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Superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and the comet assay (SCGE) were used as biomarkers to evaluate the oxidative stress and genotoxicity of toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). The results indicated that the exposure of the three pollutants caused a stress response of the three enzymes, an approximate bell-shaped change (a tendency of inducement firstly and then inhibition with increasing concentrations of the pollutants) was mostly found. The three enzymes tested differed in their sensitivity to different pollutants. While the activity of POD was not significantly changed within the concentration range, the concentration thresholds for significant (P < 0.05) responses to toluene based on SOD and CAT were 5 mg kg−1, respectively. Similarly, the concentration thresholds for significant (P < 0.05) responses to ethylbenzene based on CAT and POD were 10 and 5 mg kg−1, respectively, while the activity of SOD was not significantly changed within the concentration range. Significant responses to xylene based on CAT and POD were 5 mg kg−1, respectively, while the activity of SOD was significantly (P < 0.05) induced at 10 mg kg−1. The SCGE assay results showed that these three pollutants could significantly (P < 0.01) induce DNA damage in earthworms and the clear dose-dependent relationships were displayed, indicating potential genotoxic effects of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene on E. fetida. The inducement of DNA damage may be attributed to the oxidative attack of toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene. Toluene seemed to be more genotoxic as it could induce the higher extent of DNA damage than ethylbenzene and xylene. The results suggest that the SCGE assay of earthworms is simple and efficient for diagnosing the genotoxicity of pollutants in terrestrial environment.
Herein, we report the construction of three-dimensional hollow core@shell structure composed of N-doped CNT-assembled dodecahedra core derived from ZIF-67 and Ni(OH)2 nanosheet shell as the sulfur scaffold for Li-S batteries. The obtained sulfur cathode demonstrates outstanding electrochemical performance, including a high reversible capacity (1321 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C), excellent rate capability (1030 and 753 mAh g−1 at 1 and 3 C, respectively), and superior cycling stability (611 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 3 C). The enhancement in electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the unique core@shell architecture: the interconnected CNT-assembled dodecahedra core provides rapid Li+/e- transport and sufficient free space for volume change; the Ni(OH)2 nanosheet shell not only acts as a durable physical barrier, but also serves as the polar material to restrain the dissolution of polysulfides with chemical interaction. In addition, in-situ nitrogen doping in CNTs introduces rich defects and active sites for polysulfides adsorption. This work provides a promising direction for high performance Li-S batteries by coating strong polar material on carbon materials.
Lithium sulfur battery (LSB) is widely considered as a next-generation battery system due to its high theoretical energy density of 2567 Wh kg−1. However, several inherent issues obstruct the business application of LSB. To address these issues, we assemble core–shell structure Fe3O4@C nanodots with 5 nm diameter as a valid sulfur host via a convenient organic pyrolysis treatment followed by calcination. The nanosized Fe3O4 particles could expose more chemisorption sites and inhibit the polysulfides shuttle. Moreover, the carbon layer could not only increase the conductivity but also ensure structural integrity during cyclic process. Furthermore, the mesoporous channels around Fe3O4@C could supply sufficient space to load sulfur and physically restrict the shuttle of polysulfides. Thus, the resultant S/Fe3O4@C cathode shows a highly initial capacity of 1089 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, even retains 655 mAh g−1 over 200 cycles at 1 C.
The problem remains unsolved in DMFCs applications that the increase in proton conductivity is usually caused the permeation of methanol. Herein, a novel kind of pore-filling membrane is investigated to meet this challenge. The porous substrate is fabricated from block poly (ether sulphone) with low degree of sulfonation, which form well-developed conductive channels owing to an aggregation of sulfonic acid groups, ensuring low methonal crossover and swelling ratio. The pore structures are achieved by a solution casting method which introduces alpha-cyclodextrin as the porogen. The resulting porous substrate possesses homogeneous opening pore structures. Then, the filling electrolyte, an organic-soluble tetrabutylammonium 4-vinylbenzene sulfonate, is used to fill the substrate and form a crosslinked network inside the pores to ensure high proton conductivity. The pore-filling membrane with block polymers shows higher proton conductivity (0.083 S cm−1 at 80 °C) than that prepared by random polymers (0.072 S cm−1 at 80 °C). Compared with Nafion 117, the composite membrane exhibits higher dimensional stability (6.6%) and methanol resistance (4.0 × 10−7 cm2 s−1). Furthermore, the pore-filling membrane outperforms Nafion 117 with an open circuit voltage of 0.61 V as well as a maximum power density of 46.8 mW/cm2 under 10 M methanol condition.
The Republic of Kiribati, formerly known as the Gilbert Islands, is a Micronesian (One of the three groups of islands in the Pacific. The eight territories that make up Micronesia are Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Republic of Kiribati, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Republic of Nauru, Republic of Palau, Territory of Guam and Territory of Wake Island. The other two groups of islands in the Pacific are Melanesia and Polynesia) country in the Pacific. The energy sources utilised in Kiribati include petroleum products, biomass, solar energy and wind power. Solar energy was introduced in Kiribati in the early 1980s (Wade H. Survey of RESCO projects – prepared for OPRET, Fiji Department of Energy, 2003; p. 36). Currently, it makes a very insignificant (less than 1%) contribution to the total annual primary energy supply (South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP). Pacific Islands Renewable Energy Project (PIREP) – Pacific Regional Energy Assessment (PREA) 2004. Kiribati national report, Vol. 5, 2005). Solar energy in Kiribati is used mostly in the form of solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies for the provision of lighting and electricity. This study examines the role of PV technologies in the sustainable development process in Kiribati, with particular reference to remote atoll communities. Initial results from on-site surveys carried out are reported in this paper. These surveys have sought to identify the reasons why people use or do not use PV systems.
Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME) are promising electricity-based fuels (e-fuels). They enable low emissions of particulate matter and nitrous oxides. In this work, the energetic efficiency of OME production from CO2 employing electrical energy is calculated. CO2 capture is included in the analysis by considering direct air capture and post-combustion capture technologies. CO2 is converted to methanol using hydrogen produced by electrolysis. Two routes for OME synthesis are studied: OME synthesis directly from methanol and formaldehyde and OME synthesis via the two intermediates methylal and trioxane. The energetic efficiency of OME production is evaluated for different levels of heat integration and for variable electrolysis efficiencies. For an electrolysis efficiency of 60%, it ranks between 24.3 and 36.7%. The production of 1 kg OME3–5 (LHV of 18.9 MJ per kg) has an energy demand of 51.6–78.0 MJ. A comparison of the energetic efficiencies of the production of different e-fuels and the evaluation of future potential sets OME in an overall context.
A series of Ni-deposited natural graphite composite materials have been prepared by hydrothermal hydrogen reduction method. The size of the Ni bead is determined to be around 300nm and most of the Ni beads are distributed on the edge planes of a graphite particle. The electrochemical performance of these composites has been studied as active anode material for lithium ion batteries. It is found that the composite materials have a higher discharge capacity than that of pure graphite electrode at high current density. The improved rate performance of the Ni-deposited graphite samples is attributed to the lower electron transfer resistance and the improvement of the electronic conductivity of the composite materials.
A new polymer electrolyte comprising the blend of poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-ethylene oxide) (P(DMS-co-EO)), and poly(epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene oxide) (P(EPI-co-EO)), with different concentrations of LiClO4 is described. The polymer electrolyte was prepared by a solution-cast technique. The electrochemical properties were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The maximum ionic conductivity (σ=1.2×10−4 Scm−1) was obtained for the P(DMS-co-EO)/P(EPI-co-EO) 15/85 and 20/80 blends with 6wt.% LiClO4. These same films had a wide electrochemical stability, higher than 5V at room temperature. A stable passive layer at the interface between the polymer electrolyte and lithium metal was formed within the first few days and maintained during the follow storage period. UV-Vis absorption spectra of the blends showed a transparent polymer electrolyte in the visible region.
Although widely used, the current Li-ion battery technology still suffers from a lack of suitable electrodes with enhanced energy and power density, cycling stability, energy efficiency and cycling life. So far no reliable methods can satisfy all these requirements. There is therefore a need to seek novel electrodes that would combine all the advanced performances and satisfy the increasing demands for energy storage worldwide. Herein, we demonstrate a large-scale bottom-up assembly route for porous bubble hybrid electrodes with excellent electrochemical properties by creating composites based on nanomaterials uniformly dispersed on the outer and inner surfaces of a porous creased carbon bubble host, which serves to hold them tightly by the pores and creases during battery operation and sandwiches them between rapid ion and electron transport pathways. Such integrated electrodes exhibit ultrahigh specific capacity and excellent cycling stability at various rates. Long lifespan of 1000 cycles in half cells retaining more than 90% of their reversible capacity and large rates up to 327C for ensample electrodes are achieved with batteries' high energy density and supercapacitors' impressive power density (where 1C rate represents a 1-h complete charge or discharge).
In the past 25 years, our ability to measure, monitor, and model the processes that lead to natural disasters has increased dramatically. Equally important has been the improvement in our technological capability to communicate information about hazards to those whose lives may be affected. These innovations in tracking and communicating the changes—floods, earthquakes, wildfires, volcanic eruptions—in our dynamic planet, supported by a deeper understanding of earth processes, enable us to expand our predictive capabilities and point the way to a safer future.
The automotive battery is being asked to carry out more challenging duties than ever before. Many of these duties are a result of new types of electrical load. The way in which a battery is operated and managed within a vehicle can be optimized significantly through the use of battery-related electronics with embedded software. Potential benefits include extended life, early warning of deterioration and failure, greater availability and an improved match to the vehicle's requirements. The impact of electronics in other areas shows that there is considerable potential to go much further in this direction with battery systems. There are, however, important system-wide issues to be considered. The battery system must conform to a wide range of standards and practices applicable to automotive electronic systems and embedded software. The automotive industry is itself trying to come to terms with the inherent difficulties involved in developing, qualifying and upgrading complex networks of software-based controllers within the vehicle. The battery system must be compatible with the results of these initiatives. Cost will always be a major influence, but the cost model is different from that familiar to battery producers. This study outlines the main areas where the battery industry must consider a change from being a component to a system supplier, and makes some recommendations for an industry wide approach to smooth the transition.
Emerging membraneless electrolyzers offer an attractive approach to lowering the cost of hydrogen (H2) production from water electrolysis thanks to potential advantages in durability and manufacturability that are made possible by elimination of membranes or diaphragms from the device architecture. However, a fair comparison of the performance limits of membraneless electrolyzers to conventional electrolyzers is hindered by the early stage of research and absence of established design rules for the former. This task is made all the more difficult by the need to quantitatively describe multiphase flow between the electrodes in membraneless electrolyzers, which can have a huge impact on gas product purity. Using a parallel plate membraneless electrolyzer (PPME) as a model system, this study takes a combined experimental and modeling approach to explore its performance limits and quantitatively describe the trade-offs between efficiency, current density, electrode size, and product purity. Central to this work is the use of in situ high-speed videography (HSV) to monitor the width of H2 bubble plumes produced downstream of parallel plate electrodes as a function of current density, electrode separation distance, and the Reynolds number (Re) associated with flowing 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte. These measurements reveal that the HSV-derived dimensionless bubble plume width serves as an excellent descriptor for correlating the aforementioned operating conditions with H2 crossover rates. These empirical relationships, combined with electrochemical engineering design principles, provide a valuable framework for exploring performance limits and guiding the design of optimized membraneless electrolyzers. Our analysis shows that the efficiencies and current densities of optimized PPMEs constrained to H2 crossover rates of 1% can exceed those of conventional alkaline electrolyzers but are lower than the efficiencies and current densities achieved by zero-gap polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzers.
As a consequence of human activities, large amounts of cadmium, lead and zinc are released in the environment, often simultaneously. The aim of this study was to investigate under experimental conditions the DNA damage induced in Algerian mice (Mus spretus) exposed to cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) separately, or in selected combinations. Three cytogenetic end points were considered: the frequencies of micronucleated cells (MN) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in the bone marrow and the frequency of sperm abnormalities. Mice were treated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections with 5 or 10 doses of aqueous solutions of cadmium acetate, lead acetate and zinc acetate in concentrations corresponding to 1/10 of the LD50, respectively, 21.5, 0.46 and 1.5mg/kg bw. The control groups were injected in the same way with distilled water. With only one exception (Cd+Zn group treated with 5 doses), the results show a significant increase of MN in all groups for both treatments (5 and 10 doses). Similarly, the results concerning the SCE revealed a statistically significant increase in all treated animals, with the exception of the Zn group treated with 5 doses. The number of sperm abnormalities was significantly higher in animals treated with 5 doses, except in the group Pb+Zn. In animals treated with 10 doses the number of sperm abnormalities was always statistically higher compared with controls. This study indicates that cadmium, lead and zinc can induce MN, SCEs and sperm abnormalities in Algerian mice and that the clastogenic potential is dependent on the time of exposure and the interaction between the three elements, confirming the environmental damage that may result from the simultaneous action of several metals. Most relevant is the toxic potential for Zn, related with the dose, which may compromise its protective effect against other metal contaminations, such as cadmium.
LiNixMnyCo1−x−yO2 (NMC) and LiFePO4 (LFP) as a cathode material have been widely employed for cells designed for high power applications. However, NMC needs further improvements in rate capability and stability that can be accomplished by blending it with LFP. Working mechanism of the blended cells is very complex and hard to understand. In addition, characteristics of the blended cells, particularly the plateau and path dependence of LFP materials, make it extremely difficult to estimate the state of charge and state of health using classical electric equivalent circuit models. Therefore, a reduced order model based on electrochemical and thermal principles is developed with objectives for real time applications and validated against experimental data collected from a large format pouch type of lithium ion polymer battery. The model for LFP is based on a shrinking core model along with moving boundary and then integrated into NMC model. Responses of the model that include SOC estimation and responses of current and voltage are compared with those of experiments at CC/CV charging and CC discharging along with different current rates and temperatures. In addition, the model is used to analyze effects of mass ratios between two materials on terminal voltage and heat generation rate.
Chronic diseases in childhood can affect the physical and mental health of patients and their families. The literature on pediatric chronic diseases has found important associations between the sociodemographic variables of children and their caregivers and negative health consequences in families.
Featuring with low cost, exceptional inherent safety and decent electrochemical performance, rechargeable Zn-based batteries (RZBs) have attracted increased attention and revived research efforts recently as a compelling alternative battery chemistry to Li-ion. However, some challenges still stand in the way of the development of these energy storage systems, such as low operation voltage, instability of cathode materials as well as dissolution of Zn electrode, etc. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of recent progress in different RZBs systems including mild electrolyte RZBs, alkaline RZBs, hybrid RZBs, Zn-ion capacitors and Zn air batteries. The fundamental chemistry of various RZB systems, different cathode materials, optimization of Zn anode as well as various types of electrolytes and their influence on the battery performance are summarized. The major issues of different components along with respective strategies to alleviate them are discussed, aiming at providing a general guide for design and construction of high-performance RZBs. Additionally, the development of RZBs with different features in the last few years are summarized. Finally, we discuss the limitations and challenges that need to be overcome, providing potential future research directions in the field of next-generation RZBs.
Herein, performance degradation of pouch type of 20 A h lithium ion battery from electric bus is clarified after a classification using the resistance value from A to D grade. The obtained cells are carefully disassembled to produce cathode, anode, and separator. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis reveal that morphological change of electrode mostly occur in the anodes surface in D-grade cells, while cathodes of all the grades mostly remain similar. Although the change of crystalline structure of all electrodes is negligible, a growth of solid-electrolyte interphase film mostly happen in the D-grade anodes, which is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Furthermore, the degradation of cycle and rate performance happen in the anode of D-grade cells, whereas the cathodes remain invariant irrespective of grade. Furthermore, the disassembled separators exhibit that the Gurley number of separators is commonly increased in the used cells.
We have studied the effects of laser fluence on the characteristics of graphene nanosheets produced by pulsed laser ablation technique. In this work, The second harmonic of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm wavelength and 5 Hz repetition rate with different laser fluences in the range of 0.5–1.8 J/cm2 was used to irradiate the graphite target in liquid nitrogen medium. The products of ablation were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction pattern, UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectrum and transmission electron microscopy. The Raman spectroscopy indicates that the quality of the graphene nanosheets was decreased while their structure defects were increased as the laser fluence was increased from 0.5 to 1.4 J/cm2. Our results suggest that the amount of defects and the number of layers in graphene nanosheets can be changed by adjusting the laser fluence. This study could be a useful guidance for producing of high quality of graphene nanosheets by laser ablation method.
Using quantum electrochemical approaches based on density functional theory and cluster/polarized continuum model, we investigated the corrosion behavior of aluminum in HCl and NaOH media containing phenol inhibitor. In this regard, we determined the geometry and electronic structure of the species at metal/solution interface. The investigations revealed that the interaction energies of hydroxide corrosive agents with aluminum surface should be more negative than those of chloride ones. The inhibitor adsorption in acid is more likely to have a physical nature while it appears as though to be chemical in basic media. To verify these predictions, using Tafel plots, we studied the phenomena from experimental viewpoint. The studies confirmed that the rate of corrosion in alkaline solution is substantially greater than in HCl media. Moreover, phenol is a potential-molecule having mixed-type inhibition mechanism. The relationship between inhibitory action and molecular parameters was discussed and the activity in alkaline media was also theoretically anticipated. This prediction was in accord with experiment.
The development of safe and high performance lithium metal batteries represents a major technological challenge for this new century. Historically, intrinsic instabilities of conventional liquid organic electrolytes induced battery failures and safety issues that hinder the practical utilization of advanced rechargeable lithium metal batteries. Herein, we report a multifunctional perfluoropolyether-based liquid polymer electrolyte (PFPE-MC/LiTFSI), presenting a unique “anion-solvent” interaction. This interaction optimizes the interfacial chemistry of lithium metal batteries, which effectively inhibits the corrosion of aluminum current collectors, suppresses lithium dendrite growth, and also facilitates the formation of a thin and stable SEI layer on Li anode. Even at a high current density of 0.7 mA cm−2, the lithium dendrites do not form after 1360 h of continuous operation. The LiFePO4|PFPE-MC/LiTFSI|Li cell delivers a stable cycling performance with over 99.9% columbic efficiency either at ambient temperature or high temperature, which is significantly superior to those using traditional carbonate electrolytes. In addition, PFPE-MC/LiTFSI electrolyte also possesses eye-catching properties, such as being non-flammable, non-volatile, non-hygroscopic, and existing in the liquid state between −90 °C and 200 °C, which further ensures the high safety of the lithium metal batteries, making this electrolyte promising for the development of high energy lithium metal batteries.