batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Nearly two-thirds of the population in the United States is overweight or obese, and this unprecedented level of obesity will undoubtedly have a profound impact on overall health, although little is currently known about the effects of obesity on the brain. The objective of this study was to investigate cerebral oxidative stress and cognitive decline in the context of diet-induced obesity (DIO). We demonstrate for the first time that DIO induces higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain and promotes cognitive impairment. Importantly, we also demonstrate for the first time in these studies that both body weight and adiposity are tightly correlated with the level of ROS. Interestingly, ROS were not correlated with cognitive decline in this model. Alterations in the antioxidant/detoxification Nrf2 pathway, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity levels were not significantly altered in response to DIO. However, a significant impairment in glutathione peroxidase was observed in response to DIO. Taken together, these data demonstrate for the first time that DIO increases the levels of total and individual ROS in the brain and highlight a direct relationship between the amount of adiposity and the level of oxidative stress within the brain. These data have important implications for understanding the negative effects of obesity on the brain and are vital to understanding the role of oxidative stress in mediating the effects of obesity on thebrain.
The composites of monoclinic Li3−x Na x V2(PO4)3 (x =0, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07) and carbon are prepared by a sol–gel method. The composites are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electrochemical measurements. XRD results show that the cell volumes of the monoclinic Na-doped Li3V2(PO4)3 samples are larger than that of Li3V2(PO4)3. All Na-doped composites exhibit better electrochemical performance than that of pristine one and the Li2.95Na0.05V2(PO4)3/C composite displays highest capacity and best cycle performance. The Li2.95Na0.05V2(PO4)3/C composite presents initial capacities of 187 and 173.1mAhg−1 at 0.2C and 1C between 3.0 and 4.8V, respectively, much higher than that 175.5mAhg−1 (0.2C) and 153.4mAhg−1 (1C) of Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite. The capacity retentions of Li2.95Na0.05V2(PO4)3/C are 95.3% and 91% at 0.2C and 1C after 30 cycles, respectively, while the capacity retentions of Li3V2(PO4)3/C are 90.4% and 87% at 0.2C and 1C after 30 cycles, respectively. The rapid Li+ diffusion due to the doping of Na+ is responsible for the good electrochemical performance of Na-doped Li3V2(PO4)3 cathode materials.
Two nanocompisitees with different morphologies of polypyrrole nanofibers/cobalt oxide (PPyNF/CoOx) and polypyrrole nanotubes/cobalt oxide (PPyNT/CoOx) were successfully prepared via a rapid and cost-efficient microwave approach. The micromorphology, surface chemical and crystalline structure of the resultant samples were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM and XPS. Besides, electrochemical performances of the as-produced nanocompisitees with different mass ratio, microwave powers and times were further investigated as a battery-type electrode materials for supercapacitors. It was found that the maximum capacitance of PPyNF/CoOx could reached up to 270C g−1 at 1 A g−1, as well as with good cycling stability (almost nothing capacitance loss after 1000 cycles). Compared to PPyNF/CoOx, PPyNT/CoOx, showed a lower specific capacitance of 167.5C g−1 at the same current density. Surprisingly, the specific capacitance of PPyNT/CoOx could be further increased by 166% (278.4C g−1 at 1 A g−1) after 1200 cycles, and the cycling stability with nearly 105% of the initial capacitance could be achieved after 4000 cycles. Moreover, the asymmetric supercapacitor device based on the PPyNF/CoOx//active carbon showed a maximum gravimetric energy density of 24.22 Wh kg−1 and power density of 6.8 kW kg−1, testifying its enormous potential for energy storage devices.
This study provides experimental evidence for proton and hydrogen formation caused by the anodic electropolymerization of cyclohexyl benzene (CHB), which is a popular electrolyte additive for overcharge protection of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). It is found that considerable H2 evolution is observed in overcharged LiCoO2/graphite cells, especially when CHB is included as an electrolyte additive. In order to confirm the proton generation during the CHB oxidation, Pt/Pt-rotating ring disc electrode (RRDE) measurements are performed in 1M Li(C2F5SO2)2N ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate (1/2, v/v) solutions with and without CHB. The cathodic ring current is intimately correlated to the anodic disc current, and the cathodic reaction at the ring is determined to be the reduction of the proton. The proton generation efficiency during the CHB oxidation is as high as 90%. Proton liberation is also observed during the anodic decomposition of the electrolyte solvents, although it occurs in a much less stoichiometric way compared with that during the CHB oxidation.
Ag4Sn/C catalyst is synthesized by a solution phase reduction method assisted with ultrasonic at 0 °C. The as-prepared catalyst is characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical measurements. The Ag4Sn intermetallic electrocatalyst displays enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and good methanol-tolerant property in alkaline media. The ORR catalyzed by Ag4Sn/C proceeds a four-electron pathway. The obtained results are important for the development of Ag-based catalysts in alkaline fuel cells.
High-performance solid-state electrolytes are key to enabling solid-state batteries that hold great promise for future energy storage. The authors survey the fabrication process of thin-film versus thick oxide-based solid-state electrolytes and discuss their material design and processing options.
The fracture of Si particles due to internal stresses formed during the intercalation of lithium ions was described by means of a thermal analogy model and brittle fracture damage parameter. The stresses were calculated following the diffusion equation and equations of elasticity with an appropriate volumetric expansion term. The results were compared with the acoustic emission data from the experiments on electrochemical cycling of Li ion half-cells with silicon electrodes. A good correlation between experiment and prediction was observed. The results of computations with different particle sizes show the existence of a critical size below which fracture during the lithiation is not expected to occur. Such a critical size appears to be within micrometer scale.
The vertical distribution of nitric oxide (NO) was investigated by profiling from a tethered balloon platform during the 2003 Antarctic Tropospheric Chemistry Investigation (ANTCI) at South Pole (SP), Antarctica. The lower atmosphere was probed between the surface and 120m height by pulling air from an inlet attached to the balloon through a thin-wall, 135m-long Teflon sampling line and by analyzing NO in this airflow with a ground-borne monitor. Losses and conversion of NO during the 2–4-min residence time in the sampling line were on average on the order of 6–16%, providing a feasible approach for the measurement of vertical NO profiles under SP conditions. NO was found to be highly variable within the lowest 100m of the atmosphere. Greatly enhanced NO mixing ratios were constrained to a shallow (20–50m height) air layer nearest to the surface, above which NO rapidly dropped to its mixed boundary layer background levels. Concurrent measurements of ozone and meteorological conditions provide insight into linkages between the ongoing snowpack and boundary layer nitrogen oxides (NO x =NO+NO2) and ozone chemistry. Since [OH] and [HO2] are non-linearly coupled to absolute levels of NO x , their concentrations and the rate of ozone production are expected to similarly show appreciable changes on small vertical scales during conditions with enhanced [NO x ].
Epidemiological evidence suggests that poor physical health and depression are highly co-morbid. To date, however, no study has considered whether depression in parents caring for children with developmental disabilities is partly driven by poor physical health. Using data from the Growing Up in Ireland national cohort study (2006 to date), 627 parents of children with developmental disabilities were compared with 7941 parents of typically developing children on scores from the Centre for Epidemiological Depression Scale, chronic health conditions, socio-demographic and child behavioural characteristics. Having a child with disabilities was associated with a higher risk of depression (odds ratio (OR)=1.83, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.43, 2.35) compared to parents of typically developing children. Adjusting for the presence of chronic health conditions accounted for some of this excess risk (OR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.38, 2.27). The association between having a child with disabilities and increased risk of depression was explained, however, by adjusting for the child problem behaviours (OR=1.07, 95% CI: 0.81, 1.43). This study has confirmed, in a population-based sample, the high risk of depression in parents caring for children with developmental disabilities after adjusting for the presence of a chronic health condition. Importantly, given that poor mental health in these parents is associated with a battery of negative health and social family outcomes, it is imperative that health professionals pay attention to the mental health needs of these parents.
Introduction Prosody has been little studied in the primary progressive aphasias (PPAs), a group of neurodegenerative disorders presenting with progressive language impairment. Methods Here we conducted a systematic investigation of different dimensions of prosody processing (acoustic, linguistic and emotional) in a cohort of 19 patients with nonfluent PPA syndromes (11 with progressive nonfluent aphasia, PNFA; five with progressive logopenic/phonological aphasia, LPA; three with progranulin-associated aphasia, GRN-PPA) compared with a group of healthy older controls. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to identify neuroanatomical associations of prosodic functions. Results Broadly comparable receptive prosodic deficits were exhibited by the PNFA, LPA and GRN-PPA subgroups, for acoustic, linguistic and affective dimensions of prosodic analysis. Discrimination of prosodic contours was significantly more impaired than discrimination of simple acoustic cues, and discrimination of intonation was significantly more impaired than discrimination of stress at phrasal level. Recognition of vocal emotions was more impaired than recognition of facial expressions for the PPA cohort, and recognition of certain emotions (in particular, disgust and fear) was relatively more impaired than others (sadness, surprise). VBM revealed atrophy associated with acoustic and linguistic prosody impairments in a distributed cortical network including areas likely to be involved in perceptual analysis of vocalisations (posterior temporal and inferior parietal cortices) and working memory (fronto-parietal circuitry). Grey matter associations of emotional prosody processing were identified for negative emotions (disgust, fear, sadness) in a broadly overlapping network of frontal, temporal, limbic and parietal areas. Conclusions Taken together, the findings show that receptive prosody is impaired in nonfluent PPA syndromes, and suggest a generic early perceptual deficit of prosodic signal analysis with additional relatively specific deficits (recognition of particular vocal emotions).
Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposite electrolytes (PLSNEs) were prepared by utilizing a biodegradable polymer namely poly(ϵ-caprolactone) as host polymer and zinc triflate as dopant salt with the incorporation of varying concentrations of octadecylamine modified montmorillonite nanoclay and further characterized using various experimental techniques. A maximum conductivity of 9.5×10−5 Scm−1 was achieved for a 15wt% loading of the nanoclay. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetric studies revealed the change occurring in the crystalline behavior of the electrolyte as a result of incorporation of the nanoclay. An appreciably good thermal and electrochemical stability was also observed thus suggesting applicability of the prepared electrolyte in commericial systems and therefore the feasibility of reduction and oxidation processes of MnO2 cathode with the prepared electrolyte system has also been evaluated by means of cyclic voltammetry. The best conducting sample of the polymer electrolyte showed a remarkable degradability over a degradation period of 90 days in soil compost.
When introduced into living cells, drugs frequently evoke unanticipated responses that are due either to off-target effects or to previously unknown interactions between the intended target and other biochemical pathways. The development of a panel of high-resolution sentinel assays for signal-transduction cascades in human cells promises to enhance the power of chemical genetics and increase the efficiency of drug-discovery research.
An automotive polymer-electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) system with ultra-low platinum loading (0.15mg-Ptcm−2) has been analyzed to determine the relationship between its design-point efficiency and the system efficiency at part loads, efficiency over drive cycles, stack and system costs, and heat rejection. The membrane electrode assemblies in the reference PEFC stack use nanostructured, thin-film ternary catalysts supported on organic whiskers and a modified perfluorosulfonic acid membrane. The analyses show that the stack Pt content can be reduced by 50% and the projected high-volume manufacturing cost by >45% for the stack and by 25% for the system, if the design-point system efficiency is lowered from 50% to 40%. The resulting penalties in performance are a <1% reduction in the system peak efficiency; a 2–4% decrease in the system efficiency on the urban, highway, and LA92 drive cycles; and a 6.3% decrease in the fuel economy of the modeled hybrid fuel-cell vehicle on the combined cycle used by EPA for emission and fuel economy certification. The stack heat load, however, increases by 50% at full power (80kWe) but by only 23% at the continuous power (61.5kWe) needed to propel the vehicle on a 6.5% grade at 55mph. The reduced platinum and system cost advantages of further lowering the design-point efficiency from 40% to 35% are marginal. The analyses indicate that thermal management in the lower efficiency systems is very challenging and that the radiator becomes bulky if the stack temperature cannot be allowed to increase to 90–95°C under driving conditions where heat rejection is difficult.
The spinel compound Li4/3+x Ti5/3O4 is known to undergo reversible lithium intercalation up to x=1 with almost no change in lattice parameters, hence its designation as a “zero strain” intercalation compound. Structural changes that accompany electrochemical Li intercalation into this compound were studied by both 7 Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Ti K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). The NMR results demonstrate that Li occupancies do not follow a simple distribution between two possible sites, one tetrahedral and one octahedral. The presence of at least one additional octahedral site is suggested. Line width measurements show that the Li+ ions do not return to their original distribution after cycling. XAFS results indicate the presence of modest static disorder in TiO and TiTi distances above x=0.5. Both methods thus reveal subtle structural details previously unobserved by X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Recently, we determined that in a rigorously monitored environment an intensive diet-induced weight loss of 10% combined with exercise was significantly more effective at reducing pain in men and women with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) than either intervention alone. Compared to previous long-term weight loss and exercise trials of knee OA, our intensive diet-induced weight loss and exercise intervention was twice as effective at reducing pain intensity. Whether these results can be generalized to less intensively monitored cohorts is unknown. Thus, the policy relevant and clinically important question is: Can we adapt this successful solution to a pervasive public health problem in real-world clinical and community settings? This study aims to develop a systematic, practical, cost-effective diet-induced weight loss and exercise intervention implemented in community settings and to determine its effectiveness in reducing pain and improving other clinical outcomes in persons with knee OA.
Previously unreported bis(oxalato)borate (BOB) ionic liquids (ILs) containing imidazolium, pyridinium, and pyrrolidinium cations were prepared from the corresponding halide salts by reaction with sodium bis(oxalato)borate (NaBOB), and their properties are reported. Pulse radiolysis experiments revealed that the BOB anion scavenges solvated electrons with rate constants of ∼3×108 M−1 s−1 in the ionic liquid C4mpyrr NTf2 and 2.8×107 M−1 s−1 in water. This reactivity indicates that BOB ILs may be too sensitive to be used as neat solvents for nuclear separations processes in high radiation fields but may still be useful for preventing criticality while processing relatively “cold” fissile actinides.
A simple method for experimentally determining thermodynamic quantities for flow battery cell reactions is presented. Equilibrium cell potentials, temperature derivatives of cell potential (dE/dT), Gibbs free energies, and entropies are reported here for all-vanadium, iron–vanadium, and iron–chromium flow cells with state-of-the-art solution compositions. Proof is given that formal potentials and formal temperature coefficients can be used with modified forms of the Nernst Equation to quantify the thermodynamics of flow cell reactions as a function of state-of-charge. Such empirical quantities can be used in thermo-electrochemical models of flow batteries at the cell or system level. In most cases, the thermodynamic quantities measured here are significantly different from standard values reported and used previously in the literature. The data reported here are also useful in the selection of operating temperatures for flow battery systems. Because higher temperatures correspond to lower equilibrium cell potentials for the battery chemistries studied here, it can be beneficial to charge a cell at higher temperature and discharge at lower temperature. Proof-of-concept of improved voltage efficiency with the use of such non-isothermal cycling is given for the all-vanadium redox flow battery, and the effect is shown to be more pronounced at lower current densities.
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) show conspicuous potential in large-scale energy storage systems due to their cost-effectiveness and environmentally friendliness. Yet developmental cathodes in aqueous ZIBs suffer from sluggish Zn2+ diffusion kinetics. Herein, we introduce an effective strategy by the chemical intercalation of Li+ into the interlayer of V2O5·nH2O, i.e. LixV2O5·nH2O (LVO), with enlarged layer spacing and fast Zn2+ diffusion. As a cathode in aqueous ZIBs with a 2 M ZnSO4 electrolyte, the cotton-like LVO-250 demonstrates high rate capacities and excellent cycling performance (232 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at 5 A g−1, and 192 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles at 10 A g−1). The electrochemical reaction kinetics and zinc storage mechanism are investigated in detail.
Li-ion batteries are expected to play a vital role in stabilizing the electrical grid as solar and wind generation capacity becomes increasingly integrated into the electric infrastructure. This article describes how two different commercial Li-ion batteries based on LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) and LiFePO4 (LFP) chemistries were tested under grid duty cycles recently developed for two specific grid services: (1) frequency regulation (FR) and (2) peak shaving (PS) with and without being subjected to electric vehicle (EV) drive cycles. The lifecycle comparison derived from the capacity, round-trip efficiency (RTE), resistance, charge/discharge energy, and total used energy of the two battery chemistries are discussed. The LFP chemistry shows better stability for the energy-intensive PS service, while the NCA chemistry is more conducive to the FR service under the operating regimes investigated. The results can be used as a guideline for selection, deployment, operation, and cost analyses of Li-ion batteries used for different applications.
Incident stroke has long been recognized to cause dementia shortly after the event. Patients who survive stroke without early-onset poststroke dementia (PSD) are at a high risk of developing dementia months to years after the initial stroke incident, which has generated enthusiasm for exploring treatments to prevent delayed-onset PSD in survivors of stroke. However, results from clinical trials completed in the past 10–15 years have been disappointing. In light of these results, the present Review revisits the mechanisms of both early-onset and delayed-onset PSD and proposes preventive strategies and directions for future clinical trials. Early-onset PSD results from a complex interplay between stroke lesion features and brain resilience, whereas delayed-onset PSD is associated mainly with the presence of severe sporadic small vessel disease (SVD), and to a lesser extent with Alzheimer disease pathology or recurrent stroke. As well as preventing stroke and delivering acute stroke treatments to reduce initial brain damage, measures to increase brain resilience could also reduce the risk of developing dementia if an incident stroke occurs. Future efforts to prevent delayed-onset PSD should focus on the study of sporadic SVD and on evaluating whether other strategies, in addition to conventional secondary stroke prevention, are effective in dementia prevention in this high-risk group.
This study explores an efficient infrared (IR) heating technique to synthesize highly-crystalline LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. One home-made IR induction reactor, equipped with medium-wave IR emitter array, is adopted to prepare the NCA powders at 700°C for a calcination period of 1–5h. Two kinds of preparation routes, ball milling and rheological-phase method, are used to prepare NCA precursors. The as-prepared NCA powders display well ordering of hexagonal two-dimensional layer structure with low degree of cation mixing under appropriate conditions: IR heating time (5h) and rheological-phase method. The NCA cathode exhibits an improved discharge capacity, fast Li+ diffusion rate, high rate capability, and good cycling stability. This improved performance mainly originates from low cation mixing, low defect level, and homogeneous particle size of NCA crystals. The carbon-coated NCA cathode offers high capacities of ca. 213 and 115mAhg−1 at 0.1 and 5C, respectively. Analyzed by the Randles-Sevcik plots, the diffusion coefficients in the NCA cathodes increase up to 1.73×10−8 and 5.82×10−9 cm2 s−1 for Li-extraction and Li-insertion, respectively. Accordingly, the IR heating route turns on a commercial feasibility to synthesize NCA cathode materials for Li-ion battery application.