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A facile, scalable, economic and binder free reflux condensation mediated deposition strategy is reported for the direct growth of cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanosheets (positive electrode) and zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) nanoflakes (negative electrode) on a highly conducting flexible stainless steel mesh (SSM, 300mesh) for the first time. Both the electrodes show supercapbattery properties. Individually, Co3O4 nanosheet electrode exhibits a maximum specific capacitance of 2083Fg−1 (specific charge capacity 312mAhg−1) at a high current density of 5mAcm−2 and also shows excellent cycle stability with 89% retention after 6000 cycles. On other hand, ZnFe2O4 nanoflakes electrode demonstrates a maximum specific capacitance of 923Fg−1 (specific charge capacity 2100mAhg−1) at 5mAcm−2 current density with 94% capacitance retention after 9000 cycles. The electrodes are used for fabricating flexible solid state asymmetric supercapacitor. Interestingly, the fabricated device exhibits higher cycle stability up to 12,000 cycles with only 2% loss in capacitance retention and delivers a maximum energy density of 36Whkg−1 even at a high power density of 8.8kWkg−1. This work reports novel alternative synthetic strategy which could be extended to other metal oxides providing new scientific insights and avenues.
Despite promising characteristics of high energy density and low material cost, lithium-sulfur (LiS) batteries show practical limitations in poor cycling life and low Coulombic efficiency due to the fatal “shuttle effect” of soluble polysulfides. Here, a dual polysulfide confinement strategy is designed by fabricating an in-situ N/P co-doped carbon, which is originating from versatile silk cocoons through a combined technology of phosphoric acid activation and carbonization and acts as both sulfur host and self-standing interlayer in LiS batteries. The N/P co-doped porous carbon host (NPPC) provides both the physical restriction and chemical adsorption of polysulfides, while the polar interlayer is used as not only an efficient barrier for blocking polysulfides but also a second current collector, which can reuse the sulfur species, enhance the cycling stability and rate capacity. With this rational design, the NPPC/S cathode with the free-standing interlayer exhibits an initial specific capacity of 1412.6 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, outstanding cycling stability with the ultra-low capacity decay of 0.032% per cycle over 500 cycles at 1.0 C and splendid rate performance with 758.1 mAh g−1 at 2.0 C. Our work provides an eco-friendly and dual employed strategy for boosting the commercialization of LiS batteries.
The portable fuel-cell powered battery charging station provides a good solution to recharging batteries in field applications. This paper presents the design and testing of control strategies for this system using the Virtual Test Bed (VTB). The VTB provides a unique environment to model interdisciplinary components, to rapidly prototype the control system, and to simulate complex systems. In this paper, the system design is first proposed. Both static and real-time control strategies are investigated to coordinate the power distribution among batteries. The fuel cell, battery and power electronic system are modeled in the native VTB format. The charging controller is designed and implemented in MatLab/Simulink, and then is imported to VTB for system simulation. The fuel-cell powered battery charging station is simulated under the proposed charging algorithms. The performance of each charging algorithm is analyzed.
This work reports the interfacial properties of nanostructured MnSn2 as anode material for Li-ion batteries in order to explain ageing phenomena. The impedance measurements show variations of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) resistance during the first cycle that are interpreted from changes in thickness and/or porosity of the SEI film. These changes are mainly due to the degradation of the electrolyte at the beginning of the first discharge and to the de-alloying reaction of Li7Sn2 operating during the first part of the charge that causes strong volume variations. However, a rather stable SEI was obtained during the reformation of MnSn2 in the second part of the charge, which is peculiar to this compound. Finally, capacity fading is related to the continuous growth of the SEI during cycling.
Manganese hydroxides were prepared by a cathodic electrochemical precipitation from a manganese nitrate solution. The grass blade-like precipitate, which is ascribed to manganese hydroxide was 20–80μm long and 1–5μm wide and was spread out on a Pt substrate after the electrochemical precipitation. When the electrochemically precipitated manganese hydroxides were kept in an alkali metal hydroxide aqueous solution, such as NaOH, KOH and LiOH, the respective alkali metal ion was incorporated into the precipitate. Fiber-like nano-structured spinel-LiMn2O4 crystals 200nm in diameter were obtained on a substrate by the calcination of the Li incorporated precipitate at 750°C without any additives. The electrochemically-formed spinel-LiMn2O4 showed well-shaped CVs, even in higher scan rates. These behaviors are ascribed to the crystal size and shape of the processed spinel-LiMn2O4.
Prepared by the deposition of a solid electrode and electrolyte, all-solid-state batteries are a promising next generation battery system. Aerosol deposition (AD) offers many advantages compared to the conventional thin film deposition methods, including the deposition of a crystallized thin film with no heat treatment and a fast deposition rate. In this study, a LiFePO4/C composite thin film is directly fabricated using a LiFePO4/C composite raw powder. SEM and EDS results show the successful deposition of a LiFePO4/C composite thin film on a stainless steel substrate and X-ray diffraction patterns reveal that the as-deposited thin film has a crystalline structure, corresponding to the olivine phase, without any heat treatment. In a CV test, oxidation and reduction peaks appear at 3.51 and 3.36 V, corresponding closely to the peaks of bulk olivine LiFePO4. Furthermore, the profiles of the charge and discharge curves are similar to those of the bulk electrode and the discharge capacity is 31.1 μAh cm−2 μm−1 in the first cycle. After 20 cycles of 10.65 and 106.5 μA cm−2 μm−1, the capacity is recovered to 30.7 μAh cm−2 μm−1. Aerosol deposition can potentially be used in the fabrication of all-solid-state batteries.
Quality of a fish product is related to several parameters. Lately aspects of ethics and welfare of farmed fish during the slaughter process, have been focused on by fish farmers and consumers. In order to explore means for reducing stress due to restraining, pumping, anaesthetising and killing, four new slaughter methods have been tested for Atlantic salmon. Our main objectives have been to: 1) reduce stress and time spent before death of the fish during the slaughter process and 2) maintain or improve the sensory quality of the fish flesh during iced storage. Experiment one assessed the sensory quality during iced storage. The methods applied were, CO2 gas (commercial), anaesthesia by Eugenol oil, percussive stun and spiking (concussion and decerebration). All methods were followed by exsanguination by gill cutting. No significant differences in sensory quality between slaughter methods were recorded. The use of Eugenol gave flavour to the flesh. Significantly higher values for texture parameters were registered for day one than for the rest of the storage period. In experiment two, Atlantic salmon were slaughtered by five methods, the four methods mentioned and in addition, cutting the gills only. All fish were gill cut and behavioural indices were recorded to assess when the fish lost consciousness. pH was recorded after 10 minutes as indication of stress level. The commercial method (CO2) resulted in longer time until unconsciousness and had lowest pH, while percussive stun and Eugenol resulted in shorter periods until unconsciousness and higher pH values. The experiments have demonstrated that slaughter methods for Atlantic salmon can be quick and effective (ethical killing), without any loss of sensory quality and shelf life.
This study explored lexical-syntactic information – syntactic information that is stored in the lexicon – and its relation to syntactic and lexical impairments in aphasia. We focused on two types of lexical-syntactic information: predicate argument structure (PAS) of verbs (the number and types of arguments the verb selects) and grammatical gender of nouns. The participants were 17 Hebrew-speaking individuals with aphasia who had a syntactic deficit (agrammatism) or a lexical retrieval deficit (anomia) located at the semantic lexicon, the phonological output lexicon, or the phonological output buffer. After testing the participants’ syntactic and lexical retrieval abilities and establishing the functional loci of their deficits, we assessed their PAS and grammatical gender knowledge. This assessment included sentence completion, sentence production, sentence repetition, and grammaticality judgment tasks. The participants’ performance on these tests yielded several important dissociations. Three agrammatic participants had impaired syntax but unimpaired PAS knowledge. Three agrammatic participants had impaired syntax but unimpaired grammatical gender knowledge. This indicates that lexical-syntactic information is represented separately from syntax, and can be spared even when syntax at the sentence level, such as embedding and movement are impaired. All 5 individuals with phonological output buffer impairment and all 3 individuals with phonological output lexicon impairment had preserved lexical-syntactic knowledge. These selective impairments indicate that lexical-syntactic information is represented at a lexical stage prior to the phonological lexicon and the phonological buffer. Three participants with impaired PAS (aPASia) and impaired grammatical gender who showed intact lexical-semantic knowledge indicate that the lexical-syntactic information is represented separately from the semantic lexicon. This led us to conclude that lexical-syntactic information is stored in a separate syntactic lexicon. A double dissociation between PAS and grammatical gender impairments indicated that different types of lexical-syntactic information are represented separately in this syntactic lexicon.
The development of a method for efficiently harvesting energy from the human body could enable extraordinary advances in biomedical devices and portable electronics. Being electromechanically coupled, nanopiezoelectrics represent a promising new materials paradigm for scavenging otherwise wasted energy, with the ultimate goal of replacing or augmenting batteries. Of particular interest is developing biomechanical energy nanogenerators that are highly efficient, but with flexible form factors for wearable or implantable applications. This perspective presents an overview of the opportunities, progresses, and challenges in the rapidly accelerating field of nanopiezoelectrics. The combination of new nanomaterial properties, novel assembly strategies, and breakthrough device performance metrics suggests a rich platform for a host of exciting avenues in fundamental research and novel applications.
Frailty is associated with worse survival post lung transplantation than non-frail patients (Wilson et al. 2016). Recognition of these patients at assessment may help decision making regarding listing and target interventions to ameliorate frailty. Currently, the six-minute walk test (6MWT) is the gold standard for physical performance in lung transplantation assessment. The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) is a well validated frailty measure with an emphasis on physical function. The aim of the study was to determine whether the SPPB correlates to six-minute walk distance (6MWD). Prospective observational service evaluation at a single cardiothoracic transplant centre. Frailty was quantified by using the SPPB and physical performance was quantified by the 6MWD in the lung transplant candidate population. The evaluation period was March 2017 to October 2017. Strong positive correlation found between 6MWD and SPPB (rho 0.663, n=78, p=<0.001. This study demonstrates that SPPB had a strong positive correlation with 6MWD. This would suggest that the SPPB is indicative of overall physical performance in lung transplantation candidates and may predict post-operative outcomes. Further research is now required to investigate how SPPB scores relate to 6MWD post-operatively to determine whether SPPB relates to clinical outcomes. In doing so, the clinical importance of the SPPB in addition to, or in replacement of, the 6MWD could be evaluated.
Silicon heterojunction solar cells are expected to increase their market share in the near future. Qu et al. identify an embedded nanotwin structure at the crystalline silicon/hydrogenated amorphous silicon interface of silicon heterojunction cells that limits the device performance and devise an approach to suppress its formation.
Pb(NO3)2/C is fabricated by a solution method and investigated for the first time as probable anode material for lithium-ion batteries. For pristine Pb(NO3)2, the reversible specific capacity of 55.9 mAh g−1 can be delivered with a poor capacity retention of 12.9% after 50 cycles. By introducing carbon black, it is found that a higher initial discharge capacity of 1140.7 mAh g−1 can be shown by Pb(NO3)2/C than the value of 938.5 mAh g−1 delivered by pristine Pb(NO3)2. After 50 cycles, Pb(NO3)2/C can display a reversible capacity of 241.5 mAh g−1 with the capacity retention of 48.8%.The reaction mechanism of Pb(NO3)2 with Li is studied by various in-situ and ex-situ techniques. It can be found that the preliminary reaction between Pb(NO3)2 and Li leads to the irreversible formation of LiNO3, Li3N and Pb. Upon further lithiation, the electrochemical reaction of Pb with Li leads to the formation of LiPb and Li10Pb3, and finally Li8Pb3, Li22Pb5. The charge process is associated with the de-alloying reaction of Li8Pb3 and Li22Pb5 leading to the preliminary formation of LiPb and Li10Pb3, and finally Pb.
A group with closed head injury was compared to neurologically intact controls regarding the referential cohesion and logical coherence of narrative production. A sample of six stories was obtained with tasks of cartoon-elicited story-telling and auditory-oral retelling. We found deficits in the clinical group with respect to referential cohesion, logical coherence, and accuracy of narration. The occurrence of deficits depended on the condition of narrative production and, to some extent, on the particular story used. The primary implications of this study pertain to the attention given by researchers to the feature of discourse production being studied and processing demands of the task.
Electrochemically active 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dimethylbutane (nordihydroguaiaretic acid, NDGA) films can be directly deposited on Nafion modified electrodes from aqueous nordihydroguaiaretic acid. The deposited NDGA/Nafion films are stable, and show obvious electrochemical activity in aqueous solutions with various pH. An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and cyclic voltammetry were used to study the in situ growth of the NDGA/Nafion films. When freshly prepared NDGA/Nafion films were transferred to aqueous solutions at various pH, the formal potential was found to be pH dependent. The NDGA/Nafion films electrocatalytically oxidized dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in aqueous solutions, with the electrocatalytic oxidation current developing through the oxidized form of the NDGA/Nafion film. NDGA/Nafion films also showed reversible electrocatalytic properties. Such films electrocatalytically reduce the oxidation products of dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine resulting from the electrocatalytic oxidation of these compounds by the NDGA/Nafion film. The NDGA/Nafion modified films also electrocatalytically oxidized a mixture of dopamine and ascorbic acid. The chemical reaction of dopamine quinone with ascorbic acid was investigated using the rotating ring-disk electrode method.
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a critical electrochemical reaction in water splitting and rechargeable metal–air batteries. It plays a pivotal role in achieving high-efficiency clean-energy production and energy storage in these devices. Transition metal-based bimetallic MOFs (TMB MOFs) with two different metal ions possess specific synergistic effects, which could exhibit OER performance and stability superior to those of the corresponding monometallic MOFs for water oxidation. Benefiting from the diversity of chemical composition and structural type, TMB MOFs can also serve as precursors and templates to obtain alloy-particle-decorated carbon materials with high surface area, or metal compounds such as bimetallic sulfides, phosphides, and hydroxides with atomic-level mixing of heterometallic elements. These materials with high-density active sites exhibit much improved catalytic activity in the water oxidation reaction. This article aims to review the recent progress with TMB MOFs and their derivatives in relation to applications as electrocatalysts in OER, including analysis of the mechanism of the OER process with the assistance of DFT calculations and in situ or operando techniques.
When a layered double hydroxide (LDH), [Ni4Al(OH)10]NO3 is aged at 60°C in a concentrated KOH solution (around 7molL−1), it transforms into β-Ni(OH)2; when it is cycled electrochemically, it can also transform into β-Ni(OH)2 but finish much sooner. In the mixture formed during the transformation, the reciprocal of the mass of the LDH is linearly related to the aging time. The electrochemical characterization of the LDH shows that the transformation impairs its performances, which leads to the decrease of the maximal number of exchanged electron per nickel atom as the charging/discharging cycling is continued. Therefore, this study reveals that the structural stability of the material, which is a key to its cycle life, depends on temperature, electrolyte concentration and electrochemical cycles. It was found that high temperature cyclic performances of the LDH can be improved by lowering the concentration of electrolyte and/or adding Lu2O3.
The fabrication and catalytic properties of hierarchical porous carbon loaded with PtRu particles was studied. A silica nanoparticles opal is filled with resorcinol/formaldehyde resin, which is then pyrolized to form a macroporous carbon. Depending on synthesis conditions the volume contraction induces mesopore formation in the macroporous carbon, creating a hierarchical porous carbon (HPC). The material consists of a thick, highly porous electrocatalytic film. PtRu nanoparticles were loaded inside the HPC by reduction of metallic ions with formic acid. The electrocatalytic activity toward CO and methanol oxidation was evaluated. The current densities for methanol electrooxidation at 60 °C (220 μA cm−2 and 120 Ag−1 at 0.55 VRHE) reveals high activity, suggesting that the catalysts consist of well disperse, small PtRu nanoparticles, with a low degree of agglomeration and good accessibility for reactants.
Insertion of 3% vanadium in LiMn1-yFeyPO4 has been investigated, with y = 0.2 corresponding to the highest manganese concentration before the stress/strain field degrades the electrochemical performance. V substitutes for Fe2+ in the trivalent state V3+. This substitution is accompanied with the formation of Fe vacancies while Mn remains in the Mn2+ valence state, leading to a composition LiMn0.8Fe0.2-0.045V0.03□0.015PO4 where □ is a Fe vacancy. The comparison between electrochemical properties of a pristine sample and a sample with 3 mol.% vanadium made of particles with the same morphology (spherical particles with the same dispersion 100-150 nm in size) and same carbon coating (same conductivity of the carbon layer) is reported. Although the vanadium is in the V3+ state at open circuit voltage (2.6 V) before cycling, a reversible V3+/V2+ is observed when the potential of the half-cell is lowered below the redox potential of 1.8 V vs Li+/Li, due to Li-vacancies. The V-insertion improves the electrochemical properties, due to a synergetic effect of an increase of the lithium diffusion coefficient by a factor two and an increase of the electric conductivity at any Li-concentration during the cycling process, in contradiction with prior claims that attributed the increase of conductivity to V-based impurities.
Here we report a polyanion-based cathode material for sodium-ion batteries, Na2MnSiO4, registering impressive sodium storage performances with discharge capacity of 210 mAh g−1 at an average voltage of 3 V at 0.1 C, along with excellent long-term cycling stability (500 cycles at 1 C). Insertion/extraction of ∼1.5 mol of sodium ion per formula unit of the silicate-based compound is reported and the utilisation of Mn2+ ⇋ Mn4+ redox couple is also demonstrated by ex-situ XPS. Besides, this study involves a systematic investigation of influence of the electrolyte additive (with different content) on the sodium storage performance of Na2MnSiO4. The electrolyte additive forms an optimum protective passivation film on the electrode surface, successfully reducing manganese dissolution.
Converting iron pyrite (FeS2) from a non-cyclable to a cyclable cathode material for lithium ion batteries has been an ongoing challenge in recent years. Herein we report a promising mitigation strategy: wet-chemistry based conformal encapsulation of synthetic FeS2 nanocrystals in a resilient carbon (RC) matrix (FeS2@RC). The FeS2@RC composite was fabricated by dispersing autoclave-synthesized FeS2 nanocrystals in an aqueous glucose solution, polymerizing the glucose in a hydrothermal reactor, and finally heating the polymer/FeS2 composite in a tube furnace to partially carbonize the polymer. The FeS2@RC electrodes showed superior cyclability compared with the FeS2 electrodes, that is, 25% versus 1% of retention at the 20th cycle. Based on electrochemical analysis, XRD study, and SEM characterization, the performance enhancement was attributed to RC's ability to accommodate volume fluctuation, enhance charge transfer, alleviate detrimental side reactions, and suppress loss of the active material. Furthermore, the remaining issues associated with the current system were identified and future research directions were proposed.
In 1993, based on observations of subclinical neurological effects in workers, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) published a Reference Concentration (RfC) of 0.05μg/m3 for manganese (Mn). The geometric mean exposure concentration, 150μg/m3 respirable Mn, was considered the lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL), and uncertainty factors (UFs) were applied to account for sensitive populations, database limitations, a LOAEL, subchronic exposure, and potential differences in toxicity of different forms of Mn. Based on a review of more recent literature, we propose two alternate Mn RfCs. Of 12 more recent occupational studies of eight cohorts with chronic exposure durations, examining subclinical neurobehavioral effects, predominantly on the motor system, three were considered appropriate for development of an RfC. All three studies yielded no observable adverse effect levels (NOAELs) of approximately 60μg/m3 respirable Mn. Converting the occupational NOAEL to a human equivalent concentration (HEC) of 21μg/m3 (for continuous exposure) and applying a UF of 10 to account for intraspecies variability yielded an RfC of 2μg/m3. We also derived a similar RfC (7μg/m3) using an Mn benchmark dose (BMD) as the point of departure. Overall confidence in both RfCs is medium.