batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The detection of a possible genotoxic effect of surface water treated with disinfectants for potabilization is the aim of the present work. The Comet assay and the micronucleus test were applied in circulating erythrocytes of Cyprinus carpio. Young specimens (20–30g) were exposed in experimental basins, built within the potabilization plant of Castiglione del Lago (Perugia, Italy). In this plant the water of the Trasimeno Lake is treated and disinfected for potabilization before it is distributed to the people in the net of drinkable water. A continuous flow of water at a constant rate was supplied to basins; the water was continuously treated at a constant concentration with one of the three tested disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite, peracetic acid and chloride dioxide), one control basin being supplied with untreated water. Three sampling campaigns were performed: October 2000, February 2001 and June 2001. Repeated blood samplings through intracardiac punctures allowed to follow the same fish populations after different exposure times: before introduction of the disinfectant, and 10 or 20 days afterwards. An additional blood sampling was performed 3h after addition of the disinfectant in other, simultaneously exposed, fish populations. Genotoxic damage was shown in fish exposed to water disinfected with sodium hypochlorite and chloride dioxide. The Comet assay showed an immediate response, i.e. DNA damage that was induced directly in circulating erythrocytes, whereas micronuclei reached their highest frequencies at later sampling times, when a genotoxic damage in stem cells of the cephalic kidney is expressed in circulating erythrocytes. The quality of the untreated surface water seems to be the most important parameter for the long-term DNA damage in circulating erythrocytes.
Fabrication and characterization of high energy density supercapacitor based on graphite oxide/polypyrrole (GO/PPy) composites is reported. Improvement in charge storage has been obtained by exfoliation of graphite oxide sheets via intercalation of polypyrrole. The formation of composite has been shown by the analysis of X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transfer of infrared spectroscopy data. Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy clearly show sheet-like layered structure of graphite oxide surrounded by polypyrrole. Supercapacitors fabricated using this composite system result in a reduced equivalent series resistance value ~1.85 Ω. Such low value can be attributed to the intercalation of conducting polypyrrole into the graphite sheets. A specific capacitance of ~181 F g−1 in 1 M Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte with a corresponding specific energy density of ~56.5 Wh kg−1 could be achieved. These values make GO-based materials suitable for their use as electrodes in high performance supercapacitors.
Optimization of electrodeposition conditions produced Ni(OH)2 deposits chargeable up to 1.84±0.02 e− per Ni on and the resulting nickel oxide/hydroxide active material could subsequently deliver 1.58±0.02 e− per Ni ion (462mAh/g) over a potential range <0.2V. The ability of the “NiOOH” active material to deliver an approximately ideal charge and discharge facilitated a coulometric and thermodynamic analysis through which the charge/discharge mechanisms were determined from known enthalpies of formation. The (dis)charge states were confirmed with in situ Raman spectroscopy. The mechanisms were additionally evaluated with respect to pH and potential dependence, charge quantities, hysteresis, and fluoride ion partial inhibition of the charge mechanism. The results indicate that the “NiOOH” (dis)charges as a solid-state system with mechanisms consistent with known nickel and oxygen redox reactions. A defect chemistry mechanism known for the LiNiO2 system also occurs for “NiOOH” to cause both high activity and hysteresis. Similar to other cation insertion nickel oxides, the activity of the “NiOOH” mechanism is predominantly due to oxygen redox activity and does not involve the Ni4+ oxidation state. The “NiOOH” was produced from cathodic electrodeposition of Ni(OH)2 from nickel nitrate solutions onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite at ideal electrodeposition current efficiencies and the deposition mechanism was also characterized.
Hot-pressing at 1050°C lead to near theoretical density (∼98% relative density) tetragonal LLZO. The total conductivity value for dense tetragonal LLZO is ∼2.3×10−5 Scm−1. This is the highest reported value for tetragonal LLZO. This vast improvement in total conductivity is a result of the higher density achieved as a result of hot-pressing compared to conventional solid-state sintering. The value of the Li-ion lattice conductivity for dense tetragonal LLZO is 1.1×10−4 Scm−1. The microstructure of dense tetragonal LLZO consist of twins within the grains. It is suggested that the presence of twin boundaries adds a significant contribution to the total resistance.
An electro-thermal cycle life model is developed by incorporating the dominant capacity fading mechanism to account for the capacity fading effect on the lithium ion battery performance. This model is comprehensively validated in three different aspects: (1) Electrochemical performance with different discharge C_rates (C/10, 1C, 3C) and different ambient temperature (0 °C, 25 °C, 45 °C, 60 °C); (2) battery surface temperature and center temperature during 6 C_rate constant current charge–constant voltage charge–constant current discharge (CC–CV–CC); (3) the amount of capacity fade indicated by the discharge potential curves of different cycle conditions. The feasibility of using the dominant factor only to represent the overall capacity fading in model is verified, and the model is used to predict OCV–SOC curves of cycled battery. To recover the capacity fade of cycled battery, either charging the negative electrode of fully discharged battery or charging the positive electrode of fully charged battery, could be an effective method, and possible capacity recovering design is presented. The decreasing trend of thermodynamic parameter E a with increasing C_rate in the capacity fading function is deduced with increasing battery temperature when increasing discharge C_rate.
Redox processes consisting of disproportionation and syn-proportionation are reviewed with special attention to metal complexes containing carbon-based ligands, i.e. carbon monoxide or unsaturated hydrocarbons. An introduction and a survey of reactions aimed to show the large applicability of syn-proportionation reactions in the field of coordination chemistry, is followed by examples of the use of these redox processes for the preparation of catalytic precursors. The latter studies derive from the idea that if a syn-proportionation reaction can be carried out between two complexes containing different metals in different oxidation states, inter-metallic systems could be formed which may act as active catalysts, e.g. for polymerization reactions.
Solid state and solution phase decomposition of organometallic half sandwich and sandwich complexes of type [CpFeCODLi×DME] 1, [CpFeCODLi×TMEDA] 2 and [(Cp)2FeLi2 ×2 TMEDA] 3 (Cp=cyclopentadienyl, COD=1,5-cyclooctadiene, DME=dimethoxyethane, TMEDA=tetramethylethylenediamine) derived from ferrocene, yield different kinds of lithium ferrites under oxidative and inert conditions. Thermogravimetry (TG) and TG coupled mass spectrometry of these compounds indicate that the decomposition begins above 170°C for 1, 185°C for 2 and 190°C for 3 with removal of all the organic ligands. In the absence of oxygen, compounds 1, 2 and 3 decompose to a mixture of Fe, Fe3C and Li2O/Li2CO3 at temperatures above 200°C. Amorphous α-LiFeO2 is formed in the temperature range of 200–400°C in the presence of oxygen. Crystalline α-LiFeO2 is formed only above 400°C using 1. Elemental analysis of the LiFeO2 obtained from 1 indicates a drastic decrease in the carbon and hydrogen content with the increase in the oxidation temperature. XRD reveals the presence of Li2CO3 as second phase formed for precursors 1, 2, and 3 under oxidative conditions. Solution phase decomposition of 2 and 3 in the absence of oxygen followed by annealing at 600°C yields Li2Fe3O5, Li5FeO4 and Fe3C depending on the solvent to precursor ratio in contrast to the α-LiFeO2 phase formed under pure solid state decomposition conditions. However, all lithium ferrites (Li2Fe3O5, Li5FeO4) are converted to α-LiFeO2 when oxidized above 500°C. The α-LiFeO2 products were further characterized by IR, XPS, and TEM. Electrochemical analysis of the α-LiFeO2 was performed, showing a moderate initial capacity of 13mAh/g.
In this work, ferrate(VI) was generated by the electrochemical oxidation of porous magnetite electrodes, made by melting pure magnetite grains. Pretreatment of the anode by cathodic polarization was necessary for ferrate(VI) generation and the achievement of high current efficiency. A electrolyte composition was found to be 16M NaOH. In this electrolyte, the effect of anode current density J on Fe(VI) synthesis rate, current efficiency, and internal cell temperature were studied. An optimum result was obtained at J=3.3mAcm−2, 30°C in 16M NaOH for 5h.
Thermal fluctuations inside batteries limit their performance and pose various safety hazards. Here, the authors develop a shape memory alloy-based thermal regulator that stabilizes battery temperature in both hot and cold extreme environments.
Hereby we report solid-state flexible aerogel supercapacitors fabricated from cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), Ag and polyaniline (PANI) nanoparticles. The electrochemical performances of PANI/Ag/CNF supercapacitors were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic chargedischarge curves and electric impedance spectroscopy. The specific capacitance was calculated to be 176 mF/cm2 at 10 mV s−1 from cyclic voltammetry. This value is significantly higher than most flexible supercapacitors reported in literature. The electrochemical properties of the as-fabricated supercapacitors also remain the same when they are bent with different bending radius.
Nickel-hydride batteries using hydrogen storage alloys as a negative electrode material have attracted much attention for their cleanliness and high-energy density. In order to improve the performance of a negative electrode, electrochemical hydrogen electrode reaction on the surface and hydrogen diffusion in the bulk of alloy should proceed with negligible overvoltage in charging and discharging process. In this study, the discharge capacity and high-rate dischargeability were evaluated as a function of the pretreatment of the alloy surface and also molding pressure of the negative electrode. The results were discussed on the basis of the charge transfer reaction on the surface and the hydrogen diffusion behavior in the alloy.
Cell transplantation for Huntington's disease has developed over the last decade to clinical application in pilot trials in the USA, France and the UK. Although the procedures are feasible, and under appropriate conditions safe, evidence for efficacy is still limited, which has led to some calls that further development should be discontinued. We review the background of striatal cell transplantation in experimental animal models of Huntington's disease and the rationale for applying similar strategies in the human disease, and we survey the present status of the preliminary studies that have so far been undertaken in patients. When we consider the variety of parameters and principles that remain poorly defined – such as the optimal source, age, dissection, preparation, implantation, immunoprotection and assessment protocols – it is not surprising that clinical efficacy is still unreliable. However, since these protocols are all tractable to experimental refinement, we consider that the potential for cell transplantation in Huntington's disease is greater than has yet been realised, and remains a therapeutic strategy worthy of investigation and pursuit.
Sociologist Zygmunt Bauman characterizes our time as a time of “liquid modernity” (Bauman in Liquid modernity. Polity Press, Cambridge, 2000). Rather than settled meanings, categories, and frames of reference Bauman contends that meaning is always in flux, open ended rather than closed. Given Bauman’s assessment, pedagogies that are directed towards finding, accepting, or imposing meaning come up short. They offer closed, ‘finished’ meanings instead of an examination of the ongoing, open ended, process of meaning making. What might a pedagogy for a liquid time look like? This is the animating question of this essay. Pedagogically we are interested in this ambiguous space between paradigms of meaning. Rather than resolution or the accommodation and building of new schema (or the acceptance of established schema), we explore the need for constant schema building and renewal—the necessity of living in a state of perpetual emergence. Zygmunt Bauman’s notion of “liquid modernity” suggests that anomalies, rather than exceptions, are the norm; we are living with permanent uncertainty, needing to hold all schemes lightly (Bauman 2000).
Study Objective To evaluate the implications of dating in pre- and early adolescent females. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Child psychiatry clinic; pediatric clinic; family clinic. Participants Pre- and early adolescent females (n = 80) aged 11–14 and their parents. Intervention Pre- and early adolescent females aged 11–14 and a parent were recruited during a regular clinic visit. Pre- and early adolescent females completed a survey that included measures of dating; sensation seeking; lifetime individual and peer drug use; Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder symptoms; and onset of menses. Parents were asked similar questions about their child's dating behaviors and peer relationships. Main Outcome Measure Association of early dating with individual and peer drug use, sensation seeking, aggressive behavior, and onset of menses. Results In pre- and early adolescent females, dating regularly is associated with nicotine and alcohol use, sensation seeking, and aggressive behavior. Dating regularly is also associated with onset of menses and a younger age of onset of menses in those who had started menstruating. Parents under-report their child's dating practices and associated high-risk behaviors. Conclusion Early dating is associated with nicotine and alcohol use, sensation seeking, aggressive behavior, and early onset of menses in adolescent females. Questions about early dating are a simple and efficient way to open inquiry of both parents and children about high-risk behaviors in the clinic setting.
We report the histological finding of complete closure of the anterior capsulotomy window in 2 cases. The cases were successfully treated with surgery after neodymium:YAG laser anterior capsulotomy failed. Histology and immunohistochemistry were performed to determine the pathogenesis. Histology revealed the presence of elongated, fibroblast-like lens epithelial cells in association with extracellular matrix accumulation, which were positive for collagen types, fibronectin, and osteopontin. The cells were labeled with anti-α-smooth muscle actin antibody. The finding indicates that phenotypic modulation in lens epithelial cell to contractile cell type and accumulation of matrix are involved in closure of the anterior capsulotomy window.
Amorphous manganese oxides have received increasing attention in recent years as intercalation cathodes for rechargeable lithium batteries. The sol–gel method is a versatile method for achieving nanostructured amorphous oxides. In this paper, two different sol–gel routes are investigated, where nanostructured amorphous manganese oxide cryogels are obtained via freeze drying Mn(IV) oxide hydrogels formed in situ. In one route the hydrogels are formed by reaction between a solution of sodium permanganate and a solution of disodium fumarate, and in the other route by reaction between a solution of sodium permanganate and solid fumaric acid. Highly homogeneous monolithic manganese oxide hydrogels are obtained from both synthesis routes with precursor concentrations between 0.1 and 0.2M. The freeze drying method proves to be an efficient method for obtaining nanostructured amorphous manganese oxide cryogels out of the hydrogels. Depending on the synthesis conditions of the hydrogels, the resultant cryogels can yield very high specific capacities for lithium intercalation and excellent rate performance. The cryogel with the best performance exhibits 289mAh/g at a C/100 rate and 174mAh/g at a 2C rate. Strong dependence of electrochemical properties of the cryogels on the synthesis conditions of the parent hydrogels has been observed. The different electrochemical properties are believed to be due to different surface areas and local structures of the cryogels derived from hydrogels synthesized under different conditions. This strong dependence gives rise to the possibility of achieving promising intercalation materials through tailoring the surface area and the local structure of amorphous manganese oxides by adjusting sol–gel synthesis conditions.
In flow batteries, electrolyte flow rate plays a crucial role on the minimizing mass transfer polarization which is at the compensation of higher pressure drop. In this work, a two-dimensional numerical method is applied to investigate the effect of electrolyte flow rate on cell voltage, maximum depth of discharge and pressure drop a six-cell stack of VRFB. The results show that during the discharge process, increasing electrolyte flow rate can raise the voltage of each cell up to 50 mV on average. Moreover, the maximum depth of discharge dramatically increases with electrolyte flow rate. On the other hand, the pressure drop also positively correlates with electrolyte flow rate. In order to investigate all these effects simultaneously, average energy and exergy efficiencies are introduced in this study for the transient process of VRFB. These efficiencies give insight into choosing an appropriate strategy for the electrolyte flow rate. Finally, the energy efficiency of electricity storage using VRFB is investigated and compared with other energy storage systems. The results illustrate that this kind of battery has at least 61% storage efficiency based on the second law of thermodynamics, which is considerably higher than that of their counterparts.
Within the next ten years, manufacturers of high-output wind turbines for offshore wind farms plan to produce blades up to 90 m long. The prototypes of these new blades have to be tested and certified before they can go into production, and that requires equally large testing facilities. This year the Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology (IWES), Bremerhaven, Germany, is inaugurating a new facility with the capability of testing rotor blades up to 90 m long. The central feature of the facility will be a tiltable 1000 metric tons steel and reinforced concrete mounting block. Hydraulic cylinders used to tilt the block and additional cylinders to load the blade will allow the IWES engineers to bend a rotor blade as easily as a finger to a blade of grass. This unique testing setup allows for the blade tip of a 90 m blade to be bent through a distance of 25 m. “The big advantage of the hydraulic tiltable mounting block is that it allows us to set up the ideal configuration for conducting tests with high precision in a minimum amount of time,” says Falko Bürkner, who leads the rotor-blade testing team at IWES. This is especially important when testing the blades under extreme conditions, which involves subjecting the blades to the maximum theoretical loading they have been designed to withstand, that is, 100% of the design load.
This paper describes the performance of an integrated PV–wind hydrogen energy production system. The system consists of photovoltaic array, wind turbine, PEM electrolyser, battery bank, hydrogen storage tank, and an automatic control system for battery charging and discharging conditions. The system produced 130–140ml/min of hydrogen, for an average global solar radiation and wind speed ranging between 200 and 800W/m2 and 2.0 and 5.0m/s respectively. A mathematical model for each component in the system was developed and compared to the experimental results.
The utility of some biomarkers in environmental monitoring may be limited due to the lack of knowledge that exists on how they respond to extrinsic abiotic and intrinsic biotic factors. During the present study we investigated the seasonal responses of three biomarkers, Neutral Red Retention, clearance/filtration rate and heart rate in the common blue mussel Mytilus edulis located in the Exe Estuary, UK during September 2006–September 2007. During the current study, a significant decrease in feeding rate was observed in mussels during June, July and August 2007, coinciding with the period following spawning when the mussels lay down nutrient reserves. Heart rate also increased between April and September 2007 and corresponded with times when mussels were spawning and laying down nutrient reserves. By integrating the individual biomarker responses into a Biomarker Response Index (BRI) we were able to identify times of the year when environmental impact was highest and hence when the timing of monitoring programmes using biomarkers should be carried out. For many years the lack of knowledge of normal physiological ranges of biomarkers has impeded their applied use, however by integrating biomarker responses into the BRI and creating an index of health, we have shown that we can limit the natural variability of individual responses; and thus we are better able to make informed judgements on the overall health status of these populations of mussels.
Fog computing architecture is referred to the architecture that is distributed over the geographical area. This architectural arrangement mainly focuses on physical and logical network elements, and software for the purpose of implementing proper network. Fog computing architecture allows the users to have a flexible communication and also ensures that the storage services are maintained efficiently for the purpose of managing the data. However, it has been observed that in the field of education fog computing architecture has gained huge importance due to its real time application feature. The main objective of the survey is to develop a systematic literature review for the technology of fog computing in the education IoT system. The survey will also focus on evaluating the essential factors that has a crucial role in the fields of education as well as investigating the limitation and findings associated with the fog computing technologies in educational systems from the perspective of privacy, security, and agility.