batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Previous studies have suggested that Williams syndrome and Down syndrome may be associated with specific short- term memory deficits. Individuals with Williams syndrome perform relatively poorly on tests of visuo-spatial short-term memory and individuals with Down syndrome show a relative deficit on verbal short-term memory tasks. However, these patterns of impairments may reflect the impact of generally impaired visuo-spatial processing skills in Williams syndrome, and verbal abilities in Down syndrome. The current study explored this possibility by assessing long-term memory among 15 individuals with Williams syndrome and 20 individuals with Down syndrome using the Doors and People test, a battery which assesses recall and recognition of verbal and visual information. Individuals' performance was standardised for age and level of intellectual ability with reference to that shown by a sample of 110 typically developing children. The results showed that individuals with Down syndrome have no differential deficits in long-term memory for verbal information, implying that verbal short-term memory deficits in this population are relatively selective. Instead both individuals with Down syndrome and with Williams syndrome showed some evidence of relatively poor performance on tests of long-term memory for visual information. It is therefore possible that visuo-spatial short-term memory deficits that have previously been demonstrated in Williams syndrome may be secondary to more general problems in visuo-spatial processing in this population.
As a pivotal part of lithium-ion batteries, separator is supposed to have high strength, thermal stability and excellent wettability. In this study, polyformaldehyde/cellulose nanofibers blend separators are firstly prepared via thermally induced phase separation to improve the performance, especially the safety of LIBs. The polyformaldehyde/cellulose blend separators show considerable tensile strength (116 MPa) and Young's modulus (6.07 GPa) owing to the high crystallinity and high performance of polyformaldehyde and cellulose. In particular, benefiting from their abundant polar groups and highly porous structure, the polyformaldehyde/cellulose blend separators possess high electrolyte uptake (412%) and small contact angle (19°) as compare to the commercial polyethylene separator (115%, 58°). Moreover, the thermal treatment tests indicate that the polyformaldehyde/cellulose blend separators are thermally stable at as high temperature as 180 °C. And the polyformaldehyde/cellulose blend separators show higher ionic conductivity (1.39 mS cm−1) and lower interface resistance (49.5 Ω) than polyethylene separator (0.76 mS cm−1, 136.4Ω). As expected, the LiFePO4/Li cell with polyformaldehyde-20-cellulose blend separators exhibit the best stable cycling performance and improved rate performance than PE separator, especially at high rate. In summary, the polyformaldehyde/cellulose blend separators are promising new kind of separator for LIBs with high safety and enhanced performance.
The enhancement of the electrochemical properties of poly(ethylene) oxide (PEO)–lithium salt composite electrolytes has been reported for many years, but the mechanism is still not fully understood. Therefore, this study focuses on the reason why the ionic conductivity is increased when inorganic fillers are added to the composite electrolyte. A maximum ionic conductivity is obtained by adding a nano-sized inorganic filler and by post-heat treatment. The conductivity reaches 2.3×10−5 Scm−1 at room temperature. The nano-sized SiO2 particles appear to play two roles, namely, the simultaneous arrangement of dipoles in the composite electrolytes and interruption of the crystallization of PEO. The PEO and the inorganic filler generally tend to orient their dipoles to minimize their total energy, so that PEO chains are forced to rotate and orient in a direction parallel to the applied electric field. Thermal treatment increases the amorphous phase of PEO such that subsequent segmental motion of the PEO chain follows, while nano-sized SiO2 prevents the recrystallization of PEO after heat treatment.
The three-component low-dimensional polymer electrolyte complexes of blends of the amphiphilic helical polymer poly[2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxapentadecamethylene(5-hexadecyloxy-1,3-phenylene)] (I), the block copolymer of poly(tetramethylene oxide)-co-dodecamethylene (II) with LiClO4, LiBF4 and Li(CF3SO2)N have been studied by polarised light optical microscopy, DSC and SAXS together with AC complex impedance measurements using ITO glass, silver and lithium electrodes. In systems with LiClO4 a well-defined spherulitic morphology with lamellae of 1–3 μm in thickness were observed following heat treatment. The lamellae were shown to consist of de-blended polymer I:LiClO4 complex with polymer II forming an interlamellar ion-conducting layer. Complex impedance measurements with ITO and Ag electrodes give σ∼10−3 S cm−1 with low temperature dependence over ambient to 100°C and Z′ versus Z″ planes featuring a new small semicircle on de-blending consistent with a Maxwell series layered dielectric system. A galvanic cell with LiCoO2 composite cathode discharged at 20°C with 0.1 mA cm−2. In corresponding systems with LiBF4, blocks of lamellae separate from a blended matrix which give temperature-dependent AC conductivities. DC polarisation of LiBF4 based systems between Li electrodes give ambient conductivities 10−3–10−2 S cm−1 in good accord with AC impedance measurements. Long spacings from SAXS measurements indicate the I-salt occupancies in blends with the various salts, which correlates to their de-blending tendency.
Battery algorithms play a vital role in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs), and electric vehicles (EVs). The energy management of hybrid and electric propulsion systems needs to rely on accurate information on the state of the battery in order to determine the optimal electric drive without abusing the battery. In this study, a cell-level hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) system is used to verify and develop state of charge (SOC) and power capability predictions of embedded battery algorithms for various vehicle applications. Two different batteries were selected as representative examples to illustrate the battery algorithm verification and development procedure. One is a lithium-ion battery with a conventional metal oxide cathode, which is a power battery for HEV applications. The other is a lithium-ion battery with an iron phosphate (LiFePO4) cathode, which is an energy battery for applications in PHEVs, EREVs, and EVs. The battery cell HIL testing provided valuable data and critical guidance to evaluate the accuracy of the developed battery algorithms, to accelerate battery algorithm future development and improvement, and to reduce hybrid/electric vehicle system development time and costs.
Environmentally hazardous substances contained in spent Li-ion batteries, such as heavy metals and nocuous organics, will pose a threat to the environment and human health. On the other hand, the sustainable recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries may bring about environmental and economic benefits. In this study, a hydrometallurgical process was adopted for the comprehensive recovery of nickel, manganese, cobalt and lithium from sulfuric acid leaching liquor from waste cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries. First, nickel ions were selectively precipitated and recovered using dimethylglyoxime reagent. Recycled dimethylglyoxime could be re-used as precipitant for nickel and revealed similar precipitation performance compared with fresh dimethylglyoxime. Then the separation of manganese and cobalt was conducted by solvent extraction method using cobalt loaded D2EHPA. And McCabe–Thiele isotherm was employed for the prediction of the degree of separation and the number of extraction stages needed at specific experimental conditions. Finally, cobalt and lithium were sequentially precipitated and recovered as CoC2O4⋅2H2O and Li2CO3 using ammonium oxalate solution and saturated sodium carbonate solution, respectively. Recovery efficiencies could be attained as follows: 98.7% for Ni; 97.1% for Mn, 98.2% for Co and 81.0% for Li under optimized experimental conditions. This hydrometallurgical process may promise a candidate for the effective separation and recovery of metal values from the sulfuric acid leaching liquor.
In this work we present an advanced computational pipeline for the approximation and prediction of the lift coefficient of a parametrized airfoil profile. The non-intrusive reduced order method is based on dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) and it is coupled with dynamic active subspaces (DyAS) to enhance the future state prediction of the target function and reduce the parameter space dimensionality. The pipeline is based on high-fidelity simulations carried out by the application of finite volume method for turbulent flows, and automatic mesh morphing through radial basis functions interpolation technique. The proposed pipeline is able to save 1/3 of the overall computational resources thanks to the application of DMD. Moreover exploiting DyAS and performing the regression on a lower dimensional space results in the reduction of the relative error in the approximation of the time-varying lift coefficient by a factor 2 with respect to using only the DMD.
Owing to the climate change and energy crisis, harvesting energy from our surroundings and the construction of self-powered wireless environmental monitoring systems are promising approaches in modern times. In this paper, an ultra-compact highly efficient miniaturized windmill comprising a hybridized nanogenerator (MW-HNG) is reported based on three conversion mechanisms i.e. triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG), and electromagnetic generator (EMG). The MW-HNG is designed as a 3D-printed fully-enclosed structure for the natural wind energy harvesting by converting into rotational motion: all harvesting units reside in a common rotation system to effectively and simultaneously produce electricity. At a wind speed of 6 m/s, the flexible-blade-based hybridization-mode (contact–lateral sliding–separation–contact) TENG and coupled PENG can generate maximal power values of 1.67 mW and 1.38 mW at optimal load resistances of 10 MΩ and 330 KΩ, respectively. In contrast, the multipole-magnet-based EMG can obtain a maximal output power of 268.6 mW at 180 Ω. The MW-HNG demonstrates a quick charging ability for capacitors and the capability to feed hundreds of LEDs. Further, a self-powered wireless sensor system is developed for real-time environmental monitoring by combining an MW-HNG, a customized power management circuit, and wireless sensor unit (a smartphone to display sensor data). Our proposed MW-HNG is suitable for self-powered wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in the subway system by generating high-power electrical output from moving-induced wind mechanical energy.
A two-dimensional model is developed for an aprotic lithium oxygen (Li–O2) flow battery, in which the organic electrolyte is recirculated through the cathode to enhance oxygen supply. The conventional Li–O2 battery model is extended to incorporate convection effects. In contrast to the classic flow battery models, the pore structure change caused by the insoluble discharge product of Li–O2 batteries is considered. A parametric study is performed to study the influence of model parameters on cathode specific capacity. Results show that contrary to conventional Li–O2 cells, electrolyte with a lower conductivity would increase the specific capacity of the Li–O2 flow cell. The results also reveal those parameters that are influential to battery capacity. Based on the analysis, two methods, dual layer cathode and alternating electrolyte flow, are proposed to enhance battery capacity. The dual layer cathode has 105% higher capacity than a single layer cathode at the current density of 1.5mAcm−2. Alternating electrolyte flow can increase the cathode capacity by 3.7% at the current density of 0.2mAcm−2.
Athletes with chronic lower leg pain present a diagnostic challenge for clinicians due to the differential diagnoses that must be considered.
Understanding Li transport is important in the development of fast-rate batteries. Here the authors uncover an ultrafast charge transfer across a cathode–electrolyte interface with the aid of single-particle measurements and ascribe the solvation of electrolyte salts to be key for the interfacial kinetics.
The capital cost of conventional redox flow batteries is relatively high (>USD$ 200/kWh) due to the use of expensive active materials and ion-exchange membranes. This paper presents a membrane-less hybrid organic-inorganic flow battery based on the low-cost elements zinc (<USD$ 3 Kg−1) and para-benzoquinone (<USD$ 8 Kg−1). Redox potential and voltammetric studies show that the open-circuit voltage of the battery is 1.17–1.59 V over a wide range of pH. Half-cell charge-discharge and dissolution experiments indicate that the negative electrode reaction is limiting due to the presence of chemical side reactions on the electrode surface. The positive electrode redox reactions are not affected and exhibit (half-cell) coulombic efficiencies of >92.7% with the use of carbon felt electrodes. In the presence of a fully oxidized active species close to its solubility limit, dissolution of the deposited anode is relatively slow (<2.37 g h−1 cm−2) with an equivalent corrosion current density of <1.9 mA cm−2. In a parallel plate flow configuration, the resulting battery was charge-discharge cycled at 30 mA cm−2 with average coulombic and energy efficiencies of c.a. 71.8 and c.a. 42.0% over 20 cycles, respectively.
Energy storage systems (ESS) are seen as one of the main pillars for a renewable-based energy system. Selecting the most suitable and sustainable ESS for a given project is a problem that involves multiple stakeholders with quite often diverging objectives that cannot all be fulfilled by a single technology. Several studies are available that tackle this problem applying multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). However, these use very different Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) approaches, criteria and goals for decision support, why their results are difficult to compare or to reproduce. This work presents a review of existing MCDA-literature using MADM as a tool for sustainability evaluation of grid-tied ESS. Available studies are summarized, the goals, used MADM methods, and quantification of criteria are analyzed and discussed to provide tentative recommendations. The reviewed studies cover multiple technologies ranging from electrochemical, mechanical or electric ESS. Considered criteria are mainly structured around technology, economy, society, and environment, comprising a high number of individual sub-criteria. The aggregation of these criteria is mainly realized through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in combination with a wide set of other methods. The quantification of various criteria is often based on different literature sources wherein context-free data for cost, and environmental impacts are used, leading in some cases to inconsistent comparisons in the assessments. Only in a few cases, assessments are linked to specific application requirements, which are decisive factors for the design of an ESS. A minority of the reviewed works include a representative set of decision-makers in their approaches, wherein the number or type of participants is often not communicated transparently. Therefore, most of the studies are considered to have a limited orientation towards practical decision making, but they provide valuable information regarding MADM method development.
Binders in battery electrodes not only provide mechanical cohesiveness during battery operation but can also affect the electrode properties via the surface modification. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), we study the surface structuring of three binders: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and gelatin. We try to find correlation between the observed structures and the measured electrochemical charge–discharge characteristics. We further measure the binding ability of gelatin adsorbed from solutions of different pHs. While the best binding ability of gelatin is obtained at pH about 9, the least polarization is observed at pH 12. Both properties are explained based on the observed gelatin structuring as a function of pH. In the second part of this study, gelatin is used as a surface agent that dictates the organization of nanometre-sized carbon black particles around micrometre-sized cathodic active particles. Using microcontact impedance measurements on polished pellets we show that using gelatin-forced carbon black deposition the average electronic resistance around LiMn2O4 particles is decreased by more than two orders of magnitude. We believe that it is this decrease in resistance that improves significantly the rate performance of various cathode materials, such as LiMn2O4 and LiCoO2.
Ternary organic solar cells (OSCs) are fabricate using a single wide-bandgap poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b0]dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(10,30-di-2-thienyl-50,70-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[10,20-c:40,50-c0]dithiophene-4,8-dione))] (PBDB-T) as the donor material and 3,9-bis (2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone)-5,5,11,11-tetrakis (4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2′, 3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b’]dithiophene) (ITIC) as the acceptor and poly[[N,N′-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-(3,3′-difluoro-2,2′-bithiophene)-5,5′-diyl] (FN2200) as third component materials. Due to the strong absorption ability at the short-wavelength region. The best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.9% is achieve for the OSCs via incorporating 10 wt% FN2200 in blend-acceptor materials, with an enhance the short-circuit current (J SC) of 17.6 mA cm−2, fill factor (FF) of 68.0% and stable open-circuit voltage (V OC) of 0.91 V relative to binary OSCs. The short-wavelength absorption windows of FN2200 is favourable the harvesting of as many as possible photons and the enhance exciton dissociation ratio at the ITIC/FN2200 interface due to the deeper LUMO energy level of FN2200 relative to ITIC molecule. Meanwhile, the incorporation small amount of FN2200 is weaken monomolecular recombination and bimolecular recombination under open-circuit and short-circuit conditions respectively and enhance the charge carrier mobility. The use of PBDB-T as donor and the blend of ITIC and FN2200 as an electron acceptor provides a useful strategy for exploring high-performance ternary OSCs.
If produced in high energy particle collisions at the LHC, magnetic monopoles could stop in material surrounding the interaction points. Obsolete parts of the beam pipe near the CMS interaction region, which were exposed to the products of pp and heavy ion collisions, were analysed using a SQUID-based magnetometer. The purpose of this work is to quantify the performance of the magnetometer in the context of a monopole search using a small set of samples of accelerator material ahead of the 2013 shutdown.
Technology breakthroughs will tilt the long-term balance between oil demand and the resource base of oil and gas. According to Amy Myers Jaffe, energy markets will be characterized by the growing tension between low carbon efforts led by the US and the strategies of large oil exporting countries.
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have recently attracted intensive attentions as a potential alternative to LIBs for large-scale energy storage applications. However, one of the major challenges to the commercialization of SIBs is the limited choice of anode materials that can offer high rate capability. In this regard, we report intertwined Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O nanowires/carbon fibers composite, fabricated by a facile hydrothermal method, as the anode material for SIBs. It shows s a highly reversible Na-ion storage capacity of 287.4 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles at a large current density of 0.5 A g−1, and excellent rate performance of delivering 206.5 and 127.7 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles at high current densities of 5 and 10 A g−1, respectively. The promising performance is ascribed to both the crystal structure of Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O with a large interlayer spacing, and unique intertwined network morphology of CuVOH-NWs/CFs composite in which CuVOH-NWs and CFs synergistically functioned. This work will pave a way to develop more metal vanadates materials as anodes for high-performance SIBs.
In this paper, La0.3Sr0.7Ti0.3Fe0.7O3-δ (LSTF0.7) composite with CeO2 is successfully prepared by infiltration method as a thin porous electrode and examined in detail as a fuel electrode for efficient reversible solid oxide cells (RSOCs) at different ratios of CO/CO2 at the temperatures of 700–850 °C. XRD analysis indicates that the cubic perovskite LSTF0.7 is stable in CO or CO2 at high temperature and compatible with CeO2 and scandia-stabilized zirconia (ScSZ) electrolyte. In electrolysis mode, the current density of 3.56 A cm−2 is obtained from the I–V curve at 2.0 V in 50% CO+ 50% CO2 at the temperature of 850 °C. The polarization resistance (Rp) of the whole cell at 800 °C is 0.28 Ω cm2 when 1.4 V is applied in the same gas composition. The corresponding activation energy of the fuel electrode under open circuit is calculated to be 81.37 kJ mol−1. In fuel cell mode, the maximal power density of 437 mW cm−2 is obtained at 800 °C in 70% CO+ 30% CO2 as well. The reversible operation at 800 °C indicates that a slow degradation phenomenon in both SOFC and SOEC modes is observed, due to the particle agglomeration of the infiltrated fuel electrode.
This paper looks at steps taken towards the development of a 10-year strategy for the management of healthcare waste from the National Health Service (NHS) in Cornwall, United Kingdom. The major issues and challenges that affect the management of waste by the NHS, including its organisational structure and collection infrastructure, are outlined. The waste flows of the main acute medical site are detailed, using waste audits of domestic and clinical bags, redundant equipment, bulky waste, and special waste. Some of the common barriers to change, such as staff habits and public perceptions, are also identified. Recommendations are made with respect to improvements in the overall organisational infrastructure and increased localised control. The recommendations also centre around the formation of strategic partnerships, within the site, between sites and at the broader level between the NHS and its surrounding community. An important challenge to be overcome is the need to progress from the concept of ‘waste management’, to one of sustainable decision making regarding resource use, including methods of waste minimisation at the source and recycling. Staff training and awareness underpin several of the short and medium/long term solutions suggested to reduce the waste at the source and recover value from that produced. These measures could potentially reduce disposal quantities by as much as 20–30% (wt.) and costs by around 25–35%.
In the electroanalytical fields, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been usually utilized to modify the electrodes to enhance the relevant detection sensitivity because of their unique physical and chemical properties. In this research, novel nanocomposites of β-cyclodextrin and multi-wall CNT (MWCNTs) have been prepared and deposited on the glassy carbon electrodes to form the β-CyDex/MWNT modified electrodes. These novel modified electrodes offer a new strategy for the simultaneous determination of guanine (G), adenine (A) and thymine (T). Well separated voltammetric peaks are obtained between G and A (330mV), A and T (170mV) present in the analyte mixture. The detection limits of A, T and G for individual analysis can be calculated to be 0.75, 6.768 and 33.67±7.8%nmolL−1, respectively. The functional properties of the composite films from differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) show that the β-CyDex/MWNT nanocomposites modified electrodes are quite sensitive and could be readily applied in biosensor devices.