batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A gas exposure system using rotating vessels was improved for exposure of cultured mammalian cells to gaseous compounds in the chromosomal aberration assay. This system was composed of 12 square culture vessels, a device for preparation of air containing test gas, and positive and negative control gases at target concentrations and for supplying these gases to the culture vessels, and a roller apparatus in an incubator. Chinese hamster lung cells (CHL/IU) were grown on one side of the inner surface of the square culture vessel in the MEM medium. Immediately prior to exposure, the medium was changed to the modified MEM. Air in the culture vessel was replaced with air containing test gas, positive or negative control gas. Then, the culture vessels were rotated at 1.0rpm. The monolayered culture cells were exposed to test gas during about 3/4 rotation at upper positions and alternatively immersed into the culture medium during about 1/4 rotation at lower positions. This system allowed the chromosomal aberration assay simultaneously at least at three different concentrations of a test gas together with positive and negative control gases with and without metabolic activations, and duplicate culture at each exposure concentration. Seven gaseous compounds, 1,3-butadiene, chlorodifluoromethane, ethyl chloride, methyl bromide, methyl chloride, propyne, and vinyl chloride, none of which has been tested to date, were tested on CHL/IU for the chromosomal aberration assay using this gas exposure system. All the compounds except chlorodifluoromethane showed positive responses of the structural chromosomal aberrations, whereas polyploidy was not induced by any of these gases. This improved gas exposure system proved to be useful for detecting chromosomal aberrations of gaseous compounds.
Block copolymer electrolytes (BCEs) are promising solid electrolytes in lithium metal batteries thanks to the versatility of the block chemistry. In this work, several triblock BCEs, based on a modified poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) central block and two polystyrene (PS) lateral blocks, have been synthetized by controlled radical polymerization. By including few chemical defects homogeneously distributed along the PEO chains, we managed to break its stereo-regularity, which allows lowering significantly its melting temperature, and therefore obtaining good ionic conductivity at 40°C. The mechanical properties were controlled by the length of the peripheral polystyrene blocks, which were varied from 2.9 to 11.3kg/mol. We performed systematic analysis of morphologies, thermodynamic properties, mechanical properties, and ionic transport properties of these new BCEs that we compared to a triblock copolymer electrolyte based on a PEO central block. Finally, we characterized the performances of the BCE with the best compromise between mechanical strength and conductivity as electrolyte in a lithium metal battery using LiFePO4 as positive electrode active material. This device has been cycled at different rates from 40°C to 80°C with promising performances especially at 40°C.
Currently there exists a number of impulse methods for cells’ and batteries’ internal resistance evaluation. This work deals with the analysis of such methods and brings their optimization to calculate cell’s internal resistance. Further, this work is focused on the definition of the new parameter for electrochemical cells’ state evaluation – the diffusion process, namely charging diffusion process.
Quality of life (QOL) is an important issue in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). QOL measurements can help the support care team understand how to maintain or improve QOL in ALS patients. The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between health-related QOL, disease severity and social support in ALS patients. In the current study, 49 German ALS patients were evaluated using the European quality of life score (EQ-5D), ALS Functional Rating Scale in its revised form (ALSFRS-R), Social Support Questionnaire (F-SozU K-14) and the Beck depression inventory. Data concerning patient history and socioeconomic background were collected using a semi-structured interview. Age, gender, number of children, habitation, socioeconomic status and disease duration were not significantly related to health-related QOL (EQ-5D). Positive correlations were found between the ALSFRS-R, social support and health-related QOL, whereas depression was negatively correlated with the ALSFRS-R score. A multiple linear regression model indicated a significant influence of the ALSFRS-R score on health-related QOL in ALS patients, with an additional trend for social support as a predictor. These results suggest that because of the logarithmic association between measures, compensatory therapy for loss of health-related QOL should be optimised during the course of the disease in ALS patients.
Rapid changes in technology can have a sudden and differential impact on cost components of variants within product lines such as computers, printers, digital cameras and cellular phones. How should retailers react to such changes? We address this issue by answering three questions. First, when the costs of specific product components change (perhaps, precipitously), how should retailers adapt their prices in the affected product lines? Second, what will be the impact on profit margins, the range of prices and average price of the line? Finally, if a product variant is either added or removed from the line, how should the retailer adjust the other prices in the line? Our analysis reveals that the nature of interaction between the variants of the product line plays a central role in determining the appropriate retailer response to cost shocks. We also provide empirical support for our analysis.
Partially degraded lithium batteries from automotive applications, also known as second life batteries, are becoming more available for secondary applications due to the increasing market share of plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles. This study examines the feasibility of installing a second life battery pack in an off-grid photovoltaic vehicle charging system. The system was constructed using a photovoltaic array to charge a battery pack via a maximum power point tracking controller and later charge a vehicle via an inverter. The battery pack was configured using 135second life LiFePO4 based battery cells, selected based on remaining capacity, connected to form a nine parallel by 15 serial battery pack with accessible storage capacity of 13.9kWh. Experimental results show that the proposed second life battery system successfully achieves the desired function with a simple system structure and control methods. A numerical simulation was performed by constructing an equivalent system model, where the photovoltaic array and battery pack were modeled using equivalent circuit techniques. The model was parameterized and validated via testing of the system. Coupled with weather data, the model can simulate the system’s performance under different application scenarios. The numerical investigation reveals that the proposed system, using second life batteries, can achieve similar performance to systems using new lithium batteries, but at a reduced cost.
An equivalent circuit model for electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) is proposed through analyzing the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The model is developed based on the Grahame theory, while these capacitive or resistive behaviors in the presence of charge diffusion and the ion adsorption at the double layer interface and bulk media are investigated. This circuit model, upon its validation against the EIS data, is successfully applied to characterize the practical EDLC devices. Meanwhile, experimental results are obtained from different EDLC cells that consist of the activated carbon-based electrodes and two electrolytes, namely, aqueous (H2SO4) and organic (Et4NBF4/PC). The model predicts the useful parameters (such as resistance and capacitance) which help interpret electrochemical reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface. The quantitative dependence of impedance on the applied electrode potential is analyzed for two electrolytes during charging/discharging, and its correlation with the internal resistance (referred ESR) is studied.
The redox reaction of ferrocyanide was investigated for possible use as a redox additive for the prevention of the electrolyte decomposition of aqueous secondary Ni–MH batteries in the overcharged condition. It was found that with the presence of ferrocyanide, the charging voltage can be leveled off just above the complete oxidation of the positive nickel electrode. As a result, the oxygen evolution was greatly suppressed and the internal pressure of the batteries was kept at low level even at prolonged overcharging. In addition, no detrimental effects of the redox additive were observed on the normal charge–discharge performance of Ni–MH batteries.
NH4V3O8 flower, nanobelt, lath and sheet were synthesized using a facile microwave hydrothermal method. The formation mechanism of NH4V3O8 with various structures was proposed. As an cathode in Li-ion battery, the NH4V3O8 nanobelt with one-dimensional structure as well as nanosized morphology, presents excellent cycling stability and enhanced rate capability when comparing with other NH4V3O8 structures. Further study finds that the NH4V3O8 nanobelt could provide high Li ion diffusion, excellent structural stability and good reversibility during the charge/discharge process, indicating a strong connection between the morphology and the electrochemical performance of NH4V3O8 cathode.
The rhenium-based transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), as new members in the TMDs family, have raised great interests recently. Due to the anisotropic structure and unique photoelectric properties, they have potential applications for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. In this work, we performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations on pristine 1T′-ReSe2 toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The results indicated that the Gibbs free energy of the 1T′-ReSe2 edge site for HER could be as small as 0.01 eV, superior to other reported TMDs. Experimentally, we developed a strategy to fabricate sub-5 nm sized 1T′-ReSe2 nanoflakes on carbon nanotubes. Such a small size for the nanoflakes brought abundant edge exposure, which boosted the catalytic activity in the HER. Specifically, the 1T′-ReSe2 nanoflakes needed only 23 and 60 mV overpotentials to achieve −1 and −10 mA cm−2 current densities, along with a low Tafel slope of 37 mV dec−1 and a high exchange current density of 0.3 mA cm−2. The edge-rich and layered 1T′-ReSe2 was also explored as an anode for sodium ion battery. The in operando X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) technique was applied to investigate the TMD behavior in real-time during the sodiation/desodiation process. The in situ results revealed that the nanosized 1T′-ReSe2 is electrchemically reversible during discharge/charge cycles. The electrochemical test results demonstrated that 1T′-ReSe2 could be a promising anode material for alkaline batteries.
Physics-based lithium ion models are widely used to predict the electrochemical behavior of lithium ion cells. The implementation of such a model typically requires solving a diffusion problem in solid particles. A linear time-invariant (LTI) model is proposed for the solid-phase diffusion problem. This LTI model can be used for spherical and non-spherical particles. For spherical particles, results from using the LTI model are compared with those from solving full diffusion equation, and excellent agreement is achieved. The LTI model solves only a few equations, and thus it runs much faster than the model solving the full diffusion equation. Impact of particle shapes on the electrochemical behavior is investigated after the model is validated.
Nanosized Li4Mn5O12 has been synthesized by a spray-drying-assisted solid state method. The effect of spray drying and drying temperature on the microstructure and electrochemical performance of the final products has been investigated. The microstructure of the products has been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical performance of the products has been studied by galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It has been found that the products prepared with a spray-drying pretreatment of the precursor exhibit a smaller grain size and a narrower size distribution than that prepared without the pretreatment. Among the three samples with a precursor pretreatment, that pretreated at 250°C shows the best electrochemical performance due to the smallest grain size of below 50nm and the narrowest size distribution.
The first step in a study of possible cognitive side effects of topiramate in immature rats is to determine if and how topiramate (TPM) influences motor ability and spontaneous behavior. We therefore studied the effects of TPM on motor performance of 12- and 25-day-old rats using age-appropriate tests. Spontaneous behavior in the open field was studied in 25-day-old animals only. TPM was administered intraperitoneally at 80 and/or 160mg/kg; control rats were injected with solvent (dimethylsulfoxide). A battery of motor tests was conducted before and 1, 3, and 24hours after administration; behavior in the open field was recorded 2 and 24hours after TPM administration. The effects of TPM on motor performance were similar to those of solvent. A few differences were found only at the 3-hour interval in 12-day-old rats. Behavior in the open field was not impaired by TPM; on the contrary, an apparent anxiolytic effect was observed. Habituation (a decrease in locomotor activity during the 5-minute observation period), a form of simple nonassociative learning, was also not compromised by TPM. A single high dose of TPM resulted only in transient changes in motor performance. A possible anxiolytic effect observed in 25-day-old rats should be studied.
Predictors of bone deterioration after hip fracture have not been well characterized. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of physical function and lean body mass (LBM) with loss of bone density and strength in older people recovering from a hip fracture.
The current study presents a model for validation of a battery of aptitude tests for psychologists using the criterion method of behavioural anchors based on core competences. The participants were 173 psychologists registered at the Romanian College of Psychologists, aged between 24 and 48 years old (M=36.71; S.D.=3.84), both man and woman, rural and urban areas. Using Communication competences, Focused Attention and Social Skills competences and dependent variable total performances measured by BARS, the results provide a 57.4% reduction in the prediction error relative to using only the predictive model.
It is a common practice, in Korea as well as other countries, to use economic feasibility study for policy-maker or business communities before deciding substantial investments on sustainable energy projects especially photovoltaic industry in 2008. Many feasibility studies provided the basis for worldwide investments in the photovoltaic industry in 2008 by many Korean firms. In 2011, however, many firms have decided to withdraw from the photovoltaic industry and retract investments. This research analyzes the gap between the results of the conventional feasibility study and the reality in the perspective of path dependence and path evolution, and proposes a hybrid market feasibility study model to account for the gap. In other words, conducting conventional feasibility studies do not incorporate changes in economic feasibility due to changes in society and are thus not precise in predicting market feasibility when the business environment has changed. In addition, this study shows how policy support can create a bubble in the sustainable energy industry and distort the market value. Policy support is necessary, but must be implemented with right timing, contents and delivery system.
This paper provides a review of a range of process intensification methods which have been applied to electrochemical processes and reactions. The electrochemical reactions include those in electrolysers where gas evolution occurs, in metal deposition reactions and reactions occurring in fuel cells and batteries. The process intensification methods include the use of centrifugal force fields, ultrasonics, rotating electrodes and rotating cells which operate with and without the application of magnetic fields. Such devices can be used in principle to carry out electrolysis without the application of an external potential or current. Other methods considered include the use of light. The area of magnetic field induced fluid flow is also discussed which has applications in lab on a chip technologies. The area of process intensification has largely focused a lot on hydrogen generation as a means of providing a clean, sustainable fuel.
Third-party location-based services are independent of wireless carriers and receive the user location from mobile devices GPS. A major problem in this context is how to prevent service abuse by malicious users who submit false locations by tampering with their phones. This paper presents LINK (Location authentication through Immediate Neighbors Knowledge), a location authentication protocol working independent of wireless carriers, in which nearby users help authenticate each other’s location claims using Bluetooth communication. Simulation results demonstrate that LINK thwarts individual user attacks and a number of colluding users attacks. Experimental results over Android phones show that LINK works well at walking speeds and phone battery is not impacted significantly even for relatively high usage.
Charge–discharge properties of hard carbon (HC) for sodium secondary batteries using NaFSA-C1C3pyrFSA (FSA: bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide, C1C3pyr: N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium) ionic liquids were investigated. A Na/NaFSA-C1C3FSA/HC cell showed reversible capacity of 260 mAh (g-HC)−1 at a constant rate of 50 mA (g-HC)−1 at 363 K, maintaining cell capacities of approximately 95.5% of the initial capacity after 50 cycles. Coulombic efficiency was higher than 99.5% except for the initial few cycles, reaching 99.9% after 40 cycles. The Na/NaFSA-C1C3pyrFSA/HC cell also exhibited a high rate capability of 211 mAh (g-HC)−1 at a rate of 1000 mA (g-HC)−1, which corresponds to a charge rate of approximately 4C.
The development of sulfur-tolerant anode materials is vital for solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that use conventional fossil fuels as fuel source to decrease emissions and increase energy-conversion efficiency. In this work, A2CrMoO6–δ (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) double perovskite materials are synthesized and evaluated as potential SOFC anode materials to assess their electrocatalytic activity and sulfur tolerance. All samples exhibit well-matched thermal expansion coefficient and satisfactory chemical compatibility with La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3–δ (LSGM) electrolyte over the measured temperature range. Among the compositions investigated, the B-site partially disordered Sr2CrMoO6–δ (SCM) double perovskite exhibits superior electrical conductivity, cycle stability, and polarization resistance on LSGM electrolyte because of its high-symmetry structure and appropriate oxygen-vacancy concentration. The relatively stable single-cell performance in 100 ppm H2S/H2 demonstrates that the behavior of SCM anode is more stable than that of nickel–yttria-stabilized zirconia. Postexposure characterization by X-ray diffraction is further conducted to evaluate SCM as potential sulfur-tolerant SOFC anode.
Interfacial issues have been the main obstacle to the development of solid-state batteries. In this work, we design a solid hybrid polymer electrolyte based on poly-(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and succinonitrile (PSSE) with a liquid state precursor. An intimate interface between PSSE and Li4Ti5O12@vertical graphene (LTO@VG) electrode with three-dimensional array structure is cleverly constructed by infiltrating fluid precursor of PSSE into vertical pores of LTO@VG followed by polymerization and solidification of PSSE. The quasi-solid-state LTO@VG//PSSE//Li and LiFePO4//PSSE//LTO@VG full cells exhibit superior electrochemical performance since the active materials are closely contacted by the conductive skeleton and ion-conductive electrolyte. The LTO@VG//PSSE//Li cells maintain 85.7% capacity retention after 400 cycles at 2 C and the LFP//PSSE//LTO@VG full cells still reach 99.0% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 0.5 C. This novel strategy for interface engineering paves the way for achieving high-performance solid-state batteries.
The large amount of CO2 emissions and of fossil fuel consumption caused by the transportation sector makes the sector central for attaining the EU energy and climate policy targets. Consequently, new propulsion systems are developed in the automotive industry, which currently have cost disadvantages compared to conventional internal combustion engines (ICE). The article provides a review on support measures for electric vehicles (EV), which have been currently implemented within the European Union. In a case study analysis for Austria, we analyze different policy instruments including a CO2 tax aiming to support the introduction of electric vehicles in Austria. We have calculated and compared total costs of ownership (TCO), which includes all costs associated with the ownership of an automobile including costs of purchasing, operating and maintaining, charges and taxes as well as costs of recycling and disposal. A survey on main specifications of electric vehicles has been conducted among the main automobile manufacturers and importers in Austria. Based on this survey, TCO have been calculated dynamically from 2011 to 2020 for a business as usual (BAU) scenario considering currently implemented taxes and subsidies for ICE and electric vehicle systems. Three alternative policy support measures have been assessed to promote EV until 2015. Results show that EV will be cost-competitive with ICE by the year 2012/2013 if projected production volumes and thus economies of scale are reached. Further, we conclude that an up-front price support seems to be favorable over taxation systems.
An electron beam (EB) was irradiated on carbon anodes of lithium-ion secondary batteries. The discharge capacity was increased by 19mAhg−1 in the mesocarbon microbeads electrode and by 55mAhg−1 in the coffee-bean derived carbon electrode. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy were used to observe the surface changes which included a reduction in the amount of binder and structural changes in the carbon materials.