batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A 5 B 19 compounds (A = rare earth, B = transition metal) are promising materials as negative electrodes in Ni-MH batteries. They are built from stacking along the c axis of one [A 2 B 4] and three [AB 5] subunits. The former one exhibits a good ability to absorb hydrogen, and the later one a good cycling stability, thus A 5 B 19 compounds are expected to benefit the large capacity and the cycling stability of both units. In this paper, Gd5Ni19 and Sm5Ni19 were synthesized and their hydrogen sorption properties were investigated using the Sieverts' method. Calendar corrosion was also studied and X-ray diffraction, magnetic measurements and thermal gravimetric analysis were made to determine the amount of corroded alloy. Electrochemical cycling was performed for both compounds. After 100 cycles, the electrochemical capacity of Gd5Ni19 remains constant whereas the Sm5Ni19 one decreases sharply after five cycles. This good capacity retention is linked to the low corrosion rate of Gd5Ni19 which corrodes 3 times less than Sm5Ni19 after 18 weeks in KOH. For Sm5Ni19, we conclude that the capacity decrease was due for 19% to crystallinity loss and 53% to corrosion. Finally, a comparison is made between A 5Ni19 and A 2Ni7-type compounds and the structure influence on the hydrogenation and corrosion properties is discussed.
The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of oxidized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) electrodeposited on a platinum electrode surface was studied in LiClO4+propylene carbonate solutions. The effects of the electrolyte concentration, the applied potential, and the film thickness were studied. The impedance responses were analyzed within a dual transmission line model. Results showed that the ionic conductivity of the p-doped PEDOT film was controlled by the electrolyte solution in pores, and the interfacial impedance resulted from the double-layer capacitance. A linear variation of the redox pseudo-capacitance and the ionic film resistance as a function of the film thickness was observed. These results showed the porous nature of the PEDOT film deposited on the electrode surface.
Rural area electrification in developing countries helps to improve the quality of life of the people. It increases productivity and supports education. It also discourages people from migrating towards urban areas. In India about 70% of the population lives in rural area, hence it is necessary to electrify these villages to achieve inclusive economic growth. Transmission and distribution of power to this less densely populated areas which are located far away from the power generating stations is the major reason for not able to achieve 100% electrification in the country. Hence it is necessary to find out an energy source which can be decentralized to supply power to these hamlets. As India is blessed with solar energy which is omnipresent in almost all parts of the country, micro grid system which uses solar photo voltaic panels seems as the finest option. The solar photo voltaic system converts light energy into direct current power using photovoltaic effect. Battery is used to store the extra power generated during the day and used during nights. Inverters and power conditioning devices are used to convert direct current power generated by solar photo voltaic systems to alternative current, which is supplied to the load using power distribution network which adds to system cost. At present the capital cost and the land requirement for this system is higher than all other renewable energy power generation system. But it has very less operation and maintenance cost which makes it superior to other system. Moreover additional modules can be added to it when the power demand increases. This paper says about how rural area electrification can be achieved in India by solar photo voltaic system micro grid system and the challenges which has to be over come during implementation.
Despite extensive effort during the past few decades, a comprehensive understanding of the key variables governing the electrochemical properties of cathode materials in Li-ion batteries is still far from complete. To elucidate the critical parameters affecting energy density (ED) and capacity (Q) retention in layer and spinel cathodes, we data-mine the existing experimental data via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) based on a structural equation model (SEM), which is a proven, versatile tool in understanding complex problems in the social science. The data sets are composed of 18 and 15 parameters extracted from 38 layer and 33 spinel compounds, respectively. CFA reveals the irrelevance of Q retention to all the parameters we adopt, but it also reveals the sensitive variations of ED with specific parameters. We validate the usefulness of CFA in material science and pinpointed critical parameters for high-ED cathodes, hoping to suggest a new insight in materials design.
Olivine-type LiFePO4 is widely considered as a candidate for Li-ion battery electrodes, yet its applicability in the pristine state is limited due to poor ionic and electronic conduction. Doping can be employed to enhance the material's electrical conductivity. However, this should be understood as incorporating electrically active impurities to manipulate the concentration of native point defects such as lithium vacancies and small hole polarons which are responsible for ionic and electronic conduction, respectively, and not as generating band-like carriers. Possible effects of monovalent (Na, K, Cu, and Ag), divalent (Mg and Zn), trivalent (Al), tetravalent (Zr, C, and Si), and pentavalent (V and Nb) impurities on the ionic and electronic conductivities of LiFePO4 are analyzed based on results from first-principles density-functional theory calculations. We identify impurities that are effective (or ineffective) at enhancing the concentration of lithium vacancies or small hole polarons. Based on our studies, we discuss specific strategies for enhancing the electrical conductivity in LiFePO4 and provide suggestions for further experimental studies.
Robots and machines are generally designed to perform specific tasks. Unlike humans, they lack the ability to generate feelings based on interactions with the world. The authors propose a new class of machines with evaluation processes akin to feelings, based on the principles of homeostasis and developments in soft robotics and multisensory integration.
Transition-metal sulfides and selenides have been widely studied as sodium ion batteries anode materials owing to large theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, tellurides in the same chalcogen group with higher densities and better conductivity are scarcely investigated as an electrode material for sodium ion batteries. In this work, CoTe with different morphologies were synthesized by a facile one-pot solvothermal method. Both the CoTe nanorods/reduced graphene oxide (CTNRs/rGO) composites and the CoTe nanotubes (CTNTs) exhibit an advanced performance for Na-ion storage when used as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The electrochemical reaction mechanism of the electrode was revealed by ex-situ X-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction methods. Particularly, the CTNR/rGO has better performance with specific capacity of 306 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1 after 100 cycles and capacity of 200 mA h g−1 even after 200 cycles at 0.1 A g−1, which attribute to enlarged contact surface area, improved electrical conductivity and higher mechanical strength by hybridizing with rGO. Accordingly, the CTNR/rGO can be considered as promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.
We report a new planar-type “thermally” chargeable supercapacitor (pTCSC) that can be charged by converting thermal energy into electricity without an external electrical power supply. The pTCSC was fabricated using a facile and scalable laser irradiation on graphene oxide films intercalated by sulfate ions (SGO) to control the mobility and concentration of dissociated protons without any liquid-phase electrolytes typically used in conventional supercapacitors. We utilized the Soret effect as a dominant transport mechanism for producing a very high thermally induced voltage up to 9 mV/K, compared with typically much lower thermoelectric voltages mainly from the Seebeck effect in traditional inorganic and organic thermoelectric materials. The key parameters to obtain the strikingly high thermopower with decent electrical conductivity were identified to be the improved mobility and concentration of proton. At the same time, the harvested electrical energy was stored on the reduced SGO electrodes. With a temperature gradient of 10.5 K, our “single” pTCSC device generated a large thermally charged voltage of 58 mV without electrical power supply. We also demonstrated that an array of pTCSC can be batch-fabricated and connected together to linearly raise the output voltage as large as 2.1 V, suggesting excellent suitability for roll-to-roll mass manufacturing of practical pTCSC. We demonstrated that it is feasible to operate an electrochromic device that darkens with power supply like a smart window using the batch-fabricated pTCSC when a temperature gradient is applied. Our results suggest that the pTCSC could eliminate needs for battery replacement and wired connections to power lines for various distributed electronic systems whenever and wherever a temperature gradient is present.
High ion selectivity with high proton conductivity and low vanadium ionic permeability is one of the critical issues for an ideal ion conductive membrane (ICM) in vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). In this work, a novel ICM is fabricated by-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PSF-PVP) membrane to enhance its membrane ion selectivity. Both the proton conductivity and vanadium ion permeability of the PSF-PVP/GO composite membranes are decreased with the loading of GO. However, the ion selectivity of the composite membranes shows volcano shape against the GO loading. After adding 0.05wt% GO, the ion selectivity of the composite membrane reaches the highest point of 2.2×107 Scm3/min, which is 47% higher than that of the pristine PSF-PVP membrane. Incorporating graphene oxide nanosheet framework is of help to improve the membrane ion selectivity by size sieving effect, tortuous pathways and electrochemical exclusive behavior on vanadium ions. Moreover, a single battery with the optimized membrane exhibits coulumbic efficiency of 98% and energy efficiency of 87%, while the high efficiencies are also maintained during continuous running of 100 charge-discharge cycles. These convincing results indicate that the introduction of GO to the PSF-PVP membrane is promising and environmental friendly in VRFB application.
l-Theanine is an amino acid derivative from green tea. The present work was aimed at the effect of l-theanine on neuron-like rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells stimulated with cadmium chloride. Treatment with l-theanine before cadmium exposure increased cell viability; the experiments of Annexin V/PI staining indicated that l-theanine inhibited cadmium-induced cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, l-theanine decreased ROS production and protected from cadmium-induced disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Compared with cadmium-treated cells, l-theanine could also decrease the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, as well as the level of cleaved caspase-9, caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Furthermore, l-theanine depresses cadmium-induced up regulation of phosphorylations of PI3K/Akt, MAPK ERK1/2, and JNK signaling. These data suggest that l-theanine pretreatment reduces severity of cadmium toxicity probably via antioxidant action. Therefore, it may be concluded that l-theanine could be exploited for prevention of cadmium-induced diseases.
Polyaniline doped with HCl (Pani-HCl) and LiPF6 (Pani-LiPF6) are prepared and used as the active electrode material of symmetric redox supercapacitors. The system using Et4NBF4 as an electrolyte solution has lower internal resistance and larger specific discharge capacitance, and thus, it is suitable for use in a polyaniline redox supercapacitor. The capacitance of Pani-HCl decreases during ∼400cycles and then becomes constant at ∼40Fg−1. On the other hand, the polyaniline electrode doped with lithium salt like LiPF6 shows a specific discharge capacitance of ∼107Fg−1 initially and ∼84Fg−1 at 9000 cycles.
A novel activated mesocarbon microbead(aMCMB)/Mn3O4 composite is successfully prepared for electrochemical capacitors. The morphology and crystal structure of the composite are investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The electrochemical studies indicate that the aMCMB/Mn3O4 composite has ideal capacitive performance in 1.0molL−1 LiPF6(EC+DMC). A maximum specific capacitance of 178Fg−1 is obtained for the composite via galvanostatic charge–discharge at a current density of 330mAg−1, and the specific capacitance of Mn3O4 is estimated to be as high as 445Fg−1. The aMCMB/Mn3O4 composite material exhibits ideal capacitive behavior indicating a promising electrode material for electrochemical supercapacitors.
Positive psychological constructs are associated with superior outcomes in cardiac patients, but there has been minimal study of positive psychology (PP) interventions in this population. Our objective was to describe the intervention development and pilot testing of an 8-week phone-based PP intervention for patients following an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Initial intervention development and single-arm proof-of-concept trial, plus comparison of the PP intervention to a subsequently-recruited treatment as usual (TAU) cohort. PP development utilized existing literature, expert input, and qualitative interview data in ACS patients. In the proof-of-concept trial, the primary outcomes were feasibility and acceptability, measured by rates of exercise completion and participant ratings of exercise ease/utility. Secondary outcomes were pre-post changes in psychological outcomes and TAU comparisons, measured using effect sizes (Cohen’s d). The PP intervention and treatment manual were successfully created. In the proof-of-concept trial, 17/23 PP participants (74 %) completed at least 5 of 8 exercises. Participants rated the ease (M = 7.4/10; SD = 2.1) and utility (M = 8.1/10, SD = 1.6) of PP exercises highly. There were moderate pre-post improvements (ds = .46–.69) in positive affect, anxiety, and depression, but minimal effects on dispositional optimism (d = .08). Compared to TAU participants (n = 22), PP participants demonstrated greater improvements in positive affect, anxiety, and depression (ds = . 47–.71), but not optimism. A PP intervention was feasible, well-accepted, and associated with improvements in most psychological measures among cardiac patients. These results provide support for a larger trial focusing on behavioral outcomes.
Using high-resolution measures of aquatic ecosystem metabolism and water quality, we investigated the importance of hydrological inputs of phosphorus (P) on ecosystem dynamics in the oligotrophic, P-limited coastal Everglades. Due to low nutrient status and relatively large inputs of terrestrial organic matter, we hypothesized that the ponds in this region would be strongly net heterotrophic and that pond gross primary production (GPP) and respiration (R) would be the greatest during the “dry,” euhaline estuarine season that coincides with increased P availability. Results indicated that metabolism rates were consistently associated with elevated upstream total phosphorus and salinity concentrations. Pulses in aquatic metabolism rates were coupled to the timing of P supply from groundwater upwelling as well as a potential suite of hydrobiogeochemical interactions. We provide evidence that freshwater discharge has observable impacts on aquatic ecosystem function in the oligotrophic estuaries of the Florida Everglades by controlling the availability of P to the ecosystem. Future water management decisions in South Florida must include the impact of changes in water delivery on downstream estuaries.
Validity of two models of hemispheric specialization was compared. The “material-specific impairment” model was radicalized as postulating that left hemisphere (LH) lesions impair processing of verbal material and that right hemisphere (RH) lesions impair processing of visuospatial material, independently of response-bias distortions. The “response-bias distortion” model was radicalized as postulating that LH lesions distort response style toward omissiveness and that RH lesions distort response style toward commissiveness, regardless of material-specific impairments. Participants had comparable left (N=27) or right (N=24) hemisphere cortical lesions having occurred between birth and early adolescence. Four cognitive neuropsychological tests were adjusted to optimize applicability and comparability of the two theoretical models: Rey Complex Figure, Kimura's Recurring Figures, the Story Recall subtest of the Children's Memory Scale, and the California Verbal Learning Test. Both models significantly, independently, and equally distinguished the LH from the RH patients. Both these forms of hemispheric specialization seemed to be implemented very early in life and very rigidly. Intrahemispheric lesion sites, e.g., frontal vs nonfrontal, held no significant relation to the effects described above.
The local structure and magnetic properties of a series of carbon-coated LiFePO4 particles prepared under different conditions are analyzed with X-ray diffractometry (XRD), FTIR and Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometry for comparison. While nano-sized ferromagnetic particles (γ-Fe2O3 clusters) are detected by magnetic measurements in samples grown from iron(II) oxalate, such ferromagnetic clusters do not exist in the optimized samples grown from FePO4(H2O)2. FTIR analyses show that carbon does not penetrate significantly inside the LiFePO4 particles despite the fact that it has been very efficient in reduction of Fe3+ to prevent γ-Fe2O3 clustering, thus pointing to a gas-phase reduction process. The impact of the carbon coating on the electrochemical properties is also reported. No iron dissolution was observed after 200 charge–discharge cycles at 60°C for cells containing lithium foil, lithium titanate or graphite negative electrodes.
In this study, lithium gradients forming in the graphite anode of a commercial 18650-type lithium-ion battery during discharge and the associated relaxation processes after discharge were monitored by neutron diffraction. The experiments reveal the coexistence of several Li1-xC6 phases with different lithium contents during discharge, which can be explained by the formation of an inhomogeneity or lithium gradient in the graphite anode. The observed inhomogeneity is more pronounced at higher discharging rates, but at low temperatures it appears at a rate as low as C/10. After discharge, the inhomogeneity gradually disappears and the coexisting phases diminish in favor of one or several Li1-xC6 phases with close to mean lithium content. At room temperature these relaxation processes take 20–40 min with the main changes in the first 10 min. In contrast, at −20 °C changes are still observed after 11 h. The observed phenomena can be explained by a faster delithiation of the graphite particles than the equilibration of the resulting lithium gradient by lithium diffusion in the solid phase during discharge.
Development of clean and renewable energy to attain a sustainable society is one of the most urgent tasks at present. In this respect, the production of hydrogen (H2) through electrochemical or photoelectrochemical water splitting is a promising way to utilize sustainable energy source such as sunlight. Recently, transition metal disulfides (TMDs) have received tremendous attention as hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts due to their favorable chemical and catalytic properties. Theoretical and experimental demonstrations have revealed that TMD-based catalysts exhibit excellent catalytic activity at edge sites. However, there is limitation that the basal plane which constitutes most of the TMD material remains chemically inert. Herein, we overview recent progress in tailoring catalytic activities of TMDs for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical hydrogen production and discuss the future strategies to overcome the conventional limitation of TMD-based catalysts.
This paper introduces a linear battery aging and degradation model to a multi-energy microgrid sizing model using mixed integer linear programming. The battery aging model and its integration into a larger microgrid sizing formulation are described. A case study is provided to explore the impact of considering battery aging on key results: optimal photovoltaic and storage capacities, optimal distributed energy resources operations strategies, and annual cost and generation metrics. The case study results suggest that considering battery degradation in optimal microgrid sizing problems significantly impacts the perceived value of storage. Depending on capacity loss and lifetime targets, considering battery degradation is shown to decrease optimal storage capacities between 6 and 92% versus scenarios that do not consider battery health. When imposing constant distributed energy resource capacities, inclusion of degradation can decrease optimal annual battery cycling by as much as a factor five and reduce total annual electricity cost savings from otherwise identical photovoltaic and storage systems by 5–12%. These results emphasize that as batteries grow in maturity and ubiquity for distributed energy applications, considering battery health and capacity loss is an essential component of any analytical tool or model to guide system planning and decision-making.
To provide an efficient tool for the identification of individuals and paternity testing in the breeding of Pinus thunbergii Parl., a battery of 18 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was developed. Multiplexed single nucleotide primer extension was utilized as the assay system, which facilitated automated high-throughput analysis. The expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content were 0.342–0.500 (average 0.434), and 0.283–0.375 (average 0.339), respectively. The cumulative confusion probability and discrimination power were 3.40 × 10−8 and 1 − 3.40 × 10−8, respectively, whereas the probabilities of paternity exclusion when only one parent was genotyped and when the genotypes of both suspected parents were known were 0.965 and 0.996, respectively. The assay system was applied to investigate the mating dynamics of four clonal seed orchards. By genotyping the 18 nuclear SNPs in both the biparentally derived diploid embryo and the corresponding maternally derived haploid megagametophyte, the maternity and paternity of 1,915 seeds could be assigned accurately. The paternity analysis indicated that, for 64.5 % of the seeds, both parents were found in the orchard. The analysis of relative maternal contribution revealed that, in all the seed orchards, one clone of the 15 in the orchards did not act as a mother. The analysis of relative paternal contribution showed that all clones functioned as fathers; however, the degree of contribution differed considerably among the clones. The SNP markers, in combination with separate analysis of two seed tissues (embryo and megagametophyte), were an effective means of investigating mating dynamics in P. thunbergii.