batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Social withdrawal during adolescence and early adulthood is particularly problematic due to the increasing importance of social interactions during these ages. Yet little is known about the changes, trajectories, or correlates of being withdrawn during this transition to adulthood. The purpose of this study was to examine the normative change and distinct trajectories of withdrawal in order to identify adolescents and early adults at greatest risk for maladjustment. Participants were from a Dutch population-based cohort study (Tracking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey), including 1917 adolescents who were assessed at four waves from the age of 16 to 25 years. Five items from the Youth Self Report and Adult Self Report were found to be measurement invariant and used to assess longitudinal changes in social withdrawal. Overall, participants followed a U-shaped trajectory of social withdrawal, where withdrawal decreased from ages 16 to 19 years, remained stable from 19 to 22 years, and increased from 22 to 25 years. Furthermore, three distinct trajectory classes of withdrawal emerged: a low-stable group (71.8%), a high-decreasing group (12.0%), and a low-curvilinear group (16.2%). The three classes differed on: shyness, social affiliation, reduced social contact, anxiety, and antisocial behaviors. The high-decreasing group endorsed the highest social maladjustment, followed by the low-curvilinear group, and the low-stable group was highly adjusted. We discuss the potential contribution of the changing social network in influencing withdrawal levels, the distinct characteristics of each trajectory group, and future directions in the study of social withdrawal in adolescence and early adulthood.
This paper seeks to better understand how one plausible development in a green energy economy transition of the transport sector can be governed: a breakthrough of battery-electric vehicles (BEV). Drawing on recent results and lessons from BEV studies at local, national and regional scales, the paper presents two alternative scenarios of BEV uptake until 2030 – one incremental growth scenario and one breakthrough scenario. It then draws on the multilevel perspective (MLP) on socio-technical systems as an approach to identify the governance implications of the breakthrough scenario. Based on a characterisation of barriers and drivers at landscape, regime and niche levels, it identifies governance interventions to enable a BEV breakthrough. The results point towards a multidimensional governance approach that includes conventional policy instruments such as durable incentive policies, with a predictable mechanism for adjustment and phase-out, and mechanisms for mobilising investment finance for fast and super-fast charging and home charging along public roads. In addition, more innovation-systems oriented governance is required, such as familiarisation and experience building to ease cognitive barriers and build knowledge for both consumers and businesses, and supporting structural and technological change within automotive industries.
The absorption of vanadium to Nafion® was investigated through ex-situ isotherm and conductivity measurements at 23 °C. The data show a maximum loss of ion exchange capacity (IEC) of 30% for all four oxidation states of vanadium. The affinity of vanadium for N115 was measured by back titration and atomic absorption (AA) and characterized by isotherms at 23 °C, and the affinity is highest for the divalent species and lowest for the pentavalent species in the following order: VO2 + (V5+) < VO2+ (V4+) < V3+ < V2+. Steric hindrance from the associated water complex may explain the lower absorption of vanadium compared to alkali metals. The conductivity for the VO2+ (minimum affinity)-exchanged membrane was 2–3× lower than the sodium-exchanged membrane at an approximate RH = 100%.
Battery state of charge is a crucial indicator of battery management systems since an accurate estimated state of charge is critical to ensure the safety and reliability of the battery. However, polarization during the discharge process can affect the dischargeable capacity in the state-of-charge definition. Moreover, a nonlinear drop of the state-of-charge may lead to misjudgment of the remaining-dischargeable-time. To address these issues, the voltage-based state of charge is defined to reduce the effects of polarization and reflect the upper bound of the remaining capacity of the battery. This paper proposes a particle filter based open circuit voltage online estimation method to achieve the voltage-based state of charge. On this basis, an open-loop remaining-dischargeable-time prediction algorithm using the voltage-based state of charge is introduced. Static and dynamic tests are presented to identify battery model parameters as well as the relationship between available capacity and voltage-based state of charge. Two definitions of the state of charge definition are applied in the prognostics architecture. Results are compared and evaluated concerning the accuracy of the voltage tracking and the relative error of the remaining-dischargeable-time prediction. The comparison results show that prognostics via voltage-based state of charge has a lower prediction relative error under different current and temperature conditions. Therefore, the voltage-based state of charge is more suitable for the remaining-dischargeable-time forecast.
Aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs) are considered as a promising alternative to traditional rechargeable batteries due to their high theoretical capacity, low cost, and multivalent-ion/multi-electron transfer, but are hindered from commercialization by the lack of suitable cathode materials. Herein, an aluminum-selenium (Al-Se) battery that operates at room temperature with high energy efficiency is reported. This Al-Se battery exhibits high selenium utilization with a discharge capacity of 607 mAh g−1, a reduced overpotential, and high volumetric capacity for over 100 cycles. Furthermore, ex-situ spectroscopic and microscopic investigations of the Se cathodes indicated the existence of an aluminum selenide component as the discharge product. Additionally, in-situ transmission electron microscopy provided not only insights into understanding the Al-Se electrochemistry, but also a real-time characterization technique to evaluate the electrochemistry of AIBs in general.
We have developed a seafloor acoustic ranging system to monitor local seafloor crustal deformation. In August 2007 we carried out an experiment to estimate the long-term stability of acoustic measurements collected by the system. We deployed four precision acoustic transponders with about 920m and 590m spacing at the depth of 2035m in Kumano-nada, southeast coast Japan, and we collected acoustic ranges for 4months. The observed round-trip travel times showed a variation with peak-to-peak amplitude of about 0.75m in the range. It was confirmed that most of the variation could be explained by changes in sound speed. The standard deviation in the acoustic measurements was about 1.0cm after the correction for sound speed, and the average value of the ranges remained constant within 1cm.
Hydrothermal/solvothermal reactions have been widely used over the years for the low temperature synthesis of inorganic compounds. New twists on such synthesis approaches were developed so as to prepare highly performing phosphate or silicate electrode materials at low cost. Herein we review the use of: (1) “Latent bases” to wisely monitor the reaction and (2) ionic liquids rather than water as reaction media to conduct the solvothermal process. The richness and versatility of such approaches towards the elaboration of a wide class of materials having controlled size and shape is highlighted. Ionothermal synthesis is shown to hold great promises for innovative inorganic synthesis.
This chapter examines government policy alternatives for protecting the environment. We compare environmentally motivated taxes and various non-tax environmental policy instruments in terms of their efficiency and distributional impacts. Much of the analysis is performed in a second-best setting where the government relies on distortionary taxes to finance some of its budget. The chapter indicates that in this setting, general-equilibrium considerations have first-order importance in the evaluation of environmental policies. Indeed, some of the most important impacts of environmental policies take place outside of the market that is targeted for regulation. Section 2 examines the optimal level of environmental taxes, both in the absence of other taxes and in the second-best setting. Section 3 analyzes the impacts of environmental tax reforms, concentrating on revenue-neutral policies in which revenues from environmental taxes are used to finance cuts in ordinary, distortionary taxes. Here we explore in particular the circumstances under which the “recycling” of revenues from environmental taxes through cuts in distortionary taxes can eliminate the non-environmental costs of such reforms – an issue that has sparked considerable interest in recent years. Section 4 compares environmental taxes with other policy instruments – including emissions quotas, performance standards, and subsidies to abatement – in economies with pre-existing distortionary taxes. We first compare these instruments assuming that policymakers face no uncertainties as to firms’ abatement costs or the benefits of environmental improvement, and then expand the analysis to explore how uncertainty on the part of regulators and the associated monitoring and enforcement costs affect the choice among alternative policy instruments. Section 5 concentrates on the trade-offs between efficiency and distribution in a second-best setting. Section 6 offers conclusions.
In this paper, relative life cycle economic analysis (LCEA) of stand-alone solar PV modules is performed with respect to portable fossil fuel driven power sources to test their commercial prospects in remote regions of Bangladesh which do not have a direct access to grid supply. Overall life time expenditures related to the power projects are analyzed and compared with the help of net present worth (NPW) theory. The influence of market controlling factors like government subsidies, excess inflation over the general trend, and price hike are established with case study of medium-scale petrol–diesel generators (0.8–10kW) and solar photovoltaic modules (100Wp). It is found that the cost effectiveness of conventional or ‘green’ power driven sources depends on kW rating of generators and daily demand on customer-end in the context of a developing country like Bangladesh. The demand coverage which would determine the commercial viability of renewable and non-renewable sources is calculated considering pragmatic power rating of generators available in the local market. This study is intended to assist planning of financial matters with regard to installing small to medium scale renewable projects in remote localities of Bangladesh.
Phytoremediation is a novel treatment option for weathered, hydrocarbon contaminated, flare-pit soil in prairie ecosystems. The remediation potential of six different naturalized prairie plants was assessed by examining their impact on the degradation potential of indigenous bacterial communities. Culture-based and culture-independent microbiological methods were used to determine if mixed plant treatments stimulate different microbial communities and catabolic genotypes in comparison to individual plant species that comprise the mix. DGGE analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes revealed that alfalfa (Medicago sativa) had a dominant effect on the structure of rhizosphere microbial communities in mixed plant treatments, stimulating relative increases in specific Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria populations. Alfalfa and mixes containing alfalfa, while supporting 100 times more culturable PAH degraders than other treatments, exhibited only 10% TPH reduction, less than all planted treatments except perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne). Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) reduction was greatest in single-species grass treatments, with creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra) reducing the TPH concentration by 50% after 4.5 months. Overall TPH reduction throughout the study was positively correlated ( p < 0.001 ) to culturable n-hexadecane degraders.
Increasing the specific capacity and cycle life of graphitic carbon anodes is crucial for realizing high-performance lithium ion batteries. Herein, we introduce a new class of graphitic carbon anodes comprising highly ordered three-dimensional nanostructures decorated with SnO2 nanoparticles. The inch-scale, nanostructured graphitic carbon matrices are prepared by supported pyrolysis of epoxy templates patterned by advanced optical lithography. During the subsequent decoration process, the SnO2 nanoparticles are densely formed on the matrix without agglomeration since the periodic nanostructured matrix provides a homogeneous site for nucleation and growth. The surface coverage of the decorated SnO2 nanoparticles and the mass relative to the graphitic carbon are >80% and ∼50 wt%, respectively. The resulting nanostructured C/SnO2 composite monoliths can be assembled solely into LIB coin cells without the aid of binders and conducting agents. The achieved specific capacity and retention are 692 mAh g−1 and 87.31% (at 70th cycle), respectively, which is superior to those of nanostructured carbon anodes prepared in a similar way.
Real-time prediction of the battery's core temperature and terminal voltage is very crucial for an accurate battery management system. In this paper, a combined electrochemical, heat generation, and thermal model is developed for large prismatic cells. The proposed model consists of three sub-models, an electrochemical model, heat generation model, and thermal model which are coupled together in an iterative fashion through physicochemical temperature dependent parameters. The proposed parameterization cycles identify the sub-models’ parameters separately by exciting the battery under isothermal and non-isothermal operating conditions. The proposed combined model structure shows accurate terminal voltage and core temperature prediction at various operating conditions while maintaining a simple mathematical structure, making it ideal for real-time BMS applications. Finally, the model is validated against both isothermal and non-isothermal drive cycles, covering a broad range of C-rates, and temperature ranges [−25 °C to 45 °C].
A core-shell hybrid material of amorphous hydrous RuO2-coated carbon nanotubes (CNT–RuO2) with a RuO2 loading as high as 82.4wt% was prepared by a solution method using RuCl3 and NaHCO3 aqueous solutions. The effect of preparation conditions, especially the dripping speed of the NaHCO3 solution, on the formation of the core-shell structure was investigated, and the corresponding mechanism was discussed. Supercapacitive properties of the CNT–RuO2 and amorphous hydrous RuO2 electrodes with a thickness of over 200μm were studied and the crucial factors to govern their rate capability were analyzed. For the thick CNT–RuO2 electrode, a comparison of its specific capacitance before and after subtracting the effect of the voltage drop of discharge curves caused by the inner resistance of the CNT–RuO2 symmetrical supercapacitor indicates that electronic conductivity is more important than proton diffusion in determining its rate capability.
Plugin and hybrid vehicles have been shown to offer possible reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, depending on grid-carbon-intensity, range and thus life-cycle battery emissions and vehicle weight, and on trip patterns. We present a framework that enables GHG comparisons (well-to-wheel plus storage manufacturing) for three drivetrains (pure-electric, gasoline-hybrid, and plugin-hybrid), both for individual vehicles and for fleets. The framework captures effects of grid- versus vehicle-based electricity generation, grid transmission and charging losses, and manufacturing and carrying batteries. In contrast to previous work, GHG comparisons can be obtained for heterogeneous fleets of varying vehicle sizes (cars, vans, buses, trucks) and performances, without requiring forecasting of such vehicle specs and their respective market penetrations. Further, we show how a novel adaptation of the Utility Factor concept from plug-in-hybrids to mixed fleets of battery-only and gasoline-hybrids is crucial to quantifying battery-only-vehicles’ impact on fleet-wide GHG. To account for regional variations and possible future technology improvements, we show scenarios over a wide spectrum of grid-carbon-intensities (50–1200gCO2e/kWh at wall), vehicle range (∼5–500km), battery energy densities, and battery life-cycle GHG. Model uncertainties are quantified via sensitivity tests. Applying the framework to trip patterns of US passenger transportation, we find that owing to the interplay of GHG/km, battery size, all-electric range, and trip patterns, GHG reductions achievable from electrified transportation are smaller than previously considered (e.g., 55% reduction instead of 80%; scenario-dependent), even when assuming largely decarbonized grid-electricity. Optimal battery range that achieves lowest GHG for partially electrified fleets is different for plug-in hybrids versus pure electrics and furthermore varies strongly (∼35 to ∼200km) with the predominant carbon-intensity of the grid.
Supercapacitors capable of providing high voltage, energy and power density but yet light, low volume occupying, flexible and mechanically robust are highly interesting and demanded for portable applications. Herein, freestanding flexible hybrid electrodes based on MnO2 nanoparticles grown on macroscopic carbon nanotube fibers (CNTf-MnO2) were fabricated, without the need of any metallic current collector. The CNTf, a support with excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical stability, and appropriate pore structure, was homogeneously decorated with porous akhtenskite ɛ-MnO2 nanoparticles produced via electrodeposition in an optimized organic-aqueous mixture. Electrochemical properties of these decorated fibers were evaluated in different electrolytes including a neutral aqueous solution and a pure 1-butyl-3-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquid (PYR14TFSI). This comparison helps discriminate the various contributions to the total capacitance: (surface) Faradaic and non-Faradaic processes, improved wetting by aqueous electrolytes. Accordingly, symmetric supercapacitors with PYR14TFSI led to a high specific energy of 36 Wh· kg MnO 2 − 1 (16 Wh·kg−1 including the weight of CNTf) and real specific power of 17 kW· kg MnO 2 − 1 (7.5 kW kg−1) at 3.0 V with excellent cycling stability. Moreover, flexible all solid-state supercapacitors were fabricated using PYR14TFSI-based polymer electrolyte, exhibiting maximum energy density of 21 Wh·kg−1 and maximum power density of 8 kW kg−1 normalized by total active material.
We assess the near-term market for vehicle-to-grid electric vehicles (V2G–EVs) using an internet-based contingent-valuation survey. V2G–EVs are a special breed of electric vehicles used to return power to the grid for ancillary service support or during periods of peak electricity demand. Whether or not these vehicles are economically viable is of interest to policy makers and utility companies. We estimate a demand function for V2G–EVs, consider the importance of different vehicle attributes on demand, and then assess their likelihood of near-term success on the market. To assess the potential market, we compared consumer’s willingness to pay for V2G–EVs with the estimated cost of V2G–EVs under different scenarios of battery cost projection. We found, in all scenarios, WTP estimates are lower than projected costs. Range anxiety, stringent V2G contract, and high battery costs are the primary reasons for the outcome.
Glutamate (Glu) is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors (GluRs) are present in neurons and glial cells and are involved in gene expression regulation. Mitogen-activated proteins kinases (MAPK) are critical for all the membrane to nuclei signaling pathways described so far. In cerebellar Bergmann glial cells, glutamate-dependent transcriptional regulation is partially dependent on p42/44 MAPK activity. Another member of this kinase family, p38 MAPK is activated by non-mitogenic stimuli through its Thr180/Tyr182 phosphorylation and phosphorylates cytoplasmic and nuclear protein targets involved in translational and transcriptional events. Taking into consideration that the role of p38MAPK in glial cells is not well understood, we demonstrate here that glutamate increases p38 MAPK phosphorylation in a time and dose dependent manner in cultured chick cerebellar Bergmann glial cells (BGC). Moreover, p38 MAPK is involved in the glutamate-induced transcriptional activation in these cells. Ionotropic as well as metabotropic glutamate receptors participate in p38 MAPK activation. The present findings demonstrate the involvement of p38 MAPK in glutamate-dependent gene expression regulation in glial cells.
Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 hollow hierarchical microspheres (LNCM-HS) were successfully synthesized by molten salt method used the as-prepared MnO2 microspheres as the precursor and template. The sharp and well-defined reflection peaks suggest a high crystallization degree of the samples, and no impurities were observed. Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 material obtained is a solid solution consisting of rhombohedral R3-m and monoclinic C2/m group symmetries, which is confirmed by XRD, Raman spectra, and HRTEM. SEM and TEM shows that the hierarchical microspheres of LNCM-HS are composed of primary nano particles with the size of about 50nm. EDS mapping demonstrates that Ni, Mn, Co, and O elements are evenly distributed without any phase separation in LNCM-HS, and the atomic ratio of Mn, Co, Ni is calculated to be 0.54: 0.13: 0.12, which is quite close to the stoichiometry of 0.5 Li2MnO3·0.5LiMn1/3Co1/3Ni1/3O2. LNCM-HS exhibits excellent rate capacity of 309.9 (0.1C), 280.1 (0.3C), 226.5 (0.75C), 178.3 (1C), 139.3 (3C), and 101.0mAhg−1 (5C), respectively, whereas LNCM-bulk cathode displays a discharge capacity of 290.1, 230.0, 163.3, 135.4, 92.7, and 60.2mAhg−1 at the same rates. The improved capacity of LNCM-HS is ascribed to the increased lithium diffusion coefficient and reduced charge transfer resistance. The enhanced electrochemical performances can be attributed to the distinctive hollow microspheres structures, the increase contacting area between electrodes and electrolyte and the buffered volume changes during Li ions intercalation/deintercalation processes.
Rechargeable metal–air batteries are very attractive because they offer very high theoretical energy densities with the potential to reduce the use of oil and thus to address the key problems of global warming. The concept of lithium–air batteries has existed for almost two decades. We recently proposed a novel and low-cost sodium–air battery system operating at above the melting point of sodium. This paper studies the composition of the SEI formed on freshly deposited sodium metal and the faradaic efficiency of the sodium deposition/dissolution processes.