batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Selenium (Se) is potential as a promising alternative cathode material for high-energy batteries because of its comparable theoretical volumetric capacity density (3240mAhcm−3) to sulfur (3467mAhcm−3) and a much higher electronic conductivity (1×10−3 Sm−1) than sulfur (5×10−28 Sm−1). In this work, we developed a novel Se composite confined within porous carbon nanospheres (Se/PCNs) as cathode for advanced Li–Se battery. A Se loading as high as 70.5wt% is attained in such composite. The Se/PCNs cathode shows high volumetric capacity density of 3150mAh/cm3 and excellent rate capability (retains 57% of the theoretical capacity at 20C). Remarkably, it exhibits impressive cycling stability over 1200 cycles with a capacity decay as low as ~0.03% per cycle. The superior overall battery performance can be ascribed to high loading of active material, effective protective film formed on the surface of the active material, and strong adsorbing ability of Se/Li2Se x provided by the micropore-rich carbon structure.
Single Li-ion conducting p-sulfonated poly(allyl phenyl ether) (SPAPE) is electrochemically synthesized directly on TiO2 nanotubes in the range of −1.5 to −1.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The electrochemical deposition conditions are studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry; the polymer formation can be followed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The polymer structure is analyzed by NMR and FTIR spectroscopies, showing the formation of linear aliphatic chains with methyl-oxy-benzene sulfonate side groups. SEM observations of the polymer morphology show that a thin (∼300 nm) and continuous layer is obtained depending on the electrochemical synthesis conditions. The combination of a mobile aliphatic backbone, ether groups with reduced cation affinity and immobile anions grafted on the side chains allows obtaining a single lithium-ion conducting polymer. Half-cell battery tests against Li metal show an excellent cycling performance with high areal capacity (up to 110 μAh cm−2) and very good retention especially at large C-rates, studied up to 12 C.
The experiment investigated the extent to which risky street-crossing decisions by older pedestrians can be explained by declines in functional abilities. Sixteen young (age 20–35), 17 younger-old (age 60–67), and 18 older-old (age 70–84) participants carried out a street-crossing task in a simulated two-way road environment and took a battery of tests assessing perceptual, cognitive, and motor abilities. Older-old pedestrians were more likely than young and younger-old participants to make decisions that would have led to collisions with approaching cars, especially when traffic coming from two directions was approaching at a high speed. Regression analyses identified several functional performance measures as predictors of these dangerous choices. Walking speed, which determined the time needed to cross, was shown to play the most important role. Time-to-arrival estimate, which informed the pedestrians about the time available for crossing, was found to be the second most predictive factor. Visual processing speed and visual attention abilities assessed via the UFOV® Test also came into play, allowing participants to focus their attention on the relevant available information and to make timely, correct decisions. Attention shifting was the fourth significant predictor, allowing pedestrians to adapt their crossing strategy to the oncoming road-traffic information. The results suggest that the greater risk of being involved in a collision as age increases calls for a multi-dimensional explanation combining age-related physical, perceptual, and cognitive performance declines. These findings have implications for improving older pedestrians’ safety in terms of speed limits, road design, and training.
A hydrothermal synthesis and a subsequent carbon coating process have been used to prepare a cactus-like SnO2/carbon composite as anodes for Na-ion batteries. This composite was demonstrated with enhanced cyclability and outstanding electrochemical performance when used as anode for Na-ion batteries. It delivered an initial discharge capacity of 1259mAhg−1, and then retained a high reversible capacity of around 500mAhg−1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 20mAg−1. When the current density increased to 1200mAg−1, a reversible capacity of 120mAhg−1 can be obtained. Comparing the difference of microstructures before and after cycling, it is found that the cactus-like SnO2/carbon composite presents a novel carbon coating introduced microstructural reconstruction phenomenon. Moreover, the carbon coating was proven to stabilize a spatial cactus structure and induce a high quality solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer, which effectively enhanced the cyclablity of the cactus-like SnO2/carbon composite. It is believed that carbon coating is an effective way to improve the electrochemical performance of the cactus-like SnO2.
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a major proliferative agent in the nervous system. Both BDNF-deficiency and perinatal hypoxia represent genetic/environmental risk factors for schizophrenia. Moreover, a decreased BDNF response to birth hypoxia was associated with the disease. BDNF expression is influenced by neuronal activity and environmental conditions such as hypoxia. Thus, it may partake in neuroprotective and reparative mechanisms in acute or chronic neuronal insults. However, the interaction of hypoxia and BDNF is insufficiently understood and the behavioral outcome unknown. Therefore, we conducted a battery of behavioral tests in a classical model of chronic early postnatal mild hypoxia (10% O2), known to significantly impair brain development, in BDNF-deficient mice. We found selective deficits in measures associated with sensorimotor gating, namely enhanced acoustic startle response (ASR) and reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI) of ASR in BDNF-deficient mice. Unexpectedly, the alterations of sensorimotor gating were caused only by BDNF-deficiency alone, whereas hypoxia failed to evoke severe deficits and even leads to a milder phenotype in BDNF-deficient mice. As deficits in sensorimotor gating are present in schizophrenia and animal models of the disease, our results are of relevance regarding the involvement of BDNF in its pathogenesis. On the other hand, they suggest that the effect of perinatal hypoxia on long-term brain abnormalities is complex, ranging from protective to deleterious actions, and may critically depend on the degree of hypoxia. Therefore, future studies may refine existing hypoxia protocols to better understand neurodevelopmental consequences associated with schizophrenia.
Spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is a promising anode material of lithium ion batteries for electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles due to its long cycle life, well-known stable structure, and high safety. Whereas, the electronic conductivity of spinel LTO is intrinsically low. To circumvent this drawback, composites of Li4Ti5O12/TiO2/Carbon/Carbon nanotubes (LTO/TiO2/C/CNTs) are prepared by a novel wet-chemical method (reversed-phase microemulsion method), including high electronic conductive CNTs and excess TiO2. The presence of carbon can suppress the growth of LTO particles and lead the appearance of TiO2 during synthesis process. The average particle size of LTO is about 30nm. The LTO/TiO2/C/CNTs composites deliver exceptional electrochemical performance in the voltage window 1.0 -2.5V. It presents a discharge capacity of 224 mAh.g−1 at 0.15C and 95 mAh.g−1 at a high current rate of 24C (4.2 A.g−1). It is found that the TiO2 not only has electrochemical activity but also results in interfacial effect to hugely increase its rate performance.
One of the major degradation processes in lithium ion batteries is the deposition of metallic lithium on the surface of the active particles in the negative electrode. In this paper we present a fully 3D microstructure resolved simulation of the influence of plated lithium on the cell potential during discharge depending on the amount and position of plated lithium. Our simulations give insight on the most probable position of the first occurrence of plating within the electrode depending on applied current and ambient temperatures as well as on the subtle local electric current distributions during stripping of plated lithium upon discharge. Specifically a stripping induced intercalation of lithium ions in the supporting graphite material during discharge is discovered. This phenomenon, easily accessible to microstructure resolved simulations, leads to a violation of the relation between transferred charge during stripping and the amount of plated lithium. As a consequence the amount of plated lithium cannot be uniquely determined from the applied current and the length of the potential plateau during stripping. We show that the value and length of the plateau depends on the amount of plated lithium, the fraction of the surface area covered by lithium and the applied current.
Photocatalysis is a green technology which transforms available photon energy into useful chemical energy. The reaction mechanism is based on the ability to create electron–hole pairs under appropriate light. Semiconductors have attracted great attention in photocatalysts because of their high photosensitivity. Spinel–type cobalt oxide nanorods have been prepared by a simple hydrothermal method using cobalt nitrate as precursor. Sn-doped Co3O4 was composited with carbon nanotubes for better photocatalytic activity. An extensive characterization of the prepared samples was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy. The XRD results show the formation of Co3O4 phase with FCC structure, FESEM confirms the nanorods morphology of the cobalt oxide and the VSM taken at room temperature shows an antiferromagnetic behavior. The investigation of photocatalytic activity of Co3O4 based was done by methyl orange dye. At the end, the responsible mechanism of CNT/Sn–CO was discussed.
Withdrawal symptoms are a major deterrent when people try to quit smoking. The α7 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is highly expressed in the brain, and has been suspected to play a major role in nicotine addiction. We studied the influence of α7-containing nAChRs on nicotine withdrawal and tolerance, in wild type mice and mice null for the α7 nAChR subunit (α7 −/−). For withdrawal experiments, animals were implanted with osmotic minipumps delivering nicotine for 13 days. A single intraperitoneal injection of the nAChR antagonists mecamylamine (MEC) or methyllycaconitine (MLA) was used to precipitate withdrawal. In wild type mice, both MEC- and MLA-precipitated somatic signs of withdrawal such as increased grooming, scratching and shaking. In α7 −/− mice, the somatic effects of MEC-precipitated nicotine withdrawal were significantly reduced. Interestingly, the presumed α7-specific antagonist MLA also precipitated withdrawal. Tolerance, which was measured as a decrease in nicotine-induced hypolocomotion after subchronic nicotine treatment, was normal in α7 −/− mice. Finally, because anxiety and withdrawal symptoms are highly correlated in humans, we studied anxiety-like behaviors in α7 −/− mice using a battery of anxiety-related tests. The behavior of α7 −/− mice was indistinguishable from that of control mice. Our results point to the α7 subunit as one of the players in nicotine withdrawal, but not in nicotine tolerance or basal anxiety-like behavior.
The relationship between vocal pitch and social anxiety has been examined with encouraging results across a growing number of studies, highlighting increased fundamental frequency (F0) as a potential disorder-specific physiological marker of social anxiety. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between mean F0 emitted during diagnostic interviews and social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptoms. Patients who qualified for a diagnosis of SAD (n = 26) and a subsample of demographically-matched healthy controls (HCs; n = 12) were administered clinical diagnostic interviews. We examined mean F0 emitted during select segments of the diagnostic interviews utilizing specialized vocal analysis equipment. Men (but not women) who qualified for a diagnosis of SAD emitted greater overall mean F0 in comparison to HCs throughout the course of the diagnostic interviews, and mean F0 emitted during the introductory segment of the diagnostic interviews was positively related to SAD symptoms for men (but not women). Furthermore, a previously-established threshold of mean F0 which demonstrated excellent differentiation between men with SAD and controls was successfully replicated in the present design, with regard to F0 emitted during the introductory segment of the interviews. These results provide strong additional support for increased F0 as a physiological indicator and behavioral marker of SAD in samples of men. Implications for the assessment and treatment of SAD are discussed.
The carbon-coated chevrel phase of Mo6S8 as electrode material was fabricated for the first time. Compared with the bare Mo6S8 and 10%C-Mo6S8 anodes, the 5%C-Mo6S8 anode possesses excellent rate capability and cyclic performance at the cutoff voltage of 1.5V using LiMn2O4 as the cathode, which delivers a reversible capacity of∼85 mAh·g−1 and an average discharge voltage of as high as ∼2V maintains 93% of initial discharge capacity even after 400 cycles at 1C and in 21M aqueous electrolyte. This study provides a promising anode material for aqueous lithium-ion batteries because of its high capacity, stability and environmental inertness. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that this method could expand the synthesis and application of these unique compounds.
One-electron oxidation of organic anions affords transient radicals, and under this principle, it is proposed in this work that if the oxidation process is carried out at potential values low enough, these radicals can be covalently grafted to carbon surfaces. To illustrate this proposal, deprotonation and further electrochemical oxidation of 5-nitroindole was performed in acetonitrile on glassy carbon electrodes, which allowed the covalent immobilization of nitroindole groups on the electrode surface. This alternative is a variant of the grafting method based on the oxidation of neutral amines, which fails for neutral indole derivatives at high potential values. Compared to the protocol for neutral molecules, the anion oxidation method provides the advantages of a lower oxidation potential, fewer number of potential cycles for the surface modification and it affords stable films that cannot be removed by rinsing in polar and non polar solvents.
Na-ion batteries (NIB) are now attracting researchers’ attention as possible substitutes of Li-ion batteries. Promising cathode materials, which have demonstrated to work well for NIB are those based on the sodiated Prussian Blue, NaFeFe(CN)6, Prussian White, Na2FeFe(CN)6, and their analogues. Herein, the effect of different electrolytes and binder composition, on the electrochemical performance of sodium Prussian Blue, Na0.75Fe2.08(CN)6·3.4H2O, as cathode material for NIB is studied. Several electrolytes containing NaClO4 or NaPF6 salts in carbonated mixtures, with and without fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) as additive, have been tested for Na0.75Fe2.08(CN)6·3.4H2O. The effect of different binders, polyvinylidene fluoride (PvdF), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and ethylene propylene diene monomer ruber (EPDM), is also investigated.
Nowadays, rational design and simple synthesis of multifunctional non-noble electrocatalysts with high activity and low cost remain a great challenge. In present work, a novel and simple MOF-induced strategy is developed to construct three-dimensional actiniae-like carbon nanotube assembly (3D-CNTA) as effective and low-cost multifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting and Zn-air batteries. In this strategy, ZIF-67 is used as the precursor, which also serves as the structure inducer, and melamine is chosen as an initiator for orientated growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The resultant 3D-CNTA is assembled from a large number of one-dimensional (1D) CNTs, and it possesses superior conductivity, high specific surface area (108.12m2 g−1) and abundant hierarchically porous structure. Meanwhile, each CNT is capped with zero-dimensional (0D) synapse-like Co@N-doped carbon core-shell particles (Co@NC), and the core-shell structure could expose the catalytic active sites to the electrolyte to the most extent and meanwhile protect the Co species from corrosion in the electrolyte. The integrated effects of the above factors endow 3D-CNTA excellent multifunctional electrocatalytic performances in terms of overall water splitting and zinc-air batteries. Our work provides a guide to rational design of micro-structures of the materials to achieve their multifunctional properties.
Obtaining accurate parameters, state of charge (SoC) and capacity of a lithium-ion battery is crucial for a battery management system, and establishing a battery model online is complex. In addition, the errors and perturbations of the battery model dramatically increase throughout the battery lifetime, making it more challenging to model the battery online. To overcome these difficulties, this paper provides three contributions: (1) To improve the robustness of the adaptive particle filter algorithm, an error analysis method is added to the traditional adaptive particle swarm algorithm. (2) An online adaptive SoC estimator based on the improved adaptive particle filter is presented; this estimator can eliminate the estimation error due to battery degradation and initial SoC errors. (3) The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified using various initial states of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cells and lithium-ion polymer (LiPB) batteries. The experimental analysis shows that the maximum errors are less than 1% for both the voltage and SoC estimations and that the convergence time of the SoC estimation decreased to 120s.
A novel electrospun gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) consisting of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) is prepared and investigated. Its characteristics are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal analysis (TGA). The GPE shows a maximum ionic conductivity of 4.1 × 10−3 S cm−1 with electrochemical stability up to 5.5 V versus Li+/Li at room temperature. In addition, it shows a first charge–discharge capacity of 168.8 mAh g−1 when the gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is evaluated in a Li/PE/LiFePO4 cell under 0.1 C-rate at the first cycle. What's more, there is microscale attenuation (1%) in the 30 cycles of charge and discharge tests. The TPU/PVDF-HFP membrane has a high tensile strength (8.4 ± 0.3 MPa) and elongation at break (118.7 ± 0.2)%. With the outstanding electrochemical and mechanical performance, it is very suitable for application in polymer lithium ion batteries.
This paper presents a novel concept of nanofuel, pure energetic nanoparticles or suspensions of energetic nanoparticles in a liquid carrier, as a potential secondary energy carrier. Technological issues for the realization of the concept including nanofuel production, controlled ignition and combustion, oxidized particle capture and other related issues are described and key challenges are identified, which calls for a cross disciplinary collaboration from materials, chemistry, physics and engineering researchers.
Individual differences in the propensity for left versus right frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry may underlie differences in approach/withdrawal tendencies and mental health deficits. Growing evidence suggests that early life adversity may shape brain development and contribute to the emergence of mental health problems. The present study examined frontal EEG asymmetry (FEA) following the transition to family care in children adopted internationally from institutional care settings between 15 and 36 months of age (N = 82; 46 female, 36 male). Two comparison groups were included: an international adoption control consisting of children adopted from foster care with little to no institutional deprivation (N = 45; 17 female, 28 male) and a post-adoption condition control consisting of children reared in birth families of the same education and income as the adoptive families (N = 48; 23 female, 25 male). Consistent with evidence of greater approach and impulsivity-related behavior problems in post-institutionalized (PI) children, PI status was associated with greater left FEA than found in the other two groups. In addition, left FEA served as a mediator between institutionalization and age 5 ADHD symptoms for girls. Age at adoption and other preadoption factors were examined with results suggesting that earlier adoption into a supportive family resulted in a more typical pattern of brain functioning. Findings support the idea that the capacity of brain activity to evidence typical functioning following perturbation may differ in relation to the timing of intervention and suggest that the earlier the intervention of adoption, the better.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be applied as LIBs electrode materials with novel structure and potential for development, due to their ability to provide metal ions and organic ligands with redox activity and porosity/channel for the diffusion of electrolyte ions. Here, a Ti-based MOF (Ti-MOF) with stable Ti-skeleton and hexagonal nut shape is synthesized and selected for LIBs. The Ti-MOF exhibits a specific capacity of the maximum initial discharge capacity of 1590.24 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, and it displayed excellent structural reversibility even over 8000 cycles. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate the carboxyl groups act as an electrochemically active site to reversibly bond with Li+, and the Ti octahedron functions as stable skeleton. The porous structure provides channels for the deintercalation of Li+, enhancing the contribution of the pseudocapacitive process, but the overall electrochemical rate determining step is still controlled by Li+ diffusion.
A survey conducted as part of an International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT) has identified a number of compounds that appear to be more readily detected in vivo than in vitro. The reasons for this property varies from compound to compound and includes metabolic differences; the influence of gut flora; higher exposures in vivo compared to in vitro; effects on pharmacology, in particular folate depletion or receptor kinase inhibition. It is possible that at least some of these compounds are detectable in vitro if a specific in vitro test is chosen as part of the test battery, but the ‘correct’ choice of test may not always be obvious when testing a compound of unknown genotoxicity. It is noted that many of the compounds identified in this study interfere with cell cycle kinetics and this can result in either aneugenicity or chromosome breakage. A decision tree is outlined as a guide for the evaluation of compounds that appear to be genotoxic agents in vivo but not in vitro. The regulatory implications of these findings are discussed.