batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Lithium ferro phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries are stable in terms of their thermal and chemical characteristics and have a high potential for wide use in the future. A battery model that predicts current–voltage (I–V) performance with high accuracy is vital for circuit designers so they can design circuits to control the usage of the battery and improve its runtime and its safety during use. In this paper, a battery model with two resistance–capacitance (RC) parallel networks is used for modelling and the values for parameters are divided into two sets; one for loaded conditions and the other for unloaded conditions. A methodology of transient response correction is proposed for formulating the parameters of the loaded condition. The steps for parameter extraction are discussed and the proposed battery model is validated using data from several experiments. The comparison between experiment and simulation results shows that the proposed model is capable of predicting I–V performance of the battery with very little error.
To increase the penetration of photovoltaic renewable energy (PV RE) in the residential building sector energy mix, the mismatch between mid-day production and evening electrical energy demand must be bridged. The use of heat pumps for space heating of residential buildings creates an opportunity for energy flexible residential buildings that rely on low-cost thermal energy storage systems. This paper explores the ‘building as battery’ concept (BaB), i.e. the use of the structural thermal capacity as a heat storage medium in winter. In these systems the building internal mass is preheated during solar daytime hours (using a PV RE powered heat pump) and cooled by discharge into the room air after sunset, for space heating. This study presents measured and simulated performance of BaB systems used for thermal energy storage in living rooms of three different apartment buildings with variable thermal insulation levels, ranging from typical southern Europe 1980s construction to a insulated apartment (Passive House certified). To assist in interpreting the results and facilitate their integration in simplified simulation of BaB systems in smart grids the model parameters of a simplified Resistance-Capacitance model were found by fitting the experimental results. The results show that, for apartments with high thermal mass, thermal insulation is the key driver of BaB system thermal efficiency, with the highly insulated apartment reaching BaB efficiencies of 60–80%. For existing apartments with a low thermal insulation, the BaB approach is only effective when space heating is required right after sunset (just when PV RE powered heat pump charging finishes).
The layered LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 system has drawn interest as a cathode material for lithium battery high-power applications. In order to determine the charge compensation mechanism and structural perturbations occurring in the system during cycling, in situ battery X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (XAFS) measurements were conducted on a cell cycled at a moderate rate and typical Li-ion battery operating voltages (3.0–4.1 V). The XAFS data collected at the Ni and Co edges approximately every 30 min during cycling revealed details about the response of the cathode to Li insertion and extraction. These measurements on the Li x Ni0.8Co0.2O2 cathode (0.29<x<0.78) demonstrated that the material retains excellent structural short-range order leading to superior cycling. Interestingly, the Co and Ni atoms behaved differently in response to Li insertion/extraction. This study corroborates previous work that explains the XAFS of the Ni atoms in terms of a Ni3+ Jahn–Teller ion. An analysis of the metal–metal distances suggests, contrary to a qualitative analysis of the X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), that Co3+ is oxidized to the maximum extent possible (within the Li content range of this experiment) at x=0.47±0.04, while Ni3+ is oxidized in equal and linear increments proportional to the battery's state-of-charge. XAFS results on discharge show an almost completely reversible process with charge compensation through Co4+ and Ni4+ site reduction and a return to the original structural state.
It is shown that Solupor is an attractive material for lithium ion batteries. The key properties of low turtuosity, high strength and puncture resistance, and excellent wettability combined with the high rate capability and low-temperature performance are due to the UHMWPE network structure.
Electrochemistry and structural evolution of monoclinic NaNiO2 as a cathode material for Na-ion battery is reported. The initial charge capacity reached 160 mA h g−1 and the following discharge capacity of 114.6 mA h g−1, within the voltage range of 4.0–1.5 V at C/10. The multiple phase transition leading to O′3, P′3, P″3, O″3, and O‴3 stacking types (NaNiO2, Na0.91NiO2, Na0.84NiO2, Na0.81NiO2 and Na0.79NiO2 transitions, respectively, according to a previous report) during the 1st charge/discharge process is analysed using ex situ and in situ XRD techniques, and the stoichiometry of each phase is herein revised. The charge/discharge profile shows a highly reversible nature of the cathode, except that fully sodiated phase could not be achieved at the subsequent discharge. Two new phases have been discovered: a monoclinic O3 structure (designated as O⁗3) at the beginning of the charge (and end of discharge) and a P3 structure (designated as P‴3) at 3.38 V that appeared only during the charge process. The composition of the new O⁗3-phase corresponds to Na0.83NiO2, which is the closest to the fully sodiated phase at room temperature achieved during the discharge process reported up to date, and the composition of the new P‴3-phase corresponds approximately to Na0.50NiO2.
Eight new functionalized guanidinium ILs based on small cations containing ether group (methoxyethyl group) or ester group (methyl acetate group) and TFSI− anion were synthesized and characterized. Physical and electrochemical properties of these products, including melting point, thermal stability, viscosity, conductivity and electrochemical window, were investigated. All the products were liquids at room temperature, and they had low-melting points. The viscosities of cg1(2o1)TFSI and cg2(2o1)TFSI were 46 and 48mPas at 25°C, respectively. Electrochemical and thermal stabilities of these functionalized guanidinum ILs permitted them to become potential electrolytes used in electrochemical devices.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease associated with the overproduction and accumulation of amyloid-β peptide and hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins in the brain. Despite extensive research on the amyloid-based mechanism of AD pathogenesis, the underlying cause of AD is not fully understood. No disease-modifying therapies currently exist, and numerous clinical trials have failed to demonstrate any benefits. The recent discovery that the amyloid-β peptide has antimicrobial activities supports the possibility of an infectious aetiology of AD and suggests that amyloid-β plaque formation might be induced by infection. AD patients have a weakened blood–brain barrier and immune system and are thus at elevated risk of microbial infections. Such infections can cause chronic neuroinflammation, production of the antimicrobial amyloid-β peptide, and neurodegeneration. Various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites have been associated with AD. Most research in this area has focused on individual pathogens, with herpesviruses and periodontal bacteria being most frequently implicated. The purpose of this review is to highlight the potential role of multi-pathogen infections in AD. Recognition of the potential coexistence of multiple pathogens and biofilms in AD’s aetiology may stimulate the development of novel approaches to its diagnosis and treatment. Multiple diagnostic tests could be applied simultaneously to detect major pathogens, followed by anti-microbial treatment using antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-biofilm agents.
Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are battery-operated devices designed to vaporise nicotine, which may help smokers quitting or reducing their tobacco consumption. There is a lack of data on the health effects of EC use among smokers with COPD and whether regular use results in improvement in subjective and objective COPD outcomes.
A major contaminant of concern for mountaintop removal/valley fill (MTR/VF) coal mining is selenium (Se), an essential micronutrient that can be toxic to fish. Creek chubs (Semotilus atromaculatus), green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), and composite insect samples were collected in March-July, 2011–2013 at two sites within the Mud River, West Virginia. One site (MR7) receives MTR/VF coal mining effluent, while the reference site (LFMR) does not. MR7 water had significantly higher concentrations of soluble Se (p < 0.01) and conductivity (p < 0.005) compared to LFMR. MR7 whole insects contained significantly higher concentrations of Se compared to LFMR insects (p < 0.001). MR7 creek chubs had significantly higher Se in fillets, liver, and ovary tissues compared to LFMR samples (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, and p < 0.02, respectively). MR7 green sunfish fillets contained significantly higher Se (p < 0.0001). Histological examination showed LFMR creek chub gills contained a typical amount of parasitic infestations; however MR7 gills contained minimal to no visible parasites. X-ray absorption spectroscopic analyses revealed that MR7 whole insects and creek chub tissues primarily contained organic Se and selenite. These two species of Mud River fish were shown to specifically accumulate Se differently in tissues compartments. Tissue-specific concentrations of Se may be useful in determining potential reproductive consequences of Se exposure in wild fish populations.
In this manuscript is reported an attempt to prepare high ionic conductivity lithium polymer electrolytes by UV cross-linking the poly(ethyleneoxide) (briefly called PEO) polymer matrix in presence of the plasticizing lithium salt, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and an ionic liquid of the pyrrolidinium family (N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium TFSI) having a common anion with the lithium salt. It is demonstrated that polymer electrolytes with room temperature ionic conductivities of nearly 10−3 Scm−1 could be obtained as a result of the reduced crystallinity of the ternary electrolytes. The results clearly indicate that the cross-linked ternary electrolyte shows superior mechanical properties with respect to the non-cross-linked electrolytes and higher conductivities with respect to polymer electrolytes containing none or less ionic liquid.
As a novel anode material for lithium-ion batteries, Pb(NO3)2 can deliver an initial discharge capacity as high as 1310.8 mAh g−1. However, its capacity retention is poor upon repeated cycles. In this work, carbon black (CB), graphene (GN) and carbon nanotube (CNT) are used as conductive additives to fabricate Pb(NO3)2/CB, Pb(NO3)2/GN and Pb(NO3)2/CNT, respectively. It is observed that CB and GN fail to form uniform three-dimensional conductive network for Pb(NO3)2. As a result, Pb(NO3)2/CB and Pb(NO3)2/GN do not show obviously improved electrochemical properties compared to bare Pb(NO3)2. For comparison, CNTs provide cross-linking conductive cages for Pb(NO3)2 particles. It can be found that CNT coating can significantly enhance the electrochemical property of Pb(NO3)2. Pb(NO3)2/CNT reveals a reversible charge capacity of 495.2 mAh g−1 after 45 cycles at a current density of 50mAg−1, which is much higher than that of bare Pb(NO3)2 (227.4 mAh g−1), Pb(NO3)2/CB (278.0 mAh g−1), Pb(NO3)2/GN (327.2 mAh g−1). Even cycled at 200mAg−1, Pb(NO3)2/CNT can maintain a reversible lithium storage capacity of 411.7 mAh g−1. All these results suggest that Pb(NO3)2/CNT is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
The installed capacity of photovoltaic (PV) systems globally reached 177GW at the end of 2014. The annual rate of installations, 38.7GW in 2014, continues to increase. A large part of this is installed as residential systems connected to low voltage (LV) networks. The majority of the LV distribution networks are radial, unbalanced with respect to loads and feeder structures and have high R/X ratios. The large scale deployment of PV within the LV distribution networks is limited by voltage quality problems, particularly over voltages and unbalance. Development of proper mitigation techniques is essential to effectively and efficiently manage high penetration of PV within the LV distribution networks. A number of techniques have already been developed and implemented in LV distribution networks to alleviate those problems. This paper provides an extensive review of the present status, impacts and technical challenges of PV penetration in LV distribution networks. In addition, the review comprehensively examines the commercially available and emerging mitigation methods and provides a framework that systematically explores the full range of technical methods and limitations for PV impact mitigation. These will provide a useful framework and strong point of reference for the researchers working further in this field.
Microgrids that enable peer-to-peer energy exchange represent an important enabling technology for scaling renewable energy. Furthermore, peer-to-peer microgrids are an essential ingredient of the swarm electrification approach, facilitating the modular growth of infrastructure for energy access in the developing world. However, peer-to-peer microgrids heavily rely on the initial and continuous participation of users, called prosumers. This work shows how prosumer participation can be achieved and how sustainable microgrid development can be ensured. We identify (a) motivational drivers for potential users to join the microgrid community, (b) measures that can stimulate such motivation, and (c) design criteria for these measures to ensure the sustainability of microgrid development. The results demonstrate that incentives for prosumer participation must extend beyond financial benefits and ensure community-wide access to asset creation. We undertake a bottom-up analysis, from the user perspective, to identify the critical factors for ensuring successful microgrid development. To this end, the analysis includes an exemplary on-site case study with users of solar home systems in Bangladesh. With over five million solar home systems, Bangladesh is the global leader in terms of the number of standalone energy systems installed, and other regions in the Global South are quickly catching up. The proposed measures assessed in this work seek a balance between the goal of increasing user value to encourage initial participation and the goal of sustainable microgrid development. Furthermore, practical experience from applying the proposed measures is discussed. The research presented makes valuable contributions to the understanding and implementation of peer-to-peer microgrids worldwide, particularly for energy access in the developing world.
An amorphous glass film, Li2O–2B2O3 (LBO) glass, was coated on the surface of the cathode material by solution method. The Li-excess cathode powder Li1+x Mn2O4 derived from co-precipitation method was calcined with various weight percentage of the surface modified lithium boron glass. Fine powders with distinct particle size, size distribution and morphology were fabricated. The electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) was employed to evaluate the composition of LBO-coated Li1+x Mn2O4. The morphology was observed with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and the particle size in the range of several microns measured by laser scattering. The electrochemical behavior of the cathode powder was examined by using two-electrode test cells consisted of a cathode, metallic lithium as anode, and an electrolyte of 1M lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6). Cyclic charge/discharge testing of the coin cells, fabricated by both LBO-coated and base Li1+x Mn2O4 material were conducted. The LBO-coated cathode powder with the fading rate of only 7% after 25 cycles showed better cycleability than the base one with the fading rate of 17% after 25 cycles, particularly at higher temperature. It is demonstrated that the employment of LBO glass coated Li1+x Mn2O4 cathode material exhibited higher discharge capacity and significantly reduced the fading rate after cyclic test.
In this study, FeMnO3 hollow sphere/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites are fabricated using simple aging reaction followed by a thermal-treatment process. The as-prepared samples are well-characterized utilizing powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scan electron microscope (SEM), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS), and Raman spectra techniques. The results demonstrate that the prepared FeMnO3 samples undergo specific morphology transition from hollow spheres to solid rod-like aggregates, as accompanied by enhanced crystallization with increasing calcination temperature. Moreover, the prepared FeMnO3/RGO composites are employed as the electrode for supercapacitor. Electrochemical measurement results indicate that the FeMnO3/RGO electrode displays a significantly enhanced specific capacitance of 189 F g−1 and an improved cycling lifetime. The likely cause is the synergetic effects between the hollow spherical structure and the high conductivity of RGO. More importantly, the presented synthetic approach is facile, controllable, and reproducible, which could represent a promising avenue for preparing other ferrite-based composites with tailored morphologies and surface textures.
The aim of this work was to check the possibility of using an anionic membrane or a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) in an alkaline fuel cell. In first, the membrane was electrochemically characterized by measuring ionic conductivity (potentiometric method and electrochemical impedance) and transport numbers were measured (Henderson’s and Hittorf’s method). The ion-exchange capacity was also determined as well as the water content of the membrane. Then, an alkaline laboratory fuel cell using the SPE was assembled and showed the feasibility of the system. Finally, the performances were widely improved while using an interfacial solution between the electrodes and the membrane.
Although average or high IQ was central to initial conceptualizations of psychopathy, IQ is typically negatively associated with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). Few studies have simultaneously considered narcissism and callous-unemotional (CU) traits with respect to ODD and CD symptoms, including potential interactive associations with IQ. Participants were 221 ethnically-diverse (45 % non-White) 6–9 year-old children with (n = 114) and without (n = 107) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with separate parent and teacher ratings of narcissism, CU traits, ODD, and CD. To minimize shared method variance, we conservatively examined the association of parent-rated psychopathic traits with teacher-rated ODD and CD as well as the association of teacher-rated psychopathic traits with parent-rated ODD and CD. Controlling for age, sex, and the number of child ADHD symptoms, narcissism, but not CU traits, uniquely and positively predicted parent- and teacher-rated ODD and CD symptoms. We also observed a significant IQ × narcissism interaction where narcissism was more strongly associated with ODD and CD among children with high IQ relative to average and low IQ youth. Whereas studies of youth psychopathic traits focus almost exclusively on CU traits, narcissism independently predicted separate parent and teacher ratings of ODD and CD, particularly among children with high IQ. These preliminary data persuasively suggest that early narcissism is a critical facet of psychopathy and in conjunction with IQ, may suggest a unique profile associated with emergent conduct problems.
Local structural changes in LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 cathode material were investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy in-operando using a specially designed electrochemical cell. The average structure of the starting material determined by neutron powder diffraction confirmed partial ordering of Mn and Ni cations on the octahedral sites in the spinel structure. It is observed that the electrochemical activity of the material between 3.5 V and 5.0 V is largely attributed to a two-step Ni2+/Ni4+ redox reaction. However, a small fraction of Mn3+ present in the pristine material also participates in electrochemical processes via a Mn3+/Mn4+ redox reaction. The excess lithium inserted into the material during deep discharge of the cell down to 2.0 V causes a further reduction of Mn4+ to Mn3+, while Ni remains electrochemically inactive. An increased proportion of Mn3+ in the material increases the distortion of MnO6 octahedra by the Jahn-Teller effect, which locally reduces the crystal symmetry from cubic to tetragonal, giving rise to the formation of domains of a Li2Mn2O4-type tetragonal phase. The fraction of this tetragonal phase was found to be directly related to the excess lithium inserted into the material. Upon subsequent charging to 2.9 V, the tetragonal phase tends to revert back to the original cubic spinel phase. The observed decline in the electrochemical performance of the material when cycled between 2.0 V and 5.0 V may be attributed to repetitive structural changes associated with the cubic ↔ tetragonal phase transition.
Herein, a unique nitrogen-doped T-Nb2O5/tubular carbon hybrid structure in which T-Nb2O5 nanoparticles are homogeneously embedded in an in-situ formed nitrogen-doped microtubular carbon is synthesized, utilizing a facile and innovative synthesis strategy. This structure addresses the poor electron conductivity and rate capability that hinder T-Nb2O5's promise as an anode for Li-ion devices. Such a distinctive structure possesses a robust framework that has ultrasmall active nanocomponents encapsulated in highly conductive carbon scaffold with hollow interior and abundant voids, enabling fast electron/ion transport and electrolyte penetration. Moreover, nitrogen-doping not only ameliorates the electronic conductivity of the heterostructure, but also induces pseudocapacitance mechanism. When evaluated in a half-cell, the as-prepared material delivers a specific capacitance of 370 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 within 1–3 V vs. Li/Li+ and excellent cyclability over 1100 cycles. A high energy density of 86.6 W h kg−1 and high power density of 6.09 kW kg−1 are realized. Additionally, a capacitance retention as high as 81% after 3500 cycles is achieved in an Li-ion Capacitor (LIC) with activated carbon as the cathode and nitrogen-doped T-Nb2O5/tubular carbon as the anode.