batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this work we introduce a new electrochemical strategy for the fabrication of composite polypyrrole (PPY)–multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites for electrochemical supercapacitors (ES). The problem of low adhesion of PPY films on stainless steel and Ni substrates is addressed by the use of pyrocatechol violet (PV) dye as an anionic dopant. The experimental data indicates that strong adhesion of PPY films is attributed to catecholate type of PV bonding. We also find that PV strongly adsorbs on MWCNT and allows efficient dispersion, charging and controlled electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of MWCNT. The use of PV for electropolymerization of PPY and EPD of MWCNT allows the formation of composite films by combined electrodeposition method. Results show that Ni-plaque current collectors developed for high power battery applications can be electrochemically impregnated with PPY–MWCNT to form electrodes for ES. Ni plaque based electrodes offer advantages of significantly higher materials loading and superior capacitive behavior compared to thin film electrodes formed on stainless steel current collectors. The electrodes obtained by pulse impregnation show higher specific capacitance compared to the electrodes prepared by galvanostatic impregnation.
Gray-colored Mo6+-doped anatase TiO2 is prepared uniformly with particle size of 10–20nm, and is firstly employed as anode material in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), presenting excellent electrochemical performances. It delivered reversible specific capacities of 231.8mAhg−1 at 0.1C (33.5mAg−1) after 100 cycles and 108.3mAhg−1 at 5C (1.68Ag−1), comparing to 170.5mAhg−1 at 0.1C and only 41.7mAhg−1 at 5C for the bare TiO2. The improved electrochemical performances might be beneficial from the doping of Mo6+, which can effectively enhance the conductivity of TiO2 resulting from induced conduction band electrons, interstitial oxygen defects and vacancies. In addition, the doping can also lead to the lattice expansion, which can facilitate the diffusion of Na+. In combination with natural abundance and environmental benignity, Mo6+-doped TiO2 can be expected to be utilized as an anode material for enhanced sodium storage.
Room temperature ionic liquids exhibit unusual and, for electrochemical applications, promising properties such as ionic conductivity and non-volatility. Microdroplet and thin film deposits of an ionic liquid, 1-methyl-3-(2,6-(S)-dimethylocten-2-yl)-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (MDIM+BF4 −) on electrode surfaces are studied in order to assess the ability of aqueous ions to partition into the ionic liquid. Two complementary methodologies, deposition of ionic liquid onto a 4.9 mm diameter basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode followed by voltammetric analysis and casting of an ionic liquid film onto a random array of 7 μm diameter carbon microelectrodes (RAMTM electrode) followed by chronoamperometry, are employed. The ability of hydrophilic ions to partition from the water phase into the ionic liquid phase is unexpected and is shown to depend strongly on (i) the type of ion, (ii) specific interaction of the ion with the ionic liquid, and (iii) the concentration of the supporting electrolyte. Voltammetric responses obtained for the reduction of Fe(CN)6 3− partitioned into microdroplet and thin film deposits of MDIM+BF4 − indicate selective uptake of ferricyanide into the ionic liquid phase. Chronoamperometric experiments at RAMTM electrodes are used to quantify both the concentration of Fe(CN)6 3− in the ionic liquid and the diffusion coefficient.
This paper presents an approach which combines the orthogonal array experiment technique and an ant direction hybrid differential evolution algorithm (ADHDEOA) in determining the tilt angle for photovoltaic (PV) modules. In this study, an orthogonal array (OA) is first conducted to obtain the initial solution. Next, an ant direction hybrid differential evolution (ADHDE) is applied to search for a near optimum solution. The purpose of this research is to maximize the output power of the module. The sun’s position at any time and location was predicted by the mathematical procedure of Julian dating; then, the solar irradiation was obtained at each site under a clear sky. The searching for global optimal solution is applied to a practical experimental system. The results show that the annual optimal angle for the Taipei area is 23.18°; for Taichung, 22.32°; for Tainan, 21.62°; for Kaosiung, 20.83°; for Hengchung, 20.27°; for Hualian, 22.18°; and for Taitung, 20.89° in seven Taiwanese areas, and the actual best annual tilt angles are close to the computer simulation results.
Background Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is an inflammatory-demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system usually with a monophasic course and a favorable neurological outcome. Long-term neurocognitive sequelae and quality of life have not yet been fully investigated. Aim To examine neurocognitive outcome and quality of life in pediatric monophasic acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Methods Of the 36 patients diagnosed with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis at our institution, six were lost to follow-up and eight relapsed (two with multiphasic forms and six with multiple sclerosis). The outcome of the 22 remaining patients was evaluated using four subscales of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for estimation of IQ, a battery of neuropsychological tests, and semistructured and PedsQL questionnaires for quality of life. The effect of age at onset, neuroradiological recovery, and time elapsed from the acute event on outcome was also investigated. Results Estimated IQ, neuropsychological mean group scores, and quality of life at follow-up were within the normal range, but 23% of the patients had pathological scores in various neuropsychological functions, among which attention was the most clearly affected. The neuroradiological recovery was not correlated with the result of the neuropsychological tests. Age at onset correlated with linguistic skills, whereas the time elapsed from the acute event had a significant effect on attention tasks: scores were worse in the group of patients with a follow-up shorter than 7 years. Conclusion Our results suggest that pediatric monophasic acute disseminated encephalomyelitis has a favorable neurocognitive outcome. Patients with longer follow-up had a better outcome, suggesting a neurocognitive course that is different from that of multiple sclerosis and a potential for long-term recovery of affected functions.
Mobile computing requires reliable mobile computing technologies to support data management services for mobile e-Business. An intelligent architecture is engineered that enriches mobile computers with data management services (mobile database access, secure repositories, internet-related services, etc.) making it possible to use agent technology. To provide Mobile e-Services for mobile computing growth, the architecture combines an indirect interaction model and intelligent mobile agent technology. The indirect interaction model mobile computers will be relieved from rich processing by making use of intermediary element (GSM's GPRS) as agent-based gateway support node (AGSN) to increase their capabilities. Intelligent mobile agent technology will overcome the limitations and performance-related issues of mobile computing for solution optimization. They reduce the workload of mobile computers by representing them in the intermediary element as well as in other places. Major features and architecture of our proposed system are also presented.
In October 2001, first-class mail laced with anthrax was sent to political and media targets resulting in several deaths, illnesses, significant mail-service disruption, and economic loss. The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy established a technical task force on mail decontamination that included three key agencies: National Institute of Standards and Technology with responsibility for radiation dosimetry and coordinating and performing experiments at industrial accelerator facilities; the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute with responsibility for radiobiology; and the US Postal Service with responsibility for radiation-processing quality assurance and quality control. An overview of the anthrax attack decontamination events will be presented as well as expectations for growth in this area and the prospects of other homeland security areas where irradiation technology can be applied.
Influence of four poly-ether modified siloxanes as electrolyte additives on charge–discharge cycling properties of lithium was examined. As siloxanes, diethylene glycol methyl-(3-dimethyl(trimethylsiloxy)silyl propyl)ether (sample A), diethylene glycol methyl-(3-dinethyl(trimethylsiloxy)silyl propyl)-2-methylpropyl ether (sample B), diethylene glycol methyl-(3-bis(trimethylsiloxy)silyl propyl)ether (sample C) and diethylene glycol-(3-methyl-bis(trimethylsiloxy)silyl-2-methylpropyl)ether (sample D) were investigated. As a base electrolyte solution, 1M (M, molL−1) LiPF6-ethylene carbonate (EC)/methylethyl carbonate (MEC) (mixing volume ratio=3:7) was used. As the anodes, lithium metal, natural graphite carbon and silicon–SiO2–carbon (Si–C) composite electrodes were used. Lithium cycling efficiencies of these three anodes improved and an impedance of anode/electrolyte interface decreased by adding poly-ether modified siloxanes. Graphite/LiCoO2 and Si–C/LiCoO2 cells exhibited better anode utilization and good cycling performance by using 1M LiPF6–EC/MEC+siloxane electrolytes. It was also found that thermal stability of the electrolyte solutions improved by adding siloxanes. Thermal decomposition temperature of 1M LiPF6–EC/MEC shifted to higher temperature by adding siloxanes. Amount of heat-output of graphite–lithium anodes with M LiPF6–EC/MEC electrolyte solutions decreased and the temperature starting the heat-output shifted to higher temperature by adding siloxanes. Among siloxanes examined here, samples B and D exhibited much better performance.
Nanoporous gold (NPG) with three-dimensional bi-continuous structure have attracted many attentions ascribed to their desirable material characteristics, such as high surface area, high conductivity and outstanding chemical stability, especially for electrocatalysis. NPG-based electrocatalysts have exhibited notable properties towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), methanol oxidation reaction, formic acid oxidation reaction and related polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. In this work, structure dependent activity and durability towards ORR on NPG supported Pt (NPG-Pt) were investigated, because of the key roles of ORR in various applications such as fuel cell, metal-air batteries and H2O2 generations. Typical NPG-Pt electrocatalysts with epitaxially monolayer, two-layer Pt shells and Pt nanoparticles were selected and systematically investigated relative to commercial Pt/C (20%, JM). The results reveal that all the NPG-Pt catalysts even the sample with only monolayer Pt i.e. Pt loading of 1.1 μg cm−2 mainly exhibit 4-electron ORR pathway without any H2O2 yield, while commercial Pt/C with loadings lower than 2.4 μg cm−2 will favor H2O2 generation which is harmful for the long-term stability. According to the performance stability, conventional accelerated degradation tests reveal that NPG-Pt with two-layer Pt shell (NPG-Pt2) exhibits the best stability ascribed to the strong metallic bond between Au and Pt. The mass ORR activity of this catalyst is almost unchanged (∼2% reduction) after 30000 cycles potential sweeping while the mass ORR activity of Pt/C with Pt loading of 20 μg cm−2 loses ∼60%. Therefore, NPG-based electrocatalysts present a good activity and stability than common nanoparticle electrocatalysts and developing nanoporous structure but cheap metal based electrocatalysts is a perspective way for cost reduction for commercial applications in energy storage and conversion field.
Several studies have demonstrated that children with poor reading comprehension abilities have weak expressive writing skills too. The aim of the present research was to establish whether poor comprehenders’ low performance in expressive writing is mediated by the need to produce relevant inferences to construct the narrative. To do so, we compared two conditions: in one, the children's comprehension of the story relied partly on their ability to draw crucial causal inferences; in the other, all the information needed to follow the sequence of events was provided in pictures. Irrespective of the condition, poor comprehenders (aged 8–10 years) produced less effective written texts. Analyzing the use of connectives shed some light on the characteristics of the poor comprehenders’ written narratives, which seemed to be less cohesive. The poor comprehenders tended to use more additive connectives than causal connectives, which is why their texts resembled a list of events with a description of each picture.
Realization of benefits from on-grid distributed generation based on renewable energy sources requires employment of energy storage to overcome the intermittency in power generation by such sources, while accounting for time-varying electricity prices. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of time-varying electricity prices on the performance of energy storage components for an on-grid hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) utilizing an optimized fuzzy logic controller (FLC). To achieve the objective, FLC membership functions are optimized for minimizing the operational cost of the HRES based on weekly and daily prediction of data for grid electricity price, electrical load, and environmental parameters, including wind speed, solar irradiation, and ambient temperature, using shuffled frog leap algorithm. FLC three inputs include (a) grid electricity price, (b) net power flow as the difference between energy produced and energy consumed, and (c) state of charge (SOC) of battery stack. It is confirmed that accounting for grid electricity price has considerable effects on the performance of energy storage components for operation of on-grid HRES, as the weekly and daily optimized FLCs result in less working hours for fuel cell and electrolyzer and less fluctuations in SOC of battery stack.
Two and three dimensional transient thermal analysis of a prismatic Li-ion cell has been carried out to compare internal and external cooling methods for thermal management of Lithium Ion (Li-ion) battery packs. Water and liquid electrolyte have been utilized as coolants for external and internal cooling, respectively. The effects of the methods on decreasing the temperature inside the battery and also temperature uniformity were investigated. The results showed that at the same pumping power, using internal cooling not only decreases the bulk temperature inside the battery more than external cooling, but also decreases the standard deviation of the temperature field inside the battery significantly. Finally, using internal cooling decreases the intersection angle between the velocity vector and the temperature gradient which according to field synergy principle (FSP) causes to increase the convection heat transfer.
With a remarkably high energy density and high safety, all-solid-state lithium–sulfur (ASSLS) batteries have emerged as promising next-generation energy storage systems. Direct tracking of the structural evolution at the solid–solid interfaces in an ASSLS battery is highly significant for deep understanding of the reaction mechanism to further improve the electrochemical performance. Herein, we present in situ monitoring of the evolution processes at both the cathode/electrolyte and anode/electrolyte interfaces in working ASSLS batteries via real-time optical microscope (OM) imaging. An irreversible transformation from bright-white to dark-brown in the polymer–ceramic composite electrolyte was directly captured upon discharge/charge, which indicates a shuttling process of polysulfides in the solid-state electrolyte further supported by XPS and Raman analyses. Furthermore, the in situ visualization of the temperature dependency of structural evolution clearly reveals that temperature greatly influences the polysulfide shuttling, irreversible volume-change of solid-state electrolytes and volume expansion of Li metal, which are directly correlated with the degradation of battery performance. These results provide a deep insight into the evolution processes of both structure and component in a working ASSLS battery, which could guide one to explore the electrochemical reactions at solid–solid interfaces and failure mechanism to design high performance lithium–sulfur batteries.
The aim of this study was to investigate the functional organisation of working memory and related cognitive abilities in young children. A sample of 633 children aged between 4 and 6 years were tested on measures of verbal short-term memory, complex memory span, sentence repetition, phonological awareness, and nonverbal ability. The measurement model that provided the best fit of the data incorporates constructs that correspond to the central executive, phonological loop, and episodic buffer subcomponents of working memory, plus distinct but associated constructs associated with phonological awareness and nonverbal ability.
From an early age, humans look longer at preferred stimuli and also typically look longer at facial expressions of emotion, particularly happy faces. Atypical gaze patterns towards social stimuli are common in autism spectrum conditions (ASC). However, it is unknown whether gaze fixation patterns have any genetic basis. In this study, we tested whether variations in the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) gene are associated with gaze duration towards happy faces. This gene was selected because CNR1 is a key component of the endocannabinoid system, which is involved in processing reward, and in our previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we found that variations in CNR1 modulate the striatal response to happy (but not disgust) faces. The striatum is involved in guiding gaze to rewarding aspects of a visual scene. We aimed to validate and extend this result in another sample using a different technique (gaze tracking).
Platinum nanoparticles were electrodeposited on ordered silicon nanocones (SNCs) and used as the catalyst for methanol electro-oxidation in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Because of uniform dispersion of Pt nanoparticles and the high surface area, the Pt-SNC electrode exhibited superior electrocatalytic properties toward the methanol electro-oxidation, with the onset potential of 0.08V (vs. SCE). According to chronoamperometric analysis and CO stripping cyclic voltammetric (CV) study, the Pt/SNC electrode had a stable electro-oxidation activity with a very good CO tolerance. The Si surface oxide surrounding the Pt nanoparticles on the SNCs was suggested to play a key role in improving the CO tolerance via the bifunctional mechanism.
Compared with conventional aqueous electrolyte, due to unique merits of deep eutectic solvents including a wide electrochemical window, ease in preparation, low vapor pressure and low cost, they have been used as electrolyte in the non-aqueous flow battery. This work reports a reline deep eutectic solvent, which is prepared as the anolyte and catholyte of a vanadium-iron redox flow battery. Since the solubility of the vanadium and iron species in deep eutectic solvent has been improved, an increased specific capacity can be obtained, up to 54.6% compared with the aqueous electrolyte one. However, the viscosity of this electrolyte is much larger than that of aqueous electrolyte, which causes more pumping losses. With the increase of operating temperature, the viscosity experiences a huge drop. The open-circuit voltage of such an non-aqueous system begins near 0.9 V with a decrease rate of 0.005 V h−1, suggesting a better capacity retention ability than does the aqueous flow battery. The cycling performance of this redox flow battery is evaluated at a current density of 2.0 mA cm−2 under the temperature of 30 °C. The coulombic efficiency is up to 94.8%, while voltage efficiency and energy efficiency are just 68.3% and 64.7%, respectively. The low voltage efficiency stems from the sluggish redox kinetics of the vanadium ions, and large internal ohmic resistance. With an improved thermal stability, this vanadium-iron redox flow battery is preferred to be operated at elevated temperature, which helps to greatly reduce the ohmic loss and pumping loss, such that to increase the system energy efficiency.
Publisher Summary The aim of this chapter is to elucidate the special types of heat pipes. The variety of heat pipes, in terms of their geometry, function and/or the methods used to transport the liquid from the condenser to the evaporator, is remarkable. Some types of heat pipe have become less popular over the decades or have ceased to be regarded as special. Other types have seen a re-awakening of interest, brought about by demands for increasing miniaturization and the need to enhance performance, in particular liquid return flow rates. This chapter presents detailed accounts on variable conductance heat pipes, which have the ability to maintain a device mounted at the evaporator at a near constant temperature, independent of the amount of power being generated by the device; thermal diodes, which are crucial components of renewable energy systems; pulsating heat pipes, which is used in electronic cooling systems; micro-heat pipes, which are used in medical fields. This chapter also describes the use of electrokinetic forces. Some electric field effects that could be used to assist heat pipe performance include electroosmosis, electrohydrodynamics (EHD), and ultrasonics.
Symmetric cells were prepared with a newly designed separable cell module, which enabled ca. 70mm by 70mm electrode sheets to be used for a pouch type 5 Ah class Li-ion battery (LIB). Impedance analysis of the LIB as a full cell state was successfully performed with electrochemical parameters obtained by an impedance analysis of symmetric cells of anodes and cathodes obtained from the operated Li-ion batteries. While the charge transfer resistance of the cathode was found to increase after reassembling the cells symmetrically, other electrochemical parameters were found not to change when comparing the values obtained for full cells with symmetric cells. Eelectrodes degraded by charge/discharge cycling of the battery were also investigated, and the parameter change caused by the degradation was confirmed.
A magnetite (Fe3O4) powder composed of uniform sub-micrometer spherical particles has been successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method at low temperature. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and galvanostatic cell cycling are employed to characterize the structure and electrochemical performance of the as-prepared Fe3O4 spheroids. The magnetite shows a stable and reversible capacity of over 900mAhg−1 during up to 60 cycles and good rate capability. The experimental results suggest that the Fe3O4 synthesized by this method is a promising anode material for high energy-density lithium-ion batteries.