batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Ni-doped lithium manganese oxysulfides with a nominal composition of LiNi x Mn2−x O4−δ S δ (0≤ x ≤0.5 and 0≤ δ ≤0.1) have been synthesized by an alanine-assisted, low-temperature combustion process, followed by calcination at 700°C in air. Quantitative X-ray phase analyses show that the spinel structure of LiMn2O4 is retained for all compositions. However, analysis of the vibrational peaks observed in Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy suggests that the Fd3m crystal symmetry is retained only up to x ≤0.4 and changes to P4332 symmetry for x =0.5. A systematic change in microstructure is observed with increasing Ni content in presence of S. The shape of the particles changes from spherical (LiMn2O4) to icosahedron (LiNi0.2Mn1.8O4−δ S δ ) to octahedron (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4−δ S δ ). UV–vis spectroscopy shows that the band structure of pristine LiMn2O4 is strongly influenced by hybridization among Mn 3d and O 2p orbitals near the Fermi level and the band gap (1.45eV) gradually decreases with increasing nickel content and reaches the minimum (1.35eV) for LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4−δ S δ . Electrochemical results on 2032 coin-type cells, fabricated with the synthesized powders as the positive electrode (cathode) and Li metal as the negative electrode (anode), reveal that the substitution of S for O and Ni for Mn in LiMn2O4 enhances the structural integrity of the spinel host, which in turn increases the electrochemical cycleability. A high initial discharge capacity of 155mAhg−1 is obtained for a LiNi0.4Mn1.6O4−δ S δ /Li cell with about 87% capacity retention (135mAhg−1) after 25 cycles at a current density of 0.2mAcm−2. All LiNi x Mn2−x O4−δ S δ /Li cells (x =0.2–0.5) show excellent reversibility with nominal capacity fading (0.04–0.2mAh per cycle) at a current density of 0.2mAcm−2.
This study aimed to measure the gait abnormalities in GRMD (Golden retriever muscular dystrophy) dogs during growth and disease progression using an ambulatory gait analyzer (3D-accelerometers) as a possible tool to assess the effects of a therapeutic intervention.
Degradation of solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) is probably the biggest concern in the field of high temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE). Anode supported, YSZ-based microtubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) have been tested in fuel cell mode and also at high voltages (up to 2.8V) under electrolysis mode. At high steam conversion rates the cell voltage tends to saturate. Our hypothesis is that this effect is caused by the electroreduction of the thin YSZ electrolyte which induces electronic conduction losses. YSZ reduction increases the cathode activity and reduces cathode overpotential. Operation of the cell in severe electrolyte reduction conditions induces irreversible damage at the YSZ electrolyte as observed in SEM experiments by the formation of voids at the grain boundaries of the dense YSZ electrolyte. Evidence of this damage was also given by the increase of the ohmic resistance measured by AC impedance. Signs of electrolyte degradation were also found by both EDX analysis and micro-Raman spectroscopy performed along a transverse-cross section of the cell. The observed oxygen electrode delamination is associated to the high oxygen partial pressures gradients that take place at the electrolyte/oxygen electrode interface.
The objective of the present work is the medium, short and very short-term prognosis of load demand (LD) for the small-scale island of Tilos in Greece. For this purpose, Artificial Neural Network (ANNs) models were developed to forecast the LD of Tilos for different prediction horizons and time intervals, these covering the cases of 24 h ahead in hourly intervals (medium term prognosis), 2 h ahead in 10-min intervals (short term prognosis) and 10-min ahead in 1-min intervals (very short term prognosis). At the same time, stochastic/persistence autoregressive (AR) models were also developed and compared with the respective ANN models with regards to the LD prediction results obtained. For the training of the developed ANNs, meteorological data covering the period 2015–2017 were used, which had been recorded in 1-min intervals by two meteorological masts installed on the island Tilos. Furthermore, the biometeorological human thermal comfort-discomfort index, known as the cooling power index (CP), was also estimated and introduced in the training procedure of the forecasting models, while, for the evaluation of both AR and ANN forecasting models, well established statistical evaluation indices were applied. To this end, results show that in all cases covered, i.e. for both medium and short-term prognoses, the developed ANN forecasting models present a remarkable ability to predict the local LD of the island with high accuracy, enabling in this way the development of advanced energy management tools for both end-users and the system operators.
A novel NiWO4/Ni/carbon fibre composite was fabricated by the combination of electrospining with spray deposition and subsequent carbonization. It was revealed that NiWO4 and Ni were uniformly dispersed outside and inside the carbon fibres, respectively. Used as supercapacitor electrode, the as-prepared fibre composite shows excellent capacity and cyclability. Galvanostatic discharge/charge test showed that the specific capacitance sharply increased from 151.1 to 792.2Fg−1 at 5Ag−1 after 1500 cycles, which was attributed to the oxidation of metallic Ni into ionic Ni2+ forming more reactive sites. An electrochemical asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled using the composite fibres and porous carbon nanofibers, of which the energy density increased from 32.5 to 41.3 Whkg−1 at 193.8Wkg−1. The results clearly showed that NiWO4/Ni/carbon fibre material is of potential in energy harvesting and storage.
Publisher Summary This chapter provides a complete overview of reliability processes. Reliability software was developed to act as a single application with which to develop the complete asset reliability program—the list of all proactive tasks for optimal maintenance of each asset. In addition, reliability software is a tool to implement an asset reliability program, by creating a single place for monitoring the effectiveness of the program, collecting, analyzing, and displaying all asset condition data. The software supports developing and managing the program and all the sources of data needed to manage the health of an asset. Effective reliability software provides a tool to capture the entire process of identifying the right work to proactively maintain assets. Many environments today easily can make the transition from the current informal work identification (work ID) process to a process that is more formalized. In a typical informal work ID process, work often is identified through operations-initiated work requests (signaling a failure that already occurred), manufacturer's generic time based task suggestion, work that has always been done but for which the justification is nonexistent or unclear, as well as some level of predictive technology. In addition, reliability software helps the development of a more formal work identification process, so that all proactive work is tied directly to a failure mode. Reliability software is also used to systematically assign priorities to assets, document the work ID analysis, create the asset reliability program along with health indicators and alarm levels, and specify the recommended proactive corrective actions.
The electrochemical performance of a Na2FeP2O7 positive electrode has been evaluated in an inorganic ionic liquid NaFSA–KFSA (FSA = bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide) at 363 K. The electrode delivers a reversible capacity of 91 mAh g−1 with excellent rate capability (59 mAh g−1 at 2000 mA g−1) and a capacity retention of 91% over 1000 cycles, which facilitates the development of low-cost and high-safety sodium secondary batteries for large-scale energy storage applications. The average oxidation state of iron increases upon sodium extraction, as evidenced by the edge shift of an X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis. According to an extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis, the sodium extraction is accompanied by a shortening of Fe–O bonds.
This study investigated the effects of irrelevant sounds on the serial recall performance of visually presented digits in a sample of children diagnosed with (central) auditory processing disorders [(C)APD] and age- and span-matched control groups. The irrelevant sounds used were samples of tones and speech. Memory performance was significantly disrupted in the presence of irrelevant sounds in all three groups of children. While irrelevant speech was more disruptive than irrelevant tones in the two control groups, children diagnosed with (C)APD did not show larger disruption from irrelevant speech compared to irrelevant tones. Children diagnosed with (C)APD appear to process speech differently from their typically developing peers, and this may be remediated with auditory training procedures and the placement of these children in smaller classes.
The physicochemical properties of an intermediate-temperature ionic liquid (ITIL), NaFSA-KFSA (x NaFSA =0.56, x KFSA =0.44, and FSA=bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide), were investigated to test the potential of the ITIL as an electrolyte for sodium secondary batteries operating at intermediate temperatures (333–393K). The viscosity, ionic conductivity, and density of this ITIL, measured at 363K, were 435cP, 3.3mScm−1, and 2.14gcm−3, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry revealed that the electrochemical window is as wide as 5.2V at 363K, and that reversible electrochemical deposition/dissolution of sodium metal occurs at the cathode limit potential. A Na/NaFSA-KFSA/NaCrO2 cell was constructed and its charge–discharge properties investigated at 353K. The discharge capacity at the 1st cycle was 77.3mA h (g-NaCrO2)−1 at 15mA (g-NaCrO2)−1. Except for the initial few cycles, the coulombic efficiencies were higher than 99.9% for 100 cycles, and 89% of the initial discharge capacity was maintained after 100 cycles. Considering its non-volatility, non-flammability, and low cost, this inorganic ITIL is highly promising as a new class of electrolyte for sodium secondary batteries.
The present study compares the outputs of uniaxial accelerometer (UA) and triaxial accelerometer (TA) to determine whether UAs can be used instead of TAs in estimating physical activity (PA) in domestic dogs (N = 79). The PA of the dogs was measured simultaneously by a UA and a TA attached to regular collars under 3 different conditions: unstructured activity in the kennels (kennel activity); and 2 structured on-lead activities of different intensities on a designated pathway (walking and trotting). The study finds that UA consistently detected significantly more steps. Kennel activity showed the largest differences between the accelerometers, and trotting showed the least. Dogs in the heaviest body weight category showed the best correlation between the devices and the least differences between the accelerometers across the 3 activities. The limits of agreement were wide in all activities. Significantly higher agreements were associated with lower step counts in kennel activity and higher step counts in walking and trotting. The results show that these 2 types of accelerometers cannot be used interchangeably. Confounding factors, such as body weight, must be considered in future analysis of accelerometer outputs and selection of devices for different contexts. Optimal interpretation of objectively measured PA is paramount in supporting future dog fitness, health, and welfare studies.
Driven by the desire to reduce environmental impacts and achieve energy independence, electric vehicles (EVs) are poised to receive mass acceptance from the general public. However, simultaneously connecting to electric distribution grid and charging with large number of EVs bring the necessity of optimizing the charging and discharging behaviors of EVs, due to the security and economy issue of the grid operation. To address this issue, we propose a novel EV charging model in this paper. The model concerns with following aspects, including optimal power flow (OPF), statistic characteristics of EVs, EV owners’ degree of satisfaction (DoS), and the power grid cost. An improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed for the model optimization. To evaluate our proposed optimal EV charging strategy, a 10-bus power distribution system simulation is performed for performance investigation. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy can reduce the operational cost of the power grid considerately, while meeting the EV owner’s driving requirement. Also, better performance on the global search capability and optimal result of the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is verified.
Publisher Summary This chapter presents an outline of standards in the field of welded fabrication. The word “standard,” as it is commonly used in engineering, is a contraction of standard specification. It is a specification for a material or manufactured product that may be written by companies for internal use and by national and international bodies for public use. The word “standard” also refers to standard procedures, such as examinations and tests of materials and personnel. Standards have a number of purposes. At a simple level, their use minimizes the cost of production and maintenance of engineering products through the reduction in variety and the resulting interchangeability of similar parts. A purpose of a standard is to describe a product that has a specific level of performance. Standards should be used only as a support for good engineering and not as its basis. Standards are derived jointly by the parties interested in making and using the product, as well as by others and the time taken to prepare and publish a standard means that it cannot be based on the most up-to-date technology. In the field of welded fabrication, there are many standards describing the materials, the welding consumables, the welding plant, the management of welding operations, the inspection techniques and procedures, and the fabricated product itself. Naturally, many of these standards will be called up by manufacturers and customers in their product specifications, unfortunately, not always with adequate knowledge of their scope and content.
In this paper, the history of anode materials developed for use in thermally activated (“thermal”) batteries is presented. The chemistries (phases) and electrochemical characteristics (discharge mechanisms) of these materials are described, along with general thermodynamic properties, where available. This paper is the last of a five-part series that presents a general review of thermal-battery technology.
A series of spinel-structured LiMn2−x−y Ni x Cr y O4 have been prepared and their electrochemical performances as 5-V cathode materials for lithium ion batteries are evaluated. The synthesis reactions for these materials are characterized by TG/DSC, XRD and SEM. TG/DSC measurements show that the chemical reactions for the final product are completed below 400°C. XRD analysis indicates that spinel structure is formed at around 650°C. However, SEM images show well-defined polyhedron crystalline particles do not appear until 800°C. Electrochemical evaluation shows that LiMn1.4Ni0.4Cr0.2O4 prepared at 850°C boasts the best electrochemical performance with an initial discharge capacity of 128mAh/g and a capacity retention of more than 90% after 230 cycles between 3.5 and 4.98V.
Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on hyper-cycle, origin of life, and DNA code. It discusses two main approaches to devise a model in which a lot of information can be maintained in small volume over many generations. In the first, a semi-isolated compartment must be provided to give an information system a chance to develop. In the second, some sort of a chemical reaction scheme must be found that is self-perpetuating. Differential equations studied in the hyper-cycle model apply to any cyclical chemical reaction system, biological or otherwise. The hyper-cycle is suggested by the cyclic property of the DNA-protein synthesis reactions in modern organisms. DNA contains the information for constructing proteins that are in turn necessary to construct more DNA. The main feature and properties of this model explain probably many unsolved problems of the origin of life and the genetic code. The chapter discusses ATP synthesis, dehydration synthesis, and hydrolysis. It discusses the pattern formation that is the cellular process from the cell origin to self-creation of the whole organism.
This article presents the modelling and experimental verification of the operating current of a 120W of mono-crystalline photovoltaic module using four- and five-parameter analytical models. The southern part of Turkey, where the experimental system is mounted, is particularly well suited to photovoltaic installations. The operating current of the photovoltaic module, calculated from the models, is validated based on a series of experimental measurements. As well as the current and voltage of the photovoltaic module, the environmental variables such as ambient temperature and solar irradiance were measured and used for validation of the operating current. The photovoltaic cell models considered in this article are drawn from the equivalent electrical circuit that includes light-generated current, diode reverse saturation current, and series and shunt resistances. The simplified four-parameter model assumes the shunt resistance as infinite and thus neglects it. After determining the model parameters, the operating current is calculated using both models and compared to the measured current produced by the photovoltaic module. It is shown that the complete five-parameter model predicts the operating current better than the simplified four-parameter model, especially around solar noon, when most of the power is produced.
Personality impacts all areas of our lives; it governs who we are and how we react to life’s challenges. Personalized systems that adapt to end users should take into account the user’s personality to perform well. Several methodologies (e.g. User-as-Wizard, indirect studies) that use personality adaptation require first for personality to be conveyed to the participant; this has few validated approaches. Furthermore, measuring personality is often time consuming, prone to response bias (e.g. using questionnaires) or data intensive (e.g. using behaviour or text mining). This paper presents a methodology for creating and validating stories to convey psychological traits and for using such stories with a personality slider scale to measure these traits. We present the validation of the scale and evaluate its reliability. To evidence the validity of the methodology, we outline studies where the stories and scale have been effectively applied (in recommender systems, intelligent tutoring systems, and persuasive systems).
A two part synthesis process is used to prepare pure silver vanadium oxide (SVO) with desired properties. First, a low temperature sol gel process is used to generate SVO feedstock materials. These materials can then the sintered using varied time and temperature profiles to generate SVO with desired physical characteristics.
Layered Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 materials were synthesized via spray pyrolysis. Synthesis conditions were varied in order to understand their effect on the electrochemical properties of the material. Three process parameters were evaluated: aerosol flow rate, reactor wall temperature and precursor concentration. Electrochemical results show excellent batch-to-batch reproducibility and no non-uniformities, as measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Phase purity is maintained for all the samples as measured by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The primary particle size has the most significant effect on the electrochemical performance of the materials with smaller primary particles promoting electrochemical activation and increasing capacity. Discharge capacities exceeding 200 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at C/3 rate (where 1C = 200 mAh g−1) are consistently obtained over a wide range of operating conditions. Spray pyrolysis is shown to be a promising, robust synthesis technique for the production of Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 material, delivering excellent electrochemical performance within a wide range of process conditions.
The LiFePO4/(C + La0.56Li0.33TiO3) composites with spherical morphology are synthesized for the first time via ammonia assisted hydrothermal method. The structure and electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/(C + La0.56Li0.33TiO3) are investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), charge/discharge tests and cyclic voltammetry (CV). It has been found that the hybrid coating layer composing of electron conductive C and fast Li ion conductive La0.56Li0.33TiO3 is synchronously deposited on the surface of LiFePO4 microspheres. The hybrid coating layer can be favourable for fast electron and Li+ transport, and avoid HF eroding LiFePO4 in electrolyte, thus improve the electrochemical performance. The initial discharge capacity of LiFePO4/(C + La0.56Li0.33TiO3) is 126.3 mAh g−1, the capacity retention is still as high as 98.3% even after 100 cycles at 5 C. Even at high rate of 30 C, it still reveals a high discharge capacity of 62.3 mAh g−1.
Current research in robotics and mechatronics is more and more oriented towards the development of flexible, soft and high performance components able to mimic biological structures. The challenge of producing a novel generation of machines, able to overcome current technological limitations (mainly due to actuator, sensor and battery performances) will necessarily entail the communion of biology and micro/nano-technology.
Current cognitive multimedia design theories provide several guidelines on how to integrate verbal and pictorial information. However, the recommendations for the design of auditory texts (narrations) are still fragmentary, especially with regard to the characteristics of the voices used. In the current paper, a fundamental question is addressed, namely, whether to use a male or a female speaker. In two experiments, learners studied dynamic visualizations on probability theory that were accompanied by narrations. The learner’s gender and the speaker’s gender served as between-subjects variables. In the first study, learners were randomly assigned to speakers of different gender. In the second study, learners could choose among different speakers. The results show that learners achieved better learning outcomes when the narration was presented by a female speaker rather than a male speaker irrespective of the learner’s gender (speaker/gender effect). Being given the choice, learners preferred female speakers, but this individual preference had no impact on learning outcomes. The results suggest augmenting purely cognitive approaches to multimedia design by social-motivational assumptions.