batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We studied the reading performance of 340 consecutive, Italian-speaking aphasics in order to evaluate the clinical features of deep dyslexia, the functional impairments underlying semantic paralexias, and their neuranatomical correlates. Semantic paralexias were observed in 9/340 subjects (2.4%). Our data and a review of the literature show that most deep dyslexics suffer from superficial and deep vascular damage in the territory of the left middle cerebral artery, and that they are relatively young, well-educated individuals, in the chronic stage of their disease. In these subjects, perisylvian damage might be mainly responsible for damage to sublexical grapheme–phoneme Conversion (GPC) procedures, and extrasylvian damage for lexical–semantic impairment. Semantic paralexias might originate in the right hemisphere, or in left perilesional regions. The functional impairment underlying deep dyslexia was analyzed with specific reference to the summation hypothesis, i.e., to the hypothesis that in reading, GPC procedures interact with lexical–semantic information, thus blocking semantically incorrect responses. On this account, semantic paralexias should only occur when, in the presence of lexical–semantic damage, GPC rules are disrupted to the point that the interaction can no longer take place. In agreement with the hypothesis, only cases with co-occurring lexical–semantic and GPC damage produced semantic paralexias; and, these were the subjects with the most severe GPC damage. The inability to apply approximately 45% GPC mappings is the critical level of sublexical damage that no longer allows GPC procedures to interact with lexical–semantic information.
Wearable electronics offer the combined advantages of both electronics and fabrics. Being an indispensable part of these electronics, lightweight, stretchable and wearable power sources are strongly demanded. Here we describe a daily-used cotton fabric coated with polypyrrole as electrode for stretchable supercapacitors. Polypyrrole was synthesized on the Au coated fabric via an electrochemical polymerization process with p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TS) as dopant from acetonitrile solution. This material was characterized with FESEM, tensile stress, and studied as a supercapacitor electrode in 1.0M NaCl. This conductive textile electrode can sustain up to 140% strain without electric failure. It delivers a high specific capacitance of 254.9Fg−1 at a scan rate of 10mVs−1, and keeps almost unchanged at an applied strain (i.e. 30% and 50%) but with an improved cycling stability.
The emergence of companies collecting cigarette butts (CB) leads to a new waste stream, exclusively made of butts, whereas they were previously mixed with household and municipal waste. In order to conclude on the classification of this new stream, according to the Waste Framework Directive, three cigarette butts samples were analyzed and submitted to ecotoxicological tests. Hazard properties HP 4 (irritant – skin irritation and eye damage), HP 5 (specific target organ toxicity/aspiration toxicity), HP 6 (acute toxicity), HP 7 (carcinogenic), HP 8 (corrosive), HP 10 (toxic for reproduction), HP 11 (mutagenic) and HP 13 (sensitising) have been assessed by calculation, thanks to the analytical results. HP 14 (ecotoxic) has been evaluated both through calculation method and ecotoxicity tests. Even if the obtained mass balance was not complete, it was still sufficient to classify by calculation CB as hazardous waste, by HP 6 (toxicity), mainly due to their nicotine content. A classification by HP 14 (ecotoxicity) was also determined but only by ecotoxicological tests results, whatever the applied framework (French or “harmonized” test battery). These results highlight the limitation of the classification methodology adopted by European Council which necessitates to identify all compounds to perform a full detailed assessment.
An aluminium-doped lithium lanthanum titanate (A-LLTO) solid electrolyte was prepared using a simple citrate-gel method, and this was followed by a pelletization and the conventional sintering process. When the sintering time was varied at 1350°C for the synthesis of the A-LLTO, the A-LLTO ceramic that was sintered at 1350°C for 6h exhibited the highest ionic conductivity of 3.17×10−4 Scm−1 at 25°C. In addition, the stability and durability of the synthesized A-LLTO ceramic was tested through a one-month aqueous-solution immersion for which the pH values were varied between 0 and 14. The stability of the A-LLTO is the highest in the alkaline environment; furthermore, for its use in the aqueous-electrolyte environment, a protected lithium electrode (PLE) structure was made by combining the lithium (Li) metal, a lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) interlayer, and the A-LLTO, whereby the LiPON interlayer prevented a direct reaction between the Li metal and the A-LLTO. The Li-LiCoO2 and Li-O2 cells comprising the PLE exhibited a superior electrochemical performance when they were used in the alkaline 1M LiNO3-electrolyte environment. After 100 cycles of the charge-discharge at the 1C rate, the aqueous Li-LiCoO2 cells maintained 59.3% of the initial capacity with a coulombic efficiency of 98.3%. In addition, the aqueous Li-O2 cell operated stably for 40 cycles under the limited capacity mode of 0.5mAhcm−2. The outstanding performance of the Li-metal-based cells originates from the A-LLTO solid electrolyte, due to the latter’s high stability, ionic conductivity, and an effective suppression effect regarding the dendritic growth of the Li.
The recent introduction of hybrid-electric powertrain technology has disrupted the automotive industry, causing significant powertrain design divergence. As this radical powertrain innovation matures, will hybrid vehicles dominate the future automotive market and does this represent a positive shift in the environmental impact of the industry? The answer to this question is sought within this paper. It seeks to take advantage of the position that the industry has reached, replacing previous theoretical studies with the first extensive empirical models of life cycle emissions and whole-life costing. A comprehensive snapshot of today’s hybrid market is presented, with detailed descriptions of the various hybrid powertrain architectures. Design data has been gathered for 44 hybrid passenger cars currently available in the US. The empirical data is used to explore the relative life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and whole-life costing of different hybrid powertrain architectures. Potential dominant designs are identified and their emissions are shown to be reduced. However, both the emissions and economic competitiveness of different hybrid powertrains are shown to vary significantly depending on how the vehicle is used.
In order to obtain high power density, energy density and safe energy storage lithium ion batteries (LIB) to meet growing demand for electronic products, oxide cathodes have been widely explored in all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLB) using sulfide solid electrolyte. However, the electrochemical performances are still not satisfactory, due to the high interfacial resistance caused by severe interfacial instability between sulfide solid electrolyte and oxide cathode, especially Ni-rich oxide cathodes, in charge-discharge process. Ni-rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) material at present is one of the most key cathode candidates to achieve the high energy density up to 300 Wh kg−1 in liquid LIB, but rarely investigated in ASSLB using sulfide electrolyte. To design the stable interface between NCM811 and sulfide electrolyte should be extremely necessary. In this work, in view of our previous work, LiNbO3 coating with about 1 wt% content is adopted to improve the interfacial stability and the electrochemical performances of NCM811 cathode in ASSLB using Li10GeP2S12 solid electrolyte. Consequently, LiNbO3-coated NCM811 cathode displays the higher discharge capacity and rate performance than the reported oxide electrodes in ASSLB using sulfide solid electrolyte to our knowledge.
We describe a patient (CD), with a right fronto-temporal degeneration, who showed massive defects in the recognition of familiar people and severe behavioural disorders. CD scored in the normal range on tests of episodic memory, attention and visual–spatial abilities, and obtained mildly abnormal scores on naming and executive functions tests. CD was then studied and matched with a left brain-damaged patient (IG), comparable to her as for education, naming score and general cognitive impairment, on several tasks, exploring recognition of familiar people and of other instances of ‘unique entities’. On specific tasks of face recognition, she obtained normal results on perceptual tests, but highly pathological scores on mnesic-associative tasks. A similar defect was found when identification was based on the person's voice or on a verbal definition. The cross-modal nature of CD's disorder was confirmed by results of a test, in which person-specific information available from photographs and from names was directly compared. In order to evaluate if CD's recognition disorder: (a) was the consequence of a general semantic defect, (b) was specific for people, or (c) also concerned other instances of ‘unique entities’, we matched her capacity to name and recognize the pictures of items belonging to various categories of knowledge with those concerning famous monuments and famous people. CD identified items belonging to semantic categories much better than those considered as ‘unique entities’ and, within the latter, obtained slightly better results with famous monuments than with famous persons. MRI showed a bilateral atrophy of the antero-inferior parts of the temporal lobes, more pronounced in the right side. About 2 years after the onset of the symptomatology, CD became untestable, due to the development of a severe motor neuron disease.
In this paper, the preparation and characteristics of all-solid-state thin film batteries (TFB) are described. In contrast to the state-of-the-art TFB preparation processes, only room temperature processes are used. The cathode is based on amorphous molybdenum(VI) oxide (MoO3), for the electrolyte lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) is employed and lithium metal acts as anode active material. The cycling stability and rate performance were examined and are discussed. The material set shows a very high cycling stability and excellent rate capability. Performing 550 full cycles at a current density of 202.5 μA cm−2 (10C) a discharge capacity fade of around 15% could be observed. Furthermore, at higher current densities of 2 μA cm−2 (145C) about one third of the initial discharge capacity remained. Using the proposed technology a shift from inorganic rigid substrates, such as glass to flexible polymer substrates is enabled. The performance of the MoO3/LiPON/Li TFBs on glass and flexible polyimide substrates were tested and are discussed within this paper.
This study periodically rests Li-O2 batteries (for 5–10 min) between each 2–10 min discharge to improve the oxygen transfer within the porous electrode. Periodically resting the battery increases the specific discharge capacity by at least 50% at various current densities (0.1–1.5 mA/cm2). Multistep discharge at decreasing current rates (2.0, 1.5, and 1.0 mA/cm2) is also proposed to increase the overall discharge capacity with a given cutoff voltage. The performance improvement is mainly due to the enhanced O2 diffusion during rest between intermittent discharge. The lyophilic electrode has the highest increase rate of discharge capacity after applying intermittent current while the electrode with mixed wettability achieves the highest specific discharge capacity. The resting and discharging time of electrodes with mixed wettability are then optimized at 1.0 mA/cm2. Cycling tests with 1000 mA h/g and 1500 mAh/g cut-off capacities at 1.0 mA/cm2 are also performed. The batteries completed similar numbers of cycles with a higher cut-off capacity (1500 mAh/g) applying intermittent discharge, compared with applying continuous current (1000 mAh/g cut-off capacity). This study emphasizes the importance of O2 diffusion and provides practical strategies to improve the deep discharge capacity of Li-O2 batteries, especially at high current rates (>1.0 mA/cm2).
The cell-impedance-controlled concept to explain the chronoamperometric curves obtained from intercalation compounds is revisited and inspired by the recent publication entitled “Discussion of three models used for the investigation of insertion/extraction processes by the potential step chronoamperometry technique” [C. Montella, Electrochim. Acta 50 (2005) 3746–3763]. The main issues the author pointed out have been critically discussed and then, the validity of the cell-impedance-controlled model has been verified from the combination of experimental and theoretical approaches.
The article describes AE, a Hebrew-speaking individual with acquired dysgraphia, who makes mainly letter position errors in writing. His dysgraphia resulted from impairment in the graphemic buffer, but unlike previously studied patients, most of his errors related to the position of letters rather than to letter identity: 80% of his errors were letter position errors in writing, and only 7% of his errors were letter omissions, substitutions, and additions. Letter position errors were the main error type across tasks (writing to dictation and written naming), across output modalities (writing and typing), and across stimuli, e.g., migratable words (words in which letter migration forms another word), irregular words, and nonwords. Letter position errors occurred mainly in the middle letters of a word. AE's writing showed a significant length effect, and no lexicality, migratability, or frequency effects. His letter position deficit was manifested selectively in writing; he made no letter position errors in reading, demonstrating the dissociability of letter position encoding in reading and writing. These data support the existence of a letter order function in the graphemic buffer that is separate from the function responsible for activating letter identities.
The contribution deals with the significance of size effects for lithium-based batteries. The relevant size effects range from purely geometrical effects to effects in which the local thermodynamics is varied. In this context, several recent findings towards improved electrolytes and electrodes are discussed.
The fuel cell transmogrified from a single cell that was the research object to stack is used in various fields such as cars, portable power sources, and fuel–cell cogeneration systems. It is preferable in the stack for the flow rate distribution between cells to be uniform because of the performance gain in power generation efficiency and longevity. As for the flow rate distribution between cells, the method for measuring using smoke in the measuring method and making visible the heat distribution in the stack is reported. However, a research stack was used with these measures, not a stack for practical use. In this report, a method for measuring the flow rate distribution between cells which can also be used for a cell that uses hydrogen limiting current in practical use was examined.
This work presents the results of simulation of battery and hydrogen technologies for renewable energy management, load-leveling and peak-shaving in a single grid-connected house in Nottingham United Kingdom where three people live. The house has a PV installation of 4.5kWp. A stochastic model which takes active occupancy into account is used for simulating the electricity demand. A 10-kWh lead-acid battery and a 1-kW fuel cell together, with a 600-l hydrogen (gas) storage tank at 15bar (31.3kWh) are used for these simulations for short (daily cycles) and mid-term (3-day cycles) storage, respectively. Energy balances on a representative summer and winter day for both storage technologies are presented, along with annual balances. The battery increases the local use of PV energy generated on-site by 171%, while the hydrogen increases it by 159%. According to the current feed-in tariff legislation in the UK, the increase of the local use of PV energy means an additional annual income of at least £112 and £102 for the battery and hydrogen storage, respectively.
Continuous surface wave and transient impact excitation tests were performed on strips of ballast to monitor their compaction. The ballast's shear wave velocity, hence the ratio of its shear modulus and density, increased with depth. Two types of transient excitation tests were carried out: firstly an impact load was applied to the ballast and the resulting transient acceleration measured at various positions. Secondly, two accelerometers at different distances from the impact excitation were used to study the effects of compaction on the transient output signal amplitude and its attenuation. Measured shear wave velocities showed good correlation between amount of compactive effort and ballast stiffness.
The lifespan and stability of power supply are the most critical issues for implantable biomedical devices (IMDs). Extracting energy from the ambient sources or human body therefore attracts a lot of attentions for in vivo therapies. Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMSs) based energy harvesters are expected to be one of the potential solutions to supply electrical power to IMDs owing to its tiny size, light weight and recharge-free attributes. However, the performance of the micro-energy harvester for implantable biomedical applications is limited by many inherent congenital factors. In this paper, three main topics are comprehensively studied and discussed. At first, the energy sources to be scavenged from human body are particularly investigated and characterized. Secondly, the operation principle and key bottlenecks of the currently available MEMS-based energy harvesters are reviewed and presented. Finally, the performance, frequency tuning methods and biocompatibility of micro-energy harvester are evaluated and summarized.
Nowadays, utility has started to consider the green power technology for having a healthier environment. The green power technologies reduce combustion of fossil fuels and the consequent CO2 emission which is the principle cause of global warming. By maximising the use of the renewable energy, the usage of diesel generator for powering the base transceiver stations could be reduced or removed. This paper aims to investigate the economic, technical and environmental performance of various hybrid power systems for powering remote telecom. Simulations using Hybrid Optimisation Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software are performed to determine the Initial Capital, the Total Net Present Cost (TNPC), the Cost of Energy (COE) as well as the system Capacity Shortage of the different supply options. The simulation results suggest a suitable hybrid system which would be the feasible solution for generation of electric power for remote telecom. A detailed analysis, description and modelling of the system are also presented in this paper.
The thermal management of traction battery systems for electrical-drive vehicles directly affects vehicle dynamic performance, long-term durability and cost of the battery systems. In this paper, a new battery thermal management method using a reciprocating air flow for cylindrical Li-ion (LiMn2O4/C) cells was numerically analyzed using (i) a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model and (ii) a lumped-capacitance thermal model for battery cells and a flow network model. The battery heat generation was approximated by uniform volumetric joule and reversible (entropic) losses. The results of the CFD model were validated with the experimental results of in-line tube-bank systems which approximates the battery cell arrangement considered for this study. The numerical results showed that the reciprocating flow can reduce the cell temperature difference of the battery system by about 4°C (72% reduction) and the maximum cell temperature by 1.5°C for a reciprocation period of τ =120s as compared with the uni-directional flow case (τ =∞). Such temperature improvement attributes to the heat redistribution and disturbance of the boundary layers on the formed on the cells due to the periodic flow reversal.
Spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 is rapidly synthesized by using microwave heating at 700°C for 7min (MW700C7m). The crystal structure, morphology and elemental deficiency of MW700C7m are carefully studied by Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns, scanning and transmission electron microcopy, and redox titration, in comparison with the sample synthesized by conventional heating at 700°C for 48h (CP700C48h). Both MW700C7m and CP700C48h are well refined using the Fd-3m space group. Microwave irradiation not only accelerates the crystal growth of spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, but also results in preferential growth behavior. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of MW700C7m presents low polarization and better structural stability. Galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling of MW700C7m and CP700C48h have minor Mn3+/4+ redox peaks beside Ni2+/4+ redox peaks. At normal current rate, both MW700C7m and CP700C48h present good capacities, close to the theoretical value. At high current rate, MW700C7m delivers much better capacity than CP700C48h. MW700C7m delivers capacity of 108.7mAhg−1 at 10C-rates and fades less than 1% after 150 cycles. The severe capacity loss of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathodes is still a problem when cycling is carried out at high and low temperatures. Under various temperatures, the contribution and effect of Mn3+/4+ and Ni2+/4+ redox for the capacity are studied in detail.
A novel graphene-nanosheet-wrapped LiV3O8 nanoflakes (GNS/LiV3O8) nanocomposite has been generated by sheet-to-sheet self-assembly of ultrathin LiV3O8 nanoflakes and graphene nanosheets. When used as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, the GNS/LiV3O8 nanocomposites show superior rate capability and excellent cycling stability. Discharge capacities of approximately 328.7, 305.3, 276.9, 251.4, and 209.3 mAh g−1 are achieved at current densities of 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50C, respectively. A reversible capacity of approximately 287.2 mAh g−1 is retained even after 100 cycles at 1.0 A g−1 (about 3C), approximately 88.3% of the initial discharge capacity. It is believed that the unique nanoflake morphology of LiV3O8 and the surface modification by graphene nanosheets contribute to the improved kinetics of lithium-ion diffusion, excellent structural stability and superior electrochemical performance. The structural evolution of LiV3O8 species upon charging and discharging is investigated by in situ X-ray diffraction technique. Anisotropic lattice expansion is found occurring along a, b and c axes upon the insertion of lithium ions into the crystal structure of LiV3O8.
Flexible asymmetric fibered-supercapacitors (AFS) have been considered to be excellent energy storage devices for wearable electronics, however, a major challenge as promising flexible devices lies in their relatively poor flexibility and low energy density. In this work, a kind of unique NiCo2O4@MnO2 core-shell nanobrush arrays are grown on carbon fiber (NiCo2O4@MnO2-CF) is designed and synthesized, and the electrode exhibits a remarkable areal capacitance of 8.13 F cm−2 at 50 mA cm−2 and exceptional capacitance retention of 93.6% after 3000 cycles. An AFS assembled with NiCo2O4@MnO2-CF and ACF (active carbon is grown on carbon fiber) as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively, delivers a wide potential window of 1.6 V and a high areal capacitance of 1.55 F cm−2 at 2.0 mA cm−2. Especially, the AFS exhibits excellent supercapacitive performances with a high energy density of 1.983 mW h cm−2 (20.54 mW h cm−3) at a power density of 1.72 mW cm−2 (135.1 mW cm−3) and a perfect stability after 8000 cycles at a current density of 50 mA cm−2. Interestingly, the AFS shows good flexibility and could withstand the bending, folding and twisting test, and long term stability for 5000 cycles. Such an impressive AFS based on unique-structure fibrous electrodes which would be a promising candidate for using in flexible wearable micro energy storage devices.