batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Although the characteristics of lithium–sulfur batteries are advantageous for various applications, batteries with liquid electrolytes show capacity fading due to the dissolution of polysulfides. All-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries with highly reversible characteristics are developed using a three-dimensional carbon matrix framework structure for the sulfur cathode. Sulfur is introduced into a carbon replica framework with a pore size of 8–100 nm. The composite electrode structure provides high electronic conduction and allows high cathode utilization during the battery reaction. The capacity of cells using a LiAl alloy as the negative electrode and the thio-LISICON (lithium superionic conductor) electrolyte increases when the pore size of the carbon replica is decreased from 100 nm to less than 15 nm. The highest capacity is obtained for the carbon replica with a pore size of 8.6 nm and a wall thickness of 4.7 nm. An examination of the relationship between the charge–discharge capacity and the structure of carbon replicas with different pore sizes and wall thicknesses indicates that three-dimensional highly ordered mesoporous carbon with a small pore size is a promising electrode structure for lithium–sulfur all-solid-state batteries.
The successful commercialization of fuel cells requires the efficient electrocatalyst to make the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) fast because of the sluggish nature of ORR and the high cost of the platinum catalysts. In this work, we report the excellent performance of metal-free nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanosheets (NPCN) with hierarchical porous structure and a high surface area of 1436.02 m2 g−1 for catalyzing ORR. The active NPCN is synthesized via facile high-temperature carbonization of natural ginkgo leaves followed by purification and ammonia post-treatment without using additional supporting templates and activation processes. In O2-saturated 0.1 M KOH solution, the resultant NPCN exhibits a high kinetic-limiting current density of 13.57 mA cm−2 at −0.25 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) approaching that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst (14 mA cm−2) and long-term electrochemical stability. Notably, the NPCN shows a slightly negative ORR half-wave potential in comparison with Pt/C (ΔE 1/2 = 19 mV). The excellent electrocatalytic properties of NPCN originate from the combined effect of optimal nitrogen doping, high surface area, and porous architecture, which induce the high-density distribution of highly active and stable catalytic sites.
In this paper, a conventional thermal power plant with single stage reheat turbine is taken into consideration. It is equipped with AVR, IEEE type dual input PSS3B and integral controlled AGC loop. A hybrid distributed generation (DG) system consisting of wind turbine generators, aqua electrolyzer, fuel cells, diesel engine generator, flywheel energy storage system and battery energy storage system is configured. This hybrid DG system is integrated with the grid connected thermal unit. The different tunable parameters of this integrated power system are optimized by a novel craziness-based PSO with wavelet mutation (CRPSOWM), developed by the authors. While integrating the DG with the thermal power system, improved transient performance is noticed. Further improvement in the transient performance is observed with the usage of capacitive energy storage unit in the AGC loop of conventional power generation scheme. The proposed CRPSOWM incorporates a wavelet-theory-based mutation operation and offers robust and promising results.
Solid polymer electrolyte supported by a microporous membrane was prepared and characterized. The polymer electrolyte was prepared by penetrating the highly conductive solvent-free polymer electrolyte based on poly(oligo [oxyethylene] oxyterephthaloyl) into the pores of the highly porous membrane. The electrochemical characteristics of the solid polymer electrolytes are presented, and we discuss the possibility of them as an electrolyte material for lithium polymer batteries.
In artificial photocatalysis for hydrogen (H2) generation from water reduction, low apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) always confines the photocatalytic conversion efficiency. Here, we demonstrate a new strategy for the design and synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) SrTiO3@Mo2C core-shell nanostructure for highly enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation activity. The thin nanolayer of Mo2C improves the interfacial conductivity, facilitates transport of photo-generated charge carriers as well as prolongs charge carriers’ lifetime, that minimizing the recombination of photo-generated electrons and holes. Thus SrTiO3@Mo2C hybrid achieves drastically enhanced photocatalytic H2 generation rate up to 7.93 mmol h−1 g−1 with respect to the pristine SrTiO3 (0.53 mmol h−1 g−1) in a solar-driven reaction system, with an AQE of 29.3% at 313 nm. The charge carrier dynamics based mechanism was further confirmed by analysis of time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL), surface photovoltage (SPV), transient photovoltage (TPV), open circuit potential (OCP) decay curves as well as the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. It is unambiguously to demonstrate that Mo2C is a highly active cocatalyst to dramatically boost the charge separation for photocatalytic water reduction.
This paper proposes a novel parameter identification method for the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery equivalent circuit model (ECM) considering the electrochemical properties. An improved pseudo two-dimension (P2D) model is established on basis of partial differential equations (PDEs), since the electrolyte potential is simplified from the nonlinear to linear expression while terminal voltage can be divided into the electrolyte potential, open circuit voltage (OCV), overpotential of electrodes, internal resistance drop, and so on. The model order reduction process is implemented by the simplification of the PDEs using the Laplace transform, inverse Laplace transform, Pade approximation, etc. A unified second order transfer function between cell voltage and current is obtained for the comparability with that of ECM. The final objective is to obtain the relationship between the ECM resistances/capacitances and electrochemical parameters such that in various conditions, ECM precision could be improved regarding integration of battery interior properties for further applications, e.g., SOC estimation. Finally simulation and experimental results prove the correctness and validity of the proposed methodology.
Because invasive species are often opportunistic and behaviourally flexible, they tend to be successful in urban landscapes, where they may use space differently than in their more traditional habitats. Consequently, control strategies developed for invasive pest species in non-urban areas may not succeed in an urban context. Using GPS tracking, we examined habitat use by an invasive pest, the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) in residential New Zealand habitats; these habitats comprise a large proportion of the urban landscape and are currently not targeted for pest control. We predicted that home ranges of possums in residential areas would be larger than those in non-urban habitats due to lower densities of their primary food resource, plant material; that possums would prefer forest fragment habitat; and that they would avoid roads due to the mortality risk. Home range sizes estimated using mechanistic Brownian bridges and 100 % minimum convex polygons were smaller or similar in size to those recorded in rural and forest habitats. Resource utilization functions and the regression of utilization distribution probabilities against environmental variables showed that possums selected forest fragments primarily, followed by residential habitat characterised by large gardens with a degree of vegetative structural complexity. Roads were not avoided. Control operations should expand their scope to include residential areas containing mature, diverse vegetation rather than only focussing on forest fragments, a strategy that ignores biodiversity values in residential habitats, and is likely to be unsuccessful due to reinvasion potential from neighbouring residential areas.
Wireless power delivery is one of the key issues for fully implantable microsystems in neural engineering applications, such as microminiaturized neural stimulators and neural recording systems implanted in brain or other neural tissues. Although advances in semiconductor microelectronic technologies enable us to develop a low-power chip-scale neural microsystem, active electronics in the chip still consume challenging amounts of electrical energy for wireless energy harvesting to sense neural signals, processing data, and broadcasting the data to external receivers. In this paper, various wireless power delivery or harvesting schemes, including radio frequency, ultrasound, light, thermal, mechanical, and biochemical energies, have been reviewed, and performance characteristics, as well as pros and cons of the schemes, have been compared. This review aims at providing insightful information for system architects to design implantable neural microsystems with optimal wireless powering schemes.
The effects of surface-modified carbon black induced by UV/ozone and triethylenetetramine on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of ink-jet-printed LiCoO2 electrodes for lithium ion batteries are observed. The dispersion properties of surface-modified carbon black and LiCoO2 ink are evaluated using particle size distribution measurements, surface pressure calculations, and scanning electron microscopy. Modifications to the surface of carbon black result in improved dispersion properties, which in turn enhance the compactness and homogeneity of the microstructure of ink-jet-printed LiCoO2 electrodes compared to those printed with as-received carbon black. Electrochemical experiments indicate that LiCoO2 electrodes ink-jet-printed with surface-modified carbon black exhibit improved initial specific discharge capacities compared to those printed with as-received carbon black due to the better electrical contact between the carbon black and the LiCoO2, as evidenced by the analysis of the area-specific impedance of the electrode as a function of the depth of discharge.
Abstract Industries are one of the major sources and contributors to the pollution of the environment. The industrial effluents and runoff water from the agriculture fields contain diverse organic and xenobiotic compounds. The usage of aromatics, plasticizers, and pesticides in day-to-day life in cosmetic products, edible fruits, vegetables, etc. are one of the major concerns because of their commercial usage and recognized as potential threats posed to human health and ecosystem. These compounds are toxic, and acts as endocrine disrupter, mutagen, and/or carcinogen. Bioremediation involves the use of microbes and is considered to be the most efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly process to remove/eliminate them. Microorganisms produce a battery of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of these pollutants into innocuous products, which can further be metabolized completely. This chapter focuses on the metabolic steps and enzymes involved in the degradation pathway of aromatic compounds that are used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and in day-to-day household products.
Layered Ni-rich oxides have attracted much attention for the positive electrode in lithium-ion batteries due to their low cost and high capacity. However, they still suffer from poor cycling and rate performance, especially at high voltage. In this work, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 powders are surface-modified by a Li2ZrO3 coating prepared under either dry air or oxygen. The effect of the coating atmosphere on the electrochemical properties of Li2ZrO3/LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 are systematically investigated by multiple structural characterization (synchrotron HRXRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS) and electroanalytical (EIS, SSCV, and GITT) techniques. The Li2ZrO3 coating prepared in oxygen is largely amorphous. It not only provides surface protection against the electrolyte corrosion but also enables faster lithium-ion transport at the interfacial regions. Additionally, oxygen atmosphere facilitates Zr diffusion from the surface coating to the bulk of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, which stabilizes the crystal structure and enhances lithium-ion diffusion. Consequently, LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathodes coated with Li2ZrO3 in oxygen exhibit improved high-voltage cycling stability and high-rate performance.
Nano-sized TiO2 with an anatase phase is prepared by hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide in pure water. Samples are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). TiO2 nanoparticles experienced two processes of phase transition, i.e., amorphous to anatase and anatase to rutile, over the temperature range from 60 to 800°C. The electrochemical properties of Li+ ion insertion in nano-sized TiO2 (anatase) electrodes is studied by voltammetry. The diffusion-limited insertion and extraction of Li ions in the anatase lattice within a region near the peak potential are dominating. The anatase TiO2 nanoparticles exhibit a large initial electrochemical lithium insertion capacity of 195mAhg−1, good reversibility, and cyclic stability.
In this paper, we report the influence of carbon coating on the electrochemical performance of hollow structured SnO2 electrospun nanofibers. The electrospun nanofibers are subjected to plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition for a conformal carbon coating of ∼6nm thickness without destroying the one dimensional morphological features of the fiber mats. Li-storage properties are evaluated in half-cell configuration between two different potential windows i.e. 0.005-0.8V and 0.005-2.5V vs. Li. The potential regions tested corresponds to the alloying/de-alloying and alloying/de-alloying & conversion reactions for former and latter cases, respectively. Very high reversibility over 3.6 moles of Li is feasible for both bare and carbon coated SnO2, without an obvious difference between the electrochemical profiles noted during cycling. In contrary, huge differences in the electrochemical performances are observed for bare and carbon coated SnO2 when the test cell is cycled for conversion reaction. This result clearly shows the importance of carbon coating for conversion reaction compared to alloying/de-alloying reaction.
Electrochemical lithium insertion into two isostructural titanium-based oxides, K2Ti6O13 and Na2Ti6O13 has been investigated. Although the two compounds differ mainly from their particle size and cell volume, pronounced differences in the insertion mechanism have been evidenced. They can accommodate about three Li per formula unit at relatively low potentials (1.5–0.9V versus Li reference), which qualifies them as potential alternatives to Li4Ti5O12. The main limitations are their rate capabilities and capacity retention related to large particles and parasitic electrolyte decomposition, respectively.
We report a Pt electrocatalyst based on the mesoporous carbon embedded with the SnTi bemetallic oxides (denoted by PtNPs/SnO x /TiO2/mC), SnO x and TiO2 nanocrystals, as an efficiently bifunctional catalyst toward the electro-oxidiation of methanol and oxygen reaction in alkaline solution. Herein, the as-obtained SnO x /TiO2/mC nanohybrids were derived from the inorganic-organic hybrid nanostructure composed of SnO2, TiO2 and bovine serum albumin (BSA), following by the calcination at different temperatures. Subsequently, the SnO x /TiO2/mC nanohybrids were employed as the support for Pt nanoparticles (Pt NPs). Due to high catalytic capacity of Pt NPs, good electrochemical properties and mesoporous structure of the SnO x /TiO2/mC nanohybrid, the fabricated nanocomposites were explored as the highly efficient electrocatalyst toward the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Comparing with different PtNPs/SnO x /TiO2/mC nanocomposites, the optimal electrocatalyst obtained at 700 °C (PtNPs/SnO x /TiO2/mC700) displayed superior catalytic performances for MOR and ORR because of the large loading and uniform distribution of Pt NPs. This superb electrocatalytic activity makes PtNPs/SnO x /TiO2/mC a promising electrocatalyst for the construction of an efficient fuel cell.
CoMn LDH electrode is successfully prepared via facile and cost-effective electrodeposition method. The effect of Co2+/Mn2+ molar ratio on supercapacitive performance is systematically investigated. It is found that the presence of Mn(OH)6 unit in CoMn LDH offers an excellent reversibility as well as highly electrochemical activity for supercapacitor application. The CoMn LDH film with a Co2+/Mn2+ molar ratio of 9:1 loaded on Ni foam electrode exhibits the maximum specific capacitance of 1062.6 F/g at the current density of 0.7 A/g with an excellent cyclic stability of 96.3% over 5000 CD cycles. It indicates that CoMn LDH nanoflakes loaded on Ni foam can minimize the lattice mismatch which leads to an excellent cyclic stability. The asymmetric supercapacitor assembled with CoMn LDH/Ni foam and AC electrodes shows an excellent cyclic life of 84.2% and an energy density of 4.4 Wh/kg with a power density of 2500 W/kg.
Using different types of renewable energy sources considering their uncertainties causes numerous challenges for minimizing the operation cost and maximizing the reliability of system. Hence, stochastic programming is an essential tool to consider the system uncertainties. This paper presents a day-ahead energy management system to decrease the operation cost and increase the reliability of a Microgrid considering a number of challenges for supporting electrical and thermal loads. In the proposed method, micro-CHP units, renewable energy sources, auxiliary boiler and energy storage system are all responsible for supplying the electrical and thermal loads. The problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem. Moreover, the influence of considering the electrical energy storage system as a non-ideal battery with charge/discharge efficiency less than 1 is investigated. Also, demand response programs are provided based on load shifting contracts to consumers. A scenario-based approach is used to cover the uncertainties of renewable energy sources, market price and electrical load. Besides, this paper considers both islanding and grid-connected modes of Microgrid and investigates the influence of demand side management on operation cost and reliability in both modes. The capability of the proposed algorithm is analyzed by simulation results of a 3-feeder Microgrid.
An increasing number of studies indicate that short-term peak exposures, such as those seen in the transport microenvironment, pose particular health threats. Short-term exposure can only be sufficiently characterised using portable, fast-response monitoring instrumentation with detailed summaries of individual activity. In this paper, we present an exposure visualisation system that addresses this issue—it allows the simultaneous presentation of mobile video imagery synchronised with measured real-time ultrafine particle count exposure of an individual. The combined data can be examined in detail for the contribution of the surrounding environment and the individual's activities to their peak and overall exposure. The exposure visualisation system is demonstrated and evaluated around the DAPPLE study site in Central London using different modes of transport (walking, cycling, bus, car and taxi). The video images, synchronised with the exposure profile, highlight the extent to which ultrafine particle exposure is associated with traffic density and proximity to pollutant source. The extremely rapid decline in concentration with increasing distance away from the pollutant source, such as from the main street to the backstreets, is clearly evident. The visualisation technique allows these data to be presented to both technical audiences and laypersons thus making it an effective environmental risk communication tool. Some exposure peaks however are not obviously associated with any event recorded on video—in these cases it will be necessary to use advanced dispersion modelling techniques to investigate meteorological conditions and other variables influencing in-street conditions to identify their possible causes.
The modification of silver paste electrodes with a combination of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and KCl has been shown to lead to significant enhancements of the electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide. The catalytic enhancement was shown to be dependent on the concentration of the surfactant/salt solution, which resulted in increases of some 80-fold in amperometric response to hydrogen peroxide at −0.1V vs Ag/AgCl, pH 6.8 over unmodified silver paste. Physical analysis showed modifications to both the surface morphology and chemical composition of the silver paste electrode surface. However, BET and electrochemical analysis revealed no significant change in surface area. It is suggested that the enhanced catalysis may result from the formation of stabilised surfactant/salt structures at the metal electrode surface. The electrode was also shown to be suitable for the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide with a limit of detection of 1.1×10−6 M (S/N=3).
In polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), Nafion is used not only as a membrane placed between the anode and the cathode, but also as an important component of the active layer in a gas diffusion electrode. The content of Nafion ionomer in the electrode affects simultaneously the gas permeability, the catalytic activity and the ionic resistance. Hence, an optimum Nafion content in the catalyst layer is necessary for good performance. This study examines the dependence of optimum Nafion content in the catalyst layer on platinum loading. Investigations are also made of the variation in cell impedance, electrochemical surface area (ESA) and percentage Pt utilization with change in Nafion loading in the catalyst layer. It has been generally reported that the optimum Nafion loading is in the range of 30–36wt.%, irrespective of the platinum loading. The present study indicates that the optimum Nafion loading should infact depend on the platinum loading. For electrodes with different platinum loadings of 0.5, 0.25 and 0.1mgPtcm−2, the best performance was obtained at different Nafion loadings of 20, 40 and 50wt.%, respectively. It is also found that the optimum Nafion loading does not depend on the membrane thickness.
Vinylene carbonate (VC) and vinylene trithiocarbonate (VTC) are studied as electrolyte additives in two kinds of electrolytes: (1) propylene carbonate (PC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) (1:2 by weight) 1moldm−3 LiPF6; (2) ethylene carbonate (EC) and DEC (1:2 by weight) 1moldm−3 LiPF6. Characterization is performed by cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and half cell tests. Cyclic life is better in either electrolyte with VC than either electrolyte with/without VTC. SEM shows VC and VTC both form well developed passivation films on the graphite anode, but the films with VTC are thicker than with VC. EIS shows the VTC films have significantly higher charge transfer resistance. The VTC film in PC fails to protect against exfoliation. XPS indicates VTC has different reaction pathways in PC relative to EC. In EC/DEC, VTC forms polymeric C–O–C-like components and sulfide species (C–S–S–C, S and C–S–C). In PC/DEC, VTC does not form polymeric species, instead forming a film mainly containing LiF and Li2S. It appears that a thinner polymeric film is preferential. The specific data herein are of interest, and the general conclusions may help development of improved additives for enhanced Li-ion battery performance.