batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Diffusion of battery electric vehicles and fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles can contribute to reduce passenger light-duty vehicle fleet CO2 emissions. However, barriers such as higher vehicle capital cost and lack of electricity and hydrogen infrastructure prevent their deployment. A vehicle stock turnover model was used to assess the impact of mini-sized and zero-emission vehicle diffusion on passenger light-duty vehicle fleet energy and material consumption, CO2 emissions and cost, focusing on Japan. 2050 passenger light-duty vehicle fleet energy consumption and tank-to-wheel CO2 emissions in the base scenario are 48.7 and 51.9% lower than the 2012 values. Diffusion of mini-sized and battery electric vehicles provides the largest energy consumption and CO2 emissions reductions, 64.7, and 87.8% compared with the 2050 baseline values. Incremental cost of zero emission vehicles is reduced through downsizing. The 2050 net cash flow for battery electric vehicles diffusion is reduced from 15.9 to −16.7billion USD/year if downsizing is applied; while in the case of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle diffusion, downsizing reduces the 2050 net cash flow from −12.5 to −47.8billion USD/year. Thus, shifting to mini-sized zero emission vehicles provides the quadruple benefit of reducing energy and material consumption, CO2 emissions and cost.
Li4Ti5O12 (Fd-3m space group) materials were synthesized by controlling the lithium and titanium ratios (Li/Ti) in the range of 0.800–0.900 by using a spray-drying method, followed by calcination at several temperatures between 700 and 900°C for large-scale production. Chemical and structure studies of the final products were done by X-ray diffraction (XRD), neutron diffraction (ND), X-ray photon electron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The optimum synthesis condition was examined in relation to the electrochemical characteristics including charge–discharge cycling and ac impedance spectroscopy. It was found that when the spray-drying precursors at the Li/Ti ratio of 0.860 were calcined at 700–900°C for 12h in air, a pure Li4+x Ti5−x O12−δ (x =0.06–0.08) phase with a lithium-excess composition was obtained. Based on the structural studies, it was found that the excess lithium is located at the lithium and titanium layer of the 16d site in the spinel structure (Fd-3m). These pure Li4+x Ti5−x O12−δ (x =0.06–0.08) phase materials showed a higher discharge capacity of ∼164mAhg−1 at 1.55V (vs. Li/Li+), between the cut-off voltage of 1.2–3.0, with an excellent cyclability and superior rate performance in comparison with the Li4Ti5O12 phase containing impurity phases.
This work starts with PITT experimental data reported by Xia et al. from thin-film LiCoO2 electrodes prepared on a Si substrate by pulse laser deposition. In this article, we show that (i) the value of chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium-ion evaluated by graphical processing techniques is often erroneous, (ii) non-linear curve fitting is a better approach for accurate determination of thermodynamic, kinetic and diffusion parameters of ion-insertion electrodes from PITT data, (iii) the concept of anomalous diffusion can be applied to ion-insertion electrodes investigated by PITT, (iv) numerical inversion of Laplace transforms is a useful tool to derive the relevant model for representation of PITT data and (v) implementation of the whole calculation procedure becomes an easy task in the environment of Mathematica or other equivalent softwares.
In this study, Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystal and its constituents’ copper, zinc and tin were grown separately by pulsed laser deposition technique as thin films, and their linear and nonlinear optical properties have been investigated. Linear optical properties were analysed with UV–Vis absorption spectra. Elemental composition of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films was analysed by scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive X-ray. The nonlinear optical properties for Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystal and its constituents’ copper, zinc and tin have been determined applying z-scan method with closed and open aperture measurements using femtosecond laser (90 fs) pulses which deliver fundamental wavelength at 800 nm. Furthermore, Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystal ultrathin films and copper, zinc and tin thin films nonlinear refractive indexes n2 were calculated about ~ 10−13 cm2/W, their nonlinear absorption coefficient β are calculated about ~ 10−12 cm/W. Third-order susceptibilities for nano-crystal ultra-thin films and copper, zinc, and tin thin films were determined to be 10−11 esu.
Non-aqueous Li-O2 batteries attract extensive attention because of their ultra-high theoretical specific energy density. However, the high charge potential, which induces severe parasitic reactions such as the corrosion of carbon-based catalysts and metal current collectors, is one of the biggest challenges currently. Herein, a current collector of Ni foam covering nanostructured villous NiO with oxygen vacancies (NiO1-δ) was fabricated by a fast laser-scan technique. The modified NiO1-δ based current collector presented superior stability and comparable electrocatalytic activity. It delivered a discharge capacity of about 500 mAh g−1 and a low charge potential of 3.84 V in a Li-O2 cell in the absence of catalysts. And this cell could maintain 73.5% of the initial capacity after 100 full discharge-charge cycles. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations verified that the improved electrocatalytic activity mainly derived from the introduction of oxygen vacancies in NiO1-δ. It improved the electronic conductivity for rapid electron transfer as well as served as active sites to bind O2 and oxygen-containing intermediates (eg. LiO2) for electrochemistry reactions. This work gives a rapid and easily mass-produced method to fabricate a stable and activated current collector for Li-O2 batteries.
In previous studies, we demonstrated that tandospirone, a serotonin-5-HT1A partial agonist, added to ongoing treatment with small to moderate doses of typical antipsychotic drugs, improved executive function and verbal learning and memory. However, tandospirone is not available in most countries, and atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs) have largely replaced typical antipsychotic drugs as the primary treatment for schizophrenia. Therefore, the goal of this randomly assigned placebo-controlled double-blind study was to determine if the addition of buspirone, a widely available 5-HT1A partial agonist, would enhance cognitive function, in subjects with schizophrenia treated with AAPDs. Seventy-three patients with schizophrenia, who had been treated with an AAPD for at least three months, were randomly assigned to receive either buspirone, 30 mg/day, or matching placebo. All other medications remained unchanged. Attention, verbal fluency, verbal learning and memory, verbal working memory, and executive function, as well as psychopathology, were assessed at baseline, and 6 weeks, and 3 and 6 months after baseline. A significant Time×Group interaction effect was noted on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, a measure of attention/speeded motor performance, due to better performance of the buspirone group compared to the placebo group at 3 months. No significant interaction effects were noted for other domains of cognition. Scores on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (Total, Positive) were improved during treatment with buspirone but not placebo, but the effects did not reach statistical significance. The results of this study showed a possible benefit of buspirone augmentation of AAPDs to enhance attention. However, we did not replicate the results of the previous study with tandospirone, which may be due to the differences between tandospirone and buspirone, between typical antipsychotics and AAPDs, or a combination of the above. Further study to determine the usefulness of 5-HT1A agonist treatment in schizophrenia is indicated.
Coulombic efficiency (CE) is an important parameter for battery cells. Unfortunately, precise measurement of CE is extremely difficult, so CE is seldom focused during cell performance study. Nevertheless, correlation between stage of charge (SOC) and CE has significant impact on battery pack performance, while the influences of different correlations between SOC and CE on battery packs have never been explored as far as we know. We present a novel method which implements two series-connected cells that can determine the correlation between SOC and CE. The experimental result shows that CE is almost invariant with SOC changes for the experimental commercial LiFePO4/C cells. This paper further investigates series-connected cells with three typical correlations between SOC and CE in simulations. The simulation results indicate that cells with negative correlations between CE and SOC are preferred for series-connected battery packs, as they tend to diminish SOC difference and increase the pack capacity which can be considered as a self-balancing mechanism.
Thermal (gas) nitridation of stainless steel alloys can yield low interfacial contact resistance (ICR), electrically conductive and corrosion-resistant nitride containing surface layers (Cr2N, CrN, TiN, V2N, VN, etc.) of interest for fuel cells, batteries, and sensors. This paper presents results of proton exchange membrane (PEM) single-cell fuel cell studies of stamped and pre-oxidized/nitrided developmental Fe–20Cr–4V weight percent (wt.%) and commercial type 2205 stainless steel alloy foils. The single-cell fuel cell behavior of the stamped and pre-oxidized/nitrided material was compared to as-stamped (no surface treatment) 904L, 2205, and Fe–20Cr–4V stainless steel alloy foils and machined graphite of similar flow field design. The best fuel cell behavior among the alloys was exhibited by the pre-oxidized/nitrided Fe–20Cr–4V, which exhibited ∼5–20% better peak power output than untreated Fe–20Cr–4V, 2205, and 904L metal stampings. Durability was assessed for pre-oxidized/nitrided Fe–20Cr–4V, 904L metal, and graphite plates by 1000+h of cyclic single-cell fuel cell testing. All three materials showed good durability with no significant degradation in cell power output. Post-test analysis indicated no metal ion contamination of the membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) occurred with the pre-oxidized and nitrided Fe–20Cr–4V or graphite plates, and only a minor amount of contamination with the 904L plates.
Although the role of illness perception in the clinical course of many physical diseases and certain mental disorders has been well described, little is known about illness perception in eating disorders (ED) so far. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to extend our understanding of illness perception in different ED diagnostic types and to explore its association between clinical, psychopathological, motivational, personality, and food addiction (FA) features.
An H2 Fe3+ recombination method is being developed for all-iron flow batteries. Working principles are described and a proof-of-concept in-tank reactor is demonstrated. A membrane-less galvanic reactor is characterized using potential, polarization and impedance measurements at hydrogen partial pressures ranging from 0.3 to 11.3 psig. Through a vertical reactor geometry, hydrogen recombination rates of up to 60 mA cm−2 were measured at P H 2 = 4.5 psig for a reactor with a platinum loading of 3.2 mg cm−2, based on the geometric catalyzed area. This is equivalent to over 375 mA cm−2 with respect to the cross sectional area of the reactor at the waterline. This rate is sufficient that the reactor will readily fit inside the positive reservoir of a flow battery. The reactor was found to be resistant to degradation by flooding or catalyst loss.
Iron fluoride (FeF2) is an attractive material for use as nanocomposite conversion reaction based cathodes in lithium ion batteries because of its high specific theoretical capacity of 571mAhg−1. However, despite the optimistic potential of FeF2 to advance battery cathodes, the cycling performance of the material requires further development for it to be a viable cathode candidate. A deeper understanding is required of how orientation, selective reaction fronts, and morphology impact the electrochemical performance through subsequent enhancement of ionic and/or electronic transport. FeF2 films of various degrees of vertical porosity and thickness were fabricated through the use of dynamic glancing angle deposition. Respectable performance was obtained with film thicknesses of 850nm, well above the nanodimensions typically required to trigger electrochemical activity. Significant, systematic changes in the cycling stability of the films were induced by changes in the morphology. The structure - electrochemical relationships were utilized to formulate insights on the electronic and ionic transport limitations observed in typical nanocomposite powders.
ZnMn2O4 is regarded as one of the potential anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to its high theoretical specific capacity (784 mAh g−1). Unfortunately, the bulk ZnMn2O4 presents an inferior electrochemical performance resulting from the large volume change during the charge-discharge process. In this paper, we report the synthesis and electrochemical properties of ZnMn2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) that are homogeneously distributed in connective network porous carbon nanofibers wrapped by reduced graphene oxide sheets. The distinctive structure of this composite not only provides enough voids to storage Li-ions and buffer the volume expansion of the ZnMn2O4 NPs, but also offers a continuous conducting network for Li-ion and electron transportation, resulting in significantly improved electrochemical performances. As binder-free electrodes for LIBs, an optimized ZnMn2O4@rGO-CNFs sample exhibits a reversible capacity of 1142 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 over 100 cycles, and a stable capacity of 659 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at a large current density of 2000 mA g−1, enabling ZnMn2O4 a promising electrode candidate for LIBs.
Li3P-VP nanocomposite has been formed by a homemade pulsed laser deposition route and its electrochemical characteristic with lithium is reported for the first time. It displays high lithium storage capability as electrode material for secondary lithium ion batteries. The Li3P-VP nanocomposite exhibits high specific discharge capacity of 1040.4mAhg−1 between 0.01 and 4.0V and the specific capacity can still maintain 95% after 50cycles. Ex situ transmission electron microscopy reveals that VP2 is generated from Li3P and VP after the first charging process to 4.0V, while Li3P and V are found to be the final discharge products. In the recharging process, VP and VP2 are formed as the delithiated products.
This work, for the first time, presents sulfur electrodes for lithium/sulfur (Li/S) batteries produced by a newly developed single-step electroforming process, which allows simultaneous sulfur incorporation during electroformation of an electrically conducting electrode. This metal is used as binding matrix for the sulfur particles and thereby makes any binder and conducting carbon additives redundant. Furthermore, it serves by itself as the current collector, so that all functionalities (current collector, binder and electrical conductor towards sulfur) are fulfilled by the electroformed metal, while modified sulfur particles are directly incorporated (composite electroformation). In this way, the sulfur cathode can be produced in a single continuous step in form of a metal foil with adjustable thickness and sulfur loading. The process requires functionalization of sulfur to improve its wettability, incorporation homogeneity and volume which is provided by wrapping sulfur particles with polythiophene. Electroformed copper-sulfur composite foils are chosen as a first proof of the new concept. The achieved battery capacity, cycling stability and coulombic efficiency are presented. It is shown that the electroformed copper-sulfur composite foil operates very well as a battery cathode and a discharge capacity of over 400 mAh g−1 at a rate of 0.5 C over 100 cycles is preserved.
Baumol's [Baumol, W.J., 1990. Entrepreneurship: productive, unproductive and destructive. Journal of Political Economy 98 (5), 893–921] theory of productive and unproductive entrepreneurship is a significant recent contribution to the economics of entrepreneurship literature. He hypothesizes that entrepreneurial individuals channel their effort in different directions depending on the quality of prevailing economic, political, and legal institutions. This institutional structure determines the relative reward to investing entrepreneurial energies into productive market activities versus unproductive political and legal activities (e.g., lobbying and lawsuits). Good institutions channel effort into productive entrepreneurship, sustaining higher rates of economic growth. I test and confirm Baumol's theory, and discuss its significance to the literature, economic prosperity, and policy reform.
Tannases are tannin-degrading enzymes that have been described in fungi and bacteria as an adaptative mechanism to overcome the stress conditions associated with the presence of these phenolic compounds.
Durability of Pt/C oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst remains one of the primary limitations for practical application of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. In this work, the effects of relative humidity and oxygen partial pressure on platinum catalyst degradation were explored under potential cycling. At 60°C, the loss rates of Pt mass and catalyst active surface area were reduced by about three and two times respectively when the relative humidity was lowered from 100% to 50%. The effects of oxygen partial pressure on cathode degradation were found to be insignificant. Cyclic voltammetry studies showed a slight increase in Pt electrochemical oxidation by water when the humidity increased from 50% RH to 100% RH. The rates of Pt dissolution were only slightly affected by change in humidity, and the accelerated catalyst degradation was ascribed to the increased Pt ion transport in the more abundant and larger water channel networks within the polymer electrolyte. Based on the parametric study results from our previous cathode degradation model, it was estimated that the diffusivity of Pt ions at fully humidified conditions was three times that of the value at 50% RH and 60°C.
The new Italian building code, published in 2018 [MIT in NTC 2018: D.M. del Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei trasporti del 17/01/2018. Aggiornamento delle Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni (in Italian), 2018], explicitly refers to the Italian “Guidelines for the assessment and mitigation of the seismic risk of the cultural heritage” [PCM in DPCM 2011: Direttiva del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri per valutazione e riduzione del rischio sismico del patrimonio culturale con riferimento alle norme tecniche per le costruzioni, G.U. n. 47 (in Italian), 2011] as a reliable source of guidance that can be employed for the vulnerability assessment of heritage buildings under seismic loads. According to these guidelines, three evaluation levels are introduced to analyse and assess the seismic capacity of historic masonry structures, namely: (1) simplified global static analyses; (2) kinematic analyses based on local collapse mechanisms, (3) detailed global analyses. Because of the complexity and the large variety of existing masonry typologies, which makes it particularly problematic to adopt a unique procedure for all existing structures, the guidelines provide different simplified analysis approaches for different structural configurations, e.g. churches, palaces, towers. Among the existing typologies of masonry structures there considered, this work aims to deepen validity, effectiveness and scope of application of the Italian guidelines with respect to heritage masonry towers. The three evaluation levels proposed by the guidelines are here compared by discussing the seismic risk assessment of a representative masonry tower: the Cugnanesi tower located in San Gimignano (Italy). The results show that global failure modes due to local stress concentrations cannot be identified if only simplified static and kinematic analyses are performed. Detailed global analyses are in fact generally needed for a reliable prediction of the seismic performance of such structures.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocrystals attached to graphene nanosheets (GNs) have been fabricated by an efficient method, consisted of (i) microwave heating, (ii) modified Hummers’ method, and (iii) homogenizing dispersion. Highly-crystalline ZnO nanocrystals, having a size of 80−100nm, are uniformly dispersed over the both sides of GNs and inserted into the interspacing layers, forming ZnO@GN framework. The ZnO@GN hybrids serve as anode material for the investigation of Li+ insertion/extraction at different rates. The as-prepared ZnO@GN anodes exhibit improved performance in terms of Li-storage capacity (850mAhg−1 at 0.1 C), high Coulombic efficiency (82.1% at 1st cycle), excellent rate capability (capacity retention ∼60% at 5 C), and good cycling stability (capacity decay ∼8% after 50 cycles), as compared with the fresh GN anode. The enhancement of performance can be attributed to the fact that well-dispersed ZnO nanocrystals serve as not only spacer to support the stereo GN framework but also redox site for enhancement of Li-storage capacity and ionic diffusion rate.
Alkaline rechargeable battery systems have been under development for more than 100 years yet. Different electrochemical couples of positive and negative materials have been subject of research and development, but only the nickel–cadmium system (NiCd) and, since about 10 years, the nickel–metal hydride system (NiMH) have achieved the stage of large volume production. Particularly, sealed NiCd and NiMH cells have been established in a variety of applications. Recent advances with the NiMH system have brought about portable batteries with energy storing capabilities coming close to those of alkaline primary cells. Although representing a technically interesting solution even for electric vehicles, relatively high cost will limit the use of rechargeable alkaline batteries to small high power batteries for hybrid electric vehicles. Basic technological developments for materials suitable for high energy and high power design are described.
A novel polyelectrolyte gel system, promising for application in secondary polymer lithium batteries, is presented. The gel is a copolymer of N,N-dimethylacryl amide and lithium 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulphonate, chemically cross-linked to form a three-dimensional network. The gel was polymerised in a solvent mixture of N,N-dimethylacetamide and ethylene carbonate. The electrochemical stability of the system was examined. The effects of the monomer composition, polyelectrolyte concentration and temperature on the ionic conductivity were studied and are discussed.
To summarize and evaluate evidence available on the effects of yoga on cancer-associated cognitive decline (CACD).