batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Food is essential for survival of human being. Cooking or baking of food material requires thermal energy and such energy in developed countries is meeting through electricity. Underdeveloped or developing nations are still striving for constant supply of electricity. Biomass such as crop residues, charcoal, dung cake, etc., is the primary energy source to meet the domestic thermal energy requirement in developing nations. The biomass is available everywhere and can be burnt directly in the cookstove. It is inexpensive than other fuels and also considered as a renewable source of energy. There are numbers of initiative has taken by many government agencies to promote the energy efficient biomass cookstove to improve the fuel efficiency. This review deals with classification of cookstoves, test protocol available across the globe, global adaptation of improved cookstoves. The recent advances in cookstoves, CO2 mitigation potential and economic assessment are also presented in this paper. The several issues concerning improved cookstoves for better adoption by user are addressed.
This paper describes an effort to develop long-life, multi-tap thermal battery technology with a minimal weight and volume. The effort has several challenging goals. Some of the development goals include an activated life of at least one hour, four voltage sections, and the ability to sustain significant pulse loads at the end of life. In order to meet these goals, advanced materials were chosen for development. The thermal battery chemistry developed consists of lithium–silicon anodes, low-melting eutectic electrolyte/separators, and cobalt disulfide cathodes. Besides evolving the electrochemistry for this battery, there are several other design challenges such as fine-tuning the heat balance so as to allow the battery to sustain the extended duration discharge. In addition, to minimize volume, the battery can is configured in a tapered shape and consequently requires a tapered Min-K™ sleeve for insulation. A new igniter design is also being used. Finally, extremely narrow voltage ranges for each of the four voltage taps have contributed to the challenges facing development engineers. This paper includes a summary of the battery design and presents test data from pre-prototype units.
AB5-type metal alloy (LaMm–Ni4.1Al0.3Mn0.4Co0.45) was investigated in alkali metal hydroxide electrolytes (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH) at various temperatures (0–30°C) with no binding materials used. Limited volume electrode approach (LVE) was used in all electrochemical measurements. PCT Sievert’s method was used to determine maximum hydrogen capacity of the alloy to be 4.7at.H/f.u. (289mAh/g). The highest electrochemical hydrogen capacity, nearly reaching the maximum value, was obtained in 6M KOH solution at 30°C (275.1mAh/g) and in mixed 6M LiOH/KOH solution at 30°C (276.1mAh/g). Temperature influence on electrochemical capacity of the alloy was investigated. In the temperature range of 0–30°C the capacity is high and stable in 6M KOH solution and mixed 6M LiOH/KOH and 6M NaOH/KOH solutions. It is possible to improve the capacity of the alloy by designign mixed alkali metal hydroxide solutions.
The Li2MnSiO4 as a novel cathode material for lithium ion batteries, performs high specific capacity, high thermal stability, low cost and etc. However, it suffers from relatively low electronic conductivity and lithium ion diffusion rate. Herein, we successfully introduce fluorine to Li2MnSiO4 (Li2MnSiO4-xFx, x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05) to overcome these obstacles. The results show that F doping not only enlarges the lattice parameters but also decreases the particle size, synergistically improving the lithium ion diffusion of Li2MnSiO4. Moreover, F doping increase electronic conductivity of Li2MnSiO4/C by inhibiting the formation of C-O bonds in the carbon layers. Meanwhile, F doping improves the crystallinity and stabilizes the crystal structure of Li2MnSiO4. Finally, the Li2MnSiO3.97F0.03/C with the best electrochemical performances delivers the initial specific discharge capacity of 279 mA h g−1 at 25mA g−1 current density from 1.5 V to 4.8 V. Also, it maintains a higher capacity (201 mA h g−1) than F-free Li2MnSiO4 (145 mA h g−1) after 50 cycles.
The authors present an edge-centric model of brain connectivity. Edge networks are stable across datasets, and their structure can be modulated by sensory input. When clustered, edge networks yield pervasively overlapping functional modules.
Costly and eco-destructive diesel based systems are usually used for electrifying rural areas in Malaysia. Fuel transportation is another obstacle in this regard. Moreover, unpredictable fluctuation of fuel price makes the system cost unstable. The diesel based systems can be replaced with renewable energy (RE) based systems. Thus, a feasibility analysis is necessary to assess the potentiality of RE resources. This paper analyzes the potentiality of renewable energy in Sarawak, East Malaysia. The wind speed is insufficient, but solar energy is abundant at the location. Hence, the feasibility of photovoltaic (PV), Battery and Fuel Cell (FC) based systems are investigated for the load of a village longhouse comprising 50 families located in Kapit, Sarawak. Both systems, including FC (PV/Battery/FC) and excluding FC (PV/Battery) are analyzed and compared with conventional diesel based system. The analysis focuses on net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). Other cost parameters such as installation cost, operation and maintenance cost (O&M), operating cost are also analyzed. HOMER software provided by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NERL) is used as an analyzing tool. This paper also focuses on the operational strategy and sensitivity analysis of the hybrid system for optimal performance. The HOMER optimization results and sensitivity analysis show that the PV/Battery system is economical and environmentally friendly with total net present cost of $ 335,297 and cost of energy of 0.323 $/kWh with no emission. Thus it can be a suitable replacement of diesel based system. The FC based system has higher costs; thus despite of its benefits, it is not suggested as the best system for the situation.
A macromolecular electrolyte is designed with different chemical moieties to perform different functions, and it is extremely suitable to be applied in solid high-temperature lithium ion batteries. The preparation of the electrolyte involves synthesis of a comb-like macromolecule and immobilization of lithium ions. The comb-like macromolecule is synthesized via a ring-opening metathesis copolymerization of norbornene derivatives anchored with phosphate and polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (–O(CH2CH2O)nCH3) and is partially cross-linked through polyethylene glycol (–(CH2CH2O)n–) bridge. The immobilization of lithium ions is carried out by lithium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide. The as-prepared electrolyte membrane has a bicontinuous morphology consisting of a cross-linked mechanical scaffold intertwined with continuous Li+ ions conducting channels. Apart from lithium ion transference number close to unity and remarkable ionic conductivity, the electrolyte also displays strong strength, high flexibility, good thermal stability and outstanding flame retardancy. At 80 °C, LiFePO4/macromolecular electrolyte/Li coin cells, with the discharge capacity of 134.1 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.2 C, are able to maintain a value of 120.7 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles of charge and discharge.
The challenge today is to form an urban design practice as the vital component in the making of our cities, towns and suburbs. Between the failures of planning and the limits of architecture, urban design must meet the challenge of accommodating urban communities in places that are legibly structured, environmentally responsive and adaptable in the long term. Good urban design must be underpinned by a thorough urban analysis to understand the form and characteristics of the place, and the methods utilised in the analysis should lead directly to those subsequently developed in the project.
Layered LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 has been synthesized by heating its precursor of Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3(OH)2 and Li2CO3 at the temperature around of 900°C in air, and applied in high-power lithium-ion secondary cells by mixed with LiCoO2 in mass ratios of 1:1 and 1:2. The lithium-ion secondary cells with mixture of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 and LiCoO2 showed a potential change similar to that of cell with pure LiCoO2 under low-rate discharge condition. The ICR18650 LIB with the mixed positive electrode is capable of discharge at 15C current rate with a better electrochemical performance compared to that of pure LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2. Especially, the ICR18650 LIB with the mixed positive electrode exhibits improved safety performance during overcharge period compared to LiCoO2. Therefore, the mixture of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 and LiCoO2 is a promising alternative material to LiCoO2 for high-power LIB.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses several aspects of the coating process and aims to provide a broad understanding of the various coating applicators that are used. A typical coated structure is a flexible substrate with functional layers coated on either side or on both sides. The substrate can be a single polymer, such as polyethylene (PE), biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). There can be a single coated layer or multiple layers depending on the product requirements. The layers may function as oxygen, light or moisture barriers, or may function as release layers to which adhesives do not stick. In addition, adhesives are often coated to form laminated structures and conductive antistatic layers are coated to prevent charge buildup. The web transport system conveys the uncoated substrate from the unwind stand through the coating station and the dryer to the rewind stand, while maintaining the appropriate speed and tension control. The coating solution is applied to the moving web with a coating applicator. The coating station holds the coating applicator in a fixed position and permits the operator to set precisely and accurately the coating parameters such as gaps and roll speeds. The coating line may also contain a section between the unwind and the coating applicator to surface treat the substrate before it is coated.
High potential cathodes are of strong interest to improve lithium-ion battery performances, nevertheless, no compatible electrolyte above 4.5–4.8V vs Li+/Li was found yet. The main strategies involved the use of protective film inhibiting and/or delaying electrolyte degradation. In this context, we focused on the use of adapted modified biphenyls to form a protective film at the positive electrode. Particularly phosphate biphenyl derivatives oxidation permits to produce a protective film which significantly decreases the self-discharge without compromising the lithium intercalation kinetic.
The continuous and uniform Na3V2(PO4)3/C nanofibers are successfully synthesized through room-temperature pre-reduction with oxalic acid assisting electrospinning method for the first time. With the reduction and chelation of oxalic acid in the spinning solution, the V5+ can be reduced to V3+, and the viscosity and conductivity of the solution are well modified, so that the precursor and the final product nanofibers have more uniform, surface-smooth morphologies without spindle-like protrusions. The sample shows the well-crystallized rhombohedral Na3V2(PO4)3 phase and excellent electrochemical performances. The initial discharge specific capacity of the sample at 0.05C reaches up to 114.0 mAh g−1 and still remains 78.1 mAh g−1 at 10C rate. The capacity retention after 100 cycles at 0.05C still holds 97.0%, and the coulombic efficiency is always close to 100%. The causes that the Na3V2(PO4)3/C nanofibers exhibit good rate performances, cyclic ability and structural reversibility can be mostly ascribed to the perfect nanofibers. The uniform and smooth Na3V2(PO4)3/C nanofiber consists of Na3V2(PO4)3/C nanoparticles uniformly embed in the perfect 1D carbon nanowire, which builds up a continuous network with highly efficient electronic and ionic channels, thus the impressive properties can be realized.
During the shield TBM tunnelling, the working status of the cutterhead is difficult to be determined because the pressured chamber is located behind the cutterhead. In this paper, a cutterhead working status monitoring system for shield TBM tunnelling was developed to monitor the working status of the cutterhead in real time. The system consists of data acquisition subsystem, control and data transmission subsystem, as well as data processing and display subsystem. The cutter wear, cutter rotation speed and cutterhead temperature can be monitored and transmitted to the system software through the central port by cable and wireless. The system software can simultaneously display the TBM operating parameters and cutterhead working status parameters, predict the cutter life and present early warning of abnormal working status. The system has been successfully applied in a shield tunnelling project. Based on the analysis of the monitoring data, it was found that the normal cutter wear mainly depended on the rock abrasiveness and cutter rotation distance. The difference in cutter wear rate in the different ground was more than 3 times. The relative sliding between the cutter and the tunnel face was widespread. The sliding distance in low-abrasive formations exceeded 1/3 of the cutter track length. Under the normal tunneling conditions, the cutterhead temperature was lower than 50°. The successful application shows that this system can work stably in long term under harsh work environment and provide guidance for shield TBM tunnelling.
In this work, three-dimensionally porous spinel-type lithium manganese oxides were prepared by a phase-inversion technology using poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the template and followed by annealing at a high temperature. The morphology was observed on scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and the crystal structure was determined from the X-ray diffraction pattern. Effect of Al-doping on the electrochemical properties of the product was studied by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements. LiAl0.1Mn1.9O4 (LAMO) displays better rate and cycling capabilities than the pristine LiMn2O4 (LMO) at room temperature. It also exhibits an enhanced cycling performance at 55°C due to doping with Al. The results suggest that the obtained LAMO could develop into a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries.
Grid scale electricity storage on daily and seasonal time scales is required to accommodate increasing amounts of renewable electricity from wind and solar power. We have developed for the first time an integrated battery-electrolyser (‘battolyser’) that efficiently stores electricity as a nickel–iron battery and can split water into hydrogen and oxygen as an alkaline electrolyser. During charge insertion the Ni(OH)2 and Fe(OH)2 electrodes form nanostructured NiOOH and reduced Fe, which act as efficient oxygen and hydrogen evolution catalysts respectively. The charged electrodes use all excess electricity for efficient electrolysis, while they can be discharged at any time to provide electricity when needed. Our results demonstrate a remarkable constant and a high overall energy efficiency (80–90%), enhanced electrode storage density, fast current switching capabilities, and a general stable performance. The battolyser may enable efficient and robust short-term electricity storage and long-term electricity storage through production of hydrogen as a fuel and feedstock within a single, scalable, abundant element based device.
A novel composite material Li2NaV2(PO4)3/C is developed by utilizing our latest finding to form less stable rhombohedral Li3V2(PO4)3 directly with partial substitution of Li+ to Na+ ions. In the prepared sample, rhombohedral Li3V2(PO4)3 becomes the dominant phase with a proportion of ∼59%, coexistent with monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3 (10%) and rhombohedral Na3V2(PO4)3 (31%). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) reveals that different phases coexist in the same primary particles. This characteristic is different from other cathodes, in which the primary particles are single- or poly-crystals. The prepared composite delivers a discharge capacity of 119.1 mAh g−1, of which 93.6% is centralized around 3.7 V vs. Li/Li+, in good agreement with phase's ratio calculated from refinement. The plateaus of monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3, appeared at 3.6 and 4.1 V vs. Li/Li+, play an additional role of indicator to warn the end of charge and discharge. This kind of electrode materials are particular suitable to build large batteries to power electric vehicles and shape the grid.
World׳s energy demand is growing fast because of population explosion and technological advancements. It is therefore important to go for reliable, cost effective and everlasting renewable energy source for energy demand arising in future. Solar energy, among other renewable sources of energy, is a promising and freely available energy source for managing long term issues in energy crisis. Solar industry is developing steadily all over the world because of the high demand for energy while major energy source, fossil fuel, is limited and other sources are expensive. It has become a tool to develop economic status of developing countries and to sustain the lives of many underprivileged people as it is now cost effective after a long aggressive researches done to expedite its development. The solar industry would definitely be a best option for future energy demand since it is superior in terms of availability, cost effectiveness, accessibility, capacity and efficiency compared to other renewable energy sources. This paper therefore discusses about the need of solar industry with its fundamental concepts, worlds energy scenario, highlights of researches done to upgrade solar industry, its potential applications and barriers for better solar industry in future in order to resolve energy crisis.
Nickel tin alloy nanoparticles (NPs) with tuned composition NixSn (0.6 ≤ x ≤ 1.9) were synthesized by a solution-based procedure and used as anode materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) and Na-ion batteries (SIBs). Among the compositions tested, Ni0.9Sn-based electrodes exhibited the best performance in both LIBs and SIBs. As LIB anodes, Ni0.9Sn-based electrodes delivered charge-discharge capacities of 980 mAh g−1 after 340 cycles at 0.2 A g−1 rate, which surpassed their maximum theoretical capacity considering that only Sn is lithiated. A kinetic characterization of the charge-discharge process demonstrated the electrode performance to be aided by a significant pseudocapacitive contribution that compensated for the loss of energy storage capacity associated to the solid-electrolyte interphase formation. This significant pseudocapacitive contribution, which not only translated into higher capacities but also longer durability, was associated to the small size of the crystal domains and the proper electrode composition. The performance of NixSn-based electrodes toward Na-ion storage was also characterized, reaching significant capacities above 200 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 but with a relatively fast fade over 120 continuous cycles. A relatively larger pseudocapacitive contribution was obtained in NixSn-based electrodes for SIBs when compared with LIBs, consistently with the lower contribution of the Na ion diffusion associated to its larger size.
Electrochemical response (insertion isotherms or capacitances) of disordered host matrices (porous, amorphous, i.e., conductive polymers) under different kind guest-induced deformation mechanisms is studied. The deformation is translated into a change in the distribution of the host site energies as a function of the applied potential or the concentration of the guest species. It is shown that the insertion-induced transformations of the host matrices are well detectable in the form of characteristic peaks, minima and plateaus appearing in the capacitance curves. The role of these features in the characterization of the matrix statistics and the guest thermodynamics is discussed.
TiO2 coated silicon, which was prepared by the modified sol–gel method, was employed as the anode material for lithium secondary batteries and the relationship between the diffusivity and electrochemical characteristics was investigated. The results showed that the physical properties of the samples, such as their diffusivity and pore size distribution, enhanced the cycling efficiency of the TiO2 coated silicon, probably due to the reduction of the side reactions, which may be closely related to the pore size distribution of the TiO2 coating layer. The pore size of the coating layer plays an important role in retarding the lithium ion diffusion. In the experimental range studied herein, higher capacity retention was exhibited for the TiO2 coated silicon prepared at pH 10.7.
Parental hesitancy for recommended childhood vaccines is a growing public health concern influenced by various factors. This study aimed to explore regret regarding parental decisions to vaccinate their children via possible correlations between anticipated regret, altruism, coping strategies, and parents’ attitudes toward the vaccination of their children.
In this work, a fast (0.5 h), green microwave-assisted synthesis of single crystalline Sb2Se3 nanowires was developed. For the first time we demonstrated a facile solvent-mediated process, whereby intriguing nanostructures including antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) nanowires and selenium (Se) microrods can be achieved by merely varying the volume ratio of ethylene glycol (EG) and H2O free from expensive chemical and additional surfactant. The achieved uniform Sb2Se3 nanowire is single crystalline along [001] growth direction with a diameter of 100 nm and a length up to tens of micrometers. When evaluated as an anode of lithium-ion battery, Sb2Se3 nanowire can deliver a high reversible capacity of 650.2 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and a capacity retention of 63.8% after long-term 1000 cycles at 1000 mA g−1, as well as superior rate capability (389.5 mAh g−1 at 2000 mA g−1). This easy solvent-mediated microwave synthesis approach exhibits its great universe and importance towards the fabrication of high-performance metal chalcogenide electrode materials for future low-cost, large-scale energy storage systems.
We have identified the following niches of research needs for SB in the near and mid term future, inter alia: (i) application of SB with sequential and simultaneous electron acceptors to soils polluted with contaminants other than hydrocarbons (i.e., pesticides, explosives, etc.), (ii) evaluation of the technical feasibility of triphasic SB that use innocuous solvents to help desorbing pollutants strongly attached to soils, and in turn, to enhance their biodegradation, (iii) gaining deeper insight of microbial communities present in SB with the intensified application of molecular biology tools such as PCR-DGGE, PCR-TGGE, ARDRA, etc., (iv) development of more representative ecotoxicological assays to better assess the effectiveness of a given bioremediation process.