batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The World Health Organisation estimates that over 20% of the global population (∼1.4 billion people) lack access to electricity. Furthermore, 40% of the global population (∼2.7 billion people) rely on the traditional use of biomass for cooking (WHO 2011, OEDC/IEA, 2010). This study details the development of a prototype electrical generator for portable stoves commonly in use in the developing world. This generator is capable of delivering small amounts of off-grid electricity. Power is generated using the thermoelectric effect. A single thermoelectric module is utilised to convert a small portion of heat from the stove to electricity. The electricity produced is used to charge a single 3.3V lithium–iron phosphate battery and drive a low power fan, as well as some other auxiliary features. The airflow produced by the fan is used in conjunction with a commercially available heat pipe heat sink to maintain an adequate temperature difference across the thermoelectric module. From experiments in the laboratory, a maximum TEG power output of 5.9W has been obtained. On average, 3Wh of energy was stored in a battery during a typical 1h long burn. Three 1h long burns produced sufficient energy to fully charge the battery. The performance of the electricity generating cooking stove has subsequently been tested in Malawi using locally sourced fuel and fire stoking methods.
A new hierarchically porous carbon has been synthesized with self-template of silica phase from a commercial silicone resin by pyrolysis and subsequent NaOH activation. The obtained carbon materials achieve an ultrahigh specific surface area (2896 m2 g−1) with abundant mesopores. The C800 sample demonstrates excellent performance in supercapacitors, with a high capacitance of 322 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and outstanding rate capability (182 F g−1 at 100 A g−1) in a three-electrode system using 6.0 mol L−1 KOH electrolyte. The energy density is improved by widening the voltage window using 1.0 mol L−1 alkali metal nitrate solutions (LiNO3, NaNO3, KNO3) in which the strong solvation of alkali metal cations and nitrate anions effectively reduce the activity of water. In a symmetric supercapacitor, the maximum operating voltage is essentially restricted by the potential of positive electrode and the total capacitance is dominated by the capacitance of the anion at the positive electrode. The symmetric supercapacitors based on C800 deliver a high energy density of 22.4 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 0.23 kW kg−1 in 1.0 mol L−1 LiNO3 with a voltage of 1.8 V and long-term stability with a retention of 89.87% after 10000 cycles.
Joint hypermobility in athletes is associated with increased risk of knee injuries, but its role in relation to shoulder injuries has not been scrutinized. Therefore, our aim was to synthesize the evidence on the association between joint hypermobility and shoulder injuries in athletes.
As a half-reaction of electrochemical water splitting, oxygen evolution reaction is a sluggish kinetics process, and thus it is significant to develop highly efficient catalysts. A series of nanocotton-like amorphous ternary Ni-Co-B materials have been successfully prepared by facile electroless deposition method at room temperature and further applied to electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction in 1.0 KOH solution. The morphology, composition and element state of as-prepared materials have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electrochemical oxygen evolution properties of as-prepared materials have also been systematically investigated by polarization curves, Tafel, EIS and chronoamperometry techniques. When the molar content of nickel salts in raw metal reactants reach to 30%, as-prepared ternary Ni-Co-B electrocatalyst exhibits optimal OER performances with small Tafel slope (113 mV dec−1) and low overpotential of 300 mV (vs. RHE) at current density of 10 mA cm−2. Besides, it presents an excellent electrochemical stability during 55 h chronoamperometry test at constant potential of 1.50 and 1.67 V. The results demonstrate that the proper composition is an important factor to design highly efficient ternary Ni-Co-B electrocatalyst, providing a promising candidate for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction.
This paper presents a new optimization framework to optimize the bidding strategy of a smart distribution company (SDC) in a day-ahead (DA) energy market. This SDC contains wind farms as stochastic DG units as well as plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) as responsive loads. The intermittent nature of wind power may result in significant imbalance penalty costs for the SDC participated in the DA energy market. The proposed optimization framework uses the potential of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and battery energy storage (BES) to manage possible imbalances of wind farms. In order to modify the charging pattern of PEVs, hourly electricity prices are calculated in the optimization framework and sent to PEV owners via smart communication system. PEV owners change their charging pattern in response to these hourly prices with the aim of reducing their electricity bills. In addition to responsive loads, BES and wind farms, the SDC also contains dispatchable distributed generators (DGs), distribution network and non-responsive loads. The two-point estimate method (TPEM) is used to model the uncertainties associated with wind farms power generation. Moreover, Benders decomposition technique (BDT) is implemented to simplify the optimization procedure. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed framework is evaluated on several case studies.
Abstract The degraded conventional power grid has required transformation and modernizations depending to increased energy demand. Since the conventional grid is most commonly dependent to fossil-fuel based generation plants, it caused hazardous outcomes such as carbon emission and pollutions deteriorating the environment. Extensive researches and developments have brought a novel grid type called smart grid that allows integrating renewable energy sources (RESs), achieving distributed generation (DG), remote monitoring, remote control, and associating information and communication technologies (ICT) throughout the power network. The everlasting evolution of utility grid requires sophisticated control and communication infrastructures. The Internet of Energy (IoE) or Energy Internet (EI) that both implies same concept has been proposed as a solution to meet requirements of business and industry players. The IoE is assumed as an evolution of smart grid by integration of internet protocols and computational methods to generation, transmission, distribution and consumption levels of utility grid. This chapter introduces smart grid architecture and components in terms of physical devices and ICTs.
High-performance magnet producers in the US are calling on the government to unite federal agencies in tackling a perceived looming rare earth metals “supply crisis”. This follows the decision by Arnold Magnetics to sell one of its Chinese businesses to invest in rare earth production in a venture with Chevron oil offshoot, Molycorp Minerals, in the US. Arnold also plans to increase magnet production in Europe (Metal Powder Report, February 2010). The US Magnet Materials Association (USMMA), founded in 2006, has submitted a proposal directed at the federal departments of Commerce, Energy, State and Defence, as well as trade and scientific departments. Government financing guarantees and investments in the supply chain could be more effective than a physical stockpile in ensuring US access to rare earths, according to Molycorp Mineral's CEO, Mark Smith. “China, Japan, (South) Korea are all stockpiling” strategic metals and minerals such as rare earths, he said. He noted, however, that there are challenges to building a traditional stockpile of rare earths due to their relatively small quantities and the fact that they can be subject to big price swings, which makes long-term planning difficult. Supply of rare earths, which include elements such as lanthanum, cerium and neodymium that are used in magnets, metal alloys and batteries, is currently dominated by China.
Considerable evidence indicates that both cholinergic (ACh) and serotonergic (5-HT) inputs to the neocortex play a direct role in maintaining the activated state of the electroencephalogram (EEG). Here, we investigated frequency-specific EEG effects of the 5-HT re-uptake inhibitor fluoxetine (10 and 20mg/kg) to restore EEG activation abolished by combined treatment with the monoamine depletor reserpine (10 mg/kg) and the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine (1 mg/kg). Fluoxetine alone was ineffective in reversing EEG slowing produced by reserpine–scopolamine administration. However, fluoxetine suppressed EEG synchronization in the alpha (8–12 Hz) band when administered concurrently with the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY 100635 (0.5 mg/kg). Further, fluoxetine, with and without WAY 100635, markedly potentiated the effectiveness of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor tacrine (5 mg/kg) to restore EEG activation between 4–30 Hz. These data indicate that 5-HT uptake inhibition and concurrent 5-HT1A receptor blockade produce a limited normalization of the cortical EEG after monoaminergic–cholinergic blockade. However, fluoxetine strongly potentiates the effectiveness of tacrine to restore EEG activation. Inhibitors of AChE are used to delay cognitive decline and EEG slowing in patients with Alzheimer's disease. We suggest that doses of AChE inhibitors required for these effects can be reduced by concurrent 5-HT stimulation.
Two-dimensional (2D) porous materials have been proved to be meritorious for supercapacitors (SCs) due to unique properties of large surface area, superior intrinsic porosity and high electrical conductivity. In this work, we reported for the first synthesis of 2D porous Co3O4 thin sheets assembled by ultrathin nanosheets via direct hydrothermal decomposition of aqueous solution of cobalt nitrate in the presence of benzoic acid (BA) without any template or surfactant. High specific capacity (497, 598.5 and 399 C g−1 at 1.0 A g−1) and remarkable cycling stability (9.8, 6.3 and 13.1% loss over 8000 cycles at 10.0 A g−1) were achieved in a three-electrode system for the Co3O4 thin sheets at 200 °C for 6, 12 and 24 h with different specific surface area of 69.96, 142.15 and 42.07 m2 g−1, which can be attributed to the special structural feature of an open and porous surface layer and the synergistic effect of 2D and 3D structure that significantly facilitates fast electron transport, ion diffusion and intimate electrode/electrolyte contact. Furthermore, an assembled asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC, Co3O4 thin sheets//activated carbon (AC)) can reach a working output potential difference of 0–1.6 V with a maximum energy density of 22.49 Wh·kg−1 at the power density of 800 W kg−1 with excellent cyclic stability (only 8.2% loss of its initial specific capacity value over 10000 cycles). The results show that our synthesis provides a new insight into the fabrication of 2D hierarchical porous Co3O4 thin sheets; in addition, the as-synthesized Co3O4 thin sheets have potential for various applications in SCs, electrochemical sensing, and lithium ion battery.
Bisperoxovanadium (pyridine-2-carboxyl) [bpV(pic)] is a commercially available PTEN inhibitor. Previous studies from us and others have shown that bpV(pic) confers neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia injury. We set up to determine whether ERK 1/2 activation plays a role in bpV(pic)-induced neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia injury. We found that the phosphorylation levels of Akt (p-AKT) and ERK1/2 (p-ERK 1/2) were down-regulated after cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury. The injection of bpV(pic) after injury not only increased the level of p-AKT but also the level of p-ERK 1/2. While the inhibition of PTEN mediated the up-regulatation of p-AKT and p-ERK 1/2 by bpV(pic). Interestingly, the ERK 1/2 activation induced by bpV(pic) was also independent of the inhibition of PTEN. Our results indicate that bpV(pic) protects against OGD-induced neuronal death and promotes the functional recovery of stroke animals through PTEN inhibition and ERK 1/2 activation, respectively. This study suggests that the effect of bpV(pic) on ERK 1/2 signaling should be considered while using bpV(pic) as a PTEN inhibitor.
Previously, anthocyanin-rich blueberry treatments have shown positive effects on cognition in both animals and human adults. However, little research has considered whether these benefits transfer to children. Here we describe an acute time-course and dose–response investigation considering whether these cognitive benefits extend to children.
Active carbon (AC) composited with multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is synthesized through a high-temperature process for application as a negative electrode material of capacitors. Highly porous interconnected CNTs are uniformly coated onto the surface of AC sheet with a large area that reversibly absorbed hydrogen, resulting in a supercapacitor with larger working voltage and higher pseudocapacitance. A MnO2 nanotubes//AC–CNTs asymmetric electrochemical capacitor is assembled within a wide voltage region of 0–2.4 V in 2.0 M Li2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. Moreover, high energy density and power density, as well as superior cycling stability with >92 % capacitance retention over 6000 cycles, are observed. The reversible hydrogen absorption of the negative electrode may have practical applications in supercapacitors with high energy density and power density.
The choice of chemical composition of lithium- and manganese-rich transition metal oxides used as cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries can significantly impact their long-term viability as storage solutions for clean energy automotive applications. Their structure has been widely debated: conflicting conclusions drawn from individual studies often considering different compositions have made it challenging to reach a consensus and inform future research. Here, complementary electron microscopy techniques over a wide range of length scales reveal the effect of lithium-to-transition metal-ratio on the surface and bulk structure of these materials. We found that decreasing the lithium-to-transition metal-ratio resulted in a significant change in terms of order and atomic-level local composition in the bulk of these cathode materials. However, throughout the composition range studied, the materials consisted solely of a monoclinic phase, with lower lithium content materials showing more chemical ordering defects. In contrast, the spinel-structured surface present on specific crystallographic facets exhibited no noticeable structural change when varying the ratio of lithium to transition metal. The structural observations from this study warrant a reexamination of commonly assumed models linking poor electrochemical performance with bulk and surface structure.
To improve the electrochemical performance of Na2Li2Ti6O14, carbon black (CB), graphene (GN) and carbon nanotube (CNT) are introduced to fabricate high conductive Na2Li2Ti6O14/CB, Na2Li2Ti6O14/GN, Na2Li2Ti6O14/CNT and Na2Li2Ti6O14/CB/GN/CNT by a solid state method. It can be found that only CNT forms a complete three-dimensional conductive network which embeds the randomly distributed Na2Li2Ti6O14 particles, leading to an improvement of electronic conductivity. The results of cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and charge–discharge tests reveal that Na2Li2Ti6O14/CNT obtains the lowest redox polarization and the highest peak current among all the five samples. As a result, Na2Li2Ti6O14/CNT shows the best cycling and rate performances among all the five samples. It reveals a charge capacity of 111.4 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, 110 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1, 103.9 mAh g−1 at 300 mA g−1 and 98.9 mAh g−1 at 400 mA g−1. For comparison, bare Na2Li2Ti6O14 only displays a charge capacity of 89.9 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, 79.7 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1, 73.7 mAh g−1 at 300 mA g−1 and 69.4 mAh g−1 at 400 mA g−1. It indicates that the introduction of CNT is more effective to improve the performance of Na2Li2Ti6O14 than CB, GN and CB/GN/CNT.
Several d-block metal oxalates are obtained by using the reverse micelles method, used for the first time as anode material in lithium-ion test cells, and compared with previous results on other systems. Nickel and zinc dihydrate oxalates crystallize in the β-orthorhombic phase, while the manganese compound adopts the α-monoclinic phase and copper oxalate is obtained as a hemihydrate. By heating the hydrates at adequate temperatures, the anhydrous oxalates can be obtained, except for copper, for which oxalate decomposition takes place simultaneously. Although the highest reversible capacities on cycling were previously reported for mixed Fe–Co oxalates, the best capacity retention was obtained for Mn oxalate at 2C rate. For all solids a double layer plus pseudo-capacitive contribution is observed which allows higher capacities than the theoretical values for a simple conversion reaction.
The synthesis and use of ternary metal oxides/metal particles/carbon hybrids, especially 1D naowires composed of MGeO3/M/C hybrids for energy storage, remains very few reports. In this work, 1D CuxGeOy/Cu/C NWs (x<1, y<3) were successfully prepared by a simple method involving chemical reduction process and simultaneous carbon coating. It was found that through the polydopamine(PDA)-assisted chemical reduction process performed on the CuGeO3 NWs, the phase partially transformed to a mixture of crystalline Cu (∼70nm) and amorphous CuxGeOy NWs with carbon coating, but the nanowire-shaped morphology was maintained. Electrochemical measurements showed that the CuxGeOy/Cu/C NWs exhibited a stable reversible capacity of ∼900mAhg−1after 100 cycles. Even at 800mAg−1, it also exhibited excellent high rate capacity of 350mAhg−1. The newly generated CuxGeOy@Cu@CNWs exhibit enhanced cycle stability with high lithium-storage capability compared to that of the as-preparedCuGeO3NWs. (*) The in situ-synthesized Cu nanoparticles, amorphous state and carbon coating might play an important role in activating and enhancing the reversibility of the conversion reaction of CuxGeOy. In addition, this effective synthetic method might provide the methodology for the development of other ternary metal oxides/metal particles/carbon hybrids materials for energy storage.
The power supply for unmanned underwater vehicles has been an important research point since the vehicles were invented. The power systems and environmental energy conversions for the vehicles are reviewed in the paper. Several topics are represented: problems and general solutions for unmanned underwater vehicles power supplies; the mechanisms and structures of tether power system; characteristics of several batteries; the characterization of potential environmental energy, and energy conversion for unmanned underwater vehicles. Docking stations for underwater vehicles continuation are also represented in the paper. Some typical vehicles powered by the power systems and their performances are listed and analyzed.
Amorphous nanostructured composite materials with different RuO2 loadings on carbon were prepared by colloidal method. The annealing temperature was found to be critical in optimizing the electrochemical performance of this material. FT Raman study confirmed that ruthenium complex converted to ruthenium oxide after annealing at 100°C. The specific capacitance of RuO2/carbon composite electrode (40wt.% Ru) was calculated by using cyclic voltammetry, which was to be 407F/g. The specific capacitance of RuO2·xH2O was estimated to be approximately 863F/g by subtracting the contribution of double layer capacitance resulting from carbon in the composite. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that the particle size of RuO2·xH2O on carbon was approximately 3nm. By increasing the Ru loading over 60wt.%, the particle size of RuO2 increased up to several micrometers resulting in a decrease of the utilization of RuO2, the specific surface area and the rate capability.
Overcharging is one of the main reasons causing lithium-ion battery thermal abuse, probably leading to vehicle accidents. This paper develops an impedance-based method to characterize the battery heat generation during overcharging process. An electro-thermal model is adopted for better computation efficiency. A series of overcharging experiments at 30 ℃ and 60 ℃ are conducted. Interestingly, three stages can be identified from the results, which are the normal heat-accumulating stage, fast heat-accumulating stage and thermal runaway stage, respectively (Stage I, II and III). During Stage I and II, pulse-relaxation and impedance-measurement methods are developed to parameterize the electro-thermal model, under different state of charge, temperature and charging rate conditions. Results of genetic algorithm with Hybrid Pulse Power Characteristic cycling data are used as benchmark. The simulated surface temperature results during overcharging are validated via experiments, which shows that medium frequency impedance method outputs better equivalent resistance and surface temperature estimation accuracy. The proposed model achieves to reduce the temperature estimation root mean squared error to under 0.9 ℃ in all overcharging situations, with greatly reduced computation complexity.
In order to improve the energy density and broad temperature adaptability of vanadium redox flow battery based on sulfate-chloride mixed acid electrolyte, the stability and charge/discharging behavior of electrolytes at a broad temperature range (-20-50 °C) are investigated systematically. The static stability tests of vanadium ions show that the 2.4 M vanadium concentration can keep stable for 10 days with the electrolyte composition of chloride ion concentration is 6.0–7.0 M and sulfate concentration is 2.0–3.0 M. However, the static stability tests of chloride ions indicate that volatilization of hydrogen chloride can be avoided when chloride ion concentration is not exceeding 6.4 M. The cell performance of vanadium redox flow battery with optimized electrolyte compositions indicates that the sulfate-chloride mixed acid electrolyte can operate at a wider temperature range and the charge cut-off voltage must be less than 1.7 V to prevent the chlorine evolution. This work not only systematically optimizes the composition of mixed acid electrolyte, but also provides theoretical direction to the engineering application of vanadium redox flow battery at extreme environment.
Nowadays, the demand for sustainable energy devices (e.g. lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, solar cells) has increased rapidly in recent decades. Nanocelluloses (NCs) from plants or bacteria have shown promising potential as their excellent physical, mechanical and optical properties, which are important for fabricating high-performance energy devices. NC materials and their applications in different areas have been extensively reviewed in literature. However, those reviews focused on more broad properties and applications of NC materials but the discussion on the energy applications are far from comprehensive. Technically, NCs are not electrically conductive; however, conductivity is essential for some core components of an energy device. Therefore, various chemical or physical modification approaches have been developed to prepare conductive NC-based materials. Because of the excellent physical properties of NC materials as well as the rapidly increasing demands on renewable materials based energy devices, enormous research efforts have been devoted to the NC-based conductive materials and energy devices. This paper is a comprehensive review focusing on the recent progress of fabricating conductive NC materials and the energy devices, including supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries and solar cells.