batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In this communication, an analytical expression for the water temperature of an integrated photovoltaic thermal solar (IPVTS) water heater under constant flow rate hot water withdrawal has been obtained. Analysis is based on basic energy balance for hybrid flat plate collector and storage tank, respectively, in the terms of design and climatic parameters. Further, an analysis has also been extended for hot water withdrawal at constant collection temperature. Numerical computations have been carried out for the design and climatic parameters of the system used by Huang et al. [Huang BJ, Lin TH, Hung WC, Sun FS. Performance evaluation of solar photovoltaic/thermal systems. Sol Energy 2001; 70(5): 443–8]. It is observed that the daily overall thermal efficiency of IPVTS system increases with increase constant flow rate and decrease with increase of constant collection temperature. The exergy analysis of IPVTS system has also been carried out. It is further to be noted that the overall exergy and thermal efficiency of an integrated photovoltaic thermal solar system (IPVTS) is maximum at the hot water withdrawal flow rate of 0.006kg/s. The hourly net electrical power available from the system has also been evaluated.
Realistic 3D virtual environments, such as existing city models, have the potential to be used in pervasive games as a passageway between physical and virtual. Smooth attention displacement and transitions between these two realities are largely unexplored in the context of pervasive gameplay. We conducted two field trials using a pervasive live action role playing game to study the effect moving between the virtual and the physical has on co-presence and memorability. Although differences in co-presence during gameplay were small, they highlight the subtleties in the social structuring of pervasive gameplay. Spatial similarity between the physical and virtual environments made the 3D virtual environments more memorable. We identify two important issues to consider in embedding virtual environments into pervasive games: structuring of social interactions and the spatial realism of the VEs.
This paper details the fabrication and testing of a fuel cell stack using a novel manufacturing approach for creating carbon bipolar plates. The fundamental fabrication techniques have been described in a previous contribution [1]. The initial paper characterized a single cell. In this work, the fabrication techniques are utilized to fabricate a three-cell fuel cell stack. Operating data in different operating conditions is measured and presented. Information on cell performance at different operating temperatures and pressures is included. The methodology for the fuel cell characterization is presented.
In order to investigate the developmental changes of frontal lobe functions, frontal assessment battery at bedside (FAB) and event related potentials (ERPs) during a Go/NoGo task were collected. In addition, we compared FAB score and ERPs in AD/HD patients with that of normal children. The total scores of FAB in normal subjects dramatically increased at around 10years old and reached to full scores at around 20years old. The scores with AD/HD were significantly decreased compared to normal children. We obtained ERPs of the Go and NoGo conditions from EEG recordings during a visual Go/NoGo task and measured peak latency and amplitude of the NoGo-N2 and NoGo-P3 components. In normal children, the NoGo-N2 amplitude diminished and the NoGo-P3 amplitude increased linearly with age. The pattern of NoGo-N2 and NoGo-P3 components in 7- to 15-year-old children were similar, but differed in adults. In AD/HD patients ranging in age from 5 to 9, the NoGo-N2 amplitude decreased and the NoGo-P3 latency was prolonged compared to age-matched control subjects. These results suggested that the maturation of response inhibition in frontal lobe is achieved beyond 15years of age and that the function of response inhibition is immature in AD/HD patients.
It is crucial to suppress lithium dendrite formation in lithium metal batteries. Formation of a good solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) has been considered to be effective in limiting lithium dendrite growth. However, how the SEI may be modified during lithium deposition is hard to resolve due to challenges in in situ investigation of the SEI with fine details. We report an in situ study that uncovers the lithium dendrite suppression mechanism arising from SEI modification by a poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) cationic polymer film, using electrochemical liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Lithium nanogranules are obtained in the presence of the polymer film. Chemical mapping of the deposits provides remarkable details of the SEI on individual nanogranules. It shows that lithium fluorides are uniformly distributed within the inner SEI layer of individual lithium nanogranules, arising from the instantaneous reaction of the deposited lithium with PF6− ions accumulated by the cationic polymer film, and thus the dendritic growth of lithium is prohibited. The ability to directly measure SEI chemistry at the nanoscale down to the individual nanograins in situ and unveil its correlation with the lithium deposition behavior opens future opportunities to explore unsolved mechanisms in batteries.
A recent asymptotic model for the operation of a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is extended to include the dissociation of sulphuric acid—a bulk chemical reaction that occurs in the battery’s porous flow-through electrodes, but which is often omitted from VRFB models. Using asymptotic methods and time-dependent two-dimensional numerical simulations, we show that the charge–discharge curve for the model with the dissociation reaction is almost identical to that for the model without, even though the concentrations of the ionic species in the recirculating tanks, although not the state of charge, are considerably different in the two models. The ability of the asymptotic model to extract both the qualitative and quantitative behaviour of the considerably more time-consuming numerical simulations correctly indicates that it should be possible to add further physical phenomena to the model without incurring significant computational expense.
The outlook for the supply–demand balance for refined lead is addressed and takes into account the growing non-fundamental forces on price determination. The market for refined lead is presently experiencing its first year of surplus since the major crisis of the early 1990s. Earlier in the decade, the dissolution of the Soviet Union and recession in developed economies led to a significant rise in London Metal Exchange (LME) stocks. An acceleration absorbed these stocks in an 18-month period in the mid-1990s, and LME lead prices reacted to the market deficit by peaking above US$900. Since then the market has balanced, yet prices have declined steadily to less that 50% of their peak levels. It is argued that, on fundamental grounds, prices have fallen below justified levels. As much of the reason for this depression between 1997 and 1999 has been the generally depressive effect of the Asian economic crisis on financial markets, the level of lead prices may now be due for a correction. Other metals have begun to increase during the first half of 1999 and lead, given its neutral fundamental outlook, is now poised to participate in the generally more buoyant moods across LME metals. An increase of approximately 10% in average LME 3-month settlement prices is forecast and will result in annual average prices of US$ 570/tonne over the course of 1999. Monthly averages and spot prices are predicted to exceed this level, particularly during peak third-quarter demand.
A novel sandwich-structured nanocomposite based on Ti2NbO7− nanosheets and cobalt porphyrin (CoTMPyP) was fabricated through electrostatic interaction, in which CoTMPyP has been successfully inserted into the lamellar spacing of layered titanoniobate. The resultant Ti2NbO7/CoTMPyP nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS, FT-IR, and UV-vis. It is demonstrated that the intercalated CoTMPyP molecules were found to be tilted approximately 63° against Ti2NbO7− layers. The glass carbon electrode (GCE) modified by Ti2NbO7/CoTMPyP film showed a fine diffusion-controlled electrochemical redox process. Furthermore, the Ti2NbO7/CoTMPyP-modified electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic oxidation activity of ascorbic acid (AA). Differential pulse voltammetric studies demonstrated that the intercalated nanocomposite detects AA linearly over a concentration range of 4.99 × 10−5 to 9.95 × 10−4 mol L−1 with a detection limit of 3.1 × 10−5 mol L−1 at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3.0.
Abstract This paper describes the energy storage characterization for a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) hybrid system for light traction applications. In a first step, the DMFC stack and the energy storage were dimensioned. To dimension the energy storage, the required energy density and power density were calculated. These are influenced by the operating states of the vehicle as well as the highly fluctuating load profile. For this kind of application a high energy density as well as a high power density is needed. Therefore, super capacitors are not the energy storage of choice. As an alternative, suitable batteries were analyzed in terms of their behavior in the DMFC hybrid system. Therefore, a characterization procedure was developed consisting of five different tests. These tests were developed adapted to the requirements of the application. They help to characterize the battery in terms of energy content, high power capability during charge and discharge, thermal behavior and lifetime. The tests showed that all batteries have to be operated on a partial state of charge (pSOC) and a thermal management is very important. Especially lead-acid battery show an decrease in lifetime under a pSOC operation. Therefore, a lithium battery was identified as the suitable energy storage for the considered application.
The purpose of the current study was to examine further the relationship between counterfactual thinking and false belief (FB) as examined by Guajardo and Turley-Ames (Cognitive Development, 19 (2004) 53–80). More specifically, the current research examined the importance of working memory and inhibitory control in understanding the relationship between counterfactual thinking and FB. Participants were 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds (N =76). Counterfactual thinking statements generated accounted for significant variance in FB performance beyond age and language. Working memory and inhibitory control each partially mediated the relationship between counterfactual thinking and FB performance. The maturation of executive functioning skills is important in children’s developing understanding of counterfactual reasoning and FB.
The Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) has demonstrated good psychometric properties in several language forms and has been used to assess the coping behaviors of families facing disease. However, the CHIP has not been validated in Mexico among families of children with chronic conditions, where it could be useful for research and intervention. The objectives of this instrumental study were to obtain a version of the CHIP for the Spanish language in Mexico, establish the factor structure of the Mexican version of the CHIP, probe its internal consistency reliability, and assess its concurrent construct validity.
The paper examines and compares the potential of storage in batteries versus demand response strategies for electricity bill reduction in the residential sector, in the context of the new trend of installing PV systems for self-consumption. The performances of the two methodologies are investigated by applying them to the data of a real household which owns a small solar photovoltaic installation. The benefits of storage and demand response are evaluated through an optimization analysis with a linear programming algorithm. The simulations are carried out both for real market prices of the equipment and for reduced ones, to simulate the case of strong technological development and the corresponding price decrease in the coming years. The electricity pricing scheme is a dual tariff regime modeled according to the Portuguese current rules. The results suggest that at the moment, demand response should be preferred with the current market prices of the hardware. However, a significant decrease in the batteries price can make storage an interesting alternative, especially for the cases in which demand response is not easily applicable.
Like many medical diagnoses, clinical decision support system (CDSS) is essential to diagnose the cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN). However, diagnosis of CAN using the traditional ‘Ewing battery test’ becomes very difficult due to the inherent imbalanced and incompleteness condition in the collected clinical data. This influences the health professionals to investigate other related diagnostic reports of patients, including Electrocardiogram (ECG) data from ECG sensors, blood chemistry, podiatry and endocrinology features. However, additional components increase the dimensionality of the feature set as well as its heterogeneity and modality in the clinical data which may limit the applications of traditional data mining approaches for an accurate diagnosis of CAN in the CDSS. To address the aforementioned problem, in this paper, we have proposed, a novel multistage fusion approach based on a generative model and a statistical process control (SPC) technique to diagnose CAN more accurately. The proposed approach develops two different generative models by using a shared and a separated Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to overcome the incompleteness and modality of the data. Due to the heterogeneous and non-normality features, statistical correlations and multivariate control limits in relation to the CAN diagnosis parameters are determined by fusioning of a series of exponentially weighted moving average (MEWMA) control processes. Fusioned features from both component analyses and SPC are applied in an ensemble classification system. The proposed multistage fusion approach is experimentally verified to justify its performance by using a large dataset collected from the diabetes screening research initiative (DiScRi) project at Charles Sturt University, NSW, Australia. Our comprehensive experimental results show that the proposed fusion approach performs better than the standard classifier for both ‘Ewing’ feature set and ‘Ewing and additional feature set’ with significant improvement in accuracy.
Introduction: Schizophrenia patients perform below the norm on verbal fluency tests. The causes for this are unknown, but defective memory, executive functioning and psychomotor speed may play a role. Method: We examined 50 patients with schizophrenia and related disorders, and 25 healthy controls with a cognitive test battery containing tests for verbal memory, executive functioning and psychomotor speed, and a categorical fluency test. Results: Patients obtained significantly lower test results than the controls on most cognitive measures including the verbal fluency test. During the fluency test, they formed as many clusters, and switched as often between clusters as the controls did, but they generated fewer words per cluster. Interestingly, in the control group, fluency performance was predicted by memory and executive functioning, but not by psychomotor speed. In patients, verbal fluency was predicted by psychomotor speed, but not by memory or executive functioning. Discussion: We conclude that psychomotor speed could be a crucial factor in cognition, and its influence on cognitive test performance should be considered in schizophrenia research. Furthermore, these data illustrate the importance of qualitative analysis of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia patients, as traditional cognitive tests often only provide quantitative information.
In order to identify a proton-conducting polymer membrane suitable for replacing Nafion® 117 in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), we prepared a cross-linked copolymer of hydrophilic 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Fumed silicas were also added in an attempt to increase the amount of water adsorbed by the membrane and to enhance water retention. Hydrated copolymer membranes adsorbed significantly more water than Nafion® 117, but were no better at retaining water during drying under ambient conditions. Films composed of 4% AMPS—96% HEMA had a room temperature proton conductivity of 0.029Scm−1, which increased to 0.06Scm−1 at 80°C.
Tin mono-sulphide (SnS) nanoparticles (Nps) have been successfully synthesised through ionic liquid assisted hydrothermal method using hydrated tin (II) chloride as a precursor, thiourea as sulphur source precursors using 2-Methoxy ethyl methyl imidazolium methane sulfonate ionic liquid as co-solvent. The Reitveld refinement on powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) confirmed the presence of orthorhombic SnS structure as major phase along with traces amount of SnS2 and Sn2S3. Diffuse reflectance spectrum studies revealed the energy band gap around 1.38eV. TEM images confirmed the SnS Nps with average particle size of 40nm and HRTEM suggest good crystallinity. The electrochemical property for lithium storage behaviour shows an initial discharge capacity of 658mAh/g and it retains discharge capacity of 426mAh/g for 16 cycles, at current density 100mA/g. The obtained results indicate that SnS Nps to be one of the possible promising anode materials for next generation Lithium batteries. Photoluminescence study of SnS Nps shows a strong green emission at 530nm. SnS Nps were also tested for the photocatalytic adsorption of methylene blue and Rhodamine B.
We describe the results of an evaluation of marine sediments using chemical measurements and bioassays. Four groups of chemicals, i.e., heavy metals, PAHs, chlorinated aromatic compounds, and tin compounds, were measured at 16 locations in the Wadden Sea, The Netherlands. Extractions of sediments from each location also were assessed using five bioassays. Our objective was to identify chemicals likely to pose biological risks, characterize the relation between bioassay results and particular classes of chemical(s) and determine “clean” reference sites on the basis of the chemical and biological evaluations. A multivariate technique (Principal Component Analysis; PCA) was used to meet these objectives. Results of the PCA indicated that the response of the Microtox Solid Phase bioassay had a positive, significant relationship with the levels of PAHs and organotin compounds. The responses of the other bioassays did not consistently relate to the concentrations of the other measured chemicals. Our findings indicate that the organotin compounds may still be a stressor for aquatic invertebrates in the Dutch Wadden Sea. On the basis of the chemical and biological evaluations, four sites (Dantziggat, Malzwin, Richel and Lauwers) can be considered to be “clean” reference sites.
In this study, the sorting of nickel–metal hydride batteries is investigated based on their charging thermal behavior. A self-organization map (SOM) model affiliated to artificial neural network is constructed to conduct the sorting work. The sorting principle is described in detail to support the model. A batch of batteries is charged in various rates to collect training data closely related to battery thermal behavior. It is indicated that the model can master the regulation of sorting well after training. As a result, the batteries are classified by the SOM model into three categories of high heat generation battery, middle heat generation battery, and low heat generation battery, which corresponds well with the training result. The model thus allows the batteries in the same category to be selected for the consistency in thermal behavior as well as discharge performance.
Surface modification by a soft-carbon coating is used to improve the electrochemical performance of hard carbons as the negative-electrode (anode) material in lithium-ion batteries. The coating process involves simple heat-treatment of a mixture of coal-tar pitch and hard carbon powders at 1000°C. The carbon coating significantly reduces the reaction of lithium with surface functional groups or absorbed species caused by air exposure. This is attributed to the effective suppression of the diffusion of both air and water into the hard carbon by the soft-carbon coating, and the better resistance of soft carbon to air. As a result, the charge–discharge coulombic efficiency during cycling, as well as during the first cycle, is improved.
Lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries are emerging as attractive power sources for light-weight applications (e.g., unmanned aerial and autonomous underwater vehicles) and large electric vehicles (such as trucks and buses) incentivized by their low-cost and high theoretical gravimetric energy density. The replacement of liquid electrolytes with solid-state electrolytes offers a perfect opportunity to improve the safety and energy density of Li–S batteries; however, poor interfacial contact and/or low ionic conductivity at room temperature in the absence of liquid components severely handicap the electrochemical performance of all solid-state Li–S batteries. With the addition of a minimum amount of a liquid plasticizer, a compound which can effectively mitigate the interfacial issues and enhance the ionic transport in both electrolyte and electrode, quasi-solid-state electrolytes (QSSEs) for Li–S batteries, have gained significant attention in recent years. In this review, recent advances and progresses on the development of quasi-solid-state Li–S batteries (QSSLSBs) are scrutinized. Strategies on building high-performance QSSLSBs using polymer-based and inorganic-based QSSEs are intensively discussed on the basis of estimated practical energy density in each cell configuration. Challenges and future directions on the improvement of QSSLSBs are also presented.
This paper reports on the synthesis and characterization of novel dicationic ionic liquid electrolytes based on asymmetrical imidazolium-trialkylammonium ionic liquids. The results obtained indicate that the length of the alkyl chain attached to the nitrogen atom has a significant influence on the thermal and electrochemical properties of the electrolytes, as well as on parameters such as lithium ion coordination number and lithium ion transport number. All synthesized dicationic ionic liquids and the corresponding electrolytes are liquid at room temperature being thermally stable up to 300 °C; well above battery operation temperature. Room temperature ionic conductivities of the electrolytes are in the range of 0.8–7.2 × 10−5 S cm−1, with an electrochemical stability window of 1.5 V–5.0 V vs. Li/Li+. Synthesized electrolytes have been tested in Li half-cells using LiMn2O4 (LMO) spinel as cathode material. Cyclic voltammetry, rate capability and galvanostatic cycling studies at 60 °C have been performed. Again, the alkyl chain length attached to the nitrogen atom plays a significantly role in the electrochemical performance of the LMO cells. Among the cells studied, the one assembled with the electrolyte 1M LITFSI doped IMI1,6-TEA exhibits the best rate capability and the high cycling performance.