batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A retrospective population-based study was conducted to calculate incidence of pediatric stroke, detect risk factors, determine long term outcome and to optimize therapy. Patients (age: >1 month and <19 years) with stroke in Vorarlberg, Austria, from 1984-2005 were investigated. Outcome was evaluated in terms of neurological deficits, neuropsychological measures, and quality of life. Consequences on therapy were established according to current guidelines. Twenty-two children, median age 6 years (range, 0.9-14) years, 16 ischemic and 6 hemorrhagic stroke, correspond to an incidence of 1.96 and 0.74/100.000 child-years, respectively. No child died; one had a recurrent stroke. Twenty children (12 boys) were included after a median time of 3.7 years (range, 0.4-18). Risk factors were vasculopathy (17/20; 85%), lipometabolic disorders (17/20; 85%), and prothrombotic abnormality (10/20; 50%). Three children had no risk factor; four children had a reduced quality of life. The study led to therapeutic consequences in 13 of 20 children (65%): aspirin (5/20; 25%), folic acid in (3/20; 15%), and rehabilitative therapy (9/20; 45%). Most children with pediatric stroke have more than one risk factor, mainly vasculopathies or elevation of lipoprotein(a). Overall outcome is determined solely by neurological deficits and is positively influenced by good quality of life.
Vertically oriented graphene nanosheets (VOGNs) fabricated on conductive substrates with a large amount of edge planes and open channels are ideal for electrochemical double-layer (EDL) capacitor electrodes. However, preparation of such a structure with high-density of graphene nanosheets is challenging. Herein, a facile, environment-friendly, and economical technique to prepare high-quality VOGNs directly on conductive graphite plates with a high mass loading is described. The VOGNs are obtained by electrochemical anodization of graphite and a large amount of aligned reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is produced and adheres strongly to the graphite substrate (G@rGO). The symmetrical supercapacitors composed of the G@rGO electrodes exhibit a high volumetric capacitance of 3.9Fcm−3 and energy density of 0.66WhL−1 (based on the volume of the whole electrode) at a current density of 7.5mAcm−3 in 6M KOH. The rate performance and long-term cycling stability are very good. The outstanding capacitive performance can be attributed to the unique structure of the G@rGO electrode which facilitates transportation of ions between the electrolyte and graphene surface, minimizes the distributive nature of charge storage, expedites the formation of EDL, and enhances the electrochemical utilization of graphene and stability by avoiding restacking and aggregation of graphene nanosheets.
Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority (ZESA) is mandated to provide power to all parts of the country but in rural areas the electrification rate is very low, estimated at 5%. This is due to technical, financial and socio-economical factors. These factors include low loads, long reticulation lines, and low and erratic incomes. This renders the electrification of some rural areas through grid extension not feasible in the short and medium term. As part of the solution, renewables were incorporated as an alternative energy supply to such rural areas. This paper discusses the technical and socio-economic characteristics of the rural areas in Zimbabwe and the role of renewables in meeting rural loads.
The Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy aims to fund high-risk high-reward clean energy technology in the United States, but evaluating its impact is difficult. Goldstein et al. compare startups that won Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy funding to other cleantech startups, and find that Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy awardees tend to gain more patents but that more is needed to help them overcome the valley of death.
Objective To examine the validity of 5 robot-based assessments of arm motor function poststroke. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Outpatient clinical research center. Participants Volunteer sample of participants (N=40; age, >18y; 3–6mo poststroke) with arm motor deficits that had reached a stable plateau. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Clinical standards included the arm motor domain of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and 5 secondary motor outcomes: hand/wrist subsection of the arm motor domain of the FMA, Action Research Arm Test, Box and Block test (BBT), hand motor subscale of the Stroke Impact Scale Version 2.0, and Barthel Index. Robot-based assessments included wrist targeting, finger targeting, finger movement speed, reaction time, and a robotic version of the BBT. Anatomical measures included percent injury to the corticospinal tract (CST) and extent of injury of the hand region of the primary motor cortex obtained from magnetic resonance imaging. Results Participants had moderate to severe impairment (arm motor domain of the FMA scores, 35.6±14.4; range, 13.5–60). Performance on the robot-based tests, including speed (r=.82; P<.0001), wrist targeting (r=.72; P<.0001), and finger targeting (r=.67; P<.0001), correlated significantly with the arm motor domain of the FMA scores. Wrist targeting (r=.57–.82) and finger targeting (r=.49–.68) correlated significantly with all 5 secondary motor outcomes and with percent CST injury. The robotic version of the BBT correlated significantly with the clinical BBT but was less prone to floor effects. Robot-based assessments were comparable to the arm motor domain of the FMA score in relation to percent CST injury and superior in relation to extent of injury to the hand region of the primary motor cortex. Conclusions The present findings support using a battery of robot-based methods for assessing the upper extremity motor function in participants with chronic stroke.
Benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) produces electrical energy due to the redox gradient between anode and cathode. Exoelectrogens present at anode consume organic substrates and produce electrons. Anode act as an electron acceptor, therefore, requires efficient material for power enhancement in BMFC. 3D Carbon foam was synthesized as anode material by slow heating of table sugar and urea foam until 900 °C in presence of Nitrogen gas. Cost-efficient 3D Sugar-Urea Carbon Foam electrode material was decorated over steel wool named as SUF. Magnetite was added at the initial step to prepare Magnetite doped Carbon foam named as SUMF. Composite electrode materials were used in lab-scale BMFC and compared with Carbon felt (C). These composites were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Chronocoulomerty (CC), Cyclic voltammetry (CV), and Electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS). ImageJ was used for the determination of pore area percentage and pore size from SEM images. Exchange current density calculated for C, SUF, and SUMF was 0.09, 3.51, and 0.18 A m−2 respectively. Maximum power achieved was 0.27, 3.5, and 2.6 mW and their corresponding power densities were 8.5, 190, and 67 mW m−2 for C, SUF, and SUMF respectively. Synthesized 3D electrode material showed better performance compared to carbon felt due to enhanced surface area and biocompatibility.
The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a technology in which microorganisms employ an electrode (anode) as a solid electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration. This results in direct transformation of chemical energy into electrical energy, which in essence, renders  organic wastewater into fuel. Amongst the various types of organic waste, urine is particularly interesting since it is the source of 75 % of the nitrogen present in domestic wastewater despite only accounting for 1 % of the total volume. However, there is a persistent problem for efficient MFC scale-up, since the higher the surface area of electrode to volume ratio, the higher the volumetric power density. Hence, to reach usable power levels for practical applications, a plurality of MFC units could be connected together to produce higher voltage and current outputs; this can be done by combinations of series/parallel connections implemented both horizontally and vertically as a stack. This plurality implies that the units have a simple design for the whole system to be cost-effective. The goal of this work was to address the built configuration of these multiple MFCs into stacks used for treating human urine.
From an early age children help others yet the underlying mechanisms of children’s prosocial attention remain understudied. Comparing the attentional and physiological mechanisms of prosocial attention of typically developing and atypically developing children contributes to our understanding of the ontogeny of prosocial development. We presented typically developing (TD) children and children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), who often have difficulty developing prosocial behaviour, with scenarios in which an adult needed a dropped object to finish a task but was subsequently not helped by a second adult. In a perceptually matched non-social control scenario, children saw self-propelled objects move and drop without any adult present in the scene. Results showed a dissociation between arousal (pupil dilation) and the anticipation of the individual’s need (gaze patterns), such that only TD children looked longer at the correct solution to the adult’s need prior to the resolution of the situation. In contrast, following the resolution of the scene, both groups showed greater arousal when the adult was not helped compared to when the non-social situation remained unresolved. For the ASD group, this effect was greatest for children with higher developmental quotients. These results suggest that, despite similarities in prosocial attention between TD and ASD children, previously documented reduced prosocial behaviour in children with ASD may be in part due to a specific impairment in anticipating prosocial behaviour.
Hexavalent iron species (Fe(VI)) have been known for over a century, and have long-time been investigated as the oxidant for water purification, as the catalysts in organic synthesis and more recently as cathodic charge storage materials. Conventional Fe(VI) syntheses include solution phase oxidation (by hyphchlorite) of Fe(III), and the synthesis of less soluble super-irons by dissolution of FeO42−, and precipitation with alternate cations. This paper reviews a new electrochemical Fe(VI) synthesis route including both in situ and ex situ syntheses of Fe(VI) salts. The optimized electrolysis conditions for electrochemical Fe(VI) synthesis are summarized. Direct electrochemical synthesis of Fe(VI) compounds has several advantages of shorter synthesis time, simplicity, reduced costs (no chemical oxidant is required) and providing a possible pathway towards more electro-active and thermal stable Fe(VI) compounds. Fe(VI) analytical methodologies summarized in this paper are a range of electrochemical techniques. Fe(VI) compounds have been explored as energy storage cathode materials in both aqueous and non-aqueous phase in “super-iron” battery configurations. In this paper, electrochemical synthesis of reversible Fe(VI/III) thin film towards a rechargeable super-iron cathode is also summarized.
The main intention of this piece of work is to represent the only one part of results gained from far more large-scale study having the purpose to research actual trends within student population in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this research we used a battery comprising of general information on examinees, Scale of preferences and the most important things, Empathy Scale and Locus Control Scale. Having the sample consisting of 264 students, we analyze preferences and the most important things for young people, in an effort to state the most dominant life styles. We correlate life styles with the results gained on Empathy Scale and Locus Control Scale, so we obtain a series of interesting and important data on students’ population that the most dramatically witness the transition of a society.
Electrical energy storage and management is an urgent issue due to climate change and energy shortage. Dielectric and double-layer capacitors are the two basic energy-storage devices currently available. However, the application of the dielectric capacitor is very limited due to its low capacitance, while the double-layer capacitor suffers from difficult scaling-up and high fabrication cost, even though its capacitance is high. In this work, we present the first energy-storage membrane which stores charge when simply sandwiched between two metal plates. With an ionic conductivity of 2.8 × 10−4 S cm−1, the membrane is highly polarizable, and its energy-storage mechanism is based on the condensation–decondensation of mobile cations in the membrane negative matrix. The capacitance of a 1.0 cm2 area membrane is 0.2 F cm−2, and it can be readily scaled up simply by using larger membrane pieces. In view of its extreme simplicity, excellent scalability and practical viability, the novel game-changing membrane reported here may provide a sustainable solution to energy storage.
Electrochemical performance of an aqueous rechargeable lithium battery (ARLB) containing a LiV3O8 (negative electrode) and LiCoO2 (positive electrode) in saturated LiNO3 aqueous electrolyte was studied. These two electrode materials are stable in the aqueous solution and intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions occurs within the window of electrochemical stability of water. The obtained capacity of this cell system is about 55mAh/g based on the mass of the positive electrode, which is lower than the corresponding one in the non-aqueous lithium ion battery. However, its specific capacity can be compared with those of the lead acid and Ni–Cd batteries. In addition, initial results show that this cell system is good in cycling.
Prediction and estimation of internal battery states are important tasks for safe operation of batteries. However, due to inherent uncertainties like parameter, model structural and measurement uncertainties, it is especially challenging to make accurate predictions. We present a novel method for handling the structural error of a thermo-electrochemical battery model. With structural error, we refer to the errors caused by simplifications taken during modeling. We extend the battery model of a LiFePO4-graphite lithium-ion cell with an internal, stochastic error model in a minimally-intrusive way. We find the optimal error model parameters with Approximate Bayesian Computation and compare two error models of different complexity: an auto-regressive and a white-noise multiplier for the heat source term. Both extended models are then used together with a particle filter for data assimilation to determine adequate uncertainty bounds for predictions of the surface temperature at a 1C discharge rate. We show that the auto-regressive extended model can use the assimilated data more effectively to increase the predictive performance of the model on average when compared to the white-noise extended model. Our main conclusion is that accounting for the time-correlated character of model errors helps improve data assimilation and predictive performance of physically-based thermo-electrochemical battery models.
Nanodispersed TiO2 consisting of anatase and brookite phases in a ratio of 3 : 1 is obtained by the sol–gel method from titanium(IV) butoxide at a temperature below 100°C. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy are used to show that the size of anatase particles is about 6 nm, and brookite particles consist of a crystal core, 4 nm in diameter, surrounded by an amorphous shell. Compared with the commercial Degussa P25 photocatalyst, which consists of the anatase and rutile phases in the same 3 : 1 ratio, the resulting TiO2 exhibits an increased photoactivity in hydroquinone oxidation. Quantum chemical modeling of anatase and brookite surfaces as well as their interface does not reveal the specific features of their electronic structure. This fact is indicative of the amorphous phase as an active participant in the transfer of charge carriers in the photocatalytic process.
Currently very few non-aqueous pseudocapacitor electrode materials are available. Organic matter based electrodes hold a great promise but remain largely unexplored. In this work, Ketjenblack carbon supported polyanthraquinone with different carbon to polymer ratios was prepared and evaluated as the pseudocapacitor electrode material in acetronitrile. These composite electrodes exhibit large specific capacitance up to 650F/g and specific capacity up to 270mAh/g when normalized to the polymer mass, which is much greater than other non-aqueous supercapacitor materials. They also have improved cycling stability with more than 85% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles as a result of the diminished quinone solubility in the electrolyte. When paired with a graphene-based positive electrode in asymmetric supercapacitors, composite electrodes demonstrate significant energy density up to 45.5Wh/kg and power density up to 21.4kW/kg. Their great supercapacitive performance, together with their low costs as well as structural and property diversities, makes them highly appealing for future energy storage applications.
This paper provides an overview of recent advances in battery technology resulting from the Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) energy storage research and development (R&D) programs for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electrical vehicles (EVs). The DOE’s Office of Advanced Automotive Technologies (OAAT) is working with industry, national laboratories, universities, and other government agencies to develop technologies that will lead to a reduction in the petroleum used and the emissions generated by the transportation sector. The programs reviewed in this paper are focused on accelerating the development of energy storage technologies that are critical for the commercialization of HEVs and EV. These include the research conducted at DOE’s national laboratories to develop the high-power batteries needed for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and the collaborative research with the US Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) to develop the high-energy batteries needed for EVs.
Si electrode is very promising as the anode material for next generation lithium ion batteries requiring high capacity and energy because of its high theoretical capacity (4200mAhg−1 compared to 372mAhg−1 for graphite) and low discharge potential (∼0.5V vs. Li/Li+). However, fast capacity fading of Si electrode is suffered from huge volume expansion and contraction during charging and discharging. Although many methods, including nanostructured electrode, thin film and composite electrode, have been proposed to overcome the capacity fading problem, high synthesis cost and/or poor effects prevent them from being used in the commercial applications. In this study, 3-dimensional (3D) Ni foam is adopted as the current collector for high capacity C–Si composite electrode. The results show that Ni foam can effectively suppress the electrode expansion and greatly improve the cycle life of Si electrode due to the 3D structure. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy also shows that the electrode with Ni foam show much lower impedance after cycling. Therefore, adopting Ni foam as the current collector provides a new way to incorporate the electrode materials with large volume expansion.
In recent years, high-performance flexible power sources require not only the improvement for high energy density and power density, but also the reliability and flexibility for practical application. However, the energy storage devices often fail to work and even cause safety problems under deformation, so the effective protection is particularly important. Here, we present a flexible and self-healable all-fiber-based quasi-solid-state lithium-ion battery (LIB). The anode is made up of porous reduced graphene oxide (rGO) fiber with SnO2 quantum dots and the cathode consists of spring-shaped rGO fiber with LiCoO2. The adjustable length of the spring-shaped cathode makes it easy to match the capacity with anode. The fibrous anode and cathode with diameters of 750 µm and 250 µm, respectively, are thick enough to reconnect by visual observation. The LIB can be assembled by the as-prepared cathode, anode and gel polymer together with the self-healing protective shell. The flexible and self-healable LIB has a capacity of 82.6 mAh g −1 under a series of deformation and retains 50.1 mAh g −1 after the 5 th healing process at a current density of 0.1 A g −1 . This work gives an essential strategy to design LIB for wearable devices.
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Authors with the agreement of the Editor-in-Chief. The corresponding Author submitted the manuscript without the approval of all the collaborators in the work. The Authors apologise for this serious violation of the publishing policies, and they offer sincere apologies to their collaborator. The journal apologises to its readers. The appropriate work has been published as http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.07.087
The effects of gallium doping on the structure and electrochemical properties of LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 were investigated by X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge tests. LiNi0.8Co0.2−x Ga x O2 (x =0.01, 0.03, 0.05) was synthesized using a sol–gel method and it showed the average particle size less than 1μm in diameter. Results showed that gallium-doping had no effect on the crystal structure (α-NaFeO2) of the cathode material in the range x ≤0.05. On the other hand, two transitions at 3.7–3.9 and 4.2–4.7V observed during the cycle test were merged into one when the amount of gallium doping increases to 0.05, implying that the enhanced capacity retention with gallium doping is attributed to the suppression of the phase transition of the cathode. However, the increase of gallium content in LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 slightly decreases the initial discharge capacity.
Ni–Cd pocket plate single cells have been float-charged at 1.40 and 1.42V at room temperature and 40°C for a time period of 2–3 years. Subsequent ex situ X-ray diffraction measurements were performed on the charged positive active Ni electrode material. The appearance of the diffraction pattern of one of the charged electrode materials (conventionally named nickel oxy-hydroxide-β-NiOOH) shows resemblance to the pattern of discharged nickel hydroxide (β-Ni(OH)2). In situ X-ray diffraction, electrochemical and transmission electron microscopy measurements were used to further investigate this charged phase. Our results clearly show the difficulties to interpret the data from X-ray powder diffraction measurements in order to study and characterise aged positive active material, especially in the charged state. The use of structure models from well crystalline, often synthetically manufactured, powder samples in order to describe amorphous material must be questioned. There are numerous parameters that may affect the charge/discharge transformation and the structural appearance of positive active material. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements indicate structural differences of the sample subjected to Rietveld refinement on X-ray diffraction data compared to earlier published structure.