batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We hypothesized that generic noun phrases (“Bears climb trees”) would provide important input to children’s developing concepts. In three experiments, four-year-olds and adults learned a series of facts about a novel animal category, in one of three wording conditions: generic (e.g., “Zarpies hate ice cream”), specific–label (e.g., “This zarpie hates ice cream”), or no-label (e.g., “This hates ice cream”). Participants completed a battery of tasks assessing the extent to which they linked the category to the properties expressed, and the extent to which they treated the category as constituting an essentialized kind. As predicted, for adults, generics training resulted in tighter category–property links and more category essentialism than both the specific-label and no-label training. Children also showed effects of generic wording, though the effects were weaker and required more extensive input. We discuss the implications for language-thought relations, and for the acquisition of essentialized categories.
The authors regret that change of corresponding author (G. Nikiforidis) affiliation address to: School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Differential diagnosis between Parkinson's disease (PD) Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), namely spectrum of Lewy bodies disorders (LBDs), may be challenging, and their common underlying pathophysiology is debated. Our aim was to examine relationships among neurodegenerative biomarkers [alpha-synuclein (α-Syn), Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)—related (beta‐amyloid Aβ42, tau [total τΤ and phosphorylated τp−181]), dopaminergic imaging (DATSCAN–SPECT)] and spectrum of LBD. This is a cross‐sectional prospective study in 30 PD, 18 PDD, 29 DLB patients and 30 healthy controls. We compared α‐Syn in CSF, plasma and serum and CSF Aβ42, τΤ and τp−181 across these groups. Correlations between such biomarkers and motor, cognitive/neuropsychiatric tests, and striatal asymmetry indexes were examined. CSF α-Syn was higher in DLB versus PD/PDD/controls, and lower in PD and PDD patients compared to controls (all p < 0.001). Serum α-Syn levels were higher in all patient groups compared to controls. After excluding those DLB patients with CSF AD profile, plasma and serum Syn levels were higher in the LBD group as a whole compared to controls. The combination of CSF α-Syn, serum α-Syn and Aβ42 for comparison between PD and DLB [AUC = 0.96 (95% CI 0.90–1.00)] was significantly better when compared to serum α-Syn alone (p < 0.001). Correlation analyses of biomarkers with cognitive/neuropsychiatric scales revealed some associations, but no consistent, cohesive picture. Peripheral biomarkers such as serum α-Syn, and CSF α-Syn and Aβ42 may contribute as potential biomarkers to separate LBDs from controls and to differentiate DLB from the other LBDs with high sensitivity and specificity among study groups.
LiMn2−x Ti x O4 (x = 0, 0.5, 1) cathode materials have been synthesized by a conventional solid state method. The capacity of the as-prepared LiMn2O4, LiMn1.5Ti0.5O4 and LiMnTiO4 are 252, 198 and 157 mAh g−1, respectively, when charging/discharging over the voltage range of 2.0–4.8 V at a current density of 40 mA g−1, all of which are consistent with more than 1 Li+ ion insertion into the spinel structure. Compared with the pristine LiMn2O4, Ti-substituted samples exhibit much better cycling stability both at room temperature and 60 °C between 2.0 V and 4.8 V. The underlying mechanism has been investigated by an in situ X-ray diffraction technique. The results demonstrate that Ti4+ ions can suppress the Jahn–Teller distortion associated with Mn3+, and stabilize the spinel structure during the charging/discharging process. Ti–O bond is stronger than Mn–O bond which yields a more stable spinel framework, i.e., [Mn2−x Ti x ]O4. Moreover, Ti substitution helps lower the concentration of Jahn–Teller Mn3+ ions in the spinel structure during discharging process and consequently improves the structural stability. The role of Ti substitution is also confirmed by the ab initio calculations.
Like translations, critical editions can play an important role in the language-mediated evolution of political concepts. This paper offers a case-study of a modern edition of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics by the famous twentieth-century Egyptian philosopher and father of ‘Arab existentialism’ Abd al-Rahman Badawi (d. 2002). It draws on ancient Greek and medieval Arabic corpora developed by the Genealogies of Knowledge project and a modern Arabic corpus accessible through Sketch Engine to examine the lexical patterning of key political items relating to the concept of citizen in the Arabic and Greek versions of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics. This corpus-based analysis of lexical patterns is contextualised against discursive and disciplinary parameters that shaped Badawi’s edition. Supplementing this collocational analysis of relevant lexical items with a more traditional analysis of Badawi’s paratexts, I argue that the editing process produces a hybrid ‘third text’ that is neither a transcription of the original manuscript nor a reconstruction of the manuscript’s archetype. The paper concludes that, like translations, editions transform the texts they are based on.
Intravenous access in critically ill and injured patients can be difficult or impossible in the field. Intraosseous access is a well-established alternative to achieve access to a noncollapsible vascular network. We wanted to compare the use of a sternal and tibial/humeral intraosseous device in a physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service.
Chemical doping with foreign atoms is an effective approach to intrinsically modify the properties of the carbon materials. Herein, boron-doped graphene (BG) was prepared through pyrolysis of graphene oxide (GO) with boric acid (H3BO3) in an argon atmosphere at 900°C. Both boron-doping and reduction of GO to graphene were simultaneously achieved under the thermal treatment processing. Namely, at high temperature condition, H3BO3 was converted into boron oxide (B2O3) accompanied by diffusing B2O3 vapor into the graphene nanosheets, then boron atoms can replace the carbon atoms inside the graphene layers and thereby substitutionally doped into the graphene lattice. The boron content in BG increased with prolonging the reaction time and reached the highest value of 4.7% after 3h of pyrolysis, which in turn affected their electrochemical properties. The as-prepared electrode of BG-900-3h exhibits the highest capacitive behavior (172.5Fg−1, 0.5Ag−1) and superior cycling stability (maintaining 96.5% of initial capacity after 5000 times of cycling). Remarkably, the boron-doping increased the capacitance of BG-900-3h by about 80% compared to pristine graphene. These results imply that the doping of boron into graphene lattice induces remarkable performance enhancement, and thus make the doped materials superior to those of pristine graphene as electrode materials for supercapacitors.
Abstract Current scenarios set the target of CO2 emissions than needs to be reached by 2050 at 14Gt. The scenarios suggest three main leverage approaches: (1) Physical and chemical utilisation of CO2 to yield long-lasting products through immobilisation; (2) Overall increase in process efficiency; (3) Renewable and decarbonised energy injection in the current infrastructures, as well as a switch to more carbon-sober fuels. CO2 utilisation appears to a have a potential role to play in all of these approaches. Several examples will be discussed in this chapter, among which will be: accelerated carbonation of industrial wastes, the role of CO2 hydrogenation catalysts for short-term injection of renewable energy in the current energy grid, the importance of electrochemical reduction of CO2 to methanol and methane, among others, and the relevance of air capture as a long-term solution once massive deployment of CO2 utilisation industries has occurred. Within each section, we have attempted to show a hierarchy of the several components in a possible timeframe of deployment. If these are the strong lines of potentially relevant technologies, prediction with 35year foresight necessitates great caution.
PTEN is a well-established risk gene for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Yet, little is known about how PTEN mutations and associated molecular processes influence neurobehavioral function in mutation carriers with (PTEN-ASD) and without ASD (PTEN no-ASD). The primary aim of the present study was to examine group differences in peripheral blood-derived PTEN pathway protein levels between PTEN-ASD, PTEN no-ASD, and idiopathic macrocephalic ASD patients (macro-ASD). Secondarily, associations between protein levels and neurobehavioral functions were examined in the full cohort.
Intermale aggression is used to establish social rank. Several neuronal populations have been implicated in aggression, but the circuit mechanisms that shape this innate behavior and coordinate its different components (including attack execution and reward) remain elusive. We show that dopamine transporter-expressing neurons in the hypothalamic ventral premammillary nucleus (PMvDAT neurons) organize goal-oriented aggression in male mice. Activation of PMvDAT neurons triggers attack behavior; silencing these neurons interrupts attacks. Regenerative PMvDAT membrane conductances interacting with recurrent and reciprocal excitation explain how a brief trigger can elicit a long-lasting response (hysteresis). PMvDAT projections to the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamic and the supramammillary nuclei control attack execution and aggression reward, respectively. Brief manipulation of PMvDAT activity switched the dominance relationship between males, an effect persisting for weeks. These results identify a network structure anchored in PMvDAT neurons that organizes aggressive behavior and, as a consequence, determines intermale hierarchy.
We have successfully prepared the layered structure LiNi0.35Co0.3−x Cr x Mn0.35O2 with various Cr contents by a co-precipitation method. Many measurement methods have been applied to characterize the physical and electrochemical properties of LiNi0.35Co0.3−x Cr x Mn0.35O2, such as XRD, SEM, BET and electrochemical test. SEM showed that the addition of Cr has obviously changed the morphologies of their particles and increased the size of grains. The specific surface area of LiNi0.35Co0.3−x Cr x Mn0.35O2 decreases lineally from 4.9m2 g−1 (x =0) to 1.8m2 g−1 (x =0.1) with the increasing of Cr contents. Moreover, we have found that the Cr doping can greatly improve the density of the powder, which is beneficial to solve the problem of lower electrode density for these layered LiNi0.35Co0.3−x Cr x Mn0.35O2 cathode materials. Electrochemical test indicated that the cycling performance of LiNi0.35Co0.3−x Cr x Mn0.35O2 can be significantly improved with the increasing of Cr contents, although the initial discharge capacity of the sample has a little decrease.
With the increased concern about the rare-earth supply chain risk, recycling rare-earths from scrap is receiving significant attention. In this monograph, the studies of the rare-earth recycling technologies have been reviewed with respect to magnets, phosphors, batteries, polishing powders and others from the viewpoints of physical separation, hydrometallurgy, and pyrometallurgy. The important issues inherent in each scrap were pointed out. Particularly-important issues are dismantling, demagnetization, the separation from iron for the magnets, and the fine particle separation and the terbium dissolution for the phosphors. Emerging technologies, such as the automated dismantling methods for the magneta and the application of high gradient magnetic separation for the phosphors, together with a new extractant have been noted. A cost barrier before the actual implementation of the developed process should be overcome not only by the technologies, but also by the integration with a social system establishment.
Ultra-thin (<10nm diameter) VO2(B) nanowires have been synthesised, characterised structurally and morphologically and their lithium intercalation electrochemistry investigated. The wires exist in bundles and exhibit significant preferred orientation. They have a capacity to intercalate lithium of 265mAhg−1 (Li0.82VO2(B)) at a rate of 10mAg−1 compared with thicker wires of 50–100nm diameter which exhibit a capacity of 200mAhg−1 at the same rate. The load curves, structure and morphology remain stable on cycling.
Our previous work concluded that the application of force altered the physical structure of the activated carbon electrodes, which resulted in a decrease in the accessible surface area and a displacement of the electrolyte. In this work, the response that different carbon material electrodes exhibit to an applied force was evaluated. Activated carbon powders possess different porous structures, which would exhibit different behaviors when subjected to an applied force and after the release of that force. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to characterize the response behaviors of the different carbons. Furthermore, a porosimetry analysis was conducted on the carbon material of the electrode before and after the application of force. It was concluded that the application of force shifted the pore distribution toward overall smaller pores through a compression of the porous structure of the carbon. This resulted in a decrease in the more easily accessible surface area, which was exhibited as a decrease in the capacitance values as calculated from the cyclic voltammetry data. There was no longer sufficient time to access the now smaller powers at the given time scale of the cyclic voltammetry analysis, which negatively impacted the formation of the double layer.
We present a cost-effective approach to dispose of amaranthus waste (the discarded leaves and stalks of amaranthus and the extract remains of natural amaranthus red) to yield nitrogen-doped carbon. Amaranthus waste is a natural, abundantly available, and yearly renewable source, acting as a single precursor for nitrogen (mainly from the lysine-rich amino acids) as well as carbon. It therefore eliminates the need for multiple hazardous chemicals including organic precursors for similar synthesis processes. Our facile experimental strategy without any activation supports reasonable nitrogen doping in porous carbon along with a high surface area and excellent conductivity, which leads to a superior electrocatalytic oxygen reduction activity and proves to be a promising alternative for costly Pt-based electrocatalysts in fuel cells in terms of excellent electrocatalytic performance, high selectivity, and long durability. This judicious transformation of organic-rich waste not only addresses the disposal issue, but also generates valuable functional carbon materials from the discard. Our as-synthesized carbon will certainly be believed to be a trend setter and have greater economic ramifications by creating value-added materials from waste.
We report on a patient, LM, with a Korsakoff's syndrome who showed the unusual tendency to consistently provide a confabulatory answer to episodic memory questions for which the predicted and most frequently observed response in normal subjects and in confabulators is “I don't know”. LM's pattern of confabulation, which we refer to as confabulatory hypermnesia, cannot be traced back to any more basic and specific cognitive deficit and is not associated with any particularly unusual pattern of brain damage. Making reference to the Memory, Consciousness and Temporality Theory – MCTT (Dalla Barba, 2002), we propose that LM shows an expanded Temporal Consciousness – TC, which overflows the limits of time (“Do you remember what you did on March 13, 1985?”) and of details (“Do you remember what you were wearing on the first day of summer in 1979?”) that are usually respected in normal subjects and in confabulating patients.
In this study, a novel method that allows selective extraction of lithium and production of battery grade Li2CO3 is introduced, which includes nitration, selective roasting, water leaching and Li2CO3 preparation. By this method, metallic components in Li-ion battery waste are firstly transformed into corresponding nitrates, and then decomposed into insoluble oxides during roasting except for lithium nitrate, which is ready to be extracted by water leaching. Under the optimum conditions of nitration (70 °C, 5 h, acid-to-scrap ratio of 30 mmol/g), selective roasting (250 °C, 1 h) and 4-stage cross-current water leaching (25 °C, liquid-to-solid ratio of 2:1), lithium extraction up to 93% is achieved, whereas extraction of other metals like cobalt, nickel, copper etc. are <0.1%. The obtained lithium-rich solution (34.1 g/L lithium) is then subjected to a carbonation step at 95 °C for 30 min to form the desired Li2CO3. The purity of Li2CO3 produced is up to 99.95%, a level above the minimum standards required for battery grade Li2CO3. Application of this new process could significantly improve lithium recovery from waste Li-ion batteries, as the overall recovery of 90% for lithium achieved is much higher than previously reported lithium recovery of 60–80% from waste Li-ion batteries.
A stable organic–inorganic hybrid layer (OIHL) is direct fabricated on lithium metal surface by the interfacial reaction of lithium metal foil with 1-chlorodecane and oxygen/carbon dioxide mixed gas. This favorable OIHL is approximately 30 μm thick and consists of lithium alkyl carbonate and lithium chloride. The lithium-oxygen batteries with OIHL protected lithium metal anode exhibit longer cycle life (340 cycles) than those with bare lithium metal anode (50 cycles). This desirable performance can be ascribed to the robust OIHL which prevents the growth of lithium dendrites and the corrosion of lithium metal.
Most hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) currently sold are power-split HEVs that use single, double or occasionally even multiple planetary gear (PG) sets to connect their powertrain elements. Adding PG sets can provide more design flexibility; however, it also increases system complexity and cost. This paper presents a comparative study of hybrid powertrains with different numbers of PG sets, which we term configurations. The analysis of different configuration types is investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively. In the qualitative analysis, the performances of operating modes for different configurations are compared, in terms of mode number, normalized efficiency, and maximum output torque. The quantitative approach compares the designs of different configurations; the fuel economy and acceleration performance of all superior designs are evaluated to make the comparison iconic. The results show that triple-PG hybrids do not have significant fuel economy improvement compared with double-PG hybrids, but they achieve a dramatic improvement in acceleration performance; this can be beneficial for sport utility vehicles (SUVs), light trucks, and buses. For cost consideration, it is suggested that passenger cars adopt double-PG hybrid powertrains.
Micron sized, three dimensional (3D) nanoporous spherical LiFePO4/C synthesized by spray pyrolysis shows excellent cyclability and superior rate capability. The 3D conductive carbon coating and interconnected pore networks facilitate the kinetics of both electron transport and lithium ion diffusion within the particles.
Electrochemical copolymerization of furan and thiophene was performed at constant electrode potential in a binary solvent system consisting of boron trifluoride-ethyl ether and an additional amount of ethyl ether (mole ratio 1:2). The homopolymers and copolymers obtained were studied with in situ resonance Raman spectroscopy and in situ conductivity measurements. In situ resonance Raman spectroscopy of the copolymers shows spectroscopic properties intermediate between polyfuran and polythiophene. The conductivity of homo- and copolymer films is almost restored when the potential shift direction is reversed. The redox thermodynamics of homo- and copolymer films were also determined using the Nernst plots constructed from absorbance measurements performed in situ at various doping levels.
The shift of the information access paradigm to a mobile platform motivates research in mobile application energy profiling to augment device battery lifetime. Energy profiling schemes estimate mobile application power consumption when it is executed on resource-constrained mobile devices. Accurate power estimation helps identify rogue applications to optimize mobile battery power usage. The lack of a comprehensive survey on mobile application energy profiling schemes that covers various energy profiling aspects, such as profiling granularity, types, measurement resources, and model flexibility, has motivated us to review the existing literature comprehensively. Application energy profiling schemes exploit either hardware-equipment or software-based solutions to track battery-draining behavior during application execution in mobile devices. This study comprehensively reviews state-of-the-art mobile application energy profiling schemes to investigate the strengths and weaknesses of existing schemes. We propose a detailed thematic taxonomy based on the extensive literature review on mobile application energy profiling to classify the existing literature. The critical aspects and related features of existing energy profiling schemes are examined through an exhaustive qualitative analysis. The significant parameters from the reported literature are also extracted to investigate commonalities and differences among existing schemes. Finally, several research issues in mobile application energy profiling are put forward that should be addressed to increase energy profiling strength.
Nickel-cobalt (Ni-Co) oxide nanocages were synthesized by etching the cobalt-based metal-organic framework (Co-MOF) with nickel nitrate in an isopropyl alcohol solution. The dodecahedral Co-MOF (300 nm in size) was composed of micropores, while the Ni-Co oxide nanocages gained additional mesopores and macropores. Both Co-MOF and Ni-Co oxide electrodes in KOH behaved more like the nondiffusion-controlled pseudocapacitor through the surface adsorption/desorption with a concomitant faradaic charge-transfer reaction. In the presence of ferrocyanide/ferricyanide redox electrolyte, both nondiffusion- and diffusion-controlled currents contributed equally to the current response of Ni-Co oxide electrode at lower scan rates. Nondiffusion-limited processes governed the charge-storage behavior of Ni-Co oxide electrode at faster scan rates. The Ni-Co oxide electrode with redox electrolyte showed high specific capacities of 810 and 496 C g−1 at the charge/discharge current densities of 10 and 50 A g−1, respectively, much greater than that electrode without redox electrolyte (384 and 348 C g−1). Ni-Co oxide electrode with highly porous nanocages could provide large electrolyte/electrode interface to store more charges and short pathways to expedite the transport of electron and ion, showing a noticeable increase in its electrochemical performance compared with Co-MOF electrode.