batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A large number of various sized islands are spread throughout the south-east Mediterranean Sea. Most of these small islands face serious infrastructure problems, like the insufficient power supply and the low quality of electricity available at very high production cost. In an attempt to improve the life quality of all these isolated communities, an investigation concerning the financial viability of an integrated electrification solution based on one or more photovoltaic generators and an appropriate energy storage system is described. The main target of a similar solution is to maximize the contribution of the photovoltaic generator and minimize the life-cycle electricity generation cost of the remote island networks investigated. In addition, special emphasis is given in order to select the most cost-efficient energy storage configuration available. According to the results obtained for high and medium–high solar potential regions, the proposed configuration is found to be more cost-effective than the existing thermal power stations. Several side benefits like the improved electrical network reliability and the minimization of the environmental and macroeconomic impacts resulting from the replacement of the imported oil should also be considered.
In this paper the results of the influence of reflectance from flat plate solar radiation concentrators made of Al sheet and Al foil on energy efficiency of PV/Thermal collector are presented. The total reflectance from concentrators made of Al sheet and Al foil is almost the same, but specular reflectance which is bigger in concentrators made of Al foil results in increase of solar radiation intensity concentration factor. With the increase of solar radiation intensity concentration factor, total daily thermal and electrical energy generated by PV/Thermal collector with concentrators increase. In this work also optimal position of solar radiation concentrators made of Al sheet and Al foil and appropriate thermal and electrical efficiency of PV/Thermal collector have been determined. Total energy generated by PV/Thermal collector with concentrators made of Al foil in optimal position is higher than total energy generated by PV/Thermal collector with concentrators made of Al sheet.
A 36-V valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery used in a 42-V power system has been developed for the Toyota Hybrid System-Mild (THS-M) vehicle to meet the large electrical power requirements of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and the increasing power demands on modern automobile electrical systems. The battery has a longer cycle-life in HEV use through the application of ultra high-density active-material and an anti-corrosive grid alloy for the positive plates, special additives for the negative plates, and absorbent glass mat with less contraction for the separators.
Impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the stability and the catalytic activity of the lithium–nickel mixed oxides with high lithium content (Li x Ni1−x O, x=0.30–0.40) in a eutectic melt (Li:K) at 650°C under a corrosive atmosphere (CO2:O2 4:1). The results were compared with a NiO reference cathode material. A modified transmission line model allowed to give a physical-meaning to the impedance spectra. All Li–Ni oxides showed similar catalytic activity and their impedance values were one order of magnitude lower than NiO. During the first 100h of immersion, the samples showed structural changes due to the loss of lithium. Later on, the structure kept stable. The loss of lithium was confirmed by chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD). All Li–Ni oxide samples reduced the nickel dissolution in the eutectic in one order of magnitude in relation to NiO. In general, similar morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the fresh samples. After their immersion, the Li–Ni oxides did not show morphological change except for the sample with x=0.30, for which a reduction of the particle size was observed. NiO presented an important morphological change due to its lithiation in situ.
Gaining insight into the reaction mechanisms underway during charge and discharge in Li–air batteries is essential to allow the target development of improved power and performance devices. This work reports the in situ monitoring of Li–air cells by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and, for the first time, the development of an electrochemical model allowing the identification and attribution of the processes involved. The voltage at which each reaction product forms has been identified, including Li2O2 or Li2CO3 during discharge, together with the delithiation of the outer part of Li2O2 and oxidation reactions and electrolyte decomposition. The developed model can be used as a valuable tool for the optimisation of composition and structure of the air electrode through the investigation of the resistance associated with each process.
We have proposed SnS2 as promising Li-ion battery anode materials in our previous study. Nanoparticles of this material were synthesized by a sonochemical method. In this work, smaller SnS2 particles were obtained by diluting the starting solution of the synthesis, and particles of 30nm were observed in the Field Emission SEM (FE-SEM) images. From such SnS2 particles, higher discharge capacity of 620mAh/g and suppressed electrode degradation were observed in charge–discharge experiments. This indicates that the enlargement of the surface area was effective in facilitating the Li-ion diffusion through the active material, in simplifying the electrochemical reaction and in restraining the stress within the electrode, caused during charge and discharge. The discharge capacity in the 30th cycle was improved from 319 to 404mAh/g by annealing the sample. It is suggested that this may be due to the change in its structure.
Few layers graphene nanosheets (GS) are obtained by the reduction of graphite oxide (GO) via Lithium aluminium tetrahydride (LiAlH4) and Phosphorus tribromide (PBr3) as the deoxidizer. The LiFePO4/GS composite is prepared using a solution phase method followed by a calcination process with only 2h at 600°C. The effect of the GS content in LiFePO4/GS on the morphology and electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 particles is extensively investigated. Results show that the optimized amount of GS in LiFePO4/GS is 5%. The primary particle size of LiFePO4/5%GS is 100∼150nm which are wrapped and connected homogeneously and loosely by GS with ∼4 layers. The GS can restrict the growth of LiFePO4 particle and construct an effective conductive network LiFePO4/GS composite, which all can enhance the conductivity of LiFePO4 particle. The LiFePO4/5%GS composite delivers a capacity of 155.4mAhg−1 at 0.2C, which is much higher than pure LiFePO4 (125.3mAhg−1). Even at high rate of 5C, a specific capacity of 124.3mAhg−1 is achievable, with no obvious capacity fading after 100 cycles.
Graphene-coupled flower-like nickel sulfide monoliths that exhibit ultra-light, mesoporous structures and uniform particle sizes are successfully prepared using an F127-assisted hydrothermal method and high-temperature pyrolysis. As an electrode material for supercapacitors, the as-prepared rGO-Ni3S2 shows ultra-high specific capacitances of 1315 and 1050Fg−1 at 1 and 10Ag−1, respectively. After 1000 charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 1Ag−1, the specific capacitance increases by almost 15%, indicating the excellent capacitance and durability of rGO-Ni3S2. Further, an asymmetric supercapacitor using rGO-Ni3S2 as positive electrode and active carbon as negative electrode exhibits high specific capacitance of 104.6Fg−1 at 0.5Ag−1, and excellent cycling stability with 85.6% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles at a current density of 4Ag−1. These promising supercapacitor performances demonstrate that the as-developed surfactant-assisted hydrothermal strategy can be widely used to prepare graphene-coupled metal sulfides for high-performance supercapacitor applications.
Flexible lithium-ion batteries have attracted tremendous attention as a promising power source in the growing field of flexible electronic devices. In this article, we report a simple and binder free for the synthesis of TiO2@TiN nanowires on carbon cloth by hydrothermal method and annealing. This method is highly effective in improving the rate capability of TiO2 with discharge capacity of 136 mAh g−1 at high current rate to 30C. The TiO2@TiN nanowires on carbon cloth also show remarkable cyclic performance retaining 84% of the initial capacity (240 mAh g−1) after 650 cycles at 10C. High performance full flexible battery device based on TiO2@TiN nanowires/carbon cloth composite anode and LiCoO2 cathode exhibiting superior capacity retention with high discharge capacities of 227 mAh g−1 and 222 mAh g−1 at the flat and 90° bending position respectively during 30 cycles at 1C.
The penetration of renewable sources into the grid, particularly wind and solar, have been increasing in recent years. As a consequence, there have been serious concerns over reliable and safety operation of power systems. One possible solution, to improve grid stability, is to integrate energy storage devices into power system network: storing energy produced in periods of low demand to later use, ensuring full exploitation of intermittent available sources. Focusing on stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) energy system, energy storage is needed with the purpose of ensuring continuous power flow, to minimize or, if anything, to neglect electrical grid supply. A comprehensive study on a hybrid stand-alone photovoltaic power system using two different energy storage technologies has been performed. The study examines the feasibility of replacing electricity provided by the grid with hybrid system to meet household demand. In particular, this paper presents first results for photovoltaic (PV)/battery (B) hybrid configuration. The main objective of this paper is focused on PV/B system, to recommend hybrid system optimal design in terms of PV module number, PV module tilt, number and capacity of batteries to minimize or, if possible, to neglect grid supply. This paper is the early stage of a theoretical and experimental study in which two different hybrid power system configurations will be evaluated and compared: (i) PV/B system and (ii) PV/B/fuel cell (FC) system. The aim of the overall study will be the definition of the optimal size, depending on utility characteristics in order to realize the complete grid independency.
An attempt to prepare solid solutions in the system of LiNiO2, LiMnO2 and Li2MnO3 was performed by heating metal acetates. The solid solutions between end members LiNiO2 and Li2MnO3 can be successfully prepared in the overall compositional ranges. Both the structure and capacity were compared based on Rietveld analysis and electrochemical investigation on solid solutions between LiNiO2 and Li2MnO3. The result showed that the cationic disorder as well as capacity was closely related to the ratio of Li, Mn and Ni in formula. The investigation of chronopotentiogram and ex situ XRD on the solid solutions indicated that the complex phase transitions in LiNiO2 during delithiation were strongly suppressed with low Mn content (Mn/(Mn+Ni) ratio was 0.1 or 0.2) and completely suppressed with the ratio more than 0.5.
Core–shell LiFePO4/C nanocomposite has been prepared by a sol–gel method. The mean size of the spherical core LiFePO4 is about 30nm, and thickness of carbon shell is about 3nm. The bonding character on the interface of core–shell was revealed by soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The as-prepared sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum, Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Charge-discharge tests show the core–shell LiFePO4/C demonstrates high rate capability (106mAhg−1 at 20C) and good cycling performance (negligible capacity loss after 250 cycles).
The susceptibility to adverse outcome from critical injury (occurrence of sepsis, septic shock, organ dysfunction/failure, and mortality) varies dramatically due to different degrees of inflammatory response. We assessed the relationship of the genotype distribution of various cytokine gene polymorphisms (CGP) with regard to the development of sepsis, organ dysfunction or mortality in severely injured patients.
The decreasing cost of energy storage and increasing demand for local flexibility are opening up new possibilities for energy storage deployment at the local level. Community energy storage (CES) is expected to contribute positively towards energy transition while accommodating the needs and expectations of citizens and local communities. Yet, the technological and societal challenges of integrating CES in the largely centralized present energy system demand for socio-technical innovation. In this article, we develop and discuss several configurations of CES. Applying system innovation and socio-technical transition frameworks and conceptualizing CES as a complex socio-technical system, different dynamics of CES in the energy systems such as coordination and interaction among actors and components of CES and the larger energy system is explored. The responsible research and innovation (RRI) framework can provide a new discourse in design and implementation of CES, facilitating the transition to a sustainable, reliable, inclusive and affordable future energy system.
In this work, PbCl2/Sb4O5Cl2 and PbSbO2Cl are prepared by a simple solution route, and compared by using as lithium storage materials. PbCl2/Sb4O5Cl2 is the intermediate precursor for hydrothermal preparing PbSbO2Cl. Morphology analysis shows that PbCl2/Sb4O5Cl2 is composed of irregular particles in the range of 50–100nm and PbSbO2Cl consists of well-dispersed bulks with the particle size of 200–500nm. Similar chemical composition between PbCl2/Sb4O5Cl2 and PbSbO2Cl make they show similar electrochemical behaviors. However, different morphology and structure also make PbCl2/Sb4O5Cl2 and PbSbO2Cl exhibit different lithium storage capacity and cycling performance. Charge/discharge tests reveal that nanocomposite PbCl2/Sb4O5Cl2 can deliver a higher initial lithiation capacity (1036.7mAhg−1) than PbSbO2Cl (993.8mAhg−1). Upon repeated cycles, PbCl2/Sb4O5Cl2 also shows better electrochemical properties than PbSbO2Cl, which may be contributed to the maintaining of structural stability by nanocomposite structure. As a result, PbCl2/Sb4O5Cl2 delivers a reversible capacity of 339.7mAhg−1 after 30 cycles.
The hybrid magnesium-lithium ion batteries (MLIBs) have drawn much attentions in recent years, which make full use of high safety of magnesium anode and high mobility of lithium ions cathode. However, the development of high energy density MLIBs is hindered due to the limitation of suitable cathode materials. In this work, the MLIB based on LiV3O8@GO cathode is reported for the first time. Moreover, the LiV3O8@GO delivers a remarkable discharge capacity of 245.9 mAh g−1 (at 50 mA g−1), a rate performance of 186.6 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1 and high cyclic stability (71% of initial capacity remained after 500 cycles). With an average voltage around 1.75 V and a high discharge capacity of 245.9 mAh g−1, the high energy density about 430.3 Wh kg−1 is obtained, which will play a great role in promoting the practical application of MLIBs. Furthermore, we investigated the electrochemical mechanism with complex phase transition. The excellent electrochemical performance proves that LiV3O8@GO is a potential cathode material for the high energy density MLIBs.
This paper aims to investigate a solar driven direct-expansion heat pump system employing the novel PV/micro-channels-evaporator modules, in terms of its solar thermal, electrical and overall efficiency, as well as coefficient of performance (COP), at the real-time operational condition. This work was undertaken through a dedicated system design, construction, field-testing and performance analysis. It was found that the novel PV/micro-channel-evaporator modules could achieve an average thermal, electrical and overall efficiency of 56.6%, 15.4% and 69.7% respectively at the specified operational condition, while average COP of the system reached 4.7. The innovative feature of the system lied in the structure of the evaporator that was made of the parallel-laid micro-channels. Such a structure created the reduced interior cross-sectional area and thus increased vapor flow velocity within the channels, while the high vapor velocity generated a higher shear stress exerted upon the liquid-vapor interface, leading to the reduced liquid film thickness, increased refrigerant evaporation rate, and increased electrical and heat outputs. The research has provided the fundamental data and experience for developing a highly efficient and practically feasible solar heat pump system applicable to the cold climatic conditions, thus contributing to significant fossil fuel saving and carbon reduction in the global extent.
Objective To explore the effects of testosterone on cognitive performance in healthy postmenopausal women. Study design Open-label pilot study. Nine postmenopausal women on non-oral hormone replacement therapy, aged 47–60 years received transdermal testosterone spray for 26 weeks. A control group of 30 women provided normative data for comparison. Main outcome measures Scores from a computerized cognitive test battery performed pre- and post treatment, at 0 and 26 weeks. Results There were no differences between treatment/normative groups in any parameter at baseline. At week 26 scores for the International Shopping list task including delayed recall (verbal learning and memory) and the continuous paired associate learning task (visual learning and memory) were significantly higher in the treatment group as compared to the normative group (p <0.05). Significant improvements from baseline were observed for the International Shopping list delayed recall (verbal learning and memory) and Groton Maze recall tasks (visual learning and memory) for the treatment group (both p <0.05), after 26 weeks. There were no significant differences between baseline and week 26 in the normative group. In the regression analysis which modeled the score at week 26, and which included a bootstrapping approach, the beta coefficient for the treatment group was statistically significant when age and baseline score were taken into account for the International Shopping list task including delayed recall (both p <0.02). Conclusion Testosterone improved cognitive performance in the domain of verbal learning and memory in a pilot study of healthy postmenopausal women and is worthy of further exploration in a randomized placebo controlled study.
Closed landfills can be potential sites for solar energy harvesting depending on their geographical location. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the energy yield and wind loads on solar panels placed on closed landfills in relation to panel orientation and slope. Analyses were conducted for two case study landfills in South Florida. Energy yields were estimated for flat and tilted panels placed on top and side slopes of landfills. The estimated energy yields of the solar panels ranged from 375kWh/m2 (flat) to 426kWh/m2 (facing west). Wind loads on the panels placed on top and side surfaces were estimated using the ASCE 7-05 procedure for monoslope free roofs. The estimated wind pressures ranged between 58 and 44lb/ft2 for flat and south facing slopes, respectively.
A scalable wet chemical process for conformal TiO2 coating on silicon nanoparticles is investigated for Li-ion battery applications. The stable core-shell composite nanoparticles along with polyacrylic acid (PAA) binder was studied as an anode in Li-ion batteries and compared with bare-Si as a control. By limiting the charge capacity to 1500mAhg−1, we established stable cycling (zero fade) for over 50 cycles for the core-shell compared to inferior stability (only 30% capacity retention) of the bare-Si nanoparticles at 0.1C rate. Stable capacity of 800mAhg−1 at 1C rate over 100 cycles was also demonstrated for the core-shell nanoparticle electrode. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations indicate that in absence of TiO2 the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer which forms around Si was about 8–10nm and composed of Li2O and LiF. In contrast, the SEI layer around the TiO2 shell has been thinner (about 2–3nm) and composed of LiF and LixPFyOz, that stabilized the surface leading to improved cycling stability. Thinner SEI layer and its composition led to lower charge transfer resistance while the interface between the composite and the Cu-current collector has better adhesion compared to the bare-Si electrode. Impedance spectroscopy measurements confirmed the above.
1,1′-sulfonyldiimidazole (SDM) has been investigated as a novel carbonate-based electrolyte additive for high voltage nickel-rich cathode chemistry, graphite/LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cells. Upon cycling at high voltage for 50 cycles, graphite/LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cells with SDM containing electrolyte have superior cycling performance than the cells with baseline electrolyte, specifically, 96.9% and 73.1% capacity retention, respectively. Moreover, cells with 0.25 wt. % SDM have lower impedance and better elevated temperature storage performance as well. The functional mechanism of electrolyte containing SDM on improved cycling performance is elucidated with ex-situ analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), etc. The surface analysis result reveals that SDM has been involved into the surface film forming on the LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode and graphite anode as well, which can simultaneously provide protection for both cathode and anode upon cycling to high voltage, leading to enhanced cyclability of the high voltage (4.5 V vs. Li/Li+) graphite/LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cells with the presence of SDM.
Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the growth and development of the field of assessment in intellectual disability (ID). The history of the assessment of people with ID goes back to the roots of modern day research and practice and to the roots of many social policies. The development of IQ tests grew out of the need in the early 1900s to differentiate people with ID, to predict school success better. Out of this work emerged a new definition of intelligence—the idea of general intelligence (g) and the concept of intelligence consisting of several primary abilities. As federal entitlements to services for people with ID grew, the need for standardized measures on work performance, social skills, language development, quality of life (QOL), family adaptation, psychopathology, and efficacy of psychopharmacology developed in the latter half of the twentieth century. Another movement, which greatly affected assessment of people with ID during this period, was the advancement of the field of applied behavior analysis (ABA) in the 1960s. Currently, the possibility of multimodal assessment using concomitant psychophysiological and neuroimaging assessment is being demonstrated to great advantage in the field of learning disabilities and is considered in ID. Interdisciplinary assessment is increasingly becoming recognized as an important part of assessing people with mental retardation. Behavioral and psychometric assessments have an integral role to play in these hopes and aspirations.