batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The role of Broca's area in grammatical computation is unclear, because syntactic processing is often confounded with working memory, articulation, or semantic selection. Morphological processing potentially circumvents these problems. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we had 18 subjects silently inflect words or read them verbatim. Subtracting the activity pattern for reading from that for inflection, which indexes processes involved in inflection (holding constant lexical processing and articulatory planning) highlighted left Brodmann area (BA) 44/45 (Broca's area), BA 47, anterior insula, and medial supplementary motor area. Subtracting activity during zero inflection (the hawk; they walk) from that during overt inflection (the hawks; they walked), which highlights manipulation of phonological content, implicated subsets of the regions engaged by inflection as a whole. Subtracting activity during verbatim reading from activity during zero inflection (which highlights the manipulation of inflectional features) implicated distinct regions of BA 44, 47, and a premotor region (thereby tying these regions to grammatical features), but failed to implicate the insula or BA 45 (thereby tying these to articulation). These patterns were largely similar in nouns and verbs and in regular and irregular forms, suggesting these regions implement inflectional features cutting across word classes. Greater activity was observed for irregular than regular verbs in the anterior cingulate and supplementary motor area (SMA), possibly reflecting the blocking of regular or competing irregular candidates. The results confirm a role for Broca's area in abstract grammatical processing, and are interpreted in terms of a network of regions in left prefrontal cortex (PFC) that are recruited for processing abstract morphosyntactic features and overt morphophonological content.
Sb2O3-modified Li1.1CoO2 material is successfully obtained by solid state reaction. The modified phase maintains the merit of high packing density of bare Li1.1CoO2; on the other hand, it is proved that the addition of Sb2O3 during the preparation effectively removes the excess Li and associated structure defect in the material. XRD, EDAX and ICP-AES measurements all reveal that the coating layer is a solid solution of LiCo1−x Sb x O2. Cycling and thermal test indicates that, comparing to the bare Li1.05CoO2, Sb2O3-modified Li1.1CoO2 material shows improved cycleabilty as well as higher thermal stability.
Ethnopharmacological relevance Amazonian peoples utilize a variety of psychoactive plants that may contain novel biologically active compounds. Efforts to investigate such remedies in terms of neuropharmacology have been limited. Aim of this study This study identified Amazonian ethnomedicines with potential for the treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and dementias, and characterized their interactions with CNS neurotransmitter receptors in vitro. Materials and methods Approximately 300 Amazonian species with folk uses or constituents indicative of central nervous system activity were incorporated into a database constructed from literature searches, herbarium surveys, and interviews with traditional practitioners. Approximately 130 of these targeted species were collected in Loreto province, Peru, and 228 fractions derived from them were screened in 31 radioreceptor assays via the resources of the NIMH Psychoactive Drug Screening Program. A subset was also screened in functional assays at selected serotonin, muscarinic, and adrenergic receptors. Results Ninety-one samples displayed ≥60% inhibition of radioligand binding activity in receptor assays; 135 samples displayed agonist or antagonist activity (or both) in functional assays. Conclusions Potential CNS activity was detected in about 40% of the samples screened, with some correlations to both folk uses and phytochemical constituents. These results may point to novel and potentially therapeutic CNS active compounds.
Hollow V2O5 spheres constructed from plate-like particles were synthesized. These materials exhibited a tremendous pseudocapacitance effect with a high capacitance of 479Fg−1 at 5mVs−1 when used as supercapacitor electrodes in a solution of 5M LiNO3. After the surface of hollow V2O5 spheres was coated with PPy, the composite electrode was formed and its electrochemical properties were also improved. This composite material exhibited the capacitances of 559Fg−1 at 3Ag−1 by GCD and 566Fg−1 at 5mVs−1 by CV, respectively. At the same time, the capacity retentions of 70% and 66% were respectively achieved even after 100 cycles.
Nearly/net zero energy buildings (nZEBs) have attracted increasing attention particularly when high and complex performance is required in terms of energy-saving, indoor thermal comfort, environmental friendliness and grid-friendliness. However, there is no exact approach at present for the design and control of buildings to achieve the nearly/net zero energy target. This is mainly due to the complex interplay of energy production/consumption/storage systems as well as the automatically and manually controlled systems/elements in the highly integrated buildings. This paper therefore presents a comprehensive review on the issues related to the design and control of these buildings, i.e. the effects of climate/site on design, design optimization methods, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis for robust design and system reliability, efficient and optimal control of high efficient generation systems and energy storage systems for alleviating/shifting the peak load, model predictive control for fast responses to smart grid, and adoption of advanced smart technologies. An outline of the progress of nZEBs is presented by summarizing the internationally known nZEBs identified including 30 case studies on the design strategies applied and the actual building performance. This review could also support the future development of methods that address the design and control of buildings with a holistic view.
The Li metal anode boasts attractive electrochemical characteristics for use in rechargeable Li batteries, such as a high theoretical capacity and a low redox potential. However, poor cycle efficiency and safety problems relating to dendritic Li growth during cycling should be addressed. Here we propose a strategy to increase the coulombic efficiency of the Li metal electrode. Conductive porous carbon films (CPCFs) were prepared by distributing amorphous carbon nanoparticles within a polymer binder. This porous structure is able to provide enough conductive surfaces for Li deposition and dissolution, which reduce the effective current density. Moreover, the pores in these films enable the electrolyte to easily penetrate into the empty space, and Li can be densely deposited between the carbon particles. As a result, dendritic Li growth can be effectively prevented. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that the coulombic efficiency of the porous electrode can be greatly improved compared to that of the pure Cu electrode. By allowing for the development of robust Li metal electrodes, this approach provides key insight into the design of high-capacity anodes for Li metal batteries, such as Li-air and Li-S systems.
In this study, a previously developed nickel–metal hydride (Ni–MH) battery model is applied in conjunction with experimental characterization. Important geometric parameters, including the active surface area and micro-diffusion length for both electrodes, are measured and incorporated in the model. The kinetic parameters of the oxygen evolution reaction are also characterized using constant potential experiments. Two separate equilibrium equations for the Ni electrode, one for charge and the other for discharge, are determined to provide a better description of the electrode hysteresis effect, and their use results in better agreement of simulation results with experimental data on both charge and discharge. The Ni electrode kinetic parameters are re-calibrated for the battery studied. The Ni–MH cell model coupled with the updated electrochemical properties is then used to simulate a wide range of experimental discharge and charge curves with satisfactory agreement. The experimentally validated model is used to predict and compare various charge algorithms so as to provide guidelines for application-specific optimization.
Phytochemical and pharmacological studies of Croton cajucara were oriented by traditional medicine. The stem bark of the mature plant is a rich source of clerodane-type diterpenes: trans-dehydrocrotonin (DCTN), trans-crotonin (CTN), cis-cajucarin B, cajucarin A, cajucarinolide and two novel clerodanes, trans-cajucarin B and sacacarin. In young (18-month-old) plants, the triterpene acetyl aleuritolic acid (AAA) was the major stem bark component and in these the diterpene DCTN was not present. The highest concentration of DCTN (1.4% of dry bark) was detected in 4–6 year-old plants, while 3-year-old plants contained only 0.26% of this diterpene. Three steroids (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol-3-O-β-glucoside), two flavonoids (kaempferol 3,4′,7-trimethyl ether and 3,7-dimethyl ether) and one diterpene (cajucarinolide) were isolated from the leaves of this Croton. The main pharmacological activity was correlated with DCTN. This clerodane produced anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects and a significant hypoglycemia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The compound also reduced the index of gastric lesions induced by restraint-in-cold. Dose-related DCTN and CTN inhibited in vivo the basal acid secretion in pylorus-ligature rats and oxyntic glands isolated from rabbit gastric mucosa, DCTN, CTN or AAA decreased in vitro uptake basal acid secretion induced by histamine and measured with the 14C-aminopyrine uptake method. Uniquely DCTN inhibited 14C-AP uptake induced by bethanechol. The terpenoids, DCTN and AAA, and the chloroform extract of 6-month-old plants reduced gastrointestinal transit in mice. The effects of DCTN and CTN on the survival of mice bearing Sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich carcinoma ascitic tumors, on the proliferation of cultured cells and TNFα were determined. DCTN was also evaluated for a possible antioestrogenic activity using the immature rat as a model system for bioassay of oestrogen and for an anti-implantation effect in regularly cycling rats. The biological experiments, using the plant extracts and the terpenoids DCTN, CTN and AAA, are herein discussed.
Aqueous-based natural graphite particulates for fabrication of lithium-ion battery anodes are investigated with emphasis on chemical control of suspension component interactions among graphite particulates, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and emulsified styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). The chemical stability and dispersion properties of the natural graphite particles are characterized using electroacoustic, flow behaviour and green microstructural observations, as well as by measurement of pore size. Correlation is made between the dispersion characteristics and the electrochemical performance of the particles. The dispersion stability of the graphite suspension is improved by charge development when both SBR and CMC are incorporated into the graphite suspension, compared with an unstable graphite suspension prepared with CMC alone. A method to improve the dispersion and homogeneity of the suspension component based on the use of SBR and CMC is proposed. Electrochemical experiments using a Li–organic electrolyte–as-cast natural graphite half-cell and 750-mAh lithium-ion cells show an initial discharge capacity above 340mAhg−1, improved charge–discharge efficiency, and excellent rate capability.
Sn/Li2O composite coatings on stainless steel substrate, as anodes of thin-film lithium battery are carried out in SnCl2 and LiNO3 mixed solutions by using cathodic electrochemical synthesis and subsequently annealed at 200°C. Through cathodic polarization tests, three major regions are verified: (I) O2 +4H+ +4e− →2H2O (∼0.25 to −0.5V), (II) 2H+ +2e− →H2, Sn2+ +2e− →Sn, and NO3 − +H2O+2e− →NO2 − +2OH− (−0.5 to −1.34V), and (III) 2H2O+2e− →H2 +2OH− (−1.34 to −2V vs. Ag/AgCl). The coated specimens are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and charge/discharge tests. The nano-sized Sn particles embedded in Li2O matrix are obtained at the lower part of region II such as −1.2V, while the micro-sized Sn with little Li2O at the upper part, such as −0.7V. Charge/discharge cycle tests elucidated that Sn/Li2O composite film showed better cycle performance than Sn or SnO2 film, due to the retarding effects of amorphous Li2O on the further aggregation of Sn particles. On the other hand, the one tested for cut-off voltage at 0.9V (vs. Li/Li+) is better than those at 1.2 and 1.5V since the incomplete de-alloy at lower cut-off voltage may inhibit the coarsening of Sn particles, revealing capacity 587mAhg−1 after 50 cycle, and capacity retention ratio C50/C2 81.6%, higher than 63.5% and 49.1% at 1.2 and 1.5V (vs. Li/Li+), respectively.
Primary chemically formed lead dioxide (PbO2) was used as positive electrode in preparation of lead–acid bipolar batteries. Chemical oxidation was carried out by both mixing and dipping methods using an optimized amount of ammonium persulfate as a suitable oxidizing agent. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the weight ratio of β-PbO2 to α-PbO2 is more for mixing method before electrochemical forming. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to investigate charge transfer resistance of the lead dioxide obtained by mixing and dipping methods before and after electrochemical forming. Four types of bipolar lead–acid batteries were produced with: (1) lead substrate and conventional electroforming; (2) carbon doped polyethylene substrate with conventional electroforming; (3) carbon doped polyethylene substrate with chemical forming after curing and drying steps in oxidant bath, followed by electrochemical forming, and (4) carbon doped polyethylene substrate with primary chemical oxidation in mixing step, followed by conventional electroforming. The capacity and cycle-life tests of the prepared bipolar batteries were performed by a home-made battery tester and using the pulsed current method. The prepared batteries showed low weight, high capacity, high energy density and high power density. The first capacities of bipolar batteries of type 1–4 were found to be 152, 150, 180 and 198mAhg−1, respectively. The experimental results showed that the prepared 6V bipolar batteries of type 1–4 have power density (per cell unit) of 59.7, 57.4, 78.46 and 83.30mWg−1 (Wkg−1), respectively.
The development of carbon- and sulfur-tolerant anode materials is highly desirable for the commercial application of solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). We report herein the performance of Sr1.9VMoO6−δ (SVMO) double perovskite as a potential anode material for SOFCs and the improvement of its electrochemical performance on hydrogen and H2S-containing syngas operation. SVMO has a cubic structure and thermal expansion coefficient of 13.3 × 10−6 K−1 between 30 and 1000 °C in 5% H2/Ar. The electrical conductivities of SVMO in H2 are considerably higher than those of existing double-perovskite anodes and traditional Ni–YSZ (40 vol% Ni) anode. The impregnation of Pd nanoparticles to form a composite anode (Pd–SVMO) or the addition of a Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 buffer layer between anode and electrolyte significantly improves the electrochemical performance of SVMO for hydrogen oxidation, and the former is considerably more effective than the latter. The Pd–SVMO composite anode exhibits good stability and resistance to carbon deposition and sulfur poisoning for an SOFC operated on H2S-containing syngas based on an 80 h test, suggesting the potential of this anode material for SOFCs running on hydrocarbon fuels. The mechanisms for improving the electrochemical performance of the anodes and the resistance to carbon deposition and sulfur poisoning are also discussed.
The polymer gel electrolytes studied in this paper are composed of two kinds of organic solvents (γ-butyrolactone (GBL) or propylene carbonate (PC)), two kinds of lithium salts (LiBF4 or lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI, LiN(SO2CF3)2)) and chemically cross-linked poly(ethyleneoxide) (PEO). The ionic conductivity and the thermal properties were measured by the AC impedance method and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The individual self diffusion coefficients (D) of the electrolyte components measured by the pulsed-gradient spin-echo (PGSE)-NMR method were compared with the ionic conductivities to clarify the ionic conduction mechanisms, the ion compositions and the degree of dissociation. The results suggest that although the degrees of ion dissociation in the gel electrolytes are larger than in the liquid electrolytes, the ionic conductivities of the gels are lower than that of the liquids due to the slower diffusion of the lithium ion. From diffusion behaviours observed at various salt concentrations in the gels (especially in the PC-based gels), it was found that the lithium ions are trapped in the polymer matrix.
The instability of solvent molecules toward oxygen reduction species is the main reason for the performance deterioration of rechargeable Li-air batteries. Identifying the appropriate electrolyte solvents is one prerequisite for the application of Li-air batteries. In this article, we study N-methyl-2-pyrrodione (NMP) as a solvent for the non-aqueous electrolyte of Li-air batteries. Oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) and oxygen oxidation reactions (OERs) are investigated on Au and glassy carbon (GC) electrodes in NMP-based terabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAClO4) and lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) electrolyte solutions using the cyclic voltammetry method. Raman and X-ray photoemission spectra (XPS) are used to detect the species on the electrode surface during cell cycles. The results show that while the one-electron O2/O2 − reversible couples are observed in TBAClO4/NMP, in presence of Li ion, the initially formed LiO2 generated by one-electron transfer process decomposes to Li2O2. As the predominant discharge products, Li2O2 decomposes during the recharge processes. The cells using NMP-based electrolytes exhibit good cycle performance, and the first cycle efficiency is approximately 97%. Although the decomposition of NMP occurs on the air electrode surface during the cells recharge, the increased chemical stability against oxygen reduction species offer NMP-based electrolytes as potential candidates for rechargeable Li-air batteries electrolytes.
While official poverty measures tend to focus on income alone, measures of material hardship also incorporate aspects of need. Families experience material hardship when they have difficulty paying bills or buying things the household needs, such as food, medicine and medical care. The current study develops four measures of material and emotional hardship and focusses on two groups that have high risks of poverty in Israel, namely Israeli–Palestinians and Ultra-orthodox Jews—Haredim, and compares them with the non-Haredi Jewish majority. Comparing Israeli–Palestinians, Haredim and non-Haredi Jews provides an opportunity to study the intersection of poverty and group membership. Group membership may affect hardship because groups differ in living conditions, poverty histories, social networks, access to resources, and perceptions of needs. The study draws on Israel’s 2013 Social Survey, conducted by Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics (n = 7438). The findings point to substantial degrees of inequality among the disadvantaged. Although Haredim and Palestinians have similar levels of income-poverty, the study shows that the consequences of low-income in terms of deprivation and hardship are more severe among Israeli–Palestinians than among (Haredi and non-Haredi) Jews. Israeli–Palestinians experience higher levels of material and emotional hardship than Haredim after controlling for household income.
Nitrogen doped three-dimensional graphene (N-3DG) with improved catalytic activities and optimized pore structure is prepared through facile hydrothermal and subsequent annealing processes. When employed as a novel free-standing cathode for Li-O2 batteries, its special three-dimensional structure with increased active sites, large pore volume and numerous available macropores and mesopores effectively facilitates the discharge products deposition, oxygen diffusion and electrolyte infiltration. Compared with pristine three-dimensional graphene (3DG), N-3DG delivers a higher specific capacity of 7300mAhg−1 at the current density of 50mAg−1 and better cycling stability.
A method is described herein for the acquisition of in situ electron yield X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) data of solid electrodes continuously emersed from electrolyte solutions. The success of this measurement technique relies on two key features: (i) the use of a curtain-type He jet emerging from a torch blower impinging directly on the surface of the emersed electrode to decrease the thickness of the electrolyte dragged by the electrode and eliminate droplets adhered to the surface; and (ii) careful synchronization of the rates of rotation and data acquisition to average distortions derived from wobbling and surface imperfections. The capabilities of this novel strategy were illustrated using a Zn electrode continuously emersed from an alkaline solution as a model system. As is evident from the results obtained, passivation of the Zn electrode led to a shift in the Zn K-edge absorption energy toward higher values compared to metallic Zn, as would be expected for an oxidized surface. Subsequent polarization of the electrode at potentials negative enough to reduce the passive film yielded a Zn K-edge XAFS virtually identical to that observed for a conventional Zn foil recorded in the transmission mode.
A chemical characterisation of used batteries can give useful information to implement suitable recycling techniques and to estimate the flux of the different materials recovered. This work is aimed to provide quantitative data about the composition of mixed batteries (in particular, Ni–Cd, Ni-MH and Li-ion batteries) collected in a Northern Italian town in order to evaluate the feasibility of recovery processes applied to the selected material. The higher concentration of metals in the <3mm fraction suggested that significant quantities of valuable elements could be recovered: in particular, for a kg of the <3mm fraction deriving from disassembled batteries, about 390g Ni and 330g Cd can be recovered from Ni–Cd, 630g Ni, 80g Co from Ni-MH and 250g Co, 110g Ni, 120g Cu from Li-ion ones. Leaching tests applied to the same fractions, to assess possible contaminant releases, resulted in low metal content in aqueous solutions (except for Al and Fe, the concentrations of all metals remained below 1mg/kg). Even so, great care is required in all handling activities due to the high pH values of leachate solutions.
Stress-related exhaustion is associated with cognitive impairment as measured by both subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) and objective cognitive test performance. This study aimed to examine how patients diagnosed with exhaustion disorder differ from healthy control participants in regard to levels and type of SCCs, and if SCCs are associated with cognitive test performance and psychological distress.