batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Passengers' demands for riding comfort have been getting higher and higher as the high-speed railway develops. Scientific methods to analyze the interior noise of the high-speed train are needed and the operational transfer path analysis (OTPA) method provides a theoretical basis and guidance for the noise control of the train and overcomes the shortcomings of the traditional method, which has high test efficiency and can be carried out during the working state of the targeted machine. The OTPA model is established from the aspects of "path reference point-target point" and "sound source reference point-target point". As for the mechanism of the noise transmission path, an assumption is made that the direct sound propagation is ignored, and the symmetric sound source and the symmetric path are merged. Using the operational test data and the OTPA method, combined with the results of spherical array sound source identification, the path contribution and sound source contribution of the interior noise are analyzed, respectively, from aspects of the total value and spectrum. The results show that the OTPA conforms to the calculation results of the spherical array sound source identification. At low speed, the contribution of the floor path and the contribution of the bogie sources are dominant. When the speed is greater than 300 km/h, the contribution of the roof path is dominant. Moreover, for the carriage with a pantograph, the lifted pantograph is an obvious source. The noise from the exterior sources of the train transfer into the interior mainly through the form of structural excitation, and the contribution of air excitation is non-significant. Certain analyses of train parts provide guides for the interior noise control.
Synthesis of Li1+x Ni0.5Mn0.5O2+δ (x =0, 0.3) cathode materials for secondary lithium batteries was performed by freeze-drying method using various chemical precursors. Electrochemical performance of materials demonstrates considerable dependence on their chemical prehistory and Li stoichiometry. Increase in duration of the final annealing at 900°C since 1–12h results in decreasing capacity values for all x and chemical prehistories. Observed capacity fall is explained by smaller grain size and, therefore, shorter Li diffusion pathways in the samples obtained using short time annealing.
A typical large capacity sodium sulfur (NaS) battery is operated at 300–350 °C with 20–50 °C thermal fluctuations during its charging and discharging. In addition, for maintenance purposes, the cell experiences larger temperature changes down to the intermediate or room temperatures. Such temperature changes can cause mechanical failure of heterogeneous joints such as thermal compression bonding (TCB) joints, which is one of the most critical issues in developing NaS batteries. The present study seeks to build a computational finite element analysis (FEA) model to predict the thermomechanical responses of NaS batteries to the attack induced by the temperature changes. Specifically, the thermomechanical stress accumulation at TCB joints of a tubular cell has been explored during its booting-and-shutdown cycles. Static temperature profiles and simplified friction conditions in the cathode wall were assumed for the model. Using the developed model, the stress components that dominantly contribute the stress accumulation at the joint were identified, and the effects of TCB geometries and container material types on the thermal stress accumulation at the TCB joints were carefully examined. It turns out that the stress accumulation at the bonding interface would be critical for the failure at the TCB joints.
This study contributes to proposing the improved bird swarm algorithm optimization least squares support vector machine (IBSA-LSSVM) model to predict the remaining life of lithium-ion batteries. By improving the prediction accuracy of the model, the safety and reliability of the new energy storage system are improved. In order to avoid the bird swarm algorithm (BSA) getting into the local optimal solution, the levy flight strategy is introduced into the improved bird swarm algorithm (IBSA), which improves the convergence performance of the algorithm. Hence, this study is to verify the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid IBSA-LSSVM model. The following work has been done: (1) test functions are used to test particle swarm optimization (PSO), differential evolution algorithm (DE), BSA and IBSA; (2) the back propagation neural network (BP) model, support vector machine (SVM) model, quantum particle swarm optimization support vector machine (QPSO-SVM) model, BSA-LSSVM model and IBSA-LSSVM model are tested with the B5, B6 and B18 batteries. The following findings are obtained: (1) the five test functions are used to test the PSO, DE, BSA and IBSA algorithms in 20 dimensions, 50 dimensions and 80 dimensions. The results show that the convergence accuracy and convergence stability of IBSA algorithm is higher than those of the other three algorithms; (2) the residual life of B5, B6 and B18 batteries are predicted by the BSA-LSSVM, SVM, QPSO-SVM, BP and IBSA-LSSVM models. The test results show that the root mean square error of the IBSA-LSSVM model for B5 battery is 0.01, the root mean square error for B6 battery is 0.06, and the root mean square error for B18 battery is 0.02. The results show that the prediction accuracy of proposed model is higher than that of the other models.
Blend Polymer Electrolyte (BPE) system of Polyethylene Oxide and Polyacrylamide (PEO-PAM) with Sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate (NaCF3SO3) salt has been exposed to Swift Heavy Ion (SHI) beam irradiation. Irradiation with swift heavy oxygen beam has been performed at four different fluences of 1 × 1011 ions/cm2, 3 × 1011 ions/cm2, 1 × 1012 ions/cm2 and 2 × 1012 ions/cm2. BPE films are made by solution cast method. Electrochemical properties of non-irradiated and irradiated samples have been studied using impedance spectroscopic technique in the frequency range 20 Hz–2 MHz from ambient temperature to 333 K. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been performed to characterize the films to understand the molecular structure and surface morphology of the electrolyte films. From impedance analysis, it is observed that ionic conductivity increases with increase in fluence and maximum room temperature conductivity is found to be 5 × 10−5 S/cm at a fluence of 1 × 1012 ions/cm2 and but decreases by irradiating at 2 × 1012 ions/cm2 fluence. Dielectric relaxation, tan δ and modulus formalism of the system before and after irradiation has been discussed in the paper.
Pristine and carbon-coated Li4Ti5O12 oxide electrodes are synthesized by a cellulose-assisted combustion technique with sucrose as organic carbon source and their low-temperature electrochemical performance as anodes for lithium-ion batteries are investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are applied to characterize the phase structure, composition, and morphology of the composites. It is found that the sequence of sucrose addition has significant effect on the phase formation of Li4Ti5O12. Carbon-coated Li4Ti5O12 is successfully prepared by coating the pre-crystallized Li4Ti5O12 phase with sucrose followed by thermal treatment. Electrochemical lithium insertion/extraction performance is evaluated by the galvanostatic charge/discharge tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV), from room temperature (25°C) to −20°C. The carbon-coated composite anode materials show improved lithium insertion/extraction capacity and electrode kinetics, especially at high rates and low temperature. Both of the two samples show fairly stable cycling performance at various temperatures, which is highly promising for practical applications in power sources of electric or electric-hybrid vehicles.
Polymeric gel electrolytes have been extensively studied for application in lithium ion batteries, since the electrolyte can be fabricated as a thin film leading to major performance improvements. This is mainly due to the higher ionic mobility and the higher concentration of charge carriers, yielding ionic conductivities of about 10−3 Scm−1 at room temperature and sufficient mechanical strength. PAN-based gels have been studied together with a wide range of plasticizers and tested in lithium battery systems with excellent results. Based on these results, we developed PAN-based gels with EC:PC and EC:DMC mixtures as plasticizers, LiClO4 or LiBF4 as the ionic salt and the copolymer PAN–PVA as the polymeric matrix to be used as separator and electrolyte in lithium ion batteries. The choice of the copolymer was made due to its hydrophobic properties, low cost and easy access, since it is widely used in textile industries as precursor for acrylic fibers manufacture. These new electrolytes were characterized by electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in order to determine their stability window and conductivity. The charge/discharge performance of the PAN–PVA-based gel electrolytes was investigated for two different systems: Li/gel/LiMn2O4 and Li/gel/Pani (Pani=polyaniline). FT-IR analyses showed that PAN–PVA is not a passive polymer host but an active component in the gel, where Li+ ions are located close to CO groups of the plasticizers and CN groups of PAN. In addition to ionic conductivities higher than 10−3 Scm−1, these gels presented excellent electrochemical and chemical stabilities, which means a slight increased performance when compared to PAN-based gels only, and suitable charge/discharge profiles.
Jinchuan Group, China's largest nickel producer, has appointed Cnem Corporation as its North American distributor. Cnem will be responsible for sales of the Group's line of carbonyl nickel powders. Jinchuan recently commissioned a new carbonyl facility with a potential annual output of more than 10 million lbs. It makes a range of products including a filamentary powder, Type N06 and a discrete powder, Type N24 for use in powder metallurgy, specialty alloys, battery and fuel cell electrodes, welding rods, conductive paints and gaskets. Cnem Corporation is a developer of advanced energy and electronic material and is based in Ontario, Canada. Cnem Corporation;www.cnemcorp.com
In these series of articles honouring John Marshall for his contributions to psychology, linguistics, the history of ideas and many other fields we should not forget his contribution to psychiatry. This has been mostly from the point of view of a critical observer, but also someone deeply interested in the application of cognitive neuropsychology to a broader range of disorders than the traditional ones. This “cognitive neuropsychiatric approach” is discussed in relation to attempts to understand thought disorder, delusions and lack of insight.
Lignin is a cheap, abundant and non-toxic group of complex phenolic polymers obtained in large amounts from the papermaking and cellulosic biofuel industries. Although the application of lignin has been explored in these and several more industries, there are limited applications of lignin in the energy industry. However, numerous research revealed a great interest in the exploration of this renewable biopolymer in storage energy devices. Some of these applications include the use of lignin as an expander for lead–acid batteries, electrodes for primary and rechargeable batteries, electrodes for electronic double layer capacitors and electrochemical pseudocapacitors, and to feed different types of fuel cells. The use of lignin in energy storage devices improves not only the performance of these devices but also decreases the price and toxicity, contributing to obtaining greener energy devices. Based on the above, this review provides an overview of the main research work related to the use of lignin as a renewable component, suitable to replace some synthetic and toxic compounds used in the fabrication of energy storage devices with particular emphasis on batteries, advanced supercapacitors, and solar and fuel cells.
Potential of carbon nanocage (C52) and silicon nanotube (SiNT) as anodes in Li- and Na-ion batteries is examined. Effects of cadmium oxide, titanium oxide, ruthenium dioxide (RuO2), and iridium dioxide (IrO2) on abilities of C52 and SiNT as anodes in Li- and Na-ion batteries are investigated. Results indicated that the metal oxides and metal dioxides can increase Gad of nanocages and nanotubes. Results demonstrated that Li-ion batteries have higher Vcell than Na-ion batteries. The metal oxides can improve the cell voltage of Li- and Na-ion batteries. The RuO2–SiNT and IrO2–C52 as high-efficiency anodes in metal-ion batteries are proposed.
This article evaluates the behaviour of lithium-ion cells of several chemistries and one nickel-metal hydride cell for automotive applications like (plug-in) hybrid vehicles and battery electric vehicles. The evaluation is based on an enhanced test methodology that enables the comparison of cell behaviour. Tests for high power and high energy application have been integrated. The characterisation tests exist of four test methods. The tests make large differences visible between the cell species. The 5C efficiency for example is between 75 and 90% while the cell temperature varies from 29 to 52°C. The power density is 80W/kg for the NiMH cell and lies between 330 and 3100W/kg for the lithium-ion cells. The cell results have been brought into relation to the material properties, the shape, referring to existing literature. The test plan made it possible to make an initial division in the cells. It appears that the manufacturer's knowhow is more important than the general electrode classification to produce outstanding cells.
MnO2 embedded PPy nanocomposite (MnO2/PPy) thin film electrodes were electrochemically synthesized over polished graphite susbtrates. Growing PPy polymer chains provides large surface area template that enables MnO2 to form as nanoparticles embeded within polymer matrix. Co-deposition of MnO2 and PPy has a complimentary action in which porous PPy matrix provides high active surface area for the MnO2 nanoparticles and, on the other hand, MnO2 nanoparticles nucleated over polymer chains contribute to enhanced conductivity and stability of the nanocomposite material by interlinking the PPy polymer chains. The MnO2/PPy nanocomposite thin film electrodes show significant improvement in the redox performance as cyclic voltammetric studies have shown. Specific capacitance of the nanocomposite is remarkably high (∼620Fg−1) in comparision to its constituents MnO2 (∼225Fg−1) and PPy (∼250Fg−1). Photoelectron spectroscopy studies show that hydrated manganese oxide in the nanocomposite exists in the mixed Mn(II) to Mn(IV) oxidation states. Accordingly, chemical structures of MnO2 and PPy constituents in the nanocomposite are not influenced by the co-deposition process. The MnO2/PPy nanocomposite electrode material however shows significantly improved high specific capacitity, charge–discharge stability and the redox performance properties suitable for application in the high energy density supercapcitors.
Three of the world's top 10 most populous countries are located in South Asia. The health-care problems of this region are different from those in the developed world, and the rapidly changing socioeconomic scenario, fast-increasing urbanization and longevity, changes in dietary patterns, and decrease in mortality from infectious diseases has made chronic illnesses of old age, such as coronary artery disease and stroke, an important area of focus. This article reviews stroke epidemiology and management issues in four South Asian countries: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. The available literature is limited and mostly hospital-based, and differing study methodologies make direct comparisons difficult. The high prevalence of traditional risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and smoking, in these countries is alarming, and several nontraditional risk factors, such as water-pipe use, desi ghee, chewable tobacco, and infectious causes of stroke, are understudied. Access to tertiary stroke care is limited, and the use of tissue plasminogen activator is scarce. In addition, public and caregiver awareness of stroke risk factors and management is disappointing, and the interest of governments and policy makers in stroke is suboptimal. Interventions to reduce stroke burden and stroke-related mortality in South Asia should have a substantial impact at the global level.
Antiretroviral therapy has prolonged the lives of those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but the effects of chronic infection on their health-related quality of life (HRQoL) remain a concern. Numerous instruments have been developed to measure HRQoL, yet evidence of their cross-cultural equivalence and continued applicability is limited. We adapted the WHOQOL-HIV BREF to French and assessed its psychometric properties in a sample of community-dwelling adults living with HIV who were mostly virally suppressed.
Summary This column is the second in a series intended to spur innovation in the parts cleaning industries. My goal is to present readers with technology proven in non-aligned industries and urge them to consider its potential for use in parts cleaning work. Last month's column, for example, introduced the concept of cleaning with steam. This column covers heat wheels—a non-intrusive approach not to cleaning per se, but to managing the energy costs of cleaning processes. There is little or no technological risk. Heat wheels may just save you some money-and, if you don't dry parts with non-evaporative technology, it may save you lots of it. So I would ask the question: Why isn't everyone using them?
The effects of different media on carbon pretreatments for oxygen reduction in alkaline electrolyte without application of active electrocatalysts were examined. Low surface area Vulcan XC-72 and high surface area Ketjenblack EC-300 were subjected to aqueous acid (flouric or formic), gaseous (H2, N2 or CO2) and thermal treatments at 600 or 900°C. Though non-scrubbed air was used, as a result of which carbonate build-up was high and peroxide concentration increased due to the electrode reaction, some of the electrodes resulted in life-tests of more than 2000h at 65°C, 6M KOH with a constant load of 50mAcm−2 and intermittent polarisations at higher current densities. BET-surface areas and pH changes of more than 60% and weight losses of up to 15% of the carbon blacks were observed after the pretreatment steps. Electrochemical characterisation of the carbons showed that pretreatment steps of the carbon blacks have a significant effect on the long-term stability and activity of the gas diffusion electrodes in alkaline electrolyte.
The development of alternative anode materials out of flexible composite nanofibers has seen a growing interest. In this paper, binary carbon nanofiber electrodes of SnO2/NiO and Sn nanoparticles are produced using a scalable technique, Forcespinning (FS), and subsequent thermal treatment (carbonization). The Sn/C composite nanofibers were porous and flexible, while the SnO2/NiO composite nanofibers had “hairy-like” particles and pores on the fiber strands. The nanofiber preparation process involved the FS of Sn/PAN and SnO2/NiO/PAN solution precursors into nanofibers and subsequent stabilization in air at 280 °C and calcination at 800°C under an inert atmosphere. The flexible composite nanofibers were directly used as working electrodes in lithium-ion batteries without a current collector, conducting additives, or binder. The electrochemical performance of the SnO2/NiO/C and Sn/C composite fiber anodes showed a comparable cycle performance of about 675 mAhg−1 after 100 cycles. However, the SnO2/NiO/C electrode exhibited a better rate performance than the Sn/C composite anode and was able to recover its capacity after charging with a higher current density. A postmortem analysis of the composite nanofiber electrode after the aging process revealed a heavily passivated electrode from the electrolyte decomposition by-products. The synthesis and processing methods used to produce these composite nanofibers clearly were a factor for the high rate capability and excellent cycle performance of these binary composite electrodes, largely on the account of the unique structure and properties of the composite nanofibers.
By optimized mechanical alloying (MA) and subsequent firing, spinel LiMn2O4 powders for 4V lithium rechargeable batteries were prepared via direct reaction procedure, Li2O2+2Mn2O3→2LiMn2O4. The resulted spinel oxide showed a maximum discharge capacity of 125mAh/g at C/5 rate (29.6mA/g), excellent capacity retention and rate capability with electrochemical cycling compared with the sample by the conventional solid-state reaction. Detailed powder properties such as mean particle size, lattice parameter, crystallite size and lattice strain were examined, and the chemical diffusion coefficients of lithium were determined. The improved electrode performances of MA powders originated mainly from the particle size refined to submicron size, reduced crystallite size and optimum lattice parameter, which enhanced the lithium transportation kinetics. In addition, it was found that the additional doping of iron was not effective to improve the cycleability of the sample by MA process.
Objective This study aimed to define the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients referred to a contact dermatitis unit for hand dermatitis. Material and methods We retrospectively analyzed patients referred for hand dermatitis to the contact dermatitis unit of the Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain, between 2004 and 2007. Results A total of 96 patients were included. The most common diagnosis was irritant contact dermatitis, followed by allergic contact dermatitis, psoriasis, dyshidrosis, and atopic dermatitis. Standard patch tests were done for all patients and complementary batteries were ordered in 42 (44%). Patch tests were positive in 59% of the patients. Positive results were considered of present relevance in 59%, of past relevance in 6%, and of unknown relevance in the remaining positive tests. When proposed as the initial diagnosis, allergic contact dermatitis was confirmed in 67% of the patients. The most frequent clinically relevant allergens were chrome, nickel, rosin, plant allergens, and p-phenylenediamine. Conclusions Hand dermatitis is a frequent presenting complaint in our contact dermatitis unit, with allergic contact dermatitis being the most common. Good correlation was found between presumed diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis and the finding of clinically relevant allergens.