batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Direct electrocatalytic oxidation of ammonia was carried out using an open-pore structured nickel foam electrode via electrochemical formation of Ni(OH)2/NiOOH nano-flowers (theophrastite phase) on the nickel substrate at specific overpotentials. The electrode surface was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman spectrometer (RS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Cyclic voltammograms gave information on the nature of electron transfer between nitrogen species and nickel foam electrode and revealed the potential dependence nature of ammonia oxidation over the potential window of +0.7 V to +0.85 V (vs. Hg/HgO). Batch controlled potential experiments using nickel foam as the working anode in a three-electrode system were conducted to study the oxidation of ammonia in solution containing 0.1 M of Na2SO4 electrolyte, at pH 11 and temperature of 25 °C. Based on the current efficiency and reaction kinetics, it was possible to establish the mechanism of selective ammonia conversion to gaseous nitrogen and nitrate.
Phase evolution during a thorough Li ion's insertion of electrode materials governs their battery performance during charge and discharge. Here we investigated the lithiation pathway of titanium disulfide using in situ TEM combined with synchrotron-based pair distribution function measurement and first-principles calculations. A 2D intercalation reaction proceeds along with a transition from van der Waals interaction between Ti–S slabs to the covalent bonding of S–Li–S, with no symmetry broken. Further lithiation triggers unconventionally multiple step conversion reactions as proved: LiTiS2→TiS→Ti2S→Ti. The conversion reaction pathway is also verified in fully discharged sample in coin-cell. The expanded conversion chemistry is supposed to increase the capacity of TiS2 electrode and downgrade the cyclability, whereas the existence of intermediate phases shows the promise of improving the reversibility with a successful control of the state of charge.
LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 and Mg-substituted LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode materials have been prepared by co-precipitation and high-temperature solid state method. The effects of partial substitution of Ni with Mg in LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 material on its chemical component, crystal structure, surface valence states, electrochemical properties, and Li+ diffusion barrier have been extensively studied. The Rietveld refinement results reveal that cation mixing has been suppressed effectively, and the lattice parameters a and c decrease while the c/a ratio increases induced by Mg doping. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicates that Mg substitution reduces the relative ratio of Ni2+/Ni3+ ions on surface. Electrochemical studies indicate that the Mg-substituted material exhibits better cycling performance. First-principles calculations indicate that Mg doping increase the activation barriers of Li+ migration, thus excesses of Mg substitution lead to rate performance degradation.
Electroactive lithium vanadyl phosphate, β-LiVOPO4, was synthesized via a sol–gel route, and β-LiVOPO4/RuO2 composite was subsequently prepared by heating RuCl3 in the network of β-LiVOPO4 particles. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that β-LiVOPO4 has an orthorhombic structure with space group of Pnma. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy dot mappings revealed that ruthenium was homogeneously distributed among β-LiVOPO4 particles. Compared with pristine β-LiVOPO4, β-LiVOPO4/RuO2 composite presented better electrochemical Li ion intercalation performances due to the enhanced electrical conductivity and Li ion diffusion. β-LiVOPO4 may be prospective for the application to high-voltage Li ion batteries if the electrical conductivity is improved through a practical way.
Cobalt oxide is a promising high-capacity anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), but its development is limited by poor cycling stability due to its huge volume change happening during repeated conversion processes. In this paper, a robust and rational strategy was designed to improve the electrochemical performance of cobalt oxide (CoO) by preparing self-supported CoO@C core–shell metasequoia-like nanowire arrays on a conducting nickel foam substrate with solid adhesion. Interestingly, the present CVD process can produce onion-like graphitic carbon at a relatively low temperature (300–350°C) near the substrate due to the catalysis of nickel foam. More importantly, the direct and compact contact of cobalt oxide with the thin carbon layer and the conducting substrate provided an effective pathway for fast charge transfer and ion transport without any requirement of other ancillary materials, such as carbon black or binder, to improve the system׳s conductivity and stability. As an anode material for LIBs, the heterocomposite exhibited a larger reversible capacity, higher rate capability, and excellent cycling stability by comparison with the pristine CoO@C and Co3O4 on nickel foam due to the triple electronically conductive guarantee of carbon shells, conducting nickel foam substrate and the oriented orderly CoO nanowire arrays. The preparation of the orderly 1D nanostructures with conductive coating on conductive substrates has been proven to generate efficient electrode materials, opening up an alternate way to improve the electrochemical stability of LIBs. The present route is expected to be extended to the synthesis of other oxides as electrodes for LIBs.
Polymer solar cells were prepared in large numbers using roll-to-roll methods and were subsequently integrated into the Organic Electronics Association (OE-A) demonstrator in the year 2011 and presented as a small credit card sized lamp with a flat outline. The lamp comprised the polymer solar cell together with printed circuitry, discrete components and flexible lithium polymer batteries. The number of discrete steps required for the manufacture of the lamp was 35 and more than 10000 units of the demonstrator was manufactured. We describe the efforts towards increasing the technical yield which was 89% overall and discuss the compromises that had to be made to achieve the high technical yield for a process that was as automated as possible. All the steps in the preparation of the solar cell, the circuitry and the overlays were performed using full roll-to-roll methods. The mounting of the discrete components, such as LED, diode and Zener diode, was performed in sheets of 15 units using a fully automated SMD mounting machine. The mounting of the batteries, contacts and final testing was done manually. The lamination into the final lamp and the final laser cutting into the discrete lamps were performed using automated systems.
Following the recognition of their usefulness by the authorities and the scientific community, automatic water monitoring networks were developed again to be able to measure seawater. For that purpose, they had to be fully autonomous, with low power consumption (solar panel power supply), wireless communicating (satellite, GSM, radio) and very sensitive (a few Bq/m3).
We report the synthesis and optimization of NASICON-type carbon-coated Li3V2(PO4)3 by solid-state approach. Adipic acid (AA) is used as the source material for the carbon. Initially, the synthesis of monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3 is optimized at a precalcination temperature of 300 °C for 4 h and 900 °C for 8 h under Ar flow to yield a single phase. Powder characterizations such as thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and particle size distribution are conducted, and the results are presented. The AA concentration is varied according to the total metal ion composition in the compound (0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 M). Electrochemical Li-insertion properties are evaluated in half-cell configurations between 3 and 4.8 V vs. Li at a current density of 0.1 mA cm−2 at room temperature. Compared with the lower AA concentrations, Li/Li3V2(PO4)3 (0.15 M AA) cell exhibited discharge capacities of 178 and 147 mAh g−1 for the 1st and 50th cycles, respectively, and a capacity retention of 83 % after 50 cycles, which is 11 % higher than that of the native compound. Li/Li3V2(PO4)3 (0.15 M AA) showed better rate performances and delivered discharge capacities of 173, 165, 150, 132, 105, and 76 mAh g−1 at rates of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 5, and 12 C, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals the enhancement in electronic conductivity profile after carbon coating.
Porous nickel phosphide films are fabricated by electrodeposition through self-assembled polystyrene sphere multi-layers as template. After the removal of the template, well-ordered and close-packed spherical pores are left in the films. The thin walls of the adjacent pores make up a three-dimensional network nanostructure in the triple-layer porous Ni3P film. The as-prepared triple-layer porous film delivers significantly enhanced rate capability over the single- and double-layer ones. After 50 cycles, the capacity of the triple-layer Ni3P porous film still sustains 557mAhg−1 and 243mAhg−1 at a charge–discharge rate of 0.2C and 5C (1 C=388mAg−1), respectively. According to the analysis of electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS), the improved electrochemical performance of the triple-layer film can be attributed to the fast migration of Li+ through surface-passivating layer and the facilitated charge transfer into Ni3P three-dimensional network nanostructure.
Objective: To explore the toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the liver lipid metabolism of offspring mice and the possible mechanisms involved. Method: Virgin female (16–18 g) and male (18–20 g) C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into two groups: Control group and Test group. After anesthesia with chloral hydrate, the mice were administered 50 μL saline or dust solution by intratracheal instillation (Control group: 50 μL saline; Test group: 15 mg kg−1 MWCNTs). Mice were injected with these doses once a week for 13 weeks. Then, male and female mice in the same group were allowed to mate to produce offspring. The pups were fed with normal diet until the end of the experiment (12 weeks old). The offspring mice were sacrificed by decapitation to detect the blood biochemistry and the expression of genes and proteins. Results: Compared with the Control group, MWCNTs significantly reduced the weight of offspring mice (male and female) and led to histopathological changes in the liver tissues. The expression of liver fat synthesis gene significantly increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The expression of genes and proteins involved in the inflammatory reactions appeared to be abnormal (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Conclusion: Exposure of adult mice to MWCNTs can affect the expression of fatty acid synthesis genes in the liver tissues of offspring mice, leading to disruption of liver function and accumulation of lipid droplets in the hepatocytes. The imbalance between M1 and M2 liver macrophage phenotypes may be one of the underlying mechanisms of action of MWCNTs leading to disordered fatty acid synthesis in offspring mice.
Motivated by a research project that studies the future of the energy system in rural areas at the border between Germany and the Czech Republic, and by the publication of the COSMO-REA high-resolution regional reanalysis data sets for Europe in 2017, this study presents a methodology for generating maps indicating minimum battery and photovoltaics sizes for self-sufficient single-family houses. The methodology consists of three subsequent parts: First, spatiotemporal data sets of electricity demand for single-family houses in rural and low-density urban areas are generated. Second, spatiotemporal data sets of photovoltaics potential are computed based on (a) a technical photovoltaics model, (b) two decades of hourly solar irradiance and temperature data, and (c) snow cover data from the Land Surface Analysis Satellite Applications Facility. Third, a linear optimization model serves to define photovoltaics and battery systems sizes and to generate the corresponding maps. The resulting maps cover Germany and the Czech Republic and are generated for 18 technical and weather-dependent scenarios. The results show how challenging it could be to achieve complete independence from the grid in certain locations. Especially relevant for the sizing of the systems are long periods (several days in a row) of low photovoltaic energy generation due to overcast sky conditions or snow cover of the panels. Furthermore, the results offer a scientifically based source of information for sizing photovoltaics and battery systems in the two countries.
The hole-blocking and electron- transporting layer is an important component of third-generation solar cells. This layer is responsible for both hindering the hole recombination from the hole-transport layer and collecting photo-generated electrons; that in turn impact photon-to-current conversion efficiency (ɳ) of devices. Conventionally, WO3 is being used as hole-transport layer owing to high work function and carrier mobility; and excellent thermal stability. In this paper we report ultra-thin WO3 films, prepared by UVO-treatment of WO3-octadecylamine Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers, for use as blocking layers in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). For the first time, it is observed that ɳ of DSSCs with optimized WO3 blocking layer improved significantly (21%) as compared to those based on conventional TiO2 blocking layers. The improvement in ɳ is the result of improved short-circuit current density which is obtained without any accompanying reduction in open-circuit potential and fill factor. This is attributable to the dense and uniform morphology, excellent hole-blocking properties, crystallinity and proper position of Fermi level. The analyses not only reveal that ɳ of DSSCs can be enhanced by employing ultra-thin WO3 LB films as blocking layers but also suggest that the films can possibly be extended further for perosvskite and polymer solar cells.
We optimized the forming conditions of Li-ion batteries from the standpoint of the stability of the solid-state interface (SEI) on the surface of graphite. The optimization processes were focused on the initial two cycles of the Li/graphite half-cell in terms of the current density and the temperature. We evaluated the stability of the SEI from two aspects: (1) self-delithiation at 60°C of the lithium intercalation compound, which reflects storage stability of the SEI and (2) cycling performance of the Li/graphite cell, which reflects cycling stability of the SEI. It was observed that the low current density and the low temperature favored increasing effectiveness of the SEI formation, and resulted in formation of a stable SEI. However, the SEI formed under such conditions had relatively high impedance. That is, there was a contradictory relationship between the ionic conductivity and the stability of the SEI. Based on the graphite and electrolyte used in this work, we found that the optimum conditions for the formation of the SEI were at the current densities of 10–20mA/g and at the temperatures of 20–35°C.
Physical and electrochemical investigations of vanadium phosphates, Li2x VO(H2−x PO4)2 (0< x <2), have been undertaken. H+/Li+ ionic exchange from VO(H2PO4)2 to Li2VO(HPO4)2 leads to grain decrepitation. Further ionic exchange toward formation of Li4VO(PO4)2 lowers the symmetry. As inferred from potentiodynamic cycling correlated to ex situ and in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), the system Li/Li4VO(PO4)2 shows several phase transformations that are associated with thermodynamical potential hysteresis that span from roughly 15mV to more than 1.8V. Small hysteresis are associated with topotactic reactions and with VV/VIV and VIII/VII redox couples. Large potential hysteresis values (>1V) were observed when oxidation of VIII to VIV is involved.
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. The article duplicates significant parts of a paper that had already appeared in, A review of energy storage technologies for wind power applications Volume 16, Issue 4, May 2012, Pages 2154–2171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.029 Re-use of any data should be appropriately cited. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.
The aims of this study are to compare quantitatively the gait strategy of the right and left hemiplegic children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) using gait analysis. The gait strategy of 28 right hemiparetic CP (RHG) and 23 left hemiparetic CP (LHG) was compared using gait analysis (spatio-temporal and kinematic parameters) and considering the hemiplegic classification based on four gait strategies. Our results demonstrated that velocity was a significant parameter to differentiate RHG and LHG: all hemiplegic types revealed in fact that RHG walked with higher velocity than LHG. The ankle strategy displayed an increased number of differences between RHG and LHG from hemiplegia of Type I to Type III. In all the comparison, the LHG showed the less physiological gait pattern. As for knee kinematics, differences between right and left hemiplegic gait pattern were evidenced only in children with hemiplegia Type II: the LHG walked with a more flexed knee at initial contact, marked hyperextension in midstance and reduced knee flexion ability in the swing phase. The hip strategy was quite normal in both groups in hemiplegia Type I. In the other two types, LHG showed a limited extension ability in midstance in comparison to RHG. In conclusion, our data revealed that RHG and LHG were in general characterised by different gait patterns, evidencing a general a progression of involvement in the different types of hemiplegia; in particular in all the hemiplegic types the LHG patients revealed a more severe involvement than the RHG individuals and the differences were more evident at the distal joints, especially at the ankle joint.
Thermal runaway is posing big threat towards common electrochemical devices, such as lithium ion batteries and supercapacitors. It is caused by heat accumulated within electrochemical device and can cause devices to lose functionality, shorten service-life, or even cause hazardous fires and explosions. One effective approach to tackle thermal runaway is to break the electrochemical reaction Arrhenius thermal loop by introducing reaction inhibiting components into the system. Herein, through facile wet casting method, a temperature responsive polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) was cast into thin film and sandwiched in between polypropylene (PP) to make into a temperature responsive separator. It was found that once the temperature rose to 70 °C, instead of increasing in capacitance like in the control, PNIPAM-included batches decreased in capacitance. This capacitance reduction was mainly contributed by increased charge transfer resistance, which was caused by the sol–gel transition and precipitating PNIPAM chains residing upon PP membrane. A similar capacitance reduction was also observed for the ferricyanide redox system. Further investigation also revealed thicker PNIPAM films exhibited enhanced capacitance reduction and scan rate dependency. Temperature responsive polymer separators may prove to be an effective method to suppress high temperature electrochemical reactions and thus offer promise to reversible, thermally stabilized electrochemical devices.
A cylindrical hybrid supercapacitor is fabricated using activated carbon positive electrode and H2Ti12-xNbxO25 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6) negative electrode materials. The hybrid supercapacitor using H2Ti11.85Nb0.15O25 exhibits the best electrochemical performance. It has a capacitance of 78.4 F g−1, charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 0.03 Ω, capacitance retention of 91.4% after 1000 cycles at 3.0 A g−1 and energy density of 24.3 W h kg−1 at a power density of 1794.6 W kg−1. Therefore, the Nb doped HTO negative electrode material is a promising candidate as an energy storage system for electric vehicles (EVs).
The charging of an undivided cerium–zinc redox battery by various current waveforms some of which mimic the output of renewable energy (solar, wind, tidal, biofuel burning) to electricity transducers is considered in this work, where the battery operates through diffusion-only conditions, and is discharged galvanostatically. Under reasonable assumption, the mathematical model developed enables the observation that the performance characteristic of the cells charged with a constant power input differentiates between the various current–charge waveforms, with cell geometry and electrode kinetics playing subtle, but significant, roles; in particular, high efficiency is observed for sunlight-charged batteries which are thin and suffer no corrosion of the sacrificial electrode, and which have already experienced a charge–discharge cycle. The performance characteristics of the systems are interpreted in the light of consequences for smart grid realisation, and indicate that, for a constant power input, the most matched renewable is biofuel burning with a current output that linearly increases with time.
Intensive poultry production systems depend on chemoprophylaxis with anticoccidial drugs to combat infection. A floor-pen study was conducted to evaluate the anticoccidial effect of Artemisia annua and Foeniculum vulgare on Eimeria tenella infection. Five experimental groups were established: negative control (untreated, unchallenged); positive control (untreated, challenged); a group medicated with 125 ppm lasalocid and challenged; a group medicated with A. annua leaf powder at 1.5% in feed and challenged; and a group treated with the mixed oils of A. annua and Foeniculum vulgare in equal parts, 7.5% in water and challenged. The effects of A. annua and oil extract of A. annua + F. vulgare on E. tenella infection were assessed by clinical signs, mortality, fecal oocyst output, faeces, lesion score, weight gain, and feed conversion.
First-principles calculations are used to analyze the phase stability, formation energy, and Li intercalation potential for a series of layered cathode materials. The calculations show LiNi0.66Co0.17Mn0.17O2 as a promising cathode for lithium-ion batteries. The layer-structured LiNi0.66Co0.17Mn0.17O2 is prepared via wet chemical route, followed by annealing at 1123K and characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The characterization techniques reveal single-phase LiNi0.66Co0.17Mn0.17O2 with highly ordered structure. Galvanostatic charge–discharge curves recorded at 1C show the discharge capacity of ca. 167mAhg−1 and good cyclic performance for 25 cycles.