batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
RuO2/activated carbon nanofiber (ACNF) composites containing graphene are prepared by a simple electrospinning method, followed by physical activated carbonation. We investigate the electrochemical properties as supercapacitor electrodes and the structural properties of these RuO2/ACNF materials as a function of the graphene concentration. The porous RuO2/ACNF composites exhibit an improved microstructure in terms of increased surface area, large mesopore volume fraction, and increased electrical conductivity with increasing graphene content. The RuO2/ACNFs with 3wt% graphene are characterized as having a large specific surface area of up to 1552.2m2g−1, mesopore volume fraction up to 53%, high electrical conductivity of over 0.59Scm−1, gravimetric capacitance of 180.2Fg−1 and energy density of 20.4–15.3Whkg−1 over a power density range of 400–10,000Wkg−1 in 6.0M KOH electrolyte. These results suggest that RuO2/ACNF with graphene offers the benefits of low resistance for charge diffusion and a short pathway for ion transportation. Therefore, RuO2/ACNF with graphene shows good capacitive behavior when applied as an electrode material for supercapacitors in terms of high rate capability, large capacitance, and more efficient energy density.
ZnFe2O4 and MxZn1-xFe2O4 (M = Sn, Mg) nanorods are synthesized by a facile co-precipitation method followed by thermal treatment of metal-organic frameworks in air to form mesoporous structure. Temperatures of thermal treatment affects the porous structure of the materials and influences charge/discharge process of ZnFe2O4. From the electrochemical performance, we find that doping Sn which is electrochemically active would raise the voltage plateau corresponding to the reaction peaks of the doping elements, and Sn0.05Zn0.95Fe2O4 exhibits the highest capacity of 1318 mA h g−1 after 50 cycles at 0.1 C. In contrast, doping Mg which is electrochemically inactive would inhibit volume change and stabilize structure during lithiation-delithiation. Mg0.9Zn0.1Fe2O4 shows an excellent reversible capacity of 811 mA h g−1 with a capacity retention of 82% after 250 cycles at 1 C, while the pristine ZnFe2O4 only remains 382 mA h g−1 with a capacity retention of 32%.
The composite material Si0.26Ni0.13Sn0.15Al0.04C0.42 (Si/Sn-Ni/C/Al) exhibits a high reversible capacity (>600mAhg−1) at a low potential and can be cycled for more than 100 cycles. Moreover fast rates of charge and discharge can be achieved without any significant loss in capacity. In order to optimize the performances of this material and especially to obtain larger and stable cycling results, the use of room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) as electrolyte is investigated. RTIL selected for this purpose contain the FSI (bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide) or TFSI (bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) anions and pyrrolidium (methyl-propylpyrrolidinium, PYR13 or methyl-butylpyrrolidinium, PYR14) and ethyl-methylimidazolium (EMI) as cations. Charge/discharge cycling tests of Li|Si/Sn-Ni/C/Al half-cells containing RTIL based on the FSI or TFSI anions have been performed. Results revealed significantly higher capacities and improved capacity retention (73% of the discharge capacity after 100 cycles at a C/5 rate) for cells containing FSI anions as components of the electrolyte. The choice of the RTIL cation has also an impact on the cycling stability and mean capacity of the cell. Using the EMIFSI ionic liquid and 1molL−1 of LiFSI, the mean capacity during 100 cycles at C/5 rate (635mAhg−1) is higher than with [PYR13][FSI] (579mAhg−1) or [PYR14][FSI] (550mAhg−1) ionic liquids. For comparison, the capacity of a half-cell containing a classical alkylcarbonate mixture with 1molL−1 of LiFSI drops to 206mAhg−1 after 20 cycles. It is concluded that the Si/Sn-Ni/C/Al/electrolyte interface is more stable in the presence of FSI anions and especially in the presence of the [EMI][FSI] ionic liquid.
Low-cost, non-toxic and environment-friendly electrochemistry is highly needed for clean energy storage technologies. Here we propose a most simple rechargeable pH differential hydrogen battery using neutralization energy as an efficient energy storage system to utilize renewable energy and waste acid/base. The overall battery reaction can be simplified as follow: 2 H+ + 2OH- ← c h a r g e → d i s c h a r g e 2H2O. This proposed hydrogen battery can deliver a theoretical specific energy of up to 250 Wh kg−1 and a maximum energy density of up to 355 Wh L−1, very high values among aqueous battery systems. We show adding excessive amount of NaClO4 can lead to effective pH maintenance, higher coulombic efficiency, higher power and more stable cyclic performance at 9 mA cm−2. This work offers new opportunities to develop clean and high-energy battery technologies.
On the basis of statistical data, approximately 6.5milliontons of ELVs were produced in Europe in 2011. ELVs are processed according to a treatment scheme comprising three main phases: depollution, dismantling and shredding. The ferrous fraction represents about 70–75% of the total shredded output, while nonferrous metals represent about 5%. The remaining 20–25% is referred to as automotive shredder residue (ASR). ASR is largely landfilled due to its heterogeneous and complex matrix. With a start date of January 1st 2015, the European Directive 2000/53/EC establishes the reuse and recovery of a minimum of 95% ELV total weight. To reach these targets various post-shredder technologies have been developed with the aim of improving recovery of materials and energy from ASR. In order to evaluate the environmental impacts of different management options of ELVs, the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology has been applied taking into account the potential implication of sustainable design of vehicles and treatment of residues after shredding of ELVs. Findings obtained reveal that a combination of recycling and energy recovery is required to achieve European targets, with landfilling being viewed as the least preferred option. The aim of this work is to provide a general overview of the recent development of management of ELVs and treatment of ASR with a view to minimizing the amount of residues disposed of in landfill.
This paper analyses the energy, environmental and economic performance of a future scenario where electric vehicles are connected to efficient buildings powered by building integrated flat-plate photovoltaic/thermal collectors, equipped with electric energy storage. The produced renewable electricity and thermal energy are exploited for building electrical and thermal applications. The surplus of produced electricity is stored into the electrical battery and used to charge the electric vehicle. The proposed system is modelled and dynamically simulated within the TRNSYS environment, where special attention is paid to the design of suitable system control strategies, aiming at optimizing the exploitation of the solar energy for electricity and heating purposes. To this aim, a sensitivity analysis is also carried out to find out the optimal system configuration. A case study analysis, relative to the weather zone of Naples (South Italy), is conducted to evaluate the energy, economic and environmental feasibility of the investigated scenario. Simulation results show that, with respect to a reference system, a remarkable reduction of electricity from the grid is achieved, corresponding to a primary energy saving equal to 57.66%. A reduction of 51.63% of CO2 emissions and a simple pay payback period equal to 11.64 years are achieved.
This paper describes the “Deformometric Kit” (DK), which is both a methodological approach and an equipment conceived, designed and made at DEISTAF (University of Florence). The DK's main purpose is to carry out measurements and monitoring of the deformation dynamics of wooden objects. The monitoring can take place in virtually any environment, for any desired duration (minutes, hours, weeks, years, and so on). The measurement can be carried out mainly, but not exclusively, in connection with fluctuations of ambient temperature and relative humidity. The DK provides a reliable and accurate record (a first step towards understanding) of the behaviour of original panel paintings placed in their usual exhibition location, enabling curatorial staff and researchers to (a) obtain information about the behaviour of individual supports, in order to evaluate the impact of climate on their conservation state, help to make decisions for future restoration interventions; and (b) provide reference data for calibrating and validating numeric models. It can also provide data on the deformation of a panel while it is handled and transported, enabling an evaluation of stresses to which it is subjected during this operation. The device consists of two displacement transducers, which are fixed (in a low-impact, reversible way) to the back face of the panel, perpendicular to the grain, at different distances from the panel's surface. The two transducers not only measure the in-plane shrinkage/swelling of the panel, but since they are located at different distances, their measurements can also be combined with simple geometrical calculations to indicate the amount of distortion (cupping) which the panel undergoes. This paper explains the geometrical principles on which the DK is based, as well as its construction. Some examples of the data which have been obtained during actual monitoring by the DK are also included.
Increasing both the energy density and the power density of supercapacitors is an important but challenging research subject. Porous carbon with extremely high surface, such as activated carbon, is a key engineering material for current supercapacitor technology. Here we report optimized mesopores enabling significantly enhanced rate performance in hierarchically meso-/microporous carbon with a ultrahigh surface area for supercapacitors, which is prepared by a new in-situ template method to exhibit a high mesopore volume proportion (66.0%), as well as a large pore volume up to 2.47cm3 g−1, and an ultrahigh specific surface area of 3122m2 g−1. Polysiloxane was used as a precursor to produce nonporous SiOC, and sequentially NaOH was used to activate SiOC to produce highly porous carbon by removing silica and activating carbon. Hierarchically porous carbon C800 exhibited a high energy density up to 42Whkg−1 at a power density of 374Wkg−1, and still retained an energy density of 21Whkg−1 at a high power density of 30kWkg−1. The superior rate performance of the supercapacitor is attributed to that C800 contains a majority proportion of mesopores which facilitate fast ion migration during high power charging/discharging.
Flexible energy storage devices gained lot of substantial research interest in the recent decade as their special features and potential applications in different portable electronic devices such as smart sensors, actuators, mobiles, flexible touch screens and electronic newspapers, etc. Therefore, to develop such devices, the flexible electrode and electrolytes with desired mechanical and electrochemical properties are required. In present article, porous nanostructured MnO2 thin films are prepared directly on flexible stainless steel substrate through chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. Further, flexible all-solid-state thin film symmetric supercapacitors (FASSTF-SSCs) have been fabricated using identical MnO2 electrodes with carboxymethyl cellulose- Na2SO4 (CMC-Na2SO4) gel electrolyte. Our results, demonstrate that 0.7μm thick FASSTF cell exhibits specific capacitance of 145Fg−1 with specific energy of 16Whkg−1 and excellent cycling stability after 2500 cycles. In addition, we have presented demonstration of lighting of two light emitting diodes (LEDs) for 135s which finally confirms the potential applicability of MnO2 based solid-state symmetric cells for high-performance flexible energy storage devices.
The Short Form 12-item Health Survey (SF-12v2) was originally developed in English, but it is also available in Hong Kong (HK) Chinese. While both language versions had their measurement properties well assessed in their respective populations, their measurement invariance in scores has not been examined. Therefore, we aimed to assess their measurement invariance.
Aluminum has been long considered as promising anode material for Li ion batteries because of its low cost, abundance, and low toxicity. Aluminum undergoes alloying with lithium through intermetallic LiAl formation, which offers a relatively high theoretical capacity of 993 mAh/g compared to 372 mAh/g for graphite. However, aluminum anodes typically suffer from rapid capacity fading and failure within first few cycles due to a pronounced volume increase that accompanies the formation of LiAl alloy, which results in accumulation of mechanical stresses, pulverization and permanent loss of the active material. In this work we investigate this process in detail and propose a new approach to overcome the negative effects of the volume change. Specifically, we show that cycling Al anode coated with poly(ethylene oxide) based polymer electrolyte gives rise to formation of a stable three-dimensional porous nanostructure with the newly formed LiAl phase growing inside the polymer electrolyte. As a result, the volume changes are confined to the nanostructure/polymer layer and do not change the overall dimensions of the aluminum anode, thus allowing us to avoid pulverization of the active material and achieve stable and reversible cycling of the Al anodes. However, the amount of the active nanostructure that can be grown on planar Al substrates is limited by the resistance of the polymer electrolyte and its ability to incorporate the growing LiAl phase.
Since July 2002, tertiary treated waste water has been used to artificially recharge the phreatic aquifer of the dunes in the Belgian western coastal plain. The purpose of this project is to develop a sustainable water source, and thereby minimize lowering of the water table while maintaining production capacity. The recharged water is extracted via production wells located south and north of two ponds used for the recharge. The uniqueness of this system is that the total dissolved solids in this recharge water is low (50mg/L) in comparison with natural dune water (550mg/L). In this paper, water quality of recharge water, groundwater between ponds and extraction wells, extracted water and dune water is analysed. The extraction water quality is determined by mixing of recharged water and dune water. Mineralisation of the recharge water occurs mainly by carbonate dissolution. Further O2 consumption, NO 3 - reduction and oxidation of Fe sulfide minerals are distinguished. At the beginning of 2007 clogging of the ponds began to occur and it was observed that extraction rates and temperature of the recharge water influenced the amount of water which could be recharged. Using Cl− data, it is confirmed that all the recharged water is recovered by the extraction wells. Finally, it is concluded that the quality of the extracted water does not change significantly as a function of time.
Asymmetric electrochemical capacitor was categorized into two types: a battery-type electrode|capacitor-type electrode capacitor and a capacitor-type electrode|capacitor-type electrode capacitor. When designing asymmetric electrochemical capacitor, the influences of both current density and the electrode's potential window were taken into account. This article analyzed how the mass ratio between two electrodes influenced the electrochemical performances of asymmetric electrochemical capacitor. The formulas describing capacitor performance parameters (work voltage, specific capacitance, energy density and power density) were derived and applied to two types of asymmetric electrochemical capacitors. Therefore, the concrete relationships between mass ratio of electrodes and capacitor parameters were obtained. The influence of current density on mass ratio was investigated with organic LiMn2O4/AC system and others.
Jun Liu and Battery500 Consortium colleagues contemplate the way forward towards high-energy and long-cycling practical batteries.
Lithium-ion battery systems employed in high power demanding systems such as electric vehicles require a sophisticated monitoring system to ensure safe and reliable operation. Three major states of the battery are of special interest and need to be constantly monitored, these include: battery state of charge (SoC), battery state of health (capcity fade determination, SoH), and state of function (power fade determination, SoF). In a series of two papers, we propose a system of algorithms based on a weighted recursive least quadratic squares parameter estimator, that is able to determine the battery impedance and diffusion parameters for accurate state estimation. The functionality was proven on different battery chemistries with different aging conditions. The first paper investigates the general requirements on BMS for HEV/EV applications. In parallel, the commonly used methods for battery monitoring are reviewed to elaborate their strength and weaknesses in terms of the identified requirements for on-line applications. Special emphasis will be placed on real-time capability and memory optimized code for cost-sensitive industrial or automotive applications in which low-cost microcontrollers must be used. Therefore, a battery model is presented which includes the influence of the Butler–Volmer kinetics on the charge-transfer process. Lastly, the mass transport process inside the battery is modeled in a novel state-space representation.
Bitter-taste receptors (TAS2Rs) have recently been involved in the relaxation of mouse and guinea pig airways, and increased expression of TAS2Rs was shown in blood leucocytes from asthmatic children. We sought to identify and characterize the TAS2Rs expressed in isolated human bronchi and the subtypes involved in relaxation.
Effect of trace Al surface doping on the structure, surface chemistry and low temperature performance of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode is studied. Trace Al surface doping significantly promotes the low temperature performance of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2. At −20°C, the discharge capacity of the bare LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 is 37.8mAhg−1 at 5C, while it increases to 60.5mAhg−1 after trace Al surface doping, nearly twice magnitude of the bare material. Via the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, it is confirmed that Al element has been successfully doped into the surface of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2. Surface-doped trace Al efficiently changes the lattice parameters, inhibits the resistance rise, accelerates lithium ion diffusion, and finally promotes the low temperature performance of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2.
Iron phthalocyanine supported on graphite nanofibers (GNF_FePc) were synthesized using a simple solvothermal process and characterized using various structural analyses. GNF_FePc were employed as bifunctional electrocatalysts in the air cathode of lithium-oxygen batteries. Galvanostatic charge–discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were performed to assess the Performance of Li-air batteries. The air-cell delivered a high specific capacity of ∼5500 mAh/g at the first cycle which remained close to 90% of that value after 4 cycles. The reversibility was nearly 100% for all the four cycles with comparatively lower over potential.
Why do some people have superior memory capabilities? We addressed this age-old question by examining individuals renowned for outstanding memory feats in forums such as the World Memory Championships. Using neuropsychological measures, as well as structural and functional brain imaging, we found that superior memory was not driven by exceptional intellectual ability or structural brain differences. Rather, we found that superior memorizers used a spatial learning strategy, engaging brain regions such as the hippocampus that are critical for memory and for spatial memory in particular. These results illustrate how functional neuroimaging might prove valuable in delineating the neural substrates of mnemonic techniques, which could broaden the scope for memory improvement in the general population and the memory-impaired.
This study takes advantage of the natural plant dwarf morning glory. It may be able to use in solar photovoltaic technology. The experimental results indicated that the dwarf morning glory flower dye has an absorption peak of 657 nm. The manufactured dye-battery has be obvious, a maximum current of 4.7 × 10−3 (A/cm2) and a maximum voltage of 0.27 V and a conversion efficiency of 1.27 %. The yield of hydrogen generation can reach to 3.14 × 10−05 (l/s m2).
Experimental active compression-decompression (ACD) CPR is associated with increased haemodynamic outcomes compared to standard mechanical chest compressions. Since no clinically available mechanical chest compression device is capable of ACD-CPR, we modified the LUCAS 2 (Physio-Control, Lund, Sweden) to deliver ACD-CPR, hypothesising it would improve haemodynamic outcomes compared with standard LUCAS CPR on pigs with cardiac arrest.
Objective This study aimed to develop and validate a tablet mobile application version of the UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment (UPSA-M), a widely used test for assessing functional capacity in schizophrenia and other neurocognitively impaired patient populations. Methods The UPSA-M was developed for an iPad platform. Twenty-one middle-aged and older adults with schizophrenia and 13 healthy comparison (HC) participants completed a brief iPad tutorial, followed by the UPSA-M (full version, which includes all components of Brief UPSA-M) and a computer usage questionnaire. During a separate visit, patients with schizophrenia and HC participants completed the Brief UPSA (UPSA-B), and patients with schizophrenia completed a symptom inventory and brief neuropsychological screening battery. Results The UPSA-M was feasible for use among middle aged and older adults with schizophrenia with no prior history of tablet usage. The UPSA-M was able to differentiate between schizophrenia and HC participants 80% of the time, and this differential ability increased to 87% with the UPSA-M Brief. Traditional UPSA scores, UPSA-B scores, and neuropsychological performance were related to UPSA-M scores, whereas symptoms of psychopathology, experience with tablet technology, or difficulties operating the device were not significantly associated with UPSA-M. Conclusions The UPSA-M performed just as well as the standard-of-practice version. These preliminary results indicate that the UPSA-M Brief has greater sensitivity than the full version of the UPSA-M, and carries the advantage of a shorter administration time. Overall, the UPSA-M appears to be a promising mobile tool to assess functional capacity.