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In this work, we describe a simple approach for the synthesis of three-dimensional graphene (3D-G) - carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid fibers via Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). The obtained hybrid fiber was employed as a free-standing current collector in an electrochemical supercapacitor thus avoiding any conductive additives or metals. The amount of graphene synthesized on the CNT fiber and its properties have been easily tuned by different processing parameters, as described in the paper below. The fabricated fibers revealed a reasonable mechanical strength of 220.4 MPa and high electrical conductivity up to 649 Scm−1. They also showed excellent electrochemical properties and capacitance that was important for their energy storage application. Interconnected PANI nanorods were grown on these fibers by oxidation polymerization, and the resulted fibrous hybrid structures were used as electrodes to make supercapacitors. The created devices employed an ionic liquid gel electrolyte (PVDF-EMIMBF4) which had a voltage window of 3.2 V, thus increasing significantly the energy densities of the supercapacitors. The tested devices achieved a gravimetric energy density of 12.93 Wh/kg and a power density of 1350.25 W/kg at a current density of 1 A/g. They also demonstrated an areal energy density of 14.54 μWh/cm2 and a power density of 1.37 mW/cm2 at a current density of 1 mA/cm2.
In the present study, Al2O3 is utilized for the first time as coating agent on nanostructured anatase TiO2 in order to investigate its effect on sodium-ion batteries performance. Our results show that the Al2O3 coating, introduced by a facile two-step approach, provides beneficial effects to the TiO2-based anodes. However, the coated TiO2 still suffers of capacity fading upon cycling when using 1.0 M of NaClO4 in propylene carbonate (PC) as electrolyte. To address this issue, the influence of different electrolytes (NaClO4 salt in various solvents) is further studied. It is found that the modified TiO2 exhibits significant improvements in cycling performance using binary ethylene carbonate (EC) and PC solvent mixture without the need of the commonly used fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) additive. Under the best configuration, our battery could deliver a high reversible capacity of 188.1 mAh g−1 at 0.1C after 50 cycles, good rate capability up to 5C, and remarkable long-term cycling stability at 1C rate for 650 cycles. This excellent performance can be ascribed to the synergistic effects of surface and interface engineering enabling the formation of a stable and highly ionic conductive interface layer in EC:PC based electrolyte which combines the native SEI film and an ‘artificial’ SEI layer of irreversibly formed Na−Al−O.
Inositol and phytic acid have been employed as organic additives of the positive electrolyte for all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) to improve its stability and electrochemical reversibility. Thermal stability of the V(V) electrolyte could be improved by both inositol and phytic acid additives. The results of cyclic voltammetry (CV), steady polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) show that the electrochemical activity of the electrolyte with additives is improved compared to the blank one. The diffusion coefficient of V(IV) species with inositol has been increased from 0.71–1.16×10−6 to 3.11–5.15×10−6 cm2 s−1 and the exchange current density was raised from 2.8×10−3 to 11.7×10−3 Acm−2. Moreover, electrochemical results suggest that the positive electrolytes with organic additives have better cycling stability. The VRFB employing positive electrolyte with inositol as additive exhibits excellent charge–discharge behavior with an average energy efficiency of 81.5% at a current density of 30mAcm−2. The UV–visible spectroscopy confirms that new substances in V(V) electrolyte are not formed with both inositol and phytic acid additives.
Cu2O-Cu(OH)2- graphene nanohybrid is successfully deposited on stainless steel (SS) and used as electrode material for supercapacitor application. To prepare nanohybrid film, graphene oxide (GO) film is deposited on SS by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method from an aqueous suspension of graphene oxide. GO film on SS is converted to graphene (ERGO) film by a rapid, effective and eco-friendly electrochemical reduction method without using reducing reagent. Then, a thin layer of Cu2O-Cu(OH)2 is electrochemically deposited from CuSO4 aqueous solutions at pH=9 on ERGO/SS. ERGO/SS and Cu2O-Cu(OH)2-ERGO/SS are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, atomic force microscopic and X-ray diffraction. Cu2O-Cu(OH)2 nanoparticles with diameters around 40nm are uniformly distributed on the ERGO. Electrochemical performance of as-prepared electrodes is evaluated by cyclic voltammetery, galvanostatic charge/discharge technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 0.5M Na2SO4. In three electrode system, the Cu2O-Cu(OH)2-ERGO film shows specific capacitance (Cs) of 425Fg−1 at a current density of 5Ag−1, which is higher than that of ERGO/SS (208Fg−1). Moreover, the symmetric Cu2O-Cu(OH)2-ERGO supercapacitor maintains about 87% of the initial capacitance after 2000 cycles.
A novel acetate-assisted antisolvent precipitation method combined with ball milling and heat treatment is developed to synthesize nanosized carbon-coated LiMnPO4 material. The precursor prepared by the precipitation process is composed of Mn3(PO4)2 and Li3PO4 nanoparticles. After heat treatment of the ball-milled mixture of precursor and glucose, the carbon-coated LiMnPO4 with the particle size of around 60 nm is obtained. The LiMnPO4 nanocomposite synthesized at the optimized conditions delivers specific discharge capacities of 154, 134, 120, 90, and 61 mAh g−1 at the rates of 0.05, 0.2, 1, 5, and 10C, respectively, which are comparable to some of the best reported C-LiMnPO4 materials prepared by other synthesis methods. This material further exhibits good cycling stability, especially at high discharge rates of 5C and 10C.
A polar β-phase poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane is developed through the electrospinning method. PVDF gel electrolyte for sodium ion batteries was obtained by saturating the bare porous membrane in a liquid electrolyte, 1M NaClO4 in EC: DEC (1:1vol%). The physical and electrochemical characteristics of the polar β-phase PVDF membrane are explored by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Atomic force microscope (AFM), sodium ion conductivity, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and sodium ion transference number. The ionic conductivity of a polar β-phase PVDF gel electrolyte exhibited 9.2×10−4 Scm−1, higher than the commercially used Celgard® 2400 membrane 0.36×10−4 Scm−1 at ambient temperature. The electrochemical explorations of the sodium ion half-cell (Na2/3Fe1/2Mn1/2O2) as a cathode and sodium metal as a counter electrode) conducted from PVDF gel electrolyte are analysed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). CV of the battery showed a pseudo capacitive nature. The equivalent circuit model of the sodium ion cell brought out the effect of dipole moments in the polymer chains on the battery performance.
Lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) have attracted much attention because of their extraordinarily high specific energies. They possess critical weaknesses, however, such as poor cyclic stability, low energy efficiencies, as well as serious safety issues arising from the formation of lithium dendrites. Here, we report the synthesis of a long-life Li ion O2 battery (LIOB) consisting of an anode made from pre-lithiated aluminum (Al) foil and a Li2O2-preloaded oxygen cathode, which are both commercially available. The assembled LIOB delivers an excellent specific reversible capacity of 1000mAhg−1 carbon for over 100 cycles at 100mAg−1 and a maximum specific energy density of 1178Whkg−1. The pre-lithiated Al foil functions as both the anode and current collector, and the stable solid electrolyte interphase layer formed on anode during pre-lithiation greatly improves the cyclic stability. In view of abundance and availability of the cathode and anode materials, the assembly strategy developed here can offer a promising route to large-scale fabrication of LIOBs for real-world applications.
The stress changes Δσ generated during lithium transport through the sol–gel derived Li x Mn2O4 film electrodes annealed at 773 and 873K were quantitatively determined as a function of the lithium stoichiometry x using a laser beam deflection method (LBDM). Δσ generated during a real potential step between an initial electrode potential and a final applied potential was uniquely specified by the Δσ versus x curve. The Li x Mn2O4 film annealed at 773K for 24h (low temperature (LT)-Li x Mn2O4) showed larger capacity than the Li x Mn2O4 film annealed at 873K for 6h (high temperature (HT)-Li x Mn2O4) and this result is ascribed to the fact that the smaller the grain size is, the more increases the electrochemically active area of the film electrode. From the analysis of the normalised Δσ transient measured simultaneously along with the cyclic voltammogram in the potential range of 2.5–3.4 V Li / L i + , it is found that normalised Δσ generated in the LT-Li x Mn2O4 was smaller than that in the HT-Li x Mn2O4 during the lithium intercalation/de-intercalation around 3.0 V Li / L i + region. This result gives an experimental evidence for the fact that the Jahn–Teller distortion is suppressed by the increase in the average oxidation state of manganese with decreasing in annealing temperature.
Comprehensive models of personality aspire to integrate the several aspects related to the study of personality in a coherent whole. One of the great research challenges in this field is to understand if and how different levels of personality analysis interrelate to promote human well-being. The aim of the present study is to explore the mediator effect of personal projects’ efficacy on the relationship between Big Five and subjective well-being (SWB) components. We conducted a cross-sectional study in which a battery of self-report questionnaires was used to assess personality and SWB in 396 teachers. Path analysis results indicated that personal projects’ efficacy fully mediated the effects of openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness on life satisfaction and on negative affect. The effects of neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness on positive affect were direct but also indirect, partially mediated by personal projects’ efficacy. Neuroticism had a direct and an indirect effect through a decreased personal projects’ efficacy on the three components of SWB. Extraversion only directly predicted increased positive affect. These findings corroborate the conceptualization that these two types of personality analysis units (Big Five and personal projects) have their own direct, unique and irreducible effect on life satisfaction, positive affect and negative affect. However, their impact on SWB components seems to be also explained through their effect upon personal projects’ efficacy.
DNAzymes are single-stranded catalytic DNA molecules that bind and cleave specific sequences in a target mRNA molecule. Their potential as novel therapeutic agents has been demonstrated in a variety of disease models. However, no studies have yet addressed their toxicology and safety pharmacology profiles in detail. Here we describe a detailed toxicological analysis of inhaled hgd40, a GATA-3-specific DNAzyme designed for the treatment of allergic bronchial asthma. Subacute toxicity, immunotoxicity, and respiratory, cardiovascular, and CNS safety pharmacology were analyzed in rodents and non-rodents, and genotoxicity was assessed in human peripheral blood. Overall, hgd40 was very well tolerated when delivered by aerosol inhalation or slow intravenous infusion. Only marginal reversible histopathological changes were observed in the lungs of rats receiving the highest dose of inhaled hgd40. The changes consisted of slight mononuclear cell infiltration and alveolar histiocytosis, and moderate hyperplasia of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue. No local or systemic adverse effects were observed in dogs. No compound-related respiratory, cardiovascular, or CNS adverse events were observed. The only relevant immunological findings were very slight dose-dependent changes in interleukin-10 and interferon-γ levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Taken together, these results support direct delivery of a DNAzyme via inhalation for the treatment of respiratory disease.
A novel electrochemical sensor based on ruthenium sulfide nanoparticles decorated activated graphite sheets (RuS2/AG) was designed and fabricated for the determination of antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ). Activated graphite sheets (AG) were prepared by non-explosive, non-hazardous and simple chemical activation technique. Then, the AG sheets were used for the synthesis of RuS2/AG nanocomposite by single step hydrothermal synthesis method. The synthesized materials were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Raman spectrometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The synergistic effect of the RuS2/AG nanocomposite was applied for the determination of CPZ by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) techniques. Fascinatingly, the RuS2/AG nanocomposite exhibited the excellent electrocatalytic activity and detects the CPZ at very lowest oxidation potential about 0.60 V vs Ag/AgCl in pH-7 PB solution. Moreover, the lowest LOD 8 nM and wider linear ranges from 0.05 to 79.75 and 79.75–1249 μM was obtained towards the CPZ determination. Besides, the proposed sensor shows the good selectivity, satisfactory repeatability, reproducibility and stability. Furthermore, the real time application was evaluated in pharmaceutical tablets and human urine samples.
We first report the possible utilization of carbon-coated Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP-C) phase as insertion type anode and cathode in Lithium-ion hybrid electrochemical capacitor (Li-HEC) applications with activated carbon (AC) counter electrode. Conventional sol–gel technique is utilized to prepare LVP-C and characterized by various techniques like powder X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Li-cycling studies are performed in half-cell assembly to evaluate the optimum mass loading for the fabrication of Li-HEC. A reversible capacity of ∼125 and ∼91 mAh g−1 is noted (current density of 100 mA g−1) when LVP-C is employed as cathode (3–4.3 V vs. Li) and anode (1–3 V vs. Li), respectively. Li-HEC is constructed in an organic electrolyte and tested in two configurations, using LVP-C as positive electrode and AC as the negative electrode (LVP-C/AC) and the second one composed of AC as the positive electrode and LVP-C as the negative electrode (AC/LVP-C). The LVP-C/AC and AC/LVP-C Li-HECs delivered maximum energy densities of ∼27 and ∼25 Wh kg−1, respectively.
Li-rich Mn-based Co-doped Li[Li x Mn0.65*0.995(1−x)Ni0.35*0.995(1−x)Co0.005(1−x)]O2 and none-doped Li[Li x Mn0.65(1−x)Ni0.35(1−x)]O2 cathode materials were prepared by a conventional solid-state reaction. The initial charge and discharge test were carried out in the voltage ranges of 2.0–4.8V and 2.0–4.6V, then change to 3.0–4.3V for cyclic test. XRD revealed that all the materials prepared show a (003) peak at 2θ =18.5° as a main peak and clearly present a pure hexagonal structure. SEM characterization proved that the as prepared materials are constituted of small and homogenous particles. The Co-doped Li[Li0.0909Mn0.588Ni0.3166Co0.0045]O2 sample expresses highest initial efficiency of 78.8% and highest energy density of 858.4mWhg−1, while the none-doped Li[Li0.2308Mn0.5Ni0.2692]O2 sample behaves lowest of 56.5% and 590.1mWhg−1. Furthermore, discharge capacity keeps on going up at the initial stage of cyclic process, which can reach the highest discharge capacity approximately in the fifth cycle. Almost no capacity loss is observed after 30 cycles.
Nanorod arrays of zinc oxide–zinc stannate core–shell photoelectrodes were prepared by a simple hydrothermal process and cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dot sensitized solar cells were fabricated. The photocurrent density of the core–shell photoelectrode was found to improve by ∼2.4 times compared to ZnO nanorod photoelectrodes, due to improved surface area and charge transport in the core–shell photoelectrodes. With a thin layer of ZnS on the CdS quantum dot surface, the core–shell quantum dot sensitized solar cell demonstrated maximum power conversion efficiency of 1.24% under 1 sun illumination (AM1.5).
Considerable evidence demonstrates that neuropsychological deficits are prevalent in bipolar disorder during both acute episodes and euthymia. However, it is less clear whether these cognitive disturbances are state- or trait-related. We here present the first longitudinal study employing a within-subject pre- and post-testing examining acutely admitted bipolar patients (BP) in depression or mania and during euthymia, aiming to identify cognitive performance from acute illness to remission. Cognitive performance was measured during acute episodes and repeated after at least 3 months of remission. To do so, 55 BP (35 depressed, 20 hypo-/manic) and 55 healthy controls (HC) were tested with a neuropsychological test battery (attention, working memory, verbal memory, executive functioning). The results showed global impairments in acutely ill BP compared to HC: depressed patients showed a characteristic psychomotor slowing, while manic patients had severe deficits in executive functioning. Twenty-nine remitted BP could be measured in the follow-up (dropout rate 48 %), whose cognitive functions partially recovered, whereas working memory and verbal memory were still impaired. However, we found that subthreshold depressive symptoms and persisting sleep disturbances in euthymic BP were associated with reduced speed, deficits in attention and verbal memory, while working memory was correlated with psychotic symptoms (lifetime). This result indicates working memory as trait related for a subgroup of BP with psychotic symptoms. In contrast, attention and verbal memory are negatively influenced by state factors like residual symptoms, which should be more considered as possible confounders in the search of cognitive endophenotypes in remitted BP.
Adenosine agonists produce behavioral effects similar to dopamine antagonists, hence increasing adenosine levels might improve symptoms of schizophrenia. This hypothesis is supported by three single-site studies indicating that allopurinol, which increases adenosine levels, improved symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. We performed a multi-center, 8-week RCT of allopurinol vs. placebo added to anti-psychotic medications in 248 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Both groups showed improvement in the PANSS (effect size 1.13) and in clinical and cognitive measures. No difference was observed between groups in primary (t=0.01, p=0.992) or secondary outcome measures. These findings do not support allopurinol as a treatment for schizophrenia.
Lightweight grids for lead-acid battery plates are prepared from flexible graphite sheets of mass density 1.1gcm−3. The grids are coated with a lead layer followed by a corrosion-resistant polyaniline layer by electrodeposition. The grids are about 70% lighter than conventional lead-acid battery grids. The suitability of these grids are evaluated by cyclic voltammetric experiments. Lead-acid cells are assembled with positive and negative plates made from these lightweight grids. The specific energy of the lead-acid cells is found to be ca. 40Whkg−1 at the C/5 rate.
TOEFL iBT is widely used as a certificating device, and is strongly claimed accountable by the people who utilize it. However, there are indications of the vulnerability of TOEFL iBT to the test takers’ characteristics. The purpose of the present study is to provide empirical evidence to see if there is a relation between test anxiety, type of motivation and intellectual abilities of test takers and their scores on TOEFL iBT reading, listening and writing sections, specially the verbatim use of the input texts in the integrated writing task which is read and listen to write. To carry out the present study a Multiple Intelligences Development Assessment Scales (MIDAS) questionnaire, a test anxiety scale and some survey questions detecting test anxiety provoking factors were given to 30 sujects attending TOEFL iBT classes at ACECR. Then their scores on a TOEFL iBT test were compared, and the language features in their written texts were analyzed for source use to find out the possible effects of the given characteristics. The results revealed that first, test takers usually had test anxiety second, some factors like time limitation and lack of self confidence provoked test anxiety and third, there was a relation between musical and kinesthetic intelligences and writing and listening respectively. Linguistic analysis of their responses to the integrated writing task, however, revealed no instances of the verbatim use of the source. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
A three-dimensional flower-like structure NiO and NiO-based nanocomposites (NiO@C and NiO/Ni) are synthesized with an ingenious fabrication technique followed by calcinating process in N2 atmosphere. The mesocrystal structure and surface morphology are tested with the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope methods. As the anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the as-prepared three-dimensional flower-like NiO/Ni and NiO@C nanocomposites maintain reversible discharge capacities of 846mAhg−1 and 739 mAhg−1, respectively, after repeated cycling at a current density of 1Ag−1 over 100 cycles. The rate performance of the NiO/Ni nanocomposites is better than that of the NiO@C composites, and the bare NiO should be one of the worst. These results indicate that the transition metal oxide materials can be promising for anode materials in lithium-ion batteries after being composited with good conductor materials.
As electrode material for pseudocapacitors, polyaniline (PANI) can be subject to irreversible oxidation and volume changes during the ion insertion-deinsertion process in the charge-discharge procedure that reduces cycle life and electrode capacity, thus, limiting its widespread application. Here, triphenylamine (TPA) was copolymerized with aniline via the facile chemical oxidative polymerization. TEM analysis showed that the products were well-defined nanotubes, and their lengths and diameters increased with increasing the feeding ratio of TPA. By introducing TPA units, the copolymer P(ANI-TPA) nanotubes exhibited photofluorescence and the fluorescence emission intensity at 430nm decreased with decreasing the media pH values. Their specific capacitance and electrochemical cyclic stability were enhanced when being used as the electrode materials for supercapacitors, compared with the homopolymer PANI. The copolymer P(ANI-TPA) nanotubes with unique morphology developed in the present work strengthen the applications of conductive polymer nanomaterials as supercapacitors, photoluminescence devices and pH sensors.