batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
As a new type of electrodes engineering method with three-dimensional (3D) architecture for 3D rechargeable lithium ion batteries, an electrospinning has been successfully employed to prepare 3D net architectures of anatase TiO2 and spinel Li4Ti5O12 nanofibers. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry and the discharge/charge measurements were used to characterize their structures and electrochemical properties. Our results demonstrated that 3D architectures stacked from a cross-bar array of electrospun anatase TiO2 nanofibers could be accomplished but were destroyed after the insertion of Li ion. Significantly, spinel Li4Ti5O12 could be selected as one of promise candidates for the realization of 3D batteries considering its structure stability of 3D spinel Li4Ti5O12 nanofibers associated with well cyclability.
The zinc air fuel cell (ZAFC) is a promising candidate for electrical energy storage and electric vehicle propulsion. However, its limited durability has become a major obstacle for its successful commercialization. In this study, 2-cell stacks, 25 cm² cells and three-electrode half-cells are constructed to experimentally investigate the degradation characteristics of the air cathode. The results of electrochemical tests reveal that the peak power density for the 25 cm2 cell with a new air cathode is 454 mW cm−2, which is twice as the value of the used air cathode. The electrochemical impedance analysis shows that both the charge transfer resistance and the mass transfer resistance of the used air cathodes have increased, suggesting that the catalyst surface area and gas diffusion coefficient have decreased significantly. Additionally, the microstructure and morphology of the catalytic layer (CL) and gas diffusion layer (GDL) are characterized by scanning electron microscopes (SEM). SEM results confirm that the micropores in CL and GDL of the used air cathode are seriously clogged, and many catalyst particles are lost. Therefore, the performance degradation is mainly due to the clogging of micropores and loss of catalyst particles. Furthermore, hypotheses of degradation mechanism and mitigation strategies for GDL and CL are discussed briefly.
In the urban environment, residents’ health is damaged seriously due to fossil-fuel combustion, among the pollutants most are created from transport vehicles. Fuel cell buses fuelled by hydrogen appear to be a promise solution to environment, energy and public health problems that we face today. Studies worldwide point towards the technical feasibility of hydrogen as an energy carrier in the transport and stationary sectors, but several non-technical barriers need to be overcome or removed before hydrogen can be deployed in energy systems. This paper expounds a previous country-specific analysis by contrasting the challenges arising at EU level and those faced by transition economies, using China and Brazil as case-studies to identify the key barriers and potential impact on hydrogen fuel cell buses applications. The evaluation criteria used are described. Lessons on the critical conditions for a successful introduction of fuel cell buses and hydrogen into society and the establishment of a hydrogen infrastructure arise from the above analyses.
Metal oxides hold the promise of high-capacity anodes for Li-ion batteries. Lithiation of binary metal oxides proceeds with two typical mechanisms: insertion and conversion. We characterize the two-step lithiation behavior of α-MoO3, namely, Li intercalation in the layered α-MoO3 leads to the formation of crystalline Li2MoO3 in the early stage of lithiation, and further Li insertion coverts Li x MoO3 to metallic Mo and amorphous Li2O. The intercalation process is thermodynamically more favorable and is accompanied with a minor volumetric change, while the conversion reaction is kinetically slow and induces large deformation. Furthermore, instead of showing significant Li-embrittlement as seen in typical oxides, α-MoO3 remains defects free despite the nearly 100% repetitive volumetric change during lithiation cycles. The reaction mechanism, structural evolution, and mechanical behaviors are unveiled through coordinated in-situ transmission electron microcopy experiments on α-MoO3 nanobelts and first-principles computational studies. The results provide fundamental perspectives in the course of developing reliable high-capacity electrodes for Li-ion batteries.
The battery remaining discharge energy has a significant influence on the remaining driving range of pure electric vehicles; therefore, it requires precise estimation. This paper introduces a novel approach for battery remaining discharge energy estimation based on the accurate prediction of future operating conditions. In the proposed battery remaining discharge energy estimation algorithm, the battery future power output and temperature change rate are firstly predicted according to the historical data. An equivalent circuit model, with the parameters identified using the recursive least-squares algorithm, is applied to simulate the battery voltage response. Battery remaining discharge energy is then estimated based on the iterative prediction of battery states (including the state of charge, temperature, battery model parameter variations and voltage response) in the future discharge process. The performance of the prediction-based remaining discharge energy estimation approach is validated under dynamic current and temperature conditions. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can guarantee desirable accuracy and robustness in battery remaining discharge energy estimation under dynamic operating conditions, exhibiting its potential for practical applications.
An applicability of a novel ionic liquid, consisting of 1-methoxyethoxymethyl(tri-n-butyl)phosphonium cation and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide anion, was investigated as an electrolyte of Li-ion battery using a thick film electrode of Si prepared by a gas-deposition method. The electrochemical properties in the novel ionic liquid were compared to those in a commercial ionic liquid and a typical organic solvent of propylene carbonate. The initial discharge capacity of 3450mAhg−1 and excellent cycling performance were achieved in the novel ionic liquid. The novel ionic liquid was confirmed to effectively suppress a collapse and an electrical isolation of the Si thick film induced by pulverization during charge–discharge cycling. The excellent performance is possibly attributed to more effective desolvation of Li ions from the anions due to its lower dielectric constant compared with the propylene carbonate solvent.
Developing advanced electrode materials for effective pseudocapacitive charge storage is one of effective strategies to enhance the rate capability and cycling stability of sodium ion storage devices. Herein, we fabricate MoS2 nanoflowers with super wide interlayer spacing (nearly twice as large as that of the original MoS2) supported on carbon fibers (named as E-MoS2/carbon fibers) and demonstrate its superior electrochemical performances as flexible and binder-free anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and sodium-ion hybrid capacitors (SIHCs). Grafting MoS2 nanoflowers onto the carbon fiber networks not only ensures the fast electron transfer, but also endows it with flexible feature. The super wide interlayer spacing of MoS2 nanoflowers can not only decrease the ion diffusion pathways and resistance, but also increase their available and accessible active surface area, thus guaranteeing the rapid mass transport. Also, it can accommodate the large internal strain during discharge/charge processes. Benefiting from these combined structure merits, the E-MoS2/carbon fibers electrodes deliver an ultralong cycling stability up to 3000 cycles and the superior rate capacity of 104mAhg−1 at 20Ag−1, which just takes ca. 18.7s to fully charge/discharge. When further employed as the anode for SIHCs, it delivers high energy and power densities due to the high pseudocapacitive charge storage of the super wide interlayer spacing E-MoS2/carbon fibers.
Dendrite formation on the anode surface of a battery is closely related to the safety and capacity of high energy density batteries, thus suppressing dendrite growth will significantly improve the performance of batteries. Many experimental reports reveal that convection near the dendrite nucleation site can change the local mass transport, and ultimately affect dendrite growth. Investigation of the convection effect in batteries will guide the development of strategies to suppress dendrite growth in a convective electrolyte. Most of the existing electro-convection computational models for dendrite growth studies are based on Eulerian frameworks. These methods have difficulty modeling the moving boundaries associated with dendrite growth and are less computationally efficient in simulating convective fluid motion. In this paper we adopt a mesh-free particle based Lagrangian method to address the challenges of previous grid based Eulerian electro-convection models. The developed model is verified by comparison to analytical solutions, including verification of ion migration and the electric potential. Simulation results show that the predicted dendrite growth and electro-convective flow patterns compare well with experimental results during early dendrite growth stages. Parametric studies reveal that low viscosity electrolytes suppress the dendrite growth by increasing the mass transport of ions near the anode/electrolyte interface.
Various vanadium oxide nanostructures are currently drawn interest for the potential applications of Li batteries, super capacitors, and electrochromic display devices. In this article, the synthesis of V2O5 nanotubes by hydrothermal method using 1-hexadecylamine (HDA) and PEO as a template and surface reactant were reported, respectively. The structural properties and electrochemical performances of these nanostructures were investigated for the application of Li batteries. Structure and morphology of the samples were investigated by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM analysis. The battery with V2O5 nanotubes electrode showed initial specific capacity of 185 mAhg−1, whereas the PEO surfactant V2O5 nanotubes exhibited 142 mAhg−1. It was found that PEO surfactant V2O5 nanotubes material showed less specific capacity at initial stages but better stability was exhibited at higher cycle numbers when compared to that of V2O5 nanotubes. The cyclic performance of the PEO surfactant material seems to be improved with the role of polymeric component due to its surface reaction with V2O5 nanotubes during the hydrothermal process.
A thin-film electrochemical sensor electrode capable of electrolytic conductivity, cyclic voltammetry, and temperature measurements of electrolyte solutions has been fabricated and characterized. The electrode fabrication and calibration is detailed, showing accuracies of
Porous carbon materials have been prepared by direct carbonization of potassium stearate in inert atmosphere without any further activation. The porous carbon materials exhibited a typical hierarchical pore size distribution, thereby rendering them the excellent supercapacitive performance. All electrochemical measurements were performed in a three-electrode system using 6 M KOH as the electrolyte. CK800 can deliver a high specific capacitance of 208 F g−1 (36.1 µF cm−2) at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. As the current density increased up to 30 A g−1, a high specific capacitance of 120 F g−1(20.8 µF cm−2) still can be maintained. 90.86 % of the specific capacitance was retained even after 5000 charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 2 A g−1.
A composite of mesoporous silica (SBA-15) with a polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer electrolyte is examined for use in various electrochemical devices. Incorporation of SBA-15 in a PEO:LiClO4 polymer electrolyte facilitates salt dissociation, enhances ion conductivity, and improves miscibility between organic and inorganic moieties. Optimized conductivity is found at 10wt.% SBA-15 composition, above this concentration the conductivity is reduced due to aggregation of a SBA-15:Li rich phase. Heating above melt temperature of PEO allows more of the polymer segments to interact with SBA-15. This results in a greater degree of disorder upon cooling, and the ion conductivity is enhanced. A 7Li MAS NMR study reveals three types of lithium-ion coordination. Two major types of conduction mechanism can be identified: one through conventional amorphous PEO; a second via hopping in a sequential manner by replacing the nearby vacancies (‘holes’) on the surface (both interior and exterior) of the SBA-15 channels.
Lithium-air batteries have been considered as ultimate solutions for the power source of long-range electrified transportation, but state-of-the-art prototypes still suffer from short cycle life, low efficiency and poor power output. Here, a lithium-bromine rechargeable fuel cell using highly concentrated bromine catholytes is demonstrated with comparable specific energy, improved power density, and higher efficiency. The cell is similar in structure to a hybrid-electrolyte Li-air battery, where a lithium metal anode in nonaqueous electrolyte is separated from aqueous bromine catholytes by a lithium-ion conducting ceramic plate. The cell with a flat graphite electrode can discharge at a peak power density around 9mWcm−2 and in principle could provide a specific energy of 791.8Whkg−1, superior to most existing cathode materials and catholytes. It can also run in the regenerative mode to recover the lithium metal anode and free bromine with 80-90% voltage efficiency, without any catalysts. Degradation of the solid electrolyte and the evaporation of bromine during deep charging are challenges that should be addressed in improved designs to fully exploit the high specific energy of the liquid bromine. The proposed system offers a potential power source for long-range electric vehicles, beyond current Li-ion batteries yet close to envisioned Li-air batteries.
Summary The Indian State of Kerala presents a paradox of development, with its remarkable social achievements and relative industrial backwardness. This paper describes Kerala’s industrial backwardness as due to a path-dependent process of industrialization. A policy decision in the 1930s—marked by a priority for investments in chemical-based industries and the identification of hydroelectricity as a potential basis for industrialization—continue to have implications for industrial growth in Kerala today. With the policy decision in the 1930s, industrial structure in Kerala came to be locked into a pattern that offered very little potential for interindustry interlinkages and industrial growth.
The structural and electrochemical properties of various Li–Al–Mn–O–F spinels were studied. Li[Li x Al y Mn2−x−y ]O4−z F z (x =0, 0.05, y =0, 0.1, 0≤ z ≤0.2) spinels were synthesized by a solid-state reaction method. Fluorine substitution in Li[Li x Al y Mn2−x−y ]O4−z F z led to well-developed crystallization with octahedral morphology. In addition, Li[Li x Al y Mn2−x−y ]O4−z F z showed superior cycling performance and better thermal stability than LiMn2O4 and LiAl0.1Mn1.9O4. Fluorine substitution also suppressed Mn dissolution which led to stable cycling performance at 55°C. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the anion (F for O) and cation (Li, Al for Mn) substituted spinel had better thermal stability than LiMn2O4, Li[Al y Mn2−y ]O4, or Li[Li x Al y Mn2−x−y ]O4.
Ion-selective microelectrodes can be employed as tips in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) for chemical imaging of corrosion processes. They present higher chemical selectivity than conventional amperometric microdisks, and may be the only effective option to visualize the dissolution of metals with negative redox potentials in aqueous environments when the use of Pt microelectrodes is limited by the onset of oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions. A robust micro-sized ion selective electrode has been developed which allows the spatial distribution of Zn2+ during galvanic corrosion of a model Fe/Zn couple to be investigated using SECM. Owing to the low internal contact potential achieved with the novel design, the resistance of the micropipette electrodes is only fractions of the resistance of conventional micropipette electrodes of the same size. As a result, no special shielding of the microelectrodes is required and higher scanning rate can be used for scanning in the potentiometric modes using these micropipette tips. Concentration profiles over corroding surfaces measured with this technique will be presented.
A novel nanocomposite (NG/Si@NC) consisting of nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) enwrapped Si nanoparticles (SiNPs) with a nitrogen-doped carbon shell (NC) was prepared as a new anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The NG/Si@NC was synthesized by a facile and environmentally friendly solution-mixing and carbonization approach. SEM and TEM confirmed that NC-encircled SiNPs (Si@NC) were evenly anchored on and completely enwrapped by NG. It was found that nitrogen was simultaneously doped into graphene nanosheets and carbon shell on SiNPs. Electrochemical measurements demonstrated the significant role of nitrogen doping in enhancing the electrochemical performance of NG/Si@NC. The NG/Si@NC electrode exhibited a reversible capacity of 938mAhg−1 at a current density of 500mAg−1 over 100 cycles, which is significantly higher as compared to the nondoped graphene enwrapped SiNPs with a nondoped carbon shell (G/Si@C) (603mAhg−1) and graphene enwrapped bare SiNPs (G/Si) (240mAhg−1).
The anatomical and functional overlap between ocular motor command circuitry and the higher-order networks that form the scaffolding for cognition makes for a compelling hypothesis that measures of ocular motility could provide a means to sensitively interrogate cognitive dysfunction in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Such an approach may ultimately provide objective and reproducible measures of cognitive dysfunction that offer an innovative capability to refine diagnosis, improve prognostication, and more accurately codify disease burden. A further dividend may be the validation and application of biomarkers that can be used in studies aimed at identifying and monitoring preventative, protective and even restorative properties of novel neurotherapeutics in MS. This Review discusses the utility of ocular motor measures in patients with MS to characterize disruption to wide-ranging networks that support cognitive function.
Because of the multi-layer structure and the diversified connection modes of most battery modules, systematically investigating the thermal failure propagation principles and mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries is critical to provide early warnings and protection for thermal runaway. In this work, a series of experimental studies and mathematical deductions were conducted to investigate the propagation behavior of thermal failures within two types of cells under various heating modes, and their heat transfer mechanisms were analyzed. In general, the thermal runaway phenomenon in Li (Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3) O2 cells is more severe than that in LiCoO2 cells. For different heating modes, lengthwise thermal failure propagation is more unlikely to occur in comparison with transversal thermal failure propagation; however, the former involves a more violent combustion. For different heating positions, heating near the positive pole results in the most violent phenomena. Additionally, a higher Tmax of 185.6 °C was obtained via middle heating in comparison with that obtained via heating on the poles. The temperature rising rate also varied, taking 1619, 1578, and 1699 s for the temperature to rise from 20 °C to 168.9 °C, 185.6 °C, and 173.4 °C through bottom, middle, and top heating, respectively. These phenomena were consequently ascribed to the different heat transfer rates along different directions inside the cells, including transversal/lengthwise propagation, and positive-pole-directional/negative-pole-directional propagation. These encouraging results may raise concerns about developing more precise and suitable surveillance and control measures to further enhance the thermal safety performance of cells/modules from both external and internal perspectives.
Vehicle manufacturers worldwide have recognized the trend toward increased on-board power demands is causing a need to raise the electrical system voltage from the present standard of 12V to a higher, yet safe, voltage. One of the major challenges emerging from the transition to higher voltages is the size, weight, volume, cost and complexity of the energy storage system required to support the vehicle system and its loads. This paper discusses these changes, their implications, and presents potential solutions to address the future needs of vehicle manufacturers.
The number of battery-operated devices with wireless communication capabilities has increased enormously in the last years and is expected to increase even more in the future. A fundamental need in these systems is to guarantee a minimum system lifetime and timing constraints through a careful management of energy, communication, and computational resources. This paper describes WBuST, a MAC layer protocol designed to bound the maximum delay of real-time messages and guarantee the system lifetime by properly allocating a share of the available bandwidth to each node of the network. The protocol allows multi-hop wireless communication under different network topologies. The proposed approach is assessed through theoretical analysis and experimental results.
Herein, we report a facile and effective method to fabricate a MnO2-based electrode with high mass loading for supercapacitor applications. This electrode material shows an excellent areal capacitance and considerable capacitive behavior. MnO2 nanostructures were electrodeposited on the nickel foam substrate (NF) decorated by copper particles (NFCuMn). Surface characterization tests revealed that the shape and size of MnO2 nanostructures depend on the time of Cu deposition on the NF substrate. Electrochemical studies showed that the NFCuMn electrode preserves long life cycle stability in addition to remarkable high-rate capability. Also, areal capacitance of 557mFcm−2 and specific mass capacitance of 687Fg−1 were achieved for the NFCuMn electrode. This work demonstrates the enhancement in the electrical conductivity of the MnO2-based electrode by deposition of copper particles on the substrate which results in the improved capacitive performance of active electrode material.
Mg-substituted LiNi0.5−x Mg x Mn1.5O4 (x = 0, 0.02, 0.05, and 0.10) are prepared via a spray pyrolysis method followed by a two-step heating at 600 °C for 6 h and 800 °C for 8 h in air. The compositions, morphology, and crystalline structure are studied with ICP-OES, SEM, XRD, and NPD, respectively. The XRD and NPD results are refined with Rietveld method to reveal the crystallography and phase composition of the prepared samples. The electrochemical properties of the obtained samples are investigated with results of capacity retention and cyclic voltammetric studies. Samples synthesized in this study manifest promising rate capability that may be due to the presence of major F d 3 ¯ m phase with a minor amount of P4332. Among the prepared samples, LiNi0.4Mg0.1Mn1.5O4 demonstrates the lowest capacity fading rate among the prepared samples at 0.1 ∼ 5C rates when cycled between 3.5 and 5.1 V at temperatures of 30 and 60 °C.
Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is an acute-phase protein implicated in multiple neurodegenerative conditions. Interestingly, both neuroprotective and neurodegenerative effects have been described for Lcn2. Increased Lcn2 levels were found in human post-mortem Alzheimer (AD) brain tissue, and in vitro studies indicated that Lcn2 aggravates amyloid-β-induced toxicity. However, the role of Lcn2 has not been studied in an in vivo AD model. Therefore, in the current study, the effects of Lcn2 were studied in the J20 mouse model of AD.