batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A laboratory mesocosm experiment was performed to study the effects of copper-enriched sewage sludge application on a mesofauna community. For 12 weeks, characteristics and changes in this defined and artificial mesofauna community structure were monitored as well as the dynamics of leaf litter decomposition. The mesofauna community comprised six species of Collembola (Folsomia fimetaria, Isotomurus prasinus, Lepidocyrtus cyaneus, Mesaphorura macrochaeta, Parisotoma notabilis, Protaphorura armata), two species of acari Oribatida (Achipteria coleoptrata, Adoristes sp.), one species of acari Gamasida (Hypoaspis aculeifer) and one species of enchytraeid (Enchytraeus crypticus). Three treatments included the addition of 22 g dry weight (DW) sludge spiked with 0, 200 and 1,000 mg Cu kg−1 DW sludge in each mesocosm, and one treatment had 66 g DW sludge spiked with 1,000 mg Cu kg−1 DW sludge added in each mesocosm. Copper, complexed with sludge due to a favourable pH, had no effect on community and litter parameters when added to low amount of sludge. In contrast, tripling the sludge dose in addition to a high dose of Cu changed in time the sludge and leaf chemical composition as well as mesofauna community structure. Responses of the mesofauna to this treatment differed between species. The abundance of species such as I. prasinus, L. cyaneus, M. macrochaeta and P. notabilis decreased, whereas the abundance of H. aculeifer increased and became dominant.
Li1−y Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (y =0–0.7) was characterized using neutron diffraction and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements. LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 adopted the α-NaFeO2 structure and was demonstrated that the chemical formula can be expressed as [Li0.97Ni0.03]3a[Li0.03Ni0.30Mn0.33Co0.33]3bO2. The Li/Li1−y Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cell showed a discharge capacity of 160mAhg−1 in the voltage range 4.6–2.5V. The Ni K and LII,III-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) results clarified the contribution of the Ni ion to charge compensation up to y =0.7 and the rehybridization of the Ni 3d orbital with O 2p orbital above y =0.5. The Co K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) results clarified that the CoO bond lengths decreased up to y =0.7 with Li de-intercalation, while the Mn K-edge EXAFS results indicated that the MnO bond lengths showed essentially no change over the whole composition range. These results supported that the Li de-intercalation from LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 proceeded mainly by the valence state change of Ni and Co ions over the whole composition range. The combination of XAFS analysis using hard and soft X-ray data is a powerful method in clarifying the mechanism of the Li de-intercalation process in this system.
Introduction and aims Medical residents in training have long work shifts that lead increases the risk of traffic accidents. The Asde Driver Test is a test battery with equipment homologated by the Spanish traffic authorities designed to assess psychological and physical aptitude for obtaining the driving license in Spain. We study whether driving ability is objectively affected in this test. Materials and methods The Asde Driver Test was applied before and in the morning after duty The data were evaluated using the SPSS statistical package, analyzing the variations in score with the Student t-test for paired samples. The results were also compared with the validated assessment criteria of the class B driving license test, based on passing of the cutoff points for each analyzed variable. Subjects with physical limitations precluding test conduction were excluded, as were those with a resting period during the duty shift of over 4h. Results Of the 25 residents, 22 cases were therefore included in the data analysis. There were no significant differences in the paired global pre- and post-duty comparison of results, though there were cases in which the results obtained after duty fell short of the recommended criteria for passing the aptitude test. Comments The Asde Driver Test includes tests relating to anticipation speed, bimanual visual–motor coordination, multiple reaction times, concentrated attention, and resistance to monotony. The results obtained show that fatigue in some cases, though not on a generalized basis, adversely affects skills needed for driving, such as reaction time, resistance to monotony, anticipation speed, or visual–motor coordination. In conclusion, following the resident duty shift, impaired driving ability is observed in some cases that could increase the risk of traffic accidents.
Electrochemical and crystallographic characterization of Co-free hydrogen storage alloys containing Si and/or Fe was carried out. In the charge–discharge cycle test, the maximum discharge capacity of a Co-free MmNi4.3Mn0.4Al0.3 (Mm=misch metal) alloy electrode was decreased by the partial substitution of Si and/or Fe for Ni, but the cycle performance was improved. The MmNi3.6Mn0.4Al0.3Si0.1Fe0.6 electrode showed the most excellent cycle durability in this study. It was found by SEM, EPMA and XRD that Fe and Si contained in these alloys more or less suppressed the dissolution of Al and the lattice expansion with hydrogen absorption, leading to the long cycle life. This effect was strengthened by the simultaneous partial substitution of Si and Fe for Ni in the Co-free alloy.
Cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is correlated with pathologic and radiographic changes in cerebral cortex beyond the motor regions. Clinically, evidence of impairment can be detected in up to 50 percent of patients through direct neuropsychological testing, although frank frontotemporal dementia (FTD) occurs in a limited percentage. Behavioral changes are also common and can be characterized primarily by the presence of increased apathy. Determining the underlying causes of cognitive or behavioral change may be confounded by several disease-related factors, including fatigue, respiratory compromise, depression, and treatment with medications such as riluzole. Studies assessing the evolution and relative risk for cognitive and behavioral impairment in ALS suggest at least two types of patients: those who have clear FTD in whom cognitive decline develops gradually and those who have mild cognitive or behavioral impairments in whom progression either does not occur or is difficult to detect. Limited data suggest that cognition and behavior influence compliance, management, and survival, although this requires further assessment.
Polymer gel electrolytes synthesized by dispersing nano size fumed silica in polymer gel electrolytes containing polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), ortho-hydroxy benzoic acid (o-OHBA) and dimethylacetamide (DMA) have been studied by complex impedance spectroscopy, viscosity and pH measurements. The addition of acid, polymer and fumed silica has been found to result in an increase in conductivity and viscosity of gel electrolytes and gels with conductivity higher than the corresponding liquid electrolytes have been obtained. Nano dispersed polymer gel electrolytes show conductivity 2.95 × 10−4 S cm−1 and viscosity 1.74 × 104 cP at 25 °C. Two maxima observed in the variation of conductivity of nano dispersed gels with fumed silica concentration have been assigned to the enhanced dissociation of weak acid and the formation of a high conducting interfacial region between fumed silica and gel electrolyte, respectively, which has also been supported by pH and viscosity studies. The small increase in conductivity of nano dispersed gels over the 20–100 °C temperature range and its constant value with time is suitable for devices.
Hydrous manganese oxide was deposited on graphite substrates at anodic potentials of 0.5–0.95V versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE) in 0.25M Mn(CH3COO)2 solution at 25°C. Morphology of manganese oxide prepared was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Manganese oxide deposited at various anodic potentials was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry with various potential scan rates in different electrolytes. Results indicated that the pseudocapacitive behaviors of manganese oxide were excellent both in 2M KCl and 2M (NH4)2SO4 solutions at room temperature. Manganese oxide deposited at 0.5V versus SCE showed better capacitive behaviors, the specific capacitances were 275F/g in 2M KCl solution and 310F/g in 2M (NH4)2SO4 solution, respectively. Besides, better electrochemical reversibility could be obtained in 2M KCl solution.
Physics-based battery models can predict not only voltage behaviors of a cell but also internal electrochemical variables such as lithium concentrations and electrical potentials. Knowledge of these variables will be critical in future battery management systems to be able to devise controls that extract the maximum performance from a cell while also slowing down its degradation, since available performance and degradation are both direct functions of the values of these internal electrochemical variables. This paper and its Part-1 companion concern themselves with simple but accurate models of lithium-ion cells having electrodes that are composed of a blend of multiple active materials. In this paper, we show how to create a physics-based reduced-order model (ROM). This ROM not only gives better voltage predictions than the equivalent-circuit models proposed in the Part-1 paper, but is also able to predict all cell internal electrochemical variables. Additionally, its computational complexity is similar to that of the circuit model.
There are many situations in which deception may arise and understanding the behaviors associated with it are compounded by various contexts in which it may occur. This paper sets out a coding protocol for identifying cues to deception and reports on three studies, in which deception was studied in different contexts. The contexts involved manipulating risks (i.e., probability) of being detected and reconnaissance, both of which are related to terrorist activities. Two of the studies examined the impact of changing the risks of deception detection, whilst the third investigated increased cognitive demand of duplex deception tasks including reconnaissance and deception. In all three studies, cues to deception were analyzed in relation to observable body movements and subjective impressions given by participants. In general, the results indicate a pattern of hand movement reduction by deceivers, and suggest the notion that raising the risk of detection influences deceivers’ behaviors. Participants in the higher risk condition displayed increased negative affect (found in deceivers) and tension (found in both deceivers and truth-tellers) than those in lower risk conditions.
Traditionally, ecologically conscious product design (EcoDesign) emphasises the systematic environmental improvement of products, with tools derived from life cycle assessment (LCA) being used to record the improvements achieved. The possible integration within a company's environmental management system (EMS), taking Philips as the example, has been described in previously world-wide distributed and publicly available management guidelines called ‘Point of no return’. An operational counterpart was published in 2000 and is called ‘Greening Your Business’, it features an extended method, which includes all milestones in the total sequence from company policy via strategic choices and roadmap planning to the product's creation. This article describes the overall approach.
Traditionally catalysis research and development has been limited to large purpose-built labs, requiring years of planning and implementation before the first molecules were even examined. However, recent developments in microfluidics, robotics, system miniaturization and machine intelligence allow the decoupling of research from multi-million dollar purpose-built facilities. Additionally this scaling-down of research has significant benefits for the environment, development timelines and researcher workload. In this publication we demonstrate the construction of a microfluidic catalysis research platform contained within a standard hard-sided case measuring just 0.73 m2, consuming under 100 W of power, and generating 66.7 μL of chemical waste per min. The system integrates a purpose-built microreactor with hot-swappable chuck, vacuum enclosure, manifolds, pumps, robotic autosampling, open-source controls and thermographic performance analysis. The system was used to investigate nine chemically different activators for a zirconocene-catalyzed α-olefin polymerization through efficient experimentation and automated transfer learning ML-based data interpretation. The contributions of different chemical structures to catalytic productivity were analyzed. Conclusions made include those regarding co-catalyst chemistry and probable operating conditions. This work demonstrates that a compact flow-based microfluidic platform can screen exothermic catalytic reactions and interpret the results using machine intelligence.
The widespread adoption of the concept of wellbeing in the social sciences literature has allowed researchers to move beyond a narrow economic focus on income and consumption as the primary measure of inequality and poverty. Although statistical measurement and analyses of wellbeing have become increasingly feasible due to the availability of rich datasets, the empirical literature on wellbeing remains deficient in a number of ways. In this paper we argue that it is necessary that empirical studies of wellbeing encompass multiple. Applying Sen’s capability approach as our theoretical model we subsequently develop a modelling framework that applies the polychoric principal component analysis (PCA) method for the calculation of objective wellbeing and wellbeing inequality using household asset, education, health and housing dimensions. Findings from our case study of Vietnam challenge previous single dimensional analyses and reveal a number of layers to our understanding of wellbeing inequality in Vietnam. We argue that our use of polychoric PCA is especially suited to the analysis of wellbeing by explicitly incorporating the analysis of both cardinal and ordinal variables and overcoming deficiencies established in the literature relating to the use of standard PCA.
In order to predict the battery remaining discharge energy in electric vehicles, an accurate onboard battery model is needed for the terminal voltage and state of charge (SOC) estimation in the whole SOC range. However, the commonly-used equivalent circuit model (ECM) provides limited accuracy in low-SOC area, which hinders the full use of battery remaining energy. To improve the low-SOC-area performance, this paper presents an extended equivalent circuit model (EECM) based on single-particle electrochemical model. In EECM, the solid-phase diffusion process is represented by the SOC difference within the electrode particle, and the terminal voltage is determined by the surface SOC (SOCsurf) representing the lithium concentration at the particle surface. Based on a large-format lithium-ion battery, the voltage estimation performance of ECM and EECM is compared in the entire SOC range (0–100%) under different load profiles, and the genetic algorithm is implemented in model parameterization. Results imply that the EECM could reduce the voltage error by more than 50% in low-SOC area. The SOC estimation accuracy is then discussed employing the extended Kalman filter, and the EECM also exhibits significant advantage. As a result, the EECM is very potential for real-time applications to enhance the voltage and SOC estimation precision especially for low-SOC cases.
A prerequisite for minimizing contamination risk whilst conducting managed aquifer recharge (MAR) with recycled water is estimating the residence time in the zone where pathogen inactivation and biodegradation processes occur. MAR in Western Australia’s coastal aquifers is a potential major water source. As MAR with recycled water becomes increasingly considered in this region, better knowledge of applied and incidental tracer-based options from case studies is needed. Tracer data were collected at a MAR site in Floreat, Western Australia, under a controlled pumping regime over a distance of 50 m. Travel times for bromide-spiked groundwater were compared with two incidental tracers in recycled water: chloride and water temperature. The average travel time using bromide was 87 ± 6 days, whereas the estimates were longer based on water temperature (102 ± 17 days) and chloride (98 ± 60 days). The estimate of average flow velocity based on water temperature data was identical to the estimate based on bromide within a 25-m section of the aquifer (0.57 ± 0.04 m day−1). This case study offers insights into the advantages, challenges and limitations of using incidental tracers in recycled water as a supplement to a controlled tracer test for estimating aquifer residence times.
Due to the increasingly serious environmental pollution and the extreme shortage of energy resources, harvesting clean and sustainable random energy from the environment is a scientific, effective, and necessary solution in the coming intelligent era. Such random and disorder energy, like that from human motion and textile-related movement, can be obtained via textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). However, research related to textile-based TENGs with mature, high-efficiency, and economical manufacturing techniques is limited. Here, by using a high-speed ring spinning method, negative Poisson's ratio yarn (NPRY) with a composite structure is designed and fabricated as a variety of intelligent device. Based on the special negative Poisson's ratio effect, NPRY combined with TENG can be used as a foundation structure to form diverse flexible textile-based electronic devices, such as an energy harvesting fabric, a self-counting yoga elastic band, and a self-powered pre-alarm cable. At the same time, NPRY-TENGs with different structures and structural parameters are systematically investigated to optimize the output performance in this work. This special, low-cost, and highly efficient NPRY as a foundation structure material has promising applications in the manufacture of all kinds of textile-based TENGs and harvesting a lot of random energy from the environment, where the random energy can be used by other electronic devices or those textile-based TENGs themselves as self-powered sensors.
Recently, the integration of spinel and layered structure received significant attentions to improve the electrochemical performance of the Lithium and manganese rich oxide material. In this work, Lithium-rich, Li4Mn5O12–Li2MnO3 composite is synthesized by the Sol-gel method. The structural and electrochemical performances of the composite materials are analyzed. X-ray diffraction result confirms the formation of spinel Li4Mn5O12 and layered Li2MnO3 mixed phase. Scanning electron microscopy image depicts the presence of an elongated particle with an average size of 50–60 nm. Transmission electron microscopy result clearly shows the existence of spinel and layered phase. Raman measurement result indicates the presence A1g, E2g and F2g vibration modes of MnO6 octahedron. Li4Mn5O12–Li2MnO3 composite cathode delivers a first discharge capacity of 318 mA h g−1 at 0.1C rate and retains the discharge capacity of 209 mA h g-1 at the 50th cycle. The capacity retention of the composite cathode is 89% after 50 charge-discharge cycles. Formation of a hybrid composite structure enhances the capacity, rate capability and structural stability of the Li4Mn5O12–Li2MnO3 cathode material.
Spinel structured MnCo2O4 nanorods have been successfully synthesized via one step hydrothermal method. The obtained material was subjected to structural and morphological studies using XRD and TEM. The XRD shows the spinel structure with a cubic crystal system. The rod-like morphology of the prepared material was revealed by TEM. The FTIR and Raman spectral analyses confirmed the functional group and structural phase. The CV, CP and EIS were used to study the electrochemical properties of modified MnCo2O4 electrode material. The specific capacitance of the modified electrode material was measured to be 718.75Fg−1 at a current density of 0.5Ag−1. From the electrochemical impedance spectrum, the low equivalent series resistance was found to be 18Ω. The MnCo2O4 electrode material exhibits the Faradaic behavior and it can be used as a potential candidate for energy storage applications in supercapacitors.
Publisher Summary The aim of most modern research into fast-ion conductors is to produce materials that show highly conductive behavior at relatively low temperatures for convenient incorporation into electrochemical devices. One new and important concept which has emerged, involving fast-ion conductivity, is the insertion compound or solid-solution electrode. In a solid-solution electrode there is both rapid ion transport and electronic conductivity, but a third vital ingredient is the presence of a range of stoichiometry involving the mobile ion. Fast-ion conducting materials of this type, therefore, can be used not as electrolytes, as is the case for β-alumina, but a battery electrode with either a liquid electrolyte or a solid electrolyte. In the latter case fast-ion conducting materials are used to make an all-solid-state battery. In the former case, although the arrangement of solid and liquid phases is formally similar to that found in conventional lead-acid or alkaline batteries, the energy densities obtainable using modern materials are much higher than previously thought possible.
We herein report on an entirely new kind of electric power device. In the hybrid device, chemical energy is directly converted into electric energy, which is capacitively stored within a singular contrivance. The device is built based on dual-function electrodes, viz. discrete electrodes manifesting simultaneous electrocatalytic and charge-storage features.
We investigated the associations between Boston naming and the animal fluency tests and cortical atrophy in 19 probable AD and 5 multiple domain amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients who later converted to AD. We applied a surface-based computational anatomy technique to MRI scans of the brain and then used linear regression models to detect associations between animal fluency and Boston Naming Test (BNT) performance and cortical atrophy. The global permutation-corrected significance for the maps associating BNT performance with cortical atrophy was p =.0124 for the left and p =.0196 for the right hemisphere and for the animal fluency maps p =.055 for the left and p =.073 for the right hemisphere. The degree of language impairment correlated with cortical atrophy in the left temporal and parietal lobes (BA 20, 21, 37, 39, 40, and 7), bilateral frontal lobes (BA 8, 9, and 44) and the right temporal pole (BA 38). Using a novel 3D mapping technique, we demonstrated that in AD language abilities are strongly influenced by the integrity of the perisylvian cortical regions.