batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
EPA’s Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program Tier 1 battery consists of eleven assays intended to identify the potential of a chemical to interact with the estrogen, androgen, thyroid, or steroidogenesis systems. We have collected control data from a subset of test order recipients from the first round of screening. The analysis undertaken herein demonstrates that the EPA should review all testing methods prior to issuing further test orders. Given the frequency with which certain performance criteria were violated, a primary focus of that review should consider adjustments to these standards to better reflect biological variability. A second focus should be to provide detailed, assay-specific direction on when results should be discarded; no clear guidance exists on the degree to which assays need to be re-run for failing to meet performance criteria. A third focus should be to identify permissible differences in study design and execution that have a large influence on endpoint variance. Experimental guidelines could then be re-defined such that endpoint variances are reduced and performance criteria are violated less frequently. It must be emphasized that because we were restricted to a subset (approximately half) of the control data, our analyses serve only as examples to underscore the importance of a detailed, rigorous, and comprehensive evaluation of the performance of the battery.
Nano-sized Fe2O3-loaded carbon material was prepared by loading Fe2O3 on carbon using various carbonaceous materials. Carbonaceous materials strongly affected the electrochemical behavior of nano-sized Fe2O3-loaded carbon. In addition, the binder content also significantly affected the cycle performance of nano-sized Fe2O3-loaded carbon. The content of binder depended on the type of carbon used. In the optimal condition for binder content, nano-carbons such as acetylene black (AB), tubular carbon nanofibers (CNF), and platelet CNF provided larger capacities than graphite, and tubular CNF showed the greatest capacity after long-term cycling.
The structure-activity relationship between the ORR performance and the surface electronic structure of Pd is constructed and the ORR performance are rationally modified via the structural transition from disordered face centered cubic phase (fcc, D-PdFe/C) to ordered intermetallic tetragonal phase (fct, O-PdFe/C). When the small amount of Pt atoms decorated on O-PdFe/C surface forming O-PdFe@Pt/C core-shell structure, the sublayer of Pd and Fe atoms may cause the lattice contraction of surface Pt and then weak the bonding energy on O-PdFe@Pt/C catalyst relative to bulk Pt/C, which is further illustrated by density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The weakened oxygen affinity results in the enhancement of ORR performance on O-PdFe@Pt/C. For a practical application, the well-constructed O-PdFe@Pt/C exhibits higher voltage and peak power density than D-PdFe@Pt/C and Pt/C when applied as the air-breathing cathode material in Zn-air battery.
Bifunctional redox flow batteries (BRFB) possess functions of both electricity storage and electrochemical preparation, having the potential for increasing the electrical energy utilization. A V(III)/V(II)–glyoxal(O2) system has been developed. Separators of the BRFB play a key role in BRFB performance. A Nafion solution was sprayed on a gas diffusion layer (GDL) at the Nafion loading of 2mgcm−2, and the GDL was then hot-pressed onto a Nafion115 cation exchange membrane, obtaining a modified separator. This separator not only prevents the crossover of vanadium but also has favorable conductivity, obtaining optimal charge and organic electro-synthesis performance of the BRFB. The effects of the concentrations of glyoxal and HCl on the performance of BRFB were also investigated. It is shown that the optimal concentration of glyoxal and HCl should be 1.2 and 3M, respectively. As a result, the current efficiency of organic electro-synthesis is further increased. An acceptable discharge performance is achieved for a period exceeding 20h at the current density of 20mAcm−2. The average discharge voltage of 0.73V and the coulombic efficiency of 66% are obtained. It is demonstrated that the principle of the BRFB is feasible. However, further experiments are needed to improve the performance.
Cu–MOF was obtained by a facile aqueous room temperature synthesis method, and Cu–C was prepared by using Cu–MOF as a sacrificial template. The ultrafine SnOx nanoparticles were loaded onto Cu–C by a pyrolysis process to form SnOx/Cu–C. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge were employed to examine the electrochemical properties of the as-synthesized composite. Benefiting from the excellent conductivity of Cu, the ultra-fine size of nanoparticles, the unique structure derived from MOF and the synergistic effect between SnOX and Cu–C, SnOX/Cu–C electrode exhibited an exceptional electrochemical property. A high charge specific capacity of 649 mA h g−1 can be reached even at a current density of 2000 mAg−1. The reversible capacity is maintained at 668 mA h g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 after 300 cycles. The results indicate that the material may be considered as a promising anode candidate for lithium-ion batteries.
Graphene nanosheet/carbon nanotube/polyaniline (GNS/CNT/PANI) composite is synthesized via in situ polymerization. GNS/CNT/PANI composite exhibits the specific capacitance of 1035Fg−1 (1mVs−1) in 6M of KOH, which is a little lower than GNS/PANI composite (1046Fg−1), but much higher than pure PANI (115Fg−1) and CNT/PANI composite (780Fg−1). Though a small amount of CNTs (1wt.%) is added into GNS, the cycle stability of GNS/CNT/PANI composite is greatly improved due to the maintenance of highly conductive path as well as mechanical strength of the electrode during doping/dedoping processes. After 1000 cycles, the capacitance decreases only 6% of initial capacitance compared to 52% and 67% for GNS/PANI and CNT/PANI composites.
We report single-crystalline TiO2 nanowires (TiO2-NWs) synthesized by hydrothermal process without any surfactant and template with enhanced lithium intercalation properties. The single-crystalline nature of rutile TiO2-NWs was clearly observed by field-emission transmission electron microscopy and fast Fourier transform pattern demonstrating that the nanowire growth is along the [001] direction. The single-crystalline rutile TiO2-NWs showed much higher charge capacity and excellent high-rate performance as compared to typical rutile TiO2 nanoparticles. The improved lithium-ion intercalation properties of TiO2-NWs may be attributed to relatively large specific surface area, short transport distance of 1-D nanostructure, and freedom for volume change accompanied by lithium-ion intercalation.
The limitations of two-dimensional electrodes can be overcome by using three-dimensional materials having sufficient porosity and active area while offering moderate mass transport rates and a relatively low pressure drop at controlled electrolyte flow rate. In concept, a wide variety of metal, ceramic and composite materials are possible but restrictions are imposed by the need to avoid materials degradation, while maintaining adequate electrical conductivity, sufficient robustness and the possibility of facile scale-up. Despite its fragility, one of the traditional electrode materials used as a porous, three-dimensional electrode is carbon foam, particularly in the 97% vol. porous form of reticulated vitreous carbon, RVC. A time-line indicates that the history of this material dates back over 50 years to the mid-1960s, when it was primarily used as an uncoated material in small-scale, laboratory electroanalysis. Surface modification and diverse coatings have considerably extended the use of RVC. Recent applications are found in sensors and monitors, electrosynthesis, environmental processing and energy conversion. This review highlights the fundamental structure and summarises the physicochemical properties of RVC. Fluid flow through various porosity grades of the material, their active electrochemical area and rates of mass transport are quantified. The diverse applications of RVC in energy conversion, environmental treatment and electrosynthesis are illustrated by selected examples from the authors’ laboratories and others over the last 30 years. Recent research on coated RVC, energy conversion environmental remediation and sensors is highlighted. Critical areas deserving further research and development are proposed.
The specific discharge capacity of γ-MnO2 was improved with chemical oxidation and vacuum-drying processes. The intergrowth structure and electrochemical performance were studied by X-ray diffraction and electrochemical measurements; the structure–electrochemical property relationships were clarified. Vacuum-dried γ-MnO2 showed structural changes with capacity fade as the temperature increased, while the chemically oxidized γ-MnO2 showed no structural change without any capacity fading. The latter material showed a first discharge capacity of 275mAhg−1, and a reversible capacity of 250mAhg−1 with two discharge plateaux after second cycle, which is the highest capacity among the γ-MnO2 prepared previously.
Solar-hydrogen generation represents a promising alternative to fossil fuels for the large-scale implementation of a clean-fuel transportation infrastructure. A significant amount of research resources has been allocated to the development of photoelectrochemical components (i.e. photovoltaic and water splitting catalysts) that are able to spontaneously split water in the presence of solar irradiation, which has led to major advances in the solar-fuels field. At the same time, only limited attention has been given to understanding the key aspects that drive economically viable solar-fuel generators. This study presents a generalized approach to understand the economic factors behind the design of solar-hydrogen generators composed of photovoltaic components integrated with water electrolyzers. It evaluates the underpinning effects of the material selection for the light absorption and water splitting components on the cost of the generated fuel ($ per Kg of H2). The results presented in this work provide insights into important engineering aspects related to the sizing of devices and the use of light concentration components that, when optimized, can lead to costs below $2.90 per kilogram of hydrogen after compression and distribution. Most significantly, the analysis demonstrates that the cost of hydrogen is defined primarily by the light-absorbing component (up to 97% of the cost) while the material selection for the electrolysis components has, to a large extent, minor effects. The findings presented here can help direct research and development efforts towards the fabrication of deployable solar-hydrogen generators that are cost competitive with commercial energy sources.
Electrocatalytic water-splitting is one of the most economical and clean way for high-purity hydrogen production utilizing renewable energy sources. Key issue to large-scale implementation of this technology is the lack of efficient electrocatalysts that can deliver large current density at low overpotential for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions (OER and HER). Herein, we report a strategy leveraging 3D MXene frame with high conductivity, highly hydrophilic properties and kinetics-favorable architecture as multi-functional structural scaffold for engineering water-splitting electrocatalysts yielding high current densities. The macroporous 3D MXene frame not only facilitates the mass/charge transport across the catalyst, but also accelerates the OER redox process of NiFe-LDHs and the Volmer step of HER by enhancing the water adsorption/activation on the catalyst. Commercially required high current density of 500 mA cm−2 can be achieved at low overpotentials for both OER (300 mV) and HER (205 mV) with good durability in 1.0 M KOH. Alkaline electrolyzer using this electrocatalytic electrode as both the anode and cathode exhibit low cell voltage for achieving high current density of 500 mA cm−2 with high Faradaic efficiency and excellent durability. Their performance outperforms the Pt/C–RuO2 couple and the state-of-the-art electrocatalysts for overall water-splitting in alkaline electrolyte.
Herein, a hierarchical calliandra-like Co3O4 is successfully synthesized via a simple carbon sphere and hydroxypropyl cellulose assisted hydrothermal process. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characteristics results indicate that the hierarchical Co3O4 spheres are 3–6 μm in diameter and belong to spinel structure. Each Co3O4 sphere is consisted of radially oriented nanocystals accumulated nanorods building blocks. The formation mechanism for this structure maybe ascribed to the collaboration effect of carbon sphere and hydroxypropyl cellulose, which act as hard template and dispersion stabilizer respectively. The calliandra-like Co3O4 particles exhibit satisfied electrochemical performance with high specific capacities and good rate capabilities, especially superior cycling stability when used as anode active materials in the lithium-ion batteries, which release an initial discharge capacity of 1139.42 mA h g−1 at 200 mA g−1, and maintain a reversible capacity of 734.64 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles.
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have attracted much attention due to their ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity. However, serious capacity attenuation caused by shuttle effect still inhibits the performance improvement. Herein, a modified separator consists of the few-layer graphene as a highly conductive network and stable scaffold to support P-doped boron nitride (denoted as BN-P@GO) as the functional interlayer of Li–S batteries. The cell with the interlayer provides an initial discharge capacity as high as 1045.3 mAh g−1, and retains a high reversible capacity of 728.7 mAh g−1 at 1 C after 500 cycles with a capacity decay of 0.061% per cycle. Moreover, the rate capability is also superior to cells with BN@GO or BN-P interlayers, i.e. reversible capcity of 457.9 mAh g−1 even at 3 C. The excellent electrochemical performance is ascribed to the synergistic effect of physical barrier and chemical adsorption for dissolved polysulfides provided by the modified layer. Furhtermore, it also mitigates the polarization and promotes kinetic reactions of the cells. This work provides a concise and effective method for commercialization of lithium–sulfur batteries.
We derive and implement a battery control algorithm that can accommodate an arbitrary number of model parameters, with each model parameter having its own time-weighting factor, and we propose a method to determine optimal values for the time-weighting factors. Time-weighting factors are employed to give greater impact to recent data for the determination of a system’s state. We employ the (controls) methodology of weighted recursive least squares, and the time weighting corresponds to the exponential-forgetting formalism. The output from the adaptive algorithm is the battery state of charge (remaining energy), state of health (relative to the battery’s nominal performance), and predicted power capability. Results are presented for a high-power lithium ion battery.
This paper presents ride comfort and driving stability performances of electronic control suspension (ECS) equipped with controllable electrorheological (ER) damper and appropriate control strategy. In order to achieve this goal, a cylindrical type ER damper which is applicable to Macpherson strut type suspension of a mid-sized passenger vehicle is designed and manufactured on the basis of the required damping force level of an existing passenger vehicle. After experimentally evaluating the field-dependent damping force and dynamic characteristics of the controllable ER damper, ECS consisting of sprung mass, spring, tire and controller is established in order to investigate the ride comfort and driving stability performances. On the basis of the governing equation of motion of the suspension system, five control strategies (soft, hard, comfort, sports and optimal mode) are formulated. The proposed control strategies are then experimentally realized with the quarter-vehicle ECS system. Control performances such as vertical acceleration of the car body and tire deflection are evaluated in both time and frequency domains under various road conditions. In addition, a comparative work is undertaken to investigate inherent control characteristics of each control strategy.
The electrochemical reduction and oxidation of cyclohexanedione is evaluated for the first time as the negative electrode reaction in an organic redox flow battery. Electrochemical characterization indicates that the redox reaction of cyclohexanedione is a proton-coupled electron transfer process with quasi-reversible behavior in acidic media (pH<3). Among three isomeric compounds (1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-cyclohexanedione), the reduction of 1,3-cyclohexanedione exhibits the most negative electrode potential (c.a. −0.6V vs. Ag|AgCl (c.a. −0.4V vs. NHE)) as well as the widest pH operating range (pH 1–5) for relatively reversible reactions. The resulting electrode potential is the most negative of those to have been reported in neutral/acidic electrolytes. 1,3-cyclohexanedione is subsequently used as the active species in the negative electrode of a parallel plate flow cell, which is charge-discharge cycled at 3.4mAcm−2 for 100 cycles, yielding half-cell coulombic efficiencies of c.a. 99%. The organic molecules derived from this group are observed to have high solubilities (>2M) and exhibit reduction process with up to 4 electrons transferred.
An amorphous silicon film with an average thickness of up to 2μm was deposited on copper foil by direct-circuit (dc) magnetron sputtering and coupled with commercial LiCoO2 cathode to fabricate cells. Their cycle performance and high rate capability at room temperature have been investigated. In the voltage range 2.5–3.9V at the current density of 0.2C (0.11mAcm−2), the lithiation and delithiation capacity of this cell was first increased to 0.55mAhcm−2 within 80 cycles and maintained stable during the following cycles. After 300 cycles its capacity still retained 0.54mAhcm−2. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) image indicated that the sputtered film could keep an amorphous structure although the volume expansion ratio during the lithiation and delithiation was still up to 300% after 300 cycles observed from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image. This recovered amorphous structure was believed to be beneficial for the improvement of the cycle life of the cell. Rate performance showed that the cells had a promising high rate capability. At 30C, its lithiation/delithiation capacity remained 25% of that at 0.2C.
The size- and shape-dependency of the chemo-mechanical behavior of spherical and ellipsoidal nanoparticles in Li-ion battery electrodes are investigated by a stress-assisted diffusion model and 3D finite element simulations. The model features surface tension, a direct coupling between diffusion and elasticity, concentration-dependent diffusivity, and a Butler-Volmer relation for the description of electrochemical reactions that is modified to account for mechanical effects. Simulation results on spherical particles reveal that surface tension causes additional pressure fields in the particles, shifting the stress state towards the compressive regime. This provides mechanical stabilization, allowing, in principle, for higher charge/discharge rates. However, due to this pressure the attainable lithiation for a given potential difference is reduced during insertion, whereas a higher amount of ions is given off during extraction. Ellipsoidal particles with an aspect ratio deviating from that of a sphere with the same volume expose a larger surface area to the intercalation reactions. Consequently, they exhibit accelerated (dis)charge rates. However, due to the enhanced pressure in regions with high curvature, the accessible capacity of ellipsoidal particles is less than that of spherical particles.
In recent years, there has been much interest in the development of solid oxide fuel cell technology operating directly on hydrocarbon fuels. The development of a catalytic fuel processing system, which is integrated with the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power source is outlined here. The catalytic device utilises a novel three-way catalytic system consisting of an in situ pre-reformer catalyst, the fuel cell anode catalyst and a platinum-based combustion catalyst. The three individual catalytic stages have been tested in a model catalytic microreactor. Both temperature-programmed and isothermal reaction techniques have been applied. Results from these experiments were used to design the demonstration SOFC unit. The apparatus used for catalytic characterisation can also perform in situ electrochemical measurements as described in previous papers [C.M. Finnerty, R.H. Cunningham, K. Kendall, R.M. Ormerod, Chem. Commun. (1998) 915–916; C.M. Finnerty, N.J. Coe, R.H. Cunningham, R.M. Ormerod, Catal. Today 46 (1998) 137–145]. This enabled the performance of the SOFC to be determined at a range of temperatures and reaction conditions, with current output of 290 mA cm−2 at 0.5 V, being recorded. Methane and butane have been evaluated as fuels. Thus, optimisation of the in situ partial oxidation pre-reforming catalyst was essential, with catalysts producing high H2/CO ratios at reaction temperatures between 873 K and 1173 K being chosen. These included Ru and Ni/Mo-based catalysts. Hydrocarbon fuels were directly injected into the catalytic SOFC system. Microreactor measurements revealed the reaction mechanisms as the fuel was transported through the three-catalyst device. The demonstration system showed that the fuel processing could be successfully integrated with the SOFC stack.
The commercialization of Lithium–sulfur (LiS) batteries is being hampered by the inherent insulation and volume expansion of sulfur, as well as by shuttle effect of polysulfides. To expand the LiS application, Co9S8@S nanotube composites were developed and fabricated via hydrothermal method combining with incorporating sulfur using melt-diffusion method. In comparison with pure sulfur cathode, the Co9S8@S nanotube composites cathode delivered excellent specific capacity, had remarkable rate performance and superior coulombic efficiency. The initial capacity of Co9S8@S nanotube composites cathode was 937mAh/g and stabled at 650mAh/g after 100cycles at 0.1C, much superior than pure S electrode. The improved electrochemical performance of Co9S8@S nanotube composites cathode was awarded to highly conductive and polar Co9S8 nanotubes. On the one hand, Co9S8 nanotubes help to form effective conductive networks which can improve the transport of electrons/lithium ion and overall electrical conductivity; on the other hand, polar Co9S8 nanotubes entrapped polysulfides through chemical adsorption to alleviate the shuttle effect. In addition, sulfur particles were well-distributed on the hollow Co9S8 nanotubes, which relieve the volume expansion of sulfur effectively. These synergistic effects were achieved by physical constraints and chemical effects of hollow Co9S8 nanotubes.