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We investigate the structural changes of spinel lithium titanate (LTO; Li4Ti5O12) via the electrochemical Na insertion-extraction cycles, using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and analytical transmission electron microscopy (A-TEM). The XRD reveals that an extra phase with an about 4‑5% larger unit cell volume is generated in pristine LTO during the first cycle. The A-TEM reveals that the extra phase co-exists with Li4Ti5O12 in a single particle and is identified as a Na-substituted LTO phase (Na-LTO; Li4-x Na x Ti5O12, 0 < x < 3). The reversible electrochemical capacity of the electrode (155mAhg−1) is more than 90% of the theoretical one, suggesting that both LTO and Na-LTO are involved in the charge-discharge reactions.
This longitudinal study aimed to investigate the prevalence of teething-related pain and fever and the early-life factors that may affect the risk of experiencing these disturbances within the first 1.5 years of life.
Autonomous polygeneration microgrids is a novel approach in addressing the needs of remote areas. These needs can include power, fuel for transportation in the form of hydrogen, potable water through desalination and space heating and cooling. This approach has been investigated technically and economically and has proved viable. Further research has taken place in the supervisory management of this topology using computational intelligence techniques like fuzzy logic, which has optimized the concept minimizing the sizes of the installed components. The optimal design of the system can meet, though, only the design principles and needs. In reality experience has shown that most autonomous power systems operate out of specifications very shortly after installation or after a couple of years new needs arise and it is not possible economic wise for the people to extend it. In these cases the microgrid would struggle to cover the increased needs and in the end fail, causing blackouts. A solution to this is partial load shedding in an intelligent manner. This paper presents a multi agent system for intelligent demand side management of the polygeneration microgrid topology which also includes grey prediction algorithms for better management. This approach can also be used for designing the optimal polygeneration microgrid for a given amount of an investment. The results show that the proposed intelligent demand side management system can address its design principles successfully and guaranty the most effective operation even in conditions near and over the limits of the design specification of the autonomous polygeneration microgrid.
Non-precious metal nitrogen-doped carbonaceous materials have attracted tremendous attention in the field of electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Herein, we report the designed synthesis of a novel series of Co-N-C nanocomposites and their evaluation of electrochemical properties. Novel yolk-shell structured Co nanoparticles@polymer materials are fabricated from the facile coating polymer strategy on the surface of ZIF-67. After calcination in nitrogen atmosphere, the Co–N–C nanocomposites in which cobalt metal nanoparticles are embedded in the highly porous and graphitic carbon matrix are successfully achieved. The cobalt nanoparticles containing cobalt metal crystallites with an oxidized shell and/or smaller (or amorphous) cobalt-oxide deposits appear on the surface of graphitic carbons. The prepared Co–N–C nanoparticles showed favorable electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reactions, which is attributed to its high graphitic degree, large surface area and the large amount existence of Co–N active sites.
The storage of electrical energy at high charge and discharge rates is an important technology in modern society, and can enable electric vehicles, supply back-up for solar and wind energy, and firm the output of a renewables-based grid. In this work, highly porous Li4Ti5O12/C nanofibers are successfully designed and prepared through electrospinning combined with a post-two-step annealing process. Such a unique Li4Ti5O12/C hybrid with a well-defined porous nanoarchitecture exhibits ultrahigh cycling rates and superior cycling stability, when evaluated as an anode material for both lithium ion batteries and supercapacitors. This work presents a facile and cost-effective approach that is potentially competitive for scaling-up production of high-performance electrode materials for high-rate electrochemical energy-storage devices.
Employing electric vehicles as short-term energy storage could improve power system stability and at the same time create a new income source for vehicle owners. In this paper, the economic viability of this concept referred to as Vehicle-to-Grid is investigated. For this purpose, a price-responsive charging and dispatching strategy built upon temporally resolved electricity market data is presented. This concept allows vehicle owners to maximize returns by restricting market participation to profitable time periods. As a case study, this strategy is then applied using the example of Singapore. It is shown that an annual loss of S$ 1000 resulting from a non-price-responsive strategy as employed in previous works can be turned into a S$ 130 profit by applying the price-responsive approach. In addition to this scenario, realistic mobility patterns which restrict the temporal availability of vehicles are considered. In this case, profits in the range of S$ 21–S$ 121 are achievable. Returns in this order of magnitude are not expected to make Vehicle-to-Grid a viable business case, sensitivity analyses, however, show that improved technical parameters could increase profitability. It is further assumed that employing the price-responsive strategy to other national markets may yield significantly greater returns.
Propane and butane are the main constituents of liquefied petroleum gas and are used extensively for transport and domestic use. They are clean burning fuels, suitable for the development of low carbon footprint fuel and energy policies. Here, we present blueprints for the production of bio-alkane gas (propane and butane) through the conversion of waste volatile fatty acids by bacterial culture. We show that bio-propane and bio-butane can be produced photo-catalytically by bioengineered strains of E. coli and Halomonas (in non-sterile seawater) using fatty acids derived from biomass or industrial waste, and by Synechocystis (using carbon dioxide as feedstock). Scaled production using available infrastructure is calculated to be economically feasible using Halomonas. These fuel generation routes could be deployed rapidly, in both advanced and developing countries, and contribute to energy security to meet global carbon management targets and clean air directives.
A novel sensor for measuring arterial distension, pulse and pressure waveform is developed and evaluated. The system consists of a magnetic sensor which is applied and fixed to arterial vessels without any blood vessel constriction, hence avoiding stenosis. The measurement principle could be validated by in vitro experiments on silicone tubes, and by in vivo experiments in an animal model, thereby indicating the non-linear viscoelastic characteristics of real blood vessels. The sensor is capable to provide absolute measurements of the dynamically varying arterial diameter. By calibrating the sensor, a long-term monitoring system for continuously measuring blood pressure and other cardiovascular parameters could be developed based on the method described. This will improve diagnostics for high risk patients and enable a better, specific treatment.
PbO2 anodic layers were formed by direct oxidation of lead electrodes galvanostatically (G) and potentiostatically (P), in attempt to study PbO2 as positive active material for lead-acid batteries. The structural and electrochemical properties of PbO2 anodic layers, prepared by the two methods, were examined and found to be different. Comparative studies indicated that PbO2-G electrode exhibited a longer discharge time, corresponding to a higher capacity, and a lower charge transfer resistance than that of PbO2-P. Through SEM observation it was established that the PbO2-G had a compact structure, while the PbO2-P surface showed a porous structure. Discharge capacity was related to the film structure and internal resistance of PbO2 layer. The compact structure with higher degree of interconnected particles lead to lower internal resistance thus higher capacity, and the porous surface layer would result in high transfer resistance and diminished capacity. It was concluded that preparation methods could controllably affect the structure of PbO2 films, which further played important roles in discharge capacity.
The production of hydrogen from water electrolysis calls for an efficient non-precious-metal catalyst to make the process economically viable because of the high cost and the limited supply of the currently used platinum catalysts. Here we present such a catalyst made from earth-abundant molybdenum and common, humble soybeans (MoSoy). This catalyst, composed of a catalytic β-Mo2C phase and an acid-proof γ-Mo2N phase, drives the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with low overpotentials, and is highly durable in a corrosive acidic solution over a period exceeding 500 hours. When supported on graphene sheets, the MoSoy catalyst exhibits very fast charge transfer kinetics, and its performance rivals that of noble-metal catalysts such as Pt for hydrogen production. These findings prove that the soybean (as well as other high-protein biomass) is a useful material for the generation of catalysts incorporating an abundant transition metal, thereby challenging the exclusivity of platinum catalysts in the hydrogen economy.
The surface of an aluminum (Al) electrode was modified with a thin film of nickel hexacyanoruthenate (NiHCR) as a novel electrode material. The modification procedure of Al surface, includes two consecutive procedures: (i) the electroless deposition of metallic nickel on the Al electrode surface from NiCl2 solution, and (ii) the chemical transformation of deposited nickel to nickel hexacyanoruthenate films in solution of 20mM K3[Ru(CN)6]+0.5M KNO3. Cyclic voltammogram of the modified Al electrode showed a well-defined redox reaction due to [NiIIRuIII/II(CN)6]1−/2− system. The effects of different supporting electrolytes and solution pH were studied on the electrochemical characteristics of the modified electrode. The diffusion coefficients of K+ and Na+ cations in the film (D), the transfer coefficient (α), and the charge transfer rate constant at the modifying film/electrode interface (k s), were calculated in the presence of both K+ and Na+ cations. The stability of the modified electrode was investigated under various experimental conditions.
A graphite powder disk sandwiched between two nickel screens was used as a lithium-insertion working electrode. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), galvanostatic intermittent titration (GIT) using pulsed microcurrent, and in-situ intrinsic resistance measurements were used for the evaluation of kinetics and intrinsic (i.e. physical) resistance changes during charge–discharge cycling from room temperature to elevated temperatures. The investigation of the thermal stability of the electrolyte at elevated temperature used an EIS study of a palladium electrode in the electrolyte. EIS measurements for electrochemical reaction and intrinsic resistances of a graphite electrode show that the first high-frequency depressed semicircle is due to the ‘solid electrolyte interphase’ (SEI) film, although it is also influenced by the electrode contact impedance. The growth of the SEI film on the MCMB 10-28 graphite electrode surface with cycling, results in a decline in kinetic rate and a corresponding increase in contact resistance giving rapid capacity fade. The high stability of the capacity of JM 287 electrodes is due to the slow increase in SEI film thickness on their surfaces. Although new SEI films were formed on the originals at elevated temperature, the kinetics were still more rapid than at room temperature in the initial cycling.
Al2O3-coated LiCo0.94Fe0.06VO4 powders with improved electrochemical cycleability have been synthesized. The morphology and structure of the coating have been characterized with SEM, HR-TEM and XPS. It was found that the Al2O3 coating was amorphous and that the particles were not completely coated, approximately 30–40% of the surface was covered. The Al2O3 coating had an average thickness of 10nm. Cyclic voltammetry measurements versus Li/Li+ showed that the Al2O3-coated LiCo0.94Fe0.06VO4 sintered at 600°C showed the best capacity retention and the cycle tests revealed that the materials still possess a discharge capacity of 76mAhg−1, even after 80 cycles. The improved cycling performance is attributed to the ability of the Al2O3 layer to neutralize the HF component in the liquid electrolyte.
Silicon suboxide (SiOx, x < 2) possesses high specific capacity as lithium ion battery anode. However, the cyclability and rate performance of SiOx are still unsatisfactory because of its huge volume change and low conductivity. Here, we report SiOx/C composite spheres with high cyclability and rate performance, which are synthesized by heating liquid mixture of polydimethylsiloxane and hexane in sealed vessels and subsequent heat treatment. High pressure generated in the sealed vessels at high temperature induces formation of the spherical morphology. The SiOx/C spheres consist of subnanoscopically and homogeneously dispersed SiOx and free carbon. Such dispersion structure increases tolerance for volume change and electrical conductivity. The spherical shape benefits uniform distribution of the SiOx/C spheres in electrodes, ensuring high electrical connectivity and uniform distribution of volume change. Consequently, the SiOx/C spheres exhibit outstanding cycle stability (96.1% capacity retention after 400 cycles), excellent rate performance (146.2 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1), and high specific capacity (1667.3 mAh g−1). Particularly, at a high mass loading of 3.0 mg cm−2 the electrodes possess high areal capacities of 2.6-2.0 mAh cm−2 during 400 cycles, showing high promise for practical application.
The nuclear receptor Rev-erbβ is a potent transcriptional factor whose functional study has been limited by the lack of suitable antibodies against it. To better understand Rev-erbβ’s biological roles, we generated five hybridoma cell lines secreting antibodies against human Rev-erbβ in mice immunized with the purified, prokaryotically expressed recombinant Rev-erbβ-6His fusion protein. Using Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses, all the five monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) showed strong immunoreactivity to both prokaryotically and eukaryotically expressed recombinant Rev-erbβ. An immunoprecipitation study showed that all five monoclonal antibodies against Rev-erbβ were able to pull down the recombinant Rev-erbβ-Flag protein, but only one of the MAbs against Rev-erbβ, 37H8, could pull down the endogenous Rev-erbβ protein. Furthermore, domain specificity of these MAbs was characterized. Due to the high similarities between Rev-erbα and Rev-erbβ in the C and E domains, those C and E domain-specific anti-Rev-erbβ antibodies can react with human Rev-erbα as well. The MAbs produced in the study will provide a valuable tool for investigating the function of Rev-erbβ.
Measurements of water oxygen isotopic composition were conducted in the 2003 growing season for a montane larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) forest in northern Mongolia, a transitional area from the south Siberian taiga to the Asian steppe. Oxygen isotopic composition of foliar water and its daily variability were found to be sensitive to atmospheric evaporative demand. During most of the growing season, water sources used by larch trees were from the upper 30-cm surface layer of the soil when precipitation input was large, and were from the deeper layer when the water supply at the upper soil layer was limited. The Keeling plot method suggested that the forest returned soil water to the atmosphere predominantly by means of canopy transpiration during the peak growth period (in August).
Patients who have undergone a Fontan procedure face an increased risk for thromboembolic complications. This study aimed to evaluate whether thromboelastography, a global whole-blood assay of coagulation, can be used to detect hypercoagulability in pediatric Fontan patients compared with healthy children. This prospective, cross-sectional study investigated 25 Fontan patients and 51 healthy children in three age groups: 1–5 years, 6–10 years, and 11–16 years. Kaolin-activated thromboelastography was performed on citrated samples. No statistically significant differences in thromboelastography parameters were found among the different age groups of the 51 healthy children. None of the 25 Fontan patients demonstrated evidence of hypercoagulability on thromboelastography (95% confidence interval, 0–7%), as defined by two standard deviations above or below the normal mean. The findings suggest that the percentage of Fontan patients demonstrating hypercoagulability on thromboelastography is substantially lower than the reported incidence of thromboembolic complications. Whether thromboelastography could be helpful in predicting patients at increased risk for thromboembolic complications or not still is not known. Further studies comparing the thromboelastography of Fontan patients with the thromboembolic complications of those without Fontan are needed to delineate these issues.
SiO2 is one of the most abundant materials on Earth. It is cost-effective and also environmentally benign when used as an energy material. Although SiO2 was inactive to Li, it was engineered to react directly by a simple process. It exhibited a strong potential as a promising anode for Li-ion batteries.
This study presents two methods for observation of black carbon (BC) vertical profiles in lower troposphere based on the micro-aethalometer AE-51. In the first method micro-aethalometer was carried by observer along trail on slope of mountain valley. Second method uses unmanned aerial vehicle as a platform for collecting data up to 1500 m above ground. Our study presents vertical profiles collected in and above Subcarphatian Wislok valley. Profiles measured on trial on slopes of Wislok valley, were collected during strong smog conditions during autumn/winter season, when BC concentration reached values above 60 μg/m3. The smog intensive layer is usually close to the surface (up to 100 m) as a results of surface inversion and the mountain breeze circulation, which during the night transports air pollution emitted from houses toward the valley’s bottom. Usually the vertical profiles of BC concentration show significant reduction with the altitude, however, some multilayered structures are also observed during night time inversion conditions. It has found that smog condition can develop in clean air mass, and in those cases local pollution has significant impact on the columnar aerosol properties. During such conditions the aerosol optical depth shows diurnal cycle which is rather not observed in the long-term data. UAV flights in the lower troposphere were conducted during two sessions, one with clean polar air masses (BC concentration < 1 μg/m3) and second with moderate aerosol conditions (BC concentration 1–5 μg/m3). Profile of BC concentration shows stratification of absorbing aerosols in a shape of multi-layer structures similarly to the lidar/ceilometer signals.
Various history life depreciations and energy characteristics of the facilities in the hybrid energy supply system challenge the conventional balancing strategies, which mostly aim to address the state-of-charge imbalance issues. This paper proposes a conditional depreciation balancing strategy to cope with the stated challenge. The conditional depreciation balancing strategy is based on extended hybrid energy storage systems, which consist of supercapacitors, batteries and equivalent battery storage units corresponding to heating systems. An integrated virtual battery model is adopted in the equivalent process of the heating system. The conditional depreciation is innovatively defined to evaluate the operation equitability of the extended hybrid energy storage systems. The equalization of the conditional depreciation is achieved by a multiscale searching algorithm. The proposed conditional depreciation balancing strategy is validated by a hybrid energy supply system of a four-floor building in Shanghai, China. Test results show that the fast dynamic response ability of the supercapacitors and the high energy density of the integrated virtual battery models are utilized fully by the proposed conditional depreciation balancing strategy. The maximum power changing rate of the supercapacitors, integrated virtual battery models and batteries is 0.86 kW/s, 0.03 kW/s, and 0.22 kW/s, respectively. The 24-h charging/discharging energy of the supercapacitors, integrated virtual battery models and batteries is 7.80 kWh, 18.37 kWh and 5.21 kWh, respectively. Compared to the state-of-charge balancing strategy, the proposed conditional depreciation balancing strategy decreases the maximum imbalance coefficient of the energy storage units by 82.74%. The life depreciation rate and the life depreciation cost of the extended hybrid energy storage system decrease by 47.05% and 53.85%, respectively.
In the present work, olivine LiMnPO4 based cathode material is synthesized from a nonstoichiometric mixture of starting materials (the chemical composition can be denoted as LiMn0.8Fe0.19 + 2x Mg0.01P1 + x O4, x = 0.033) and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), magnetic measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical test. The results show that electronically conductive iron phosphides are created on the surface of LiMn0.8Fe0.19Mg0.01PO4 via the controlled nonstoichiometry and can effectively increase electronic conductivity and rate capability of the obtained material.
The zinc electrode in secondary zinc batteries suffers from many side reactions, namely corrosion, hydrogen evolution, passivation, and dendrite formation. This electrode also suffers from changes in surface textures, mechanical properties, and volume increases due to the formation and growth of porous space inside the zinc electrode. Keeping the zinc electrode from deterioration is a major challenge because one must address multiple problems at a time. In this study, we introduce a three-functional electrolyte based on ethylene glycol oligomers and aqueous components. When in contact with this electrolyte, the corrosion current density decreases by 37%, which means that corrosion and hydrogen evolution are partially mitigated. The chronoamperometry current density decreases by 77.5%, complemented by a nearly flat and layered zinc deposit (confirmed by SEM and ex situ XRD). Applying this concept to a typical Zn/LiMn2O4 battery with 2 M Li2SO4 and 1 M ZnSO4 mixed electrolyte, the capacity retention is up to 80.2% after 1000 charge-discharge cycles at 4 C rate. This is approximately 12% higher than that of the reference battery using an aqueous electrolyte. Furthermore, the float charge current under constant voltage (2.1 V) dramatically decreases by approximately 36% versus the float charge current of the reference battery, and the rate capability is nearly maintained.