batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
To efficiently operate electromechanical systems powered by two energy sources, it is necessary to determine the instantaneous power split between sources in order to minimize the energy consumption of the whole system. In this work, this problem is posed as a nonlinear finite horizon optimal control problem with control and state constraints and is solved using a direct transcription approach. The problem is fully discretized in time and the resulting finite dimensional optimization problem is solved using a nonlinear programming code. This paper describes the application of direct transcription to the case of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) being developed in the Applied Electronics Group (GEA) at the University of Río Cuarto. The statement and discretization of the control problem, the setting for using the nonlinear programming code and several examples and comparisons with those obtained by other approaches are described.
Biopolymer-based membranes have particular interest due to their biocompatibility, Biodegradability, easy extraction from natural resources and low cost. The incorporation of Er3+ ions into natural macromolecule hosts with the purpose of producing highly efficient emitting phosphors is of widespread interest in materials science, due to their important roles in display devices. Thus, biomembranes may be viewed as innovative materials for the area of optics. This paper describes studies of luminescent material DNA-based membranes doped with erbium triflate and demonstrates that their potential technological applications may be expanded to electrochromic devices. The sample that exhibits the highest ionic conductivity is DNA10Er, (1.17×10−5 and 7.76×10−4 S.cm−1 at 30 and 100°C, respectively). DSC, XRD and POM showed that the inclusion of the guest salt into DNA does not change significantly its amorphous nature. The overall redox stability was ca. 2.0V indicating that these materials have an acceptable stability window for applications in solid state electrochemical devices. The EPR analysis suggested that the Er3+ ions are distributed in various environments. A small ECD comprising a Er3+-doped DNA-based membrane was assembled and tested by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. These electrochemical analyses revealed a pale blue color to transparent color change and a decrease of the charge density from -4.0 to -1.2 mC.cm−2 during 4000 color/bleaching cycles.
High voltage BiF3 electrode based on conversion reaction for lithium ion batteries is not immune to cyclic carbonate-based solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation by a cathodic reaction even when discharge voltage exceeds 2V. The SEI formation has considerable negative effect on the electrochemical properties of BiF3. To restrict this side-reaction effect, the BiF3/C/AlPO4 composites with different amount of amorphous AlPO4 have been successfully prepared by solid state milling process. The structure and morphology of BiF3/C/AlPO4 composites are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical performance of BiF3/C/AlPO4 composites has been studied by galvanostatic charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The results show that the addition of amorphous AlPO4 does not change the bulk structure of BiF3, and the BiF3/C/AlPO4 composites still keep face-centered cubic structure of BiF3. Besides, the results further confirm that SEI film will be formed on the Bi nanometal surfaces, and the amount of amorphous AlPO4 is closely relevant with the SEI formation. With the increase of the amount, the SEI formation vanishes gradually. When increasing the amount of amorphous AlPO4 to 15.0wt.%, the SEI formation is restricted effectively. Particularly, the BiF3/C/AlPO4 composite with 15.0wt.% AlPO4 exhibits the highest initial discharge capacity of 263.6mAhg−1, the lowest irreversible capacity of 45.1mAhg−1, the best rate capability and cycling stability.
In this research activity, a new methodology for the synthesis of hand exoskeleton mechanisms has been developed and validated through real prototypes. The innovative methodology is based on a new parallel mechanism and has been tested by building a robotic assistive device for hand opening disabilities applied to real cases. The studied robotic orthosis is designed to be a low-cost, adaptable and portable hand exoskeletons to assist people with hand opening disabilities in their activities of daily livings. As regards the methodology for the synthesis of hand exoskeleton mechanism, the authors propose to use a motion capture system to acquire the real hand phalanx trajectories and the geometrical characteristics of the patient’s hand, and to use optimization algorithms to properly defines the novel kinematic mechanism that better fits the finger trajectories. The preliminary testing phase of the prototype on a single patient is concluded; currently, through the collaboration with an Italian rehabilitation center, a group of patients are testing the proposed HES methodology.
Ti2Nb10O29 has recently been reported as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, its poor electronic conductivity and insufficient Li+-ion diffusion coefficient significantly limit its rate capability. To tackle this issue, a strategy combining nanosizing and crystal-structure modification is employed. Ti2Nb10O29–x mesoporous microspheres with a sphere-size range of 0.5–4 μm are prepared by a one-step solvothermal method followed by thermal treatment in N2. These Ti2Nb10O29–x mesoporous microspheres exhibit primary nanoparticles, a large specific surface area (22.9 m2 g−1) and suitable pore sizes, leading to easy electron/Li+-ion transport and good interfacial reactivity. Ti2Nb10O29–x shows a defective shear ReO3 crystal structure with O2− vacancies and an increased unit cell volume, resulting in its increased Li+-ion diffusion coefficient. Besides Ti4+ and Nb5+ ions, Ti2Nb10O29–x comprises Nb4+ ions with unpaired 4d electrons, which significantly increase its electronic conductivity. As a result of these improvements, the Ti2Nb10O29–x mesoporous microspheres reveal superior electrochemical performances in term of large reversible specific capacity (309 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C), outstanding rate capability (235 mAh g−1 at 40 C) and durable cyclic stability (capacity retention of 92.1% over 100 cycles at 10 C).
Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) is a rapidly developing wireless technology with key features which anticipate its outstanding position in the upcoming era of pervasive computing. Even though object identification is its primary objective, it is generally accepted that RFID systems can revolutionize various commercial applications. Despite its promising benefits, however, there are some technological challenges that should be addressed in order to exploit the full potential of RFID. Admittedly, the interference problem among its components and from non-conductive materials is the main shortcoming of RFID. The main goal of this paper is exploring its applicability for indoor location sensing, an important feature for the realization of ubiquitous computing applications. To that end, we study the impact of several interference types on its performance. Focusing on the case of determining the location of mobile terminals with reader extension by relying on a deployment of tags, we consider three RFID positioning schemes which are easily implemented but differ in their memory and computation requirements. Mathematical models are derived for describing the main interference types and their influence on the accuracy and time response of these schemes. Finally, extensive simulation analysis is conducted for exploring the practicality and efficacy of RFID for the localization of single or multiple users under different levels of environmental harshness. Numerical results validate the potential of RFID in location sensing but also the requirement for careful design of RFID-based positioning systems.
Lead-acid batteries are the main technology used in renewable energy systems (RESs) and autonomous power-supply systems due to their maturity and low cost, factors that will remain valid for the next few years. It is often stated, however, that batteries in RES applications exhibit shorter lifetimes than those expected by manufacturers’ data or those experienced in real traditional applications. Overall, in relation to all other components in RESs, the battery lifetime is quite short and has an intensive impact on the costs of the total system. The Fraunhofer-Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE has developed a new generation of battery-management system (BMS), which improves the storage lifetime and reliability of batteries in RESs and thus reduces maintenance and lifetime costs considerably. The BMS allows new operating strategies not possible with conventional battery systems. For this purpose, the battery bank is split into several strings that are connected in parallel. Each string is individually switchable according to its current state-of-charge (SoC) and state-of-health (SoH), which are determined continuously. For each battery string, the BMS enables shorter cycles at low SoC, an increase in the battery current rate, and intensive full charges during normal operating conditions. Furthermore, the BMS considers the ageing mechanisms of each string and can operate with different battery types or battery technology. For this reason, the BMS combines the different advantages of each string and generates an optimized battery. Furthermore, the BMS is established as an active two-terminal network. System planners and designers can handle the BMS like a conventional battery, which implies no essential changes in electrical installations.
Co, Ni and Mn K-edge XAFS investigation of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 as alternative cathode material to commercially used LiCoO2 in lithium rechargeable battery has been performed. Parameters of a local atomic structure such as radii of metal–oxygen and metal–metal coordination shells and disorder in those shells have been determined. It has been found that the radius of the first coordination shell (metal–oxygen) as well as a local disorder in the second shell (metal–metal) around each of the 3d-metals are in a good agreement with obtained for superlattice model of [√3×√3] R30° type in triangular lattice of sites by first principle calculation. Other parameters of the local atomic structure around Co, Ni and Mn atoms do not provide evidence for presence of superstructure in LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2.
Cathode material LiFePO4 with an excellent rate capability has been successfully prepared by a simple solid state reaction method using LiCH3COO·2H2O, FeC2O4·2H2O and (NH4)2HPO4 as the starting materials. We have investigated the effects of the sintering temperature and mixing time of the starting materials on the physical properties and electrochemical performance of LiFePO4. It was found that the rate capability of LiFePO4 is mainly controlled by its specific surface area and it is an effective way to improve the rate capability of the sample by increasing its specific surface area. In the present study, our prepared LiFePO4 with a high specific surface area of 24.1m2 g−1 has an excellent rate capability and can deliver 115mAhg−1 of reversible capacity even at the 5C rate. Moreover, we have prepared lithium ion batteries based on LiFePO4 as the cathode material and MCMB as the anode material, which showed an excellent cycling performance.
Nanostructured materials have received tremendous interest due to their unique mechanical/electrical properties and overall behavior contributed by the complex synergy of bulk and interfacial properties for efficient and effective energy conversion and storage. The booming development of nanotechnology affords emerging but effective tools in designing advanced energy material. We reviewed the significant progress and dominated nanostructured energy materials in electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices, including lithium ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, lithium–oxygen batteries, lithium metal batteries, and supercapacitors. The use of nanostructured electrocatalyst for effective electrocatalysis in oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions for fuel cells and metal–air batteries was also included. The challenges in the undesirable side reactions between electrolytes and electrode due to high electrode/electrolyte contact area, low volumetric energy density of electrode owing to low tap density, and uniform production of complex energy materials in working devices should be overcome to fully demonstrate the advanced energy nanostructures for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. The energy chemistry at the interfaces of nanostructured electrode/electrolyte is highly expected to guide the rational design and full demonstration of energy materials in a working device.
Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric LiFePO4 nanoparticles (sub 100nm) were synthesized and compared to carbon coated LiFePO4 particles (super 100nm) of similar electrode composition for rate performance. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transition electron microscopy (HRTEM) where amorphous layers (<5nm) were observed on both the non-stoichiometric and carbon-coated LiFePO4 primary particles. Secondary particles of stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric sub 100nm particles were confirmed by TEM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All three materials display similar particle size distributions as measured with a particle size analyzer and an SEM, indicating that the sub 100nm particles form secondary particles of approximately the same size as the carbon coated super 100nm particles. The electronic conductivity measurements of each material indicate that the non-stoichiometric LiFePO4 measures between 4.5×10−5 and 2.18×10−4 Scm−1, 8 orders of magnitude lower than the conductivity of the carbon coated super 100nm LiFePO4. Rate tests of the electrodes demonstrate faster charge and discharge capability as the level of conductive additive in the electrodes approaches 15wt%. All three materials demonstrate solid state diffusion limitations: electrodes of the non-stoichiometric and the carbon coated material both show extreme high rate performance with the addition of 15% carbon additive. A simple calculation indicates that this is the level of carbon additive needed to completely coat particles of 100nm in size.
The results of this study suggest that certain eucalyptus essential oils may be of use as an alternative to synthetic acaricides in the management of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssusgallinae. At a level of 0.21 mg/cm², the essential oil from Eucalyptus citriodora achieved 85% mortality in D. gallinae over a 24 h exposure period in contact toxicity tests. A further two essential oils from different eucalyptus species, namely E. globulus and E. radiata, provided significantly (P < 0.05) lower mite mortality (11 and 19%, respectively). Notable differences were found between the eucalyptus essential oils regarding their chemical compositions. There appeared to be a trend whereby the essential oils that were composed of the fewer chemical components were the least lethal to D. gallinae. It may therefore be the case that the complexity of an essential oil’s chemical make up plays an important role in dictating the toxicity of that oil to pests such as D. gallinae.
A passive direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) with its cathode current collector made of porous metal foam was investigated experimentally. The measured polarization curves, constant-current discharging behavior and EIS spectra showed that the passive DMFC having the porous current collector yielded much higher and much more stable performance than did the cell having the conventional perforated-plate current collector with high methanol concentration operation. It was demonstrated that the improved performance for the porous current collector was attributed to: (i) the enhanced oxygen transport on the cathode as a result of a larger specific transport area, (ii) the increased operating temperature as a result of the lower effective thermal conductivity of the porous structure, and (iii) the faster water removal as a result of the capillary action in the porous structure, The experimental results also revealed that the porous current collector with a smaller pore size yielded higher performance as a result of the lower cell resistance.
Dengue, one of the most important arboviral diseases of humans, may cause severe systemic disease. Although dengue virus (DENV) has been considered to be a non-neurotropic virus, dengue infection has been associated recently with a series of neurological syndromes, including encephalitis. In this work, we evaluated behavioral changes and inflammatory parameters in C57BL/6 mice infected with non-adapted dengue virus 3 (DENV-3) genotype I.
A facile, low cost and time-saving method to synthesize porous NiCo2O4 nanoplatelet and nanorod structures is developed via a simple two-step route. A flakes assembled precursor containing Ni-Co hydroxides is firstly prepared via a facile, low-cost chemical bath coprecipitation process only using diluted ammonia solution as a precipitant to govern over the nucleation, growth, and agglomeration processes.Then, porous NiCo2O4 nanoplatelet and nanorod structures are successfully obtained through pyrolyzing the above precursor. The influence of the calcination temperature is mainly studied on the pyrolysis reaction. The calcination temperature has statistically significant effects on the morphology and structure evolution, crystallinity, electronic conductivity and the electrochemical performances of the products. The optimized, nanoplatelet predominated NiCo2O4 spinel, calcinated at 300 ∘C for 6h (denoted as NC300), has excellent crystallinity and electric conductivity. It shows a superior-specific capacitance of 1362Fg−1 at a current density of 1Ag−1.When the current density increases to 16Ag−1, the specific capacity still retains 964Fg−1 (70.8% capacity retention). Ragone plot indicates maximum energy density of our porous NC300 electrode is 75.67Whkg−1 at a power density of 499.82Wkg−1. Cycle-life tests show that the specific capacitance of NC300 is nearly stable between 300 and 1500 cycles, indicating its potential use in energy-storage field.The simplicity and practicability of the modified pyrolysis process may facilitate the successful commercial applications in electrochemical capacitors for nanostructured NiCo2O4 spinel.
Al60−X Si40Mn X (X =0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10at.%) ribbons were prepared by melt spinning. A supersaturated solid solution of Si and Mn in fcc α-Al with very fine microstructures have been obtained in the ribbons. The electrochemical measurements have revealed that the Al–Si–Mn alloys with some compositions can exhibit a high Li inserting specific capacity and stable cycle performance. A specific capacity of more than 500mAhg−1 and the cycle efficiency of 90% have been achieved in melt-spun Al55Si40Mn5 and Al53Si40Mn7 alloys after 10 cycles. An ordered phase, δ′ (Al3Li), seems to be formed in the alloys after Li inserting, whereas no other compounds with Li have been detected. It is evident that the supersaturated solid solution plays the main role in improving the specific capacity and cycle performance. Refinement of grains could facilitate the diffusion of Li atoms. The coexistence of multi-phases has limited the alloy volume expansion during Li inserting. As a result, a high-specific capacity and a stable cycle performance have been achieved.
Uniform crystalline MgSn(OH)6 nanocubes were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The influences of reaction conditions were investigated and the results showed that the solvent constituents significantly affected the shape and size of MgSn(OH)6·SnO2/Mg2SnO4 has been obtained by thermal treatment at 850°C for 8h under a nitrogen atmosphere using MgSn(OH)6 as the precursor. The electrochemical tests of SnO2/Mg2SnO4 revealed that SnO2/Mg2SnO4 has a higher capacity and better cyclability compared to pure SnO2 or Mg2SnO4. The electrochemical performance of SnO2/Mg2SnO4 was sensitive to the size of the nanoparticles. The lithium-driven structural and morphological changes of the electrode after cycling were also studied by the ex-situ XRD pattern and TEM tests. This work indicates that SnO2/Mg2SnO4 is a promising anode material candidate for application in Li-ion batteries.
An overview of implantable measurement systems suitable for the long-term, continuous monitoring of blood pressure is presented in this paper. The challenges, design considerations and tradeoffs inherent in these systems are overviewed and implantable sensors from both industrial and research environments are reviewed. The paper is concluded with an outlook of future directions for implantable blood pressure monitoring systems.
Whereas meditation training has been purported to support slower cellular aging, little work has explored the association among different facets of dispositional mindfulness, self-compassion, and cellular aging. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between leukocyte telomere length (LTL), an index of cellular aging, dispositional mindfulness, and self-compassion in a sample of Singaporean Chinese adults.
This study attempts to employ growing self-organizing map (GSOM) algorithm and continuous genetic algorithm (CGA)-based SOM (CGASOM) to improve the performance of SOM neural network (SOMnn). The proposed GSOM+CGASOM approach for SOMnn is consisted of two stages. The first stage determines the SOMnn topology using GSOM algorithm while the weights are fine-tuned by using CGASOM algorithm in the second stage. The proposed CGASOM algorithm is compared with other two clustering algorithms using four benchmark data sets, Iris, Wine, Vowel, and Glass. The simulation results indicate that CGASOM algorithm is able to find the better solution. Additionally, the proposed approach has been also employed to grade Lithium-ion cells and characterize the quality inspection rules. The results can assist the battery manufacturers to improve the quality and decrease the costs of battery design and manufacturing.
The aim of this study was to analyze the differences and similarities between the concepts circular economy (CE) and cascading utilization (CU) and the interactions between these concepts. The method chosen for this study was a qualitative content analysis, which was conducted on academic CU publications that appeared between 1990 and 2016. To identify connections between CU and CE, the findings of this study are compared to the results of a recent review on CE.
Despite the long-term benefit of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) to customers and environment, the initial cost and limited driving range present significant barriers for wide spread commercialization. The integration of multi-speed transmissions to BEVs’ powertrain systems in place of fixed ratio reduction transmissions is considered as a feasible method to improve powertrain efficiency and extend limited driving range for a fixed battery size. The aim of this paper is to enable the researchers or BEV manufacturers, especially for transmission systems, to estimate whether their products are worthwhile for the customer in terms of the price/performance relationship of others’ design solutions. To do so a generic battery electric vehicle is modelled in Matlab/Simulink® to predict motor efficiency and energy consumption for single reduction, two speeds Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT) and simplified Continuous Variable Transmission (CVT) equipped battery electric vehicles. A credible conclusion is gained, through experimental validation of single speed and two speeds DCT scenarios and reasonable assumptions to support the CVT scenario, that both two speeds DCT and simplified CVT improve the overall powertrain efficiency, save battery energy and reduce customer costs. However, each of the configurations has unique cost and energy consumption related trade-offs.