batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Utilizing the dual functions of activated carbon (AC) both as a conductive agent and an active substance of a positive electrode, a hybrid supercapacitor (AC-MnO2&AC) with a composite of manganese dioxide (MnO2) and activated carbon as the positive electrode (MnO2&AC) and AC as the negative electrode is fabricated, which integrates approximate symmetric and asymmetric behaviors in the distinct parts of 2V operating windows. MnO2 in the positive electrode and AC in the negative electrode together form a pure asymmetric structure, which extends the operating voltage to 2V due to the compensatory effect of opposite over-potentials. In the range of 0–1.1V, both AC in the positive and negative electrode assemble as a symmetric structure via a parallel connection which offers more capacitance and less internal resistance. The optimal mass proportions of electrodes are calculated though a mathematical process. In a stable operating window of 2V, the capacitance of AC-MnO2&AC can reach 33.2Fg−1. After 2500 cycles, maximum energy density is 18.2Whkg−1 with a 4% loss compared to the initial cycle. The power density is 10.1kWkg−1 with an 8% loss.
The attainment of developmental milestones was examined and compared in 162 infants and toddlers with developmental disabilities, including Down Syndrome (n =26), Cerebral Palsy (n =19), Global Developmental Delay (n =22), Premature birth (n =66), and Seizure Disorder (n =29). Toddlers in the Seizures Disorder group began crawling at a significantly younger age than toddlers in the Down Syndrome and Cerebral Palsy groups. Additionally, toddlers in the Seizure Disorder group began walking at a younger age than children in the Down Syndrome, Cerebral Palsy, and Global Developmental Delay groups, while toddlers in the Prematurity group began walking at a younger age than children in the Down Syndrome group. No between group differences were found with respect to age at which first words were spoken. Results and their implications are discussed.
Electrospinning is a versatile and efficient technique to fabricate hollow structured nanofibers of metal oxides, carbon, metals, composites, and others, which present great potential in energy conversion and storage devices. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the preparation of electrospun inorganic hollow nanofibers and their applications in advanced secondary batteries. We first describe different synthetic methodologies for fabricating hollow nanofibers as well as the compositional and geometric manipulation of these nanofibers based on electrospinning. We next go on to discuss the recent research activities involving electrospun hollow nanofibers in advanced secondary batteries, including lithium-ion batteries, sodium-batteries, Li-S batteries, and metal-air batteries. In each application, some typical examples and a critical commentary are provided to demonstrate the superior properties of the hollow structures. The correlation between geometric properties of hollow structures and their performance are also highlighted. These results demonstrate that electrospun hollow nanofibers with unique properties such as large surface area, engineered high porosity, and free-standing characteristics have a direct impact on the final performance in their applications. Finally, in conclusion, the remaining challenges of adopting electrospun hollow nanofiber materials in their future applications are further discussed.
LiMn2O4 thin films are prepared by the sol–gel method. The discharge capacity and cycling performance of the films are determined to investigate the electrochemical properties. By controlling the fabrication conditions, the excellent rechargeability is observed in a test cell which contains the LiMn2O4 thin film. Possible factors which have been reported as causes for capacity loss with cycling are reviewed and those producing excellent rechargeability of the LiMn2O4 thin films are identified. Attention is especially focused on the relaxation of the stress, which is generated during intercalation/de-intercalation process.
In the recent years, organic electrode materials have attracted tremendous attention and becoming promising electrode candidates for the green and sustainable lithium-ion batteries. A novel hypercrosslinked Poly-Pillar[5]quinone (Poly-P5Q) polymer was prepared and applied as electrode material in Li-ion batteries. Poly-P5Q is the oxidized form of Poly-Dimethoxypillar[5]arene (Poly-DMP5A) which was obtained from the condensation of dimethoxypillar[5]arene and formaldehyde dimethyl acetal using Friedel-Crafts reaction. The prepared materials were characterized by 13C solid state NMR, FTIR, SEM, EDX and TGA analysis. The Poly-P5Q cathode showed an initial discharge capacity up to 105mAhg−1 whereas it retained 82.3% of its initial discharge capacity after 100 charge-discharge cycles at a current speed of 100mAg−1 in the potential window between 1.75 to 3.25V. In future, research in this direction will provide great insight for the development of novel polymers from various small organic molecules as a stable and high performance electrode materials for green lithium-ion batteries.
Thermal energy storage (TES) is moving towards thermochemical materials (TCM) which present attractive advantages compared to sensible and phase change materials. Nevertheless, TCM are more complex to characterize at lab scale and also the implied technology, which belongs to the chemical engineering field, needs to be contextualized in the TES field. System configurations for thermochemical energy storage are being divided into open/closed storage system and separate/integrated reactor system. Reactors, which are the core of the system, are the focus of this paper. Different gas–solid thermochemical and sorption reactors for building applications are reviewed from lab to pilot plant scale, from 0.015 to 7850dm3. Fixed bed reactors are the most used ones. Mainly, mass transfer is limiting to achieve the expected energy density. The geometry of the reactor and contact flow pattern between phases are key parameters for a better performance.
Energy depletion caused by the consumption of fossil fuels due to increasing population and economic growth has stimulated intense research on electrochemical energy storage systems, including fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Oxygen electrocatalysis, including both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), dominates the performance of these electrochemical energy systems. However, the sluggish kinetics of these two reactions still limits their performance and even the commercialization of these electrochemical energy storage systems. Therefore, development of non-precious metal-based oxygen catalysts, especially with bifunctionality for both OER and ORR, is greatly demanded. In this report, polymer-assisted approach has been employed to synthesize LaCoO3-based perovskite nanoparticles, which interconnected together to form porous network structures. X-ray diffraction indicated that replacement of Co with Ni would lead to a lattice expansion due to larger ionic radius of Ni3+ as compared to that of Co3+. The electrocatalytic activity of these materials in 0.1 M KOH aqueous solution showed that ORR performance of LaCoO3 can be improved through incorporation of Ni into the B-site while their OER performance will also be enhanced which renders these perovskite oxides to exhibit better bifunctional electrocatalytic activity for both OER and ORR. The enhanced performance with Ni-doping might be due to the synergistic effect from the two transition metals as a result of the formation of new redox couples Ni3+/Ni2+ as well as the higher Co3+/Co2+ ratio, which could promote adsorption of oxygen on the catalytic surface with improved the CoO bond strength. Our study not only introduces polymer-assisted method to prepare network structured perovskite nanoparticles, but also highlights the importance of B-site metal doping in perovskites as a simple strategy to enhance their bifunctional oxygen catalytic activities.
In this paper a new design of a container is detailed for sealed lead-acid battery operating overboard of a submersible vehicle in conditions of increased ambient pressure. Such a container is both a battery jar and a pressure compensator. It has been shown that a mandatory requirement for such container use is an application of a gelled-electrolyte. Authors have offered a two-stage technology of filling of accumulators without using vacuum pumping.
The increasing penetration of renewable energy and the trend toward clean, efficient transportation have spurred growing interests in sodium-beta alumina batteries that store electrical energy via sodium ion transport across a β″-Al2O3 solid electrolyte at elevated temperatures (typically 300–350°C). Currently, the negative electrode or anode is metallic sodium in molten state during battery operation; the positive electrode or cathode can be molten sulfur (Na–S battery) or solid transition metal halides plus a liquid phase secondary electrolyte (e.g., ZEBRA battery). Since the groundbreaking works in the sodium-beta alumina batteries a few decades ago, encouraging progress has been achieved in improving battery performance, along with cost reduction. However, there remain issues that hinder broad applications and market penetration of the technologies. To better the Na-beta alumina technologies require further advancement in materials along with component and system design and engineering. This paper offers a comprehensive review on materials of electrodes and electrolytes for the Na-beta alumina batteries and discusses the challenges ahead for further technology improvement.
In this work, CuS microspheres are synthesized by a facile microwave synthesis without any template or additive. As-prepared CuS microspheres display steady reversibility by adopting triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) as the electrolyte solvent and adjusting cut-off voltage to 0.6 − 3.0V. The discharge capacity stands at 162mAhg−1 after 200 cycles with the capacity retention of 95.8%. Electrochemical kinetics of CuS electrodes is investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) tests. Beyond that, electrochemical reactions of CuS electrodes are explored using ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD). As far as we know, it is not only the best performance of CuS electrodes in Na-ion batteries (NIBs) but also the first time that the kinetics and reaction mechanism of CuS in NIBs are investigated.
This study was designed to develop a diabetes-specific questionnaire on parents' quality of life and satisfaction with their child's diabetes treatment, the WE ll-being and Satisfaction of CARE givers of Children with Diabetes Questionnaire, and to conduct psychometric validation of the WE-CARE.
This paper discusses the design process of a mini-grid hybrid power system with reverse osmosis desalination plant for remote areas, together with an economic analysis and environmental considerations for the project life cycle. It presents a design scenario for supplying electricity and fulfilling demand for clean water in remote areas by utilising renewable energy sources and a diesel generator with a reverse osmosis desalination plant as a deferrable load. The economic issues analysed are the initial capital cost needed, the fuel consumption and annual cost, the total net present cost (NPC), the cost of electricity (COE) generated by the system per kWh and the simple payback time (SPBT) for the project. The environmental considerations discussed are the amount of gas emissions, such as CO2 and NO x , as well as particulate matter released into the atmosphere. Simulations based on an actual set of conditions in a remote area in the Maldives were performed using HOMER for two conditions: before and after the Tsunami of 26th December 2004. Experimental results on the prototype 5kVA mini-grid inverter and reverse osmosis desalination plant, rated at 5.5kWh/day, are also presented here to verify the idea of providing power and water supplies to remote areas.
In this work, we substituted Mn2+ at the 4c site of LiFePO4 to prepare LiMn0.25Fe0.75PO4 in order to raise the working voltage. In order to study the phase transformation of lithium bi-metal phosphate (LiM′M′′PO4) during the lithiation/delithiation, in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction has been used. At 0.05C charge/discharge, X-ray patterns reveal that LiMn0.25Fe0.75PO4 undergoes two two-phase transformations during the delithiation, resulting from Fe2+/Fe3+ and then Mn2+/Mn3+ redox reactions. However, the phase transformation for lithiation is different, becoming a two-phase (Mn2+/Mn3+) reaction and single-phase (Fe2+/Fe3+) reaction. Even at a higher charge/discharge rate (0.5C), the results are the same. LiMn0.25Fe0.75PO4 also has a good cyclability, since there is no significant capacity fading during the cycling test. The X-ray patterns reveal that LiMn0.25Fe0.75PO4 still maintains a good crystal structure after 40 cycles because of its stable olivine structure.
Development of high-capacity anode materials equipped with strong cyclestability is a great challenge for use as practical electrode for high-performance lithium-ion rechargeable battery. In this study, we synthesized a carbon coated Zn–Sn metal nanocomposite oxide and carbon spheres (ZTO@C/CSs) via a simple glucose hydrothermal reaction and subsequent carbonization approach. The carbon coated ZTO/carbon microspheres composite maintained a reversible capacity of 680mAhg−1 after 345 cycles at a current density of 100mAg−1, and furthermore the cell based on the composite exhibited an excellent rate capability of 470mAhg−1 even when the cell was cycled at 2000mAg–1. The thick carbon layer formed on the ZTO nanoparticles and carbon spheres effectively buffered the volumetric change of the particles, which thus prolonged the cycling performance of the electrodes.
Well-aligned hierarchical NiMn-layered double hydroxide (NiMn-LDH) nanosheets are successfully grown on Ni foam by a facile one-step wet-method, wherein urea hydrolysis supplies alkali and carbonate ion. As-obtained NiMn-LDH@Ni foam presents highly oriented layered structure with ultrathin nanosheets. By fine tuning Ni/Mn mole ratio, the optimized Ni3Mn1-LDH@Ni foam displays maximum specific capacitance (1511Fg−1 at 2.5Ag−1), excellent rate capability (80.1% retention at 48Ag−1), high coulombic efficiency and long-term cycling life. In principle, this work provides a rapid and tunable strategy approach for synthesis of NiMn-LDH with largely enhanced supercapacitor behavior.
This study investigated children’s sensitivity to spelling consistency, and lexical and sublexical (rime) frequency, and their use of explicitly learned canonical vowel graphemes in the early stages of learning to spell. Vowel spellings produced by 78 British children at the end of reception year (mean age 5 years, 7 months) and 6 months later in mid-Year 1 were assessed. Regression analyses revealed that, at both test times, knowledge of sound–letter correspondences influenced spelling performance; however, unconditional consistency of vowel spellings affected children’s spelling most strongly, over and above additional effects of word and rime frequency and the complexity of the target vowel grapheme. The effect of conditional consistency of vowel spellings given coda contexts was not significant. Thus, young children are sensitive to various statistical properties of the orthography from the earliest phases of spelling development and, in particular, to the unconditional consistency of the vowel spelling pattern.
The lithium-sulfur battery is a leading candidate for a new-generation Li-ion battery, because of its high theoretical capacity and abundance of sulfur. Yet, the flammability of either the organic-carbonate or ether-based electrolytes used in such battery systems is of concern. Moreover, the oxidation of Li2S leads to the formation of polysulfides (Li2S3-8), which dissolve in the electrolyte and initiate a shuttle mechanism, which results in low Coulombic efficiency and growth of a thick SEI on the anode. Therefore, various electrolyte additives, like LiNO3, are added to the electrolyte. Unfortunately, the nitrate additive is gradually consumed and the “shuttle effect” resumes. Here we present a LiNO3-free electrolyte consisting of nitrile-functionalized disiloxane (TmdSx-CN) with dissolved LiTFSI as a candidate electrolyte for lithium-sulfur batteries. We have examined the effect of TmdSx-CN as a co-solvent along with 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) on the performance of Li/S cells. It was found that LiNO3-free TmdSx-CN:DOL electrolyte mitigates the polysulfide shuttle. The cell containing this electrolyte yields an average capacity of 700 mAh g−1 and 96% Coulombic efficiency for more than 100 cycles. Moreover, 87.5% energy efficiency, which is similar to the LiNO3-based control cell. We expect that our preliminary results will encourage the further use of siloxane-based electrolytes in metallic-lithium battery systems, and specifically, in lithium-sulfur batteries.
The rising share of variable renewable energy sources in the grid makes planning future power systems more complex. Zeyringer et al. present an approach that uses multiple weather-years of data and highlights the need to incorporate inter-annual weather variability into planning decisions.
To limit the pulverization of tin-based anode materials during lithiation/delithiation, submicron tin oxide/tin particles are fixed on core/sheath carbon nanofiber/spongy carbon via hydrothermal and carbothermal reduction treatment in this work. During carbothermal reduction, SnO2 nanosheets are converted to spherical Sn submicron particles and simultaneously the hollow spongy carbon is produced and still enwrap on carbon nanofiber. The as-produced flexible film is used for a binder-free anode for lithium ion batteries, without the polymer binder and conductive carbon. At 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 A g−1, the composite electrode respectively displays a discharging capacity of 1393.0, 738.2, 583.6 and 382.6 mAh g−1. Moreover, it delivers specific capacity of 726.9 mAh g−1 and coulombic efficiency of 99.45% after 300 cycles at 0.1 A g−1. The comparison sample of carbon nanofiber/SnO x film without the presence of spongy carbon displays much lower rate performance and worse cyclic performance. The integrated structure of carbon nanofiber/SnO x /spongy carbon results in the remarkable Li-storage performance, in which the carbon nanofiber and spongy carbon synergistically provide conductive channel and buffer zone to hinder the pulverization and peeling of SnO x particles during charging-discharging processes.
Dimensionally stable LiCoMnO4 having a spinel-framework structure was developed as a positive electrode of lithium-ion batteries with a long cycle life. Well-crystallized LiCoMnO4 prepared by a two-step solid-state reaction shows large rechargeable capacity of 120 mAh g−1 at high operating voltage of 5 V. Ex-situ XRD measurements of the LiCoMnO4 revealed small change in the cubic lattice parameter (ca. 0.7%) during charge and discharge. Change in electrode thickness of LiCoMnO4 measured by using a precision dilatometer is accordance with the change in the cubic lattice parameter. The LiCoMnO4 electrode showed high dimensional stability compared with other LiMn2O4-based materials having a spinel-framework structure.
The lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery in which the ionic liquid (IL) C4mpyr-TFSI is a major component of the electrolyte has attracted much attention by researchers due to the ability of the IL to suppress the polysulfide shuttle effect, combined with advantageous properties of thermal, chemical and electrochemical stability. In a largely parallel stream of research, LiNO3 has come to be known as an additive for improving Li–S battery performance through its influence on protecting the lithium anode and beneficial interaction with the polysulfide shuttle. In this work a deeper understanding is sought of the combined effects of LiNO3 and C4mpyr-TFSI on the factors that impact Li–S cell performance. Specifically, we investigate the formation of the protective surface film on lithium anode and results are compared with those for a typical organic electrolyte for the Li–S battery, DOL:DME. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirms that the LiNO3 additive is vital to achieving acceptable levels of performance with the organic electrolyte. Although LiNO3 improves the performance of a battery assembled with IL containing electrolyte, it shows a higher impact in the organic electrolyte based battery. Furthermore X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra confirm the participation of C4mpyr-TFSI on the formation of the interphase layer on the anode.
Cerbera odollam is a tree belonging to the poisonous Apocynaceae family, which includes the yellow and common oleanders. The seeds are excessively toxic, containing cerberin as the main active cardenolide. Cerbera venenifera, a related species found in Madagascar, has a long history as an ordeal poison, and was responsible for the death of 3000 people per year in previous centuries. The odollam tree is responsible for about 50% of the plant poisoning cases and 10% of the total poisoning cases in Kerala, India. It is used both for suicide and homicide. The aim of this retrospective study is to call attention to a powerful toxic plant that is currently completely ignored by western physicians, chemists, analysts and even coroners and forensic toxicologists.
Since the first synthesis of KMnO4 using pyrolusite mineral and potassium carbonate, the experimental synthesis of manganese oxide nanostructures and their application to multiple scientific disciplines have been undertaken extensively. In this review, potassium permanganate raw materials were shown to be more effective and versatile than other addition materials; therefore, they have been widely used to synthesize a variety of manganese oxide nanomaterials, including manganese dioxides, trioxides, tetraoxides, oxyhydroxides and metal-incorporated oxide nanomaterials. Recent progress focused on the synthesis and analysis of the novel characteristics of Mn-oxide nanostructures, emphasizing critical experiments to determine the chemical and physical parameters and the interplay between synthetic conditions and nanoscale morphologies. The Crystal Maker Demo program was applied to estimate the anisotropic transformations from KMnO4 to Mn-oxide nanomaterials.
Noble metals have received widespread applications in the field of catalysis due to their unique intrinsic properties and irreplaceable catalytic activities. However, in consideration of the scarcity and high cost, maximizing the efficiency of noble metals for catalysis is of prime importance in the societal pursuit of sustainable energy. In recent years, noble-metal single-atom catalysts (NMSACs) with well-defined structures have gained great research attention due to their maximum atom utilization efficiency (100%), distinct active sites and high catalytic activity and selectivity. This review comprehensively discusses the recent advancements in NMSACs for catalytic applications. Firstly, various fabrication strategies for NMSACs are introduced with a focus on how to effectively stabilize single noble-metal atoms on appropriate substrates and prevent their migration and aggregation. Subsequently, some advanced characterization techniques are presented to precisely probe the noble-metal active sites at the atomic level, which is critical to investigate the structure of NMSACs. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive summary of various types of NMSACs for the applications of thermocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis, with special emphasis on the structure–activity relationships and the underlying catalytic mechanisms. Finally, the remaining challenges and future opportunities are provided for guiding the rational design of advanced NMSACs toward various catalytic processes in the chemical transformation and energy conversion fields.