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Boron was doped into lithium trivanadate through an aqueous reaction process followed by heating at 100°C. The B-LiV3O8 materials as a cathode in lithium batteries exhibits a specific discharge capacity of 269.4mAhg−1 at first cycle and remains 232.5mAhg−1 at cycle 100, at a current density of 150mAhg−1 in the voltage range of 1.8–4.0V. The B-LiV3O8 materials show excellent stability, with the retention of 86.30% after 100 cycles. These result values are higher than those previous reports indicating B-LiV3O8 prepared by our synthesis method is a promising candidate as cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. The enhanced discharge capacities and their stabilities indicate that boron atoms promote lithium transferring and intercalating/deintercalating during the electrochemical processes and improve the electrochemical performance of LiV3O8 cathode.
The hydrogen economy has been identified as an alternative to substitute the non-sustainable fossil fuel based economy. Ongoing research is underway to develop environmentally friendly and economical hydrogen production technologies that are essential for the hydrogen economy. One of the promising ways to produce hydrogen is to use aluminum or its alloys to reduce water or hydrocarbons to hydrogen. This paper gives an overview on these aluminum-based hydrogen production methods, their limitations and challenges for commercialization. Also, a newly developed concept for cogeneration of hydrogen and electrical energy is discussed.
LiCoO2 is a dominant cathode material for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries due to its high volumetric energy density, which could potentially be further improved by charging to high voltages. However, practical adoption of high-voltage charging is hindered by LiCoO2’s structural instability at the deeply delithiated state and the associated safety concerns. Here, we achieve stable cycling of LiCoO2 at 4.6 V (versus Li/Li+) through trace Ti–Mg–Al co-doping. Using state-of-the-art synchrotron X-ray imaging and spectroscopic techniques, we report the incorporation of Mg and Al into the LiCoO2 lattice, which inhibits the undesired phase transition at voltages above 4.5 V. We also show that, even in trace amounts, Ti segregates significantly at grain boundaries and on the surface, modifying the microstructure of the particles while stabilizing the surface oxygen at high voltages. These dopants contribute through different mechanisms and synergistically promote the cycle stability of LiCoO2 at 4.6 V.
Random data generators play an important role in computer science and engineering since they aim at simulating reality in IT systems. Software random data generators cannot be reliable enough for critical applications due to their intrinsic determinism, while hardware random data generators are difficult to integrate within applications and are not always affordable in all circumstances. We present an approach that makes use of entropic data sources to compute the random data generation task. In particular, our approach exploits the chaotic phenomena happening in the crowd. We extract these phenomena from social networks since they reflect the behavior of the crowd. We have implemented the approach in a database system,
Naphthalene has been polymerized electrochemically in the mixed electrolyte of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The oxidation potential of the monomer in this medium was measured as approximately 1.0 V (vs. SCE), which was much lower than that detected in a neutral electrolyte such as acetonitrile (1.55 V vs. SCE). A powdery polymer with a conductivity of 2.6×10−3 S cm−1 was obtained. The addition of a small amount (∼5%, by weight) of polyethylene glycol with a molar mass of 400 g (PEG 400) into the mixed electrolyte can decrease the oxidation potential of the monomer further to approximately 0.7 V versus SCE. A free-standing polynaphthalene (PNA) film with a conductivity of 5.9×10−2 S cm−1 was obtained from this medium for the first time. The structure of the polymer has been investigated by UV–Vis, infrared and Raman spectroscopies.
SiOx/C composite material derived directly from agricultural rice husk byproducts through an economically viable and environmentally benign approach has been explored to be used as an anode for rechargeable lithium batteries. Rice husks were converted into a SiOx/C composite directly by heat treatment under argon/hydrogen atmosphere, at a temperature of 900°C. The composite contains SiOx surrounded by an amorphous carbon matrix. A steady state reversible capacity of nearly 600mAhg−1 was delivered at 100mAg−1 current density after 100 cycles. The improved performance of the SiOx/C composite anode over other agricultural byproduct derived carbon materials is believed to be due to the presence of low valence silicon. The filth-to-wealth conversion of rice husks to battery material is a highly energy efficient process with great economic and environmental benefits.
Ectopic expression of defined transcription factors can force direct cell-fate conversion from one lineage to another in the absence of cell division. Several transcription factor cocktails have enabled successful reprogramming of various somatic cell types into induced neurons (iNs) of distinct neurotransmitter phenotype. However, the nature of the intermediate states that drive the reprogramming trajectory toward distinct iN types is largely unknown. Here we show that successful direct reprogramming of adult human brain pericytes into functional iNs by Ascl1 and Sox2 encompasses transient activation of a neural stem cell-like gene expression program that precedes bifurcation into distinct neuronal lineages. During this transient state, key signaling components relevant for neural induction and neural stem cell maintenance are regulated by and functionally contribute to iN reprogramming and maturation. Thus, Ascl1- and Sox2-mediated reprogramming into a broad spectrum of iN types involves the unfolding of a developmental program via neural stem cell-like intermediates.
Heterogeneous photocatalysis and electrocatalysis have attracted tremendous interest in energy chemistry including CO2 reduction, N2 fixation, water oxidation, oxygen reduction, organic transformations, etc. The molecular-level understanding of reaction mechanisms in photocatalysis and electrocatalysis is pivotal to facilitate these processes, and the quantitative isotope measurement provides such a toolbox. Herein, we summarize the theory of two kinds of important isotope measurements (i.e., kinetic isotope effect and isotope labeling methods) and then review their important applications in photocatalytic/electrocatalytic CO2 reduction, N2 fixation, water oxidation, oxygen reduction and organic transformations on heterogeneous catalysts. Future prospects for quantitative isotope measurements are also presented.
Heteroatom-doped carbon nanomaterials with well-defined porous are used as anode materials for SIBs due to their exceptional structural characteristics. In this work, porous N-doped carbon networks composed with ultrathin carbon nanosheets were synthesized via the direct pyrolysis of Vitamin B5. The content of nitrogen, specific surface area, porous structure of the N-doped carbon nanosheet networks were adjusted by changing reaction temperatures. The formation mechasim of the ultrathin N-doped carbon nanosheet networks was also proposed. The generation of calcium carbonate/calcium oxide used as a self-template renders the formation of the porous structure via thermal treatment. The optimized samples possess a superior lithium and sodium storage: 1534mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1 vs. Li/Li+ and 335mAhg−1 at 100mAg−1 vs. Na/Na+, with nearly 100% cycling Coulombic efficiency, remarkable cycling retention and high rate capacity. Additionally, good electrocatalytic activity for ORR via a 4e−1 pathway determines that the resulting primary Zn-air battery showed high discharge power energy density (80mWcm−2), high reversibility and stability over continuous cycles.
Maria Campos, Liliana Moreira, José Ferreira, Ana Teixeira, Luís Rama
Health literacy, a more complex concept than knowledge, is a required capacity to obtain, understand, integrate and act on health information [1], in order to enhance individual and community health, which is defined by different levels, according to the autonomy and personal capacitation in decision making [2].
Vertically stacked artificial 2D materials, such as van der Waals heterostructures, hold great scientific and technological promise. Stacking 2D atomic layers with stronger electrostatic forces in a controlled fashion could be more challenging. Positively charged atomic sheets of layered double hydroxide (LDH) such as hydrotalcite mineral with weakly bound anions have known intercalation and anion exchange properties, while reduced graphene oxide (rGO) are known to be negatively charged. So self-assembly of periodic (LDH/rGO) n superlattice is possible, although true periodicity at atomic scale has never been demonstrated for Ni–Al LDH. This work introduces a new protocol for the synthesis of true Ni–Al LDH/GO superlattice and the corresponding reduced product Ni–Al LDH/rGO, by systematically optimizing various key experimental parameters in chemical exfoliation, dispersion and self-assembly by co-feeding. This method is further applied to the successful synthesis of more complex Ni–Co–Al/GO superlattice. The Ni–Al LDH/rGO superlattice is then tested as cathode in alkaline hybrid supercapacitor, with 129Ah/kg capacity at 8-min discharge, two times that of pristine Ni–Al LDH, and maintains 72.7% of its initial capacity after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles. Our superlattice synthesis strategy and its energy applications demonstrate the potential to design artificial 2D materials.
A thermal-runaway model of lithium-ion battery is developed by devising a resistive heating that includes short circuit current and integrating it with existing electrochemical and exothermic reaction model of lithium-ion battery. With the developed model, a guideline for designing lithium-ion battery is suggested to delay onset of thermal-runaway. First and foremost, the simulation result obtained from developed mathematical model confirms that thermal-runaway is retarded when the area of heat transfer is augmented in the cells of same volume and capacity. Next, it is also demonstrated that, under the simulation condition in which the loading level of active materials is set as a design variable, if short circuit resistance is same, thermal-runaway occurs in a lithium-ion battery with high loading level whereas thermal-runaway do not occur when the loading level is low. Assuming the same area of electrical short, thermal-runaway occurs when cathode active material of 619 [J/g] is used, but thermal-runaway does not occur with the cathode active material of 429 [J/g]. If short circuit resistance is same, a cell of which the internal resistance equals 0.025 [Ω] drives itself into thermal-runaway, while cells with higher internal resistance, i.e. 0.03 [Ω], do not.
Lithium ion batteries in the coin-cell form factor (2032) initially charged to 4.2 V at ambient temperature are stored at 60 °C and 70 °C for up to 8 weeks. The cells discharge capacity (Q d) and thermodynamic properties, including open-circuit potential (OCP), entropy (ΔS) and enthalpy (ΔH) are measured after each completed ageing week. Post-mortem analysis of aged anodes and cathodes is investigated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Raman Scattering spectrometry (RS) in an attempt to correlate thermodynamic data to changes in the crystal structure characteristics. It is found that degradation of the electrode materials' crystal structure accounts for most of the observed changes in the cells' thermodynamics with well quantified and distinct contributions from anode and cathode.
The consistency among lithium-ion battery pack is an important factor affecting their performance. The paper analyzes the impact sensitivity of parameters consistency including capacity, internal resistance and state of charge (SOC) on energy utilization efficiency of the battery pack. It turns out that SOC variations is the most significant influence on battery consistency, and hence is employed as evaluation index to characterize battery consistency level. Then the SOC evolution is explored under four scenarios, and the result reflects that the columbic efficiency is associated with prominent accumulative effect on SOC divergence of the battery group in use. The OCV consistency model is established based on long-term battery data of two trolley buses. It is observed that the fitted results match with the operational data very well. Finally, the mapping relation between the OCV distribution and the SOC distribution of the battery pack using dichotomy method is proposed. The calculation error of battery pack energy utilization efficiency by using such method is within 1.5%, which can be used for battery equilibrium diagnosis and prognosis at a certain aging state.
Graphitization heat treatment of a precursor carbon black was seen to effectively produce a wide variety of forms of partially graphitized nano-sized carbonaceous materials with a set of unique properties, some of which are reported in this paper in comparison with those properties of the precursor carbon material. These novel materials were given the name of PUREBLACK® Carbons. Among some of the unique properties are: higher conductivity than that of acetylene type carbon blacks due to PUREBLACK® Carbon's particles having more graphitic structure; very low to zero volatile content (external oxygen, sulfur, etc., groups, which are often believed to be the cause of initiation of self-discharge reactions in batteries); very low equilibrium moisture pickup (20ppm level), which makes it particularly attractive in lithium metal or lithium-ion based electrochemical systems; high purity. Electrochemical testing of the newly proposed PUREBLACK® Carbons in several battery systems offers significant promise that it presents a viable solution to the needs of industry.
To reduce greenhouse gas emissions in transportation sector, battery electric vehicle (BEV) is a better choice towards the ultimate goal of zero-emission. However, the shortened range, extended recharging time and insufficient charging facilities hinder the wide adoption of BEV. Recently, a wireless power transfer technology, which can provide dynamic recharging when vehicles are moving on roadway, has the potential to solve these problems. The dynamic recharging facilities, if widely applied on road network, can allow travelers to drive in unlimited range without stopping to recharge. This paper aims to study the complex charging facilities location problem, assuming the wireless charging is technologically mature and a new type of wireless recharging BEV is available to be selected by consumers in the future other than the traditional BEV requiring fixed and static charging stations. The objective is to assist the government planners on optimally locating multiple types of BEV recharging facilities to satisfy the need of different BEV types within a given budget to minimize the public social cost. Road users’ ownership choice among multiple types BEV and BEV drivers’ routing choice behavior are both explicitly considered. A tri-level programming is then developed to model the presented problem. The formulated model is first treated as a black-box optimization, and then solved by an efficient surface response approximation model based solution algorithm.
NASICON-type materials with general formula AxM2(PO4)3 (A = Li or Na, M = Ti, V, and Fe) are promising candidates for Li- and Na-ion batteries due to their open three-dimensional framework structure. Here we report the electrochemical properties of hydrogen titanium phosphate sulfate, H0.4Ti2(PO4)2.4(SO4)0.6 (HTPS), a new mixed polyanion material with NASICON structure. Micron-sized HTPS aggregates with crystallite grain size of ca. 23 nm are synthesized using a sol-gel synthesis in an acidic medium. The properties of the as-synthesized HTPS, ball-milled HTPS, and samples prepared as carbon composites using an in-situ glucose decomposition reaction are investigated. A capacity of 148 mAh g−1 corresponding to insertion of 2 Li+ per formula unit is observed in the ball-milled HTPS over the potential window of 1.5–3.4 V vs. Li/Li+. Lithiation at ca. 2.8 and 2.5 V is determined to occur through filling of the M1 and M2 sites, respectively. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used characterize the HTPS before and after cycling. Evaluation of the HTPS in a Na-ion cell is also performed. A discharge capacity of 93 mAh g−1 with sodiation at ca. 2.9 and 2.2 V vs. Na/Na+ is observed.
Background The aim of this study was to assess the sensibility of the hand in children with a neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) involving the C5 and C6, and to correlate results with dexterity. Methods Fifty children with NBPP (30 after nerve surgery, mean age 9.8 years) and 25 healthy controls (mean age 9.6 years) were investigated. Sensibility was assessed with two-point discrimination and Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments. Dexterity was evaluated with a single item from the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2. We compared the affected side with the nondominant hand of the control group. Results The sensibility in the first and second fingers was significantly diminished in the NBPP for both two-point discrimination (P = 0.005 and P = 0.014, respectively) and monofilament test (P < 0.001). Dexterity was significantly lower in the NBPP group than in control group, corrected for age (P = 0.023). There was a significant difference toward decreasing hand function with decreasing sensibility according to the Semmes-Weinstein test for the thumb (Jonckheere–Terpstra nonparametric trend test, P = 0.036). Conclusions The sensibility of the thumb and index finger in children with an upper plexus lesion (either surgically or conservatively treated) is diminished. The decreased sensibility has a negative impact on hand function. Appreciation of diminished hand function in patients with NBPP involving C5 and C6 is important to optimize treatment.
We report here the characterization and electrochemistry of a new type of carbon nanofiber that was prepared in our laboratories. In addition, two different commercially available carbons, carbon black (Shawinigan black AB50P) and synthetic graphite (LK702) are studied in parallel to benchmark the properties of our carbon nanofibers. Physical characterizations include X-ray diffraction, methylene blue adsorption, Brunauner–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. Carbon electrochemistries are interrogated in coin-sized cells versus lithium electrodes. Correlations are noted, and explanations are offered to describe broader carbon structure/function relationships.
Technological advances provide an opportunity to refine tools that assess central nervous system performance. This study aimed to assess the test-retest reliability and convergent and ecological validity of a newly developed, virtual-reality, concussion assessment tool, ‘CONVIRT’, which uses eye-tracking technology to assess visual processing speed, and manual reaction time (pushing a button on a riding crop) to assess attention and decision-making. CONVIRT was developed for horse jockeys, as of all sportspersons, they are most at risk of concussion.
The recently proposed hybrid Mg-Li ion battery technology delivers good reaction kinetics and excellent safety features because it integrates the advantages of the Mg metal anode and the Li+ ion intercalation/conversion electrodes. The inexpensive and resource-abundant FeS is a suitable candidate as a cathode material due to its medium redox potential and high theoretical capacity; however, a conventional FeS cathode suffers from low electronic conductivity, low coulombic efficiency and poor cycling performance. Here, in this work, to overcome these drawbacks, a free-standing membrane electrode with FeS nanoparticles embedded in carbon nanofibers was designed and prepared via a facile electrospinning method. Additionally, because of the absence of inactive materials, such as the current collector and binder, the energy density was enhanced compared with that in the conventional batteries. The hybrid Mg-Li ion battery fabricated in this study can deliver a maximum energy density of ∼300 Wh kg−1, which is superior to that of most conventional Mg ion batteries. An outstanding cyclic performance for up to 800 cycles with high coulombic efficiencies above 97% was demonstrated, and a specific capacity above 200 mAh g−1 was retained with a current density of 257 mA g−1.
Silicon kerf waste from a photovoltaic silicon production process is assessed as an anode material for application as a lithium ion battery anode. In contrast to previous studies, the Si-kerf is used as-produced, with no chemical treatment or physical processing beyond solvent PEG removal. The as-produced Si-kerf performed as well as, or better than, previously reported Si-kerf anodes and is found to outperform a cleaned Si-kerf sample from blade sawing with a larger particle size. This highlights the advantage of the diamond wire cutting process, which yields relatively small particles. In half-cell testing, a cycle life >300 cycles at a capacity of 1000 mAh g−1 is achieved with high levels of FEC addition. Full-cell testing against an NMC 442 cathode resulted in specific capacities up to 150 mAh g−1 (NMC). A relatively high degree of lithium consumption arising from repeated SEI formation is present. It is concluded that pure Si-kerf is unsuitable for commercial application in Li-ion cells.
A battery of toxicological studies was conducted to aid in the safety assessment of an ethanolic extract of Ageratum conyzoides for use as an ingredient in food. In accordance with internationally accepted standards, a bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, an in vivo mammalian micronucleus test, and a 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity study in rats were performed. In the first three applied test systems, no evidence of mutagenicity, clastogenicity or genotoxicity was revealed. Ageratum conyzoides did not cause mortality or toxic changes in Hsd.Han Wistar rats in the 90-day repeated dose oral (gavage) toxicity study at doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw/d. The NOAEL was determined to be 2000 mg/kg bw/d for both male and female rats, the highest dose tested.
Polyaniline–polypyrrole composite coatings were formed on carbon fibers by potentiostatic electrochemical polymerization. Electropolymerization was done by varying the applied potential and molar feed ratio of monomers. The dual nature of the composite coatings was deduced from the current–time (I–t) curves traced during polymerization. I–t curves were also used to predict the mechanism of the formation of composite coatings. UV–vis absorption spectroscopy was used to study the electronic structure of the composite coatings.