batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
We investigated whether primary progressive aphasias (PPA) reflect non-random degradation of linguistic dimensions that might be supported by different neural subsystems and to what extent this degradation contributes to the emergence of clinical entities: semantic (S), logopenic (L) and nonfluent (NF) aphasia; apraxia of speech was also considered if associated with language disorders (AOS/aph). Forty-two aphasic patients are reported. Two main definable patterns of linguistic deficits tended to emerge that corresponded with identifiable patterns of brain atrophy, and probably diseases: the S variant, which principally expresses the impact of a “deep” cognitive (semantic) disorder on language, and AOS/aph in which “peripheral” executive components play a significant role. By contrast, NF aphasia emerged as a heterogeneous variant due to disorganization of various dimensions within the linguistic domain, that assumes different patterns depending on the differential distribution of atrophy in the perisylvian regions.
In order to search for cathode materials with better performance, Li3(V1−x Mg x )2(PO4)3 (0, 0.04, 0.07, 0.10 and 0.13) is prepared via a carbothermal reduction (CTR) process with LiOH·H2O, V2O5, Mg(CH3COO)2·4H2O, NH4H2PO4, and sucrose as raw materials and investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS). XRD shows that Li3(V1−x Mg x )2(PO4)3 (x =0.04, 0.07, 0.10 and 0.13) has the same monoclinic structure as undoped Li3V2(PO4)3 while the particle size of Li3(V1−x Mg x )2(PO4)3 is smaller than that of Li3V2(PO4)3 according to SEM images. EIS reveals that the charge transfer resistance of as-prepared materials is reduced and its reversibility is enhanced proved by the cyclic votammograms. The Mg2+-doped Li3V2(PO4)3 has a better high rate discharge performance. At a discharge rate of 20C, the discharge capacity of Li3(V0.9Mg0.1)2(PO4)3 is 107mAhg−1 and the capacity retention is 98% after 80 cycles. Li3(V0.9Mg0.1)2(PO4)3//graphite full cells (085580-type) have good discharge performance and the modified cathode material has very good compatibility with graphite.
A facile and cost-effective way has been developed to fabricate a unique structure of Ni3S2 and Co9S8 double-size nanoparticles decorated on rGO (coated on the surface of nickel foam (NF)) and the as-prepared rGO/Ni3S2/Co9S8 composite was directly applied as the electrode for a high-performance supercapacitor. In the absence of rGO, Co-doping Ni3S2 nanoparticles (Co-Ni3S2) were produced. Detailed electrochemical measurements showed that the rGO/Ni3S2/Co9S8 composite electrode exhibited high specific capacitance of 1929.1Fg−1 compared to that of Co-Ni3S2 electrode of 1075.5Fg−1 at a current density of 1Ag−1. In addition, the rGO/Ni3S2/Co9S8 composite displayed excellent rate capability (1669.2Fg−1 at 20Ag−1) and good cycling ability (92.8% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles at a current density of 10Ag−1). The enhanced electrochemical performances of rGO/Ni3S2/Co9S8 composite can be mainly attributed to the positive synergic effect of the unique structure. The facile, low-cost and novel synthesis method and outstanding performance make the rGO/Ni3S2/Co9S8 composite an ideal electrode material for the electrochemical energy storage devices.
Many individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) are known to have difficulties in understanding pragmatic aspects of language. In the present study, a group of eleven non-demented PD patients and eleven healthy control (HC) participants were tested on their ability to interpret communicative intentions underlying verbal irony and lies, as well as on their ability to infer first- and second-order mental states (i.e., theory of mind). Following Winner et al. (1998), participants answered different types of questions about the events which unfolded in stories which ended in either an ironic statement or a lie. Results showed that PD patients were significantly less accurate than HC participants in assigning second-order beliefs during the story comprehension task, suggesting that the ability to make a second-order mental state attribution declines in PD. The PD patients were also less able to distinguish whether the final statement of a story should be interpreted as a joke or a lie, suggesting a failure in pragmatic interpretation abilities. The implications of frontal lobe dysfunction in PD as a source of difficulties with working memory, mental state attributions, and pragmatic language deficits are discussed in the context of these findings.
Manganese dioxide and Ag-doped manganese dioxide powders were prepared by a chemical precipitation method using KBH4 as a reducing agent. The powders were studied by X-ray analysis, thermogravimetry, and electron microscopy. Composite electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors (ES) were fabricated by impregnation of slurries of the precipitated powders and carbon black into porous nickel foam current collectors. In the composite electrodes, carbon black nanoparticles formed a secondary conductivity network within the nickel foam cells. Obtained composite electrodes, containing manganese dioxide and 20 wt% carbon black with total mass loading of 50 mg cm−2, showed a capacitive behavior in the 0.5 M Na2SO4 solutions. The capacitive behavior of the composite electrodes can be improved by mixing of manganese dioxide and carbon black in solutions or using Ag-doped manganese dioxide powders. The highest specific capacitance (SC) of 150 F g−1 was obtained at a scan rate of 2 mV s−1. The electrodes showed good cycling behavior with no loss in SC during 1,000 cycles.
This paper investigates the role of static and dynamic attributes for the animate–inanimate distinction in category-based reasoning of 7-month-olds. Three experiments tested infants’ responses to movement events involving an unfamiliar animal and a ball. When either the animal or the ball showed self-initiated irregular movements (Experiment 1), infants expected the previously active object to start moving again. When both objects were moving together in an ambiguous motion event (Experiment 2), infants expected only the animal to start moving again. Initial looking preferences for each object did not influence results. When either the facial features of the animal were removed, or its furry body was replaced by a plastic spiral in an ambiguous motion event (Experiment 3), infants formed no clear expectation regarding future movements. Based on this set of findings we conclude that 7-month-olds flexibly combine information about the static and dynamic properties of objects in order to reason about motion events.
The clastogenicity/aneugenicity of N-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic pollutant 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC) and its two synthetic derivatives N-methyl DBC (MeDBC) and 5,9-dimethyl DBC (diMeDBC) was evaluated in the genetically engineered Chinese hamster V79 cell line V79MZh1A1 with stable expression of human cytochrome P4501A1 and in the parental V79MZ cell line without any cytochrome P450 activity. While none of the three carbazoles changed significantly the level of micronuclei in the parental V79MZ cells, a variable, but statistically significant rise of micronucleus frequencies was assessed in V79MZh1A1 cells. DBC induced dose-dependent increase in the number of micronuclei at harvest times of 24 and 48h and MeDBC at sampling time of 48h in V79MZh1A1 cells in comparison to untreated cells, however, no significant time-dependent increase in micronucleus frequencies was found. The use of the antikinetochore immunostaining revealed that DBC and MeDBC induced approximately equal levels of both kinetochore positive (C+) and kinetochore negative (C−) micronuclei. DiMeDBC, a strict hepatocarcinogen, did not manifest any effect on micronucleus induction in V79MZh1A1 cells. These studies suggest that genetically engineered Chinese hamster V79 cell lines expressing individual CYP cDNAs are a useful in vitro model for evaluation the role of particular cytochromes P450 in biotransformation of DBC and its tissue and organ specific derivatives.
Pseudomonas extremaustralis is an Antarctic bacterium with high stress resistance, able to grow under cold conditions. It is capable to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) mainly as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and, to a lesser extent, medium-chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mclPHAs). In this work, we analyzed the role of PHAs and cold adaptation in the survival of P. extremaustralis after lethal UVA exposure. P. extremaustralis presented higher radiation resistance under polymer accumulation conditions. This result was also observed in the derivative mutant strain PHA−, deficient for mclPHAs production. On the contrary, the PHB− derivative mutant, deficient for PHB production, showed high sensitivity to UVA exposure. Complementation of the PHB− strain restored the wild-type resistance level, indicating that the UVA-sensitive phenotype is due to the lack of PHB. All strains exhibited high sensitivity to radiation when cultured under PHAs non-accumulation conditions. A slight decrease in PHB content was observed after UVA exposure in association with increased survival. The scattering of UVA radiation by intracellular PHAs granules could also result in bacterial cell protection. In addition, cold conditions improved UVA tolerance, probably depending on PHB mobilization. Results showed that PHB accumulation is crucial in the resistance to UVA in P. extremaustralis. Mechanisms involved probably entail depolymerization and light scattering acting as a screen, both conferring protection against oxidative stress.
Nrf2:INrf2 (Keap1) are cellular sensors of oxidative and electrophilic stress. Nrf2 is a nuclear factor that controls the expression and coordinated induction of a battery of genes that encode detoxifying enzymes, drug transporters, antiapoptotic proteins, and proteasomes. In the basal state, Nrf2 is constantly degraded in the cytoplasm by its inhibitor, INrf2. INrf2 functions as an adapter for Cul3/Rbx1 E3 ubiquitin ligase-mediated degradation of Nrf2. Chemicals, including antioxidants, tocopherols including α-tocopherol (vitamin E), and phytochemicals, and radiation antagonize the Nrf2:INrf2 interaction and lead to the stabilization and activation of Nrf2. The signaling events involve preinduction, induction, and postinduction responses that tightly control Nrf2 activation and repression back to the basal state. Oxidative/electrophilic signals activate unknown tyrosine kinases in a preinduction response that phosphorylates specific residues on Nrf2 negative regulators, INrf2, Fyn, and Bach1, leading to their nuclear export, ubiquitination, and degradation. This prepares nuclei for unhindered import of Nrf2. Oxidative/electrophilic modification of INrf2 cysteine 151 followed by PKC phosphorylation of Nrf2 serine 40 in the induction response results in the escape or release of Nrf2 from INrf2. Nrf2 is thus stabilized and translocates to the nucleus, resulting in a coordinated activation of gene expression. This is followed by a postinduction response that controls the “switching off” of Nrf2-activated gene expression. GSK3β, under the control of AKT and PI3K, phosphorylates Fyn, leading to Fyn nuclear localization. Fyn phosphorylates Nrf2 Y568, resulting in nuclear export and degradation of Nrf2. The activation and repression of Nrf2 provide protection against oxidative/electrophilic stress and associated diseases, including cancer. However, deregulation of INrf2 and Nrf2 due to mutations may lead to nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 that reduces apoptosis and promotes oncogenesis and drug resistance.
Composite anode materials prepared using high energy mechanical milling have exhibited stable cycling in several previous works. One such material, a composite of antimony metal, carbon black, and iron oxide, shows particular promise as a higher voltage alternative to graphite and silicon. This material can enable safe operation in applications requiring high charging rates while providing a lower voltage and higher capacity alternative to lithium titanate. However, the stringent requirements for commercializing new materials for lithium ion batteries can be a serious impediment for new materials reaching into this existing market. The key requirements investigated here are the capacity, 1st cycle coulombic efficiency, hysteresis, and cycle lifetime. It is found that the combination of these materials with high energy milling can enhance the cycle lifetime of the individual constituent components, while the other properties behave as a simple superposition of the constituent components. This behavior is due to the intimate composite structure formed by the high energy milling. The failure of the electrochemical cell is primarily caused by the impedance growth of the material, which seems to be caused by instability of the SEI layer that forms on this volume changing material.
This paper introduces a new energy management (EM) strategy for series hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Series HEVs operate in charge-depletion mode and then switch to the charge-sustaining mode in which the battery state of charge (SOC) is maintained within a certain range. The proposed EM strategy in this paper is a form of adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) that is designed for the charge-sustaining mode. The EM strategy defines soft bounds on the battery SOC and is penalized for exceeding these bounds. But, to catch energy-saving opportunities (CESOs), the EM strategy allows SOC to exceed the soft bounds. Thus, the introduced EM strategy is named ECMS-CESO. In addition, a range for the ECMS optimal equivalent factor is proposed for series HEVs. The proposed range is used in deriving the formula for calculating the adaptive equivalent factor. The main advantage of the proposed EM strategy is that ECMS-CESO can achieve close to optimal fuel economy without the need for predicting future driver demand. Since there is no need for prediction, the intensive calculations for finding the optimal control over the prediction horizon can be eliminated. Therefore, implementation of ECMS-CESO is easily feasible for real-time applications. Experimental powertrain data is collected to develop a powertrain model for a series HEV in this study. Simulation results on several drivecycles show that, on average, the fuel economy achieved by ECMS-CESO is within 6% of the maximum fuel economy. In addition, comparing ECMS-CESO with two existing adaptive ECMSs shows up to 5% improvement in fuel economy, on average.
The effect of binder polymer structures used in composite cathodes on the interfacial charge transfer processes in lithium polymer batteries (LPB) has been studied in detail. A cross-linked comb-copolymer, consisting of ethylene oxide (EO), 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl glycidyl ether (MEEGE), and allyl glycidyl ether (AGE), was used as a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). LiCoO2 composite cathodes were fabricated using binder comb-copolymers, consisting of EO and MEEGE with different compositions. Ionic conductivity of the SPE, and the interfacial charge transfer processes between the SPE and metallic lithium and between the SPE and the composite cathode at several cathode potentials versus Li/Li+, were electrochemically explored. With increasing MEEGE composition in the binder copolymers, the interfacial resistances between the SPE and the composite cathode appreciably decreased. As the result, discharge capacity of the LPB also enhanced with increasing the MEEGE composition. The introduction of the branched-side-chains to the polymer backbone to the binder polymers for the composite cathodes caused to facilitate the interfacial charge transport processes, while the introduction had also been found to be very effective in terms of the enhancement of ionic conductivity of SPE.
Tin, tin oxide and NiSn-based nanocomposites with Al2O3 dispersion were prepared by ball milling to see their electrochemical properties as a new anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that the initial charge–discharge capacities are very high for these materials. However, the capacity faded rapidly after the first cycle due to irreversible reactions. This is thought to be caused by the separation of the active materials from the inert oxide particles. The initial cycling efficiency was markedly improved by subsequent annealing of the ball-milled electrode.
Identifying a Mg2+ insertion mechanism into Mg cathode is one crucial challenge of designing Mg batteries that own comparable specific energy to the lithium ion systems. Spinel Mg cathodes are attractive candidates mainly attributed to its high intercalation voltage and theoretical capacity, however, electrochemically removing Mg from its solid structure with identified capacity dedicated to actual reversible Mg intercalation introduce complications. Work presented here applies Scanning/Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Loss Spectroscopy and diffraction method to investigate the cathode electrolyte interface for a spinel MgCo2O4 material electrochemically cycled in the presence of a non-aqueous, low water content Mg electrolyte. Findings at an atomic scale suggest a complete de-magnesiation is occurring for thin MgCo2O4 particles upon electrochemical charging, but a vast majority of MgCo2O4 shows formation of an amorphous MgO layer with a thickness of ∼10 nm at the cathode electrolyte interface. The amorphous MgO layer is directly jointed with the crystalline MgCo2O4 at the outer edge of the cathode. Formation of MgO at the cathode electrolyte interface is believed to be the detrimental factor preventing further electrochemical cell cycling of MgCo2O4. A possible reaction pathway of intercalation-initiated surface conversion is proposed to explain reversible Mg insertion with MgCo2O4.
A simple electrical model has been established to describe supercapacitor behaviour as a function of frequency, voltage and temperature for hybrid vehicle applications. The electrical model consists of 14 RLC elements, which have been determined from experimental data using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) applied on a commercial supercapacitor. The frequency analysis has been extended for the first time to the millihertz range to take into account the leakage current and the charge redistribution on the electrode. Simulation and experimental results of supercapacitor charge and discharge have been compared and analysed. A good correlation between the model and the EIS results has been demonstrated from 1mHz to 1kHz, from −20 to 60°C and from 0 to 2.5V.
Before children can read, their brains have yet to develop selective responses to words. This study demonstrates that a child's connectivity pattern at age 5 can predict where their own word-selective cortex will later develop. This suggests that connectivity lays the groundwork for later functional development of cortex.
Aluminium is an attractive active material for battery systems due to its abundance, low cost, a gravimetric energy density of 2.98 Ah g−1 (c.f. lithium 3.86 Ah g−1) and a volumetric energy density of 8.04 Ah cm−3 (c.f. lithium 2.06 Ah cm−3). An aqueous electrolyte-based aluminium-ion cell is described using TiO2 nanopowder as the negative electrode, CuHCF (copper-hexacyanoferrate) as the positive electrode and an electrolyte consisting of 1 mol dm−3 AlCl3 and 1 mol dm−3 KCl. Voltammetric and galvanostatic analyses have shown that the discharge voltage is circa 1.5 V. Both a single-cell and 2-cell battery are demonstrated using 10 cm2 electrodes and 126 and 256 mg total active material for the 1-cell and 2-cell batteries, respectively. The single cell exhibits an energy density of circa 15 mW h g−1 (combined positive and negative electrode masses) at a power density of 300 mW g−1 with energy efficiency remaining above 70% for over 1750 cycles. Initial characterisation shows that charge storage is due to the presence of Al3+. Cell capacity is circa 10 mA h g−1 and operates with a discharge voltage of circa 1.5 V (efficiency > 80% at 20C charge/discharge rate).
Three new polymeric mercury(II) thiocyanate coordination polymers, {[Hg2(L4)(SCN)4] n (1), [Hg2(μ-L5)(μ-SCN)4] n [Hg2(μ-L5)(μ-SCN)4]2 n (2) and [Hg(L6)(SCN)2] n (3); L4 =2,5-bis(2-pyridyl)-3,4-diaza-2,4-hexadiene, L5 =2,5-bis(3-pyridyl)-3,4-diaza-2,4-hexadiene and L6 =2,5-bis(4-pyridyl)-3,4-diaza-2,4-hexadiene) were prepared from reactions of mercury(II) thiocyanate with three organic nitrogen donor-based ligands under thermal gradient conditions using the branched tube method and fully characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermo gravimetric analysis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compounds are structurally diverse and show very interesting structural motifs: the compound 1 is one-dimensional heterochiral double-chains. In compound 2, the bridging ligand L5 adopts a transoid conformation and the network contains two interpenetrating coordination polymers, a 2D net and a 1D double-chain.The crystal structure of 3 consists of one-dimensional zigzag chains. Solid-state luminescent spectra of the compounds 1 and 3 indicate intense fluorescent emissions at ca. 393nm and 363nm, respectively.
The influence of low-energy Ar ion beam irradiation on both electrical and optical properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films is presented. The polymer films were bombarded with 320 keV Ar ions with fuences up to 1×1015 cm−2. Electrical properties of LDPE films were measured and the effect of ion bombardment on the DC conductivity, dielectric constant and loss was studied. Optically, the energy gap, the Urbach’s energy and the number of carbon atoms in a cluster were estimated for all polymer samples using the UV–Vis spectrophotometry technique. The obtained results showed slight enhancement in the conductivity and dielectric parameters due to the increase in ion fluence. Meanwhile, the energy gap and the Urbach’s energy values showed significant decrease by increasing the Ar ion fluence. It was found that the ion bombardment induced chain scission in the polymer chain causing some carbonization. An increase in the number of carbon atoms per cluster was also observed.
Hydrogenated amorphous Si (a-Si:H) thin films deposited by chemical vapor deposition were used as anode in a non-conventional nickel metal hydride battery using a proton-conducting ionic liquid based non-aqueous electrolyte instead of alkaline solution for the first time, which showed a high specific discharge capacity of 1418 mAh g−1 for the 38th cycle and retained 707 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles. A maximum discharge capacity of 3635 mAh g−1 was obtained at a lower discharge rate, 510 mA g−1. This electrochemical discharge capacity is equivalent to about 3.8 hydrogen atoms stored in each silicon atom. Cyclic voltammogram showed an improved stability 300 mV below the hydrogen evolution potential. Both Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies showed no difference to the pre-existing covalent Si–H bond after electrochemical cycling and charging, indicating a non-covalent nature of the Si–H bonding contributing to the reversible hydrogen storage of the current material. Another a-Si:H thin film was prepared by an rf-sputtering deposition followed by an ex-situ hydrogenation, which showed a discharge capacity of 2377 mAh g−1.
Kraton Polymers, a US-based producer of engineered polymers, has introduced two new products which, it claims, have a remarkable performance in a range of applications, while providing cost-savings compared with alternative materials that are currently available on the market.