batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
FeF3•0.33H2O crystallizes in hexagonal tungsten bronze structure with more opened hexagonal cavities are considered as next generation electrode materials of both lithium ion battery and sodium ion battery. In this paper the mesoporous spherical FeF3•0.33H2O/MWCNTs nanocomposite was successfully synthesized via a one-step solvothermal approach. Galvanostatic measurement showed that the performances of sodium ion batteries (SIBs) using FeF3•0.33H2O/MWCNTs as cathode material were highly dependent on the morphology and size of the as-prepared materials. Benefitting from the special mesoporous structure features, FeF3•0.33H2O/MWCNTs nanocomposite exhibits much better electrochemical performances in terms of initial discharge capacity (350.4 mAh g–1) and cycle performance (123.5 mAh g–1 after 50 cycles at 0.1 C range from 1.0 V to 4.0 V) as well as rate capacity (123.8 mAh g–1 after 25 cycles back to 0.1 C). The excellent electrochemical performance enhancement can be attributed to the synergistic effect of the mesoporous structure and the MWCNTs conductive network, which can effectively increase the contact area between the active materials and the electrolyte, shorten the Na+ diffusion pathway, buffer the volume change during cycling/discharge process and improve the structure stability of the FeF3•0.33H2O/MWCNTs nanocomposite.
The option of fitting electric motors to vehicles that are more efficient and quieter than internal combustion engines has been hampered considerably, looking only at the use of conventional batteries supplying electricity. This is basically due to low gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of these devices that result in shorter autonomy, in addition to more weight and less usable space in the vehicle. An alternative that could make electric motors more attractive for vehicular applications by replacing batteries as the main electricity source is the fuel cell. Hydrogen is the main fuel used in these cells, but the hydrogen storage systems developed so far are heavier and bulkier than their equivalent for conventional liquid fuels such as diesel, gasoline and alcohol, despite heavier energy densities compared to batteries. This paper reviews technological aspects of fuel cells, the main storage systems for hydrogen and other energy sources, data on fuel use and the types of vehicles most commonly used in the Brazilian road transportation sector, followed by an overview of the insertion of hybrid ethanol–electric buses in Brazil.
The potential and current density distribution on the electrodes of a lithium-polymer battery were studied by using the finite element method. The effect of the configuration of the electrodes such as the aspect ratio of the electrodes and the size and placing of current collecting tabs as well as the discharge rates on the battery performance was examined to enhance the uniformity of the utilization of the active material of electrodes. The results showed that the aspect ratio of the electrodes and the size and placing of current collecting tabs have a significant effect on the potential and current density distribution on the electrodes to influence the distribution of the depth of discharge on the electrodes, thus affecting the uniform utilization of the active material of electrodes.
Sn-based alloy compounds have been considered as possible alternatives for carbon in lithium-ion batteries and attract great attentions because of their large electrochemical capacity compared with that of carbon. In this work, a multilayered Sn–Zn/Zn/Cu alloy thin-film electrode has been prepared by electroplating method. The structure and performance of the electrode before and after heat treatment have been investigated. It is found that Cu6Sn5 phase and multilayered structure in electrode are formed after heat treatment. This optimized structure of the heat-treated electrode results in enhanced cycle life. The capacity of the electrode is over 320mAhg−1 after 100 cycles; though it is 83mAhg−1 after 20 cycles for as-plated electrode. The Sn–Cu and Zn–Cu alloy formed a network in the electrode is considered to strengthen the electrode and reduce the effect of volume expansion and phase transition during cycling. Experimental results also reveal that lower cut-off potential (0.05V) for charging and higher one (1.2V) for discharging result in long cycle life and high discharge capacity, respectively. The reason of capacity decay of the heat-treatment electrode during cycling has also been investigated. All these results show that the electroplated Sn–Zn-based alloy film on Cu foil would be a promising negative material with high capacity and low cost for Li secondary batteries.
Among the several genes associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), recently, Sirtuin genes have roused a growing interest because of their involvement in metabolic homeostasis and in brain aging. Particularly SIRT2 gene has been associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as well as with mood disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible associations between Sirtuin 2 gene (SIRT2) rs10410544 polymorphism and AD as well as depression in AD. In addition, we performed some exploratory analyses to investigate possible associations between the rs10410544 genotype and clinical features. We investigated these associations in two independent samples: the first one was composed of 275 Greek inhabitants and 117 patients; the second sample counted 181 Italian people and 43 patients. All patients were affected by LOAD. We failed to find any association between rs10410544 genotype and AD in the two samples. On the other hand, we found an association between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and depressive symptomatology (in the total sample p = 0.002), which was modulated by the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) values. Particularly, TT genotype seems to be protective versus depression. Finally, in the exploratory analyses, we found that the TT genotype was associated with earlier AD onset and a longer duration of the illness. In conclusion, we confirmed the association between SIRT2 gene and mood disturbances, although in AD patients. Further, we provided evidence that the TT genotype may be protective versus depressive symptoms, allowing an easier and thus earlier diagnosis of AD. This awareness may lead to a more detailed approach to these patients concerning diagnosis and therapy.
Heavy drinking among college students remains a significant public health concern. Studies of a brief intervention for high-risk college drinkers developed by Alan Marlatt and colleagues have produced promising results. This current study sought to extend this earlier work by developing a streamlined version for use at a student health center. Undergraduate students seeking services at a student health center were asked to complete the Multi-Media Assessment of Student Health (MMASH), an interactive computer program developed for purposes of this study. Students meeting high-risk criteria for heavy or hazardous drinking were invited to participate in the research program. Forty-one students volunteered to participate and were randomly assigned by MMASH to either the brief intervention experimental condition or a treatment-as-usual control condition. Immediately following completion of MMASH, experimental participants and their primary care practitioner received and reviewed a personalized graphic feedback from an attached printer that summarized their drinking habits, risks, and encouraged moderate drinking. Moderate to large treatment effect sizes favoring the brief intervention were observed on self-report measures of binge drinking episodes and alcohol problems at the 30-day follow-up. Statistically significant gains were observed among those participants receiving the most exposure to the intervention in comparison to those who received less exposure.
The present study reports a mechanochemical (MC) process for effective recovery of copper (Cu) and precious metals (i.e. Pd and Ag) from e-waste scraps. Results indicated that the mixture of K2S2O8 and NaCl (abbreviated as K2S2O8/NaCl hereafter) was the most effective co-milling reagents in terms of high recovery rate. After co-milling with K2S2O8/NaCl, soluble metallic compounds were produced and consequently benefit the subsequent leaching process. 99.9% of Cu and 95.5% of Pd in the e-waste particles could be recovered in 0.5mol/L diluted HCl in 15min. Ag was concentrated in the leaching residue as AgCl and then recovered in 1mol/L NH3 solution. XRD and XPS analysis indicated that elemental metals in the raw materials were transformed into their corresponding oxidation state during ball milling process at low temperature, implying that solid–solid phase reactions is the reaction mechanism. Based on the results and thermodynamic parameters of the probable reactions, possible reaction pathways during ball milling were proposed. Suggestion on category of e-waste for ball milling process was put forward according to the experiment results. The designed metal recovery process of this study has the advantages of highly recovery rate and quick leaching speed. Thus, this study offers a promising and environmentally friendly method for recovering valuable metals from e-waste.
This paper presents the analysis of the technical feasibility to use a photovoltaic system to supply the electrical demand on two referential commercial aircraft, Airbus A340–300 and Cessna Conquest 441. The methodology approach comprises a process given by the selection of the photovoltaic technology, the calculation of the available solar radiation, the determination of the electrical demand, the layout definition of solar cells, the photovoltaic system capacity calculation, the estimation of the photovoltaic system weight, the estimation of fuel savings for photovoltaic system equipped aircrafts, and finally, the extrapolation of results to other aircrafts. The study concludes that the use of photovoltaic technology to supply power to the aircraft electrical system can result viable from the point of view of operational profitability, generating savings in fuel consumption. These fuel savings depend on the type of aircraft, the flying route and schedules of operation.
A horizontal Zn-air battery has been designed to enable the use of physically decoupled and catalytically efficient ORR and OER electrodes for discharge and charge, respectively. The horizontal design features a horizontally positioned ORR electrode and a vertically positioned OER electrode, allowing effective management of oxygen transport and pressure. The ORR catalyst (MnOx) and OER catalyst (Co-Fe alloy) are fabricated via one-step electrodeposition on carbon paper and Ni foam, respectively. MnOx is identified as a combination of Mn3O4 nanorods and α-Mn2O3 spheres. Co-Fe is deposited as a solid solution film with an oxidized surface. Electrochemical tests show that both catalysts have comparable or even better activity than their commercial Pt-Ru catalyst counterpart. The catalysts are cycled at 20 mA cm−2 to examine their durability. Cycling potential affects catalyst durability, with improved lifetime under separate ORR and OER conditions compared with the full ORR-OER voltage range. The fabricated catalysts are assembled into a Zn-air battery for discharge-charge cycling tests and show the same average efficiency (58%) as commercial Pt-Ru catalysts.
Previous studies of the relationship between temperament and psychopathology have been limited by focusing on main effects of temperament on psychopathology, reliance solely on maternal reports of child temperament, and predominately using cross-sectional designs. This study extended this work by focusing on interactions between reactive (positive emotionality/PE; negative emotionality/NE) and regulatory (effortful control) dimensions of temperament, using laboratory observations of temperament, and focusing on longitudinal prediction of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. 536 children (46.1% Female, 92.4% White) were followed in a prospective, longitudinal study of the relationship between temperament and psychopathology. Temperament was assessed using laboratory observations when children were at age 3. Mothers and fathers reported on internalizing and externalizing symptoms in their children at ages 3, 6, and 9. Multilevel modeling analyses examined associations between the interaction of temperament traits and patterns of change in internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Interactions between reactive PE traits (Sociability, Exuberance), but not NE traits (Dysphoria, Fear), and regulatory temperament (Disinhibition) were associated with the slope of maternal-reported internalizing and paternal-reported externalizing symptoms such that youth low in PE traits and high in effortful control experienced a greater decline in symptoms over time. In conclusion, among children with lower levels of PE traits, strong regulatory abilities are associated with greater reductions in internalizing and externalizing symptoms over time. These models highlight the complex interaction between reactive and regulatory temperament and expand current understanding of temperamental risk for psychopathology.
This paper presents a large wound cell for in operando neutron diffraction (ND) from which high quality diffraction patterns are collected every 15 min while maintaining conventional electrochemical performance. Under in operando data collection conditions the oxygen atomic displacement parameters (ADPs) and cell parameters were extracted for Li0.18Sr0.66Ti0.5Nb0.5O3. Analysis of diffraction data collected under in situ conditions revealed that the lithium is located on the (0.5 0.5 0) site, corresponding to the 3c Wyckoff position in the cubic perovskite unit cell, after the cell is discharged to 1 V. When the cell is discharged under potentiostatic conditions the quantity of lithium on this site increases, indicating a potential position where lithium becomes pinned in the thermodynamically stable phase. During this potentiostatic step the oxygen ADPs reduce significantly. On discharge, however, the oxygen ADPs were observed to increase gradually as more lithium is inserted into the structure. Finally, the rate of unit cell expansion changed by ∼44% once the lithium content approached ∼0.17 Li per formula unit. A link between lithium content and degree of mobility, disorder of the oxygen positions and changing rate of unit cell expansion at various stages during lithium insertion and extraction is thus presented.
During operation of a lithium ion cell electrode storage particles experience an inhomogeneous volume change due to local differences in the internal lithium concentration. The resulting mechanical stress can become large enough to provoke particle fracture, an aging mechanism considered to have a severe detrimental impact on the life time of lithium ion cells. In this work, we use a coupled model of mechanical stress, lithium diffusion and crack growth to study the problem of fracture in storage particles. The model was successfully applied to study crack growth during a single half cycle of lithium insertion or extraction in earlier investigations. It was demonstrated that, under specific circumstances, particle breakage may occur in a single half cycle. Here, we consider the second half cycle and examine under which conditions cracks that either remained stable or underwent growth in the first half cycle, can lead to particle fragmentation during the subsequent half cycle. From both numerical results and supportive analytic solutions, we find that growth of a through crack during Li insertion is a strong indicator for particle breakage, either in one or two half cycles. Such a relationship is not found for growth of a surface crack during Li extraction.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are one promising technology for addressing concerns around petroleum consumption, energy security and greenhouse gas emissions. However, there is much uncertainty in the impact that PHEVs can have on energy consumption and related emissions, as they are dependent on vehicle technology, driving patterns, and charging behavior. A methodology is used to simulate PHEV charging and gasoline consumption based on driving pattern data in USDOT’s National Household Travel Survey. The method uses information from each trip taken by approximately 170,000 vehicles to track their battery state of charge throughout the day, and to determine the timing and quantity of electricity and gasoline consumption for a fleet of PHEVs. Scenarios were developed to examine the effects of charging location, charging rate, time of charging and battery size. Additionally, demographic information was examined to see how driver and household characteristics influence consumption patterns. Results showed that a compact vehicle with a 10.4kWh useable battery (approximately a 42mile [68km] all electric range) travels between 62.5% and 75.7% on battery electricity, depending on charging scenario. The percent of travel driven electrically (Utility Factor, UF) in a baseline charging scenario increased from 64.3% using 2001 NHTS data to 66.7% using 2009 data. The average UF was 63.5% for males and 72.9% for females and in both cases they are highly sensitive to age. Vehicle charging load profiles across charging scenarios and demographics show a varying effect on summertime peak load, which can be useful for PHEV market segmentation and electric utility planning.
The electrochemical reaction of Sb and SnSb anodes with Na results in the formation of amorphous materials. To understand the resulting phases and electrochemical capacities we studied the local order using 119Sn and 121Sb Mössbauer spectroscopies in conjunction with measurements performed on model powder compounds of Na–Sn and Na–Sb to further clarify the reactions steps. For pure Sb the sodiation starts with the formation of an amorphous phase composed of atomic environments similar to those found in NaSb, and proceeds further by the formation of crystalline Na3Sb. The reversible reaction takes place during a large portion of the charge process. At full charge the anode material still contains a substantial fraction of Na, explaining the lack of recrystallization into crystalline Sb. The reaction of SnSb yields Na3Sb at full discharge at higher temperatures (65 and 95 °C) while the RT reaction yields amorphous compounds. The electrochemically-driven, solid-state amorphization reaction occurring at RT is governed by the simultaneous formation of Na-coordinated Sn and Sb environments, as monitored by the decrease (increase) of the 119Sn (121Sb) Mössbauer isomer shifts. Overall, the monitoring of the hyperfine parameters enables to correlate changes in Na content to the local chemical environments.
A thermally regenerative fuel cell (TRFC) on board a long-haul truck would convert waste heat from the engine or exhaust into electrical energy. We propose a TRFC in which waste-heat drives the endothermic dehydrogenation of a secondary benzylic alcohol to the corresponding ketone in a catalytic reaction chamber adjacent to the engine. 1-Phenyl-1-propanol has been identified as a suitable alcohol. In a fully functioning TRFC, the H2 produced from the dehydrogenation will be sent to the fuel cell's anode, while the ketone, propiophenone, will be sent to the cathode to serve as an oxidant, together producing electricity to charge a battery that could power auxiliary vehicle components. The electrochemical reduction of the ketone back to the original benzylic alcohol would take place at the cathode. For such a system to be viable, both reactions must be very selective and rapid. Herein, the initial development of this system and the implications of catalyst and benzylic alcohol choice on the performance of both of these reactions are discussed. For the dehydrogenation of 1-phenyl-1-propanol, Pd/SiO2 offers the highest selectivity (99.65%) at 200 °C. For the re-hydrogenation of the analogous ketone, propiophenone, palladium catalysts offer the highest selectivity, although the highest rates are observed for platinum immobilized on Vulcan XC-72 carbon support; surface modification of commercial catalysts with n-butyl tin also affects the selectivity and rate in a manner that depends on the choice of catalyst support. It has also been shown that the electronic and steric properties of the phenyl ring substituents and the identity of the alkyl chain affect the rate and selectivity.
The transition to electric vehicles (EV) faces two major barriers. On one hand, EV batteries are still expensive and limited by range, owing to the lack of technology breakthrough. On the other hand, the underdeveloped supporting infrastructure, particularly the lack of fast refueling facilities, makes EVs unsuitable for medium and long distance travel. The primary purpose of this study is to better understand these hurdles and to develop strategies to overcome them. To this end, a conceptual optimization model is proposed to analyze travel by EVs along a long corridor. The objective of the model is to select the battery size and charging capacity (in terms of both the charging power at each station and the number of stations needed along the corridor) to meet a given level of service in such a way that the total social cost is minimized. Two extensions of the base model are also considered. The first relaxes the assumption that the charging power at the stations is a continuous variable. The second variant considers battery swapping as an alternative to charging. Our analysis suggests that (1) the current paradigm of charging facility development that focuses on level 2 charging delivers poor level of service for long distance travel; (2) the level 3 charging method is necessary not only to achieve a reasonable level of service, but also to minimize the social cost; (3) investing on battery technology to reduce battery cost is likely to have larger impacts on reducing the charging cost; and (4) battery swapping promises high level of service, but it may not be socially optimal for a modest level of service, especially when the costs of constructing swapping and charging stations are close.
The new compound Na1.86□0.14Fe3(PO4)3 was successfully synthesized via hydrothermal synthesis and its crystal structure was determined using powder X-ray diffraction data. Na1.86Fe3(PO4)3 was also characterized by operando XRD and Mössbauer spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic cycling. Na1.86Fe3(PO4)3 crystallizes with the alluaudite-type structure with the eight coordinated Na1 and Na2 sodium atoms located within the channels. The combination of the Rietveld- and Mössbauer-analyses confirms that the sodium vacancies in the Na1 site are linked to a partial oxidation of Fe2+ during synthesis. The electrochemical tests indicated that Na1.86Fe3(PO4)3 is a 3 V sodium intercalating cathode. At the current densities of 5, 10, and 20 mA g−1, the material delivers the specific capacities of 109, 97, and 80 mA h g−1, respectively. After 100 charge and discharge cycles, Na1.86Fe3(PO4)3 exhibited good sodium removal and uptake behavior although no optimizations of particle size, morphology, and carbon coating were performed.
Two carbide-derived carbons (CDCs) were synthesized by chlorination from TiC at 600 and 1000 °C. These CDCs were treated by HNO3 solution and evaluated as supercapacitor electrode materials in an alkaline electrolyte. It is found that the structure in CDC synthesized at 600 °C is disordered carbon with micropores, whereas for the CDC synthesized at 1000 °C, the structure in it is mainly well-ordered graphitic structure with micro- and meso-pores. Due to the big difference of these two CDCs, HNO3 activation plays the different effects in structure and consequently the specific capacitance. CDC synthesized at 600 °C is easier to be activated with the same HNO3 concentration and the increase of specific capacitance with HNO3 concentration mainly caused by pseudocapacitance. For CDC synthesized at 1000 °C, HNO3 activation improves the wettability of it and the increased accessible surface area causes considerable increase in specific capacitance.