batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The discharge–charge process of the porous sulfur/carbon nanocomposite cathode has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicate that the porous nanocomposite enhances the electrolyte infiltrate into the cathode materials evenly, has a good capability of confining the soluble polysulfides and preventing the aggregation of insoluble Li2S. The regenerated elemental sulfur of the porous sulfur/carbon nanocomposite cathode exists in nano-size particles in the pore and the resistance decreases compared with the original cathode. Moreover, the porous nanocomposite realizes the micro-reactors during the discharge–charge process and can accommodate the volume change which is benefit for stabilization of the cathode during the electrochemical reaction.
A novel sodium-ion capacitor (NIC) was assembled using graphitic mesocarbon microbead anode and activated carbon cathode in diglyme-based electrolyte. Charge/discharge tests indicate that sodium ions can reversibly co-intercalated with diglyme solvent into graphite anode and show good rate performance. The energy densities of the NICs are as high as 93.5 and 86.5 Wh kg−1 at 573 and 2832 W kg−1 (equal to 4 C and 50 C) in the voltage window at 1–4 V, respectively. By optimizing the voltage ranges, the capacity retention of the NIC at 20 C is 98.3% even after 3000 cycles. Such superior electrochemical performance should be attributed to the reversible intercalated/deintercalated reaction of sodium ions and the formation of ternary graphite intercalation compounds in diglyme-based electrolyte. The present work pioneers new realms of hybrid energy storage system with high energy density, high power density and long cycle life.
The overarching goal of this event-related potential (ERP) study was to examine the effects of scopolamine on the dynamics of brain network activation using a novel ERP network analysis method known as Brain Network Activation (BNA). BNA was used for extracting group-common stimulus-activated network patterns elicited to matching probe stimuli in the context of a delayed matching-to-sample task following placebo and scopolamine treatments administered to healthy participants. The BNA extracted networks revealed the existence of two pathophysiological mechanisms following scopolamine, disconnection, and compensation. Specifically, weaker frontal theta and parietal alpha coupling was accompanied with enhanced fronto-centro-parietal theta activation relative to placebo. In addition, using the characteristic BNA network of each treatment as well as corresponding literature-guided selective subnetworks as combined biomarkers managed to differentiate between individual responses to each of the treatments. Behavioral effects associated with scopolamine included delayed response time and impaired response accuracy. These results indicate that the BNA method is sensitive to the effects of scopolamine on working memory and that it may potentially enable diagnosis and treatment assessment of dysfunctions associated with cholinergic deficiency.
Hyperoxia contributes to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. Earlier we observed that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-deficient mice are more susceptible to hyperoxic lung injury than AhR-sufficient mice, and this phenomenon was associated with a lack of expression of cytochrome P450 1A enzymes. Omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor used in humans with gastric acid-related disorders, activates AhR in hepatocytes in vitro. However, the effects of omeprazole on AhR activation in the lungs and its impact on hyperoxia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inflammation are unknown. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that omeprazole attenuates hyperoxia-induced cytotoxicity, ROS generation, and expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in human lung-derived H441 cells via AhR activation. Experimental groups included cells transfected with AhR small interfering RNA (siRNA). Hyperoxia resulted in significant increases in cytotoxicity, ROS generation, and MCP-1 production, which were significantly attenuated with the functional activation of AhR by omeprazole. The protective effects of omeprazole on cytotoxicity, ROS production, and MCP-1 production were lost in H441 cells whose AhR gene was silenced by AhR siRNA. These findings support the hypothesis that omeprazole protects against hyperoxic injury in vitro via AhR activation that is associated with decreased ROS generation and expression of MCP-1.
The reactivity of lithium with Cu2Sb was recently described to be governed by displacement reactions of Cu similar to those occurring in Cu2.33V4O11. In order to complement the earlier work of Fransson et al., we have revisited the electrochemical reactivity of Cu2Sb with Li. Through a different arsenal of characterization techniques, we have emphasized the role of the particle size, electrode preparation and temperature on the reversibility of the electrochemical reaction. We have demonstrated that the structural reversibility of the Cu2Sb electrode can be obtained in two special cases: (1) when the particle size of Cu2Sb is small and when the powders are ball milled with carbon and (2) when Li2CuSb is used as the starting material and some Sb is lost from the electrode during charge.
Emotional sounds are processed within a large cortico-subcortical network, of which the auditory cortex, the voice area, and the amygdala are the core regions. Using 7T fMRI, we have compared the effect of emotional valence (positive, neutral, and negative) and the effect of the type of environmental sounds (human vocalizations and non-vocalizations) on neural activity within individual early stage auditory areas, the voice area, and the amygdala. A two-way ANOVA was applied to the BOLD time course within each ROI. In several early stage auditory areas, it yielded a significant main effect of vocalizations and of valence, but not a significant interaction. Significant interaction as well as significant main effects of vocalization and of valence were present in the voice area; the former was driven by a significant emotional modulation of vocalizations but not of other sounds. Within the amygdala, only the main effect of valence was significant. Post-hoc correlation analysis highlighted coupling between the voice area and early stage auditory areas during the presentation of any vocalizations, and between the voice area and the right amygdala during positive vocalizations. Thus, the voice area is selectively devoted to the encoding of the emotional valence of vocalizations; it shares with several early stage auditory areas encoding characteristics for vocalizations and with the amygdala for the emotional modulation of vocalizations. These results are indicative of a dual pathway, whereby the emotional modulation of vocalizations within the voice area integrates the input from the lateral early stage auditory areas and from the amygdala.
This study reports an amorphous Si (a-Si) film as an anode material for all-solid-state lithium batteries. The film exhibits stable charge/discharge over 100 cycles and rapid charge transfer at the interface with a solid electrolyte. The potential performance of the a-Si film anode will become apparent in the present work.
The present study examined the cognitive profile in Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) males, and investigated whether cognitive profiles are similar for FXS males at different levels of intellectual functioning. Cognitive abilities in non-verbal, verbal, memory and executive functioning domains were contrasted to both a non-verbal and verbal mental age reference. Model-based cluster analyses revealed three distinct subgroups which differed in level of functioning, but showed similar cognitive profiles. Results showed that cognitive performance is particularly weak on measures of reasoning- and performal abilities confined to abstract item content, but relatively strong on measures of visuo-perceptual recognition and vocabulary. Further, a significant weakness was found for verbal short-term memory. Finally, these results indicated that the choice of an appropriate reference is critically important in examining cognitive profiles. The pattern of findings that emerged from the current cognitive profiling of FXS males was interpreted to suggest a fundamental deficit in executive control.
Solar photovoltaic panels (PV) face many challenges in the Sultanate of Oman. These challenges include costs, policy and technical development. With the growing needs of the Sultanate in the energy sector, Grid Connected PV (GCPV) system could help in reducing peak load demand and offer an alternative energy source. This study aims to numerically discover the optimal configuration for a 1MW GCPV plant in Adam city. Real time data, on hour-by-hour basis, from the location are used to ensure highest accuracy. The simulation not only is set for technical evaluation but economic as well. Investment in GCPV technology needs a bigger push both by research, development and policy. The assessment results show that the PV technology investment is very promising in this site whereas the annual yield factor of the system is 1875.1 kWh/kWp. Meanwhile, the capacity factor of the proposed system is 21.7%. The cost of energy found for the plant is around 0.2258 USD/kWh which is economically feasible and shows great promise.
A macro-homogeneous model has been developed to evaluate the impact of replacing conventional flooded electrode with gas diffusion electrode on the performance of a novel non-aqueous Na-air battery under pure oxygen gas. After the model has been validated with experimental data, the model results exhibit a significant improvement in battery performance, providing about a 48% increase in initial discharge capacity (over 1551 mAh/gcarbon at 0.1mA/cm2) and higher discharge potential when using a gas diffusion electrode rather than a flooded electrode. Overall, the gas diffusion electrode model shows the promising performances for a rechargeable Na-air. The model correlates the relationship between the performance and electrolyte decomposition and the formation of discharge products (such as Na2O2 and Na2CO3). The developed model can be potentially used to optimise electrode structure and electrolyte loading in the active layer, leading to improve the battery performance.
This paper considers system effects due to the addition of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles (PHEV) and Distributed Energy Resource (DER) generation. The DER and PHEV are considered with energy storage technology applied to the residential distribution system load. Two future year scenarios are considered, 2020 and 2030. The models used are of real distribution circuits located near Detroit, Michigan, and every customer load on the circuit and type of customer are modeled. Monte Carlo simulations are used to randomly select customers that receive PHEV, DER, and/or storage systems. The Monte Carlo simulations provide not only the expected average result, but also its uncertainty. The adoption scenarios are investigated for both summer and winter loading conditions.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are hybrid electric vehicles that can be fueled from both conventional liquid fuels and grid electricity. To represent the total contribution of both of these fuels to the operation, energy use, and environmental impacts of PHEVs, researchers have developed the concept of the utility factor. As standardized in documents such as SAE J1711 and SAE J2841, the utility factor represents the proportion of vehicle distance travelled that can be allocated to a vehicle test condition so as to represent the real-world driving habits of a vehicle fleet. These standards must be used with care so that the results are understood within the context of the assumptions implicit in the standardized utility factors. This study analyzes and derives alternatives to the standard utility factors from the 2001 National Highway Transportation Survey, so as to understand the sensitivity of PHEV performance to assumptions regarding charging frequency, vehicle characteristics, driver characteristics, and means of defining the utility factor. Through analysis of these alternative utility factors, this study identifies areas where analysis, design, and policy development for PHEVs can be improved by alternative utility factor calculations.
Herein we report the fabrication, optimization, and characterization of inkjet-printed thin film silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries using commercial silicon nanoparticles. By comparing four different polymer binders, we demonstrate the critical role of binder on achieving good electrochemical performance of inkjet-printed silicon electrodes. Inkjet-printed silicon nanoparticle electrodes with conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS binder exhibit superior performance and durablity, with a capacity retention of over 1000 cycles at a depth-of-discharge of 1000mAhg−1. The working mechanism of the impact of the binders on inkjet-printed silicon electrodes is investigated and explained in detail via various characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, Raman and infrared spectroscopy.
Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) is synthesized by a hydrothermal process using pyrrole as an efficient reducing agent and a subsequent calcination. Observations through a scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope (TEM) show that LiFePO4 has a diameter and length of 500nm and 3μm, respectively. The results of TEM and X-ray diffraction confirm that the structure of LiFePO4 is orthorhombic olivine. Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicate that Fe3+ oxidized from reactant Fe2+ by air reacts with pyrrole, generating polypyrrole (PPy), and reduces to Fe2+. PPy that is generated can also serve as a carbon source in the subsequent calcination. In addition, the electrochemical measurement results show that the energy capacity of calcined LiFePO4/PPy is 153mAhg−1 at 0.2C. Calcined LiFePO4/PPy offers promising cycle-life performance in lithium-ion batteries.
Absorbent material made of 100% microglass fibre is well-known as a separator for valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries and has been in use for about 20 years. As the VRLA battery market and demands on battery performance continue to grow, the electrical characteristics, productivity and reliability of VRLA batteries are being enhanced. Both the reliability and the electrical performance of the battery are linked to the AGM glass material. The properties of the AGM material impact the assembly route, defect rates, productivity, product cycleability, life, reliability, and recharge performance. An AGM product range which contains synthetic fibres up to 30% in mass (the remaining 70% is still glass) has been developed. The reinforcement of the material with a specific organic fibre is showing very positive effects, both on intrinsic separator characteristics and, as a consequence, on the manufacturing, electrical properties and cycle-life of batteries. The AGM product has been used in the battery market now for more than 20 years. Based on this experience, new testing methods such as the fatigue test and internal pressure measurement have been developed. It is clear from such measurements that reinforcement with synthetic fibre has a positive impact on battery characteristics.
An observer is designed for the Doyle-Fuller-Newman electrochemical model of a Li-ion battery under the assumption of constant ion exchange current density and MacInnes’ equation being concentration independent. For this nonlinear system, the observer is shown to experience both exponential convergence and a degree of robustness. This result extends the class of electrochemical model for battery observer design, generating improved estimates for the state-of-charge and for the spatial variation of the overpotential across an electrode.
To improve the charge storage and kinetics of TiO2 anodes for sodium-ion batteries, a hybrid material of TiO2 nanoparticles is build-in onto multiwall carbon nanotube. The cycling stability and C-rate performance of carbon nanotube -TiO2 hybrid as anodes for sodium-ion batteries demonstrate two and half times enhancement in electrochemical performance in the presence of carbon nanotube. The hybrid shows discharge capacity of 100 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1 Ag-1, stable for 1000 cycles with little capacity fade. The overall charge storage properties of pristine TiO2 and carbon nanotube-TiO2 hybrid is due to pseudocapacitive and diffusion-control Na+ intercalation. Two times increase in Na+ diffusivity in carbon nanotube-TiO2 hybrid is achievable in relation to pristine TiO2. The superb electrochemical performance is due to the synergetic effect of TiO2 nanoparticles and conducting carbon nanotube network which provides efficient charge storage and Na+ diffusivity. Finally, the realization of practical sodium-ion full cells by using carbon nanotube -TiO2 hybrid as anode and F-containing vanadium phosphate cathode which deliver a capacity of 184 mAh g−1 at a current density of 30 mAg−1. This work is the fundamental understanding of Na+ storage, the kinetics of the TiO2 electrode and its practical realization in sodium-ion full cell.
Bilingualism affects the structure of the brain in adults, as evidenced by experience-dependent grey and white matter changes in brain structures implicated in language learning, processing, and control. However, limited evidence exists on how bilingualism may influence brain development. We examined the developmental patterns of both grey and white matter structures in a cross-sectional study of a large sample (n = 711 for grey matter, n = 637 for white matter) of bilingual and monolingual participants, aged 3–21 years. Metrics of grey matter (thickness, volume, and surface area) and white matter (fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity) were examined across 41 cortical and subcortical brain structures and 20 tracts, respectively. We used generalized additive modelling to analyze whether, how, and where the developmental trajectories of bilinguals and monolinguals might differ. Bilingual and monolingual participants manifested distinct developmental trajectories in both grey and white matter structures. As compared to monolinguals, bilinguals showed: (a) more grey matter (less developmental loss) starting during late childhood and adolescence, mainly in frontal and parietal regions (particularly in the inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis, superior frontal cortex, inferior and superior parietal cortex, and precuneus); and (b) higher white matter integrity (greater developmental increase) starting during mid-late adolescence, specifically in striatal–inferior frontal fibers. The data suggest that there may be a developmental basis to the well-documented structural differences in the brain between bilingual and monolingual adults.
In this work, a new aqueous rechargeable Na-ion battery is developed based on all NASICON structured electrodes in which NaTi2(PO4)3 serves as the anode, Na3V2(PO4)3 serves as the cathode, and aqueous Na2SO4 solution serves as the electrolyte. Such a combination of cathode-anode can fulfil the theoretical working window of aqueous electrolyte, thus give rise to a high cell voltage surpassing most of the previous aqueous Na-ion batteries. The developed NaTi2(PO4)3/Na3V2(PO4)3 aqueous full cell demonstrates a flat discharge plateau at 1.2V and can well maintain its performance at high current rates. Even at a current density of 10Ag−1, the battery discharge capacity can still reach 58mAhg−1. Together with a high voltage, this cell configuration enables a high energy density of 29Whkg−1 at a power density of 5145Wkg−1. The NaTi2(PO4)3/Na3V2(PO4)3 system can be a promising low cost alternative for the current aqueous secondary batteries especially in terms of the high voltage and high power application. By controlling the cut-off voltage and adjusting the mass ratio of cathode to anode, we explored the different electrochemical performances of the aqueous full cell and identify which side of the electrode dominantly affects the cell decay at the case of full utilizing one electrode material. This investigation may present useful insight to researchers working on both aqueous batteries and NASICON-based materials.
Nerve injury during acetabular and pelvic fracture fixation can have devastating consequences for trauma patients already in a compromised situation.
Globally, the transportation sector is the second largest energy consuming sector after the industrial sector and accounts for 30% of the world's total delivered energy. In 2008 the transportation sector accounted for about 22% of total world CO2 emissions. It is believed that this sector is currently responsible for nearly 60% of world oil demand. Within this sector, road vehicles dominate oil consumption and represents 81% of total transportation energy demand. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the possible opportunities to improve fuel economy and thus reduce global oil consumption and greenhouse gases. There are three measures that have been reviewed; passenger vehicle fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards, fuel economy labels and improvement in vehicle fuel efficiency by advanced technologies. Fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards have proven to be one of the most effective tools in improving fuel economy. Japan and Europe lead the world with the most stringent passenger vehicle fuel economy standards. Labeling is another measure that could play an important role in consumers’ vehicle purchasing decisions between similar vehicles. Labeling accompanied by standards of an appropriate type and level of stringency may yield synergistic results. In this review, several examples of fuel economy labels around the world have been presented such as in USA, United Kingdom, Canada, China and Australia. Finally, advanced technologies have been discussed. There are many technical opportunities to improve fuel efficiency and economy of motor vehicles. In this review, the possibilities of reducing vehicle power requirement, advanced engine and transmission technology and alternative power plants have been reviewed. It has been found that fuel economy standards, labels and technologies offer a massive potential of energy saving that can be achieved in this sector and thus the authors promoted adopting these measures in the transportation sector.
A supercapacitor, a safe and durable electrical energy storage device with fast charge–discharge capability, will achieve more widespread use if the specific energy can be improved. However, current understanding of pore characteristic effects on gravimetric capacitance has limited the development of electrode materials. We derive a model of ion packing in cylindrical nanopores, and it quantitatively reveals the significant impact of pore geometric characteristics on the gravimetric capacitance in neat ionic liquid, which is confirmed experimentally using a series of sponge-like carbons (carbon nanosponge). With the favourable ion packing proposed by the model, the electrode using the carbon nanosponge as an active material delivered double-layer capacitances of 290 F g−1 (20 °C) and 387 F g−1 (60 °C) with an operating cell voltage of 4 V. This study also provides systematical strategies for rational design of various carbon materials and ionic liquids by optimized ion packing for ultrahigh gravimetric capacitance.