batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Zinc (Zn) recovery from alkaline and zinc-carbon (Zn-C) battery waste were studied by a laboratory scale pyrolysis process at a reaction temperature of 950°C for 15–60min residence time using 5%H2(g)-N2(g) mixture at 1.0L/min gas flow rate. The effect of different cooling rates on the properties of pyrolysis residue, manganese oxide particles, were also investigated. Morphological and structural characterization of the produced Zn particles were performed. The battery black mass was characterized with respect to the properties and chemical composition of the waste battery particles. The thermodynamics of the pyrolysis process was studied using the HSC Chemistry 5.11 software. A hydrogen reduction reaction of the battery black mass (washed with Milli-Q water) takes place at the chosen temperature and makes it possible to produce fine Zn particles by rapid condensation following the evaporation of Zn from the pyrolysis batch. The amount of Zn that can be separated from the black mass increases by extending the residence time. Recovery of 99.8% of the Zn was achieved at 950°C for 60min residence time using 1.0L/min gas flow rate. The pyrolysis residue contains MnO and Mn2O3 compounds, and the oxidation state of manganese can be controlled by cooling rate and atmosphere. The Zn particles exhibit spherical and hexagonal particle morphology with a particle size varying between 200nm and 3µm. However the particles were formed by aggregation of nanoparticles which are primarily nucleated from the gas phase.
A high energy hybrid AC/AC electrochemical capacitor has been realized in aqueous Li2SO4+KI electrolyte mixture. Owing to the redox processes associated with the 2I−/I2 system, the positive electrode operates in narrow potential range and displays high capacity. During prolonged potentiostatic floating at 1.6 V, the hybrid cell demonstrates remarkably stable capacitance and resistance. Analyses by temperature programmed desorption after floating at 1.6 V proved that oxidation of the positive AC electrode is prevented by the use of Li2SO4+KI, which enables the maximum potential of this electrode to be shifted below the water oxidation potential. When charged at 0.2 A g−1 up to U = 1.6 V, the hybrid cell displays a high capacitance of 75 F g−1 (300 F g−1 per mass of one electrode) compared to 47 F g−1 (188 F g−1 per mass of one electrode) for a symmetric cell in Li2SO4. At 0.2 A g−1 up to 1.6 V, the hybrid capacitor in Li2SO4+KI displays an energy density of 26 Wh kg−1 which approaches the energy density of 30.9 Wh kg−1 measured when the same carbon is implemented in a capacitor using TEABF4/ACN electrolyte and charged up to 2.5 V.
Due to its similar electrochemistry to that of the lithium (Li)-ion battery but the high abundance of sodium (Na) in the earth, Na-ion battery is expected to be a promising alternative of the former, especially in stationary energy storage applications. Although it has been well-known that the Na-ions can be co-intercalated in graphite in some ether-based electrolytes, a number of important questions related to the Na-ion intercalation remain unclear. In order to better understand the sodium intercalation in graphite, Na-ions were intercalated in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) by immersing the latter in a sodium-biphenyl-monoglyme (Na-BP-DME) solution. The staging behavior that often occurs during Li-ion intercalation in graphite was observed in the Na-intercalated HOPG, on the basis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) characterization. The chemical formula of the DME-Na co-intercalated HOPG was determined to be Na(DME)2C26 by a combination of Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and the above structural characterizing techniques. The negligible impact of co-intercalation on the structural integrity of HOPG demonstrates that HOPG can be a promising anode material of the Na-ion batteries. The lower coordination number between the Na+ ions and DME and the interaction between DME and the graphite layers are believed to be responsible for the structural stability of the co-intercalated graphite. Finally the chemical stability of the ternary graphite intercalation compounds in air was evaluated.
Lithium manganese oxides have attracted much attention as cathode materials for lithium secondary batteries in view of their high capacity and low toxicity. In this study, layered manganese oxide (δ-K x MnO2) has been synthesized by thermal decomposition of KMnO4, and four lithium manganese oxide phases have been synthesized for the first time by mild hydrothermal reactions of this material with different lithium compounds. The lithium manganese oxides were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma emission (ICPE) spectroscopy, and chemical redox titration. The four materials obtained are rock salt structure Li2MnO3, hollandite (BaMn8O16) structure α-MnO2, spinel structure LiMn2O4, and birnessite structure Li x MnO2. Their electrochemical properties used as cathode material for secondary lithium batteries have been investigated. Of the four lithium manganese oxides, birnessite structure Li x MnO2 demonstrated the most stable cycling behavior with high Coulombic efficiency. Its reversible capacity reaches 155mAhg−1, indicating that it is a viable cathode material for lithium secondary batteries.
The “oldest-old” comprise the fastest growing segment of the population in much of the world. Rates of dementia are extremely high in this age group and will present a major public health burden as the numbers of these individuals quadruple by the middle of the century. Studies in this age group are rare and frequently have small numbers of participants. In research studies and the clinic, the diagnosis of dementia and determination of the etiology of the disorder are challenging. In this review, we include some of our experiences in a population-based longitudinal investigation, The 90+ Study. Oldest-old individuals are more likely to suffer from medical comorbidities and have high rates of sensory loss, psychoactive medication usage, frailty and fatigue. Moreover, social and cultural expectations affect the reporting and interpretation of behavioral changes. These and other factors make it difficult to determine the relative contributions of cognitive losses and non-cognitive losses in the development of functional disability. Contributing further to the complexities of diagnosis, current research suggests that dementia in the oldest-old, compared to younger people, is more likely to be related to mixed disease pathologies. Frequent cerebral neuropathologies include Alzheimer's disease neurodegeneration, small and large vessel vascular disease, and hippocampal sclerosis. More research is necessary in the oldest-old to better understand the etiologies of dementia in this age group, and factors that may affect the expression of disease as we age.
A one-pot sol-gel autocombustion synthesis for carbon coated antimony microparticles has been developed. The initial capacities of this material were 647mAhg−1Sb vs. Li and 527mAhg−1Sb vs. Na, with a rate capability (8C: 398 and 356mAhg−1Sb vs. Li and Na respectively) and cyclability (cycle 120 capacity retention: 86% vs. Li, 91% vs. Na). The sol-gel synthesised Sb was found to be superior to commercial Sb of similar particle size (ca. 5–50μm), which is attributed to carbon coating. In situ Raman analysis revealed differences between the sol-gel synthesised and commercial antimony materials, regarding their reversibility, during the 1st cycle, and additionally demonstrated that upon charge both materials do not return to a crystalline material, but instead to an amorphous phase represented by a broad feature centred at ca. 140cm−1.
Carbon free LiFe1−xMnxPO4 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4) cathode materials were prepared by a direct-hydrothermal process at 170 °C for 10 h. The structural and electrochemical properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), charge–discharge experiments, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and alternating current (AC) impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 prepared in this manner showed to be positively affected by Mn2+-substitution. Among the Mn2+-substitution samples, the LiFe0.9Mn0.1PO4 exhibited an initial discharge capacity of 141.4 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C, and the capacity fading is only 2.7% after 50 cycles.
The Predominantly Inattentive (PI) and Combined (CB) subtypes of AD/HD differ in cognitive tempo, age of onset, gender ratio, and comorbidity, yet a differentiating endophenotype has not been identified. The aim of this study was to test rigorously diagnosed PI, CB, and typical children on measures selected for their potential to reveal hypothesized differences between the subtypes in specific neurocognitive systems (anterior vs. posterior attentional systems) and processes (arousal vs. activation). Thirty-four CB and 26 PI children meeting full DSM-IV criteria for subtype both in school and at home, without confounding reading disability or emotional disorder, were enrolled along with 20 typically developing children. Neurocognitive functions measured included attention, inhibitory control, working memory, learning, and executive functions. Tasks included the Stroop, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Buschke Selective Reminding Test, ad the Tower of London (TOL), as well as instruments developed by Posner and Sternberg, and tasks assessing the impact on reaction time varying preparatory intervals and stimulus/response complexity. After co-varying for IQ, subtypes differed primarily on measures of impulsivity during tests of vigilance (CPT) and executive function (TOL), with the CB group showing greater impulsivity than both other groups. In addition, the PI group showed worse performance than CB and control groups on the WISC-III Processing Speed Index. Whether analyzed with or without an IQ co-variate, there was no support in the data for hypothesized differences between subtypes in functioning of the anterior vs. posterior attentional systems, nor in involvement of arousal vs. activation processes. The results indicate that the PI and CB subtypes are best differentiated by ratings, observations and tests of cognitive tempo and behavioral impulsivity. Neuropsychological methods have yet to identify critical neurological substrates of these differences.
Recent decades have witnessed a growing interest in intervention-based assessment to promote and enhance children’s learning. In this study, we explored the potential effect of an experimental visual–spatial intervention procedure and possible training benefits of two prompting modalities: one group received training with verbal and visual prompts, a second group training with visual prompts only, while a third, control group did not receive any training. The two training methods led to significant improvements of performance in visuospatial tasks as compared to control group, and they did so about equally well. Our findings provide evidence for the efficiency and benefits of interventions targeting visuospatial processing skills. The success of such interventions does not seem to be bounded by age or gender, and it seems that visual cues are particularly effective.
Practical aspects of silicon-based Li-ion battery manufacturing have been discussed in this work. The specially designed T-type full-cell was assembled using the laboratory-made Si/C composite as anodic and commercial LiNiCoMnO2 as cathodic materials. When cycled in a half-cell with the fixed potential range the Si/C-based anode showed high and stable reversible capacity of about 600mAhg−1 and low irreversible capacity, below 100mAhg−1. Advanced tests, performed at various cathode/anode mass ratios with simultaneous monitoring of individual electrode potentials, showed that the perfect cycling stability measured for half-cell cannot be achieved in the real battery configuration. A non-coherent coulombic efficiencies of anode and cathode were pointed out as a main reason of fast capacity decay. Several practical aspects of the Si/C-based Li-ion system, like rate capability and long-term cycleability, were estimated in the prototype CR2032 battery of nominal capacity of 50mAh and compared to the commercial graphite-based cell.
The development of safe and high-performance lithium (Li) metal anodes has been a challenging issue that has not been addressed for decades. In this study, we have developed a thermally stable polydopamine-treated three-dimensional (3D) carbon fiber-coated separator (P3D-CFS) using an economical and environment-friendly process. P3D-CFS has a conductive coating layer that is used as a 3D hosting structure, which does not cause morphological changes in the Li metal anode. As a result, the unit cells (LiMn2O4/Li metal) employing P3D-CFS improve the cycle performance and rate capability compared to commercial polyethylene (PE) separators. P3D-CFS maintained 83.1% of the initial discharge capacity at the 400th cycle, whereas bare PE maintains only 74.3% of the initial discharge capacity after the 250th cycle (C/2 = 0.5 mA cm−2). P3D-CFS maintains 42.8% of the initial discharge capacity at a 7C rate (7 mA cm−2), whereas only 0.19% is maintained by bare PE under the same condition. Owing to the thermally stable properties of P3D-CFS, the open-circuit voltage of the unit cells (LiMn2O4/graphite) that employed P3D-CFS is maintained for over 60 min at 140 °C, whereas the unit cells that employed bare PE show a sudden voltage drop after only 3 min.
Battery thermal management system is of great importance to the performance and safety of electric vehicles. The conventional U- and Z-type air-based structures may fail to meet the thermal requirements under changing working conditions. This paper proposes a novel J-type air-based battery thermal management system by integrating the U-type and Z-type structures. A comparative parametric study of key design variables and priori optimized structures is first conducted with a newly developed battery electro-thermal model. Based on the parametric analyses, the grouped-channel optimizations are performed using surrogate-based optimization. Results show that there are 35.3%, 46.6%, and 31.18% reduction in temperature rise for U-, Z-, and J-type, respectively. The pros and cons of the J-type structure are further explored by comparing with the optimal U- and Z-type structures. A further J-type optimization regarding the manifold configuration is also conducted to show that the optimal settings of the air-based cooling system vary across working conditions, and the J-type structure is able to be adaptively controlled to satisfy the cooling requirement. Corresponding experiments are also conducted to validate the modeling and optimization results.
Passive acoustic recordings made in Fowlers Bay, South Australia, during the austral winter of 2013–2017 revealed the presence of several sources of underwater sound. Sound sources of biological origin include baleen and toothed whales, fish and shrimp. Physical sources of underwater sound include wind- and rain-driven noises, and underwater sounds of anthropogenic origin were primarily from boats and occasionally from an aircraft. Biological sound sources were commonly recorded within the frequency range of around 25 Hz to nearly 17 kHz, with baleen whales within the range of ~ 25 Hz to 6 kHz, and dolphins at higher frequencies of approximately 2.5–17 kHz. Broadband sounds from physical and anthropogenic sound sources were noticeable at frequencies above ~ 50 Hz. The ambient noise level in Fowlers Bay at frequencies below 100 Hz was relatively low (around 75 dB re 1 µPa2/Hz for the 95% percentile) due to an insignificant contribution of noise from distant shipping. At higher frequencies, the noise level was governed primarily by noise from wind and varied by nearly 30 dB re 1 µPa2/Hz depending on weather conditions, up to around 80 dB re 1 µPa2/Hz for the 95% percentile during periods of strong winds and intense rainfall.
High resolution PCR-SSOP typing methods for HLA-B identification have been established and applied to a Northern Ireland population, using large enough numbers to give dependable allele frequencies. The six systems, which operate independently of each other, are intended for use as secondary typing systems following HLA-B identification with a medium resolution PCR-SSOP technique.
Globally an estimated 20.5 million liveborn babies are low birthweight (LBW) each year, weighing less than 2500 g. LBW babies have increased risk of mortality even beyond the neonatal period, with an ongoing risk of stunting and non-communicable diseases. LBW is a priority global health indicator. Now almost 80% of births are in facilities, yet birthweight data are lacking in most high-mortality burden countries and are of poor quality, notably with heaping especially on values ending in 00. We aimed to undertake qualitative research in a regional hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, observing birthweight weighing scales, exploring barriers and enablers to weighing at birth as well as perceived value of birthweight data to health workers, women and stakeholders.
The primary objective of this study was to explore physicians’ adherence to the dietary pattern known as the Mediterranean diet (MD). As a secondary objective we assessed physicians’ awareness on the benefits of the MD and of the possibility of prescribing it.
Renewable energy hybrid power systems have been proven through their ability to address the limitations of single renewable energy system in terms of power efficiency, stability, and reliability while operating at minimum cost. In this regards many research and practical experiences have been done. The present paper reviews the different hybrid PV–Wind renewable energy hybrid systems used for electrical power generations. Different criteria of sizing the different system components of hybrid renewable energy power plant at the most preferable logistical environmental and economical considerations have been discussed. Also, the paper discussed some of the optimization approaches which are used to compare the energy production cost and performance of different hybrid system configurations using simulation techniques. Based on the fact that, potential of the wind and solar energy is not equal in Oman, this paper will discuss the optimum sizing process of two proposed hybrid PV–Wind plants in Oman.
An ice templating coupled with hard templating and physical activation approach is reported for the synthesis of hierarchically porous carbon monoliths with tunable porosities across all three length scales (macro- meso- and micro), with ultrahigh specific pore volumes ∼11.4 cm3 g−1. The materials function well as amine impregnated supports for CO2 capture and as supercapacitor electrodes.
The performance of polyimide (PI) non-woven separator used in high power lithium ion battery is investigated to evaluate the feasibility of its industrialized application. PI non-woven separator is prepared via an electrospinning method, and electrospinning process parameters are controlled to get a fibrous membrane consisting of bead-free, uniformly dispersed thin fibers with an average diameter of about 491nm. The as prepared separator with a porosity higher than 90% and relatively high electrolyte uptake exhibits excellent thermal stability without obvious shrinkage at 500°C, and shows sufficient tensile strength of 11MPa to meet the demand of battery assembly and usage. Laminated lithium-ion battery pack assembled with the PI non-woven separators shows a capacity retention ratio of about 33.6% at super high discharge rate of 28.8C, and the capacity remains 99.66% after 320 cycles at 5C rate, exhibiting excellent high-rate discharge capacity and favorable cycling performance, much superior to that of the battery pack assembled with the Celgard polyethylene (PE) separators. The results open great opportunities for the industrialized application of PI electrospun non-woven separator.
It has been demonstrated that small amounts of active lithium metal can be added to a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery via the separator by using vacuum deposition techniques. Lithium films (4–8 μm) were deposited onto micro-porous polypropylene film that is used as the separator in Li-ion cells. We have demonstrated that the lithium electrochemically reacts with either electrode depending on the geometry of assembly. As a result, the intrinsic irreversible capacity of negative electrode can be compensated using volumetrically efficient lithium metal. Hence, Li-ion cells can be designed and constructed with significantly higher energy than those assembled with conventional techniques.
Austrian rare earths and chemicals specialist Treibacher Industrie AG opened a sales company in Toronto, Canada, last month, taking what it sees as an important strategic step to extend its position and increase customer support levels in North America. The new sales company is being set up by a team lead by Jon Dodge, who until now has managed the American market from the United Kingdom. “We have developed a solid business base in North America and the new subsidiary will further enable us to add value to existing customers and to develop new and innovative markets,” he said. Treibacher operates in four main markets: rare earths and chemicals; high-performance materials; steel and foundry products and recycling. Rare earths are used in ceramics, electronics, catalysts, special types of glass and as a key constituent of electrodes for rechargeable batteries and flints. Rare earth oxides are used as spray powder materials, as ingots for electron beam physical vapour deposition of thermal insulation coatings, as face coat material in the precision casting industry, and high-performance grinding beads for wet-grinding processes. The product portfolio also includes a broad range of carbide, boride and nitride powders which are basic raw materials for hardmetal and for non-oxide ceramic components.
The integrated micro proton exchange membrane fuel cells (μPEMFCs) were fabricated by constructing the hierarchical dot-type flow fields on Si wafers and then being compacted with the carbon black as gas diffusion layer (GDL) and Pt/C catalyst layer, which presents the simplicity and good device-integrity by replacing the traditional carbon paper or cloth as GDL and omitting the hot-press processing. The Si-compatible processes, including the template assembly of SiO2 spheres, dry etching, channel dicing, were elaborately manipulated to optimize the wafer-scale hierarchical flow field and thus industriously improve the fluids transport and gas distribution. Ultimately, the peak power of over 1W/cm2 was accomplished when the graphite bipolar plates were replaced by the hierarchical Si-based flow fields alone, while the maximum power of 354 mW/cm2 was successfully demonstrated in the integrated Si-based μPEMFCs with measured size of 4 cm2. This work not only broadens the application of PEMFCs to micro/nano-electro-mechanical systems (M/NEMS) or other Si-based electronic devices, but also provides guidelines for fabricating other metal-air batteries such as Zn-air batteries and Al-air batteries.