batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Direct laser transference (DLT) method is applied to obtain electrodes modified with thin films of conducting polymers (CPs) or catalytic metals. A short (6–10ns) pulse of laser light (second harmonic of Nd-YAG Laser, λ =532nm) is shined on the backside of a thin (<200nm) film of the material to be transferred, which is deposited on a transparent substrate. The illuminated region heats up and the material (conducting polymer or metal) is thermally transferred to a solid target placed at short distance in air. In that ways, CPs are transferred onto polypropylene, glass, indium doped tin oxide (ITO), glassy carbon and gold films. In the same manner, electrocatalytic metals (platinum or gold) are transferred onto conductive substrates (glassy carbon or ITO films on glass). The films have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, atomic force microscopy, UV-visible and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopies. The chemical, electrical and redox properties of the polymeric materials transferred remain unaltered after the transfer. Moreover, CP multilayers can be built applying DLT several times onto the same substrate. Besides polyaniline, it is shown that it is also possible to transfer functionalized polyanilines. The electrode modified with transferred Pt shows electrocatalytic activity toward methanol oxidation while ferricyanide shows a quasireversible behavior on electrodes modified with transferred Au. The method is simple and fast, works in air without complex environmental conditions and can produce active electrodes on different conductive materials. It only requires a pulsed high power Nd-YAG laser, which presently is available at low cost, and thin films on transparent substrata as source. In this way DLT seems to be a general and straightforward method to build technological devices based on CPs and/or electrocatalytic metals including electrodes for direct methanol fuel cells and sensors.
Conceptual design for 12V lead-free accumulators is presented using basic research results on lithium insertion materials. Among possible materials, Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4 is selected for a negative-electrode material, and Li[Ni1/2Mn3/2]O4, LiMn2O4, LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2, and LiFePO4 are specifically considered as positive-electrode materials. Combination of these materials with Li[Li1/3Ti5/3]O4 gives a 2, 2.5 or 3V lithium-ion battery. Series connection of such a lithium-ion battery makes 12V lead-free accumulators possible. Characteristic features of the lead-free accumulators are discussed in terms of energy density for deep charge and discharge cycles, power density for short period of time, material economy, environmental friendliness, and safety compared with those of lead-acid batteries currently hold a position in automobile, large uninterruptible power supply, and off-grid solar home systems.
Recent advances in satellite tagging technologies have provided scientists growing opportunities to resolve previously unknown spatial ecology of marine predators, including sharks. Such an understanding is particularly important at this time given recent declines in shark populations worldwide. Here we reviewed 48 studies published in the primary literature between 1984 and 2010, addressing the most basic questions regarding the use of satellite tagging for studying shark behavior and ecology. For each study, the following aspects were analyzed: tagging location; species tagged; study focus; technology employed; sample size; tag attachment and deployment technique; duration of tracking; tag failure rate; and study limitation. The potential impacts of tagging on shark behavior and physiology are considered. Finally, we discuss how satellite tagging has furthered our current knowledge of shark behavior and consider the possibility of new tag developments that can improve our ability to resolve the mechanisms underlying shark habitat use.
Publisher Summary This chapter describes the basic techniques currently used to both infect Drosophila and to monitor corresponding immune responses. Research on pathogens such as Listeria, Yersinia, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, which are particularly suitable to genetic manipulation, have increased understanding of the molecular interactions between bacterial factors and host cellular components. Two methods are used for infecting Drosophila: (1) Microbial injection-a direct introduction of bacteria and fungi into the body cavity of the fly, and (2) Natural infection without injury. Most of the techniques described here are simple and do not require extensive skills or complex devices. Therefore, it requires very little to test the effect of each experimenter's favorite pathogen on Drosophila; if the pathogen shows an effect, powerful genetic and molecular tools can be applied to identify host factors that are the target of these microorganisms. In this context, one should keep in mind that some of the medically important bacteria are also pathogenic for fly. In this case, Drosophila also provides an easy assay to screen mutated microbes for the loss of virulence factors.
Publisher Summary This chapter analyzes the monitoring hardware used for video security systems. Several monitor types can be used in the security room, which include the standard analog cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor and the digital flat-screen liquid crystal display (LCD), plasma display, and to a lesser extent the new organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays. Where space permits, the standard CRT monitor is a cost-effective solution and can provide a bright, high-resolution monochrome or color image. In more confined spaces or in any completely new installation, the flat-panel display should be considered. The quality of the image displayed is a function of the number of TV lines the analog monitor can display, and the number of horizontal and vertical pixel elements available in the digital flat screen monitor. The use of digital flat screen monitors is increasing rapidly and interfacing digital computer systems with the monitor have brought about problems, which need solutions. These include interfacing the analog signal provided by most cameras to the new digital monitors.
A new SnO2-Fe2O3/SWCNTs (single-walled carbon nanotubes) ternary nanocomposite was first synthesized by a facile hydrothermal approach. SnO2 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) were homogeneously located on the surface of SWCNTs, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Due to the synergistic effect of different components, the as synthesized SnO2-Fe2O3/SWCNTs composite as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries exhibited excellent electrochemical performance with a high capacity of 692 mAh·g−1 which could be maintained after 50 cycles at 200 mA·g−1. Even at a high rate of 2000 mA·g−1, the capacity was still remained at 656 mAh·g−1.
In this paper, we report on a study of the electrode/electrolyte interfaces of a LiCoO2/C cell using XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). The originality of our work lies in detailed investigations step by step during the first cycle. The results have shown that the formation process of the SEI takes place in different successive stages that are dependent on the potential of the cell. It clearly appears that SEI formation continues in the potential range where lithium ion intercalation proceeds in the carbon electrode. Salt degradation products are formed after solvent decomposition ones. Concerning the LiCoO2/electrolyte interface, the results obtained have shown the formation of a very thin film on the active material but not on the binders. In all cases, the novel XPS approach applied in the lab, combining core peaks and valence band analyses, allows a precise characterization of the main chemical species of the interface layers. On the basis of these results and in conjunction with literature data, the degradation mechanisms have been discussed.
Background It has been suggested that impaired dissipation of slow-wave activity (SWA) in children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) may be a potential mechanism for daytime dysfunction. We aimed to examine whether resolution of SDB resulted in normalisation of SWA dissipation and whether this was associated with improved cognition and behaviour. Methods Children (aged 3–6 y) diagnosed with SDB and age-matched non-snoring control children were followed up for 3 y after a baseline study. At the follow-up, children were categorised into control (N = 13), resolved SDB (N = 15) and unresolved SDB (N = 14). Delta activity on the electroencephalogram over the sleep period was used to calculate SWA and a battery of cognitive assessments and behaviour questionnaires were conducted at both time points. Results There was no change in the average SWA between the baseline and follow-up and no differences between the groups. Cognitive and behavioural performance in the resolved group did not improve to control levels. However, decreased SWA at the beginning of the sleep period (β = −0.04, p = 0.002) and a decrease in obstructive apnoea–hypopnoea index (β = −2.2, p = 0.022) between the baseline and follow-up predicted improvements in measures of sustained attention. Increased SWA at the beginning of the sleep period between the baseline and follow-up predicted worsening of externalising behaviour (β = 0.02, p = 0.039). Conclusions This study suggests that resolution of SDB is not associated with changes in the dissipation of SWA. However, the association between decreases in SWA and improvements in cognitive and behavioural outcomes suggest that irrespective of disease, children whose quantitative sleepiness improves have improved attention and reduced externalising behaviours.
A novel strategy was proposed here for fabrication of highly sensitive photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor with prominent characteristics based on multifunctional photoactive materials and applied for ultrasensitive detection of glutathione (GSH) without additional catalysts. At first, growth of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) thin film on vertically aligned TiO2 nanotube arrays (TiO2-NTs) was achieved via facile thermal treatment of anodized Ti sheets over melamine which results in g-C3N4/TiO2-NTs heterostructure with well-controlled structure. In the next step, the electropolymerization was performed to load polythiophene (PTh) layer on the surface of g-C3N4/TiO2-NTs/Ti electrode. It was found that the combination of PTh with g-C3N4/TiO2-NTs nanocomposite exhibit excellent PEC response through an efficient electron transfer process under UV light irradiation and greatly improved the separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes. With respect to our results, by injection of GSH, the analyte was oxidized by photogenerated holes during PEC reaction so that the photocurrent of the PEC sensor rose up. GSH could be quantified by measuring the photocurrent change. Under the optimized conditions, good linear relationship was obtained in the range of 1.0nM to 1.0μM with detection limit of 1.0×10−10 M (S/N=3). The proposed PEC sensing strategy exerted luminous analytical performance with high specificity, excellent stability and good reproducibility. Meanwhile, our as-prepared PEC sensor has been further explored for the determination of GSH in real sample, showing satisfactory results.
Electrochemical capacitor (EC) technology has advanced considerably since the first products were commercially introduced more than forty years ago. Products today, on both a mass and a volume basis, store considerably more energy and deliver significantly higher power than did the earlier ECs. Plus products today are available with much higher ratings. Today modules containing many kF-sized ECs are used to store energy in a wide variety of industrial applications. Worldwide, fifty companies are estimated to manufacture EC products. This paper reports initial electrical characteristics of eight popular, state-of-the-art electrochemical capacitor cells. Large-signal, small-signal, and functional-test performance is compared among these ECs. A goal was to identify fundamental strengths of each of the eight technologies as expressed by the eight samples evaluated.
The need for efficient and sustainable intracity transportation system has now become indispensable. Electric trains are highly preferred for commuter rail service. However, full railway electrification is often applied to heavily-used routes on which the density of traffic is sufficient to justify the high fixed costs. Currently, lithium titanate batteries have proven success powering electric buses which consume more energy per passenger kilometer than trains. In this paper, the possibility to replace diesel commuter trains serving short and idle routes with battery powered trams and hence reduce fuel cost and emission level was studied, siting a diesel commuter train in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It was observed that such a replacement is indeed possible and gainful. Compared to the diesel commuter train in Tanzania which current operates at loss merely due to low fuel efficiency, the battery powered tram was found to reduce fuel cost and carbon dioxide emission by 86.67% and 64.96% respectively.
The power capability and maximum charge and discharge energy are key indicators for energy management systems, which can help the energy storage devices work in a suitable area and prevent them from over-charging and over-discharging. In this work, a model based power and energy assessment approach is proposed for the lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor hybrid system. The model framework of the lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor hybrid system is developed based on the equivalent circuit model, and the model parameters are identified by regression method. Explicit analyses of the power capability and maximum charge and discharge energy prediction with multiple constraints are elaborated. Subsequently, the extended Kalman filter is employed for on-board power capability and maximum charge and discharge energy prediction to overcome estimation error caused by system disturbance and sensor noise. The charge and discharge power capability, and the maximum charge and discharge energy are quantitatively assessed under both the dynamic stress test and the urban dynamometer driving schedule. The maximum charge and discharge energy prediction of the lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor hybrid system with different time scales are explored and discussed.
VS2, as a typical transition-metal diahalcogenide with hexagonal structure, has attracted considerable attention as an electrode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) owing to its large layer spacing, which is beneficial for Zn2+ intercalation/deintercalation. However, due to the solubility of the vanadium element, the stability of VS2 is poor in aqueous electrolytes, which results in severe capacity degradation and limits its practical applications. In this work, a hydrophilic VOOH coating on rose-like VS2 composed of nanosheets (VS2@VOOH) is synthesized by a simple one-pot hydrothermal method. The O–H in VOOH do not only improve the infiltration of the electrode and the electrolyte, but also reduce the dissolution of vanadium and increased electrochemical performance, especially in terms of rate capability and long cycle life. For instance, this composite material, as an aqueous ZIB cathode, delivers a superior capacity of 107.5 mA h g−1 after 350 cycles at 1.5 A g−1. In particularly, it can maintain a reversible capacity of 91.4 mA h g−1 even after 400 cycles at a high current density of 2.5 A g−1. Therefore, we believe that VS2@VOOH may be regarded as a very promising cathode material for ZIBs.
The patient-rated Core Outcome Measures Index (COMI) assesses the multidimensional impact of back problems on the sufferer. The brevity and comprehensibility of the tool make it practical for use in clinical and research settings. Although the COMI has been cross-culturally adapted in various languages worldwide, there is currently no Japanese version. The aim of this study was to develop a Japanese version of the COMI by: (1) performing a cross-cultural adaptation of the English version and (2) evaluating the psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the COMI in Japanese volunteers with chronic back problems.
Decomposition of crystalline and amorphous titanium(IV)oxo-acetylacetonate chemicals have been studied in situ up to 800°C in flowing air by simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis coupled online with quadrupole mass spectrometer (TG/DTA-MS) and FTIR spectrometric gas cell (TG-FTIR) for the analysis of evolved gases (EGA) in order to get more information about pyrolytic processes taking place at elevated temperatures during smooth TiO2 layer processing. Crystalline samples (characterized by XRD, PDF 00-35-1778 reference pattern) are releasing acetylacetone (acacH) vapors already from 140°C onwards. At 245°C, after an acceleration of this release process, a huge and sharp exothermic heat effect also occurs and results in additional evolution of acetic acid, CO2, H2O, and CO. Minute amount of unidentified volatile species with ion fragments not higher than m/z =152 are also detected up to 285°C. The remaining organic residues are burning out from the solid phase in two further exothermic stages until 500°C. While an amorphous hydrated sample (with low acetylacetonate content) releases first 6.6% of water vapor until 140°C, then acetone and acetylacetone up to 300°C. Between 215 and 385°C, some acetic acid, CO2, and CO is also evolved. Formation of CO2 is detected till 650°C. At 800°C, the anatase: rutile TiO2-ratio were 11:89 and 84:16 for the well-crystallized and the amorphous sample, respectively.
Spherical Li3V2(PO4)3/C (LVP/C) composites are successfully synthesized via two different spray-drying processes. XRD results reveal that some impurities, such as Na3V2(PO4)3, Li2NaV2(PO4)3 and Li4(P2O7), appear when sodium salt of carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) acts as carbon source. SEM images show two different morphologies: solid spherical particles for LVP/C(A) prepared by adding CMC after pre-sintering, and hollow for LVP/C(B) prepared by adding CMC before pre-sintering. Compared to LVP/C(B), LVP(A) presents higher tap density and better electrochemical performance at any C-rate. Remarkably, another charge/discharge plateaus or anodic/cathodic peaks around 3.85V are detected for both LVP/C(A) and LVP/C(B) electrodes, which is attributed to the formation of Li3−x Na x V2(PO4)3 or some other electrochemically active composites containing Na+. CMC addition sequence has a significant influence on morphology of Li3V2(PO4)3. Furthermore, acting as carbon source and Na dopant, CMC shows a notable effect on electrochemical behavior of Li3V2(PO4)3 cathode material.
A LiMn2O4 cathode material with novel porous spherical morphology exhibiting excellent electrochemical performance has been successfully prepared by using α-MnO2 urchin-like structure as a self-sacrificial template. These cathode powders are characterized with X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Furthermore, electrochemical properties have been studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and charge/discharge cycling at various current rates. The results reveal that the porous LiMn2O4 spheres possess outstanding high rate capability and extremely high cycle stability at room temperature as well as elevated temperature. When tested at 10C and 20C rates, the first discharge capacities are up to 93.7 and 76.0mAhg−1. After 1000 cycles, the corresponding retention rates of capacities are more than 71% and 62% at room temperature. When cycled at 60°C and 10C rate, the first discharge capacity is 61.1mAhg−1 between 3 and 4.5V. After tested for 250 cycles at 60°C, the retention rate of capacity is over 76%. This makes the porous LiMn2O4 cathode a promising candidate for high-power lithium ion batteries which may be used in demanding application such as electric vehicles.
Genotoxicity refers to the ability of harmful substances to damage genetic information in cells. Being exposed to chemical and biological agents can result in genomic instabilities and/or epigenetic alterations, which translate into a variety of diseases, cancer included. This concise review discusses, from both a genetic and epigenetic point of view, the current detection methods of different agents’ genotoxicity, along with their basic and clinical relation to human cancer, chemotherapy, germ cells and stem cells.
This work reports the development of a prospective electrode material for the use in vanadium redox flow batteries. The developed electrode material was a high surface area activated carbon (1857m2 g−1) with a large mesoporosity (1280m2 g−1) that was derived using biomass residues, Sal wood sawdust (Shorea robusta), as a feedstock. The physico-chemical and electrochemical properties of Sal wood sawdust activated carbon were extensively characterized applying cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The graphite plate electrode based on Sal wood sawdust activated carbon exhibited higher electro-catalytic activity and lower charge transfer resistance towards both positive and negative redox couples than when applying pristine graphite plate electrode. Further investigations on the application of static cell at higher current densities (20–80mAcm2) revealed higher efficiencies for the Sal wood sawdust activated carbon modified graphite plate electrode in comparison with the pristine graphite plate electrode. Thus, the Sal wood sawdust can be suitable as carbon precursor for preparation of electrodes to be utilized in practical applications, such as in vanadium redox flow batteries.
Secondary lead refining produces a sulphidic slag that also contains varying quantities of lead. Initially, the objectives of this project were to treat the slag in order to recover the valuable lead as well as to render the slag environmentally benign. However, in keeping with the principles of clean technology and, specifically, the approach of clean production, the project was redefined with the following priorities: waste characterisation; waste minimisation through process improvement; waste modification; identification of slag treatment methods. Characterisation of the waste facilitated an overall process understanding and aided in identifying process deficiencies. Process improvement was aimed at reducing both the quantity of slag produced as well as the lead loss to the slag. Waste characterisation combined with local hazardous waste regulations enabled desirable waste modifications to be identified. These waste adaptations were implemented through process modification. Lastly, treatment methods for the slag were identified.
The transition metal oxide ZnFe2O4 can be used as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries because of its higher theoretical capacity (1072 mA h g−1), and MoS2 has also received extensive attention because of its low cost and environmental friendliness. However, the expansion and contraction of the volume during charge and discharge limit the commercial application of ZnFe2O4 and MoS2. We synthesize ZnFe2O4/MoS2/reduced graphite oxide (ZnFe2O4/MoS2/rGO) ternary composite material by a simple two-step hydrothermal synthesis method and subsequent heat treatment. ZnFe2O4/MoS2/rGO displays a good electrochemical performance due to a synergistic effect of MoS2 with a three-dimensional spherical structure and rGO as a conductive agent. At a current density of 200 mA g−1, the discharge capacity still reaches 1568 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. At the same time, high-rate performance is also good (638 mAh g−1 at 1800 mA g−1).