batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Recent times have seen a rapidly expanding interest in the study of both single cell behaviour and populations of cells. This paper presents a concise review of current techniques employed for the transduction and processing of cellular signals. Among these, electrochemical methodology in the form of transistor and impedance methods has figured prominently. Indirectly connected to this approach has been the optical, light addressable potentiometric technique. In our research we are developing vibrational methods which are capable of examining populations of neurons, smooth muscle and human red blood cells on a substrate in a label-free fashion. These are based on transverse acoustic wave methodology and Kelvin nanoprobe physics. With respect to the former, synchronous oscillations of frequency are detected for neurons which are altered by the introduction of certain drugs. The same technique can be used to monitor chemical perturbation of the structure of smooth muscle cells from rat aorta. The Kelvin nanoprobe possesses sub-micron resolution and has been successfully employed in the characterization of both isolated, single neuron and red blood cells. Alterations in cell behaviour are reflected in apparent changes in work function, which in turn is associated with changes in cellular potential and dielectric properties.
In recent years, 2-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene and h-BN have been spotlighted, because of their unique properties and high potential applicability. Among these 2D materials, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted a lot of attention due to their unusual electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. Also, TMDs have virtually unlimited potential in various fields, including electronic, optoelectronic, sensing, and energy storage applications. For these various applications, there are many methods for sample preparation, such as the mechanical, liquid exfoliation and chemical vapor deposition techniques. In this review, we introduce the properties, preparation methods and various applications of TMDs materials.
Social anhedonia has shown promise as a vulnerability marker for schizophrenia-spectrum pathology. Validity data have come, in part, from findings indicating that cognitive deficits occurring in schizophrenia are also evident in individuals with elevated levels of social anhedonia. However, prior research on this topic has been limited because it has been based almost exclusively on the study of selective samples of college students. The present article reports baseline findings of neuropsychological functioning in social anhedonics and controls from a representative community sample. Data on a wide array of neuropsychological abilities from 18–19 year-old participants with (n =85) vs. without (n =87) elevated levels of social anhedonia were analyzed. We hypothesized that, compared to controls, social anhedonics would show impairments in memory and sustained attention. Additionally, we sought to determine if more severe cognitive impairment in anhedonics was associated with greater schizophrenia-spectrum pathology and poorer overall functioning. Compared to controls, socially anhedonic participants performed more poorly on two visual–spatial memory tasks and a test of visual–spatial construction. The groups did not statistically differ on any of the other neuropsychological measures including general cognitive ability and sustained attention. Group differences were not the result of depression, bipolar or substance abuse disorders. Neuropsychological functioning showed little relationship to current clinical symptoms and functioning. Longitudinal assessment of these participants as they move through the risk period should provide important insights into the neuropsychological correlates of the schizophrenia prodrome.
Ever since the Wright brothers’ first powered flight in 1903, commercial aircraft have relied on liquid hydrocarbon fuels. However, the need for greenhouse gas emission reductions along with recent progress in battery technology for automobiles has generated strong interest in electric propulsion in aviation. This Analysis provides a first-order assessment of the energy, economic and environmental implications of all-electric aircraft. We show that batteries with significantly higher specific energy and lower cost, coupled with further reductions of costs and CO2 intensity of electricity, are necessary for exploiting the full range of economic and environmental benefits provided by all-electric aircraft. A global fleet of all-electric aircraft serving all flights up to a distance of 400–600 nautical miles (741–1,111 km) would demand an equivalent of 0.6–1.7% of worldwide electricity consumption in 2015. Although lifecycle CO2 emissions of all-electric aircraft depend on the power generation mix, all direct combustion emissions and thus direct air pollutants and direct non-CO2 warming impacts would be eliminated.
Cubic spinel Co2SnO4/graphene sheets (Co2SnO4/G) nanocomposites are synthesized by a facile hydrothermal process in alkaline solution, using SnCl4 ·4H2O, CoCl2 ·6H2O and graphene oxide (GO) as the precursor. The structure and morphology of the resulting nanocomposites are characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Co2SnO4 nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed among graphene sheets, with a size of 80–150nm. As anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the galvanostatic charge/discharge and cyclic voltammetry are conducted to indicate the electrochemical performance of Co2SnO4/G nanocomposites. Co2SnO4/G nanocomposites exhibit an improved electrochemical performance compared with pure Co2SnO4 nanoparticles, such as high reversible capacities, good cycling stability and excellent rate performance. The initial charge and discharge capacities are 996.1 mAh g−1 and 1424.8 mAh g−1. After 100 cycles, the reversible charge/discharge capacities still remain 1046/1061.1 mAh g−1 at the current density of 100mAg−1. Co2SnO4 nanoparticles coated by Graphene sheets with superior electrochemical performance indicate that Co2SnO4/G nanocomposites are promising electrode materials used for high-storage lithium-ion batteries.
Electrolyte reactivity on Cu, Ni, 304 stainless steel, Ti, TiN, Mo, and Fe, was investigated at the negative electrode in VC and non-VC containing electrolytes. TiN and Ti were found to have the lowest cathodic electrolyte reactivity in both VC and non-VC containing electrolytes, with a reactivity less than graphite. In contrast, inactive materials commonly used in Li-ion batteries at the negative electrodes, Cu (current collector) and Ni (tabs), have high irreversible capacities, high electrolyte reaction rates (2–3.5 times graphite) and high impedance growth. These studies show that the current materials widely in use today at the negative electrode could be contributing to fade and impedance growth in Li-ion batteries. The use of more inert materials, such as Ti or TiN, may result in an increase of Li-ion battery cycle life.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors and is recognized as the molecular target of the hypolipidemic fibrate drugs. Fibrates promote lipid catabolism by inducing genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation. In rodents this is accompanied by peroxisome proliferation, and after chronic dosing hepatocarcinoma, whereas epidemiological studies suggest these adverse events are lacking in humans. Rodents such as rats and mice appear particularly sensitive to PPARα-induced peroxisome proliferation while humans are resistant. These findings question the utility of rodent models for safety monitoring of experimental PPARα agonists and highlight the need for additional preclinical models that display greater physiological relevance for human response. Thus we have focused on elucidating the molecular mechanism of species-dependent peroxisome proliferation by understanding the PPARα-dependent regulation of the acyl-CoA oxidase (AOX) promoter, the rate-limiting step of peroxisomal β-oxidation. We have chosen the cynomolgus monkey as a model that is modestly responsive to peroxisome proliferation and functionally characterized it against the highly responsive rat and non-responsive human species. We report the identification of a putative peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) within the 2.3 kb proximal promoter of the cynomolgus monkey AOX gene. Characterization of these promoters using a series of constitutively active, PPARα constructs demonstrate that the PPREs within the proximal cynomolgus and human AOX promoters are non-responsive to PPARα whereas the rat PPRE is highly responsive. These findings were verified in vivo using a small molecule PPARα agonist. Taken together, we demonstrate concordant regulation of the AOX promoter by PPARα in cynomolgus monkeys and humans and suggest that this model is superior to rodent models with respect to preclinical evaluation of PPARα agonists.
Hybrid renewable energy system has been introduced as a green and reliable power system for remote areas. There is a steady increase in usage of hybrid renewable energy units and consequently optimization problem solving for this system is a necessity. In recent years, researchers are interested in using multi-objective optimization methods for this issue. Therefore, in the present study, an overview of applied multi-objective methods by using evolutionary algorithms for hybrid renewable energy systems was proposed to help the present and future research works. The result shows that there are a few studies about optimization of many objects in a hybrid system by these algorithms and the most popular applied methods are genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization.
Li2FeSiO4/C and Li2MnSiO4/C cathode materials were a subject of in-situ characterisations during the first cycle of oxidation/reduction by complementary techniques of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy, whereby the changes in the local environment of Fe (and Mn) are monitored. Both techniques demonstrate the reversibility of monitored parameters of Fe environment during lithium exchange, and hence confirm the cycling stability of the Li2FeSiO4/C. The position of Fe in slightly distorted oxygen tetrahedra shifts with the change of valence accompanying Li removal. Outside of the immediate oxygen envelope, in more distant coordination shells, only minor variation in the neighbour distances is detected, apparently due to a slight relaxation of the structure. The oxidation state of Mn in Li2MnSiO4/C cathode material changes from the initial Mn(II) to Mn(III) in the potential range from 4.0 to 4.5V vs. lithium reference but not beyond. During the oxidation, the short MnO bond decreases from 2.04 to 1.87Å in the correlation with the increase of Mn valence state, while the larger MnO distance in the MnO4 tetrahedron remains unchanged. The reduction is not completely reversible as evident from the distribution of O atoms in the MnO4 tetrahedron after one oxidation/reduction cycle.
Nickel hydroxide was used as the positive electrode material in rechargeable alkaline batteries, which plays a significant role in the field of electric energy storage devices. β-nickel hydroxide (β-Ni(OH)2) was prepared from nickel sulphate solution using potassium hydroxide as a precipitating agent. Pure β-phase of nickel hydroxide was confirmed from XRD and FT-IR studies. The effects of TiO2 additive on the β-Ni(OH)2 electrode performance are examined. The structure and property of the TiO2 added β-Ni(OH)2 were characterized by XRD, TG-DTA and SEM analysis. A pasted–type electrode is prepared using nickel hydroxide powder as the main active material on a nickel sheet as a current collector. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies were performed to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the β-Ni(OH)2 and TiO2 added β-Ni(OH)2 electrodes in 6 M KOH electrolyte. Anodic (E pa) and cathodic (E pc) peak potentials are found to decrease after the addition of TiO2 into β-Ni(OH)2 electrode material. Further, addition of TiO2 is found to enhance the reversibility of the electrode reaction and also increase the separation of the oxidation current peak of the active material from the oxygen evolution current. Compared with pure β-Ni(OH)2 electrode, TiO2 added β-Ni(OH)2 electrode is found to exhibit higher proton diffusion coefficient (D) and lower charge transfer resistance. These findings suggest that the TiO2 added β-Ni(OH)2 electrode possess improved electrochemical properties and thus can be recognized as a promising candidate for the battery electrode applications.
Climate change, added to security of supply concerns, has been leading many countries to strongly support the development of electric vehicles (EVs) not only as a cleaner and more energy efficient source of transportation but also as a flexible electricity storage option. However, the massive deployment of EVs will impose important challenges to power systems operation. In this context, this paper investigates the impact of EVs with V2G capability to power system operation. Since this impact depends on the power system considered and on the number (and type) of EVs, different scenarios for renewable energy sources (RES) generation and EV penetration are studied. A detailed analysis of the impact of EVs the Spanish power system – demand, generation, use of flexible units (pumped storage) and power reserve, and energy curtailment – is performed. For this purpose, a mid-term operation model that computes generation dispatch and simulates hourly power system operation is used. The advantage of this model is that it includes EVs in the unit commitment and represents in detail mobility and connection patterns, which allows the estimation of more realistic results.
A growing body of research indicates that noncognitive factors are important predictors of students’ academic and life success (e.g., Garcia, The need to address noncognitive skills in the education policy agenda (Briefing Paper No. 386),
Strontium titanate nanoparticles have been synthesized using a combination of sol-precipitation and hydrothermal techniques for subsequent testing as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The potentials associated with lithiation are 0.105V and 0.070V vs. Li/Li+ and 0.095V and 0.142V vs. Li/Li+ during de-lithiation. These potentials are significantly lower than the 1.0V to 1.5V vs. Li/Li+ typically reported in the literature for titanates. In an attempt to improve the lithiation and de-lithiation kinetics, as well as capacity retention, SrTiO3 nanoparticles were platinized using a photoinduced reduction of chloroplatinic acid. No significant changes in the morphology or crystal structure of the platinized nanoparticles were observed as a result of the reduction reaction. The voltage profile, charge and discharge kinetics, and cyclability of the platinized SrTiO3 nanoparticles are compared to that of the non-platinized SrTiO3 nanoparticles.
The Dial-a-Ride Problem (DARP) consists of designing vehicle routes and schedules for customers with special needs and/or disabilities. The DARP with Electric Vehicles and battery swapping stations (DARP-EV) concerns scheduling a fleet of EVs to serve a set of pre-specified transport requests during a certain planning horizon. In addition, EVs can be recharged by swapping their batteries with charged ones from any battery-swap stations. We propose three enhanced Evolutionary Variable Neighborhood Search (EVO-VNS) algorithms to solve the DARP-EV. Extensive computational experiments highlight the relevance of the problem and confirm the efficiency of the proposed EVO-VNS algorithms in producing high quality solutions.
Little empirical research has been done on how to help retailing firms survive recessions. Using the “natural experiment” of the Great Depression and the theoretical lens of organizational ecology, we explore survival of retailers during 1929–1939 to test whether strategic competitive advantages related to human capital, the liability of newness, organizational form, and legitimacy facilitated survival through this upheaval. Consistent with theory from organizational ecology, survival was positively influenced by the average wage paid in the population, the average age of the population, chain store penetration, and an interaction of level of chain store penetration and age. The study offers recommendations for research and practice to retailers. The most important application for retailing managers is that high wage employees, presumably of higher quality, help retailers survive recessions better than low wage employees.
Safe-by-design (SbD) aims at addressing safety issues already during the R&D and design phases of new technologies. SbD has increasingly become popular in the last few years for addressing the risks of emerging technologies like nanotechnology and synthetic biology. We ask to what extent SbD approaches can deal with uncertainty, in particular with indeterminacy, i.e., the fact that the actual safety of a technology depends on the behavior of actors in the value chain like users and operators. We argue that while indeterminacy may be approached by designing out users as much as possible in attaining safety, this is often not a good strategy. It will not only make it more difficult to deal with unexpected risks; it also misses out on the resources that users (and others) can bring for achieving safety, and it is undemocratic. We argue that rather than directly designing for safety, it is better to design for the responsibility for safety, i.e., designers should think where the responsibility for safety is best situated and design technologies accordingly. We propose some heuristics that can be used in deciding how to share and distribute responsibility for safety through design.
The stability of a NASICON-type lithium ion conducting solid electrolyte, Li1+x+y Ti2−x Al x P3−y Si y O12 (LTAP), in acetic acid and formic acid solutions was examined. XRD patterns of the LTAP powders immersed in 100% acetic acid and formic acid at 50°C for 4 months showed no change as compared to the pristine LTAP. However, the electrical conductivity of LTAP drastically decreased. On the other hand, no significant electrical conductivity change of LTAP immersed in lithium formate saturated formic acid–water solution was observed, and the electrical conductivity of LTAP immersed in lithium acetate saturated acetic acid–water increased. Cyclic voltammogram tests suggested that acetic acid was stable up to a high potential, but formic acid decomposed under the decomposition potential of water. The acetic acid solution was considered to be a candidate for the active material in the air electrode of lithium–air rechargeable batteries. The cell reaction was considered as 2Li+2 CH3COOH+1/2O2 =2CH3COOLi+H2O. The energy density of this lithium–air system is calculated to be 1477Whkg−1 from the weights of Li and CH3COOH, and an observed open-circuit voltage of 3.69V.
The present paper focuses on two studies, one on English (Schneiderman & Saddy, 1988) and the other on Italian (De Vreese, Neri, Rubichi, & Salvioli, 1996), which report on right hemisphere damaged subjects’ inability to correctly insert a word or phrase into an already well-formed sentence under certain stimulus conditions. Despite their strikingly similar findings, the results of the studies are interpreted quite differently. Schneiderman & Saddy consider the deficit to be syntactic, while De Vreese et al. view it as occurring at the lexical category or morphological level. An analysis and regrouping of the stimulus items from both studies indicate that a single syntactic interpretation could account for their results. Suggestions are made for further analyses and research to increase our understanding of the syntactic capacities of the intact right hemisphere.
This paper presents a first approximation to the theoretical analysis of fractal-like electrodes for lithium-ion batteries, and demonstrates that fractals constitute an optimal electrode configuration for electrochemical energy storage systems. The model considers a generalized description of three-dimensional, non-deterministic branching structures composed of cylindrical elements for the electrode design. Each element is attached to a branch in an iterative process. At every branching step, the “parent” branch divides into N “child” branches (N being a random variable with a defined probability distribution). At the same time, the dimensions of the radii and lengths of the branches are also determined by a stochastic process. With this model, the charge characteristics of several fractal electrodes corresponding to different geometric configurations are simulated, and the optimal parameters are obtained.
High-energy, inexpensive and safe electrochemistries have been the main goals of lithium-ion battery research for many years. Historically, manganese-based cathodes have long been studied for their attractive cost and safety characteristics [1]. However, due to issues related to both surface and bulk instabilities, manganese-rich electrodes have yet to find substantial success in the high-energy lithium-ion battery market. With current trends in cathode chemistries leaning heavily toward Ni-rich compositions, the factors of cost and safety are again at the forefront of research and development efforts. This paper reports the recent progress made at Argonne National Laboratory (USA) to stabilize manganese-rich cathode structures and surfaces with a specific focus on composite materials with intergrown layered and spinel components; it presents an overview of their electrochemical properties in terms of capacity, energy, and cycle-life in cells with metallic lithium, graphite, and Li4Ti5O12 anodes. These layered-spinel cathodes show promise as alternatives to highly nickel-rich electrode compositions, which bodes well for continued advances.
LiFePO4/C matrixes are synthesized by a facile sol–gel method using pollen as both the bio-template and carbon source. Nano-LiFePO4 is brought into the porous carbon structures as the carbonized pollen templates. With this novel microstructure, the obtained LiFePO4/C matrixes show quite excellent electrochemical performance and rather good rate performance without any conductive agents added. This is ascribed to the short particle size of the well crystalline nano-LiFePO4 and good electronic interconnect supplied by the carbonized bio-templates.
Publisher Summary The transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique of brain stimulation that is increasingly investigated as a clinical tool for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. The growing interest in this technique underscores the importance of elucidating its underlying neurophysiology. Studies from electrophysiology and transcranial magnetic stimulation have shown that tDCS can modulate cortical- excitability in a polarity-dependent fashion. tDCS is shown to modulate activity in both the motor and visual cortices, and more recently is shown to directly influence excitability of the spinal cord. Anodal tDCS is shown to increase intracortical facilitation and diminish intracortical inhibition, while cathodal tDCS is shown to have the reverse effect. tDCS is also shown to modulate transcallosal inhibition and may be a promising tool for enhancing the effects of paired-associative stimulation. Neuropharmacological studies suggest that the immediate effects of tDCS are due to modulation of neuronal membrane potentials at subthreshold levels, thus increasing or decreasing the rate of action potential firing.
Planning of distributed energy resources requires careful consideration of many socio-technical factors to ensure that it is optimally built. Jain et al. present a model that incorporates numerous such factors and use it to find cost-effective resources for a sample of 10,000 consumers in California.