batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Electrodes 0.5mm thick (i.e. much thinner than conventional ones) and suitable for lead-acid batteries were prepared by using a special pasting procedure that allows plate thickness to be readily controlled. Novel rolled grids of Pb–Sn–low Ca alloys (0.35mm thick) were used as substrates. Preliminary galvanostatic corrosion tests of the grids revealed an increased corrosion rate relative to conventional casted grids of Pb–Sn alloys (1mm thick). Cells made with these thin electrodes were cycled under different discharge regimes and the active material at different charge/discharge cycling stages was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical analysis. At a depth of discharge (DOD) of 100%, the cell exhibited a premature capacity loss after the fifth cycle and delivered only a 20% of its nominal capacity after the 10th. By contrast, cycling performance of the electrode was significantly improved at a DOD of 60%. The capacity loss observed at a DOD of 100% can be ascribed to a rapid growth of PbSO4 crystals reaching several microns in size. Such large crystals tend to deposit onto the grid surface and form an insulating layer that hinders electron transfer at the active material/grid interface. For this reason, the cell fails after few cycles in spite of the high PbO2 content in the positive active material (PAM). On the other hand, at 60% DOD the submicronic particles produced after formation of the PAM retain their small size, thereby ensuring reversibility in the PbO2⇔PbSO4 transformation.
Li-rich layered oxides with micro-sized primary particles usually exhibit higher pellet density and better cycling performance. However, it is often at the expense of high reversible capacity. Here, we reported a simple strategy through a new chemical lithiation with micro-sized spinel-precursors and Na2S2O8 surface treatment to obtain micro-sized particles in the Li-rich Li1.172Ni0.135Co0.135Mn0.539O2 oxide without compromising its discharge capacity (260mAh/g at 0.1C). Benefited from its larger particles and lower specific surface area, the obtained micron Li-rich layered material manifests its higher pellet density (3.18g/cm3) and better cycling performance in comparison with the nano-sized Li-rich layered material. After 100 cycles at 0.1C, it can still deliver a capacity of 192mAh/g with retention of 74%, much higher than 167mAh/g with retention of 67% of the nano-sized sample. Moreover, the micron Li-rich layered material also exhibits good rate performance with a capacity of 174mAh/g at 2C benefited from the 3D Li+ insertion/extraction channel of its surface spinel content. These results may provide a new insight on improving pellet density of high-performance Li-rich layered cathode materials.
The current paper presents the economic evaluation of a two-stage Solar Organic Rankine Cycle (SORC) for using the mechanical energy produced during the thermodynamic process to drive a Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination unit. The developed integrated system is briefly analysed and the specific fresh water cost, as well as the cost of energy is calculated. The economic assessment results are compared with those obtained from a low-temperature SORC-RO and two alternative variants of PhotoVoltaic RO (PV–RO) systems (with and without batteries). It is found that the critical fresh water cost for the system under consideration is 7.48€/m3 of permeate water and the cost of energy equals to 2.74€/kWh, when the water cost is slightly higher than the critical one (meaning 8€/m3). These values are considered satisfactory enough, in comparison to the other autonomous desalination technologies. Additionally, the specific fresh water cost of the developed technology was calculated to be 6.85€/m3, being very close to the values of the PV–RO systems. The variant of two-stage SORC significantly improves the efficiency and reduces the cost of the already developed prototype system (single-stage low-temperature SORC for RO desalination), because the specific cost is found to be much lower and taking into consideration its reliability, this technology can constitute an alternative desalination method competitive to the PV–RO on the basis of techno-economic feasibility.
Rechargeable Li ion batteries are perceived as likely substitutes for conventional nickel systems in an effort to minimize the mass and volume of the power subsystems in aerospace applications. The on-going consortium of NASA and DoD, after 2 years of existence, has propelled the advancement of aerospace Li ion technology in the US. Prototype cells of different sizes have been built by domestic manufacturers and are being evaluated both by NASA and Air Force. The early versions of these prototypes catered to needs of imminent NASA missions, i.e. Mars landers and rovers. Developmental efforts are underway to further improve the technology to meet the demands of long calendar life, as in the geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) and the outer planets missions, and long cycle life as in the low earth orbit (LEO) missions. In this paper, we will briefly describe the objective and progress of this joint effort.
The review covers work published in the calendar year 2012. The synthesis and reaction chemistry of five-membered heterocycles containing two oxygen atoms or an oxygen and a sulfur is reviewed.
Peripheral nerve repair is still one of the major clinical challenges which has received a great deal of attention. Nerve tissue engineering is a novel treatment approach that provides a permissive environment for neural cells to overcome the constraints of repair. Conductivity and interconnected porosity are two required characteristics for a scaffold to be effective in nerve regeneration. In this study, we aimed to fabricate a conductive scaffold with controlled porosity using polycaprolactone (PCL) and chitosan (Chit), FDA approved materials for the use in implantable medical devices. A novel method of using tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC) and formaldehyde was applied for in situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the scaffolds. In order to achieve desirable porosity, different percentage of polyethylene oxide (PEO) was used as sacrificial fiber. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) results demonstrated the complete removing of PEO from the scaffolds after washing and construction of interconnected porosities, respectively. Elemental and electrical analysis revealed the successful synthesis of AuNPs with uniform distribution and small average diameter on the PCL/Chit scaffold. Contact angle measurements showed the effect of porosity on hydrophilic properties of the scaffolds, where the porosity of 75–80% remarkably improved surface hydrophilicity. Finally, the effect of conductive nanofibrous scaffold on Schwann cells morphology and vaibility was investigated using FE-SEM and MTT assay, respectively. The results showed that these conductive scaffolds had no cytotoxic effect and support the spindle-shaped morphology of cells with elongated process which are typical of Schwann cell cultures.
Despite the fact that cognitive impairment is frequently seen in heart failure (HF), little is known about the relationship between cognitive function and self-care (SC) in this group. To determine if cognitive function in patients with HF is associated with ability to perform SC. n this cross sectional study, 70 participants with a ≥ 6 month history of HF were recruited from an urban university-based HF clinic and from a suburban private HF practice. Oral and written tests and self-report questionnaires were used to assess cognitive function (Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, Anosognosia Questionnaire-Dementia, Controlled Oral Word Association Test) and SC ability (Self Care in Heart Failure Index). Hierarchical regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between immediate memory, delayed memory, attention, language, visuospatial/construction, executive function, insight and SC ability. Participants were young (mean 55 years), mostly minority (57%) and well educated (mean 14 years). Cognitive impairment was noted in 44% of participants in the visuospatial/constructional domain, 20% in global cognition, 11% in immediate memory, attention and delayed memory, 9% in language and 3% in executive function. Being Caucasian and having worse immediate memory predicted better confidence in SC after controlling for age, gender and educational level (R2=22%, p=.001). Minorities reported less confidence in their HF self-care, perhaps related to cultural sensitivity of tools or quality of interactions with health care providers. Interestingly, patients with poorer memory reported better self confidence in their HF self-care, which could be attributed to their inability to recall the challenges in managing their health. Implications for practice include the need to address health disparities issues in self-care behaviors of HF patients as well as the contribution of immediate memory on the practice of these behaviors.
Exploring new anode materials with promising electrochemical capacity is essential for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. The selection and structural design of electrode materials play key role in the development of a viable battery with high specific capacity and cycle retention. Herein, self-assembled NiCo2O4 microspheres comprised of numerous sub-micron sized rods are prepared for the first time by a simple co-precipitation method. The synthesized microspheres have homogeneous morphology and a multimodal porosity. The resulting sodium ion storage properties demonstrate that the NiCo2O4 microsphere anode offers excellent electrochemical performance, with a high reversible capacity of 620mAhg−1 at a current density of 0.05Ag−1. It also shows an exceptionally high rate capability up to 10Ag−1 equivalent to 11 C-rate, which can be attributed to the existence of capacitive behavior. Notably, the rate performance and cycling stability are significantly higher than most previously reported results of NiCo2O4 nanostructures for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs).
The carbon dioxide electroreduction reaction (CO2RR), an emerging electrocatalysis reaction, is promising for converting CO2 into value-added fuels or chemicals (e.g., hydrocarbons and oxygenates). However, the CO2RR system for practical evaluations and applications is still limited by its low current density and poor CO2 utilization and conversion as well as dismal energy efficiency. To reach up to the practical application level, the components of the CO2RR device/system need to be systematically considered and optimized. This review specifically focuses on the latest and innovative design strategies toward each part of the system. In particular, the innovative and idiographic design strategies for tandem catalysts, promising electrolytes, upgraded electrodes, and advanced devices as well as anodic reactions are discussed at length. Moreover, some individual perspectives on opportunities and future challenges for each component of the CO2RR system are also provided. Perspectives and new trends presented in this review are not just labels and classifications. Instead, it is particularly expected that innovative ideas and visionary discussions in this review can systematically instruct and inspire researchers to contribute more efforts toward comprehensively optimizing the performance of the CO2RR system to a higher level.
In this paper, design of control strategy for hybrid fuel cell/energy storage distributed power generation system during voltage sag has been presented. The proposed control strategy allows hybrid distributed generation system works properly when a voltage disturbance occurs in distribution system and hybrid system stays connected to the main grid. To distribute the power between power sources, a Lyapanov based neuro-fuzzy control strategy has been developed during voltage disturbances. Then, a fuzzy sliding-mode control strategy is presented for designing the controllers DC/DC and DC/AC converters. Simulation results are given to show the overall system performance including active power control and voltage sag ride-through capability of the hybrid distributed generation system.
There is strong interaction between heat/mass transfer and electrode dynamics in an air-breathing proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). To investigate the heat/mass transfer characteristics of PEMFC, their effect on oxygen transport and then on the performance of the cell, a coupled three-dimensional (3D) mathematical model has been developed for an air-breathing PEMFC using non-dimensional heat/mass transfer coefficients, and a detailed interpretation of heat/mass transfer parameters in it has been done. The full elliptic Navier Stokes and energy equations are simultaneously solved in the composite domain with commercial CFD tool STAR-CD based on the finite volume numerical method. And the model has been confirmed by experimental results. From the numerical simulation results obtained, a simple equation has been suggested on the function of the sum of Grashof number and diffusional Grashof number for the calculation of dimensionless mass transfer coefficient Sherwood number. The equation is believed to be useful for a profound understanding of the nature of oxygen transport limitation coupled with the heat/mass transfer in the air-breathing PEMFC, and further for the optimum design of the air-breathing PEMFCs. The concentration over-potential as a function of limited oxygen mass transfer rate, as well as profiles of velocity, temperature, reactant and water concentration, current density are presented and discussed to analyze the coupling problems between heat/mass transfer and electrode dynamics in an air-breathing PEMFC.
A fast sol–gel process that differs in important details from previously reported methods for preparing Li2MnSiO4/C nanocomposite was reported. In the process, hydrochloric acid was used to enhance the hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) to obtain silanols firstly. And then propylene oxide was added to promote the condensation of the silanols to form a jelly-like SiO2 gel precursor containing lithium and manganese sources in about 3min at room temperature. The final product of Li2MnSiO4/C was obtained by calcining the gel precursor with sucrose. The structure, micro-morphology and electrochemical property of the as-prepared Li2MnSiO4/C nanocomposite were characterized by XRD, TEM, N2 adsorption–desorption, cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicate that the Li2MnSiO4/C nanocomposite with mesoporous structure is composed of 10–20nm nanoparticles homogenously coated by the carbon. The electrochemical measurements reveal that the initial charge and discharge specific capacities of the prepared Li2MnSiO4/C nanocomposite are 275.2mAhg−1 and 164.2mAhg−1, respectively. After 60cycles, the discharge capacity retention is 80%. The excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to the nano-sized composites with a mesoporous structure and the in situ surface carbon coating.
With the worldwide deterioration of the natural environment and the fossil fuel crisis, the possible commercialization of fuel cell vehicles has become a hot topic. In July 2008, Beijing started a clean public transportation plan for the 29th Olympic games. Three fuel cell city buses and 497 other low-emission vehicles are now serving the Olympic core area and Beijing urban areas. The fuel cell buses will operate along a fixed bus line for 1 year as a public demonstration of green energy vehicles. Due to the specialized nature of fuel cell engines and electrified power-train systems, measurement, monitoring and calibration devices are indispensable. Based on the latest Bluetooth wireless technology, a novel Bluetooth universal data interface was developed for the control system of the fuel cell city bus. On this platform, a series of wireless portable control auxiliary systems have been implemented, including wireless calibration, a monitoring system and an in-system programming platform, all of which are ensuring normal operation of the fuel cell buses used in the demonstration.
Fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs) are one of the representative techniques in developing scenarios that include future concepts and issues, as well as their causal relationships. The technique, initially dependent on deductive modeling of expert knowledge, suffered from inherent limitations of scope and subjectivity; though this lack has been partially addressed by the recent emergence of inductive modeling, the fact that inductive modeling uses a retrospective, historical data that often misses trend-breaking developments. Addressing this issue, the paper suggests the utilization of futuristic data, a collection of future-oriented opinions extracted from online communities of large participation, in scenario building. Because futuristic data is both large in scope and prospective in nature, we believe a methodology based on this particular data set addresses problems of subjectivity and myopia suffered by the previous modeling techniques. To this end, text mining (TM) and latent semantic analysis (LSA) algorithm are applied to extract scenario concepts from futuristic data in textual documents; and fuzzy association rule mining (FARM) technique is utilized to identify their causal weights based on if-then rules. To illustrate the utility of proposed approach, a case of electric vehicle is conducted. The suggested approach can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of scanning knowledge for scenario development.
A lithium insertion reaction in a Li+ conductive glass ceramics solid electrolyte (lithium aluminum titanium phosphate: LATP) sheet produces an in-situ formed electrode active material, which operates at 2.35 V vs. Li/Li+ in the vicinity of the LATP-sheet/current–collector interface. Electron energy loss spectroscopy clarifies that titanium in the LATP sheet in the vicinity of the current collector/LATP-sheet interface is preferentially reduced by this lithium insertion reaction. Charge transfer resistance between the in-situ-formed-electrode and the LATP-sheet is less than 100 Ω cm2, which is smaller than that of the common LiPON/LiCoO2 interface. A thin film of LiCoO2 is deposited on one side of the LATP-sheet as a Li+ source for developing the in-situ formed electrode material. Eventually, a Pt/LATP-sheet/LiCoO2/Au multilayer is fabricated. The multilayer structure successfully works as an all-solid-state lithium-ion battery operating at 1.5 V. A redox peak of the battery is observed even at 100 mV s−1 in the potential sweep curve. Additionally, charge–discharge reactions are repeated stably even after 25 cycles.
Pyroptosis is a caspase-1-dependent inflammatory form of cell death. The adapter protein ASC binds directly to caspase-1 and is critical for caspase-1 activation in response to a broad range of stimuli. To elucidate the mechanism of activation of caspase-1 by ASC and its exact role in macrophage pyroptosis, we performed time-lapse confocal bioimaging analysis on human THP-1 macrophages stably expressing an ASC–GFP fusion protein. We show that stimulation of these cells with several proinflammatory stimuli trigger the formation of a large supramolecular assembly of ASC, termed here pyroptosome. Only one distinct pyroptosome in each stimulated cell is formed, which rapidly recruits and activates caspase-1 resulting in pyroptosis and the release of the intracellular proinflammatory cytokines. The pyroptosome is largely composed of oligomerized ASC dimers. Dimerization of ASC is driven by subphysiological concentrations of potassium as in vitro incubation of purified recombinant ASC in the presence of subphysiological concentrations of potassium induces the assembly of a functional pyroptosome. Furthermore, stimulation of potassium efflux in THP-1 cells with potassium-depleting agents induces formation of the pyroptosome, while increasing potassium concentrations in the culture medium or pharmacological inhibition of this efflux inhibits its assembly. Our results establish that macrophage pyroptosis is mediated by a unique pyroptosome, distinct from the inflammasome.
is Team Leader Chassis Technologies in the  Department Research and Development at Benteler Automotive in Paderborn (Germany).
Low temperature performance of LiFePO4 cathode is investigated by charge/discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that the effect of charge temperature on charge and discharge capacity is very slight in range of −20 to 20°C and the influence of discharge temperature on discharge capacity is more greater. At −20°C, LiFePO4 cathode only retains less than 50% of the discharge capacity obtained at 20°C. We can extend time durability of constant-voltage charge to improve the discharge capacity, especially below −20°C. Charge/discharge dependence on temperature is studied by EIS and the results show that the charge-transfer resistance (R ct) becomes significantly higher than bulk resistance (R b) and solid-state interface resistance (R sei) as temperature decreases, no matter in charge or discharge state. The R ct value of charged state is also found to be much lower than that of discharge state. Charge-transfer activation energies of charge and discharge are calculated to be 33.80 and 40.90kJmol−1, indicating that the extra energy barrier is the main thermodynamic factor causing the sluggish discharge behavior at low temperature.
Both in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction and in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy were used to investigate the structural evolution of materials during the solid-state synthesis of Li2MnO3. Combing X-ray absorption spectroscopy and factor analysis techniques, we were able to capture the spectrum and evolution of an intermediate phase (MnO2) that could not be detected by the diffraction technique. Meanwhile, the X-ray diffraction data clearly showed the anisotropic crystallization of Li2MnO3 during sintering above 600 °C.
Biosimilars are more affordable copycat versions of originator biological products in much the same way as generics are copies of small molecule pharmaceuticals. However, while generics are approved on the basis of structural and pharmacokinetic equivalence, the intricate structure of biological medicinal products and the complex nature of their manufacturing process in living organisms impose a separate, and more stringent, regulatory approval process. The aims of this article are (a) to discuss key aspects of the development process and authorization requirements for biosimilars in Europe using published comparative physicochemical and clinical data for EU-approved recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) biosimilars, the most recent addition to the therapeutic category of hematopoietic growth factors, and (b) to demonstrate that the rigorous scientific evaluation process is designed to ensure that their clinical safety and efficacy is not compromised by the abbreviated development program.