batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Experimental studies and model validation thereof on all solid-state electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) comprising of a novel, cost-effective, and eco-friendly electrode binder consisting of chitosan chemical hydrogel (CCH), and a separator consisting of ionically cross-linked chitosan hydrogel membrane electrolyte (ICCSHME) are reported. The EDLCs have been assembled with black pearls carbon as electrode. The ICCSHME has been prepared by ionic cross-linking of chitosan (CS) with sodium sulfate. EDLCs comprising 40 % loading of CCH electrode binder and ICCSHME with 1 M NaOH dopant have been studied by galvanostatic chronopotentiometry. The data have been analyzed using mathematical modeling to study lifetime behavior of the EDLCs.
The voltages at which the different charging and discharging peaks occur in a nickel electrode were investigated for a set of six representative electrodes. The impact of cycling temperature, electrolyte concentration, and cycling history on these different electrodes resulted in alterations in the usable capacities of the electrodes and/or the efficiency of the charging reaction. The cobalt level in the active material, the KOH concentration of the electrolyte, and the cycling temperature were all found to impact the position of the charging peaks of the beta and the gamma charging reactions. The position of the oxygen evolution characteristic was found to be mainly a function of the cycling temperature. The findings of these studies resulted in recommendations for selecting certain cell design factors and charging protocols that will lead to improved cycle lives and higher levels of usable cell capacities.
This work describes the formation and possible electrochemical application of a novel nanocomposite based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and imidazolium-based room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF4, a hydrophilic RTIL) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim]PF6, a hydrophobic RTIL). The nanocomposites ([bmim]BF4-SWNTs, and [bmim]PF6-SWNTs) were formed by simply grinding the SWNTs with the respective RTIL. The results of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy indicated that the nanocomposites were formed by adsorption of an imidazolium ion on the surface of SWNTs via the “cation–π” interaction. SEM images showed that [bmim]BF4-SWNTs (or [bmim]PF6-SWNTs) nanocomposites could uniformly cover the surface of a glassy carbon (GC) electrode resulting in a RTILs-SWNTs/GC modified electrode with a high stability. The RTILs-SWNTs composite could be readily used as a matrix to immobilize heme-containing proteins/enzymes (myoglobin, cytochrome c, and horseradish peroxidase) without undergoing denaturation, as was verified by UV–vis and circular dichroic (CD) spectroscopic results. The voltammetric results showed that heme-containing proteins/enzymes entrapped in RTILs-SWNTs composites displayed a pair of well-defined, stable redox peaks, which were ascribed to their direct electron-transfer reactions. The results of controlled experiments showed that the positive charged imidazolium ion played a significant effect on the electrochemical parameters, such as the redox peak separation and the value of the formal potentials, etc., of the electron-transfer reaction of non-neutral species dissolved in solution or immobilized on the electrode surface. Further results demonstrated that the heme-containing proteins/enzymes entrapped in RTILs-SWNTs composites could still retain their bioelectrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The results depicted in this work may pave a new avenue to electrocatalysis, proteins/enzymes electrochemistry, and bioelectrochemical synthesis, etc.
A previous study reporting on 44 patients who underwent awake surgery for a left frontal or temporal glioma resection demonstrated the removal of the uncinate fasciculus to have consequences on language 3 months post-surgery. At this time-point, patients with a temporal glioma who had undergone uncinate removal showed the worst overall performance with a significant impairment in naming of famous faces and objects compared to patients without removal. Also, verbal fluency was mildly impaired. We report a longer-term follow-up (9–12 months) in a selected group of 17 patients (six female, age range 27–64) who did not suffer any tumour recurrence in this timeframe. MRI and DTI were performed before and after surgery. While verbal fluency on categorical cue and object naming recovered to the same level as before surgery, proper naming remained significantly impaired even after 12 months (P = 0.032) in patients with uncinate removal, demonstrating this structure to be crucial for that function and supporting the hypothesis that subcortical connectivity is relevant to allow plasticity. We thus argued that the left frontal and temporal poles connected by means of the uncinate fasciculus constitute a dedicated circuit for naming of unique entities.
Prussian blue (PB) supported on graphite powder was prepared by the chemical deposition technique and subsequently dispersed into methyltrimethoxysilane-derived gels to yield a conductive graphite organosilicate composite. The composite was used as the electrode material to fabricate a three-dimensional PB-modified electrode. PB acts as a catalyst, graphite powder ensures conductivity by percolation, the silicate provides a rigid porous backbone, and the methyl groups endow hydrophobicity and thus limit the wetting section of the modified electrode. The chemically modified electrode can electrocatalyze the oxidation of hydrazine, and exhibits a distinct advantage of polishing in the event of surface fouling, as well as simple preparation, good chemical and mechanical stability and good repeatability of surface-renewal. Hydrodynamic voltammetric experiments were performed to characterize the electrode as an amperometric sensor for the determination of hydrazine.
The design versatility and performance advantages render supercapacitors (SCs) the highly appealing candidates for the energy storage units in flexible devices. For this purpose, a flexible electrode with high capacitance and excellent mechanical stability is essential. Herein, the facile fabrication strategy towards flexible SC electrodes with polyaniline (PANI) nanowires loading on nitrogen-doped carbon coated SS mesh (PANI/N-C/SS) is developed via a simple hydrothermal carbonization process and the following deposition of PANI. Derived from glucose and dicyandiamide, the nitrogen-doped carbon layer can effectively improve the contract of the SS substrate and PANI. The resultant PANI/N-C/SS electrode delivers a high areal capacitance of 624mFcm−2 at 0.05mAcm−2. With a large size of 40cm2, the solid-state symmetric capacitor based on PANI/N-C/SS still possesses a capacitance of 122.6mFcm−2, corresponding to a high energy density of 0.22mWhcm−2.
Several modifications of manganese dioxide (MnO2) were investigated for use in composite electrode materials for oxygen evolution, the target application being anodes for the industrial electrowinning of metals. It is demonstrated that the performance of this material depends strongly on the modifications of MnO2. All modifications investigated were found to be more active than the usual anode of lead alloyed with silver (PbAg) used in zinc electrowinning. A composite sample containing chemical manganese dioxide (CMD) was found to give an oxygen evolution overpotential 0.25 V lower than the standard PbAg anode material. In the second part of the article, we investigate the effect of varying several parameters of the composite electrode assembly, including the size of the catalyst particles and percentage of the catalyst material used. A model is proposed where the performance of the material is proportional to the total length of the boundaries between the lead matrix material and the MnO2 catalyst particles. Physicochemical processes contributing to the observed data are discussed.
A three-dimensional (3D) catalyst was fabricated by using N-doped graphene films as scaffolds and nickel nanoparticles as building blocks via a heterogeneous reaction process. This unique structure enables high catalyst loadings and optimal electrode contact, leading to a surprisingly high catalytic activity towards OER, which almost approaches that of the state-of-the-art precious OER electrocatalysts (IrO2). Moreover, the catalytic process features favourable electrode kinetics and strong durability during long-term cycling. The dual-active-site mechanism was proposed for this 3D catalyst, i.e., Ni/NiOOH and Ni–N(O)–C are both active sites. The enhanced performance is attributed to synergistic effects of N-doped graphene and Ni, which enhance the activities of both components for OER.
A survey of businesses in the automobile aftermarket industry provided insights into how reverse logistics performance can be influenced by a few key strategic decisions. Resource commitment is critical to program performance. However, it is important that the resources be focused on developing information technology capabilities. This, no doubt, is reflective of the nature of reverse logistics. Information support––for authorizing, tracking, and handling returns––can positively impact both economic and service quality-related performance.
The adsorption and decomposition mechanism of electrolyte on the cathode surface is one of the governing factors that control the stability, capacity, and cyclic life of Lithium-ion batteries. In this work, first principles calculations are used to study the adsorption and decomposition reaction mechanisms of ethylene carbonate (EC) on the (100) surface of charged (Li0.6Mn2O4), and the fully discharged LiMn2O4. The adsorption strength and electronic properties of various configurations are discussed by using density of states (DOS), projected density of states (PDOS) and electron density difference (EDD). Moreover, the initial decomposition mechanisms of EC on the surfaces is investigated by examining the minimum energy path between two minima using the climbing image nudged elastic band reaction-pathway sampling scheme. Even though adsorption and decomposition reaction can occur on the surfaces, for all configurations studied, the results show that the decomposition of EC is more likely on the charged surface despite having higher adsorption energy on the fully discharged surface. In general, this work aims to give an insight into the initial stages of surface catalyzed electrolyte decomposition reactions on spinel cathode structure.
Effect of the temperature of water as the ablation environment on the characteristics of TiO2 nanoparticles produced by laser ablation process in water has been investigated experimentally. The fundamental wavelength of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was employed to irradiate a high purity Ti plate in distilled water at different temperatures of 0, 20, 35, 50 and 65 °C. Produced nanoparticles were diagnose by UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction method, TEM, and SEM micrographs. Results show that with increasing the water temperature from 20 °C, size of nanoparticles was increased and their bandgap energy was decreased. Minimum ablation rate occured at the highest temperature. Crystalinity of produced nanoparticles also increased with increasing the temperature of water .
Accelerated ageing based on floating has been used to investigate the state of health of high voltage carbon/carbon capacitors in aqueous Li2SO4 electrolyte and to determine the factors influencing their life-time. A pressure sensor connected to the cell allowed to measure gas evolution caused by overcharging of the system and to determine the maximum operating voltage limit of the cell. At voltage higher than 1.5 V, gases started to evolve, together with oxidation of the positive carbon electrode material and formation of decomposition and/or corrosion products. The positive electrode was found to entail the ageing of the entire system, being covered by twice more surface oxygenated groups than the negative one after 120 h of floating at 1.7 V. The blockage of pore entrances by oxygenated surface functionalities decreases the accessible pore volume, causing a decrease of capacitance and an increase of internal resistance during floating. A drop of capacitive current is observed at voltage higher than 1.2 V on the voltammograms already after 20 h floating at 1.7 V. From the study, it can be concluded that the AC/AC supercapacitors using aqueous Li2SO4 with stainless steel current collectors can operate safely up to 1.5 V, which is actually much more than the voltage value of 0.8–1 V reached with aqueous KOH and H2SO4 electrolytes.
There has been a rapid recent increase in both the number and type of objective physical activity (PA) assessment instruments which are commercially available to researchers, practitioners, and consumers. Although this has provided improved capacity for PA assessment, it also presents a somewhat bewildering range of options related to instrument selection for users of these technologies. The purpose of this review is to provide a primer to guide selection of instruments for the objective monitoring of children's PA. In an effort to inform without overwhelming, it is not intended to be exhaustive in terms of all available instruments. A general overview is provided of two primary categories of objective monitors: pedometers and accelerometers. Within each category we focus on distinctly relevant options and features important to consider during instrument selection. In general, the desired outcome measure will determine the specific instrument category, options, and features from which the ultimate instrument choice is made. Other considerations include evidence of validity and reliability, cost, computer interface and download options, memory capacity, data aggregation and storage methods, and general participant and researcher burden associated with instrument use. There is no single objective PA assessment instrument that is appropriate for all situations, populations, and research questions. Further, we can anticipate that the commercial nature of these instruments will drive an even greater range of features and options in the future, increasing both the opportunity and the challenge for objectively assessing PA in children.
Iron fluoride based on the multi-electron reaction is a typical representative among the new-style cathode materials for Lithium-ion batteries, which is attracting extensive attentions. To relieve the cathode dissolution and interfacial side reactions and improve the electrochemical performance of FeF3·0.33H2O, we design an ultra-thin Li3FeF6 protective layer, which is in-situ formed on the surface of FeF3·3H2O particles by a facile process. The prepared Li3FeF6/FeF3·0.33H2O (LF50) composite displays a superior rate performance (152 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1), which is remarkable to many other carbon-free iron fluorides. And it is noticeable that a reversible capacity of 174 mAh g−1 can be retained after 100 cycles, indicating an outstanding cycling stability contrast to the bare FeF3·0.33H2O. The enhanced electrochemical performance is attributed to the protection of Li3FeF6 layer which reduces the cathode dissolution and interfacial side reactions. Moreover, the agglomeration of first particles in the calcination process is effectively suppressed resulting from the introduction of the Li3FeF6 protective layer, which promotes electrolyte penetration and charge transfer in the composites. It is expected that the strategy can provide a new approach for the modification of other metal fluoride.
Three dimensional (3D) honeycomb-like NiS2/NiO nano-multiple materials were successfully prepared by fabricating cribrate NiS2 on the surface of NiO nanosheets through simple hydrothermal process on nickel foam. The morphology and phase structure of the NiS2/NiO are characterized by scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer and the electrochemical properties are tested by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The NiS2/NiO electrode owns lower electrochemical impedance compared with bare NiO substrate and exhibits exceptional capacitance performance with a high specific capacitance of 2251Fg−1 delivered at current density of 1Ag−1, while 1192Fg−1 retained at 20Ag−1. What's more, after 2000 cycles, the specific capacitance remains 1275Fg−1 (at 5Ag−1) with a capacitance retention of 78%. Therefore, the NiS2/NiO electrode shows remarkable electrochemical performance and has a promising future for electrochemical supercapacitors.
The aim was to determine the post-onset longitudinal course of cognitive functioning in first-episode psychoses and to examine how premorbid adjustment, duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), and clinical variables such as relapse are associated with that course. Consecutive patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of non-organic psychosis coming to their first treatment in the health care areas under study were included. Ultimately, 207 patients were assessed neuropsychologically at baseline, 138 were reassessed one year later, and 111 two years later. Five dimensions were identified through principal component analysis of eight neuropsychological (NP) test results: Working Memory (WM), Executive Function (EF), Verbal Learning (VL), Impulsivity (Im), and Motor Speed (MS). No major changes were found in the level of neurocognitive functioning from baseline to the 1-year and 2-year follow-ups. Patients with good initial levels of premorbid academic functioning had consistently better scores on WM at all three time points. No association was found between DUP and the longitudinal course of neurocognitive function. Significant associations occurred between better WM and VL at 1 and 2 years and fewer relapses during the first year, but not the second. Most NP deficits are in place by onset of psychosis and are stable over two years. Milder WM deficits are associated with higher premorbid academic functioning. More severe deficits in WM and VL are associated with more relapses during the first year. It is unclear whether NP deficits cause relapse, relapse causes NP deficits, or both are manifestations of a third deteriorative process.
Blending insertion compounds is a novel and promising approach to design advanced electrodes for future lithium-ion batteries. In spite of the considerable improvements regarding safety issues and power density, the understanding of basic interactions between the constituents of the blend and differences towards common single compound insertion electrodes is still ongoing. Herein we explore and verify the effect of temperature induced compositional redistribution of lithium-ions between the constituents of a blended insertion electrode for the first time. A model-like blend electrode and a special experimental setup is used to measure the compositional redistribution current between the constituents when subjected to a temperature change. The amount of lithium exchanged between the constituents of the blend is also derived theoretically based on the thermodynamic properties of the pure constituents, showing excellent agreement to the experimental results. Theoretical and experimental results proof that significant amounts of lithium are exchanged between the constituents without any cycling of the battery, suggesting that this effect may intrinsically reduce the cycle life of batteries with blended insertion electrodes.
The present study investigated the specificity of planning impairments in schizophrenia compared to unipolar major depression. Multiple measures of planning ability were employed to assess the task independence of a planning deficit. Furthermore, the predictive power of planning ability with regard to functional outcome was analyzed. A total of 80 participants completed a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment with an emphasis on executive functions and planning ability. The sample consisted of 28 patients with schizophrenia, 28 patients with depression and 24 healthy controls. Both patient groups were impaired on measures of attention, working memory and planning, but only planning ability differentiated between patient groups. The deficit was evident across different measures of planning ability and was the best overall predictor of functional outcome. These results provide evidence for the relative specificity of a planning deficit in schizophrenia and show that the deficit is not task-specific but likely affects central cognitive control processes critical for planned behavior. The observed relation to functional outcome supports the clinical relevance of planning ability.
Renewable energy technologies need to be implemented to improve the current lack of access to energy on the African continent. However, the implementation of renewable energy technologies in Africa often fails, or the technologies are found to be unsustainable in the longer term. Previous research determined eleven factors that should be taken into account for the selection of sustainable, renewable energy technologies in Africa. The purpose of this research was to confirm and build upon these findings by means of eight case studies that were conducted in Rwanda, Tanzania and Malawi. Various individuals from implementing agencies, as well as end users of the various technologies, were interviewed, while secondary data were gathered in the form of project reports and other documentation. The analyses of the data confirm the importance of the eleven factors that were previously identified. A final set of thirteen factors that should be used for the selection of renewable technologies are proposed.
We examined the effects of mechanical load on transcripts of a set of cell wall related genes that are implicated in the formation of supporting tissues, by applying a 50 mg strip of aluminum foil to the inflorescence stem of Arabidopsis thaliana, a weight roughly half the fresh weight of the stem. Transcript levels of 12 of the 15 genes examined were increased by load application, as were the levels of some transcription factors that regulate secondary wall formation. These findings support the involvement of a load-sensing system in regulation of supporting tissue formation via transcriptional regulation of cell wall related genes.
Studies on electrochemical preparation of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) via electrochemical reduction of α,α,α′,α′-tetrabromo-p-xylene have been carried out in acetonitrile. Two intermediate species produced en route to the final products have been identified during the spectroelectrochemical experiments. The coulombic efficiencies of the polymerization reaction were shown to be about 45% with no enhancement in deposition rate noticed when the electrode surface was modified by the PPV film. The cations of the supporting electrolyte played a critical role in determining the morphology of the films. The film thus prepared had poor electroactivity as evidenced by the cyclic voltammetric currents for oxidation and reduction of the polymer and low absorbance of the products produced thereof.