batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Hurricane Sandy was the greatest natural disaster to ever impact public housing residents in New York City. It affected approximately 80,000 residents in 400 buildings in 33 developments throughout the city. The storm left residents without power, heat, or running water, yet many chose not to evacuate. This qualitative study was conducted to understand the impact of Sandy among this socially, physically, and geographically vulnerable population. It is the first known study to examine the impact of disasters in high-rise, high-density public housing as a unique risk environment. Findings demonstrate (1) broad impacts to homes, health and access to resources, (2) complex evacuation decision-making, (3) varied sources of support in the response and recovery phases, and (4) lessons learned in preparedness. Results are contextualized within an original conceptual framework—“resilience reserve”—that explains the phenomenon of delayed recovery stemming from enactments of resilience to manage chronic hardship leaving vulnerable populations without the requisite capacity to take protective action when facing acute adversity. We discuss recommendations to establish and replenish the resilience reserve that include personal, institutional, and structural facets.
We demonstrate an efficient and large-scale synthesis approach of a novel heterostructure comprised of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (n-RGO) hydrogel (MoS2/n-RGO) via two-step hydrothermal process. Due to the strong molybdenum⿿nitrogen (Mo⿿N) bond, the n-RGO sheets are well interconnected to the MoS2 sheets and restacking of the two components is minimized. The hybrid possesses an open-pore structure, large surface area, and high nitrogen content. As an anode for lithium-ion batteries, the MoS2/n-RGO manifests a high specific capacity of 1140mA h g⿿1 at the current density of 100mAg⿿1, which is higher than that of the MoS2/non-doped RGO (MoS2/RGO) counterpart. A remarkable rate capability and excellent electrochemical stability (94% retention after 130 cycles) is also achieved. Furthermore, the MoS2/n-RGO hybrid delivers a maximum energy density of 890 Wh kg⿿1 with the power density of 130Wkg⿿1. The superior electrochemical performance can be attributed to the durability and improved charge kinetics of the MoS2/n-RGO heterostructure owing to the nitrogen-doping effect. This study sheds light on the importance of a nitrogen-doped architecture in the creation of novel functional materials that can act as advanced electrodes for lithium-ion batteries.
For ages flywheels have been used to achieve smooth operation of machines. The early models where purely mechanical consisting of only a stone wheel attached to an axle. Nowadays flywheels are complex constructions where energy is stored mechanically and transferred to and from the flywheel by an integrated motor/generator. The stone wheel has been replaced by a steel or composite rotor and magnetic bearings have been introduced. Today flywheels are used as supplementary UPS storage at several industries world over. Future applications span a wide range including electric vehicles, intermediate storage for renewable energy generation and direct grid applications from power quality issues to offering an alternative to strengthening transmission. One of the key issues for viable flywheel construction is a high overall efficiency, hence a reduction of the total losses. By increasing the voltage, current losses are decreased and otherwise necessary transformer steps become redundant. So far flywheels over 10kV have not been constructed, mainly due to isolation problems associated with high voltage, but also because of limitations in the power electronics. Recent progress in semi-conductor technology enables faster switching and lower costs. The predominant part of prior studies have been directed towards optimising mechanical issues whereas the electro technical part now seem to show great potential for improvement. An overview of flywheel technology and previous projects are presented and moreover a 200kW flywheel using high voltage technology is simulated.
Hard carbons have shown considerable promise as anodes for emerging sodium-ion battery technologies. Current understanding of sodium-storage behaviour in hard carbons attributes capacity to filling of graphitic interlayers and pores, and adsorption at defects, although there is still considerable debate regarding the voltages at which these mechanisms occur. Here, ex situ23Na solid-state NMR and total scattering studies on a systematically tuned series of hard carbons revealed the formation of increasingly metallic sodium clusters in direct correlation to the growing pore size, occurring only in samples which exhibited a low voltage plateau. Combining experimental results with DFT calculations, we propose a revised mechanistic model in which sodium ions store first simultaneously and continuously at defects, within interlayers and on pore surfaces. Once these higher energy binding sites are filled, pore filling occurs during the plateau region, where the densely confined sodium takes on a greater degree of metallicity.
Carbon nanofiber/Mn3O4 (CNF/Mn3O4) coaxial nanocables with a three-dimensional (3D) structure are prepared for lithium ion batteries by electrophoretic deposition on an electrospun CNF cathode followed by heat treatment in air. The bark-like Mn3O4 shell with a thickness of 30 nm surrounds the CNFs with a diameter of 200 nm; this hierarchically mesoporous Mn3O4 shell consisted of interconnected nanoparticles grows radially toward the CNF core when viewed from the cross-section of the coaxial cables. The charge transfer resistance of the CNF/Mn3O4 is much smaller than that of the Mn3O4 powder, because of (i) the abundant inner spaces provided via the formation of the 3D coaxial core/shell nanocables, (ii) the high electric pathway for the Mn3O4 nanoparticles attained with the 1D CNFs, and (iii) the structural stability obtained through the cushioning effect created by the CNF/Mn3O4 coaxial morphology. These unique characteristics contribute to achieving a high capacity, excellent cyclic stability, and good rate capability. The CNF/Mn3O4 nanocables deliver an initial capacity of 1690 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 and maintain a high reversible capacity of 760 mAh g−1 even after 50 charge–discharge cycles without showing any obvious decay.
Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have significant potential to become a leading technology for energy conversion in a variety of applications. However, problems, such as methanol crossover reduce the efficiency and open circuit voltage of the cells. The novel design of flowing electrolyte-direct methanol fuel cells (FE-DMFCs) addresses this issue. Methanol molecules are effectively removed from the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) by the flowing electrolyte, and the unused fuel can be utilized externally. In this paper, a general 3D numerical computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is established to simulate methanol crossover by convection–diffusion in the FE-DMFC. Illustrations of methanol concentration distribution and methanol molar flux densities are presented, and the performance is compared to conventional DMFCs. The results indicate that methanol crossover can be reduced significantly. A parameter study is performed where the influences of anode fuel feed concentration, electrolyte channel thickness and electrolyte volumetric flow rate on methanol crossover are evaluated. In addition, effects of various electrolyte channel orientations are determined. According to the simulations, counter flow is the superior choice of channel orientations to minimize crossover.
The Na2Ti3O7·2H2O nanobelts (Na-TNBs) with layered structure have been prepared by simple hydrothermal method. The carbon modified Na-TNBs (C/Na-TNBs) supercapacitor has been encapsulated by the flexible and stretching PDMS (poly-dimethylsiloxane), which has flexible and stretching property. The capacitance of the device can attain 459.71Fg−1 at scan rate of 25mV/S and energy density of 33.2Whkg−1 at power density 478Wkg−1 and power density of 2.13kWkg−1 at energy density 25.36Whkg−1. The retention of specific capacitance remains 74.3% after 6000 cycles at high current value of 35mA. Three supercapacitors in series can light 100 green color commercial light emitting diodes (LEDs) for about 10min. All these results indicate that the C/Na-TNBs nanomaterial could provide the potential application in high performance supercapacitor.
This short paper presents a recently reported dynamic data-driven method, Symbolic Dynamic Filtering (SDF), for real-time estimation of the state-of-health (SOH) and state-of-charge (SOC) in lead-acid batteries, as an alternative to model-based analysis techniques. In particular, SOC estimation relies on a k-NN regression algorithm while SOH estimation is obtained from the divergence between extracted features. The results show that the proposed data-driven method successfully distinguishes battery voltage responses under different SOC and SOH situations.
Abstract This chapter describes the development of low-cost wireless sensors for monitoring civil infrastructure systems. The historical development of wireless sensor hardware and software design is described in detail. The embedded data processing algorithms that allow wireless sensors to locally process raw structural response data are presented. To illustrate the utility of wireless structural monitoring systems, a variety of field studies are presented including instrumentation upon complex bridges and buildings. The chapter concludes with more recent work in integrating wireless sensors within feedback control systems for the seismic protection of civil structures.
The investigation of chemically cross-linked, self-supporting gel-type electrolyte membranes, based on hybrid polyfluorosilicone polymers reinforced with nanosized silica, for lithium-ion battery systems is reported. The polyfluorosilicone materials were selected on the basis of their high chemical and thermal stabilities. The precursors were synthesized with functional groups capable to form inter-molecular cross-linking, thus obtaining three-dimensional polymer matrices. The latter were undergone to swelling processes in (non-aqueous, lithium salt containing) electrolytic solutions to obtain gel-type polymer electrolytes. Several kinds of membranes, based on different types of polyfluorosilicone precursor, were prepared and characterized in terms of swelling behavior, ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability. The properties of the swelled matrices were evaluated as a function of dipping time, temperature, kind of electrolytic solution and cross-linking initiator content.
A lysimeter experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of the NH3 volatilization mitigation by adding anaerobically digested cattle slurry (ADCS) alone, with wood vinegar (WV) or with a higher level of floodwater (HFW), on emissions of CH4 and N2O from a paddy soil planted with fodder rice. We have carried out the following treatments: (1) chemical fertilizer, (2) ADCS, (3) ADCS + WV, and (4) ADCS + HFW; the height of floodwater was 10 cm in the latter treatment, and it was 3 to 4 cm in the other treatments just before fertilizer applications. Nitrogen fertilizer rate added to soil in each treatment was 30 g NH4+–N m−2 (split in one basal and two top-dressing additions). Ammonia volatilization in the ADCS treatment was 2.7 g NH3–N m−2 throughout the growing season, and it was significantly reduced by 79% and 55% in the ADCS + WV and ADCS + HFW treatments, respectively. The total amount of CH4 emitted in the ADCS treatment in the growing season was not significantly enhanced by the mitigation of NH3 volatilization either by adding wood vinegar or by increasing the height of the floodwater. Negligible N2O emissions were observed in all treatments during the growing period.
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is used in power distribution system to protect sensitive loads in voltage disturbances. The performance of DVR is related to the adopted configuration and control strategy used for inverters. In this paper, an asymmetrical voltage-source inverter controlled with fuzzy logic method based on hysteresis controller, is used to improve operation of DVR to compensate voltage sag/swell. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and the practicality of the proposed novel Dynamic Voltage Restorer topology. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is calculated. The simulation results of new DVR presented in this paper, are found quite satisfactory to eliminate voltage sag/swell.
Different variants of the comet assay were used to study the genotoxic and cytotoxic properties of the following eight compounds: chloral hydrate, colchicine, hydroquinone, dl-menthol, mitomycin C, sodium iodoacetate, thimerosal and valinomycin. Colchicine, mitomycin C, sodium iodoacetate and thimerosal induced genotoxic effects. The other compounds were found to be inactive. The compounds were tested in the standard comet assay as well as in the all cell comet assay (recovery of floating cells after treatment), designed in our laboratory for adherently-growing cells. This latter procedure proved to be more adequate for the assessment of the cytotoxicity for some of the compounds tested (hydroquinone, dl-menthol, thimerosal, valinomycin). Colchicine was positive in the standard comet assay (3h treatment) and in the all cell comet assay (24h treatment). Sodium iodoacetate and thimerosal were positive in the standard and/or the all cell comet assay. Chloral hydrate, hydroquinone, sodium iodoacetate, mitomycin C and thimerosal were also tested in the modified comet assay using lysed cells. Mitomycin C and thimerosal showed effects in this assay, whereas sodium iodoacetate was inactive. This indicates that it does not induce direct DNA damage. Compounds that are known or suspected to form DNA–DNA cross-links or DNA–protein cross-links (chloral hydrate, hydroquinone, mitomycin C and thimerosal) were checked for their ability to reduce ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced DNA damage. This mode of action could be demonstrated for mitomycin C only.
The aim of this study was to determine the degree to which subjective ratings of neurocognitive ability accurately reflect objectively measured neuropsychological functioning in patients diagnosed with epileptic (ES, n=45) or psychogenic nonepileptic (PNES; n=37) seizures. Patients received a battery of neuropsychological tests, measures of current mood state, and the Quality of Life In Epilepsy—89 questionnaire. Results indicated that subjective ratings of neuropsychological functioning were only partially accurate within each group. Patients with ES accurately rated their memory function, but overestimated language and attention abilities. Patients with PNES accurately rated attention, but underestimated memory and overestimated language. In both groups, poorer self-reported neurocognitive functioning was strongly related to poorer mood state; however, mood state did not predict objectively measured neurocognitive abilities. Given the inaccuracies that exist in patient self-report, results highlight the importance of a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment when evaluating the neurocognitive status of individuals with seizures.
Novel all solid state dye-sensitised photolectrochemical solar cells of the type, FTO–TiO2–dye–PAN, EC, PC, Pr4N+I−, I2–Pt–FTO, have been fabricated and characterised using current–voltage characteristics and action spectra. Liquid electrolyte generally used for such solar cells has successfully replaced by a quasi solid electrolyte comprised of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC) as plasticisers and Pr4N+I−/I2 redox couple with tetrapropylammoniumiodide as the complexing salt. For the polymer electrolyte, the optimum conductivity of 2.95×10−3 S cm−1 was obtained for the electrolyte composition, PAN:EC:PC=15:35:50 (wt.%). The short circuit current density (J SC) and the open circuit voltage (V OC) obtained for an incident light intensity of 600 W m−2 were 3.73 mA cm−2 and 0.69 V, respectively. This corresponds to an overall quantum efficiency of 2.99%. From the action spectrum, the maximum incident photon conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 33% was obtained for incident light of wavelength 480 nm.
The target of this manuscript is to make a review about the Off-grid Photovoltaic Diesel Hybrid Systems (Off-grid Mini Grids) where only AC loads are connected. It will take into consideration the different types (performed through of the DC coupled, AC coupled or hybrid DC–AC coupled configurations), solutions (PV/Diesel and PV/Diesel/Energy Storage) related with the diesel hybridization of those systems and their main elements (power converters). So, it will encompasses an analysis about the current state of the technique of converters implemented in those systems, including the stand-alone inverters, bidirectional, multiport and even the grid-connected inverters implemented in the AC coupled systems. In addition, the standardization in this topic will be analyzed too.
Cadmium sticks, or mercury-mercurous sulfate reference electrodes, have been widely used in the past, in order to measure half-cell potentials in lead-acid batteries. The present paper presents experimental data obtained with a new type of reference electrode, based on the Ag/Ag2SO4 couple. This reference electrode has a reproducible and stable electrode potential, situated 38.4mV positive with respect to that of the Hg/Hg2SO4 couple. Ag/Ag2SO4 reference electrodes allow a precise evaluation of diffusion potentials (concentration cell voltage) in sulfuric acid solutions.
All solid state, thin-film batteries with the cell configuration of VO x /block copolymer electrolyte/Li have been designed, constructed, and tested. The additive-free (no carbon, no binder) cathode consisted of a dense film of vanadium oxide (∼200nm thick), deposited on aluminum foil and prepared by laser assisted vapor deposition of vanadium metal in an oxygen atmosphere of controlled chemical potential. The electrolyte was a block copolymer of poly[oligo(oxy-ethylene) methacrylate]-b-poly-(methyl methacrylate) [hence forth denoted as POEM-b-PMMA] containing LiCF3SO3. The anode was metallic lithium. At room temperature, cathode capacities of ∼395mAh/g were measured at a current rate of 0.5C (C=400mA/g) over an operating voltage ranging from 1.5 to 4.0V. The cathode proved to be resistant to capacity fade as evidenced by the small loss of discharge capacity during the extended cycling (over 200 cycles). It was possible to draw substantial currents. Routine testing was conducted at 0.5C; however, discharge rates as high as 1.6C were achieved. Based upon these results, cells designed with these materials in optimal dimensions are projected to have energy densities exceeding ∼350Wh/kg and power densities exceeding 560W/kg at 1.6C.
The surface of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode material was coated with 1.0wt.% Y2O3 via a simple method to improve the cycling performance for lithium-ion batteries. Cyclic voltammetry showed Y2O3-coating inhibited structural change of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 and reaction with the electrolyte on cycling. The Y2O3-coated material showed a higher capacity with good cyclability. The discharge capacity of coated sample was 137.5mAhg−1 at 2.0mAcm−2 while that of bared one was only 116.2mAhg−1. The rate of capacity decrease after 20 cycles for the coated sample was 0.7%, much smaller than that of the bared one (2.8%). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data represented that the presence of two different environmental O1s ions corresponded to the surface-coated Y2O3 and core material. ICP-OES and EIS displayed the coating layer could protect the LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 from being corroded by the electrolyte and benefit to decrease the cathode charge-transfer resistance at delithiated state.
Graphene is a renowned material due to its unique structural characteristics and chemical properties. By heating graphene powder in an open-ended tube furnace, a highly compressible carbon material, holey graphene (hG), can be created with controlled porosity and be further decorated with nanosized catalysts using a solvent-free procedure to impart functionality and electrocatalytic activity. For the first time, we demonstrate an additive-free, dry press method to compression mold hG-based materials into ultrathick, binderless and high mass loading architectures using a hydraulic press at room temperature. The compressibility and structure of the hG allows for fabrication of unique ultrathick electrode architectures (mixed, sandwich, and double-decker) using both hG and catalyst/hG nanohybrid materials. These high mass loading, mixed and stacked hG electrode architectures are the first of their kind and are successfully demonstrated as lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) cathodes. The scalable, binderless, and solventless dry press method and novel additive-free electrode architectures presented here greatly advance both electrode fabrication options, and open up new electrode designs for potential energy storage advancements.
Replacement of part of the fossil fuel consumption by renewable energy, in particular in the chemical industry, is a central strategy for resource and energy efficiency. This perspective will show that CO2 is the key molecule to proceed effectively in this direction. The routes, opportunities and barriers in increasing the share of renewable energy by using CO2 reaction and their impact on the chemical and energy value chains are discussed after introducing the general aspects of this topic evidencing the tight integration between the CO2 use and renewable energy insertion in the value chain of the process industry. The focus of this perspective article is on the catalytic aspects of the chemistries involved, with an analysis of the state-of-the-art, perspectives and targets to be developed. The reactions discussed are the production of short-chain olefins (ethylene, propylene) from CO2, and the conversion of carbon dioxide to syngas, formic acid, methanol and dimethyl ether, hydrocarbons via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and methane. The relevance of availability, cost and environmental footprints of H2 production routes using renewable energies is addressed. The final part discusses the possible scenario for CO2 as an intermediary for the incorporation of renewable energy in the process industry, with a concise roadmap for catalysis needs and barriers to reach this goal.
Concentrations of the Cu, Cd, Cr, As, Zn and Ni in water samples from 272 sampling stations in the water environment of Zhalong Wetland, China were studied. Health risk assessment associated with six heavy metals and metalloid was conducted using health risk assessment model from United States Environmental Protection Agency. It can be concluded that the mean concentrations of Cu, Ni, Zn, As, Cd and Cu were 0.19, 0.45, 0.52, 4.9, 0.12 and 0.24 μg L−1, respectively. The carcinogenic risk of Cr, As and Cd in the discharged area, experimental area, buffer area and core area were lower than the maximum allowance risk level recommended by International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP 5.0 × 10−5 a−1). The non-carcinogenic risks (Cu, Zn, Ni) was also lower than the maximum allowance levels recommended by ICRP. Though it was lower than the level, it was very approaching to maximum acceptable risk level, need to draw attention to the relevant departments.