batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
People with Parkinson’s disease (PD) can exhibit disabling gait symptoms such as freezing of gait especially when distracted by a secondary task. Quantitative measurement method of this type of cognitive–motor abnormality, however, remains poorly developed. Here we examined whether stepping-in-place (SIP) with a concurrent mental task (e.g., subtraction) can be used as a simple method for evaluating cognitive–motor deficits in PD. We used a 4th generation iPod Touch sensor system to capture hip flexion data and obtain step height (SH) measurements (z axis). The accuracy of the method was compared to and validated by kinematic video analysis software. We found a general trend of reduced SH for PD subjects relative to controls under all conditions. However, the SH of PD freezers was significantly worse than PD non-freezers and controls during concurrent serial 7 subtraction and SIP tasking. During serial 7 subtraction, SH was significantly associated with whether or not a PD patient was a self-reported freezer even when controlling for disease severity. Given that this SIP-based dual-task paradigm is not limited by space requirements and can be quantified using a mobile tracking device that delivers specifically designed auditory task instructions, the method reported here may be used to standardize clinical assessment of cognitive–motor deficits under a variety of dual-task conditions in PD.
Controlling a cathode/electrolyte interface by modifying the surface of a cathode material with metal oxides or phosphates is a concept being explored as a possible strategy for improving the electrochemical performance of such materials. This study therefore looks at the crystal structure and chemical bonding state from bulk to surface of Al2O3-coated Li[Li0.2Ni0.18Co0.03Mn0.58]O2 and explores the influence that surface modification has on the electrochemical performance. Investigation by X-ray diffraction, hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) and galvanostatic charge/discharge reaction reveals that the surface-modification layer is composed of Li–Al oxides and Al oxides, with a LiM 1−x Al x O2 (M = transition metal) interlayer formed between the modification layer and Li[Li0.2Ni0.18Co0.03Mn0.58]O2 particles. The cycling performance of the Li-rich layered oxide is enhanced by its surface modification with Al2O3, achieving a discharge capacity of more than 310 mA h−1 and excellent cycling stability at 50 °C when combined with a more gradual Li-insertion/de-insertion process (i.e., stepwise precycling treatment).
This paper presents a dual-electrolyte lithium-silver battery by using Celgard® to separate organic electrolyte and aqueous electrolyte. Such type of battery can output a maximum power density of 29.9 mW cm−2 (or denoted as 915Wkg−1), and can also deliver high energy density (650 Wh kg−1) at 1mAcm−2. The power density obtained is about 2 times higher than that of dual-electrolyte Li-air battery with the NASICON-type lithium-ion conducting solid electrolyte. The high power density performance is main attributed to the low area-speciﬁc impedance of Celgard® 2325 (5.6Ωcm−2) which soaked in 1M LiClO4 in PC/DMC. The infrared spectra results of fresh Celgard® 2325 sample and with above-mentioned organic electrolyte and aqueous electrolyte treatment, respectively, indicate that Celgard® 2325 is chemically stable in used electrolyte condition. In addition, the capacity utilization efficiency of the battery active materials is about 93%, indicating the Celgard® 2325 possesses obvious water-proof property at all of used discharge operation condition.
Governments must keep agricultural systems free of pests that threaten agricultural production and international trade. Biosecurity surveillance already makes use of a wide range of technologies, such as insect traps and lures, geographic information systems, and diagnostic biochemical tests. The rise of cheap and usable surveillance technologies such as remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) presents value conflicts not addressed in international biosurveillance guidelines. The costs of keeping agriculture pest-free include privacy violations and reduced autonomy for farmers. We argue that physical and digital privacy in the age of ubiquitous aerial and ground surveillance is a natural right to allow people to function freely on their land. Surveillance methods must be co-created and justified through using ethically defensible processes such as discourse theory, value-centred design and responsible innovation to forge a cooperative social contract between diverse stakeholders. We propose an ethical framework for biosurveillance activities that balances the collective benefits for food security with individual privacy: (1) establish the boundaries of a biosurveillance social contract; (2) justify surveillance operations for the farmers, researchers, industry, the public and regulators; (3) give decision makers a reasonable measure of control over their personal and agricultural data; and (4) choose surveillance methodologies that give the appropriate information. The benefits of incorporating an ethical framework for responsible biosurveillance innovation include increased participation and accumulated trust over time. Long term trust and cooperation will support food security, producing higher quality data overall and mitigating against anticipated information gaps that may emerge due to disrespecting landholder rights.
Understanding the solvation structures of electrolytes is important for developing nonaqueous redox flow batteries that hold considerable potential for future large scale energy storage systems. The utilization of an emerging ionic-derivatived ferrocene compound, ferrocenylmethyl dimethyl ethyl ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Fc1N112-TFSI), has recently overcome the issue of solubility in the supporting electrolyte. In this work, 13C, 1H and 17O NMR investigations were carried out using electrolyte solutions consisting of Fc1N112-TFSI as the solute and the mixed alkyl carbonate as the solvent. It was observed that the spectra of 13C experience changes of chemical shifts while those of 17O undergo linewidth broadening, indicating interactions between solute and solvent molecules. Quantum chemistry calculations of both molecular structures and chemical shifts (13C, 1H and 17O) are performed for interpreting experimental results and for understanding the detailed solvation structures. The results indicate that Fc1N112-TFSI is dissociated at varying degrees in mixed solvent depending on concentrations. At dilute solute concentrations, most Fc1N112+ and TFSI− are fully disassociated with their own solvation shells formed by solvent molecules. At saturated concentration, Fc1N112+-TFSI- contact ion pairs are formed and the solvent molecules are preferentially interacting with the Fc rings rather than interacting with the ionic pendant arm of Fc1N112-TFSI.
Electrode degradation in LiFePO4/mesocarbon microbead graphite (MCMB) pouch cells aged at 55°C by a synthetic hybrid drive cycle or storage is diagnosed and put into context with previous results of aging at 22°C. The electrode degradation is evaluated by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), measured separately on electrodes harvested from the cells, and by using a physics-based impedance model for aging evaluation. Additional capacity measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) are used in the evaluation. At 55°C the LiFePO4 electrode shows increased particle/electronic conductor resistance, for both stored and cycled electrodes. This differs from results obtained at 22°C, where the electrode suffered lowered porosity, particle fracture, and loss of active material. For graphite, only cycling gave a sustained effect on electrode performance at 55°C due to lowered porosity and changes of surface properties, and to greater extent than at low temperature. Furthermore, increased current collector resistance also contributes to a large part of the pouch cell impedance when aged at increased temperatures. The result shows that increased temperature promotes different degradation on the electrode level, and is an important implication for high temperature accelerated aging. In light of the electrode observations, the correlation between full-cell and electrode impedances is discussed.
Introduction: The Developmental Model of Sports Participation proposes two distinct pathways towards reaching an expert level of performance: early specialization and early diversification. This study investigated the effect of sampling various sports and of the amount of time spent in sports on physical fitness and gross motor coordination. Methods: The basic performance characteristics of 735 boys aged 6–12, divided into three age groups (6–8: n=161, 8–10: n=310, 10–12: 264) were assessed by a test battery containing anthropometrical, physical fitness and coordinative tests. Data on sports participation were obtained through the use of the Flemish Physical Activity Computerized Questionnaire. Results: In the eldest age group, (M)ANCOVA showed better strength, speed, agility, endurance and gross motor coordination (p<0.05) for boys participating in various sports versus in a single sport while an effect of many hours spent in sports was apparent from the youngest age group on. Also in the eldest group, a post hoc analysis revealed that boys spending many hours in various sports were the strongest (p<0.05) and possessed the best gross motor coordination (p<0.001). Discussion: A slow and rapid performance improvement is associated with early diversification and early specialization respectively. Therefore, the importance of spending many hours in various sports towards the development of physical fitness and gross motor coordination was highlighted in this study.
The energy density and cost of battery systems, relative to the current state-of-the art, can be improved by developing alternative chemistries utilizing multivalent working ions such as calcium. Many challenges must be overcome, such as the identification of cathode materials with high energy density and an electrolyte with a wide electrochemical stability window that can plate and strip calcium metal, before market implementation. Herein, the feasibility and cycling performance of Ca2+ intercalation into a desodiated layered Na2FePO4F host is described. This is the first demonstration of Ca2+ intercalation into a polyanionic framework, which implies that other polyanionic framework materials may be active for Ca2+ intercalation. Although substantial effort is expected in order to develop a high energy density cathode material, this study demonstrates the feasibility of Ca2+ intercalation into multiple host structures types, thereby extending opportunities for development of Ca insertion host structures, suggesting such a cathode material can be identified and developed.
Disease identification in public health monitoring routinely employs analyte detection systems capable of discriminating mixtures of analytes, toxins, cells and/or bacteria in medical and/or environmental solutions. The development of smart sensors capable of discriminating such compounds has become increasingly important for clinical, environmental, and health applications. While some sensors have been fashioned for single analyte detection, methods and systems that facilitate rapid screening of multiple clinical components are needed, serving as triggers for potential epidemics or more specific confirmatory testing. In public health applications, there is like need for immediate collection of geocoded data tagged by disease identification characteristics, with corresponding alerting capabilities. In this technology review we propose one promising model for using a combination of emerging systems-based technologies in multi sensor cartridges, integrated with GPS-enabled, alert-capable mobile phone devices.
Hollandite-type MnO2 (HMDO) with hydronium as tunnel counter ion was synthesized by oxidation of MnSO4 with ozone in a concentrated sulfuric acid solution.Its composition and structure were analyzed and characterized by inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), titration, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Hydronium can be exchanged with hydrated lithium ion and the exchanged HMDO can be dehydrated at 300°C. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge study showed that HMDO with lithium ion exchanged and dehydrated had potential to be used as a cathode material in lithium secondary batteries.
The rate of self-discharge in lithium half-cells with the spinel-type LiMn2O4 cathode was investigated in the 60–75°C temperature range. The time dependence of the capacity loss and the open-circuit voltage (OCV) was monitored during the thermal aging. Lithium re-intercalation from the electrolyte appears to govern the mechanism of self-discharge in the two plateaus at the ‘4V’ areas. Treatment of the OCV data acquired during aging and by the Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) method allowed the electrode composition to be determined during the course of self-discharge. Self-discharge current was then determined and plotted against OCV. The isothermal voltammograms obtained show characteristic self-discharge current peaks.
Well-crystallized LiNi0.7Co0.3O2 was prepared, simply and economically, by the acetate self-mixing method. This method gave spontaneous and homogeneous mixing of molten reactants, as well as steady intermediate phase translation without using any artificial mixing procedures. This led to good battery performance, initial discharge capacity of 172.8mAh/g and discharge capacity retention of 98.7% over 20 cycles. Spectroscopic evidence for spontaneous and homogeneous mixing is provided.
The electrochemical reaction mechanisms between lithium and cystalline MnSb are investigated by X-ray diffraction, 121Sb Mössbauer spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The analysis of the experimental data at different depths of the electrochemical discharge process reveals a complex reaction mechanism comprising two steps. The main reaction of the first step corresponds to the dispersion of lithium in the MnSb matrix with formation of the intermediate compound LiMnSb. The second step corresponds to a Li–Sb alloying process with formation of Li3Sb.
Aluminum ion batteries are attractive new generation energy storage devices in large-scale energy applications such as grid storage due to its low cost, high safety and three-electron-redox properties potentially leading to high capacity. Cathode materials with both high capacity and rate performance are urgently needed to fulfill such applications. Here, a three-dimensional carbon-encapsulated cobalt selenide nanoparticles are developed from metal organic frameworks as a novel aluminum ion batteries cathode. The cathode material delivers an unprecedented capacity of 427 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 with two high discharge plateaus at 1.0 V and 1.9 V (equivalent to energy density of 424 Wh kg−1). And even at a very high current density of 5000 mA g−1, the initial discharge capacity of cathode electrode can reach 254.8 mAh g−1, and a high capacity of 62.4 mAh g−1 is retained after 100 cycles. Such outstanding performance are attributed to the well-defined nanostructure of three-dimensional carbon-encapsulated cobalt selenide cathode material. This work represents a significant step forward to prepare advanced cathode materials for aluminum ion batteries.
A new model that keeps all major advantages of the single-particle model of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and includes three-dimensional structure of the electrode was developed. Unlike the single spherical particle, this model considers a small volume element of an electrode, called the representative volume element (RVE), which represents the real electrode structure. The advantages of using RVE as the model geometry were demonstrated for a typical LIB electrode consisting of nano-particle LiFePO4 (LFP) active material. The three-dimensional morphology of the LFP electrode was reconstructed using a synchrotron X-ray nano-computed tomography at the Advanced Photon Source of the Argonne National. A 27 μm3 cube from reconstructed structure was chosen as the RVE for the simulation purposes. The model was employed to predict the voltage curve in a half-cell during galvanostatic operations and validated with experimental data. The simulation results showed that the distribution of lithium inside the electrode microstructure is very different from the results obtained based on the single-particle model. The range of lithium concentration is found to be much greater, successfully illustrating the effect of microstructure heterogeneity.
Regulatory guidance for schizophrenia cognition clinical trials requires that the assessment of cognitive change is accompanied by a functionally meaningful endpoint. However, currently available measures are challenged by resistance to change, psychometric weaknesses, and for interview-based assessments, dependence upon the presence of an informant. The aims of the current study were to: 1) assess the validity, sensitivity, and reliability of the Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT) as a measure of functional capacity; 2) determine the association between performance on the VRFCAT and performance on the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB); and 3) compare the metrics of the VRFCAT with the UCSD Performance-based Skills Assessment (UPSA). 167 patients with schizophrenia and 166 healthy controls completed the VRFCAT, UPSA, and the MCCB at baseline. The VRFCAT and UPSA were completed again at follow-up. The VRFCAT, MCCB, and UPSA were very sensitive to impairment in schizophrenia (d=1.16 to 1.22). High test-retest reliability was demonstrated for VRFCAT total completion time and the UPSA total score in patients (ICC=0.81 and 0.78, respectively). The UPSA demonstrated significant practice effects in patients (d=0.35), while the VRFCAT did not (d=−0.04). VRFCAT total completion time was correlated with both UPSA (r =−0.56, p <0.0001 for patients and −0.58, p <0.0001 for controls) and MCCB Composite (r =−0.57, p <0.0001 for patients and −0.68, p <0.0001 for controls). The VRFCAT is a highly reliable and sensitive measure of functional capacity with associations to the UPSA and MCCB. These results provide encouraging support for a computerized functional capacity assessment for use in schizophrenia.
We present a variational framework for the computational homogenization ofchemo-mechanical processes of soft porous materials. The multiscale variationalframework is based on a minimization principle with deformation map and solvent fluxacting as independent variables. At the microscopic scale we assume the existence ofperiodic representative volume elements (RVEs) that are linked to the macroscopic scalevia first-order scale transition. In this context, the macroscopic problem is consideredto be homogeneous in nature and is thus solved at a single macroscopic material point.The microscopic problem is however assumed to be heterogeneous in nature and thus callsfor spatial discretization of the underlying RVE. Here, we employ Raviart–Thomas finiteelements and thus arrive at a conforming finite-element formulation of the problem. Wepresent a sequence of numerical examples to demonstrate the capabilities of themultiscale formulation and to discuss a number of fundamental effects.
State-of-charge (SOC) estimation is a core technology for battery management systems. Considerable progress has been achieved in the study of SOC estimation algorithms, especially the algorithm on the basis of Kalman filter to meet the increasing demand of model-based battery management systems. The Kalman filter weakens the influence of white noise and initial error during SOC estimation but cannot eliminate the existing error of the battery model itself. As such, the accuracy of SOC estimation is directly related to the accuracy of the battery model. Thus far, the quantitative relationship between model accuracy and model-based SOC estimation remains unknown. This study summarizes three equivalent circuit lithium-ion battery models, namely, Thevenin, PNGV, and DP models. The model parameters are identified through hybrid pulse power characterization test. The three models are evaluated, and SOC estimation conducted by EKF-Ah method under three operating conditions are quantitatively studied. The regression and correlation of the standard deviation and normalized RMSE are studied and compared between the model error and the SOC estimation error. These parameters exhibit a strong linear relationship. Results indicate that the model accuracy affects the SOC estimation accuracy mainly in two ways: dispersion of the frequency distribution of the error and the overall level of the error. On the basis of the relationship between model error and SOC estimation error, our study provides a strategy for selecting a suitable cell model to meet the requirements of SOC precision using Kalman filter.
Carbon-based nanofibers can be used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Both pure carbon nanofiber and C/Fe3O4 composite nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning and subsequent carbonization processes. The composition and structures were characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties were evaluated in coin-type cells versus metallic lithium. It is found that after an annealing temperature of 500–700°C, the carbon has disordered structure while Fe3O4 is nanocrystalline with a particle size from 8.5 to 52nm. Compared with the pure carbon nanofiber, the 600°C-carbonized C/Fe3O4 composite nanofiber exhibits much better electrochemical performance with a high reversible capacity of 1007mAhg−1 at the 80th cycle and excellent rate capability. A beneficial powderization phenomenon is discovered during the electrochemical cycling. This study suggests that the optimized C/Fe3O4 composite nanofiber is a promising anode material for high performance lithium-ion batteries.
The use of planar PEMFCs in printed circuit board (PCB) technology with a thickness of less than 3.5mm are presented. This planar design consists of an open cathode side which allows a completely passive, self-breathing operation of the fuel cell. Power densities of 100mW/cm2 at 500mV with hydrogen as a fuel were achieved. A steady operation with this type of fuel cell was demonstrated over a week without any cell flooding. Since the electrical conducting elements of PCBs usually are made of copper, corrosion in the wet environment of a PEMFC is expected. Thus, a significant degradation in performance of fuel cells made of plain copper PCBs was seen in long-term operation. In order to avoid corrosion, the copper layer has to be coated. Fuel cells in PCB design with diverse coatings were tested in long-term operations up to 1000h under load. Moreover, corrosion currents have been determined by the use of potentiodynamic scans. Promising coatings are electroplated Cr and Ni and a combination of Ni/Au.
In this report, we review the need for point-of-care (POC) or near real-time testing for antiretrovirals, progress in the field, evidence for guiding implementation of these tests globally, and future directions in objective antiretroviral therapy (ART) or pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence monitoring.