batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A step-sintering method for preparing lithium magnesium silicate (LMS, Li2MnSiO4) can produce better optimized-Li2MnSiO4 (O-LMS) with smaller aggregates, more homogeneous phase and better electrochemical performance compared with Li2MnSiO4 prepared by continuously raising the temperature during the thermal treatment used to form Li2MnSiO4. The formation of Li2MnSiO4 is accompanied by three endothermic peaks (>200°C) whose activation energies are calculated to be 350.78, 117.16 and 227.59kJmol−1 respectively using Kissinger differential method. The cell with a step-sintered O-LMS cathode can retain 73.5% of the initial discharge capacities after the 15th cycles, whereas only 55.6% for the cell with a continuously sintered LMS cathode.
To enable detailed investigations of early stage hydrothermal plume formation and abiotic and biotic plume processes we developed a new oceanographic tool. The Suspended Particulate Rosette sampling system has been designed to collect geochemical and microbial samples from the rising portion of deep-sea hydrothermal plumes. It can be deployed on a remotely operated vehicle for sampling rising plumes, on a wire-deployed water rosette for spatially discrete sampling of non-buoyant hydrothermal plumes, or on a fixed mooring in a hydrothermal vent field for time series sampling. It has performed successfully during both its first mooring deployment at the East Pacific Rise and its first remotely-operated vehicle deployments along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It is currently capable of rapidly filtering 24 discrete large-water-volume samples (30–100L per sample) for suspended particles during a single deployment (e.g. >90L per sample at 4–7L per minute through 1μm pore diameter polycarbonate filters). The Suspended Particulate Rosette sampler has been designed with a long-term goal of seafloor observatory deployments, where it can be used to collect samples in response to tectonic or other events. It is compatible with in situ optical sensors, such as laser Raman or visible reflectance spectroscopy systems, enabling in situ particle analysis immediately after sample collection and before the particles alter or degrade.
Maturation, which consists of storing the electrode under humid atmosphere before drying and cell assembly, improves very significantly the cyclability of silicon-based composite electrodes made with an acidic binder. During maturation, the atmospheric-induced corrosion of the current collector releases oxidized copper species that migrate into the electrode to physically crosslink the binder phase, substantially modifying its resiliency to the silicon volume variation. The pre-addition of a small amount of copper salt in the electrode slurry allows to reach similar improvement of electrochemical performance than maturation.
It is shown that the addition of calix[6]pyrrole to polyether based electrolytes doped with LiBF4 results in an considerable increase in the cation transport number t L i + as confirmed by dc–ac current techniques as well as by PFG NMR studies. The value of t L i + in composite electrolytes beyond a certain minimum value weakly depends on the concentration of added calix[6]pyrrole. The increase in lithium transference number is associated with a decrease in ionic conductivity of composite polymeric electrolytes compared to the pure PEO–LiBF4 systems.
Thermal management has been one of the major issues in developing a lithium-ion (Li-ion) hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) battery system since the Li-ion battery is vulnerable to excessive heat load under abnormal or severe operational conditions. In this work, in order to design a suitable thermal management system, a simple modeling methodology describing thermal behavior of an air-cooled Li-ion battery system was proposed from vehicle components designer's point of view. A proposed mathematical model was constructed based on the battery's electrical and mechanical properties. Also, validation test results for the Li-ion battery system were presented. A pulse current duty and an adjusted US06 current cycle for a two-mode HEV system were used to validate the accuracy of the model prediction. Results showed that the present model can give good estimations for simulating convective heat transfer cooling during battery operation. The developed thermal model is useful in structuring the flow system and determining the appropriate cooling capacity for a specified design prerequisite of the battery system.
Recently we synthesized and preliminary characterized a new material for potential use in Li-battery cathodes: Li2MnSiO4. Although its theoretical capacity is about 330mAhg−1, the actual measurements showed a much smaller value (about 120mAhg−1). One of the reasons for the poor performance could be the poor electronic conductivity (<10−14 Scm−1 at RT) causing a huge polarization during charge–discharge. However, in the present paper we show that reducing the particle size down to the range of 20–50nm and additional particle embedment into a carbon phase does not significantly improve the electrochemistry of Li2MnSiO4. Observations of structural changes during the first charge shows a complete loss of peaks when reaching the nominal composition of ca. Li1MnSiO4. The peaks are not recovered during subsequent cycling. It is supposed that extraction of Li causes significant structural changes so that the resulting material is only able to reversibly exchange a limited amount of Li.
A series of Ni doped Ni x Cu6−x Sn5 (x =0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4) alloys were prepared by mechanical alloying, followed by annealing at 400°C. The Ni doped alloys show the similar structure with that of Cu6Sn5 and Ni3Sn2, which can be indexed to a hexagonal Ni2In type cell, but differ in the electrochemical performance as the anodes of Li-ion batteries. The electrochemical tests show that the cycling reversibility of Ni x Cu6−x Sn5 increases at the expense of the reversible capacity with the increasing amount of Ni content. The proper amount Ni doped alloy, Ni2Cu4Sn5 showed better cycle performance with a reversible capacity of 200mAhg−1 (1680mAhml−1). The relative stability of the alloy was also investigated using the first-principles density-functional theory with pseudopotentials and plane wave basis (VASP).
Due to the increasing penetration of fluctuating distributed generation electrical grids require reinforcement, in order to secure a grid operation in accordance with given technical specifications. This grid reinforcement often leads to over-dimensioning of the distribution grids. Therefore, traditional and recent advances in distribution grid planning are analysed and possible alternative applications with large scale battery storage systems are reviewed. The review starts with an examination of possible revenue streams along the value chain of the German electricity market. The resulting operation strategies of the two most promising business cases are discussed in detail, and a project overview in which these strategies are applied is presented. Finally, the impact of the operation strategies are assessed with regard to distribution grid planning.
Metallic Sn is a promising high-capacity anode material for use in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but its huge volume variation during lithium ion insertion/extraction typically results in poor cycling stability. To address this, we demonstrate the fabrication of Sn nanoparticle-loaded porous carbon nanofiber (Sn-PCNF) composites via the electrospinning of Sn(II) acetate/mineral oil/polyacrylonitrile precursors in N,N-dimethylformamide solvent and their subsequent carbonization at 700 °C under an argon atmosphere. This is shown to result in an even distribution of pores on the surface of the nanofibers, allowing the Sn-PCNF composite to be used directly as an anode in lithium-ion batteries without the need to add non-active materials such as polymer binders or electrical conductors. With a discharge capacity of around 774 mA h g−1 achieved at a high current of 0.8 A g−1 over 200 cycles, this material clearly has a high rate capability and excellent cyclic stability, and thanks to its unique structure and properties, is an excellent candidate for use as an anode material in high-current rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.
The increase in computational power and the networking abilities of home appliances are revolutionizing the way we interact with our homes. This trend is growing stronger and opening a number of technological challenges. From the point of view of distributed systems, there is a need to design architectures for enhancing the comfort and safety of the home, which deals with issues of heterogeneity, scalability and openness. By considering the evolution of domotic research and projects, we advocate a role for Web services in the domestic network. We ground our claim by proposing a concrete architecture for a home in which the health of an elder is monitored. The architecture is implemented on a heterogeneous set of devices, which allows us to evaluate it and draw conclusions on the feasibility of using service-oriented approaches in ubiquitous computing.
Because of the similarity in the structures of organic sulfites with those of organic carbonates, the applications of organic sulfites for lithium-ion battery electrolytes were studied. The main differences in the bond lengths and the bond angles, which are resulted from the difference between carbon atom diameter and sulfur atom diameter, are analyzed. The physical properties of organic carbonates and organic sulfites are compared. The results of cyclic voltammetry (CV) test show that the decomposition potentials of propylene sulfite (PS) and dimethyl sulfite (DMS) are much higher than 4.5V, it is satisfied with the requirements as the solvents for lithium ion batteries. But the decomposition potentials of ethylene sulfite (ES) and diethyl sulfite (DES) are lower than 3.5V, they can only be used as additives for lithium ion battery electrolytes. The results of charge–discharge tests show that both ES and PS have excellent film-forming properties; the performance of LiCoO2/graphite cell was improved evidently even with the ES addition as little as 0.3wt.% in 1molL−1 LiPF6 EC/DMC/DEC (1:2:2) electrolyte. DMS can improve both the conductivities of electrolytes and the capacities of batteries, therefore it is a good electrolyte co-solvent.
A novel porous coral-like Zn0.5Ni0.5Co2O4 (ZNCO) is prepared by a facile co-precipitation method using oxalic acid as complex agent, and the ZnCo2O4 (ZCO) nanospheres and NiCo2O4 (NCO) nanoflakes are also prepared for comparison. The obtained products are systematically characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results demonstrate that the controlled metallic elements doping has significant effects on the nanostructure and electrochemical performance of the samples. Compared with the ZCO nanospheres and NCO nanoflakes, the coral-like ZNCO materials with enough free space as anodes in lithium ion batteries (LIBs) exhibit a high initial coulombic efficiency of 84%, a high specific capacity of ∼1445 mAh g−1 at a current rate of 100 mA g−1 after 50 cycles, and ∼730 mAh g−1 at a current rate of 1500 mA g−1 after 200 cycles, as well as an excellent rate capability at elevated current rates, such as, ∼1080 and ∼425 mAh g−1 at current rates of 500 and 6000 mA g−1, respectively. This work presents a meaningful way for the preparation of mixed metal oxides with porous nanostructure as superior anodes for lithium ion batteries.
Abstract Nanotechnology is the fastest-growing technology in the world, and it is also called the Industrial Revolution of the twenty-first century. Many research, development, and manufacturing methods have been used globally to develop better and safer nanomaterials for various applications. Nanotechnology teaches us the critical properties of day-to-day materials and structures. The invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and fullerenes (or buckyballs) laid a path toward nanotechnology because atomic- and molecular-level studies could be performed using the STM and nanomaterials. Today this technology is employed in various fields such as engineering, technology, applied sciences, biomedical, pharmaceuticals, food and agriculture, and construction industries. The number of technical articles and patents related to nanotechnology and nanoproducts has been continuously increasing for nearly two decades. Within 10 or 15 years, it is expected that the industrial production of nanotechnology will be worth over $1 trillion. Thus, this technology will drastically change science, education, manufacturing, and the lifestyles of people around the world.
Metal hydrides, with their inherently high gravimetric and volumetric densities, present a compelling platform for hydrogen storage for mobile applications. However, several fundamental barriers have persistently impeded technological progress. This perspective provides an overview of the current hurdles plaguing metal hydride technology and the novel approaches recently adopted that may potentially surmount these challenges. In particular, nanocomposites, a homogenous matrix of two or more components synergistically integrated for enhanced material performance, is emerging as a new and promising class of material for hydrogen storage. This perspective highlights the potential of nanocomposites, specifically magnesium nanocomposites, for hydrogen storage. First, the existing challenges of metal hydrides are reviewed, followed by the progress achieved thus far by metal hydride size reduction to the nanoscale, and incorporation in a matrix material. Lastly, a novel nanocomposite synthesized by confining magnesium nanocrystals within a gas-selective polymer matrix is highlighted and the potential for improvement is discussed. This metal-polymer nanocomposite holds great promise as a general approach for future work on hydrogen-storage composites, as it simultaneously provides air-stability, high hydrogen storage density, and rapid hydrogenation kinetics.
Well-dispersed LiMnPO4 plates with thickness of about 100nm were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method at 200°C for 10h. The crystalline structure, morphology and microstructure were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The LiMnPO4 electrode exhibits high discharge capacity, good rate capability and high cycling stability. At a 0.05C rate, the plates delivered a discharge capacity of 139.2mAhg−1 at 25°C and 158.7mAhg−1 at 50°C. At elevated temperature (50°C), the plates showed an enhanced rate capability, achieving a discharge capacity of 147.6, 141.4, 133.6, 121.4, and 110.7mAhg−1 at 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2C, respectively. Moreover, the plates had good cycling stability, retaining 92% of the initial capacity at 25°C and 91% at 50°C over 50 cycles at 0.1C. The excellent electrochemical performance of this material is attributed to its high specific surface area, large percentage of exposed (010) facets as well as small thickness along the [010] direction.
Sorption of Ni2+ on Na-rectorite as a function of contact time, temperature, pH and fulvic acid (FA)/humic acid (HA) was studied under ambient conditions. A pseudo-second-order rate equation was used to simulate the kinetic sorption. The removal of Ni2+ increased with increasing pH. The presence of FA/HA enhanced the sorption of Ni2+ at low pH values, whereas no drastic effect of FA/HA on Ni2+ uptake to rectorite was found at high pH values. The diffuse layer model (DLM) fitted the experimental data of Ni2+ sorption in the absence and presence of FA/HA very well with the aid of FITEQL 3.2. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) models were used to simulate the sorption isotherms of Ni2+ at different temperatures. The thermodynamic data (ΔH 0, ΔS 0, ΔG 0) were calculated from the temperature dependent sorption isotherms and the results suggested that the sorption process of Ni2+ on rectorite was spontaneous and endothermic. The sorption and species of Ni2+ on rectorite in the presence and absence of FA/HA was also investigated and characterized by XPS. The spectroscopic analysis indicated no drastic structural changes of Na-rectorite and the sorption of Ni2+ mainly occurred on the surface and at the edge position of Na-rectorite.
A state-of-the-art approach has been performed to stabilize the surface of P2-type (Na0.66Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 (NMNC)) material through the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 (10 ALD cycles) to fabricate a 3 V sodium ion capacitor (NIC) with ultrahigh rate stability. This is the first known report of stabilizing the NIC electrode surface by a metal oxide coating using ALD. The capacitor constructed with an Al2O3-coated NMNC (NMNC-Al) cathode and a commercial activated carbon (CAC) anode in an organic electrolyte delivers a discharge capacitance of 68 F g−1 at 0.35 A g−1 current density and exhibits extremely high electrochemical stability of ~ 98% of its initial value after 10,000 cycles. In contrast, the capacitor containing a pristine NMNC electrode displays a capacity retention of 78%. The NMNC-Al/CAC cell also has an energy density of 63 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 6.6 kWh kg−1. The capacitance, energy, and power densities obtained from the NMNC-Al/CAC cell are the best-reported values for sodium-based capacitors and outperforms well-established lithium ion capacitors. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study reveals that the sluggish reaction kinetics of the NMNC electrode at high current density is successfully overcome by coating an ultrathin Al2O3 layer by ALD on its surface.
This paper presents a feasible and reliable unified control system for a single-phase 4.5 kVA on-board multifunctional electric-vehicle (EV) charger that is connected to a low-voltage household network. Based on the proposed control system, the EV charger can operate as both a single-phase four-quadrant static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and an active power filter (APF). The proposed EV charger can simultaneously perform four functions: charging/discharging the electric-vehicle’s (EV’s) battery; reactive power compensation; voltage regulation; and, harmonic reduction, which are important concerns of the existing power grid. Accordingly, it can enhance the building s voltage profile, power quality, and reliability, which makes the proposed method a complete solution for low-voltage household networks. The stress on the EV battery is also reduced, which can enhance its lifetime. A stability analysis of the proposed unified control system is provided in this paper. The simulation results, with two loads, static and dynamic, confirm the efficacy and reliability of the proposed system. The performance of the designed unified control system is also validated by experimental results.
An organic/inorganic hybrid nanocomposite, poly(methyl methacrylate) grafted titanium dioxide (PMMA-g-TiO2), is synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The hybrid nanocomposites are incorporated into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) membranes during the electrospinning process to fabricate a composite nanofibrous membrane. Then the resultant fibrous polymer electrolyte is obtained by immersing the composite membrane into liquid electrolyte. FTIR, TEM, TGA, GPC, SEM, XRD, and DSC are used to characterize the structure, morphology and thermal properties of PMMA-g-TiO2 hybrid nanocomposite and the composite nanofibrous membrane. The composite nanofibrous membrane is proven to be a good absorbent for the liquid electrolyte, and it exhibits a high electrolyte uptake and a high electrolyte retention ratio. The incorporation of PMMA-g-TiO2 into the nanofibrous membrane inhibits the crystallization of PVdF during the solidification process and improves the ionic conductivity of the fibrous polymer electrolyte from 2.51 × 10−3 to 2.95 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 20 °C. The electrochemical stability window of the polymer electrolyte is also enhanced due to the presence of PMMA-g-TiO2.
Co2MnO4/Co hydroxide chloride (CMO/CHC) nanocomposite is firstly obtained through an electrochemically alternating voltage methodology for supercapacitor applications. The CMO/CHC electrode materials display a high specific capacitance of 779Fg−1 at 1Ag−1 and an excellent rate behavior (77.5% and 63.6% at 20 and 40Ag−1 compared with 1Ag−1, respectively). An asymmetric supercapacitor based on CMO/CHC as cathode and activated carbon (AC) as anode presents a maximum energy density of 27.8Whkg−1 at power density of 570.9Wkg−1.
Spinel CoMn2O4 (CMO) nanoparticles grown on three-dimensional (3D) nitrogen-doped graphene areogel (NGA) is prepared by a facile two-step hydrothermal method. The NGA not only possesses the intrinsic property of graphene, but also has abundant pore conformations for supporting spinel metal oxide nanoparticles, thus would be suitable as a good electrocatalysts' support for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The structure, morphology, porous properties, and chemical composition of CMO/NGA are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrocatalytic activity of catalysts is discussed by cyclic voltammograms (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and rotating disk electrode (RDE) measurements in O2-saturated 0.1 M KOH electrolyte. The CMO/NGA hybrid exhibits more positive onset potential and half-wave potential, faster charge transfer than that of CMO and NGA, and its electrocatalytic performance is comparable with the commercial 20 wt.% Pt/C. Furthermore, it mainly favors a direct 4e− reaction pathway, and has excellent ethanol tolerance and high durability, which is attributed to the unique 3D crumpled porous nanostructure of NGA with large specific area and fast electron transport, and the synergic covalent coupling between the CoMn2O4 nanoparticles and NGA.
Electric bicycles (e-bicycles) are a primary means of commuting in China because of their light weight, speed, and low maintenance costs. Owing to short service life and environmental pollution hazards, recycling and reuse of e-bicycle batteries has always been a focus of industry and academia. As a typical case of both production and use of large electric bicycles, 113 major sellers, 378 corporate and individual buyers, 147 large e-bicycle repair centers, and 1317 e-bicycle owners in Xuzhou City were investigated in order to understand the sales, use, recycling, and disposal of spent e-bicycle batteries. The findings show that the existing distempered recycling system is the main limitation of spent battery recovery, and the actual recovery rate of spent batteries is lower than the estimated output (QW) for the years 2011–2014. Electric bicycle sellers play a fundamental role in the collection of spent batteries in Xuzhou, accounting for 42.3±8.3% of all batteries recovered. The widespread use of lithium batteries in recent years has resulted in a reduction in spent battery recycling because of lower battery prices. Furthermore, consumer preferences are another important factor affecting the actual recovery rate according to survey results evaluated using canonical correspondence analysis. In this paper, we suggest that a reverse logistics network system for spent battery recycling should be established in the future; in addition, enhancing producer responsibility, increasing publicity, raising of public awareness, developing green public transport, and reducing dependence on e-bicycles also should be pursued. This study seeks to provide guidance for planning construction and management policies for an effective spent battery recycling system in China and other developing countries.