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A new redox flow battery using Fe2+/Fe3+ and V2+/V3+ redox couples in chloride-supporting electrolyte was proposed and investigated for potential stationary energy storage applications. The Fe/V redox flow cell using mixed reactant solutions operated within a voltage window of 0.5–1.35 V with a nearly 100% utilization ratio and demonstrated stable cycling with energy efficiency around 80% at room temperature. Stable performance was also achieved in the temperature range between 0 °C and 50 °C. The improved stability and electrochemical activity over a broader temperature range over the current technologies (such as Fe/Cr redox chemistry) potentially eliminate the necessity of external heat management and use of catalysts, making the Fe/V redox flow battery a promising option as a stationary energy storage device to enable renewable integration and stabilization of the electrical grid.
In this work, we present a new type of the one dimensional photonic crystals that contain graphene based nanocomposite and dielectric layers. Here, the nanocomposite layer is designed form graphene nanoparticles into a dielectric host material. By using transfers matrix method, Maxwell–Garnett formula, and Kubo formula, the properties of photonic band gap within visible and infrared regions are discussed. Our results reflect the significant effect of graphene on the optical characteristics of the nanocomposite layer and the transmittance properties as well. Thus, the tunability of the photonic band gaps could be expected. Meanwhile, we demonstrate the effect of the volume fraction of graphene's nanoparticles, the constituent materials thicknesses, the chemical potential and the permittivities of the host dielectric material on the transmittance properties of the proposed design. This design could be of potential interest in many fields of applications such as stop band filters and switches with high reflectivity.
Iodine-containing, cation-deficient, lithium manganese oxides (ICCD-LMO) are prepared by reaction of MnO2 with LiI. The MnO2 is completely transformed into spinel-structured compounds with a nominal composition of Li1−δ Mn2−2δ O4I x . A sample prepared at 800°C, viz. Li0.99Mn1.98O4I0.02, exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 113mAhg−1 with good cycleability and rate capability in the 4-V region. Iodine-containing, lithium-rich lithium manganese oxides (ICLR-LMO) are also prepared by reaction of LiMn2O4 with LiI, which results in a nominal composition of Li1+x Mn2−x O4I x . Li1.01Mn1.99O4I0.02 shows a discharge capacity of 124mAhg−1 on the first cycle and 119mAhg−1 a on the 20th cycle. Both results indicate that a small amount of iodine species helps to maintain cycle performance.
10 Wh-class (30650 type) lithium secondary batteries were fabricated using LiNi0.7Co0.3O2 as the positive electrode material and graphite/coke hybrid carbon as the negative electrode material. In our previous work, we found that LiNi0.7Co0.3O2 and graphite/coke hybrid carbon each provide a longer cycle life among several candidates (Kida et al., J. Power Sources 94 (2001) 74; Kida et al., in preparation; Kinoshita et al., J. Power Sources 102 (2001) 284). In this study, the cycle performance of cells using both LiNi0.7Co0.3O2 and graphite/coke hybrid carbon was examined and the deterioration factor of the discharge capacity was investigated during charge/discharge tests. We then focused our interest on the negative electrode and analyzed it using 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). After the discharge capacity of the battery deteriorated to 70% of the rated capacity after 2000 cycles, the graphite/coke hybrid carbon showed 91% of initial discharge capacity. When the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) (LiF, Li2CO3 and polymers) (E. Peled, J. Electrochem. Soc. 126 (1979) 2047) on the carbon negative electrode became thicker in the charge/discharge cycle test, the impedance was considered to have increased. This suggests that the deterioration of the graphite/coke hybrid carbon material is not so large, but that the production of the SEI on the negative electrode and impedance change of the negative electrode are factors of the capacity fade.
The crucial role of lateral parietal regions in episodic memory has been confirmed in previous studies. While aging has an influence on retrieval of episodic memory, it remains to be examined how the involvement of lateral parietal regions in episodic memory changes with age. We investigated episodic memory retrieval in two age groups, using faces as stimuli and retrieval success as a measure of episodic memory. Young and elderly participants showed activation within a similar network, including lateral and medial parietal as well as prefrontal regions, but elderly showed a higher level of brain activation regardless of condition. Furthermore, we examined functional connectivity in the two age groups and found a more extensive network in the young group, including correlations of parietal and prefrontal regions. In the elderly, the overall stronger activation related to memory performance may indicate a compensatory process for a less extensive functional network.
This study introduces the principles of a new class of high-energy batteries and their fundamental chemistry is demonstrated. These molten air batteries use air, a molten electrolyte, are quasi-reversible (rechargeable), have the capability for multiple electrons stored per molecule, and have the highest intrinsic electric energy storage capacities. Here we show three examples of the new battery's electron transfer chemistry. These are the metal, carbon and VB2 molten air batteries with respective intrinsic volumetric energy capacities of 10000 (for Fe to Fe(III)), 19000 (C to CO32−) and 27000 W h l−1 (VB2 to B2O3 + V2O5), compared to 6200 W h l−1 for the lithium air battery. Higher energy capacity, cost effective batteries are needed for a range of electronic, transportation and greenhouse gas reduction power generation devices. Needed greenhouse gas battery reduction applications include overcoming the battery driven “range anxiety” of electric vehicles, and increased capacity energy storage for the electric grid.
To utilize human heat energy as a permanent power source, we demonstrate, for the first time, an intrinsically highly foldable and stretchable thermoelectric generator that is based upon chemically exfoliated 1T-transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) nanosheets (NSs) for self-powered wearable electronics. The power factors of WS2 (n-type) and NbSe2 (p-type) NS films were evaluated to be 5–7 μ K−2 m−1 and 26–34 μW K−2 m−1, respectively, near room temperature. With these films, parallel-connected thermoelectric generators that were fabricated were able to constantly produce up to 38 nW of output power at Δ60 K. The thermoelectric device stably sustained its performance, even after 100 bending cycles and after 100 stretching cycles (50% strain). By direct observation, we found that the film is highly stretched by partial tearing and folding but still maintains an electrical percolation pathway. The morphology then is quickly recovered by a plug-in contact between the torn parts as the external strain is released. Finally, we demonstrate the electric power generation from a prototype wearable thermoelectric generator that was woven into a wristband fitted on a real human body.
In this study, a novel hybrid structure of homogeneously distributed Co3O4 nanograins on a hexagonal Co(OH)2 plate is synthesized using a one-pot hydrothermal reaction of ZIF-67. Particularly, because Co-containing ZIF-67 serves as a self-template during the hydrothermal conversion process, various-sized hybrid structures can be prepared using different sizes of ZIF-67 as the precursor material. Owing to their unique structural features, the obtained hybrids effectively boost the electrochemical activation of Co3O4 and Co(OH)2 by preventing aggregation issues. Among the various-sized architectures, large-sized structure exhibits the highest capacity of 184.9 mAh g−1 (at 1 A g−1) in aqueous 1 M KOH electrolyte, indicating that the electrochemical performance is improved as the size of hybrid increases. Furthermore, multifarious all-solid-state hybrid supercapacitors are successfully fabricated with various-sized Co3O4/Co(OH)2 hybrids as the positive electrode and mesoporous plasma-reduced graphene oxide as the negative electrode. Notably, the as-prepared hybrid supercapacitors deliver a maximum energy density of 37.6 Wh kg−1 and peak power density of 47 kW kg−1 with excellent cycling stability (91% capacity retention after 5000 cycles).
7Li MAS NMR, usually a bulk characterization technique, is used here to analyze the positive electrode/electrolyte interphase. The sharpening of the NMR spectra line shape as the amount of surface species increases shows that the observed signal is clearly the sum of signals due to the distribution of lithium ions in the interphase in terms of distance from the bulk of electrode active material. This technique is then used to compare characteristics of the interphase coming from the contact with LiPF6-based electrolyte in the case of storage or electrochemical cycling. A clear influence of the change of potential on the interphase configuration and in particular on its intimacy with the bulk of active material is deduced from the change in NMR spectra lineshape. This information is hardly obtained by other characterization technique, making NMR a powerful tool for the study of interphases and passivation layers in lithium batteries materials.
Highly ordered MnO2 nanotube and nanowire arrays are successfully synthesized via a electrochemical deposition technique using porous alumina templates. The morphologies and microstructures of the MnO2 nanotube and nanowire arrays are investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical characterization demonstrates that the MnO2 nanotube array electrode has superior capacitive behaviour to that of the MnO2 nanowire array electrode. In addition to high specific capacitance, the MnO2 nanotube array electrode also exhibits good rate capability and good cycling stability, which makes it promising candidate for supercapacitors.
Ni-Co layered double hydroxides (LDHs), as typical battery-type materials with high specific capacity and good rate property, have suffered poor cycle stability. In this work, we develop an in-situ synthesis method, which employs Ni foam as the substrate for crystal growth, simply by compensating a certain amount of hydroxyl in precursors before solvothermal reactions. Results prove that the sample prepared with hydroxyl compensation still exhibits relatively high specific capacity, about 170.6mAhg−1 at 10Ag−1 and good capacity retention, about 63.2% when the current density is increased to 40Ag−1. Especially, the cycle stability of the electrodes have been improved greatly, with about 99% capacity retention after cycling 3000 times. The improved cycle stability are competitive or superior to those of many other systems with more complicated modifications. Material characterizations indicate that the greatly enhanced cycle stability can be attributed to the strengthened connections between nanosheets and substrates and the inner structure stability of matrix, boned by sufficient hydroxyl.
The improvement of Li-ion batteries safety in abuse use is one of the key issues for their establishment in future hybrid or electrical vehicles. Such a challenge requires a perfect understanding of phenomena which could occur in abuse situation. A new technique for a better understanding of Li-ion cell safety has been so investigated. Reactions between electrolyte and charged electrodes (positive and negative just recovered from dismantled charged 4/5A cells) have been initiated by a laser beam, having a monitored intensity and time pulse. From such a device, a strong and controlled heating can be generated, in a very short time scale, on a defined electrode surface area. This localized heating, which is supposed to be similar to that could occur from a cell internal short-circuit, is able to initiate “self-propagation reactions” on charged negative and positive electrodes. This new technique has allowed a ranking of charged electrodes in terms of “self-propagation ability”. This range of new data has been compared to results obtained from classical thermal characterization methods (DSC, DTA) and results obtained from normalized abuse tests. Global charged negative and positive electrodes degradation mechanisms have been proposed in good agreement with the whole results. The safety of a done Li-ion cell seems mainly related to active negative and positive active materials, but also to other components of the electrodes, and especially additive carbons and aluminum collector of the positive side.
The thermally induced oxygen vacancies present across the intra/inter-crystalline sites and surface of ultrafine CoMn2O4 (CMO) electrodes ameliorate electrochemical performance of Li-O2 batteries (LOBs). Oxygen deficient CMOs are synthesized via a two-step process: in situ reduction to achieve a large surface area of 151.3 m2 g−1 and thermal treatment at 400 °C in pure Ar. The oxygen deficient CMO electrode presents a higher initial capacity, lower overpotential, better cyclic stability, higher Coulombic efficiencies and higher rate capabilities than the as-prepared CMO electrode without heat treatment. While the CMO electrode presents an excellent catalytic behavior in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the oxygen vacancies mitigate the migration of Li+ ions and electrons and act as active sites for O2 in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The ex situ characterization also proves a lower kinetic charge transfer resistance and higher catalytic activities of the oxygen deficient CMO electrodes in the decomposition of discharge products during the discharge/charge cycles.
(1) The objective of this study is to analyze differences in smell–taste capacity between females in extreme weight/eating conditions (EWC) and (2) to explore the interaction between smell/taste capacity, gastric hormones, eating behavior and body mass index (BMI). The sample comprised 239 females in EWC [64 Anorexia nervosa (AN) and 80 age-matched healthy-weight controls, and 59 obese and 36 age-matched healthy-weight controls]. Smell and taste assessments were performed through “Sniffin’ Sticks” and “Taste Strips,” respectively. The assessment measures included the eating disorders inventory-2, the symptom check list 90-revised, and The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, as well as peptides from the gastrointestinal tract [Ghrelin, peptide YY, cholecystokinin]. Smell capacity was differentially associated across EWC groups. Smell was clearly impaired in obese participants and increased in AN (hyposmia in Obesity was 54.3 and 6.4 % in AN), but taste capacity did not vary across EWC. Ghrelin levels were significantly decreased in obese subjects and were related to smell impairment. EWC individuals showed a distinct smell profile and circulating ghrelin levels compared to controls. Smell capacity and ghrelin may act as moderators of emotional eating and BMI.
The purpose of this paper is to present and describe a hybrid electrical network for an aircraft in emergency operation. The principle of this network is to hybridize, through a bidirectional DC/DC converter, a high speed turbine (Ram Air turbine – RAT) with an electrochemical storage. Some experiments on a lab test bench have allowed validating the principle of the hybridization and several energy management strategies have been tested with a low voltage lithium ion battery. A design study of DC/DC power converters, according to the voltage of that storage device, has been done. This study tries to be as exhaustive as possible in view of determining the best voltage connection in terms of mass and efficiency. This study has led to the design and sizing of a medium-voltage battery from which future tests will be carried out on the lab test bench.
Motor difficulties are common in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Although preliminary evidence has suggested that methylphenidate can improve the motor skills in children with ADHD and Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), the effect of stimulant medication on motor performance in children newly diagnosed with ADHD with or without motor impairment remains unclear. A cohort study of 49 medication-naïve children (39 male; mean age 8.4±1.3 years) with ADHD was conducted. Children were evaluated using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children and the developmental test of visual motor integration at diagnosis and again three months following daily treatment with a stimulant medication. Motor difficulties were highly present at baseline (73.5%) but resolved in a subset after treatment with stimulant medication, suggesting that their motor difficulties may be attributed in part to their attentional problems. Nevertheless, motor impairment persisted in 55.1% of the sample. The severity of the behavioural symptoms was significantly associated with balance skills in children without motor impairments (r 2 =0.30, p <0.01) and with visual motor integration skills in children with persisting motor difficulties (r 2 =0.27, p <0.01). Attentional difficulties negatively affect the motor skills of children with ADHD. Following the use of stimulant medication, an important subset continued to demonstrate motor difficulties. The improvement in behaviour was insufficient to resolve motor problems and these children should therefore be targeted for rehabilitation services.
Factors and sources affecting measurement uncertainty associated with monitoring metals in airborne particulate matter (PM) were investigated as part of the Windsor, Ontario Exposure Assessment Study (WOEAS). The assessment was made using co-located duplicate samples and a comparison of two analytical approaches: ED-XRF and ICP-MS. Sampling variability was estimated using relative percent difference (RPD) of co-located duplicate samples. The comparison of ICP-MS and ED-XRF results yields very good correlations (R 2 ≥ 0.7) for elements present at concentrations that pass both ICP-MS and ED-XRF detection limits (e.g. Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb and Cu). PM concentration ranges (median, sample number) of 24-h indoor PM10 and personal PM10 filters, and outdoor PM2.5 filters were determined to be 2.2–40.7 (11.0, n = 48) μg m−3, 8.0–48.3 (11.9, n = 48) μg m−3, and 17.1–42.3 (21.6, n = 18) μg m−3, respectively. The gravimetric analytical results reveal that the variations in PM mass measurements for same-day sampling are insignificant compared to temporal or spatial variations: 92%, 100% and 96% of indoor, outdoor and personal duplicate samples, respectively, pass the quality criteria (RPD ≤ 20%). Uncertainties associated with ED-XRF elemental measurements of S, Ca, Mn, Fe and Zn for 24-h filter samples are low: 78%–100% of the duplicate samples passed the quality criteria. In the case of 24-h filter samples using ICP-MS, more elements passed the quality criteria due to the lower detection limits. These were: Li, Na, K, Ca, Si, Al, V, Fe, Mn, Co, Cu, Mo, Ag, Zn, Pb, As, Mg, Sb, Sn, Sr, Th, Ti, Tl, and U. Low air concentrations of metals (near or below instrumental detection limits) and/or inadvertent introduction of metal contamination are the main causes for excluding elements based on the pass/fail criteria. Uncertainty associated with elemental measurements must be assessed on an element-by-element basis.
The use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an important treatment option for movement disorders and other medical conditions. Today, three major manufacturers provide implantable systems for DBS. Although the underlying principle is basically the same for all available systems, the differences in the technical features vary considerably. This article outlines aspects regarding the technical features of DBS systems. The differences between voltage and current sources are addressed and their effect on stimulation is shown. To maintain clinical benefit and minimize side effects the stimulation field has to be adapted to the requirements of the patient. Shaping of the stimulation field can be achieved by the electrode design and polarity configuration. Furthermore, the electric signal consisting of stimulation rate, stimulation amplitude and pulse width affect the stimulation field. Interleaving stimulation is an additional concept, which permits improved treatment outcomes. Therefore, the electrode design, the polarity, the electric signal, and the concept of interleaving stimulation are presented. The investigated systems can be also categorized as rechargeable and non-rechargeable, which is briefly discussed. Options for interconnecting different system components from various manufacturers are presented. The present paper summarizes the technical features and their combination possibilities, which can have a major impact on the therapeutic effect.
Redox behaviors of the poly(2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone-3,6-methylene) (PDBM)-coated electrodes composited with carbon black (CB) or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene) (PEDOT) are presented. Effects of PEDOT additive on the redox activity of PDBM were investigated to apply their composite materials as candidates of cathodes for rechargeable lithium batteries. The film having a PEDOT/PDBM with weight ratio of 1/1 shows a gravimetric capacity of 129mAhg−1 (corresponding to 188mAhg−1 for PDBM and 70mAhg−1 for PEDOT). The highest energy density observed was 140mAhg−1 (406mWhg−1) for the composite cathode. Good cycle-ability over 100 cycles was attained with a PEDOT/PDBM composite cathode.
Amorphous SiO materials are considered to be alternative high-capacity anode materials for Li-ion batteries. However, the conventional preparation method is a high-temperature and energy-consuming vacuum process. In this study, a simple strategy to produce a SiOx material is proposed. Low-cost micron-sized Si and amorphous SiO2 powders are mechanochemically mixed using a high-energy mechanical milling process. As a result, SiOx materials are produced that have the potential to replace the current commercial SiO powders. The X-ray photoelectron spectra exhibit that the chemical bonding state of Si in the synthesized SiOx materials is similar to commercial SiO. The electron microscopic analyses demonstrate that the secondary particle sizes are reduced and Si crystallites with sizes of a few nanometers to a few tens of nanometers are embedded in the silicon oxide matrix. Due to the morphology and microstructure, the initial coulombic efficiency and cycling stability of the SiOx materials are greatly improved compared to the commercial SiO sample. To further enhance the electrochemical properties, carbon incorporations are carried out, which result in an excellent cycle performance being achieved for the Li-ion battery anodes. The ball-milled SiOx material has ample potential as an alternative to conventional SiO materials.
The lithium–manganese-oxide spinels with different δ values (from 0 to 0.20) were obtained by sol–gel method and studied using XRD, TGA/SDTA, DSC and electrical conductivity measurements. Transformation of the initial gels to spinel structure results in a strong exothermic effect in SDTA measurement. It was shown that well-crystallized spinel structures with cationic defects Li1−x Mn2−2x O4, are formed after calcination at 300°C (low-temperature spinel). Evolution of oxygen during thermal treatment of the low-temperature spinel was controlled by TGA/SDTA methods. Three stages of this transformation were distinguished and one of them was irreversible. The electrical conductivity of the spinels correlates with thermal properties and phase changes in the spinels.
Trend and state of the affairs for Li ion polymer battery were summarized. Also the situation of the research and development for the Li metal battery was introduced.