batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Kinetic (in vitro, pharmacokinetic, mass balance and toxicokinetic studies) and safety pharmacology data available in 34 Investigator’s Brochures used to support First-In-Man clinical trials over a 10 year period have been evaluated to give an insight into the types of study designs used and how these have changed over the period analysed (1997–2006). For kinetic evaluation, study packages often had single dose pharmacokinetic studies in the rodent and non-rodent by oral and intravenous dose routes as well as protein binding measurement accompanied more recently by rodent mass balance studies and an examination of in vitro metabolism across species and/or enzyme activity with hepatocytes, liver microsomes or recombinantly expressed enzymes. Toxicokinetic data were examined from key repeat dose toxicity studies in rodents and non-rodents with the recent inclusion of sampling in control animals to check for drug contamination. For safety pharmacology evaluation, study packages included “core battery” rodent central nervous system as well as anaesthetised non-rodent cardiovascular and respiratory function studies. More recently, cardiovascular assessment occurred in conscious non-rodents, necessitating stand-alone rodent respiratory function studies although conscious models assessing both cardiovascular and respiratory function were also seen in some of the most recent packages. Recent packages also had an in vitro electrophysiology study, usually the hERG assay. Considerations for kinetic and safety pharmacology study designs are discussed.
The aim of this study is to explore the current literature examining the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of exercise interventions for individuals with myeloid leukemia.
LiCoO2 thin films were deposited on the NASICON-type glass ceramics, Li1+x+y Al x Ti2−x Si y P3−y O12, by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering and were annealed at different temperatures. The as-deposited and the annealed LiCoO2 thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the films exhibited a (104) preferred orientation after annealing and Co3O4 was observed by annealing over 500°C due to the reaction between the LiCoO2 and the glass ceramics. The effect of annealing temperature on the interfacial resistance of glass ceramics/LiCoO2 and Li-ion transport in the bulk LiCoO2 thin film was investigated by galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry (CV), potentiostatic intermittent titration technique (PITT) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with the Li/PEO/glass ceramics/LiCoO2 cell. The cell performance was limited by the Li-ion diffusion resistance in Ohara/LiCoO2 interface as well as in bulk LiCoO2.
The electrode of a vanadium redox flow battery generally is a carbon fibre-based porous medium, in which important physicochemical processes occur. In this work, pore-scale simulations are performed to study complex multiphase flow and reactive transport in the electrode by using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Four hundred fibrous electrodes with different fibre diameters and porosities are reconstructed. Both the permeability and diffusivity of the reconstructed electrodes are predicted and compared with empirical relationships in the literature. Reactive surface area of the electrodes is also evaluated and it is found that existing empirical relationship overestimates the reactive surface under lower porosities. Further, a pore-scale electrochemical reaction model is developed to study the effects of fibre diameter and porosity on electrolyte flow, VII/VIII transport, and electrochemical reaction at the electrolyte-fibre surface. Finally, evolution of bubble cluster generated by the side reaction is studied by adopting a LB multiphase flow model. Effects of porosity, fibre diameter, gas saturation and solid surface wettability on average bubble diameter and reduction of reactive surface area due to coverage of bubbles on solid surface are investigated in detail. It is found that gas coverage ratio is always lower than that adopted in the continuum model in the literature. The current pore-scale studies successfully reveal the complex multiphase flow and reactive transport processes in the electrode, and the simulation results can be further upscaled to improve the accuracy of the current continuum-scale models.
The inadequate power supply in Nigeria has resulted into the use of diesel/petrol generator by almost every household. The implicating death and health risk recorded has made sustainable alternative sources imperative. Solar energy has been identified as a viable option; however, the greatest challenge is its affordability due to high installation cost. This paper proposes the installation of solar energy system using energy partitioning approach based on scalable level of importance to quality of life. First, household energy utilization is partitioned into different energy sectors, and then the importance of each sector as it affects the basic quality of life of the intending users are determined using structured questionnaire. Using a typical medium income house as a case study, different analyses are performed based on the level of quality of life that can be afforded by the different users. The result reveals that the life cycle cost over a period of 20yr, of solar energy system for level 1 (Lighting only) which has the highest impact on the quality of life of Nigerian is $10,600. The cost of energy is 0.3341$/kWh, the cost of diesel fuel saved 1380$/annum, the break-even point is 7.7yr and the estimated carbon credit is 1095.7kg/yr.
The volcanic ash cloud from Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption seriously distracted aviation in Europe. Due to the flight ban, there were only few in-situ measurements of the properties and dispersion of the ash cloud. In this study we show in-situ observations onboard a hot air balloon conducted in Central Finland together with regional dispersion modelling with SILAM-model during the eruption. The modeled and measured mass concentrations were in a qualitative agreement but the exact elevation of the layer was slightly distorted. Some of this discrepancy can be attributed to the uncertainty in the initial emission height and strength. The observed maximum mass concentration varied between 12 and 18 μg m−3 assuming a density of 2 g m−3, whereas the gravimetric analysis of the integrated column showed a maximum of 45 μg m−3 during the first two descents through the ash plume. Ion chromatography data indicated that a large fraction of the mass was insoluble to water, which is in qualitative agreement with single particle X-ray analysis. A majority of the super-micron particles contained Si, Al, Fe, K, Na, Ca, Ti, S, Zn and Cr, which are indicative for basalt-type rock material. The number concentration profiles indicated that there was secondary production of particles possibly from volcano-emitted sulfur dioxide oxidized to sulfuric acid during the transport.
Each European Member State must comply with Directive 2000/53/EC recycling and recovery targets by 2015, set to 85% and 95%, respectively. This paper reports a shredder campaign trial developed and performed in Italy at the beginning of 2008. It turns out to be the first assessment about the critical aspects belonging to the Italian End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) reverse supply chain involving 18 dismantling plants, a shredder plant and 630 ELV representatives of different categories of vehicles treated in Italy during 2006. This trial aims at improving the experimental knowledge related to ELVs added waste, pre-treatment, part reuse, recycling and final metal separation and car fluff disposal. Finally, the study also focuses on the calculation of the effective Italian ELV recycling rate, which results equal to 80.8%, and auto shredder residue (ASR) characterization. According to the results obtained in this work, ASR still contains up to 8% of metals and 40% of polymers that could be recovered. Moreover, physical–chemical analysis showed a Lower Heat Value of almost 20,000kJ/kg and revealed the presence of pollutants such as heavy metals, mineral oils, PCBs and hydrocarbons.
Al@C/expanded graphite was successfully synthesized through a facile method including ultrasonic and heat treatment. In the well-designed three dimensional structure, expanded graphite works as a conductive matrix to support Al particles coated by carbon. The structure integrates the advantages of carbon coating and expanded graphite as conductive support, preserving the electrode activity and integrity and improve the electrochemical performances. Al@C/expanded graphite delivers 657.4mAhg−1 at 50mAg−1 and 75.9% capacity retention after 50 cycles. The preliminary results demonstrate that Al@C/expanded graphite is a potential candidate for anode material of lithium ion batteries.
A macroscopic electrochemical–mechanical model was developed to predict the various power demands of an electric scooter and other outputs, such as the Li-ion battery pack current and voltage requirements for a randomly generated drive cycle using the Matlab-based Simulink software. The simulation results obtained were compared with the actual field test results of a commercial lead-acid battery pack used in a specific electric scooter. The simulation results appeared to give a realistic idea of the dynamic performance of a conceptual Li-ion battery pack in a typical drive pattern. These results, though, need to be validated in an actual field test.
Measurements of particle size-fractionated POC/234Th ratios and 234Th and POC fluxes were conducted using surface-tethered, free-floating, sediment traps and large-volume in-situ pumps during four cruises in 2004 and 2005 to the oligotrophic eastern Mediterranean Sea and the seasonally productive western Mediterranean and northwest Atlantic. Analysis of POC/234Th ratios in sediment trap material and 10, 20, 53, 70, and 100μm size-fractionated particles indicate, for most stations, decreasing ratios with depth, a weak dependence on particle size, and ratios that converge to ∼1–5μmoldpm−1 below the euphotic zone (∼100–150m) throughout the contrasting biogeochemical regimes. In the oligotrophic waters of the Aegean Sea, 234Th and POC fluxes estimated using sediment traps were consistently higher than respective fluxes estimated from water-column 234Th–238U disequilibrium, observations that are attributed to terrigenous particle scavenging of 234Th. In the more productive western Mediterranean and northwest Atlantic, 234Th and POC fluxes measured by sediment trap and 234Th–238U disequilibrium agreed within a factor of 2–4 throughout the water column. An implication of these results is that estimates of POC export by sediment traps and 234Th–238U disequilibrium can be biased differently because of differential settling speeds of POC and 234Th-carrying particles.
A computational model to evaluate effective conductivity and capacity of fiber-based electrodes is presented. We employ electrodes composed of conductive and active material nanofibers dispersed in an electrolyte matrix. The effective conductivity is calculated by means of an equivalent resistor network model, while capacity evaluation is based on the identification of active material fibers that are accessible to electrons (i.e., those connected with the electronically-conductive network). When a constraint is applied to the total fiber content, an optimal active-conductive material ratio is determined that maximizes the active material utilization and the electrode capacity. We also study fiber orientation effects on the electrode electrochemical properties. It is found that fiber orientation has a strong impact on the percolation threshold, and this impact also reflects on the active material utilization: the more the fiber orientation deviates from the ideal isotropic distribution, the lower the utilization of active material fibers. This is of special interest for practical applications where geometrical constraints on fiber orientation arise, as in the case of electrospun fibers deposited on a substrate. The results of this study are therefore meant to give an insight into how a fibrous electrode architecture performs and suggest effective design solutions.
Great opportunities exist for ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) in the fields of environmental monitoring and of wearable applications for example as the sensing part in wireless networks. In this review special attention is given to the recent results obtained with solid contact ion-selective electrodes and solid contact reference electrodes. Their combination as disposable sensing platform may offer the best solution to eliminate issues commonly experienced with ISEs and lead in a short term to their commercialization. Future research will likely focus on the miniaturization of the current devices and on the further development of non conventional potentiometric methods, e.g., controlled potential thin-layer coulometry.
The Graciosa project combines a large scale battery energy storage system with renewable electricity generation from wind power and photovoltaics in a hybrid power plant to reduce the environmental impacts caused by the previous electricity generation by 100 % Diesel combustion on Graciosa Island, Azores. The goal of this contribution is to assess and compare the selected environmental impacts related to the electricity generation of the previous and the new system by using Life Cycle Assessment. To accomplish this goal, all energy and material flows that occur during production, use and recycling/disposal of the electricity generating systems are quantified and evaluated. The results of the Life Cycle Assessment show a reduction of environmental impacts of approx. 43% due to the transformation to the hybrid electricity supply system with high shares of renewable energies (65%). In the new electricity supply system, the majority of environmental impacts (>60%) is still caused by the remaining Diesel based electricity generation. Environmental impacts, which are associated with the construction of the large scale battery energy storage system, account for only 6% of total impacts. Wind power and photovoltaics account for 18% and 14%, respectively.
Prior research has assumed that existing knowledge exerts its influence on consumer judgments primarily through abstract knowledge structures. Consequently, little attention has been given to the possibility that judgments may, under certain circumstances, be influenced by knowledge associated with more specific knowledge structures. This article examines the factors responsible for determining the impact of abstract versus specific knowledge on consumer judgments. Based on the Consumer Learning by Analogy model (CLA model; Gregan-Paxton & John, 1997), it is argued that the relative influence of abstract and specific knowledge is a function of (a) the relation between the new product and existing knowledge and (b) the nature of consumer's knowledge. These ideas were tested in a series of experiments in which participants were required to judge a new product that varied in its relation to an existing product or brand. In this context, the influence of specific knowledge was most evident when participants were able to construct an attribute mapping, but not a relational mapping, to link the novel product to a familiar brand exemplar. When it was possible to construct a relational mapping, a more abstract knowledge structure, such as a schema, was retrieved and used as the basis of product judgments.
ABSTRACT Lignin as a by-product of fuel alcohol industry is used to prepare hard carbon materials by acetone extraction, stabilization in N2 at 300°C, carbonization in N2 and subsequent H2 reduction at 800°C. The effect of H2 reduction after carbonization process on the performances of the prepared samples is systematically studied and a simple mechanism is proposed. Excitingly, it is demonstrated that the process of H2 reduction has a favorable influence on both structures and electrochemical performances of pyrolysis sample and an obvious improvement of capacity performance is obtained with reduction treatment. A first discharge/ charge capacity of 882.2/550.5mAhg−1 (coulombic efficiency (CE) of 62.4%) is achieved at 0.1C (1C=372mAg−1), and even after 200 cycles at 2C a charge capacity of 228.8mAhg−1 (about 92.8% retention ratio) remains and CE is above 99% during cycles for H2 reduced sample. The fabulous electrochemical performance could be attributed to high purity of acetone-extracted lignin, low surface oxygen-containing functional groups and relatively high graphitization degree of reduction sample. In a word, both the simple pyrolysis process and excellent electrochemical performance make lignin-based hard carbon a promising anode material for high-capacity and high-stability lithium ion batteries (LIBs).
The pseudocapacitance and morphology of an electrodeposited cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH)2) significantly depends on the architecture of the electrode substrate. The nano-porous Ni framework, derived from the selective dissolution of Cu from a Ni–Cu alloy, effectively promotes the electrochemical utilization of deposited Co(OH)2 even at a high loading amount condition. The great electronic and ionic conduction within the nano-structured electrode improves the energy storage performance of Co(OH)2 as compared to that for a conventional flat Ni substrate. In this work, the Co(OH)2 mass specific capacitance, evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), only slightly decreases from 2650 to 2470Fg−1 when the potential sweep rate is substantially increased from 5 to 200mVs−1. The developed Ni(OH)2/NiOOH (from the nano-porous framework) incorporates with the deposited Co(OH)2 upon CV cycling; the mixed hydroxide shows a noticeably synergistic capacitance. Furthermore, the dissolution of Co(OH)2 in KOH electrolyte is greatly suppressed due to the incorporation of Ni(OH)2/NiOOH, consequently prolonging the electrode cycle life.
The aim of this study was to investigate cognitive and emotional factors associated with the presence and clinical course of confabulation. 24 confabulating participants were compared with 11 brain injured and 6 healthy controls on measures of temporal context confusions (TCC), mood state (elation, depression) and lack of insight. Measures of autobiographical memory and executive function were also available. Changes in confabulation and these other measures were monitored over 9 months in the confabulating group. We found that TCC were more common in confabulating patients than in healthy controls, and that the decline in these errors paralleled the recovery from confabulation. However, TCC were not specific to the presence of confabulation in brain injury; and their decline was not correlated with change in confabulation scores over 9 months. We found that elated mood and lack of insight discriminated between confabulating and non-confabulating patients, but these measures did not correlate with either the severity of confabulation or change in confabulation scores through time. What seems to have been most strongly associated with the severity of confabulation scores at ‘baseline’ and changes through time (over 9 months) were the severity of memory impairment (especially on autobiographical memory) and errors on executive tests (particularly in making cognitive estimates). Greater autobiographical memory and executive impairment were associated with more severe confabulation. The findings were consistent with the view that confabulation results from executive dysfunction where autobiographical memory is also impaired; and that it resolves as these impairments subside.
The functioning of the new anode materials in the form of silicene on copper and nickel substrates was tested by the method of molecular dynamics. It is shown that, two-layer silicene, both ideal and with vacancy defects, on Cu (111) and Ni (111) substrates is more preferable for intercalation of lithium than the corresponding material on Ag (111) substrate. In turn, a higher capacity was found for a lithium-filled silicene channel on a nickel substrate than for a corresponding anode on a copper substrate. In addition, local shear stresses in a functioning silicene anode on a Ni (111) substrate are lower than those on a Cu (111) substrate.
We examined whether adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet has positive effects on mobility assessed over a 9-year follow-up in a representative sample of older adults. This research is part of the InCHIANTI Study, a prospective population-based study of older persons in Tuscany, Italy. The sample for this analysis included 935 women and men aged 65years and older. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed at baseline by the standard 10-unit Mediterranean diet score (MDS). Lower extremity function was measured at baseline, and at the 3-, 6- and 9-year follow-up visits using the short physical performance battery (SPPB). At baseline, higher adherence to Mediterranean diet was associated with better lower body performance. Participants with higher adherence experienced less decline in SPPB score, which was of 0.9 points higher (p <.0001) at the 3-year-follow, 1.1 points higher (p =0.0004) at the 6-year follow-up and 0.9 points higher (p =0.04) at the 9-year follow-up compared to those with lower adherence. Among participants free of mobility disability at baseline, those with higher adherence had a lower risk (HR=0.71, 95% CI=0.51–0.98, p =0.04) of developing new mobility disability. High adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet is associated with a slower decline of mobility over time in community-dwelling older persons. If replicated, this observation is highly relevant in terms of public health.
Interest in thermoelectrics for waste-heat recovery and localized cooling has flourished in recent years, but questions about cost and scalability remain unanswered. This work investigates the fabrication costs and coupled thermal and electrical transport factors that govern device efficiency and commercial feasibility of the most promising thermoelectric materials. For 30 bulk and thin film thermoelectric materials, we quantify the tradeoff between efficiency and cost considering electrical and thermal transport at the system level, raw material prices, system component costs, and estimated manufacturing costs. This work neglects the cost of heat, as appropriate for most waste-heat recovery applications, and applies a power generation cost metric in $/W and a cooling operating cost metric in $/kWh. The results indicate material costs are too high for typical thermoelectric power generation applications at mean temperatures below 135°C. Above 275°C, many bulk thermoelectric materials can achieve costs below $1/W. The major barrier to economical thermoelectric power generation at these higher temperatures results from system costs for heat exchangers and ceramic plates. For cooling applications, we find that several thermoelectric materials can be cost competitive and commercially promising.
Li metal is considered as the preferred anode material to replace graphite in next generation of Li metal battery. However, the shortages including Li dendrite growth are hindering its practical application. In addition, Li metal is unstable in ambient air, which brings safety risk for assembling and operating of Li metal battery. Herein, we deposit Al thin film on Li foil as the protective layer by magnetron sputtering. The Al-coated Li metal electrode shows higher stability in the air and carbonate-based electrolyte. Moreover, the Li electrode with Al coating layer exhibits metallic luster even after 200 cycles, and the cycling lifetime is expanded over 950 h at 0.5 mA cm−2 and 0.5 mAh cm−2. The improved electrochemical performance is attributed to the formation of a stable Li-Al alloy layer on the electrode surface, where the reduced Li atoms can diffuse into the alloy layer resulting in the formation of dense and compact Li metal anode.