batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Few community-based behavioral health clinicians are trained in evidence-based practices (EBPs). The Cascading Model (CM), a training model in which expert-trained clinicians train others at their agency, may help increase the number of EBP-trained clinicians. This study is one of the first to describe CM training methods and to examine differences between clinicians trained by an expert, and those trained through a within-agency training (WAT) by a fellow clinician. Results indicate that 56% of the 38 eligible clinicians chose to become trainers and 50% of the 56% conducted WATs to train others. This represents a 50% increase in EBP-trained clinicians within the study timeframe. Clinicians trained by an expert reported higher knowledge and training satisfaction than those trained through a WAT. Of note, clinicians trained through a WAT reported increases in EBP knowledge and were more diverse (race/ethnicity, employment status), suggesting that the CM may improve access to EBPs.
This paper discusses off-grid electrification options for low-income households in rural Kenya, where less than 2% are grid connected. The paper outlines the electrical load priorities of rural households and describes how these are supplied at present through centrally charged automotive batteries and solar home systems. The recent introduction of pico hydro schemes (<5 kW) to Kenya is discussed, including details of the implementation of the two community schemes and the costs involved. A comparison is made between pico hydro and solar home systems and conclusions are presented on the way forward for off-grid electrification in Kenya.
The Li ion battery with high power and long life is required for the hybrid electronic vehicle. A new carbon anode material called “ICOKE” has been prepared by the graphitization of coke at ca. 2000°C and is shown to have excellent pulse charge/discharge characteristics and long cycle performance. The charge/discharge reaction mechanism of ICOKE was investigated in detail based on the result of cyclic voltammetry and X-ray diffraction profile change of ICOKE before and after charging. As a result, it was found that Li-intercalation reaction to ICOKE proceeds without forming higher stage compounds and the 1st and the 2nd stage compounds are directly formed.
A dynamic three-phase transport model is developed to analyze water uptake and transport in the membrane and catalyst layers of polymer electrolyte fuel cells during startup from subfreezing temperatures and subsequent shutdown. The initial membrane water content (λ, the number of water molecules per sulfonic acid site) is found to be an important parameter that determines whether a successful unassisted self-start is possible. For a given initial subfreezing temperature at startup, there is a critical λ (λ h ), above which self-start is not possible because the product water completely engulfs the catalyst layers with ice before the stack can warm-up to 0°C. There is a second value of λ (λ l ), below which the stack can be self-started without forming ice. Between λ l and λ h , the stack can be self-started, but with intermediate formation of ice that melts as the stack warms up to 0°C. Both λ l and λ h are functions of the initial stack temperature, cell voltage at startup, membrane thickness, catalyst loading, and stack heat capacity. If the stack is purged during the previous shutdown by flowing air in the cathode passages, then depending on the initial amount of water in the membrane and gas diffusion layers and the initial stack temperature, it may not be possible to dry the membrane to the critical λ for a subsequent successful startup. There is an optimum λ for robust and rapid startup and shutdown. Startup and shutdown time and energy may be unacceptable if the λ is much less than the optimum. Conversely, a robust startup from subfreezing temperatures cannot be assured if the λ is much higher than this optimum.
is Project Manager and Research Assistant at the Department of Functionally-integrated Lightweight Structures at Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology IWU in Wolfsburg (Germany).
Al-α-Ni(OH)2 microspheres are modified with metallic Co and Y(OH)3, respectively, in order to improve the high-temperature electrochemical performance. The microstructure, morphology, and surface chemical state of the as-prepared and the modified Al-α-Ni(OH)2 microspheres are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Metallic cobalt nanoparticles are distributed on the nanosheets of the microsphere edges. The existence of metallic Co and Y(OH)3 can be further verified from ICP and XPS results. The effect of metallic Co or Y(OH)3 on high-temperature performance of the Al-α-Ni(OH)2 microspheres is measured by galvanostatic charge–discharge experiments and cyclic voltammetric (CV) measurements. The discharge capacities of the Al-α-Ni(OH)2 microspheres, with optimized 5wt% Co and 1wt% Y(OH)3, are 283.5mAhg−1 and 315mAhg−1, respectively, much higher than that of the as-prepared Al-α-Ni(OH)2 (226.8mAhg−1) at 0.2C and 60°C. Furthermore, the high-rate discharge capability at high temperature can be also improved for both the modified samples.
A parallel Jaya algorithm implemented on the graphics processing unit (GPU-Jaya) is proposed to estimate parameters of the Li-ion battery model in this paper. Similar to the generic Jaya algorithm (G-Jaya), the GPU-Jaya is free of tuning algorithm-specific parameters. Compared with the G-Jaya algorithm, three main procedures of the GPU-Jaya, the solution update, fitness value computation, and the best/worst solution selection are all computed in parallel on GPU via a compute unified device architecture (CUDA). Two types of memories of CUDA, the global memory and the shared memory are utilized in the execution. The effectiveness of the proposed GPU-Jaya algorithm in estimating model parameters of two Li-ion batteries is validated via real experiments while its high efficiency is demonstrated by comparing with the G-Jaya and other considered benchmarking algorithms. The experimental results reflect that the GPU-Jaya algorithm can accurately estimate battery model parameters while tremendously reduce the execution time using both entry-level and professional GPUs.
A twin study is an excellent means of assessing the contribution of heritability to motor behaviour. We present a movement video-analysis of a monozygotic twins pair with a motor repertoire which is almost totally constituted by persistent and subcontinuous motor stereotypies. Purpose The specific aim of this study is to verify the heritable quantum of motor behaviour and to determine which among the motor patterns we analysed are more likely to be conditioned by inheritance. Methods Stereotyped movements were videotaped in two standardized sessions: at rest and in relation to preordained sensory stimulations. We estimated the concordance index (CI) between the observers to evaluate the reliability of the observations. The validity was accepted as being CI>0.80. Results The results showed a very high concordance rate (>90%) for all the stereotypies analysed. An almost superimposable trend of the stereotyped movements was found both at rest and in relation to the sensory stimulations. Conclusions Such strong data suggest that genetic factors have a primary influence on all the movement disorders analysed. This study contributes to a better understanding of the complex relationships between genes and functions.
Objective Two studies were conducted to assess the construct validity of the Symptom Interpretation Questionnaire (SIQ) with particular attention to its relationship to social desirability, daily symptom, mood, hassles reports, and personality. Methods Participants completed a battery of self-report measures collected at one point in time and completed several measures on a daily basis for 60 days. The three subscales of the SIQ (Psychological, Somatic, Normalizing) were correlated with theoretically related and unrelated constructs to assess its convergent and discriminant validity. Results The Psychological Attribution scale was associated with a negative reporting style as evidenced by its association with low social desirability, neuroticism, and the report of psychological and physical symptoms, negative mood, and hassles. Somatic Attributions were inconsistently associated with daily somatic symptom reports and doctor visits, but were not associated with negative mood or hassles. Normalizing Attributions were not associated with social desirability or doctor visits, but were inconsistently related to daily negative mood and hassles. Normalizing attributions were also inconsistently related to “healthy” aspects of personality. Conclusion These results suggest that the SIQ has a small degree of convergent validity but little discriminant validity, making it difficult to ascertain exactly what this measure taps.
The European Union has made progress in dealing with municipal wastewater in individual countries and as a corporate entity. However, it intends to make still further and substantial progress over the next 15 years. Currently, the most widely available options in the EU are the agriculture utilization, the waste disposal sites, the land reclamation and restoration, the incineration and other novel uses. The selection of an option on a local basis reflects local or national, cultural, historical, geographical, legal, political and economic circumstances. The degree of flexibility varies from country to country. In any case sludge treatment and disposal should always be considered as an integral part of treatment of wastewater. There is a wide range of other uses for sludge, which exploit its energy or chemical content, namely the thermal processes. The present paper sought to review past and future trends in sludge handling, focusing mainly at thermal processes (e.g. pyrolysis, wet oxidation, gasification) and the utilization of sewage sludge in cement manufacture as a co-fuel.
Lithium metal has been considered as the most ideal anode in lithium based batteries due to its high specific theoretical capacity and lowest working potential. Nevertheless, the growth of dendritic or mossy Li, the crush of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer and the successive reactions between the fresh Li metal and electrolytes hinder the commercialization of Li metal anode. In this paper, we utilize an environmental–friendly and low–cost one–step facile vacuum distillation approach to fabricate the 3D porous Cu current collector from commercial brass foil (Cu–Zn alloy) for Li metal anodes. The continuous porous 3D Cu skeleton is obtained after the vacuum distillated the low boiling point Zn (907 °C) component. The voids of the 3D porous copper can be easily regulated by adjusting the distillation temperature and time. As a current collector, the as–prepared 3D porous copper can inhibit the growth of Li dendrite and mitigate the huge volume change of Li metal anode during cycling process, resulting in stable SEI layer and electrode structure. As a result, the 3D porous Cu current collector can achieve a steady Coulumbic efficiency after 120 cycles at 0.52 mA cm−2 and for more than 80 cycles at 1.04 mA cm−2 with much reduced polarization. A long lifespan of 800 h is attained in the symmetric Li|Li@Cu battery, and it also indicates the potential for practical application when the Li@Cu|Li(NiCoMn)O2 full battery is built. More promisingly, such a vacuum distillation method is plain and simple to be combined with current commercial technique of Li metal anode manufacture using a Cu current collector, exhibiting great potentials to accelerate the commercialization lithium metal based (such as Lithium–sulfur and Lithium–air) batteries and the development of high–energy lithium–ion batteries.
In recent years, considerable developments have taken place in Raman, mid-infrared (mid-IR) and near-infrared (NIR) instrumentation. This has had a major influence on the number and type of applications these techniques have in industry. In the current paper, we illustrate this by three applications from our laboratory. The first example relates to the UV curing of coating resins. By using rapid-scanning mid-IR in combination with a reflection–absorption cell, it became possible to follow the kinetics of the curing reaction in thin resin layers on the 50–1000-ms scale. Several examples are presented. In addition, it was shown that multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a powerful tool to study curing reactions in thick layers (100–500 μ) and/or on a time scale under 50 ms. For in situ reaction monitoring, NIRS, mid-IR–attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy or laser Raman spectroscopy are currently the favoured choices of vibrational techniques. An example is given describing the formation of melamine formaldehyde (MF) resins followed by in-line Raman spectroscopy. It was shown that modern high-throughput fibre optic Raman spectroscopy readily provides real-time information on solvation behaviour, the conversion of the reaction and the end point. The availability of high-resolution (10 nm) band-pass filters and high-resolution (10 nm) acousto–optical tunable filters (AOTF) enabled us to develop both a portable and a rapid carpet identifier. In order to recycle valuable face fibres from carpet waste material, one has to sort the carpets according to the face fibre type. For this purpose, a cheap portable identifier (identification in 2 s, battery-powered, 3 kg) was developed based on NIR filter technology. In addition, a rapid carpet identifier was developed based on the AOTF, also working in the NIR. With the latter instrument, one can identify the face fibre of the carpets in ca. 25 ms.
In this work, the poly(vinylidene difluoride hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) membranes with tuned pore structure are prepared and used as a separator for the lithium–oxygen battery. Both oxygen and argon plasma treatments are used to tune the surface pore size and density of the membrane. The discharge capacity of the Li–O2 battery increases with the pore size and density of the membrane, nearly maximal capacity is achieved with a pore size of ca. 1.48 μm. More importantly, the Li–O2 battery using the PVdF-HFP membrane with tuned pore structure exhibits a significantly enhanced rate performance, probably due to a faster Li+ ion transport across the membrane. The highest discharge capacity of 466.1 mAh g−1 is achieved at a current density of 5 mA cm−2 for the Li–O2 battery with the PVdF-HFP thickness of 110 μm and pore size of 1.48 μm. Such a discharge capacity is about 10 times higher than that using commercial PP/PE/PP membrane. To our knowledge, it is the first report that the regulation of the pore structure of separator could significantly improve the rate performance of the Li–O2 battery, which probably provides a new way to solve the low rate characteristics for non-aqueous Li–O2 battery.
The management of burns remains a challenge in developing countries. Few data exist to document the extent of the problem. This study provides data from a suburban setting by documenting the epidemiology of burn injury and ascertaining outcome of management. This will help in planning strategies for prevention of burns and reducing severity of complications.
Cobalt oxyhydroxide (CoOOH) nanorods were synthesized by fast hydrothermal process for supercapacitor electrodes. The structural and morphological studies revealed the formation of CoOOH with hexagonal rhomb-centered crystal structure and excellent rod like morphology of ∼5–10nm diameter. The electrochemical characterization was performed for both half cell and symmetric full cell configuration using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge test and impedance spectroscopy in 3M KOH aqueous electrolyte. The fabricated CoOOH electrodes showed maximum specific capacitance value of 198Fg−1 for a half cell and 94Fg−1 for a symmetric capacitor of 10mgcm−2 active material per electrode and showed better energy and power densities. Moreover, the CoOOH electrode exhibits good capacitance retention (83%) after 5000 charge/discharge cycles.
Glasses in the system Li2O–SnO–B2O3 system were prepared by a melt-quenching method. Thermal and viscous properties and local structure of these glasses were investigated. The SnO–B2O3 glasses exhibited relatively low glass-transition temperatures (T g) around 350 °C and excellent thermal stability against crystallization. Viscosity measurements in the vicinity of T g indicated that the glasses were considerably fragile compared to alkali borate glasses. Fraction of four-coordinated boron was maximized at the composition with 50 mol% SnO and that of nonbridging oxygen, which is not purely ionic in alkali borate systems but partially covalent, augmented with an increase in the SnO content. Correlation between glass properties and structure was discussed in the SnO–B2O3 binary system.
We report on the origin of the surface structural disordering in graphite anodes induced by lithium intercalation and deintercalation processes. Average Raman spectra of graphitic anodes reveal that cycling at potentials that correspond to low lithium concentrations in Li x C (0≤ x <0.16) is responsible for most of the structural damage observed at the graphite surface. The extent of surface structural disorder in graphite is significantly reduced for the anodes that were cycled at potentials where stage-1 and stage-2 compounds (x >0.33) are present. Electrochemical impedance spectra show larger interfacial impedance for the electrodes that were fully delithiated during cycling as compared to electrodes that were cycled at lower potentials (U <0.15V vs. Li/Li+). Steep Li+ surface-bulk concentration gradients at the surface of graphite during early stages of intercalation processes, and the inherent increase of the Li x C d-spacing tend to induce local stresses at the edges of graphene layers, and lead to the breakage of C–C bonds. The exposed graphite edge sites react with the electrolyte to (re)form the SEI layer, which leads to gradual degradation of the graphite anode, and causes reversible capacity loss in a lithium-ion battery.
This paper presents a fabrication method for glassy carbon neural electrode arrays that combines 3D printing and chemical pyrolysis technology. The carbon electrodes have excellent biological compatibility and can be used in neural signal recording. A pretreated Si wafer is used as the substrate for 3D printing, and then, stereolithography 3D printing technology is employed to print photosensitive resin into a cone shape. Next, chemical pyrolysis is applied to convert the 3D prints into glassy carbon electrodes and modify the electrochemical performance of the carbon electrodes. Finally, the glassy carbon electrodes are packed with conductive wires and PDMS. The proposed fabrication method simplifies the manufacturing process of carbon materials, and electrodes can be fabricated without the need of deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). The height of the carbon electrodes is 1.5 mm, and the exposure area of the tips is 0.78 mm2, which is convenient for the implantation procedure. The specific capacitance of the glassy carbon arrays is higher than that of a platinum electrode (9.18 mF/cm2 vs 3.32 mF/cm2, respectively), and the impedance at 1 kHz is lower (7.1 kΩ vs 8.8 kΩ). The carbon electrodes were tested in vivo, and they showed excellent performance in neural signal recording. The signal-to-noise ratio of the carbon electrodes is 50.73 ± 6.11, which is higher than that of the Pt electrode (20.15 ± 5.32) under the same testing conditions. The proposed fabrication method of glassy carbon electrodes provides a novel approach to manufacture penetrating electrodes for nerve interfaces in biomedical engineering and microelectromechanical systems.
An electrochemical study of tin-sulphur-carbon nano-composites, based on electrically exploded tin-carbon nanoparticles as anode for sodium-ion battery (NIB), is carried out in electrolytes with and without fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). The composites are synthesized through high energy mechanical milling (HEMM) of electrical exploded tin, sulphur nanoparticles and grinded carbon. The final product consists of tin sulfide nanoparticles embedded in amorphous carbon matrix. The results demonstrate an excellent response for the electrode materials in terms of initial discharge capacity (>425 mAhg−1) and cyclic performance (415 mAhg−1 after 50 cycles). Even more remarkably, at high current densities of 400, 600, and 800 mAg−1, electrodes still offer specific capacities of about 375, 355, and 315 mAhg−1, respectively, suggesting good rate capability of the materials. Furthermore, it is observed that the material response is much better when electrolyte has FEC as an additive which helped in the formation of an optimized SEI layer. Such an improved electrochemical performance of the electrode materials highlights their suitability for the recently emerging Na-ion battery technology.
Though in its infancy stage, ionic liquid (IL)-assisted synthesis and processing of energy conversion materials is triggering a wide interest to eco-friendly production of already existing and novel materials. ILs possess the potential of overcoming the limitations of conventional synthesis approaches. Due to their unique characteristics such as high chemical and thermal stabilities, nearly negligible vapour pressure, wide electrochemical window, broad liquidus range, tunable polarity, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, ionic liquids are opening new frontiers in the ionothermal synthesis of tailored materials, enabling products that are difficult or impossible to achieve by using other, more conventional preparation routes. Trying to offer an exhaustive review on the burgeoning role of ionic liquids for the synthesis and processing of energy conversion materials, this perspective article focuses on IL-assisted production of electrode materials and catalysts for fuel cells, photo-induced water splitting and dye-sensitized solar cells. A brief excursion on the use of ionic liquids for the processing of natural fuels for biofuel cells is also made. The state-of-the-art research endeavours are firstly evaluated, followed by the exploration of future research directions with some thoughts on emerging challenges and opportunities.
All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLIBs) employing sulfide solid electrolyte hold high promise to replace traditional liquid-electrolyte LIBs due to their high safety and energy density. However, Li dendritic growth in sulfide electrolyte limits the realization of the high energy of ASSLIBs. In this work, we use LiF (or LiI) layer at the interface between Li and sulfide electrolyte and penetrated HFE (or I solution) inside of sulfide electrolyte to suppress the Li dendrite growth. Due to the higher interface energy of LiF/Li than that of LiI/Li, LiF interlayer show much higher capability than LiI in suppressing the Li dendrite. Even if the Li dendrite breaks through LiF (or LiI) interlayer, the Li dendrites will be consumed by coated/penetrated HEF (or I) forming LiF (or LiI) thus preventing Li dendrite growth. A LiNbO3 @LiCoO2/Li7P3S11/Li ASSLIB employing HFE coated/infiltrated Li7P3S11 glass-ceramic as electrolyte, and LiF coated Li metal as anode shows a high reversible discharge capacity of 118.9 mAh g−1 at 0.1 mA cm−2 and retains 96.8 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. The designed solid electrolyte interphase between Li and solid electrolyte that has a high interface energy to Li provides new opportunity to commercialize the Li metal batteries.