batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
This study is trying to demonstrate whether graphene is able to construct an effective conducting network for both electron and ion transports in cathode system of a high-power lithium ion battery (LIB), not based on a coin cell, but by employing a commercial soft-packaged 10Ah battery pack as a model system. Compared with the cells using commercial conductive additive (7wt% carbon black and 3wt% conductive graphite), a 10Ah cell using only 1wt% graphene and 1wt% carbon black shows lower internal resistance and higher energy density due to the excellent conductivity of graphene. However, owing to the fact that the planar structure of the graphene sheets blocks fast Li+ ion transport, the steric effect resulted heavy polarization occurs at a relatively high charge/discharge rate (>3C). That is, although flexible and planar graphene helps construct an effective electron transfer network, it retards Li+ ion transport. Thus, for an energy-storing LIB with a low working charge/discharge rate, graphene additive shows apparent superiority over commercial ones even with much less addition fraction and may find its real commercial applications; while, for a high-power LIB which works at higher charge/discharge rate, fast ion transport path is required to be effectively constructed before a real application. Simulation results indicate that further work should be focused on the adjustment of electrode pore structure and modification of graphene steric structure accordingly to construct an unimpeded ion conducting network and provide high speed path for Li+ ion transport.
Improper operating temperature will degrade the performances of electronic components, Li-ion batteries and photovoltaic (PV) cells, which calls for a good thermal management system. In this paper, specific attention is paid to the thermal management systems based on the phase change materials (PCMs). Performances of the PCM-based thermal management systems for each kind of these three devices along with the type of PCM used, thermal properties of that kind of PCM, like phase change temperature, enthalpy of phase change and thermal conductivity are discussed. Discussion in detail on techniques to improve the thermal conductivity of PCMs is made because of its crucial influence. Advanced-structure heatsinks with multi-layer PCMs and hybrid passive heatsinks combined with active cooling are also introduced. The PCM-based thermal management system is powerful in ensuring electronic devices, Li-ion batteries and photovoltaic cells working safely and efficiently.
Since the 1999 Institute of Medicine's landmark report, “To Err is Human,” and the implementation of patient safety initiatives, medical errors and claims for injury as a result of these errors continue to be an area of concern for hospitals, physicians, nurses, and industry. The end of the decade saw the cost of medical malpractice insurance steadily increasing as a result of increasing awards against hospitals and physicians. This article reviews the medical–legal aspects of burn injury.
The early hours after an acute stroke are crucial; early accurate prediction of outcome in stroke patients can help health system providers and families to choose appropriate lines of management and plan for the future. The aim of this work is to assess the role of hemorheological parameters (such as blood viscosity, hematocrit, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte count), protein C, protein S, antithrombin III, and serum albumin as predictors of stroke outcome.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects 1.7 million people in the United States each year, causing lifelong functional deficits in cognition and behavior. The complex pathophysiology of neural injury is a primary barrier to developing sensitive and specific diagnostic tools, which consequentially has a detrimental effect on treatment regimens. Biomarkers of other diseases (e.g. cancer) have provided critical insight into disease emergence and progression that lend to developing powerful clinical tools for intervention. Therefore, the biomarker discovery field has recently focused on TBI and made substantial advancements to characterize markers with promise of transforming TBI patient diagnostics and care. This review focuses on these key advances in neural injury biomarkers discovery, including novel approaches spanning from omics-based approaches to imaging and machine learning as well as the evolution of established techniques.
A Li3V2(PO4)3/C (LVP/C) electrode and a new Li3V2(PO4)3/C electrode using LiCoO2 as an additive (LVP/LCO/C) have been successfully fabricated and investigated via physical and electrochemical methods. Compared with the LVP/C electrode, the LVP/LCO/C electrode presents better rate capability and cyclic performance in the range 3.0–4.3V. For the LVP/LCO/C electrode, the largest capacities of 99.3 and 68.0mAhg−1 are delivered at 1 and 15C charge rates and 51C discharge rate, respectively. 80.4% of the largest value is kept at 1C charge and 51C discharge rates in the 800th cycle. The excellent rate capability and cyclic performance are attributed to the small crystallite size of LVP particles, the small particles, narrow particle size distribution in the LVP/LCO/C electrode, large specific surface area and pore size, low electrical resistance for the LVP/LCO/C electrode, and the existence of the other electroactive LCO.
Phase change materials (PCMs) can be applied to several different solar energy systems for the extended heat energy storage which is quite useful as the solar energy is intermittent in nature and is unavailable during the night period. Application of PCMs in solar energy systems allows the solar energy to be used at any time even in the absence of the natural solar radiation. Thus, the use of PCMs in the solar energy systems can bridge the demand and supply gap of the normal electrical energy. This paper deals with the recent advances in PCMs application in different solar energy systems and presents almost all of the emerging areas where the applications of PCM in solar energy systems are urgently required. The novel and most recent developments of PCMs in solar thermal energy systems, such as, solar thermal power plants, solar air heater, solar water heater and solar cooker have been duly covered. Furthermore, the application of PCMs in heating and cooling of buildings have been presented as well as the investigation of the PCM application in the solar photovoltaic systems for the performance enhancement of PCMs. Intrinsically important, from the study it has been found that PCMs have been in use in almost all of the solar energy systems even though their uses are still limited and commercially not available due to several economic and environmental constraints. Thus, the paper attempts to present recent and novel approaches by the authors around the world on PCMs applications in the solar energy in well documented forms. Based on the findings, future recommendations have also been given to provide the idea and pragmatic concepts for the researcher to work on the areas of research for further improvements in the systems.
Lithium/sulfur battery (LSB) is considered as one of the most promising battery systems due to its high energy density of 2600 Wh kg−1. Nevertheless, the LSB suffers from some inherent problems that impede its practical application. To circumvent these problems, we grow carbon-coated ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles on graphene (Fe3O4@C-G) as an effective sulfur host for LSB via a facile hydrothermal method followed by calcination. Highly conductive graphene is utilized to homogeneously deposit the carbon-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4@C), which enable rapid and steady long-distance electron transport. Moreover, the carbon coated particles of Fe3O4@C exhibit a developed micro-mesoporous structure, which not only provide space for sulfur loading to prepare a composite Sulfur/carbon-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles on graphene (S/Fe3O4@C-G) cathode, but also provide channels for the interaction between Fe3O4 and lithium polysulfides. Furthermore, a strong chemical affinity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated by micro-mesoporous carbon layers towards polysulfides can be strengthened through the polar-polar interaction. Owning these advantages, the S/Fe3O4@C-G composite cathode deliver a high initial capacity of 1425 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and maintain a capacity of 1102 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles.
This paper considers the financial costs of a rapid national transition to electric vehicles (EVs) in comparison to a baseline scenario that is characterised by continuing use of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEs). The Australian car fleet, which is responsible for 8% of national greenhouse emissions, is used as a case study. To explore the potential range of costs associated with rapid climate mitigation via the transport sector, the transition is assumed to occur very rapidly (by 2025). The analysis focusses on urban areas, where extensive charging infrastructure is assumed to be made available, including rapid charging facilities. Due to uncertainty over input variables, two “boundary” scenarios were constructed. In the High Cost Scenario, a rapid shift to EVs was found to cost approximately 25% more than the continuing use of ICEs, assessed over the period 2015–2035. However, in the Low Cost Scenario, where costs of EVs (especially batteries) fall more rapidly, EV maintenance costs are at the lower end of projections, and liquid fuel costs at the higher end of projections, a rapid transition to EVs is found to cost approximately the same as the use of ICE vehicles. This suggests that a rapid transition towards EV technologies for urban car travel may offer a cost-effective second-best climate change mitigation strategy. More comprehensive transport sector transformation, including changes in transport and land use policy designed to facilitate mode shift, might further reduce the costs of such a transition.
Nano h-LiMnBO3 with an average particle size of ∼20 nm has been synthesized by a sol–gel method for the first time. The nanoscopic material is obtained at temperatures of 350 °C and below, whereas the higher temperature synthesis above 500 °C results in the microcrystalline phases that have poorer electrochemical performance. In situ carbon coating of LiMnBO3 particles by carbonization of propionic acid right during the synthesis of nano h-LiMnBO3 (4.2 wt-% carbon) provides a conducting surface. Carbon particles partially cover the surfaces of nanorods and disperse among nano crystallites enhancing the electronic transport in the electrode material. The sol–gel synthesized nano h-LiMnBO3 yields a first discharge capacity of 136 mAh g−1 within a window of 4.7–1.7 V at C/20 rate. This is considerably higher than previously reported. Further improvements of the system are realized by preparing a composite electrode of nano h-LiMnBO3 with reduced graphite oxide that delivers a high first discharge capacity of 145 mAh g−1 at C/20 rate and retaining a discharge capacity of 111 mAh g−1 at the 10th cycle. An increase of capacity is expected to be reached by further reduction of the particle size and size spread as well as by optimizing the conductive coating of the nano particles.
Low cost sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted considerable attentions for large scale electric energy storage (EES), owing to the nature abundance of sodium sources in the earth crust. Searching for appropriate anode materials is a hot topic and vital for developing high performance SIBs. Recently, transition metal dichalcogenides have attracted many interests, as their sandwiched framework stacked up together by van der Waals force can facilitate the electrons transportation and reversible Na+ ions intercalation. Here, NbS2 nanosheets with two-dimensional (2D) layered structure have been fabricated by a facile chemical exfoliation method and been utilized as the anode material for SIBs. The chemically exfoliated NbS2 (ce-NbS2) nanosheets deliver a high reversible specific capacity of 205 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, exhibit high rate performance and excellent cycling stability. In situ X-ray diffraction test demonstrates that ce-NbS2 nanosheets will not suffer any unwanted phase transformation upon soidation/desodiation, which make them promising to construct high capacity and long cycle life anode materials for SIBs.
Mounting evidence shows that people’s self-reported life satisfaction (LS) is negatively related to income inequality. Under the interpretation that the relationship between macro-level variables and LS reflects individuals’ social preferences, this finding indicates that most people display inequality-averse preferences. We explore the relationship between self-reports on inequality aversion and LS in a citywide representative survey/experiment conducted in Spain. If self-reported well-being can be used to infer people’s social preferences, LS should correlate negatively with both “envy” and “compassion” scores (i.e., how much one suffers from disadvantageous and advantageous inequality, respectively). We find that LS relates negatively to envy but positively to compassion, which would imply that suffering from observing poorer others, paradoxically, increases well-being. Using an incentivized Dictator Game as a measure of generous behavior, we reject the hypothesis that the positive link between compassion and LS is actually driven by generosity. We discuss how these findings could indicate that the way LS is used to assess social preferences in the population should be revised.
In this work we present non-destructive measurements of sodium ion concentration profiles during the electrokinetic removal of sodium chloride from porous materials using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The effect of both protons and hydroxyl ions, generated due to the electrolysis of water, on the transport of the salt ions is studied by tracking the acidic and alkaline fronts using pH-indicator paper. In addition, the electrical potential distribution within the specimen is monitored to assess its influence on the process. To support the observations we compare the experimental results with a theoretical model based on the Poisson–Nernst–Plank equations. In this model we use the chemical equilibrium condition for the self-electrolysis of water in the description of the transport of protons and hydroxyl ions. In addition we use the electro-neutrality condition to compute the transport of salt ions through the material. At the edges of the system the electrical current is distributed over the chemical active species, i.e. protons, hydroxyl and chloride ions, according to the Butler–Volmer description for charge transfer at electrodes. Both the experimental and model results show in the final stage of the electrokinetic remediation process a sharp transition from the acidic to alkaline region at one third of the length of the specimen away from the positively biased electrode, i.e. the anode. From the model results we found that the formation of chlorine gas at the anode does not influence the position of this transition area. In this transition region we also observe a large gradient in electrical potential and a corresponding local deficit of ions. As a result of the large potential gradient in this small transition zone the electrical field in the acidic and alkaline region diminishes. Consequently, electrokinetic ion transport though the material will stagnate.
Lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries have attracted extensive attention in the past decades owing to their high theoretical energy density, low-cost and eco-friendliness. However, poorly cycling stability and rapidly decay caused by shuttle effects at high-sulfur loading condition restrain their practical applications. Focusing on these issues, N-doped hollow porous carbon nanotubes (N-HPCNT) as a self-supporting sulfur cathode is developed. The inherent conductivity and abundant pores of 3D continuous framework not only allow a high-sulfur content (67 wt%) and block the polysulfides via physical confinement, but also trap the polysulfides by the nitrogen heteroatoms (4.60 wt%) via strong chemisorption. Benefiting from the above-mentioned merits, the self-supporting S/N-HPCNT cathode with 3 mg cm−2 sulfur delivers high reversible capacity, super rate capability (1152 and 852.8 mAh g−1 at 0.2 and 3 C, respectively) and long cycling stability (717.9 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 1 C). Even under a higher sulfur loading (8 mg cm−2), it still exhibits a stable areal capacity of 7.72 mAh cm−2 (corresponding to 965.1 mAh g−1) after 60 cycles. This work provides a pathway for developing high performance Li–S batteries.
The CRADLE-3 trial is a stepped-wedge randomised controlled trial aiming to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity by implementing a novel vital sign device (CRADLE Vital Sign Alert) and training package into routine maternity care in 10 low-income sites. The MRC Guidance on complex interventions proposes that interventions and implementation strategies be shaped by early phase piloting and development work. We present the findings of a three-month mixed-methodology feasibility study for this trial, describe how this was informed by the MRC guidance and the study design was refined.
Control of electrode–electrolyte interfacial reactivity and the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer is a key technology for high performance rechargeable lithium batteries. Here we present the first report on a promising interfacial approach for Sn–Ni electrode that the use of acid-resisting and -scavenging fluorine-dopant on Sn combined with acid-scavenging trimethyl phosphite electrolyte additive to LiPF6-contiaing carbonate-based organic electrolyte improves the interfacial stability of Sn to acidic electrolyte species. As a result, a stable SEI layer consisting of a plenty of carbonate decomposition products forms and cycling ability significantly improves, in contrast to less efficient SEI formation and rapid performance fade for the electrodes without fluorine-dopant or trimethyl phosphite additive.
This paper presents the design and development of a practical multi-leg fuel cell boost converter. The applied multi-leg topology and the interleaved switching method can effectively reduce fuel cell current ripple to meet the suggested limitation of 4%. Input inductors play a critical role for ripple current reduction, while output capacitors are used for specified output voltage performance. In the selection of the input inductors and the output capacitors, this paper uniquely presents an analytic method for obtaining optimum parameter values. The design considerations include leg number, switching frequency, output loads, and dynamic response. Novel equivalent models with equivalent series resistors for multi-leg boost converters are proposed. This model can simplify the analysis of multi-leg converters and is thus used for compensation design. To verify the analytic results, Intersil ISL6556B integrated circuit is used to implement two-, three-, and four-leg fuel cell boost converters rated 1000W. Finally, the experimental results show that the four-leg one can have lower ripple factor than its two- and three-leg counterparts, and meet the limitation of fuel cell output current ripple factor of 4%.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in the nutritional status, body image concerns, and eating behaviors occurring in a patient who underwent deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis for treatment-refractory anorexia nervosa (AN).
The Raman spectra of crystalline bis(pyrophosphato)tetrazinc(II) and -manganese(II) decahydrates, M4(P2O7)2 ·10H2O (M=Zn and Mn), have been investigated at room temperature. The Mn(II) salt readily underwent photodecomposition upon extended exposure to 785-nm laser irradiation and so could not be examined under high pressures in a diamond-anvil cell. The Zn(II) salt was much more stable and was studied successfully at pressures up to ∼35kbar. The pressure dependences of the δ sPO2, ν sPOP, ν asPOP, ν sPO2, and ν asPO2 internal modes of the pyrophosphate group and of an external H2O mode indicated the occurrence of a pressure-induced phase transition in the 15–20kbar region. Further confirmation of this structural change came from the appearance of four initially forbidden modes in the 19–26kbar range. This phase transition proved to be reversible upon release of the applied pressure. The pressure dependences before and after the phase transition were −0.22 to 0.66 and 0.06 to 0.33cm−1/kbar, respectively.
A two-dimensional stationary model, based on the universal conservation laws and coupled with electrochemical reactions, is applied to describe a single all-vanadium redox flow cell. Emphasis is placed on studying the effects of applied current density, electrode porosity and local mass transfer coefficient on the cell performance. The model results indicate that bulk reaction rate depends on the applied current density. The transfer current density and over-potential increase almost twice as the applied current density doubled. A decrease in electrode porosity leads to a more rapid depletion of the reactant concentration, a higher integral average value of the transfer current density and a more uniform distribution of the over-potential. The local mass transfer coefficient only affects the value of the over-potential.
The most alarming feature today is how to manage the energy demand and crucial climate change. To run life among these major threats, a good idea is to penetrate renewable energy sources gradually into the global energy market. These renewables are the best alternative to conventional fuels because of their abundant potential, non-pollutant nature and are exceedingly eco-friendly with the environment. The major renewables include wind, solar and diesel energy sources with a safety battery back-up to challenge the energy disaster to a possible extent. In addition, minor sources like fuel cells, biomass and tidal energy can also be included if the load demand is high. The careful blending of these available resources and technologies facilitate economic and environmental benefits. This paper overviews the performance analysis of hybrid power systems, control methodologies and modeling techniques so as to get an optimum output power.
Nonlinear Frequency Response Analysis (NFRA) is a novel dynamic analysis method for Lithium-ion batteries. In contrast to the most commonly applied Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), NFRA is not limited to the linear response of the system, as it uses higher sinusoidal excitation currents I A C of approximately 1.5 C. Higher harmonic response signals Y n with n2 are analysed. Thereby, additional dynamic information about the system is accessible. Here, the authors evaluate the potential of NFRA to detect the safety critical ageing process of Lithium plating. NFRA results are analysed and compared to EIS for cells aged at − 10 ∘ C with plating occurence and for cells without plating aged at 25 ∘ C. A proof of concept for detection of Lithium plating with NFRA is presented. The third harmonic, Y 3 , is strongly sensitive to plated Lithium at time constants characteristic for electrochemical reactions for the analysed cells. Here, Lithium plating causes an increase of charge transfer resistance between the anode and the electrolyte, which affects the nonlinear behaviour. Ex-situ analysis validated that plating occurs only for the cells aged at − 10 ∘ C, but not for the cells aged at 25 ∘ C. Further, it is presented that Y 1 , analysed with EIS, is not sufficient for the diagnosis of this ageing process. Therefore, NFRA is suggested as a new, reliable method for the identification of Lithium plating in Lithium-ion batteries.