batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In recent years, the development of new electrochemical cells for redox flow batteries (RFBs) has been of great interest. This paper presents the design and hydrodynamic evaluation of differing RFBs geometries, via computational tools, considering that experimental optimization is expensive and highly time consuming. A new geometry, similar to an electrochemical reactor that has a net-like spacer, is proposed as an alternative to conventional design. We applied a theoretical framework provided by the fluid dynamics equations of Navier–Stokes and Brinkman, considering a porous electrode in typical and modified cell geometries. The mass transport was evaluated via tracer molecule distribution at different time points after the tracer injection. The proposed geometry exhibited a more homogeneous flow distribution featuring an increased mean electrolyte velocity inside the electrode (six times higher than in a typical geometry featuring an interdigitated flow field). The increased velocity resulted in shorter retention times. Based on these results, the proposed geometry featuring a net-like spacer is a promising configuration for RFB applications. This work also provides a new approach for developing and characterizing RFBs.
Intensive explorations of different alternatives and renewable energy resources are currently being conducted worldwide. Pico-hydro power is at the forefront of these options because it is considered as the most cost-effective renewable energy option to provide electricity for rural areas, and to enable energy to be derived from extremely low head and flow streams of 1m and 1L/s, respectively. This review discusses the research and development aspects of pico-hydro and the factors influencing the success of the pico-hydro scheme in rural areas. These factors are also likely to increase the demand for pico in a rural energy market. This paper concurs with the view held by many researchers and experts that customs duty imposed on pico-hydro components is a major obstacle to the dissemination of renewable energy because it raises original cost by up to 40%. The future of the pico-hydro market looks prosperous because there is substantial availability of low head and flow hydroelectric sites in less developed countries. In the future, technology can play a crucial role in the lighting of houses in remote communities, with the energy source derived from domestic water supply.
In developing new personal electronic products, the development time has shortened to a few months due to high competition in the market. Now it has become very hard to meet the time to market by evaluating products by making physical prototypes. To overcome this problem, we propose an immersive modeling system (IMMS) that enables us to interact with a digital product model in the augmented virtual environment using a multi-modal interface. The IMMS allows the user to evaluate the product model realistically using visual, auditory, and tactile/force senses. The architecture and main modules of the system are described in detail. The integration problems encountered during the development of the test bed are discussed. Application examples to personal electronic products are also included.
Theoretical studies on unsymmetrical electrolyte salts, lithium [1,2-benzenediolato(2-)-O,O′ oxalato]borate (LBDOB), and its derivatives, lithium bis[1,2-benzenediolato(2-)-O,O′]borate (LBBB), and lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LBOB) are carried out using density functional theory (DFT) method and B3LYP theory level. Bidentate structures involving two oxygen atoms are preferred. Based on these conformations, a linear correlation was observed between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energies and the limiting oxidation potentials measured by linear sweep voltammetry, which supports experimental results that strongly electron-withdrawing substituent anions are more resistant against oxidation. The correlations were also observed between ionic conductivity and binding energy solubility and theoretical set of parameters of anion, thermal stability and the hardness (η). Wave function analyses have been performed by natural bond orbital (NBO) method to further investigate the cation–anion interactions.
Telephone-delivered interventions (TDIs) represent a potentially cost-effective method to increase medical adherence. TDIs for diabetes patients have typically been delivered by nurses or computerized telephone messaging. Psychology undergraduates, however, are less costly than nurses, have a strong background in behavioral science, and provide the personal relationship missing with computerized contact. This paper presents the rationale for and description of a brief, regular, proactive telephone intervention designed to be delivered by psychology undergraduates (i.e., paraprofessionals). “Coaches” administer a 15-min telephone intervention weekly for 3 months and biweekly for 3 additional months. Guided by a semistructured protocol that focuses on behavioral goals, coaches provides support, collaborative problem-solving, and apply basic cognitive-behavioral techniques. Results from a pilot study on type 1 diabetes patients are presented. This preliminary evidence suggests that the program is feasible, acceptable to a large majority of patients, and effective in reducing HbA1c levels.
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-based polymer electrolytes films consisting of lithium trifluromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3)-ethylene carbonate (EC) were prepared by the solution-casting method. Ionic conductivities of the electrolytes have been determined by an impedance studies in the temperature range of 298–373 K. Complexation of the prepared electrolytes is studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to confirm the thermal stability of the polymer electrolytes. The conductivity-temperature plots were found to followan Arrhenius nature. All these films are found to be thermally stable until 132–167°C.
Renewable energy from wind and solar resources can contribute significantly to the decarbonisation of the conventionally fossil-driven electricity grid. However, their seamless integration with the grid poses significant challenges due to their intermittent generation patterns, which is intensified by the existing uncertainties and fluctuations from the demand side. A resolution is increasing energy storage and standby power generation which results in economic losses. Alternatively, enhancing the predictability of wind and solar energy as well as demand enables replacing such expensive hardware with advanced control and optimization systems. The present research contribution establishes consistent sets of data and develops data-driven models through machine-learning techniques. The aim is to quantify the uncertainties in the electricity grid and examine the predictability of their behaviour. The predictive methods that were selected included conventional artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector regression (SVR) and Gaussian process regression (GPR). For each method, a sensitivity analysis was conducted with the aim of tuning its parameters as optimally as possible. The next step was to train and validate each method with various datasets (wind, solar, demand). Finally, a predictability analysis was performed in order to ascertain how the models would respond when the prediction time horizon increases. All models were found capable of predicting wind and solar power, but only the neural networks were successful for the electricity demand. Considering the dynamics of the electricity grid, it was observed that the prediction process for renewable wind and solar power generation, and electricity demand was fast and accurate enough to effectively replace the alternative electricity storage and standby capacity.
Graphite is currently the state-of-the-art anode material for most of the commercial lithium ion batteries. Among different types of natural graphite, flake graphite has been recently recognized as one of the critical materials due to the predicted future market growth of lithium ion batteries for vehicular applications. Current status and future demand of flake graphite in the market are discussed. It was found that flake graphite could become a critical material in the near future for countries such as the United States and members of the European Union with no graphite production. Recycling of flake graphite from its different waste resources is proposed as a potential solution to meet the future demand of graphite. The current status of graphite anodes in the present recycling technologies of spent lithium ion batteries was reviewed. The limitation of current technologies and a new perspective towards the future concept of “battery recycling” were also pointed out. Challenges in recycling battery grade flake graphite from spent lithium ion batteries and possible research opportunities in this regard were introduced.
Polyaniline films were electrodeposited at pure aluminium from a tosylic acid solution containing aniline. These polymer films exhibited similar characteristics as pure polyaniline electrosynthesized at an inert platinum electrode, when removed from their respective substrates and dissolved in NMP. Both polymers had similar molecular weights and similar UV-visible absorption spectra. However, the aluminium substrate had a considerable effect on the electrochemical activity of the films. The polyaniline films deposited at aluminium appeared to lose electroactivity and the electrochemical impedance data were governed by the oxidized aluminium substrate. This is consistent with a galvanic interaction between the polymer and the aluminium substrate, giving rise to oxidation of the aluminium and reduction of the polymer. The polyaniline deposits appeared to offer only a slight increase in the corrosion resistance of aluminium. Surface potential measurements, using a scanning vibrating probe, showed that attack initiated underneath the polymer under anodic polarization conditions, indicating that chloride anions diffuse across the polymer to react at the underlying aluminium substrate.
Languid reaction rate of VO2+/VO2 + redox couple is a problem to solve for improving performance of vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). To facilitate the slow reaction materials including large pore sized mesocellular carbon foam (MSU-F-C and Pt/MSU-F-C) are used as new catalyst. Their catalytic activity and reaction reversibility are estimated and compared with other catalysts, while cycle tests of charge–discharge and polarization curve tests are implemented to evaluate energy efficiency (EE) and maximum power density (MPD). Their crystal structure, specific surface area and catalyst morphology are measured by XRD, BET and TEM. The new catalysts indicate high peak current ratio, small peak potential difference and high electron transfer rate constant, proving that their catalytic activity and reaction reversibility are superior. Regarding the charge–discharge and polarization curve tests, the VRFB single cells including new catalysts show high EE as well as low overpotential and internal resistance and high MPD. Such excellent results are due to mostly unique characteristics of MSU-F-C having large interconnected mesopores, high surface area and large contents of hydroxyl groups that serve as active sites for VO2+/VO2 + redox reaction and platinums (Pts) supporting the MSU-F-C. Indeed, employment of the catalysts including MSU-F-C leads to enhancement in performance of VRFB by facilitating the slow VO2+/VO2 + redox reaction.
Structural changes in the surface of edge plane graphite electrodes were studied in ethylene carbonate-based electrolytes containing a flame-retardant solvent of trialkyl phosphoric ester by electrochemical Raman spectroscopy. In the Raman spectra, a band that peaked at around 1595cm−1, which was assigned to an E band, was observed at potentials below about 0.9V in trimethyl phosphate (TMP)-containing electrolyte solution. After potential cycling between 3.0 and 0.01V, several pieces of exfoliated graphite sheets were seen in the electrochemical Raman cell. On the other hand, these were not observed in triethyl phosphate (TEP)-containing electrolyte. These results indicate that TMP, unlike TEP, is co-intercalated with lithium ion into graphite, and this should lead to the observed exfoliation of graphite layers. Variation of the Raman shifts of TMP and TEP with the electrolyte composition was also investigated to discuss their different solvating abilities.
Li1+x(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)1−xO2 (NMC) oxides are among the most promising positive electrode materials for future lithium–ion batteries. A voltage “plateau” was observed on the first galvanostatic charging curve of NMC in the extended voltage region positive to 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+ for compounds with x > 0 (overlithiated compounds). Differences were observed in the cycling stability of the overlithiated and stoichiometric (x = 0) NMC oxides in this potential region. A differential plot of the charge vs. potential profile in the first cycle revealed that, for the overlithiated compounds, a large irreversible oxidative peak arises positive to 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+, while in the same potential region only a small peak due to the electrolyte oxidation is detected for the stoichiometric material. Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry (DEMS) was used to investigate the high voltage region for both compounds and experimental evidence for oxygen evolution was provided for the overlithiated compounds at potentials positive to 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+. No oxygen evolution was detected for the stoichiometric compound.
The sol-gel method was employed in the preparation of organic/inorganic biohybrid ormolytes composed of a di-urethane cross-linked poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL(530))/siloxane matrix doped for the first time with different amounts of sodium triflate (NaCF3SO3.xH2O). The samples are semi-crystalline and thermally stable up to ca. 250°C. The maximum ionic conductivity (4.1×10−7, 1.5×10−4 and 8.8×10−4 Scm−1 at 30, 49 and 97°C, respectively) was attained at n’=6, where n’ (composition) corresponds to the number of ester (C(O)(CH2)5O) repeat units of PCL(530) per sodium ion. Selected ormolytes were employed in the construction and characterization of prototype electrochromic devices (ECDs). Tests with ECDs incorporating poly(oxyethylene)/siloxane (U(600))nNaCF3SO3 (where n is the ratio of ether (OCH2CH2) repeat units per sodium ion) ormolytes already reported were also performed. The devices exhibited fast switching time of ca. 30s. At 555nm the ECD@U60063Na device exhibited the highest optical density value (Δ(OD)=0.12) and coloration efficiency for bleaching (CEout 131cm2C−1, 50th cycle) and good optical memory. The ECD@PCL58Na device exhibited a CE value for coloration (0.12 versus 0.061) similar to that of ECD@U60063Na (CEin −116cm2C−1, 50th cycle) and a very good stability. However the Δ(OD) value for the latter device was much higher.
This paper presents an approach for designing hybrid scooter transmissions with planetary gear trains. The basic concept is to combine two planetary gear trains into a split-power system; so, by incorporating clutches and brakes when engaged, the system becomes a hybrid scooter transmission. The transmissions combine the power from two power sources, a gasoline engine and an electric motor. The systems use four different modes in order to maximize the performance and reduce emissions: electric-motor mode; engine-mode and engine/charging mode; power-mode; and regenerative-braking mode. Kinematic and power flow analyses are performed. According to the analysis results, formulae for the speed ratio of the transmission are derived and a procedure for identifying the arrangements with no internal recirculation of the split power system is developed. Sixteen possible configurations of hybrid scooter transmission satisfying the design requirements are presented. A design example is used to illustrate the design procedure and operation principle of the transmission.
Both chloroplast trnL (UAA) intron and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences highly confirmed the monophyly of the tribes of the Gentianaceae defined by the recent classification, and revealed the tribe Exaceae as a basal clade just next to the basal-most lineage, the tribe Saccifolieae. Within the tribe Exaceae, Sebaea (except Sebaea madagascariensis) appeared as the most basal clade as the sister group to the rest of the tribe. The Madagascan endemic genera Gentianothamnus and Tachiadenus were very closely related to each other, together standing as sister to a clade comprising Sebaea madagascariensis, Ornichia, and Exacum. The saprophytic genus Cotylanthera nested deeply inside Exacum. Sebaea madagascariensis was shown closer to the Madagascan endemic genus Ornichia than to any other sampled Sebaea species. Exacum appeared as the most derived taxon within this tribe. The topology of the phylogenetic trees conform with the Gondwana vicariance hypothesis regarding the biogeography of Exaceae. However, no evidence for matching the older relationships within the family to the tectonic history could be corroborated with various divergence time analyses. Divergence dating estimated a post-Gondwana diverging of the Gentianaceae about 50 million years ago (MYA), and the tribe Exaceae as about 40 MYA. The Mozambique Channel land-bridge could have played an important role in the biogeographic history of the tribe Exaceae.
Fast charging/discharging rate and long life span render supercapacitors a potential candidate for the next generation energy supply. Nevertheless, the remaining wide gap between the basic/experimental research and practical requirements acts as the main barrier for further progress. In consequence, devising new techniques and platforms to well match the key and urgent requirements from a commercial/usable standpoint is highly desired. Specifically, although great progress has been made for the configuration of tailor-made electrode materials in terms of methodology and mechanisms, to meet the practical requirement, a bottleneck and urgent issue is to keep a decent performance when increasing the mass loading multi-times to the commercial level. Frustratingly, due to the greatly inhibited and worsened charge storage and ion migration dynamics, it is so challenging to reach this goal and it has confused researchers to a great extent up to now. In this review, we try to illustrate and clarify the involved fundamental principles for commercial-level mass-loading electrodes, including the analysis and evaluation of ion permeation/diffusion, charge transfer and redox reaction dynamics. Subsequently, we summarize and comment on the up-to-date key achievements and progress toward commercial-level mass-loading electrodes, which is divided into six branches: coupling with 3D conductive substrates, creating available pore channels, configuring hierarchical structures, aligning internal constructions by physical force/field, optimizing the properties by hetero-atoms/ions and engineering conductive MOFs. In parallel, some scientific perceptions and impressive concepts to facilitate the reaction dynamics are also highlighted. Moreover, concise outlooks/perspectives are presented here with an expectation to spark new ideas and endeavors for bringing supercapacitors into practical and daily-life applications.
Graphite is the most widely used anode material for lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries, although it has limited power performance at high charging rates (Li-ion input). Alternative materials such as silicon and tin alloys, however, have an even more inferior rate capability. We describe here a multi-channel structure with a graphite surface etched with pores that can greatly increase the number of sites for Li-ion intercalation/de-intercalation and reduce the Li-ion diffusion distance for fast chargeable Li-ion batteries by etching the graphite surface with pores. As a result, the multi-channel structure graphite anode shows better charging and discharging rate capability, cyclability, and higher coulombic efficiency than pristine graphite materials. The multi-channel anode material is proposed for use in fast chargeable Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles.
We describe MH who presents with agrammatic aphasia and anomia, and who produces semantic errors in the absence of a central semantic impairment. This pattern of performance implies damage to syntactic processes operating between semantics and phonological output. Damage here may lead to lexical selection errors and a deficit in combining words to form phrases. We investigated MH's knowledge and processing of noun syntax in mass and count nouns. She produced more count nouns than mass nouns. She showed impaired knowledge of noun syntax in judgement tasks and production tasks, with mass noun syntax being more impaired than count. We interpret these results in terms of a two-stage model of lexical retrieval. We propose that syntactic information represented at the lemma level is activated even in bare noun production, and can be differentially impaired across noun categories. That same damage can lead to semantic errors in production. For MH limited syntactic options are available to support production, and these favour count noun production. The data provide a new account of output semantic errors.
Low energy density resulting from the limited solubility of conventional electroactive species in electrolyte solutions has been one of the most critical barriers in the viability of redox flow batteries. Here we report a novel positive electrolyte that consists of two redox couples, viz. Fe3+/Fe2+ and Br2/Br−. It is shown that both the capacity and energy density of this positive electrolyte are, respectively, as high as 804AhL−1 and 827WhL−1. Salient findings from the electrochemical characterizations of the electrolyte are as follows: (i) the two redox couples are reversible on the graphite electrode, in particular the presence of Br− further improves the reversibility of Fe3+/Fe2+; (ii) the anodic peak current in the cyclic voltammetry increases linearly with the concentration of Fe2+ and Br−, indicating that the oxidation of these ions follows a first-order reaction; (iii) the diffusion coefficients of Br− and Fe2+ are 14.16×10− 6 and 3.11×10− 6 cm2 s− 1, respectively; and (iv) the reversibility and mass transfer of the reactive species improves with an increase in temperature.
The purpose of this investigation was to identify patients with cognitively impaired, cognitively normal and verbal memory-impaired subtypes of schizophrenia and to examine their clinical and functional validity as distinct forms of the disorder. These subtypes occurred in 73 of 154 patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. A control group comprised of 18 healthy participants was also analyzed. Patient subtype and healthy groups were compared on adjunct cognitive as well as clinical and functional measures. The data support the cognitive validity and differentiation of these subtypes, with evidence that the generalized cognitive normality/impairment distinction associates with important aspects of symptom severity and functional outcome. Support for the clinical and functional validity of the verbal memory subtype was more equivocal. Overall, cognitively-based subtyping merits additional attention in efforts to organize the heterogeneity of the schizophrenia syndrome.
The use of self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays electrochemically grown onto Si is investigated for the fabrication of an alternative electrode dedicated to on-chip Li-ion 2D microbatteries. Discharge/charge curves and cycling performance are studied in lithium-anode electrochemical test cells for both amorphous and crystalline titania nanotubes. At 5μAcm−2 amorphous TiO2 nanotube layers onto Si deliver a maximum areal capacity of 89μAhcm−2 in the first reversible discharge and 56μAhcm−2 over 50 cycles. We demonstrate that these nanostructured thin film electrodes showing such electrochemical performances are compatible with IC technology.