batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Dopamine (polydopamine) is an excellent and facile agent for achieving effective full carbon coating owing to its strong adhesive capability. Herein, polydopamine-derived carbon coating on LiMnPO4 has been reported for the first time. Detailed investigations indicate that full carbon coating with the suitable thickness can significantly enhance the electrochemical performance of LiMnPO4/C composite by balancing the electronic conduction and lithium-ion transportation. Benefiting from the thin full carbon coating with a relatively uniform thickness of 3-5nm, the as-obtained LiMnPO4/C composite with 6.84wt.% carbon exhibits a high reversible capacity of 118mAhg−1 at 5C and 106mAhg−1 at 10C, respectively, and a remarkable stable capacity retention of ∼91.5% after 100 cycles at 0.5C. Moreover, attractive electrochemical properties can also be obtained for LiMnPO4/C composite with reduced carbon content of 3.41wt.%. The above results are competitive among the low carbon coated LiMnPO4 based materials.
This paper describes a new recycling process of metal values from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). After the dismantling of the spent batteries steel crusts, the leaching of battery internal substances with alkaline solution and the dissolving of the residues with H2SO4 solution were carried out. Then mass cobalt was chemically deposited as oxalate, and Acorga M5640 and Cyanex272 extracted the small quantities of copper and cobalt, respectively. Lithium was recovered as deposition of lithium carbonate. It is shown that about 90% cobalt was deposited as oxalate with less than 0.5% impurities, and Acorga M5640 and Cyanex272 were efficient and selective for the extraction of copper and cobalt in sulfate solution. Over 98% of the copper and 97% of the cobalt was recovered in the given process. In addition, the waste solution was treated innocuously, and LiCoO2 positive electrode material with good electrochemical performance was also synthesized by using the recovered compounds of cobalt and lithium as precursors. The process is feasible for the recycling of spent LIBs in scale-up.
Titania solar cells are a new type of photovoltaic device invented by Professor Michael Grätzel at Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (Switzerland). Titania solar cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through a process similar to photosynthesis. It has performance advantages over other solar cells, which include the ability to perform well in low light and shade, and to perform consistently well over a wide range of temperatures. Titania solar cells can be fabricated to be either transparent or opaque in appearance. The simple materials, construction technique and processing equipment make Titania modules attractive for affordable power generation. Applications of such a module include many consumer and professional products, including vertically mounted solar tiles used as integrated building materials and, in future, used as power generating windows.
Electrochemical supercapacitive (ES) properties of liquid-phase synthesized mesoporous (pore size distribution centered ∼12nm) and of 120m2/g surface area nickel hydroxide film electrodes onto tin-doped indium oxide substrate are discussed. The amounts of inner and outer charges are calculated to investigate the contribution of mesoporous structure on charge storage where relatively higher contribution of inner charge infers good ion diffusion into matrix of nickel hydroxide. Effect of different electrolytes, electrolyte concentrations, deposit mass and scan rates on the current–voltage profile in terms of the shape and enclosed area is investigated. Specific capacitance of ∼85F/g at a constant current density of 0.03A/g is obtained from the discharge curve.
Hydrogen electrosorption into Pd-rich (≥80% Pd) Pd–Rh alloy layers of various thickness has been studied in acidic solutions (0.5M H2SO4) using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Pd–Rh electrodes were prepared as limited volume electrodes (LVEs) by electrochemical deposition. The influence of electrode potential and alloy thickness on the amount of electrosorbed hydrogen was investigated. For the thickness range examined (0.11–1.55μm) no distinct effect on alloy absorption properties was found. The influence of scan rate on hydrogen oxidation charge was also studied. The results obtained suggest that the layer of subsurface hydrogen in Pd–Rh alloys is much less developed than in pure Pd and direct hydrogen absorption/desorption path is more probable.
In the present paper, a facile hydrothermal synthesis was successfully used to obtain a novel SubPhthalocyanine/Nickel molybdate (SubPc-Br/NiMoO4) composite electrode material for a higher-performance super-capacitor. SEM and XRD investigations revealed that SubPc-Br particles were uniformly dispersed on the surface of NiMoO4 microspheres and kept the crystal formation of NiMoO4 during the combination of SubPc-Br and NiMoO4, giving the possibility to obtain high power density. The excellent pseudo-capacitance properties of SubPc-Br/NiMoO4 were also confirmed by a series of electrochemical experiments and showed that SubPc-Br significantly enhanced the redox strength and charge transfer characteristics of the NiMoO4. The as-prepared electrode had a high specific capacitance of 1292 F g−1 at a scan rate of 1 mV s−1. Additionally, in comparison with a separate NiMoO4, the cycle stability of the SubPc-Br/NiMoO4 super-capacitor is improved by 12.9% after 1000 cycles. The enhanced performances could be mainly attributed to the unique nanostructure and a larger contact area of SubPc-Br/NiMoO4. The materials obtained using this technique and the unique properties of cycle stability are attractive. This technique has an increased potential to enlarge the applicability of the electrochemical industry.
Vital need to reduce battery cost inspired intensive research in the field of sodium-storage systems, which required extending the range of perspective electrode materials. Herein, we present a new member of the electrochemically active NASICON material family, rhombohedral NaMo2(PO4)3, which demonstrates both Mo+4/Mo+5 and Mo+4/Mo+3 redox activities towards sodium (de)intercalation. Desodiation of the initial NaMo2(PO4)3 material with subsequent discharge within the 1.2–4.0 V range leads to a multi-electron redox transition with reversible capacity of 130 mAh g−1. However, the single Mo+4/Mo+3 redox transition at 2.45 V (vs. Na/Na+) with capacity of 95 mAh g−1 was found to be more stable during cycling, and operando X-ray diffraction confirmed its two-phase mechanism. Sodiation of the initial phase results in Na2.5Mo2(PO4)3, which maintains the parent NASICON structure (R-3c, a = 8.90532(7) Å, c = 22.2379(3) Å, V = 1527.30(3) Å3), with two Na-positions being almost equal in occupancy and energy.
Two interfacial synthesis strategies are proposed to synthesize polypyrrole samples for electrochemical capacitors (ECs). In contrast to water/organic two-phase route, unique water/ionic liquid (IL)/organic three-phase interface strategy is first performed to prepare coral-like polypyrrole with even better electrochemical capacitance, where 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate IL, as a “buffering zone”, is set between the water and organic phases to control the morphology and micro-structure of the polypyrrole phase during polymerization. The polypyrrole synthesized by three-phase interfacial route owns more ordered structure, less charge transfer resistance and better electronic conductivity, compared with two-phase method, and delivers larger specific capacitance, higher rate performance and better electrochemical stability at large current densities in 3M KCl aqueous electrolyte.
As the light vehicle fleet moves to electric drive (hybrid, battery, and fuel cell vehicles), an opportunity opens for “vehicle-to-grid” (V2G) power. This article defines the three vehicle types that can produce V2G power, and the power markets they can sell into. V2G only makes sense if the vehicle and power market are matched. For example, V2G appears to be unsuitable for baseload power—the constant round-the-clock electricity supply—because baseload power can be provided more cheaply by large generators, as it is today. Rather, V2G's greatest near-term promise is for quick-response, high-value electric services. These quick-response electric services are purchased to balance constant fluctuations in load and to adapt to unexpected equipment failures; they account for 5–10% of electric cost—$12 billion per year in the US. This article develops equations to calculate the capacity for grid power from three types of electric drive vehicles. These equations are applied to evaluate revenue and costs for these vehicles to supply electricity to three electric markets (peak power, spinning reserves, and regulation). The results suggest that the engineering rationale and economic motivation for V2G power are compelling. The societal advantages of developing V2G include an additional revenue stream for cleaner vehicles, increased stability and reliability of the electric grid, lower electric system costs, and eventually, inexpensive storage and backup for renewable electricity.
Silicon is considered as a promising anode material to improve the energy density of lithium ion batteries. However, the huge capacity loss in the initial cycles not only consumes the active Li from the cathode, but also shows great influence on the long-term cycle stability for the varied negative/positive capacity ratio (N/P ratio) that may lead to over-charge/discharge, thus hinders silicon from commercial application. Therefore, it's of vital importance to study the N/P ratio to realize the tradeoff between initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and cycling stability. LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2||SiO x /Graphite pouch cells with different N/P ratios between 0.85 and 1.8 are designed and prepared in this paper, electrochemical tests prove that a N/P ratio close to unity provide the best balance between energy density and cycle performance. Moreover, capacity decay mechanisms in cathode and anode are carefully studied, which demonstrates that up to 90% of the capacity loss is due to the active Li host sites loss in anode, while the crosstalk between the two electrodes also must be considered.
Numerous epidemiological studies demonstrate that genetic background modifies the onset and the progression of Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders. The efficacious influence of genetic background on the disease pathway of amyloid beta has been meticulously described in rodent models. Since the impact of genetic modifiers on the neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory cascade induced by misfolded tau protein is yet to be elucidated, we have addressed the issue by using transgenic lines expressing the same human truncated tau protein in either spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) or Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) genetic background.
A constant-current constant-voltage (CCCV) charge protocol is commonly used for lithium-ion batteries. The dynamic characteristic of the constant-voltage (CV) charging current is discovered to be related to battery aging. In order to quantitatively describe the load current during the CV charging period, an equivalent circuit model (ECM) based on the resistor-inductor (RL) network is proposed in this paper. Motivated by the current expression derived based on the conventional resistor–capacitor (RC) network-based ECM, an RL network-based ECM is developed to characterize the CV charging current. Then, the parallel-connected RL networks are employed to improve the model fidelity. The test data of four lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries in different aging states are employed to validate the proposed model. Comparative results show that the proposed 2nd-order ECM is the best choice, considering both the model accuracy and complexity. In addition, a simplified 2nd-order model is proposed, achieving a satisfactory accuracy with only three model parameters to be identified. Therefore, this model can be easily implemented in the battery management system (BMS).
This work investigates the conditions required for the pulse galvanostatic electropolymerization of aniline in synthesizing polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers. In order to obtain uniform morphology in polyaniline nanofibers, the effects of such variables as pulse height (current amplitude), relaxation time (t off), pulse time (t on), bath temperature, HClO4 and aniline concentrations were studied using SEM, TEM, FT-IR, UV–vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, TGA and DSC. The attained results reveal that the optimized conditions for the pulse height, t on, t off, aniline, HClO4, and solution temperature are 10mAcm−2, 0.5s, 0.25s, 0.1M, 1M, and 45°C respectively. The synthesized polyaniline in the optimum conditions possess uniform nanofibers, with an average diameter of 80nm and an average length of 4μm; further, it displays satisfactory electrochemical reversible redox reactions and high thermal stability.
With the widespread application of distributed generation (DG), their utilization rate is increasingly higher and higher in the power system. This paper analyzes the static and transient impact of large-scale DGs integrated with the distribution network load models on the power grid. Studies of static voltage stability based on continuous power flow method have shown that a reasonable choice of DG's power grid position will help to improve the stability of the system. The transient simulation results show that these induction motors in the distribution network would make effect on the start-up and fault conditions, which may cause the instability of DGs and grid. The simulation results show that modeling of distributed generations and loads can help in-depth study of the microgrid stability and protection design.
Nitrogen and sulfur dual-doped mesoporous carbons (NSMCs) have been fabricated through a facile template-mediated pyrolyzing method using poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) as sources of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C), ferrous sulfate(FeSO4 7H2O) as both precursor of sulfur (S) and activation reagent along with nanoscaled silica as sacrificial supports. The composition, morphology, and microstructure of the products are characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen sorption analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It reveals that these NSMCs possess a BET surface area over 1064m2 g−1and abundant mesoporous structure with pore size ranged from 4 to 20nm. The atomic percentages of N and S functionalities are found to be 4.00at.% N and 0.83at.% S, indication of successful incorporation of both nitrogenand sulfur into carbon network. Benefiting from the aforementioned characteristics, these NSMCs show perfect supercapacitive performances, which have been demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry and constant-current charge/discharge cycling techniques. In 0.5M H2SO4 electrolyte, the specific capacitance (SC) of the as-prepared NSMCs electrode can reach 280F/g at a current density of 1A/g. Even at a high rate capability of 100A/g, the NSMCs electrode still shows the SC value as high as 232F/g, retaining 83% of that at 1A/g. Also, the electrode exhibits excellent charge/discharge cycling stability, and no measurable capacitance losses is observed even after 5000 cycles, making them potentially promising for high-performance energy storage devices.
This paper addresses the problem of engineering energy-efficient target detection applications, using unattended Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with random node deployment and partial coverage, for long-lasting surveillance of areas of interest. As battery energy depletion is a crucial issue, an effective approach consists in switching on and off, according to proper duty cycles, sensing and communication modules of wireless sensor nodes. Making these modules work in an intermittent fashion has an impact on (i) the latency of notification transmission (depending on the communication duty cycle), (ii) the probability of missed target detection (depending on the number of deployed nodes, the sensing duty cycle, and the number of incoming targets), and (iii) the delay in detecting an incoming target. In order to optimize the system parameters to reach given performance objectives, we first derive an analytical framework which allows us to evaluate the probability of missed target detection (in the presence of either single or multiple incoming targets), the notification transmission latency, the detection delay, and the network lifetime. Then, we show how this “toolbox” can be used to optimally configure system parameters under realistic performance constraints.
Li1.2Ni0.2-x Mn0.6-x Co2x O2 (x=0, 0.033, and 0.067) cathodes were synthesized and their electrochemical properties and stabilities at high temperature were investigated. As cobalt content x decreased, discharge capacity slightly decreased. However, even non-cobalt-content cathode exhibited high capacity (> 240 Ah kg−1). Oxygen release from charged Li1.2Ni0.2-x Mn0.6-x Co2x O2 (x=0, 0.033, and 0.067) at high temperatures was evaluated with thermal desorption spectroscopy-mass spectroscopy (TDS-MS) and it was compared with that from a charged conventional Ni-based layer-structured cathode, LiNi0.8Co0.2O2. The oxygen release from charged Li1.2Ni0.2-x Mn0.6-x Co2x O2 (x=0, 0.033, and 0.067), especially that from a non-cobalt-content cathode, was much less than that from charged LiNi0.8Co0.2O2. This indicated that the stability of charged Li1.2Ni0.2-x Mn0.6-x Co2x O2 (x=0, 0.033, and 0.067) was high, and it was further improved by substituting cobalt with nickel and manganese. The results obtained from X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements suggested that the stability of the high-oxidation state of manganese was higher than those of nickel and cobalt. Furthermore, cobalt ions easily migrated from octahedral to tetrahedral sites, and formed spinel-like structure upon heating. In contrast, manganese ions occupied octahedral sites at high temperature. Therefore, as the manganese content increased and the total amount of nickel and cobalt decreased, the structure in a fully charged state was stabilized.
Zinc is a promising negative electrode material for aqueous battery systems whereas it shows insufficient rechargeability for use in secondary batteries. It has been reported that leaf-like dendrite deposits are often the origin of cell-failure, however, their nature and behavior on discharge (oxidation) - charge (reduction) cycling have been only poorly understood. Here we investigate the transformation of the leaf-like zinc dendrites using ex-situ scanning electron microscopy, X-ray computational tomography and in-situ X-ray diffraction. It is shown that the leaf-like zinc dendrites obtained under diffusion-limited conditions are nearly completely dissolved at a low oxidation current density of 1mAcm−2 and cause re-evolution of the zinc dendrites. Oxidation at a high current density of 10mAcm−2 leads to the formation of leaf-like zinc oxide residual products that result in particulate zinc deposits in the following reduction process, enabling good rechargeability. The reaction behavior of this oxide residue is detailed and discussed for the development of long-life zinc electrodes.
Spinel ZnFe2O4 (ZFO) has been emerging as promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its intrinsic merits. However, inferior electrical conductivity and severe volume change hinder its practical applications. Herein, we developed a bottom-up electrospinning and gas-phase polymerization strategy for purposeful fabrication of one-dimensional (1D) nano-architecture with continuous polypyrrole (PPY) nanoshell coating on each ZFO nano-subunit throughout the whole nanowires (NWs). Benefiting from unique compositional and structural advantages, the resultant 1D hybrid product (denoted as ZFO@PPY) with large electroactive sur-/interfaces and robust structural stability displayed superior Li-storage performance with high initial Coulombic efficiency, large reversible capacities, high-rate capability and long-term cycling performance, when evaluated as a competitive anode for low-cost LIBs. Furthermore, In-situ X-ray diffraction measurement provided insights into the underlying Li-storage process of the ZFO@PPY NWs. More significantly, we strongly envision that our integrated electrode design would pave a promisingly feasible avenue for advanced hybrid anodes for advanced LIBs.
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the appropriate tag:fish size ratio when tagging juvenile salmonids (genera Oncorhynchus, Salmo, and Salvelinus). The review yielded 18 publications with 211 control and treatment groups reporting results from laboratory studies on the effects of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags, plus a small number of additional studies on acoustic transmitters. A meta-analysis of the PIT tagging studies showed significant heterogeneity among studies with respect to mortality. Meta-regression revealed that juvenile salmonid mortality increased curvilinearly with the tag:fish length ratio, indicating that mortality risk is rapidly enhanced as smaller fish or larger tag sizes are used. The tag:fish length ratio effect on daily length or mass gain increased linearly. The results provide an estimate of the effects of the tag:fish length ratio on mortality and growth parameters in juvenile salmonids. Based on this, we suggest that researchers can follow best practices for tagging juvenile salmonids with tags that are not greater than 17.5% of fish total length (TL). This equates a minimum size threshold of 131 mm TL for tagging salmonids with 23-mm PIT tags, and 69 mm TL with 12-mm PIT tags. This information can assist researchers, managers, and welfare agencies striving to use the best possible evidence to make informed decisions regarding fish tagging.
Observations and video documentation of interactions between animals living in dens, cavities, and other enclosed spaces are difficult, but they play an important role in field biology, ecology, and conservation. For example, bird parents visiting nests and feeding their nestlings may provide crucial information for testing of ecological hypotheses and may easily attract attention of participants of citizen-science ecological and conservation projects. Because of the nest concealment of cavity-nesting birds, their behaviors in the nest can only be studied by using video surveillance. Professional wildlife surveillance systems are extremely expensive. Here, we describe an inexpensive video setup that can be constructed with relatively little effort and is more affordable than any previously described system. We anticipate that the relatively low cost of about 250 USD for a battery-operated system is an important feature for citizen-science type of projects and for applications in heavily populated areas where the potential for theft and vandalism may be high. Based on our experiences, we provide methodological advice on practical aspects of using this system in the field for ecological research on birds. We highlight the low cost, easiness of construction, and potential availability to a large number of observers taking part in wildlife monitoring projects, and we offer technical help to participants of such research projects.