batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A reaction of terbium chloride hexahydrate and 4-chlorobenzoic acid was used to form a terbium complex on the surface of an alkaline calcium carbonate core. Different concentrations of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) toluene solution were then coated onto the prepared terbium complex/calcium carbonate composite fluorescent material (referred to as Material I), which resulted in a series of core-shell HDPE/terbium complex/calcium composite fluorescent materials (referred to as Material II). The structures of these materials were identified and analyzed using UV spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma-optional emission spectrometry. The thermal stability and fluorescence of these materials were also examined, and results showed that both Materials I and II were shown to have high thermal stability and high levels of fluorescence. These new types of composite fluorescent materials not only offer economic savings on expensive rare earth resources through reduced production costs, they also offer an effective alternative method for the preparation of highly fluorescent, highly temperature resistant binary terbium complexes. Further, the use of the polymer polyethylene coating on the fluorescent material significantly enhanced the emission intensity of the composite fluorescent materials and offers new possibilities for the production of high-end rare earth fluorescent materials.
Neck cells inGinkgo bilobacontribute to archegonial opening through morphological changes and might be involved in the production of fertilization liquid to attract spermatozoids toward archegonia.
Activated carbon (AC) materials derived from addition of graphene foam, carbon nanotube and expended graphite mixed with polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone were synthesized and tested for supercapacitor application. Although the AC obtained from expended graphite shows the smallest specific surface area (SAA), it exhibits the highest electrical double layer capacitance (EDLC) performance with high rate capability and specific capacitance. This material tested in the symmetric configuration works in a large potential window of 1.6V. More interestingly, the device made out this material gets better in terms of electrochemical performance when subjected to ageing effect with voltage holding for 100hours. Some tentative reasons for such discrepancy between the SAA and the EDLC are explained.
The MATRICS Psychometric and Standardization Study was conducted as a final stage in the development of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). The study included 176 persons with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 300 community residents. Data were analyzed to examine the cognitive profile of clinically stable schizophrenia patients on the MCCB. Secondarily, the data were analyzed to identify which combination of cognitive domains and corresponding cut-off scores best discriminated patients from community residents, and patients competitively employed vs. those not. Raw scores on the ten MCCB tests were entered into the MCCB scoring program which provided age- and gender-corrected T-scores on seven cognitive domains. To test for between-group differences, we conducted a 2 (group)×7 (cognitive domain) MANOVA with follow-up independent t-tests on the individual domains. Classification and regression trees (CART) were used for the discrimination analyses. Examination of patient T-scores across the seven cognitive domains revealed a relatively compact profile with T-scores ranging from 33.4 for speed of processing to 39.3 for reasoning and problem-solving. Speed of processing and social cognition best distinguished individuals with schizophrenia from community residents; speed of processing along with visual learning and attention/vigilance optimally distinguished patients competitively employed from those who were not. The cognitive profile findings provide a standard to which future studies can compare results from other schizophrenia samples and related disorders; the classification results point to specific areas and levels of cognitive impairment that may advance work rehabilitation efforts.
Cathode materials derived from Li2RuO3, Li2ZrO3 and LiNiO2 have been evaluated in lithium cells at room temperature as part of an ongoing study of composite xLiMO2·(1−x)Li2M′O3 electrodes. Our results confirm previous reports that two lithium ions can be initially extracted from Li2RuO3, but that only one lithium ion can be cycled between 4.4 and 2.8V with a rechargeable capacity of approximately 200mAh/g. Extending the voltage window to 4.6–1.4V increases the reversible capacity of the Li2RuO3 electrode significantly, to nearly 300mAh/g. Similar capacities are obtained from a Zr-substituted electrode, Li2Ru1−y Zr y O3 for y=0.1, with excellent cycling stability. A composite electrode, 0.7LiNiO2·0.3Li2RuO3, provides a steady 150mAh/g when cycled between 4.6 and 2.7V.
Although benign, rolandic epilepsy (RE) or benign childhood epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes is often associated with language impairment. Recently, fronto-rolandic EEG abnormalities have been described in children with developmental dysphasia (DD), suggesting an interaction between language impairment and interictal epileptiform discharges. To investigate if a behavioral-linguistic continuum between RE and DD exists, a clinical prospective study was carried out to evaluate the language profile of 15 children with RE and 22 children with DD. Language skills were assessed using an extensive, standardized test battery. Language was found to be impaired in both study groups, however RE and DD were associated with distinct language impairment profiles. Children with RE had difficulties with sentence comprehension, semantic verbal fluency and auditory short-term memory, which are unrelated to age of epilepsy onset and laterality of epileptic focus. In children with DD, sentence comprehension and verbal fluency were among their relative strengths, whereas sentence and lexical production constituted relative weaknesses.
We develop poly(aniline-co-anthranilic acid), PAAA, as a new electrically conductive and mechanically stable polymeric binder material for silicon anodes. In contrast to the electrically conductive but poorly Si-adhering polyaniline, the PAAA copolymer, which is designed to consist of anthranilic acid units as well as aniline units, is found to adhere to Si strongly in addition to being electrically conductive, and is hence able to be used alone for the production of the silicon anode. Various PAAA copolymers having different relative amounts of anthranilic acid are prepared to investigate the effect of anthranilic acid on the electrical and physical properties of the corresponding electrodes. The copolymer whose composition is 50% aniline and 50% anthranilic acid displays the best cell performance due to the most balanced electrical conductivity and physical properties, with a specific capacity of 1946 mAh g−1 at the 50th cycle, which represents a retention of 81.6% of the initial capacity, on a high mass loading electrode of 1.5 mg cm−2.
Warnings provide important information about the hazards that are faced in a variety of circumstances. However, this information may be supplemented extensively by previous experiences and by the environmental circumstances in which the warning is presented. Two experiments evaluated the effect of prior experience and observation of others on perception of risk. One experiment examined perception of risk for the same signs under different circumstances. The second experiment evaluated the degree of seriousness the participants thought implied by warnings as a function of presence or absence of requests for compliance. Although no dependable difference was found in a preliminary test of perception of risk, later ratings of changes in concern for the seriousness of the hazards showed differences as a function of the requirement for compliance. The results were discussed in terms of the importance of reinforcement of warnings by behavior modeling and by physical barriers. Relevance to industry Industrial settings involve many circumstances in which unsafe behavior may be exhibited and may consequently lead others to perform unsafe acts. Some of the factors that may influence such behaviors are the insistence on complying with safe procedures and making unsafe acts more difficult to perform.
Background A number of studies have applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to physiologically characterize Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to monitor effects of pharmacological agents, while others have begun to therapeutically use TMS and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to improve cognitive function in AD. These applications are still very early in development, but offer the opportunity of learning from them for future development. Methods We performed a systematic search of all studies using noninvasive stimulation in AD and reviewed all 29 identified articles. Twenty-four focused on measures of motor cortical reactivity and (local) plasticity and functional connectivity, with eight of these studies assessing also effects of pharmacological agents. Five studies focused on the enhancement of cognitive function in AD. Results Short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) and resting motor threshold are significantly reduced in AD patients as compared to healthy elders. Results on other measures of cortical reactivity, e.g. intracortical inhibition (ICI), are more divergent. Acetylcholine-esterase inhibitors and dopaminergic drugs may increase SAI and ICI in AD. Motor cortical plasticity and connectivity are impaired in AD. TMS/tDCS can induce acute and short-duration beneficial effects on cognitive function, but the therapeutic clinical significance in AD is unclear. Safety of TMS/tDCS is supported by studies to date. Conclusions TMS/tDCS appears safe in AD, but longer-term risks have been insufficiently considered. TMS holds promise as a physiologic biomarker in AD to identify therapeutic targets and monitor pharmacologic effects. In addition, TMS/tDCS may have therapeutic utility in AD, though the evidence is still very preliminary and cautious interpretation is warranted.
Non-graphitic carbons have shown great potential in sodium ions batteries, however, major hurdle to address is the poor capacity performance. Herein, a facile strategy combining supramolecular chemistry polymerization and nanospace confinement carbonization is proposed to construct interconnected carbon foams with N,P co-doping (MNNPCs) to improve sodium storage performance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements demonstrate that defined MNNPCs display fast charge transfer at the electrode-electrolyte interface. And the Na+ diffusion coefficient in the MNNPCs electrodes (1.2 × 10−10 cm2 s−1) is about 22 times than that of reference electrode, suggesting excellent sodium ions diffusion kinetics in MNNPCs electrodes. In particular, MNNPCs are capable of delivering superior specific capacity of 394.5 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 after 100 cycles with an initial coulombic efficiency of 58.7%. Such architecture provides a promising structural platform for the preparation of carbon anode materials for high reversible and high capacity sodium ions batteries.
Density functional theory (DFT) is used in conjunction with experimental results to propose decomposition pathways that describe the role and ultimate fate of the PES additive in Li-ion batteries. Oxidation of PES produces carbonyl sulfide gas and ethene at the positive electrode, both experimentally observed byproducts. However, the calculated standard potential for simple PES oxidation, E 0 o x ∼ 6.7 V vs. Li/Li+, is quite high, suggesting this pathway is unlikely. A “reactive electrode model” is presented, in which the positive electrode material is a reagent in the pseudo-combustion of PES (and other solvents). This spontaneous process produces carbonyl sulfide, carbon dioxide, and a rock salt surface layer, all of which are experimentally observed. At the negative electrode, the reduction of PES occurs via two one-electron steps, where E 0 r e d , 1 = 0.9 V and E 0 r e d , 2 = 4.3 V. The reduced species, Li2PES, can react with hydrogen and methyl radicals to produce propene, methylpropene, propane and lithium sulfite. Nucleophilic Li2PES can also react with electrophilic PES, ethylene carbonate, or ethyl methyl carbonate. Eighteen possible organic sulphate ‘building blocks’ for the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) are presented. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements demonstrate that PES reduction indeed results in both lithium sulfite and organic sulphate SEI components.
In this review, we present the major developments in the evolution of ‘membraneless’ microfluidic electrochemical cells which utilize co-laminar flow to minimize reactant mixing while producing electrical power in a compact form. Categorization of devices according to reactant phases is suggested, with further differentiation being subject to fabrication method and function, namely multi-layer sandwich structures for medium-power cell stacks and single-layer monolithic cells for low-power on-chip applications. Power density metrics reveal that recent co-laminar flow cells compare favourably with conventional membrane-based electrochemical cells and that further optimization of device architecture could be expedited through standardized testing. Current research trends indicate that co-laminar flow cell technology for power generation is growing rapidly and finding additional use as an analytical and education tool. Practical directions and recommendations for further research are provided, with the intention to guide scientific advances and technology development toward ultimate pairing with commercial applications.
Thermal performance of an intelligent notebook computer battery-pack (IBA2+™, Hewlett Packard) was evaluated during operation at 42°C using a combination of thermal analysis and modeling. The battery-pack was charged at 2.36A and provided 55-W constant power during discharge. Results showed the battery-pack has reasonable heat dissipation capability except that the temperature rise of its charge control IC increases to 67°C, which is near the critical thermal limit of the device (73–75°C). Autopsy results showed this IC has a small die to die-pad size ratio and also large volume of mold compound causing the device self-heating during the charge control process. Thermal modeling provided a detailed understanding of the thermal response of the battery under various operating conditions that helped to reduce the product design cycle-time. The overall results indicated that the battery temperature rise during charge is dominated by the power dissipation from the control electronics and during discharge by the heat dissipation from Li-ion cells.
The possible use of LiNiO2 similar to LiCoO2, as a positive material in rechargeable lithium batteries was recognized 20 years ago and starting 10 years later, many research studies led to material improvement through substitution of some of the nickel ions by other metallic ions. These modifications improve the thermal stability at high charge level or overcharge, as well as cycling and storage properties. Commercial material is now available at large industrial scale, which allows its use in big “industrial” Li ion batteries. Using low cost raw material (Ni), it is expected to be cost competitive with the manganese based systems usually mentioned as low cost on the total cell $/Wh basis. Providing higher energy density, and demonstrating excellent behavior on storage and extended cycle life, LiNiO2 has definite advantages over the manganese system. Thanks to their properties, these batteries have demonstrated their ability to be used in lot of applications, either for transportation or standby. Their light weight makes them attractive for powering satellites. Although safety improvements are always desirable for all non-aqueous batteries using flammable organic electrolytes, suitable battery designs allow the systems to reach the acceptable level of safety required by many users. Beside the largely distributed lead acid and nickel cadmium batteries, Li ion will found its place in the “industrial batteries” market, in a proportion directly linked to its future cost reduction.
The promising application of Na-ion batteries in large-scale energy storage such as smart grid has encouraged intensive research on Na-based insertion compounds and their implementation in full Na-ion cells. Herein, the electrochemical performance of half cells using Na0.66Ni0.33˗xZnxMn0.67O2 (x = 0, 0.07 and 0.14) cathodes in diglyme-based electrolyte are first studied. For x = 0.07, high discharge capacities of 120 and 80 mA h g−1 at 15 and 150 mA g−1, respectively are measured, with stable operation voltage exceeding 4.0 V vs. Na+/Na and cycling life over 200 cycles. Moreover, DSC results of the charged positive electrodes confirmed that the thermal stability was improved distinctively by zinc modification. Also, graphitized petroleum coke exhibits good performance in diglyme-based electrolyte in terms of stable capacity (100 mA h g-1) over 200 cycles in a stable plateau within 0.5–1.0 V vs. Na+/Na. Thereafter, a full Na-ion battery using Na0.66Ni0.26Zn0.07Mn0.67O2 cathode, diglyme electrolyte, and petroleum coke anode is proposed here that shows impressive performances, i.e. shows high discharge capacity of 86 mA h g-1 and 85% retention after 155 cycles. It is believed that diglyme-based electrolytes should be readily extended to other layered sodium oxide electrodes and their full cells.
The surface coating of LiMn2O4 using a gel precursor of LiNi1−X Co X O2 (X=0.2 and 1) prepared from a solution-based chemical process was attempted in order to enhance the electrochemical performances of LiMn2O4 at elevated temperature. After the surface of LiMn2O4 was coated with LiNi1−X Co X O2 (X=0.2 and 1) coating solution and heated at 750°C, the surface of LiMn2O4 was covered with fine LiNi1−X Co X O2 (X=0.2 and 1) particles. LiNi1−X Co X O2 (X=0.2 and 1)-coated LiMn2O4 showed an excellent capacity retention at 65°C compared to pure LiMn2O4. While pure LiMn2O4 retained 81% of the initial capacity after storage in the discharged state at 65°C for 300h, LiCoO2-coated LiMn2O4 showed no capacity loss. The improvement of storage performance at 65°C is attributed to the suppression of electrolyte decomposition and the reduction of Mn dissolution resulting from encapsulating the surface of LiMn2O4 with LiCoO2. The surface coating with LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 also enhanced the high temperature cycle performance of LiMn2O4. Consequently, It is proposed that the surface encapsulation of LiMn2O4 with fine LiNi1−X Co X O2 (X=0.2 and 1) particles improve its high temperature performance.
Fine CdO nanoparticles and CdO/Carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanocomposites are synthesized via a facile solution method for the first time and characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and electrochemical measurements. As a novel anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the nanosized CdO can delivers an initial capacity as high as 805mAh g−1. However, the capacity retention of pure CdO is poor. By incorporating CNTs and water soluble sodium alginate binder, the CdO could deliver a reversible capacity of 810 mAh g−1 up to 100 cycles and a capacity of 720 mAh g−1 even at the rate of 1500mAg−1. To better understand the mechanism of the improvements, ex-situ SEM and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements are performed. Our findings would shed new light on optimizing the electrochemical performances of other electrodes for lithium-ion batteries and the anodes of Ni-Cd batteries.
LithiumSulfur batteries are one of the most promising energy storage systems among the next generation batteries due to their high energy density and the natural abundance of sulfur. Nevertheless, some limitations hinder their implementation to the marketplace which are mostly linked to the shuttle effect resulting fast capacity lost and lithium poisoning by dissolved polysulfides. One of the possible solutions is the use of polysulfide adsorptive interlayers between anode and cathode to inhibit the shuttle effect protecting lithium anode. In this work, oxidized poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylpyrrolidone) nanofibers containing SnCl2 (oPANVP/SnCl2) are used as an interlayer to enhance the performance of LiS cells. Unlike most of the current literature, the electrospun nanofiber mats are oxidized at 200 °C under air, but not further pyrolyzed to benefit from the functional groups and the partial formation of SnOx. 700 mAh g−1 discharge capacity is obtained at C/5 after 100 cycles by using oPANVP/SnCl2, which is higher than the cells with oPANVP and without interlayer. The improved capacity is mostly associated with the complementary adsorption effect of SnCl2 particles, partially formed SnOx and functional groups of oPANVP. Polysulfide adsorption effect of SnCl2, SnOx, and nitrogen- and oxygen-rich functional groups of oPANVP is proven by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.
Specialist mechanical engineer Ponticon is building a plant  for additive manufacturing, which will allow the EHLA process developed by Fraunhofer ILT to be used for commercial series applications. The German acronym EHLA stands for ultra-high-speed  laser material deposition, and it is suitable for manufacturing 3-D metallic structures. The process allows feed rates of up to 15 m/s, while ensuring the high precision of the layers  applied. The metal powder is melted by the laser beam while still airborne and comes into contact with the weld pool  on the surface in liquid form. The 3-D EHLA plant, working at process speeds exceeding 3 m/s, is said to be able  to build up complete parts in  a very short time. According  to the manufacturer, feed  rates exceeding 15 m/s can  be achieved with rotating components. As well as producing and modifying individual parts, the plant can also be used to coat existing parts,  for example tool steel with bronze, aluminum with stainless steels and gray iron with tungsten alloys. © Fraunhofer ILT
Electrochemical performance of β-FeOOH thin film has been investigated for a low-cost and environmentally friendly negative electrode with a large capacity. The electrode was found out to give an initial large discharge capacity of 864mAhg−1 and good cycleability with a constant value around 700mAhg−1 at subsequent cycles. In the first charge process, one electron change reaction proceeded from the initial rest potential of 3.04–1.65V vs. Li/Li+, resulting in the formation of divalent product FeOOHLi. Further charging caused the surface film formation like solid electrolyte interface (SEI) between 1.65V and 1.18V vs. Li/Li+ together with the reduction of Fe compound from divalent to partially zero-valent, followed by its film growth from 1.18V to 0.07V vs. Li/Li+.
Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites were prepared by a two-step method: solution precipitation followed by hydrogen reducing. The mass ratio of Fe3O4 to rGO in the composites could be carefully controlled in the first step. The structure and morphology of Fe3O4/rGO composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties of the composites as electrode of supercapacitors were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests. It was found that the mass ratio of Fe3O4 to rGO had great effects on the crystal size of Fe3O4, specific surface areas and pore volume, as well as the specific capacitance of the composites. The capacitance of the composite was higher than that of any individual component due to the synergetic effect between Fe3O4 and rGO. The composite exhibited an excellent cyclic stability and could maintain the initial capacity over 1000 cycles without any decay. This report provides useful clues in design and synthesis graphene-based composites for the applications as energy materials.