batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Web surveys are very attractive because they offer the possibility to collect a huge amount of data in a very short time, but they also suffer from several problems (Reips in Psychology experiments on the internet, 2000). In particular, in web panels where incentives are used to encourage the respondents’ participation, some of them answer the questions so fast that it seems impossible that they have carefully read the questions, or thought about the best answers. This paper shows the results of two experiments conducted with the online fieldwork provider Netquest, that try to reduce the speeding behaviours and get a better quality of answers by raising awareness among the respondents about the importance of completing a survey thoughtfully. The results show no effect on respondents who have been given an introductory reminder or a single commitment statement about the importance of their answers. However, when this introduction is combined with the commitment statement, a small effect on some respondents’ behaviours is found. Mainly the respondents who already put some effort in answering but not the maximum ones were affected. Participants with low quality answers continued giving low quality answers even when they were committed to do their best. From these results, we may conclude that more radical solutions than raising awareness may be necessary to assure that respondents in web surveys read the questions carefully and answer them the best way they can.
This paper attempts to integrate both a forward and reverse supply chain to design a closed-loop supply chain network (CLSC). The problem in the design of a CLSC network is uncertainty in demand, return products and the quality of return products. Scenario analyses are generated to overcome this uncertainty. In contrast to the existing supply chain network design models, a new application of a CLSC network was studied in this paper to reduce waste. A multi-product, multi-tier mixed integer linear model is developed for a CLSC network design. The main objective is to maximize profit and provide waste management decision support in order to minimize pollution. The result shows applicability of the model in the tire industry. The model determines the number and the locations of facilities and the material flows between these facilities.
In this work, TiO2-based ionogel electrolytes (TIEs), TiO2/ionic liquid/LiTFSI, are prepared by a one-pot sol–gel processing. The electrochemical performance and potential application in lithium metal batteries (LMBs) of TIEs are evaluated for the first time. It is found that the as-prepared TIE system reveals liquid-like high ionic conductivity, good electrochemical stability and ability to promote uniform lithium electrodeposition. Specifically, LMBs containing the TIE show high discharge capacity and good capacity retention at 25 °C under the 0.1C rate. Also, acceptable rate performance and low-temperature discharge ability can be obtained.
The increasing evidence for response shift phenomena in quality of life (QOL) assessment points to the necessity to reconsider both the measurement model and the application of psychometric analyses. The proposed psychometric model posits that the QOL true score is always contingent upon parameters of the appraisal process. This new model calls into question existing methods for establishing the reliability and validity of QOL assessment tools and suggests several new approaches for describing the psychometric properties of these scales. Recommendations for integrating the assessment of appraisal into QOL research and clinical practice are discussed.
The success of indigenous business firms is no longer exclusively an internal process given increasing competition and globalization. Achieving success under dynamic conditions requires active involvement of governments to provide proper environments for local businesses to survive global challenges. Many also want to attract foreign investors to start new businesses. The role of governments is no longer limited to providing preconditions for basic infrastructure needs but now also includes fortifying business environmental factors such as the Internet, legal systems, trained work forces, and equitable tax systems. The purpose of this study is to investigate the conditions in Albania, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), Montenegro, Serbia, and Turkey. Using the Enterprise Survey from the World Bank, this study evaluates these nations’ adaptation to the global challenges of doing business. These five nations were selected because of their status of potentially joining the European Union (EU). The findings indicate that there are problems and significant gaps among these nations. Suggestions include that national leaders develop policies that go beyond simply addressing the identified obstacles. Additionally, company managers can also use the insights from this study when evaluating these nations as potential EU members before entering these markets.
Abamectin, widely used as a veterinary anthelmintic, medicine against a variety of animal parasites and insects, can runoff from the sites of application and becomes an aquatic pollutant. The aim of this study was to identify the toxicity of abamectin on bacteria, algae, daphnids, and fish. An extremely high toxicity of avermectin to the survival and reproduction of Daphnia magna was observed in 21-day exposure tests. Zebrafish and the algae Scenedesmus subspicatus are less sensitive to avermectin. The compound is expected to have adverse effects on the aquatic environment due to its high toxicity, even at very low concentrations, to daphnids and to fish.
Background Research has suggested an important association between motor proficiency and overweight/obesity. Many children with motor difficulties experience ADHD symptoms which have also been linked with overweight/obesity. Previous research has not considered both ADHD and motor performance when investigating their relationship with overweight/obesity. Aims To investigate the relationships between motor performance, ADHD symptoms, and overweight/obesity in children. Methods and procedures A cross-sectional study was conducted involving189 children aged six to 10 years. Symptoms of ADHD were identified using the SNAP-IV rating scale. Motor impairment (MI) was identified using the Movement Battery Assessment for Children-2. Body composition was estimated from the Body Mass Index (BMI) based on World Health Organization child growth standards. Outcomes and results Balance was the only motor skill associated with BMI even after controlling for gender and ADHD. Group comparisons revealed that the proportion of overweight ADHD children was significantly less than the proportion of overweight control children and overweight MI children; the proportion of underweight ADHD children was significantly greater than the proportion of underweight MI children. Conclusions and implications The results highlight the importance of taking into consideration both ADHD symptoms and motor difficulties in the assessment and intervention of physical health outcomes in children with ADHD and/or movement problems.
This paper describes the fabrication and performance of microporous gel electrolyte (MGE) Li-ion batteries. Fabrication of the MGE battery includes three steps: (1) making a microporous membrane separator by the phase inversion method, (2) activating the battery with a liquid electrolyte, and (3) forming MGE in situ by cycling the battery. The MGE contains three phases: liquid electrolyte, gel electrolyte, and a polymer matrix. MGE has advantages of high ionic conductivity, good adhesion to the electrodes, and good mechanical strength. In this work, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) copolymer was used as the polymer matrix, and a solution of 1.0m LiBF4 dissolved in 1:3 (wt.) mixture of ethylene carbonate and γ-butyrolactone was used as liquid electrolyte. Typically, a MGE gelled with 120wt.% of liquid electrolyte shows an ionic conductivity of 3.4mS/cm at 20°C and the resulting battery can withstand high temperature (60°C) operation with low capacity fading.
A new method involving laccase-mediator system has been developed for environmentally friendly synthesis of polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PANI/MWCNT) composite. Fungal laccase, potassium octocyanomolibdate (4+) and atmospheric oxygen served as catalyst, redox-mediator and terminal oxidant, respectively. The structure, morphology and electrical conductivity of composites with different PANI content were investigated. The energy storage of enzymatically obtained composite consists of an electrical double layer capacitance as well as pseudocapacitance of conducting polymer. The obtained PANI/MWCNT composite with PANI content ca. 49wt.% had high specific capacitance and cycle stability during doping/dedoping. The specific capacitance of this composite measured by cyclic voltammetry technique with potential scan rate of 5 mV/s was ca. 440 F/g. The specific capacitance of the composite decreased by less than 7% of its maximum value after 1000 scan cycles between -0.1 and 0.7V. Supercapacitor (SC) shell was made from flexible adhesive tape (regular Scotch tape) and current collector was formed after its separation from the surface of graphite foil. The ethanol dispersion of PANI/MWCNT composite was deposited on the current collector surface. The gel polymer electrolyte (polyvinyl alcohol in 1M phosphoric acid) was employed as both electrolyte medium and separator. The energy and power densities under an operating window of 0.7V were ca. 7.03 Wh/kg and 5.2kW/kg, respectively.
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) current profiles are dynamic, consisting of repeated charge and discharge pulses. Accurate prediction of the battery response to these inputs requires models with open circuit voltage and Butler–Volmer kinetic nonlinearities. This paper derives a nonlinear, electrolyte-enhanced, single particle model (NESPM) that includes aging due to solid electrolyte interphase layer growth. The model is validated with experimental full charge, discharge, HEV cycle, and aging data from 4.5 Ah graphite/LiFePO4 cells. The NESPM is capable of operating up to 3C constant charge–discharge cycles and up to 25C and 10 s charge–discharge pulses within 35–65% state of charge (SOC) with less than 2% error. The NESPM aging model is then simplified to obtain explicit formulas for capacity fade and impedance rise that depend on the battery parameters and current input history. The formulas show that aging increases with SOC, operating temperature, time, and root mean square (RMS) current. The formula predicts that HEV current profiles with the (i) same average SOC, (ii) small SOC swing, (iii) same operating temperature, (iv) same cycle length, and (v) same RMS current, will have the same cell capacity fade.
The electrical properties of ion-exchange membrane systems with a bi-layer distribution of the fixed-charge inside the membrane, have been analyzed by using the network simulation method. The system under study is constituted by an inhomogeneous membrane with a bi-layer distribution of the fixed-charge and two diffusion boundary layers on both sides of the membrane, the ionic transport of a symmetric 1:1 electrolyte being described by the Nernst-Planck and Poisson equations. The steady-state, transient and small-amplitude ac responses of the membrane system, have been obtained. The influence of the degree of inhomogeneity of the membranes on the steady-state current–voltage characteristic, the electrochemical impedance and the chronoamperometric response of the system, has been analyzed and discussed.
2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene is a redox shuttle for overcharge protection of LiFePO4-based lithium-ion batteries with a working potential lower than 4.2V versus Li+/Li. However, an irreversible decomposition occurs when the working potential is higher than 4.2V versus Li+/Li. 2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-1,4-di-tert-butoxybenzene was also investigated as a model molecule to further understand the possible degradation pathway of 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-dimethxybenzene. The experimental results strongly suggest that the irreversible reaction be related to the decomposition of OC bond in alkoxy substitution groups.
The volumetric performance of supercapacitors needs to be improved, but the usual trade-off between porosity and density is a problem. Here the authors develop a graphene laminate film with tunable porosity that leads to a volumetric energy density of 88.1 Wh l−1 at the device level.
Reprocessing of cadmium-containing wastes and used storage batteries produces cadmium oxide. Electrowinning of the metal from an alkali melt is proposed for processing of CdO and production of metallic cadmium or cadmium–sodium alloys. The design of a laboratory electrolyzer is discussed. Technological parameters of the electrolysis process are determined. Applied and engineering aspects of the electrowinning of cadmium and cadmium–sodium alloys are considered. Conditions of the electrolytic production of cadmium are optimized. Specific features of the electrochemical production of cadmium–sodium alloys are analyzed. Electrowinning of cadmium from an acid or chloride solution is considered. The comparison of the electrolysis of aqueous solutions and alkali melts is in favor of the latter.
Molten iodide-based salts due to their low melting points were envisaged to improve the performances of thermal batteries. Iodide-based salt drying and the determination of the basic properties (electrochemical window, conductivity, thermal heat capacity, …) of some electrolytes were carried out. The results obtained showed that some of iodide-based electrolytes are suitable for thermal batteries. In addition, the LiF–LiCl–LiI and LiF–LiBr–KBr electrolytes were tested in Li–Si/FeS2 single cells in the temperature of thermal battery operating conditions. The LiF–LiCl–LiI electrolyte could be considered as an interesting alternative for the improvements of thermal battery performances.
The aim of the presented work was to perform a preliminary study of the physicochemical and interfacial properties of hybrid organic–inorganic gel electrolytes for Li-ion batteries based on the PVdF/HFP polymeric matrix and surface-modified silicas. Two types of silica fillers of different grain sizes (>500nm and ∼100nm) were used as additives. The silica particles were modified by two different functional groups, i.e. methacryloxy and vinyl ones. The gel electrolytes based on PVdF/HFP copolymer were prepared according to the so-called Bellcore two-step process. The motivation of the present work was to study more deeply those systems in terms of morphology by means of scanning electron microscopy techniques. Fillers modified with identical functional groups but differing fundamentally in the manufacturing processes were compared in terms of the impact on morphology and electrochemical performance of the resulting membranes. Interfacial properties were examined by means of impedance spectroscopy technique using Swagelok-type cells with two lithium electrodes.
This paper presents a method based on a new interpretation of the concept productiveness in order to manage local energy resources through smart loads. The assumption that electricity demand is almost completely inelastic is changing as a result of deregulated wholesale markets. In this line, the smart building and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle promise flexibility of building energy and comfort management. Productiveness as defined in this paper is a means of meeting two objectives: cost and quality for a group of electrical charges with renewable penetration and/or real-time prices. This concept assesses how well one unit of energy (kWh) performs the task that it has been assigned, but it is not an econometric model for forecasting demand. The concept of productiveness according to the focus of the present study permits the users to monetarily evaluate the use of their electrical energy, enabling the management of different loads. As a starting point, in the simulations presented in the framework of a bioclimatic building and electric vehicles, this new interpretation responds as expected.
Aromatic isocyanate, 4-fluorophenyl isocyanate and phenyl isocyanate, were first used to reduce the initial irreversible capacities during the formation of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on a graphite surface. Results showed that the addition of 1–5wt.% isocyanate to propylene carbonate-containing electrolytes could effectively reduce the initial irreversible capacities in the SEI formation and increase the cycleability of Li-ion batteries. The improvement is attributed to the high reactivity of isocyanate with chemisorbed oxygen groups, such as carboxyl and phenol, which are inevitably present in the prismatic (edge) sites of graphite and are known among the sources to cause the initial irreversible capacities of a graphite anode. It is proposed that the isocyanate reacts with carboxyl and phenol groups to form more stable products, and that the resulting products have a better affinity to the subsequently formed SEI. In addition, the presence of isocyanate assists in scavenging water and acidic HF impurities from the electrolyte.
Leader election problem has been studied in the past to improve the efficiency of both distributed systems and wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. Yet, few research has been done on the leader election process for wireless mesh networks. Most of the existing leader election protocols consider wireless networks in general, without focusing on the particularities of mesh networks. Thus, these protocols are not suitable for wireless mesh networks. The lack of research on this issue has motivated us to design a leader election protocol dedicated to wireless mesh networks. In this work, we propose an efficient leader election protocol for wireless mesh network, which is based on the construction of a spanning tree that includes all wireless mesh routers. The protocol elects the node with the longest remaining battery life. In this paper, we give a detailed description of the proposed protocol, prove its correctness, discuss its message and time complexities and then evaluate its performance through simulation using ns-2. We show that our protocol is efficient and scales well with the increase in number of mesh routers and mesh clients.
Thermal characteristics and thermal behavior of lithium batteries are important both for the batteries meeting operating life requirements and for safety considerations. Sandia National Laboratories has a broad-based program that includes analysis, engineering and model development. We have determined thermal properties of lithium batteries using a variety of calorimetric methods for many years. We developed the capability to model temperature gradients and cooling rates of high-temperature primary lithium thermal batteries several years ago. Work is now under way to characterize the response of ambient-temperature rechargeable lithium-ion batteries to thermal abuse. Once the self-heating rates of lithium cells have been established over a range of temperatures, the thermal response can be estimated under a variety of conditions. We have extended this process to isolate the behavior of individual battery components and have begun to understand the chemical nature of the species responsible for heat evolution within the cells. This enhanced level of understanding will enable more accurate modeling of cell thermal behavior and will allow model-based design of safer, more abuse-tolerant lithium batteries for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) in the future. Progress toward this goal and key information still needed to reach it are discussed.
Sn doped lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide of LiNi3/8Co2/8Mn3/8−x Sn x O2 (0≤ x ≤0.10) was synthesized by stannum substitute of manganese to enhance its rate capability at first time. Its structure and electrochemical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) and charge/discharge tests. LiNi3/8Co2/8Mn3/8−x Sn x O2 had stable layered structure with α-NaFeO2 type as x up to 0.05, meanwhile, its chemical diffusion coefficient D Li of Li-ion was enhanced by almost one order of magnitude, leading to notable improvement of the rate capability of LiNi3/8Co2/8Mn3/8O2. The compound of x =0.10 showed the best rate capability among Sn doped samples, but its discharge capacity reduced markedly due to secondary phase Li2SnO3 and increase of cation-disorder. The compound with x =0.05 showed high rate capability with initial discharge capacity in excess of 156mAhg−1. It is a promising alternative cathode material for EV application of Li-ion batteries.
Poly(vinylidene difluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) membrane was prepared by electrospinning. The membranes served as host matrices for the preparation of ionic liquid-based polymer electrolytes (ILPEs) by activation with non-volatile, highly thermally stable, and safe room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) electrolytes; N-butyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Py14TFSI) complexed with 1 M lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). In this work, the first combination of electrospun PVdF-HFP fiber polymer host and pyrrolidinium-based ionic electrolyte was employed for highly stable lithium batteries. The ILPE exhibited low Li+–TFSI coordination, low crystallinity, high thermal stability, high electrochemical stability, and high ionic conductivity with a maximum of 1.1 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 0 °C. The ILPE exhibited good compatibility with a LiFePO4 electrode on storage and good charge–discharge performance in Li/ILPE/LiFePO4 cells at room temperature, delivering specific capacities of 143 and 115 mA h g−1 at 0.1 and 1 C-rates. The ILPE also exhibited stable cycle properties and have therefore been demonstrated to be suitable for lithium battery applications.
Direct current (DC) arc-discharge method is used to fabricate Sn-carbon nanotube nanocapsules (Sn-CNT NCs). The Sn is partially-filled into multi-walled CNTs, as an ideal configuration for the active materials as lithium-ion battery anode; Sn nanoparticles provide large storage capacity and CNTs confine and accommodate the volume expansion of Sn as well as provide the conductive network and contribute their own capacity. Large initial specific capacity and stable cyclic performance are identified in the electrochemical tests. Such novel nanostructure provides a solution to the volume expansion issue of a high-capacity electrode.
A synthesis of new types of SbxOy/C composite negative electrodes for lithium and sodium-ion batteries is reported. Thin layers of graphitic carbon decorated in 3D with Sb nanoparticles were produced from organic precursors triphenylantimony (III) using a one-step microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) method. Thin-film SbxOy/C electrodes were electrochemically tested in lithium and sodium half cells with Li and NaTDI (2-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazole lithium and sodium salts) 0.75M electrolytes and delivered capacity of 425mAhg−1 at C/10 discharge rate.