batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Most archaeology today is conducted by private cultural resources management (CRM) firms in compliance with preservation legislation. Industry archaeologists make decisions that affect the expenditure of public and private development funds, and determine what resources, data, and information are available for the future. Decisions about what is archaeologically significant impact public value purchased by governments and firms, and impact cumulative ability to know the archaeological record. While there are many concepts of archaeological significance, many justify significance in terms of the information yield. Few define information. Discussions are confused by vague or absent definitions of information, and the conflation of data volume with information resulting in bias in the types of resources preserved. Perpetuating modern theoretical interests into the preserved data hobbles future archaeology. In the interest of representative preservation of archaeological information, we need an operational definition of “information” and which resources have information potential. To unify and organize discussions of information and representative samples, I turn to information theory. Claude E. Shannon provides a formal definition of “information”. Applying Shannon’s concepts of entropy and equivocation provides formal tools to objectively assess relative and absolute information potential, and can force CRM practitioners to more explicitly justify their recommendations for expenditure of public and private development funds and preserve a more representative sample of the archaeological record for future inquiry. Bringing archaeology into the information age is a practical solution to many problems with CRM significance evaluations, and will better justify the value CRM provides in return for public investment in archaeology.
A weight of evidence (WOE) reproductive and developmental toxicology (reprotox) database was constructed that is suitable for quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) modeling and human hazard identification of untested chemicals. The database was derived from multiple publicly available reprotox databases and consists of more than 10,000 individual rat, mouse, or rabbit reprotox tests linked to 2134 different organic chemical structures. The reprotox data were classified into seven general classes (male reproductive toxicity, female reproductive toxicity, fetal dysmorphogenesis, functional toxicity, mortality, growth, and newborn behavioral toxicity), and 90 specific categories as defined in the source reprotox databases. Each specific category contained over 500 chemicals, but the percentage of active chemicals was low, generally only 0.1–10%. The mathematical WOE model placed greater significance on confirmatory observations from repeat experiments, chemicals with multiple findings within a category, and the categorical relatedness of the findings. Using the weighted activity scores, statistical analyses were performed for specific data sets to identify clusters of categories that were correlated, containing similar profiles of active and inactive chemicals. The analysis revealed clusters of specific categories that contained chemicals that were active in two or more mammalian species (trans-species). Such chemicals are considered to have the highest potential risk to humans. In contrast, some specific categories exhibited only single species-specific activities. Results also showed that the rat and mouse were more susceptible to dysmorphogenesis than rabbits (6.1- and 3.6-fold, respectively).
In this study, in order to develop water-resistant LiNiaCobAl1−a−bO2 (a > 0.85, NCA) cathode materials which exhibit high-rate performance, the surface coating of NCA with titanium oxide (TiOx) was examined. The synthesis conditions for the TiOx-coated NCA cathode materials were investigated, by taking into account some essential factors in the surface coating of NCA by TiOx, with a view to improving the rate performance. We successfully prepared the TiOx-coated NCA cathode material, the rate performance of which is superior to that of the conventionally prepared NCA cathode materials, typically using a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVdF) binder and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent. Their surface analysis suggested that the specific surface structure of TiOx layer coated on the NCA particle leads to both a water-resistant property and a high permeability of Li+ ions through it in the charging/discharging process.
This study examines the impact, relative importance, and unique predictive validity of changes in a host of job features and other relevant factors on job satisfaction over a 35-year period using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth cohort (12,686 respondents). The design of our analysis eliminated of the impact of established between-person correlates of job satisfaction (e.g., personality, cognitive ability), thereby providing for direct examination of within-person change in the focal variables. Results using a first-difference regression and a relative weights analysis revealed that changes in intrinsic, social, and extrinsic features corresponded to changes in satisfaction, but with differing magnitudes. Specific features (e.g., different dimensions of the Job Characteristics Model) generally were unique predictors when all variables were considered. Findings regarding the importance of various features substantially deviate from employees’ reports about contributors to job satisfaction and, in some cases, also differ from findings drawn from cross-sectional data.
As the high-speed advance of electronics industry, the facile synthesis of electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials with strong absorption capability, wide bandwidth, and thin thickness are urgently needed but remain challenging. Herein, hierarchical ellipsoid-like MgCo2O4/Co3O4 composites have been effectively synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method followed by calcination process. Meanwhile, by tuning the calcination temperature not only the morphology but also the crystalline structure (CoCO3+MgCo2(OH)6 → MgCo2O4+Co3O4) of the samples were attained. Especially, profiting from the distinctive anisotropic structure and the synergistic effect of dielectric and magnetic loss as well as good impedance matching, the hierarchical MgCo2O4/Co3O4 composites calcined at 450 °C exhibited excellent EMW absorption property. The minimum reflection loss (RL min) of −48.54 dB at 12.96 GHz with the thickness of 2.6 mm as well as the broad effective bandwidth (RL < −10 dB) of 5.08 GHz (from 10.58 to 15.66 GHz) could be obtained. Moreover, the broader effective bandwidth of 5.16 GHz (from 11.66 to 16.82 GHz) was achieved at the thickness of 2.3 mm. It is expected that the extremely strong EMW absorbing capability, broad bandwidth as well as thin thickness of the MgCo2O4/Co3O4 composites will make it a great potential for attractive EMW absorber.
Game-worn football faceshields are more susceptible to breaking when subjected to high-velocity impact than are new faceshields, according to recent research. In the study, Ohio State University researchers used an air cannon to hurl baseballs at new and used polycarbonate faceshields. All of the new shields withstood the strongest impact tested, which was designed to match the force of a kick to the face. More than a third of the game-worn faceshields fractured in response to the testing, which included lower forces of impact as well. In a related survey of college football equipment managers, the researchers found that 98% of football programs allow faceshield use, while only 18% of the players wear a shield. Of the programs that responded, only 21% require the use of a faceshield for players with poor vision in one eye. Half of the respondents reported that their school had established a replacement policy for the shields.
Polarization problem caused by the incomplete wetting of sodium on β″-alumina has been considered as one of the most difficult issues in Na-beta batteries. Here, nickel nanowire network coatings have been designed and fabricated directly on the β″-alumina electrolyte surface to effectively alleviate this problem. The coating consists of interconnecting nickel nanowires with diameter of about ∼100 nm, forming a highly porous morphology. The structural parameters of the nickel network coatings can be tuned mainly by the amount of the poly(methyl-methacrylate) soft template in the precursors. The nickel nanowire network coatings are demonstrated to greatly improve the wettability of the β″-alumina ceramics by molten sodium. Moreover, the nickel coating displays low sheet resistance of ca. 1 Ω sq−1. The results of Na/β″-alumina/Na symmetric cells at 350 °C reveal that the polarization and the interfacial resistance of the cell is alleviated intensively by the nickel coating, mainly due to the greatly improved wetting performance of the β″-alumina ceramics. This modification design and the soft-template-assisted synthetic method could be readily extended to any other substrate surfaces with arbitrary shape.
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between cardiac parasympathetic activity and cardiorespiratory fitness, insulin, and hemodynamic profile in overweight and obese adolescent girls and boys (aged 12–16 years). Data were taken from the Multidisciplinary Obesity Treatment Program. Only post-intervention measurements are presented herein. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, blood pressure, and metabolic profile (insulin and glucose profile) of adolescents were assessed. Cardiac parasympathetic activity was determined by resting heart rate variability, which was analyzed using a heart rate monitor. Greater parasympathetic cardiac activity was associated with higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness in both girls and boys (0.375 ≤ r ≤ 0.900), while the sympathetic-vagal balance was negatively related to maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in girls (r = 0.478). An association between lower parasympathetic activity and insulin resistance was noted in girls (mean of R–R intervals [RRmean] and homeostasis model assessment insulin-resistance index [HOMA-IR]: r = −0.678), while greater systolic blood pressure (SBP) and lower parasympathetic activity were associated in both sexes (RRmean and SBP: r = −0.526; high frequency [HF (nu)] and SBP: r = −0.754). In conclusion, autonomic nervous system activity was associated with cardiorespiratory fitness, insulin resistance, and SBP in overweight and obese adolescents. The identification of these potential relationships assists with the establishment of future long-term exercise interventions that evaluate the improvements in parasympathetic nervous system activity, in addition to metabolic profile and cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight and obese adolescents.
Li1+x (Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)1−x O2 layered materials were synthesized by the co-precipitation method with different Li/M molar ratios (M =Ni+Mn+Co). Elemental titration evaluated by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP), structural properties studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld analysis of XRD data, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and magnetic measurements carried out by superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUID) showed the well-defined α-NaFeO2 structure with cationic distribution close to the nominal formula. The Li/Ni cation mixing on the 3b Wyckoff site of the interlayer space was consistent with the structural model [Li1−y Ni y ]3b [Li x+y Ni(1−x)/3−y Mn(1−x)/3Co(1−x)/3]3a O2 (x =0.02, 0.04) and was very small. Both Rietveld refinements and magnetic measurements revealed a concentration of Ni2+-3b ions lower than 2%; moreover, for the optimized sample synthesized at Li/M =1.10, only 1.43% of nickel ions were located into the Li sublattice. Electrochemical properties were investigated by galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling. Data obtained with Li1+x (Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)1−x O2 reflected the high degree of sample optimization. An initial discharge capacity of 150mAhg−1 was delivered at 1C-rate in the cut-off voltage of 3.0–4.3V. More than 95% of its initial capacity was retained after 30 cycles at 1C-rate. Finally, it is demonstrated that a cation mixing below 2% is considered as the threshold for which the electrochemical performance does not change for Li1+x (Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)1−x O2.
One-dimensional nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanoparticle chains (CNCs) featuring bimodal pore size distribution were obtained by direct thermal pyrolysis of a three-dimensional cyanide-bridged coordination polymer precursor (zinc hexacyanoferrate) without the need for additional carbon, nitrogen, and catalyst sources. Nitrogen doping turned out to play the key role in the formation of mesoporous compartment layers and structural defects in the CNCs. Small mesopores in the walls provided high surface area for charge storage and allowed the migration of electrolyte into the compartments. Large mesopores in the hollow compartments accommodated electrolyte for easy transport of lithium ions. The commercial multiwalled carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode stored lithium ions primarily through the intercalation process, while the CNC electrode stored lithium ions through both the intercalation and adsorption processes. Thus, the CNC electrode exhibited superior supercapacitive performance than the CNT electrode. The CNC electrode with low internal resistance could deliver a high capacitance of 680Fg−1 at 1Ag−1 in the working potential range of 0.01-3.50V vs. Li/Li+, which was much better than the commercial CNT electrode (252Fg−1).
This paper addresses a task in Interactive Task Learning (Laird et al. IEEE Intell Syst 32:6–21, 2017). The agent must learn to build towers which are constrained by rules, and whenever the agent performs an action which violates a rule the teacher provides verbal corrective feedback: e.g. “No, red blocks should be on blue blocks”. The agent must learn to build rule compliant towers from these corrections and the context in which they were given. The agent is not only ignorant of the rules at the start of the learning process, but it also has a deficient domain model, which lacks the concepts in which the rules are expressed. Therefore an agent that takes advantage of the linguistic evidence must learn the denotations of neologisms and adapt its conceptualisation of the planning domain to incorporate those denotations. We show that by incorporating constraints on interpretation that are imposed by discourse coherence into the models for learning (Hobbs in On the coherence and structure of discourse, Stanford University, Stanford, 1985; Asher et al. in Logics of conversation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003), an agent which utilizes linguistic evidence outperforms a strong baseline which does not.
Li dendrite formation is a major obstacle in the development of Li metal batteries. Nazar and colleagues present a protection method for the Li metal by an in situ synthesis of Li-based surface alloy composites, and demonstrate promising battery applications.
Lithium titanium oxide spinel, Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4 (LTO), is a zero-strain lithium insertion material, which indicates a virtually 0% change in lattice volume (ΔV) during the electrochemical reaction. We have performed systematic structural and electrochemical studies on Li1/2+x/2Fe5/2−3x/2Ti x O4 (LFTO) with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.666, where the LFTO formula forms a series of spinel compounds with Fe[Li1/2Fe3/2]O4 and LTO via Li1/2Fe1/2[Li1/2Fe1/2Ti]O4. The LFTO samples with x < 0.875 underwent a typical conversion reaction with large discharge capacities above ∼500 mAh g−1, similar to nano-sized metal oxides. The LFTO samples with 0.875 ≤ x < 1.666 maintained their cubic lattice parameter (a c) during the discharge and charge reactions. Since the Δa c and ΔV values were lower than +0.2 and +0.5%, respectively, these LFTO samples are also regarded as zero-strain lithium insertion materials. Surprisingly, ex situ X-ray diffraction measurements revealed a reversible decrease/increase in the intensities of the 111 and 311 diffraction lines, indicating that Fe ions shuttle back and forth between the tetrahedral and octahedral sites of the spinel lattice. This reaction scheme differs from the so-called topotactic reaction, where only Li+ ions are mobile and transition metal ions are immobile. Details of the non-topotactic reaction for LFTO are presented.
A combination of operando X-ray diffraction, pair distribution function (PDF) analysis coupled with electrochemical measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy elucidates the nature of the phase transitions induced by insertion and extraction of sodium ions in P2-Na0.67[NiyMn0.5+yFe0.5−2y]O2 (y = 0, 0.10, 0.15). When phase transitions are avoided, the optimal cathode material – P2-Na0.67Fe0.2Mn0.65Ni0.15O2 – delivers 25% more energy than the unsubstituted material, sustaining high specific energy (350 Wh kg−1) at moderate rates and maintains 80% of the original energy density after 150 cycles – a significant improvement in performance vs. the unsubstituted analogue. The crystal structure of the high voltage phase is solved for the first time by X-ray PDF analysis of P2-Na0.67−zFe0.5Mn0.5O2 (where z ∼ 0.5), revealing that migration of the transition metals – particularly Fe3+ – into tetrahedral sites in the interlayer space occurs at high potential. This results in new short range order between two adjacent layers. Although the transition metal migration is reversible as proven by electrochemical performance, it induces a large disfavourable cell polarization. The deleterious high voltage transition is mitigated by substitution of Fe3+ by Mn4+/Ni2+, giving rise to better cycling performance. Moreover, as demonstrated by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, the much lower ratio of Fe4+O6 to Fe3+O6 observed systematically across the range of Ni content – compared to the values expected from a purely ionic model – suggests redox activity involves the O-2p orbitals owing to their overlap with the transition metal-3d orbitals.
Graphitic carbon was coated with nano-TiO2 by a simple mechanical process. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to measure the crystal structure and surface morphology of the coated composite. Tests of galvanostatic discharge and charge and cyclic voltammograms suggest that the decomposition of propylene carbonate and the exfoliation of graphite are greatly suppressed. Lithium ions can reversibly intercalate into and deintercalate from the TiO2-coated graphite, and quite stable cycling behavior in propylene carbonate-based electrolyte is achieved.
In this work, a LiFePO4/graphite lithium-ion pouch cell with a rated capacity of 45Ah has been used and a two dimensional thermal model is developed to predict the cell temperature distribution over the surface of the battery, this model requires less input parameters and still has high accuracy. The used input parameters are the heat generation and thermal properties. The ANSYS FLUENT software has been used to solve the models. In addition, a new estimation tool has been developed for estimation of the thermal model parameters. Furthermore, the thermal behavior of the proposed battery has been investigated at different environmental conditions as well as during the abuse conditions. Thermal runaway is investigated in depth by the model.
Paper microfluidics is used to produce single layer galvanic and hybrid cells to produce energy that could power paper-based analytical sensors. When two aqueous streams are absorbed onto paper to establish co-laminar flow, the streams stay in contact with each other with limited mixing. The interface at which mixing occurs acts as a charge-transfer region, eliminating the need for a salt bridge. We designed a CuZn galvanic cell that powers an LED when two are placed in series. We also used more powerful redox couples (formate and silver, formate and permanganate) to produce higher power density (18 and 3.1 mW mg−1 Pd). These power densities are greater than previously reported paper microfluidic fuel cells using formate or methanol. The single layer design is much more simplified than previous reports of multi-layer galvanic cells on paper.
In this study, we synthesized a molecular hybrid conductor electrolyte using PWA ([H3PW12O40·nH2O]) and [1-butyl-3-methylimidazole][bis-(fluoromethanesulfonyl) amide] ([BMIM][TFSI]) ionic liquid. The [BMIM][TFSI] ionic liquid can interact with the strongly acidic PWA. The hybrids were hydrophilic, and included some water molecules in the structure of the hybrids. The water molecules remained up to 80°C, contributing to improve conductivity under an anhydrous N2 atmosphere. The conductivity of PWA-[BMIM][TFSI] hybrid under anhydrous conditions increased from 10−4 S/cm to 0.04S/cm at 60°C. The conductivity of the hybrids at each temperature was higher than that of pure PWA and [BMIM][TFSI] under anhydrous condition. It can be due to the protonic carriers.
This paper presents a 2-dimensional transient numerical model to simulate the electrochemical lithium insertion in a silicon nanowire (Si NW) electrode. The model geometry is a cylindrical Si NW electrode anchored to a copper current collector (Cu CC) substrate. The model solves for diffusion of lithium in Si NW, stress generation in the Si NW due to chemical and elastic strains, stress generation in the Cu CC due to elastic strain, and volume expansion in the Si NW and Cu CC geometries. The evolution of stress components, i.e., radial, axial and tangential stresses in different regions in the Si NW are presented and discussed. The effect of radius of Si NW and lithiation rate, on the maximum stresses developed in the Si NW are also discussed.
Lithium–O2 cells can be considered the “holy grail” of lithium batteries because they offer much superior theoretical energy density to conventional lithium-ion systems. In this study, porous carbon-supported MnO2 nanorods synthesized at room temperature were explored as an electrocatalyst for rechargeable Li–O2 cells. Both high-energy X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption fine-structure analyses showed that the prepared MnO2 exhibited a tetragonal crystal structure (α-MnO2), which has proved to be one of the most efficient catalysts to facilitate the charging of the Li–O2 cell. Under the current synthetic approach, α-MnO2 was uniformly distributed onto the surface of a carbon support, without disrupting the porous structure at the surface of the carbon cathode. As a result, the as-prepared catalysts demonstrated good electrochemical behavior, with a capacity of ∼1400 mA h g−1 (carbon + electrocatalyst) under a current density of 100 mA g−1 (carbon + electrocatalyst) during the initial discharge. The charge potential was significantly reduced, to 3.5–3.7 V, compared with most of the reported data, which are above 4.0 V. The mechanism of the capacity fade with cycling was also investigated by analyzing the cathode at different states of discharge–charge by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.