batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Obesity has emerged as a novel risk factor for impaired cognitive performance, independent of other comorbid medical conditions. Given that patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) or Bipolar Disorder (BD) experience higher rates of obesity and metabolic syndrome than the general population, this metabolic derangement may play a role in the cognitive dysfunction seen in this patient population. A challenge in assessing this, however, is that most interventions do not result in a significant weight loss. This is not true of bariatric (weight loss) surgery, which results in weight loss in excess of 75 pounds in one year. The goal of this study is to examine the impact of weight loss on cognition in patients with MDD and BD, by examining cognitive performance pre- and post-bariatric surgery. Methods: This study will compare cognitive functioning in 20 obese individuals (BMI > 35kg/m2) with BD, 20 with MDD, and 20 obese and 20 non-obese controls prior to surgical intervention. Cognitive performance will be assessed one month prior to and one year post intervention, via a standardized battery of neuropsychological tests. An fMRI investigation allowing assessment of neuroanatomical change associated with weight change will also occur at each time point. Results: Interactions between obesity, mood disorders and cognition will be discussed. Conclusions: Obesity may have a negative impact on cognition that is exacerbated in the presence of a mood disorder. Given that different psychiatric drugs confer different risks of weight gain, this study will impact treatment in this vulnerable population.
When used as conductive additive at the positive electrode of Ni-MH batteries, the Na0.6CoO2 phase is converted, during the first charge, by oxidation, in a γ-hydrated cobalt oxyhydroxide, which exhibits promising performances. The behavior of these phases was studied in specific deep discharge or low potential storage conditions, through electrochemical short-circuit experiments. The evolution of the electrodes during the cycling was followed by X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis. These novel additives appear to be more efficient in these extreme conditions than the CoO or Co(OH)2 additives, commonly used in industrial devices.
Aluminium corrosion in a room temperature molten salt is studied to validate the use of a new kind of electrolyte in a lithium battery. Two solvents have been compared, the room temperature molten salt ethyl-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl)imide (EMI-TFSI), and the liquid organic solvent EC/DMC containing the lithium salt LiTFSI. After confirmation of high aluminium corrosion in the liquid solvent, the results does not show the occurrence of corrosion in the room temperature molten salt.
Dual parallel microband electrodes, operated as a generator–collector pair and made by a simple, inexpensive mass-production method, have been used to implement a ‘titration’ method. The solution contains the electro-inactive analyte and a reagent from which the titrant can be generated electrochemically. The galvanostatically generated titrant is detected at the collector amperometrically. The collection efficiency is affected by the reaction between the titrant and the analyte. Determination of ascorbic acid by titration against ferricyanide is given as an example. The measurement is performed as follows: After application of the collector potential, the boundary conditions between measurements are renewed by a quick pulsed motion of the electrode assembly. Then the generator current is applied. Following an initial delay, the collector current increases as t 1/2, with slope and collection efficiency dependent on analyte concentration. This results in a fast and effective method for implementing some standard titration methods without the need for accurate volume measurement and reagent preparation. The accuracy is determined by the reproducibility of electrodes. The present work shows concentration measurements in the mM scale to ≈±10%, in a time of a few seconds. The highly stable extrapolation method used for numerical simulation of the generator–collector experiment, which takes into account the non-uniform current distribution over a microband electrode with a galvanostatic boundary condition, is developed using a conformal map. A good agreement between simulations and experimental results was obtained in voltammetric, potential step and generator–collector measurements. It is shown that a useful approximate calculation can be made rather easily by representing the problem in terms of a reaction layer in the conformal space.
In this study, we accessed culturable fungal assemblages present in the sediments of three lakes potentially impacted anthropogenically in the Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica and identified 63 taxa. Cladosporium sp. 2, Pseudeurotium hygrophilum, and Pseudogymnoascus verrucosus were recovered from the sampled sediments of all lakes. High concentrations of metals and the lowest fungal diversity indices were detected in the sediments of the Central Lake, which can be influenced by human activities due to their proximity to research stations to those of the other two lakes, which were far from the Antarctic stations. At least one type of biological activity was demonstrated by 40 fungal extracts. Among these, P. hygrophilum, P. verrucosus, Penicillium glabrum, and Penicillium solitum demonstrated strong trypanocidal, herbicidal, and antifungal activities. Our results suggest that an increase of the anthropogenic activities in the region might have affected the microbial diversity and composition. In addition, the fungal diversity in these lakes may be a useful model to study the effect of anthropogenic activities in Antarctica. We isolated a diverse group of fungal taxa from Antarctic lake sediments, which have the potential to produce novel compounds for the both the medical and agriculture sectors.
In this work, a gas diffusion layer (GDL) prepared with metallic ceramics TiC for a unitized regenerative fuel cell (URFC) was first investigated. By the measurements of morphological characteristic, electrical conductivity, absolute through-plane permeability and electrochemical stability, the characteristics of the novel GDLs and the conventional one were compared. A high corrosion-resistive and low-cost GDL with 80wt.% TiC and 20wt.% IrTiO x was expected to enhance the cycle performance of URFC. And the total loading of Ir in the novel URFC was only 1.3mgcm−2. The URFC with the novel GDL exhibited the similar initial performance under both fuel cell and electrolysis modes as that using the conventional GDL. However, the life cycle testing over 60h showed that the URFC with the novel GDL was more stable than the URFC with the traditional GDL, indicating that the GDL with TiC and IrTiO x was beneficial to improve the cycle life of the URFC.
Solid-organ transplantations (SOT) are usually life-saving high-tech medical procedures. The transplantation itself and the intensive care unit stay could be traumatic stressors triggering posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Our retrospective follow-up study aimed to explore preoperative risk factors of PTSS in a cohort of SOT recipients, and we investigated how PTSS are associated with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and life satisfaction.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the electronic properties of carbon nanotubes. Graphite is a semimetal, a highly unusual electronic material with a unique Fermi surface. As a result, the additional quantization present in nanoscale graphitic fragments is a fascinating subject, resulting in electronic properties, which cannot be duplicated by nano wires composed of normal metals or semiconductors. Graphite has layered structure composed of parallel planes of sp2-bonded carbon atoms called “graphene” layers. These layers are 0.34 nm apart and only interact via weak, van der Waals forces. The valence and conduction bands of all materials are drawn as continuous but are actually composed of closely spaced, discrete states. Graphene begins as a 2D material, but it too may be further quantized by slicing a narrow strip from the sheet. In this case, the allowed electronic states constitute a line of points, or “band,” sliced from the graphene 2D band structure. Because nanotubes exhibit many interesting electronic properties, a wide range of electronic applications are proposed and investigated in the chapter.
Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) are a promising technology for grid-scale electrochemical energy storage. In this work, we use a recently achieved high-performance flow battery performance curve as a basis to assess the maximum achievable performance of a RFB employing non-aqueous solutions as active materials. First we show high performance in a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), specifically a limiting situation in which the cell losses are ohmic in nature and derive from electrolyte conductance. Based on that case, we analyze the analogous limiting behavior of non-aqueous (NA) systems using a series of calculations assuming similar ohmic losses, scaled by the relative electrolyte resistances, with a higher voltage redox couple assumed for the NA battery. The results indicate that the NA battery performance is limited by the low electrolyte conductivity to a fraction of the performance of the VRFB. Given the narrow window in which the NARFB offers advantages, even for the most generous limiting assumptions related to performance while ignoring the numerous other disadvantageous aspects of these systems, we conclude that this technology is unlikely under present circumstances to provide practical large-scale energy storage solutions.
Over the last decade, many efforts have been deployed to develop models for the prediction, the control, the optimization and the parameter estimation of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. It appears that the most successful electrochemical-based model for Li-ion battery is the Pseudo-two-Dimensional model (P2D). Due to the fact that the governing equations are complex, this model cannot be used in real-time applications like Battery Management Systems (BMSs). To remedy the situation, several investigations have been carried out to simplify the P2D model. Mathematical and physical techniques are employed to reduce the order of magnitude of the P2D governing equations. The present paper is a review of the studies on the modeling of Li-ion batteries with simplified P2D models. The assumptions on which these models rest are stated, the calculation methods are examined, the advantages and the drawbacks of the models are discussed and their applications are presented. Suggestions for overcoming the shortcomings of the models are made. Challenges and future directions in the modeling of Li-ion batteries are also discussed.
Porous nano-sized SnO2@C/graphene electrode material with three-dimensional carbon conductive network was designed and prepared. The carbon shell was introduced to suppress the aggregation of nanoparticles and undesired reactions. The excellent electronic conductivity can be guaranteed by a 3D carbon conductive network consisted of graphene sheets and carbon shell. The porous structure can facilitate liquid electrolyte diffusion into the bulk materials. As a result, the as-prepared SnO2@C/graphene nanocomposite as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries exhibits high reversible specific capacity, outstanding cyclability and good rate capability. The first reversible specific capacity is as high as 1115 mAh g−1 at a specific current of 100mAg−1. After 100 cycles at different specific currents from 100 to 1000mAg−1, the reversible specific capacity was still maintained at 1015 mAh g−1 at the specific current of 100mAg−1. Even at the high specific current of 1000mAg−1, the reversible specific capacity is still as high as 499 mAh g−1, higher than the theoretical specific capacity of the commonly used graphite anode material (372 mAh g−1). The results give the clear evidence that the electrochemical performance of graphene-based electrode materials can be improved by designing proper structure. The preparation approach of porous SnO2@C/graphene nanocomposite reported in this paper may also be applied to fabricate other porous metal oxide@C/graphene electrode materials for high performance lithium-ion batteries.
The existence of an efficient, sustainable and environmentally friendly “green” freight transport system requires several challenges to be addressed to reduce negative externalities. Over the last few years, the efforts for technological improvements and innovation in transport have been intensified and fleets of vehicles using renewable sources is the new trend for public authorities, non-profit organizations and many private companies promoting sustainable development. This paper studies the use of electric commercial vehicles within the spectrum of “green” transport, provides a critique of their key technical specifications and identifies the main operating conditions that influence their effectiveness. It is an attempt to exploit challenges and contemplate policy adjustments for the wider take-up of electric commercial vehicles in daily transport operations within the EU area.
Bipolar plates play an important role in the performance, and cost of fuel cell. The properties of copper–beryllium alloy were studied in simulated fuel cell environment. Corrosion studies of the alloy were carried out by using Tafel extrapolation, and potentiodynamic polarization plots at various temperatures. The conditions selected were 0.5M H2SO4 with varying pH in the range of 3–5 and 5% (v/v) HCl+5% (v/v) Na2SO4 with the bubbling of oxygen, and argon. The corrosion rate for the alloy was found to be 0.05, and 0.28μmyear−1 at 25 and 70°C, respectively. A similar range of corrosion rates was reported in literature for other copper alloys. Due to their good corrosion resistance and high conductivity the alloy can be considered as a candidate material for bipolar plates. Use of copper alloy in bipolar plate will reduce the contact resistance in cell stack due to their high conductivity.
Unlocking the potential of the hydrogen economy requires breakthroughs in production, storage, distribution, and infrastructure. Here we demonstrate an in vitro artificial enzymatic pathway that can produce hydrogen at extremely high rates by splitting water energized by carbohydrates (e.g., starch). This fifteen hyperthermophilic enzymes pathway comprises ATP-free starch phosphorylation, an NAD-based pentose phosphate pathway, and a biomimetic electron transport chain consisting of a diaphorase, an electron mediator benzyl viologen (BV), and a [NiFe]-hydrogenase, whereas fast electron transfer was facilitated by utilizing a BV-conjugated diaphorase. The highest reaction rate of 530 mmol H2 per L per h was accomplished at 80 °C. Two NAD-conjugated dehydrogenases were further applied to enable nine-day hydrogen production with a total turnover number of NAD of over 100000, along with hyperthermophilic enzymes. This biohydrogen production system characterized by the highest chemical-energy efficiency and an exceptionally-high reaction rate addresses challenges associated with cost-effective, distributed hydrogen production, off-board hydrogen storage, and infrastructure.
A sulfur-carbon composite from sulfur and carbon aerogel decorated with ultrafine CeO2 nanoparticles has been prepared by a conventional sol-gel strategy as a host material of the sulfur cathodes for lithium-sulfur batteries. The physical and electrochemical properties of the prepared composite materials have been evaluated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, N2 sorption isotherms, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements. Apart from offering flexible confinement function, carbon aerogels decorated with CeO2 are also found to suppress the loss of polysulfide ions. The Ce2-CA/S cathode with Ce/C molar ratio of 0.0233 delivers high initial discharge capacity of 1381mAhg−1 at 0.2 C and remains 1127.6mAhg−1 after 100 cycles. The sulfur electrodes have excellent rate performance with initial discharge capacity of 768.5 mAh g−1 at 5 C.
The present paper reports for the first time the capture of wild Triatoma brasiliensis and Triatoma pseudomaculata by means of light traps in Brazil. We tested commercially available lighting devices powered by batteries to attract the bugs to a white piece of cloth in the field. Two main findings showed to be significant: first, the results presented here show that light traps can be used for sampling these species in wild environments; second, they reveal that house colonization by triatomines may also happen as a consequence of the arrival of flying sylvatic bugs guided by artificial light sources. In addition, we discuss the effect of some environmental and biological factors on triatomine flight activity modulation.
Cycle-life of the mixed silicon–graphite composite electrode, with a specific capacity of about 800mAh/g, for lithium-ion batteries has significantly been improved by using a Cu current collector with a properly modified surface morphology. Especially, it is found that the electrode slurry-coated on a nodule-type foil exhibits a quite good capacity retention. The enhanced cyclability was attributed to the formation of the micro-columnar structure in the composite electrode layer during charge–discharge cycling. It is suggested that if further optimized current collector system is used with a high-performance Si-based active material, better cycle performance is expected.
Incomplete recovery of materials in mobile phones results in a significant economic loss. Many studies have focused on improving the situation by characterizing metals within printed circuit boards (PCBs) to identify where losses occur. Our work focuses on the evolving composition of mobile phones and particularly the flow of materials located within components outside of PCBs. In this study we quantify the appreciable economic potential of non-PCB derived metals and provide suggestions for optimization of different preprocessing steps to recover these materials. These opportunities can be categorized as recovering both high value and high volume materials. We therefore recommend that preprocessors pay special attention to precious metals in fine shredding and develop strategies for plastics recycling based on our demand and supply forecasts of postconsumer plastics in phones. We have performed this work based on a case study of Portugal.
The spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 has been surface modified separately with 1.0wt.% ZrO2 and ZrP2O7 for the purpose of improving its cycle performance as a cathode in a 5-V lithium-ion cell. Although the modifications did not change the crystallographic structure of the surface-modified samples, they exhibited better cyclability at elevated temperature (55°C) compared with pristine LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. The material that was surface modified with ZrO2 gave the best cycling performance, only 4% loss of capacity after 150 cycles at 55°C. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrated that the improved performance of the ZrO2-surface-modified LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 is due to a small decrease in the charge transfer resistance, indicating limited surface reactivity during cycling. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the ZrO2-modified LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 exhibits lower heat generation and higher onset reaction temperature compared to the pristine material. The excellent cycling and safety performance of the ZrO2-modified LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrode was found to be due to the protective effect of homogeneous ZrO2 nano-particles that form on the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, as shown by transmission electron microscopy.
Core–sheath composite nanowires of LiMn x Fe1−x PO4 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) with vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) were synthesized by an electrospinning method. X-ray diffraction, SEM and TEM revealed that the electrospinning method could successfully fabricate a VGCF core at the nanowire-structured LiMn x Fe1−x PO4 sheath covered with an amorphous carbon layer. Furthermore, the spot patterns by selected area electron diffraction confirmed that LiMn x Fe1−x PO4 sheath consists of bundles of single-crystalline nanowire. The nanowire-structured electrode materials with uniformly dispersed carbon and highly crystalline active materials provided excellent rate capability.
TiO2 nanotube layers, synthesized by means of Ti foil anodization, have been modified by Si direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering, carried out at different power and deposition time. The performed SEM imaging suggests that two complementary factors (deposition power and time) play an important role for the surface morphology of the silicon structure deposited on TiO2 nanotubes template. The variation of these parameters allows obtaining a specific “macaroni” like morphology, favorable for Si stabilization during its multiple electrochemical cycling in Li-ion electrolyte. The nanostructured Ti/TiO2–Si layers are electrochemically tested for Li-ion insertion/extraction in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethyl) sulfonylimide ([BMP][TFSI]) containing 1M Li[TFSI]. The voltammetric measurements show stable initial cycling, involving equal amounts of Si for the three selected deposition conditions. The potential ranges of Si and TiO2 lithiation–delithiation processes are well resolved, which makes a separate estimation of Si and TiO2 capacities from voltammetric data possible. Both factors, Si deposition parameters and substrate type, influence the long term galvanostatic cycling of the samples. It is found that the “macaroni” like structure deposited at 50W/454s on amorphous TiO2 template exhibits a superior constant current cycling. The good electrochemical performance of this sample type is attributed to the specific morphology of the Si deposit and structural stability of the amorphous TiO2 nanotubes.
Well-ordered high crystalline LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel has been readily synthesized by a molten salt method using a mixture of LiCl and LiOH salts. Synthetic variables on the synthesis of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, such as synthetic atmosphere, LiCl salt amount, synthetic temperature, and synthetic time, were intensively investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images showed that LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 synthesized at 900 and 950°C have cubic spinel structure (Fd 3 ̄ m) with clear octahedral dimension. LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel phase began to decompose at around 1000°C accompanied with structural and morphological degradation. LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 powders synthesized at 900°C for 3h delivered an initial discharge capacity of 139mAh/g with excellent capacity retention rate more than 99% after 50 cycles.
Manganese oxide was prepared at different pH and temperatures and then precipitated into activated carbon by the chemical impregnation method. Size distributions of manganese oxide sol were also measured by light scattering. The electrodes were annealed in nitrogen gas at different temperatures. In addition, electrochemical characterization was carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV) at a scan rate of 25 mV s−1 and chronopotentiometry (CP) with constant-current (10 mA cm−2). Maximum capacitance of 461.3 F g−1 was obtained in a 0.1 M Na2SO4 solution for manganese oxide prepared under optimum conditions (pH = 13.11 and T = 25 ºC) and annealed at a temperature of 195 ºC. The manganese oxide particle size decreased with annealing. This probably leads to increased specific capacitance. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) the results reveal that manganese oxide species are transformed from hydroxide to oxide after annealing.