batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Here we report a simple, low-cost and high yield strategy for porous carbon nanosheets (PCNS) with a high specific surface area using corncob waste material as carbon source. The PCNS are used as the conducting matrix for sulfur to form sulfur/porous carbon nanosheets (S/PCNS) composites, which are applied as cathodes for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. The S/PCNS composites exhibit a high initial discharge capacity of about 1600mAhg−1 and maintain a reversible capacity of 554mAhg−1 after 50 cycles. The superior performance is attributed to the highly porous structure of two-dimensional carbon nanosheets that not only enables stable and continue pathway for rapid electron and ion transportation, but also restrain soluble polysulfides and suppress the “shuttle effect”. The large surface area and unique sheet-like two-dimensional structure of PCNS also leads to a high utilization of sulfur, indicating a promising cathode material for Li–S batteries.
Hierarchical entangled Co(OH)2 nanorods (NRs) are anchored on graphene foam (GF) electrodes by using a facile chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The porous, conducting, and higher specific area access offered by the interconnected 3D graphene framework along with unique Co(OH)2 NRs morphology of electrode displays ultrahigh specific capacitance, energy and power density. The Co(OH)2/GF electrode reveals maximum specific capacitance about 1139 F g−1 at 10 A g−1 charge-discharge current density in 1M KOH aqueous solution. Moreover, Co(OH)2/GF electrode in the symmetric supercapacitor device, reveals a high energy (13.9 Wh kg−1) with power (18kWkg−1) density. These results promote the potential applicability of Co(OH)2/GF electrode in the supercapacitor field with effective boosting in charge transfer and storage mechanism.
A convenient and eco-friendly approach to fabricate high-quality copper layer on ceramic via surface modification combined with electroless plating is introduced in this paper. Through the surface modification of polydopamine, alumina ceramic substrate is capable of adsorbing silver ions, which could create an activating layer to catalyze the subsequent electroless copper plating (ECP) at low temperature. The finding that modification could obviously enhance the adhesion between substrates and copper layers are evaluated by water contact angle measurement, XPS, FT-IR, SEM, EDS and adhesion tests. Moreover, after 30 min of ECP, the resulting deposited copper layer presents an excellent performance in adhesion (highest level in ASTM D3359) and conduction (up to 4.2 × 107 S ⋅ m−1, nearly 70% of bulk copper). This technology might provide a potential way to realize surface metallization on ceramic substrates applied in electronic circuits and devices.
The flexible electrodes have important potential applications in energy storage of portable electronic devices for their powerful structural properties. In this work, unique flexible films with polypyrrole/carbon nanotube (PPy/CNT) composite homogeneously distributed between graphene (GN) sheets are successfully prepared by flow-assembly of the mixture dispersion of GN and PPy/CNT. In such layered structure, the coaxial PPy/CNT nanocables can not only enlarge the space between GN sheets but also provide pseudo-capacitance to enhance the total capacitance of electrodes. According to the galvanostatic charge/discharge analysis, the mass and volume specific capacitances of GN-PPy/CNT (52wt% PPy/CNT) are 211Fg−1 and 122Fcm−3 at a current density of 0.2Ag−1, higher than those of the GN film (73Fg−1 and 79Fcm−3) and PPy/CNT (164Fg−1 and 67Fcm−3). Significantly, the GN-PPy/CNT electrode shows excellent cycling stability (5% capacity loss after 5000 cycles) due to the flexible GN layer and the rigid CNT core synergistical releasing the intrinsic differential strain of PPy chains during long-term charge/discharge cycles.
The fuel matrix used in Brazil is unique around the world. The intensive use of hydrated ethanol, gasohol (gasoline with 25% v/v of ethanol), compressed natural gas (CNG), and biodiesel leads to a peculiar composition of the urban atmosphere. From 1998 to 2002 an increase in formaldehyde levels was observed and since then, a reduction. This work presents a monitoring campaign that was executed from March 2004 to February 2009 by sampling at early morning on every sunny Wednesday for a total of 183 samples. The results indicate a strong reduction in formaldehyde levels from 2004 (average of 135.8μgm−3 with SD 28.4μgm−3) to 2009 (average of 49.3μgm−3 with SD 27.4μgm−3). The levels of acetaldehyde showed a slight reduction from 2004 (average of 34.9μgm−3 with SD 8.0μgm−3) to 2009 (average of 26.8μgm−3 with SD 11.5μgm−3). Comparing the results with the concurrent evolution of the fleet and of fuel composition indicates that the observed formaldehyde levels could be associated with the increase in ethanol use and in CNG use by engines with improved technology over the first converted CNG engines. Modelling studies using the OZIPR trajectory model and the SAPRC chemical mechanism indicate that formaldehyde is the main ozone precursor in Rio de Janeiro and acetaldehyde is the forth one.
We discuss a model system of electroactive material containing heterogeneity or energy disorder, in which charge accumulation and transfer is governed mainly by chemical potentials of species in the solid material. The equivalent circuit for impedance spectroscopy is composed of parallel combination of the electrochemical capacitances of the phases and charge-transfer resistances between the phases. The origin of the circuit elements is analysed using the principle of detailed balance and the master equation, as a generalization of different systems, such as intercalation batteries, electrochromics and solar cells based on nanostructured semiconductors, and systems with traps. The Butler–Volmer type equation for interfacial charge-transfer at the solid-solid interface is derived. The model is extended with the relaxation of charge in one of the phases providing an inductive behaviour at high frequency. Experimental results of intercalation of Li into nanostructured TiO2, in the configuration TiO2/room temperature ionic liquid/PEDOT show the inductive behaviour.
Improving cycle performance and rate-capability of lithium ion batteries is necessary in moving toward their use in electric vehicles. Working towards this goal, we propose an amorphous Li-Zr-O coating on the surface of a high-Ni layered transition metal oxide (LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2) via a simple wet process. By using residual Li on the surface of as-prepared LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 particles as a Li source, a non-stoichiometric Li-Zr-O compound can be successfully formed on the surface of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 particles at a low temperature of 400 °C. The formation of an amorphous Li-Zr-O layer is beneficial in minimizing undesirable side reactions associated with residual Li at the surface and, by extension, improving the cycle performance and rate-capability of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2. The amorphous Li-Zr-O coated LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 exhibits a high reversible capacity of more than 190 mAh g−1 with improved cycle performance. This simple approach offers easy control of the surface characteristics of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2, improving the surface stability and enhancing the thermal stability.
Ball-like LiMn0.4Ni0.4Co0.2O2 particles composed of flakes were synthesized by a simplified co-precipitation method followed by a solid-state reaction at temperatures of 600–900°C. The relationship between the flake thickness and the electrochemical performance of the layered oxides was investigated in this work. The layered oxide with a flake thickness of 80–100nm synthesized at 800°C has the best electrochemical performance among these cathode materials, especially the rate capability. An initial discharge capacity of 160mAhg−1 was obtained at 5C (1400mAg−1) in the voltage range of 2.5–4.5V, and the capacity retention was 80% after 50 cycles. The excellent rate capability is attributed to the well formed structure, short diffusion distance and good crystallinity. In addition, a detailed study of diffusion coefficient of Li+ ( D Li + ) was carried out to further understand this material. The value of D Li + calculated is in the range of 10−11 to 10−12 cm2 s−1.
The detailed isothermal electrochemical model for a lithium ion cell comprises of 10 coupled partial differential equations (PDEs). It is computationally intensive to use this model for detailed parameter estimation, battery packs, battery management system algorithms, calendar or cycle life predictions etc. This work describes a reduced order model framework, which reduces the detailed model PDEs, to a manageable set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which can be used for the above applications. Volume averaging PDEs yield ODEs. Hence volume averaging is the basic method used for model reduction. The gradient or profile information lost on volume averaging is recovered through profile based approximations. For the lowest order reduced order model (ROM), a uniform reaction rate, quadratic electrolyte concentrations and quartic solid phase concentrations are assumed. In this ROM only 5 linear ODEs are solved, and the rest are nonlinear algebraic evaluations. When compared with the detailed electrochemical model of a lithium ion cell, this ROM gives negligible error at nominal currents and a maximum error of about 3% at high currents, for a typical commercial cell.
A Software Ecosystem (SECO) refers to a collection of software products with some degree of symbiotic relationship. SOLAR is a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) that enables the publication of courses and interaction with them among its various users. In this context, SOLAR SECO emerges, where diverse situations of software evolution and maintenance are part of its development process. The aim of this paper is to discuss the dynamic variability of SOLAR educational software ecosystem and software modeling. As an example, dynamic variability aspects of the feature model of SOLAR VLE discussion forum functionality were discussed, one of the most widely used services within SOLAR SECO. As a major conclusion of this work, we identified that the use of the contextual feature diagram allows the study of the dynamic aspects of a system, even more supported by tools to support automatic measurement collection.
Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a form of chain analysis in which structural pathways in the economic system are delineated and connected to environmental problems. As such, it can be seen as an extension of, or a complement to, energy analysis. The main developments over the past 30 years are sketched in a perspective that puts an emphasis on standardization and scientific consensus creation. We end with a logical next development: a closer cooperation and harmonization with the domain of energy analysis, and an expected growing interest from the energy-application side.
This paper presents a magnetically coupled hybrid renewable energy system (RES) for residential applications. The proposed system integrates the energies of a set of PV panels, a fuel cell stack, and a battery using a multi-winding magnetic link to supply a residential load. It can operate in multiple grid-connected and off-grid operation modes. An energy management unit including an off-line dynamic programming-based optimization stage and a real-time rule-based controller is designed to optimally control the power flow in the system according to the provided energy plan. The system is designed according to the required standards of the grid-connected residential RES. Different sections of the proposed system including steady-state operation, control techniques, energy management method and hardware design are studied in brief. A prototype of the proposed system is developed and experimentally tested for an energy management scenario considering both sunny and cloudy profiles of the PV generation. The energy distribution and cost analysis approved the benefits of the proposed system for residential consumers.
Polyoxyethylene (40) nonylphenyl ether as nonionic surfactant (PNE) has been tested as an inhibitor for zinc corrosion in alkaline electrolyte (7.0 M KOH) via potentiodynamic polarization together with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The surface characterization of zinc has been examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confirmed by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The Results show that PNE surfactant inhibits zinc corrosion in 7.0 M KOH solution and indicate that the inhibition capability increases with the concentration of PNE surfactant. The maximum inhibition efficiency has been obtained near to critical micelle concentration of PEN surfactant (CMC = 0.25 mM). The battery containing PNE surfactant exhibits better performance. PNE surfactant works as a mixed type inhibitor by physical adsorption. This adsorption obeys Freundlich adsorption isotherm.
The capacity fading of lithium/sulfur (Li/S) cells is one major challenge that has to be overcome for a successful commercialization of this electrochemical storage system. Therefore it is essential to detect the major fading mechanisms for further improvements of this system. In this work, the processes leading to fading are analyzed in terms of a linear four state model and correlated to the distribution of relaxation times calculated with a modified Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Additionally, the Warburg impedance and the solution resistance are also obtained by the same algorithm. The detailed analysis of intermediate states during the first cycle gives the distinction between relaxation processes at the sulfur cathode and at the lithium anode. The influence of the polysulfides on the impedance parameters was evaluated using symmetric cells; this yields a good correlation with the results obtained from the first discharge/charge experiment. A fast and a slow capacity fading process are observed for the charge and the discharge during 50 cycles. The fast fading process can be assigned to Faradaic reactions at the lithium anode.
In this work, an ionic liquid (IL) based electrode material was synthesized for the supercapacitor application. Initially, manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles have been prepared by a sol-gel method using IL, Aliquat HTA-1 as a capping agent. The effect of IL on the morphology of MnO2 nanoparticles has been investigated by using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The morphology reveals formation of the nanorods in presence of IL and spherical nanoparticles in absence of IL. The X-ray diffraction measurements disclose a tetragonal crystal structure pattern of α-MnO2 with a crystallite size of about 20 nm. Optical properties of MnO2 have been studied by UV–Vis and emission spectroscopy. The emission spectra of MnO2 in presence of IL exhibits emission band which shows a red shift by 30 nm. The supercapacitor study has been carried out using cyclic voltammetry, and charge-discharge with MnO2 as an electrode material and 5% IL as supporting electrolyte. As evidenced by the electrochemical measurements, the MnO2 with IL generates a substantial pseudocapacitance reaching a maximum value of up to 453 Fg−1. Moreover, the supercapacitor is assembled with IL capped MnO2 as a positive and a negative electrode which resulted in high specific capacitance and better rate capability.
In the search of high-performance cathodes for next-generation Li-ion batteries (LIBs), iron fluorides are among the most promising materials because of their extremely high theoretical capacity. This study reports on the synthesis, structural and electrochemical characterizations of cobalt doped iron fluoride hydrate as a high-performance cathode material for LIBs. A simple non-aqueous precipitation method is used to synthesize cobalt doped iron fluoride (Fe0.9Co0.1F3·0.5H2O) while its structural and electrochemical properties are also evaluated. The thermogravimetric analysis reveals that the structure of the as-prepared material remains stable up to 243°C. The structure was then found to collapse beyond this temperature due to the removal of water contents from the crystal structure. The material delivers a high discharge capacity of 227mAhg−1 at 0.1C in the potential range of 1.8-4.5V versus Li/Li+. The electrode retains a high reversible capacity of 150mAhg−1 at a rate of 0.1C after 200 cycles, indicating high reversibility and stability of the material. The electrode also shows a superior rate capability of up to 10C, showing its potential use as a cathode material for LIBs.
State-of-charge (SOC) and capacity estimation plays an essential role in many battery-powered applications, such as electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). However, commonly used joint/dual extended Kalman filter (EKF) suffers from the lack of accuracy in the capacity estimation since (i) the cell voltage is the only measurable data for the SOC and capacity estimation and updates and (ii) the capacity is very weakly linked to the cell voltage. The lack of accuracy in the capacity estimation may further reduce the accuracy in the SOC estimation due to the strong dependency of the SOC on the capacity. Furthermore, although the capacity is a slowly time-varying quantity that indicates cell state-of-health (SOH), the capacity estimation is generally performed on the same time-scale as the quickly time-varying SOC, resulting in high computational complexity. To resolve these difficulties, this paper proposes a multiscale framework with EKF for SOC and capacity estimation. The proposed framework comprises two ideas: (i) a multiscale framework to estimate SOC and capacity that exhibit time-scale separation and (ii) a state projection scheme for accurate and stable capacity estimation. Simulation results with synthetic data based on a valid cell dynamic model suggest that the proposed framework, as a hybrid of coulomb counting and adaptive filtering techniques, achieves higher accuracy and efficiency than joint/dual EKF. Results of the cycle test on Lithium-ion prismatic cells further verify the effectiveness of our framework.
The nonlinear behavior of electrochemical systems, such as batteries bears essential information on their state and processes interacting within them. A Pseudo-two-Dimensional Lithium-ion battery model is used for Nonlinear Frequency Response Analysis (NFRA). Focus is laid on identification of processes in Lithium-ion batteries. The most commonly applied dynamic electrochemical analysis method, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), is limited to linear deflections of the system. This denotes loss of information about nonlinear system behavior. In contrast, NFRA extends this approach to study the nonlinear behavior of the Lithium-ion battery. We show dependency of nonlinear responses on the input amplitude and several model parameters, such as diffusion coefficient, reaction rate constant and double layer capacitance. Parameter variation demonstrates the capability of this method for process identification by investigating the individual higher harmonics and the respective sum. Characteristic peaks can be attributed to electrode reactions and diffusion and frequency regions influenced by the signal can be identified. This work gives a deeper understanding of the nonlinear response of a Lithium-ion battery and as such of how to apply this analysis method for Lithium-ion battery state estimation. It is shown that the method NFRA is essential for reliable process identification. Battery characterization highly benefits from the combination of EIS and NFRA.
Limited research has been conducted on the structure of the pars triangularis (PT) in dyslexia despite functional neuroimaging research finding it may play a role in phonological processing. Furthermore, research to date has not examined PT size in ADHD even though the right inferior frontal region has been implicated in the disorder. Hence, one of the purposes of this study was to examine the structure of the PT in dyslexia and ADHD. The other purposes included examining the PT in relation to overall expressive language ability and in relation to several specific linguistic functions given language functioning often is affected in both dyslexia and ADHD. Participants included 50 children: 10 with dyslexia, 15 with comorbid dyslexia/ADHD, 15 with ADHD, and 10 controls. Using a 2 (dyslexia or not)×2 (ADHD or not) MANCOVA, findings revealed PT length and shape were comparable between those with and without dyslexia. However, children with ADHD had smaller right PT lengths than those without ADHD, and right anterior ascending ramus length was related to attention problems in the total sample. In terms of linguistic functioning, presence of an extra sulcus in the left PT was related to poor expressive language ability. In those with adequate expressive language functioning, left PT length was related to phonological awareness, phonological short-term memory and rapid automatic naming (RAN). Right PT length was related to RAN and semantic processing. Further work on PT morphology in relation to ADHD and linguistic functioning is warranted.
Abstract Nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus and production of hormones sustaining fetal development are important placental functions carried out by a rich selection of transporter proteins and a variety of metabolizing enzymes. The same proteins handle many xenobiotics which in placenta may pass, accumulate, and change placental functions, causing toxicity. Because of structural and functional variation between species, human placental tissue and human trophoblastic cell lines are the most used systems in the search for placental biomarkers of toxicity. They would be helpful in evaluation of drug toxicity in placenta, and in toxicological risk assessment. Only a few exist so far, e.g., changes in CYP19A1/aromatase by hormonally active compounds, metallothioneins in metal exposure, and level of PAH-DNA adducts associated with fetotoxicity. New possibilities are provided, e.g., by the emerging field of placental epigenetics. Use of placenta and placental biomarkers in regulatory toxicology also awaits further data.
Introduction Bilateral Fronto-Parietal Polymicrogyria type 1 (BFPP1; OMIM 606854) is an autosomic recessive affection usually linked to GPR56. Clinical (mental retardation, cerebellar signs, severe psychomotor delay and symptomatic generalized epilepsy) and radiological (bilateral fronto-parietal polymicrogyria with an anterior to posterior gradient with brainstem and cerebellar hypoplasia) signs are specific. Patients with BFPP without cerebellar or brainstem abnormalities (BFPP2) have a milder phenotype and are not linked to GPR56 mutation (Piao et al., 2005; Bahi-Buisson et al., 2010). We report here a patient with specific learning disorder (Development Coordination Disorder-DCD and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-ADHD) that presented the radiological characteristics of BFPP2 and harbor a GPR56 mutation. Case report 4-year-old boy with a normal psychomotor and speech development, presenting awkwardness, learning difficulties and ADHD. Familial and personal history was unremarkable. Neurological examination was normal. Neuropsychological tests performed at 5.5 years showed DCD (Mouvement assessment Battery for Children-M-ABC scale –2SD and WPPSI-III: ICV=100, IRP=71, IVT=71 with severe dysgraphia) and ADHD. EEG was normal. He received a multidisciplinary rehabilitation and methylphenidate with an improvement of his learning disabilities even though he needed special school when he left kindergarten. When he was 7, he presented shock-like episodes with absences. Prolonged video-EEG showed 2Hz generalized spikes and waves, atypical absences and tonic seizures. Brain MRI revealed BFPP2. DNA analysis revealed compound heterozygoty in GPR56, parents where heterozygous for GPR56. Conclusion This case is, to our knowledge, the first case of BFPP2 phenotype presenting initially as a specific learning disorder and harbouring compound heterozigoty in GPR56.