batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The distribution of relaxation times (DRT) is an approach that can extract time characteristics of an electrochemical system from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Computing the DRT is difficult because it is an intrinsically ill-posed problem often requiring regularization. In order to improve the estimation of the DRT and to better control its error, a suitable discretization basis for the regularized regression needs to be chosen. However, this aspect has been invariably overlooked in the specialized literature. Pseudo-spectral methods using radial basis functions (RBFs) are, in principle, a better choice in comparison to other discretization basis, such as piecewise linear (PWL) functions, because they may achieve fast convergence. Furthermore, they can yield improved estimation by extending the estimated DRT to the entire frequency spectrum, if the underlying DRT decays to zero sufficiently fast outside the measured frequency range. Additionally, their implementation is relatively easier than other types of pseudo-spectral methods since they do not require ad hoc collocation point distributions. The as-developed novel RBF-based DRT framework was tested against controlled synthetic EIS spectra and real experimental data. Our results indicate that the RBF discretization performance is comparable with that of the PWL discretization at normal data collection range, and with improvement when the EIS acquisition is incomplete. In addition, we also show that applying RBF discretization for deconvolving the DRT problem can lead to faster numerical convergence rate as compared with that of PWL discretization only at error free situation. As a companion to this work we have developed a MATLAB GUI toolbox, which can be used to solve DRT regularization problems.
Hollow SnO2@Co3O4 spheres are fabricated using 300 nm spherical SiO2 particles as template. Then three-dimensional graphene foams encapsulated hollow SnO2@Co3O4 spheres are successfully obtained through self-assembly in hydrothermal process from graphene oxide nanosheets and metal oxide hollow spheres. The three-dimensional graphene foams encapsulated architectures could greatly improve the capacity, cycling stability and rate capability of hollow SnO2@Co3O4 spheres electrodes due to the highly conductive networks and flexible buffering matrix. The three-dimensional graphene foams encapsulated hollow SnO2@Co3O4 spheres are promising electrode materials for supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries.
The authors regret Page 739, line 2: “the spreading parameter S (=γ3−γ1−γ2) is assumed to be less than zero” should be “the spreading parameter S (=γ3−γ1−γ2) is assumed to be larger than zero”. Page 739, line 13: “under the condition of 2γ1/R+Δμ+M∈2<0 for all R” should be “under the condition of 2γ1/R+Δμ+M∈2>0 for all R “. Page 739, line 16: “For Δμ+M∈2>0, no SEI film will form” should be “For Δμ+M∈2<0, no SEI film will form”. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
The world lead market will experience minor deficits in 2003 and 2004. These deficits alone are unlikely to reduce visible stocks of lead to the critically low levels necessary to provoke substantially higher prices. The world lead market is, however, undergoing structural change. Lead smelting has expanded rapidly in China and, in part due to a similar trend in zinc, is shifting away from the imperial smelting process (ISP). As a result, the production of refined lead in Western Europe is falling dramatically in 2003. Consumption patterns are also shifting. Consumption in the USA has been in decline since the collapse of the industrial battery sector in 2001, and there is growing evidence of a shift in battery manufacturing to China. Despite the generally neutral outlook for London Metal Exchange (LME) lead prices, these structural changes are causing disruption to the trade flows of lead, which is now impacting premiums and may impact LME prices. These issues are highly relevant to battery manufacturers.
In this work, WO3 thin films deposited at different powers and geometries have been evaluated for use as electrodes in thin film batteries. The potential profiles and cycling capacity in lithium electrolyte were investigated. The discharge capacity for samples strongly depends on the deposition conditions, and there is a clear correlation between microstructure and electrochemical performance.
The cost of a flow battery system can be reduced by increasing its power density and thereby reducing its stack area. If per-pass utilizations are held constant, higher battery power densities can only be achieved using higher flow rates. Here, a 3D computational fluid dynamics model of a flow battery flow field and electrode is used to analyze the implications of increasing flow rates to high power density operating conditions. Interdigitated and serpentine designs, and cell sizes ranging from 10 cm2 to 400 cm2, are simulated. The results quantify the dependence of pressure loss on cell size and design, demonstrating that the details of the passages that distribute flow between individual channels and the inlet and outlet have a major impact on pressure losses in larger cells. Additionally, in-cell flow behavior is analyzed as a function of cell size and design. Flow structures are interrogated to show how and where electrode parameters influence pressure drops, and how regions where transport is slow are correlated with the presence of experimentally observed cell degradation.
Ultra-low intensity electron pulsed beams for irradiation have been developed by the use of the electron linear accelerator at Radiation Research Center of Osaka Prefecture University. The energy and the pulse width of the beams are about 4–12MeV and 0.5–4μs, respectively. The minimum beam charge has been estimated to be about several aC/pulse. These electrons are basically mono energetic, controllable, collimated and synchronized with the master oscillator of the accelerator, which are favorable features for various uses compared with β-ray sources. Especially, the system is suitable for evaluation of response of radiation detectors. In this study, the response of the TLD for high energetic electron irradiation was also evaluated by the use of these electrons.
To achieve the optimal energy allocation for the engine-generator, battery and ultracapacitor of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, a novel adaptive energy management strategy has been proposed. Three efforts have been made. First, the hierarchical control strategy has been proposed for multiple energy sources from a multi-scale view. The upper level is for regulating the energy between the engine-generator and hybrid energy-storage system, while the lower level is for the battery and ultracapacitor. Second, a driving pattern recognition based adaptive energy management approach has been proposed. This approach uses a fuzzy logic controller to classify typical driving cycles into different driving patterns and to identify the real-time driving pattern. Dynamic programming has been employed to develop optimal control strategies for different driving blocks, and it is helpful for realizing the adaptive energy management for real-time driving cycles. Third, to improve the real-time and robust performance of the energy management, the previous 100s duration of historical information has been determined to identify a real-time driving pattern. Finally, an adaptive energy management strategy has been proposed. The simulation results indicate that the proposed energy management strategy has better fuel efficiency than the original and conventional dynamic programming-based control strategies.
The key to understanding the cycling mechanism of lithium-ion battery electrodes is to develop methods to monitor the dynamic cell chemistry, but the complexity of the problem has continued to pose an obstacle. Here we describe the use of operando small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to show directly how the use of concentrated LiTFSI electrolyte in Li/ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) half-cells influences the mechanism of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, lithium intercalation, and carbon framework expansion. We find that a complex interplay between the viscosity, lithium solvation shell and electrode microstructure in the concentrated 4 M electrolyte changes the dynamics of SEI formation and pore filling at a given applied potential. Both the filling of micropores and co-intercalation are found to drive the expansion of the carbon framework. Lithium-rich reduction products form at much higher potentials in the micropores of the 4 M electrolyte system, while on mesopore surfaces the lithium-rich salts form quickly before giving way to carbonaceous products. This study reveals operando SANS as a unique method for providing microstructure dependent information on the dynamics of electrochemical processes.
Evaluation of potential chemical-induced eye injury through irritation and corrosion is required to ensure occupational and consumer safety for industrial, household and cosmetic ingredient chemicals. The historical method for evaluating eye irritant and corrosion potential of chemicals is the rabbit Draize test. However, the Draize test is controversial and its use is diminishing - the EU 7th Amendment to the Cosmetic Directive (76/768/EEC) and recast Regulation now bans marketing of new cosmetics having animal testing of their ingredients and requires non-animal alternative tests for safety assessments. Thus, in silico and/or in vitro tests are advocated. QSAR models for eye irritation have been reported for several small (congeneric) data sets; however, large global models have not been described. This report describes FDA/CFSAN’s development of 21 ANN c-QSAR models (QSAR-21) to predict eye irritation using the ADMET Predictor™ program and a diverse training data set of 2928 chemicals. The 21 models had external (20% test set) and internal validation and average training/verification/test set statistics were: 88/88/85(%) sensitivity and 82/82/82(%) specificity, respectively. The new method utilized multiple artificial neural network (ANN) molecular descriptor selection functionalities to maximize the applicability domain of the battery. The eye irritation models will be used to provide information to fill the critical data gaps for the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredient chemicals.
Under the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation’s African Health Initiative, five Population Health Implementation and Training partnerships were established as long-term health system strengthening projects in five Sub-Saharan Countries. In Zambia, the Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia began to implement the Better Health Outcomes through Mentorship and Assessments (BHOMA) in 2009. This was a combined community and health systems project involving 42 public facilities and their catchment populations. The impact of this intervention is reported elsewhere, but less attention has been paid to evaluation approaches that generate an understanding of the forces shaping the intervention. This paper is focused on understanding the implementation practices of the BHOMA intervention in Zambia.
In this work, we develop a device, called ‘Walk-Even’, that can provide real-time feedback to correct gait asymmetry commonly exhibited in post-stroke survivors and persons with certain neurological disorders. The device computes gait parameters, including gait time, swing time, and stance time of each leg, to detect gait asymmetry and provide corresponding real-time biofeedback by means of auditory and electrotactile stimulation to actively correct the user’s gait. The system consists of customized force-sensor-embedded insoles adjustable to fit any shoe size, electrotactile and auditory feedback circuits, microcontroller, and wireless XBee transceivers. The device also offers data saving capability. To validate its accuracy and reliability, we compared the gait measurements from our device with a commercial gait and balance assessment device, Zeno Walkway. The results show good correlation and agreement in a validity study with six healthy subjects and reliability study with seventeen healthy subjects. In addition, preliminary testing on six post-stroke patients after an 8-week training shows that the Walk-Even device helps to improve gait symmetry, foot pressure and forefoot loading of the affected side. Thus, initial testing indicates that the device is accurate in measuring the gait parameters and effective in improving gait symmetry using real-time feedback. The device is portable and low cost and has the potential for use in a non-clinical setting for patients that can walk independently without assistance. A more extensive testing with stroke patients is still ongoing.
Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide (LiFSI) is regarded as an alternative to the classical LiPF6 salt in today's LiFePO4/graphite-based Li-ion batteries electrolyte owing to its slightly higher conductivity and lower fluorine content. In an attempt to better evaluate the safety issues, here we report the comparative study of the LiFSI and LiPF6 based electrolyte/lithiated graphite interface thermal behavior. DSC measurements with LiFSI-based electrolyte reveal a sharp exotherm with large heat release though at higher onset and peak temperatures compared to LiPF6-based electrolyte. With the help of GC/MS, 19F NMR and ESI-HRMS analyses, we assume that this highly energetic peak around 200°C, which is dependant upon the lithium content, is mainly related to electrochemical reduction of FSI− anion. In a strategy to limit the probability and damage of thermal runaway event, electrolyte additives such as vinylene carbonate (VC), fluoro ethylene carbonate (FEC), di-isocyanato hexane (DIH) and toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) have been investigated and shown to significantly lower the energy associated with the exothermic phenomenon.
Two-dimensional (2D) SnS2 nanoplates were synthesized through a facile hydrothermal method. The influences of reaction conditions such as temperature and pH on the size, crystallinity and the forming process of SnS2 were investigated in detail. At low temperature (160°C), the SnS2 nanoplates showed poor crystallinity; while at higher temperatures above 200°C, the crystallinity and thickness of the SnS2 nanoplates tended to increase. In addition, pH had notable impact on the nucleation velocity of SnO2 and the conversion speed from SnO2 to SnS2 in further as well. When used as anode materials in rechargeable lithium ion batteries, the SnS2 nanoplates synthesized at 200°C and pH=10.5 (SnS2-200-10.5) showed the best lithium storage capacity, good cycling stability and excellent rate capability. It retained a high reversible capacity of 521mAhg−1 over 50 cycles at a current of 100mAg−1, equal to 90.0% of the initial reversible capacity. In addition, the coulombic efficiency increased from 36% in the first cycle to over 97% in the subsequent cycles. Even at high current densities of 1, 2 and 3Ag−1, the electrodes could still delivery as high as 472, 397 and 340mAhg−1, respectively. The enhanced electrochemical performance of the SnS2-200-10.5 can be attributed to the compact and regular crystal structure with a moderate thickness and crystallinity, which is beneficial for maintaining the stability of the structure and fast ion transport during lithiation/delithiation processes.
Vanadia-rich glasses of the Li2O–V2O5–P2O5 system (predominantly electronic conductors) and V2O5–P2O5 one (purely electronic conductors) – potential cathode materials for lithium ion batteries – were investigated by impedance spectroscopy (IS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was shown that the electrical conductivity of the original glasses of both systems can be considerably enhanced by appropriate annealing at temperatures close to crystallization temperature T c. Moreover, the resulting materials are thermally stable up to ca. 350°C, i.e., some 100°C higher than the glass transition of the initial glasses. Increase in conductivity arises from the modification of the microstructure. It was found out by XRD and SEM studies, that by appropriate heat treatment glasses of both systems can be turned into nanomaterials consisting of crystalline grains of V2O5 of ca. 30nm average size embedded in the glassy matrix. It was postulated that the major role in the conductivity enhancement of these nanomaterials is played by the developed interfacial regions between crystalline and amorphous phases, in which the concentration of V4+–V5+ pairs responsible for electron hopping, is higher than inside the glassy matrix. The annealing at temperatures exceeding T c leads to massive crystallization and to a conductivity drop.
Personality traits, particularly neuroticism, have an impact on people’s health and lifestyle. Due to lack of previous studies, we examined old cancer survivors (OCSs) versus cancer-free age-matched controls aged ≥ 70 years, regarding prevalence of high neuroticism, health problems in those with high and low neuroticism, and sociodemographic and clinical variables that were significantly associated with high neuroticism.
This paper aims to measure product and waste flows in an Irish city-region using the principles of metabolism and mass balance. An empirical indicator to measure resource efficiency, using a ratio of waste disposal as a function of product consumption, was developed and it was found that total materials metabolic inefficiency fell by 31% from 0.13 in 1996 to 0.09 in 2002. The paper concludes by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of this indicator and its potential application in the field of sustainable consumption and resource efficiency as well as making suggestions to improve and strengthen the indicator.
Fe3O4 nanoparticles were deposited electrochemically on an array of Cu nanoribbons and used as the anode for lithium ion batteries. The three-dimensional (3D) nanostructure of the Fe3O4 anode was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Galvanostatic cycling tests revealed that the 3D nanostructured Fe3O4 anode exhibited a superior performance. Reversible capacity was measured as high as 870mAhg−1 after 280 cycles (at a current density of 385mAg−1, 0.42C) and also shown an excellent rate capability that was determined at 231mAhg−1 under the rate of 8000mAg−1 (∼9C). The superior performance of the 3D nanostructured Fe3O4 electrode has been attributed to its peculiar structure, which allows one-dimensional electron transport on the array, as well as to the decrease in interparticle contact resistance.
In this study, we propose a 3D structured composite anode containing silicon thin film on graphene coated Ni foam prepared using chemical vapor deposition and magnetron sputtering techniques. The electrochemical test results show that 3D structure of current collector is capable to effectively suppress/diminish the volume changes of the anode upon cycling. Along with this, graphene serves as an additional electrochemically active component and provides improved conductivity. Designed anode exhibits a high areal capacity of around 75 μAh cm−2 upon 500 cycles with the coulombic efficiency of around 99%.
Prior studies suggest that the Attentional Control Scale (ACS) consists of two correlated factors. These models do not include a general factor, though this is assumed often in theory and practice. Using an adult North American sample collected through Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 419), we examined a revised version of the ACS with positive keying of all items (Straightforward Attentional Control Scale; ACS-S) to avoid the potential of a factor produced by mixing positively and negatively keyed items. Exploratory factor analysis using a bifactor approach was used to examine the structure of the ACS-S, which consisted of a general factor and a nuisance variance factor. There was mixed evidence of good fit for the full 20-item version of the ACS, but fit was good for a reduced 12-item version of the ACS-S. The full and reduced version were highly correlated (r = .98). Exploratory structural equation modeling suggested that the general factor of the ACS-S was negatively related to depression and both anxious arousal, as reflected by panic symptoms, and anxious apprehension, as reflected by worry. The findings suggest that perceived attentional control is uniquely related to depression and both dimensions of anxiety. ACS-S Short scores were tested as a moderator of the association between anxious apprehension and anxious arousal. The association between these anxiety dimensions was weaker at higher levels of perceived attentional control. Our findings suggest that the ACS-S is best represented as a single dimension of beliefs about attentional control which can be scored by totaling the items and that the ACS-S uniquely related to the internalizing symptoms we assessed. The findings also contribute to the understanding of how anxiety dimensions are influenced by perceived attentional control.
Agriculture is the main occupation of Thai people. Farmers encounter the problems of various types of insect pests that harm crops and result in loss of productivity each year. Therefore, it is necessary for farmers to use pesticides to prevent crop damage. However, when pesticides are used in large quantity, they cause adverse impacts on people, animals and the environment. Instead of using pesticides, the government has to support other ways to prevent insect pests, including the use of biological agents and some insects etc. A previous study has shown that the ultraviolet light of light emitting diode tube could be used to lure “Coconut Hispine Beetle”(Plesispa reichei Chapuis), a damaging pest of coconut and a range of palm species. This study aimed to develop Solar Energy-Based Insect Pests Trap by using ultraviolet light emitting diode tube to lure the insect pests and 12 volt battery as power supply to light emitting diode tube. The battery charging system derives electrical energy from 20 watts of solar cell for use at night. This proposed Solar Energy-Based Insect Pests Trap has an automatic control system to lure insect pests when there is no sunlight and the system will be stop when the sun shines. The results of the system installation test showed that this proposed Solar Energy-Based Insect Pests Trap could lure several types of insect pests in vegetable and coconut plantations including Brotispa, Elephus beetles, and Aphis, etc.
In this paper, a comprehensive strategy for the scheduling of unbalanced microgrids is proposed. The microgrids are characterized by the presence of a variety of distributed resources, such as data centers, electric vehicles, and distributed generation systems. The operation strategy is based on the solution of a multi-objective optimization problem, whose objective functions are related to specific services and requirements of the microgrid, such as cost minimization, power quality improvements, and energy savings. Particular attention is paid to the unbalances presence in the microgrid with the aim to outline how the proposed strategy is able to significantly reduce them taking contemporaneously into account other important economic and technical objectives. An analysis of the objectives and the different operational perspectives also is proposed, which allows us to exploit the effectiveness of the multi-objective approach. The results of numerical applications are presented to show the effects of the considered strategy in terms of achievable advantages.