batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Objective A positive relationship between cholesterol levels and cognition has been reported in various human and animal studies, but has never been investigated in schizophrenia. The goal of this study was to examine this relationship in schizophrenic patients randomized to clozapine, olanzapine or haloperidol. Method This was a double-blind randomized prospective 12-week study. Participants received a baseline evaluation including a cognitive battery consisting of an evaluation of psychomotor function, general executive function, visual and verbal memory, and visuospatial ability. Their fasting serum cholesterol level was also assessed. The participants were then randomized to clozapine, olanzapine, or haloperidol. They were evaluated at the end of 12weeks. A general cognitive index (GCI) derived from the cognitive battery was the primary variable. Results 82 patients had both baseline and endpoint neurocognitive assessments and cholesterol levels. There was a statistically and clinically significant positive association between change in cholesterol levels and change in GCI. This association was especially pronounced for verbal memory. There was no interaction between medication grouping and cholesterol level; the positive association was observable separately in each medication group. It was very robust and remained significant after we controlled for glucose and triglyceride levels, anticholinergic side effects, medication serum levels, cholesterol lowering medications, and pre-study antipsychotic medications. Conclusions Cholesterol levels show a strong association with cognition in schizophrenia in all medication groups. Further research on the role of lipid metabolism in cognition may suggest new treatments for this core deficit of schizophrenia.
The effect of the gel-drying temperature, annealing time at 900°C and calcination temperature used in the sol–gel synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 spinel (LTO) on the purity phase, structural and morphological features, and electrochemical properties has been investigated. Synthesized LTO-samples have been characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). High purity LTO-spinels have been synthesized by adjusting the thermal treatment conditions. The rate capability and cycleability of the LTO-samples have been studied by galvanostatic techniques in Li-half cells. The influence of the gel-drying temperature on the LTO-phase purity has been clearly evidenced. Both annealing time and calcination temperature notably modify the morphological features as the particle size, the agglomeration of the particles and its porosity. All the studied LTO-samples show a similar evolution of the capacity vs current in the rate capability test. Cycling studies have shown that LTO-samples exhibit high reversibility. Among the sol–gel synthesized LTO-spinels that prepared after drying the gel precursor at 150°C, and then annealed at 550°C for 6h and 900°C for 1h shows the best electrochemical performances. It nominal capacity is 165mAh/g and it has a reversible capacity of 87mAh/g at 1C (175mA/g) with no capacity fading after 100 cycles.
Co3O4 nanoparticle samples were prepared as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries by the hydrothermal synthesis method without magnetic field (Co3O4-0T), under pulsed magnetic field (Co3O4-4T), and by using an aging technique (Co3O4-Aging), respectively. The morphology and structural properties of the Co3O4 nanoparticles were investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FE-SEM measurements demonstrated that the Co3O4 sample formed under a 4T magnetic field consisted of large agglomerated spheres composed of numerous quasi-spherical nanoparticles with a typical diameter of ∼25nm and had more compact and smoother surfaces compared to a reference sample prepared without magnetic field. After the aging process, large Co3O4 hollow spheres composed of numerous spherical nanoparticles with a typical diameter of ∼20nm were formed. Electrochemical measurements showed that Co3O4 materials prepared by the aging technique (Co3O4-Aging) yielded the best electrochemical performance compared with the other samples. Capacities were maintained at 274, 348, and 407mAhg−1 up to 100 cycles for the Co3O4-0T, Co3O4-4T, and Co3O4-Aging materials, which are about 26, 27, and 30% of initial discharge capacities, respectively. The capacity loss is in the order of Co3O4-Aging<Co3O4-4T<Co3O4-0T. Thus, the morphology affects not only the discharge capacity, but also the cycling stability of Li-ion batteries.
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized trials that include patient-reported outcomes (PROs) often provide crucial information for patients and clinicians facing challenging health care decisions. Based on emerging methods, guidance on combining PROs in meta-analysis is likely to enhance their usefulness.
The paper presents and discusses a novel route to synthesize a multi-doped LiFePO4/C composite by using steel slag as a raw material. A ferroalloy with suitable molar ratio of Fe, Mn, V, and Cr is recovered from the slag by a selective carbothermic method, and successfully used as source materials of Fe and multiple dopants for preparing the multi-doped LiFePO4/C. XRD and Rietveld-refined results show that the multi-doped LiFePO4/C is single olivine-type phase and well crystallized, Mn, V, and Cr atoms occupy Fe site. Elemental mapping image confirms that the elements (Fe, P, Mn, V, and Cr) distribute homogeneously in particles of the multi-doped LiFePO4/C. The electrochemical performance of prepared cathode was evaluated by galvanostatic charge/discharge and cyclic voltammogram tests. Compared to the undoped LiFePO4/C prepared only by chemical reagents, the multi-doped LiFePO4/C exhibits lesser capacity drops with increasing of charge/discharge current density due to the improvement of the electrode reactivity by multi-doping. The results suggest that steel slag is an abundant and inexpensive source materials of iron and dopants for preparing multi-doped LiFePO4/C.
The aim of the present work was to study some of the adverse effects produced by hyperandrogenism on the uterine function. Daily injection of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA: 6 mg/ 100 g body weight, sc) for 20 consecutive days induced polycystic ovaries in BALB/c mice. In this model, we found that DHEA produced alterations on uterine histology closely related to the development of tumour structures. In addition, hyperandrogenism induced a pro-inflammatory and a pro-oxidant condition represented by increased levels of prostaglandin F2 alpha production and uterine nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and by a decrease in both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities together with a decrease in the levels of the antioxidant metabolite glutathione (GSH). DHEA also induced an increase in CD4+ together with a decrease in the CD8+ T lymphocytes that infiltrate the uterine tissue. We conclude that this intricate network of regulators could be responsible for the low rate of implantation observed in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Tellurium (Te) is a promising material for large-scale energy storage systems since it has the highest electrical conductivity among chalcogen-based cathodes, including sulfur and selenium, and a high volumetric capacity. In this work, we introduce a new compositing method for Te and carbon using a high-energy ball mill (HEBM). In particular, when functionalizing the edges of carbon with a small amount of sulfur (S), the spontaneous impregnation of nanoscale Te particles into carbon is facilitated. To study the mechanism of effective impregnation, three types of chalcogen/carbon cathodes are prepared by the HEBM method: (i) sulfur/carbon (S/C), (ii) tellurium/C (Te/C), and (iii) Te/sulfur edge-functionalized C (Te/Sef-C). Among these, Te/Sef-C shows the highest average volumetric capacity (2275 mAh cm−3) and the smallest capacity decrement (∼5.7 mAh cm−3 per cycle), with a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.1% during 250 cycles. This enhanced performance of Te/Sef-C can be attributed to a protective self-coated carbon surface layer formed by spontaneous impregnation and growth of Te nanorods surrounded with Sef-C, which improves the electrical/ionic conductivities and reduces the direct exposure of the active materials to the electrolyte.
A porous graphene layers with a three-dimensional structure (3DG) was prepared via a gas foaming method based on a polymeric predecessor. This intimately interconnected 3DG structure not only significantly increases the specific surface area but also provides more channels to facilitate electron transport. In addition, 3D N-doped (3DNG) layers materials were synthesized using melamine as a nitrogen source. The nitrogen content in the 3DNG layers significantly influenced the electrochemical performance. The sample denoted as 3DNG-2 exhibited a specific capacitance of 335.2Fg−1 at a current density of 1Ag−1 in a three-electrode system. Additionally, 3DNG-2 exhibited excellent electrochemical performance in aqueous and organic electrolytes using a two-electrode symmetric cell. An energy density of 58.1Whkg−1 at a power density of 2500Wkg−1 was achieved, which is approximately 3 times that (19.6Whkg−1) in an aqueous electrolyte in a two-electrode system. After 1000 cycles, the capacity retention in aqueous electrolyte was more than 99.0%, and this retention in organic electrolytes was more than 89.4%, which demonstrated its excellent cycle stability. This performance makes 3DNG-2 a promising candidate as an electrode material in high-power and high-energy supercapacitor applications.
Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) offers advantages that include faster densification, activated materials synthesis, formation of atomically clean grain boundaries, good grain-to-grain bonding, and minimization of particle coarsening that allows the retention of nanosized grains/particles during synthesis or sintering. The present review summarizes for the first time the possibilities of using these advantages for applications in electrochemical energy storage, or more precisely, for developing high performance all-solid-state Li-ion batteries that are better suited for more heavy duty applications, such as in automobiles. This survey demonstrates the improvements that can be achieved for the ionic conductivities of the ceramic solid electrolytes on sintering via SPS and for the overall transport properties of the cathode materials on synthesizing via SPS. These would not only render the solid electrolytes better suited for enhanced practical applications, but also result in overall improved rate capabilities for the batteries. Furthermore, possibilities of fabricating entire solid-state Li-ion batteries, possessing improved mechanical integrity and power density, via one-step SPS of stacked laminates of anode–solid electrolyte–cathode materials have been brought into light. The improvements achieved, mainly due to the formation of ‘perfect’ interfaces and due to nanostructuring, are correlated to the intrinsic mechanisms of the spark plasma sintering process.
The garnet-related oxide with nominal formula Li7La3Zr2O12 prepared by the sol–gel method is cubic, space group Ia-3d with lattice parameter a =12.9720Å at room temperature. The occupancies of three lithium positions (24d, 48g, 96h) and the position of a small amount of Al3+ (ca 0.61wt%) inside the grains were determined by neutron diffraction. The occupancy of the 24d Li sites was reduced to 36.0% by the Al3+ occupying the 48g sites. The bulk and total Li+-ion conductivity at 25°C was 3.1×10−4 Scm−1 and 1.4×10−4 Scm−1 with an activation energy 0.34eV in the temperature range 25–160°C.
Formation of iron oxide nanotubes on to pure iron substrate by an electrochemical anodization method was investigated in fluoride containing electrolytes. Anodization of iron foil in fluoride containing borate solution resulted in stacked nano-ring type oxide morphology. Nanoporous oxide layer was observed at low pH and a granular oxide layer was formed at higher pH of phosphate+fluoride solutions. Formation of either nanoporous or nanotubular oxide layer was observed in ethylene glycol (EG) solution containing 0.05–0.1M fluoride+1.5–3.0vol.% water. Transition from nanoporous structure to nanotubular structure was critically controlled by anodization potential, water addition and fluoride concentration of the EG solution. The potential required for this transition decreased with increase in the water content up to 7vol.% beyond which enhanced dissolution occurred. Annealing of the nanotubes at 500°C resulted in predominantly α-Fe2O3 crystal structure. The annealed Fe2O3 samples consisting of a single layer of nanotubular structure showed a photo current density of 0.4mA/cm2 at 0.5V Ag/AgCl in 1M KOH solution under simulated solar light illumination.
Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 as a cathode material for Li-ion battery has been successfully prepared by co-precipitation (CP), sol–gel (SG) and sucrose combustion (SC) methods. The prepared materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, BET and electrochemical measurements. The XRD result shows that the Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 materials prepared by different methods all form a pure phase with good crystallinity. SEM images and BET data present that the SC-material exhibited the smallest particle size (ca. 0.1μm) and the highest surface area (7.4635m2 g−1). The tap density of SC-material is lower than that of CP- and SG-materials. The result of rate performance tests indicates that the SC-material showed the best rate capability with the highest discharge capacity of 178mAhg−1 at 5.0C, followed by SG-material and then CP-material. However, the cycling stability of SC-material tested at 0.1 and 0.5C is relatively poor as compared to that of SG-material and CP-material. The result of EIS measurements reveals that large surface area and small particle size of the SC-electrode result in more SEI layer formation because of the increased side reactions with the electrolyte during cycling, which deteriorates the electrode/electrolyte interface and thus leads to the faster capacity fading of the SC-material.
Herein, Elaeocarpus seed (ES) extract was studied in 3 M HCl solution as a efficacy corrosion inhibitor for the mild steel through mass loss, electrochemical Tafel diagrams, impedance spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and EDX techniques. During weight loss technique, it is observed that increasing the concentration enhances the protective role of the plant product. The Tafel diagrams showed a mixed role of the ES extract. In impedance spectroscopy, the area of depressed semicircle has a direct relationship with the plant extract concentration, which clearly demonstrating the inhibition property of ES extract. 93.370, 97.111, 89.015, and 90.528% are the maximum inhibition efficiencies obtained from the weight loss, atomic absorption spectroscopy, Tafel plot, and impedance spectroscopy techniques, respectively. Mathematical and quantum chemical studies further support the experimental results.
Nanosized and highly crystalline spinel lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) particles are synthesized in supercritical water. The effects of various synthesis conditions – feed concentration, reaction time, and calcination – on the particle properties, including particle size, surface area, particle morphology, phase purity, and crystallinity, are carefully analyzed. Phase-pure LTO particles are obtained with a long reaction time of 6h in supercritical water at 400°C and 300bar without subsequent calcination, while the anatase TiO2 impurity phase is detected at shorter reaction times of 5min to 2h. Particles synthesize in supercritical water with subsequent calcination at a relatively low temperature of 700°C exhibit the highly crystalline LTO phase. Based on the analytical results using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), an LTO formation mechanism in supercritical water is proposed. LTO particles prepare in supercritical water with subsequent calcination exhibit excellent long-term cyclability and high-rate performance. The discharge capacity after 400 cycles at 1C is 117.2mAhg−1, which is approximately 80% of the initial discharge capacity (147.1mAhg−1), and the discharge capacity at 10C is 100.5mAhg−1. These electrochemical performances are significantly better than those of uncalcinated LTO synthesize in supercritical water and solid-state synthesize LTO.
We introduce a practically important and theoretically challenging problem: finding the minimum cost path for PHEVs in a road network with refueling and charging stations. We show that this problem is NP-complete and present a mixed integer quadratically constrained formulation, a discrete approximation dynamic programming heuristic, and a shortest path heuristic as solution methodologies. Practical applications of the problem in transportation and logistics, considering specifically the long-distance trips, are discussed in detail. Through extensive computational experiments, significant insights are provided. In addition to the charging infrastructure availability, a driver’s stopping tolerance arises as another critical factor affecting the transportation costs.
Submicron-structured Li3V2(PO4)3/C has been synthesized by carbon-thermal reduction method with poly(acrylic acid) and d-(+)-glucose as carbon sources. The pure monoclinic structure of Li3V2(PO4)3/C has been confirmed by XRPD and Rietveld refinement, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The specific capacity of Li3V2(PO4)3/C as cathode has been evaluated, between 3.0 and 4.3 V vs Li+/Li, in the two different electrolytes: 1 M solution of LiPF6 in EC:DMC (1:1) at room temperature and in EC:DMC:DEC (1:1:1) at low temperature (0 and −20 °C). Because of the submicron-size dimensions of Li3V2(PO4)3 and of the good carbon coating, the material discharge capacities as high as 103, 98 and 81 mAh g−1 at 40, 60 and 100C rates, retains 93% of the initial discharge capacity after 1000 cycles at 100C. The performances even at low temperature are also good with values of the order of 84, 40, 23, 19 mAh g−1 at 0 °C and 69, 24, 19, 15 mAh g−1 at −20 °C at 3, 7.5, 15, 30 C-rates, respectively.
A new supercapacitor electrode material was prepared by the in situ oxidative polymerization of aniline in presence of graphene and transition metal. The structural property of the composites has been determined by Raman spectroscopy. The formation of the composites has been confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and the high resolution transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical performance of the electrode materials has been illustrated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic charge–discharge. The uniform structure together with the observed high conductivities afforded high specific capacitance and good cycling stability during the charge–discharge process when used as supercapacitor electrodes. A greater specific capacitance has been achieved in the case of cobalt doped PANI on graphene (Gr/Co/PANI) composites in comparison with HCl doped PANI on graphene composites. The Gr/Co/PANI composites showed highest specific capacitance of 989F/g at a scan rate of 2mV/s. The energy density of Gr/Co/PANI composites could reach 352Wh/kg at a power density of 1.581kW/kg.
The lithium-ion solid electrolyte “Li7La3Zr2O12” (LLZO) and the tantalum substituted analogue Li7−x La3Zr2−x Ta x O12 (LLZTO) with varying Ta content 0.375< x <1.5 were prepared and structurally and electrochemically characterized. Both, LLZO and Ta substituted LLZTO were prepared by high temperature ceramic processing and were found to crystallize in the cubic garnet-type structure (space group I a 3 ¯ d ). Phase formation was studied by X-ray powder diffraction. While Al doping was necessary for the preparation of dense LLZO ceramics crystallizing in the high lithium ion conductive cubic garnet modification, dense cubic tantalum substituted LLZTO ceramics could be prepared without Al doping. Ta substitution was found to facilitate the formation of the cubic garnet modification at lower synthesis temperature. The temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity and lithium metal electrode kinetics were studied by ac impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, respectively. The ionic conductivity of cubic LLZTO was found to increase by Al doping. The highest room temperature conductivity of 5×10−4 Scm−1 with an activation energy of E a =0.41eV was found for the sample Li6.625La3Zr1.625Ta0.375O12 with 28mol% Al content. Lithium electrode kinetics was studied on LLZO and LLZTO samples. The electrode activation energies of all investigated samples showed similar values between E a =0.41eV and 0.46eV close to the activation energies for lithium ion migration in the bulk electrolyte. Thus, the Ta substituted and Al-doped material Li6.625La3Zr1.625Ta0.375O12 (29mol% Al) showed a more than one order of magnitude higher exchange current density of i 0 =240μAcm−2 than Ta-free LLZO with i 0 =18μAcm−2.
Cost-effective and robust energy storage systems have attracted great attention for portable electronic devices. Three-dimensional electrodes can effectively enhance the charge transfer, increase the mechanical stability and thus improve the electrochemical performance upon continuous charge-discharge. The earth abundant halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) have shown immense potential in constructing nanoarchitectural composites. Here, we first demonstrate the development of hybrid composite of nickel sulfide (Ni3S2) and HNTs with glucose as binders for efficient energy storage in supercapacitor. The surface sulfhydrylation of HNTs and glucose-assisted hydrothermal reaction are crucial for the preparation of well-structured composite. Due to the synergistic effect between components, the Ni3S2/HNTs@HS composite electrode delivers a capacity of 450.4Cg−1 and high retention of 82.6% over 2000 cycles in three-electrode supercapacitors. Moreover, the Ni3S2/HNTs@HS//Whatman paper//Ni3S2/HNTs@HS two-electrode symmetric supercapacitor exhibits a maximum potential window of 1.3V, with a capacity of 250Cg−1 and performance loss of only 18.2% over 2000 cycling at 1Ag−1. A maximum energy density of 79.6 Wh kg−1 is achieved at a power density of 1.03kWkg−1. Such excellent energy storage performance suggests the great potential of Ni3S2/HNTs@HS for high-efficiency energy storage systems.
Reproductive toxicity testing is characterized by high animal use. For registration of pharmaceutical compounds, developmental toxicity studies are usually conducted in both rat and rabbits. Efforts have been underway for a long time to design alternatives to animal use. Implementation has lagged, partly because of uncertainties about the applicability domain of the alternatives. The reproductive cycle is complex and not all mechanisms of development can be mimicked in vitro. Therefore, efforts are underway to characterize the available alternative tests with regard to the mechanism of action they include. One alternative test is the mouse embryonic stem cell test (EST), which has been studied since the late 1990s. It is a genuine 3R “alternative” assay as it is essentially animal-free. A meeting was held to review the state-of-the-art of various in vitro models for prediction of developmental toxicity. Although the predictivity of individual assays is improving, a battery of several assays is likely to have even higher predictivity, which is necessary for regulatory acceptance. The workshop concluded that an important first step is a thorough survey of the existing rat and rabbit studies, to fully characterize the frequency of responses and the types of effects seen. At the same time, it is important to continue the optimization of in vitro assays. As more experience accumulates, the optimal conditions, assay structure, and applicability of the alternative assays are expected to emerge.