batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We tested the hypothesis that a composite graft of fresh bone marrow (BM) along with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), transplanted into the ischemic boundary zone (IBZ) of rat brain, facilitates BM cells to survive and differentiate, and improves functional recovery after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). The fresh BM was harvested from adult rats injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) as a tracer. Rats (n=37) were subjected to 2h of MCAo, received grafts at 24h and were sacrificed at 7days after MCAo. Test groups consisted of: (1) control — MCAo alone (n=9); (2) injection of phosphate buffered saline (n=4); (3) transplantation of BM (n=8); (4) injection of BDNF (n=7); and (5) transplantation of BM with BDNF (n=9) into the IBZ. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify cells derived from the BM stem cells. Behavioral tests (rotarod motor test; adhesive-removal somatosensory test) were performed before and 7days after MCAo. The data indicate that intracerebral grafting of a combination of BM with BDNF enhances differentiation of BM cells and significantly improves motor recovery of rotarod (P<0.05) and adhesive-removal (P<0.05) tests. We anticipate that BM along with neurotrophic factors may provide a powerful autoplastic therapy for human neurological injury and degenerative disorders.
Cu2O/Cu composite particles were synthesized by a novel and facile chemical reduction method without any template or surfactant. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that the product mainly consisted of the Cu2O phase coexisting with a few Cu phases. Typical FE-SEM images indicated that the particles with an octahedral shape were Cu2O. In addition, the electrochemical performance of the Cu2O/Cu particles as the working electrode material in alkaline solution was systematically investigated. The particles showed a maximum discharge capacity of 222.9mAhg−1 at a discharge current density of 60mAg−1 and a high value of 109.1mAhg−1 after 50 charge–discharge cycles. The results of cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that the reaction between Cu2O and Cu is the major electrochemical reaction during the charging and discharging process. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated that the formation of Cu2O on the surface of Cu particles significantly increased the contact resistance and the charge transfer resistance of the electrode during the discharging process.
Recent legislative and local school accountability efforts have placed a premium on the collection, analysis, and use of student assessment data for educational improvement. As a result, schools have sought assessments that will provide additional information about student performance. In response, a burgeoning boon industry formed—formative educational assessment systems. In this study we describe how districts search for and acquire formative assessment systems to meet their needs. We focus on three school districts that adopted three different formative assessment systems. Our findings suggest the fit between a system’s characteristics and a school district’s intended use is the most important consideration in instituting a successful formative assessment system that will have a positive impact on teacher education and student learning.
The main battery type employed in standby applications is the valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery. Float charging is normally used to maintain the battery in its fully charged state, however, float charging has limitations that can damage the battery and shorten its life. New charge regimes have evolved in recent years to tackle the intrinsic problems of float charging. The intermittent charge (IC) regime and the interrupted charge control (ICC) regime have been developed to prolong the service life of the battery in standby applications. The battery is normally maintained in the standby mode for a long period of time and there are infrequent discharge tests to verify the efficacy of the battery. Hence, the service life of the battery is highly correlated to its charge regime. This paper reviews the charge regimes for VRLA batteries, and assesses their charging performance and their impact on the service life of the battery. Recognising that temperature plays a significant role in battery operation, temperature compensation schemes are described for different charge regimes.
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the magic, myth, and reality of profiling and emphasizes how profiling relates to the core of the serial killer task-force investigation. Profiling is a central operation because in a serial killer task force investigation, especially one that is very quickly overwhelmed by information, is very public, and is heavily covered by the press. Profiling can be central to a task force's ability to understand the nature of the offender they are looking for. Unfortunately, profiling can usually be a disaster, leading investigators on the wrong trails and prolonging the investigation. When profiling is used to refine the crime assessment, the probability of success is greatly enhanced. The efficacy of this approach is validated by police-generated case facts instead of abstract and, sometimes, disconnected behavioral indicators. Here, the crime scene itself becomes the initiation point for pattern recognition, evidence collection, decision making for follow-up, and strategy planning for interviews with suspects. If the category for a particular rape-murderer is identified correctly, the perpetrator can be his own accuser.
Neuropsychologic data are presented from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study with placebo, topiramate 50 mg/day, and topiramate 100 mg/day. The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) and cognitive adverse events were used to evaluate neurocognitive effects of topiramate. Topiramate 100 mg/day vs placebo was associated with slight statistically significant score increases, indicating slowing, from baseline vs placebo in three CANTAB measures: five-choice reaction time (P = 0.028), pattern recognition memory mean correct latency (P = 0.027), and rapid visual information processing mean latency (P = 0.040). No other patterns related to topiramate treatment were observed in measurements of learning, memory, and visual information processing, except for potential improvement with topiramate 100 mg/day vs placebo in spatial span total errors (accuracy test) (P = 0.040). The most common cognitive and neuropsychiatric adverse events with a higher incidence in the topiramate 50 and 100 mg/day groups vs placebo were anorexia (9% and 11% vs 3%), insomnia (9% and 3% vs 3%), fatigue (6% and 9% vs 6%), and dizziness (6% and 9% vs 0%). Thus, topiramate 100 mg/day was associated with modest increases in psychomotor reaction times. Learning, memory, and executive function were unchanged. The tolerability profile, including cognitive adverse events, appeared to be acceptable.
This paper presents a comprehensive review of power management strategy (PMS) utilized in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) with an emphasis on model predictive control (MPC) based strategies for the first time. Research on MPC-based power management systems for HEVs has intensified recently due to its many inherent merits. The categories of the existing PMSs are identified from the latest literature, and a brief study of each type is conducted. Then, the MPC approach is introduced and its advantages are discussed. Based on the acquisition method of driver behavior used for state prediction and the dynamic model used, the MPC is classified and elaborated. Factors that affect the performance of the MPC are put forward, including prediction accuracy, design parameters, and solvers. Finally, several important issues in the application of MPC-based power management strategies and latest developing trends are discussed. This paper not only provides a comprehensive analysis of MPC-based power management strategies for HEVs but also puts forward the future and emphasis of future study, which will promote the development of energy management controller with high performance and low cost for HEVs.
Carbon materials with particular morphologies, structures and sizes are highly desired for different application purposes which can be normally derived from transition metals- and rare earths-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs). However, little is known about MOFs synthesized using main group metals. Herein, we derived a three-dimensional (3D) pomegranate-like structure of porous carbon microspheres (PCMSs) formed by self-assembly of hollow highly-graphitized thin-walled nanoballs by directly carbonizing indium-MOFs (CPM-5). The formation of this unique 3D porous hierarchical structure is closely related to the presence of indium with a low melting point and its effect of catalyzing carbon graphitization, which is demonstrated to be a robust sulfur host for high performance lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries. The S/PCMSs electrodes with the areal sulfur loadings of 2.0 and 4.3 mg cm−2 deliver the capacities of 1239 mAh g−1 (742 mAh g−1) at 0.2 C (4 C), and 941 mAh g−1 (480 mAh g−1) at 0.2 C (4 C), respectively, with the low capacity decay rates of 0.014%/cycle over 500 cycles at 4 C, and 0.060%/cycle over 900 cycles at 2C, respectively. The superior performance is attributed to the effective physical confinement of polysulfides as a result of highly dispersed sulfur nanoclusters separated by thin carbon walls, the superior conduction arising from the porous highly graphitized conductive networks and the stable 3D structure due to the compact self-assembly of hollow nanoballs compared to dispersed hollow carbon microspheres or nanoparticles. The unique 3D Pomegranate-like structure as a new morphology and structure enriches the carbon material family which is expected to have other potential applications such as electrode materials for lithium ion batteries, catalysis and chemical adsorption.
Japan's Hitachi Zosen Corp says that it has developed a zeolite-based CO2 separation membrane element that is durable and has a high separation performance.
More than 100 different pathogens can cause encephalitis. Testing of all the neurological pathogens by conventional methods can be difficult. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (NGS) could identify the infectious agents in a target-independent manner. The role of this novel method in clinical diagnostic microbiology still needs to be evaluated. In present study, we used metagenomic NGS to search for an infectious etiology in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patient with lethally diffuse brain lesions. Sequences mapping to Toxoplasma gondii were unexpectedly detected.
The nesting-cup task has been used to assess cognitive capability in humans as well as non-human primates. Previous studies have attempted to highlight interesting aspects of behavior by constructing and assessing various categories of manipulation. The present study introduces a new notation system for describing manipulation in nesting-cup tasks in the form of sequential codes. Following this notation, the entire process of manipulating cups can be divided into a sequence of behavioral segments. Each segment corresponds to a single manipulation of a cup, recorded as two numerical and one letter codes indicating object, location, and action, respectively. These codes describe the full extent of the subjects' manipulation, which can thus be traced retrospectively in its entirety by decoding the behavioral segments from the sequence. The subjects were three infant chimpanzees, three adult chimpanzees, and two human children. Segment-based analysis revealed developmental changes in the use of three strategies (pairing, pot, and subassembly), which previous studies have used as reliable indicators of cognitive development. Subassembly, regarded as the most advanced strategy for combining cups in human development, is defined as the placing of a previously constructed structure consisting of two or more cups into or onto another cup or cup structure. The three infant chimpanzees and two adult chimpanzees rarely showed subassembly, in contrast with frequent use by experienced adult chimpanzees and humans. Analysis of transition in cup state revealed a dynamic process in terms of progression and regression within a trial. The tendency to show progressive patterns of transition was related to the use of the subassembly strategy in both humans and chimpanzees. In addition, a case study of nine-cup manipulation by a chimpanzee is reported through sequential codes. Taken together, these data clearly demonstrate the potential of the proposed notation system in describing subjects' performance in nesting-cup tasks.
Objectives: To study working memory function in untreated major depression using a digit probe identification and matching task. Methods: We compared behavioural performance and event-related potentials during processing of the Sternberg working memory task in 14 depressed patients and 14 healthy matched control subjects. Results: Patients made more mistakes than controls as the memory load was increased from one to 5 digits and had significantly slower reaction times at all levels of memory load. The patients' event-related potentials (ERPs) differed significantly from controls. Pathological changes were similar for auditory and visual presentation. Surface negative activity in the 157–210 ms section of the waveform was reduced for all levels of memory load, suggesting abnormal sensory/perceptual processing in the modality-specific association cortices, possibly due to a failure of selective attention mechanisms. In the 375–840 ms epoch, the patients' responses showed large amplitude sustained negative activity, maximal at Cz and a reduced late positive wave. The large prolonged negativity in the patients' ERPs suggests activation of additional neuronal assemblies than those normally participating in the task. This could reflect either compensatory mechanism or dysfunction of inhibitory systems. These changes were sensitive to memory load, suggesting that they reflect alterations of memory-related processes. Conclusions: This study provides objective evidence that major depression significantly affects working memory. The ERP changes in depression could be accounted for by dysfunction of the central executive control of working memory.
To reduce ergonomic risk factors in terms of awkward and constrained postures and high velocities, it is important to perform adequate risk assessments. Technical methods provide objective measures of physical workload. These methods have so far mainly been used by researchers. However, if written instructions how to apply the sensors and how to adopt the reference posture are provided, together with triaxial accelerometers, it may be possible for employees to record their own physical workload. The exposure in terms of e.g. upper arm elevations could then easily be assessed for all workers in a workplace. The main aims of this study were: 1) to compare analyses for self-recording of upper arm elevation during work using a simplified reference posture versus using a standard reference posture, and 2) to compare the two reference postures.
Medical decision-making requires years of experience in order to develop an adequate level of competence to successfully engage in safe practice. While diagnostic and technical skills are essential, an awareness of the extent and limits of our own knowledge and skills is critical. The present study examines clinicians’ subjective awareness in a diagnostic cardiac ultrasound task. Clinicians answered diagnostic and treatment related questions for a range of pathologies. Following these questions, clinicians indicated their level of confidence in their response. A comparison of response accuracy and confidence revealed that clinicians were generally overconfident in their responses. Critically, we observed that a clinician’s overconfidence was negatively correlated with prior experience: clinicians that had more prior experience expressed less overconfidence in their performance such that some clinicians were in fact underconfident. We discuss the implications for training in medical education and decision-making.
Novel Li1.2Mn0.5Co0.25Ni0.05O2 microcube is prepared through a simple binary template method. After calcined at 800 °C, lithium and nickel are permeated into the cathode material and a well-crystallized Li-rich layered oxide is obtained. Furthermore, hollow circle cube architecture is formed due to the decomposing of the carbonate. As a cathode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the oxide with such architecture can deliver high initial discharge capacity of 272.9 mAh g−1 at a current density of 20 mA g−1. High reversible discharge capacities of 208 mAh g−1 and 110 mAh g−1 are obtained at a current density of 200 mA g−1 and 2000 mA g−1, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are performed to further study the hollow Li1.2Mn0.5Co0.25Ni0.05O2 microcube. It is remarkable that such architecture makes the Li-rich layered oxide Li1.2Mn0.5Co0.25Ni0.05O2 a promising cathode material for LIBs.
The effect of lithium salt and electrolyte solvent on Al corrosion in Li-ion battery electrolytes was studied by using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that, in 1:1 (w/w) ethylene carbonate (EC)/1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) solutions, the pitting potential of Al corrosion is about 3.2V versus Li+/Li, being independent of the type of salts. However, the salt has considerable impact on Al corrosion. Among the studied Li salts, the stability of Al with respect to the oxidative potentials was found to increase in an order of CF3SO3Li<LiN(SO2CF3)2<LiClO4<LiPF6<LiBF4. We observed that a combination of two salts, such as LiPF6 and CF3SO3Li, lowers the pitting potential and aggravates Al corrosion. Addition of compounds, which contain active fluoride, such as perfluoro-1-butanesulfonyl fluoride (C4F9SO2F), into electrolytes can increase the pitting potential but cannot suppress Al corrosion.
In this work, we report on fabricating of self-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays via a facile electrochemical method by modify the electrochemical anodized amorphous TiO2 nanotube arrays with cathodic pulse doping. The self-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays is black appearance with abundant oxygen vacancy and hydroxyl groups in comparison with that of as-anodized ones. The initial discharge specific capacity of self-doped TiO2 nanotube anode is 1355 μA h/cm2 which is more than four times higher than 338 μA h/cm2 of the as-anodized TiO2 nanotube anode in lithium ion batteries. After 100 cycles, the specific capacity of the self-doped TiO2 nanotube electrodes still much higher than that of the as-anodized samples, which is attributed to good tubular morphology retention and secondary growth of the self-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays through the process of insertion/extraction Li+. The controllable regulation of the capacity of self-doped TiO2 anode is also achieved by adjusting electrochemical cathode pulse parameters. It is noteworthy that the cycled anode materials can be used as a catalyst for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue which may shed light on the resource recovery and the environmental protection.
Composite films of polypyrrole with a sulphonated organically modified silica (ormosil) have been prepared on electrodes by the electrochemical oxidation of pyrrole in a liquid sol–gel electrolyte. The ormosil is incorporated into the polypyrrole matrix as an immobile polymeric counterion in addition to mobile Cl− counterions from the sol–gel electrolyte. Ion transport in the composites was investigated by impedance spectroscopy and electron microprobe analysis. The presence of both mobile and immobile counterions allows potential control of the mode of ion transport, with anion transport dominating at high potentials and cation transport dominating at low potentials. As the polymer is un-doped (reduced), its ionic conductivity first decreases as mobile anions are expelled, and then increases as cations and excess electrolyte are incorporated.
Observational measures can add objective data to both research and clinical evaluations of children’s behavior in the classroom. However, they pose challenges for training and attaining high levels of interrater reliability between observers. The Behavioral Observation of Students in Schools (BOSS) is a commonly used school-based observation instrument that is well adapted to measure symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the classroom setting. Reliable use of the BOSS for clinical or research purposes requires training to reach reliable standards (kappa ≥ 0.80). The current study conducted training observations in one suburban and one urban elementary school in the Greater Boston area. To enhance interrater reliability and reduce training time, supplemental guidelines, including 30 additional rules to follow, were developed over two consecutive school years. The complete protocol was then used for training in the third school year. To reach sufficient interrater reliability (kappa ≥ 0.80) during training, 45 training observations were required in the first year while, in the third year, only 17 observations were required. High interrater reliability was sustained after training across all three school years, accumulating a total of 1,001 post-training observations. It is estimated that clinicians or researchers following this proposed protocol, who are naive to the BOSS, will require approximately 30 training observations to reach proficient reliability. We believe this protocol will make the BOSS more accessible for clinical and research usage, and the procedures used to obtain high interrater reliability using the BOSS are broadly applicable to a variety of observational measures.
Electrode design is an essential task for successful development of lithium-ion batteries. Provided that the same materials are given, proper dimensioning of the electrodes and balanced composition of the materials in them can maximize the cell performance, such as the discharge capacity. However, many electrode design parameters have conflicting effects on the performance, and thus careful optimization of these parameters is required. This study experimentally investigated the effects of several electrode design parameters on the performance of lithium ion cells with a LiFePO4 cathode and a natural graphite anode, focusing on their high current operations. The conflicting effects of the conductor ratio (the weight fraction of electronic particle additives), electrode thickness, and electrode density (porosity) on the cell capacity were studied. In addition, a detailed one-dimensional electrochemical model was also used to simulate the observed performance characteristics and to identify their underlying mechanisms limiting the performance. Based on the experimental and numerical results, the optimal ranges for the electrode design parameters were discussed to achieve better performance of the LiFePO4/graphite batteries.
The effect of conductive carbon type and loading was examined for the iron phthalocyanine (FePc) cathode in primary lithium (Li) batteries. The use of nano graphene platelets (NGPs) as a conductive carbon was shown to increase the discharge capacity by a factor of at least 2.5 compared to typical carbon blacks and vapor grown carbon fibers. Discharge capacities of up to 2050mAh g−1 FePc, corresponding to the insertion of 43 Li+, were obtained for FePc based cathodes with 25% NGPs. This is the highest cathode capacity reported in literature to our knowledge. Cathodes with 10% NGP still demonstrated reasonable capacities. Electrolyte solutions based on propylene carbonate demonstrated higher discharge voltages than those with the 1.2 M lithium tetrafluoroborate in γ-butyrolactone and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (1:1 by volume).