batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The carbon honeycomb grid technology employs new carbon/carbon composites with ordered 3D structure instead of the classic lead-acid battery current collectors. The technology is laboratory scaled up from small size grids corresponding to electrodes with a capacity of 3 Ah to current collectors suitable for assembly of lead-acid batteries covering the majority of the typical lead-acid battery applications. Two series of 150 grids each (one positive and one negative) are manufactured using low-cost lab-scale equipment. They are further subjected to pasting with active materials and the resulting battery plates are assembled in 12 V AGM-VLRA battery mono-blocks for laboratory testing and outdoor demonstration in electric scooter replacing its original VRLAB pack. The obtained results demonstrate that the technology can replace successfully the state of the art negative grids with considerable benefits. The use of the carbon honeycomb grids as positive plate current collectors is limited by the anodic corrosion of the entire structure attacking both the carbon/carbon composite part and the electroplated lead-tin alloy coating.
The current study investigated the development of figurative language production, including different types of figurative expressions, during a fictional narrative in 20 typically developing (TD) children and 20 children with Williams syndrome (WS) aged 7–18 years old. In contrast to previous studies, developmental trajectories showed that (1) the production of figurative expressions in TD children did not change with age, (2) the WS group produced a similar amount of figurative expressions in comparison to the TD group, (3) but regression analyses showed that, out of a number of verbal and non-verbal standardised background measures, synonymy knowledge was the best predictor for figurative language production scores in WS. Both the clinical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures can efficiently scatter incident light, resulting in improved absorption or complete absorption for solar energy conversion and storage. However, 1D nanostructures often lack good conductivity for fast charge transfer and/or transport. A thin-layer coating of graphene gives superior conductivity for improving the charge transport ability while its highly transparency does not deteriorate the light absorption. Thus, construction of 1D nanostructured materials on graphene as an electrode to synergistically boost high-efficiency energy conversion and storage have attracted great attention in recent years. In this feature review, starting with general concepts of 1D nanostructures on a substrate, various advanced methods for the design, fabrication and characterization of different 1D nanostructures comprising inorganic, organic and hybrid materials built on graphene are systematically surveyed. In particular, the significant progress in fabrication strategies, superior nanostructures and unique architectures is discussed, while the excellent electrical, optical, mechanical, and electrochemical properties of the nanostructured composites as well as their important applications in lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, solar cells, light-emitting diodes and nanogenerators are also presented. The enhancement mechanisms for the efficient energy conversion and storage are highlighted to elicit scientific insights. The challenges and prospects are also deliberated to spark our future researches. This review provides critical and updated knowledge for researchers to further explore new 1D-structured materials on graphene and their important applications in energy conversion and storage.
Purpose Increased use of student response and engagement systems in the collegiate classroom environment is a growing trend in hospitality education. However, faculties have expressed hesitance in adopting this technology due to apprehension of students. This purpose of this paper is to share the results of a survey given to undergraduate hospitality students at Iowa State University about their willingness and ability to use these systems. Principle results When analyzing the data from the 413 respondents, the results show students are in fact able and willing to use a classroom response and engagement system in order to increase engagement. In addition, students have an overall desire to use technology in the classroom. Conclusions These results can be useful for faculty considering implementation of these systems in their courses. Of those surveyed, 100% have a cell phone, tablet, or laptop, indicating a system which requires a student to bring their own device is feasible.
LiAl x Mn2−x O4 samples (x =0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.08) were synthesized by a polymer-pyrolysis method. The structure and morphology of the LiAl x Mn2−x O4 samples calcined at 800°C for 6h were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that all samples have high crystallinity, regular octahedral morphology and uniform particle size of 100–300nm. The electrochemical performances were tested by galvanostatic charge–discharge and cyclic voltammetry. The results demonstrate that the Al-doped LiMn2O4 can be very well cycled at an elevated temperature of 55°C without severe capacity degradation. In particular, the LiAl0.08Mn1.92O4 sample demonstrates excellent capacity retention of 99.3% after 50 cycles at 55°C, confirming the greatly enhanced electrochemical stability of LiMn2O4 by a small quantity of Al-doping.
This paper presents the possibility of applying impedance analysis to cell diagnostics. In order to obtain characteristic curves of both electrodes of a NiMH battery simultaneously, a reference electrode was added into the circuit. The authors analysed the cell under three cases, i.e. when its properties are determined only by the state of the positive electrode, only by the state of the negative electrode, or when both electrodes determine operation of the cell to the same extent. Impedance characteristic curves of the entire cell in the function of variable state of charge do not allow for a conclusion as to which electrode determines cell capacity. This is not possible until an analysis of impedance graphs is carried out for each electrode. In view of the obtained results equivalent circuits for the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the entire cell were selected. Further, a correlation between charge transfer resistance, calculated for the entire cell, and the values obtained for the positive electrode, as well as the negative one, is presented.
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have attracted significant attention for their great potential in nano energy. TMDC layered materials represent a diverse and largely untapped source of 2D systems. High-quality TMDC layers with an appropriate size, variable thickness, superior electronic and optical properties can be produced by the exfoliation or vapor phase deposition method. Semiconducting TMDC monolayers have been demonstrated feasible for various energy related applications, where their electronic properties and uniquely high surface areas offer opportunities for various applications such as nano generators, green electronics, electrocatalytic hydrogen generation and energy storage. In this review, we start from the structure, properties and preparation, followed by detailed discussions on the development of TMDC-based nano energy applications.
In this study, supercritical methanol (SCM) process was successfully used for the preparation of ultrafine copper materials from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) after nitric acid pretreatment. Waste PCBs were pretreated twice in nitric acid. Sn and Pb were recovered by the first nitric acid pretreatment. The leach liquor with a high concentration of copper ions after the second nitric acid leaching was subjected to SCM process. The mixture of Cu and Cu2O with poor uniformity of particle size was formed due to the effect of ferric iron contained in the leach liquor of waste PCBs, while more uniform and spherical Cu particles with high monodispersity and smaller size could be prepared after the removal of Fe. The size of Cu particles increased obviously with the decline of SCM temperature, and particles became highly aggregated when the reaction temperature decreased to 300°C. The size of Cu particles decreased markedly with the decrease of initial concentration of copper ion in the leach liquor of waste PCBs. It is believed that the process developed in this study is simple and practical for the preparation of ultrafine copper materials from waste PCBs with the aim of recycling these waste resources as a high value-added product.
Hydrothermally reduced graphene/MnO2 (HRG/MnO2) composites were synthesized by dipping HRG into the mixed aqueous solution of 0.1M KMnO4 and 0.1M K2SO4 for different periods of time at room temperature. The morphology and microstructure of the as-prepared composites were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman microscope, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The characterizations indicate that MnO2 successfully deposited on HRG surfaces and the morphology of the HRG/MnO2 shows a three-dimensional porous structure with MnO2 homogenously distributing on the HRG surfaces. Capacitive properties of the synthesized composite electrodes were studied using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a three-electrode experimental setup using 1M Na2SO4 aqueous solution as electrolyte. The main results of electrochemical tests are drawn as follows: the specific capacitance value of HRG/MnO2–200 (HRG dipped into the mixed solution of 0.1M KMnO4 and 0.1MK2SO4 for 200min) electrode reached 211.5Fg−1 at a potential scan rate of 2mVs−1; moreover, this electrode shows a good cyclic stability and capacity retention. It is anticipated that the synthesized HRG/MnO2 composites will find promising applications in supercapacitors and other devices in virtue of their outstanding characters of good cycle stability, low cost and environmentally benign nature.
Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are promising power sources in portable and transportation applications because of their high energy densities, low operating temperatures and ease of transportation and storage. However, high cost, low activity and short durability of electrocatalysts are restricting the commercialization of PEFCs. Metal oxides have abundant sources, low cost, high chemical and electrochemical stability, abundant hydroxyl groups on their surfaces, and strong interactions with metal nanoparticles, and thus are promising to reduce the current problems of PEFCs. In this review, binary metal oxides such as titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, ruthenium oxide, tin oxide, cerium oxide and manganese oxide, and multi-component perovskite oxides are chosen based on the selection criteria of metal oxides and introduced as independent electrocatalysts, co-catalysts and supports for various anode oxidation and cathode reduction reactions in PEFCs. The effects of composition, morphology, doping and mixing of metal oxides on their electrocatalytic performance in PEFCs have also been summarized. Finally, several of the most promising metal oxides and possible research trends of metal oxides are recommended for future PEFCs.
Flexible carbon nanofiber (CNF)-based electrodes and CNF with a 20% of manganese oxide incorporated (Mn3O4/CNF) are prepared by using the electrospinning method for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) application. A blend consisting of manganese acetate (Mn(OAc)2) and polyacrilonitrile (PAN) is electrospun and successively subjected to different thermal treatments in which the growth of Mn3O4 particles and CNFs occurred together guaranteeing an appropriate electron conductivity for electrodes thus synthesized. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements show an interesting electrocatalytic activity toward the [VO]2+/[VO2]+ as well as the V2+/V3+ redox reactions for the Mn3O4/CNF electrospun sample. Charge-discharge tests, carried out at 80mAcm−2, show a state of charge (SOC) and a depth of discharge (DoD) of 81% and 73%, respectively, for the cells assembled with Mn3O4/CNF electrodes. These data are indicative of a high vanadium active species utilization thanks to the better electrocatalytic activity at high current densities. Furthermore, the cell with Mn3O4/CNF shows EE values of about 81% (88% of VE and 92% of CE) vs. 70% (75% of VE and 93% of CE) with respect to a commercial carbon felt (CF) electrode used for comparison. These results are attributable to the higher oxygen species content as well as the improved electron conductivity due to the synergetic effect of the more graphitic carbon and to the structural defects within the Mn3O4 spinel structure.
Most research and treatment of post-breast cancer chronic pain has focused on local or regional pain problems in the operated area. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare and contrast the pain characteristics, symptom impact, health status, and quality of life of post-breast cancer surgery women with regional chronic pain versus those with widespread chronic pain.
Numerous investigations into the application of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) to daily life have been reported to date. Among the many types of TENGs, the rotation type TENG is extensively utilized because of its simple driving mechanism, high sustainability, and high energy performance. Finding an energy source and determining how to convert the energy source into rotational power are the most pertinent issues with regard to rotation type TENGs. We have developed a high performance rotation type TENG combined with a pump drill, which is one of the best inventions from ancient times. Owing to its simple structure and conversion of low-speed pumping to high-speed rotation, the pump drill has been widely used for making fire. Therefore, through the fabrication of a pump drill-integrated TENG (PDTENG), we have also successfully demonstrated the use of a PDTENG to operate measuring devices. Additionally, we have identified for the first time that the friction force increases due to electrostatic induction while the TENG is in operation, through a torque measuring experiment. This phenomenon only appears when the electrodes are connected, and electrons are flowing through the wires. The required torque for rotating the TENG shows a decreasing tendency as the rotation speed increases. This result is an important consideration, not only for rotation type TENGs, but for all sliding motion based TENGs.
The critical review discusses the key points of the main blocks leading to the development and use of an amperometric sensing system. On the one side, most attention is paid to the electrode materials that may potentially induce impressive progresses in the performance of the device. On the other side, comparable room is given to the remaining parts constituting the sensing system as a whole, from tests in different solutions to problems arising from data processing. All these steps require care and knowledge of the manifold branches of science and technology that concur to realise and use the device at best. However, some of these aspects are too often underestimated, also due to the different scientific origin of researchers or analysts who are directly involved. The discussion is centred on both the virtues of amperometric sensing systems and on the limits they present. The last are especially evidenced, in order to induce full consciousness of the complexity and interdisciplinary features of this kind of analytical tools. Exemplificative literature dealing with the issues dealt with is cited and critically inserted in the frame of the overall picture.
This study presents an extensive characterization of a standard Li-ion battery (LiB) electrolyte containing different concentrations of the flame retardant triphenyl phosphate (TPP) in the context of high power applications. Electrolyte characterization shows only a minor decrease in the electrolyte flammability for low TPP concentrations. The addition of TPP to the electrolyte leads to increased viscosity and decreased conductivity. The solvation of the lithium ion charge carriers seem to be directly affected by the TPP addition – as evidenced by Raman spectroscopy and increased mass-transport resistivity. Graphite/LiFePO4 full cell tests show the energy efficiency to decrease with the addition of TPP. Specifically, diffusion resistivity is observed to be the main source of increased losses. Furthermore, TPP influences the interface chemistry on both the positive and the negative electrode. Higher concentrations of TPP lead to thicker interface layers on LiFePO4. Even though TPP is not electrochemically reduced on graphite, it does participate in SEI formation. TPP cannot be considered a suitable flame retardant for high power applications as there is only a minor impact of TPP on the flammability of the electrolyte for low concentrations of TPP, and a significant increase in polarization is observed for higher concentrations of TPP.
We present a parametric programming based approach for energy management in microgrids. An operational planning problem for a grid-connected microgrid with energy sources including solar photovoltaic, wind turbine and battery energy storage system, in addition to a household load demand, is captured as a parametric mixed-integer linear programming problem (p-MILP) through parameterizations of the uncertain coordinates of wind and solar energy resources. Thus, the energy management problem - typically nonlinear - is transformed into a linear bi-level optimization problem, where choice of the parameterization scheme is made at the upper level while system operation decisions are made at the lower level. The p-MILP formulation leads to significant improvements in uncertainty handling, solution quality and computational ease; by removing dependency of the solution on meteorological forecasts and avoiding the multiple computational cycles of the traditional online optimization techniques. The problem is solved offline on a flexible time-scale basis, allowing online implementation to be achievable on real-time system state updates. The proposed parametric programming approach extends the state-of-the-art in microgrid energy management methods and the results from various case studies are used to demonstrate the feasibility of our method.
Clinical studies have shown that thalamus infarction (TI) affects memory function. The thalamic nucleus is directly or indirectly connected to the hippocampal system in animal models. However, this connection has not been investigated using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in humans. From the pathological perspective, TI patients may serve as valid models for revealing the interaction between the thalamus and hippocampus in memory function. In this study, we aim to assess different hippocampal subfield volumes in TI patients and control subjects using MRI and test their associations with memory function. A total of 37 TI patients (TI group), 38 matched healthy control subjects (HC group), and 22 control patients with other stroke location (SC group) underwent 3.0-T MRI scans and clinical memory examinations. Hippocampal subfield volumes were measured and compared by using FreeSurfer software. We examined the correlation between hippocampal subfield volumes and memory scores. Smaller ipsilesional presubiculum and subiculum volumes were observed, and former was related to graphics recall in both left and right TI patients. The left subiculum volume was correlated with short-delayed recall in left TI patients. The right presubiculum volume was correlated with short- and long-delayed recall in right TI patients. TI was found to result in hippocampal abnormality and memory deficits, and its neural mechanisms might be related with and interaction between the thalamus and hippocampus.
The demand of higher energy density and higher power
capacity of lithium (Li)-ion secondary batteries has led to the search for electrode materials whose capacities and performance are better than those available today. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), with their unique properties such as 1D tubular structure, high electrical and thermal conductivities, and extremely large surface area, have been used as materials to prepare cathodes for Li-ion batteries. The structure and morphology of CNTs were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The functional groups on the purified CNT surface such as –COOH, –OH were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy. The electrode materials were fabricated from LiMn2O4 (LMO), doped spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, and purified CNTs via solid-state reaction. The structure and morphology of the electrode were characterized using XRD, SEM, and TEM. Finally, the efficiency of the electrode materials using CNTs was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
The redox reaction of Li1.16Ni0.15Co0.19Mn0.50O2 positive electrode material during the charging and discharging processes was investigated by using spectroscopic methods, i.e. in situ hard X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) at transition metal K-edges and ex situ soft XANES at oxygen K- and transition metal L-edges. The spectral changes of constituent elements during the initial charging to 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+ are quite similar to those of conventional layer-structured positive materials, such as LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2. Ni2+ and Co3+ ions are fully oxidized to Ni4+ and Co4+, while Mn4+ remains unchanged. Ligand oxygen ions also take part in charge compensation. In the process of charging to 4.8 V via the plateau voltage region, no significant spectral change appears except partial reduction of Ni and Co ions in spite of lithium extraction. By discharging to 2.0 V the spectra of each element return to those of the pristine material.
The three-dimensional (3D) morphologies of two types of lithium-ion battery cathodes, LiCoO2 (LCO) and LiCoO2/Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 (LCO/NMC) composites, have been measured using focused ion beam – scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM). TXM measurements were taken at X-ray energies that can provide clear contrast between LCO and NMC particles in the composite cathodes. Multiple three-dimensional image volumes were collected and statistical analyses were done to assess the accuracy and spatial variation of structural parameters including oxide volume fractions, surface areas, and particle size distributions. Comparisons of un-cycled and cycled batteries showed small changes in structure, but spatial and cell-to-cell microstructural variations, found especially in the LCO/NMC cathodes, were large enough to limit the ability to distinguish actual cycling-induced structure changes. The observation of cathode metal cations on the battery anode after cycling may explain, at least in part, the observed ∼30% capacity loss.
One of the most recent optimization techniques applied to the optimal design of photovoltaic system to supply an isolated load demand is the Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (ABC). The proposed methodology is applied to optimize the cost of the PV system including photovoltaic, a battery bank, a battery charger controller, and inverter. Two objective functions are proposed: the first one is the PV module output power which is to be maximized and the second one is the life cycle cost (LCC) which is to be minimized. The analysis is performed based on measured solar radiation and ambient temperature measured at Helwan city, Egypt. A comparison between ABC algorithm and Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimal results is done. Another location is selected which is Zagazig city to check the validity of ABC algorithm in any location. The ABC is more optimal than GA. The results encouraged the use of the PV systems to electrify the rural sites of Egypt.