batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Externalizing and internalizing behavior problems are known to often co-occur, but mechanisms underlying this co-occurrence remain unclear: whether the associations are due to causal influences of one domain on the other or due to common risk processes influencing both domains. This study aimed to better understand the sources of co-occurring behavior problems by disentangling within- and between-child levels of associations between the two across the five years of childhood, from pre-kindergarten to Grade 3. We analyzed a longitudinal sample of 1060 children from non-urban settings in the U.S. using random-intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPMs) as an alternative to the commonly-used standard CLPMs. Results indicate that co-occurring externalizing and internalizing problems can be explained partly by a unidirectional influence from externalizing to internalizing problems operating within children and partly by stable differences between children that influence both domains of problems. Further analyses indicate that an executive function deficit in early childhood is an important shared risk factor for both problems, suggesting the utility of executive function interventions in preventing or addressing externalizing and internalizing problems in childhood.
The formation and growth of surface film on AZ63 (Mg–6Al–3Zn) magnesium alloys were studied in 2 M MgSO4 aqueous solution using electrochemical methods. Surface examinations were carried out using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and microscopic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Experimental results show that the corrosion current decreases with prolonged immersion time, the three stages of hydrogen evolution rate correspond with the growth processes of the surface film on AZ63 magnesium alloys, and charge transfer resistance increases with the accumulation of corrosion products. A layer of MgO with sulfate salt grains underneath seems smooth at first. However, a few surface micro-cracks caused by inner stress appear on the smooth base film after 5 h of immersion, followed by the aggregation of spherical grains and the formation of cracks after 12 h. It is suggested that sulfate salt, carbonate salt, and hydroxide of magnesium should be the main composition of the surface film.
In this work, double layered LiFePO4 materials with different content of conductive carbon black are proposed for evaluating systematically the influence of imparity distribution of conductive additive on the electrochemical behaviors of cathode material for lithium ion batteries. Their polarization effects and electrochemical performances were investigated and compared in detail. It was found that there exists a simple empirical rule correlating the distribution of the conductive additive and the depolarization effect under the premise that the total content of the conductive additive is kept constant. The electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C electrode tends to get better with increasing the conductive additive loading in the lower layer. This can be attributed to that the more conductive additive content in the lower layer could provide more available paths for electronic transmission, and markedly decrease the interfacial impedance between LiFePO4/C cathode material and current collector, thus improving the ability of collecting electron and maintaining a reliable electron transport system, especially under high current densities. This finding can enlighten us to design a more rational optimization of the electrode by controlling the distribution of conductive additive in the cathode material for high performance lithium ion batteries.
In Gratzel’s cell, the electrons injected by the photo-excitation of dye molecules, anchored to a mesoporous TiO2 film, efficiently diffuse to the back contact achieving solar energy conversion at efficiencies exceeding 10%. The mesoporous TiO2 surface constituted of randomly arranged nanocrystallites with a roughness factor of the order 1000 is heavily populated with traps, defects and adsorbed species which act as recombination centers. Nevertheless, the cell functions, mitigating recombination expected to occur via the interaction electrons at the surface. Evidence based mainly on 1/f noise measurements is presented to show that dye bonded to the TiO2 surface passivates recombination centers. Furthermore the suppression of trapping–detrapping events at the surface increases the diffusion coefficient of the electrons through the nanocrystalline matrix facilitating electron transport to the back contact. The Gratzel cell is also unique, none of the high bandgap oxide materials other than TiO2 yield energy conversion and quantum efficiencies as high as that of the cells based on TiO2. 1/f noise measurements also reveal a distinct difference between TiO2 and ZnO mesoporous films suggesting that the films made from the latter material are more intensely populated with surface states that mediate recombination.
To clarify the behavior of 14C in terrestrial ecosystems, 14C abundance in soil respiration was evaluated in an urban forest with a new method involving a closed chamber technique and 14C measurement by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Soil respiration had a higher Δ14C than the contemporary atmosphere. This indicates that a significant portion of soil respiration is derived from the decomposition of soil organic matter enriched in 14C by atmospheric nuclear weapons tests, with a notable time lag between atmospheric 14C addition and re-emission from soil. On the other hand, δ14C in soil respiration demonstrated that 14C abundance ratio itself in soil-respired CO2 is not always high compared with that in atmospheric CO2 because of the isotope fractionation during plant photosynthesis and microbial decomposition of soil organic matter. The Δ14C in soil respiration was slightly lower in August than in March, suggesting a relatively high contribution of plant root respiration and decomposition of newly accumulated and/or 14C-depleted soil organic matter to the total soil respiration in August.
Rechargeable lithium-oxygen (Li–O2) batteries have been considered as the most promising candidates for energy storage and conversion devices because of their ultra high energy density. Until now, the critical scientific challenges facing Li–O2 batteries are the absence of advanced electrode architectures and highly efficient electrocatalysts for both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which seriously hinder the commercialization of this technology. In the last few years, a number of strategies have been devoted to exploring new catalysts with novel structures to enhance the battery performance. Among various of oxygen electrode catalysts, carbon-based materials have triggered tremendous attention as suitable cathode catalysts for Li–O2 batteries due to the reasonable structures and the balance of catalytic activity, durability and cost. In this review, we summarize the recent advances and basic understandings related to the carbon-based oxygen electrode catalytic materials, including nanostructured carbon materials (one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers, 2D graphene nanosheets, 3D hierarchical architectures and their doped structures), and metal/metal oxide-nanocarbon hybrid materials (nanocarbon supporting metal/metal oxide and nanocarbon encapsulating metal/metal oxide). Finally, several key points and research directions of the future design for highly efficient catalysts for practical Li–O2 batteries are proposed based on the fundamental understandings and achievements of this battery field.
Endophenotypes mediate pathways between genetic variations and the psychiatric phenotype, or share genetic risk with the psychiatric phenotype. Identifying endophenotypes is an important step to unravel disease pathways underlying complex psychiatric phenotypes such as ADHD. Potential viable endophenotypes for ADHD across the lifespan are neurocognitive measures of basic attention functions, such as sustained attention, and executive attention functions (EF), such as inhibition. The present study evaluated the endophenotype criteria of familiality and state-independency for measures of basic attention and EF in affected- and unaffected parents of children with ADHD (N = 139), and typically developing children (N = 60). In addition, the added value of neurocognitive measures relative to questionnaire data in genetically informed designs was explored by comparing the intergenerational transmission of neurocognitive measures to those of ADHD symptom scores. Results revealed small-to-medium-sized familial effects of ADHD for reaction time measures of EF components and state-independency given familial effects. Parent–child correlations as estimates of intergenerational transmission of those neurocognitive measures were not higher than those of behavioral ADHD symptom ratings. Taken together, our results argue against neurocognitive measures as pivotal endophenotypes for ADHD across the lifespan. If studied as neurocognitive endophenotypes of ADHD in adults, reaction time measures of executive—rather than basic attention function—seem to be more sensitive.
This paper deals with a compact system developed to assure energy independence to buildings located in inner rural areas: the Off-Grid Box. This system features a combination of techniques that assure the use of several renewable energy sources, their storage and the rationalization of consumption. This research studies the base model of the Off-Grid Box, which entails the presence of photovoltaic panels as the energy capture system. The aim of this research is to evaluate the opportunity of realizing a system to ensure energy autonomy of rural residential buildings. To achieve energy independence, for an isolated dwelling, this paper assesses the optimal storage systems that may be combined with a photovoltaic system. To this end, an Off-Grid Box has been installed in a residential unit in central Italy. Starting from the real case, two alternative energy storage scenarios were constructed. The results can be applied to a variety of geographical settings and prove the feasibility and strategic importance of total off-grid systems for individual residential units, when they are designed in integrated terms in the area to implement small-scale-smart-grids. In rural areas, these grids should also cater for small farming businesses that feature a different consumption distribution compared to dwellings.
New generations of materials are necessary to provide practical and economical solutions for electrode fabrication in lithium ion batteries. To this end, in the present work we propose a negative electrode based on a SiO2/C interconnected composite able to charge/discharge at high current regimes while maintaining a very good capacity. In order to have a better understanding of the phenomena that occur in the charge/discharge process, we combined experimental techniques (XPS, DRX, EIS, etc.) with theoretical calculations based on DFT to obtain the thermodynamics of the formation of the reaction products as a function of the cell potential. These results were combined with our experiments and results from the literature to demonstrate the different reactions that could occur. The present material provides a superior performance compared with analogous materials from the literature and may thus be an important tool for obtaining practical solutions in both stationary and mobile electrical devices.
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is performed based on the multiple sourced data collection, communication, management and analysis from the industrial environment. The data can be generated at every point in the manufacturing production process by real-time monitoring, connection and interaction in the industrial field through various data sensing devices, which creates a big data environment for the industry. To collect, transfer, store and analyse such a big data efficiently and economically, several challenges have imposed to the conventional big data solution, such as high unreliable latency, massive energy consumption, and inadequate security. In order to address these issues, edge computing, as an emerging technique, has been researched and developed in different industries. This paper aims to propose a novel framework for the intelligent IIoT, named Industrial Internet of Learning (IIoL). It is built using an industrial wireless communication network called Low-power wide-area network (LPWAN). By applying edge computing technologies in the LPWAN, the high-intensity computing load is distributed to edge sides, which integrates the computing resource of edge devices to lighten the computational complexity in the central. It cannot only reduce the energy consumption of processing and storing big data but also low the risk of cyber-attacks. Additionally, in the proposed framework, the information and knowledge are discovered and generated from different parts of the system, including smart sensors, smart gateways and cloud. Under this framework, a pervasive knowledge network can be established to improve all the devices in the system. Finally, the proposed concept and framework were validated by two real industrial cases, which were the health prognosis and management of a water plant and asset monitoring and management of an automobile factory.
In this work, thin films of Li x NiO y were deposited by rf reactive magnetron sputtering, from a LiNiO2 target. The composition of the films was analyzed by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. The electronic structure was analyzed by photoelectron spectroscopy, using either X-ray (Al Kα) or synchrotron light (120eV). X-ray diffraction showed a clear presence of Li2CO3 in the target material, after some deposition runs. The presence of superficial lithium carbonate was also evidenced, for all films.
A considerable portion of patients has residual positional obstructive sleep apnea (POSA) after upper airway surgery. Those patients could benefit from additional treatment with positional therapy (PT). The objective of this prospective study was to assess the additional effect of PT in patients with residual POSA after upper airway surgery for sleep apnea.
We report on the synthesis and characterization of a solid polymer electrolyte for aluminum ion conduction. The solid polymer electrolyte is produced via the copolymerization of a low molecular weight polytetrahydrofuran and a cycloaliphatic epoxy. The crosslinked copolymer is swollen in THF solutions of different concentrations of aluminum nitrate as the aluminum ion source. The conductivity as a function of concentration is measured via AC impedance spectroscopy over a temperature range of 20–110 °C. We attain conductivities that increase with salt loading, reaching a value of 2.86 × 10−5 S·cm−1. Thermogravimetric analysis shows the electrolytes are stable up to 150 °C. Raman spectroscopy reveals complete dissociation of the aluminum nitrate salt in the electrolyte over the concentration range explored. This study establishes a polymer system and synthetic route towards solid polymer electrolytes for aluminum ion conduction, for the development of all solid-state aluminum ion batteries.
This research paper evolves from problems related to the environment as the result of today's product-based society and especially the end-of-life management of cars. The purpose is to identify key elements in car-scrapping approaches with the potential to meet the following three goals: • containing the environmental damage from end-of-life cars, • improvement of current end-of-life car management from an environmental and resource utilization standpoint, and • fostering manufacturing of scrap-adapted/recycled cars. An attempt is made to analyze how financial resources could be organized for the ELV recycling system. A few suggestions have been made in order to foster attainment of the above-mentioned goals through an extended producer responsibility through requisite market oriented financial support. In short, this paper takes a look at the economic feasibility and ingredients for success of a market for recyclables. It lays emphasis on some kind of transparency at the economic and technical levels.
Novel hollow Ni0.2Mn0.8O1.5 twin microspheres were synthesized through a facile solvothermal reaction followed by calcination. The prepared hollow twin microspheres were composed of a large number of aggregated nanoparticles, with many pores homogeneously distributed across the whole of the twin microspheres. Benefiting from such structural advantages, such as the void core and high porosity, the prepared hollow Ni0.2Mn0.8O1.5 twin microspheres, as an electrode for supercapacitors, exhibited remarkable electrochemical performance with a large specific capacitance (491 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1), desirable rate capability (81% of capacity retention at 5 A g−1), and excellent cycling stability (94.6% of the initial capacity after 2000 cycles). Moreover, a fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor cell based on Ni0.2Mn0.8O1.5 and active carbon demonstrated an energy density of 19.5 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 799 W kg−1, suggesting a promising practical application for these microspheres in supercapacitors.
A miscible blend solution of poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate) (PEGDA)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was crosslinked on polypropylene (PP) separator by UV-irradiation. PEGDA/PVdF/PMMA(E/V/M)-coated electrolytes showed much better liquid electrolyte uptaking and retention than PEGDA/PP composite electrolyte because viscous ternary blend solution was more compatible with electrolyte system. Gel-coated membranes (GCE) containing a mixed lithium salts of LiPF6/LiCF3SO3 (10/1 (w/w)) showed slightly lower maximum conductivity than those containing only LiPF6, but their interfacial resistance much more stable than other salt compositions. In addition, it was found that γ-Al2O3 filler improved interfacial stability. As a result, 8cm × 13cm MCMB/LiCoO2 cells composed of E/V/M-coated composite matrix and LiPF6/LiCF3SO3 (10/1 (w/w)) delivered 99.6% initial capacity after 100 cycles at C/2 rate.
Due to the limited range and long charging time for electric vehicles, proper utilization of the stored battery energy is crucial. Current methods for electric vehicle range estimation do not help the driver to formulate a driving strategy based on trip parameters (e.g., trip speed) related to power savings. This can be done by predicting the driving range based on optimal trip parameters prior to the trip enabling the driver to formulate a suitable driving strategy. This study proposes a novel strategy that presents a number of optimal trip speeds to the driver, along with the total trip time corresponding to a predicted range. The optimal speeds were obtained by solving a multi-objective optimization problem that maximized electric motor efficiency and minimized power consumption. Two approaches to calculate the objective functions were considered: using constant battery voltage and using battery voltage as a function of the state-of-charge. Pareto-optimal fronts were obtained and a plot of the predicted range and trip times for optimal speeds was created. It was found that the shape of the fronts was not affected by the approach; however, the range was overestimated when a constant battery voltage was used.
Silicon electrode with sandwich structure as anode of lithium ion batteries is fabricated by adding a carbon layer between current collector and active coating. The prepared silicon electrode with the sandwich structure can exhibit high reversible capacity of 2500mAhg−1 for 30 cycles, which is much higher than that of bare silicon electrode with normal structure. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and electrode morphologies characterizations show that the improved performance of sandwich electrode is attributed to the carbon layer, which not only enhances the electric conductivity at the current collector/active coating interface but also releases the rigid stress caused by volume change of silicon. The results demonstrate that such sandwich structure is a potential facile method for performance improvement of silicon-based anode compared with the previous reports.
A phosphorous-doped graphite felt (PGF) is fabricated and examined as electrode for vanadium flow battery (VFB). P doping improves the electrolyte wettability of GF and induces more defect sites on its surface, resulting in significantly enhanced activity and reversibility towards VO2+/VO2 + and V2+/V3+ couples. VFB with PGF electrode demonstrates outstanding performance such as high-rate capability under 50–400 mA cm−2, wide-temperature tolerance at −20 °C–60 °C, and excellent durability over 1000 charge–discharge cycles. These merits enable PGF a promising electrode for the next-generation VFB, which can operate at high-power and all-climate conditions.
In this work, we report the formation of porous Li2MTi3O8 (M = Zn, Co) flakes (hereafter referred to as f-Li2MTi3O8) via a facile one-step solution-combustion in less than 10 min. As anodes for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, the synthesized f-Li2MTi3O8 exhibits high reversible charge–discharge capacity, great cycling stability and high rate performance. These results can be attributed to the intrinsic characteristics of spinel Li2MTi3O8 flakes, in which a porous framework could provide a diffusion space for lithium ion insertion into and extraction from the anode material, resulting in excellent cycle performance, even cycling at high rate of 2000 mA g−1.
Developing high-performance anode materials is a crucial research target of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Transition metal oxides (TMOs) have attracted great interest as potential anodes, but their applications are still hindered by slow reaction kinetics and large volume changes. Herein, Mo-aniline nanorods (Mo-ANRs) are prepared as precursors by a simple self-polymerized method in acid condition. After the in-situ phase transformation during annealing, multistage composites (N-CNRs@g-MoO2) are formed, with N-doped carbon nanorods (N-CNRs) converted from polymeric aniline ligands, on which granular molybdenum dioxide (g-MoO2) are uniformly precipitated and residual MoO2 nanodots are remained. As anode materials for SIBs, N-CNRs@g-MoO2 electrode is benefited from the shortened ion/electron diffusion length caused by steady g-MoO2 and residual nanodots, and the enhanced electrical conductivity and relieved volume changes introduced by N-CNRs and unique architecture. Thus, N-CNRs@g-MoO2 electrode delivers high discharge capacity (497.5 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1), excellent rate performance and ultra-long cycling stability (165.6 mAh g−1 at 10.0 A g−1 after 12000 cycles), and 122% capacity retention is obtained at 1.0 A g−1 over 500 cycles even after the rate test. The significant enhancements in sodium-ion storage are mainly attributed to the multistage architecture and synergistic advantages among MoO2 nanodots, N-CNRs and g-MoO2. These results indicate that the in-situ phase transformation route has great potential in constructing novel composites with unique architecture for high-performance SIBs.