batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Like many countries in Africa, Senegal is facing economical decline, energy crisis and serious desertification problem in rural areas. These issues could be removed if renewable energy is used as a primary source of energy in rural areas. What is required is a strategy to implement renewable energy technologies at large scale. The government and many non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have tried to comprehend and have strived to address the problem of energy. This paper presents a review of activities in the field of renewable energy applications in Senegal, which goes back to the mid 1970s and will discuss the socio-economic benefits that the country has derived from these environmentally sound and appropriate sources of energy. The development and trial of systems were mostly funded so far by donor agencies in collaboration with government and NGOs. Among the applications being supported are solar lighting, water pumping and small power plants. Recent efforts have been aimed at restructuring the programmes and giving them a market orientation. Future trends, some suggestions and recommendations for successful dissemination of renewable energy sources are also drawn. The present situation is seen to be much more promising and favourable for renewable energy.
Income is regarded as one of the clearest indicators of socioeconomic status and wellbeing in the developed world and is highly correlated with a wide range of outcomes. Despite its importance, there remains an issue as to the best way to collect income as part of surveys. This paper examines differences in how income is collected in a nationally representative UK birth cohort, the Millennium Cohort Study, looking at variations by questions asked and by respondent characteristics before then examining the implications different methods of collecting and reporting income may have for measuring poverty. Results show that less than a third of respondents give consistent information on income between measurement tools. Using multiple questions is associated with a substantially lower response rate but this method generally results in a higher estimate of family income than using a single question. This is particularly true for certain groups of the population—those on means tested benefits, in self-employment and in part-time employment. Not surprisingly then in our analysis of poverty, using a single question produces an inflated proportion of families who could be classified as living in poverty and is less associated with other measures of financial deprivation than the more conservative poverty measure based on multiple questions.
Objectives Impairment of long-term recall may worsen everyday functioning of patients with epilepsy even if the standard short-term or delayed recall tests do not show significant abnormalities. We evaluated prospectively the decay of memory between delayed and long-term recall in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and controls with the aim of identifying the determinants of long-term memory impairment. Methods Seventy patients with TLE and 59 controls underwent neuropsychological assessment of verbal and nonverbal memory, attention, and executive functions at visit 1. Long-term verbal and nonverbal memory was tested with the same word list, verbal logical story, and Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test 4 weeks later at visit 2. The decay in memory was estimated as information recalled at visit 2 as a percentage of the delayed recall at visit 1. Results Frequent seizures (⩾4 per month) during the study period were related to poor long-term recall, even for those patients who did relatively well on delayed recall tests. On all long-term memory tests, patients with complex partial and/or secondary generalized seizures did significantly worse than patients with simple partial seizures. The presence of interictal generalized or focal temporal epileptiform activity was associated with more accelerated forgetting of the word list and complex figure. Multiple regression analysis confirmed that number of complex partial seizures, age of patient, and abnormal interictal EEG are significant predictors of accelerated forgetting. Conclusions Uncontrolled seizures, especially with ictal impairment of consciousness, can be a significant factor in the accelerated decay of memory, although subclinical interictal epileptiform EEG activity may also be relevant.
Complex spinel Li2MnTi3O8 is prepared by a simple solid state reaction route. Electrochemical test shows that Li2MnTi3O8 reveals excellent electrochemical property as anode material with a reversible capacity of 193.8 mAh g−1 and corresponding capacity retention of 88.0% after 50 cycles. In-situ X-ray diffraction observation reveals that Li2MnTi3O8 shows a quasi-reversible structural evolution during charge–discharge process. For the lithium storage process, lithium-ion initially migrates to 4a position and forms Li–O octahedron at high lithiation potential, and then lithium-ion accommodates 8c position to form Li–O tetrahedron at low lithiation potential. The reverse charge process is quasi-reversible. As a result, Li2MnTi3O8 shows high structural stability as a promising lithium storage material for lithium-ion batteries.
The aqueous Nickel–Zinc batteries have advantages of high safety and environmental benignity. However, their low energy density and poor cycling stability hinder their widespread applications. To address these issues, we demonstrate here a well-aligned hierarchical nanowires array as an advanced cathode for Nickel–Zinc batteries, which is composed of Nickel-vanadium layered double hydroxide decorated on cobalt oxide with a core/sheath configuration featuring merits of high electrical conductivity, large specific surface area, and short diffusion pathway for ions and electrons. Benefiting from the hierarchy structure design and component synergistic effect, the nanowires array electrode with high mass-loading of 11.1 mg cm−2 exhibits high areal capacity of 1.98 mAh cm−2 at 5 mA cm−2, 61.8% capacity retention at 50 mA cm−2 and excellent cycling stability with 100% retention after 1000 cycles. Moreover, full cell of the as-fabricated nanowiress arrays//Zinc configuration delivers high operating voltage of 1.71 V, energy density up to 2.2 mWh cm−2, power density up to 82.0 mW cm−2 and remarkable cycling stability of 89% capacity retention after 1500 cycles, showing great potential for practical applications. This work may also bring new design opportunities for the well-defined nanoarrays electrode in other energy storage devices.
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of Editor-in-Chief. At the end of August 2015 the Editorial Office of Electrochimica Acta received a message from the corresponding author of this paper stating that he never submitted this manuscript to the journal. Upon inquiry it was found that the initial version of the manuscript had been submitted to the journal from the EES account of J.C. Zheng (jczhengedu@outlook.com), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China. Nevertheless, J.C. Zheng is non-existent and was never employed by the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Chongqing University. Moreover, the revised version of the article was submitted to Elsevier with a different authorship, including a new email address for the corresponding author (lijungdut@sina.com). The email address of the corresponding author was then changed to the one given in the published version of the article upon proof correction. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to the authors of the published version and the readers of the journal.
A number of recent studies have shown that some patients with pure alexia display evidence of implicit access to lexical and semantic information about words that they cannot read explicitly. This phenomenon has not been investigated systematically in Chinese patients. We report here a case study of a Chinese patient who met the criteria for pure alexia and had lesions in the left occipitotemporal region and the splenium of the corpus callosum. His explicit and implicit reading was evaluated with various stimuli in a number of tasks. We found that despite his severe impairment in overt reading and the definition of any characters, his performance was well above chance in various implicit tasks. His accuracy with respect to lexical decisions was so high that his performance was almost normal. These findings provide unequivocal evidence for the existence of implicit reading in Chinese patients with pure alexia and further support the involvement of the right hemisphere.
Electricity plays a dominant role to the citizens׳ well-being and the social prosperity of the developed economies. Electricity perspectives have attracted the research interest of the scientific community during the last two decades due to its determining impact upon transportation modes (electric-based mobility: electric vehicles–EVs, hybrid cars, and electric drive-trains), energy-consumed household tasks (Smart House and Smart Grid concepts), working environment, and leisure activities. Electricity generation is mainly determined by the following features: on-grid (mainland) and off-grid (including exploitation of renewables in remote areas) production, peak (during the day) and off-peak (during the night) daytimes of energy production and consumption, efficient and reliable power supply, capability and reliability of energy storage technologies, energy market potential in the future. This study further explores the following issues: which technologies will be most needed, in which technologies there is room for further development, which policy considerations will influence rollout and penetration, and what implementation problems may be expected. Finally, this study addresses a wide spectrum of energy policies regarding the electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal energy storage technologies. In parallel, the study discussed global regulatory regimes of the post-2015 development agenda of Rio20+ United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development that should be adapted to electricity generation under the political initiatives of “Sustainable Development Goals” (SDGs) and “Millennium Development Goals” (MDGs). Finally, the key-issues of research, operation, applicability, and pricing trend of energy storage technologies are addressed while the future orientations of these technologies are outlined.
The processes of the formation of the positive and negative plates in lead batteries are slow because during the flow of the electric current through them a converting of one type of solid phase into another is done. In the formation of the plates in lead batteries there run reactions of decomposition of water from the electrolyte by separating hydrogen on the negative plates and oxygen on the positive ones. This paper presents the results of a research on the impact of the ultrasonic waves on the composition and structure of the positive and negative plates in lead-acid batteries during their formation. It is established that when applying ultrasonic waves during the formation, a high content of PbO2 is formed at the positive plates which facilitates the separation of the absorbed gas layers of the slab and reduces the voltage of the cells. The application of ultrasonic waves during the formation creates conditions for an effective operation of the crystallization processes of the solid phases in the plates, thus shortening the time for the formation of the positive and negative plates in lead batteries and reducing the energy consumption.
In this article the properties of the electrolyte based on the product of the reaction of methylalumoxane with oligoethyleneglycols are examined. The electrochemical studies were performed to describe the conductivity and lithium transference number of the system. In addition, DSC, SEM, NMR and vibrational spectroscopy studies were used to get a more detailed description of the material. Three classes of electrolytes are here taken into consideration. The first based on the PEGDME liquid oligoether system modified with the MAO–PEGME branched heterocomposite system. The second one is the branched product itself used as an electrolyte matrix. In the last case a crosslinked system was obtained by the utilization of PEGME–PEG mixture. The conductivities obtained were in the range of 10−4 Scm−1 for liquid-like systems and above 10−5 Scm−1 for the solid ones. For samples containing LiCF3SO3 the lithium transference number was higher than 0.5 for some electrolyte compositions while it was in the range of 0.4 for ones containing LiClO4. Electrochemical stability of the system was preliminarily tested by means of cyclic voltammetry.
Na3V2O2(PO4)2F (NVOPF) is a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high working voltage and theoretical capacity. However, the electrochemical performance is strongly impeded by its poor intrinsic electronic conductivity. Herein, we integrated the high flexible graphene sheets with NVOPF through a spray-drying method to re-construct its structure. The NVOPF nanocrystalline particles are homogeneously embedded in the high electronic conductive graphene framework. As a cathode of SIBs, the robust NVOPF/rGO microsphere composite exhibits excellent electrochemical performance: high specific capacity (127.2mAhg−1), long-term cycling stability (83.4% capacity retention at 30C after 2000 cycles) and superior high rate performance (70.3mAhg−1 at 100C). Furthermore, the Na+ insertion/extraction mechanism is also investigated by in-situ XRD and ex-situ HRTEM monitor technologies. This work demonstrates that the constructed 3D graphene skeleton serves as a high-efficient electronic conduction matrix and improves the electrochemical properties of electrode materials for advanced energy storage applications.
Hollow sphere structure Na2MnPO4F/C composite is synthesized through spray drying, following in-situ pyrolytic carbon coating process. XRD results indicate that the well crystallized composite can be successfully synthesized, and no other impurity phases are detected. SEM and TEM results reveal that the Na2MnPO4F/C samples show intact hollow spherical architecture, and the hollow spherical shells with an average thickness of 150 nm–250 nm are composed of nanosized primary particles. Furthermore, the amorphous carbon layer is uniformly coated on the surface of the hollow sphere, and the nanosized Na2MnPO4F particles are well embedded in the carbon networks. Consequently, the hollow sphere structure Na2MnPO4F/C shows enhanced electrochemical performance. Especially, it is the first time that the obvious potential platforms (∼3.6 V) are observed during the charge and discharge process at room temperature.
The potential application of the Comet assay for monitoring genotoxicity in the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha was explored and a preliminary investigation was undertaken of the baseline levels of DNA damage in mussel haemocytes of animals kept at different temperatures. In addition, in vitro cell sensitivity against genotoxicants was assessed in relation to increasing temperatures. The mussels were kept at four different constant temperatures (4, 18, 28 and 37°C) for 15h. The haemocytes withdrawn were treated in vitro with melphalan, as a model genotoxic compound, or sodium hypochlorite, a common water disinfectant capable of producing mutagenic/carcinogenic by-products, at the established temperatures for 1h. The data obtained in vivo, in cells directly withdrawn from the mussels showed a significant (P<0.001, Student’s t test) inter-individual variability, probably due to genetic and epigenetic factors and an increasing amount of DNA damage at increasing temperature. Mussel haemocytes showed a clear dose–response effect after in vitro melphalan treatment. Hypochlorite treatment also significantly increased DNA migration: the damage was temperature dependent, with a similar increase at 4 and 28°C and a minimum level at 18°C. This study demonstrates the potential application of the Comet assay to haemocytes of D. polymorpha. However, these findings suggest that temperature could alter both DNA damage baseline levels in untreated animals and cell sensitivity towards environmental pollutants in in vitro conditions. Therefore, more information is needed about seasonal variations and the natural background levels of DNA damage in mussels living in the wild, before they are used for the monitoring of genotoxic effects in aquatic environments.
Intensive efforts are underway towards developing battery-based grid-scale storage technologies. Here, the authors report an aqueous K-ion battery that offers many attractive advantages over various battery alternatives.
Spinel-embedded lithium-rich oxides are synthesized and their structural phases are analyzed. The type of spinel Li M 0.5Mn1.5O4 ( M = Ni, Co, Mn) embedded is varied by controlling the spinel composition and content. Of the various composites fabricated with different spinel phases, the LiCo0.5Mn1.5O4-embedded over-lithiated layered oxide (OLO) shows the best electrochemical performance as a cathode because of the absence of a parasitic phase and its high structural stability. The formation energy of the LiCo0.5Mn1.5O4-embedded oxide is determined through first-principles calculations and is found to be lower than that of the pristine oxide as well as other spinel-phase-embedded oxides. It is also observed that use of OLO with optimal embedded spinel LiCo0.5Mn1.5O4 in a cylindrical 18650-type cell results in improvement in the full-cell electrochemical performance.
Lithium transport through LiCoO2/Li1−δ Mn2O4 bilayer film electrode prepared by radio-frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering was investigated in a 1M solution of LiClO4 in propylene carbonate. From the analyses of the AC-impedance spectra experimentally measured from the Li1−δ Mn2O4 single-layer and LiCoO2/Li1−δ Mn2O4 bilayer film specimens, the internal cell resistance of the LiCoO2/Li1−δ Mn2O4 bilayer film electrode was determined to be smaller in value than that of the Li1−δ Mn2O4 single-layer film electrode over the whole potential range, which can be accounted for by the kinetic facility for the interfacial charge-transfer reaction in the presence of the more conductive LiCoO2 surface film. Moreover, from the analyses of the anodic current transients measured from both the film specimens, it was suggested that the cell-impedance-controlled constraint at the electrode surface is changed to the diffusion-controlled constraint simultaneously characterised by the large potential step and the small amount of lithium transferred during lithium transport. In addition, in the case of the LiCoO2/Li1−δ Mn2O4 bilayer film electrode, it was found that the critical value of the applied potential step needed for the mechanism transition is reduced, which strongly indicates that the internal cell resistance plays a significant role in determining the cell-impedance-controlled lithium transport. Furthermore, from the comparison of the cathodic current transients measured on the Li1−δ Mn2O4 single-layer film specimens with various thicknesses, it was experimentally verified that the diffusion resistance is explicitly distinguished from the internal cell resistance.
This paper aims to check the applicability of the sustainable innovation system concept on developing countries, verifying if them are suitable for such an approach, by means of a comparative and investigative study, exploring how environmental regulations related to electronics e-waste mobilize networks of academic, private and government actors for the generation and diffusion of sustainable technical and managerial innovations for compliance with these regulations. A study, based on legislation analysis and a survey of government, academy and companies actions is presented for the case of Brazil.
Argyrodite Li6PS5Cl is a promising solid electrolyte in all-solid-state lithium batteries owing to its high ionic conductivity. However, the poor mechanical property and undesirable interfacial property restrict its application. In order to solve these issues, we fabricate Li6PS5Cl/poly(ethylene oxide) composite solid electrolytes with enhanced mechanical property and stable lithium/electrolyte interface. By adding 5 to 20 wt% poly(ethylene oxide), the proportional limit of composite solid electrolytes is enhanced by ∼150%, reaching a value up to 60 MPa. With 5 wt% poly(ethylene oxide), the as-assembled sandwich-type LiNi0 · 8Co0 · 1Mn0 · 1O2/composite solid electrolytes/Li battery exhibits enhanced cycling performance with a capacity retention rate of 91% over 200 cycles at 0.05C and 30 °C. Ex situ characterizations reveal that by adding suitable poly(ethylene oxide) content in Li6PS5Cl, the interfacial reactions and lithium dendrite growth can be effectively inhibited, resulting in much improved cycling performance of all-solid-state lithium batteries.
The first electrochemical lithium insertion was characterized for several graphite materials with high degree of crystallinity, different particle size distributions and surface morphologies in an ethylene carbonate (EC)/propylene carbonate (PC) electrolyte. For coarser graphite materials and graphites with a low superficial defect concentration, an irreversible process was observed which correlated with the electrochemical exfoliation of graphite. Different natural and synthetic graphites with similar particle size distribution and active surface area showed differences in the passivation behavior during the first electrochemical reduction. The fraction of graphite particles exfoliating during the first galvanostatic lithium insertion linearly increased with length of the irreversible plateau, which concomitantly moved to more positive potentials. This behavior can be rationalized when considering, besides the surface structure, local overpotentials for the solid electrolyte interphase formation process, and especially the overpotential distribution through the graphite electrode. These overpotentials cause a distribution of the local current density attributed to the passivation process. Optimizing the particle contacts in the electrode by applying mechanical pressure or by selecting the proper binder decreased the overpotentials and suppressed the graphite exfoliation in the EC/PC electrolyte. Therefore, both graphite surface structure and electrode engineering aspects have to be considered for successful passivation against exfoliation.
In this paper, a series of LiVPO4F-based samples are prepared through sintering LiVPO4F at different temperatures under air. Experimental results show that the pristine sample is oxidized to a new compound Li1 −x VPO4F1 −y O z (0 < x < 0.2, 0.9 < y ≤ 1, 0.9 <z ≤1) with similar structure of LiVPO4O under air at 550 °C or higher one. In-situ X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the original material LiVPO4F undergoes two two-phase structural evolutions upon Li+ electrochemical extraction at average operating potentials at 4.26 and 4.30 V, corresponding to the continuous transformation of LiVPO4F → Li0.72VPO4F → VPO4F in the first charge process. In the reverse discharge process, there is only one two-phase structural transition VPO4F → LiVPO4F without the appearance of the intermediate phase Li0.72VPO4F on Li+ insertion reaction at 4.18 V. Therefore, the extraction/insertion process of LiVPO4F is an asymmetrical phase transformation. When the sintering temperature is raised to 550 °C, Li1−x VPO4F1−y O z exhibits extremely poor electrochemical performance, which is attributed to the volatilization loss of lithium and the replacement of fluorine by oxygen in the structure during the sintering process under air. However, Li1 −x VPO4F1 −y O z has a very stable structure during the whole process of galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles as confirmed by in-situ X-ray diffraction technique.