batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Nanostructured Sn–Ti–C composites have been synthesized by a facile, inexpensive high energy mechanical milling process and investigated as an anode material for lithium-ion cells. Characterization data collected with X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveal an uniform dispersion of Sn nanoparticles within the conductive, amorphous (or poorly crystalline) TiC+C matrix. Among the three Sn–Ti–C compositions investigated, the Sn11Ti31C58 composite exhibits the best electrochemical performance, with a capacity of ∼370mAh/g and excellent capacity retention over 300 cycles studied. It also exhibits excellent cycle life with LiMn2O4 spinel cathode, suggesting a tolerance of the Sn–Ti–C anodes toward poisoning by the manganese leached out from the spinel cathode. The superior electrochemical performance of Sn11Ti31C58 composite is attributed to a homogeneous distribution of the electrochemically active amorphous Sn, suppression of Sn grain growth, and the mechanical buffering effect provided by the conductive TiC+C matrix toward the volume expansion-contraction occurring during cycling.
We investigate the separation of manganese by an antagonistic effect from a leaching solution of ternary cathodic material of spent lithium-ion batteries that contain 11,400 mg L−1 Co, 11,700 mg L−1 Mn, 12,200 mg L−1 Ni, and 5300 mg L−1 Li using a mixture of alkyl monocarboxylic acid and di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid extractants. pH isotherm, distribution coefficient, separation factor, McCabe–Thiele diagram, selective scrubbing, and countercurrent extraction tests are carried out to prove an antagonistic effect and to recover manganese using alkyl monocarboxylic in the mixed extractant. Slope analysis is used to determine the extraction mechanism between a mixture of extractants and valuable metals. An increasing concentration of alkyl monocarboxylic acid in the mixture of extractants results in a decrease in distribution coefficient of cobalt and manganese, however, the separation factor value (β(Mn/Co)) increases at pH 4.5. This is caused by slope analysis where alkyl monocarboxylic acid disrupts the extraction mechanism between di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid and cobalt. Finally, continuous countercurrent extraction in a mini-plant test demonstrate the feasibility of manganese recovery from cobalt, nickel, and lithium.
In the present work, the reactions of cyclophosphazenes with adamantane derivatives have been investigated. The geminal-bis- (3) and geminal-tetrakis- (4) compounds have been synthesized from the reaction of hexachloro-cyclotriphosphazatriene with 1-adamantanethiol. 2-(1′-Adamantylamino)-2,4,4,6,6-pentachlorocyclotriphosphazatriene (5) has been obtained from the reaction of hexachloro-cyclotriphosphazatriene with 1-adamantylamine. Furthermore, mono- (6) and non-geminal bis-substituted 1-adamantylamino cyclotetraphosphazene compounds 7 (2-trans-6) and 8 (2-cis-4) have been isolated from the reaction of octachlorocyclotetraphosphazatetraene with 1-adamantylamine. All compounds have been fully characterized by elemental analysis, mass, 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopies. Molecular and crystal structures of 3 and 5–7 have been determined by X-ray crystallography. Compounds 3 and 4 are reported as the first examples for adamantylthio derivatives of cyclophosphazene in the literature. Compounds 5–8 have been also reported for the first time.
Background Cognitive deficits are recognized as a critical determinant of functional outcomes in schizophrenia; and second generation antipsychotic drugs have been touted for their potential to enhance cognitive functioning and community tenure. Objectives The study examined the relative merits of olanzapine and quetiapine in improving cognitive deficits and enhancing psychosocial functioning in a sample of community dwelling adults previously treated with first generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia. Methods In a prospective, rater-blinded study, 86 participants were randomized to receive either olanzapine or quetiapine, and assessed at baseline and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Outcome measures included, besides symptoms and side effects rating scales, the subjective scale to investigate cognition in schizophrenia (SSTICS), a computer-assisted cognitive test battery (COGLAB), the sickness impact profile (SIP), the global assessment of functioning (GAF) scale, and the drug attitude inventory (DAI). Results Both olanzapine and quetiapine were equally effective in improving symptom severity and decreasing the neurological side effects. Quetiapine was significantly better tolerated (p =0.002), improved self-rated cognitive dysfunction (p =0.002) and subjects' performance on selected neurocognitive tasks (p =0.01). Olanzapine use was associated with greater symptom stability, fewer drop outs (p =0.01) and frequent metabolic aberrations (p =0.001). The accrued benefits of drug therapy, however, were not reflected as significant gains in daily functioning and quality of life. Conclusions Quetiapine is noted to have specific cognition enhancing properties in schizophrenia that warrants further exploration. The observed clinical and cognitive benefits associated with quetiapine may likely be attributable to its loose binding to, and fast dissociation from the dopamine receptors. Olanzapine has proved to be a reliable antipsychotic drug with a greater liability to cause metabolic abnormalities.
Because Chinese character learning typically relies heavily on rote character copying, we tested independent copying skill in third- and fourth-grade Chinese children with and without dyslexia. In total, 21 Chinese third and fourth graders with dyslexia and 33 without dyslexia (matched on age, nonverbal IQ, and mother’s education level) were given tasks of copying unfamiliar print in Vietnamese, Korean, and Hebrew as well as tests of word reading and writing, morphological awareness, rapid automatized naming (RAN), and orthographic processing. All three copying tasks distinguished dyslexic children from nondyslexic children with moderate effect sizes (.67–.80). Zero-order correlations of the three copying tasks with dictation and reading ranged from .37 to .58. With age, Raven’s, group status, RAN, morphological awareness, and orthographic measures statistically controlled, the copying tasks uniquely explained 6% and 3% variance in word reading and dictation, respectively. Results suggest that copying skill itself may be useful in understanding the development and impairment of literacy skills in Chinese.
Nitrogen-doped porous carbon (NPC) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have been frequently studied to immobilize sulfur in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. However, neither NPC nor MWCNT itself can effectively confine the soluble polysufides if cathode thickness e.g. sulfur loading is increased. In this work, NPC was combined with MWCNTs to construct an integrated host structure to immobilize sulfur at a relevant scale. The function of doped nitrogen atoms was revisited and found to effectively attract sulfur radicals generated during the electrochemical process. The addition of MWCNT facilitated the uniform coating of sulfur nanocomposites to a practically thickness and homogenized the distribution of sulfur particles in the pristine electrodes, while NPC provided sufficient pore volume to trap the dissolved polysulfides species. More importantly, the difficulty of electrode wetting, a critical challenge for thick sulfur cathodes, is also mitigated after the adoption of MWCNT, leading to a high areal capacity of ca. 2.5mAh/cm2 with a capacity retention of 81.6% over 100 cycles.
Perovskite-type Y0.9Sr0.1Cr0.9Fe0.1O3−δ maintained good chemical stability under a H2S-containing atmosphere based on results from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) in our previous study. In this research, the YSCF-based anode was studied using H2 and H2S-containing fuels. The activity of an electrode is closely related to its material composition, lattice structure, physic-chemical properties, and morphologic structure. Therefore, the characteristics of the YSCF powders and the cell were analyzed by XRD, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The conductivities of YSCF were evaluated by four-probe method in 10% H2–N2, 1% H2S–N2 and air, respectively. Thermodynamic calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis have been used to investigate the stability of the elements in YSCF upon exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in hydrogen (H2) over a range of partial pressures of sulfur (pS2) and oxygen (pO2) that are representative of fuel cell operating conditions. In addition, the performance of the complete cell (YSCF–SDC|SDC|Ag) under H2S and H2 fuel mixtures was also evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and I–V and I–P curves. The emergence of FeSO4 in the sulfur treatment should play an important role in preventing further sulfur-poisoning.
NaBiO3 crystal of high purity has been synthesized through chemical oxidization. The morphology and thermal stability of NaBiO3 were examined with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). The electrochemical properties of MnO2 electrodes with and without doping NaBiO3 were studied through galvanostatic charge/discharge and cyclic voltammetry. The results indicate that the MnO2 electrode doped with NaBiO3 possesses remarkably higher discharge voltage and capacity and better reversibility than the pure MnO2 electrode and Bi2O3 doping MnO2 electrode.
As a cathode material for lithium ion rechargeable batteries, LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 (LNCO) is one of the most attractive candidates for high power electronic devices. In the present work, we have synthesized LNCO powder by solid-state route. The discharge capacity and the capacity retention of LNCO cathode are found to be ∼100mAhg−1 and ∼63%, respectively. Molybdenum doping, replacing parts of cobalt ion in LNCO lattice increases the discharge capacity (∼157mAhg−1) and improve its capacity retention characteristics. Through X-ray Rietveld analyses, we have found that Mo doping increases the inter-slab spacing between the (Co,Ni)O2 octahedral layers which provides easier Li1+ intercalation leading to improved electrochemical properties in the modified cathode.
This paper deals with hybrid energy storage system (HESS) management strategies, optimized for urban road electric vehicle applications. These new control strategies aim to extend battery pack durability by reducing charging/discharging current peaks by means of supercapacitors. The optimization is carried out with reference to the case study of a HESS composed of a high power unit, i.e. supercapacitor module plus a high energy unit, i.e. a battery pack, based on nickel-chloride ZEBRA (ZEolite Battery Research Africa) technology. On-board integration of the two storage devices is obtained through a DC/DC bidirectional power converter, as this configuration is particularly convenient for many kinds of urban vehicle operations. The novelty of this work consists in an analytical methodology, based on non-linear programming and calculus of variations theory, to evaluate management strategies characterized by high effectiveness in reducing battery current transients. The identification and optimization of these strategies are initially performed on the basis of a vehicle model, built in the Matlab-Simulink simulation environment. To this purpose, the experimental characterization of the supercapacitor module is obtained with reference to three different models, whose selection depends on the required fitting performance and computational effort indexes, as evaluated in the paper. The energy management strategies identified show promising results in the simulation environment, followed by experimental activities carried out by means of a dedicated 1:1 scale laboratory test bench. The various experimental results presented in this manuscript highlight that the identified λ-control strategy presents effectiveness values up to 57%, close to the ideal results obtained in the simulation environment. In fact, the methodology proposed in this paper, validated by laboratory experiments, definitely reduces the negative consequences of power peaks on the HESS, indicating the real possibility of using these results in the design and control of urban road vehicles.
A combination technique of in situ synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed to study the Li1−x Ni0.5Co0.25Mn0.25O2 cathode material for Li-ion battery. The Li/Li1−x Ni0.5Co0.25Mn0.25O2 cell with x =0.82 charged to 4.5V showed the first charge capacity of 225mAh/g. The X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) indicated that the initial valences were +2/+3, +3 and +4 for Ni, Co and Mn, respectively. The main redox reaction during delithiation was achieved by Ni via the reaction Ni2+ →Ni3+ followed by Ni3+ →Ni4+. The oxidation states of Co and Mn remained Co3+ and Mn4+. The bond length of Ni–O decreased drastically, while the Co–O and Mn–O distances exhibited a slight change with the decrease of Li content in the electrode. It was further revealed that all the second shell metal–metal (Ni–M, Co–M and Mn–O) distances decreased due to the oxidation of metal ions. In situ XRD data showed that both a- and c-axes varied with different Li contents in this material system. At the beginning of charge, there was a contraction along the c-axis and a slight expansion along the a-axis. As x reached 0.57, the trend of the variation in c-axis was opposite. The changes of lattice parameters could be explained by the balance between ionic radius and the repulsive force of the layer-structured material.
Dispersed application of Battery Energy Storages (BESs) can have many benefits in terms of voltage regulation and energy management in Active Distribution Networks (ADNs). The batteries are high-cost technologies, and they must be installed and managed optimally to benefit from their innumerable advantages. In addition, each battery technology has specific economic and technical attributes which can be appropriate or inappropriate in a particular condition and utilization. The purpose of this paper is that the optimal size and location of various battery technologies are specified in the distribution network to minimize total cost and maximize reliability index considering the uncertainty of load demand as well as the output power of the wind and solar. Also, multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm is used to minimize two objective functions. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) is used to model the uncertainties of economic and technical characteristics of photovoltaic, wind power and load demand. The suggested planning scheme is tested on the modified IEEE 33-bus system. Finally, the different types of the battery technologies in one, five, ten, fifteen and twenty-year period are compared to present the optimum type.
We report the catalytic synthesis of carbon nanotubes and two approaches to the catalyst patterning. Aligned multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNT) arrays were synthesized in the presence of Co nanoparticles that were prepared by a reverse micelle method. By taking advantage of the fact that the Co nanoparticles are dispersible in organic solvent, an ink-jet technique has been applied to the Co nanoparticle dispersion for MWNT patterning. Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were synthesized by using Fe and Mo supported catalysts and the catalyst preparation process was combined with lithographic techniques, leading to formation of nanotubes bridging or crossing the catalyst patterns. These catalyst-patterning techniques, together with recent development of nanotube synthetic methods, may find applications in electronic and electrochemical applications, such as field-emission displays, nanodevices, and fuel cells.
Ultrafine crystalline SnO2 particles (2–3nm) dispersed carbon matrix composites are prepared by a sol–gel method. Citric acid and hydrous SnCl4 are used as the starting constituents. The effect of the calcination temperatures on the structure and electrochemical properties of the composites has been studied. Structure analyses show that ultrafine SnO2 particles form and disperse in the disordered carbon matrix in the calcination temperature range of 500–800°C, forming SnO2/C composites, and the carbon content shows only a slight increase from 35.8wt.% to 39.1wt.% with the temperature. Nano-Sn particles form when the calcination temperature is increased to 900°C, forming a SnO2/Sn/C composite, and the carbon content is increased to 49.3wt.%. Electrochemical testing shows that the composite anodes provide high reversible cycle stability after several initial cycles, maintaining capacities of 380–400mAhg−1 beyond 70 cycles for the calcination temperature of 600–800°C. The effect of the structure feature of the ultrafine size of SnO2 and the disordered carbon matrix on the lithium insertion and extraction process, especially on the reversible behavior of the lithium ion reaction during cycling, is discussed.
Microwave irradiation assisted synthesis (MIAS) is successfully employed to prepare three-dimensional (3D) porous microspherical aggregation of LiFePO4/C nanoparticles as the cathode material of lithium ion battery. XRD, SEM, and TEM studies confirm that highly crystalline LiFePO4 without any impurity phase can be synthesized under microwave irradiation of 700 W for 5 min. The as-obtained LiFePO4/C sample is prepared via MIAS consisting of nanopores (20–30 nm) and nanoparticles (20–30 nm) which are coated with uniform, complete carbon layers (about ∼3 nm). These superior physical characters provide LiFePO4/C (MIAS) excellent electrochemical performance at 0.1C including the high discharge capacity of 156.9 mAh g−1 and the low polarization of 51.5 mV. At the discharge rate of 1C, LiFePO4/C (MIAS) exhibits the low polarization of 202.3 mV, high capacity of 126.7 mAh g−1, high discharge voltage of 3.33 V, and specific energy of 398.5 kWh kg−1, all of which are much better than those measured for the sample prepared via conventional heat treatment (CHT). At even high rate of 5C, LiFePO4/C (CHT) fails to discharge whereas LiFePO4/C (MIAS) is able to deliver the discharge capacity of 95.5 mAh g−1. The low polarization of LiFePO4/C (MIAS) results in the good discharge voltage of 3.06 V, high specific energy of 278.8 Wh kg−1, and excellent energy efficiency of 72.0% at 5C.
With increasing PV penetration level, performances of the distributed grid-connected PV system and aggregated effects on public grid need to be identified and analyzed. This paper simulated the techno-economic performances of the grid-connected residential PV-battery system based on simulated PV generations, history household load, technical and economical parameters under the electricity market in Kyushu, Japan. Results indicate that residential PV self-consumption ratios vary significantly between months, it can increase by adding relative battery size, the increasing rate shows obvious variations between months and its value highly depends on features of the customer load and PV generation profiles. Optimal management strategies for private home storage dispatch show a potential in grid peak load shaving. Assumed accumulative generation of home PV-battery system totally shares 2.0% of grid load, analysis indicates that proposed grid-supporting PV-battery systems can participate in 1.1% reduction of peak grid load. The economic feasibility and uptake of battery system highly depend on direct subsidies due to high capacity cost, payback period of PV-battery system is around 18 years without any incentive policies. Increasing electricity pricing, decreasing PV feed-in tariff and falling cost in battery can provide the home PV-battery system more attractiveness.
Increasing flexibility in electricity systems with high-shares of volatile renewable generation is on top of the European policy making agenda. Large-scale pumped hydro storages are appropriate technology candidates to accomplish this. Therefore, they are one of the focus technologies of the European Commission in the Projects of Common Interest discussion. In order to get listed a thorough system benefit analysis has to be conducted. This paper investigates a comprehensive socio-economic benefit analysis of storage technologies according to the indicators expected by the European Commission. The dispatch model EDisOn + Balancing is applied, which includes the functionalities depicting balancing mechanisms. Additionally, the profitability analysis tries to sort out the most convincing business cases where storage technologies contributing to more flexibility in the electricity system can sustain in the long-run. A simulation tool has been developed to model and quantify flexibility options, and to evaluate the profitability from the owner's point-of-view. The results show that in Central Europe with increasing storage capacities the necessity of reserve capacity and investments in peaking units decreases while maintaining a high security of supply level. In addition to electricity generation and balancing cost reductions, shedding of renewables and significant amounts of environmental damage costs of up to 1300 MEuro/a can be avoided. The profitability study shows that a reduction of minimum load or retrofitting hydro reservoir storages with pump mode increase the hours of participation in balancing markets and machine utilisation, e.g. operating hours and frequency of machine starts. With the latter also wear of machines increases. Therefore, it is important to find the optimum in terms of machine starts and market benefits. Several benefits are presented per installed capacity to provide scalability and transferability of outcomes for other applications. Furthermore, the analyses make an important contribution to the European Projects of Common Interest discussion.
Nanosized LiNi1/3Co1/3Al1/3O2 with an α-NaFeO2 structure has been successfully synthesized via a water-in-oil microemulsion method. Well-crystallized LiNi1/3Co1/3Al1/3O2 was obtained after heating at 800°C for merely 3h. The particle size of the microemulsion-derived powders was around 30nm. The results of electrochemical analysis revealed that the synthesized powders exhibited higher discharge capacity at elevated temperatures than at room temperature. The Co3+/Co4+ redox reactions are considered to play an important role in the discharge capacity and capacity retention of synthesized LiNi1/3Co1/3Al1/3O2.
We investigated the relation between implicit sequence learning and individual differences in working memory (WM) capacity. Participants performed an oculomotor version of the serial reaction time (SRT) task and three computerized WM tasks. Implicit learning was measured using anticipation measures only, as they represent strong indicators of learning. Our results demonstrate that anticipatory behavior in the SRT task changes as a function of WM capacity, such that it increases with decreased WM capacity. On the other hand, WM capacity did not affect the overall number of correct anticipations in the task. In addition, we report a positive relation between WM capacity and the number of consecutive correct anticipations (or chunks), and a negative relation between WM capacity and the overall number of errors, indicating different learning strategies during implicit sequence learning. The results of the current study are theoretically important, because they demonstrate that individual differences in WM capacity could account for differences in learning processes, and ultimately change individuals’ anticipatory behavior, even when learning is implicit, without intention and awareness.