batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Here, we showed that relatively high content of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (up to 83wt. %) can be homogeneously dispersed into carbon nanotubes (CNTs) conductive networks using non-aqueous media by refluxing method. Three different Fe3O4-CNTs composites were prepared, i.e., Fe3O4-CNTs-50, Fe3O4-CNTs-80 and Fe3O4-CNTs-90 that contain increasing amount of Fe3O4 from 50wt. % to 83wt. % and to 89wt. %. These composites have higher surface area and higher pore volume than Fe3O4 component due to CNTs content. The best composite, i.e., Fe3O4-CNTs-80 demonstrated negligible capacity loss up to 100 cycles and high discharge capacity of 930mA h g−1 at 100th cycle and 100mAg−1 current discharge rate. This composite also exhibited excellent rate capability where up to the 78.8% of original capacity can be retained at high current discharge rate of 1000mAg−1. These performances were enabled by a unique porous architecture based on homogenous dispersion of Fe3O4 nanoparticles into CNTs networks that leads to short Li+ diffusion path, high electric conductivity and buffering space to accommodate large volume change of Fe3O4 component during the charge-discharge processes.
Lithium–sulfur (Li/S) cells are promising candidates for a next generation of safe and cost-effective high energy density batteries for mobile and stationary applications. At present, most Li/S cells still suffer from relatively poor cyclability, capacity loss under moderate current densities and self-discharge. Furthermore, the underlying chemical mechanisms of the general discharge/charge behavior as well as Li/S-specific phenomena like the polysulfide shuttle are not yet fully understood. Here we present a thermodynamically consistent, fully reversible continuum model of a Li/S cell with simplified four-step electrochemistry, including a simple description of the polysulfide shuttle effect. The model is parameterized using experimental discharge curves obtained from literature and reproduces behavior at various current densities with fairly high accuracy. While being instructively simple, the presented model can still reproduce distinct macroscopic Li/S-cell features caused by the shuttle effect, e.g., seemingly infinite charging at low charge current densities, and suboptimal coulombic efficiency. The irreversible transport of active material from the cathode to the anode results in a voltage drop and capacity loss during cycling, which can also be observed experimentally.
Whether and how sleep loss affects executive functioning are still under debate. In this study, we examined the role of individual differences in determining the levels of working memory (WM) efficiency and proactive interference (PI) after sleep deprivation. Fifty-two participants performed a test battery included a modified Sternberg task and the Jonides’ 2-back task under two sleep conditions: baseline (BL, a night of regular sleep), and total sleep deprivation (SD, 24 h of wakefulness). In general, we replicated Tucker and colleagues’ (2010) results. However, when we divided the subjects into two groups according to WM efficiency after SD, participants that showed a greater efficiency were more susceptible to PI, while those with lower WM efficiency showed a level of resistance to PI similar to BL. These results indicate that resistance to PI after SD is dependent on WM efficiency, highlighting the importance of individual differences in sleep deprivation studies.
New, wide band, flexible electrochromic displays have been realized with microporous membranes metallized with gold that acts both as an electrode and a reflecting layer. A control of the relative contribution of specular and diffuse reflectance to the optical response of displays can be achieved by varying the size of pores in the membrane. The active layer is a thin conducting polymer layer electrochemically deposited on the metallized membrane. Polydiphenylamine and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), which show good electrochemical and optical properties, were used as active layers. These devices exhibit great contrast in the visible/near infrared (IR) spectral region with high reflectance in their reflecting state. IR reflectance measurements showed that swelling can induce reversible wide band contrast in mid-IR and far-IR. These results were correlated to morphological changes induced by ions movements in the polymer films by using EQCM measurements with fast simultaneous acquisition of frequency and impedance.
Nickel substituted lithium–cobalt oxides, LiCo1−x Ni x O2 (0<x<0.4), have been synthesized in a very short time by a solution combustion method at 350°C using diformyl hydrazine as a fuel. Pure phases with hexagonal lattice structure have been obtained. These compounds facilitate reversible insertion/extraction of Li+ ions with good discharge capacity between 3.0 and 4.4V versus Li/Li+. Results of the studies by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling and ac impedance measurements are presented.
Coiled tubing (CT) is known to be susceptible to corrosion due to the complexity of wellbore environment and limited material selection. Since the weld seam (WS) and the base metal (BM) of CT are different in composition and microstructure, WS material usually shows very different (lower) corrosion resistance compared with BM. To better understand the corrosion-related behaviors of CT materials and the mechanism behind them, the WS and BM samples were directly processed from a finished product of CT, and a series of electrochemical experiments were conducted in laboratory conditions to study the corrosion behaviors of both WS and BM materials. The results showed that the corrosion potentials of BM and WS under the condition of 60 °C and saturated CO2 increased by 57.1% and 41.6%, respectively, comparing with the condition of no CO2 presence. Also the corrosion current of the WS was found to be 14 times of the BM’s. A corrosion model was established assuming the principles of galvanic couple corrosion applied on the working conditions of CT. The surface morphologies of the samples were analyzed by the multi-physical field coupling method. The results showed a very good consistence between the corrosion model and the experimental data. Meanwhile, this model was also used to evaluate the impacts of the welding reinforcement, the area ratio of WS and BM, and the material defects on their corrosion rates. The results indicated that the area ratio of WS and BM is in direct proportional to the corrosion rate, and the other two parameters showed very little effect.
Background: The identification of more than ten genes for familial Parkinson’s disease (PD) over the past years has pointed to important roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and of mitochondria for the pathogenesis of PD. Biochemical and molecular analyses of affected brain tissue from earliest disease stages has become possible through the generation of mice with mutations in such PARK genes. The translation of this research progress into diagnostics depends on the identification of biomarkers which are in common the familial PD variants and also to sporadic PD. Therefore, we screened practically all existing genes for expression changes reflecting the PD pathology.
This paper presents new data-based analyses on the ability of alternative methods to predict the skin sensitization potential of chemicals. It appears that skin sensitization, as shown in humans and rodents, can be predicted with good accuracy both with in vitro assays and QSAR approaches. The accuracy is about the same: 85–90%. Given that every biological measure has inherent uncertainty, this performance is quite remarkable. Overall, there is a good correlation between human data and experimental in vivo systems, except for sensitizers of intermediate potency. This uncertainty/variability is probably the reason why alternative methods are quite efficient in predicting both strong and non-sensitizers, but not the intermediate potency sensitizers. A detailed analysis of the predictivity of the individual approaches shows that the biological in vitro assays have limited added value in respect to the in chemico/QSAR ones, and suggests that the primary interaction with proteins is the rate-limiting step of the entire process. This confirms evidence from other fields (e.g., carcinogenicity, QSAR) indicating that successful predictive models are based on the parameterization of a few mechanistic features/events, whereas the consideration of all events supposedly involved in a toxicity pathway contributes to increase the uncertainty of the predictions.
A generative approach called SliceGAN is demonstrated that can construct complex three-dimensional (3D) images from representative two-dimensional (2D) image examples. This is a promising approach in particular for studying microstructured materials where acquiring good-quality 3D data is challenging; 3D datasets can be created with SliceGAN, making use of high-quality 2D imaging techniques that are widely available.
Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries play a crucial role in many modern-day applications, including portable electronics and electric vehicles, but they degrade over time. To ensure safe operation, a battery’s ‘state of health’ should be monitored in real time, and this machine learning pipeline, tested on a variety of charging conditions, can provide such an online estimation of battery state of health.
Sleep disorders commonly involve genetic susceptibility, environmental effects, and interactions between these factors. The heritability of sleep patterns has been shown in studies of monozygotic twins, and sleep electroencephalogram patterns offer a unique genetic fingerprint which may assist in the identification of genes involved in the regulation of sleep. Genetic factors are also thought to play a role in sleep disorders; narcolepsy is a disabling sleep condition and research has revealed the complexity of underlying genetic and environmental influences in the development of this disorder. An understanding of sleep regulation at the molecular level is essential in the identification of new targets for the treatment of sleep disorders, and genome-wide association studies for both normal sleep and sleep disorders may shed new light on the molecular architecture of mechanisms regulating these behaviours.
Cases of iron intoxication are not very often encountered in toxicology practice, and most of those reported concern accidental intoxications with iron supplements in young children. The paper presents a rare case of a suicide by intoxication in an adult woman who ingested a solution of iron (III) chloride.
The lead–acid batteries used in the photovoltaic (PV) systems are subjected to penalizing operating conditions. The recharge is badly controlled since it depends on the weather conditions. These particular operating conditions induce unusual degradations of the active material compared to more traditional applications like SLI batteries. Consequently, when used in PV applications, lead–acid batteries show a shorter lifetime than they could reach. The management of the recharge of the photovoltaic lead–acid batteries is a major issue for the optimization of their lifetime. Today, complex methods of end of recharge, such as complements of recharge using current pulses, are increasingly widespread. Many parameters can be adjusted (frequency, duty cycle, voltage threshold for beginning the pulsed phase…) but no reliable data are available in the literature. The study that follows deals with the experimental optimization of these various parameters (under well defined operating conditions). In the same time, a specific software has been developed in our laboratory and helps to understand why these pulses increase the charge acceptance of the lead–acid battery.
The role of life cycle analysis (LCA) in identifying and measuring the environmental impact of extended supply chains, i.e., chains involving both forward and reverse activities, is very important. Particularly, in the case of alternative supply chain management policies or scenarios, life cycle analysis may significantly help to quantify the environmental result of these alternatives for the purpose of comparison and decision making. It is debatable, however, whether such comparison is always possible. Indeed, life cycle analysis has often raised discussion and disagreements, especially regarding the stage of Impact Assessment (valuation), and, until now, there is no generally accepted framework of analysis. In this paper, different models are used in order to extend the usability of the Environmental Design of Industrial Products method of Impact Assessment. Furthermore, research results that are produced by applying different methods of Impact Assessment are examined in the cases of the recovery and disposal chains of lead–acid batteries.
The Si (Li4Ti5O12)/Ag composites were synthesized by electroless deposition (ED), and amorphous carbon was incorporated into Si and Li4Ti5O12 by dehydration reaction using concentrated H2SO4 as dehydration agent and thermal decomposition of sucrose for the preparation of Si(Li4Ti5O12)/C composites. The Si/Ag(C) composite electrodes demonstrated superior cyclabilities owing to the improvement of electronic conductivity; meanwhile, the high-rate capability of Li4Ti5O12 electrode was also greatly improved after incorporation of silver and amorphous carbon.
The electrochemical performance of LiMn0.4Fe0.6PO4, prepared by modified mechanical activation, as the cathode active material for lithium batteries was tested with an ionic liquid-based electrolyte using an electrospun polyimide matrix. The ionic liquid electrolyte of 0.5M lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonylimide) (LiTFSI) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonylimide) (BMImTFSI) was incorporated in an electrospun polyimide (PI) film to prepare the ionic liquid-based polymer electrolyte (ILPE). This PI-based ILPE exhibited good mechanical strength and high thermal stability. Impedance spectroscopy was applied to investigate the electrolyte/electrode resistance over time. The impedance resistance of a Li/ILPE/Li cell was found to increase over time to 7 days, decreasing thereafter. Impedance experiments further indicated good cycling stability for the cell when tested at room temperature. The cell based on Li/ILPE/LiMn0.4Fe0.6PO4 exhibited an initial discharge capacity of 163.6mAhg−1 at 0.1 C-rate at room temperature. Finally, a high capacity and good cycling performance could be obtained even using the high current density of 2C.
The association between neurocognition and the theory of mind (ToM) abilities during the progression of psychosis is unclear. This study included 83 individuals with attenuated psychosis syndrome (APS), from which 26 converted to psychosis (converters) after a follow up period of 18months. Comprehensive cognitive tests (including MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, Faux-Pas Task, and Reading-Mind-in-Eyes Tasks) were administered at baseline. A structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was conducted to estimate the effects of neurocognition on the ToM functioning in both APS and healthy controls (HC) datasets. At baseline, the converters and non-converters groups differed significantly on several domains of cognitive performance. The SEM analysis demonstrated that the path from neurocognition to ToM was statistically significant in the APS dataset (p <0.001). However, in the HC dataset, the result of the same analysis was not significant (p =0.117). Positive correlations between neurocognition and ToM were observed, and the most obvious correlations were found in the converters group compared with the non-converters group (p =0.064) and compared with the HC group (p =0.002). The correlation between ToM abilities and neurocognition may be increased during the progression of the condition, especially for individuals who convert to psychosis after a short period.
The aim of the study was to investigate the role of inpatient treatment in the recovery process and explore how patients view hospitalization when looking back after 3 months. The study was developed within a framework of user-involved research; all stages of the research process involved cooperation with service user coresearchers. Fourteen patients were recruited, all of whom had been in inpatient treatment for at least 3 weeks. The findings are based on analyses of interviews with the participants 3 months after discharge. Three key themes reflected the participants’ experiences when looking back at their hospitalization 3 months after being discharged: (i) A break from everything “out there”; (ii) A safety net to catch me if I fall; and (iii) From being looked after to taking responsibility for yourself. The transition from being an inpatient to returning home can be hard. Findings suggest that belonging to a social network plays an important role in recovery, and that this might be a meaningful focus during admission.
In electronic devices the solder joint is exposed not only to the air but also to moistures and other corrosive media such as chlorine and sulfur compounds. Bi–Ag alloys meet the melting temperature requirement to be classified as high-temperature solders, therefore, knowledge of corrosion behavior is important for a long-term reliability of Bi–Ag solder connections. However, corrosion studies of Bi–Ag alloys are quite restricted in the literature. In this study, the role of the representative length scale of the microstructure as well as of the effects of Ag segregation on the resulting corrosion behavior of Bi–4 wt% Ag alloy samples are investigated. Cyclic potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed, and an equivalent circuit was also proposed to simulate the electrochemical corrosion behavior. All the used techniques indicated a tendency of better corrosion resistance associated with the sample having coarser microstructure and less Ag content.
Assessment of shoulder mobility is essential for clinical follow-up of shoulder treatment. Only a few high sophisticated instruments for objective measurements of shoulder mobility are available. The interobserver dependency of conventional goniometer measurements is high. In the 1990s an isokinetic measuring system of BIODEX Inc. was introduced, which is a very complex but valid instrument. Since 2008 a new user-friendly system called DynaPort MiniMod TriGyro ShoulderTest-System (DP) is available. Aim of this study is the validation of this measuring instrument using the BIODEX-System.
Conductivity enhancement of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based electrolytes was performed by addition of the cascade compounds with one amino and three or four nitrile groups to the matrices. The conductivity of the electrolytes with the cascade compounds was about one order higher than that of the additive-free one. DSC measurements of the electrolytes and FT-IR results from the model solution systems suggested that the additives acted as a dissolution enhancer for the lithium salt in the electrolytes. Electrochemical stability of the cascade compounds was estimated from cyclic voltammetry technique. The potential window of the compounds was over 4V for the compounds with one amino and three nitrile groups and over 5V for one with four nitrile groups. Polarization behavior of a lithium electrode was also investigated in the additive-free electrolyte and the electrolytes with the additives. The exchange current density of the lithium electrode in the electrolyte with the additives was about two orders higher than that in the additive-free one. Deposition and stripping processes of lithium in the electrolyte with the additive were also demonstrated with cyclic voltammetry measurements.
Accurate estimation of the state-of-charge (SoC) and state-of-health (SoH) for an operating battery system, as a critical task for battery health management, greatly depends on the validity and generalizability of battery models. Due to the variability and uncertainties involved in battery design, manufacturing and operation, developing a generally applicable battery model remains as a grand challenge for battery health management. To eliminate the dependency of SoC and SoH estimation on battery physical models, this paper presents a generic data-driven approach that integrates an artificial neural network with a dual extended Kalman filter (DEKF) algorithm for lithium-ion battery health management. The artificial neural network is first trained offline to model the battery terminal voltages and the DEKF algorithm can then be employed online for SoC and SoH estimation, where voltage outputs from the trained artificial neural network model are used in DEKF state–space equations to replace the required battery models. The trained neural network model can be adaptively updated to account for the battery to battery variability, thus ensuring good SoC and SoH estimation accuracy. Experimental results are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed model-free approach for battery health management.
This study evaluates the feasibility of off-grid operation of fully electric housing under current and future global warming climates through case studies using building simulations. The case studies were carried out for two house types with different sizes and construction materials, under two typical occupancy patterns (occupied full day and evening only), in seven cities chosen to be representative of a broad range of climates. The study examined three operational scenarios: off-grid operation using PV and batteries; off-grid operation with PV, battery and petrol generator; and grid-connected net zero energy operation. Results show that for the houses being powered by electricity only in warm and moderate climates, large PV battery systems are required to achieve off-grid housing using PV and batteries only, and that payback periods are longer than 15.8 years under current and projected future climates considering replacement cost of battery storage, and projected inflation, discount rate and electricity price escalation rate. Off-grid operation with PV and batteries is economically unviable in heating dominated regions. The study shows that when a PV battery system is hybridized with an on-site petrol generator, the payback periods can be reduced significantly, and it may become economically feasible to operate off-grid with PV, battery and generator for both house types under most occupancy scenarios in moderate and warmer climates, but may still not be economically viable in colder climates. The case study also demonstrates that a grid-connected net zero energy home is economically feasible for all seven cities studied, and more economically attractive than a fully off-grid house under both current and projected future climates, even without subsidies for solar feed-in tariffs.
This essay seeks to add to a growing body of literature in philosophy of education that focuses on issues of historical consciousness and remembrance and their connections to moral education. In particular, I wish to explore the following questions: What does it mean to maintain a tension between remembering and forgetting tragic historical events? And what does an ethical stance that seeks to maintain this tension provide us? In what follows, I first describe two contemporary approaches to cultivating historical consciousness and advocate for the need to integrate the insights from both these strands rather than choosing between them. Based on some of the insights of Nietzsche, Arendt and other thinkers, I then explore the notion of forgetting while highlighting its educational and moral significance. In order to further explore the moral significance of forgetting, I highlight some of the similarities and differences between forgetting and the virtue of forgiving. Next, I consider the case of The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa as a contemporary example of an attempt to strike a balance between remembering and forgetting. I conclude this essay by briefly outlining some of the advantages of an ethic of remembering and forgetting.