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The simple reaction of trialkoxyborates with butyllithium resulted in the obtaining of new lithium borate salts: Li{[CH3(OCH2CH2) n O]3BC4H9}, containing oxyethylene substituents (EO) of n =1, 2, 3 and 7. Salts of n ≥2 show properties of room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) of low glass transition temperature, T g of the order from −70 to −80°C. The ionic conductivity of the salts depends on the number of EO units, the highest conductivity is shown by the salt with n =3; in bulk its ambient temperature conductivity is 2×10−5 Scm−1 and in solution in cyclic propylene sulfite or EC/PC mixture, conductivity increases by an order of magnitude. Solid polymer electrolytes with borate salts over a wide concentration range, from 10 to 90mol.% were obtained and characterized. Three types of polymeric matrices: poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) and two copolymers of acrylonitrile and butyl acrylate p(AN–BuA) were used in them as polymer matrices. It has been found that for systems of low salt concentration (10mol.%) the best conducting properties were shown by solid polymer electrolytes with PEO, whereas for systems of high salt concentration, of the polymer-in-salt type, good results were achieved for PTMC as polymer matrix.
Super-aligned carbon nanotube (SACNT) films drawn from SACNT arrays are uniformly introduced into LiCoO2–Super P composite cathodes by a cold-rolling method, and a hybrid conductive network consisting of SACNTs and carbon black powders is obtained. This attempt results in reduced percolation threshold and increased conductivity of the LiCoO2–Super P cathodes with addition of less than 0.01 wt% of SACNTs. The strength and flexibility of the LiCoO2–Super P–SACNT composites can be improved significantly due to the excellent mechanical properties of SACNTs. The continuous SACNT films play an important role for the formation of a homogeneous network for long-range conductive pathways. Super P is also an essential component to form short-range conductive pathways. By comparing with control samples that only contain Super P or SACNT films, we demonstrate that the LiCoO2–Super P–SACNT composites possess the best cycling stability (150 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C with a capacity retention of 99.7% after 50 cycles) and rate capability (87 mA h g−1 at 5 C). Combining both short-range and long-range conduction, the hybrid Super P-SACNT conductive network manifests itself as a promising strategy to improve the battery performances with a minimum amount of conductive fillers.
The characteristics of oxygen-enriched air combustion of raw municipal solid waste (MSW) were studied by thermogravimetric analysis. Experiments on oxidative pyrolysis of MSW were carried out under different atmospheres (N2, N2:O2 =7:3, N2:O2 =5:5, N2:O2 =4:6, and N2:O2 =2:8) at 30°C/min. Two distinct peaks of weight loss were obtained according to the derivative thermogravimetric curves; one of them is centered on 305°C with about 40% weight loss, and the second is centered on 420°C with about 20% weight loss. Effects of oxygen concentration on the decomposition process and char combustion were analyzed, and then the process of oxygen-enriched air combustion of MSW was divided into four steps. Kinetic parameters were observed by direct non-linear regressions. According to the obtained data, the apparent activation energy and reaction order decreases along with the combustion process, while that of char combustion increases as oxygen concentration increases.
Management for the temperature increase of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles (EV) is required for safety and energy efficiency. As a cooling medium for lithium-ion batteries, one suitable candidate is trimethylolethane (TME) hydrate, which may be utilized as a phase change material (PCM). This hydrate has a large dissociation heat and will form/dissociate at approximately 30 °C under atmospheric pressure conditions. A cooling system which uses TME hydrate can have a high performance with regards to the efficiency and the stability of heat transfer process. However, in previous studies, the equilibrium temperature and the dissociation heat of TME hydrate have been reported only for a TME mass fraction of 0.625. Since TME hydrate forms in an aqueous solution, it is necessary to know how these thermophysical properties change for a range of TME mass fractions. Therefore, in this study, the equilibrium temperatures and the dissociation heats were measured respectively by the visual observation method and differential scanning calorimetry measurements for TME mass fraction range from 0.20 to 0.80. The highest equilibrium temperature was 29.6 °C at the mass fraction of 0.60. For the cooling system, the largest dissociation heat was 190.1 kJ kg−1, also at the mass fraction of 0.60.
Multifunctional ZnO semiconductor is a potential candidate for electronics and optoelectronics applications and can be commercialized owing to its excellent electrical and optical properties, inexpensiveness, relative abundance, chemical stability towards air, and much simpler and wide range of crystal-growth technologies. The semiconducting and piezoelectric properties of environmental friendly ZnO are extremely important for energy harvesting devices. This article reviews the importance of energy harvesting using ZnO nanostructures, mainly focusing on ZnO nanostructure-based photovoltaics, piezoelectric nanogenerators, and the hybrid approach to energy harvesting. Several research and design efforts leading to commercial products in the field of energy harvesting are discussed. This paper discusses the future goals that must be achieved to commercialize these approaches for everyday use.
Low-molecular-weight chemicals or xenobiotics might contribute to the increasing prevalence of allergies and autoimmunity. Certain chemicals can alter immune responses via their action on the cytosolic transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). AhR recognizes numerous small xenobiotic and natural molecules, such as dioxin and the tryptophan photoproduct 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole. Although AhR is best known for mediating dioxin toxicity, knockout studies have indicated that AhR also plays a role in normal physiology, including certain immune responses. In particular, Th17 cells and dendritic cells express high levels of AhR. We review here current evidence for the physiological role of AhR in the immune system, focussing in particular on T-cell biology.
Jordan has faced two major energy crises during the past two decades; the disruption of Iraqi's oil in 2003 and Egyptian's natural gas in 2011. Restructuring Jordan's electricity supply system became a national necessity to secure sustainable electricity at affordable prices. In this work, a 100% renewable electricity supply scenario is constructed and compared with three other scenarios, which contain a mix of natural gas, nuclear, oil shale and renewable energy, in terms of techno-economic feasibility, security of supply, and carbon dioxide emissions. All the proposed scenarios were found to be economically feasible. The cumulative discount production costs, over the coming thirty five years under different fuel prices assumption, is less than 80 billion dollars (2010 dollar) for all proposed scenario. In the 100% renewable electricity scenario, the country needs around 10.6 GW of concentrated solar power, 4.5 GW of wind, and 25 GW of photovoltaic to meet the demand in the year 2050 which are achievable in terms of energy resources. The dispatchability problem of the renewable scenario was solved by proposing a 90 GWh storage system (43 CSP plants, 250 MW each, 8 h storage). Furthermore, import dependency and CO2 emission will entirely disappear by 2050 in the renewable scenario.
In order to investigate the effect of back-side coating of cathodes and anodes upon electrochemical performances of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), four different pouch-type lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2, LCO)/graphite unit cells with different coating conditions are prepared and compared in a systematic manner. Their electrochemical performance, in terms of Coulombic efficiency, capacity realization, capacity retention ability, and rate capabilities, is investigated. From the results, we confirm an opposing relationship existing between back-side-coated cathodes and anodes, in that the coated cathodes provide improved cell performance, while the coated anodes impede it. This is attributed to the fact that, as is generally understood, cathodes act as noble lithium (Li) ion suppliers for LIBs, while anodes consume a large portion of Li ions to form surface layers during the first charging process. Furthermore, we also confirm that the magnitude of the back-side coating effect for LCO and graphite are somewhat different. The double-side-coated cathodes have a notable positive effect on cell performances in contrast to the negative effect seen with the double-side-coated anodes. As a result, unit cells employing double-side-coated cathodes with single-side-coated anodes show the best performance, followed by those based on double-side-coated cathodes with double-side-coated anodes rather than single-side-coated cathodes with single-side coated anodes.
Carbon layers with microporous structures fine-modulated by naphthalene (NAP) were prepared to coat on LiFePO4, aiming to enhance the Li+ diffusion coefficient for Li-ion batteries. Characterized by BET, XRD, TEM, EIS, etc., it is indicated that in the presence of NAP, the carbon-coated LiFePO4/C-NAP composites have the enlarged micropore size of 1.66 nm and the enhanced Li+ diffusion coefficient of 2.83 × 10−12 cm2 s−1, which is about five times higher than that of LiFePO4/C prepared in the absence of NAP. At a high rate of 20 C, the discharge capacity of the LiFePO4/C-NAP is up to 120.1 mA h g−1 and maintains a good retention rate of 93.2% after 400 cycles. It is suggested that the NAP-modulated carbon coating is a promising route to accelerate the Li-ion diffusion rate and enhance the electrochemical performance for lithium ion batteries.
Faithful segregation of chromosomes in mammalian cells requires bi-orientation of sister chromatids, which relies on the sensing of correct attachments between spindle microtubules and kinetochores. Although the mechanisms underlying cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) activation, which triggers mitotic entry, have been extensively studied, the regulatory mechanisms that couple CDK1–cyclin B activity to chromosome stability are not well understood. Here, we identified a signaling axis in which Aurora B activity is modulated by CDK1–cyclin B via the acetyltransferase TIP60 in human cell division. CDK1–cyclin B phosphorylates Ser90 of TIP60, which elicits TIP60-dependent acetylation of Aurora B and promotes accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis. Mechanistically, TIP60 acetylation of Aurora B at Lys215 protects Aurora B's activation loop from dephosphorylation by the phosphatase PP2A to ensure a robust, error-free metaphase-anaphase transition. These findings delineate a conserved signaling cascade that integrates protein phosphorylation and acetylation with cell cycle progression for maintenance of genomic stability.
We propose an explanation for the production of an electrochemically active area during the electrochemical formation of lead-acid battery negative plates based on solid-state reactions. Our proposal is supported by experimental data. This study includes a critical review of the literature on charge/discharge mechanisms, porosity, and BET area. The critical review, through the latter two parameters, indicates the existence of both macro and micropores in positive plates, but only macropores in negative plates, with characteristic surface roughness. In the present paper the surface sulfation of the precursor is controlled using various acidic, neutral and alkaline solutions during an electrochemical formation process that does not include soaking. Our results confirm that variable roughness can be produced at the negative plate macropore surfaces. The morphological changes produced by different formation conditions are assessed by measuring the macroporosity, BET area, and capacity of single negative plates. Based on these concepts, a method was developed and applied to measure independently the contributions of geometrical surface macroporosity and roughness to the negative plate capacity.
Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L. or blue honeysuckle) is a plant native to the low-lying wet areas and mountains of Siberia and northeastern Asia, but is now cultivated in Canada. The dark blue berries are rich in anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. Previously, anthocyanin-rich fruits have been observed to benefit cognitive performance during the immediate postprandial period following a single acute dose. However, no study has currently examined the potential for haskap berries to influence cognitive performance. Here, we investigate the acute cognitive benefits of an anthocyanin-rich haskap berry extract.
Capacity fading mechanism of pristine and FePO4-coated LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 has been studied by electrochemical and magnetic methods. Along with cycles, significant increase of cell polarization and charger transfer resistance (Rct ), which mainly cause the capacity fading at the initial charge/discharge cycles, have been observed according to the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. In comparison, the existence of FePO4 coating layer can effectively suppress the deterioration of surface polarization and increase of Rct at the interface of electrode/electrolyte. The coated sample suppress the decrease of Li+ diffusion coefficient with prolonged cycles according to the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) tests. It also shows larger Weiss constants (fitting above 130K) and lower blocking temperatures, which indicate the surface coating can suppress the deterioration of Li/Ni disorder upon repeated cycles. This study may give the researchers some light on understanding the capacity fading mechanism of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 and the effects of surface coating layer, and thus, give help to the future designing of superior coating layers for layered cathode materials in Li-ion batteries.
The spatial skills are a core competency in the new engineering degrees belonging to the European Space for Higher Education. This work aims to find out the improvement of spatial abilities using a workshop held on digital tablets (iPad). For this purpose, the choice of a web-based spatial training course for mobile phones developed at University of Laguna for mobile phones was adapted for this research having in mind the dimensions of the digital tablet. The hypothesis is that expanding the size of the screen strengthens the spatial abilities of students also improving satisfaction rather than previous experiences. The workshop installed in a learning virtual environment (moodle) and has several difficulty levels. The pilot test for this material took place on agricultural engineering students during 2011-2012. Using the iPad given to every student, the workshop happened outside class hours. For measuring the spatial skills before and after the workshop, we used different technical drawing exercises used in the Spanish university admission exams over the last few years. Besides, students answered a questionnaire for assessing their opinion regarding course's format.
This study provides an overview of available techniques for on-board State-of-Available-Power (SoAP) prediction of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles. Different approaches dealing with the on-board estimation of battery State-of-Charge (SoC) or State-of-Health (SoH) have been extensively discussed in various researches in the past. However, the topic of SoAP prediction has not been explored comprehensively yet. The prediction of the maximum power that can be applied to the battery by discharging or charging it during acceleration, regenerative braking and gradient climbing is definitely one of the most challenging tasks of battery management systems. In large lithium-ion battery packs because of many factors, such as temperature distribution, cell-to-cell deviations regarding the actual battery impedance or capacity either in initial or aged state, the use of efficient and reliable methods for battery state estimation is required. The available battery power is limited by the safe operating area (SOA), where SOA is defined by battery temperature, current, voltage and SoC. Accurate SoAP prediction allows the energy management system to regulate the power flow of the vehicle more precisely and optimize battery performance and improve its lifetime accordingly. To this end, scientific and technical literature sources are studied and available approaches are reviewed.
The preparation and properties of ionogels as potential highly conductive solid state electrolytes has been investigated. The ionogels have been prepared by a one-pot sol–gel synthesis using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in an ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMIm][BF4]. The effect of silica content in the ionogels was characterized and analyzed in terms of chemical interactions, thermal stability and ionic conductivity. Immobilization of the IL in the silica network was observed even at high loading of IL (97wt.%). Hydrogen bond networks between BF4 − and the hydroxyl group in the silica was suggested as the mechanism of this immobilization, which was characterized by FTIR and solid-state NMR. TGA analysis shows that the prepared ionogels were stable up to around 450°C, where a-final one-step degradation occurs. The ionic conductivity was found to decrease as the amount of silica increased. However, with high loading of IL (97wt.%) the ionic conductivity was close to that of the pure IL. From the results obtained, these ionogels can be considered potential candidates for electrochemical devices where high ionic conductivity in solid state materials is desirable.
There is a rich literature on insurance coverage and its impacts on health care. Many recent studies have examined the impacts of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and found that it had positive effects on health insurance coverage and health care usage. Most of the literature, however, has focused on insurance coverage at a single point in time, while research on insurance instability is underrepresented, even though it could significantly impact health outcomes. The aim of this study is to examine changes and implications of insurance instability among nonelderly adults from 2006 to 2016, covering the Great Recession and post-ACA periods.
Offshore aquaculture industry is considered among the fastest growing industries worldwide. However, further expansion of this industry requires larger breeding installations positioned even further from shore. These installations inevitably would require substantial automation powered by appropriate energy sources. Thus, this paper investigates appropriate sustainable renewable energy generation solutions to meet anticipated needs. Firstly, an account of energy requirements of a typical offshore aquaculture installation is presented to realise the scale of energy required. Subsequently, current status of solar, wind, wave and current renewable energy technologies is given and their applicability for Eastern Mediterranean offshore aquaculture is investigated. Finally, further challenges and research milestones to overcome are discussed.
The poor electrical conductivity of Si-based anode materials is a critical challenge for the development of high-performance Li secondary batteries. We propose a new approach for enhancing the electrical conductivity of an electrodeposited Si–O–C composite anode via self-incorporation of nano Cu metal (n-Cu) using a facile and inexpensive electrochemical synthetic method. The Si–O–C composite with n-Cu (Cu/Si–O–C composite) shows stable cycle performance with a fairly high specific capacity. Since Cu precursor ions for the electrodeposition of n-Cu are directly dissolved from a Cu substrate used as the current collector for the anode, electrical conducting additives that causes increase in the weight and volume of the electrode are not unnecessarily supplemented. In the synthesis process, the n-Cu metal and Si–O–C composite are electrodeposited simultaneously. The n-Cu/Si–O–C composite anode results in improved electrochemical performance, including enhancement of areal and specific capacity; coulombic efficiency; and rate capability. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy suggests that such improvements in performance are due to the enhanced electrical conductivity resulting from the conductive network of the incorporated n-Cu. Moreover, the electrical conductive properties of the incorporated n-Cu suppress electrochemical degradation of the n-Cu/Si–O–C composite anode.
While many attempts have been made in the recent past to improve the power conversion efficiencies of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), only a few reports can be found on the study of these cells using binary iodides in the gel polymer electrolyte. This paper reports the effect of using a binary mixture of (large and small cation) alkaline salts, in particular CsI and LiI, on the efficiency enhancement in DSSCs with gel polymer electrolytes. The electrolyte with the binary mixture of CsI:LiI = 1:1 (by weight) shows the highest ionic conductivity 2.9 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C. DC polarization measurements showed predominantly ionic behavior of the electrolyte. The density of charge carriers and mobility of mobile ions were calculated using a newly developed method. The temperature dependent behavior of the conductivity can be understood as due to an increase of both the density and mobility of charge carriers. The solar cell with only CsI as the iodide salt gave an energy conversion efficiency of ~3.9 % while it was ~3.6 % for the cell with only LiI. However, the electrolyte containing LiI:CsI with mass ratio 1:1 showed the highest solar cell performance with an energy conversion efficiency of ~4.8 % under the irradiation of one Sun highlighting the influence of the mixed cation on the performance of the cell. This is an efficiency enhancement of 23 %.
Accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) has been used to compare the thermal stability of three Li0.5CoO2 materials with different particle sizes (diameters of approximately 0.8, 2, and 5μm, respectively) when heated in 1.0M LiPF6 EC/DEC or 0.8M LiBoB EC/DEC electrolytes. The thermal stability of Li0.5CoO2 was found to be related to its particle size. The larger the particle size, the higher the onset temperature of self-heating as measured by ARC. In the presence of sufficient reducing agent, EC/DEC solvent, Li0.5CoO2 can be reduced to Co3O4, CoO, eventually even to Co metal. The heats of reaction for each of these steps are 550, 270 and 540J/g, respectively, measured per gram of Li0.5CoO2. The addition of LiPF6 salt significantly decreases the reactivity of Li0.5CoO2 compared to pure EC/DEC solvent. The reactivity of Li0.5CoO2 is stronger in 0.8M LiBoB EC/DEC than in LiPF6 EC/DEC.
LiVO3 is synthesized via a ball-milling route followed by a solid-state reaction at different temperatures. As cathode materials for lithium ion batteries, the electrochemical performances of LiVO3 are investigated by galvanostatic charge–discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The LiVO3 compound synthesized at 350 °C possesses the optimal performance, delivering an initial discharge capacity of 302.5 mAh g−1 between 1.0 V and 3.5 V at a current density of 50 mA g−1, and exhibiting a good cycling stability. Li-ion diffusion coefficient of 10−9.5–10−8 cm2 s−1 in the LiVO3 electrode is calculated by galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). The good performances can be attributed to its relatively low crystallization and small particle size.