batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Since the discovery of Legionella pneumophila, an opportunistic pathogen that is indigenous to water, microbiologists have speculated that there may be other opportunistic pathogens among the numerous heterotrophic bacteria found in potable water. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) developed a series of rapid in vitro assays to assess the virulence potential of large numbers of bacteria from potable water to possibly identify currently unknown pathogens. Results of surveys of potable water from several distribution systems using these tests showed that only 50 of the approximately 10,000 bacterial colonies expressed one or more virulence characteristics. In another study, 45 potable water isolates that expressed multiple virulence factors were tested for pathogenicity in immunocompromised mice. None of the isolates infected mice that were compromised either by treatment with carrageenan (CG), to induce susceptibility to facultative intracellular pathogens, or by cyclophosphamide (CY), to induce susceptibility to extracellular pathogens. These results indicate that there are very few potential pathogens in potable water and that the currently developed in vitro virulence screening tests give an overestimation of the numbers of heterotrophic bacteria that may be pathogens. Current efforts are focused on using the animal models to screen concentrated samples of waters known to contain large numbers of heterotrophic bacteria and newly discovered Legionella-like organisms that parasitize amoebae.
The galloping pace of globalisation has not only led to the expansion of firms across national borders and an exponential increase in the interdependency of international markets, but it has also triggered the development of the regulatory environment into a multilevel arena consisting of numerous and often overlapping and competing global institutions and regulatory jurisdictions. Our paper examines venue shopping at this global level. We argue that existing theories of multilevel venue shopping are not well suited to explaining global venue shopping. Advancing a novel theoretical framework, we argue that the decision to lobby multiple global venues is a function of the extent of firms’ international business activities and investments. We test this theory in the case of post-crisis banking regulation in the European Union and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Assessing banks’ international activities in terms of the number, international scope, and geographical diversity of their subsidiaries, we find evidence supporting our argument. The new post-crisis banking rules posed a serious threat to banks’ international financial activities and banks facing the greatest costs of these new rules were also most likely to engage in global venue shopping.
Titanium oxide (TiOx) coating was treated on a surface of LiNi a Co b Al1-a-b O2 (a > 0.85, NCA) cathode material, which exhibited high capacity of 200 mAhg−1, but the charge/discharge capacity of which degraded seriously after contacting with water, to use the NCA with a water-based binder in the cathode preparation of lithium ion battery. The formation of TiOx layer on the NCA surface was conducted using a wet method and the TiOx layer formed was characterized with scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS): The TiOx coating layer is 2–3 nm in thickness and Ti atoms are distributed over the whole NCA particle surface. The cathode electrode fabricated with TiOx-coated NCA and water-based TRD202A binder was found to compete in terms of cycle and rate performance with the cathode composed of pristine NCA particle and organic solvent-based PVdF binder even after it was exposed in the water-based slurry for 7 days in the cathode preparation. The results demonstrate that TiOx-coated NCA particles are promising as cathode materials with a water-resistant property and therefore water can be used as solvent for preparing the cathode slurry solution in the fabrication of lithium ion battery cathodes.
Objective This study aimed to examine levels of depression and quality of life in Spanish-speaking (less acculturated) immigrants with epilepsy compared with those in English-speaking US-born persons with epilepsy (PWEs). Methods The study included 85 PWEs — 38 Spanish-speaking immigrants with epilepsy and 47 US-born PWEs. All patients underwent video-EEG monitoring and completed depression and quality-of-life inventories in their dominant language (Spanish/English). Chart review of clinical epilepsy variables was conducted by an epileptologist. Results Our study revealed that depression scores were significantly higher in Hispanic PWEs (21.65±14.6) than in US-born PWEs (14.50±10.2) (t (64.02)=−2.3, two-sided p=.025). Marital status, medical insurance, antidepressant use, seizure frequency, and number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were tested as covariates in the ANCOVA framework and were not statistically significant at the 0.05 significance level. Fewer Hispanics were prescribed antidepressant medications (13.15% for Hispanics and 40.42% for US-born, χ2 (1,85) 7.71, p=.005) and had access to comprehensive health insurance coverage (χ2 (1,85)=13.70, p=0.000). Hispanic patients were also found to be receiving significantly less AEDs compared with their US-born peers (t (83, 85)=2.33, p=.02). Although quality of life was diminished in both groups, Seizure Worry was worse for Hispanics after accounting for potential effects of marital status, medical insurance, use of antidepressants, seizure frequency, and number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) ((1, 83), F=7.607, p=0.007). Significance The present study is the first of its kind to examine depression and quality of life in Spanish-speaking US immigrants with epilepsy. Spanish-speaking immigrants with epilepsy have been identified as a group at risk. They demonstrated higher depression scores and more Seizure Worry independent of epilepsy and demographic characteristics compared with their US-born peers. The Hispanic group was receiving less treatment for depression, was taking less AEDs, and had less access to comprehensive health coverage compared with non-Hispanics.
Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the Evolved Packet System (EPS) Architecture by presenting a high-level perspective of the complete system as defined in the System Architecture Evolution (SAE) work item. There are several domains in EPS, each one a grouping of logical nodes that interwork to provide a specific set of functions in the network. The Core Network is divided into multiple domains (Circuit Core, Packet Core, and IMS). These domains interwork with each other over a number of well-defined interfaces. The user management domain provides coordinated subscriber information and supports roaming and mobility between and within the different domains. The Circuit Core domain consists of nodes and functions that provide support for circuit-switched services over GSM and WCDMA. The Packet Core domain consists of nodes and functions that provide support for packet-switched services (primarily IP connectivity) over GSM, WCDMA and High Speed Packet Access (HSPA). Furthermore, the Packet Core domain also provides support for packet-switched services over LTE and non-3GPP access networks, which in general are not related to the Circuit Core (except for some specific features needed for. The packet core domain also provides functions for management and enforcement of service and bearer level policies such as QoS.
Olivine-type, orthorhombic, LiFePO4 powders with small particle size have been successfully synthesized by the emulsion-drying method. The electronic and crystal structure is analyzed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray diffraction Rietveld refinement. The powder calcined at 750°C shows the highest discharge capacity of 125mAhg−1 with excellent cycle stability. The discharge capacity of this powder increases to 154mAhg−1 on increasing the addition of carbon black as a conductive agent up to 40wt.%. In a rate capability test, the discharge capacity is completely recovered and retained up to the 700th cycle.
Electrochemical exfoliation of graphite in the flame-retarded electrolyte is used for the preparation of novel carbon materials for the first time. Graphitic platelets with submicron thickness are prepared by an electrochemical graphite exfoliation route in the trimethyl phosphate (TMP) based electrolyte. The morphology and size of the graphitic platelets can be controlled by adjusting the reaction temperature and current density. A possible mechanism is proposed for the interesting graphite exfoliation in the TMP-based electrolyte. Compared with common micrometer-scale graphite and graphene nanosheets, this novel graphitic material exhibits different voltage profiles but good rate capability as anode in the Li-ion batteries.
The community structure and catabolic functional diversity of indigenous rhizosphere fluorescent pseudomonad isolates recovered from un-amended soil (control treated) and following long-term (6 years) swine compost application (compost treated) were studied. Soils collected for the pot experiments were from a Taiwanese experimental farm established in 1995 to study the long-term effects of crop rotation and organic amendment. In the pot experiments, corn seed was cultured; after the elongation stage, 13 and 32 indigenous rhizosphere fluorescent pseudomonad isolates were collected from compost-treated (n=13) and control-treated (n=32) soils. All isolates were classified by 16S rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages analyses. Most (84.4%) of the control-treated soil isolates belonged to genotype A, which corresponded to Pseudomonas putida based on 16S rDNA sequences analysis. However, only 61.5% of compost-treated soil isolates were from genotype A; 30.7% of the isolates belonged to genotype B, whose 16S rDNA profile corresponded to Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Differing catabolic potentials of the P. putida isolates from control- and compost-treated soils were evident; isolates from control-treated soils utilized organic acids including citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and formic acid more actively than compost-treated soil isolates. Moreover, the latter isolates more efficiently utilized carbohydrates of i-erythritol and l-rhamnose than P. putida isolates from control-treated soil, consistent with the alteration in the catabolic functions of indigenous rhizosphere P. putida by long-term compost application.
The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment (CI) in a group of testicular (TC) survivors by comparing their neuropsychological test scores with normative data and to assess their performance in specific cognitive domains.
English bulldogs are known to be prone to skeletal problems, but knowledge is lacking of the effect of these problems on locomotion and function. This study was undertaken to report the conformational, orthopaedic and radiographic findings in a cohort of English bulldogs in Finland and to evaluate how these findings affect weight bearing and locomotion of the dogs. Twenty-eight English bulldogs were prospectively recruited to this cross-sectional study. An orthopaedic examination, measurements of conformation, static and dynamic weight bearing, and radiographic examinations of elbow, hip, stifle joints and spine were done.
Developing low-cost catalyst for high-performance oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is highly desirable. Herein, NiCo2O4/N-doped reduced graphene oxide (NiCo2O4/N-rGO) hybrid is proposed as a high-performance catalyst for ORR for the first time. The well-formed NiCo2O4/N-rGO hybrid is studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves and linear-sweep voltammetry (LSV) performed on the rotating-ring-disk-electrode (RDE) in comparison with N-rGO-free NiCo2O4 and the bare N-rGO. Due to the synergistic effect, the NiCo2O4/N-rGO hybrid exhibits significant improvement of catalytic performance with an onset potential of −0.12 V, which mainly favors a direct four electron pathway in ORR process, close to the behavior of commercial carbon-supported Pt. Also, the benefits of N-incorporation are investigated by comparing NiCo2O4/N-rGO with NiCo2O4/rGO, where higher cathodic currents, much more positive half-wave potential and more electron transfer numbers are observed for the N-doping one, which should be ascribed to the new highly efficient active sites created by N incorporation into graphene. The NiCo2O4/N-rGO hybrid could be used as a promising catalyst for high power metal/air battery.
Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) experiments were conducted to determine the lithium diffusion coefficient of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2, used as the active material in a lithium-ion battery porous composite positive electrode. An electrochemical model, based on concentrated solution porous electrode theory, was developed to analyze the GITT experimental results and compare to the original GITT analytical theory. The GITT experimental studies on the oxide active material were conducted between 3.5 and 4.5V vs. lithium, with the maximum lithium diffusion coefficient value being 10−10 cm2 s−1 at 3.85V. The lithium diffusion coefficient values obtained from this study agree favorably with the values obtained from an earlier electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study.
Recent interest in fuel cells has led to the conceptual design of an ocean floor, fuel cell-based, power generating station fueled by methane from natural gas seeps or from the controlled decomposition of methane hydrates. Because the dissolved oxygen concentration in deep ocean water is too low to provide adequate supplies to a fuel processor and fuel cell, oxygen must be stored onboard the generating station. A lab scale catalytic autothermal reformer capable of operating at pressures of 6–50bar was constructed and tested. The objective of the experimental program was to maximize H2 production per mole of O2 supplied (H2(out)/O2(in)). Optimization, using oxygen-to-carbon (O2/C) and water-to-carbon (S/C) ratios as independent variables, was conducted at three pressures using bottled O2. Surface response methodology was employed using a 22 factorial design. Optimal points were validated using H2O2 as both a stored oxidizer and steam source. The optimal experimental conditions for maximizing the moles of H2(out)/O2(in) occurred at a S/C ratio of 3.00–3.35 and an O2/C ratio of 0.44–0.48. When using H2O2 as the oxidizer, the moles of H2(out)/O2(in) increased ≤14%. An equilibrium model was also used to compare experimental and theoretical results.
Li–O2 batteries have the potential to be the candidate for the power source to drive electric-vehicles and portable electronics. Recent studies have been focused on searching for stable electrode materials for rechargeable Li–O2 batteries with high efficiency and long cycle life. Here Pd-functionalized MnO x –GeO y nanomembranes were fabricated as the cathode materials of Li–O2 batteries. The incorporation of Pd nanoparticles on the nanomembranes matrix enables the fast transportation of both electrons and lithium ions as well as oxygen-containing species, thus efficiently lowering the charge voltage and greatly prolonging the cycle life of Li–O2 batteries to 160 cycles without apparent degradation. More importantly, Li–O2 batteries using such as-prepared Pd-functionalized MnO x –GeO y nanomembranes can be cycled repeatedly with extremely low charge voltage of only ~3.14V. The presence of small amounts of Pd nanoparticles contributes to the formation of toroid-like Li2O2 during the oxygen reduction reaction which is efficiently decomposed afterwards by the oxygen evolution reaction. The encouraging performance suggests that such nanomembrane-based materials are promising cathode architectures for the future Li–O2 batteries.
In order to balance the speed of analytical sample preparation procedures with mass spectrometry (MS)-based clinical proteomics the application of high-throughput robotic systems for body fluid workup is essential. In this paper we describe the implementation of various solid-phase extraction (SPE) sample preparation protocols on two different platforms, namely: 1) Magnetic bead-based SPE of peptides and proteins from body fluids on a Hamilton liquid handling workstation; 2) Cartridge-based SPE on a SPARK Symbiosis system. All SPE protocols were optimized for MS-based proteomics and compared with respect to obtained peptide- and protein profiles. Throughput numbers that were achieved in a 24hour time frame for the sample workup procedures were more than 700 samples for the magnetic bead-based method and over 1000 samples for the cartridge-based method.
Rapid and economical fabrications of macroporous materials are of general interest in various fields of energy storage, energy conversion, catalysis and gas sensors. In this paper, macroporous NiO/Ni powders were achieved in a flash by the direct decomposition of a metal complex, which is template-free, surfactant-free and highly effective. The metal complex was achieved by simply mixing nickel acetate, nickel nitrate, hydrazine hydrate and glycine in water. The pore size, porosity and even morphology of the porous network (three- or two-dimensional architectures) can be conveniently tuned by adjusting the composition of the complex. It is found that, the amounts of hydrazine hydrate and glycine in the reactants affected the morphology of the porous network; whilst that of nickel acetate determined the macropores. The electrochemical performance of the achieved macroporous NiO/Ni as anodes in Li-ion batteries was comparatively investigated. The 3D macroporous NiO/Ni powders exhibited better electrochemical performances than that of 2D macroporous NiO/Ni and 3D compact NiO/Ni because of its better electrical conductivity and unique porous architecture. The presence of Ni and the continuous network of 3D structures improved the electrical conductivity of electrode materials. In addition, the macroporous architectures not only favored the ingress of electrolytes but also compensated the large volume change of the active materials during the cycling.
Beyond a hedonic model of the good life—approach pleasure and avoid pain—evidence is accumulating across species that well-being depends on potentially painful goal pursuit processes, like effort, engagement, and discovery. We hypothesized that daily challenges may provide a unique opportunity to fulfill such processes and that challenges would be more relevant within the promotion (gain-focused) than prevention (nonloss-focused) motivational system. Accordingly, we predicted that: (1) individuals who tend to be successful versus unsuccessful in achieving promotion-type goals would be better at managing daily challenges; and (2) challenge dysregulation would undermine promotion-related well-being (depressive symptoms) more than prevention-related well-being (anxiety symptoms). Across three studies, we find evidence in support of these hypotheses. Notably, as we find consistent evidence that too many and too few challenges may be damaging to mental health, we conclude that effective challenge regulation—not minimization—is likely to be a necessary component of optimal well-being.
Autogenic reactions, based on the decomposition of one or more precursors at elevated temperatures with self generated pressures can be used to prepare a wide range of materials with interesting structural, morphological and technological properties. Recent reports that spherical carbon particles and carbon nanotubes can be prepared by this technique from waste products, such as used plastic bags, have highlighted this environmentally-attractive approach to synthesize new or modified carbon-based materials. In this paper, we report the synthesis of spherical carbon particles and carbon nanotubes and their evaluation as negative electrodes (anodes) in lithium electrochemical cells. A steady reversible capacity of approximately 240 mAh/g for hundreds of cycles was achieved from both types of carbon, when cycled at a 1C rate between 1.5 V and 5 mV. A reversible capacity of 372 mAh/g, i.e., the theoretical value for graphite, was obtained from the carbon nanotube electrodes by raising the upper voltage limit to 3 V. To increase the graphitic order in the carbon spheres, the particles were heated to 2400 °C in an inert atmosphere. This treatment reduced the first cycle irreversible capacity loss of Li/C half cells from 60 to 20%, the spherical carbon electrodes yielding a stable 252 mAh/g discharge capacity for numerous cycles. Structural and morphological information about the parent and cycled carbon electrodes, obtained by powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, and electron dispersive analysis of X-rays is provided.
The recently explored FeNb11O29 is an advanced anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its large specific capacity and high safety. However, its poor electronic conductivity significantly limits its rate capability. To tackle this issue, a Cr3+ doping is employed, and Cr x Fe1-x Nb11O29 (x =0 and 0.2) materials were fabricated using a solid-state reaction. X-ray diffraction analyses combined with Rietveld refinements demonstrate that the Cr3+ doping does not destroy the orthorhombic shear ReO3 crystal structure (Amma space group) of FeNb11O29 or obviously change the unit cell volume. Scanning electron microscopy images combined with specific surface area tests reveal the similar particle size after the Cr3+ doping. Due to the free 3d electrons in the Cr3+ ions, the electronic conductivity of Cr0.2Fe0.8Nb11O29 is enhanced by three orders of magnitude comparing with FeNb11O29. Consequently, Cr0.2Fe0.8Nb11O29 exhibits improved electrochemical properties. At 0.1C, it delivers a large reversible capacity of 254mAhg−1. At 10C, it still provides a large capacity of 123mAhg−1 with large retention of 86.9% after 500 cycles. In contrast, FeNb11O29 shows a small capacity of 57mAhg−1 and small retention of 41.6%. These results reveal that Cr0.2Fe0.8Nb11O29 can be a promising anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a promising technology for large-scale energy storage. Rapid research developments in RFB chemistries, materials and devices have laid critical foundations for cost-effective and long-lasting RFB systems. However, the lack of consistency in testing methods and assessment metrics makes it challenging to compare reported RFBs and evaluate their potential for practical applications. Here we discuss RFB assessment methods and performance metrics in direct relation to their working principles and degradation mechanisms. We first introduce basic cell attributes and performance metrics and describe common misconceptions in testing and performance comparison. We discuss major RFB decay mechanisms and highlight bottlenecks in organic, inorganic and solid-hybrid RFBs. Testing protocols, reporting practices and comparison criteria are proposed under a general framework of symmetric and asymmetric full RFBs. These recommendations can be broadly applied to a wide range of flow battery chemistries to facilitate future benchmarking and RFB development.