batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The incorporation of ultrafine SnO2 particles inside N-doped ordered mesoporous carbon (N-CMK3) is suggested as a method to prepare an ultrastable anode material for Li-ion batteries. Sn nanoparticles formed by chemical reduction of SnCl4 inside N-CMK3 pores are spontaneously reoxidised by dissolved oxygen, resulting in the formation of ultrafine SnO2 inside N-CMK3 pores. This SnO2@N-CMK3 exhibits superior capacity, cyclability, and rate capability. Over 100 cycles at a rate of 0.1C, SnO2@N-CMK3 maintains a specific capacity of 635 mAh g−1, corresponding to a capacity retention of 86.6%. Over 1000 cycles at the rate of 0.5C, SnO2@N-CMK3 can deliver a capacity of 433 mAh g−1. At an ultrahigh rate of 5C, SnO2@N-CMK3 still delivers a capacity higher than that of commercial graphite. The full cell, composed of an SnO2@N-CMK3 anode, LiCoO2 cathode, and sacrificial Li electrode, presents excellent performance, better than previous reports of Li-ion cells. By employing a sacrificial Li electrode, the issue related to the low Coulombic efficiency of SnO2@N-CMK3 in the first few cycles and the pre-lithiation SnO2@N-CMK3 electrode can be successfully addressed.
Microbolometers with 128-linear array utilizing VO x thin films as thermal sensitive material were fabricated using micromachining technology. In order to obtain thermosensitive material with high quality and low cost, a new deposition method of VO x thin film was described in this paper. The process of the new method was compatible with Si micromachining and CMOS technology, which was very important for monolithic integration with CMOS readout circuit. The responsivity and the detectivity of microbolometers were tested to be about 5 kV/W and 2×108 cmHz1/2 W−1 at current bias of 100 μA, respectively.
A fluidized coal bed-solid oxide fuel cell (FB-SOFC) arrangement is employed for efficient conversion of dry gasified coal into electricity at 850°C. It consists of an anode-supported tubular solid oxide fuel cell of 24cm2 active area coupled to a Boudouard gasifier. A minimally fluidized bed of low sulfur (0.15wt%) Alaska coal is gasified at 930°C by flowing CO2 to generate CO. The resulting CO fuel is oxidized at the Ni/YSZ cermet anode. The highest cell power density achieved is 0.45Wcm−2 at 0.64V with 35.7% electrical conversion efficiency based on CO utilization. This power density is the highest reported in the literature for such systems and corresponds to a total power generation of 10.8W by this cell. Similarly, 48.4% is the highest conversion efficiency measured at a power density of 0.30Wcm−2 and 0.7V. The open circuit voltages are in good agreement with values expected based on thermodynamic data.
The pervasive availability of increasingly powerful mobile computing devices like PDAs, smartphones and wearable sensors, is widening their use in complex applications such as collaborative analysis, information sharing, and data mining in a mobile context. Energy characterization plays a critical role in determining the requirements of data-intensive applications that can be efficiently executed over mobile devices. This paper presents an experimental study of the energy consumption behavior of representative data mining algorithms running on mobile devices. Our study reveals that, although data mining algorithms are compute- and memory-intensive, by appropriate tuning of a few parameters associated to data (e.g., data set size, number of attributes, size of produced results) those algorithms can be efficiently executed on mobile devices by saving energy and, thus, prolonging devices lifetime. Based on the outcome of this study we also proposed a machine learning approach to predict energy consumption of mobile data-intensive algorithms. Results show that a considerable accuracy is achieved when the predictor is trained with specific-algorithm features.
We report a simple strategy towards nanocrystalline photoanodes with structural hierarchies (hn-electrode) and simultaneously enhanced dye-loading capacity and electron conductivity. Totally built up by TiO2 nanocrystallite (5–20nm), the hn-electrode comprised two major parts: the nanocrystalline matrix, and the bi-functional TiO2 mesostructure (BF-TiO2). BF-TiO2 was obtained from common sol–gel, ambient-drying and annealing processes, modified with very high H2O/Ti ratio (48.9:1) and hexamethylenetetramine additive. Two morphologies were found in BF-TiO2: high-surface-area mesoporous nanograin aggregates, and conductive nanosheets composed of both anatase TiO2 and oxygen-deficient Ti6O11, corresponding to its two functions. The preferential capping of amino groups on high-energy facets of TiO2 and the self-assembly process of nanograins along high-energy facets promoted the formation of nanosheets. Hn-electrodes with BF-TiO2 level of 5–40 % were prepared, which exhibited the maximum improvement of 110% in the dye loading capacity, much lower recombination frequency (8.1Hz vs. 31.5Hz), and much longer electron lifetime than the disordered counterpart. The optimal hn-electrode (20% BF-TiO2, ~16μm) with and without the scattering layer exhibited the conversion efficiency of 8.03% and 7.99%, ~29% higher than the control nanocrystalline electrode (6.24%). The work provides a versatile route towards functional-integrating hierarchical materials, and may find vast applications in relevant areas such as lithium batteries, supercapacitors and photocatalysts.
Nickel cobalt sulfide (NiaCobS) is one of promising active materials for battery supercapacitor hybrids (BSH), owing to the bimetallic nature and high electronegativity of sulfide. Electrodeposition technique is well applied to grow nanomaterials on conductive substrate since it is simple and the uniform deposition is easy to obtain. Other than normal parameters like applied potentials, currents, durations, and electrolyte compositions, the pulse reverse electrodeposition (PRE) technique is another promising way to fabricate nanomaterials on conductive substrates with repeated cathodic/anodic depositions. In this study, the PRE technique is firstly proposed to fabricate NiaCobS nanosheets on Ni foam as the battery-type electrode for BSH. The vertical grown NiaCobS nanosheet array is successfully fabricated with sizes and densities varied by applying different PRE cycles. The optimized NiaCobS electrode shows a specific capacitance (CF ) of 1.75 F/cm2 at 5 mV/s, due to the suitable size and density of the nanosheet array to provide numerous active sites for generating redox reactions. This optimized electrode also presents excellent high-rate capacity with the CF retention of 65% at eight-fold scan rate and current density enhancements. At power density of 6 mW/cm2 the maximum energy density of 1.25 µWh/cm2 as well as the CF retention of 88% and Coulombic efficiency higher than 90% in 6500 times charge/discharge process are also achieved for the BSH composed of the optimized NiaCobS electrode and the activated carbon electrode.
A model for predicting shunt/leakage currents in a bipolar electrolyzer stack with dual electrolyte inlets and significant amount of gases in the outlet ports and manifold is presented. Model includes electrolyte, manifold and membrane separator as resistance components in the electric circuit analog of the stack. Activation overvoltage associated with electrodes is taken as Tafel-like. Current balance and potential balance equations are applied to the stack and difference calculus is employed to reduce the problem to a set of linear difference equations with constant coefficients. The model is validated with published results and the effect of each resistance component and number of cells on leakage currents in the stack is presented.
Physical fitness and overweight among children has become paramount in the general population and more so in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The purpose of the current study was to examine the association between physical fitness and overweight in a sample of Israeli children in comparison to typical children, and to examine gender differences. DCD was identified through total scores on the movement assessment battery for children 2 (MABC-2) equal to or less than the 16th percentile as well as parents’ report that the child's deficits in motor skills interfered with at least two daily life activities. The sample included a group of children with DCD (n =22, M age=8.70 [SD=1.36], 16 boys [73%]) and a control group of typical children (n =47, M age=8.90 [SD=1.52], 34 boys [72%]). Measures included the strength subtest of the Bruininks–Oseretsky test of motor proficiency (BOT-2), the six minutes’ walk test (6MWT) with heart rate measure, BMI and the percentage of body fat. Significant differences between DCD and typical children were found on all variables of physical fitness and weight. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis (group/gender) also revealed significant interactions for the percentage of body fat (F =8.51, p <.005) and BMI (F =4.50, p <.038) meaning that less fit children are more obese. The current study supports previous findings that children with DCD are less physically fit and more overweight compared to typically developing children. Moreover, in comparing between the genders, the girls in the study sample weighed more and had a significantly higher percentage of body fat than boys, it is essential to further our understanding of the relationships between obesity, physical fitness and gender among children with and without DCD.
Na-ion technology could emerge as an alternative to Li-ion batteries due to limited costs and vast availability of sodium, as well as its similar chemistry. Several Na-rich compounds have been proposed as positive electrodes, whereas suitable negative counterparts have not been found yet. Nanostructured iron oxide is reported here for the first time as a potentially viable negative electrode for Na-ion cells based on conventional electrolytes and composite coatings with carboxymethyl cellulose. Electrochemical reactions of Na+ and Li+ ions with nanostructured Fe2O3 are analysed and compared. Initial sodiation of Fe2O3 yields a sloping profile in a voltage range characteristic for oxide conversion, which instead generates a typical plateau upon lithiation. Application of such earth-abundant, nontoxic material in upcoming Na-ion batteries is potentially groundbreaking, since it offers important advantages, namely: i. simple and cost-effective synthesis of Fe2O3 nanostructures at low temperatures; ii. cheaper and more sustainable cell fabrication with higher energy densities, e.g., use of natural, water-soluble binders, as well as Al for both current collectors; iii. electrochemical performances with specific gravimetric capacities exceeding 400 mAh g−1 at 40 mA g−1, accompanied by decent specific volumetric energy densities, e.g., ≈1.22 Wh cm−3, provided that cycle inefficiencies and long-term durability are addressed.
Li3VO4/N-doped graphene with unique architecture of Li3VO4 nanoparticles embed in N-doped graphene is successfully prepared via a facile method, which shows superior electrochemical performance as anode for Li-ion batteries. At a specific current of 0.15 A g−1, it delivers discharge and charge capacities of 550 and 429 mAh g−1 in the initial cycle, which maintain of 478 and 476 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. After 150 cycles at various specific currents from 0.1 to 2.0 A g−1, the discharge capacity can restore to 487 mAh g−1 when reverting the specific current to 0.1 A g−1. Meanwhile, even after 900 cycles at a specific current of 2.0 A g−1, the Li3VO4/N-doped graphene electrode can deliver discharge and charge capacities of 195 and 193 mAh g−1.
The future submarines of Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft AG (HDW) will be equipped with fuel cell power plants for air independent propulsion. In the 1970s the decision for a fuel cell system on submarines was made. Tests in the 1980s confirmed the feasibility of fuel cells on submarines. Positive development results in the 1990s led to series production of fuel cell equipped submarines, which will be in operation from 2003 onwards. Strictly controlled development work was necessary to reach the goal of series production. The train of thought behind this process of development is described in this paper starting with the initial idea and ending with the description of the serial production of the fuel cell power plant. The future outlook gives an impression of current development work.
In a companion work, we bridge the gap between mature segmentation software used in terrestrial sedimentology and emergent planetary segmentation with an original algorithm optimized to segment whole images from the Microscopic Imager (MI) of the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER). In this work, we compare its semi-automated outcome with manual photoanalyses using unconsolidated sediment at Gusev and Meridiani Planum sites for geologic context. On average, our code and manual segmentation converge to within ∼10% in the number and total area of identified grains in a pseudo-random, single blind comparison of 50 samples. Unlike manual segmentation, it also locates finer grains in an image with internal consistency, enabling robust comparisons across geologic contexts. When implemented in Mathematica-8, the algorithm segments an entire MI image within minutes, surpassing the extent and speed possible with manual segmentation by about a factor of ten. These results indicate that our algorithm enables not only new sedimentological insight from the MER MI data, but also detailed sedimentology with the Mars Science Laboratory’s Mars Hand Lens Instrument.
In the human lymphocyte chromosome aberration assay, the mitotic index (MI) is the standard cytotoxic parameter for determining which test concentrations will be evaluated for chromosome aberrations. Assessment of the MI is performed microscopically by determining the frequency of mitotic cells in a population of 1000 cells. With the commercial availability of antibodies to the mitosis-specific marker, phosphorylated-histone H3 at serine 10, automating the assessment of the MI using flow cytometry is now possible [Cytometry 32 (1998) 71]. Our laboratory has utilized and validated this technology to measure the mitotic index of chemically-treated human lymphocyte cultures. Comparisons between the microscopic and flow MI frequencies from 24h treatments with mitomycin-C, aphidicolin, eugenol, etoposide, hydroxyrurea, potassium cyanide, staurosporine, ethyl alcohol, noscapine and colcemid® are presented. Our results show that the mitosis specific H3-P marker is excellent for measuring the MI frequency in human lymphocyte cultures treated up to toxic concentrations. In addition, this study demonstrates that automation of analysis by flow cytometry is an excellent alternative to the microscopic method of analysis producing less variability than the microscopic scoring and a more complete dose response curve.
This study interpreted open circuit impedance measurements of single negative and positive lead-acid battery plates, which were at different discharge levels and arranged in a four-electrode cell. This was performed in the framework of a proposed general model of charge/discharge reactions, morphological models of active materials, and based on interpretation of the characteristics of single negative and positive plates as measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This study shows that the proposed reaction models, morphological characteristics and EIS attributions are compatible with the obtained EIS data. The analysis indicates that negative and positive plate reaction mechanisms cannot be those proposed by the dissolution–precipitation mechanism alone. Rather, the reactions seem to obey the various mechanisms and morphologic ideas proposed in the present paper. It is shown that variations in the resistivity and dielectric constants of discharged films need to be studied in greater detail than film thicknesses to gain a better understanding of the processes.
The continuous phase transformation from the layered structure to the spinel-like phase seriously degrades the electrochemical properties of Li-rich layered oxides in Lithium-ion batteries. Herein, heterostructured Li-rich cathode materials Li[Li0.2Ni0.17Co0.07Mn0.56]O2 in conjunction with different contents of Zr-containing phosphate (ZCP) coating layers were prepared. The structural and electrochemical characterizations reveal that the ZCP surface layer, which not only prevents electrolyte from eroding the Li-rich core and thus suppressing the fast growth of solid electrolyte interface film and charge transfer resistance on the surface of oxide particles, but also enhances the structural and thermal stabilities of the electrode. As a result, the 3 wt.% coated sample delivers an initial discharge capacity of 216mAhg⿿1 with a coulombic efficiency of 80%, compared to 202mAhg⿿1 and 71%, respectively, for the bare sample. Particularly, the coated sample demonstrates excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 91% within 100 cycles, and higher thermal stability.
We report a modified synthesis for lithium manganese ferrites LiFe1-xMn1 + xO4 (x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75) based on the thermal decomposition of nitrates which produces purer materials when compared to other synthesis methods. The different oxidation states of the various cations and their preferences for particular crystal sites within the spinel-related structure lead to a complex cation distribution and magnetic properties which depend strongly on the composition. The large, almost complete, lithium occupancy of the tetrahedral sites in the spinel structure for particular compositions and the concomitant occurrence of unusual oxidation states of iron show how the synthesis method can be tailored to obtain materials which can have promising applications in the field of lithium-containing batteries.
Conventional compression type air conditioners (ACs) consume a large part of the electricity of batteries on-board of electric vehicles, and that will make the cruising mileage shorter. Sorption and resorption cycles, which are intermittent, may solve this question by the energy storage phases. Both sorption and resorption cycles are analyzed and compared, and both of them have simpler structure if compared with conventional AC for that only two heat exchangers are required. The equilibrium performance analysis shows that resorption working pairs has higher energy density and coefficient of performance (COP) than that of sorption working pairs when the high temperature salt of resorption cycle is same with the halide of sorption cycle. The experimental Clapeyron curves are studied, and CaCl2-NH4Cl-NH3 has best performance. Compared with MnCl2-CaCl2-NH3 and MnCl2-NH4Cl-NH3, the energy density and COP of CaCl2-NH4Cl-NH3 improves by 160% and 35% at least, respectively. The performance of CaCl2-NH4Cl-NH3 is also compared with that of CaCl2-NH3. They have similar smallest energy density, and CaCl2-NH4Cl-NH3 has higher COP if consider the working conditions in the whole year. The energy required for the electric car with a resorption AC is 0.23–0.265kWh/km, which is acceptable if compared with the results of conventional AC.
We describe the architecture of an original biofeedback system for balance improvement for fall prevention and present results of a feasibility study. The underlying principle of this biofeedback consists of providing supplementary information related to foot sole pressure distribution through a wireless embedded tongue-placed tactile output device. Twelve young healthy adults voluntarily participated in this experiment. They were asked to stand as immobile as possible with their eyes closed in two conditions of no-biofeedback and biofeedback. Centre of foot pressure (CoP) displacements were recorded using a force platform. Results showed reduced CoP displacements in the biofeedback relative to the no-biofeedback condition. On the whole, the present findings evidence the effectiveness of this system in improving postural control on young healthy adults. Further investigations are needed to strengthen the potential clinical value of this device.
We here present a photoassisted rechargeable Li–O2 battery by integrating a g-C3N4 photocatalyst to address the overpotential issue of conventional non-aqueous Li–O2 batteries. The high charging overpotential of a Li–O2 battery is compensated by the photovoltage, and finally an ultralow charging voltage of 1.9 V is achieved, which is much lower than that of any other conventional non-aqueous Li–O2 batteries. It is also worth noting that the charging voltage is even much lower than the discharging voltage (∼2.7 V), resulting in 142% energy efficiency (output electric energy/input electric energy, not including solar energy).
The electrochemical capacitor (EC), also called as supercapacitor, is an energy storage device possessing a unlimited life-cycle and high power density known to store energy in the double-layer or through supercapacitance as a result of an applied potential. Fundamental values in relation to the major chemical and physical qualities of electrode materials are explained in the following review, with carbon-made electrodes, specially activated carbon highlighted in regards to their improvement of the typical power and energy densities of ECs. Supercapacitive materials, remarkably transition metal oxides are revealed by the potential to further develop EC performance through synergistic effects and asymmetric design. Recently, several chemically deposited metal oxide thin film electrodes as well as ruthenium oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, iron oxide, ferrites etc., have been evaluated in supercapacitors. This review presents supercapacitor performance data of metal oxide thin film electrodes on activated carbon offered by electroless plating as a suitable, fast and economical technique. The supercapacitors demonstrated the specific capacitance (Sc) principles, which are relatively comparable with bulk electrode values; therefore, it is likely that metal oxide films will continue to play a major role in supercapacitor technology and are expected to significantly develop the capabilities of these devices in the near future.
Several substituted titanates of formula Li4−x Mg x Ti5−x V x O12 (0≤ x ≤1) were synthesized (and investigated) as anode materials in rechargeable lithium batteries. Five samples labeled as S1–S5 were calcined (fired) at 900°C for 10h in air, and slowly cooled to room temperature in a tube furnace. The structural properties of the synthesized products have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR). XRD explained that the crystal structures of all samples were monoclinic while S1 and S3 were hexagonal. The morphology of the crystal of S1 was spherical while the other samples were prismatic in shape. SEM investigations explained that S4 had larger grain size diameter of 15–16μm in comparison with the other samples. S4 sample had the highest conductivity 2.452×10−4 Scm−1. At a voltage plateau located at about 1.55V (vs. Li +), S4 cell exhibited an initial specific discharge capacity of 198mAhg−1. The results of cyclic voltammetry for Li4−x Mg x Ti5−x V x O12 showed that the electrochemical reaction was based on Ti4+/Ti3+ redox couple at potential range from 1.5 to 1.7V. There is a pair of reversible redox peaks corresponding to the process of Li+ intercalation and de-intercalation in the Li–Ti–O oxides.