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An attempt was made to study the surface force behaviour and topography of 316L (0.015, 0.198 and 0.556% N) stainless steels (SS) under different surface conditions (as-polished, passivated in 0.5 M NaCl (ex situ and in situ)), using an electrochemical atomic force microscopy (ECAFM) operating in air and liquid environments. Force–distance (F–D) curves were established and analysed for the slope values to understand the surface properties. The slope values are directly proportional to the stiffness and elastic modulus of the surface layer being studied. The results indicated that the slope of the F–D curves was decreasing as the conditions of testing were changed from air to liquid environment of AFM, as-polished to passivated (ex situ), and then from passivated (ex situ) to passivated (in situ). Also, the passive films prepared under different electrode potential conditions and nitrogen content in the alloy showed significant variations in their stiffness. In general, the passive films are found to be softer surfaces with a gel-like meshy structure, and this was verified by topographic observation of the specimens. This work supports the use of ECAFM for the study of surface properties of passive films.
The electrochemical performance of glucose-derived hard carbon (GDHC) anode has been evaluated using Li- and Na-salts in ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate electrolyte mixtures. The LiPF6/EC:PC (1:1) system exhibits high capacity at low current densities (400mAhg−1 at 25mAg−1) and also good power characteristics retaining 150mAhg−1 capacity at 2Ag−1 current density. The best overall performance was achieved with 1M NaPF6/EC:PC (1:1) electrolyte based system with capacities of 175mAhg−1 at 0.1V vs Na/Na+ and 330mAhg−1 at 1.5V vs Na/Na+. The electrode has been physically characterized ex-situ using SEM, Raman and TOF-SIMS methods TOF-SIMS analysis revealed that the solid electrolyte interphase is more inorganic on the negative electrode in the Na-cell than on the negative electrode the Li-cell. The positive ion-specific images established by TOF-SIMS analysis show the non-homogeneous distribution of various fragments from the pristine GDHC, which is caused by slightly inhomogeneous mixture of GDHC and conducting carbon black (Super P®) particles.
The nanocomposite of hematite@carbon nanosprings (α-Fe2O3@CNSs) was synthesized by simple precipitation and following heat treatment, in which the amount of α-Fe2O3 can be easily controlled by changing the synthesis conditions. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Brunau–Emmertt–Teller (BET), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to characterize the as-synthesized nanocomposite. When applied as anode in Li-ion batteries (LIBs), the effect of α-Fe2O3/CNSs weight ratio on electrochemical performance of α-Fe2O3@CNSs nanocomposite has been researched. Enhancing the amount of α-Fe2O3 in nanocomposite would make the increase of specific capacity, but led to the degradation of cyclic stability and rate capability. The electrode of S-FeC (with weight ratio of CNSs/α-Fe2O3 about 4:1) could deliver a charge capacity of 527.6mAhg−1at 0.2C with excellent cyclability (96.9% capacity retention after 50 cycles), and retained 343.3mAhg−1even at the rate of 5.0C. In comparison with pure CNSs and α-Fe2O3, the improved cycling performance, specific capacity and rate capability of S-FeC should be mainly attributed to the combined effects of uniformly dispersed nanosized α-Fe2O3 particles and the highly strong network of CNSs.
Household solid waste management is a severe problem in big cities of developing countries. Mismanaged solid waste dumpsites produce bad sanitary, ecological and economic consequences for the whole population, especially for the poorest urban inhabitants. Dealing with this problem, this paper utilizes field data collected in the urban community of Dakar, in view of ranking nine areas of the city with respect to multiple criteria of nuisance. Nine criteria are built and organized in three families that represent three classical viewpoints: the production of wastes, their collection and their treatment. Thanks to the method PROMETHEE and the software ARGOS, we do a pair-wise comparison of the nine areas, which allows their multiple criteria rankings according to each viewpoint and then globally. Finding the worst and best areas in terms of nuisance for a better waste management in the city is our final purpose, fitting as well as possible the needs of the urban community. Based on field knowledge and on the literature, we suggest applying general and area-specific remedies to the household solid waste problems.
Electrochemical behaviors of 2.5V Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4 (LTO)/Li[Li0.1Al0.1Mn1.8]O4 (LAMO) cells for the first-generation 12V lead-free battery were examined at −10, 25, and 55°C. The LTO/LAMO cells showed the same rechargeable capacity in temperature ranging from −10 to 55°C when the cells were examined at 0.5mAcm−2 in cell potential ranging from 0 to 3.0V. Capacity fading after 250 cycles was negligibly small at −10°C. Rechargeable capacities, however, faded 5% at 25°C and 15% at 55°C after 250 cycles. In the discharged LTO/LAMO cell after 250 cycles at 55°C, the state of charge (SOC) of the positive electrode was 16% while SOC of the negative electrode was 0%, indicated that the capacity fading was due to an imbalance in SOC between the positive and negative electrodes. To understand the progress of an imbalance in SOC, the LTO/LAMO cell with a lithium auxiliary electrode was fabricated and examined at 55°C for 400 cycles, and the possible origin of capacity fading was discussed.
Electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) moving fluid by surface tension effects offers some advantages, including simplicity of fabrication, control of minute volumes, rapid mixing, low cost and others. This work presents a numerical model using a commercial software, CFD-ACE+, and an EWOD system including a microfluidic device, a microprocessor, electric circuits, a LCD module, a keypad, a power supply and a power amplifier. The EWOD model based on a reduced form of the mass conservation and momentum equations is adopted to simulate the fluid dynamics of the droplets. The EWOD device consists of the 2 × 2 mm bottom electrodes (Au/Cr), a dielectric layer of 3,000 Å nitride, 500 Å Teflon and a piece of indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass as the top electrode. The complete EWOD phenomenon is elucidated by comparing simulation with the experimental data on droplet transportation, cutting and creation. In transportation testing, the speed of the droplet is 6 mm/s at 40 Vdc. In addition, the droplet division process takes 0.12 s at 60 Vdc in the current case. Finally, a 347 nl droplet is successfully created from an on-chip reservoir at 60 Vdc.
The occurrence of crossed aphasia as a complication after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery is extremely rare. We report the case of a 47-year-old right-handed patient with drug‐resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) who developed a transitory aphasic syndrome after a right temporal anterior lobectomy. This syndrome was characterized by anomia, poor verbal fluency, verbal perseveration, and verbal comprehension difficulties. He also showed writing difficulties, reading substitutions, and calculation task errors. The patient was regularly assessed with language tasks, and showed a spontaneous and progressive recovery of his symptoms, with remaining naming difficulties. We discuss the role that epileptogenic zone could play in cortical reorganization of the language systems.
Lithium titanium phosphate (LiTi2(PO4)3) has been successfully synthesized by a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) assisted sol–gel method. To further improve its electrochemical properties, a ball-milling process with various amount of acetylene black (AB) has been used to form LiTi2(PO4)3-AB nanocomposites (the weight ratio of acetylene black is 5wt.%, 10wt.%, 15wt.% and 20wt.%). The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electrochemical performance of the samples is characterized by the charge–discharge test, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopic studies (EIS), and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). The results show that the ball-milling process enables LiTi2(PO4)3 nanoparticles to network with conductive acetylene black, which offers better electrochemical performance. Especially, LiTi2(PO4)3-AB nanocomposite with 15wt.% acetylene black shows the best electrochemical properties, which delivers the highest specific capacity and the best cycle performance. Besides, the thermodynamics properties of as-prepared samples are also been studied.
Quantum-chemical calculations were performed to study the effect of Lewis acid centers introduced to liquid or polymer electrolytes as boric acid esters. Particular attention has been paid to the modeling of solvent effects on ion–ion and anion-acid center interactions. Calculated complexation energies for lithium salts and polymerizable boric acid esters with diols in different solvents were analyzed and related to available conductivity data.
Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of nickel batteries. It discusses various types of nickel batteries, such as: nickel-cadmium secondary batteries, nickel-iron secondary batteries,, and sodium-nickel chloride secondary batteries. The nickel-cadmium battery is mechanically rugged and long lived. In addition, it has excellent low-temperature characteristics and can be hermetically sealed. Cells using the nickel-cadmium couple can be divided into two main groups: cells having thick plates and cells with thin sintered plates. Whereas, nickel-iron batteries offers very long cycle life but, primarily as the result of the iron electrode, a low energy density at high discharge rates has made this system unattractive for electric vehicles. The sodium-nickel chloride secondary batteries are newly developed cells. Their open circuit voltage is about 2.6 V in the 200-300°C temperature range. The theoretical energy density is about 750 W h/kg-1 against practically realized values of 100Wh/kg-1.
In this work, a silver-capsuled composite particle at micro-size has been facilely developed for electrostatic patterning of copper layers on flexible substrates, with high performance across manufacturing scalability, printing resolution and speed, and production affordability to end users. Herein, we launched a capping method for designing the particle as decorated with PVP capped silver ion as catalytic precursor all in one wet environment, in which the catalytic ion is successfully reduced and uniformly distributed when mixed with the primary particle. In further combination with an air plasma treatment on the surface of a flexible polyimide film, the toner particle can be successfully electrostatically developed and fused onto the substrates with retained lateral printing quality. We disclose a process of passing the patterned substrates through a gentle exposure to a sulfur acid solution for promoting electroless deposition of copper layer. The obtained copper tracks have electrical conductivity of ∼10−Ω cm with controllable thickness up to about 40 μm, which is feasible for applications in wearable electronics, embedded systems, and implanted biomedical devices.
Unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs) have become more attractive for some time due to its potentially wide energy storage application such as in fields of space and renewable energy. In this study, TiC supported Pt–Ir electrocatalysts (Pt–Ir/TiC) for oxygen electrode in URFCs were synthesized, respectively, by chemical reduction process and plasma reduction process. Their physical and electrochemical properties are characterized and compared using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cyclic voltammogram (CV), potentiostatic technique, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results from XRD, XPS and TEM demonstrate that the plasma process gives a finer metal crystals and higher metal dispersion on the TiC support. The CV, polarization, potentiostatic and EIS results show that the Pt–Ir/TiC electrocatalyst prepared by the plasma reduction process is obviously more active than that by the chemical reduction process, in agreement with the above metal-dispersion observations. The plasma process is a promising way for the preparation of supported electrocatalysts.
La-doped lithium-rich layered oxide material Li1.2Mn0.54−x Ni0.13Co0.13La x O2 (x = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) is firstly synthesized via a solvothermal method and subsequent high-temperature calcination technique. The effects of La substitution for partial Mn on the structure and electrochemical performance of materials are systematically studied by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical measurement. The results reveal that La is effectively and homogenously doped into the materials, which can expand pathway for intercalation/deintercalation of Li+ ions. In addition, owing to La doping, the Li1.2Mn0.52Ni0.13Co0.13La0.02O2 sample exhibits 93.2% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 1 C. More importantly, this doping can effectively restrain the decrease of average discharge voltage upon cycling, which is one of the longstanding fatal drawbacks for lithium-rich layered oxide material. Moreover, La doping can stabilize the layered framework upon long term cycling and suppress voltage fading, and thus resulting in the better cycling performance. Additionally, the rate capability is also improved by La doping due to the higher diffusion velocity of Li+ ions.
Three-dimensional nickel oxide/graphene aerogel nanocomposites (NiO/GA) were synthesized via a simple solvothermal-induced self-assembly process. The structural and morphological properties of the NiO/GA were characterized with XRD, FE-SEM and TEM measurements. The nickel oxide was electrochemically deposited into the highly porous GA to form NiO/GA composites. In the three-electrode system, an extremely wide working potential window was observed from −1 to 1V in 6M aqueous KOH. A specific capacitance as high as 587.3Fg−1 was obtained at a constant current density of 1Ag−1. More importantly, the cycling stability of the NiO/GA was great with a tiny decay in specific capacitance after 1000 cycles at 1Ag−1.
Past work suggests milk consumption may facilitate cognition in children and college students with higher fasting glucose compared to other beverages (e.g., fruit juice). However, no studies have evaluated this phenomenon in adults, or considered other measures of glucoregulatory function. This open-label study assessed the role of glucoregulatory function in postprandial cognition after milk intake in adults. We hypothesized participants with lower fasting or post-consumption plasma glucose following a glucose excursion challenge (glucose response) would demonstrate better cognition following beverages of higher (juice) versus lower (milk) or no (water) glycemic content.
The commercial development of metal-air batteries with remarkably high theoretical energy output is largely limited by the scarcity of low-cost and highly stable electrocatalysts with activities for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) comparable to precious metals and their alloys. Herein, a new inorganic-nanocarbon coupled hybrid, homogeneous NiCo2S4 nanocrystals anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (NiCo2S4/N-CNT), has been developed as an extremely efficient bifunctional catalyst to promote the sluggish ORR and OER kinetics for advanced rechargeable zinc-air battery. It is found that the highest activity is obtained by tailoring the crystal size of NiCo2S4 in the hybrid through tuning the construction of metal-ammonia complexes. The optimized NiCo2S4/N-CNT nanocomposite exhibits extraordinary bifunctional activity through half reaction testing, displaying comparable ORR activity to state-of-the-art carbon supported platinum (Pt/C) and superior OER capability to RuO2 as well as much better durability. The resulting battery performance in generative Zn-air system further confirms its superb effective bi-functionality for catalyzing dual ORR and OER. Compared with those of well-known commercial Pt/C and RuO2, the synergetic NiCo2S4/N-CNT hybrid enables significantly reduced charge-discharge polarization (~0.63V), enlarged energy efficiency (~67.2%) and prolonged cyclability up to 150 cycles at 10mAcm−2. The tremendously enhanced electrochemical behaviors arise from favorable factors including small sized, homogenous dispersed novel NiCo2S4 nanocrystals and coupling interaction between sulfide spinels and underlying N-doped CNT network, which not only provides efficient electron transfer pathway but also alters the electronic structure, thus facilitating the oxygen electrocatalysis during the discharge-charge processes.
This retrospective study analyzed restoration survival of composite fillings in children with at high caries risk in relation to age, sex, operator, tooth type, filling extension, and material used.
The nanocrystalline CoSb2 was prepared by a solvothermal method at various temperatures and was investigated as a potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries. It was found that the CoSb2 is highly crystallized at 190°C and with almost a single-phase structure. The morphology of the alloy powder plays an important role in their cycling behavior. The large reversible capacity and better capacity retention of these nanosized CoSb2 alloys make them promising anode materials for Li-ion batteries.
The performance of few-layered metal-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) as a negative electrode material in sodium-ion battery was investigated. Experimental and simulation results indicated that the as-prepared RGO with a large interlayer spacing and disordered structure enabled significant sodium-ion storage, leading to a high discharge capacity. The strong surface driven interactions between sodium ions and oxygen-containing groups and/or defect sites led to a high rate performance and cycling stability. The RGO anode delivered a discharge capacity of 272mAhg−1 at a current density of 50mAg−1, a good cycling stability over 300 cycles and a superior rate capability. The present work provides new insights into optimizing RGOs for high-performance and low-cost sodium-ion batteries.
Hybrid flow batteries are one of the most promising technologies for storing the electricity generated from intermittent renewables, such as wind and solar. However, most of the existing hybrid systems currently suffer from low power density and poor cycle performance resulted from the parasitic reactions. To mitigate these issues, here we report a tin-iron hybrid flow battery in which the stannous chloride anolyte is separated from the ferric/ferrous chloride catholyte. With the reversible tin metal deposition/stripping and ferric/ferrous chloride redox reactions at carbon surfaces, the present battery delivers an energy efficiency of 78.5% even at the current density of 200 mA cm−2. In addition, owing to high hydrogen overvoltage of metallic tin, the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction in the negative electrode can be largely avoided so that the battery can stably operate over 700 cycles without obvious efficiency decay. With the excellent rate and cycle performance, it is envisioned that the tin-iron flow battery is a promising candidate for large-scale energy storage applications.
We here design and fabricate a catalytic electrode by direct growth of cobalt phosphide nanorod bundles with simultaneous surface phosphate (denoted Pi) modification on Ti plate through a simple one-step low-temperature phosphorization process. When the resultant electrodes act as an electrocatalyst for alkaline water splitting, the Co-Pi/CoP/Ti exhibits the superior activity for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The Co-Pi/CoP/Ti requires only 310mV to deliver a current density of 10mAcm−2 for OER catalysis, which is competitive with state-of-the-art RuO2 and superior to most of cobalt-based phosphides. Mechanistic study suggests that the Co-Pi/CoP undergoes composition and structure conversion during OER catalysis, which endows this electrode with the synergetically improved electrocatalytic OER activity. Serving as a robust bifunctional electrode in a two-electrode configuration for alkaline water electrolyzer, the Co-Pi/CoP/Ti affords current density of 10mAcm−2 by a cell voltage of only about 1.60V and maintains its stable performance for at least 24h. Even the overall water-splitting device based on Co-Pi/CoP/Ti electrodes can be powered by a 1.5V AAA battery. The present finding offers an attractive electrode for cost-effective and energy-efficient water electrolysis.
A new porous graphene/NiO has been prepared successfully by hydrothermal method with graphene oxide solution, Ni(NO3)2·6H2O and urea as raw materials. The as-prepared composite is characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman, FT-IR, SEM, TEM and nitrogen adsorption/desorption. It is shown that graphene sheets are well decorated by the NiO nanoparticles to form a hierarchical nanostructures with rich porosity (ca. 2–5nm) and large specific surface area (174.1m2 g−1). Electrochemical characterization demonstrates that the mesoporous graphene/NiO are capable of delivering a specific capacitance of 429.7Fg−1 at the current density of 200mAg−1 and offer good capacitance retention of 86.1% at 1Ag−1 after 2000 continuous charge–discharge cycles. These rich and evenly distributed porosity could reduce the transportation distance and offer a robust sustentation of OH− ions due to its “ion-buffering reservoirs”, ensuring that sufficient Faradaic reactions can take place at the surfaces of electroactive NiO nanoparticles. It suggests that the hierarchical nanostructure is helpful in improving the electrochemical performance of the oxide.
The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a fundamental process in electrocatalysis and plays an important role in energy conversion through water splitting to produce hydrogen. Effective candidates for HER are often based on noble metals or transition metal dichalcogenides, while carbon-based metal-free electrocatalysts generally demonstrate poorer activity. Here we report evaluation of a series of heteroatom-doped graphene materials as efficient HER electrocatalysts by combining spectroscopic characterization, electrochemical measurements, and density functional theory calculations. Results of theoretical computations are shown to be in good agreement with experimental observations regarding the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity and the HER reaction mechanism. As a result, we establish a HER activity trend for graphene-based materials, and explore their reactivity origin to guide the design of more efficient electrocatalysts. We predict that by rationally modifying particular experimentally achievable physicochemical characteristics, a practically realizable graphene-based material will have the potential to exceed the performance of the metal-based benchmark for HER.
Birnessite nanotubes have been made through a templated hydrothermal route. Variations in experimental conditions have resulted in differing morphologies of high specific surface area. After forming into electrodes in supercapacitor test cells, good cycleability was observed with specific capacitances approaching 350 F g−1 at low discharge current densities.