batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Software Defined Network (SDN) brought revolution in the network field with the partnership of Academia and Industry.SDN bridges the gap to overcome issues of IoT deployment, optimization and better utilization of network resources. The escalation in resource congestion in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can usually lead to scalability, data computation or storage, and energy efficiency problems with only a single sink node for data acquisition. Internet of Things (IoT) has resource and energy constraints for WSN devices. Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) ought to be optimized for traffic with multiple sinks. RPL routing has constraints to support this approach. However, RPL inherits the ability to offer features like Auto-Configuration, Self-Healing, Loop avoidance, and detection. These features of RPL can be transformed into the improved performance of a WSN by increasing the number of sinks with a linear increase of data transmitting nodes in the network. Further, to mitigate the escalated computing needs, edge computing has emerged as a new paradigm to resolve SDN-enabled IoT and localized computing needs. This study proposes an SDN-based solution to the interconnectivity of resource constraint LLN devices with edge computing routers in mesh and cluster topological scenario using RPL as IoT routing protocol. Performance evaluation concerning different routing metrics and objective functions: Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Function (MRHOF) and Zero (OF0) are analyzed. COOJA simulator is used for emulation of random as well as linear grid topologies for the creation of WSN static nodes. Simulation results confirm that the gradual increase of a number of nodes from 16, 32, 48, 64 and a simultaneous increase in sinks nodes as 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively in LLN network reflects the desired advantages with the stable network.
Layered LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2-graphene composite is synthesized by a facile chemical approach and used as the cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. The structural and morphological features of as-prepared LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2-graphene composite are investigated with powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The characterization results indicate that the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 particles maintain their structural integrity and crystal features after being enwrapped with graphene nanosheets. The graphene-modified LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 comoposite exhibits superior electrochemical performance compared to the pristine LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 powders. The LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2-graphene composite shows a large initial discharge capacity up to 212.9mAhg−1 as well as good cycling performance and good rate capability. The outstanding electrochemical performance of the graphene-modified LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 composite can be attributed to the improved electrical conductivity and structural stability due to the highly conductive graphene matrix.
Stand-alone hybrid systems have turned into one of the most promising ways to handle the electrification requirements of numerous isolated consumers worldwide. The proposed wind–diesel–battery hybrid system consists of a micro-wind converter, a small diesel-electric generator—basically operating as a back up energy production system—and a lead-acid battery bank that stores the wind energy surplus during high wind speed periods. In this context the present work is focused on presenting a detailed mathematical model describing the operational behavior of the basic hybrid system components, along with the representative calculation results based on the developed mathematical model. Accordingly, an integrated numerical algorithm is built to estimate the energy autonomy configuration of the hybrid system under investigation. Using the proposed numerical algorithm, the optimum configuration selection procedure is verified by carrying out an appropriate sensitivity analysis. The proposed methodology may equally well be applied to any other remote consumer and wind potential type, in order to estimate the optimum wind–diesel hybrid system configuration that guarantees long-term energy autonomy.
With a simple hydrothermal and subsequent annealing method, the rectangular pyramid grass structure of (Cu0.30Co0.7)Co2O4/CuO was obtained. During the synthesis process, CuO can effectively restrain the aggregation of (Cu0.30Co0.7)Co2O4, which is beneficial to morphology reconstruction. After morphology reconstruction, the rectangular pyramid grass structure transformed to net porous structure, which is helpful for electrolyte penetration and Li ions transportation, and results in an increased capacity and enhanced cycling stability. The electrochemical measurements of (Cu0.30Co0.7)Co2O4/CuO electrodes exhibited excellent specific capacitance (717mAhg−1) and cycle stability (1000 cycles) at a large current density of 1000mAg−1. The first-principles calculation shows that Cu-O bond is weaker than that of Co-O. Furthermore, with the insertion of Li ion, Cu-O bond broke first, which is conducive to the de/insertion of Li ion. In all, the porous (Cu0.30Co0.7)Co2O4/CuO composites were synthesized by a simple method and the excellent electrochemical properties can be obtained for LIBs.
Publisher Summary The chapter attempts to explain electricity, its origins, and applications. It begins by explaining about a very small particle that is referred to as an atom. Atoms are made up of three types of particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The individual protons and neutrons are much more massive than electron. Only two of these particles have charge. The proton carries a positive charge and the electron carries a negative charge, whereas the neutron carries no charge at all. A very fundamental property of charge is that as charges repel and opposite charges attract. If one brings a free electron next to another free electron, it tends to push the other electron away from it. It is important to realize that it is by the nature of the location of these charges that one measures a voltage. Movement of these charges is known as current. Finally, the chapter gives a brief idea of different instruments such as resistors, inductors, capacitors, batteries, and generators.
Macropores were introduced into nanotube matrices via polystyrene bead templates, and the resulting matrix was applied to carbon fiber microelectrodes as a porous medium for immobilization of enzymatic biocatalysts. The macropores were found to increase the electrochemically active surface area by twofold at a nominal polystyrene mass fraction of 73%. The modified electrodes were further coated with biocatalyst hydrogel comprising glucose oxidase, redox polymer, and crosslinker to create a glucose oxidizing bioanode. Glucose oxidation current density also increased two fold after introduction of the macropores. Focused ion beam cut cross-sections reveal complete adsorption of the enzyme-hydrogel matrix into the CNT layer. This templating technique is a promising approach to the maximization of surface area and transport in bioelectrodes.
In a closed pressure vessel, the reaction of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) with Pt-LiCoO2 catalyst and a stoichiometric amount of water drastically increases the pressure owing to the generation of large quantities of hydrogen gas by synergism of hydrogen pressure and the catalyst (gravimetric hydrogen density per unit weight of NaBH4 and H2O including the Pt-LiCoO2 catalyst is 9.0wt.%, volumetric hydrogen density per unit weight of NaBH4 and H2O including the Pt-LiCoO2 catalyst is 101kgH2/m−3). The hydrogen densities are high enough to reach the US Department of Energy (DOE) targets for use in a fuel cell vehicle (FCV) and also for other applications such as a fuel cell uninterrupted power supply (FCUPS).
This research will focus on characterising and analysing next generation batteries consisting of silicon-alloy/graphite blend anode combined with a nickel rich lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC 622) as cathode. The study is performed on prototype pouch cells (1.4 Ah). Furthermore, the effect of applying external pressure on the pouch cell is investigated. The application of external pressure has a significant beneficial impact, more specifically a 19% increase in capacity combined with a significant decrease of 50% of the discharge ohmic resistance. To investigate and quantify the pressure variation over the state of charge (SoC) a dedicated set-up has been developed which allows to apply an external pressure while measuring the pressure variation. Up to 30 N of pressure variation is observed during static tests, while no pressure variation can be observed during short pulses, demonstrating its potential to use pressure as SoC estimator. Finally, a study on the effect of initial applied external pressure on the cells' lifetime has shown that the initial applied pressure, within the range of tested pressures, has little impact on the cells’ performance and lifetime.
Hybrid supercapacitors, combining capacitive carbon-based positive electrode with a Li-ion battery-type negative electrode have been developed in the pursuit of increasing the energy density of conventional supercapacitor without impacting the power density. However, lithium-ion capacitors yet hardly meet the specifications of automotive sector. Herein we report for the first time the development of new hybrid potassium-ion capacitor (KIC) technology. Compared to lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) all strategic materials (lithium and copper) have been replaced. Excellent electrochemical performance have been achieved at a pouch cell scale, with cyclability superior to 55 000 cycles at high charge/discharge regime. For the same cell scale, the energy density is doubled compared to conventional supercapacitor up to high power regime (>1.5 kW kg− 1). Finally, the technology was successfully scaled up to 18650 format leading to very promising prospects for transportation applications.
During the time that the automotive battery was considered to be just a passive component in a vehicle electric power system, the battery industry's answer to all new challenges was constructive improvements. The emerging requirements of even higher function reliability cannot, however be met this way. A battery manufacturer of today has to give recommendations for the appropriate choice of the electrical architecture and has to design batteries that suit best the requirements. In addition, manufactures have to be engaged in the technology of battery management, of battery monitoring and state detection, and performance of prediction under future operation conditions. During service on-board a vehicle, battery performance undergoes significant changes, e.g., loss of storage capability, increase in internal resistance, and changes in voltage characteristics. These ageing processes have to be considered when the electrical architecture is being designed and management strategies are being formulated. Battery monitoring and state detection must be able to identify and quantify battery degradation. Moreover, performance prediction as well as management strategies have to be corrected on account of the changing battery characteristics.
Three-dimensional terrain reconstruction from 2D aerial images is a problem of utmost importance due its wide level of applications. It is relevant in the context of intelligent systems for disaster managements (for example to analyze a flooded area), soil analysis, earthquake crisis, civil engineering, urban planning, surveillance and defense research. It is a two level problem, being the former the acquisition of the aerial images and the later, the 3D reconstruction. We focus here in the first problem, known as coverage path planning, and we consider the case where the camera is mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In contrast with the case when ground vehicles are used, coverage path planning for a UAV is a lesser studied problem. As the areas to cover become complex, there is a clear need for algorithms that will provide good enough solutions in affordable times, while taking into account certain specificities of the problem at hand. Our algorithm can deal with both convex and non-convex areas and their main aim is to obtain a path that reduces the battery consumption, through minimizing the number of turns. We comment on line sweep calculation and propose improvements for the path generation and the polygon decomposition problems such as coverage alternatives and the interrupted path concept. Illustrative examples show the potential of our algorithm in two senses: ability to perform the coverage when complex regions are considered, and achievement of better solution than a published result (in terms of the number of turns used).
Objective Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is very common in Parkinson's disease (PD). OSA is known to affect patients' cognition. The present study assessed whether PD patients with OSA (PD + OSA) score lower on cognitive measures than those without OSA (PD − OSA). In addition, this study evaluated whether treating the OSA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in PD + OSA patients results in an improved cognitive functioning. Methods Eighty-six patients with PD underwent an overnight polysomnography screen for OSA and were administered the Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). This resulted in 38 patients with PD + OSA who were randomly assigned to receive either therapeutic CPAP for 6 weeks (n = 19) or placebo CPAP for three weeks followed by therapeutic CPAP for three weeks (n = 19). Intervention participants completed a neurocognitive battery at baseline and 3- and 6-week time-points. Results Patients with PD + OSA scored significantly lower than PD − OSA on the MMSE and MoCA after controlling for age, education, and PD severity. OSA was a significant predictor of cognition (MMSE p < 0.01; MoCA p = 0.028).There were no significant changes between groups in cognition when comparing three weeks of therapeutic CPAP with 3 weeks of placebo CPAP. Comparisons between pre-treatment and 3-week post-therapeutic CPAP for the entire sample also revealed no significant changes on overall neuropsychological (NP) scores. Conclusions Findings suggest that PD patients with OSA show worse cognitive functioning on cognitive screening measures than those without OSA. However, OSA treatment after three or six weeks of CPAP may not result in overall cognitive improvement in patients with PD.
Anodes based on tin metal powder offer large specific capacity, but also exhibit large irreversible capacity and poor cycle performance. In order to use them as a negative electrode for lithium secondary batteries, we focused on the electrodepositing process and investigated an electrodeposited tin layer on copper foil. In the full charge–discharge condition, charging and discharging between 0 and 2.0V versus Li/Li+, the first discharge capacity was 940mAhg−1, which was 2.5 times as large as that of graphite, and the coulomb efficiency in the first cycle was 93%, but its cycle performance was not improved. In order to enhance the interface strength between the active material and the copper foil, we investigated an anode which was fabricated by annealing an as-deposited anode. In the full charge–discharge condition, the first charge–discharge characteristics were almost equivalent to the as-deposited anode, and the retention capacity ratio after 10 cycles was improved from 20 to 94%. It is considered that this improvement resulted from the formation of two different tin–copper intermetallic compound layers between the tin layer and the copper current collector due to the heat treatment. A small cell using this annealed anode as a negative electrode was also investigated. This cell offered good cycle performance for the first 20 cycles.
Home energy generation and storage are expected to alter residential energy usage. Careful tariff design is thus needed to ensure fair distribution of grid operation costs. Using smart-meter data and socio-economic profiles, this study explores the potential impact of different tariffs on household expenditure.
Polyaniline (PAni), polypyrrole (PPy) and their bilayer coatings on ITO coated glass were prepared by electropolymerization method. Morphological and spectroelectrochemical properties of these films depending on the thickness and the sequence of the coated polymers (PAni/PPy or PPy/PAni) were analyzed. Cyclic voltammetry, UV–vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques were conducted to investigate the properties of bilayer coatings. Thickness of the second layer varies, depending on the thickness and type of the first layer. Furthermore, the optical transmittance varies with the sequence of the polymers. ΔT% values obtained from thin coatings of PAni/PPy bilayers are higher than the values obtained from the single layer films of each polymer. These differences have been attributed to morphological differences of bilayer films. Mono and bilayer ECDs have been constructed and investigated comparatively. As a result of the study, we have seen that bilayer films of PPy and PAni have better electrochemical stability than monolayer ECDs of each polymer.
The mechanism of deterioration of the capacitive response of electrodeposited MnO2 under reducing potentials has been studied by combined electrochemical and quartz crystal microbalance, XPS and SEM techniques. Cycling of the electrode towards cathodic potentials of −0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl leads to irreversible reduction resulting in low valence manganese oxide, most probably Mn2O3. The reduction is accompanied by phase transformation with the uptake of considerable amounts of water into the layer. The capacitive behaviour of the MnO2 electrode fades with prolonged cycling with the concomitant change of charging/discharging mechanism.
A Kalman filter is developed from a model which characterizes the float service life of a battery into two phases. Once the latter phase of the float service life, that time when the capacity begins to decrease rapidly, has been detected the Kalman filter is started. Outputs of the filter are a smoothed version of the battery capacity and the projected capacity at specified time intervals in the future. It is this project ahead step that is used to estimate the remaining float service life of the battery.
Electric Vehicles are expected to play a vital role in the transition of smart energy systems. Lots of recent research has explored numerous underlying mechanisms to achieve the synergetic interactions in the electricity balancing process. In this paper, the grid-interactive operation of electric buses is first time integrated within a dynamic market frame using the Distribution Locational Marginal Price algorithm for load congestion management. Since the defined problem correlates the opportunity charging flexibility with the bus mobility over a network, the tempo-spatial distribution of energy needs can be reflected in the dynamic of service planning. The interactions between bus operators and suppliers are quantitatively modelled by a bi-level optimisation process to represent the electric bus service planning and electricity market clearing separately. The effectiveness of the proposed load management has been demonstrated using data collected from an integrated real-world bus network. Experiments show that engagement of electric bus charging load in demand response is helpful to alleviate the network congestion and to reduce the power loss by 7.2% in the distribution network. However, alleviated charging loads have exhibited counter-intuitive capability for load shifting. The restricted electric bus operational requirements leads to a 8.17% loss of charging demand, while the reliance on large batteries has increased by 10.57%. However, the sensitivity analysis also shows that as the battery cost declines, the such discourage implications on grid-interactive electric bus operation will decrease once the battery cost below 190/kWh. The optimal grid-ebus integration have to consider the trade-off between range add-up, reduced battery cost and additional benefits.
Li3V2(PO4)3/C (LVP/C) is synthesized by an improved sol–gel method and modified with various amounts of Ti3SiC2 (TSC). It is found that both electronic and ionic conductivities are increased simultaneously with one single addition due to the nanolaminated structure of TSC. TSC not only constitutes continuous electron pathways via a “point-to-plane” conducting mode, which improves the electronic conductivity, but also enhances lithium ionic conductivity. Therefore, electrochemical performances of TSC-modified samples are significantly improved. TSC-modified samples exhibit improved cyclic stability, rate performance and initial discharge capacity at high rates. An extremely low charge transfer resistance (5.57 Ω) and significantly reduced polarization were obtained. The 4 wt% TSC-modified LVP/C sample exhibits the best electrochemical performances in the voltage range of 3.0–4.8 V, especially at high rates. It shows initial discharge capacity of 114.5 mAh g−1 at 10 C, while the discharge capacity of the pristine sample is only 37.2 mAh g−1 at the same rate. The 4 wt% TSC-modified LVP/C sample holds capacity retention of 88.5% at 10 C after 200 cycles, which is much higher than that of pristine one. A model of double-decker bus is proposed to understand the significant improvements of both electronic and ionic conductivities.
To design high performance SiO2-based anodes for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), an amorphous SiO2-FeSi-graphite (a-SiO2/FeSi/G) composite was synthesized by a simple solid state synthetic method using SiO, Fe, and graphite powders. The a-SiO2/FeSi/G composite was comprised of well dispersed amorphous SiO2 and tiny (5–10 nm sized) FeSi inactive matrices within the graphite buffering matrices. The a-SiO2/FeSi/G composite electrode showed excellent electrochemical performance featuring high initial charge capacity of 729 mAh g−1, with high initial Coulombic efficiency of approximately 74%, and long capacity retention of 93.7% after 200 cycles, with a highly reversible capacity of 683 mAh g−1.
The physicochemical properties of an intermediate temperature ionic liquid (ITIL), NaTFSA (10mol%)–CsTFSA (90mol%) (TFSA=bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide), were investigated as a new electrolyte for a sodium secondary battery operating at elevated temperatures (around 423K). The viscosity, ionic conductivity, density and electrochemical window of this ITIL measured at 423K were 42.5cP, 12.1mScm−1, 2.29gcm−3 and 4.9V, respectively. The electrodeposition of metallic sodium at the cathode limit was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The charge–discharge properties of a NaCrO2 positive electrode in this ITIL at 423K were investigated. The discharge capacities at constant current rates of 10mAg−1 (after 10 cycles) and 100mAg−1 (after 50 cycles) were 83.0 and 66.4mAhg−1, respectively. Except for the initial few cycles, the coulombic efficiencies were higher than 99.5% during the charge–discharge tests, which indicates that the Na/NaTFSA–CsTFSA/NaCrO2 cell is promising as a new type of sodium secondary battery operating at intermediate temperatures.
The primary challenges in making renewable energy competitive with fossil fuels for utility scale electricity are to reduce the levelized cost and enable dispatchable power delivery. In this respect concentrated solar power (CSP) with thermal storage could play an important role, since the cost of thermal storage is lower than that of electrochemical batteries. CSP, however, is still expensive and a number of ongoing research efforts are targeted at reducing the cost via a number of technological development pathways. Here, we present a simplified cost model for CSP and show that increasing the temperature of the heat delivered to the power cycle is a potential pathway to reduce the cost. We also propose that solid state energy converters, possibly in combination with traditional turbines, provide additional advantages that can enable high temperature CSP systems with a lower levelized cost of electricity.