batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Research has highlighted the need for new methods to assess emotions in children on multiple levels to gain better insight into the complex processes of emotional development. The startle reflex is a unique translational tool that has been used to study physiological processes during fear and anxiety in rodents and in human participants. However, it has been challenging to implement developmentally appropriate startle experiments in children. This article describes a procedure that uses predictable and unpredictable aversive events to distinguish between phasic fear and sustained anxiety in children and adolescents. We investigated anxious responses, as measured with the startle reflex, in youths (N =36, mean age=12.63years, range=7–17) across three conditions: no aversive events (N), predictable aversive events (P), and unpredictable aversive events (U). Short-duration cues were presented several times in each condition. Aversive events were signaled by the cues in the P condition but were presented randomly in the U condition. Participants showed fear-potentiated startle to the threat cue in the P condition. Startle responses were also elevated between cues in the U condition compared with the N condition, suggesting that unpredictable aversive events can evoke a sustained state of anxiety in youths. This latter effect was influenced by sex, being greater in girls than in boys. These findings indicate the feasibility of this experimental induction of the startle reflex in response to predictable and unpredictable events in children and adolescents, enabling future research on interindividual differences in fear and anxiety and their development in youths.
We report a new process to prepare VO2(R)-carbon composite microspheres, which can be used as an anode material in lithium ion batteries. Crystalline V2O3-carbon composite microspheres prepared by a one-pot spray pyrolysis process are transformed into VO2(R)-carbon composite microspheres by heat treatment at 300°C under air atmosphere. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), which is used as the carbon source, affects the morphologies, crystal structures, and electrochemical properties of the vanadium oxide materials. The carbon content of the VO2(R)-carbon composite powders is about 12.5 wt%. The bare vanadium oxide powders prepared from the spray solution without PVP show rod-like or spherical morphologies. The initial discharge and charge capacities of the VO2(R)-carbon composite powders are 1091 and 659mAhg−1, respectively. The discharge capacity of the VO2(R)-carbon composite powders after 100 cycles is 637mAhg−1 and their capacity retention after 100 cycles measured from the second cycle is 96.0%. The high structural stability encountered during lithium insertion and extraction improves the electrochemical properties of the VO2(R)-carbon composite powders.
Battery cell life depends critically on how the cell is used. Therefore, battery chargers and battery management systems must be designed to control cell usage carefully. In order to design optimal battery controls that effect a tradeoff between cell performance (in some sense) and cell life, a model of cell degradation is necessary. This model must be simple and incremental in order to be implemented by an inexpensive microcontroller. This paper takes a first step toward developing such a controls-oriented comprehensive cell degradation model by deriving a reduced-order model of a single mechanism: lithium deposition on overcharge, along with the resulting resistance rise and capacity loss. This reduced-order model approximates a physics-based PDE model from the literature, is simple and accurate, and may be used in optimal strategies for controlling lithium ion batteries.
In October 2019, the preferential trade agreement between the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and Iran entered into force. In the present study, we estimated its expected impact on mutual trade flows at aggregate and sectoral levels using the gravity model of trade based on the global sample of bilateral trade flows at the harmonized system six-digit level. The analysis suggested that the implementation of the agreement will boost mutual trade for both trading partners, with relatively greater gains expected for the EAEU’s exports to Iran. The total gains in mutual trade were estimated to reach over USD 72 million, with exports from the EAEU to Iran anticipated to increase by 19.1%, compared with a rise in exports from Iran to the EAEU of up to 7%. The difference in the impact is highly heterogeneous across the five EAEU countries and across sectors. The major export gains are estimated to accrue in the agri-food sectors—especially, trade in miscellaneous fruits and vegetables—and in the chemicals, textile, polymer production and selected electrical and machinery manufacturing sectors.
This paper proposes a fault-tolerant voltage measurement method for battery management systems. Instead of measuring the voltage of individual cells, the proposed method measures the voltage sum of multiple battery cells without additional voltage sensors. A matrix interpretation is developed to demonstrate the viability of the proposed sensor topology to distinguish between sensor faults and cell faults. A methodology is introduced to isolate sensor and cell faults by locating abnormal signals. A measurement electronic circuit is proposed to implement the design concept. Simulation and experiment results support the mathematical analysis and validate the feasibility and robustness of the proposed method. In addition, the measurement problem is generalized and the condition for valid sensor topology is discovered. The tuning of design parameters are analyzed based on fault detection reliability and noise levels.
Objective Two different Medtronic implantable pulse generator (IPG) models are currently used in clinical applications of deep brain stimulation (DBS): Soletra and Kinetra. The goal of this study was to evaluate and compare the stimulation waveforms produced by each IPG model. Methods We recorded waveforms from a broad range of stimulation parameter settings in each IPG model, and compared them to idealized waveforms that adhered to the parameters specified in the programming device. We then used a previously published computational model to predict the neural response to the various stimulation waveforms. Results The stimulation waveforms produced by the IPGs differed from the idealized waveforms assumed in previous theoretical and clinical studies, and the waveforms differed among the IPG models. These differences were greater at higher frequencies and longer pulse widths, and caused variations of up to 0.4V in activation thresholds for model axons located 3mm from the DBS electrode contact. Conclusions The specific details of the stimulation waveform directly affect the neural response to DBS and should be accounted for in theoretical and experimental studies of DBS. Significance While the clinical selection of DBS parameters is individualized to each patient based on behavioral outcomes, scientific analysis of stimulation parameter settings and clinical threshold measurements are subject to a previously unrecognized source of error unless the actual waveforms produced by the IPG are accounted for.
This paper presents a data-driven, meta-framework to support evidence-based decisions for researchers and practitioners when designing, investigating and implementing positive education interventions: the SEARCH framework. SEARCH was developed through a two-stage process. Stage one comprised a large-scale bibliometric review and thematic grouping of topics based on natural language processing of over 18,403 positive psychology studies. Stage two involved action-research with ten schools testing the practical validity of the wellbeing themes identified in stage one with educators. The result of these two stages identified six overarching pathways to wellbeing that formed the SEARCH framework: 1) strengths, 2) emotional management, 3) attention and awareness, 4) relationships, 5) coping and 6) habits and goals. The aim of this current review paper was to examine the existing educational and psychology literature for evidence of whether each SEARCH pathway has been found to successfully foster student wellbeing. Seventy five peer-reviewed studies (total student N = 35,888) were reviewed from North America, Europe, the United Kingdom, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Results demonstrate the value and applicability of the SEARCH framework. The comprehensive review conducted in this paper is then used to discuss current gaps in positive education research as well as present the utility of SEARCH as a framework to support positive education science and practice.
The soluble lead flow battery (SLFB) is a promising energy storage system. In comparison to conventional flow batteries, the membrane-less and single-flow design of SLFBs is potentially much more economical to scale up for utility-scale applications. However, SLFB lifespan reported so far is less than 200 cycles under normal flow conditions. This study reports a method for significantly extending the cycle life and expanding capacity of SLFBs. By adding an adequate amount of sodium ethanoate to the electrolyte, lead dioxide (PbO2) deposition stability is materially improved and shed PbO2 particles are substantially reduced. Lifespan of ethanoate-added SLFBs is shown to extend by over 50%, and under optimal condition exceeds 500 cycles at over 65% energy efficiency. This improvement in SLFB performance is primarily attributed to the stabilization of both the electroplated PbO2 layers and proton activity at the electrodeposit-electrolyte interphase. We demonstrate a novel and economical approach for advancing performance of membrane-less flow batteries that involve redox reactions associated with acidity variation and operate through electrodeposition.
The electrochemical aging of commercial non-aqueous lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6)/organic carbonate solvent based lithium ion battery electrolyte has been investigated in view of the formation of ionic and non-ionic alkylated phosphates. Subject was a solvent mixture of ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate EC:EMC (1:1, by wt.) with 1 M LiPF6 (LP50 Selectilyte™, BASF). The analysis was carried out by ion chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for ionic compounds and (headspace) gas chromatography mass spectrometry ((HS)-GC-MS) for non-ionic compounds. The electrochemical aging was performed by galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling and potentiostatic experiments with LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LMNO) as cathode material at increased cut-off potentials (>4.5 V vs. Li/Li+). A strong dependence of the formation of organophosphates on the applied electrode potential was observed and investigated by quantitative analysis of the formed phosphates. In addition, new possible “fingerprint” compounds for describing the electrolyte status were investigated and compared to existing compounds.
This paper presents a review about microgrids around the world, particularly analyzing cases installed in rural areas as a solution to the energy access problem in isolated areas. On the one hand, the Colombian case is presented with the aim to describe and analyze the two main problems affecting the electric system in the country: the coverage of electric infrastructure and the energy supply due to El Niño phenomenon. On the other hand, the paper includes the solutions implemented by the national government installing microgrids. Finally, the subsidies offered in Colombia and other countries are shown, giving a comprehensive description of the productive potential of renewable energy, the current legislation and regulations in the country for FNCE promotion (Non-Conventional Energy Sources), and the incorporation to the SIN (National Interconnected System), proposing that there should be focus on training, research and implementation of microgrids in order to allow their deployment in Colombia.
Background White matter alterations in schizophrenia are associated with deficits in neurocognitive performance. Recently, across task within-individual variability (WIV) has emerged as a useful construct for assessing the profile in cognitive performance in schizophrenia. However, the neural basis of WIV has not been studied in patients with schizophrenia. Methods Twenty-five patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and 27 healthy comparison subjects (HC) performed a computerized neurocognitive battery (CNB) and underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). WIV for performance accuracy and speed on the CNB was calculated across-tasks. Voxel-wise group comparisons of white matter fractional anisotropy (FA) were performed using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). The relationship between accuracy and speed WIV on the CNB and white matter FA was examined within the regions that differentiated patients and healthy comparison subjects. Results SZ had higher WIV for performance accuracy and speed as compared to HC. FA in SZ compared to HC was reduced in bilateral frontal, temporal and occipital white matter including a large portion of the corpus callosum. In white matter regions that differed between patients and comparison subjects, higher FA in the left cingulum bundle and left fronto-occipital fasciculus were associated with lower CNB speed WIV for HC, but not SZ. Accuracy WIV was not associated with differences in white matter FA between SZ and HC. Conclusions We provide evidence that WIV is greater in patients with SZ and that this greater within-individual variability in performance in patients is associated with disruptions of WM integrity in specific brain regions.
Supercapacitors are being considered to be one of important electrochemical energy storage devices due to their high power density as compared with batteries and have remarkable applications. The large surface area transition metal oxides or hydroxides are excellent conductive materials and have been extensively used for supercapacitors. Herein, uniform copper oxide (CuO) and cobalt (Co) activated CuO (CuO:Co) microspheres were synthesized by a hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA)-assisted hydrothermal method. The HMTA was used as an additive surfactant to acquire the uniform microsphere morphology, which was confirmed by high-resolution field-emission scanning electron microscope and field-emission transmission electron microscope images. The phase form of the pristine CuO and CuO:Co powder samples was examined by X-ray diffraction patterns. For the application of pseudocapacitors, electrochemical studies were performed for the CuO and CuO:Co electrode materials in a three-electrode electrochemical cell system. The cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge curves were measured at different scan rates and current densities, respectively, in 1 M KOH electrolyte solution. The calculated specific capacitance values of the CuO and CuO:Co electrodes were 77 and 284 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, respectively. Interestingly, by incorporating small concentration of Co into CuO, the specific capacitance was enhanced approximately 4 times when compared with the pristine CuO electrode. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy spectrum was analyzed for the pseudocapacitive behavior of CuO:Co electrode material. Furthermore, the CuO:Co electrode showed a capacitance retention (75.6%) after 1000 cycles at a current density of 3 A/g. Therefore, the obtained remarkable electrochemical results suggest that the low-cost CuO:Co electrode materials with improved electrochemical performance have promising applications in the field of pseudocapacitors.
Vitamin D is a seco-steroid hormone with multiple actions in the brain, mediated through the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR). We have recently shown that mutant mice lacking functional VDR demonstrate altered emotional behavior and specific motor deficits. Here we further examine phenotype of these mice, testing their novelty responses, as well as cognitive and sensory (olfactory and gustatory) functions in the novel food, two-trial Y-maze and tastant consumption tests. In addition, we study depression-like behavior in these mice, using anhedonia-based sucrose preference test. Overall, VDR mutant mice showed neophobic response in several different tests, but displayed unimpaired olfactory and gustatory functions, spatial memory and baseline hedonic responses. Collectively, these data confirm that mutation of VDR in mice leads to altering emotional/anxiety states, but does not play a major role in depression, as well as in the regulation of some sensory and cognitive processes. These results support the role of the vitamin D/VDR neuroendocrine system in the regulation of behavior, and may have clinical relevance, enabling a better focus on psychiatric and behavioral disorders associated with dysfunctions in this neuroendocrine system.
Proper management of electrolyte flow in a vanadium redox battery (VRB) is crucial to achieve high overall system efficiency. On one hand, constant flow reduces concentration polarization and by extension, energy efficiency; on the other hand, it results in higher auxiliary pumping costs, which can consume around 10% of the discharge power. This work seeks to reduce the pumping cost by adopting a novel pulsing electrolyte flow strategy while retaining high energy efficiency. The results indicate that adopting a short flow period, followed by a long flow termination period, results in high energy efficiencies of 80.5% with a pumping cost reduction of over 50%.
A plate-type reactor with 10 channels is designed for methanol steam-reforming and its performance is investigated in the temperature range 210–290°C. A catalyst coated with zirconia-sol solution in the channels of the reactor exhibits a good adherence with the substrate that is maintained even after reaction including fast feed flow rates at high temperature. Five plate-type reactors are stacked in order to test their performance for methanol steam-reforming. At 270°C, hydrogen at 3.1lh−1 is obtained at a feed flow rate of 2.0gh−1, which corresponds to results for a conventional packed-bed reactor under various reaction conditions.
Tetravalent Si materials (SiO2 and transition metal silicates) are receiving tremendous attentions for lithium storage, whereas a troublesome problem is how to improve the content of active Si. This work reports a novel method to boost their lithium storage capabilities by using highly-dispersed Co element in the form of nanofilm-like Co2SiO4/SiO2 powder on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) that promotes the electronic diffusion and accommodates the volume changes. As a result, the Co2SiO4/SiO2/RGO exhibits over 20 times higher reversible capacity and better rate performance than the SiO2/RGO counterpart. In comparison, the Co2SiO4/SiO2/RGO shows the highest reversible capacity (1382 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1) and longest life span (500 cycles) in all known silicates-based materials and higher power/energy density than both of commercial graphite and Li4Ti5O12 materials. Ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectra and electrochemical tests at different voltage windows are conducted to illustrate the reason for the significantly improved performances. It demonstrates that tetravalent Si is gradually activated to lower-valence form by highly-dispersed Co generated with cycling. This observation provides new evidence for the electrochemical catalytic mechanism in transition metal silicates for lithium storage.
Many countries including Nepal utilize qualitative parameters and/or judgment in order to appraise stand-alone off-grid project sites. This paper reviews on-going efforts for electrification in rural Nepal, and quantitative parameters available to support this planning process of remote mountainous (rural) villages utilizing the off-grid renewable system or the national power grid. These parameters are computed and analyzed with reference to the data available for Asian Development Bank supported wind/solar hybrid pilot project in Nawalparasi district in western Nepal. Finally this paper presents some recommendations on utilizing those quantitative parameters including zoning to insulate feasible off-grid sites from unplanned on-grid expansion. With such planning and policy in place the interest of private sector for remote rural electrification is bound to grow, perhaps much faster than current rate, to complement efforts of the local government and development partners.
To avoid the evaporation and leakage of the liquid electrolyte and increase the long-term stability of the cell, a strategy was developed to construct bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells employing quasi-solid-state electrolyte (BQDSSCs). Two metal selenides with different morphologies, Co0.85Se, which has a foliate structure like the structure of graphene, and Ni0.85Se, which has uniform nanoparticle, were synthesized by a facile one-step hydrothermal method. The proposed BQDSSCs were then constructed using the TiO2 photoanode, polyvinylidene fluoride gel electrolyte, and Co0.85Se or Ni0.85Se as the counter electrode (CE) electrocatalysts. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Tafel polarization measurements were performed to investigate the electrochemical behavior of the Co0.85Se, Ni0.85Se, and Pt CEs. The results showed that the graphene-like Co0.85Se material exhibited better operational stability, greater charge-transfer ability, and higher electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of I3 − than the Ni0.85Se nanoparticles. Furthermore, for the BQDSSCs, Co0.85Se yielded the highest power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 8.33% and 4.79% under front and rear irradiations, respectively, in comparison with the front and rear efficiencies of 7.44% and 4.05% for Pt and 7.23% and 4.16% for Ni0.85Se CEs, respectively. The BQDSSC device based on the Co0.85Se CE exhibited good long-term stability with only a 5% drop in power conversion efficiency after 1000 h of one-sun soaking. Consequently, graphene-like Co0.85Se was considered to be an ideal material for constructing cost-effective BQDSSCs.
FV520B steel is a kind of precipitation hardening Martensitic stainless steel, it has high-strength, good plasticity and good corrosion resistance. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is one of the main corrosion failure mode for FV520B in industrial transportation of natural gas operation. For a better understanding the effect on SCC of FV520B, the improved wedge opening loading (WOL) specimens and constant displacement loading methods were employed in experimental research in carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide solution. The test results showed that the crack propagation rate is 1.941×10−7–5.748×10−7 mm/s, the stress intensity factor K ISCC is not more than 36.83MPa m . The rate increases with the increasing of the crack opening displacement. Under the condition of different initial loading, K ISCC generally shows a decreasing tendency with the increase in H2S concentration, and the crack propagation rate showed an increasing trend substantially. For the enrichment of sulfur ion in the crack tip induced the generation of pitting corrosion, promoting the surrounding metal formed the corrosion micro batteries, the pit defects gradually extended and connected with the adjacent pit to form a small crack, leading to further propagation till cracking happened. Fracture microscopic morphology displayed typical brittle fracture phenomena, accompanying with trans-granular cracking, river shape and sector, many second cracks on the fracture surface.