batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Declines in both cortical grey matter and bimanual coordination performance are evident in healthy ageing. However, the relationship between ageing, bimanual performance, and grey matter loss remains unclear, particularly across the whole adult lifespan. Therefore, participants (N = 93, range 20–80 years) performed a complex Bimanual Tracking Task, and structural brain images were obtained using magnetic resonance imaging. Analyses revealed that age correlated negatively with task performance. Voxel-based morphometry analysis revealed that age was associated with grey matter declines in task-relevant cortical areas and that grey matter in these areas was negatively associated with task performance. However, no evidence for a mediating effect of grey matter in age-related bimanual performance decline was observed. We propose a new hypothesis that functional compensation may account for the observed absence of mediation, which is in line with the observed pattern of increased inter-individual variance in performance with age.
The job of the mixer during the sound system load-in is discussed in this chapter. This job is essentially described as being the leader and “answer person,” who either has the answers to any questions that arise, or can find them as quickly as possible. A major part of the mixer’s load-in job involves the FOH (front-of-house) setup and this aspect of load-in is discussed in detail. The tools needed by a mixer during load-in are listed. The author suggests three small tools that he considers essential in a mixer’s toolkit: a Noise Plug, a SoundPlug, and a Tone Plug. He discusses the use of these during load-in and test. Keywords Cadac console, digital sound console, FOH, front of house, Noise Plug, noise tracing, sound mixer position, sound mixer duties, sound system load-in, SoundPlug, theatre load-in process, theatre sound take-in, Tone Plug
Publisher Summary This chapter explains the concept of earthing and bonding. Correct “earthing” is a primary requirement for general electrical safety, reducing the risks to both human life and installations. The relevance to explosion protection is covered thoroughly from the explosion point of view with some initial general discussion to ensure that the intentions of the earthing philosophy are fully understood. The principles of electrical earthing are agreed upon internationally, though there are differences as to how these principles are best achieved in practice. Structural or fault currents arising from electrical equipments operating in hazardous areas must not become a source of heat or sparks. Equipments must be adequately earthed to ensure that connections are of high integrity and low impedance. This must be adequately maintained throughout the life of the installation and equipment. There is a subtle but essential difference between earthing and bonding, which must be understood. Earthing is where a low-impedance path is provided in order to allow return currents to operate electrical protection devices such as fuses and overcurrent trips in an appropriately short time. Bonding is where voltage differences between electrical conducting parts are eliminated. The bonding of all the cases to the structure and the structure to the SPNE forms the bonding paths. Static electrical charge is caused by the forced separation of molecules of non conducting materials. Movement of the material or friction against the material can cause the charging effect.
Lithium manganese oxide spinel (LiMn2O4) batteries show catastrophic capacities fading after extended storage and being work at 55°C. In view of electrolyte, the performance deterioration of LiMn2O4 cathode mainly origins from acidic impurity HF from the decomposition of LiPF6 salt in the presence of trace water at 55°C, which is believed to accelerate electrolyte decomposition. For that reason, the effect of p-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate (PTSI) as electrolyte additive on the stability of the electrolyte and cycling performance of LiMn2O4/Li cell at 55°C was studied. To verify that PTSI suppress Mn3+ dissolution mechanism of LiMn2O4 cathode, diethyl carbonate (DEC)-based electrolyte using PTSI is newly evaluated as novel film-forming electrolyte additive. Comparative analysis of the electrolyte with and without PTSI by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Based on these results, PTSI can be used as effective electrolyte additive for formation of a good solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the LiMn2O4 electrode. The capacity fading of LiMn2O4/Li cells after extended storage and being work at 55°C were obviously inhibited, which is mainly originated from the suppression of carbonate solvents electrolyte decomposition and the enhancement of SEI conductivity.
Poly (ether sulfone) (PES) porous membranes with tunable morphology are prepared via phase inversion method and first investigated in vanadium flow battery (VFB) application. The morphology of PES membranes is adjusted via introducing hydrophilic poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) in PES cast solutions. The effect of PVP (content, molecular weight) on the membranes morphology as well as their performance in VFB is studied in detail. The results show that: the addition of PVP in cast solutions could induce membranes with more porous structures and bigger pore size distribution. Therefore under VFB operating condition, the membranes show lower area resistance and higher ions permeability. As a result, the VFBs fabricated with the membranes show relatively higher voltage efficiency and lower coulombic efficiency. Thus the membranes with controlled performance in VFB can be realized via adjusting their morphology. This paper provides an effective way to optimize fabrication parameters of porous membranes for VFB application.
This paper introduces SSTBoost, a predictive classification methodology designed to target the accuracy of a modified boosting algorithm towards required sensitivity and specificity constraints. The SSTBoost method is demonstrated in practice for the automated medical diagnosis of cancer on a set of skin lesions (42 melanomas and 110 naevi) described by geometric and colorimetric features. A cost-sensitive variant of the AdaBoost algorithm is combined with a procedure for the automatic selection of optimal cost parameters. Within each boosting step, different weights are considered for errors on false negatives and false positives, and differently updated for negatives and positives. Given only a target region in the ROC space, the method also completely automates the selection of the cost parameters ratio, tipically of uncertain definition. On the cancer diagnosis problem, SSTBoost outperformed in accuracy and stability a battery of specialized automatic systems based on different types of multiple classifier combinations and a panel of expert dermatologists. The method thus can be applied for the early diagnosis of melanoma cancer or in other problems in which an automated cost-sensitive classification is required.
Abstract This work presents the findings of a small-scale electric scooter trial in Oxford, United Kingdom. The trial scooters were instrumented with global positioning satellite data loggers and energy meters to record their time of day usage and charging regimes. The scooters were most likely driving at 09:00, 12:45 and 17:15 and charging at 10:15–10:40. The electric scooter normalized mains-to-wheel energy use was 0.10kWhkm−1. The electric scooter total operating costs (electricity and battery replacement) of £0.045km−1 is 24% greater than the best selling equivalent petrol motorcycle and 1.7 times lower than the best selling car. The electric scooter uses 0.45MJkm−1, or 2.9 times and 6.1 times less than the petrol motorcycle and car, respectively. Further, the electric scooter can achieve zero carbon dioxide equivalent (greenhouse gas, GHG) emissions when electricity from renewable energy sources is used. In 2008, there were 247000 motorcycles in the UK vehicle fleet of equivalent size to the trial scooter. Scaling up the electric vehicle fleet size accordingly would avoid 0.60 billion car or motorcycle kilometres and 54–110kt associated GHG. The fleet would require 59GWh, or 0.015% of total annual generation with a time-shifted, peak demand of 250MW, or 0.44% of the 58GW maximum national demand.
A novel lithium composite solid polymer electrolyte based on a polymer, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and a rare earth oxide, Sm2O3, is reported. The incorporation of lithium salt and samarium oxide to PEO shows a dramatic modification of surface morphology. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that at a low Sm2O3 content, the polymer film displays smooth morphology. This indicates that satisfactory interaction takes place between the oxides and the polymer in the presence of the salt. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results corroborate the SEM micrographs, where the crystallinity decreases further to 10% when compared with a pure PEO/Li salt polymer electrolyte. 7 Li magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra suggest two major lithium species attributed to the Li+ ions associated with amorphous PEO and Sm2O3. The conductivity in the composite electrolyte is one order of magnitude higher compared with pure PEO/Li electrolyte. The oxide–salt complex functions as cross-linking centres for the PEO segments and establishes additional pathways to conduct ions through the filler surface, thus complements ion movement. The ionic conductivity decreases, with increasing content of Sm2O3 to over 10wt.% where an aggregated Sm2O3:Li-rich domain is identified.
A kinetic model of oxygen reduction at an inert electrode in a carbonate melt has been proposed. Combined with the thermodynamic calculations of the chemical equilibria in the carbonate melts and with the diffusivity values taken from the literature, the model was used to simulate kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction at a gold electrode in the Li2CO3 / K2CO3 (62 / 38mol %) molten electrolyte under 0.33 О2 +0.67 СО2 atmosphere at 923K for the case of coulostatic pulse perturbation. The simulation has shown that the partial exchange current of the O 2 − reduction step makes the largest contribution to the overall exchange current, and neutralization of the oxide ion by CO2 controls the rate of the overall electrode process. The total exchange current per one-electron electrode reaction was estimated as 83mA/cm2. The simulation has demonstrated satisfactory agreement with the experiment.
is Group Manager in the Future Mobility  Product Development Center, Research  and Development Operation, at Ibiden  in Ogaki (Japan).
The spark plasma sintering (SPS) is an emerging process for shaping any type of materials (metals, ceramic, polymers and their composites). The advantage of such a process is to prepare densified ceramic materials in a very short time, while keeping the materials internal porosity. In the present work, we have used the SPS technique to prepare activated carbon-based electrodes for Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor applications (EDLC). Self-supported 600 and 300μm-thick electrodes were prepared and characterized using of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and galvanostatic cycling in a non-aqueous 1.5M NEt4BF4 in acetonitrile electrolyte. Electrochemical performance of these sintered electrodes were found to be in the same range – or even slightly better – than the conventional tape-casted activated carbon electrodes. Although organic liquid electrolyte was used to characterize the electrochemical performance of the sintered electrodes, these results demonstrate that the SPS technique could be worth of interest in the ultimate goal of designing solid-state supercapacitors.
The catalytic activity of electrochemically codeposited reduced graphene oxide and palladium (ERGO-Pd) was examined for Heck coupling reactions. It showed excellent catalytic activity and stability for Heck coupling reaction. The prepared catalyst (ERGO-Pd) can be used up to the 5th cycle with negligible loss in activity.
We report the characterization of two thin-film battery materials using neutron techniques. Neutron depth profiling (NDP) has been employed to determine the distribution of lithium and nitrogen simultaneously in lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) deposited by ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD). The depth profiles are based on the measurement of the energy of the charged particle products from the 6 Li (n,α) 3 H and 14 N (n,p) 14 C reactions for lithium and nitrogen, respectively. Lithium at the level of 1022 atoms/cm3 and N of 1021 atoms/cm3, distributed in the film thickness on the order of 1μm, have been determined. This information provides insights into nitrogen incorporation and lithium concentration in the films under various fabrication conditions. NDP of lithium has also been performed on IBAD LiCoO2 films, in conjunction with instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) to determine the cobalt concentration. The Li/Co ratio thus obtained serves as an ex situ control for the thin-film evaporation process. The non-destructive nature of the neutron techniques is especially suitable for repeated analysis of these materials and for actual working devices.
Cu x Fe y V2O5 xerogels were synthesized by doping Cu and Fe into a V2O5 sol via sol–gel process. It retained the desirable layered structure of the V2O5 xerogel. The Cu and Fe doped xerogel cathodes showed high reversibility and their average voltage obtained was about 3.2V versus Li/Li+. Specific capacity of the Cu0.019Fe0.002V2O5 xerogel was more than 150mAh/g at 10mA/g discharge rate in the potential range 2.5–3.9V. After the 30th consecutive cycles, the specific capacity of the Cu0.019Fe0.002V2O5 xerogel electrode maintained 92% of the initial capacity. Impedance analysis revealed that there were two different relaxation processes depending on the equilibrium potentials.
Nanostructure materials often achieve low capacity when the active material mass loading is high. In this communication, high mass-loading tungsten nitride nanowires (WNNWs) were fabricated on a flexible carbon cloth by hydrothermal method and post annealing. The prepared electrode exhibited remarkable cyclic stability and attractive rate capability for lithium storage. It delivers at a current density of 200 mA g−1, a high capacity of 418 mAh g−1, which is higher than that of conventional graphite. This research opens more opportunity for the fabrication of three-dimensional metal nitrides as negative electrode material for flexible lithium ion batteries.
Influences of borohydride crossover on cathode performance were studied in a micro direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC). The results showed that fuel crossover resulted in decreases in open circuit potentials of cathodes. On the other hand, effects of fuel crossover on cathode overpotentials strongly depended on the cathode material. The Pt/C cathode demonstrated a small potential drop of 0.11V, while the Ag/C cathode had a much larger potential drop of 0.26V under the same condition. Fuel crossover was found to be depressed during current operations. It is possible that fuel depletion happened around the anode during operation, resulting in a decrease of fuel concentration gradient across the membrane and thus less crossover. Experiments also showed that a balance in wet-proof property is essential for the cathode in the direct borohydride fuel cell and the stability of cell performance was mainly dependent on wet-proof durability of the cathode.
For the syntheses of LiNi1−yFeyO2 (0.000 ≤ y ≤ 0.300), mixtures of the starting materials with the desired compositions were preheated in an air atmosphere at 400 °C for 30 min and calcined in air at 700 °C for 48 h. The phases appearing in the intermediate reaction steps for the formation of lithium nickel oxide are deduced from the DTA analysis. XRD analysis, FE-SEM observation, FTIR analysis and electrochemical measurement were performed for the synthesized Li1−z(Ni1−yFey)1+zO2 (0.000 ≤ y ≤ 0.300) samples. The samples of Li1−z(Ni1−yFey)1+zO2 with y = 0.025 and 0.050 have higher first discharge capacities than Li1−z(Ni1−yFey)1+zO2 with y = 0.000 and better or similar cycling performance at the 0.1 C rate in the voltage range of 2.7–4.2 V. Similar results have not previously been reported except for Co-substituted LiNiO2. The sample Li1−z(Ni0.975Fe0.025)1+zO2 has the highest first discharge capacity (176.5 mAh g−1). Rietveld refinement of the XRD patterns of LiNi1−yFeyO2 (0.000 < y ≤ 0.100) from a starting structure model [Li,Ni]3b[Li,Ni,Fe]3a[O2]6c showed that cation disordering occurred in the samples.
This paper reports on an ongoing study to better understand the bio-optical properties of a portion of the South Atlantic Bight—the Cape Fear River (CFR) plume area and Onslow Bay (OB). Sampling mid-Onslow Bay provides a contrasting coastal system relatively un-impacted by the high dissolved organic matter-waters of the CFR. Data were obtained during regular research-cruise observations, from October 2001 to September 2003, using two different measurement systems: above-water and in-water radiometers. Measurements were performed in marine and estuarine waters optically classified as Cases 1 and 2, respectively, and under variable atmospheric conditions. A statistical comparison of both approaches was conducted in support of the validation of remote sensing data from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) and local algorithm development. Remote sensing reflectance was calculated at four wavelengths 412, 443, 490, and 555nm, and results from the two in situ approaches and SeaWiFS were compared. The spectrally averaged unbiased percent difference between remote sensing reflectance derived from the two field instruments was greater than, 25%, in the best case. Radiometric quantities derived from field measurements (e.g. diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490nm and spectral remote sensing reflectance) were compared to available estimates from SeaWiFS images. The random mean square root error (RMSE) between field measurements and SeaWiFS estimates of the remote sensing reflectance ranged from 26.3% (at 555nm) to 52.9% (at 412nm). The RMSE between field measurement and SeaWiFS estimates of K d 490 was 34.3%. Because the spatial scale of in situ measurements (meters) differ greatly from that of SeaWiFS (kilometers), sub-pixel variability in field measurements was investigated. Our results suggest that factors other than sub-pixel variability are responsible for observed discrepancies between in situ and satellite-based remote sensing reflectance.
For the first time, yttrium tin oxide (Y2Sn2O7) compound is prepared at low temperature (400°C) with cubic pyrochlore structure via molten salt method using KOH as a flux for their electrochemical applications. The final product is reheated at three different temperatures of 600, 800 and 1000°C for 6h in air, are physically and chemically characterized by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electrochemical studies of galvanostatic cycling (GC), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Galvanostatic cycling of Y2Sn2O7 compounds are carried out with three different current densities of 60, 100 and 250mAg−1 and the potential range of 0.005–1.0V vs. Li. The EIS is carried out to study the electrode kinetics during discharge and charge at various voltages and corresponding variation of resistance and capacitance values are discussed.
We have investigated the anodic behaviors of aluminum as a cathodic current collector for lithium ion batteries in several kinds of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) and EC+DMC solutions containing LiN(CF3SO2)2 by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry data showed that the current density for aluminum foil with the RTIL electrolytes was less than that of aluminum foil in the EC+DMC solutions. Besides, much corrosion pits appeared on the aluminum foil surface after the electrochemical measurement in the EC+DMC solutions, while they were not observed on the aluminum foil with the RTIL electrolytes, suggesting that aluminum current collector was stable in the RTIL electrolytes. Further research by EDX and XPS analysis revealed that a good passivating film composed mainly of the products from the oxidation between aluminum and the anions of the RTIL electrolytes on the aluminum foil surface after the anodic polarization which suppressed the aluminum corrosion.
Trace conditioning in humans is thought to require explicit knowledge of the temporal contingency between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. Bekinschtein et al. demonstrate that such conditioning can occur in individuals with disorders of consciousness, suggesting the possibility that these individuals may have partially preserved conscious processing that cannot be measured by behavioral assessment.
To promote the practical application of electro-catalyst in vanadium flow battery, cell architecture based on catalyst coated membrane (CCM) is designed. CCM is prepared via spraying electro-catalyst tungsten trioxide/super activated carbon, which exhibits excellent electrochemical performance toward vanadium redox couples, on both sides of the membrane. Results show that the use of CCM structure reduces the charge transfer impedance of the cell, and thus improves the energy efficiency and the power density remarkably. The voltage efficiency and energy efficiency reach as high as 85.9% and 81.2%, respectively, much higher than that using the traditional cell structure (81.3% and 76.9%) at 120 mA cm−2. No loss in efficiency after 300 cycles indicates the favorable cycle stability of CCM. Therefore, CCM can be used as a promising vanadium flow battery structure for enhanced efficiency and power density.
β-FeOOH has recently been reported to have a very high lithium storage capacity of ~1400mAhg−1, 20–40% higher than those widely reported for iron-based anodes, such as Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. However, many properties of this material that are important for their use in lithium-ion batteries remain unknown. Here, we present a study on the effects of particle size on their lithium storage performance and the kinetics associated with the redox reactions. The study is based on β-FeOOH nanorods prepared by a simple hydrolysis method which is able to control the size of the rods in a wide range, diameter from tens of nanometers down to ~5nm. Three materials with different sizes, mean diameter 5, 13 and 53nm, are investigated for lithium storage. They show a very high and comparative capacity at a low current density, but different initial Coulombic efficiencies and rate capabilities. The kinetic study reveals the initial size of the material influences the formation of the SEI layers on the material and has significant effects on the kinetics of the redox reactions that lead to different rate behaviors. This study provides fundamental information and understanding of β-FeOOH anodes for their further development.
Ambrosia artemisiifolia (ragweed) is a neophyte in Europe and Germany, which originated from the United States of America. In the USA the rate of sensitization against ragweed equals that of grass pollen, and without containment the rate of allergic sensitizations against ragweed pollen will clearly increase. Currently, the most frequent sensitizations in Germany are against grass pollen, followed by sensitizations against house dust mite and birch pollen. Ragweed pollen evokes symptoms at about 10 pollen/m3, grass pollen at about 15 pollen/m3. These concentrations of ragweed pollen are only reached on limited occasions in Germany.