batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Rengachary J, d'Avossa G, Sapir A, Shulman GL, Corbetta M. Is the Posner Reaction Time Test more accurate than clinical tests in detecting left neglect in acute and chronic stroke? Objective To compare the accuracy of common clinical tests for left neglect with that of a computerized reaction time Posner test in a stroke population. Design Neglect measures were collected longitudinally in patients with stroke at the acute (≈2wk) and chronic (≈9mo) stages. Identical measures were collected in a healthy control group. Setting Inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation. Participants Patients with acute stroke (n=59) with left neglect, 30 of whom were tested longitudinally; healthy age-matched controls (n=30). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures A receiver operating characteristic analysis ranking the measures' sensitivity and specificity using a single summary statistic. Results Most clinical tests were adequately accurate at the acute stage, but many were near chance at the chronic stage. The Posner test was the most sensitive test at both stages. The most sensitive variable was the reaction time difference for detecting targets appearing on the left compared with the right side. Conclusions Computerized reaction time tests can be used to screen for subtle but potentially clinically relevant left neglect, which may not be detectable by conventional clinical tests, especially at the chronic stage. Such tests may be useful to assess the severity of the patients' deficits and provide more accurate measures of the degree of recovery in clinical trials than established clinical measures.
Polymer electrolytes based on electrospun polyimide (PI) membranes are incorporated with electrolyte solution containing 1molL−1 LiPF6/ethylene carbonate/ethylmethyl carbonate/dimethyl carbonate to examine their potential application for lithium ion batteries. The as-electrospun non-woven membranes demonstrate a uniformly interconnected structure with an average fiber diameter of 800nm. The membranes, showing superior thermal stability and flame retardant property compared to the commercial Celgard® membranes, exhibit high porosity and high uptake when activated with the liquid electrolyte. The resulting PI electrolytes (PIs) have a high ionic conductivity up to 2.0×10−3 S cm−1 at 25°C, and exhibit a high electrochemical stability potential more than 5.0V (vs. Li/Li+). They also possess excellent charge/discharge performance and capacity retention. The initial discharge capacities of the Li/PIs/Li4Ti5O12 cells are 178.4, 167.4, 160.3, 148.3 and 135.9 mAh g−1 at the charge/discharge rates of 0.2C, 1C, 2C, 5C and 10C, respectively. After 200 cycles at 5C, a capacity around ∼146.8 mAh g−1 can be still achieved. The PI-based polymer electrolytes with strong mechanical properties and good electrochemical performance are proved to be promising electrolytes for lithium ion batteries.
We report here preparation and characterization of an AuCu3 alloy electrochemical sensing platform fabricated on an easy for mass production barrel-plated gold electrode (AuBPE). Note that the AuBPE consists of Cu main body with successive plating of a very thin layer of Ni and Au (i.e., Cu–Ni–Au multilayer). By suitably manipulating the grain boundary diffusion between individual metallic layers of Cu–Ni–Au by means of thermal annealing treatment, AuCu3 alloy film can be formed directly on the outer surface of the AuBPE. Electrochemical activation in alkaline solution can further generate a nanostructured AuCu3 alloy film. This facile and novel approach is promising to prepare sensors for electroanalytical applications, e.g., glucose oxidation in pH-neutral solutions and simultaneous detection of uric acid, dopamine and ascorbic acid.
Emissions of lead particulates, sulfur oxides and their potential environmental risks are received great attention in traditional pyrometallurgical process for recycling spent lead-acid battery. In recent years, environmentally-friendly processes operating at near ambient temperatures show a good prospect for the recovery of spent lead-acid batteries, including electrowinning, organic acid leaching-calcination, and alkaline leaching-crystallization processes. The recovered products such as leady oxide (mixture of PbO and metallic Pb) and pure lead oxide from hydrometallurgical processes could be directly re-utilized as active materials in manufacturing of new batteries. A hydrometallurgical recovery route can eliminate the smelting procedure for lead ingot production and the following steps of Ball-milling or Barton liquid lead atomizing for leady oxide production in conventional lead mass flow from spent lead-acid battery to new lead-acid battery. Two technological challenges in hydrometallurgical recovery process for spent lead-acid battery are recognized as: removal of impurity elements (such as Fe and Ba) and loop reuse for reducing dosage of leaching reagents. Bibliometric analysis of recovery of spent lead-acid battery based on recent publications from 1987 to 2018 shows that the organic acid leaching-calcination process is the most frequently published technology in hydrometallurgical processes, meanwhile leady oxide and lead oxide are the most recovered products.
This paper aims to enhance the power production performance of the PV/T based on three cooling models using nanofluid, SiC-water and nano-PCM. The effect of solar irradiance and ambient temperature on the power productivity performance has been investigated based on sensitivity analysis that shows that electrical current and solar irradiance has more impact on power prediction than voltage and temperature. Also, three mathematical linear prediction models were developed and compared with the prediction of ANN models, and the results were verified and fit the experimental results. The comparison with published literature is made based on three common evaluation criteria that include the coefficient of determination R2, MSE and RSME. The proposed predicting models attained an excellent R2 result of 0.99 and MSE value of 0.006 and RSME of 0.009 for both P-M1 and P-M2 models. Besides, the P-M3 obtained an MSE value of 0.022. Finally, the proposed linear prediction models help to reduce the error in furcating future results and determine the best conditions for any solar system in an easy and fast way.
The potential of lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries to be the major energy storage in off-grid renewable energy is presented. Longer lifespan than other technologies along with higher energy and power densities are the most favorable attributes of Li-ion batteries. The Li-ion can be the battery of first choice for energy storage. Nevertheless, Li-ion batteries to be fully adopted in the renewable energy sector need a price reduction that most likely will be due to the mass production. The progress in Li-ion batteries needs to be carried further to match enough energy and power densities for the electric vehicle. We present the electric vehicle sector as the driving force of Li-ion batteries in renewable energies. We believe that the development of the electric vehicle industry could be the driving force for the renewable sector making Li-ion batteries more affordable as a benefit of mass production. In the development of Li-ion technology, the electric automobile will be accompanied by other sectors such as grid storage, consumer electronics, the electric bike, military or other medical applications. We present the incomparable advantages of Li-ion batteries over other technologies even if some challenges are still to overcome for a wider usage in stationary energy storage.
Recent studies described several changes of endogenous event-related potentials (ERP) and brain rhythm synchronization during memory activation in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To examine whether memory-related EEG parameters may predict cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), we assessed P200 and N200 latencies as well as beta event-related synchronization (ERS) in 16 elderly controls (EC), 29 MCI cases and 10 patients with AD during the successful performance of a pure attentional detection task as compared with a highly working memory demanding two-back task. At 1 year follow-up, 16 MCI patients showed progressive cognitive decline (PMCI) and 13 remained stable (SMCI). Both P200 and N200 latencies in the two-back task were longer in PMCI and AD cases compared with EC and SMCI cases. During the interval 1000 ms to 1700 ms after stimulus, beta ERS at parietal electrodes was of lower amplitude in PMCI and AD compared with EC and SMCI cases. Univariate models showed that P200, N200 and log% beta values were significantly related to the SMCI/PMCI distinction with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.93, 0.78 and 0.72, respectively. The combination of all three EEG hallmarks was the stronger predictor of MCI deterioration with 90% of correctly classified MCI cases. Our data reveal that PMCI and clinically overt AD share the same pattern of working memory-related EEG activation characterized by increased P200–N200 latencies and decreased beta ERS. They also show that P200 latency during the two-back task may be a simple and promising EEG marker of rapid cognitive decline in MCI.
Background Previous research has suggested an increased risk for individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) of developing depression and other mood disorders. As PKU can disrupt neurotransmitter synthesis via biochemical mechanisms, depressive symptoms are hypothesised to result from neurotransmitter dysregulation. Whilst adherence (or return) to the phenylalanine-restricted diet may resolve or improve symptoms of depression, data to demonstrate a direct relationship between biochemistry and mood in this population are lacking. Methods Thirteen adolescents with early and continuously treated PKU and eight sibling controls were compared in their total reported depressive symptoms. A general executive function assessment was also undertaken in the PKU group. Correlations between depressive symptoms and biochemical markers were examined within the PKU group only. Results Correlational analyses within the PKU group demonstrated strong and significant associations between depressive symptoms and long term exposure to either a high phenylalanine:tyrosine ratio, or low tyrosine. Increasing symptoms of depression were also found to be associated with poorer executive function in the PKU sample. However, both groups of adolescents scored within the normal range in symptoms of depression (p >0.05). Conclusions Significant associations were observed between biochemical markers indicating poorer dietary control and increasing depressive symptoms in a sample of adolescents with early and continuously treated PKU, although symptoms of depression remained within the normal range. An association between depressive symptoms and poorer EF was also demonstrated. Further research is needed to establish whether the depressive symptoms observed in this young population represent an emerging (subclinical) risk for major depressive disorder as they age.
Gel polymer electrolytes (GPE) composed of poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate) copolymer, LiBF4-EC/EMC/PC, and silanized fumed silica are prepared. The ionic conductivity reaches 5.8×10−4 S cm−1 in the GPE containing 22% poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate), 65% LiBF4-EC/EMC/PC and 13% silanized fumed silica at room temperature. GPEs are free-standing films and are used to prepare thin films for rechargeable lithium-ion polymer cells. Lithium-ion polymer cells, which consist of mesophase carbon fibre anode, poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate)-based GPE and LiCoO2 cathode, are assembled, and their charge–discharge cycling characteristics are investigated.
While the role of the frontal lobes in explicit retrieval tasks is well supported, the findings for implicit tasks are less conclusive. We investigated the role of the frontal lobes in perceptual and conceptual implicit priming. Three memory paradigms were given under both implicit and explicit retrieval instructions, using word fragment completion, picture fragment completion and category exemplar generation. Three groups of individuals with frontal lesions were compared to normal controls: Left dorsolateral lesions (n = 5), right dorsolateral lesions (n = 4), and medial lesions (n = 9). Word fragment completion priming was impaired by left dorsolateral lesions, with other priming tests unaffected by any lesion. Explicit performance showed a different pattern, with category exemplar cued recall impaired by left dorsolateral and medial lesions. These findings support the role of the frontal lobes in both implicit and explicit retrieval mechanisms under certain conditions requiring strategy application or lexical retrieval.
LiCo2/3Ni1/6Mn1/6O2 layered oxide was synthesized by the combustion method that led to a crystalline phase with good homogeneity and low particles size. The structural properties of the prepared positive electrode material were investigated by performing XRD Rietveld refinement. Practically no Li/Ni mixing was detected evidencing that the studied compound adopts almost an ideal α-NaFeO2 type structure. The Li||LiCo2/3Ni1/6Mn1/6O2 cell showed a discharge capacity of 199mAhg−1 when cycled in the 2.7–4.6V potential range while the best cycling performances were recorded when the upper cut off is fixed at 4.5V. Structural changes in Li x Co2/3Ni1/6Mn1/6O2 with lithium electrochemical de-intercalation were studied using X-ray diffraction. This study clearly shows the existence of a solid solution domain in the 0.1< x <1.0 composition range while for x =0.1, a new phase appears explaining the decrease of the electrochemical performance when the cell is cycled at high upper cut off voltage.
NaTi2(PO4)3 with open and stable frameworks shows great potential for sodium ion batteries (SIBs), while it is suffering from the intrinsic low electronic conductivity, causing poor active material utilization and inferior rate capability. Herein, a facile solvothermal reaction with size controlling and in-situ carbon coating process is developed to synthesize NaTi2(PO4)3/C nanocomposites, in which the well-dispersed NaTi2(PO4)3 nanoparticles with size of 20–40 nm are well coated by carbon shell with uniform thickness of ∼4 nm. The uniform carbon coating layer and small nanoparticles enable the high utilization ratio of carbon and active material, thus nanostructured NaTi2(PO4)3/C with 3.82% carbon content can deliver outstanding sodium ion storage properties in multiple occasions including organic/aqueous electrolyte and half/full cell. In organic electrolyte system, the electrode presents remarkable rate capability with reversible capacity of 92 and 66 mAh g−1 at 20 C and 50C (1C = 150 mA g−1), respectively. Moreover, a NaTi2(PO4)3/C//Na3V2(PO4)2F3 sodium ion full cell with excellent rate capability up to 20C and cycling stability is also demonstrated. In aqueous electrolyte, after the optimization of current collector and electrolyte, the aqueous NaTi2(PO4)3/C//sodium Prussian blue (PB) full cell also demonstrates excellent cycling life up to 500 times with a capacity retention of 86.5% at 1C.
High energy density Li-ion hybrid electrochemical capacitors (Li-HEC) are fabricated with 3 D architectured high surface area porous carbon (HSPC) derived from the poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt in a single step without any activating agent. The obtained HSPC exhibits high specific surface area of 1490 m2 g−1 and characterized with several analytical techniques. Li-HEC is fabricated with insertion type Li4Ti5O12 anode by adjusting the mass balance based on the single electrode performance with Li. The Li-HEC delivered the maximum energy density of ∼55 Wh kg−1, which is much higher than commercially available activated carbon (∼36 Wh kg−1). Further HSPC based Li-HEC delivered excellent cycleability and rendered ∼87% of initial value after 2000 cycles.
The decomposition of LiPF6 electrolytes with water was studied by measuring the water content after storage. The solvents used were ethylene carbonate (EC)+diethyl carbonate (DEC), EC+dimethyl carbonate (DMC), propylene carbonate (PC)+DEC, and PC+DMC mixed by the volume ratio 1 to 1, respectively. The experimental results were in good agreement with −d[H2O]/dt = k[H2O]2[LiPF6]. We obtained rate constants (k) from this empirical equation, with k increasing in the order of EC+DMC < EC+DEC < PC+DMC < PC+DEC. This order is in inverse proportion to the order of the dielectric constants of these solvents. Nonionized LiPF6 dissociates to PF5 and LiF in organic solvents, and PF5 reacts with water. A solvent with a high dielectric constant increases the ionization of LiPF6, thereby suppressing the reaction with water.
All major vehicle manufacturers now have, or plan to have, an electric vehicle model (EVs) on the market. Current EV take up rates are relatively slow, but the main factors that will determine take up rates are complex and unpredictable. A rapid and large increase in the take up rates over the coming years is therefore possible and probable. Such a rapid take up rate, if it occurs, would impact on electricity load and load profiles. Determining what the impacts will be, however, is made difficult as recharging behaviours of EV drivers are not well known or understood in advance. While a number of research studies have reviewed the methods that can be used to control the recharging profiles of EVs, this paper focuses on EV driver recharging behaviours and charging patterns and reviews and presents the major technical, environmental and economical factors that will influence these.
We explore different electrode microstructures and the associated implications on the electrochemical stability of activated carbon/lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) composite electrodes by incrementally increasing the LTO content. At low LTO concentrations, the electrochemical stability is progressively improved with respect to neat activated carbon based electrodes. This trend is abruptly changed for high LTO concentrations (72 mass%) as the electrolyte starts to decompose unexpectedly far below the electrochemical stability boundaries of the single materials. We attribute this to a loss of electrical percolation and local degradation spots caused by peculiarities of the carbon distribution: Initially the sub-micrometer-sized LTO solely occupies spaces between the large, micrometer-sized activated carbon. With increasing LTO content the activated carbon particles get separated in an insulating LTO matrix. Electrochemical stability can be reestablished with electronic conduction paths of well distributed sub-micrometer-sized carbon black particles. By this way, cell degradation can be reduced and the cycle life of cells with high LTO concentration is prolonged from 10 to >36,000 cycles. Finally, we propose a simple method to distinguish cell fading caused by electrolyte decomposition from cell fading caused by poor electrical percolation.
The amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) circuit plays a key role in social behavior. The amygdala and mPFC are bidirectionally connected, functionally and anatomically, via the uncinate fasciculus. Recent evidence suggests that GABA-ergic neurotransmission within the mPFC could be central to the regulation of amygdala activity related to emotions and anxiety processing. However, the functional and neurochemical interactions within amygdala-mPFC circuits are unclear. In the current study, multimodal magnetic resonance imaging techniques were combined to investigate effective connectivity within the amygdala-mPFC network and its relationship with mPFC neurotransmission in 22 healthy subjects aged between 41 and 88 years. Effective connectivity in the amygdala-mPFC circuit was assessed on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data using spectral dynamic causal modelling. State and trait anxiety were also assessed. The mPFC was shown to be the target of incoming outputs from the amygdalae and the source of exciting inputs to the limbic system. The amygdalae were reciprocally connected by excitatory projections. About half of the variance relating to the strength of top–down endogenous connection between right amygdala and mPFC was explained by mPFC GABA levels. State anxiety was correlated with the strength of the endogenous connections between right amygdala and mPFC. We suggest that mPFC GABA content predicts variability in the effective connectivity within the mPFC-amygdala circuit, providing new insights on emotional physiology and the underlying functional and neurochemical interactions.
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were introduced into the US market in 2007 and have quickly become a popular source of nicotine for many patients. They are designed to simulate smoking by heating a nicotine-containing solution producing an aerosol that the user inhales. The short- and long-term effects of e-cigarette use are still unclear, but their use is increasing. Some acute effects of e-cigarettes on heart rate, blood pressure, and airway resistance are reported. Although there are some reports of improved cessation in a subset of users, there are also studies reporting decreased cessation in dual users of regular and e-cigarettes. Additionally, there is no current regulation of these devices, and this allows virtually anyone with a form of online payment to obtain them.
Background Functional somatic symptoms (FSS) are bodily complaints of unclear etiology, which are (currently) not fully explained by well-recognized somatic pathology. Doctors are often hesitant to diagnose FSS, due to the risk to miss a somatic disease. The purpose of this study is to review available literature on the percentage of patients diagnosed with FSS reported to have an underlying somatic disease that explains their symptoms previously labeled as FSS. Methods We performed a systematic search of Medline, Embase and PsycINFO databases and reference lists of selected articles. We included studies published between January 1980 and July 2014 without language restrictions. Studies that measured the percentage of underlying somatic diseases after a diagnostic evaluation or naturalistic follow-up period in adult patients initially diagnosed with FSS were included. As primary outcome measure the weighted percentage of revised diagnoses was calculated using meta-analyses. Results Six diagnostic evaluation studies (total N =1804 patients) and 16 follow-up studies (total N =2440 patients) were included. The percentage of revised diagnosis in patients initially diagnosed with FSS was 8.8% (95% CI 1.0 to 22.2, p =0.007) in diagnostic evaluation studies and 0.5% (95% CI 0.01 to 1.5, p =0.03) in follow-up studies. Partially or possibly related diagnoses were rarely found. No specific somatic diagnosis seemed to be missed systematically. Conclusions The percentage of underlying somatic diseases in patients previously diagnosed with FSS is relatively small but unneglectable.
The composite separator of melamine formaldehyde resin coated glass microfiber membrane was prepared for high performance lithium ion battery. It was demonstrated that this composite membranes possessed a significantly enhanced tensile strength and a modified porous structure, compared with that of pristine glass microfiber membrane. Impressive improvements in thermo-stability, with no shrinkage at an elevated temperature of 150°C. Meanwhile, such composite membrane presented a favorable wettability and remarkable electrochemical stability in commercial liquid electrolyte. In addition, the battery test results of LiCoO2/graphite cells proved the composite membrane was a promising separator with an improved cycling performance and rate capability. The cycle performance of LiFePO4/Li cells at the elevated temperature of 120°C demonstrated their excellent safety characteristic as separator in LIB, indicating the composite membrane was a potential separator candidate for high power battery.