batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Informed consent is a legal and ethical doctrine derived from the principle of respect for autonomy. Generally two rights derived from autonomy are accorded legal protection. The constitutional right to bodily integrity followed by the right to bodily well-being, protected by professional negligence rules. Therefore healthcare professionals treating patients' without valid consent may be guilty of infringing patients' rights. Many challenges are experienced by doctors obtaining informed consent in complex multicultural societies like South Africa. These include different cultural ethos, multilingualism, poverty, education, unfamiliarity with libertarian rights based autonomy, and power asymmetry between doctors and patients. All of which could impact on the ability of doctors to obtain legally valid informed consent.
Nickel hydroxide is widely used as cathode materials in metal hydride–Ni (MHNi) and Cd–Ni rechargeable batteries and the asymmetric supercapacitors due to its good electrochemical properties and affordable prices. The specific capacity and cycle life of Ni(OH)2 are greatly declined at high current density due to its P-type semiconductor structure and the mechanism of solid-phase proton diffusion. The paper thus proposes a new controllable complexing–precipitation method to prepare nano-Ni(OH)2 sheets on mesoporous carbon particles, denoted as nano-Ni(OH)2/C composite. Because of the “fusion effect” of the Ni(OH)2 and mesoporous carbon, a sample with 20% carbon can offer 345.2mAhg−1 at ultrahigh current density of 30A g−1 which are higher than that of its theoretical one-electron capacity (291mAhg−1) of Ni(OH)2 during the first 20,000 cycles. Furthermore, the capacity still keeps up to 97% of the initial capacity, which exhibits a superior electrochemical property than the existing Ni(OH)2. The nano-Ni(OH)2/C composite (20% carbon) exhibits a superior electrochemical property than the reported existing Ni(OH)2 and Ni(OH)2/carbon composites in the literature.
Innovation to reduce the cost of clean technologies has large environmental and societal benefits. Governments can play an important role in helping cleantech startups innovate and overcome risks involved in technology development. Here we examine the impact of the US Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) on two outcomes for startup companies: innovation (measured by patenting activity) and business success (measured by venture capital funding raised, survival, and acquisition or initial public offering). We compare 25 startups funded by ARPA-E in 2010 to rejected ARPA-E applicants, startups funded by a related government programme and other comparable cleantech startups. We find that ARPA-E awardees have a strong innovation advantage over all the comparison groups. However, while we find that ARPA-E awardees performed better than rejected applicants in terms of post-award business success, we do not detect significant differences compared to other cleantech startups. These findings suggest that ARPA-E was not able to fully address the ‘valley of death’ for cleantech startups within 10–15 yr after founding.
This study was designed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of a portable sleep apnea recording device (ApneaLink™) using standard polysomnography (PSG) as a reference and to evaluate the possibility of using the ApneaLink™ as a case selection technique for patients with suspected obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
This study prospectively examined whether continued add-on treatment with oxcarbazepine (OXC) is associated with quantitative improvement in mood and anxiety symptoms in adult patients with partial epilepsy. Depressive symptoms and anxiety were assessed by clinical interview using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), the Cornell Dysthymia Rating Scale (CDRS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). Forty controls (patients with epilepsy treated with antiepileptic drugs other than OXC) and 40 OXC-treated patients were enrolled and completed the study. In our study, a significant improvement in affect, as measured by the CDRS, was demonstrated during the course of OXC treatment for 3 months. HDRS and BDI scores also declined in the OXC-treated group, but these decreases did not reach statistical significance. In addition, 28 of 40 OXC-treated subjects who were dysthymic by CDRS criteria on study entry (score ⩾20) demonstrated affective improvement consistent with a treatment-related antidepressant effect (score <20). Although our results do not provide conclusive evidence supporting the specific use of OXC as an antidepressant, the significant decline in dysthymic symptoms in OXC-treated subjects compared with controls lends support to the hypothesis that OXC improves mood.
In this work, tris (trimethylsilyl) phosphate (TMSP) is used as an electrolyte additive to improve the cycling performance of Li/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cell upon cycling at high voltage, 4.9 V vs. Li/Li+ at room temperature and elevated temperature (55 °C). The effects of TMSP on the cathode interface and the cycling performance of Li/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cell were investigated via the combination of electrochemical methods, including cycling test, cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It is found that cells with electrolyte containing TMSP have better capacity retention than that of the cells without TMSP upon cycling at high voltage at room temperature and elevated temperature. The functional mechanism of incorporation of TMSP to the electrolyte to improve the cycling performance is conducted with ex-situ analysis approaches, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and ICP-MS. The surface analysis results reveal that more stable and more conductive surface layer is formed on the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 electrode with TMSP containing electrolyte, which is a leading factor for the enhanced the cycling performance of Li/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cells upon cycling at high voltage at room temperature and elevated temperature.
With the aim of improving the electrochemical properties of the LiCoMnO4 high-voltage spinel for lithium ion battery applications, LiCoMnO4-y F y (y = 0, 0.05, 0.1) compounds were synthesized by a two-step solid-state reaction at 800 °C. The stoichiometry of the samples was verified by nuclear reaction analysis for the fluorine stoichiometry, inert gas fusion analysis for the oxygen stoichiometry, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy for the cation stoichiometry. X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy revealed increasing phase purity and changing microstructure upon fluorine incorporation. Electrochemical characterizations were carried out in battery test cells using a liquid electrolyte. The samples show poor coulombic efficiency, due to liquid electrolyte decomposition. However, fluorinated spinels demonstrated significantly improved capacities of up to 18% and improved cycling stability of up to 20%, compared to their non-fluorinated counterparts.
A novel (I+/I2)/vitamin C vs. V4+/V5+ semi-vanadium redox flow battery (semi-VRFB) with iodine, vitamin C, and V4+/V5+ redox couples, using multiple electrodes was investigated. The electrodes, Ni-P/carbon paper and Ni-P/TiO2/carbon paper, were modified by the electroless plating method and sol-gel process. The electrochemical characteristics and the performance of the semi-VRFB were verified by the cyclic voltammetry method and a charge-discharge test. This study shows modified electrodes can improve the reversibility and symmetry of the oxidation-reduction reaction of the semi-VRFB system, and effectively raise its storage ability. The coulomb efficiency of the semi-VRFB system is close to 96%, which is higher than the all-VRFB. The semi-VRFB system can reduce the amount of vanadium salt, therefore, it is not only a reduction in cost, but also has a great potential for the development of energy storage systems.
Fluorine substituted LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode materials have been synthesized by calcining NH4F with spherical LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 oxides at a relatively low temperature of 450°C. The structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of spherical LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2−z F z materials have been investigated. The XRD, composition analysis and XPS verify fluorine incorporation in the particle. Although the fluorine substituted material shows somewhat lower initial discharge capacity, it exhibits improved cycling performance compared with the pristine material. XRD pattern shows that the fluorine substituted material maintains stable layered structure after 100 cycles. TEM analysis provides evidences that the fluorine substituted powder still presents smooth surface without any structure transformation. From these results, it is believed that the improved cycling performance of fluorine substituted LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 material is attributed to fluorine substitution in protecting the electrode from HF attack and maintaining the structure stability of electrode. Besides, the fluorine substitution also plays positive effect on the cycling performance at elevated temperature and storage performance.
Both the electrochemical activity and the energy density of polyaniline (PANI) microparticles suspensions are enhanced by using the compact PANI powder, which is synthesized galvanostatically with 4,4′-diaminobiphenyl as additive. A Zn//PANI suspension rechargeable flow battery system is proposed, in which the flowable PANI suspension is used as cathode electroactive material, zinc plate as anode. A microporous membrane is used as separator to prevent PANI particles from getting into the anode compartment. Results obtained from the small laboratory battery show that the discharge capacity density gradually decreases with number of cycles and the average of discharge capacity loss during 32 cycles is about 0.07% per cycle. However, an average coulombic efficiency of 97% has been achieved at the current density of 20 mA cm−2 and the value of coulombic efficiency shows no significant change during 32 charge/discharge cycles. The flow-through mode for PANI cathode material enables the PANI-based battery to operate at a higher current density in comparison with the conventional Zn–PANI film batteries, and the present findings can mark a new route to improve the performance of conductive polymer-based energy storage devices.
Objective Patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD) have a diminished ability to discriminate facial expressions of emotion. We investigated early emotion discrimination deficits in PD by means of event-related potentials (ERPs). Methods Emotional pictures were presented to 14 PD patients and 14 healthy controls in a rapid serial visual presentation paradigm (three frames per second) while EEG was recorded. In addition, valence and arousal ratings were obtained for a representative subsample of 54 pictures. Results PD patients rated pictures of highly arousing content as less exciting than did healthy controls. Pictures of high compared to low emotional arousal were associated with a pronounced relative negative shift in the ERP waveform over parietal and occipital sites developing about 220ms after picture onset. This early posterior negativity (EPN) did not differ between PD and control group. Conclusions This dissociation of affective ratings and early ERP components supports the view that PD is associated with blunted emotional responses, but there is no evidence for a deteriorated early visual processing of emotional stimuli. Significance Frequently reported deficits in emotion discrimination are likely not due to deficits in early emotion processing.
Glutamatergic dysfunctions have recently been postulated to play a considerable role in mood disorders. However, molecular mechanisms underlying these effects have been poorly deciphered. Previous work demonstrated the contribution of GluA1-containing AMPA receptors (AMPAR) to a depression-like and anxiety-like phenotype. Here we investigated the effect of temporally and spatially restricted gene manipulation of GluA1 on behavioural correlates of mood disorders in mice. Here we show that tamoxifen-induced GluA1 deletion restricted to forebrain glutamatergic neurons of post-adolescent mice does not induce depression- and anxiety-like changes. This differs from the phenotype of mice with global AMPAR deletion suggesting that for mood regulation AMPAR may be particularly important on inhibitory interneurons or already early in development.
In this work, hierarchically mesoporous TiO2 spheres were successfully fabricated. The synthesis method could be simply described as adding Ti(SO4)2 into the disperse phase of a conventional emulsion polymerization where emulgator was discovered to play an important role in the formation of the ingenious structure. When used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, it delivered a high capacity of 192 mA h g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 with the retention of 94.3% after 100 cycles, and a reversible capacity of 114 mA h g−1 could be kept at 2 A g−1 after 2000 cycles. At the same time, an excellent initial Coulombic efficiency (>90%) and satisfactory rate performance were obtained.
The absence of clean cooking facilities and electricity means billions of rural people are deprived of much needed socioeconomic development. Livestock residues (dung) and solar radiation are two renewable energy resources that are abundantly available in rural areas of developing countries. Although it is not feasible for these two resources separately to meet both thermal (cooking) and electricity demands, hybrid applications have not been given due attention. To facilitate integrating these two resources in rural energy planning, and to promote their dissemination through hybrid applications, it is necessary to evaluate their economic merits, and assess their ability to deal with the demands. In this paper, we examine the techno-economic performance of hybrid applications of these two resources by applying a simulation technique using the HOMER tool, and by giving derived cost-saving equations. We also quantify the monetary savings from replacing traditional fuels, and perform a sensitivity analysis on a number of variables (e.g. dung cost, fuelwood cost) to see how they affect the performance of different energy supply alternatives. Furthermore, we examine the practical applicability of the biogas system in the households through a structured survey of 72 ongoing household biogas plants. This study finds that households that have between three and six cattle can potentially meet their cooking and electricity loads through a hybrid implementation of biogas and solar PV (Photovoltaic) system. By replacing conventional fuels households can achieve savings that are more than the total annualized costs incurred for installing new services.
Iron-based hydroxyl oxides can be regarded as feasible electrodes for sodium-ion batteries due to the simple preparation and rich resources. Goethite nanorod clusters that are wrapped by multi-walled carbon nanotubes with an open tunnel structure exhibit a considerable capacity, a favourable durability and an excellent rate capability within loose working conditions. The structural and electrochemical stability of this anode can be maintained when exposed at ambient environment after 30 days. Moreover, this anode coupled with high-quality Prussian blue cathode delivers feasible energy density of 60 W h kg−1 calculated on the basis of the pouch cell. Abundant voids formed by Kirkendall effect in nanorods allow for the simultaneous promotion of electrolyte infiltration, ion transfer and the pseudocapacitive effect. According to a series of ex situ and in situ measurements, the intercalation and conversion reactions for sodium storage have been revealed and low-volume deformation was observed during the sodiated/desodiated process. In particular, the existence of NaxFeOOH, Fe, NaOH and Na2O species at fully discharged state indicates an incomplete conversion reaction, resulting in steerable volume expansion and high ionic/electrical conductivity. The advanced sodium storage kinetics can be attributed to the moderate diffusion barrier and remarkable pseudocapacitive effect.
Motor deficits associated with developmental coordination disorder are not attributable to macrostructural brain abnormalities, but differences in brain microstructure may exist. Using diffusion tensor imaging, we explored the integrity of motor, sensory, and cerebellar pathways in children with and without developmental coordination disorder. In seven children with the disorder and nine typically developing children (aged 8-12 years), we measured diffusivity and fractional anisotropy of the corticospinal tract, posterior thalamic radiation, and superior and middle cerebellar peduncles. Fractional anisotropy of motor and sensory tracts and diffusion parameters in cerebellar peduncles did not differ between groups. Mean diffusivity of the corticospinal tract and posterior thalamic radiation was lower in children with developmental coordination disorder compared with control children (P < 0.04 and P < 0.06, respectively). Results were driven by lower axial diffusivity, which was significantly correlated with motor impairment scores on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 for both the corticospinal tract (r = 0.56, P = 0.03) and posterior thalamic radiation (r = 0.70, P = 0.003). Reduced axial diffusivity in motor and sensory tracts may be implicated in developmental coordination disorder, but replication in a larger study is needed to confirm these findings.
Lithium sulfur battery has drawn intense interests due to its high theoretical specific capacity and high energy density. However, it remains a big challenge to achieve high capacities and sulfur loadings of cathode via a facile and scaled-up method for the practical applications of lithium sulfur batteries. Herein we designed a three dimensional porous cellular carbon framework (PCCF) as sulfur host via a simple template-activation method. The honeycomb architecture of the PCCF with high BET surface area could encapsulate high content sulfur and the 3D interconnected carbon framework could realize high sulfur loading electrode. Benefiting from the 3D porous cellular architecture, the obtained cellular PCCF/S cathode delivers a notable enhancement in the sulfur content, sulfur loading, cycling stability and rate performance. The PCCF/S cathode with high sulfur content of 84.75% exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 1264.4 mAh g−1 at 0.1C rate and shows good cycling stability with a low capacity decay rate of 0.14% per cycle after 200 cycles at 1C rate. With a high sulfur loading of 6.40 mg cm−2, the cell delivers an initial discharge capacity of 1162.3 mAh g−1 and maintains good cycling stability.
A nano-LiFePO4/C composite has been directly synthesized from micrometer-sized Li2CO3, NH4H2PO4, and FeC2O4·2H2O by the lauric acid-assisted solid-state reaction method. The SEM and TEM observations demonstrate that the synthesized nano-LiFePO4/C composite has well-dispersed particles with a size of about 100–200nm and an in situ carbon layer with thickness of about 2nm. The prepared nano-LiFePO4/C composite has superior rate capability, delivering a discharge capacity of 141.2mAhg−1 at 5°C, 130.9mAhg−1 at 10C, 121.7mAhg−1 at 20°C, and 112.4mAhg−1 at 30°C. At −20°C, this cathode material still exhibits good rate capability with a discharge capacity of 91.9mAhg−1 at 1°C. The nano-LiFePO4/C composite also shows excellent cycling ability with good capacity retention, up to 100 cycles at a high current density of 30°C. Furthermore, the effect of lauric acid in the preparation of nano-LiFePO4/C composite was investigated by comparing it with that of citric acid. The SEM images reveal that the morphology of the LiFePO4/C composite transformed from the porous structure to fine particles as the molar ratio of lauric acid/citric acid increased.
The surface passivation of TIMREX® SLX50 graphite powder was studied as received and after heat treatment at 2500°C in an inert gas atmosphere by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry in electrochemical lithium half-cells. 1M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate and either a dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate or 1-fluoro ethylene carbonate co-solvent was used as electrolyte systems in these half-cells. The SEI-film formation properties of both graphite materials were correlated with their active surface area (ASA), being responsible for the interactions between the carbon and the electrolyte system. The active surface area was determined from the amount of CO and CO2 gas desorbed at temperatures up to 950°C from the graphite material surface after chemisorption of oxygen at 300°C. The structural ordering at the graphite surface increased significantly during the heat treatment of the SLX50 graphite material as indicated by the significant decrease of the ASA value. The increased surface crystallinity was confirmed by krypton gas adsorption, Raman spectroscopy as well as temperature-programmed desorption. This increased structural ordering seemed to be the parameter being responsible for a hindered passivation of the heat-treated SLX50 causing partial exfoliation of the graphite structure during the first electrochemical lithium insertion in the ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate electrolyte. In the case of the ethylene carbonate/1-fluoro ethylene carbonate electrolyte system, primarily the fluoro compound is responsible for the graphite passivation. In this electrolyte system, pristine SLX50 and the less reactive, heat-treated SLX50 graphite showed significantly different SEI-film formation mechanisms. In contrast, no difference in the passivation mechanism could be identified for different graphite surfaces in the ethylene carbonate electrolyte system with propylene carbonate as co-solvent.
Since the electric tools are increasingly entering the field of forestry, the aim of this study was to establish the consequences of using electric powered chainsaws on work and its energy efficiency, as well as health of workers. For this purpose, 40 trees were felled in two young spruce stands, half with a cordless electric chainsaw and one half with a petrol chainsaw. Results showed that electric chainsaws are a good alternative to petrol chainsaws for use in small-scale forestry, since in terms of work efficiency their use is comparable to petrol chainsaws and they provide a lower level of energy consumption, and lower exposure of fellers to noise and hand-arm vibrations. Similar to other fields, the results confirmed a positive impact of hand toll electrification on man and environment. The development of electric tools for forestry is expected to intensify with the development of more powerful batteries which are currently still regarded as the major bottleneck.
Sulfur as a conversion cathode has a high theoretical capacity of 1672 mA h g−1 and a theoretical energy density of 3600 W h kg−1 in the Li–S battery. The theoretical energy density is five times larger than that of a conventional lithium ion battery. Various challenges have hindered the use of this highly attractive cathode including the insulating nature of sulfur and poor electrode stability resulting in an irreversible capacity loss due to polysulfide migration from the cathode to the anode. Here we show a simple, scalable, room temperature bottom up approach for the synthesis of a nanostructured sulfur cathode which comprises a sulfur particle embedded with hollow carbon nanospheres encapsulated with polyelectrolyte multilayers. We demonstrate that specific capacity, rate capacity and cycling stability of the Li–S battery are significantly affected by the selection of polyelectrolyte multilayers.