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Synthesis and characterization of new nanocomposites of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) and a sulfonated, alkylated polyaniline derivative (poly(N-propane sulfonic acid aniline), PSPAN) are described. These nanocomposites were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption, and some electrochemical methods, including chronopotentiometry (i.e. charge–discharge curves), cyclic voltammetry, impedance, and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). Results indicate the presence of the organic material between the layers of the inorganic matrix, where some sulfonic groups of the polymeric chain interact with the vanadium atom. EQCM experiments have shown that anions have a negligible participation in the charge compensation process during the oxide/polymer-reduction reactions in the nanocomposite. This phenomenon was attributed to the presence of the negatively charge sulfonic group. Results point to the possibility of using this polymeric material as cathode in secondary lithium batteries, because mainly Li+ would be involved in the charge compensation process, thus not leading to changes in the electrolyte composition. The cyclability of the nanocomposite is higher that the vanadium pentoxide due to the fact that there is not an important swelling process.
The novel CeVO3 anode material is synthesized successfully by simple sol-gel method. The crystal structure is determined by the X-ray diffraction, where the CeVO3 possesses a stable framework and a good lithium-ion migration pathway. The corresponding electrochemical measurement shows that pure CeVO3 presents a low reversible discharge capacity and poor rate performance due to the low electronic conductivity. In order to improve the electrochemical properties, the carbon-coated CeVO3 samples are also prepared choosing sucrose as carbon source with 9.5% carbon content. The added carbon inhibits the particle growth and increases the conductivity. By carbon-coating, the corresponding electronic conductivity of the CeVO3 is increased by one order of magnitude and the lithium diffusion coefficient is increased from 6.55 × 10−11 cm2 s−1 to 2.26 × 10−10 cm2 s−1, resulting in the improvement of discharge specific capacity and rate performance. In addition, using In-situ XRD method, we determine the Li ions insertion/extraction mechanism of the CeVO3 material which can be interpreted as a solid-solution behavior. Finally, using nudged elastic band method, we calculate the possible migration paths for lithium diffusion in CeVO3 crystal which most likely prefers to along the diagonal direction of z axis and x axis.
Shape tailoring of active materials could alter the performance of supercapacitors. Herein, we report the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) assisted hydrothermal approach for the synthesis of single crystalline CuCo2O4 octahedrons and their application in a supercapacitor. Morphology and BET surface area analysis demonstrates the formation of CuCo2O4 octahedrons with a surface area of 61.97 m2 g−1. As an active material, the CuCo2O4 octahedrons exhibited a high specific capacity of 989 C g-1 at 5 mV s−1. In addition, a long-term cyclic stability with 87% of its initial specific capacity retention was achieved after 5000 cycles at 10 A g−1. This outstanding performance could be ascribed to its unique octahedron morphology. The electrochemical results demonstrate that CuCo2O4 with such a unique octahedron architecture could be a potential active material for the development of a high performance supercapacitor.
The characterization of trophically and geochemically important suspended particulate matter (SPM) has traditionally relied on bottle sampling and subsequent analysis with Coulter Multisizers and other instruments, which are not sufficient in preserving the in situ size, shape and composition of aggregated particles. The small volume particle microsampler (SVPM) is a sampling device that captures individual particles on filters with minimal disturbance for microscope image analysis of size distribution and composition. Sand grains, microalga (Dunaliella tertiolecta) and laboratory cultivated flocs were used to test the SVPM's ability to determine particle size. For statistical analysis of the SVPM's capabilities, sand grain and algal size distribution, calculated as equivalent spherical diameter (ESD), were compared to Multisizer data while video images provided a comparison for the flocs. Non-aggregated sand particles sampled by the SVPM showed a size distribution that was similar to that of the Multisizer. Aggregated D. tertiolecta flocs were broken up by the Multisizer, and SVPM data indicated a significantly greater mean ESD. The SVPM showed significantly smaller mean ESDs than the video images because of the higher resolution of the sampler for small particles. In terms of particle concentration, the microsampler measured values similar to those of the Multisizer and video camera. The most important feature of the SVPM is its ability to capture aggregates for the analysis of composition, by histological stains or other means. The SVPM is an alternative method of sampling that is more effective in preserving aggregates for laboratory analyses and is less complicated and expensive than in situ optical sampling techniques, especially in documenting the lower end of the particle size spectrum.
NiCo2O4 is a potential lithium-ion battery (LIB) anode material that can be applied to the industrial production for commercial applications. However, the capacity and cycling stability of the LIB based on NiCo2O4 should be improved first. Herein, graphene-based NiCo2O4 nanosheet arrays directly grown on nickel foam have been successfully synthesized. This composites array shows significantly improved lithium storage properties with higher reversible capacity and better cycling stability than NiCo2O4 nanosheets. The three-dimensional graphene not only serves as a conductive network to increase the conductivity of the NiCo2O4, but also can offer effective buffering to accommodate the lithiation-induced stress which is beneficial to lithium storage and cycling stability.
The electrochemical storage of energy in automobiles faces the possibility of a major change, in that the electrical systems planned for vehicles are expected to be far more extensive than hitherto. These advanced electrical systems will require the electrical energy-storage element (one or more batteries) to operate at a partial-state-of-charge for most of its life and at unprecedented high rates (so-called ‘HRPSoC duty’). The remarkable advances achieved with valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery technology for electric vehicles (EVs) during the past 8–10 years will be of only passing value in overcoming the challenges posed by HRPSoC duty. This is because the battery failure modes seen in HRPSoC operation are quite different from those faced in EV (deep-cycle) use. The replacement of the 12V automotive battery will not take place rapidly. If the applications that take its place are to be satisfied by a lead-acid product (probably VRLA), rather than by a battery of a different chemistry, a programme of development as successful as that mounted for deep-cycle duty will be required.
Abstract Graphene, single layer of sp2 bonded carbon atoms, has gained immense scientific interest since its discovery in 2004. Its unique properties, viz., large surface area, excellent conductivity, high mechanical strength, high thermal stability, transparency, and flexibility, make it desirable for various applications such as sensing, energy storage, flexible electronic devices, touch screens, liquid crystal displays, photovoltaic cells, and organic light-emitting diodes, fuel cells, etc. In the recent past, graphene has been one of the most preferred electrode materials for microbial electrochemical technology (MET) owing to its higher specific surface area and increased electron transfer efficiency and biocompatibility, which are desirable properties for anodes particularly in microbial fuel cell (MFC). Graphene-based cathodes show higher catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction due to increased active sites, conductivity, and favorable pathway of reaction. In this context, this chapter reviews graphene's production methods, properties, and its applications in various areas, with a special focus on its application in MFCs.
We report on a particularly stable 3 V all-solid-state sodium–ion battery built using a closo-borate based electrolyte, namely Na2(B12H12)0.5(B10H10)0.5. Battery performance is enhanced through the creation of an intimate cathode–electrolyte interface resulting in reversible and stable cycling with a capacity of 85 mA h g−1 at C/20 and 80 mA h g−1 at C/5 with more than 90% capacity retention after 20 cycles at C/20 and 85% after 250 cycles at C/5. We also discuss the effect of cycling outside the electrochemical stability window and show that electrolyte decomposition leads to faster though not critical capacity fading. Our results demonstrate that owing to their high stability and conductivity closo-borate based electrolytes could play a significant role in the development of a competitive all-solid-state sodium–ion battery technology.
A facile one-step hydrothermal route was developed to prepare SnS2/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (TSG) with hexagonal SnS2 nanoplates and ultrafine nanocrystals grown and distributed uniformly on the graphene nanosheets. The lateral size and thickness of the nanoplates laid on the graphene sheets with a preferential c-axis were about 140nm and 25nm, whereas the average size of the nanocrystals was about 6nm. Electrochemical Li-ion storage performance of the TSG nanocomposites was investigated by using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatical charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results showed that the TSG electrode exhibited exceptional high reversible capacity with good cycling stability (1005 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles at the current density of 100mA g-1), and extraordinary rate capability (612 mAh g-1 at the rate of 2000mA g-1). The superior performance could be attributed to the large available surface area, high conductivity and fast transportation of electrons and Li ions, which were benefited from the unique structure of the material and the synergistic effect between SnS2 and graphene.
Rhombohedral shaped MnCO3 and its hybrid composite with in situ reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have been synthesized by a simple and cost effective hydrothermal approach and examined as active material for supercapacitor application. The redox active MnCO3 showed high specific capacitance of 185F/g at 1.5A/g in 1M Na2SO4 electrolyte accompanied by high cycle stability. The high utility of the pseudocapacitive MnCO3 was achieved in its carbonaceous materials based hybrid composites exhibiting the maximum specific capacitance of 368F/g and 357F/g, respectively for the rGO-MnCO3 and MWCNT-MnCO3 composite at 1.5A/g current accompanied by very high cycle efficiency of 96% and 97% specific capacitance retention over 1000 charge discharge cycle at 3A/g. The high surface activity of the MnCO3 along with the synergistic effect with highly conductive and high surface area porous rGO and MWCNT resulted in their high energy density of 51.11Wh/kg and 49.58Wh/kg, respectively at a power delivery rate of 750W/kg suggesting both of them are competent to act as supercapacitor electrode material.
The aim of the present study was to explore clusters of psychoneurological symptoms and inflammation (levels of C-reactive protein) over time in a cohort of women with early-stage breast cancer. Specifically, we examined the relationships among affective symptoms (depression, anxiety, fatigue, sleep disturbances, pain, and perceived stress), domains of cognitive performance, and levels of peripheral C-reactive over a period of 2 years.
The domain-specificity of working memory was examined in psychosis-prone individuals with elevated social anhedonia scores. A group of individuals with deviant scores on the revised Social Anhedonia Scale (n=43) were compared with a normal control group (n=39) on delayed match-to-sample tasks involving spatial, identity, and affective information. The social anhedonia group performed less well on the spatial and emotion delayed match-to-sample tasks relative to the normally hedonic group. The two groups did not differ in terms of their performance on the identity delayed match-to-sample task. Although the social anhedonia group reported less positive affect, greater negative affect, and more alexithymic tendencies relative to the control group, there were no significant associations between these personality traits and working memory performance. In summary, the findings suggest that poorer working memory performance is not domain-specific in socially anhedonic individuals. The authors conclude that the socially anhedonic group's relatively poor performance on the emotion delayed match-to-sample task reflects difficulty and/or inefficiency in handling cognitively taxing tasks.
Ionic liquids (ILs) containing zwitterions have been studied as electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The effects of addition of a pyrrolidinium zwitterion in an IL electrolyte on the thermal and electrochemical stability and charge/discharge properties of Li/LiCoO2 and graphite/Li cells were investigated. The thermal decomposition temperature of the IL electrolyte composed of N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide ([P13][FSA])/lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (LiTFSA) with 3-(1-butylpyrrolidinium)propane-1-sulfonate (Bpyps) as the zwitterionic additive, the thermal decomposition temperature was about 300 °C. The electrochemical window of [P13][FSA]/LiTFSA/Bpyps was 0–+5.4 V vs. Li/Li+, which was almost identical to that of [P13][FSA]/LiTFSA. Li|electrolyte|LiCoO2 cells containing the IL/Bpyps electrolyte system exhibited high capacities in the cut-off voltage range of 3.0–4.6 V, even after 50 cycles. The increase in the interfacial resistance between the electrolyte and cathode with cycling was suppressed. In the cyclic voltammograms of cells employing a graphite electrode, the intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions were observed in the range of 0 and + 0.4 V vs. Li/Li+. Further, graphite|electrolyte|Li cells containing [P13][FSA]/LiTFSA/Bpyps exhibited stable charge/discharge cycle behaviour over 50 cycles.
High power consumption limits the endurance of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). It’s necessary to build a docking station to recover and recharge AUVs underwater. Inductive coupling is a commonly used method for contactless power transmission, which demonstrates superiorities in an underwater environment. In this study, a pair of coaxial and coreless coil structure is proposed for battery charging of the AUV. The performance of an inductive contactless power transfer (ICPT) system in SP topology is analyzed considering the loss of eddy-current in sea water, switching elements and diode-bridge. An appropriate frequency is selected to realize a maximum system efficiency. In the laboratory experiment, the selected topology demonstrates stable properties and realizes a maximum charging power of approximately 300W. The efficiency of the ICPT system varies from 75% to 91% with a total efficiency of 63–77% during the entire charging period.
This paper studies the transient response of the output voltages of a Ballard-Mark-V 35-cell 5kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack with power conversion for applications in autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) under load changes. Four types of pulse-width modulated (PWM) dc–dc power converters are employed to connect to the studied fuel cell in series for converting the unregulated fuel cell stack voltage into the desired voltage levels. The fuel cell model in this paper consists of the double-layer charging effect, gases diffusion in the electrodes, and the thermodynamic characteristic; PWM dc–dc converters are assumed to operate in continuous-conduction mode with a voltage-mode control compensator. The models of the study's fuel cell and PWM dc–dc converters have been implemented in a Matlab/SIMULINKTM environment. The results show that the output voltages of the studied PEMFC connected with PWM dc–dc converters during a load change are stable. Moreover, the model can predict the transient response of hydrogen/oxygen out flow rates and cathode and anode channel temperatures/pressures under sudden change in load current.
This work reports the supercapacitive properties of composite films of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and ruthenium oxide (RuO2). Transmission and scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical studies revealed that the nanoporous three-dimensional arrangement of RuO2-coated MWNT in these films facilitated the improvement of electron and ion transfer relative to MWNT films. The capacitance was measured for films of different RuO2 loading, revealing specific capacitances per mass as high as 628Fg−1. The energy storage density of the electrode has increased about three times as compared to MWNT treated with piranha solution.
Carbon nanofibers are in-situ prepared in carbon coated Li3V2(PO4)3 by the chemical vapor deposition method. The carbon nanofibers connect the isolated Li3V2(PO4)3 regions thus constructing an efficient conductive network for electrons transportation. In addition, incorporation of the surface carbon coating and carbon nanofibers promotes the electrochemical kinetic properties of the material which improves the electrochemical performance of Li3V2(PO4)3. In all materials under investigation, the one containing 6.4wt% carbon nanofibers shows excellent cycle stability resulting in capacity retention of 90.5% after 300 cycles. Moreover, a large discharge capacity of 94.7mAhg⿿1 is obtained at the 20C rate highlighting excellent rate capability of the material.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) have high potential for reducing fuel consumption and emissions, and for providing a way to utilize renewable energy sources for the transportation sector. On the other hand, charging millions of PEVs could overload the power grid, increase emissions and significantly alter economic characteristics. A day-time photovoltaic (PV) based, plug-in electric vehicle charging station located in a workplace parking garage is considered in this research. The results show the impact of PV based workplace charging on the economics and emissions from the power grid. An optimal charge scheduling strategy is compared with an uncontrolled charging case to perform the economics and emissions analysis. Two locations (Columbus, OH and Los Angeles, CA) are selected such that the analysis includes different scenarios of yearly variation of solar radiation and finance structure. A high fidelity hourly simulation model for energy economic analysis is developed considering different types of vehicles, statistical data for driving distances, parking time, installation cost, tax rebates and incentives. An incremental parking rate for accessing the charging facility is considered for economic analysis for the garage owner and the vehicle owner. The analysis is extended to consider the impact of carbon tax implementation on the driver economics and shows the feasibility of such PV based charging stations. Parametric analysis for different parking rates and installed capacities show (i) the feasibility of a PV based workplace charging facility, (ii) benefits to the vehicle owner and the garage owner, and (iii) the need for an optimal charging controller.
The article introduces a Cyclic Capacity Fade Plot, to depict the deterioration of a lithium-ion cell material, as a graph between a factor based on State of Charge (ΔSOC*SOCmean) and the % capacity loss per cycle. The plots are generated entirely using experimental data. A variant of this plot is presented as Log(cycle life) vs. ΔSOC*SOCmean, that is analogous to Stress–Number of Cycles (S–N) type limit curves used in the study of cyclic fatigue of metallic materials. The monotonic variation and in some cases near linear nature of these plots, valid for different temperatures, is noteworthy. These plots provide a wealth of information at a quick glance and are shown to be useful in comparing the performance of different cell materials. The utility of the Cyclic Capacity Fade Plots is demonstrated illustratively for two (Li Manganese Oxide) LMO-graphite cells studied in-house and for an olivine system reported in the literature. These plots are expected to be useful in electrode material development, accelerated testing, battery health management etc.
We report an electrolyte with low flammability, based on diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME) dissolving lithium bis-trifluoromethane sulfonimidate (LiTFSI), and lithium nitrate (LiNO3) for high-performances lithium/sulfur battery. Self-diffusion coefficients, conductivity, and lithium transport number of the electrolyte are obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Interface stability, lithium stripping/deposition ability, and the electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte are determined by voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. The tests suggest conductivity higher than 10−2 S cm−1, lithium transport number of about 0.5, electrochemical stability extending from 0 V to 4.6 V, and excellent compatibility with lithium metal. A composite cathode using sulfur and multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is characterized in terms of structure and morphology by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The study shows spherical flakes in which the carbon nanotubes protect the crystalline sulfur from excessive dissolution, and create the optimal host for allowing the proper cell operation. The Li/S cell reveals highly reversible process during charge/discharge cycles, fast kinetic, and lithium diffusion coefficient in the sulfur electrode ranging from 10−12 to 10−10 cm2 s−1. The cell evidences a coulombic efficiency approaching 100%, capacity from 1300 mAh g−1 to 900 mAh g−1 and practical energy density higher than 400 Wh kg−1.
A review of research on power units in space indicates that the main sources are solar energy, batteries, and nuclear power. No literature data on the utilization of the heat liberated by spacecraft equipment may be found. In the present work, on the basis of the Carnot and Rankine cycles, the influence of a unit converting waste heat to electric power on the mass of the radiant cooling system is assessed.
Silicon and polypyrrole composites with different microstructures of polypyrrole were synthesized using high-energy mechanical milling. The nano-wires polypyrrole and micro-particles polypyrrole act as a matrix to hold the active silicon grains as they repeatedly alloy with lithium during the operation of a lithium ion battery. The composite containing 10wt.% polypyrrole nano-wires exhibits a relative better reversibility and cycle life than bare silicon, while the silicon/micro-particles polypyrrole composite shows no improvement.