batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Wireless sensor networks have recently emerged as a promising computing model for many civilian and military applications. Sensor nodes in such a network are subject to varying forms of attacks since they are left unattended after deployment. Compromised nodes can, for example, tamper with legitimate reports or inject false reports in order to either distract the user from reaching the right decision or deplete the precious energy of relay nodes. Most of the current designs take the en-network detection approach: misbehaved nodes are detected by their neighboring watchdog nodes; false reports are detected and dropped by trusted en-route relay nodes, etc. However en-network designs are insufficient to defend collaborative attacks when many compromised nodes collude with each other in the network. In this paper we propose COOL, a COmpromised nOde Locator for detecting and locating compromised nodes once they misbehave in the network. It is based on the observation that for a well-behaved sensor node, the set of outgoing messages should be equal to the set of incoming and locally generated or dropped messages. However, comparing the message sets for different nodes is not enough to identify attacks as their sanity is unknown. We exploit a proven collision-resilient hashing scheme, termed incremental hashing, to sign the incoming, outgoing and locally generated/dropped message sets. The hash values are then sent to the sink for trusted comparisons. We discuss how to securely collect these hash values and then confidently locate compromised nodes. The scheme can also be combined with existing en-route false report filtering schemes to achieve both early false report dropping and accurate compromised nodes isolation. Through identifying and excluding compromised nodes, the COOL protocol prevents further damages from these nodes and forms a reliable and energy-conserving sensor network.
The goal of this research was to examine the hypothesis that weakness in brain holistic mechanism may explain the problem in grammar understanding in preschool children. 323 Russian-speaking children aged between 5 years 11 months and 6 years 10 months participated in the study. The children were assessed with the task “Comprehension of grammatical structures” from Luria's neuropsychological assessment battery that was adapted for preschool children. The experimental (grammatical weakness) and control group (grammatical strength) were formed. The Rey-Osterieth Complex Figure test was used to assess the holistic abilities in children. We have revealed that majority of children with poor grammar understanding had a piecemeal (immature) strategy when copying the Rey-Osterieth Complex Figure. The received result can be explained by the assumption that preschool children with poor grammar understanding have deficit of the specific brain mechanism responsible for holistic synthesis.
FeOF thin film has been successfully fabricated by reactive pulsed laser deposition for the first time, and its electrochemical behavior was examined as a negative electrode active material in lithium-ion batteries. The electrochemical properties of the as-deposited FeOF thin film during the first charging and discharging have been investigated by the galvanostatic cycling and cyclic voltammetry measurements. By using ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and selected-area electron diffraction measurements (SAED), it can be found that FeOF was initially decomposed into Fe0, LiF, and Fe2O3 after discharging to 1.0V. The newly formed Fe2O3 is then subsequently reduced into Li2O and Fe0 after further discharging to 0.01V. In the subsequent cycle, the reduction peaks at 0.76V and the oxidation–reduction peaks at 1.6 and 1.9V could be attributed to the reversible decomposition and formation of Li2O with the conversion reaction of Fe2O3 into Fe.
Objective Previous research has linked maternal anemia during pregnancy with increased risk for schizophrenia in offspring. However, no study has sought to determine whether this early insult leads to a more severe form of the disorder, characterized by worsened motor and neurocognitive functioning. Method Subjects were 24 cases diagnosed with schizophrenia and 22 controls from the Developmental Insult and Brain Anomaly in Schizophrenia (DIBS) study. Hemoglobin values were measured throughout pregnancy. Among offspring, psychiatric diagnoses were determined through semi-structured interviews and medical records review and comprehensive neurocognitive assessment batteries were conducted in adulthood. Results Results indicated that among cases decreases in maternal hemoglobin led to significant decreases in scores on the Grooved Pegboard test, the Finger Tapping test and the Wechsler Adult Intelligent Scales (WAIS) information subtest. In contrast, controls only exhibited decreases in performance on the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) long-delay recall after fetal exposure to lower hemoglobin. There were also significant interactions between hemoglobin and case status for all of the motor tasks. Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that fetal exposure to decreases in maternal hemoglobin is related to preferentially poorer neuromotor function among cases compared to controls, as well as general intellectual difficulties among cases. Controls were relatively unaffected by decreased maternal hemoglobin, which suggests that liability to schizophrenia renders cases susceptible to the deleterious influences of in utero exposure to decreases in maternal hemoglobin.
Free-standing 3D carbonaceous materials offer many advantages and therefore hold great potential for a wide range of applications. However, the synthesis of these materials often involves complicated processes that may lead to low yields and high costs. In this study, this issue is addressed through developing a facile, scalable, and cost-effective synthesis strategy. Nitrogen-doped hierarchically porous carbon foam (HP-CF) is fabricated by annealing of soft-template-casted melamine foam, and its application for supercapacitors is highlighted. The HP-CF integrates a large number of macropores and micropores, thus providing sufficient space for ion transport while offering a large amount of surface sites for energy storage, thanks to which the HP-CF exhibits a high capacitance of 238Fg–1 (or 11.9Fcm–3). In addition, the HP-CF performs greatly when acting as the mechanical support for pseudocapacitive materials such as NiCo2S4 and Fe2O3, based on which an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC, can also be described as aqueous battery) is assembled. The ASC exhibits a high energy density of 93.9Whkg–1 (or 3.55mWhcm–3) and a high power density of 21.1kWkg–1 (or 799mWcm–3), among the highest reported values for ASCs.
One of the major issues limiting the practical application of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries is that the sluggish redox kinetics of polysulfide intermediates exacerbate the unavoidable “shuttle effect”, which causes low sulfur utilization, rapid capacity fade, and anode corrosion. Herein, we firstly add a novel type of electrolyte additive, biological reagents dithiothreitol (DTT), into the traditional electrolyte of Li-S batteries to suppress the “shuttle effect”. DTT is able to be stabilized in original electrolyte system at room temperature and selectively slice the -S-S- bonds of polysulfides. The electrochemical studies reveal DTT significantly accelerate the reactions kinetic in cycle process and thus effectively inhibit the shuttling of polysulfides. As a result, the hierarchical porous carbon/S cathode using the electrolyte with 10 g L−1 DTT exhibits a high rate performance (570 mA h g−1 improved from 317 mAh g−1 at 3 C), a high initial discharge capacity (808 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C), and a superior cyclic stability (a low capacity fading rate of 0.025% per cycle over 500 cycles at 2 C). This strategy provides a new direction for achieving high energy density Li-S batteries and thus facilitating their practical application from the point of improving the kinetic sluggishness by electrolyte additive.
In this work, the relationship between the nanoscale morphology and electrochemical performance of vanadium oxide and vanadium oxide/polyaniline nanofibers is analyzed. The nanofibers were prepared by reverse micelle method and their electrochemical performances were evaluated as potential cathode materials for secondary Li-ion batteries. Both types of samples were examined by electroacoustic impedance, ex situ X-ray diffraction, Raman and infrared spectroscopies, transmission and scanning electron microscopies to characterize their structure and morphology. It was found that vanadium oxide/polyaniline nanofibers show improved cycling behavior compared to the vanadium oxide ones. Nanofibers of vanadium oxide exhibit the largest capacity fading during cycling; on the other hand, the nanohybrid containing 30mol% polyaniline exhibits a stable capacity of ∼300mAhg−1. Scanning electron microscopy analyses indicated that the vanadium oxide nanofibers change the morphology after 10 charge/discharge cycles while hybrid nanofibers retain the defined morphology after electrochemical cycling. The role of the polymeric component of the hybrid material seems to be the stabilization of the capacity due to a probable homogeneous distribution of the induced stress during cycling.
Lithium (Li) dendrite alleviation via three-dimensional (3D) structured current collectors has been well studied for Li metal-based batteries. Here we demonstrate that a hollow carbon nanofiber with proper interior to exterior radius ratio can enable Li-ions to deposit on the inner surface of the channels selectively due to the drifting effect from the structural stresses. Based on this principle, a lotus-root like structure is further designed to realize a dendrite-free hybrid Li anode with a high Li loading capability. The lotus-root like carbon nanofiber (LCNF) anode, with being coated by a lithiated Nafion (LNafion) layer as artificial solid electrolyte interface (SEI), achieves a capacity of > 3600mAh gcarbon −1 for Li deposition/stripping along with a greatly improved CE. The fundamental understanding of the relation between the Li deposition and the matrix geometry will provide new insight for the rational design of the hybrid Li anode in the Li metal-based battery system.
Silicon is a widely researched material for the anodes of lithium-ion batteries due to its high practical charge capacity of 3600 mAh g−1, which is ~ 10 times the specific capacity of conventional graphitic materials. However, silicon degrades rapidly in use due to its volumetric changes during charge/discharge of the battery, which makes it necessary to use complicated or costly methods to ameliorate capacity loss. Here, we report a novel silicon anode fabrication technique, which involves winding an aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet and commensurately infiltrating it in situ with an aqueous solution containing silicon nanoparticles and hydroxypropyl guar binder. The resulting infiltrated felts were processed, evaluated, and compared to conventional silicon–carbon black anodes with the same carbon, silicon, and binder content as a proof of concept study. The felts had a large initial reversible capacity and promising rate capability. It is likely that the conductive CNT structure improved the charge transfer properties while lessening the effects of silicon volumetric expansion during lithiation. The results demonstrate that this novel anode fabrication method is viable and may be explored for further optimization.
The green turtle (Chelonia mydas) is a subcosmopolitan species found in tropical and temperate latitudes. The best knowledge on its behavior described an abrupt and irreversible ontogenetic shift that takes place early in life in some areas such as the Greater Caribbean and Australia. Young turtles move from oceanic to neritic habitats, from pelagic to benthic feeding and from an omnivorous to an herbivorous diet. However, whether this pattern applies elsewhere in the range of the species is not known. In the temperate waters of the South West (SW) Atlantic, preliminary evidence suggests that these juveniles would not comply with the tenets of an abrupt and irreversible ontogenetic shift as in tropical waters. We satellite tracked 9 neritic juveniles moving along the coast of Argentina, and applied a switching state-space model combined with kernel density estimation to identify preferential putative foraging areas and migratory routes. Results indicate that immature green turtles are not strictly herbivores or neritic in the temperate SW Atlantic. In summer and fall, juveniles foraged most of the time in estuarine areas without submerged macrophytes. In winter and spring, the turtles migrated north to warm coastal areas where macroalgae and seagrass are available. Concomitant to pelagic feeding, some turtles reached deep water areas where macrophytes are unlikely to occur. Adaptation to local conditions explains behavior better for the SW Atlantic than the abrupt and irreversible ontogenic shift described for warmer waters.
Both obesity and sarcopenia are frequently associated in ageing, and together may promote the progression of related conditions such as diabetes and frailty. However, little is known about the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning this association. Here we show that systemic alanine metabolism is linked to glycaemic control. We find that expression of alanine aminotransferases is increased in the liver in mice with obesity and diabetes, as well as in humans with type 2 diabetes. Hepatocyte-selective silencing of both alanine aminotransferase enzymes in mice with obesity and diabetes retards hyperglycaemia and reverses skeletal muscle atrophy through restoration of skeletal muscle protein synthesis. Mechanistically, liver alanine catabolism driven by chronic glucocorticoid and glucagon signalling promotes hyperglycaemia and skeletal muscle wasting. We further provide evidence for amino acid–induced metabolic cross-talk between the liver and skeletal muscle in ex vivo experiments. Taken together, we reveal a metabolic inter-tissue cross-talk that links skeletal muscle atrophy and hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes.
3D porous carbons have shown great potential in electrochemical energy storage. However, traditional template assisted methods suffer from complicated synthesis processes as well as the difficulty of removing template. In this paper, 3D neat porous carbon aerogels have been designed and synthesized by a green and novel way via self-assembly of hydrogel with NaCl as the template and the flux during in-situ polymerization and carbonization. NaCl can be easily recovered with simple recrystallization in the end of synthesis. The as-synthesized 3D porous carbon aerogels display excellent structural stability, large specific surface area (1665.5 m2 g−1), porous structure centered at microporous (0.71 nm and 1.24 nm) and macropores for ionic diffusion and electrolyte transport, as well as large interlayer spacings (0.386 nm) for sodium storage. When employed as anode materials for sodium-ions batteries, the electrodes exhibit high reversible specific capacity of 287 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 after 100 cycles, superior cycling stability of 154 mAh g−1 at 500 mA g−1 after 1000 cycles as well as excellent rate capability of 139 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1. This work inspires a new strategy in the fabrication of advanced carbon structures for sodium-ion batteries and other applications.
NASICON-type structured Na3V2O2(PO4)2F nanocubes with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composite has been synthesized by ethylene glycol-assisted hydrothermal reaction and used as a rechargeable non-aqueous and aqueous sodium-ion battery cathode material. As a cathode material for non-aqueous sodium-ion batteries, as-synthesized Na3V2O2(PO4)2F-MWCNT composite shows stable capacity of 98 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C for 120 cycles and 60 mAh g−1 at 2 C for 1800 cycles in half-cell and full-cell configurations, respectively. In aqueous electrolytes, Na3V2O2(PO4)2F-MWCNT composite delivers discharge capacity of 35 mAh g−1 at 1 C rate in half-cell and 42 mAh g−1 at 1 C rate in full-cell with NaTi2(PO4)3-MWCNT as an anode. Stable cyclability and high rate performance of Na3V2O2(PO4)2F-MWCNT nanocomposite can be attributed to the very short sodium ion diffusion length in nano cube morphology of Na3V2O2(PO4)2F as well as the carbon nanotubes matrix which endows the unbreakable conductive networks for electrons and Na+ ions.
Symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) affects approximately 10% of adults aged over 60 years. The foot joint complex is commonly affected by OA, yet there is relatively little research into OA of the foot, compared with other frequently affected sites such as the knee and hand. Existing epidemiological studies of foot OA have focussed predominantly on the first metatarsophalangeal joint at the expense of other joints. This three-year prospective population-based observational cohort study will describe the prevalence of symptomatic radiographic foot OA, relate its occurrence to symptoms, examination findings and life-style-factors, describe the natural history of foot OA, and examine how it presents to, and is diagnosed and managed in primary care.
The usefulness of poly(dimethyl siloxane-co-ethylene oxide) (P(DMS-co-EO)) copolymer as an ion conducting matrix was investigated. The electrochemical properties were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The glass transition temperature (T g) and degree of crystallization as a function of salt concentration were examined by differential scanning calorimetry. Ionic conductivities as high as 2.6×10−4 Scm−1 were determined at 25°C for copolymers films with 5wt.% LiClO4. These same films had an electrochemical stability window of 5V. The pseudo-activation energy as a function of salt concentration was obtained using the Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher (VTF) equation.
In this study, the LiCoO2/LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 mixed cathode electrodes were prepared and their electrochemical performances were measured in a high cut-off voltage. As the contents of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 in the mixed cathode increases, the reversible specific capacity and cycleability of the electrode enhanced, but the rate capability deteriorated. On the contrary, the rate capability of the cathode enhanced but the reversible specific capacity and cycleability deteriorated, according to increasing the contents of LiCoO2 in the mixed cathode. The cell of LiCoO2/LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (50:50, wt.%) mixed cathode delivers a discharge capacity of ca. 168mAh/g at a 0.2C rate. The capacity of the cell decreased with the current rate and a useful capacity of ca. 152mAh/g was obtained at a 2.0C rate. However, the cell shows very stable cycleability: the discharge capacity of the cell after 20th charge/discharge cycling maintains ca. 163mAh/g.
Ag-doped pseudocapacitive MnO2 materials are synthesized by reacting MnO4− with Mn2+ solution intentionally tuned with AgCl micelles. AgCl micelles serve as inducing template and play dual role for MnO2 growth: porosity generator and Ag-doping agent. The AgCl micelle–induced MnO2 has higher porosity, higher specific surface area, higher electrical conductivity and better ion diffusion, thus exhibiting dramatically improved pseduocapacitance and charge-discharge performance. Compared with pure MnO2, the prepared MnO2 containing 5 atomic percent of Ag exhibits almost doubled specific capacitance (488F g−1) and the existence of Ag dopant in MnO2 enhances the charge-discharge efficiency.
Three cyclic vinyl based additives, based respectively on oxygen, sulphur and fluorine, are tested for their ability to improve the cycling of lithium in a hostile ionic liquid medium. Oxygen based vinylene carbonate is found to offer the best protection of the lithium metal whilst allowing very consistent lithium cycling to occur. The vinylene carbonate based system under study is, however, imperfect. Lithium metal is deposited in a dendritic morphology, and vinylene carbonate is rapidly consumed during lithium cycling if it is present in a small quantity. Our results suggest that ionic liquid systems critically relying on a small amount of additive to protect a lithium electrode are not viable for long cycle life secondary batteries. It is suggested that an ionic liquid which itself is lithium metal compatible be used instead.
A building-integrated photovoltaic/water-heating (BiPVW) system is able to generate higher energy output per unit collector area than the conventional solar systems. Through computer simulation with energy models developed for this integrative solar system in Hong Kong, the results showed that the photovoltaic/water-heating (PVW) system is having much economical advantages over the conventional photovoltaic (PV) installation. The system thermal performance under natural water circulation was found better than the pump-circulation mode. For a specific BiPVW system at a vertical wall of a fully air-conditioned building and with collectors equipped with flat-box-type thermal absorber and polycrystalline silicon cells, the year-round thermal and cell conversion efficiencies were found respectively 37.5% and 9.39% under typical Hong Kong weather conditions. The overall heat transmission through the PVW wall is reduced to 38% of the normal building facade. When serving as a water pre-heating system, the economical payback period was estimated around 14 years. This greatly enhances the PV market opportunities.
A polymerizable anion receptor based on a boric acid ester was synthesized. When the anion receptor was added to different electrolyte solutions consisting of an aprotic solvent and a lithium salt, the ionic conductivity of certain electrolyte solutions, composed of low polar solvents or salts with low dissociation abilities, was enhanced appreciably. Viscosity measurements for the electrolyte solutions, with and without the added anion receptor, indicated that the conductivity enhancement was caused by an increase in the ionic dissociation due to the addition of the anion receptor. Pulse-field-gradient spin-echo (PGSE) NMR and 11B-NMR spectra supported that the ionic dissociation was facilitated by interaction between the Lewis-acidic anion receptor and Lewis-basic anions. The polymerizable anion receptor was crosslinked with a polyether macromonomer in different electrolyte solutions. Ionic conductivity of the resulting polymer gel electrolytes was also altered like that of the electrolyte solutions containing the anion receptor monomer.
The Wireless Integrated Microsystems (WIMS)-environmental monitor testbed (EMT) is a multi-component microelectromechanical system (MEMS), incorporating complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) materials for high-precision circuits used for integrated sensors such as micro-g accelerometers, micro-gyroscopes, and pressure sensors. The WIMS–EMT duty cycle, like many autonomous MEMS systems, has low-power standby periods for sensing, and high-power pulses for R/F transmission and reception. In this paper, we present results of three strategies for providing power to this system, including (1) specification of a single, aggregate power supply, resulting in a single battery electrochemistry and cell size; (2) specification of several power supplies, by a priori division of power sources by power range; and (3) specification of an arbitrary number of power “bundles,” based on available space in the device. The second approach provided the best results of mass (0.032kg) and volume (0.028L) among the three approaches. The second and third approaches provided the best battery lifetime results; both systems produced lifetimes in excess of 2E3h. Future work will incorporate CMOS operational amplifier (op-amp) technologies to accommodate large voltage fluxes in many MEMS devices, and implementation of our approaches into a user-friendly code.