batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) was used as an electrode catalyst for an all vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The electrochemical property of SWCNT towards VO2 +/VO2+ and V3+/V2+ was carefully characterized by cyclic voltammetric (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The peak current values for these redox pairs were significantly higher on the modified glassy carbon electrode compared with those obtained on the bare electrode, suggesting the excellent electrochemical activity of the SWCNT. Moreover, it was proved that the anodic process was more dependent on the surface oxygen of the SWCNT than the cathodic process through changing its surface oxygen content. Detailed EIS analysis of different modified electrodes revealed that the charge and mass transfer processes were accelerated at the modified electrode–electrolyte interface, which could be ascribed to the large specific surface area, the surface defects and the oxygen functional groups of the SWCNT. The enhanced battery performance effectively demonstrated that the SWCNT was suitable to serve as an electrode catalyst for the VRFB.
Publisher Summary Engineering represents a variety of activities associated with technology. Engineering is the profession in which the knowledge of mathematical, natural, and social sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to economically utilize the materials and forces of nature for the use of mankind. Engineering design is the systematic, intelligent generation and evaluation of products whose form and function achieve stated objectives and satisfy specified constraints. Discontinuous innovation provides both unique challenges and opportunities to the firm. When working on a project that is a significant leap from existing technologies or markets, it is important to bear in mind that the techniques required to effectively manage the project are significantly different too. This chapter provides an overview of some of the critical issues relating to this topic at both the micro and the macro level.
A Mo-doped layered cathode materials Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 (LMNC) with an excellent rate performance and high capacity have been successfully synthesized by a facile and novel organic co-precipitation process. The effect of trace Mo-doped on the surface morphology and crystal structures have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results reveal that the Mo6+-doped electrode material with an optimal content could show a uniform particles size distribution and well-crystallization. Electrochemical measurements, including charge-discharge, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) have also been employed. It is demonstrated that the Mo-doped LMNC composites exhibit significant improvements on the electrochemical performance including the capacity, rate capability and cycle performance. For example, the initial discharge capacity is 260.8mAhg−1 at 1C for an optimal Mo-doped electrode, and still maintains an initial discharge capacity of 142.3 and 85.5mAhg−1 at 10 and 20C, and capacity retention could still be 83.56% and 96.14% after 100 cycles, respectively, indicating its excellent cycle and rate capability for LMNC materials. It is believed that the remarkably enhanced rate capability and cycling stability of these modified electrodes might be ascribed to trace Mo substitution prepared by this organic co-precipitation process.
Tailoring of battery-type NiCo2O4 with carbon-based materials for supercapacitors usually involves several steps, which require prolonged syntheses at high temperatures. Here, a facile one-step strategy is presented for the fabrication of a binder-free composite, made of NiOx decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and NiCo2O4 nanoparticles on nickel foam to form a stable supercapacitor with high specific capacity. The process is based on the electrophoretic co-deposition of carboxylated-CNTs and NiCo2O4 NPs, which were positively charged using Ni2+. The latter played a double role by stabilizing the nanomaterials and improving the electrochemical performance by decorating the nanomaterials with NiOx species. The well-dispersed NiCo2O4 NPs in the highly conductive porous matrix of CNTs provide efficient electron transfer, high surface area and superior electrochemical performance, such as high charge storage, high rate delivery and good cycling stability. The nanocomposite film exhibited high specific capacitance of 1363 F gr−1 at 2 A gr−1, while retaining 82% of the capacitance at higher current density (20 A gr−1). The straightforward fabrication process and the excellent electrochemical activity are of generic nature and can be applied for assembling other well-structured carbon-based composites.
From the Semantic Web’s inception, a number of concurrent initiatives have given rise to multiple segments: large semantic datasets, exposed by query endpoints; online Semantic Web documents, in the form of RDF files; and semantically annotated web content (e.g., using RDFa), semantic sources in their own right. In various mobile application scenarios, online semantic data has proven to be useful. While query endpoints are most commonly exploited, they are mainly useful to expose large semantic datasets. Alternatively, mobile RDF stores are utilized to query local semantic data, but this requires the design-time identification and replication of relevant data. Instead, we present a mobile query service that supports on-the-fly and integrated querying of semantic data, originating from a largely unused portion of the Semantic Web, comprising online RDF files and semantics embedded in annotated webpages. To that end, our solution performs dynamic identification, retrieval and caching of query-relevant semantic data. We explore several data identification and caching alternatives, and investigate the utility of source metadata in optimizing these tasks. Further, we introduce a novel cache replacement strategy, fine-tuned to the described query dataset, and include explicit support for the Open World Assumption. An extensive experimental validation evaluates the query service and its alternative components.
In the phenomenon of spatial sequence synesthesia (SSS), subjects can articulate explicit spatial locations for sequences such as numbers, letters, weekdays, months, years, and other overlearned series. Similarly, abstract sequences can take on implicit spatial representations in non-synesthetes, as evidenced by the spatial numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect. An open question is whether the two findings represent different degrees of the same condition, or different conditions. To address this, we developed computer programs to quantify three-dimensional (3D) month-form coordinates in 571 self-reported spatial sequence synesthetes; this approach opens the door for the first time to quantified large-scale analysis. First, despite the common assumption that month-forms tend to be elliptical, we find this to be true in only a minority of cases. Second, we find that 27% of month forms are in the shape of lines, consistent with the assumed shape of implicit spatial forms in the SNARC effect. Next, we find that the majority of month forms are biased in a left-to-right direction, also consistent with the directional bias in the SNARC effect (in Western speakers). Collectively, these findings support the possibility that SSS is directly related to the sequence representations in non-synesthetes. While the search for neural correlates has concentrated on areas in the parietal lobe involved in numeric manipulation and coordinate systems, we propose that the basis of this synesthesia may be the close proximity of temporal lobe regions implicated in sequence coding and visual object representation.
Polymer gel electrolytes based on poly(vinylidene fluoride co-hexafluoropropylene), and containing layered nanoparticles such as fluorohectorite were investigated by pulsed gradient spin-echo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as well as line shape and relaxation studies. Diffusion coefficients of Li+ ions, anions, and electrolyte solvent were measured by 7Li, 19F, and 1H NMR, respectively. All results indicate heterogeneous ionic environments in the nanocomposite materials.
Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to be operated using a clean, renewable energy source. However, a major limitation is their relatively short vehicle driving range and the associated driver ‘range anxiety’. This research investigates the effect of gearing on energy consumption and driving range efficiency on an EV-converted Ford Focus using a chassis dynamometer in a controlled test environment in accordance with international standards. Two designs of the Ford Focus were used in the tests; one with an automatic gear drive, and the other with a manual gear drive. The electricity consumption of the two cars driving under different gearing configurations was measured under identical drive cycles. The vehicle range tests showed that measuring energy consumption on just two consecutive drive cycles on a calibrated chassis dynamometer will lead to a small overestimation of the energy consumption due to a ‘cold’ drive train. The results also suggest greater attention needs to be paid to EV battery charger efficiency, particularly in terms of standby energy consumption, which can increase the total energy required for EV owners markedly.
This study aimed to quantitatively assess the ability of two single-step restorative materials to avoid crown darkening caused by the use of minocycline as an intracanal medicament.
The efficiency of 2-β-dinitrostyrene as a cathode material in a magnesium/zinc-based primary battery is examined. The discharge performance of the cell is investigated under different parametric variations such as temperature, nature of electrolyte, current drain and zeolite modification. A seven-electron reduction seems to be responsible for the discharge of the cell. The end-of-discharge product is anthranilic acid. Participation of oxygen in the reduction process is indicated. The chemical reaction responsible for discharge involves electroreductive cyclization of 2-β-dinitrostyrene to indole, which is further converted into anthranilic acid by oxygen.
Molten-salt batteries such as Na–NiCl2 are promising candidates for grid storage, but suffer from fragility of ion-selective ceramic membranes. Here the authors report the operation of a Li–Pb||PbCl2 battery fitted with a robust TiN mesh membrane that functions by protective faradaic reaction.
We analyze whether lower rents for energy-inefficient apartments reflect tenants’ willingness to pay due to a higher green awareness, purchasing power, or energy consumption costs. Based on a German rental apartment dataset from Q1 2007 to Q1 2019, we use interaction terms for socioeconomic characteristics in a hedonic regression model. We find that rents are lower for apartments with higher energy consumption, even in neighborhoods with lower levels of green awareness. This relationship is stronger in neighborhoods with higher purchasing power, such that communities with low levels of green awareness and high purchasing power show the steepest negative slope for increasing energy consumption (−8.6% from the highest to lowest rating). Thus, the rent-decreasing effect of purchasing power is higher than that of green awareness. Splitting the entire period into smaller windows, we find that the interaction effect of green awareness has emerged in the most recent years (2017–2019). This may be driven by changes in regulation, which have made it easier for tenants to assess the energy consumption before they rent, or by a general increase in green awareness over this period.
Li4Ti5O12 is a commonly used negative electrode material, but the origin of its fast rate capability has puzzled scientists for decades. Now, a facile Li-ion transport route featuring metastable intermediates is revealed to rationalize the fast-charging kinetics.
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology has considerably grown in the past few years and is nowadays sought to be implemented for the identification of products and for traceability in the agrifood sector, ensuring food safety and quality. RFID is now considered as the worthy successor of the barcode with a foreseen expansion not only in the agrifood sector, but also in industrial sectors for environmental monitoring (temperature, relative humidity and luminosity) through namely WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) and WST (Wireless Sensor Technology). Research studies are being progressively performed in the objective of coupling sensors to the RFID technology. This interfacing would lead to a better monitoring of packaging headspace by means of the development of different sensors, as well as their coupling to RFID tags through the microchip or directly to the RFID antenna. The present work gives an overview of the basics of the RFID technology, the existing sensors and the ones being developed to be interfaced with the technology, as well as the existing RFID sensor tags. The presented literature studies, mainly in the agrifood sector, demonstrate how RFID may meet our needs for a better monitoring of food quality by coupling radio frequency communication and traceability. The implementation of sensors which is a very new technology being studied and concomitantly developed may lead to a better detection of food degradation markers and thus to a reduction in food loss which is one of the world's major issue.
Nickel(II)-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane is examined as a possible single redox couple for non-aqueous flow batteries. The nickel complex cation is reduced at −1.81 V (vs. Fc/Fc+) and oxidized at 0.74 V, showing that this tetradentate Ni(II) complex cation can be used as a single redox couple that offers a cell voltage of 2.55 V. The maximum solubility is 0.4 M in 1.0 M tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate dissolved in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate. When tested in a non-flowing cell, this single redox couple exhibits a very stable cycle performance.
The persistence and stability of selective deficits in interhemispheric processing resulting from known callosal pathology have been monitored over periods ranging from ten to thirty five years. The present study included five patients: two with complete agenesis of the corpus callosum, one with partial dysgenesis, and two with a partial section of the corpus callosum. A crossed-uncrossed difference task and four bilateral visual matching tasks were administered to these patients and to groups of normal individuals matched on age and intelligence. As expected, all of the patients showed deficits in speed or accuracy relative to the performance of their control groups. The profile of performance for each patient across the five tasks demonstrated a systematic (but not perfectly consistent) relationship with the location and extent of callosal pathology.
Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries has attracted wide attention because of their high content of valuable and hazardous metals. One of the difficulties for effective metal recovery is the separation of different metals from the solution after leaching. In this research, a full hydrometallurgical process is developed to selectively recover valuable metals (Ni, Co and Li) from cathode scrap of spent lithium ion batteries. By introducing ammonia-ammonium sulphate as the leaching solution and sodium sulphite as the reductant, the total selectivity of Ni, Co and Li in the first-step leaching solution is more than 98.6% while it for Mn is only 1.36%. In detail understanding of the selective leaching process is carried out by investigating the effects of parameters such as leaching reagent composition, leaching time (0–480min), agitation speed (200–700rpm), pulp density (10–50g/L) and temperature (323–353K). It was found that Mn is primarily reduced from Mn4+ into Mn2+ into the solution as Mn ( NH 3 ) x 2 + while it subsequently precipitates out into the residue in the form of (NH4)2Mn(SO3)2·H2O. Ni, Co and Li are leached and remain in the solution either as metallic ion or amine complexes. The optimised leaching conditions can be further obtained and the leaching kinetics is found to be chemical reaction control under current leaching conditions. As a result, this research is potentially beneficial for further optimisation of the spent lithium ion battery recycling process after incorporating with metal extraction from the leaching solution.
Objective The aim of this work was to evaluate the long term effect of cochlear implants electrical stimulation on the function of a hypo-excitable lateral semicircular canal and saccule. Methods A total number of 45 children (21 males and 24 females) between 5 and 6years of age were included in this study. All patients were diagnosed with severe or profound sensorineural hearing loss and bilateral or unilateral hypofunction of the peripheral vestibular system. All of the subjects received multichannel cochlear implants. An initial vestibular system assessment was done prior to implantation by bithermal caloric irrigation and vestibular myogenic evoked potential (VEMP). Vestibular evaluation was done 1, 12 and 24months after switching on the device. Results Nineteen subjects (42%) showed improvement of the lateral canal response and 10 of them showed identifiable VEMP response at 90 and 100dBnHL. Conclusion While the results of the current study showed positive impact of the CI on the hypoexcitable vestibular system. The late effects of chronic electrical stimulation on the vestibular system need to be further assessed.
Partial packet recovery is well known for increasing network throughput and reducing frame retransmissions. However, partial packet recovery methods in the literature are not energy-aware and hence they are not suitable for the battery powered wireless sensor motes. We propose Green-Frag, a novel adaptive partial packet recovery mechanism that is energy friendly. It can help prolonging the battery life of wireless sensor motes that are usually resource constrained. It dynamically partitions the frame into smaller blocks to avoid dropping the whole frame due to a single bit error. Also, Green-Frag is able to tolerate high interference and save energy by varying the transmit power based on channel quality and interference pattern. We experimentally evaluate the energy efficiency as well as goodput and delay of Green-Frag using our TelosB sensor mote testbed. We find that Green-Frag reduces energy consumption by 33% on average compared to the state of the art partial packet recovery scheme in the literature in the presence of Wi-Fi interference. In the worst case, this reduction in energy consumption comes at the cost of 10% reduction in goodput. Finally, Green-Frag reduces the latency by 22% on average compared to other static frame fragmentation schemes.
Various electrochemically active π-conjugated polymers were synthesized by organometallic polycondensations. p-Dopable polymers such as polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyselenophene exhibited a linear correlation between the ionization potential of the corresponding monomeric compound and the oxidation potential of the π-conjugated polymer with a slope of about 1.5. On the other hand, n-dopable polymers containing imine nitrogen or quinone unit showed linear correlation with a slope of about 0.75 between the electron affinity of the corresponding monomeric compound and the reduction potential of the polymer. Cyclic voltammetric analysis in solutions indicated that the oxidation peak current (i pa) is proportional to a square root of the sweep rate ( v 1 / 2 ) in many cases. For poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl), the diffusion coefficient (D) calculated with the Matsuda's equation was 10−7 cm2 s−1 at a molecular weight of about 3000, and it decreased steeply with increase in the molecular weight.
This paper presents a novel method of sizing PV storage systems for different household types such as single -, family –shared flats – or pensioner households. The method is based on a simulation model that characterizes the PV system including peripheral components like the inverter and the battery. The required input data to carry out the calculations is gathered from simulated household loads, characteristics of system components and measured radiation values. Sizing the grid-connected PV storage system is performed based on technical parameters only, without economic evaluation. The results show significant differences in the ideal system configuration depending on the household types ranging from a PV to battery ratio of 0.76–4.25 kWpeak/kWh. This suggests, that the household type needs to be considered before installing a PV storage system in order to ensure optimal results for the customer and the energy system. After the technical sizing, the results are compared to economic design optima, in order to investigate existing differences.
A research group at Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology in Japan has developed a dendrimer that can build complex metal ions in an orderly fashion starting from the core of the macromolecule outward.
Vertical electrical sounding was used for assessing the suitability of the drill sites in crystalline areas within a water supply project in Nampula Province in Mozambique. Many boreholes have insufficient yield (<600 L/h). Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was carried out over seven boreholes with sufficient yield, and five boreholes with insufficient yield, in Rapale District, in an attempt to understand the reason for the failed boreholes. Two significant hydrogeological units were identified: the altered zone (19–220 ohm-m) with disintegrated rock fragments characterized by intermediate porosity and permeability, and the fractured zone (>420 ohm-m) with low porosity and high permeability. In addition to this, there is unfractured nonpermeable intact rock with resistivity of thousands of ohm-m. The unsuccessful boreholes were drilled over a highly resistive zone corresponding to fresh crystalline rock and a narrow altered layer with lower resistivity. Successful boreholes were drilled in places where the upper layers with lower resistivity correspond to a well-developed altered layer or a well-fractured basement. There are a few exceptions with boreholes drilled in seemingly favourable locations but they were nevertheless unsuccessful boreholes for unknown reasons. Furthermore, there were boreholes drilled into very resistive zones that produced successful water wells, which may be due to narrow permeable fracture zones that are not resolved by ERT. Community involvement is proposed, in choosing between alternative borehole locations based on information acquired with a scientifically based approach, including conceptual geological models and ERT. This approach could probably lower the borehole failure rate.