batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This paper presents results about the electrochemical and cycling characterizations of a supercapacitor cell using a microporous activated carbon as the active material and N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PYR14TFSI) ionic liquid as the electrolyte. The microporous activated carbon exhibited a specific capacitance of 60Fg−1 measured from the three-electrode cyclic voltammetry experiments at 20mVs−1 scan rate, with a maximum operating potential range of 4.5V at 60°C. A coin cell assembled with this microporous activated carbon and PYR14TFSI as the electrolyte was cycled for 40,000 cycles without any change of cell resistance (9Ωcm2), at a voltage up to 3.5V at 60°C, demonstrating a high cycling stability as well as a high stable specific capacitance in this ionic liquid electrolyte. These high performances make now this type of supercapacitor suitable for high temperature applications (≥60°C).
With the destruction of the ecological environment, shrimp cultivation in China has been seriously affected by outbreaks of infectious diseases. Rab, which belong to small GTPase Ras superfamily, can regulate multiple steps in eukaryotic vesicle trafficking including vesicle budding, vesicle tethering, and membrane fusion. Knowledge of Rab in shrimp is essential to understanding regulation and detoxification mechanisms of environmental stress. In this study, we analyzed the functions of Rab from the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Full-length cDNA of Rab was obtained, which was 751 bp long, with open reading frame encoding 206 amino acids. In this study, for the first time, the gene expression of Rab of L. vannamei was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR after exposure to five kinds of environmental stresses (bacteria, pH, Cd, salinity and low temperature). The results demonstrate that Rab is sensitive and involved in bacteria, pH, and Cd stress responses and Rab is more sensitive to bacteria than other stresses. Therefore we infer that Rab may have relationship with the anti-stress mechanism induced by environment stress in shrimp and Rab could be used as critical biomarkers for environmental quality assessment.
Micrometre-size silicon particles are desirable battery anode materials but are even more prone to structure degradation than nanoscale particles. Here, graphene cages grown conformally around the micro-silicon particles are shown to improve their cycling stability.
Composite electrodes based on several ceramic oxides were tested for their chemical compatibility and electrochemical performance in systems based on composite Gd-doped ceria+alkaline carbonate electrolytes. Reactivity tests performed at 700°C (accelerated testing conditions), involving the ceramic electrode materials and one mixture of Na and Li carbonates, identified two promising perovskyte-type ceramics, LaCoO3 and La0.8Sr0.2Co0.2Fe0.8O3, as the most stable. Co-pressed and co-sintered cell assemblies (electrode/electrolyte/electrode) involving composite electrodes (perovskytes mixed with alkaline carbonates) were studied in detail by scanning electron microscopy and tested by impedance spectroscopy in air in the temperature range 300–600°C. These tests showed the potential of these composite electrodes for intermediate temperature applications, clearly surpassing in performance standard Au electrodes, here used as reference.
We report a long-term follow-up study of case JM, who demonstrated a focal retrograde amnesia (FRA) as a consequence of cerebral vasculitis. The present study showed that, several years post-onset, JM experienced considerable impairment in episodic retrograde memory, with normal anterograde autobiographical memory. Further investigations demonstrated that she showed no evidence of accelerated forgetting, unlike some other cases of FRA. Knowledge of people, pre- and post-illness, was also normal. Her ability to recall details of famous public events was good (though weaker for pre-illness events). JM's pattern of impairment is discussed in the context of other recent cases of FRA and developments in models of normal memory function.
High specific capacitance coupled with the ease of large scale production is two desirable characteristics of a potential pseudo-supercapacitor material. In the current study, the uniform and conformal coating of nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxides (CoNi0.5LDH,) nanoflakes on fibrous carbon (FC) cloth has been achieved through cost-effective and scalable chemical precipitation method, followed by a simple heat treatment step. The conformally coated CoNi0.5LDH/FC electrode showed 1.5 times greater specific capacitance compared to the electrodes prepared by conventional non-conformal (drop casting) method of depositing CoNi0.5LDH powder on the carbon microfibers (1938 Fg−1 vs 1292 Fg−1). Further comparison of conformally and non-conformally coated CoNi0.5LDH electrodes showed the rate capability of 79%: 43% capacity retention at 50 Ag−1 and cycling stability 4.6%: 27.9% loss after 3000 cycles respectively. The superior performance of the conformally coated CoNi0.5LDH is mainly due to the reduced internal resistance and fast ionic mobility between electrodes as compared to non-conformally coated electrodes which is evidenced by EIS and CV studies.
Four new functionalized ILs based on pyrazolium cations and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anions (TFSI−) are synthesized and characterized. These ILs show low-melting point and low-viscosity characteristics, and the viscosity of OEPZ–TFSI is 41.2 mPa s at 25 °C. These IL electrolytes with 0.4 mol kg−1 LiTFSI have good chemical stability against lithium metal. Li/LiFeO4 cells using these IL electrolytes without additives own good electrochemical performance, and the cells using OMPZ–TFSI and OEPZ–TFSI electrolytes own better rate property.
Tripropyl borate was investigated as a low cost anion receptor to improve the performance of lithium-ion cells. The impact of tripropyl borate was examined using lithium-ion cells comprising a negative electrode of mesocarbon microbeads, a positive electrode of Li1.1[Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3]0.9O2 and an LiPF6-based electrolyte. It was found that the performance of the cells was improved by adding a proper amount of tripropyl borate (≤0.1wt%) to the LiPF6-based electrolyte. However, a small amount of gas was observed from cells with high contents of tripropyl borate when cycled at 55°C, and as a result, the performance of the cells deteriorated.
Bamboo charcoal/Li2SnO3 composites for lithium-ion batteries were synthesized by a sol–gel route. The structure, morphology, and electrochemical properties of the composites were detected by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Raman spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and electrochemical measurements. The results showed that Li2SnO3 particles were loaded on the surface of bamboo charcoal and some of them entered into the hole. The bamboo charcoal/Li2SnO3 composites exhibited good electrochemical performance with high capacity and good cycling stability (616.5 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles). The composites showed a better electrochemical property than Li2SnO3 and bamboo charcoal.
For successful hybridization of heavy vehicles, high temperature batteries might be the solution. Here, high temperature solid polymer electrolytes (SPE's) based on different ratios of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA), with LiTFSI salt (at a fixed ether oxygen (EO):Li ratio of 20:1) have been prepared and investigated. The copolymers comprise PMMA backbones with grafted PEGMA side-chains containing 9 EO units. The SPE systems were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, broadband dielectric spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, and electrochemical cycling in prototype cells, with a particular focus on the 83wt% PEGMA system. The electrolytes have good thermal stabilities and dissociate the LiTFSI salt easily, while at the same time maintaining low glass transition temperatures (Tg’s). Depending on the polymeric structure, ionic conductivities >1mScm−1 at 110°C are detected, thus providing ion transport properties for a broad range of electrochemical applications. Prototype Li|polymer electrolyte|LiFePO4 cells utilizing the SPE at 60°C showed surprisingly low capacities (<20mAhg−1 LiFePO4), which could be due to poor electrode/electrolyte contacts.
Heavy metals present in mine tailings pollute agroecosystems, put the integrity of the environment at risk and become a major route of exposure to humans. The present study was carried out in Taxco, Guerrero, Mexico, where millions of tons of mine tailings have been deposited. Soils from this region are used for agricultural activities. Maize (Zea mays) was selected as a test plant, because it is one of the most common and important cereal crops in Mexico and worldwide. Thirteen metals were selected and their bioaccumulation in roots, leaves and fruits were measured in plants cultivated in soils contaminated with mine tailings and those cultivated in non-contaminated soils. The effect of metal bioaccumulation on: macro and micromorphology, size, biomass, coloration leaf patterns and on DNA damage levels in different structures were determined. The bioaccumulation pattern was: root > leaf > fruit, being only Mn and Cr bioaccumulated in all three structures and V in the roots and leaves. A significant effect of metal bioaccumulation on 50% of the size and leaf shape and 55% of the biomass characters in Z. mays exposed plants was detected. Regarding micromorphological characters, a significant effect of metal bioaccumulation on 67% of the leaf characters and on 100% of the color basal leaf characters was noted. The effect of metal bioaccumulation on the induction of DNA damage (leaf > fruit > root) was detected employing single cell gel electrophoresis analysis. An approach, in which multi endpoints are used is necessary to estimate the extent of the detrimental effects of metal pollution on agroecosystem integrity contaminated with mine tailings.
The stability of the high lithium ion conducting glass ceramics, Li1+x+y Ti2−x Al x Si y P3−y O12 (LTAP) in alkaline aqueous solutions with and without LiCl has been examined. A significant conductivity decrease of the LTAP plate immersed in 0.057M LiOH aqueous solution at 50°C for 3 weeks was observed. However, no conductivity change of the LTAP plate immersed in LiCl saturated LiOH aqueous solutions at 50°C for 3 weeks was observed. The pH value of the LiCl–LiOH–H2O solution with saturated LiCl was in a range of 7–9. The molarity of LiOH and LiCl in the LiOH and LiCl saturated aqueous solution were estimated to be 5.12 and 11.57M, respectively, by analysis of Li+ and OH−. The high concentration of LiOH and the low pH value of 8.14 in this solution suggested that the dissociation of LiOH into Li+ and OH− is too low in the solution with a high concentration of Li+. These results suggest that the water stable LTAP could be used as a protect layer of the lithium metal anode in the lithium/air cell with LiCl saturated aqueous solution as the electrolyte, because the content of OH− ions in the LiCl saturated aqueous solution does not increase via the cell reaction of Li+1/2O2 +H2O→2LiOH, and LTAP is stable under a deep discharge state.
Contemporary theories of wellbeing have offered an alternative to traditional psychology by emphasizing strengths rather than weaknesses as a means of leveraging growth and improvement. The present study examined whether cost-effective strengths interventions through self-reflection on strengths versus weaknesses, without teaching or feedback, can bring positive outcomes and limit the negative effects that the first university examination period has on first-year students. One hundred and three students were randomly assigned to three conditions: focus on strengths, focus on weaknesses, or focus on neutral experiences. The students kept a weekly written record of their experiences. Participants completed self-report questionnaires examining psychological wellbeing, psychological distress, positive and negative affect, self-esteem, and optimistic and pessimistic views of the future at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. Results indicate that reflecting on strengths for a 5-week period prior to exams prevented the surfacing of negative emotions and distress, as well as a decline in wellbeing due to the impending examination period. The intervention also enhanced feelings of optimism about the future. Baseline levels of self-esteem and positive affect determined who would achieve the greatest improvement in mood by reflecting on strengths. In conclusion, the study findings suggest that awareness-of-strengths interventions elicit more desirable psychological outcomes than do interventions focused on weaknesses or on neutral events. The study also shows that cost-effective, easy-to-administer strengths interventions can produce positive outcomes. Implications for consulting are discussed.
Positive-grid corrosion and its resulting creep or growth is one of the major causes of the failure of automotive lead–acid batteries. The importance of grid corrosion and growth is increasing given the tendency for rising temperatures in the engine compartments of modern vehicles. In order to cope with this situation, a new lead alloy has been developed for positive-grids by utilizing an optimized combination of lead–calcium–tin and barium. In addition to enhanced mechanical strength at high temperature, the corrosion-resistance of the grid is improved by as much as two-fold so that the high temperature durability of batteries using such grids has been demonstrated in both hot SAE J240 tests and in field trials in Japan and Thailand. A further advantage of the alloy is its recycleability compared with alloys containing silver. The new alloy gives superior performance in both 12-V flooded and 36-V valve-regulated lead–acid (VRLA) batteries.
Personalized treatments have become a primary goal in translational psychiatric research. They include the identification of neural circuits associated with psychiatric disorders and definition of treatment according to individual characteristics. Many new tools and technologies have been developed but further efforts are required to provide clues on how these scientific advances in psychiatry may be translated into more effective therapeutic approaches. Obstacles to the progress of translational psychiatry also involve numerous scientific, financial, ethical, logistics and regulatory aspects. Also, the goal of DSM-5 to expand “signs and symptoms” classification to incorporate biological measures may help the development of new multifactorial and dimensional models able to better understand the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders and develop improved treatments. Finally, a better understanding on the significant response variability, cognitive functioning, role of comorbidities and treatment-resistant cases are critical for the development of prevention and intervention strategies that are more effective.
The honeycomb-like hierarchical porous carbon nanofibers (PCNFs)-carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-sulfur(S) composite electrode is successfully desgined and prepared through ball-milling and heating method, in which the PCNFs are carbonized from fibers in the membrane composed of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Polytetrafluoroethylene by electro-blown spinning technology. The prepared PCNFs-CNTs-S composite are regarded as cathode for lithium-sulfur battery. The tailored porous structure and CNTs in the composite facilitate construction of a high electrical conductive pathway and store more S/polysulfides, and the dissoluble loss of intermediate S species in electrolyte can also be restrained because of acidized PVA-based porous carbon nanofibers. Meanwhile, the porous strcucture and CNTs can effectively alleviate volume changes in battery cycling process. Moreover, the presence of LiNO3 in electrolyte helps the electrochemical oxidation of Li2S and LiNO3-derived surface film effectively suppresses the migration of soluble polysulfide to the Li anode surface. Therefore, the obtained PCNFs-CNTs-S cathode exhibits excellent performance in Li-S battery with a high initial discharge capacity as high as 1302.9 mAh g−1, and super stable capacity retention with 809.1 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at the current density of 837.5 mA g−1 (0.5 C). And the rate capability of PCNFs-CNTs-S electrode is much better than those of CNTs-S and PCNFs-S electrodes.
The dynamics of polysulfide (PS) dissolution and re-deposition during electrochemical charge/discharge of the lithium-sulfur (Li–S) cell has been investigated in a quantitative manner based on in-operando transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) analysis of dimensional variations of S particles in working cells that have been subjected to different depths of charge/discharge. Extensive shrinkage and expansion of S particles have been observed to result from PS dissolution and re-deposition, respectively. The dissolution rate of PS is found to have complex dependence on the Li content, being significantly higher for the stoichiometries of LiS8 and Li2S4 than those between Li2S8 and Li2S6. PS re-deposition is nucleation-limited, leading to considerable aggregation of the S-containing active mass and enormous dimensional variations of active particles. These two consequences may impose threat to the cycle stability of the electrode. Possible benefit of introducing favorable nucleation sites is discussed.
We demonstrate an easy and versatile approach to modify a cathode-surface with a highly lithium–ion conductive layer by coating it with Li2TiF6. The thin and homogeneous Li2TiF6 coating is introduced onto an over-lithiated layered oxide (OLO, namely Li1.17Ni0.17Co0.1Mn0.56O2) surface via simple co-precipitation at ambient temperature by using Li2CO3 and H2TiF6 aqueous solutions. The lithium–conductive fluoride coating is expected to effectively suppress the undesired electrochemical and thermal interfacial reactions involving the OLO, which is critical in improving cycle performance and thermal stability. After Li2TiF6 surface modification, the coated OLO materials showed high rate capability as well as long cyclability and improved thermal stability. The crystalline structure and surface microstructure of the prepared OLOs were investigated by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Ultimately, the performances of the assembled lithium ion batteries were thoroughly investigated by electrochemical methods and thermal analysis.
Changes in the configuration and properties of a commercial silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) films are examined as a function of substrate temperature after UV curing. The treatment results in a chemical configuration rearrangement in which the Si–O stretching and Si–C bending increase. A direct consequence of the configuration and structural evolution is a change in the electrical properties. A correlation is made between configuration and structure changes in the treatment and the resulting electrical properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to quantify the increased Si–O and Si–C and reduced Si–H as a result of increased treated substrate temperature. As a consequence, chemical and configuration changes affect the electrical properties of SiOC films after treatment. The dielectric constant and leakage current density were determined by the metal insulator silicon method. High substrate temperature was shown to greatly improve the dielectric constant and leakage current. A high substrate temperature contributes to the formation of a low polarity structure of O1/2–Si(CH3) in the treatment process, which makes the dielectric constant recover. It also helps eliminate the dangling bond to reduce the leakage current density of the SiOC films. The treatment time does not affect the final configuration of SiOC films. As treatment time increases, dielectric constant and leakage current increases and becomes saturated.
Electrochemical insertion of lithium into the Cr2(SO4)3 framework was carried out in a “Li∣LiClO4:EC–PC (3:1)∣cathode” cylindrical cell (EC: ethylene carbonate, PC: propylene carbonate). Preliminary electrochemical data revealed that the Cr2(SO4)3 sample exhibit poor performance compared to the cation- and polyanion-substituted samples. Depending on the cation (Nb) substitution and the nature of the polyanion (XO4) (X=P and S): (a) a clear dependence of the shape of the discharge curve versus capacity; and (b) an enhancement of voltage and capacity rate have been obtained and their difference is discussed in terms of redox potential. The cathodes with Nb substitution and polyanion having (PO4)3− are more tolerant to repeated lithium insertion and extraction than a standard Cr2(SO4)3 framework electrode in spite of a small reduction in the open-circuit voltage. The improvement in cycling performance is attributed to the presence of Nb cations that enhance the stability of the octahedral sites in the structure.
Electricity storage is needed on an unprecedented scale to sustain the ongoing transition of electricity generation from fossil fuels to intermittent renewable energy sources like wind and solar power. Today pumped hydro is the only commercially viable large-scale electricity storage technology, but unfortunately it is limited to mountainous regions and therefore difficult to expand. Emerging technologies like adiabatic compressed air energy storage (ACAES) or storage using conventional power-to-gas (P2G) technology combined with underground gas storage can be more widely deployed, but unfortunately for long-term to seasonal periods these technologies are either very expensive or provide a very low round-trip efficiency. Here we describe a novel storage method combining recent advances in reversible solid oxide electrochemical cells with sub-surface storage of CO2 and CH4, thereby enabling large-scale electricity storage with a round-trip efficiency exceeding 70% and an estimated storage cost around 3 ¢ kW−1 h−1, i.e., comparable to pumped hydro and much better than previously proposed technologies.
The prosthetic and orthotic field is in constant flux, with newer technology and materials being incorporated into everyday practice. Research into the field is increasing as interest in restoring or simulating lost human function becomes more of a reality with advances in computer and microprocessor technology. This article explores the world of braces and artificial limbs, and reviews the inherent challenges encountered during rehabilitation of patients who have these specific orthotic/prosthetic needs. The authors provide quick-reference tables and highlight critical information needed to manage patients. It examines newer technology being developed and gauges how close the field really is to the era of Steve Austin, television's Six-Million Dollar Man.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses carbon-zinc batteries (primary) and carbon-zinc chloride batteries by different companies. Union Carbide produces a vast range of carbon-zinc dry cells and batteries. This range covers from single 1.5V cells with current ranges between 0.06 and 1500 mA to a multi-cell 510 V battery with a current range of 0-2.5 mA. Average service life data for a selection of these various types of cells and batteries are listed in the chapter. Crompton Vidor supply dry cells and batteries suitable for the operation of road warning lights, lighting, radio, burglar alarm, and fire alarm systems. Other examples are the V22, a 15V layer stack battery, which was uniquely designed by Vidor to power the transformer/capacitor-generated spark in an electronic cigarette lighter, and the L120-1196, a high-voltage unit in use with mass spectrometers and wherever a stable-high-voltage low-noise power source is required. Varta produce the range of carbon-zinc cells, theyalso supply 1.5 V zinc chloride cells. Their cell type 246 is a 1.5 V carbon-zinc button cell. Yuasa supply two ranges of carbon-zinc dry cells, the Golden G Hi Capacity series and the Standard Diamond series.