batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The influences of LiBF4, LiClO4, lithium bis(oxalato) borate (LiBOB), LiPF6 with VC and without VC, and the mixed electrolytes composed of different ratios of LiBOB and LiPF6 or LiClO4 on the electrochemical properties of Si/graphite/disordered carbon (Si/G/DC) composite electrode were systematically investigated by constant current charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the change of electrodes in morphology after given cycle numbers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to understand the influences of different mixed electrolytes on the composition of SEI layers. The results showed that Si/G/DC composite electrode in the mixed electrolytes presented better electrochemical performance than in single electrolyte. The compactness and compositions of SEI layers intensively influenced the cycle performance of Si/G/DC composite materials. LiBOB and additive VC had a good synergistic effect on the formation of the dense SEI layers. In particular, Si/G/DC in 0.5M LiBOB+0.38M LiPF6 electrolytes containing VC exhibited a high reversible capacity and excellent cycle performance.
This paper investigates transient and dynamic characteristics and proposes available fault protection solutions for ungrounded low-voltage (LV) AC microgrids. Transient characteristics of the ungrounded LVAC microgrid are surveyed through fault tests and transition tests of the microgrid operation between the grid-connected and the islanded operation modes. Additionally, dynamic behaviours of the ungrounded LVAC microgrid are surveyed through motor starting tests and different load conditions. Simulation results under transient and dynamic operation situations are used to evaluate available fault protection solutions proposed for the ungrounded low-voltage AC microgrids.
To study the fundamental energy storage mechanism of photovoltaically self-charging cells (PSCs) without involving light-responsive semiconductor materials such as Si powder and ZnO nanowires, we fabricate a two-electrode PSC with the dual functions of photocurrent output and energy storage by introducing a PVDF film dielectric on the counterelectrode of a dye-sensitized solar cell. A layer of ultrathin Au film used as a quasi-electrode establishes a shared interface for the I−/I3 − redox reaction and for the contact between the electrolyte and the dielectric for the energy storage, and prohibits recombination during the discharging period because of its discontinuity. PSCs with a 10-nm-thick PVDF provide a steady photocurrent output and achieve a light-to-electricity conversion efficiency (η) of 3.38%, and simultaneously offer energy storage with a charge density of 1.67 C g−1. Using this quasi-electrode design, optimized energy storage structures may be used in PSCs for high energy storage density.
This study tested the optimal time point for left intra-carotid arterial (LICA) administration of circulatory-derived autologous endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) for improving the outcome in rat after acute ischemic stroke (IS).
The present study used the Sport Interest Inventory (SII) to further our understanding of how motivation can be characterised as individual difference factors among sport consumers. The SII was augmented through qualitative feedback involving four focus groups, a pilot test (n = 80) and later validated on a sample of season ticket holders and single-game attendees (n = 623) of a Women's National Basketball Association franchise in the United States. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and discriminant validity tests provided support for increasing the SII from 14 to 18 unique constructs. Evidence for the application of the SII to a variety of sporting events was observed in that 14 of the 18 factors have already been confirmed and used to examine spectators of men's competitive teams. The application of the SII to women's sport in general was supported in that 18 unique factors have now been confirmed in women's professional soccer and basketball. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to demonstrate one application of the SII and revealed that 10 motivational factors explained 48% of the variance in level of consumer support for the professional sport team. Implications for the use of the SII by sport managers and directions for future research are discussed.
We demonstrate a type of carbon nanotube based buckypaper cathode in a hybrid electrolyte Li-air battery (HyLAB) that showed outstanding discharging performances. The HyLAB has sulfuric acid as the catholyte and a large active electrode area (10cm2). The active cathode layer was made from a buckypaper with 5wt.% Pt supported on carbon nanotubes (Pt/CNTs) for oxygen reduction and evolution. A similar cathode was constructed with a catalyst of 5wt.% Pt supported on carbon black (Pt/CB). It is demonstrated that sulfuric acid can achieve high discharging current densities while maintaining relatively high cell potentials. The cell with Pt/CNTs showed a much better performance than with Pt/CB at high current densities. The HyLAB with Pt/CNTs achieved a discharging capacity of 306mAh/g and a cell voltage of 3.15V at 0.2mA/cm2. The corresponding specific energy is 1067Wh/kg based on the total weight of the sulfuric acid. Slow decrease in performance was observed, but it can be recovered by refilling the cell with new electrolyte after continuous discharging of more than 75h. A charge–discharge experiment at 0.2mA/cm2 showed that the cell was rechargeable with a capacity of more than 300mAh/g.
Co3O4 nanostructures have attracted tremendous attention as anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) recently. However, their electrochemical processes and fundamental mechanism remain unclear. In this paper, we report the direct observation of the dynamic behaviors and the conversion mechanism of porous Co3O4 nanoplates/graphene in LIBs by in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The microstructures of the lithiated/delithiated electrode are analyzed by electron diffraction and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. It is revealed that well-crystalline Co3O4 transform into many Co nanograins embedded in Li2O matrix during the first lithiation. The subsequent electrochemical charge–discharge processes are found to be a reversible phase transition between Co nanograins and CoO nanograins, which is different from the previously recognized mechanism (namely a reversible conversion between Co and Co3O4). Pores within the Co3O4 nanoplates can accommodate the volume expansion, and benefit for the stability of electrode and thus the electrochemical performance. The irreversibility revealed by in situ TEM is further correlated with the half cell measurement, which can well explain the capacity loss in the first cycle.
Objective To investigate vestibulo-masseteric (VMR), acoustic-masseteric (AMR), vestibulo-collic (VCR) and trigemino-collic (TCR) reflexes in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS); to relate abnormalities of brainstem reflexes (BSRs) to multimodal evoked potentials (EPs), clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) findings. Methods Click-evoked VMR, AMR and VCR were recorded from active masseter and sternocleidomastoid muscles, respectively; TCR was recorded from active sternocleidomastoid muscles, following electrical stimulation of the infraorbital nerve. EPs and MRI were performed with standard techniques. Results Frequencies of abnormal BSRs were: VMR 62.1%, AMR 55.1%, VCR 25.9%, TCR 58.6%. Brainstem dysfunction was identified by these tests, combined into a four-reflex battery, in 86.9% of cases, by EPs in 82.7%, MRI in 71.7% and clinical examination in 37.7% of cases. The sensitivity of paired BSRs/EPs (93.3%) was significantly higher than combined MRI/clinical testing (70%) in patients with disease duration ⩽6.4years. BSR alterations significantly correlated with clinical, EP and MRI findings. Conclusions The four-BSR battery effectively increases the performance of standard EPs in early detection of brainstem impairment, otherwise undetected by clinical examination and neuroimaging. Significance Multiple BSR assessment usefully supplements conventional testing and monitoring of brainstem function in MS, especially in newly diagnosed patients.
Recurrences following clubfoot correction by the Ponseti method can be prevented by regular use of a foot abduction brace (FAB) until the child is four to five years old. However, there is a lack of an objective method to measure actual hours of brace usage. The aim was to develop a functional prototype of a SMART (Sensor-integrated for Monitoring And Remote Tracking) clubfoot brace to record accurate brace usage and transmit the data remotely to healthcare providers treating clubfoot.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and dyslexia are frequently co-occurring disorders. Although methylphenidate (MPH) is the primary treatment for ADHD, the effect on reading in children with these comorbid problems is not yet known. This study was an unblinded clinical trial to evaluate the reading performance before and after treatment with MPH. Reading performance was compared with General Linear Model repeated measures between three groups: (1) an experimental group of children with both ADHD and dyslexia ( N = 24 ), (2) a control group of children with ADHD ( N = 9 ) and (3) a control group of children with dyslexia ( N = 10 ). MPH improved reading performance significantly stronger in the experimental group than in the control groups; the number of correctly read words increased to a larger extent. In conclusion, MPH proved to be an aid in the reading process of children with ADHD and comorbid dyslexia by improving the learning conditions, but MPH cannot cure the reading disorder. Future research should study the effect of MPH on reading in a double-blind clinical trial.
NAP (davunetide) is a clinical octapeptide and reportedly possesses neuroprotective, neurotrophic and cognitive protective properties. The information for NAP-mediated neuroproteome changes and associated signaling pathways during hypoxia will help in drug development programmes across the world. In the present study, we have evaluated the antioxidant activities of NAP in rat hippocampus exposed to hypobaric hypoxia (25,000 ft, 282 mm Hg) for 3, 6 and 12 h respectively. Using 2D-gel electrophoresis (2D-GE) with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry, we have identified altered expression of 80 proteins in NAP-supplemented hippocampus after hypoxia. Pathway analysis revealed that NAP supplementation significantly regulated oxidative stress response, oxidoreductase activity and cellular response to stress pathways during hypoxia. Additionally, NAP supplementation also regulated energy production pathways along with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling and signaling by Rho family GTPases pathways. We observed higher expression of antioxidant Sod1, Eno1, Prdx2 and Prdx5 proteins that were subsequently validated by Western blotting. A higher level of Prdx2 was also observed by immunohistochemistry in NAP-supplemented hippocampus during hypoxia. In corroboration, we are able to detect significant lower level of protein carbonyls in NAP-supplemented hypoxic hippocampus suggesting amelioration of oxidant molecules by NAP supplementation. These results emphasize the antioxidant and signaling properties of NAP in rodent hippocampus during hypobaric hypoxia.
The aim of this study is that of presenting a new diagnostic and prognostic method aimed at automatically detecting deviations from the expected degradation dynamics of the batteries due to changes in the operating conditions, or, possibly, anomalous behaviors, and predicting their remaining useful life (RUL) in terms of their state-of-life (SOL), without needing to derive any complex physics-based models and/or gather huge amounts of experimental data to cover all possible operative/fault conditions. The proposed method in fact exploits the real time framework offered by particle filtering and resorts to neural networks in order to build a suitable parametric measurement equation, which provides the algorithm with the capability of automatically adjusting to different battery’s dynamic behaviors. The results of this study demonstrate the satisfactory performances of the algorithm in terms of adaptability and diagnostic sensibility, with reference to suitably identified case studies based on actual Lithium-Ion battery capacity data taken from the prognostics data repository of the NASA Ames Research Center database and of the CALCE Battery Group.
Room temperature sodium-ion batteries are of great potential for large-scale energy storage applications because of the abundance and low cost of sodium resources. However, their future viability will largely hinge on the development of high-capacity and stable electrode materials. In this study, we report thin TiS2 nanoplates as a possible cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. These nanoplates possess nanoscale dimensions and large surface areas. Their interlayer galleries are open toward the edges, providing easy access to the large internal space. Electrochemical measurements and multiple ex-situ studies demonstrate that TiS2 nanoplates are capable of fast and reversible Na+ intercalation and deintercalation. They deliver a large capacity close to full Na+ intercalation (186mAh/g), high rate capability (~100mAh/g at 10C) and satisfactory cycling stability at both low and high current rates. Our study suggest that with proper nanostructure engineering, two-dimensional layered materials may hold great promise as sodium ion battery electrode materials to enable fast and robust energy storage at low costs.
Many countries introduced subsidy schemes that were successful in incentivising investments into residential solar PV. The resulting growth of the global PV market was accompanied by cost reductions for PV systems, reductions of PV subsidies and, often, increasing electricity retail prices. Along with decreasing costs for battery storages, these developments made self-consumption and self-sufficiency continuously more attractive. However, the profitability of PV-storage systems depends on many factors, including technological, political and geographical aspects. We present a simulation model to identify the most profitable sizes of PV and storage systems from a household perspective and explore what drives the profitability of self-consumption and self-sufficiency. We compare and contrast Germany and Ireland to account for regulatory and geographical differences. Our results show that PV-storage systems are generally profitable in Germany and that, after minor technology cost reductions, this result holds even in the absence of subsidies. In Ireland, such systems are not yet profitable but this may change soon with expected technology costs reductions. The share of electricity demand that will be required from the grid may be reduced to 25–35%. Implications for the electricity retail business and policy makers are discussed including distributional concerns and system efficiency considerations.
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have attracted wide attentions in supercapacitor fields owing to their versatile physical and chemical properties. In this work, hierarchical NiAl LDH nanotubes consisting of ultrathin nanosheets were synthesized by integrating an atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique with a simple hydrothermal treatment. The present NiAl LDH has the unique structural features that offer large ion-accessible surface area and efficient ion transport pathways. The developed NiAl LDH nanotubes exhibit an excellent electrochemical performance including high specific capacitance, excellent rate performance and outstanding cycling stability as a battery-type electrode for supercapacitors. Thereinto, the 10NiAl-LDH-based electrodes can provide an initial specific capacitance of 2123.7Fg−1 at a current density of 0.5Ag−1, and 91.9% of the initial capacitance is retained after 10000 cycles at a current density of 5Ag−1. We believe that the excellent electrochemical performance for 10NiAl-LDH should mainly be ascribed to the appropriate Ni2+/Al3+ ratio, diameter of nanotubes and thickness of nanosheets determined by thickness of ALD Al2O3, and the detailed mechanism is discussed.
Absorptive glass mat (AGM) separator is a vital technical component in valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries that can be tailored for a desired application. To selectively design and tailor the AGM separator, the intricate three-dimensional (3D) structure needs to be unraveled. Herein, a toolkit of 3D analytical models of pore size distribution and electrolyte uptake expressed via wicking characteristics of AGM separators under unconfined and confined states is presented. 3D data of fiber orientation distributions obtained previously through X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) analysis are used as key set of input parameters. The predictive ability of pore size distribution model is assessed through the commonly used experimental set-up that usually apply high level of compressive stresses. Further, the existing analytical model of wicking characteristics of AGM separators has been extended to account for 3D characteristics, and subsequently, compared with the experimental results. A good agreement between the theory and experiments pave the way to simulate the realistic charge-discharge modes of the battery by applying cyclic loading condition. A threshold criterion describing the invariant behavior of pore size and wicking characteristics in terms of maximum permissible limit of key structural parameters during charge-discharge mode of the battery has also been proposed.
In the smart grid field, renewable power plants coupled with electrical storage systems are becoming a promising challenge to optimize the exploitation of renewable sources in order to maximize self-consumption, thus minimizing the exchange with the grid. Sodium/Nickel chloride batteries are considered optimal storage systems, due to their limited environmental impact, high reliability and specific energy, and reduced maintenance. The present paper describes a mathematical model elaborated to calculate the electrical parameters, during the discharge phase, of a Sodium/Nickel chloride galvanic cell contained within an electrical storage system designed for smart grid applications. Some results of the model have been compared with values achieved in experimental tests carried out on the FZSoNick electrical storage batteries of the Genoa University Smart Polygeneration Microgrid.
Electroactive polypyrrole–Fe2O3 nanocomposite materials were prepared by chemical polymerization of pyrrole in aqueous Fe2O3 colloidal solution, using FeCl3 as oxidant and tosylate anions (TS) as doping agent. The nanocomposite material named (PPyTSNC) was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Their electrochemical storage properties were investigated on composite electrodes using 80% in weight of active materials in different immidazolium and pyrrolidinium based room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as electrolytes. Cyclic voltammetry and constant current charge discharge cycling showed high charge storage properties of the nanocomposite based electrodes in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide (EMITFSI) and N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PYR14TFSI) (respectively 72mAh/g and 62mAh/g at 1mA/cm2 discharge current) which are more than twice higher than the values obtained with pure PPy. These improvements in capacities have been attributed to the PPyTSNC morphology modification which ensures a large incorporation of the electrolyte inside the nanostructure. The specific capacitances of the nanocomposite electrodes reached 210F/g and 190F/g in EMITFSI and PYR14TFSI and their cyclability has shown only 3–5% capacitance loss after one thousand cycles for both ionic liquids.
In this work, self-supported Ni3S2 nanorod arrays on nickel foam substrate are prepared by a facile one-pot hydrothermal method. These phase-pure nanorods possess an interesting secondary structure: the surface is covered with ultrathin Ni3S2 nanosheets. Such an integration of one-dimensional nanorod array with two-dimensional nanosheets combines the advantages of the two components, demonstrating enhanced pseudocapactive performance with a high and very stable areal capacitance over prolonged charge-discharge tests. When the as-prepared material is incorporated as the cathode in an asymmetric supercapacitor, where activated carbon is selected as the anode, the device exhibits highly reversible capacitance with insignificant decay over 3000 cycles. Excellent energy densities of 115 and 102 Wh kg−1 are achieved at power densities of 506 and 1094 W kg−1, respectively. Such a performance can be attributed to the unique sheet-on-rod nanoarray on the nickel foam substrate.
To enhance the electrochemical performance of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode, especially at elevated temperature, atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology has facilely used to deposit an ultrathin amorphous ZnO coating onto LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 with precise thickness-control at atomic scale. The coated cathode material with 8 ALD cycles exhibits the significantly improved discharge capacity and cycleability, as compared with those of the bare one. Such enhanced electrochemical performance of the coated sample is ascribed to its high-quality ultrathin amorphous ALD oxide coating, which can protect the active material from HF attack, reduce the dissolution of metal ions in the electrode and favor the lithium diffusion of the oxide proved by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests. The simple ALD process provides a potential new approach for the battery industry to fabricate novel electrodes with high performances even cycled at high rate at elevated temperature.
A nested process evaluation, within a randomised controlled trial, will explore relationships between program outcomes and quality of intervention implementation of the Lifestyle-Integrated Functional Exercise Program in older people with vision impairment. The Lifestyle-Integrated Functional Exercise Program is a home-based strength and balance program that has been shown to reduce falls in high risk populations. A pilot study showed positive trends in improvements in physical function in older people with vision impairment after participation in the program. The program will be delivered by Orientation and Mobility Specialists, who are experienced in working with people with vision impairment.
The aim of the research is to study and diagnose Russian higher educational institution students’ ecological competency formation with all its components aggregated. On the basis of the received results, recommendations of special psychological and pedagogical work organization to increase the level of students’ ecological competence are given. 192 students of Kazan (Volga region) Federal University took part in the experiment. A battery of tests (questionnaire “Naturaphil” by V.A. Levin and S.D. Deryabo; E.A.Klimov's test “Preferable types of vocational activities”; verbal associative method “ESOP” by V.A.Yasvin and S.D. Deryabo) was used to collect information.
Carbonaceous materials are commonly used to fabricate electrodes for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) or supercapacitors. The high contact resistance between the carbon active layer and the Al current collector can decrease capacitor energy and power performance, and shorten the lifetime of the capacitor. In this report, the sources of carbon based EDLC internal resistance were explored using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). An equivalent circuit model was coupled with the EIS data for the analyses. The EDLC cells were made from symmetric carbon/Al electrodes and operated in organic electrolyte. The analysis results showed the effects of pressure and modified Al on the contact resistance, where a novel, carbon modified Al collector with Al4C3 nano whiskers greatly reduced the contact resistance. Finally the effect of scale-up on the internal resistance was discussed.