batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Research and development was conducted on a H2/air micro proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack to investigate the polarization curves under different operating conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and humidification of the H2 gas streams. A novel design of copper metal bipolar plates (BPs) was developed as well as fabricated in-house and used in this fuel cell stack. The performance of the stack was tested and the methodology as well as associated technology found to be promising for the first time on micro PEM fuel cell stack with an innovative bipolar plate design and fabrication.
A new class of unorthodox morphologies of pheophytin, called the semi- and fully-derivative forms, was suspected to have existed all along in the electron transfer pathway of photosystem-II (PS-II) in plants. More importantly, as likely a natural pre-form of the latter, the semi-derivative morphology was further conjectured to play a catalytic role in the hydrogen fuel cells owing to its particular structural features. In this research, the proposed new class of derivative morphologies was speculated to be energetically more favorable, than the orthodox one in textbooks, in supporting a proton current within its porphyrin ring and in interacting with hydrogen gas molecules. This supposition appeared to be viable according to the spectral comparison among results from 1st-principle quantum calculations, measurements and literatures, as well as to the need for a proton current to address existing NMR spectra of pheophytin. Then, indirect proof of existence of such derivative’s features was provided by our experimental effort that pheophytins could efficiently getter hydrogen gas. Lastly, processed pheophytin samples were experimentally shown to be capable of catalyzing the hydrogen decomposition in fuel cells.
The recently invented iron (Fe)/vanadium (V) redox flow battery (IVB) system has attracted increasing attention because of its long-term cycling stability and low-cost membrane/separator. In this paper, we describe our extensive matrix study of factors such as electrolyte composition, state of charge (SOC), and temperature that influence the stability of electrolytes in both positive and negative half-cells. During the study, an optimized electrolyte that can be operated in a temperature range from −5 °C to 50 °C without precipitation is identified. Fe/V flow cells using the optimized electrolyte and low-cost separator exhibit satisfactory cycling performance at different temperatures. Efficiencies, capacities, and energy densities of flow batteries at various temperatures are studied.
The recent progress and future development of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries have been critically reviewed in this article. We have given some critical opinions and rational ideas regarding the development of cathode materials to dramatically reduce the cost and increase the efficiency of future lithium ion batteries, which will revolutionize the way for transportation and affect many aspects of our lives.
The surface of graphene is modified by nickel nanoparticles which are in-situ reduced from NiO nanoparticles by graphene. The nickel nanoparticles obtained are up to 10nm in size and are strongly anchored on the surface of graphene sheets. As an anode material for lithium ion batteries, the graphene–Ni hybrid material delivers a reversible capacity of 675mAhg−1 after 35 discharge/charge cycles at a current density of 100mAg−1, corresponding to 85% retention of the initial charge capacity. In addition, the graphene–Ni hybrid electrode exhibits much better rate capability compared to its pure counterpart operated at various rates between 200 and 800mAg−1. Such enhanced lithium storage performance of the graphene–Ni hybrid electrode can be ascribed to the enhanced electronic transport and Li+ migration through the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film as a consequence of that the anchored nickel nanoparticles increase the electronic conductivity and modify the structure of SEI film covering the surface of graphene.
Li-ion batteries are known to undergo complex ageing processes, where the operating conditions have a profound and non-linear effect on both calendar life and cycle life. This is especially a challenge for the automotive industry, where the requirements on product lifetime and reliability are demanding. The aim of the present work is to quantify the ageing in terms of capacity fade and impedance growth as a function of operating conditions typical to high-power automotive applications; high charge and discharge rate, elevated temperatures and wide state-of-charge windows. The cycle life of 34 power-optimised LiFePO4/graphite cells was quantified by testing with charge and discharge rates between 1 and 4C-rate, temperatures between +23 °C and +53 °C, and a depth-of-discharge of either 100% or 60%. Although all cells show similar ageing pattern in general, the cycle life and the impedance growth is remarkably different for the tested cases. In addition, it is concluded that high charging rates, high temperatures or intensive cycling do not always lead to a shorter cycle life. One specifically interesting finding is that the combination of 1C-rate discharge in combination with 3.75C-rate charging was found to degrade the tested cells more rapidly than a symmetric cycle with 3.75C-rate in both directions.
A novel, economical ball milling and heat treatment of porous silicon based anodes was introduced to boost the electrochemical performance and cycle capacity of Li-ion batteries. The resultant peanut shell-like electrodes combined multiple advantageous features, including a continuous, flexible electrically conductive carbon network, a synergistic C/SiO2 coating layer and improved interfacial contact, in a peanut shell structure with void space. The electrodes achieved an initial discharge capacity of 1909mAhg−1 with coulombic efficiency of 88.8% as well as a high reversible capacity of 1179mAhg−1 after 120cycles at 0.1C. In addition, the material was capable of reaching a capacity of 493mAhg−1 even at the high charge rate of 4C. This work gives a compelling look at a novel and large-scale production method of fabricating next generation Si/C anodes for high-performance LIBs.
Grid-independent hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs), being eco-friendly and cost effective, are turning out to be more effective option for the rural areas where grid power availability is poor. This paper presents the techno-economic analysis and optimum design of a HRES, as proposed to meet out the residential and agricultural electric load requirements of an energy poor community of Yamunanagar district in the State of Haryana, India. Three different optimal configurations, viz. wind/battery, PV/battery and wind/PV/battery are compared in respect of net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE) to determine most economically viable option. For economic analysis and optimum sizing, all the necessary modelling and simulation is carried out using HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable) software. From the simulation results, it is established that wind/PV/battery based HRES is the most cost-effective configuration for the specific location this investigation is about and also the optimum sizes of the different components are obtained. Further, for technical analysis, a MATLAB/Simulink model of the optimized system is built and its effectiveness is demonstrated in terms of maintaining active power balance between the different components of HRES as well as keeping DC link voltage (VDC) and output AC voltage constant, irrespective of variations in solar irradiance, wind speed and connected load. The novelty of this work lies in using both HOMER and MATLAB simulation tools sequentially to carry out techno-economic analysis of the proposed HRES and validate the proposition.
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant hereditary colon cancer syndrome caused by mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) with both colonic and extra-colonic manifestations. Case reports have noted an association with FAP and intellectual disability and animal studies have shown that APC is implicated in neural development and function, but no studies have investigated neuropsychological, behavioral, or structural brain characteristics of patients with FAP.
Caenorhabditis elegans strains carrying stress-reporter green fluorescent protein transgenes were used to explore patterns of response to metals. Multiple stress pathways were induced at high doses by most metals tested, including members of the heat shock, oxidative stress, metallothionein (mtl) and xenobiotic response gene families. A mathematical model (to be published separately) of the gene regulatory circuit controlling mtl production predicted that chemically similar divalent metals (classic inducers) should show additive effects on mtl gene induction, whereas chemically dissimilar metals should show interference. These predictions were verified experimentally; thus cadmium and mercury showed additive effects, whereas ferric iron (a weak inducer) significantly reduced the effect of mercury. We applied a similar battery of tests to diluted samples of soil pore water extracted centrifugally after mixing 20% w/w ultrapure water with air-dried soil from an abandoned lead/zinc mine in the Murcia region of Spain. In addition, metal contents of both soil and soil pore water were determined by ICP-MS, and simplified mixtures of soluble metal salts were tested at equivalent final concentrations. The effects of extracted soil pore water (after tenfold dilution) were closely mimicked by mixtures of its principal component ions, and even by the single most prevalent contaminant (zinc) alone, though other metals modulated its effects both positively and negatively. In general, mixtures containing similar (divalent) metal ions exhibited mainly additive effects, whereas admixture of dissimilar (e.g. trivalent) ions often resulted in interference, reducing overall levels of stress-gene induction. These findings were also consistent with model predictions.
Ni-rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode materials have been considered as one of the promising candidates for high energy density lithium-ion battery, but they still suffer from capacity fading and safety caused by structural degradation, insufficient thermal stability and poor storage properties. In the current work, homogeneously Al3+ doped Ni rich cathode with high stable cycling performance and storage stability was constructed via scalable continuous precipitation. With the more homogeneous distribution of Al3+ in the secondary agglomerates, the Ni rich cathode synthesized from Al3+ doped hydroxide precursor showed more perfect sphere, decreased ratio of Ni2+/Ni3+ and Li+/Ni2+ disorder in the internal of agglomerates. The homogeneously Al3+ doped Ni rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.09Al0.01O2 cathode exhibited much improved cycling performance, with a capacity retention of 78.92% at 1 C rate after 200 cycles, and a capacity retention of 70.0% at 10 C rate after 1000 cycles. Additionally, the homogeneous substitution of Al could significantly prevent the reaction with H2O and CO2 during storage process and improve storage stability.
It is well known that a protective film is formed on the graphite negative electrode in ethylene carbonate (EC) electrolyte solution. This film is lithium-ion conductive and protects the decomposition of the electrolyte solution. In the present paper, the electrode/electrolyte interfaces in lithium-ion rechargeable batteries were characterized by three-dimensional complex impedance plots, whose axes are real, imaginary parts and time. The film resistance R sei and charge transfer resistance R ct were determined for negative electrodes in EC/ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) electrolyte solution, and the formation mechanisms of the interfacial film were discussed. Furthermore, the contributions of vinylene carbonate and ethylene sulfite, which are added into the electrolyte solution for the film formation, were investigated.
Results of research on the mechanism of delithiation of LiFe0.75Zn0.25PO4 cathode material having olivine structure are presented. Introduction of zinc into Fe-sublattice of LiFePO4 caused a decrease of unit cell volume, however, shrinkage of unit cell parameters a and b was accompanied by an increase of parameter c. Analysis of phase composition during delithiation process indicated presence of single phase in the range of lithium content from 1 to 0.5 in Li x Fe0.75Zn0.25PO4. This effect is accompanied by observed sloping shape of charge/discharge curves and results of Mössbauer studies. Introduction of zinc increased electrical conductivity of the material, as well as caused increase of chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium D, comparing to pure LiFePO4. Surface activated material exhibited discharge capacity of 88mAhg−1 at C/10 rate (70% of the theoretical value for LiFe0.75Zn0.25PO4). Cyclic voltammetry studies showed single oxidation and reduction peaks with mean potential value of 3.47V, and peak current vs. scan potential dependence characteristic for diffusional limitation of the electrode reaction. Determination of D, based on GITT method is presented. Additionally, results of PITT-type measurements are given, which allowed to simultaneously determine D and surface exchange reaction coefficient K. The measured values of chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium are of the order of 10−13 to 10−10 cm2 s−1, depending on an assumption about effective diffusion length.
Solvation/desolvation and the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation at a graphite electrode during the initial charging process were investigated using in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements. These measurements were developed by applying a diamond attenuated total reflectance (ATR) crystal, which probed the electrolyte solvents at the surface of the graphite electrode and provided successive FTIR spectra with high signal-to-noise ratio. The charging process was performed in the Li(reference)/electrolyte/graphite(working)/Cu cell at a voltage ranging from 3.2 to 0.0001 V vs. Li/Li+. The measurement elucidated the change in the chemical bond of the electrolyte solvents. In an early stage, the amounts of solvated and desolvated solvents changed, providing evidence that the Li+ ions were intercalated into the graphite layer. The formation of the Li alkyl carbonate that forms the SEI layer was facilitated toward the end of the charging process. Measurements were also obtained of the electrolyte with a vinylene carbonate additive, and the contribution of the additive to the electrolyte solvent reduction was investigated.
Fluid intelligence (fluid IQ), defined as the capacity for rapid problem solving and behavioral adaptation, is known to be modulated by learning and experience. Both stressful life events (SLES) and neural correlates of learning [specifically, a key mediator of adaptive learning in the brain, namely the ventral striatal representation of prediction errors (PE)] have been shown to be associated with individual differences in fluid IQ. Here, we examine the interaction between adaptive learning signals (using a well-characterized probabilistic reversal learning task in combination with fMRI) and SLES on fluid IQ measures. We find that the correlation between ventral striatal BOLD PE and fluid IQ, which we have previously reported, is quantitatively modulated by the amount of reported SLES. Thus, after experiencing adversity, basic neuronal learning signatures appear to align more closely with a general measure of flexible learning (fluid IQ), a finding complementing studies on the effects of acute stress on learning. The results suggest that an understanding of the neurobiological correlates of trait variables like fluid IQ needs to take socioemotional influences such as chronic stress into account.
On-site measurement of methanethiol (CH3SH) was performed for three years on ships and cars near a pulp and paper plant standing on the shore of Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia, to investigate the behavior and impact of atmospheric CH3SH emitted from a point source. Despite its strong odor, there are few reports on atmospheric CH3SH, while many investigations have been carried out on dimethyl sulfide (DMS). In this work, CH3SH and DMS were measured every 15 min by a recently developed automated instrument based on single column trapping/separation and chemiluminescence measurement. Hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide and ozone were also measured simultaneously by individual instruments. Of these sulfur compounds, CH3SH was dominant and its concentration sometimes reached several tens of ppbv. The concentration of CH3SH was high at night, because of the lack of photodecomposition and local winds from the mountain to the lake. Such time variation was marked in the summer. The CH3SH level decreased significantly downwind, while decreases in concentrations of other compounds such as DMS and SO2 were relatively small. From these temporal and spatial variations, the behavior of CH3SH is described in this paper. The impact of CH3SH near the Siberian big sources is discussed with the presented data.
The on-going research into the negative tribo-materials has led to significant improvements in the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), however, very little attention has been paid to the positive tribo-materials. This work reports on the use of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as the positive tribo-material for the fabrication of TENGs and shows that PEO has much higher positive tribo-polarity than the existing choice of polyamide-6 (PA6). A 2 × 2 cm2 TENG comprising of spin-coated flat PEO and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films produces a voltage of up to 970 V, a current density of 85 mAm−2, and a power of ~ 40 W m−2 under a 50 N contact force. Comparatively, the PA6/PDMS TENG only produces 630 V, 30 mAm−2, and a power of ~ 18 W m−2, showing the remarkable property of the PEO as the positive tribo-material. The results are further supported by the contact potential difference between PEO (1.26 V) and PA6 (0.87 V) obtained using Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy. Furthermore, the triboelectric behavior of PEO is explained in the context of the positively charged oxygen functional groups and the lower work function of PEO as compared to PA6. The work thus expands the current portfolio of materials used for triboelectric nanogenerators with great prospects.
Thickness- and morphology-controlled vanadium pentoxide/polyaniline (V2O5/PANI) core/shell hybrid nanofibers are fabricated by electropolymerization of PANI on V2O5 nanofibers for enhanced energy storage. By simply adjusting the electrodeposition time, the thickness of the PANI shells can be controlled from 5nm to 47nm, and the morphology can be changed from coaxial to branched. The influence of shell thickness on the improved Li-ion storage performance of the V2O5/PANI core/shell nanofibers is systematically investigated, and this enhancement of charge capability and cycling stability strongly varies with the shell thickness. Thickness-dependent synergistic electron transport, Li-ion diffusion distances, and shell mechanical strength mechanisms are also proposed. These results provide meaningful references for developing new functional core/shell materials and high-performance energy storage composite materials.
The oceans face a range of complex challenges for which the impacts on society are highly uncertain but mostly negative. Tackling these challenges is testing society’s capacity to mobilise transformative action, engendering a sense of powerlessness. Envisaging positive but realistic visions of the future, and considering how current knowledge, resources, and technology could be used to achieve these futures, may lead to greater action to achieve sustainable transformations. Future Seas (
Intelligence measures are typically used in the assessment of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but there is a paucity of research on the implications of such testing. In the present study, we examined children with ASD using two of the most largely adopted instruments, i.e., the WISC-IV, arguably the most utilized scale in the world; and the Leiter-3, a nonverbal scale that also excludes, from the IQ calculation, working memory and processing speed, which are points of weakness in ASD. Results showed that IQ and indices of these two batteries are strongly correlated. However, the WISC-IV IQ might underestimates the potential of children with ASD, particularly in children with a low functioning profile. These hold true for both the full scale IQ and three out of four indices of the WISC-IV, with remarkable implications for both assessment and treatment of these children. Practitioners working with children with ASD should be aware that the battery that they are using might severely affect the estimation of these children’s potential.
Abstract Reactors are vessels employed to carry out transformations from one chemical to another. When the substrate (chemical) or feedstock is biobased, or the transformation is catalyzed by microorganisms and/or enzymes, the reactor is also termed a bioreactor. In this article, we focus on bioreactors employed in sustainable chemical and/or energy conversions. Since there are numerous sources and texts dealing with reactor designs, the objective of this article is to explain the special features of various sustainable bioreactors without going into the details of the reactor design.
Li3PS4 (LPS) glasses in a Li2S–P2S5 binary system demonstrate promise as solid electrolytes for the development of all-solid-state lithium batteries due to their high electrochemical stability and ionic conductivity. However, sulfide electrolytes are hygroscopic; hence, these electrolytes are treated in a dry inert gas atmosphere, thereby increasing the process costs. To improve the chemical stability of LPS in air, in this study, composite electrolytes comprising LPS and ZnO, which is a H2S absorbent, were synthesized. In addition, the effects of the addition of ZnO on the thermal behavior and electrical properties of LPS glasses were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements and ex situ TEM images revealed that the increase in the ZnO content significantly affects the exothermal behavior of LPS glass. In particular, LPS glasses comprising greater than 50 mol% of ZnO exhibit multiple exothermic reactions at temperatures of greater than ca. 250 °C. This result revealed that in LPS–ZnO electrolytes, 10 or 20 mol% of ZnO is an optimum additive to ensure a good balance among the thermal stability and chemical stability in air and conductivity.
The few-layered transitional sulphide/oxide nanosheets and graphene composites attract increasingly interest as electrode materials although facing the significant preparation challenge such as low quantities and uncontrollable homogeneity. Using MoS2 and graphene oxide (GO) bulk materials as the raw materials, we demonstrate a novel solvent-free and one-step ball-milling approach to prepare massive sandwiched MoS2/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposites. The reduction of GO to rGO, the exfoliation of bulk layered materials and assembly of the obtained MoS2 and rGO nanosheets are achieved all together in the ball-milling process. The orderly assembled MoS2/rGO composite as electrode material used in supercapacitor delivers a high specific capacitance of 306 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 and approximately two times higher than that of the pure MoS2. Besides, it exhibits nearly no discharge capacity decay used both in lithium-ion batteries (0.2 A g−1 after 100 cycles) and supercapacitor (4 A g−1 after 5000 cycles). This work has developed an encouraging approach for preparation of this series of graphene-based hybrid electrode materials with ideal performance for potential application in energy storage devices.