batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
To develop an environmentally friendly and cost-effective water-based inorganic coating process for hydrophobic, polyolefin-based microporous separators, the effect of surfactants in an aqueous inorganic coating solution comprising alumina (Al2O3) on polyethylene (PE)-based microporous separators is investigated. By using a selected surfactant, i.e., disodium laureth sulfosuccinate (DLSS), the aqueous Al2O3 coating solution maintained a dispersed state over time and facilitated the formation of a uniform Al2O3 coating layer on PE separator surfaces. Due to the hydrophilic nature of the Al2O3 coating layers, the as-prepared, ceramic-coated PE separators had better wetting properties, greater electrolyte uptake, and larger ionic conductivities compared to those of the bare PE separators. Furthermore, half cells (LiMn2O4/Li metal) containing Al2O3-coated PE separators showed improved capacity retention over several cycles (93.6% retention after 400 cycles for Al2O3 coated PE separators, compared to 89.2% for bare PE separators operated at C/2) and rate capability compared to those containing bare PE separators. Moreover, because the Al2O3-coated layers are more thermally stable, the coated separators had improved dimensional stability at high temperatures (140 °C).
Individuals with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) often have coexisting developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The positive therapeutic effect of methylphenidate on ADHD symptoms is well documented, but its effects on motor coordination are less studied. We assessed the influence of methylphenidate on motor performance in children with comorbid DCD and ADHD. Participants were 30 children (24 boys) aged 5.10–12.7 years diagnosed with both DCD and ADHD. Conners’ Parent Rating Scale was used to reaffirm ADHD diagnosis and the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire was used to diagnose DCD. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 and the online continuous performance test were administrated to all participants twice, with and without methylphenidate. The tests were administered on two separate days in a blind design. Motor performance and attention scores were significantly better with methylphenidate than without it (p <0.001 for improvement in the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 and p <0.006 for the online continuous performance test scores). The findings suggest that methylphenidate improves both attention and motor coordination in children with coexisting DCD and ADHD. More research is needed to disentangle the causality of the improvement effect and whether improvement in motor coordination is directly affected by methylphenidate or mediated by improvement in attention.
Nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with open end and low specific surface area were prepared via the carbonization of polyaniline (PANI) nanotubes synthesized by a rapidly mixed reaction. On the basis of analyzing the morphologies and structures of the original and carbonized PANI nanotubes, the electrochemical properties of PANI-based CNTs obtained at different temperatures as electrode materials for supercapacitors using 30wt.% aqueous solution of KOH as electrolyte were investigated by galvanostatic charge/discharge and cyclic voltammetry. It was found that the carbonized PANI nanotubes at 700°C exhibit high specific capacitance of 163Fg−1 at a current density of 0.1Ag−1 and excellent rate capability in KOH solution. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement the nitrogen state and content in PANI–CNTs were analysed, which could play important roles for the enhancement of electrochemical performance. When the appropriate content of nitrogen is present, the presence of pyrrole or pyridone and quaternary nitrogen is beneficial for the improvement of electron mobility and the wettability of electrode.
Two kinds of polyaniline films with different microstructures were prepared and investigated. One of the films was prepared with polyaniline having nanofiber structure, which was synthesized by rapidly mixed reaction; and the other was prepared with polyaniline having granular particle structure, synthesized by conventional chemical oxidation method. The spectroscopic, electrochemical, and transport properties of the two kinds of films were studied with an interest in an influence of film microstructure on mobilities of charge carriers in polymer films. A clear difference was observed in the mobility versus oxidation level plot between the two kinds of polyaniline films. The results show that nanofiber structure of polyaniline film enhances mobilities, but affect little features of the mobility change induced by oxidation, which implies that although the nanofibers structure facilitates the charge transport in neutral or oxidized films, but it is irrelevant to the evolution of metallic conduction in polyaniline films.
Decreasing prices of photovoltaics (PV) and Lithium-ion batteries are creating a significant momentum for off-grid Zero Energy Buildings (ZEBs). In literature, most researchers have focused on grid-connected ZEBs built on site. This literature review is written with factory-made off-grid ZEBs in mind. High investment costs, poor construction quality and problems to achieve ZEB in real operation are three challenges that ZEB buildings currently face. This article discusses how automated mass production of continually improved standardized modules can overcome those problems. A shipping container is chosen as the modular unit to take advantage of the existing transport infrastructure. Due to the narrow width, the potential for utilizing daylight is better than that of traditional buildings. Off-grid ZEBs mean that the user must achieve ZEB in real operation, including plug loads. The local energy generation is likely to motivate the users to learn more about renewable energy. Plug loads is the largest energy consumer in buildings but are still often overlooked in ZEB definitions. With the Belt and Road initiative and political incentives to increase industrialized construction in China, the premises for exporting container buildings to the main markets in Asia and Africa are improving.
A novel nanocomposite of palladium nanoclusters/poly(N-acetylaniline) nanorods was electrodeposited on to a glassy carbon electrode by cyclic voltammetry (CV). This electrode, Pd/PAANI/GCE, was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), CV and chromoamperometry. It was demonstrated that the ball-shaped Pd nanoclusters were mainly growing on the ends of the nanorods, forming a novel nanocomposite. The preliminary study also demonstrated that the electrode modified with this nanocomposite matrix had high electrocatalytic activity toward 4-e− oxygen reduction.
Temperature gradients are generated by the sun and a vast array of technologies and can induce molecular concentration gradients in solutions via thermodiffusion (Soret effect). For ions, this leads to a thermovoltage that is determined by the thermal gradient ΔT across the electrolyte, together with the ionic Seebeck coefficient αi. So far, redox-free electrolytes have been poorly explored in thermoelectric applications due to a lack of strategies to harvest the energy from the Soret effect. Here, we report the conversion of heat into stored charge via a remarkably strong ionic Soret effect in a polymeric electrolyte (Seebeck coefficients as high as αi = 10 mV K−1). The ionic thermoelectric supercapacitor (ITESC) is charged under a temperature gradient. After the temperature gradient is removed, the stored electrical energy can be delivered to an external circuit. This new means to harvest energy is particularly suitable for intermittent heat sources like the sun. We show that the stored electrical energy of the ITESC is proportional to (ΔTαi)2. The resulting ITESC can convert and store several thousand times more energy compared with a traditional thermoelectric generator connected in series with a supercapacitor.
Influence of mixing organic silicon compounds into 1 M (M: mol L−1) LiPF6-ethylene carbonate (EC)/ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) (mixing volume ratio = 3:7) mixed solvent electrolytes on charge–discharge cycling efficiencies of lithium metal negative electrodes is examined. As organic silicon compounds, polyether-modified siloxanes with polyethylene oxide chains, chlorotrimethylsilane, tetraethoxysilane, cis-tetra [isobutyl (dimethylsiloxy)] cyclotetrasiloxane and cage-type silsesquioxane are investigated. Charge–discharge cycling tests of lithium are galvanostatically carried out using stainless steel working electrodes. Charge–discharge cycling efficiencies of lithium tend to improve by mixing organic silicon compounds. A cage-type silsesquioxane, octaphenyloctasilsesquioxane (Ph8T8) exhibits the highest cycling efficiency of approximately 80% with small mixing amount of 0.02 M Ph8T8. Mechanism of enhancement of lithium cycling efficiencies by mixing organic silicon compounds is considered to be due to the suppression of excess reduction of LiPF6-EC/EMC by lithium and the growth of surface film on lithium.
The influence of mechanical activation of mixtures of MnO2 with LiOH and Li2CO3, combined with the following short thermal treatment at different temperatures, on the structure, the processes of disordering, oxygen stoichiometry and dispersion of lithium–manganese spinel has been investigated. It was shown that the mechanochemically prepared compounds are characterized by high dispersion, strongly compressed lattice, the increased amount of Mn (4+) ions and two types of disordering (cation vacancies and cation mixing). The amount of defects and dispersion of product decreases and the crystallinity increases with the temperature of the following thermal treatment. The nature of reagents and the conditions of mechanical activation (MA) influence on parameters of spinel, especially at moderate temperatures.
LiCoO2 cathodes coated with Al2O3 generated from carboxylate–alumoxanes have demonstrated sustainable extended cyclability. The carboxylate–alumoxanes were prepared by reacting boehmite with acetic and substituted acetic acids. TEM images of the coated powders revealed that the coatings were compact and had an average thickness of about 20nm. XRD data on the coated materials indicated minor changes in the values of the lattice parameters, suggesting the formation of solid solutions of the composition LiAlyCo1–yO2 on the surface during calcination. ESCA depth profiles of the constituent elements in the coated particles support this theory. R-factor values from XRD analysis and galvanostatic cycling studies suggest that a 1.0 wt.% coating formed from a (methoxyethoxy)acetate-alumoxane enhanced the cyclability by a factor of 12. The improved performance is attributed to suppression of the cycle-limiting phase transitions accompanying the charge–discharge processes. Being without environmentally hazardous organic chemicals and by-products, the coating procedure based on carboxylate–alumoxanes is a clean and benign process for industrial exploitation.
MnO2 with novel mesoporous structure has been firstly synthesized via a simple in situ reduction process by using different carbon materials as sacrificed template and reducing agent. The morphology and microstructure of as-synthesized mesoporous MnO2 were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption and desorption experiments. The results demonstrate that porous MnO2 prepared using mesoporous carbon as template has very large specific surface area and uniform pore-size distribution. The electrochemical measurements showed that novel porous MnO2 have higher capacity (221Fg−1) with excellent rate and higher capacity retention as electrochemical capacitors (ECs) electrode materials, which may be attributed to the unique nanostrcture of porous MnO2. These all imply that MnO2 with novel mesoporous structure has been attractive for practical and large-scale applications in mobile equipment.
The synthesis of ultra-small cobalt-doped (Co-doped) Mn3O4 nanoparticles tiled on multilayer graphene (MLG) surface by one-pot hydrothermal method was reported here. MLG was obtained by the ultrasonication of expanded graphite in mixture solution of N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) and H2O and used without any further treatment. Co-doped Mn3O4 nanoparticles were in situ assembled onto MLG surfaces by van der Waals force between metal complex and MLG. The characterization by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the as-prepared Co-doped Mn3O4 nanoparticles were homogeneously tiled on MLG with good crystallization and uniform size. The effects of cobalt doping content on the microstructure and electrochemical performance for the composites were studied. For Co0.45Mn2.55O4/MLG composite, a reversible capacity of 906 mAh g−1 is stably delivered at 100 mA g−1 based on the overall weight and it is maintained to 442 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 2 A g−1.
This was a randomized, flexible-dose, rater-blind, parallel-group, quasi-naturalistic trial comparing the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of quetiapine, risperidone, and olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia hospitalized for severe psychotic symptoms. Seventy-five patients were randomized to quetiapine (n =25), risperidone (n =25), or olanzapine (n =25). Mean doses at Week 8 were: 590.0 mg/day quetiapine; 5.1 mg/day risperidone; 15.1 mg/day olanzapine. Four quetiapine, five risperidone, and five olanzapine patients discontinued prior to Week 8. There were no significant differences between groups in the primary efficacy measures of improvement from baseline in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score at Week 8 in the per protocol (PP) population and the number of completers who experienced ≥ 40% improvement on the same scale. PP and intent-to-treat analyses showed significant improvement from baseline in each component of a PANSS-derived battery, without significant differences between treatments. No quetiapine patients, one risperidone, and four olanzapine patients reported an adverse event (AE) of moderate intensity; no severe AEs were reported. A linear mixed model for repeated measures showed an effect of treatment on body weight, with significant differences favoring quetiapine over risperidone and olanzapine. Simpson–Angus Scale scores were significantly worse with risperidone compared with both olanzapine and quetiapine at Week 3 and compared with quetiapine thereafter. Use of concomitant medications for anxiety or tension was significantly less frequent with quetiapine. In conclusion, quetiapine, risperidone, and olanzapine have similar efficacy in schizophrenia, but there are drug-specific differences for some AEs and in the use of concomitant medication that differentiate these agents.
While developing excellence in knowledge and skills, academic institutions have often overlooked their obligation to instill wellbeing. To address this, we introduced a 14-week positive psychology intervention (PPI) program (Happiness 101) to university students from 39 different nations studying in the United Arab Emirates (N = 159). Students were exposed to 18 different PPIs. Pre, post, and 3-month-post measures were taken assessing hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, and beliefs regarding the fear and fragility of happiness. At the end of the semester, relative to a control group (N = 108), participants exposed to the Happiness 101 program reported higher levels of both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, and lower levels of fear of happiness and the belief that happiness is fragile. Boosts in life satisfaction and net-positive affect, and reduction of fear of happiness and the belief that happiness is fragile were maintained in the Happiness 101 group 3 months post-intervention.
Li4Ti5O12 microspheres (LTOS)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composites with different contents of MWCNTs have been prepared by electrostatic self-assembly. In the preparation, the surface charge of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-functionalized HNO3-treated MWCNTs (CTAB-functionalized MWCNTs) in aqueous solution is positive because of the hydrophobic force between MWCNTs and the long alkane chain of CTAB, while that of LTOS is negative. Therefore, electrostatic attraction occurs between LTOS and CTAB-functionalized MWCNTs when they approach, and LTOS/MWCNTs composites are obtained after removing CTAB by calcination. Notably, LTOS/MWCNTs composites with 10 wt.% MWCNTs exhibit superior rate performance and cyclic stability. Their specific capacities at 5C, 10C, 20C, 40C and 60C are 170, 168, 167, 165 and 160 mAh·g−1, respectively. Even at 80C and 90C, the specific capacities are still as high as 154 and 152 mAh·g−1. Moreover, the specific capacity retains 140 mAh g−1 after 2000 cycles at 10C. The excellent performance of LTOS/MWCNTs composites is mainly owing to the conductive network forming by MWCNTs connecting different LTOS, acting as highway for the fast transmission of electrons and ions during charge-discharge process.
This paper presents 60 MW grid connected three phase hybrid systems. The proposed model contains two stages of conditioning energy conversion power unit, while a Nickel–Cadmium battery is used for DC power saving generated from the (PV) array. The 9 bus IEEE grid is used in this article as an example. The basic contribution of this article is the best utilization of batteries as an additional source to increase the generated power based on demand. Two (ANFIS) controllers are desired for this purpose. one is used for organizing the battery charging process and the other is used for on/off battery switching to grid in case of incensement of load. The system is designed and studied using MATLAB/Simulink.
In this work we have investigated lithium ion battery anodes based on Zn2GeO4, which were directly synthesized on 3D Ni foam substrates and were in situ coated with a conductive carbon layer. The hybrid electrodes exhibited outstanding electrochemical performance, including an exceptional long-term cycling stability with reversible discharge capacity of over 1100mAhg−1 obtained after being tested for 1000 cycles at 400mAg−1. This study of hybrid electrodes may present an interesting approach to creating efficient and practical electrodes for energy storage applications.
Manganese oxides have a long history of serving as a cathode in charge storage applications. Electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) is widely used in alkaline batteries and MnO2 originally was part of the Leclanché wet cell patented in 1866. Leclanché wet cells used a naturally occurring MnO2 ore with Zn metal as anode and ammonium chloride electrolyte. While there are a vast number of topics to discuss on manganese oxides, in this short paper, two topics researched at Argonne over the last 12 years are highlighted. First, the addition of lithia (Li2O) as a stabilizing component in 3V alpha-MnO2 is examined. Second, an overview of the evolution of layered–layered composite-structured electrodes derived from the lithium-manganese oxide (Li2MnO3) layered rock-salt phase is presented.
A novel 0.6Li3V2(PO4)3·0.4Li–V–O composite cathode material is synthesized by sol-gel method followed by solvothermal and solid state reaction. The morphology and structure of the composite are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS). The composite particles are well-crystallized and present uniform nanoplate alike. Except Li3V2(PO4)3 phase, LiV2O5 and VO2 are also present in the composite. The 0.6Li3V2(PO4)3·0.4Li–V–O electrode delivers a discharge capacity of 149.3mAhg−1 at 50mAg−1 between 2.0V and 4.3V, and has higher rate property than Li3V2(PO4)3. The diffusion coefficients of Li ions in the composite are in the range of 10−9.5 −10−7.5 cm2 s−1 obtained from galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT).
Electrochemical desorption of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of n-alkanethiols was investigated in four kinds of ionic liquids. It was found for the first time by linear potential sweep voltammetry that reductive desorption of the SAM took place even in ionic liquids. The potential peak was negatively shifted with an increase in the alkyl chain length of the alkanethiol SAM in a manner similar to that for the case of reductive desorption of the SAM in an aqueous solution. However, the cathodic wave broadened with an increase in chain length, although its width became narrow in the case of measurements in an aqueous solution. The contrary behaviors of reductive desorption in an ionic liquid and in an aqueous solution were discussed by comparing the experimentally obtained voltammograms with numerically simulated ones. Based on the results obtained, we propose a plausible reaction scheme in which cations work mainly as charge compensators for generated alkanethiolates and anions work as a solvent.
The interfacial interaction between catalysts and substrates has been considered as a pivotal factor determining the activities in different applications. However, interfacial interaction-dependent catalytic activities are currently neglected in understanding oxygen involved reaction in Li-O2 battery, seriously restricting the development of high performance Li-O2 battery. Herein, Ru@hierarchically porous carbon (Ru@HPC) with well-defined interfaces are fabricated and employed as cathode in Li-O2 battery. Notably, Ru@HPC based Li-O2 battery demonstrate better performance than that based on cathode formed by simply mixing Ru nanoparticles with hierarchically porous carbon (Ru/HPC). The Ru@HPC improved performance with a large specific capacity of ~7100 mA h g−1, high round-trip efficiency of 71%, high rate capability, and excellent cyclic stability of over 125 cycles (over 40 days). Density functional theory calculations indicated that the interfacial interaction between Ru nanoparticles and carbon substrate in Ru@HPC, which triggers electron transfer from ruthenium to carbon and thus optimizes the surface adsorption energy of the reactants and intermediate, facilitates the performance improvement of Li-O2 battery. Our study for the first time reveals that the interfacial interaction between catalyst and substrate is a critical factor determining the Li-O2 battery performance and offers a promising design strategy of catalyst for Li-O2 batteries.
Solar energy driven processes with H2O and CO2 as basic feedstocks can produce “solar fuels” that could substitute their fossil based counterparts. This article summarizes the main findings of a techno-economic analysis of systems that can generate different types of fuels with renewable energy as starting point. These “renewable fuels” could potentially play a key role in future energy systems, both as a storage medium in the power sector and as an energy carrier in e.g. the transport sector, or deliver fundamental building blocks for the chemical industry. We determine whether, how, and when renewable fuels might become competitive alternatives for fossil fuels. The technologies required to produce renewable fuels are analyzed by the application of learning curves associated with individual system components. We thereby make projections for possible decreases in investment costs and reductions in fuel production costs. In an optimistic scenario we find that competitivity could be reached between 2025 and 2048 for all renewable energy production pathways that we investigate, for hydrogen, syngas, methanol, and diesel. Two techniques yield break-even costs before 2050 even in a conservative base case scenario: H2 production through electrolysis and diesel production by Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Both processes use solid oxide electrolysis, which profits from rapid cost reductions and high efficiency.