batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Different carbon blacks were added with quantities in between 0.2% and 2% to the negative active material of flooded lead-acid batteries. By scanning electron microscopy it can be shown that the carbons differ in aggregate structure and particle morphology. In order to test the effectiveness of the carbon blacks, the batteries were subjected to cycle tests with 17.5% depth of discharge. Batteries with carbons in the negative active masses display drastically decreased sulfation of the negative active masses. An extension of the battery lifetime by a factor of 2 could be determined compared to conventional batteries. Furthermore it was noticed that the battery cycle life is influenced by the dispersion properties of the carbon particles into the negative active mass. Particles which are homogenously distributed into the negative active mass are able to act over the whole plate and therefore affect cycle life positively.
The paper gives an overview of the innovative field of hybrid energy storage systems (HESS). An HESS is characterized by a beneficial coupling of two or more energy storage technologies with supplementary operating characteristics (such as energy and power density, self-discharge rate, efficiency, life-time, etc.). The paper discusses typical HESS-applications, energy storage coupling architectures and basic energy management concepts including a hierarchical control- and optimization-based energy management. Four HESS-configurations, suitable for the application in decentralized PV-systems: (a) power-to-heat/battery, (b) power-to-heat/battery/hydrogen, (c) supercap/battery and (d) battery/battery, are presented along with a principle approach for the power flow decomposition based on peak shaving and double low-pass filtering. A modular experimental test-bed for hybrid energy storage systems is described in its components, structure and functionality.
With p and q each standing for a familiar event, a disjunctive statement, “either p or q”, seems quite different from its material conditional, “if not p then q”. The notions of sufficiency and necessity seem specific to conditional statements. It is surprising, however, to find that perceived sufficiency and necessity affect disjunctive reasoning in the way they affect conditional reasoning. With B and C each standing for a category name, a universal statement, “all B are C”, seems stronger than its logically equivalent conditional statement, “if B then C”. However, the effects of perceived sufficiency or necessity were found to be as pronounced in conditional reasoning as in syllogistic reasoning. Furthermore, two experiments also showed that (a) MP (modus ponens)-comparable disjunctive reasoning was as difficult as MT (modus tollens)-comparable disjunctive reasoning, and that (b) MT-comparable syllogisms were easier to solve than MT problems in conditional reasoning.
Some data suggest that portable music players may damage hearing, but it will take years to settle the issue. In the meantime, it would be prudent to pursue educational efforts to help users choose their volume sensibly.
The V2O5 self-assembled nanosheets (SANsV2O5) were synthesized by an additive-free ultrasonic method with subsequent thermal decomposition. The loose nanostructured V2O5 is multi-layer structure stacked by 4∼6 layers with a thickness of 200∼300nm and each layer is composed by abundant nanoparticles in order. Due to this unique layered structure, the SANs V2O5 exhibits remarkable rate performance and excellent cycling stability. Specifically, it delivers reversible discharge capacities of 157.2 and 111.6mAhg−1 at current densities of 2C and 5C. After 300 cycles, it still maintained high capacities of 123.5 and 85.1mAhg−1, which corresponds to a capacity loss of 0.07% and 0.08% per cycle, respectively. In addition, even at 10C, it displays a capacity of 68.8mAhg−1 and 87.9% of the capacity (60.5mAhg−1) is remained after 300 cycles. All the results indicate the V2O5 self-assembled nanosheets could be a promising candidate as cathode active material for long-term cycling performance in Lithium-ion batteries.
Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the surgical options for treating Parkinson's disease (PD) and summarizes the indications, anatomical targets, and surgical techniques. The relevant anatomy and pathophysiology and the proposed mechanisms of action of deep brain stimulation (DBS) are discussed. The evidence supporting the use of surgical therapy for PD is discussed. The focus of this chapter is on DBS as it is currently the most commonly used modality in movement-disorder surgery. Before the development of DBS, lesioning procedures were the standard surgical approach to treat movement disorders. The purpose of DBS is to disrupt the abnormal neuronal activity underlying PD and reestablish more normal motor function. Surgical therapy for PD has developed from an understanding of the functional neuroanatomy of the cortical-basal ganglia–thalamic-cortical circuit and the pathophysiology of movement disorders. The chapter discusses the mechanism of action and operative procedure of DBS, intraoperative electrophysiological mapping, and complications and adverse effects of deep brain stimulation surgery. Surgical therapy for PD has made significant advances with the emergence of DBS. A substantial proportion of levodopa-responsive PD patients may benefit from adjunctive therapy with DBS. The primary DBS targets for PD are the subthalamic nucleus (STN), globus pallidus (GPi), and ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (Vim). Because of its adjustability and reversibility, DBS can be tailored to optimize its effects for each patient. To realize the potential benefits of DBS for PD, an experienced and knowledgeable team of movement disorder specialists is necessary.
Nitrogen-containing electrocatalysts, such as metal–nitrogen–carbon (M–N–C) composites and nitrogen-doped carbons, are known to exhibit high activities for an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Moreover, even if the mechanism by which nitrogen improves the activities is not completely understood, a strong electronic interaction between nitrogen and active sites has been found in these composites. Herein, we demonstrate a case in which nitrogen improves the electroactivity, but in the absence of a strong interaction with other components. The overpotentials of the ORR and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on perovskite oxide catalysts were significantly reduced simply by mixing the catalyst particles with polypyrrole/carbon composites (pPy/C). Any strong interactions between pPy (a nitrogen-containing compound) and active sites of the catalysts are not confirmed. A scenario based on the sequential task allocation between pPy and oxide catalysts for the ORR was proposed: (1) molecular oxygen is incorporated into pPy as a form of superoxide (pPy+O2−), (2) the superoxide is transferred to the active sites of perovskite catalysts, and (3) the superoxide is completely reduced along the 4e ORR process.
Highly-automated textile manufacturing equipment has the potential for integrating electronic components into fabric in a low-cost process. These electronic textiles (or e-textiles) have a wide range of potential applications in wearable computing and large-area applications, including medical monitoring, assistance to the disabled, and distributed sensor networks. This paper discusses the design and implementation of a large-scale e-textile that functions as an acoustic beamforming array. The paper conveys the implementation experience and gives results gathered from the prototype. Further, the primary implementation issues and guidelines for future development are identified.
In this work, we employed an in situspray pyrolysis approach to fabricate metal oxide-graphene composites with highly porous morphologies. The materials exhibited unique globular structures comprising metal oxide nanoparticles embedded between graphene sheets with high capacitance.
This paper reports a simple one-step hydrothermal routine to prepare orthorhombic LiMnO2 powder for Li ion battery application. Employing Mn2O3 and LiOH as the starting materials, hydrothermal reaction operated under 160°C for 12h generated pure-phased o-LiMnO2 powder. The morphological change and reduction in grain size between the reagent and the resultant were revealed by SEM observation, which indicated that LiOH played two important roles in the process, one as the Li ion source to form orthorhombic LiMnO2 by intercalation and the other as the corrosive medium to control the morphology and reduce the particle size. Detailed investigation showed that the LiOH concentration and the hydrothermal temperature were two key factors influencing phase purity of the final product. Pure-phased o-LiMnO2 prepared under optimized hydrothermal conditions showed higher capacity and better cyclical performance than the commonly prepared o-LiMnO2 powder, and therefore promised potential application for lithium ion secondary batteries.
Background Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies in schizophrenia report widespread aberrations in brain white matter (WM). These appear related to poorer neurocognitive performance and higher levels of negative and positive symptomatology. However, identification of the most salient WM aberrations to neurocognition and clinical symptoms is limited by relatively small samples with divergent results. Methods We examined 53 well-characterized patients with schizophrenia and 62 healthy controls. All participants were administered a computerized neurocognitive battery, which evaluated performance in several domains. Patients were assessed for negative and positive symptoms. Fractional anisotropy (FA) of WM cortical regions and WM fiber tracts were compared across the groups. FA values were also used to predict neurocognitive performance and symptoms. Results We confirm widespread aberrant WM microstructure in a relatively large sample of well-characterized patients with schizophrenia in comparison to healthy participants. Moreover, we illustrate the utility of FA measures in predicting global neurocognitive performance in healthy participants and schizophrenia patients, especially for reaction time. FA was less predictive of clinical symptomatology. Conclusions Using a standardized computerized neurocognitive battery and diffusion tensor imaging we show that behavioral performance is moderated by a particular constellation of WM microstructure in healthy individuals that differs in schizophrenia.
We investigate tin (Sn) and tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticle catalysts deposited on gas diffusion layers for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to formate. The performance and durability of these electrodes was evaluated in a gas-fed electrolysis cell with a flowing liquid electrolyte stream and an integrated reference electrode. The SnO2 electrodes achieved peak current densities of 385 ± 19 mA cm−2 while the Sn electrodes achieved peak current densities of 214 ± 6 mA cm−2, both at a formate selectivity > 70%. The associated peak formate production rates of 7.4 ± 0.6 mmol m−2 s−1 (Sn) and 14.9 ± 0.8 mmol m−2 s−1 (SnO2) were demonstrated for a 1-h electrolysis and compare favorably to prior literature. Post-test analyses reveal chemical and physical changes to both cathodes during electrolysis including oxide reduction at applied potentials more negative than − 0.6 V versus RHE, nanoparticle aggregation, and catalyst layer erosion. Understanding and mitigating these decay processes is key to extending electrode lifetime without sacrificing formate generation rates or process efficiency.
The use of electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) is increasing, but the impact of ECIG-vapor on cellular processes like inflammation or host defense are less understood. The aim of the present study was to compare the acute effects of traditional cigarettes (TCIGs) and ECIG-exposure on host defense, inflammation, and cellular activation of cell lines and primary differentiated human airway epithelial cells (pHBE).
Lead(II) oxides in bulk and thin film form were assessed as electrodes for lithium rechargeable batteries. Films were prepared by spray pyrolysis of aqueous solutions of Pb(CH3–COO)2·2H2O and deposited onto lead substrates at 175°C. Films heated at 250°C were found to consist of well-crystallized tetragonal PbO and evolve to the orthorhombic polymorph with prolonged heating. Cycling of the cells at a current density of 0.25 mA/cm2 over the range 1.0–0.0 V led to the formation of various Li y Pb alloys. Cells made from bulk oxides, whether tetragonal or orthorhombic, were found to exhibit poor performance (their capacity rapidly faded with cycling). By contrast, PbO film electrodes exhibited reversible capacity above 500 mA h/g beyond 40 cycles. The lead substrate must thus appreciably influence the electrochemical properties of the cell by facilitating adhesion of Li y Pb microcrystals to its surface, thereby favoring alloying/de-alloying processes.
Facile yet rational design of an efficient reversible oxygen electrocatalyst is critical for many renewable energy conversion and storage technologies. Here we report a simple and general synthetic protocol for fabricating a hierarchically porous and heteroatom doped carbon catalyst, which exhibited outstanding oxygen reduction/evolution activities (with a metric potential difference of 0.72 V in 1 M KOH, the best value for metal-free catalysts reported to date) with good stability in different electrolytes. The excellent performances of the catalyst were primarily endowed by our synthetic protocol, which integrates good conductivity, abundant accessible dopant species and suitable porous architectures within an in situ pyrolysis reaction. As a result, the performances of rechargeable Zn–air batteries based on the optimized catalyst substantially outperform those afforded by a benchmark Pt/C catalyzer. Our work is expected to open up new avenues for developing other efficient catalysts in a facile and viable way.
The influence of Cu(OH)2 addition in 7mol/L KOH alkaline electrolyte on the electrochemical properties of La0.75Mg0.25Ni3.5 hydrogen storage alloy electrode was investigated in the testing temperature range of from 25°C to −40°C in this paper. XRD Rietveld analyses shows that the La0.75Mg0.25Ni3.5 hydrogen storage alloy consists of LaNi5 phase, (La, Mg)2Ni7 phase and (La,Mg)Ni3 phase. The maximum discharge capacity and the high-rate dischargeability (HRD) of the La0.75 Mg0.25Ni3.5 alloy electrode both decrease with decreasing testing temperature, which mainly due to the slower hydrogen transfer in the bulk of the alloy and the lower electrocatalytic activity at lower temperatures. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses indicate that, with the addition of Cu(OH)2 to the KOH alkaline electrolyte, fine particles of metal Cu can be coated on the La0.75Mg0.25Ni3.5 alloy electrode surface during charging process by electrodeposition. The Cu powders deposited on the La0.75Mg0.25Ni3.5 alloy electrode can improve the alloy’s low-temperature discharge properties by decreasing its charge-transfer resistance and increasing its exchange current density. The cyclic stability of the Cu-deposited La0.75Mg0.25Ni3.5 alloy electrode can be also improved to a certain extent by increasing its corrosive resistance in KOH alkaline electrolyte.
Suitability of silicon prepared using Laser assisted Chemical Vapour Pyrolysis (LaCVP) as a potential anode material in lithium batteries is systematically investigated. Its compositional, morphological, physical-chemical and electrochemical properties are compared to a current benchmark commercial silicon. Important differences in particle size and particle composition are found which, as shown, affect critically the rheological properties of the corresponding electrode slurries. In order to overcome the rheological problems of prepared nanosilicon, we introduce and optimise a spraying method instead of using the usual casting technique for slurry application. Interestingly, the optimised electrodes show similar electrochemical performance, regardless of the particle size or composition of nanosilicon. This unexpected result is explained by the unusually high resistance of electrochemical wiring in silicon-based electrodes (about 60 Ohm per 1 mg cm−2 of active material loading). Despite that, the optimised material still shows a capacity up to 1200 mA h g−1 at a relatively high loading of 1.6 mg cm−2 and after 20 cycles. On the other hand, by decreasing the loading to below ca. 0.9 mg cm−2 the wiring problems are effectively overcome and capacities close to theoretical values can be obtained.
Renewable energy is one of the possible solutions when addressing climate change. Today, large-scale renewable energy integration needs to include the experience to balance the discrepancy between electricity demand and supply. The electrification of transportation may have the potential to deal with this imbalance and to reduce its high dependence on oil production. For this reason, it is interesting to analyse the extent to which transport electrification can further the renewable energy integration. This paper quantifies this issue in Inner Mongolia, where the share of wind power in the electricity supply was 6.5% in 2009 and which has the plan to develop large-scale wind power. The results show that electric vehicles (EVs) have the ability to balance the electricity demand and supply and to further the wind power integration. In the best case, the energy system with EV can increase wind power integration by 8%. The application of EVs benefits from saving both energy system cost and fuel cost. However, the negative consequences of decreasing energy system efficiency and increasing the CO2 emission should be noted when applying the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV). The results also indicate that developing renewable energy is crucial for transportation electrification.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique for characterizing Li-ion batteries. Besides the well-known state variables such as state of charge (SOC), state of health (SOH) and temperature, relaxation time after previous conditioning has a crucial impact on EIS measurements. By showing the EIS dependencies of three different temperatures, five SOCs and five cells with different cathode chemistries towards relaxation behavior, the importance of acknowledging relaxation time as an inner state is emphasized. After a single 1C cycle a deviation in the spectra compared to the relaxed state is detectable for up to 40hours. In order to explain relaxation behavior, a mind model is introduced, which accounts for three equalization effects inside a particle and through an electrode layer. By means of a 1-D Newman model implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics 4.3b, two of the three proposed effects are discussed in more detail. Qualitatively, simulation data show the same dependencies towards relaxation as the experimental data, indicating that the model is a proper tool to investigate processes inside a cell. Certain deviations between experimental and modeling data can be explained by the 1-D approach and the fact that wiring and cell connections are not accounted for in the model. Modeling results strongly indicate that relaxation processes mainly take place in the graphite anode, which is assumed to be due to the flat open-circuit potential of graphite.
The feral domestic cat (Felis catus) is considered to be one of the most damaging introduced predators, responsible for the decline and extinction of numerous native species. Advanced satellite technologies enable the study of resource selection by small mammals at fine-scales through remote data. These tools can improve understanding of the spatial ecology of introduced predators in ecologically sensitive areas, such as where cats pose a threat to native species and where improvement of predator control methods is required. We studied fine-scale resource selection by feral cats in the ecologically important New Zealand braided-river ecosystem, where they pose a risk to endangered native ground-nesting birds. We collected 34 location datasets from 21 cats fitted with lightweight global positioning system-collars, and extracted landscape variables from a resource map created using very high spatial resolution satellite imagery (Quickbird) and object-base imagery analysis for image classification. We modelled second-order seasonal and annual resource selection functions and characterized landscape composition of highly-used areas using compositional analysis. At a population level, cats generally selected fine-scale landscapes that are important for their primary prey rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), and for refugia. An external validation of the annual model using data from cats tracked in an independent study showed a positive correlation with model predictions. Individual cats also visited habitats used by native ground-nesting birds, and thus pose a threat to them through secondary predation or individual specialization. Cat control operations should therefore focus around areas of concentrated ground-nesting bird activity and in areas identified as high-use by cats.
A mathematical model is presented for a lithium ion cell under galvanostatic discharge. The non-homogeneous material balance equation for the solution phase of a lithium cell was solved analytically using Green's function. We determined the elementary solutions, the norms and the eigen values of the problems for galvanostatic boundary conditions and systematically tabulate the resulting expressions. The solution has been obtained in a closed form expression.
3D printing institute Canada Makes, tooling specialist Precision ADM, and Electra Meccanica Vehicles (EMV), which makes electric cars, have formed a partnership to make an automotive battery box end cap using additive manufacturing (AM). The battery box cap part was manufactured using titanium (Ti64ELI) on Precision ADM's EOS M290 3D printer. ‘We thought titanium would be the best material for its strength to weight ratio,’ said Martin Petrak, CEO and president of Precision ADM. ‘It allowed a reduction of the wall thickness by half therefore reducing the weight while maintaining the parts strength and stiffness.’ ‘The part was delivered to spec and installed on a prototype in less than two weeks,’ added Frank Defalco, manager of Canada Makes. ‘This project highlights two of the main appeals in adopting additive manufacturing. The time saved receiving a working metal prototype, which speeds up new products to market, and significant weight savings of parts when designed for additive manufacturing.’ Electra Meccanica Vehicles; www.electrameccanica.comThe battery box cap part was manufactured using titanium.