batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
In Denmark, antimicrobial resistance in bacteria in animals, animal products and humans, is routinely monitored. This study aimed at determining whether the observed variations in the prevalence of ampicillin resistant Escherichia coli isolated from healthy pigs at slaughter were random or clustered in space and time. Data on E. coli isolates between 1997 and 2005 were obtained from the Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme (DANMAP) whereas data on the quantity of ampicillin consumed was obtained from the Danish Register of Veterinary Medicines (VetStat). Space–time interaction was assessed using the space–time K-function and detection and location of significant space–time clusters was done using the space–time scan statistic. The space–time K-function analysis provided evidence of space–time interactions in ampicillin resistant E. coli (AREC) isolates in both Funen and Jutland, and Zealand. Significant space–time clusters of resistant E. coli isolates were found in the north eastern part of Jutland and Funen and in the southern part of Zealand. Seasonality was found to have a highly significant effect on space–time clustering in Funen and Jutland. The clusters of ampicillin resistant E. coli appeared at the same time as the national consumption of ampicillin in pigs increased, however antimicrobial consumption at the herd level did not appear to have any effects on space–time clustering in this study. The results could serve as a platform to highlight areas where more investigations on the occurrence and spread of ampicillin resistant E. coli in pig herds should be initiated.
Real-time and ubiquitous patient monitoring demands the use of wireless data acquisition through resource constrained medical sensors, mostly configured with No-input No-output (NiNo) capabilities. Bluetooth is one of the most popular and widely adopted means of communicating this sensed information to a mobile terminal. However, over simplified implementations of Bluetooth low energy (BLE) protocol in eHealth sector is susceptible to several wireless attacks, in particular the Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack. The issue arises due to a lack of mutual authentication and integrity protection between the communicating devices, which may lead to compromise of confidentiality, availability and even the integrity of this safety-critical information. This research paper presents a novel framework named MARC to detect, analyze, and mitigate Bluetooth security flaws while focusing upon MITM attack against NiNo devices. For this purpose, a comprehensive solution has been proposed, which can detect MITM signatures based upon four novel anomaly detection metrics: analyzing Malicious scan requests, Advertisement intervals, RSSI levels, and Cloned node addresses. The proposed solution has been evaluated through practical implementation and demonstration of different attack scenarios, which show promising results concerning accurate and efficient detection of MITM attacks.
Optimum electrocrystallisation conditions of PbO2 have been investigated in acetonitrile by controlling experimental parameters such as water content, current density, electrolyte concentration, and acidity. It was determined that the crystallinity, conductivity and β-content of PbO2 films are highly dependent on these factors and that electrodeposition solution, which has 6 M water, 0.1 M lead perchlorate and no acid, gave the best crystalline PbO2 with 99% of β form. The conductivity value of this film was 6028 S/cm. All analyses were confirmed by XRD method
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are hybrid electric vehicles that can draw and store energy from an electric grid to supply propulsive energy for the vehicle. This simple functional change to the conventional hybrid electric vehicle allows a plug-in hybrid to displace petroleum energy with multi-source electrical energy. This has important and generally beneficial impacts on transportation energy sector petroleum consumption, criteria emissions output, and carbon dioxide emissions, as well as on the performance and makeup of the electrical grid. PHEVs are seen as one of the most promising means to improve the near-term sustainability of the transportation and stationary energy sectors. This review presents the basic design considerations for PHEVs including vehicle architecture, energy management systems, drivetrain component function, energy storage tradeoffs and grid connections. The general design characteristics of PHEVs are derived from a summary of recent PHEV design studies and vehicle demonstrations. The sustainability impact of PHEVs is assessed from a review of recent studies and current research and development needs for PHEVs are proposed.
A binary mixture of triethylphosphate (TEP) and ethylene carbonate (EC) has been examined as a new non-flammable additive for ionic liquid-based electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. The optimized electrolyte composition consists of 0.6moldm−3 (=M) LiTFSI in PP13TFSI mixed with TEP and EC in volume ratio of 80:10:10, where TFSI and PP13 denote bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium, respectively. The ionic conductivity of PP13TFSI dissolving 0.4M LiTFSI was improved from 8.2×10−4 Scm−1 to 3.5×10−3 Scm−1 (at 20°C) with the addition of TEP and EC. The electrochemical behavior of 0.4M LiTFSI/PP13TFSI with and without TEP and EC was studied by cyclic voltammetry, which showed no deteriorating effect by the addition of TEP and EC on the electrochemical window of PP13TFSI. The flammability of the electrolyte was tested by a direct flame test. The proposed ionic liquid-based electrolyte revealed significant improvements in the electrochemical charge–discharge characteristics for both graphite negative and LiMn2O4 positive electrodes.
Robust algorithms using reduced order equivalent circuit model (ECM) for an accurate and reliable estimation of battery states in various applications become more popular. In this study, a novel adaptive, self-learning heuristic algorithm for on-board impedance parameters and voltage estimation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles is introduced. The presented approach is verified using LIBs with different composition of chemistries (NMC/C, NMC/LTO, LFP/C) at different aging states. An impedance-based reduced order ECM incorporating ohmic resistance and a combination of a constant phase element and a resistance (so-called ZARC-element) is employed. Existing algorithms in vehicles are much more limited in the complexity of the ECMs. The algorithm is validated using seven day real vehicle data with high temperature variation including very low temperatures (from −20 °C to +30 °C) at different Depth-of-Discharges (DoDs). Two possibilities to approximate both ZARC-elements with finite number of RC-elements on-board are shown and the results of the voltage estimation are compared. Moreover, the current dependence of the charge-transfer resistance is considered by employing Butler–Volmer equation. Achieved results indicate that both models yield almost the same grade of accuracy.
Neuromotor exercise, which stimulates motor fitness components (balance, agility, coordination), has been less investigated than other forms of exercise such as resistance or aerobic training to counteract the age-related impairment in mobility. The aim of the study was to verify whether neuromotor exercise was as effective as resistance training in improving mobility and related fitness components in healthy older women.
To exploit high-quality separators for lithium ion batteries, current research activities are mainly focused on the modification of microporous polyolefin membranes by coating them with inorganic particles to achieve comprehensive improvements in their thermal stability, electrochemical compatibility, and overcharge protection. Here, we report a separator made by coating boehmite (AlOOH) particles on microporous polyethylene (PE) membranes. Compared to the commercially applied coating materials, e.g., aluminum oxide (Al2O3), AlOOH allows for a substantial reduction in the coating thickness, while ensuring excellent thermal stability of the modified PE membrane. Our study shows that this is due to the formation of an interlocking interface structure that interconnects the PE membrane and AlOOH coating layer as soon as PE melts at about 140 °C, preventing the modified PE membrane from shrinking at subsequently elevated temperatures. The modified PE membrane exhibits suitable electrolyte wettability to facilitate ion transport through it. Thus, the lithium ion batteries employing it as a separator could attain substantially improved electrochemical performance. Furthermore, the AlOOH-coated PE separator was also found to provide an excellent overcharge protection.
In 2016 the LIGO-Virgo collaboration announced “the first direct detection of gravitational waves.” This was to distinguish their result from the indirect observation of Russell Hulse, Joel Weisberg, and Joseph Taylor, which used the decrease in the period of a binary pulsar to “establish, with a high degree of confidence the existence of gravitational radiation as predicted by general relativity.” This raises several interesting questions. One might ask how one can distinguish between direct and indirect observation and whether that distinction is exemplified in the practice of science. One might also ask whether a direct observation has more epistemic weight than an indirect observation. In this essay, I briefly discuss several episodes from the history of modern physics in an attempt to answer those questions. These episodes include Galileo and falling bodies, the discovery of the neutrino, the Higgs boson, and gravitational radiation.
In order to meet the requirements of high specific energy and high specific power together and extend the service life of the energy storage system in temperature abusive conditions, a multi-power configuration with high specific energy lithium-ion battery and high specific power ultracapacitor is the best choice for the all-climate electric vehicle (ACEV). Aiming at real-time power management of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), three power management strategies, which are respectively based on rules, dynamic programming algorithm, and real-time reinforcement learning algorithm, have been systematically compared in this study. To verify the performance of the control strategies, the hardware-in-loop (HIL) simulation test platform based on xPC Target has been built. The results show that the real-time power management strategy based on reinforcement learning algorithm is superior to the others. This strategy can reduce the charge and discharge ratio of the battery pack, which extends the life of battery pack and improves the efficiency of the system.
Fuel expenses, diesel exhaust health externalities, and climate change are concerns that encourage the use of electric vehicles. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) policies provide additional economic incentives. This analysis evaluates the costs and benefits associated with the use of electric vehicles and determines the cost effectiveness of using a V2G-capable electric school bus compared to a traditional diesel school bus. Several factors were analyzed, including fuel expense, electricity and battery costs, health externalities, and frequency regulation market price. The V2G-capable electric bus provides the school savings of $6070 per seat in net present value and becomes a net present benefit after five years of operation. Without externalities, the net present benefit would be $5700 per seat. If the entire school district’s fleet switched to V2G-capable electric buses, the net present savings would be upwards of $38 million. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine how the factors influenced the costs and benefits. In all cases, purchasing an electric school bus is consistently a net present benefit. Policies could be set into place to incentivize public school adoption of electric buses, encourage more efficient batteries, and develop V2G capabilities.
Upon the maturation and saturation of Li-ion battery technologies, the demand for the development of energy storage systems with higher energy densities has surged to meet the needs of key markets such as electric vehicles. Among the many next generation high-energy storage options, the LiS battery system is considered particularly close to mass commercialization because of its low cost and the natural abundance of sulfur. In this review, we focus on nanostructured Li2S materials for LiS batteries. Due to a lithium source in its molecular structure, Li2S can be coupled with various Li-free anode materials, thereby giving it the potential to surmount many of the problems related with a Li-metal anode. The hurdles that impede the full utilization of Li2S materials include its high activation barrier and the low electrical conductivity of bulk Li2S particles. Various strategies that can be used to assist the activation process and facilitate electrical transport are analyzed. To provide insight into the opportunities specific to Li2S materials, we highlight some major advances and results that have been achieved in the development of metal Li-free full cells and all-solid-state cells based on Li2S cathodes.
Nuclear power is currently the fourth largest source of electricity production in India after thermal, hydro and renewable sources of electricity. Currently, India has 20 nuclear reactors in operation and seven other reactors are under construction. Most of these reactors are indigenously designed and built Heavy Water Reactors. In addition, a 300 MWe Advanced Heavy Water Reactor has already been designed and in the process of deployment in near future for demonstration of power production from Thorium apart from enhanced safety features by passive means. India has ambitious plans to enhance the share of electricity production from nuclear. The recent Fukushima accident has raised concerns of safety of Nuclear Power Plants worldwide. The Fukushima accident was caused by extreme events, i.e., large earthquake followed by gigantic Tsunami which are not expected to hit India’s coast considering the geography of India and historical records. Nevertheless, systematic investigations have been conducted by nuclear scientists in India to evaluate the safety of the current Nuclear Power Plants in case of occurrence of such extreme events in any nuclear site. This paper gives a brief outline of the safety features of Indian Heavy Water Reactors for prevention and mitigation of such extreme events. The probabilistic safety analysis revealed that the risk from Indian Heavy Water Reactors are negligibly small.
In a series of articles Ullman (2001, 2004; Ullman et al., 1997) has proposed that regular inflection is critically subserved by Broca's area. This suggestion is motivated by the finding that English speaking Broca's aphasics show selective deficits with regular inflection. Here we argue that this proposal does not hold cross-linguistically but is based on a confound between inflectional suffix and regularity that is specific to the English language. We present data from two experimental studies of participle inflection with 13 German and 12 Dutch Broca's aphasics. None of these aphasic speakers are selectively impaired for regular inflection but instead most of them show selective deficits with irregular inflection. These data suggest that a selective regular deficit is not a characteristic of Broca's aphasia across languages, and that Broca's area is not critically involved in regular inflection. To investigate the nature and localization of the processes underlying inflection we present a connectionist neural network model that accounts for the deficits of the German aphasic speakers. The model implements the view that the inflection of all verb types is based on a single mechanism with multiple representations that emerge from experience-dependent brain development. We show that global damage to this model results in a selective deficit for irregular inflection that is comparable to that of the German aphasic speakers. This finding suggests that a selective impairment of irregular participles as observed by German and Dutch aphasic speakers does not presuppose two distinctly localized mechanisms or processes that can be selectively affected by brain damage.
In a field study, potassium (K) applied as muriate of potash (MOP) significantly reduced methane (CH4) emission from a flooded alluvial soil planted to rice. Cumulative emission was highest in control plots (125.34 kg CH4 ha−1), while the lowest emission was recorded in field plots receiving 30 kg K ha−1 (63.81 kg CH4 ha−1), with a 49% reduction in CH4 emission. Potassium application prevented a drop in the redox potential and reduced the contents of active reducing substances and Fe2+ content in the rhizosphere soil. Potassium amendment also inhibited methanogenic bacteria and stimulated methanotrophic bacterial population. Results suggest that, apart form producing higher plant biomass (both above- and underground) and grain yield, K amendment can effectively reduce CH4 emission from flooded soil and could be developed into an effective mitigation option, especially in K-deficient soils.
The lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery is a very promising candidate for the next generation of energy storage systems required for electrical vehicles and grid energy storage applications due to its very high theoretical specific energy (2500Whkg−1). However, low Coulombic efficiency (CE) during repeated Li metal plating/stripping has severely limited the practical application of rechargeable Li-S batteries. In this work, a new electrolyte system based on a high concentration of LiNO3 in diglyme (G2) solvent is developed which enables an exceptionally high CE for Li metal plating/stripping and thus high stability of the Li anode in the sulfur-containing electrolyte. The tailoring of electrolyte properties for the Li anode has proven to be a highly successful strategy for improving the capacity retention and cycle life of Li-S batteries. This electrolyte provides a CE of greater than 99% for over 200 cycles of Li plating/stripping. In contrast, the Li anode cycles for less than 35 cycles (with a high CE) in the state-of-the-art 1M LiTFSI + 0.3M LiNO3 in 1,3-dioxolane:1,2-dimethoxyethane (DOL:DME) electrolyte under the same conditions. The stable Li anode enabled by the new electrolyte may accelerate the applications of high energy density Li-S batteries in both electrical vehicles and large-scale grid energy storage markets.
Publisher Summary Connectivity and networks are an important area in embedded systems. This chapter deals with issues of connectivity and networking – the medium of connection used to create data links, and the means by which data is actually formatted, moved, and interpreted over those links. Providing a network is about much more than just providing connectivity. In a complex system it is also essential to deal in depth with how data is formatted and interpreted, how addressing is achieved, and how error correction can be implemented. All of this is pretty much independent of the physical interconnection itself. For different nodes to communicate on a network, there must therefore be very clear rules about how they create and interpret messages. The chapter explains some underlying concepts of setting up a network and alternatives for connectivity, including the wireless options of infrared and radio. It introduces the reader to a range of network protocols. It also informs that how peripheral interface controller (PIC) microcontrollers can be applied in these areas.
A novel nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on flower-shaped (FS) Au@Pd core–shell nanoparticles–ionic liquids (ILs i.e., trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, [P(C6)3C14][Tf2N]) composite film modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) was reported. The Au@Pd nanocatalysts were prepared by seed-mediated growth method, forming the three-dimensional FS nanoparticles, where tens of small Pd nanoparticles (∼3nm) aggregated on gold seeds (∼20nm). The FS Au@Pd nanoparticle was a good candidate for the catalytic efficiency of nanometallic surfaces because of its flower-shaped nature, which has greater adsorption capacity. XPS analysis and zeta potential indicated that the surface of Pd atoms is positively charged, profiting the oxidation process of glucose. And ILs acted as bridge connecting Au@Pd one another and bucky gel as platform within the whole nanocomposite. So the modified electrode has higher sensitivity and selectivity owing to intrinsic synergistic effects of this nanocomposite. Amperometric measurements allow observation of the electrochemical oxidation of glucose at 0.0V (vs. Ag/AgCl), the glucose oxidation current is linear to its concentration in the range of 5nM–0.5μM, and the detection limit was found to be 1.0nM (S/N=3). The as-prepared nonenzyme glucose sensor exhibited excellent stability, repeatability, and selectivity.
A new ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte for lithium ion batteries is prepared by combining N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide, organic carbonates, lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide, and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene). The conductivities of the gel electrolytes at room temperature are about 1–2mS/cm. It is shown that the polymer gel electrolytes work effectively with a graphite anode and a LiCo1/3Mn1/3Ni1/3O2 cathode. Further it is proven that the addition of vinylene carbonate and 4-vinylpyridine considerably improves the cell performance.
Two types of carbon aerogel-based functional electrodes for supercapacitor applications are developed. To improve the electrochemical performance of the electrodes, carbon aerogels are doped with pseudocapacitive tin oxide either by impregnating tin oxide sol into resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) wet gels (Method I), or by impregnating tin tetrachloride solution into carbon aerogel electrodes (Method II). The electrodes are heat-treated to 450°C in air to activate the electrode surface and complete the oxidation of tin-precursors in the network structure of the aerogel. The effects of different impregnation methods on the physical/electrochemical properties of the composite electrodes are investigated. Microstructural and compositional variations of the electrodes with tin oxide doping are also examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The tin oxide/carbon aerogel composite electrodes synthesized by both methods have similar specific capacitances (66–70Fg−1). Composite electrodes synthesized via Method II showed better cyclic stability compared with electrodes synthesized via Method I.
According to vitalism, living organisms differ from machines and all other inanimate objects by being endowed with an indwelling immaterial directive agency, ‘vital force,’ or entelechy. While support for vitalism fell away in the late nineteenth century many biologists in the early twentieth century embraced a non vitalist philosophy variously termed organicism/holism/emergentism which aimed at replacing the actions of an immaterial spirit with what was seen as an equivalent but perfectly natural agency—the emergent autonomous activity of the whole organism. Organicists hold that organisms unlike machines are ‘more than the sum of their parts’ and predict that the vital properties of living things can never be explained in terms of mechanical analogies and that the reductionist agenda is doomed to failure. Here we review the current status of the mechanist and organicist conceptions of life particularly as they apply to the cell. We argue that despite the advances in biological knowledge over the past six decades since the molecular biological revolution, especially in the fields of genetics and cell biology the unique properties of living cells have still not been simulated in mechanical systems nor yielded to reductionist—analytical explanations. And we conclude that despite the dominance of the mechanistic–reductionist paradigm through most of the past century the possibility of a twentyfirst century organicist revival cannot be easily discounted.