batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
TiO2/C nanocomposites were fabricated by simple hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate to yield TiO2 nanoparticles followed by carbonizing the mixture of glucose and TiO2 at 600°C. By merely varying the weight ratio of glucose:TiO2, the electrochemical performance of the composites could be optimized significantly. At a ratio of 0.8, the composite exhibits a high reversible capacity of 283.7mAhg−1 after cycling 100 times at a current density of 100mAg−1, as well as the capacities of 245.1, 213.6, 179.9 and 136.6mAhg−1 at the corresponding densities of 200, 400, 800 and 1600mAg−1. After cycling 1000 times at 500mAg−1, a capacity of 122.8mAhg−1 was retained for the composite with a ratio of 0.8, and even a capacity of 149.1mAhg−1 for the composite with a ratio of 0.7. The enhanced performance is ascribed to the carbon-coated TiO2 nanoparticles uniformly embedding in the carbon matrix with appropriate carbon content.
Planar cells provide an attractive alternative to traditional cylindrical cells for polymer electrolyte conductivity measurement as they not only allow sample quantity minimisation but also equilibration with vapour. They are also a key component in the parallel screening of combinatorially synthesised arrays of samples. A finite element simulation technique is used to calculate the complex cell constants of planar cells for a wide range of cell geometries. The real part and the phase of the cell impedance at the high frequency limit are identified as the most sensitive indicators of the polymer thickness, and thereby the cell constant, through which the measured impedance value yields the conductivity. Cell geometries are identified for which the conductivity may be determined in an optimally accurate fashion.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of video in the security plan. It reveals that the plan should contain requirements for intrusion detection, video assessment, fire detection, access control, and full two-way communication. Critical functions and locations must be monitored using wired and wireless backup communications. The most significant driving force behind the increase in the use of closed-circuit television (CCTV) has been the worldwide increase in theft and terrorism and the commensurate concern and need to protect personnel and assets. To meet this new threat, video security has taken on the lead role in protecting personnel and assets. Every state-of-the-art security system include video as a key component to provide the “remote eyes” for security, fire, and safety. CCTV equipment is not always installed for security reasons alone but also for safety purposes as well. Security personnel can be alerted to unsafe practices or accidents that require immediate attention. An attentive guard can use CCTV cameras distributed throughout a facility in stairwells, loading docks, or around machinery to observe and immediately document any safety violations or incidents.
We demonstrate a facile, scalable and tunable method to produce a composite material based on graphene multilayers and Fe2O3, combining the good conductivity and 2D layered structure of the former and the lithium storage capacity of the latter. The composite was obtained directly from bulk graphite, exploiting the fast electrochemical intercalation of tetrachloroferrate (III) anions (FeCl4 −) and nitromethane molecules between the graphene sheets. Then, irradiation with microwaves triggered the simultaneous exfoliation of graphite and its functionalization with Fe2O3 nanocrystals, produced by the thermal hydrolysis of the FeCl4 −. This process was monitored in real time using thermal gravimetry and mass spectrometry. X-rays diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron and transmission microscopies confirmed the final structure of the composite formed by conductive 2D nanosheets coated by Fe2O3 crystals, featuring both high crystallinity and nanometric size. The composite could be used directly as an anode in Li-ion batteries, demonstrating the viability of this approach for high yield and scalable production of graphene/metal oxide composites.
Lithium perchlorate monohydrate was synthesized and characterized. The compound crystallizes isotypic to sodium perchlorate monohydrate in the monoclinic space group type C2/c with a = 14.2592(6) Å, b = 5.2921(2) Å, c = 10.3382(4) Å, β = 111.765(2)°, V = 724.52(5) Å3, Z = 8, at T = 110 K. Additionally, we investigated the compound by means of IR and Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis (TG/DSC), and solid-state computational calculations.
Objectives Spasticity remains highly prevalent in patients with spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis. To summarize the effects of cannabinoids compared with usual care, placebo for spasticity due to multiple sclerosis (MS) or paraplegia. Methods Searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and LILACS to March 2017 were performed to identify randomized controlled trials. The primary outcomes were spasticity and spasm frequency. The criteria were any patient with MS and spasticity affecting upper or lower limbs or both, and that had a confirmed diagnosis of MS based on validated criteria, or however defined by the authors of the included studies. Results 16 trials including 2597 patients were eligible. Moderate-certainty evidence suggested a non-statistically significant decrease in spasticity (standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.36 [confidential interval (CI) 95% −0.17 to 0.88; p=0.18; I2=88%]), and spasm frequency (SMD 0.04 [CI 95% −0.15 to 0.22]). There was an increase in adverse events such as dizziness (risk ratio (RR) 3.45 [CI 95% 2.71–4.4; p=0.20; I2=23%]), somnolence (RR 2.9 [CI 95% 1.98–4.23; p=0.77; I2=0%]), and nausea (RR 2.25 [CI 95% 1.62–3.13; p=0.83; I2=0%]). Conclusions There is moderate certainty evidence regarding the impact of cannabinoids in spasticity (average 0.36 more spasticity; 0.17 fewer to 0.88 more) due to multiple sclerosis or paraplegia, and in adverse events such as dizziness (419 more dizziness/1000 over 19 weeks), somnolence (127 more somnolence/1000 over 19 weeks), and nausea (125 more somnolence/1000 over 19 weeks).
Detection of olfactory dysfunction is important for fire and food safety. Clinical tests of olfaction have been developed for adults but their use in children has been limited because they were felt to be unreliable in children under six years of age. We therefore administered two olfactory tests to children and compared results across tests.
Degradation of pectin in lignocellulosic materials is one of the key steps for biofuel production. Biological hydrolysis of pectin, i.e., degradation by pectinolytic microbes and enzymes, is an attractive paradigm because of its obvious advantages, such as environmentally friendly procedures, low in energy demand for lignin removal, and the possibility to be integrated in consolidated process. In this study, a metagenomics sequence-guided strategy coupled with enrichment culture technique was used to facilitate targeted discovery of pectinolytic microbes and enzymes. An apple pomace-adapted compost (APAC) habitat was constructed to boost the enrichment of pectinolytic microorganisms.
In this work, we investigated the performance impact of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NMC) as an additive to activated carbon (AC) electrodes within a high-performance Li-ion capacitor (LIC) fabricated with activated carbon positive electrodes (PEs) and hard carbon negative electrodes (NEs) having lithium thin films as Li sources loaded on the surface of the negative electrodes. The NMC additive impact in initial testing showed an increase in specific energy of the LIC of nearly 50.5% with a 32% maximum specific power loss. Contrary to its typical low rate battery decay at high rate cycling the cell having a hybrid PE is still able to maintain over 90% capacity at a 0.7C rate after 11,000 cycles at rate of 18C and an additional 9000 cycles at a rate of 36C. We conclude at high rate cycling minimal impacts occurs to the NMC properties which can be seen with low rate intercepts.
Well-defined spinel LiMn2O4 powders were synthesized by spray-drying method and traditional solid-state reaction, respectively. The as-prepared powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both of them showed exact spinel crystalline structure, but they exhibited different morphology. LiMn2O4 prepared by spray-drying method showed significantly better electrochemical characteristics. Its initial discharge capacity was 123mAhg−1 (1/10C) with better reaction kinetics, as well as good high-rate capability.
Layered Ni-rich Li[Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2-x Sn x ]O2 cathode active materials with x = 0–0.05 are synthesized via a co-precipitation synthesis route and the effect of doping content on the structural behavior and electrochemical performance are investigated. All synthesized materials show a well-defined layered structure of the hexagonal α-NaFeO2 phase (space group R 3 ¯ m) analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical Li-metal/cathode cell studies exhibit that a Sn-content of 1%–2% is beneficial regarding specific discharge capacity and cycle life (≥20%). Detailed electrochemical investigations of Li-metal and lithium ion cells with cathodes consisting of LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 and LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.18Sn0.02O2 are conducted. Post mortem analyses by means of ICP-OES and TXRF show beneficial effects of the Sn-doping with regard to a lower transition metal dissolution and a higher available Li content in the cathode active material. The thermal analyses (TGA, DSC, ARC) show a stabilizing effect of Sn-doping, which results from a lower mass loss and less heat evolution of the charged cathode active materials at elevated temperatures.
High-reactivity electrode materials are indispensible for developing high-performance electrochemical energy storage devices. Herein, we report self-supported core/shell Co3O4/C nanowire arrays by using hydrothermal synthesis and chemical vapor deposition methods. A uniform and thin carbon shell is coated on the surface of Co3O4 nanowire forming core/shell nanowires with diameters of ∼100nm. Asymmetric supercapacitors have been assembled with the core/shell Co3O4/C nanowire arrays as the positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode. The core/shell Co3O4/C nanowire arrays exhibit a specific capacity of 116 mAh g−1 at the working current of 100mA (4 A g−1), and a long cycle life along with ∼ 92% retention after 8000 cycles at 4 A g−1, higher than the unmodified Co3O4 nanowire arrays (81 mAh g−1 at 4 A g−1). The introduction of uniform carbon layer into the core/shell structure is favorable for the enhancement of supercapacitor due to the improved electrical conductivity and reaction kinetics.
This paper presents a first attempt to use Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory for the fault diagnosis of wind turbine (WT) on SCADA alarm data. As two important elements in D-S evidence theory, identification framework (IF) and Basic Probability Assignment (BPA) are derived from WT maintenance records and SCADA alarm data. A procedure of multi-dimensional information fusion for WT fault diagnosis is presented. The diagnosis accuracy using BPAs obtained from a sample WT and from the wind farm are compared and evaluated. The result shows that D-S evidence theory as a multidimensional information processing method is useful for WT fault diagnosis. Compared to previous SCADA alarms processing methods, the approach proposed predominates at aspects of simple calculation, superior capability on dealing with large volume of alarms through quantifying fault probabilities. It has the advantages of being easy to perform, low cost and explainable, which make it ideal for online application. A self-BPA-generating procedure for future online application with this approach is also provided in this paper. It is concluded that D-S evidence theory applied to SCADA alarm analysis is a valuable approach to intelligent wind farm management.
Driven phase separation in ion intercalation materials is known to result in different non-equilibrium phase morphologies, such as intercalation waves and shrinking-core structures, but the mechanisms of pattern selection are poorly understood. Here, based on the idea that the coarsening of the slowest phase is the rate limiting step, we introduce a scaling law that quantifies the transition from quasi-equilibrium intercalation-wave to diffusion-limited shrinking-core behavior. The scaling law is validated by phase-field simulations of single LixCoO2 particles, in situ optical imaging of single LixC6 particles undergoing transitions between stage 1 (x = 1) and 2 (x = 0.5) at different rates, and all the available literature data for single-particle imaging of LixCoO2, LixC6 and LixFePO4. The results are summarized in operational phase diagrams to guide simulations, experiments, and engineering applications of phase-separating active materials. Implications for Li-ion battery performance and degradation are discussed.
Lead–acid batteries that are intended for traditional tasks such as SLI or deep cycle duty do not perform well in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). With the benefit of a few straightforward modifications in design, however, batteries deploying lead–acid chemistry can satisfy the performance requirements of power-assist HEVs in both bench- and in-vehicle tests.
Na-rich prussian blue analogues (PBs) with high coulombic efficiency are of fundamental and technological importance for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Here we report high-quality Na x FeFe(CN)6 nanocubes as cathode materials for SIBs and investigate their sodium storage mechanism. Among them, Na-rich Na1.70FeFe(CN)6 shows highly reversible electrochemical reactions, delivering a capacity as high as 120.7mAhg−1 at a current density of 200mAg−1; even at 1200mAg−1, the capacity still retains up to 73.6mAhg−1. The first-cycle coulombic efficiency strongly depends on the sodium content in Na x FeFe(CN)6. Experimental results and first-principle calculations demonstrate that sodium cations in the large cavities of PBs have a priority to occupy the 8c site, while in the Na-rich samples, Na+ ions can be pushed into other 24d site. We believe that our findings can provide new insights into sodium storage mechanism for the PBs.
Energy efficiency is a primary consideration when designing off-grid renewable energy systems including portable micro-grids. This study focuses on characterizing the potential benefits associated with using energy efficient exterior area lighting commonly associated with remote installations. Light emitting diode (LED) luminaires are becoming more commercially available, and this study compares two LED products designed for exterior lighting to traditional metal halide lamps. The characterization focuses on the use of a diesel generator, battery bank, and a bank of ultra capacitors (UCAPs) to power the lights because these systems are also used to generate or store energy at renewable energy-powered micro-grids. This field-based study quantifies the illuminance provided by each lighting system, diesel consumption rates associated with powering the lights and/or charging the batteries and UCAPs, and the time of operation for each lighting system when powered by a single discharge cycle of the batteries and UCAPs. The energy efficiency benefit of the LED luminaires is offset by their lower illuminance. However, a comparison of lighting standards for specific purposes such as security lighting indicates that LEDs may be appropriate for applications where a metal halide system would provide significantly more illumination than required at a much higher energy cost. For those purposes where higher levels of illuminance are required, the data presented in the paper may be useful in designing a renewable energy-powered micro-grid that uses multiple LED fixtures to illuminate an exterior area that is currently illuminated by a single metal halide light stand.
Li2MnSiO4 is considered as a promising alternative cathode material for high-energy density lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity. However, it suffers from poor electronic conductivity and lithium-ion diffusivity. Here we provide a series of Mn-deficiency Li2Mn(1-x)SiO4/C (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.06 and 0.10) by a step-sintering method to address the problems. It is demonstrated that Mn deficiency improves the bulk electronic conductivity of Li2MnSiO4 by introducing Mn vacancy defects into its crystal lattices. The experimental and first principles calculation show that the Mn vacancy defects can decrease the band gaps and increase the carrier concentrations. The electronic conductivity of Li2Mn0.94SiO4/C is increased to 2.3 × 10−3 S cm−1, approximate three orders of magnitude higher than that of Li2MnSiO4/C. Besides, lithium-ion diffusivity is also raised by ∼2.1 times owing to the decreased particle sizes and prolonged LiO bond. Finally, Li2Mn0.94SiO4/C delivers an initial discharge capacity of 250.3 mA h g−1 at 25 mA g−1, which is 24.3% higher than that of Li2MnSiO4/C. And the discharge capacity of Li2Mn0.94SiO4/C is increased to 141.4 mA h g−1 at 250 mAh g−1 current density, compared with Li2MnSiO4/C (74.6 mA h g−1).
The concept of passive hybrid, i.e. the direct electrical coupling between a fuel cell system and a battery without using a power converter, is presented as a feasible solution for powertrain applications. As there are no DC/DC converters, the passive hybrid is a cheap and simple solution and the power losses in the electronic hardware are eliminated. In such a powertrain topology where the two devices always have the same voltage, the active power sharing between the two energy sources can not be done in the conventional way. As an alternative, control of the fuel cell power by adjusting its operating pressure is elaborated. Only pure H2/O2 fuel cell systems are considered in this approach. Simulation and hardware in the loop (HIL) results for the powertrain show that this hybrid power source is able to satisfy the power demand of an electric vehicle while sustaining the battery state of charge.
A parallel study of acidic and alkaline leaching for the recovery of Mn and Zn from spent alkaline batteries is outlined. Using H2SO4 as solvent and selecting appropriate conditions of temperature and concentration, all residues were dissolved except carbon. The separation and recovery of the two components were performed by electrodeposition with satisfactory results at pH values above 4 (current efficiency above 70% for Zn and Mn) but rather lower efficiencies as the pH decreased. Most of the Zn was selectively dissolved by alkaline leaching using a 6.5M NaOH solution, and its recovery was examined by means of both electrochemical and chemical processes. The expected formation of pure Zn by electrowinning failed due to the formation of ZnO, the content of which was highly dependent on the electrodeposition time. For short periods, Zn was the main component. For longer periods the electrodeposit consisted of agglomerated microparticles of ZnO with a minor fraction of Zn metal (barely 3% as measured by X-ray diffraction). A chemical reaction of the element with oxygen released at the anode surface might be responsible for its conversion to ZnO. A simple chemical route is described for the first time for the direct conversion of Zn(OH)4 2− solution to nanostructured ZnO by lowering the pH to values around 12 using 2M HCl solution.
Elderly individuals display a rapid age-related increase in intraindividual variability (IIV) of their performances. This phenomenon could reflect subtle changes in frontal lobe integrity. However, structural studies in this field are still missing. To address this issue, we computed an IIV index for a simple reaction time (RT) task and performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including voxel based morphometry (VBM) and the tract based spatial statistics (TBSS) analysis of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in 61 adults aged from 22 to 88 years. The age-related IIV increase was associated with decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) as well as increased radial (RD) and mean (MD) diffusion in the main white matter (WM) fiber tracts. In contrast, axial diffusion (AD) and grey matter (GM) densities did not show any significant correlation with IIV. In multivariate models, only FA has an age-independent effect on IIV. These results revealed that WM but not GM changes partly mediated the age-related increase of IIV. They also revealed that the association between WM and IIV could not be only attributed to the damage of frontal lobe circuits but concerned the majority of interhemispheric and intrahemispheric corticocortical connections.
The hybrid system that integrates active cooling into phase change materials (PCMs)/expanded graphite (EG) shows great prospects for power battery thermal management. But because of the heavy weight, the system need to be optimized with a balance of the cooling capacity contributed by the active and passive cooling. This study develops an optimization method based on the response surface methodology (RSM) and a numerical heat transfer model to minimize the weight and volume of such a battery thermal management system. With the PCM thermo-physical property models incorporated, the method can optimize the PCM composition along with the active cooling structure – taking the contributions of both the active and passive cooling into account. We minimize the PCM mass of the system with this method, and analyze the effects of the PCM composition, the battery module layouts and the active cooling configuration on the thermal management performance. Then we present an optimal design for this hybrid thermal management system, which helps save the PCM mass by up to 94.1% and the volume by up to 55.6%. The thermal management performance of the design is verified with an experiment. The results show the maximum battery temperature in a 20-battery module during the 1.5C discharge is limited to 37.0 °C while the maximum temperature difference is limited to be smaller than 3 °C. Compared with the conventional liquid cooling system, the hybrid system is not only highly efficient, but lightweight, with simple structure and flexible to the batteries with arbitrary shapes.
An amorphous copper oxide material with a large BET surface area (191.9m2 g−1) was prepared via the room temperature conversion of a Cu(OH)2 intermediate, itself formed via a novel base precipitation technique from an ethylene glycol solvent. The electrochemical discharge rate performance as a primary alkaline cathode material was examined galvanostatically (50−2000mAg−1) in 9.0moldm−3 KOH electrolyte, and compared to the incumbent primary alkaline cathode material, electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD). The prepared CuO material performs favourably compared to EMD under high rate discharge conditions (>600mAg−1), where the material discharges 154 and 135mAhg−1 capacity at a discharge rate of 1000 and 2000mAg−1, respectively, compared to 132 and 83mAhg−1 for EMD under the same conditions.