batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Individuals tend to avoid effortful tasks, regardless of whether they are physical or mental in nature. Recent experimental evidence is suggestive of individual differences in the dispositional willingness to invest cognitive effort in goal-directed behavior. The traits need for cognition (NFC) and self-control are related to behavioral measures of cognitive effort discounting and demand avoidance, respectively. Given that these traits are only moderately related, the question arises whether they reflect a common core factor underlying cognitive effort investment. If so, the common core of both traits might be related to behavioral measures of effort discounting in a more systematic fashion. To address this question, we aimed at specifying a core construct of cognitive effort investment that reflects dispositional differences in the willingness and tendency to exert effortful control.
In this work, the unique effect of the substitution of lithium ions by sodium ions in Li4Ti5O12 on the structure, crystalline size and electrochemical performance is investigated in details. The Li4−x Na x Ti5O12 materials are by high temperature calcination of titania, anhydrous lithium carbonate and anhydrous sodium carbonate. It is shown from the structure analysis that the phase structure transformation is found with gradually increasing the molar ratio of sodium ions to lithium ions in the as-prepared Li4−x Na x Ti5O12 samples, accompanied with the evident growth of the crystallites. Because of the phase structure transformation from a cubic structure to an orthorhombic structure whose open relatively tunnel structure along the b-axis makes for the lithium ion insertion/extraction, the Li2Na2Ti5O12 sample presents the low and sloped potential plateau as expected, distinguished from the high and flat potential plateau of Li4Ti5O12. Meanwhile, the Li2Na2Ti5O12 sample delivers the good high-rate capability and cycle stability during cycling. The results clarify the positive effect of the suitable substitution of lithium ions by sodium ions in Li4Ti5O12 anode material with the low operation potential for insuring the high working voltage of lithium ion batteries.
Degradation of the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 upon air exposure, assigned to a corrosion-type aging mechanism, implies the incorporation of hydroxyl groups and the formation of an amorphous tavorite-like phase at the surface. Using a carbon coating provides an efficient protection from this detrimental process but also modifies the surface in contact with the electrolyte. The formation and evolution of electrode/electrolyte interphases forming on both air-aged and carbon coated LiFePO4 are discussed based on combined quantitative 7Li, 19F MAS NMR, EIS and EELS measurements. Concerning the air-aged LiFePO4, the electrode/electrolyte interactions are dominated by the dissolution of the active material and an exacerbated reaction of incorporated hydroxyl groups with the electrolyte salt, resulting in a LiF rich interphase. This dissolution of the outer part of active material particles is accompanied by the departure of the previously formed interphase and a new interphase is then formed on a newly exposed surface. The resistive LiF rich interphase passivates the active material particles during cycling, forming a resistive film, hindering both Li ion transfer and material corrosion. Cellulose acetate based carbon coating prevents air-aging but yields to an accumulation of organic lithiated species, allowing Li transfer and maintaining good electrochemical performance.
A series of ordered mesoporous/microporous carbon materials derived from chromium carbide-derived carbons (CDCs) are prepared by nanocasting the chromic acetate and furfuryl alcohol precursor into SBA-15 and subsequent chlorination. The structure and morphology of the CDCs are characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that all of the synthesized CDCs present large specific surface area and pore volume. Especially, the CDCs-2 prepared at the mass ratio of 1/1 (chromic acetate/furfuryl alcohol) exhibits the chain-like morphology with high surface area (1236 m2 g−1), large pore volume (0.76 cm3 g−1), and the good mesopore size centered at 3.43 nm. The electrochemical properties of all the CDCs are studied by cyclic voltammetry, constant current charge/discharge, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cycle life measurements in 6 M KOH electrolyte. The results display that the sample CDCs-2 exhibits a high capacitance of 242.7 F g−1 at the current density of 1 A g−1 and good cycling stability with coulombic efficiency of 100% over 10000 cycles.
Multi-sensor tripod measurements in the high-turbidity area of the Belgian nearshore zone (southern North Sea) allowed investigating storm effects on near bed suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations. The data have shown that during or after a storm the SPM concentration increases significantly and that high concentrated mud suspensions (HCMS) are formed. Under these conditions, about 3 times more mass of SPM was observed in the water column, as compared to calm weather conditions. The following different sources of fine-grained sediments, influencing the SPM concentration signal, have been investigated: wind direction and the advection of water masses; the previous history and occurrence of fluffy layers; freshly deposited mud near the disposal grounds of dredged material, navigation channels and adjacent areas; and the erosion of medium-consolidated mud of Holocene age. Based on erosion behaviour measurements of in-situ samples, the critical erosion shear stresses have been estimated for different cohesive sediment samples outcropping in the study area. The results have shown that most of the mud deposits cannot be eroded by tidal currents alone, but higher shear stresses, as induced by storms with high waves, are needed. Erosion can however occur during storms with high waves. Data suggest that in order to obtain very high SPM concentrations near the bed, significant amounts of fine-grained sediments have to be resuspended and/or eroded. The disposal grounds of dredged material, navigation channels and adjacent areas with freshly deposited mud have been found to be the major source of the fine-grained sediments during storms. This result is important, as it suggests that dredging and the associated disposal of sediments have made available fine-grained matter that contributes significantly to the formation of high SPM concentrations and high concentrated mud suspensions.
Na2+2xFe2-x (SO4)3 is considered a promising cathode material for advanced sodium ion batteries with higher energy density due to its advantage of high-voltage, earth-abundant elements material and low-cost. However, strongly impeded by its fatal environmental sensitivity and low electronic conductivity, the NFS usually shows unsatisfactory electrochemical performance. Herein, a facile synthesis of microspherical NFS@reduced graphene oxide composites are synthesized through spray-drying method. The well-designed microspherical NFS@rGO with confined NFS nanocrystal in the three-dimensional graphene framework exhibits superb electronic and ionic conductivity as well as structural stability. The NFS@rGO composites show outstanding electrochemical properties: high sodium storage capacity (99 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C), superior rate performance (78 mAh g−1 at 60 C and even up to 72 mAh g−1 at 80 C), ultralong cycling stability (80.8% capacity retention after 2000 cycles at 30 C). The excellent performance makes the NFS@rGO material a prospective electrode candidate for large-scale SIBs.
Equations that describe the voltage variations with time of rechargeable batteries during charging and discharging measurements are used to determine the component values of the equivalent circuit of lithium ion batteries as the battery state of charge (SOC) changes from 100% to 40% SOC. The battery is described as an ideal voltage source in series with a resistor and the parallel combination of a resistor and a capacitor. The model uses different values of resistance and capacitance, in the parallel combination, during the different phases of the discharge-rest–charge-rest sequence. For the 3.7 V 900 mA-hour camera battery resistances vary from 0.01 Ω to 0.39 Ω and capacitances from 1.03 F to 16.23 F. The resistances are higher at 40% SOC than at 100% SOC. For both the charge and discharge phases the capacitor value decreases as the SOC decreases. The component values are useful in the design of circuits driven by the lithium ion battery.
LiNiPO4 belongs to a family of olivine type compounds, with members LiMPO4 where M =Fe, Mn, Co or Ni are transition metals. The lithium nickel phosphate was prepared and characterized in order to evaluate a new potential cathode material for our ongoing research in aqueous rechargeable batteries. Annealing the final product is critical in obtaining the stoichiometric LiNiPO4 pure phase; conventional cooling to a room temperature leads to an indication of Li3PO4 and NiO secondary phases as impurities. The synchrotron infrared radiation (SR-IR) as a source for IR spectroscopy pins down the differences in the chemical bonding for annealed and conventional cooled LiNiPO4 samples. The cyclic voltammetric and galvanostatic studies showed annealed LiNiPO4 is electrochemically active from which lithium ions can be de-intercalated during oxidation process leading to an amorphous NiPO4 and a minor product of nickel(II) hydroxide (β-NiOOH). During subsequent reduction, lithium ions are not fully intercalated, however, the structure is reversible and adequate for multiple cycles. The high potential in LiNiPO4 looks to be very attractive in terms of high energy density, given the efficiency is improved.
Nanoporous anatase TiO2 mesocrystals with tunable architectures and crystalline phases were successfully fabricated in the presence of the butyl oleate and oleylamine. Especially, the introduced surfactants served as a carbon source, bring a uniform carbon layer (about 2–8 nm) for heightening the electronic conductivity. The carbon coated TiO2 mesocrystals assembled from crystalline tiny subunits have more space sites for sodium-ion storage. When the material was applied as an electrode material in rechargeable sodium-ion batteries, it exhibited a superior capacity of about 90 mA h g−1 at 20 C (1 C = 168 mA g−1) and a highly reversible capacity for 5000 cycles, which is the longest cycle life reported for sodium storage in TiO2 electrodes.
SnSb-carbon nanotube nanocomposites are prepared by mixing melt-spun nanocrystalline SnSb with carbon nanotubes. The composite with 10wt% acid functionalized CNTs shows a good initial Coulombic efficiency of 79% and a reversible capacity of 860mAhg−1 during the 40th cycle at a current density of 160mAg−1. Apart from that, the composite also shows promising capacities at high C rates. The enhancement is attributed to the synergistic effect between the nanocrystalline SnSb alloy and the CNT scaffold, which buffers the pulverization process and facilitates fast lithium ions diffusion.
Pakistan is an agricultural country and most of its population resides in rural areas. These communities have small power demands which can easily be met through proper utilization of renewable energy technologies such as solar photovoltaic (PV). The focus of this research work is to encourage people and government to develop zero energy communities which will greatly help to achieve sustainable energy infrastructure in the country. In this paper, feasibility of a grid-connected PV power system without battery backup is conducted for the climatic conditions of a rural community located in Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan. RETScreen clean energy simulation tool is used to optimize and carry out feasibility analysis of the proposed PV system. The analysis is carried out based on project finances, fuel saving potential, energy production, capacity factor, and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The financial viability of the project is studied by comparing it with the grid electricity. The results indicate that the proposed PV power plant can provide energy in remote areas at relatively better rates as compared to grid electricity. Furthermore, this initiative will help to reduce the emissions of harmful greenhouse gases and to achieve a sustainable development in the country. A sensitivity analysis is also performed to demonstrate and elaborate the effects of government incentives on different decision variables.
Sulphur-doped spinel LiMn2O3.99S0.01 is a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. It can be obtained in a form of nanocrystals by a facile, eco-friendly and water-based sol-gel synthesis. In this work, LMOS was successfully coated with a 2–3 nm conductive carbon layer fabricated from pyrolysis of modified poly(N-vinylformamide) - water-soluble polymer precursor. Carbon coated material exhibits greatly increased performance under high currents and improved cyclability in long-term charge-discharge tests. Pristine and carbon-coated samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electrochemical performance of the materials is examined by galvanostatic charge-discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Carbon coated sample present a highly enhanced rate capability, withstanding up to 100C rate and maintaining up to 67.5% of initial 1C discharge capacity at 50C rate (1C - 148 mA g−1 – current required to fully charge a cell in time of 1 h). Li+ ion apparent diffusion coefficient in carbon coated sample is approximately twice increased. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has shown, that carbon coating decreases internal resistances of the cell caused by material passivation and charge-transfer reactions.
In this paper, a graphene/shape-memory polyurethane (PU) composite film, used for a supercapacitor electrode, is fabricated by a simple bonding method. In the composite, formerly prepared graphene paper is closely bonded on the surface of the PU slice, forming a bi-layered composite film. Based on the good flexibility of graphene paper and the outstanding shape holding capacity of PU phase, the resulting composite film can be changed into various shapes. Also, the composite film shows excellent shape recovery ability. The graphene/PU composite film used as the electrode maintains a satisfactory electrochemical capacitance of graphene material and there is no decay in the specific capacitance after long-cycle testing, making it attractive for novel supercapacitors with special shapes and shape-memory ability.
The development of high-performance capacitive energy storage devices is of critical importance to address an ever-increasing electricity need. The energy density of a film capacitor is determined by the dielectric constant and breakdown strength of dielectric materials. With the highest dielectric constant among the known polymers, poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based ferroelectric terpolymers are of great potential for high energy density capacitors. However, their energy storage capability has long been limited by the relatively low breakdown strength. Here we demonstrate remarkable improvements in the energy density and charge–discharge efficiency of the ferroelectric terpolymers upon the incorporation of ultra-thin boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs). It is found that BNNSs function as a robust scaffold to hamper the onset of electromechanical failure and simultaneously as an efficient insulating barrier against electrical conduction in the resulting polymer nanocomposites, resulting in greatly enhanced breakdown strength. Of particular note is the improved thermal conductivity of the terpolymer with the introduction of BNNSs; this is anticipated to benefit the stability and lifetime of polymer capacitors. This work establishes a facile, yet efficient approach to solution-processable dielectric materials with performance comparable or even superior to those achieved in the traditionally melt-extruded ultra-thin films.
Polyaniline (PANI) has been widely used for the energy storage applications either as a conducting agent or directly as an electroactive material due to the tunable pseudocapacitive performance owing to its various oxidation states. Although PANI supercapacitors are known for over three decades, immediate attention has been paid just over the past few years due to the potential practical applications. Here, we extensively review recent works on PANI-based supercapacitors using nanocomposites of PANI with other electrochemically active materials including carbonaceous materials and metal oxides. Recent works on developing new electrolytes for PANI supercapacitors including utilization of additional redox systems within the electrolyte, neutral electrolytes, and solid-state electrolytes are discussed. Some other interesting applications of PANI in energy-related applications are also covered in this review.
It is highly desirable to develop flexible solid-state electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) with non-liquid electrolyte. However, it is still a great challenge to prepare gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) possessing high ionic conductivity and good mechanical property. In this work, a simple and novel method to improve the conductivity and mechanical properties of GPE film for their applications as electrolyte and separator in EDLC is presented. The GPE film is prepared by cross-linking ionic liquid (IL) with poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) and benzophenone (Bp) followed by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Then, a non-woven cellulose separator (FPC) is used to absorb the GPE. By tuning the mass ratio (n) between IL and PEO, the flexible EDLC cooperated with low-cost active carbon and the electrolyte film with n=10 has a high capacitance of 70.84F∙g−1, a wide and stable electrochemical window of 3.5V, an energy density of 30.13Wh∙kg−1 and a power density of 874.8W∙kg−1 at a current density of 1A∙g−1, which can drive a 3.0V light-emitting diode (LED). Importantly, the excellent performance of the flexible and low-cost EDLC can be maintained at a bending angle up to 180°, indicating the ultra-flexibility. It is expected that the IL-PEO-FPC electrolyte film is a promising candidate of GPE for flexible devices and energy storage systems.
This report describes the use of three quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) programs to predict drug-related cardiac adverse effects (AEs), BioEpisteme™, MC4PC, and Leadscope Predictive Data Miner. QSAR models were constructed for 9 cardiac AE clusters affecting Purkinje nerve fibers (arrhythmia, bradycardia, conduction disorder, electrocardiogram, palpitations, QT prolongation, rate rhythm composite, tachycardia, and Torsades de pointes) and 5 clusters affecting the heart muscle (coronary artery disorders, heart failure, myocardial disorders, myocardial infarction, and valve disorders). The models were based on a database of post-marketing AEs linked to 1632 chemical structures, and identical training data sets were configured for three QSAR programs. Model performance was optimized and shown to be affected by the ratio of the number of active to inactive drugs. Results revealed that the three programs were complementary and predictive performances using any single positive, consensus two positives, or consensus three positives were as follows, respectively: 70.7%, 91.7%, and 98.0% specificity; 74.7%, 47.2%, and 21.0% sensitivity; and 138.2, 206.3, and 144.2 χ 2. In addition, a prospective study using AE data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) MedWatch Program showed 82.4% specificity and 94.3% sensitivity. Furthermore, an external validation study of 18 drugs with serious cardiotoxicity not considered in the models had 88.9% sensitivity.
The oxidation of natural graphite particles with a prismatic (flake-like) structure was investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between the relative fraction of edge sites and the oxidation behaviour of graphite. The approximate prismatic structure of the natural graphite provided a model geometry from which the relative fraction of edge and basal plane sites was determined. The three thermal parameters, ignition temperature (T i), temperature maximum (T m) in the DTA curves, and the temperature at which 15% carbon weight loss is attained (T 15), were determined for a series of natural graphite samples (average particle size, 2–40μm) using simultaneous TGA/DTA. The results reported in this study support the observation that the fraction of edge sites has a strong influence on the thermal parameters (T i, T m and T 15) for the oxidation of graphite.
Bland MD, Sturmoski A, Whitson M, Connor LT, Fucetola R, Huskey T, Corbetta M, Lang CE. Prediction of discharge walking ability from initial assessment in a stroke inpatient rehabilitation facility population. Objectives To (1) determine which clinical assessments at admission to an inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) most simply predict discharge walking ability, and (2) identify a clinical decision rule to differentiate household versus community ambulators at discharge from an IRF. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting IRF. Participants Two samples of participants (n=110 and 159) admitted with stroke. Interventions A multiple regression determined which variables obtained at admission (age, time from stroke to assessment, Motricity Index, somatosensation, Modified Ashworth Scale, FIM, Berg Balance Scale, 10-m walk speed) could most simply predict discharge walking ability (10-m walk speed). A logistic regression determined the likelihood of a participant achieving household (<0.4m/s) versus community (≥0.4–0.8m/s; >0.8m/s) ambulation at the time of discharge. Validity of the results was evaluated on a second sample of participants. Main Outcome Measure Discharge 10-m walk speed. Results Admission Berg Balance Scale and FIM walk item scores explained most of the variance in discharge walk speed. The odds ratio of achieving only household ambulation at discharge was 20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6–63) for sample 1 and 32 (95% CI, 10–96) for sample 2 when the combination of having a Berg Balance Scale score of ≤20 and a FIM walk item score of 1 or 2 was present. Conclusions A Berg Balance Scale score of ≤20 and a FIM walk item score of 1 or 2 at admission indicates that a person with stroke is highly likely to only achieve household ambulation speeds at discharge from an IRF.
Historically, the rural population of Nepal has been meeting their energy needs from traditional sources like fuel wood and other biomass resources. Only about 44% of the total population has access to grid electricity. Because of country’s rough and mountainous topography, high cost of grid extension, and low and scattered population density, constructing some big power plants (e.g. large hydropower) can not meet the electricity needs of all people, especially those living in rural areas. Distributed generation of electricity, using environment friendly solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, might be one of the reliable alternatives for urban as well as rural electrification. This article begins with a general overview of energy resources in Nepal. Present status and perspectives of solar PV sector have also been discussed. Benefit cost and breakeven analyses of solar PV systems in Nepalese urban areas have been carried out. The breakeven year has been calculated between 2027 and 2036 for PV systems with system life time between 40 and 25years, respectively. It has been concluded that the solar PV systems are not the economic solutions for grid connected urban areas in Nepal. On the other hand, this article concludes that the rural electrification projects should not be decided on the basis of mere monetary benefits, rather many social aspects should be considered, and in this case, there are not convincing alternatives to solar PV systems for electrification in many rural villages in Nepal.