batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The electrochemistry of solid polymer electrolyte-based amperometric devices, fabricated according to a recently introduced planar design concept, was further investigated. The solid protonic conductors used were Nafion®-117 membranes and polybenzimidazole (PBI) films while the working and counter electrodes were Au layers sputtered on the same face of the solid electrolyte and in contact with the gas sample. The test gas was oxygen, and sensors based on both materials exhibited linear response to oxygen concentration changes and response times comparable to those of commercially available sensors. The shape of the oxygen reduction current–potential curves observed point to high mass transport rates and the absence of a significant mass transport barrier. A systematic study of the effect of humidity on oxygen reduction and Au surface electrochemistry at the Au/Nafion® and Au/PBI interface reveals that the fall in the oxygen signal with decreasing humidity is not merely due to ohmic losses.
Attaining sufficient mechanical stability is a challenge for high-performance solid polymer electrolytes, particularly at elevated temperatures. We have here characterized the viscoelastic properties of the non-polyether host material poly(ε-caprolactone-co-trimethylene carbonate) with and without incorporated LiTFSI salt. While this electrolyte material performs well at room temperature, at 80 °C the material is prone to viscous flow. Through γ-irradiation at a dose of 25 kGy, the material stabilizes such that it behaves as a rubbery solid even at low rates of deformation while retaining a high ionic conductivity necessary for use in solid-state Li batteries. The performance of the irradiated electrolyte was investigated in Li polymer half-cells (Li vs. LiFePO4) at both 80°C and room temperature. In contrast with the notably stable battery performance at low temperatures using the non-irradiated material, during cycling of the irradiated electrolytes detrimental instabilities were noted at both 80°C and room temperature. The possible effects of both radiation damage to the electrolyte and impaired interfacial contacts due to the crosslinking indicate that a different procedure may be necessary in order to stabilize these electrolytes for use in battery cells capable of stable long-term operation.
Bhutan sells electricity across the border to India. However large sections of its population do not have access to electricity. The harsh mountainous terrain coupled with sparse and dispersed settlements in Bhutan makes grid extension difficult, costly and economically unviable. Therefore, it is worth looking at renewable energy options to meet electricity demand in remote locations. This study aims to identify the least-cost technologies that could be used in the rural areas of Bhutan. The study analyses the energy needs of rural households, the resources available, and current policies and programs on rural electrification. The Hybrid Optimization Model HOMER for designing distributed generation (DG) systems both on and off-grid was used to find the least-cost technologies for different potential resources and to compare the cost of deploying these technologies with conventional electrification through grid extension. This paper identifies possible rural electrification options for Bhutan and compares them with extending the grid to the remote areas.
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for energy storage applications, due to abundant sodium resources, low cost, and similar electrochemical performance. However, the large radius of Na+ and high molar mass compared to Li+, result in large volume strain during charge/discharge and low reversible capacity and poor cycling stability. Due to exceptional physical and chemical properties, graphene has attracted increasing attention as a potential anode material for SIBs. When integrated with other nanomaterials in electrodes, graphene can improve the electrical conductivity, accommodate the large volume change and enhance reaction kinetics. This paper provides a systematic review of recent progress in the application of graphene based anodes for SIBs, with a focus on preparation, structural configuration, Na+ storage mechanism and electrochemical performance. Additionally, some challenges and future perspectives are provided to improve the sodium storage performance of graphene based electrodes.
Solid-fuel stoves are used in developing countries, remote locations, and in general more commonly due to convenient fuel cost for space heating. The possibility of also using the stove heat to heat water and produce electricity represents an added benefit. This work presents an application of thermoelectric generators to a solid-fuel stove to concurrently charge a lead-acid battery and transfer heat to water for heating or household use. The feasibility of the proposed CHP system is demonstrated for a common solid-fuel stove. This system produces an average of 600 W th and 27 W el ( 42 W el peak) during a 2-h long experiment in which the TEG efficiency is around 5% and the MPPT efficiency of the power converters used is demonstrated.
The aim of the contribution is to introduce a high performance anode alternative to graphite for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). A simple process was employed to synthesize uniform graphene-like few-layer tungsten sulfide (WS2) supported on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) through a hydrothermal synthesis route. The WS2–RGO (80:20 and 70:30) composites exhibited good enhanced electrochemical performance and excellent rate capability performance when used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The specific capacity of the WS2–RGO composite delivered a capacity of 400–450mAhg−1 after 50 cycles when cycled at a current density of 100mAg−1. At 4000mAg−1, the composites showed a stable capacity of approximately 180–240mAhg−1, respectively. The noteworthy electrochemical performance of the composite is not additive, rather it is synergistic in the sense that the electrochemical performance is much superior compared to both WS2 and RGO. As the observed lithiation/delithiation for WS2–RGO is at a voltage≈1.0V (≈0.1V for graphite, Li+/Li), the lithium-ion battery with WS2–RGO is expected to possess high interface stability, safety and management of electrical energy is expected to be more efficient and economic.
Here, we have successfully developed a novel contact mode between MoS2 and graphene, where graphene rolls up into a hollow nanotube and thin MoS2 nanosheets are uniformly standing on the inner surface of graphitic nanotubes, thus forming mechanically robust, free-standing, interwoven MoS2@graphene nanocable webs (MoS2@G). Such a hybrid structure can maximize the MoS2 loading in the electrode in which over 90% of MoS2 nanosheets with stacked layer number of less than 5 can be installed. Remarkably, when calculated on the basis of the whole electrode, this binder free electrode not only shows high specific capacity (ca. 1150 mA h g−1) and excellent cycling performance (almost 100% capacity retention even after 160 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A g−1) but exhibits a surprisingly high-rate capability of 700 mA h g−1 at the rate of 10 A g−1 despite such a high MoS2 loading content, which is one of the best results of MoS2-based electrode materials ever reported thus far.
The structure of the layered LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 has been investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction, and the relationship of the calcination temperature with the crystal structure, morphology and electrochemical properties has been studied. All the unit cell parameters increase monotonically with increasing the calcination temperature. Some of the [00.1] zone electron diffraction patterns for the sample calcined at higher temperature than 1000°C show extra spots indicating the 2×2 ordering in the basal triangular lattice. These results indicate that the high temperature calcination leads to the formation of vacancies in the transition metal layers with the spinel-like ordering. The calcination at higher temperature lowers the specific capacities and degrades the cycle performances, while the packing density of the powder is increased by the sintering. The optimum calcination temperature is 900°C in order to obtain the electrochemically active and dense packed oxide particles. The decrease of Li composition leads to coprecipitation of the spinel-like second phase in the range of 0.742≤ x ≤0.884 for Li x Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2, when calcined at 900°C. The Li-deficient samples show the worse electrochemical properties similarly to the stoichiometric samples calcined at high temperature. For the Li-excess samples, no impurity phase has been detected and their cycle performances are improved.
Here we report a series of electrolyte mixtures containing lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) based solvents for improving the flame-resistance of electrolyte solvents compared to state-of-art carbonate based electrolytes. Physical, rheological and conductive properties of the different mixtures are measured. These results give insight into the interaction of the ions and molecules such as ionic dissociation, solvation and diffusion. Aluminum anodic dissolution caused by the conducting salt is studied in Li||Al cells. This corrosion effect could be successfully removed using the additive lithium bis(oxalato)borate. The electrochemical performances in half cell (Li||NMC) and full cell (C||NMC, in form of coin and pouch-bag) are demonstrated and the cycling ageing of the electrolytes as well as the growth of the resistive interface layers are reflected by impedance measurements on the cycles. These results are related to the ion transport in solution. To achieve a balance of the various properties necessary for the battery performances, a low-flammable electrolyte is chosen as a promising alternative in case of the safety and capacity retention improvement.
One of the objectives of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (https://abcdstudy.org/) is to establish a national longitudinal cohort of 9 and 10 year olds that will be followed for 10 years in order to prospectively study the risk and protective factors influencing substance use and its consequences, examine the impact of substance use on neurocognitive, health and psychosocial outcomes, and to understand the relationship between substance use and psychopathology. This article provides an overview of the ABCD Study Substance Use Workgroup, provides the goals for the workgroup, rationale for the substance use battery, and includes details on the substance use module methods and measurement tools used during baseline, 6-month and 1-year follow-up assessment time-points. Prospective, longitudinal assessment of these substance use domains over a period of ten years in a nationwide sample of youth presents an unprecedented opportunity to further understand the timing and interactive relationships between substance use and neurocognitive, health, and psychopathology outcomes in youth living in the United States.
This work introduces a new method to synthesize Li3Fe2(PO4)3 nanoparticles in the nanopowder form and study its electrochemical performance by cyclic voltammetry and battery tests. Li3Fe2(PO4)3 is synthesized by the gel combustion method based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as gel making agent. The optimum conditions of the synthesis include 8wt% PVA, 0.34wt% lithium slat, 1wt% iron salt, 0.57wt% ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ethanol–water 50:50 as solvent, 675°C combustion temperature and 4h combustion time. Characterization of the samples is performed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), EDX analysis, XRD patterns, BET specific surface area and DSL size distribution. In the optimum conditions, a nanopowder is obtained that consisting of uniform nanoparticles with an average diameter of 70nm. The optimized sample shows 12.5m2 g−1 specific surface areas. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies show that the synthesized compound has good reversibility and high cyclic stability. The CV results are confirmed by the battery tests. The obtained results show that the synthesized cathodic material has high practical discharge capacity (average 125.5mAhg−1 approximately same with its theoretical capacity 128.2mAh−1) and long cycle life.
This study compares the costs of manufacturing high-performance 18650-size lithium-ion cells in China and in the United States. The comparison reflects all costs of constructing and staffing a stand-alone manufacturing plant under current industry practice and using modern automated production techniques. Identical materials are used for each of the cells. This study finds that, when produced at large volume using automated equipment, cell materials account for 78–80% of total cell cost; costs for highly trained personnel are similar in China and the United States. Several other major drivers of production costs (such as logistics, land acquisition and energy costs) are higher in China, making total costs for each location roughly comparable. These comparisons suggest that U.S. manufacture of advanced batteries can be cost-competitive, and that Chinese battery manufacturing plants do not offer significant advantages in terms of profitability.
Uniform octahedral nickel ferrite nanocrystals wrapped by graphene (GNFO) have been synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis techniques, which reveal that the NiFe2O4 nanocrystals are enclosed by high index (111) facets and encapsulated by reduced graphene oxide sheets. When applied as anode electrodes for lithium ion batteries, GNFO nanocomposites present excellent electrochemical performances. The electrode maintains 1275mAhg−1 after 30 cycles at 0.1Ag−1 and a reversible capacity up to 937mAhg−1 after 250 cycles at 1Ag−1. A prominent rate capability is also obtained and the specific capacity remains 312mAhg−1 at 10.0Ag−1. The superior electrochemical properties could benefit from open surface structure of octahedral NiFe2O4 and synergistic effect between graphene and NiFe2O4, which shows promising applications in lithium-ion storage devices.
From 1983, there have been three decades of the application and development of radio telemetry for wildlife studies in India. In this article, we review 82 studies from India, covering 47 species from four taxonomic classes. We examine and discuss the trends in the selection of study species, habitats and objectives of radio-telemetry studies and the functional success of radio collars and tags. A strong bias for study species and study region is observed and researchers generally tend not to look beyond the traditional research questions. Habitats that are difficult to access, such as the Trans-Himalayas, the Himalayas and north-eastern India, are overlooked. Most of the studies aimed to infer primary information only, such as home range, migration and movement patterns and habitat preference (53.7%, 47.6% and 28.1% studies, respectively). We expect these trends to change with time as the development of technology allows researchers to explore further. We investigated the tracking histories of 483 animals and the records of 496 radio collars or tags, but detailed information could be acquired for only 330 collars or tags. Of the collars, 49% malfunctioned before the end of their anticipated life due to a variety of reasons, early battery drainage being the prevalent cause. The performance of different technologies and collar manufacturers was also analysed but the small sample size was an issue for most of the cases. Argos-based collars and tags generally failed to record most of the locations precisely and failed to transmit them successfully. Issues with permissions and capturing animals for tagging, particular to India, are also discussed. A uniform and centralized system for granting permissions and guidelines for capturing and handling animals would be beneficial to future telemetry studies.
Video playback on a mobile device is a resource-intensive task. Since the battery life of a mobile device decreases with time, it is desirable to have a video representation which adapts dynamically to the available battery life during the playback process. A novel Hybrid Layered Video (HLV) encoding scheme is proposed, which comprises of content-aware, multi-layer encoding of texture and a generative sketch-based representation of the object outlines. Different combinations of the texture- and sketch-based representations are shown to result in distinct video states, each with a characteristic power consumption profile. Further, a smart content-aware caching scheme is proposed which is suitable for low-latency dissemination of HLV over the Internet. The proposed HLV representation, combined with the proposed caching scheme, is shown to be effective for video playback and dissemination on power-constrained mobile devices.
LiPON (lithium-phosphorous-oxynitride), a solid state electrolyte for all-solid state Li ion batteries, was characterised in detail by XPS core level analysis. Different compositional structures were found for depositions at different sample temperatures. As known, the replacement of bridging oxygen by nitrogen plays an important role and the nitrogen XPS signal can be divided into two emission lines at different binding energies. These details have already been analysed in dependence on the deposition power and nitrogen pressure during deposition. In this contribution we have investigated the LiPON deposition at different temperatures by XPS and impedance measurements. Different conductivity values could be linked to structural differences that were investigated by XPS core level analysis. Additionally, the activation energies were compared for the electrolytes obtained for depositions at different substrate temperatures.
The discharge/charge performance of Li-air cell using the carbon-supported LaMn0.6Fe0.4O3 nanoparticle as a cathode catalyst was investigated in this study. The carbon-supported LaMn0.6Fe0.4O3 nanoparticle was prepared via a reverse homogeneous precipitation method, and fabricated to air electrode. Li-air cell was constructed using air electrode, Li metal foil and 1.0 M LiPF6 in propylene carbonate as a cathode, anode and electrolyte, respectively. As the result, the carbon-supported LaMn0.6Fe0.4O3 nanoparticle exhibited both the oxygen evolution activity and the oxygen reduction activity in the non-aqueous electrolyte. The investigation about the presence and absence of the catalytic layer and the gas diffusion layer revealed that each layer is indispensable for the excellent electrode performance, and that the catalytic layer and the gas diffusion layer has a important role to supply the electrolyte and the oxygen gas, respectively. The investigation about the amount of the catalytic layer and the effect of the oxygen concentration revealed that the oxygen diffusability into the air electrode strongly affects to the discharge capacity of Li-air cells.
The electrodeposition of lead, tin and lead–tin alloys on glassy carbon has been studied by electrochemical techniques. Potentiostatic I–t transients were recorded to obtain the nucleation mechanism, while cyclic voltammetry was used to characterize the system. The alloy composition was determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. Since the redox potentials for lead and tin are similar in the non-complexing electrolyte used, HBF4, a peak-fitting program was used. In the fitting procedure the half-peak width obtained in the single metal systems were retained for the alloy, while the height and the position of the peaks were allowed to change. Structural information on the electrodeposited layers was obtained by X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the surface morphology. The experimental results clearly show that the deposition of lead, tin and lead–tin alloys on a glassy carbon substrate is a diffusion-controlled process with a three-dimensional (3D) growth mechanism. The nucleation is instantaneous, and the number of nucleation sites increases with increasing overpotentials, dE/dlog(N 0)≅60 mV decade−1. The deposition of tin results in well-defined crystals with tetragonal shape and large areas of free glassy carbon surface. The crystallites have different sizes, which indicates fast surface diffusion of small units. In the presence of lead the microstructure of the electrodeposited tin changes drastically, resembling the microstructure of pure lead. Even small amounts of lead inhibit the deposition of tin on tin and prevent the formation of dendrites. From the stripping analysis it can be concluded that although tin and lead seem to be deposited side by side in an eutectic type alloy, some influence on the stripping potential is observed.
Since the introduction of microchemical systems (MCS) in the last decade, it has been recognized that one of the most crucial challenges is the implementation of an appropriate control strategy. A novel study in realizing a controllable miniature chemical plant for a small-scale hydrogen source for fuel cells is presented. Catalytic steam reforming (SR) reaction of a methanol–water mixture was the model reaction studied. A microscaled reactor, sensors and actuators, were successfully prepared and integrated by using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. Microfabricated system components were then interconnected with a comprehensive control algorithm which could form the basis for an eventual autonomous, self-contained system. MCS represent a concept wherein precisely microfabricated fluid passages and reaction zones are integrated with sensors and actuators. Having an appropriate control strategy for the entire system of MCS is therefore a significant technical challenge. Although numerous MEMS-based examples of sensors and actuators exist for control of pressure, temperature and flow, there are few cases where these components have been combined with chemical reaction units and control algorithms into MCS. In this study, control of temperature and flow allows the hydrogen production rate to be modulated in a suitable fashion to support proton exchange fuel cell operation as a model. The reaction characteristics with temperature and flow changes, cold start-up behavior and the response to rapid changes in hydrogen demand were investigated. The control scheme implemented showed potential for autonomous control of fuel processing and other microchemical processing applications.
Improved microstructural imaging and characterization methods have recently opened the door for quantitative evaluation of microstructures of such functional materials as solid oxide fuel cell and battery electrodes and composite gas separation membranes. Accurate quantitative characterization of these structures relies on the concept of a representative volume element (RVE) to provide a sufficiently large sample to be statistically representative of the material. In Part 1 of this work, several models were described to determine the RVE size for several common microstructural properties: volume fraction, particle size, and network contiguity. In this work, extensive synchrotron X-ray nanotomography imaging of a multiphase composite gas separation membrane is used to provide an experimental comparison to the model predictions. Results suggest that the models provide a reasonable estimate of RVE size, and can serve as a starting point for researchers planning imaging and characterization experiments.