batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Many studies suggest that hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) can provide some clinically curative effects on blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI). The specific mechanism by which this occurs still remains unknown, and no standardized time or course of hyperbaric oxygen treatment is currently used. In this study, bTBI was produced by paper detonators equivalent to 600 mg of TNT exploding at 6.5 cm vertical to the rabbit’s head. HBO (100 % O2 at 2.0 absolute atmospheres) was used once, 12 h after injury. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed to investigate the impact of HBOT on the metabolism of local injured nerves in brain tissue. We also examined blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity, brain water content, apoptotic factors, and some inflammatory mediators. Our results demonstrate that hyperbaric oxygen could confer neuroprotection and improve prognosis after explosive injury by promoting the metabolism of local neurons, inhibiting brain edema, protecting BBB integrity, decreasing cell apoptosis, and inhibiting the inflammatory response. Furthermore, timely intervention within 1 week after injury might be more conducive to improving the prognosis of patients with bTBI.
This paper presents the planning of solar photovoltaics (PV), battery energy storage system (BESS) and gas-fired micro turbine (MT) in a coupled micro gas and electricity grid. The proposed model is formulated as a two-stage stochastic optimization problem, including the optimal investment in the first stage and the optimal operation in the second stage. To better understand the mutual interactions between electric and heat energy, the gas network models are taken into account. As a result, the fuel availability and price of the gas-fired MT can be explicitly modeled and analyzed. Moreover, to enhance the computational efficiency of the formulated mixed-integer quadratic programming problem, the point estimation method is used as the scenario reduction technique. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified on a 14-bus coupled micro energy grid. Based on the case studies, the proposed two-stage planning model can identify a planning solution with the objective value of $99.3104, which is comprised of the daily capital recovery cost of $20.5070, the daily operating cost of $78.8034 for the coupled micro gas and electricity grid. Comparative studies demonstrate that the proposed approach can help the microgrid operator identify feasible and optimal planning solutions, and provide valuable guidance for energy infrastructure expansion from an integrated perspective.
There are no European Guidelines on issues specifically related to travel for people with cystic fibrosis (CF). The contributors to these recommendations included 30 members of the ECORN-CF project. The document is endorsed by the European Cystic Fibrosis Society and sponsored by the Executive Agency of Health and Consumers of the European Union and the Christiane Herzog Foundation. The main goal of this paper is to provide patient-oriented advice that complements medical aspects by offering practical suggestions for all aspects involved in planning and taking a trip. The report consists of three main sections, preparation for travel, important considerations during travel and at the destination, and issues specific to immunocompromised travellers. People with CF should be encouraged to consult with their CF centre prior to travel to another country. The CF centre can advise on the necessary preparation for travel, the need for vaccinations, essential medications that should be brought on the trip and also provide information relating to CF care in the region and plan of action in case of an emergency.
Among metals and intermetallic compounds, silver exhibits a high specific capacity according to the formation of different Ag–Li alloys (up to AgLi12) in a very low voltage range versus lithium (0.250–0V). Electrochemical results including Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) as well as cycling behaviour experiments confirmed the interesting characteristics of silver thin film electrodes prepared by radio frequency (r.f.) sputtering. XRD patterns recorded at different electrochemical stages of the alloying/de-alloying processes showed the complexity of the silver–lithium system under dynamic conditions. Cycling life depends on several parameters and particularly of the careful choice of cut-off voltages. In very well monitored conditions, galvanostatic cycles exhibited flat reversible plateaus with a minimal voltage value (0.050V) between charge and discharge, a feature of great interest in the use of an electrode. The first results of a lithium ion battery with both silver and LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 thin films are presented.
The chemical stability of Li metal in a rechargeable Li–O2 cell was examined by investigating the physicochemical changes that occurred during storage of Li in an electrolyte comprising dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with dissolved O2. During prolonged storage of Li in the oxygenated electrolyte, the Li surface became moss-like and its interfacial resistance increased. Analyses of reaction products using XPS and FT-IR revealed that the bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl) imide (TFSI) anions and DMSO solvent could have decomposed significantly through a further reaction path induced by O2. Furthermore, the formation of an unstable solid-electrolyte interphase by O2 causes degradation of the Li metal and deterioration of the electrolyte. This investigation shows that the Li anode should be protected from O2 by modification of Li and the separator to ensure long-term stability of the Li–O2 cell.
It is crucial to maintain temperature homogeneity in lithium ion batteries in order to prevent adverse voltage distributions and differential ageing within the cell. As such, the thermal behaviour of a large-format 20 Ah lithium iron phosphate pouch cell is investigated over a wide range of ambient temperatures and C rates during both charging and discharging. Whilst previous studies have only considered one surface, this article presents experimental results, which characterise both surfaces of the cell exposed to similar thermal media and boundary conditions, allowing for thermal gradients in-plane and perpendicular to the stack to be quantified. Temperature gradients, caused by self-heating, are found to increase with increasing C rate and decreasing temperature to such an extent that 13.4 ± 0.7% capacity can be extracted using a 10C discharge compared to a 0.5C discharge, both at −10 °C ambient temperature. The former condition causes an 18.8 ± 1.1 °C in plane gradient and a 19.7 ± 0.8 °C thermal gradient perpendicular to the stack, which results in large current density distributions and local state of charge differences within the cell. The implications of these thermal and electrical inhomogeneities on ageing and battery pack design for the automotive industry are discussed.
The current distribution over the plate surface in lead-acid cells in the course of discharge was determined mathematically by using the equivalent circuit method. The dependence of the internal cell resistance on the current and charge passed was determined by measurements on a laboratory cell. Six cell variants were considered differing by the location of tabs serving as current terminals. The results are presented in the form of 3D diagrams at various states of discharge. To make the current distribution nearly uniform, extended current tabs located at opposite ends of the plate electrodes were proposed.
Expansion of medical marijuana use in the US and the recently successful decriminalization of recreational marijuana in two States elevates interest in the specific cognitive effects of Δ9tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9THC), the major psychoactive constituent of marijuana. Controlled laboratory studies in nonhuman primates provide mixed evidence for specific effects of Δ9THC in learning and memory tasks, with a suggestion that frontal-mediated tasks may be the most sensitive. In this study, adult male rhesus monkeys were trained on tasks which assess reversal learning, extradimensional attentional shift learning and spatial delayed-response. Subjects were challenged with 0.1–0.5mg/kg Δ9THC, i.m., in randomized order and evaluated on the behavioral measures. Peak plasma levels of Δ9THC were observed 30min after 0.2mg/kg (69±29ng/ml) and 60min after 0.5mg/kg (121±23ng/ml) was administered and behavioral effects on a bimanual motor task persisted for up to 2h after injection. An increase in errors-to-criterion (ETC) associated with reversal learning was further increased by Δ9THC in a dose-dependent manner. The increase in ETC associated with extradimensional shifts was not affected by Δ9THC. Spatial delayed-response performance was impaired by Δ9THC in a retention-interval-dependent manner. Overall the pattern of results suggests a more profound effect of Δ9THC on tasks mediated by orbitofrontal (reversal learning) versus dorsolateral (extradimensional shifts) prefrontal mechanisms.
Swine leptospirosis poses a major problem in the agricultural sector. The gold standard for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis is Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). However, the limitations of this technique make the search for alternative diagnostic methods inevitable. In the present study, ErpY-like recombinant protein (rErpY-like), produced in Escherichia coli and used as antigen in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was evaluated for its efficacy as a novel diagnostic tool for swine leptospirosis. For the study, 72 samples of swine sera characterized by microscopic agglutination test (MAT), were evaluated by indirect ELISA. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values obtained from the analysis were 96.8%, 100%, and 99%, respectively, thereby suggesting that rErpY-like ELISA being a sensitive and specific method for antibodies detection in swine populations could be used as an alternative for diagnosis of swine leptospirosis.
Black TiO2-modified Ti/PbO2 electrode was fabricated by the electro-codeposition method and characterized by transmission electron micrographs, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results indicated that the incorporation of black TiO2 nanoparticles facilitated the formation of porous PbO2 architecture, improved the oriented growth of [101] and [301] planes, and inhibited the oxygen evolution reaction. The degradation experiment of anthraquinone dye (reactive brilliant blue KN-R) indicated that black TiO2 embedded Ti/PbO2 electrode has higher photo-electrocatalytic activity than that of Ti/PbO2 electrode. Furthermore, the accelerated life test showed that the service life of black TiO2 embedded Ti/PbO2 electrode was much longer than that of Ti/PbO2 electrode. The enhancement of decolorization efficiency and stability for black TiO2 embedded Ti/PbO2 electrodes can be attributed to the formation of porous PbO2 architecture, the existence of photoelectric synergy, inhibition of the oxygen evolution reaction, and weakening of internal stress in PbO2 coatings. The black TiO2 embedded Ti/PbO2 electrode is considered as a promising anode for the treatment of organic pollutants.
The effects of extra Li content, different synthesis method and sintering temperature on synthesis, structure and electrochemistry of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 were investigated. It was shown that extra Li content, homogeneous precursor and a high sintering temperature contributed to the formation of single phase compound. Extra Li content not only accelerated formation of pure phase due to effectively suppressing development of NiO impurity, but also brought about considerable variations in electrochemistry. In the case of x =1.3 (the molar ratio of Li versus M (M=Co1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3) at starting materials), a plateau-like stage at >4.3V during the initial charge process was apparently observed, accompanying a remarkably improved initial charge capacity. Different precursors derived from different synthesis methods caused the impressive differences in electrochemistry of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2. Homogeneous precursors derived from spray-drying method resulted in significantly improved electrochemical performances in contrast with ones obtained by direct decomposition of acetates and even subsequent ball-milling. This may be related to the reduced occupancy of transitional metal ions in Li layers, smaller particles size and possibly good material homogeneity in LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2.
In this paper, we examine a cognitive neuropsychiatric approach to understanding neuropsychiatric disorders by examining recent data in schizophrenia. By understanding and applying this approach, we suggest that the processes underlying the neurobiology of a range of other psychiatric disorders can be understood. Further, an assessment of the brain–behaviour relationships through this emerging discipline provides testable models for further study, using a range of techniques including functional and other imaging techniques.
Integrating renewable energy resources such as photovoltaic system with diesel generator in a hybrid power system is widely spread in the worldwide due to the economic and technical aspects. These systems prove their feasibility in the remote areas, where the grid extension is not available. An optimum dispatch strategy for these systems is a very important factor that affects the cost of the energy generated. Therefore, the main objective of this review is to show the state of art of hybrid photovoltaic/diesel generator system control strategies. Research work in the period of 1998–2014 is covered and analyzed. In addition to that, a summary of the latest technologies in this field is provided. Finally, challenges to this science are concluded. These challenges are accurate estimation of load demand and meteorological data, system performance prediction, system’s component models, optimal sizing of the system and operation set points optimization. In optimizing the operation set points there are many aspects to consider such as system reliability, emitted emission by the system and the cost of the energy generated.
We report on the crystallographic orientational dependence of the electrochemical behaviour in nanostructured manganese oxide. Manganese Oxide (Mn3O4) nanocrystals have been deposited on Nb-doped Strontium Titanate (Nb:SrTiO3) substrate via pulsed laser deposition. (001), (101) and (112) orientated nanocrystals were successfully grown on (100), (110) and (111) Nb:SrTiO3 substrates respectively. Analysis of the lattice arrangements suggests that nanostructure growth may be driven more by polarity rather than the epitaxial strain such that electrostatic repulsion can be minimised. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 1M Na2SO4 electrolyte was performed to understand how specific capacitance values vary with changing lattice orientations. The maximum specific capacitance calculated for the (100) orientation was 34 F/g, obtained after the 3000th cycle. Beyond this the CV loop plateaus rapidly and structural analysis of this sample revealed a morphological transformation from the (001) orientation to the (101) platelet structures. The maximum specific capacitance obtained was for the (112) sample (120F/g) suggesting that such non-primary planes in spinel oxides may be most attractive for electrochemical applications.
In the present study macroporous aluminium electrodes were made by template assisted electrodeposition from ionic liquids. Polystyrene (PS) spheres (diameter 600nm) were applied onto polished copper electrodes by immersion into an alcoholic suspension containing PS spheres. Al was deposited from the chloroaluminate ionic liquid [EMIm]Cl/AlCl3 (40/60mol.%) on this substrate. After chemical dissolution of the PS spheres a macroporous aluminium electrode was obtained which served as a host material for Li deposition from ionic liquids. Lithium deposition in this matrix is reversible showing certain activation with an increasing number of cycles. After 10 cycles of Li deposition/dissolution the macroporous structure is still visible.
Poly(vinylidene ﬂuoride-co-hexaﬂuoro-propylene) doped with imidazole-modified silica nanoparticles (Z-SiO2) is coated in a polyethylene substrate to form a functional composite polymer electrolyte (PVDF-HFP-(Z-SiO2)/PE-based CPEs) and used for high voltage LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The imidazole-based modified SiO2 nanoparticles are first prepared via a distillation precipitation polymerization. The composite separators with 30 wt% Z-SiO2 nanoparticles prepared via a dip-coating process exhibits a porous and uniformly dispersed morphology and enhanced performance, including excellent electrolyte uptake (310%), high ionic conductivity of 1.03 mS cm−1, and oxidative decomposition voltage up to 4.75 V. More importantly, a stable cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer can be formed, endowing the Li/PVDF-HFP-(Z-SiO2)/PE-based CPEs/LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) cells superior cycling stability and rate capability (169 mAh g−1, 81.9%) under when the charge cut-off voltage increased to 4.5 V, which is higher than that assembled with PE separator (160 mAh g−1, 40.8%). These results demonstrate that the Z-SiO2 nanoparticles not only act as the fillers of the CPEs but also are water/acid scavengers in favor of the formation of a stable CEI film, which promotes the cycling performance and rate capability of high voltage NCM523 cathode and reveals promising prospect for practical applications in LIBs at high voltage operation.
Background Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation method for suppressing regional cortical excitability. We examine the safety and antiepileptic efficacy of cathodal tDCS in children with refractory focal epilepsy. Although a prior cathodal tDCS trial in adults with epilepsy revealed EEG improvement, neither the antiepileptic potential nor the safety and tolerability of tDCS has been tested in children. Method The study consisted of three phases: 1) a 4-week pre-treatment monitoring period with vital sign measures, EEG, seizure diary, and baseline quality of life (QOL) questionnaire; 2) a single treatment with 1 mA cathodal tDCS for 20 min with cathode positioned over the seizure focus and anode on the contralateral shoulder; 3) follow-ups immediately after stimulation, and at 24, 48 h, and 4 weeks after tDCS with continued seizure diary and epileptic discharge counts on EEG; the QOL questionnaire was also repeated 4 weeks after stimulation. Patients were randomized to receive either single session active or sham tDCS 1 mA, 20 min. Results Thirty six children (6–15 years) with focal epilepsy were enrolled, 27 in active and 9 in sham group. All patients tolerated tDCS well. No serious adverse events occurred. Active tDCS treatment was associated with significant reductions in epileptic discharge frequency immediately and 24 and 48 h after tDCS. Four weeks after treatment, a small (clinically negligible but statistically significant) decrease in seizure frequency was also detected. Conclusion A single session of cathodal tDCS improves epileptic EEG abnormalities for 48 h and is well-tolerated in children.
Four differently prepared aluminum fluoride samples were tested as cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. The charge–discharge results showed an initial capacity of over 900 mAh g−1 for most of the samples at a voltage of around 2 V, giving specific energy densities of over 7405 kJ kg−1, higher than many commercial materials. The cycling results showed an initial high-capacity with rapid capacity fade. The reversible conversion reaction of aluminum fluoride was shown to follow the reduction of AlF3 into LiF and Al during discharge and upon charge Al would be oxidized to form AlF3 and Li again. It was found that not all the AlF3 would be oxidized due to the large surface/interfacial energy produced by the production of nano LiF and Al particles and the large reduction in size from the initial particles to the reduced phase. There was formation of unwanted Li3AlF6 due to the reaction of AlF3, LiF, and LiPF6 which also reduced the cycling capacity.
Ni-Co hydroxides have been extensively studied as electrode materials for hybrid supercapacitors. In this work, we report an effective method to significantly improve the rate performance of Ni-Co hydroxides through engineering the dual-channel structure and tuning the valence state of Cobalt, which is realized through a facile in suit chemical treatment of phosphites. The specific capacitance of the obtained flower-like Ni-Co hydroxide electrode is 1425Fg−1 at 20Ag−1, which is 83.9% of 1698Fg−1 at 1Ag−1. Simultaneously, a moderate cycling stability with an efficiency of 80.6% after cycling 4000 times at a current density of 10Ag−1 is obtained. Moreover, an energy density of 40.1 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 801.2Wkg−1 has been achieved in an assembled aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor, using Ni-Co hydroxide as positive electrode material and activated carbon as negative electrode material. Our study shows that the chemical treatment evokes morphology and phase transformation and induces partial Co2+ conversion to a more conductive Co3+ state. And the electrochemical performance has a significant relationship with the microstructure and valence state of Cobalt.
The installed capacity of stationary batteries is expected to grow rapidly in the coming years. This deployment will have impacts on the environment that must be investigated to guide our policy and technology choices. A large variety of stationary battery technologies exists, however previous studies have failed to assess the environmental implications of several of them. In this study, the environmental performance of Lithium Metal Polymer (LMP) stationary batteries is quantified through the life cycle assessment methodology and compared to Lithium-ion (Li-ion) units. LMP is a promising technology which is advocated as more stable, safe and simple to manufacture than batteries with liquid electrolytes. Models with a storage capacity of 6 MWh and 75 kWh are examined, corresponding respectively to batteries designed for a centralized and a distributed grid configuration. The assessments cover the entire life cycle of the batteries and evaluate their impacts in fifteen different environmental categories. The results show that the battery manufacturing stage drives the majority of environmental impacts in the different investigated batteries. Li-ion batteries cause significantly more impacts than LMP units in terms of global warming and ozone depletion. The effects on global warming come mainly from the production of components in countries where fossil fuel dominates electricity mixes. The production of polytetrafluoroethylene, used only in Li-ion batteries, is the main contributor to the ozone layer depletion category and also an important source of global warming emissions. Conversely, LMP batteries are responsible for a bigger impact in terms of aquatic eutrophication originating from sulfidic tailings linked to mining activities. An additional finding of this study is that centralized battery system configurations bring smaller environmental impacts than distributed systems with more but smaller storage units.
In this paper, a performance comparison among three well-known stochastic model predictive control approaches, namely, multi-scenario, tree-based, and chance-constrained model predictive control is presented. To this end, three predictive controllers have been designed and implemented in a real renewable-hydrogen-based microgrid. The experimental set-up includes a PEM electrolyzer, lead-acid batteries, and a PEM fuel cell as main equipment. The real experimental results show significant differences from the plant components, mainly in terms of use of energy, for each implemented technique. Effectiveness, performance, advantages, and disadvantages of these techniques are extensively discussed and analyzed to give some valid criteria when selecting an appropriate stochastic predictive controller.
We investigated the combined impact of ageing and obesity on Achilles tendon (AT) properties in vivo in men, utilizing three classification methods of obesity.