batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
High-performance lithium and sodium ion batteries typically consist of heterogeneous composite electrode materials that integrate different components and are used for a variety of structural and electrochemical functions. Designing heterogeneous composite electrode materials to significantly enhance battery performance depends on the basic understanding of the mechanisms and synergistic effects of different components. In this work, we develop a simple design and preparation of heterostructured hollow ZnSnO3@carbon microcubes composite (denoted as H-ZnSnO3@C), consisting of a ZnSnO3 microcube within hollow structure surrounded by the thin carbon coating shell. Meaningfully, the H-ZnSnO3@C electrode shows desirable cycle stability (100 cycles, 817 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1) for lithium storage. Moreover, a charge capacity of 302 mAh g−1 is obtained for sodium storage. By systematic electrochemical analysis, we elucidate that the inner hollow space can effectively sustain the lithiation/sodiation-induced expansion of ZnSnO3 without breaking the outer carbon coating shells and the conductive outer carbon shells allow for a fast electron conduction as well as limit most SEI formation to the carbon surface instead of on the ZnSnO3-electrolyte interface, thus enhancing the rate performance. More importantly, the electrochemical kinetics analysis and density functional theory calculations confirms the basic principles of enhanced electrochemical performance. This work indicates an effective method of engineering the metal oxide-carbon heterogeneous composite as advanced electrodes for energy storage devices.
Olivine-type LiFePO4/C composite with excellent rate capability and cycling stability is synthesized by an optimized ethylene glycol assisted solution-phase method. In an attempt to improve the electrochemical performance, the size of LiFePO4/C particle is reduced by optimizing the reaction time and temperature. The results show that the LiFePO4/C synthesized at 130 °C for 5h consists of well-distributed nano-particles of size about 50nm in diameter and 100nm in length, which is uniformly coated with a carbon layer about 3.0nm in thickness. The material synthesized at 130°C exhibits the least charge-transfer resistance than the LiFePO4/C synthesized at 120 and 140 °C. The specific capacity of optimized LiFePO4/C at discharge rate of 0.1C can reach to 166.5 mAhg−1, nearly to the theoretical capacity. Even at high rate of 5, 10, 20 and 30C, the specific capacities of 132.3, 120.4, 97.3 and 66.6 mAhg−1 are achieved, respectively, with no significant capacity fading after 100 cycles. This is a promising method used in industrialization to synthesize LiFePO4/C composite with excellent performance.
Porous LiMn2O4 microellipsoids with a solid-core@void@porous-shell configuration are synthesized by a facile self-template method. The structure and morphology of the microellipsoids are characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) techniques. The electrochemical properties are investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and charge–discharge testing methods. Porous core–shell microellipsoids exhibit excellent rate capability and cycling performance as a cathode material for Li-ion batteries. At a high rate of 10 C, LiMn2O4 microellipsoids maintain 70% of the discharge capacity obtained at 1 C rate. The capacity retains 90.1% after 400 cycles at a discharge rate of 5 C at room temperature. LiMn2O4 microellipsoids also show good cycling performance with the capacity retention of 77.1% after 200 cycles under 5 C rate at elevated temperature (55 °C). A high chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium ion in LiMn2O4 microellipsoids is determined by cyclic voltammetry method, suggesting the fast Li-ion intercalation kinetics and excellent high-rate performance. Porous LiMn2O4 microellipsoids could be a competitive cathode material for high-performance Li-ion batteries.
The intraspecific competitiveness of a genetically engineered strain of Trichoderma virens was assessed relative to the non-transformed, progenitor strain and an isogenic, auxotrophic strain using a replacement series design. The transformed strain was less fit, but appeared more competitive than the wild type or the auxotroph in this assay. To validate this finding and to evaluate the ability of a strain to establish in an environment occupied by a competitor another experimental approach was developed. In various treatments the transformed strain was unaffected or only slightly inhibited by a competing strain. In contrast, the wild type and the auxotrophic strain were strongly inhibited by the presence of the transformed strain. These findings support the conclusion that this genetically engineered strain is more competitive than the wild-type strain and thus may be persistent in the environment.
Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) is an electromechanical energy storage system which can exchange electrical power with the electric network. It consists of an electrical machine, back-to-back converter, DC link capacitor and a massive disk. Unlike other storage systems such as the Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), FESS is an environmentally-friendly short- or medium-term energy storage system, which has the capability of numerous charge and discharge cycles. These characteristics make the FESS a suitable choice for different applications in the power system such as power quality improvement, power smoothing, renewable energies integration support, stability improvement, etc. This paper presents an overview on the structures and applications of FESS in power system and Microgrid (MG) and also challenges, problems and future works discussed. It can be a driver for development of FESS applications and also recommends suggestions to use its advantages in other areas. Investigation of different studies shows that FESS, as a developing technology, can play an effective role in the operation of the present and future power system and MG.
The paper is concerned with the energy management of a renewable energy based installation situated in an isolated rural area. The installation is composed of photovoltaic panels, a wind turbine and a battery bank, which supply a non-controllable load. An Energy Management Algorithm is proposed to decide on the switching between the installation components. The control decisions depend on the generated photovoltaic and wind turbine powers, the battery bank state of charge and the non-controllable load power demands. A fuzzy algorithm, which ensures the system's autonomy, a continuous load supply and safe operation for the battery bank, is used to decide on the connection of the installation's components. Then, using the genetic algorithm, a cost optimization of the installation operation is introduced to decide on the contribution of each power source in supplying the loads. Using measured meteorological data of the target area, the algorithm is extensively tested and the obtained results show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in maximizing the use of the renewable energies, minimizing the installation's operation cost, guaranteeing the installation's autonomy even under climatic parameters changes while also ensuring a safe operation of the battery bank.
Ribosomal protein genes have become widely used as markers for phylogenetic studies and comparative genomics, but they have not been available in fish. We have cloned and sequenced a complete set of all 47 60S ribosomal protein cDNAs from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), of which 43 included the complete protein encoding regions. Most ribosomal protein mRNAs in channel catfish are highly similar to their mammalian counterparts. However, L4, L14, and L29 are significantly shorter in channel catfish than in mammals due to deletions in the 3′ end of the gene. Two distantly related L5 cDNAs, L5a and L5b, were found in channel catfish. L5a is more similar to L5 in other vertebrates, while L5b showed significant levels of divergence, suggesting independent evolution of the two L5-encoding genes. The 47 ribosomal protein genes are generally highly expressed and together account for 11–14% of overall gene expression, depending on the tissues. Expression levels were highly variable both within a single tissue among different ribosomal protein genes, and among tissues with regard to a single ribosomal protein gene. Strong tissue preference expression was also observed for some ribosomal proteins. This set of ribosomal protein gene sequences represents one of the most complete sets from any single organism and will aid in fish phylogenetic and comparative genomic studies.
Research into dementia prevention is of paramount importance if the dementia epidemic is to be halted. Observational studies have identified several potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia, including hypertension, dyslipidaemia and obesity at midlife, diabetes mellitus, smoking, physical inactivity, depression and low levels of education. Randomized clinical trials are needed that investigate whether interventions targeting these risk factors can reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia in elderly adults, but such trials are methodologically challenging. To date, most preventive interventions have been tested in small groups, have focused on a single lifestyle factor and have yielded negative or modest results. Given the multifactorial aetiology of dementia and late-onset Alzheimer disease, multidomain interventions that target several risk factors and mechanisms simultaneously might be necessary for an optimal preventive effect. In the past few years, three large multidomain trials (FINGER, MAPT and PreDIVA) have been completed. The FINGER trial showed that a multidomain lifestyle intervention can benefit cognition in elderly people with an elevated risk of dementia. The primary results from the other trials did not show a statistically significant benefit of preventive interventions, but additional analyses among participants at risk of dementia showed beneficial effects of intervention. Overall, results from these three trials suggest that targeting of preventive interventions to at-risk individuals is an effective strategy. This Review discusses the current knowledge of lifestyle-related risk factors and results from novel trials aiming to prevent cognitive decline and dementia. Global initiatives are presented, including the World Wide FINGERS network, which aims to harmonize studies on dementia prevention, generate high-quality scientific evidence and promote its implementation.
In the present study, a nanorod-type α-MnO2 cathode is prepared by a facile hydrothermal method for rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion battery (ZIB) applications. Electron microscopy studies reveal rod shaped particles with approximately 20 nm of width and 200 nm of length. When tested for aqueous ZIBs, the α-MnO2 nanorod cathode exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 233 mA h/g at a current density of 83 mA/g with nearly 100% Coulombic efficiencies under prolonged cycling. Besides, the prepared cathode demonstrates decent rate capabilities at higher current densities (43.33 and 31.48 mA h/g at 1333 and 1666 mA/g, respectively). Ex-situ synchrotron XAS investigations clearly establish the reversibility of electrochemical Zn-insertion into the α-MnO2 nanorod cathode. The analyses also reveal that the host α-MnO2 structure demonstrates considerable structural stability during Zn-insertion/extraction. Further, a combination of ex-situ synchrotron XRD studies, visualization and pattern-fitting software programs not only confirm electrochemical Zn-insertion into the host α-MnO2 structure but also suggest that the unit cell volume of the [2×2] tunnels in the α-MnO2 host expands by approximately 3.12% during Zn-insertion. The present study thus paves the way for further development of eco-friendly ZIB as an ideal energy storage system due to its excellent safety and reliability.
This work investigates the impact of electrochemical reactions and products on discharge capacity and cycling stability with electrolytes based on two common solvents – tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Although the DMSO-based electrolyte exhibits better initial electrochemical properties compared to that based on TEGDME, e.g., higher discharge capacity and potential, the use of TEGDME results in a significantly better cycling stability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations of the gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) after first discharge reveal a considerable difference in discharge product morphology. With DMSO as solvent one high-potential reduction process leads to the formation of crystalline lithium peroxide (Li2O2) particles on the cathode surface area. SEM imaging of GDE cross-sections depicts that the (non-crystalline) product film formation at lower potentials during discharge with the TEGDME-based electrolyte results in a GDE pore clogging close to the O2 inlet, so that gas transport is hindered and the discharge ends at an earlier point. The higher cycling stability with LiTFSI/TEGDME, however, is attributed to (i) the apparently complete recovery of the GDE active surface by recharge and (ii) different parasitic reactions resulting in the formation of side product particles rather than films.
Currently, there are two types of defect detection systems used to monitor the health of freight railcar bearings in service: wayside hot-box detection systems and trackside acoustic detection systems. These systems have proven to be inefficient in accurately determining bearing health, especially in the early stages of defect development. To that end, a prototype onboard bearing condition monitoring system has been developed and validated through extensive laboratory testing and a designated field test in 2015 at the Transportation Technology Center, Inc. in Pueblo, CO. The devised system can accurately and reliably characterize the health of bearings based on developed vibration thresholds and can identify defective tapered-roller bearing components with defect areas smaller than 12.9 cm2 while in service.
In direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), a dilute methanol and water mixture is generally used and recycled as a fuel to improve the performance and operation time with high fuel efficiency through reduced methanol crossover. Such recycling can, however, allow the continuous accumulation of some reaction intermediates in the circulating loop of dilute methanol during DMFC operation. Therefore, this study examines DMFC contamination sources and the electrochemical influence of recycled methanol fuel by physicochemical analysis of the organic and inorganic (metal) intermediates generated from the DMFC system components. Further, a novel method for mitigating the impact of the reaction intermediates on the performance of DMFC system is proposed.
The paper deals with the problem of transit system design for a mixed fleet of electric and internal combustion buses and introduces a model for the vehicle type choice that involves computation of lifetime internal and external cost. Unlike previous works focused on transit network design problem, this model assumes the set of routes as fixed. It introduces instead different fast charging alternatives and constraints related to battery autonomy, energy consumption and power transfer from the electricity grid. Results of a real-size numerical application carried out on a transport corridor in Rome are illustrated.
Opportunistic Networks exploit portable handheld devices to collect delay-tolerant data from sensors to gateways for realizing various Smart City applications. To obtain knowledge for determining suitable routing paths as users go about their daily routine, nodes maintain history of every encounter and exchange the information through summary vectors. Due to large node populations, the size of summary vectors makes it challenging to implement real-world city-scale applications with the technology. In this paper, we take the technology a step towards real-world implementation by proposing a set of adaptive and privacy-preserving mechanisms that can be incorporated into existing encounter-based routing protocols to reduce summary vector sizes without compromising delivery guarantees. We validate our proposals with real-world human movement traces and simulation experiments. In terms of network performance, our proposals reduce the average summary vector size by 75% to achieve up to 21% less energy consumption with about 28% improvement in throughput.
It has been found that carbonaceous materials containing a transition metal coordinated by 4 nitrogens in the square-planar configuration (metal–N4 site) on the surface possessed a catalytic activity for various electrochemical reactions related to energy conversion and storage; i.e., oxygen reduction, hydrogen evolution, and quite recently, the electrode reactions in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB). The catalyst for the VRFB positive electrode discharge reaction, i.e., the dioxovanadium ion reduction, was formed by coating the surface of cup-stack carbon nanotubes with a carbonaceous thin film with the Fe–N4 site generated by the sublimation, deposition, and pyrolysis of iron phthalocyanine. In this study, the influence of the physical properties of the catalyst on the electrochemical reactions was investigated to optimize the coating. With an increase in the coating, the specific surface area increased, whereas the pore size decreased. The surface Fe concentration was increased in spite of the Fe aggregation inside the carbon matrix. The catalytic activity enhancement was achieved due to the increase in the specific surface area and the surface Fe concentration, but was lowered due to the decrease in the pore size, which was disadvantageous for the penetration of the electrolyte and the mass transfer.
For electrically powered applications such as consumer electronics and especially for electric vehicles a precise state-of-charge estimation for their lithium-ion batteries is desired to reduce aging, e.g. avoiding detrimental states-of-charge. Today, this estimation is performed by battery management systems that solely rely on charge bookkeeping and cell voltage measurements. In the present work we introduce a new, physical probe for the state-of-charge based on ultrasonic transmission. Within the simple experimental setup raised cosine pulses are applied to lithium-ion battery pouch cells, whose signals are sensitive to changes in porosity of the graphite anode during charging/dis-charging and, therefore, to the state-of-charge. The underlying physical principle can be related to Biot's theory about propagation of waves in fluid saturated porous media and by including scattering by boundary layers inside the cell.
A patient (V.Z.) is described as being affected by progressive bilateral atrophy of the mesial temporal lobes resulting in semantic dementia. Vis-à-vis virtually nil recognition of even the most familiar faces (including those of her closest relatives) as well as of objects and animals, V.Z. could nevertheless consistently recognize and name the face of Silvio Berlusconi, the mass media tycoon and current Italian Prime Minister. The experimental investigation led to the conclusion that Mr Berlusconi's face was seen as an icon rather than as a face. This telling effect of Mr Berlusconi's pervasive propaganda constitutes an unprecedented case in the neuropsychological literature.
In recent years development of active materials for negative electrodes has been of great interest. Special attention has been focused on the active materials possessing higher reversible capacity than that of conventional graphite. In the present work the electrochemical performance of some carbon/silicon-based materials has been analyzed. For this purpose various silicon-based composites were prepared using such carbon materials as graphite, hard carbon and graphitized carbon black. An analysis of charging–discharging processes at electrodes based on different carbon materials has shown that graphite modified with silicon is the most promising anode material. It has also been revealed that the irreversible capacity mainly depends on the content of Si. An optimum content of Si has been determined with taking into account that high irreversible capacity is not suitable for practical application in lithium-ion batteries. This content falls within the range of 8–10wt%. The reversible capacity of graphite modified with 8wt% carbon-coated Si was as high as 604mAhg−1. The irreversible capacity loss with this material was as low as 8.1%. The small irreversible capacity of the material allowed developing full lithium-ion rechargeable cells in the 2016 coin cell configuration. Lithium-ion batteries based on graphite modified with silicon show gravimetric and volumetric specific energy densities which are higher by approximately 20% than those for a lithium-ion battery based on natural graphite.
In the present investigation, AB5-type hydrogen storage alloys with compositions Mm0.8La0.2Ni3.7Al0.38Co0.3Mn0.5Mo0.02 and Mm0.75Ti0.05La0.2Ni3.7Al0.38Co0.3Mn0.5Mo0.02 are synthesized by radio-frequency induction melting. The electrochemical properties are studied through the measurements of discharge capacity, activation process, rate capability, self-discharge rate and cyclic stability of both the electrodes. Pressure-composition isotherms are plotted by converting the electrode potential into the hydrogen pressure following the Nernst equation. The structural and microstructural characterizations are performed by means of X-ray diffraction phase analysis and scanning electron microscopy of as-fabricated and electrochemically tested electrodes. An attempt is made to correlate the observed electrochemical properties with the structural–microstructural characteristics.
In this paper, we demonstrate a two-step method to transform Co-Co Prussian blue analogue (PBA) nanocubes into porous and hollow CoS2 nanocubes. The morphology and microstructures of the synthesized CoS2 hollow nanocubes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and automatic micropore physisorption analyzer. Electrochemical capacitive properties of the synthesized CoS2 hollow nanocubes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests in alkaline aqueous solution (2M KOH). Results show that the porous CoS2 nanocubes have hollow and mesoporous structure with high specific surface area (113.9m2 g−1), and show a high specific capacitance of 936Fg−1 at the current density of 1Ag−1. Also, the CoS2 hollow nanocubes possess good power characteristics (the capacitance retention is 73.3% from 1Ag−1 to 20Ag−1) and good long-term cycling life with 83% specific capacitance retention after 5000cycles at 5Ag−1. Additionally, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ACS) was assembled by using CoS2 on carbon cloth and activated carbon (AC) on carbon cloth as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The prepared ACS shows a high energy density of 34.68Whkg−1 at the power density of 356.9Wkg−1, 25.74Whkg−1 remained at a power density of 7336.8Wkg−1, and excellent rate performance (the capacitance retention is 74.2% from 0.5 to 10Ag−1). These indicate that the CoS2 hollow nanocubes are good candidates for the next-generation high performance supercapacitor electrode materials.