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The lithium ion conducting solid lithium phosphorous nitride (LiPON) has been sputtered on the water-stable NASICON-type lithium ion conducting solid electrolyte Li1+x+y Al x Ti2−x P3−y Si y O12 (LATP). The stability and the interface resistance of the Li–Al/LiPON/LATP/LiPON/Li–Al cell have been examined. It is shown that the LiPON film protects LATP from reacting with the Li–Al alloy. The impedance of the Li–Al/LiPON/LATP/LiPON/Li–Al cell has been measured in the temperature range 25–80°C. The total cell resistance is about 8600Ωcm2 at room temperature and 360Ωcm2 at 80°C. The analysis of the impedance profiles suggests that the Li–Al/LiPON interface resistance is dominant at lower temperatures. The LATP plate immersed in water for 1 month shows only a slight degradation in the conductivity.
In this paper, we report a facile and novel synthesis of nitrogen-containing ultramicroporous carbon nanospheres (N-UCNs) for high performance supercapacitor electrodes. Phloroglucinol and terephthalaldehyde are polymerized to obtain polymer nanoparticles with a mean diameter of ∼15nm. Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) is utilized to substitute ammonia and formaldehyde to polymerize with resorcinol on the surfaces of the polymer colloids for the fabrication of carbon spheres under the Stöber condition. The introduction of phloroglucinol/terephthalaldehyde brings regular ultramicroporous (0.58nm) to the typical N-UCNs. Besides, the polymerization of resorcinol and HMTA on the surfaces of polymer nanoparticles reduces the diameter of carbon nanospheres from submicrometer sizes to nanoscaled sizes (∼36nm). Furthermore, the NH4 + released from the hydrolysis of HMTA also acts a source of nitrogen in the carbon framework (1.21at.%), which can improve the surface properties and electric conductivity of N-UCNs. The typical N-UCNs (N-UCN4.50) with spherical geometry, high surface area (1439m2 g−1), regular ultramicropores and nitrogen functional groups shows excellent electrochemical performance such as high specific capacitance (269Fg−1 at 1.0Ag−1), long-term cycle stability (90.3% retention after 10000 charge/discharge cycles) in 6M KOH aqueous electrolyte. This finding provides new opportunities for well-designed carbon nanospheres to achieve advanced supercapacitor electrodes.
Core-shell silicon-carbon nanoparticles are attractive candidates as active material to increase the capacity of Li-ion batteries while mitigating the detrimental effects of volume expansion upon lithiation. However crystalline silicon suffers from amorphization upon the first charge/discharge cycle and improved stability is expected in starting with amorphous silicon. Here we report the synthesis, in a single-step process, of amorphous silicon nanoparticles coated with a carbon shell (a-Si@C), via a two-stage laser pyrolysis where decomposition of silane and ethylene are conducted in two successive reaction zones. Control of experimental conditions mitigates silicon core crystallization as well as formation of silicon carbide. Auger electron spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy show a carbon shell about 1 nm in thickness, which prevents detrimental oxidation of the a-Si cores. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrates that the core-shell composite reaches its maximal lithiation during the first sweep, thanks to its amorphous core. After 500 charge/discharge cycles, it retains a capacity of 1250 mAh.g−1 at a C/5 rate and 800 mAh.g−1 at 2C, with an outstanding coulombic efficiency of 99.95%. Moreover, post-mortem observations show an electrode volume expansion of less than 20% and preservation of the nanostructuration.
Contemporary applications are changing the failure mechanisms of lead acid batteries. Sulfation at the negative electrode, acid stratification, and dendrite formation now precede positive electrode failures such as grid corrosion and active material shedding. To attenuate these failures, carbon has been explored as a negative electrode additive to increase charge acceptance, eliminate sulfation, and extend cycle life. Frequently, however, carbon incorporation decreases paste density and hinders manufacturability. Discrete carbon nanotubes (dCNT), also known as Molecular Rebar®, are lead acid battery additives which can be stably incorporated into either electrode to increase charge acceptance and cycle life with no change to paste density and without impeding the manufacturing process. Here, full-scale automotive batteries containing dCNT in the negative electrode or both negative and positive electrodes are compared to control batteries. dCNT batteries show little change to Reserve Capacity, improved Cold Cranking, increased charge acceptance, and enhanced overall system efficiency. Life cycle tests show >60% increases when dCNT are incorporated into the negative electrode (HRPSoC/SBA) and up to 500% when incorporated into both electrodes (SBA), with water loss per cycle reduced >20%. Failure modes of cycled batteries are discussed and a hypothesis of dCNT action is introduced: the dCNT/Had Overcharge Reaction Mechanism.
Structural and morphological changes of Co(OH)2 and valence modification of cobalt during the first charging by pretreatment, discharging at 57.8 mA g−1 for 7.5 h before the first charging, were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry. Consequently, metallic Co nanoparticles were formed on the Co(OH)2 particles after pretreatment. A comparison of the results for the pretreated and untreated electrodes shows that for the pretreated electrode, the Co nanoparticles were sequentially oxidized to Co(OH)2, Co3O4 and CoOOH. Moreover, the electric conductivities of the untreated and pretreated Co(OH)2 electrodes were 3.6 × 10−5 and 2.0 × 10−3 S cm−1, respectively. The difference in electric conductivity was ascribed to that in surface morphology of Co(OH)2 by the pretreatment and the following reoxidation which led to the formation of highly conductive mosaic CoOOH. This contributes to the formation of a dense, highly conductive network on the surface, great improving the electrochemical performance.
Novel hierarchical nanostructures composed of carbon coated α-Fe2O3 hollow nanohorns on carbon nanotube (CNT) backbones have been constructed by direct growth and thermal transformation of β-FeOOH nanospindles on CNTs, followed by carbon nanocoating. When evaluated as a potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries, such hierarchical structures exhibit superior lithium storage capabilities by virtue of their advantageous structural features.
Point-of-care medical devices offer the potential for rapid biomarker detection and reporting of medical conditions, thereby bypassing the requirements for offline clinical laboratory facilities in many cases. Label-free electrochemical techniques are suitable for use in handheld diagnostic devices due the inherent electronic detection modality and low requirement for processing reagents. While electrochemical impedance sensing is widely used in tissue analysis such as body composition measurement, its use in point-of-care patient testing is yet to be widely adopted. Here we have considered a number of issues currently limiting the translation of electrochemical impedance sensing into clinical biosensor devices. Specifically, we have addressed the current requirement for these sensors to be connected to an external processor by applying a minimum number of frequencies required for optimized biomarker detection, and subsequently delivering analytics within the measurement device. The POISED-5 device was evaluated using a sensor for the ovarian cancer biomarker cancer antigen 125 (CA125), demonstrating performance comparable to standard laboratory equipment, with direct interpretation of response signal amplitude substituting traditional impedance component calculation and model fitting.
Computerized targeted cognitive training (TCT) of auditory processing has been shown to improve verbal learning in several clinical trials of schizophrenia outpatients. Less is known, however, about the effectiveness of this promising intervention in more chronic, treatment-refractory patients who are treated in non-academic settings. This study aimed to determine whether TCT improves auditory processing, verbal learning, and clinical symptoms in SZ patients mandated to receive care at a locked residential rehabilitation center. Secondarily, potential factors that moderate TCT's effectiveness including age, symptom severity, antipsychotic medication load, and duration of illness were examined. Schizophrenia patients were randomized to treatment as usual (TAU; n = 22) or TAU augmented with TCT (TAU + TCT; n = 24). Outcomes included a measure of auditory perception (Word-In-Noise test, WIN), verbal learning domain scores from the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), and clinical symptoms (Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, SAPS; Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, SANS). TCT produced significant improvements in auditory perception (d = 0.67) and verbal learning (d = 0.65); exploratory analyses revealed a statistically significant reduction in auditory hallucinations (d = −0.64). TCT's effects were only weakly, and mostly non-significantly, moderated by age, clinical symptoms, medication, and illness duration. These findings indicate that even highly symptomatic, functionally disabled patients with chronic illness benefit from this emerging treatment. Ongoing studies will examine the predictive utility of neurophysiological biomarkers and other characteristics assessed at baseline.
Considerable efforts have been made to improve the electrochemical properties of complex-structured cathode materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), such as high specific capacity, good rate capability, and high energy density, enabling their future use in hybrid and electric vehicles (HEV/EVs). This communication reports for the first-time hybrid-structured LiFe(PO4)0.5(BO3)0.5 (LFBP) as a cathode material that exhibits a remarkably high specific discharge capacity 189.8 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C of near the theoretical capacity (98.8%, 192 mAh g−1). X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the pristine material revealed a mixed phase of olivine and vonsenite structures. The electrochemical performance of the LFBP showed polymorphism with two different kinds of structured materials. Cyclic voltammetry and dQ/dV analyses also confirmed the activation of both the olivine LiFePO4 (LFP) and monoclinic LiFeBO3 (LFB) after the first cycle. The LFBP hybrid material demonstrated good electrochemical performance with a wide range operating voltage of 0.9 to 4.5 V required for a parallel Li-ion battery system for future energy storage systems.
Background: CXCR4 phenotype has been associated with increased severity of HIV disease, higher viral load, and decreased CD4 T-cell counts. We thus evaluated whether a genotypic analysis of coreceptor tropism impacts on HIV-related markers such as CD4-cell counts.
Senegal is one of the less developed countries in the world (position 158 in a list of 174 countries). 85% of its rural population does not have access to electricity and there's no doubt that this is an important barrier for socio-economic development. In this context, the project Microgrids aims at contributing to solve this problem. This project is part of the Intelligent Energy – Europe Programme supported by the European Commission. Its objective is the promotion and dissemination of the use of micro-grids with high content of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) for the electrification of villages far away from the grid in Senegal. One of the results of the project was the analysis of rural electrification needs, which is described in another paper [Camblong H, Sarr J, Niang AT, Curea O, Alzola JA, Sylla EH, Santos M. Microgrids project, part 1: analysis of rural electrification with high content of renewable energy sources in Senegal. Renewable Energy, submitted for publication.]. This paper presents the design of an electrification kit based on the information provided by that analysis [Analyse des besoins locaux pour l'électrification de zones rurales au Sénégal. Technical report of Microgrids project; 2007. Available from: http://www.microgrids-eie.com.]. After identifying necessary previous conditions for the sustainability of any electrification project, a methodology is proposed for the design of the electrification kit. This methodology is applied to a typical village and results are extended to differently sized villages in the areas of Thies, Fatick and Kaolack. Economic considerations are also included to establish the relationship between electrification costs and paying capability of the communities. Now the Microgrids' consortium hopes to set-up a new project to apply the designed kit on some rural non-electrified villages.
Lithium-ion batteries are well-known to be plagued by a gradual loss of capacity and power which occur regardless of use and can be limiting factors in the development of emerging energy technologies. Here we show that separator deformation in response to mechanical stimuli that arise under normal operation and storage conditions, such as external stresses on the battery stack or electrode expansion associated with lithium insertion/deinsertion, leads to increased internal resistance and significant capacity fade. We find this mechanically induced capacity fade to be a result of viscoelastic creep in the electrochemically inactive separator which reduces ion transport via a pore closure mechanism. By applying compressive stress on the battery structure we are able to accelerate aging studies and identify this unexpected, but important and fundamental link between mechanical properties and electrochemical performance. Furthermore, by making simple modifications to the electrode structure or separator properties, these effects can be mitigated, providing a pathway for improved battery performance.
Abstract This chapter examines the manner in which CO2-derived fuels, synthesised using renewable energy, can help with decarbonisation of several sectors. Three areas are discussed: the electrical generation system, transport fuels and energy for heating. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of such CO2-derived fuels are considered with respect to other energy storage technologies. An introduction to the variations in daily demand on an electrical grid is illustrated by considering a single day experienced by the Spanish grid and the concept of a “generation mix” is presented. Synthetic fuels for transportation are explored alongside alternatives to the internal combustion engine, such as fuel cells and batteries. Finally, the area of heat provision, where CO2-derived fuels can be expected to play a vital role is introduced.
is Research Assistant of the Department of Lightweight Structures at Fraunhofer-Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF in Darmstadt (Germany).
TiO2 nanofibers, TiO2 hollow nanofibers, and nitridated TiO2 hollow nanofibers were synthesized using a simple electrospinning method and subsequent nitridation treatment. The nitridated TiO2 hollow nanofibers showed twice higher rate capability compared to that of pristine TiO2 nanofibers at 5 C. This improvement is mainly attributed to shorter lithium ion diffusion length and high electronic conductivity along the surface of nitridated hollow nanofibers.
Objective The Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Project produced a battery of tests, the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), designed to assess cognitive treatment effects in clinical trials of patients with schizophrenia. In validation studies, the MCCB demonstrated excellent reliability, minimal practice effects and significant correlations with measures of functional capacity. This study addresses whether the MCCB demonstrates these favorable characteristics when administered in the context of the type of large multi-site industry trial for which it was designed. Methods In a clinical trial comparing risperidone and lurasidone, 323 clinically-stable outpatients with schizophrenia at 29 sites were assessed with MCCB at screening and a median of 15days later at baseline. A measure of functional capacity, the UCSD Performance-based Skills Assessment – Brief (UPSA-B) was administered at baseline. Results All 323 (100%) patients had sufficient data for computing a composite score according to the MCCB criteria. The test–retest reliability of the MCCB composite score was excellent (ICC=0.88). The severity of cognitive impairment was T =24.7 (SD=12.1) at screening and T =26.7 (SD=12.4) at baseline. The MCCB composite score demonstrated a large correlation with the UPSA-B composite score (r =.60, df =304, p <.001). The practice effect on the composite score was small (z =0.18). Discussion In the context of a 29-site antipsychotic trial in stable outpatients with schizophrenia, the MCCB is sensitive to cognitive deficits in all domains, demonstrates excellent test–retest reliability and small practice effects, and is strongly correlated with a leading measure of functional capacity.
In the present study, a commercial 18650 Li-ion cylindrical cell is investigated with non-destructive 3D X-ray microscopy across a range of length scales, beginning with a survey of the entire cell and non-destructively enlarging a smaller section. Active materials are extracted from a disassembled cell and imaging performed using a combination of sub-micron X-ray microscopy and 2D scanning-electron microscopy, which point toward the need for multi-scale analysis in order to accurately characterize the cell. Furthermore, a small section is physically isolated for 3D nano-scale X-ray microscopy, which provides a measurement of porosity and enables the effective diffusivity and 3-dimensional tortuosities to be calculated via computer simulation. Finally, the 3D X-ray microscopy data is loaded into a correlative microscopy environment, where a representative sub-surface region is identified and, subsequently, analyzed using electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results of this study elucidate the microstructural characteristics and potential degradation mechanisms of a commercial NCA battery and, further, establish a technique for extracting the Bruggeman exponent for a real-world microstructure using correlative microscopy.
Wind energy applications have rapidly increased in the world, so the efficiency of wind energy constructions is gaining importance. Using small wind turbines, farmers, ranchers, and homeowners can reduce their utility bills, stabilize their electricity supplies, and contribute to the nation’s energy supply, and thus play an important role in securing our energy future. Distributed wind electric systems represent an opportunity for some nations in particular. This study aims (i) to investigate the efficiency differences between three bladed glass reinforced plastics (GRP) rigid hubs, three bladed steel rigid hubs and twelve bladed steel rigid hubs experimentally, and (ii) to improve the performance of the small wind turbine system (SWTSs) installed at the Solar Energy Institute of Ege University (latitude 38.24° N, longitude 27.50° E), Izmir, Turkey. NACA 4415 (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) series blades are preferred to others in this experiment, because of the fact that this profile has shown excellent properties for small wind turbine blades and their average power coefficients are higher than those of other blades. In this study, the performance parameters of the SWTSs are given first. An experimental study is then presented. Finally, the results obtained from the present study are discussed.
Graphene nanosheets (GNSs) with narrow mesopore distribution around 4nm were mass-produced from natural graphite via the oxidation and rapid heating processes. The effects of oxidant addition on the morphology, structure and electrochemical performance of GNSs as electrode materials for electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) were systematically investigated. The electrochemical properties of EDLC were influenced by the specific surface area, pore characteristics, layer stacking and oxygen-containing functional group contents of electrode materials. Deeper oxidation makes graphite possess both higher specific surface area and more graphene edges, which are favorable for the enhancement of capacitive performance of EDLC. The electrodes with freestanding graphene nanosheets prepared by coating method exhibited good rate capability and reversibility at high scan rates (to 250mVs−1) in electrochemical performances. GNS electrode with specific surface area of 524m2 g−1 maintained a stable specific capacitance of 150Fg−1 under specific current of 0.1Ag−1 for 500 cycles of charge/discharge.
Aqueous rechargeable Li-ion hybrid supercapacitors are attracting increasing attention owing to their intrinsic advantages compared with nonaqueous counterpart and the combination of high energy and power densities in an individual device. However, the lack of satisfactory battery-type cathode materials with fast lithium ion storage limits the overall performance. Herein, we report a composite structure by incorporating LiMn2O4 nanoparticles in graphene/carbon nanotubes network (LiMn2O4@CNTs@graphene) as superior cathode for aqueous hybrid capacitors. LiMn2O4@CNTs@graphene nanocomposite shows high capacitance with ultrafast lithium diffusion, which is mainly boosted by pseudocapacitive behavior, making it a potential candidate for hybrid supercapacitors. Hybrid devices assembled with LiMn2O4@CNTs@graphene cathode and N/S co-doped activated carbon anode exhibit an optimized overall performance with a high energy density of 62.77Whkg−1 and high power density of 2967.96Wkg−1 as well as good cycling performance with the capacitance retention of 90.8% after 5000cycles.
Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal with low permissible limits. This study aims at conducting a health risk assessment for Cd and examining potential sources of pollution in springs of the Mount-Lebanon Governorate, a semi-urbanized area in Lebanon. A total of 31 spring samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons and tested for water quality. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was used to quantify Cd levels in water. Risk assessment was performed by means of a survey on water consumption and usage, and followed the USEPA Hazard Quotient (HQ) model. Correlations with different human activities were examined using different linear regression models and spatial analysis tools. Results highlight springs within El Metn and Keserwan Districts as posing a non-carcinogenic health risk in (1) Ain Saadeh both in adults (HQwet = 1.94) and iron-deficient children (HQwet = 1.29), and (2) Faraya both in healthy (HQwet = 1.33; HQdry = 1.19) and iron-deficient children (HQwet = 2.67; HQdry = 2.37), as well as in iron-deficient adults (HQwet = 1.57; HQdry = 1.39). In addition, Cd levels increased significantly with proximity to upstream open dumps (Pearson’s r = − 0.511; p = 0.003), agricultural land surface area, increased upstream industrial activity, mainly jewelry and fine stones industries in both bivariate (r = 0.33; p = 0.001) and multivariate analyses (r = 0.41; p = 0.002), plastic industries (Pearson’s r = 0.36; p = 0.05), and furniture manufacturing (Pearson’s r = 0.38; p = 0.038). Our findings constitute the first report assessing Cd health risk and identifying sources of pollution in Mount-Lebanon, and make a strong basis for a risk management strategy.