batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
There is a growing and important need for large-scale characterization of dog behavior, for example, to conduct genetic analyses or to assess welfare. An extensive number of standardized tests and questionnaires are used for this but few focus on the normal behavior in situations which are frequently encountered in the everyday life of companion dogs. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a fast but standardized method to characterize behavioral variation in pet dogs based on a brief observation in a situation often encountered by many dogs, namely during training classes. The spontaneous behavior of dogs was video-recorded during 3 minutes in a standardized setting, while their owners were occupied filling in a short questionnaire, and during 30 seconds of walking on leash. Behaviors, including contact seeking behavior with the owner, a stranger, and other dogs, together with general activity and interaction with a novel object were later analyzed and further processed in 2 separate principal component analyses. The principal components from the 2 test parts correlated significantly with each other and aspects of both home and test environment influenced several components in both principal component analyses. Age and sex also showed significant effects on test outcome, for example, age affected how social and explorative the dog was and females jumped more on their owner, whereas males pulled the leash more. In addition, dogs that were perceived as cooperative by their owner looked more at their owner and pulled the leash less. In conclusion, this simple test captures essential parts of the normal, everyday behavior profile of dogs, such as owner- and dog-directed social behavior, which are not usually measured in the commonly used test batteries for dogs.
Our model of a direct methanol fuel cell with straight channels is extended to take into account finite conductivity of current collector plates and local contact resistances. Co-flow conditions are assumed and the two cases are considered: (i) when load resistor is connected at the inlet of the feed channels and (ii) when it is connected at the outlet. In both cases voltage loss in the plates induces growth of current production close to the point of load connection. The increase in local current j is accompanied by the growth of local polarization voltages η a and η c of the anode and the cathode sides, respectively. Moving the point of load connection one can change the distribution of j , η a and η c along the channel. Local “spot” of contact resistance decreases local current and polarization voltages; in the rest part of the cell these values increase.
Nitrided Ni-free stainless steel was prepared and evaluated electrochemically in a non-aqueous solution for use as a current collector for a positive electrode for 5 V-class Li-ion secondary battery. The nitrided stainless steel was characterized using a surface conductivity meter, X-ray diffraction, and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy. The cyclic voltammogram was obtained in 1 mol dm−3 LiPF6/EC: DMC (1:1 vol%). As the results indicate, the electrical conductivity and crystal structure of α-Fe remained after the nitrogen heat treatment. However, the results also suggest that oxides, nitrides, or nitrogen oxides of Al and Cr are formed on the surface. The untreated stainless steel brought about slight anode dissolution in a non-aqueous solution. In contrast, it was found that the nitrided stainless steel hardly underwent anodic dissolution at 1.5–5.4 V vs. Li/Li+, and has a wide electrochemical window for use in a positive electrode of a 5 V-class Li-ion secondary battery.
Micro-scaled spherical CoSn2/Sn alloy powders synthesized from oxides of Sn and Co via carbothermal reduction at 800°C were examined for use as anode materials in Li-ion battery. The phase composition and particle morphology of the CoSn2/Sn alloy composite powders were investigated by XRD, SEM and TEM. The prepared CoSn2/Sn alloy composite electrode exhibits a low initial irreversible capacity of ca. 140mAhg−1, a high specific capacity of ca. 600mAhg−1 at constant current density of 50mAg−1, and a good rate capability. The stable discharge capacities of 500–515mAhg−1 and the columbic efficiencies of 95.8–98.1% were obtained at current density of 500mAg−1. The relatively large particle size of CoSn2/Sn alloy composite powder is apparently favorable for the lowering of initial capacity loss of electrode, while the loose particle structural characteristic and the Co addition in Sn matrix should be responsible for the improvement of cycling stability of CoSn2/Sn electrode.
Carbon coated LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 solid solution materials (LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4/C) are synthesized by rheological phase reaction with stearic acid as carbon source, and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), BET and TG/DTG. The results show that well-crystallized olivine structure LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4 nanoplatelets with no obvious impurity phase are obtained. The as-synthesized materials are served as cathode of lithium ion battery and investigated by galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. The results demonstrate that, in comparison with the LMFP materials of different Mn:Fe ratio (LiMn0.2Fe0.8PO4/C and LiMn0.8Fe0.2PO4/C) synthesized by the same route of rheological phase reaction, the LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4/C exhibit excellent rate specific capability, and can deliver discharge capacity of 138, 99, 80, 72, 67 and 55 mAh g−1 at respectively 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20C rates. Moreover, the electrode possesses good cycle stability. A specific capacity of 100 mAh g−1 at 1C after 300 cycles of charge–discharge at room temperature is reached, which represents 95% of capacity retention. The significantly improved electrochemical performances of the LiMn0.5Fe0.5PO4/C cathode are attributed to the uniformly distributed particles and the enhancement of conductivity that is originated from the surface coating of carbon on primary particles.
Spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is the safest commercial anode for power batteries owing to its stability, zero strain and Li dendrites free, but its inherent insulating characteristic seriously limits its high-rate capability. Nitrogen-doped LTO/C (NCLTO) is firstly synthesized by thermal decomposition of an amorphous titanate crosslinking g-C3N4 inorganic polymer and then reaction with lithium salts utilizing a simple solid state reaction. The doping nitrogen has a fair distribution which allows fast transportation of lithium ions, and the content of nitrogen is tunable through control the decomposition time of g-C3N4. It exhibits a better high-rate capability and cycling performance than that of LTO, which delivers a high capacity of 122mAhg−1 after 500 cycles at a current density of 10C with 102% capacity retention while the capacity retention of only 50.5% for pure LTO. Furthermore, the NCLTO also exhibits an overwhelming advantage of high-rate performance than LTO owing to the introduced conductive nitrogen-doped carbon and TiN.
Two different approaches were used to model the insertion of lithium ions into a single carbon particle fiber under potentiodynamic control. In the first approach, volume changes in the particle due to lithium intercalation/deintercalation were neglected (NVCP model) while in the second approach the volume changes were included (VCP model). Modeling discrimination techniques were used to determine the statistical significance of the different models when fitting experimental cyclic voltammetry data. It was found that the VCP model is a better fit of the experimental cyclic voltammetry data than the NVCP model. The VCP model predicts significant changes in the radius of the particle due to lithium intercalation/deintercalation. It is recommended to extend the application of the VCP model to a complete lithium ion cell. Incorporation of volume changes into the model along with the formation of the SEI layer may be the key to understanding and predicting capacity fade in a lithium ion battery during cycling.
Cadmium is a carcinogenic heavy metal. Urinary levels of cadmium are considered to be an indicator of long-term body burden, as cadmium accumulates in the kidneys and has a half-life of at least 10 years. However, the temporal stability of the biomarker in urine samples from a non-occupationally exposed population has not been rigorously established. We used repeated measurements of urinary cadmium (U-Cd) in spot urine samples and first morning voids from two separate cohorts, to assess the temporal stability of the samples. Urine samples from two cohorts including individuals of both sexes were measured for cadmium and creatinine. The first cohort (Home Observation of Perinatal Exposure (HOPE)) consisted of 21 never-smokers, who provided four first morning urine samples 2–5 days apart, and one additional sample roughly 1 month later. The second cohort (World Trade Center-Health Program (WTC-HP)) consisted of 78 individuals, including 52 never-smokers, 22 former smokers and 4 current smokers, who provided 2 spot urine samples 6 months apart, on average. Intra-class correlation was computed for groups of replicates from each individual to assess temporal variability. The median creatinine-adjusted U-Cd level (0.19 and 0.21 μg/g in the HOPE and WTC-HP, respectively) was similar to levels recorded in the United States by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The intra-class correlation (ICC) was high (0.76 and 0.78 for HOPE and WTC-HP, respectively) and similar between cohorts, irrespective of whether samples were collected days or months apart. Both single spot or first morning urine cadmium samples show good to excellent reproducibility in low-exposure populations.
Exploring low-cost and high-efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is still an ongoing challenge to substitute noble metal materials. In this work, NiFe-based selenide (Ni-Fe-Se) is synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and Se powder. The effects of hydrothermal temperature and mass ratio of precursors on the decomposition and selenization of MOFs were investigated. Compared with NiFe based oxide, Ni-Fe-Se is favorable for improving the electronic conductivity and reduce the charge transfer resistance, promoting the formation of the higher oxidative valence of Ni species during OER process. Benefiting from the desirable advantages with unique composition, the Ni-Fe-Se material prepared under optimal conditions shows excellent electrocatalytic activities toward OER with the lower overpotential of 216 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Besides, the resulting Ni-Fe-Se catalyst exhibits excellent durability when used as air cathode in Zn-air battery.
Porous polymer-coated separators with different thicknesses of coating layer have been prepared by a dip coating and phase inversion method. Polymer-coated separators soaked with electrolyte solution exhibit high ionic conductivity in the order of 10−3 Scm−1 at room temperature and are electrochemically stable up to 5.0V against Li+/Li. Lithium-ion polymer cells each composed of a mesocarbon microbead anode and a lithium–cobalt oxide cathode and separated with a polymer-coated separator, have been assembled and their charge–discharge cycling performance has been evaluated in terms of the thickness of the gelled polymer layer that is coated on the polyolefin separator.
Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) has recently been indicated as a novel method for treating obesity. However, the optimal stimulation parameters were unknown and mechanisms were poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of VNS on food intake and body weight in diet-induced obesity (DIO) rats and its possible mechanism involving autonomic functions and gut hormones.
All-solid-state Li-ion batteries having incombustible solid electrolytes are expected to be promising candidates for safe next-generation energy storage devices that have a long lifetime and high energy density. However, it is essential to address the large resistance of Li-ion transfer at the electrode/solid-electrolyte interfaces. A new concept electrode that is formed in situ from the Li2O–Al2O3–TiO2–P2O5-based glass-ceramic solid electrolytes with Si and Ge doping (LASGTP) produces atomic scale connection at the interfaces, which provides extremely low interfacial resistance. However, the formation mechanism and the reason for the low resistance are still unclear. Here we applied spatially-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope mode (SR-TEM-EELS) to visualize the nanometer-scale Li distribution and its effects on the electronic structures of other important elements (Ti and O). Local electron diffraction showed that the in situ formed electrode was an amorphous phase caused by the Li insertion. Picometer-scale expansion of O–O distance due to the Li insertion was also visualized in the electrode. These electronic and crystal changes and gradual Li distribution contribute to the low resistance and stable battery cycles.
Increase in price of fossil fuels along with environmental issues caused by development of these resources has motivated researchers to offer resources and technologies to decrease dependency to such fuels. Hybrid-electric vehicles can receive energy from the network, store it in their battery and convert it into mechanical energy while moving. Load resulting from charging battery of these vehicles and their long charging time might increase network load and put security of the system into danger. Thus, despite various advantages, there are concerns about vast and unscheduled charging of these vehicles in the distribution network. With the increase in penetration of electric vehicles, additional load is imposed on the network due to stochastic nature of battery charging and presence of these vehicles in different places. If this load is imposed during peak load, undesirable effects occur in the distribution network including increase in losses and voltage drop. In this study, hybrid-electric vehicles connected to network and corresponding supply and demand programs are investigated; then, PSO, ICA and training-learning algorithms are used to schedule and optimize charging. Results show that in order to prevent generation of new load peak and decrease distance between peak and valley on load curve, training-learning algorithm outperforms other two algorithms. But in terms of convergence and decrease in performance cost, ICA outperforms the other two algorithms and convergence is obtained in smaller number of iterations.
Inferior electronic conductivity and sluggish sodium ion diffusion are still two big challenges for TiO2 anode material for Na ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, we synthesize TiO2/C composites by the pyrolysis of MIL-125(Ti) precursor and successfully introduce defects to TiO2/C composite by a simple magnesium reduction. The as-prepared defect-rich TiO2-δ/C composite shows mooncake-shaped morphology consisting of TiO2-δ nanocrystals with an average particle size of 5 nm well dispersed in the carbon matrix. When used as a SIBs anode, the defect-rich TiO2-δ/C composite exhibits a high reversible capacity of 330.2 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 at the voltage range of 0.001–3.0 V and long-term cycling stability with negligible decay after 5000 cycles. Compared with other four TiO2/C samples, the electrochemical performance of defect-rich TiO2-δ/C is highly improved, which may benefit from the enhanced electronic/ionic conductivities owing to the defect-rich features, high surface area rendering shortened electronic and ionic diffusion path, and the suppress of the TiO2 crystal aggregation during sodiation and desodiation process by the carbon matrix.
A highly intriguing class of advanced materials, nanochains have gained attention due to their advantages in stability, enlarged surface area and enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Here in, we describe the synthesis of polypyrrole nanochains (PPy-NCs) by a facile emulsion polymerization process using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as surfactants. The PPy-NCs are further activated using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as the activation agent for producing a porous nitrogen-containing carbon structure. Subsequently, low-temperature carbonization (500–800 °C) and KOH activation leads to abundant ultrasmall pores and strong oxygen molecule binding sites, which are essential in enhancing the capacitance as well as ORR activity. The morphologies and structures of the PPy-NCs samples have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The electrochemical studies were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which demonstrate superior electrochemical performance as supercapacitors electrode application. The maximum specific capacitance of 1502 F g−1 at scan rate 2 mV s−1, as well as capacitance retention (93%) after completing 1500 cycles are obtained for the PPy-NCs-800 electrode in 1.0 M KOH aqueous solution. Moreover, PPy-NCs-800 exhibits a considerably good electrocatalytical activity through desirable 4–electron transfer process for ORR in alkaline medium. This work suggested that PPy-NCs had potential application in supercapacitors, and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
Study of the cognitive dimensions of stories and storytelling has become an important subdomain within the field of narrative analysis. Concerned both with how people understand narratives and with narrative itself as a mode of understanding, cognitive approaches have emerged from a larger ‘narrative turn’ unfolding across many disciplines. This article surveys specific analytic paradigms that have helped shape cognitive narrative analysis, including structuralist narratology, artificial-intelligence research, cognitive linguistics, and discursive psychology, and traces forward the influence of these paradigms on some of the main trends within the field. Furthermore, after discussing criticisms leveled against cognitive approaches, the article outlines areas of concern that can be viewed as targets for future research.
The renewable based electricity generation technologies were assessed against a range of sustainability indicators using data obtained from the literature. These indicators are cost of electricity generation, greenhouse gas emissions and energy pay-back time. All the three parameters were found to have a very wide range for each technology. For grading different renewable energy sources a new figure of merit has been proposed, linking greenhouse gas emissions, energy pay-back time and cost of electricity generated by these renewable energy sources. It has been found out that wind and small hydro are the most sustainable source for the electricity generation.
Objective: The diagnosis of breast cancer, the most common type of cancer among American women, elicits greater distress than any other diagnosis regardless of prognosis. Therefore, the present study examined the efficacy of a stress reduction intervention for women with breast cancer. Methods: As part of a larger, randomized, controlled study of the effects on measures of stress of a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention for women with breast cancer, the current analyses examined the effects on sleep complaints. Results: Analyses of the data indicated that both MBSR and a free choice (FC) control condition produced significant improvement on daily diary sleep quality measures though neither showed significant improvement on sleep-efficiency. Participants in the MBSR who reported greater mindfulness practice improved significantly more on the sleep quality measure most strongly associated with distress. Conclusion: MBSR appears to be a promising intervention to improve the quality of sleep in woman with breast cancer whose sleep complaints are due to stress.
Electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids are gaining popularity on the personal transportation market. These vehicles store energy that is unused when parked. This distributed energy source can therefore be used to provide ancillary services such as grid regulation or spinning reserves, but also for demand-side management. In this paper, we are proposing the concept of collaborative charging in the context of Vehicle-to-Building, where the vehicle and building operators engage themselves into a synergistic relation, with vehicles freely charged in exchange for shaving power peaks of buildings. For that purpose, simulations of vehicle fleets are conducted, with the charging schedule optimized by a linear programming model that is applied to manage the electric demand of a suburban university campus. These simulations, made in the context of a regulated electric market, demonstrate that collaborative charging can be financially viable for both the institution hosting the system and the participants.
Recently, polycarbonates have been proposed as alternative materials to poly(ethylene oxide) as the polymeric matrix for solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). Aliphatic polycarbonates SPEs have shown excellent ionic conductivity values even at room temperature, good electrochemical stability and high lithium transference number. In most works, the aliphatic carbonates have been synthesized using two main routes, ring-opening polymerization of cyclic carbonates and copolymerization between CO2 and epoxides. Although these synthetic routes are successful, impose wither 2 or 3 carbon aliphatic chain between the carbonate groups. In this paper we propose conventional polycondensation as a route to aliphatic polycarbonates for solid polymer electrolytes. Thus, we synthesized a series of eight different aliphatic polycarbonates by polycondensation of aliphatic diols and dimethyl carbonate. The reactions were carried out using an organocatalyst under melt-condensation conditions at temperatures ranging between 130 and 180°C. A series of eight different aliphatic polycarbonates were obtained having between 4 and 12 methylene groups between the carbonate units in each repeating unit and molecular weights between 8,000 and 43,000gmol−1. All the aliphatic polycarbonates were semicrystalline showing melting temperatures within 45 and 63°C and glass transition temperatures around −40°C. The use of those aliphatic polycarbonates as matrix for solid polymer electrolytes was evaluated. First, adding 30wt% of LiTFSI, the best ionic conductivity measured at ambient temperature 6·10−6 Scm−1 was obtained from poly(heptamethylene carbonate). Then, adding different salt weight percent (from 20 to 80wt%), the highest value was obtained for low molecular weight poly(dodecamethylene carbonate) using 80wt% of LiTFSI which showed an excellent ionic conductivity value of 1·10−4 Scm−1 at room temperature.
Publisher Summary This chapter focuses at improving a model, which assumes that at least a model exists. Moreover, the chapter discusses the process of turning the initially created model into one that better fits the data and the business problem. Although most of the processes apply as much to improve an explanatory model, as well as to improve a classificatory model, most of the issues are addressed as if the model to be improved is classificatory—except, where the issues discussed are specific to one type of model or the other. The process of improving model can be divided into two categories- (i) Discovering where the model has problems. (ii) Fixing the discovered problems. Refining the model is an important part of the data mining process. Refining requires methods for checking a model's performance, insight for understanding what the checks reveal, knowledge of what applicable techniques are relevant to improve model performance, and methods for applying the techniques to modeling data, or business problems, as appropriate. This chapter also explores the methods of diagnosis to identify problems with examples, and provides methods to apply the techniques to solve those problems. Insight and understanding come only with practice and repetition.