batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This longitudinal study investigated temporal auditory processing (frequency modulation and between-channel gap detection) and speech perception (speech-in-noise and categorical perception) in three groups of 6 years 3 months to 6 years 8 months-old children attending grade 1: (1) children with specific language impairment (SLI) and literacy delay (n =8), (2) children with SLI and normal literacy (n =10) and (3) typically developing children (n =14). Moreover, the relations between these auditory processing and speech perception skills and oral language and literacy skills in grade 1 and grade 3 were analyzed. The SLI group with literacy delay scored significantly lower than both other groups on speech perception, but not on temporal auditory processing. Both normal reading groups did not differ in terms of speech perception or auditory processing. Speech perception was significantly related to reading and spelling in grades 1 and 3 and had a unique predictive contribution to reading growth in grade 3, even after controlling reading level, phonological ability, auditory processing and oral language skills in grade 1. These findings indicated that speech perception also had a unique direct impact upon reading development and not only through its relation with phonological awareness. Moreover, speech perception seemed to be more associated with the development of literacy skills and less with oral language ability.
Background Infectious diseases are a leading cause of death in humans, animals, and plants globally. Pathogen infections can reduce food production and endanger biodiversity. Viruses, bacteria, and fungi are therefore scientifically and economically important in food production. Even outbreaks of a pathogen infection in plants or animals have direct consequences for the food chain and human health. Scope and approach Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and virus invade plant cells and utilize the host resources for their survival disturbing the plant or animal metabolism leading to diseases. Advance diagnosis and effective detection of pathogens, infectious diseases, and other parameters affecting the health of animals and plants in agro-defense will assist in reducing financial costs, increasing food production, and improving the global economy. In this article, common pathogens and infectious diseases in animals and plants, along with the point-of-care technologies that address them, are reviewed. Key findings and conclusions The synthesis and discovery of novel nanomaterials and the fabrication of highly specific and sensitive biosensors have expanded the scope for effective agro-defense biosensors. Progress in biosensor development and the existing challenges are reviewed to provide future directions in this field.
Li2−x VTiO4/C sample with a disordered rock salt structure was successfully prepared by annealing at a temperature of 850°C. The electrochemical oxidation in the first cycle occurs at voltages above 4V vs. metallic lithium, while the shapes of the electrochemical curves in consequent reduction–oxidation processes show a monotonous change of the potential between the selected cut-off voltages. A linear combination fit of individual XANES spectra was used for the determination of the oxidation states of as prepared sample and intermediate states during oxidation and reduction. In the as-prepared sample, vanadium was found to be in the average oxidation state of V3.5+ and was additionally oxidized to V3.8+ by the electrochemical charging. During the discharge process, the vanadium oxidation state was reduced to V3.0+. In situ X-ray diffraction patterns and EXAFS analysis suggest good structural stability during oxidation and reduction, which is also reflected in the cycling stability if batteries were cycled in the voltage window between 2.0V and 4.4V. Extension of the lower cut-off voltage to 1.0V doubles the capacity retention with the improved capacity stability if compared with several high capacity vanadium based materials.
The current study examined the goal orientations that could be inferred from how teachers from six municipal schools in Chile described their understandings, emotions, and behaviors during their participation in the assessment phase of the School Management Quality Assurance System. Content analysis of focus group interview transcripts evidenced three school-level patterns of participation, associated with distinct goal orientations. Projective participation to judge the quality of the school’s practices was associated with a learning orientation (one school). Consultant participation to demonstrate competence to external inspectors was associated with a performance-approach orientation (one school). Simple participation to complete tasks imposed by administrators was associated with a performance-avoidance orientation (four schools). School-level differences highlighted teachers’ perceptions of the characteristics of their school’s culture associated with the adoption of these goal orientations. These included existing internal accountability practices, the social capital the school could leverage to implement self-assessment and use external feedback, and the existing structures for teacher participation in decision making. These factors may prove to be a useful guide for the development of induction strategies to support the use of school assessment in ways that foster, rather than diminish, teachers’ motivation.
Since 2002, the urban renewal of the seaside promenade of Manila has become an unexpected magnet of activity in this 430-year old city. As one of the projects of Mayor Lito Atienza’s flagship program, Buhayin ang Maynila (Revitalize Manila), the transformation of what is now popularly called The Baywalk from a dark and neglected zone to a brightly-lit concourse has turned out to be the only remaining strip of central public space where commoners flock to enjoy the famous sunset of Manila Bay. Because the re-creation of the Baywalk was done with only cursory policy compliance, save for the political objective of producing an attractive public space, it serves rather as a test case for later developments that could spur the formulation of site-specific urban renewal guidelines. This study sought to describe and record for posterity the actual uses of the Baywalk at the height of its revival, prior to mid-year 2007 municipal elections. The results of the study revealed a mix of intended and unintended uses linked to design of the area, in the absence of an overarching planning framework that might have otherwise controlled its now vigorous albeit weakly-regulated commercial activity. Nevertheless, the Baywalk continues to be a work-in-progress, and the study concludes that its redevelopment persists despite the uncertain policy environment.
A brief review of our fundamental studies of the reversible reactivity mechanism of vanadates towards lithium is presented. This mechanism totally differs from the classical one based either on reversible insertion/deinsertion of lithium into host structures or on Li alloying reactions, and has led to the thought of using nanosized transition metal oxides as possible negative electrode materials for rechargeable Li-ion batteries. Electrochemical capacities, as high as 700mAh/g with a 100% capacity retention up to 100 cycles and high rates, can be achieved with optimized metal oxides (MO, M=Co, Cu, Ni, Fe, etc.) powders. By combining transmission electron microscope (TEM), infrared (IR) and magnetic measurements we directly proved the formation of 10–50Å metal nanoparticles dispersed into a lithia (Li2O) matrix during the reduction step of MO with Li. Upon oxidation, the metal nanoparticles were shown to convert back to MO while Li2O was decomposed. The new opportunities provided by these metal oxides systems based on the reversible formation/decomposition of Li2O are discussed together with the positive attributes that nanoparticles could have to the field of energy storage.
In hybrid materials, a high-symmetry lattice is decorated by low-symmetry building blocks. The result is an aperiodic solid that hosts many nearly-degenerate disordered configurations. Using the perovskite methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) as a prototype hybrid material, we show that the inherent disorder renders the conventional phonon picture of transport insufficient. Ab initio molecular dynamics and analysis of the spectral energy density reveal that vibrational carriers simultaneously exhibit features of both classical phonons and of carriers typically found in glasses. The low frequency modes retain elements of acoustic waves but exhibit extremely short lifetimes of only a few tens of picoseconds. For higher frequency modes, strong scattering due to rapid motion and reconfiguration of the organic cation molecules induces a loss of definition of the wave vector. Lattice dynamics shows that these carriers are more akin to diffusons – the nonwave carriers in vitreous materials – and are the dominant contributors to thermal conduction near room temperature. To unify the framework of glassy diffusons with that of phonons scattered at the ultimate limit, three-phonon interactions resolved from first-principles expose anharmonic effects two orders of magnitude higher than in silicon. The dominant anharmonic interactions occur within modes of the PbI6 octahedral framework itself, as well as between modes of the octahedral framework and modes localized to the MA molecules. The former arises from long-range interactions due to resonant bonding, and the latter from polar rotor scattering of the MA molecules. This establishes a clear microscopic connection between symmetry-breaking, dynamical disorder, anharmonicity, and the loss of wave nature in MAPbI3.
The present work was performed in order to evaluate methanesulfonic acid (MSA) as electrolyte medium for V(IV)/V(V) redox couple as positive species applied in redox flow battery (RFB). V-MSA solutions containing more than 3.0molL−1 vanadium ions were obtained. Conductivity and viscosity of 3.0molL−1 V(IV)/V(V) electrolyte were determined to be 0.10cms−1 and 12.37mPas respectively. Cyclic voltammetry was conducted to investigate the electrochemical behavior of V(IV)/V(V) redox couple. The diffusion coefficients of V(IV) on Pt electrode in 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0molL−1 V(IV)/V(V) electrolytes determined were 3.606×10−6, 1.813×10−6 and 0.5244×10−6 cm2 s−1, respectively. A ZnV battery was assembled with V(IV)/V(V)-MSA positive species and Zn/Zn(II)-MSA negative species. The cell voltage in charged state was 1.9–2.0V and discharge voltage reached up to 1.7V. The average coulombic efficiency and energy efficiency of the assembled cell were 95.85% and 63.90% respectively and it showed a good cyclic charge–discharge performance, which indicates that MSA has a promise application prospect in vanadium redox battery.
The outward diffusion equation of the instantaneously released ion in pores of a porous layer was derived theoretically, and then applied for the study of oxygen ion diffusion in porous Fe which was generated by fast electrochemical reduction of solid Fe2O3 in molten CaCl2. The solid cathode was constructed by filling mixed Fe/Fe2O3 powders (8:1 in mass ratio) into cylindrical cavities in a Mo foil substrate. This fabricated mini porous electrode was subjected to the double-potential treatment with selected potentials according to the cyclic voltammetry (CVs) of Fe2O3. The lower potential of −0.7V (vs. quartz sealed Ag/AgCl) enabled fast reduction of solid Fe2O3, and instantaneous release of O2− ions into the pores of the generated porous Fe. During the standing time at −0.7V, outward O2− diffusion occurred, and the amount of O2− remaining in the porous electrode was determined by re-oxidation at a potential of 0.16V. The experimental outward diffusion of O2− was in good accord with the theoretical equation, consequently, the diffusion coefficients of O2− in CaCl2 contained in porous Fe were evaluated as 8.2×10−6, 9.1×10−6 and 1.0×10−5 cm2 s−1 at 1108, 1123 and 1138K respectively. These data followed the Arrhenius’ equation with diffusion activation energy of about 67.8kJmol−1. The whole work can provide a simple method for the study of diffusion in a porous electrode, and the designed ultrafast deoxidation of solid Fe2O3 may be also helpful to the present effort in developing iron metallurgy by molten salt electrolysis.
The aim of this study is to establish correlations between mechanical properties of Pb–Ag and Pb–Bi alloys and parametric features of their as-cast microstructures, as well as to develop a comparative analysis with the corresponding properties of Pb–Sn alloys considering applications of these alloys in the manufacture of Pb-acid battery components. A wide range of microstructures are obtained using an upward water-cooled directional solidification system. Ultimate (UTS) and yield tensile strengths (YS) and elongation are experimentally determined as a function of cellular and dendritic spacings, and Hall-Petch type experimental equations are proposed relating UTS to these microstructure parameters. Despite the higher specific strengths of Pb–Ag alloys, as compared with those of Pb–Bi and Pb–Sn alloys, their corresponding relative costs are the highest of all Pb-based alloys examined. It is found that the Pb–Bi and Pb–Sn alloys examined have similar specific strengths and relative costs.
This work presents a simple and innovative piezoelectric energy harvester, inspired by fractal geometry and intrinsically including dynamic magnification. Energy harvesting from ambient vibrations exploiting piezoelectric materials is an efficient solution for the development of self-sustainable electronic nodes. After an initial design step, the present work investigates the eigenfrequencies of the proposed harvester, both through a simple free vibration analysis model and through a computational modal analysis. The experimental validation performed on a prototype, confirms the accurate frequency response predicted by these models with five eigenfrequencies below 100 Hz. Despite the harvester has piezoelectric transducers only on a symmetric half of the top surface of the lamina, the rate of energy conversion is significant for all the investigated eigenfrequencies. Moreover, by adding a small ballast mass on the structure, it is possible to excite specific eigenfrequencies and thus improving the energy conversion.
Carbazole was electropolymerized on indium tinoxide (ITO) electrodes in two air- and water-stable room-temperature ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMI-PF6) and N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide (BMP-TFSI), respectively, using three potentiostatic methods (i.e., cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic electrolysis, and potentiostatic pulse electrolysis). The polymer films obtained in both ionic liquids (ILs) adhered on the electrode surface well; however, the polycarbazole (PCz) films obtained in the more viscous BMI-PF6 exhibited a denser structure. The PCz films showed electrochromic behavior; deep green was observed in the oxidative state and pale green in the reductive state. Anions or viscosities of the ILs seem to influence the depth of color change. PCz films were also prepared under a normal atmosphere.
Supercapacitors are a promising technology for high power energy storage, which have been used in some industrial and vehicles applications. Hence, it is important that information concerning the performance of supercapacitors be detailed and reliable so system designers can make rational decisions regarding the selection of the energy storage components. This paper is concerned with important issues and uncertainties regarding the performance testing of supercapacitors. The effect of different test procedures on the measured characteristics of both commercial and prototype supercapacitors including hybrid supercapacitors have been studied. It was found that the test procedure has a relatively minor effect on the capacitance of carbon/carbon devices and a more significant effect on the capacitance of hybrid supercapacitors. The device characteristic with the greatest uncertainty is the resistance and subsequently the claimed power capability of the device. The energy density should be measured by performing constant power discharges between appropriate voltage limits. This is particularly important in the case of hybrid supercapacitors for which the energy density is rate dependent and the simple relationship E = ½CV2 does not yield accurate estimates of the energy stored. In general, most of the important issues for testing carbon/carbon devices become more serious for hybrid supercapacitors.
Despite the plethora of published reports on ameliorative effects of exogenously applied salicylic acid (SA) to plants under salt stress, a critical role of SA in redox balance, photosynthetic and electron transport in mediating salt tolerance in plants is still ignored. The present study was aimed to assess the beneficial effects of SA on photosynthetic electron transport in five radish cultivars during salt stress which may translate into protection from salt-induced oxidative damage. Seeds of five radish cultivars (Red Neck Purple, Early Long White, Minnu Radish, Radish 40-day and Gong Swang Radish) were allowed to germinate for five days after which seedlings were sprayed with different concentrations of SA (0, 2 and 5 mM). After 48 h of SA treatment, seedlings were subjected to salt stress (0, 100, and 200 mM NaCl). Salt stress cause reduction in biomass, chlorophyll contents and PSII photochemistry in all five radish cultivars. However, salt stress causes an increase in proline content, lipid peroxidation, ROS content and antioxidant enzymatic activity. Foliar spray of SA downregulated the absorption, trapping and photosynthetic electron transport fluxes while it increased dissipation flux consequently improving photochemistry of most of the radish cultivars under salt stress. This Improved photochemistry and enhanced antioxidant enzymes activity of radish cultivars by SA application resulted in lower ROS generation and membrane damage. Greater accumulation of compatible solutes due to foliar spray of SA might have additional protective effects on photosynthetic machinery by lowering oxidative stress. Moreover, ameliorative effects of SA were cultivar specific. The study suggested that SA could mitigate the detrimental effects of salt stress by regulating physiological and biochemical mechanisms in radish plant.
Radiofrequency identification (RFID) is a wireless method of automatic identification. Currently, RFID tags are emerging into our environment in many aspects of our lives. Applications are being developed in a variety of fields, including health care. Aspects of surgical care will lend themselves to this approach. This technology could provide large amounts of data that not only carry the promise of improving health care, but also may have an impact on personal aspects of our daily lives. Each of us must become familiar with the risks and benefits of RFID use.
Distributed generation (DG) based on rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems with battery storages is a promising alternative energy generation technology to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. As regulatory tariff-based incentives are diminishing, innovative solutions are required to sustain this renewable energy generation. An optimization model is proposed to maximize the economic benefits for rooftop PV-battery DG in a peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading environment. The goal of the proposed model is to investigate the feasibility of such renewable source participated P2P energy trading by examining the economic benefits. The model is illustrated in a simulation framework for a local community with 500 households under real-world constraints encompassing PV systems, battery storage, customer demand profiles and market signals including the retail price, feed-in tariff and P2P energy trading mechanism. Interactions among peer-to-peer trading stakeholders are examined, quantifying household savings for different scenarios of this P2P-based DG. Household energy savings are identified to be sensitive to many factors including the scale of PV systems, the PV penetration, the P2P trading margins, the presence of battery storage and energy trading time. The model shows that maximal savings up to 28% can be achieved by households equipped with larger PV systems and battery storages during weekdays from an exemplified case. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that households with PV systems have lower savings when PV penetration is high owing to excessive energy traded on the P2P market, pushing down the clearing price and the savings gain. Households with a battery-only configuration are shown to achieve fewer savings in contrast to households without any renewable resources in a P2P trading community. The model’s energy insights are the beginning of understanding the actual impact of policy, market and technical signals on economic benefits for household distributed renewable generation in a P2P energy trading market.
The high acuity of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients receiving glucocorticoid (GC) therapy for acute graft vs. host disease (aGVHD) may limit their adherence to an exercise-based rehabilitation program and hence, slow their recovery. To make this determination, the medical records of 59 subacute outpatient stem cell transplant recipients receiving methylprednisolone (MP) were reviewed for demographic, anthropometric and medical information. Performance on the repeated sit-to-stand, 50-ft walk and 6-min walk tests were determined before and after completing a 4-week progressive exercise rehabilitation program and outcomes were compared by a paired t-test (P < 0.05). Thirty-two patients (54%) finished a treatment plan (adherent group), completing 80% of the prescribed sessions and were reevaluated. Twenty-seven patients (46%) did not complete the rehabilitation program (nonadherent group), primarily because of readmission to the hospital (18 patients, 62%). The adherent group did not significantly improve their physical performance (p > 0.05). However, a subgroup of 40% of these patients did experience clinically significant improvements in their physical performance.These findings 1) support the feasibility of having HSCT recipients receiving GC therapy to participate in an exercise-based rehabilitation program and 2) suggest that to do so can result in clinically significant improvements in functional capacity.
A new strategy for suppressing dendritic lithium growth in rechargeable lithium metal batteries is introduced, in which TiO2 nanotube (NT) array electrodes prepared by anodization are used as a metallic lithium storage medium. During the first charge process, lithium ions are inserted into the crystal structure of the TiO2 NT arrays, and then, lithium metal is deposited on the surfaces of the NT arrays, i.e., in the NT pores and between NT walls. From the second cycle onward, the TiO2 material is used as lithium ion pathways, which results in the effective current distribution for lithium deposition and prevents disintegration of the deposited metallic lithium. Compared to a Li(Cu foil)–LiCoO2 cell, the Li(TiO2 NT)–LiCoO2 cell exhibits enhanced cycling efficiency. This new concept will enable other 3D structured negative active materials to be used as lithium metal storage media for lithium metal batteries.