batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Modernization of the conventional power system is being driven by increased load, aging infrastructure and proposed legislation to increase taxation of greenhouse gas emissions. The evolving intelligent energy value chain known as the smart grid is an intricate system, which requires deliberate collaboration from various stakeholders. The smart grid is not a monolithic system but rather a collection of enabling technologies and applications with different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. It is pivotal to any nation's economic advancement, global relevance and overall quality of life. In this article, a review of integral components of the emerging grid and communication infrastructures enabling the six smart grid applications is presented. In addition, this paper summarizes their communication and networking requirements such as payload (size and frequency), physical (PHY) and media access control (MAC) layer latency based on IEEE Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability and National Institute of Standards and Technology frameworks. Also, this article highlights the need for convergence into a common protocol platform to achieve interoperability of legacy and evolving communication protocols. Additionally, challenges of communication infrastructures deployed within the “unfriendly” power system environment and critical skill gaps that exist between the power and communication domains, which may create a 'silo unit’ while integrating communication technologies into the legacy power system are presented.
The growth of intermittent solar power has developed a need for energy storage systems in order to decouple generation and supply of energy. Microgrid (MG) systems comprising of solar arrays with battery energy storage studied in this paper desire high levels of autonomy, seeking to meet desired demand at all times. Large energy storage capacity is required for high levels of autonomy, but much of this expensive capacity goes unused for a majority of the year due to seasonal fluctuations of solar generation. In this paper, a model-based study of MGs comprised of solar generation and battery storage shows the relationship between system autonomy and battery utilization applied to multiple demand cases using a single particle battery model (SPM). The SPM allows for more accurate state-of-charge and utilization estimation of the battery than previous studies of renewably powered systems that have used empirical models. The increased accuracy of battery state estimation produces a better assessment of system performance. Battery utilization will depend on the amount of variation in solar insolation as well as the type of demand required by the MG. Consumers must balance autonomy and desired battery utilization of a system within the needs of their grid.
In this work, Fe-Sn nanoparticles and its carbide counterpart, i.e. Fe-Sn/C nanoparticles were fabricated by DC arc-discharge method. The crystal structures, morphologies and cyclic performances of both samples were characterized by XRD, HRTEM and galvanostatic discharge/charge measurements. It is indicated that the main phases in two kinds of nanoparticles are FeSn2 and Sn. The sizes of Fe-Sn nanoparticles are in the range of 30∼100nm, while Fe-Sn/C nanoparticles are about 10∼50nm. Fe-Sn nanoparticles electrode exhibits the real discharge/charge specific capacities of 192/159 mAh g−1, those are gradually faded to near 11 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles. Nevertheless, Fe-Sn/C nanoparticles electrode has the real discharge/charge specific capacities of 557/517 mAh g−1, can maintain to 373 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles. The carbon additive in Fe-Sn/C nanoparticles was characterized to be a graphite-like shell, its excellent effects on suppression of the volume change and electrochemical performances were discussed.
The Li-excess oxide compound is one of the most promising positive electrode materials for next generation batteries exhibiting high capacities of >300 mA h g−1 due to the unconventional participation of the oxygen anion redox in the charge compensation mechanism. However, its synthesis has been proven to be highly sensitive to varying conditions and parameters where nanoscale phase separation may occur that affects the overall battery performance and life. In addition, several thermodynamic and kinetic drawbacks including large first cycle irreversible capacity, poor rate capability, voltage fading, and surface structural transformation need to be addressed in order to reach commercialization. This review will focus on the recent progress and performance trends over the years and provide several guidelines and design considerations based on the library of work done on this particular class of materials.
The phase change material (PCM) based battery thermal management system (BTMS) is an effective cooling system for ensuring the reliability, safety, lifespan and performance of li-ion batteries. The kinds of PCM-based BTMS include the pure PCM, composite PCM and hybrid PCM-based BTMS. This work focuses on the review of the research progress in the PCM-based BTMS to propose its prospects and challenges. The research results show that most pure solid-liquid PCMs are of low thermal conductivity, which leads to large amounts of heat accumulation in a harsh operating environment. The addition of carbon materials and metals can significantly increase the thermal conductivity and the strength of the PCMs. The hybrid BTMS can further reduce the temperature rise and enhance the temperature uniformity of the battery compared with a single BTMS. Thus, the hybrid BTMS is more suitable to high power battery packs. This study provides a direction for future research, including screening new PCMs, improving the efficiency, reducing the energy consumption, volume and weight of the PCM-based BTMS.
Although functional brain imaging can lateralize language functioning and has the potential to assess the functional integrity of the mesial temporal lobe memory structures, imaging protocols are not currently available for clinical use. Assessing the risk of post-epilepsy surgery memory decline is an important part of treatment planning, and the Wada test remains the current technique. The Wada test is invasive and has limitations with respect to sensitivity and specificity. We describe an audit of 141 consecutive Wada test results looking at the base rate of failure and clinical characteristics of failure. The objective was to provide base rate data that support decision making regarding selective use of the Wada test. We conclude that right-handed patients with right temporal lesions who have strong verbal memory are very unlikely to fail and probably do not need to undergo the Wada test. Patients with left temporal lesions are more likely to fail regardless of handedness and regardless of baseline neuropsychological test data. We propose that until functional imaging protocols become available to supersede the Wada test, patients should be considered for the Wada test on a case-by-case basis.
In the late months of 1937 and in the beginning of 1938, John Rabe, German CEO of Siemens China, engages in humanitarian negotiation with many actors, as the Japanese troops approach and then occupy Nanking, the capital city of Nationalist China. His responsibility as a leader and negotiator is guided by one purpose—the protection of the Chinese poorest of the poor. It motivates him in all his negotiation moves, whether he leverages principles, values, needs, interests, relationship and culture to persuade his interlocutors. The ten humanitarian negotiation situations that he faces suggest a three-step process: a planning stage to create a safety zone, an implementation stage to operationalize it and, finally, an exit stage to properly end the mission. Rabe’s ongoing questioning and doggedness, as well as that of the other twenty-one members of the International Safety Zone Committee, made a difference to protect 250,000 Chinese men, women and children. At the time, his heroism owed him the honored name of a living Buddha, and, sixty years later, of “The Schindler of China.” He was a pioneer of the responsibility to protect, and of corporate social responsibility.
The replacement of lithium metal by lithium intercalated graphite was crucial for developing safe lithium-ion batteries. Superoxide-based potassium–oxygen batteries represent an exciting metal–oxygen battery with the highest energy efficiencies. However, using potassium metal is a more serious safety threat than lithium. Herein, we explore the possibility of graphite-intercalation anodes for potassium-ion oxygen batteries (PIOBs) with enhanced safety. This work demonstrates for the first time that establishing an artificial potassium salt-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) enables a reversible graphite-intercalation anode (249.6 mA h g−1 after 600 cycles) in a potassium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (KTFSI)-based localized high-concentration electrolyte. Such an electrolyte is stable with the superoxide cathode. The PIOB delivers energy efficiencies above 90% at a depth of discharge (DOD) of 25% for 80 cycles. A three-electrode measurement shows that its overpotential mainly comes from the anode. The lifespan is limited to the gradual degradation of the artificial SEI caused by oxygen crossover. This work represents a step towards achieving holistic anode–electrolyte–cathode compatibility in a PIOB and its realistic evaluation under a controlled DOD.
With the increase of an ageing population and chronic diseases, society becomes more health conscious and patients become “health consumers” looking for better health management. People’s perception is shifting towards patient-centered, rather than the classical, hospital–centered health services which has been propelling the evolution of telemedicine research from the classic e-Health to m-Health and now is to ubiquitous healthcare (u-Health). It is expected that mobile & ubiquitous Telemedicine, integrated with Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN), have a great potential in fostering the provision of next-generation u-Health. Despite the recent efforts and achievements, current u-Health proposed solutions still suffer from shortcomings hampering their adoption today. This paper presents a comprehensive review of up-to-date requirements in hardware, communication, and computing for next-generation u-Health systems. It compares new technological and technical trends and discusses how they address expected u-Health requirements. A thorough survey on various worldwide recent system implementations is presented in an attempt to identify shortcomings in state-of-the art solutions. In particular, challenges in WBAN and ubiquitous computing were emphasized. The purpose of this survey is not only to help beginners with a holistic approach toward understanding u-Health systems but also present to researchers new technological trends and design challenges they have to cope with, while designing such systems.
Though impedance is only defined for linear systems, impedance spectroscopy is also successfully applied to nonlinear systems such as fuel cells and batteries. The influence of nonlinearities on measurement results in impedance spectroscopy is therefore discussed on a theoretical and simulative basis. The basis is a simplified Randles model of an electrochemical cell, on which a simulated impedance spectroscopy in galvanostatic mode is performed. For the investigation the focus is on the Butler–Vollmer equation in order to describe the nonlinearity. Furthermore, a linear model for comparison is used, in which the Butler–Volmer nonlinearity is replaced by a linear resistor to show the differences in impedance measurement. In order to find a correlation, also the occurring harmonics are observed. The results are discussed and several methods are suggested for maintaining a quasi-linear impedance measurement by controlling the amplitude of the excitation signal.
The electrochemical lithium-ion extraction/insertion properties of a spinel LiAl0.15Mn1.85O4 material were studied. Cyclic voltammetry shows two-step reactions for lithium-ion extraction/insertion at its 4V plateau. Synchrotron in situ X-ray diffraction studies show that lithium ions are extracted and inserted from the LiAl0.15Mn1.85O4 material, respectively, from two to three different environments. The different environments may be due to different Li–Li interactions and/or different intensities of interactions with the nearest neighbors in the spinel LiAl0.15Mn1.85O4 material frame work. From the Mn absorption edge measurements as a function of potential, during lithium extraction, it can be suggested that the charge transfer rate is faster than that of structural transformations. However, during lithium insertion, the rate of both charge transfer and structural transformations are more or less similar.
All-solid-state sodium batteries are promising candidates for the next generation of energy storage with exceptional safety, reliability and stability. The solid electrolytes are key components for enabling all-solid-state sodium batteries with high electrochemical performances. This Review discusses the current developments on inorganic and organic sodium ions solid electrolytes, including β/β′′-alumina, NASICON, sulfides, polymers and others. In particular, the structures, ionic conductivities and fabrications as well as electrochemical/chemical stabilities of solid electrolytes are discussed. The effective approaches for forming intimate interfaces between solid electrolytes and electrodes are also reviewed. And perspectives on future developments in the field of solid electrolytes and possible directions to improve interfacial contacts for future practical applications of all-solid-state sodium batteries are included.
Promising La3+-doped electrolytes based on a hybrid poly(oxyethylene)/siliceous host matrix, U(600), have been produced. The organic and inorganic components of the hybrid structure are covalently bonded through urea linkages. The low molecular weight of the polyether segments of U(600) is thought to be responsible for the total amorphous character and high conductivity at room temperature (1.1×10−4 S cm−1) of these ormolytes.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to probe the surface layer and element composition of Li-metal electrodes before and after contact with polymer electrolytes containing LiN(SO2CF3)2 (LiTFSI) or LiBF4. Native film on as-received metallic lithium was composed of Li2CO3/LiOH in the outer layer and Li2O in the inner layer. LiF was formed during lithium contact with electrolyte due to reaction between the native film and impurities in the electrolyte. The polymer electrolyte containing LiTFSI yielded a very thin film with limited porosity in the inner layers, which was reflected in the limited amplitude dependence of complex impedance spectra. LiBF4 mixed with polymer resulted in a thicker film with high porosity, as was postulated from the greater influence of the amplitude of the oscillation level.
Polypyrrole nanotube film (PNTF) is self-assembled with a simple method from PPy nano-tubes. Consequently, PNTF is sandwiched between sulfur cathode and separator to act as the functional interlayer for Li–S battery. Because of the adsorption effect between PPy and lithium polysulfides and the conductivity of PPy films, the polymer interlayer can not only decrease the polarization of sulfur cathode significantly, but also suppress shuttle effect and the redistribution of active material during charge/discharge process effectively. Li–S battery with the functional interlayer shows an encouraging electrochemical performance. With approximately 2.5–3 mg cm−2 sulfur loading on the electrode, the initial discharge capacity is 1102 mAh g−1, and the capacity retains at 712 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 0.5C, and the coulombic efficiency increases to around 92% in the electrolyte without LiNO3.
The optimized composition of PVdF-co-HFP–LiAlO2 based micro-porous nano-composite polymer electrolyte membranes (MPNCPEMs) was prepared with a preferential polymer dissolution process. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms and SEM micrographs showed that the enhanced ionic conductivity of polymer electrolyte was due to increase in pore-size, surface area and pore density, results an increase in the electrolyte uptake. The ac-impedance spectroscopy showed that the room temperature ionic conductivity of PVdF-co-HFP–LiAlO2 based polymer electrolyte membranes increased with the removal of PVA content and attained the maximum ionic conductivity of 8.12×10−3 Scm−1. The prepared MPNCPEM of high ionic conductivity was subjected into LSV study. Finally, the electrode/electrolyte interfacial resistance was evaluated by monitoring the impedance response at different time intervals.
Nitrogen-doped carbon microspheres (NCSs) derived from oatmeal are employed as anodes for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Their morphology, structure and electrochemical performance are characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, galvanostatic charge/discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. The results show that NCSs treated at 500°C exhibit a high maximum charge capacity of 336mAhg−1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 50mAg−1 and even at a high current density of 10Ag−1 within 70s charging time, a capacity of 104mAhg−1 is maintained after 12500 cycles without obvious decay. The high capacity, excellent rate performance, long life cycling and ultrafast rechargeable ability enable the NCSs to be a promising candidate for practical SIBs.
Deep decarbonization of the electricity sector can be provided by a high penetration of renewable sources such as wind, solar PV and hydro power. Flexibility from hydro and storage complements the high temporal variability of wind and solar, and transmission infrastructure helps the power balancing by moving electricity in the spatial dimension. We study cost-optimal highly-renewable Chinese power systems under ambitious CO2 emission reduction targets, by deploying a 31-node hourly-resolved techno-economic optimization model supported by a validated weather-converted 38-year-long renewable power generation and electricity demand dataset. With a new realistic reservoir hydro model, we find that if CO2 emission reduction goes beyond 70%, storage facilities such as hydro, battery and hydrogen become necessary for a moderate system cost. Numerical results show that these flexibility components can lower renewable curtailment by two thirds, allow higher solar PV share by a factor of two and contribute to covering summer cooling demand. We show that expanding unidirectional high-voltage DC lines on top of the regional inter-connections is technically sufficient and more economical than ultra-high-voltage-AC-connected “One-Net” grid. Finally, constraining transmission volume from the optimum by up to 25% does not push total costs much higher, while the significant need for battery storage remains even with abundant interconnectivity.
Because of the depletion of existing fossil fuels and environmental pollution issues, securing sustainable green energy is globally becoming an important issue. To solve this problem, various complementary measures, such as solar cells, fuel cells and thermal power generation are being studied. Also, everything becomes user-centered, society is increasingly dependent on larger amount of data. In order to analyze such large amount of data and provide customized services to users, a small, semi-permanent power source that is continuously driven is required. Because current technologies have limitations on life-time, size, and mechanical properties, it is very important to develop next-generation ultra-compact, light-weight energy generating devices. Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials, such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, and transition metal dichalcogenides have shown potential as peculiar energy materials due to their unique properties. In this paper, we will give an overall review about recent progress in energy applications of 2D-based layered structure materials. First, a brief introduction of synthesis method and characterization of 2D layered materials are presented. Then, the energy application of 2D layered structure materials will be discussed in the field of batteries, solar cells, hydrogen storage, supercapacitors, and nanogenerators.
Transport is one of the largest sources of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions and fossil-fuels consumption. This has lead to a growing demand for hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) to reduce air pollution and consumption of fossil fuels. CSIRO Energy Technology has developed the ultra-battery, a new technology that will reduce the cost and boost the performance of batteries in HEVs. The ultra-battery is a hybrid energy-storage device, which combines an asymmetric supercapacitor, and a lead-acid battery in one unit cell, taking the best from both technologies without the need for extra electronic controls. The capacitor will enhance the power and lifespan of the lead-acid battery as it acts as a buffer in discharging and charging. Consequently, this hybrid technology is able to provide and absorb charge rapidly during vehicle acceleration and braking. The ultra-battery has been subjected to a variety of tests. To date, results show that the discharge and charge power of the ultra-battery is ∼50% higher and its cycle-life is at least three times longer than that of the conventional lead-acid counterpart. Furthermore, the ultra-battery is able to be produced as either flooded-electrolyte or valve-regulated designs in the existing lead-acid factory and also able to reconfigure for a variety of applications, such as conventional automobile, power tool, forklift, high-power uninterruptible power supply and remote-area power supply. The prototype ultra-batteries have been constructed and are under laboratory evaluation and field trial. The success of the ultra-battery will obviously make HEVs more affordable and widespread. This, in turn, will reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the urban environment and the consumption of limited supplies of fossil fuels.
Lithium transport through lithium cobalt dioxide thin film electrode prepared by rf-magnetron sputtering was investigated in a 1M solution of LiClO4 in propylene carbonate (PC) by means of analysis of current transient and cyclic voltammogram. All the experimental current transients in shape deviated markedly from the Cottrell behaviour, and the cathodic current transients intersected the corresponding anodic current transients each other. Moreover, the relation between initial current level and applied potential step followed Ohmic law. The current transient was simulated as a function of applied potential by means of the numerical analysis underlain by the ‘cell-impedance controlled’ lithium transport. The numerically simulated current transients coincided quantitatively almost with those current transients experimentally determined. The cyclic voltammograms theoretically obtained at various scan rates under the assumption of the ‘cell-impedance controlled’ lithium transport, were also quantitatively in good agreement with those cyclic voltammograms experimentally measured.