LiNi1−x Co x O2 are significantly improved in the porous film, which demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed methodology.
In this paper, state-of-the-art electrospun nanofiber-based separators for lithium-ion battery (LIB) are reviewed. Recent years, extensive efforts have been made to improve battery performances for future energy applications such as electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Separator, as a crucial component in lithium-ion battery, also gained rapid developments to achieve advanced properties. Electrospun nanofiber-based membrane is a promising candidate for separator in LIB to enhance lithium ions transportation efficiency due to its ideal features like interconnected porous structures, high porosities and large surface-to-volume ratio. In this review, we classified electrospun separator into five major types namely the monolayer separator, multilayer separator, modified separator, composite separator and gel polymer electrolyte. Each electrospun separator type was comprehensively discussed and summarized to cover the research achievements within the recent years. The outlook and future directions in this research field are also provided.
This article describes the key features of environmental and occupational epidemiology studies, including the types of study designs (incidence studies, incidence case–control studies, prevalence studies, and prevalence case–control studies), methods of measurement of exposure (subjective measures, exposure monitoring, area sampling, and personal sampling), issues of bias (confounding, selection bias, and information bias), and interpretation of environmental and occupational epidemiology studies (consideration of temporality, plausibility, consistency, strength of association, dose–response, and reversibility, as well as the likelihood that findings are due to chance).
Nanocrystalline Ni3Sn4 alloy powders prepared by high energy ball milling are examined as an anode for lithium-ion batteries. Ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential capacity plots show that crystalline Ni3Sn4 has a low affinity for lithium. In the case of well-developed nanocrystalline Ni3Sn4, the lithium atoms reversibly react with tin atoms in the grain boundaries with no capacity fading for extended cycling.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely exploited for the development of enzymatic biofuel cells with sufficient power densities in the μW to mW range for operating low-power bioelectronic devices from renewable substrates. Buckypaper is a randomly oriented self-supporting film of carbon nanotubes, resembling an electronic paper, with excellent prospects for the construction of high performance enzymatic electrodes for use in biofuel cells. Attractive properties of buckypaper materials include large specific surface areas, high electrical conductivity, flexibility, biocompatibility, scalable production and the ability for efficient electron transfer with enzymes. Buckypapers are ideal self-supporting frameworks for enzymes and guest molecules such as metals, polymers and redox molecules, permitting the development of a wide range of catalytic bioelectrode interfaces. This review summarizes recent developments and advances of buckypaper bioelectrodes as an emerging component for body-integrated energy harvesting biodevices.
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO‐NPs) are extensively utilized in several industries and in pharmaceutical production. This excess exposure elevates the concern about its expected poisonous impacts on humans and animals. Pomegranate juice (PJ) is a natural source of polyphenols and exhibits potent antioxidant activities. Our experiment intended to explore the neurobehavioral and toxicopathological impacts of CuO-NPs and to explain the mechanistic role of PJ to reduce their toxicity. Thirty Wistar albino rats received the subsequent materials through oral gavage, every day for 28d: (1) normal saline, (2) 3 mL/kg bwt PJ, (3) 6 mL/kg bwt PJ, (4) 300 mg/kg bwt CuO-NPs, (5) CuO-NPs + 3 mL/kg bwt PJ, (6) CuO-NPs + 6 mL/kg bwt PJ. Continuous exposure to CuO-NPs caused a significant elevation of MDA levels and reduction of total antioxidant capacity associated with remarkable pathological alterations in all brain regions including cerebrum, hippocampus and cerebellum. Progressive decline of memory along with cognitive and psychiatric disturbances were observed in rats exposed to CuO-NPs not in PJ co-treated rats. Continuous exposure to CuO-NPs caused over expression of the immunohistochemical markers of caspase-3, iNOS and GFAP altogether with DAN fragmentation and down-regulation of HO-1 and Nrf2 gene in the whole brain tissues. Conversely, rats co-treated with PJ showed dose dependent improvements in the entire toxicological, behavioral, and pathological parameters. We showed that PJ had the ability to reduce the oxidative stress damage via up-regulation of HO-1 and Nrf2 genes in the brain. So that PJ had the ability to protect the brain and DNA from further damage.
Two year rodent bioassays play a key role in the assessment of carcinogenic potential of chemicals to humans. The seventh amendment to the European Cosmetics Directive will ban in 2013 the marketing of cosmetic and personal care products that contain ingredients that have been tested in animal models. Thus 2-year rodent bioassays will not be available for cosmetics/personal care products. Furthermore, for large testing programs like REACH, in vivo carcinogenicity testing is impractical. Alternative ways to carcinogenicity assessment are urgently required. In terms of standardization and validation, the most advanced in vitro tests for carcinogenicity are the cell transformation assays (CTAs). Although CTAs do not mimic the whole carcinogenesis process in vivo, they represent a valuable support in identifying transforming potential of chemicals. CTAs have been shown to detect genotoxic as well as non-genotoxic carcinogens and are helpful in the determination of thresholds for genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens. The extensive review on CTAs by the OECD (OECD (2007) Environmental Health and Safety Publications, Series on Testing and Assessment, No. 31) and the proven within- and between-laboratories reproducibility of the SHE CTAs justifies broader use of these methods to assess carcinogenic potential of chemicals.
The all-vanadium redox flow battery (VFB) is a suitable stationary energy storage system for a broad variety of applications. Many techno-economic models are described in literature in order to provide orientation in investment decisions on alternative technologies for the storage of energy from renewable sources. In a consistent approach, a sustainable investment should be based on life cycle costs (LCC) that include the expected service life, operational and maintenance costs in addition to the investment. In the present study a LCC model with a focus on production and use phase of different VFB systems is presented. A residential VFB system (1 kW, 4 kW h) and two industrial systems (1 MW, 4 MW h) are considered. The latter can be build either by numbering up of small cell stacks or by scale up of the electrode area. The impact of this design choice and different possible maintenance strategies on net present value (NPV) and levelized cost of storage (LCOS) for a system life of 20 years are assessed in detail. A main finding is the shift in the cost structure towards cell components and peripherals instead of the vanadium electrolyte which is clearly dominating when focusing on investment costs. The study reveals that LCOS are highly sensitive to E/P ratio and assumed discount rate of the investment. However, with a discount rate of 8% a profitability of VFB systems at LCOS below of 0.30 € (kWh)−1 is highly probable.
Eriobotrya japonica leaf is included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and is widely used as a medicinal material in traditional medicine. The present study investigated the potential genotoxic effects of E. japonica leaf extract (EJE) using three standard battery systems. Genotoxicity tests were conducted following the test guidelines of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), with application of Good Laboratory Practice. The bacterial reverse mutation test was conducted using the pre-incubation method in the presence or absence of the metabolic activation system (S9 mixture). The in vitro chromosome aberration test was performed using cultured Chinese hamster lung cell line in the presence or absence of the S9 mixture. The in vivo micronucleus test was performed using ICR mice. The bacterial reverse mutation test with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 and Escherichia coli strain WP2uvrA showed that EJE did not induce gene mutations at any dose level in all the strains tested. EJE also did not show any chromosomal aberrations in the in vitro chromosomal aberration test and in the in vivo micronucleus test. These results showed that EJE did not induce mutagenicity or clastogenicity in either in vitro or in vivo systems.
Mix-salts were prepared by mixing lithium borate (salt A or salt B) with lithium aluminate (salt C). Polymer electrolytes were prepared by dissolving lithium salt in PEO. Mix-salt polymer electrolytes exhibited higher ionic conductivities than pure-salt polymer electrolytes. The optimum-mixing ratio was investigated. Conductivity as high as 1×10−4 Scm−1 at 40°C was obtained for the optimized electrolyte system. A potential window of 4.3V was determined for the mix-salt electrolyte. Good charge–discharge performance was observed for the mix-salt electrolyte composed cell, LiNi0.8Co0.2O2//salt A(3)/salt C(11.8) 2/1-PEO22//Li.
The soaking step of battery formation, was investigated after the addition of 181ml of sulfuric acid solution to plates that were allowed to rest for 5, 10, 15 and 30min and then removed and dried. The same procedure was repeated three more times with new plates and allowed to rest in sulfuric acid solution for minutes. The results indicate plates with a higher content of sulfate display a final monobasic lead sulfate content larger than displayed by plates with smaller amounts of sulfate. Crystal sizes were also followed as a function of time during the soaking period, demonstrating the possibility of extending the use of X-ray diffraction in the observation of crystal sizes of lead compounds in this and any other step of battery production.
Carbon-dispersed LiFePO4 materials were routinely prepared by heating metal-salt-containing pastes of organogels to temperatures at 300 and 700°C to benefit the intrinsic conductivity, and we ultimately discerned the optimized carbon content, 4.55wt%. Carbon doping will decrease tap density of prepared cathode material and then bring about electrode preparing difficulty, so we tried different kinds of organogels to make out the densest carbon composite. They were polyacrylamide (PAM), sugar and phenolic resin. The most excellent pyrolyzed PAM paste was found increasingly electrochemical reversible, exhibiting 113.2mAh/g at C/6 and 95mAh/g at C/3. And we found a good cycliability of 95mAh/g at 0.2mAcm−2 at room temperature. Seen from atomic force microscopy, this composite was far more different from other pyrolyzed pastes in morphology, which contained judicious designed hiberarchy and highly dispersed nanoparticles. Decreased 2θ in XRD spectra also showed the varied cell parameters, though no exact figures of the varied cell parameters could be given due to a potential existence of an unknown second phase with electrochemical activity.
A cobalt polypyrrole carbon (Co-PPY-C) composite has been attempted for use as a cathode catalyst in a direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC). A Co-PPY-C composite has been fabricated in laboratory and characterized by the field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, as well as X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Fabricated Co-PPY-C catalyst demonstrates good short-term durability and activity which are comparable to those obtained from the Pt/C catalyst. A maximum power density of 65mWcm−2 has been achieved at ambient conditions. This research concludes that metallo-organic coordination compounds would be potential candidates for use as cathode catalysts in the DBFC.
We examined reading comprehension in children with ADHD by assessing their ability to build a coherent mental representation that allows them to recall central and peripheral information. We compared children with ADHD (mean age 9.78) to word reading-matched controls (mean age 9.89) on their ability to retell a passage. We found that even though children with ADHD recalled more central than peripheral information, they showed their greatest deficit, relative to controls, on central information—a centrality deficit (Miller and Keenan, Annals of Dyslexia 59:99–113, 2009). We explored the cognitive underpinnings of this deficit using regressions to compare how well cognitive factors (working memory, inhibition, processing speed, and IQ) predicted the ability to recall central information, after controlling for word reading ability, and whether these cognitive factors interacted with ADHD symptoms. Working memory accounted for the most unique variance. Although previous evidence for reading comprehension difficulties in children with ADHD have been mixed, this study suggests that even when word reading ability is controlled, children with ADHD have difficulty building a coherent mental representation, and this difficulty is likely related to deficits in working memory.
The local volume expansion due to the insertion of lithium into electric anode in a lithium-ion battery determines the structural durability and reliability of the battery. The coupling between diffusion and stress was incorporated in analyzing the insertion-induced expansion of an elastic thin film on a rigid substrate. The results showed that the stress-assisted diffusion is an important mechanism controlling the diffusion of lithium cations in silicon films. Under the action of a constant diffusion flux, semi-analytical relations were obtained for the temporal evolution of the insertion-induced expansion of a Si film and the hydrostatic stress in the Si film. The surface displacement of the Si film is proportional to the film thickness and the square of the electric current density for small diffusion time.
A redox-mediated organic electrolyte is prepared by adding P-phenylenediamine into lithium perchlorate/acetonitrile electrolyte for the application in activated carbon-based supercapacitor. The supercapacitor exhibits good cyclical stability, high specific capacitance of 68.59 F g−1, high energy density of 54.46 Wh kg−1 and high power density of 13.11 kW kg−1, which are higher than that of supercapacitor with a conventional organic electrolyte. The excellent performance of the supercapacitor is attributed to the quick reversible faradic reactions of the redox mediator (P-phenylenediamine), which accelerates the electronic migration, enhances the contact between the electrolyte and electrodes, and brings additional pseudocapacitive contribution for the system.
A zero-energy home (ZEH) is a residential dwelling that generates as much energy annually from onsite renewable sources as it consumes in its operation. A positive-energy home (PEH) generates more energy than it consumes. The key design and construction elements, and costs and benefits of such buildings, are the subject of increasing research globally. Approaching this topic from the perspective of the role of such homes in the planning and development ‘supply chain’, this article presents the measured outcomes of a PEH and discusses urban design implications. Using 12 months of detailed performance data of an occupied sub-tropical home, the article analyses the design approach and performance outcomes that enable it to be classified as ‘positive energy’. Second, it analyses both the urban design strategies that assisted the house in achieving its positive-energy status, and the impacts of such housing on urban design and infrastructure. Third, the triple bottom-line implications are discussed from the viewpoint of both the individual household and the broader community. The article concludes with recommendations for research areas required to further underpin and quantify the role of ZEHs and PEHs in enabling and supporting the economic, social and ecological sustainability of urban developments.