batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
It has shown better electrochemical performance to use two dimensions (2D) nanomaterial nickel hydroxide nanosheets as electrode materials in energy storage research. However, when compared with carbon electrode material, the disadvantage of metal hydroxide is more obvious. In this study, we use Ni(OH)2/rGO composites (NGCs) synthesized by hydrothermal method as electrode materials to conduct an electrochemical property tests in 6M KOH electrolyte solution. As a result, when current density of NGC8 samples (the mass ratio of Ni(OH)2 and graphene is 8:1) is 0.8Ag−1, the largest specific capacitance of composites is 1862.2Fg−1. What’s more, when the current density is 15Ag−1, the capacitance only reduced to 91.6% after the constant current charge and discharge for 2000 cycles, which showed magnificent cycling stability. Further investigations, the 2D nanomaterial NGCs can be easily transmitted to NrCs (NiO/rGO composites), and delivers a specific capacitance of 782.5Fg−1 at a current density of 0.5Ag−1. These works are of great significance for the research of energy storage materials and the development of energy storage device.
Theory of Mind is defined as the ability to attribute mental state and emotions to other people and is relevant to social relationships. The cortical and subcortical regions involved in Theory of Mind are damaged by neurodegenerative processes of Parkinsonian syndromes, so the aim of the present study was to explore, for the first time, possible deficits of Theory of Mind and their cognitive correlates in multiple system atrophy (MSA). Twenty-six patients with MSA, 25 patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and 25 healthy subjects were enrolled. Cognitive and affective subcomponents of Theory of Mind, executive functions, long-term memory and apathy were evaluated. The three groups did not differ on demographic variables. MSA and PD groups performed worse than healthy subjects on both cognitive (advanced test of ToM) and affective (emotion attribution task) ToM tasks, but no significant difference was found between patients’ groups. However, when using another affective ToM task (Eyes Test), MSA group had poorer performance than healthy subjects and Parkinsonian patients, whereas Parkinsonian patients had similar performance to healthy subjects. Regression analysis revealed an association between poor cognitive flexibility and dysfunctional cognitive component of Theory of Mind. Deficit of cognitive and affective components of Theory of Mind occurred in MSA. Dysfunction of cognitive component was related to executive dysfunction (i.e. cognitive rigidity). These findings might suggest the usefulness of an early evaluation of social cognition in MSA to identify individuals with impaired Theory of Mind who are at risk of social withdrawal, and reduced quality of life.
Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking devices are a fundamental technology for quantifying the distribution and movement of livestock across landscapes. Although costs of GPS devices have decreased, it is still cost prohibitive to implement a large number of collars per study. Our objective was to develop and test a low-cost GPS collar using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) electronic components to study livestock distribution and movement. Our COTS GPS tracker was built using the popular Arduino open-source microcontroller and a low-power timer board to cycle a GPS at defined intervals. Location data were saved to a data card in an open format for easy analysis. Total cost per COTS GPS device (including housing and collar) was $54.78. Average displacement from a known location and 95% circular error probability was 4.58 m, commensurate with other GPS collars. We tested durability and field performance of 25 COTS GPS collars against 24 existing GPS collars recording data at 5-min intervals in a southwest Idaho, United States study area. Our COTS GPS design and test showed that it is possible to manufacture low-cost location tracking devices, but the limitations of such devices must be considered relative to study objectives and duration. Low-cost location trackers will encourage collection of a higher density of location information to better understand patterns of livestock use in rangeland landscapes.
The aim of this study was to investigate correlation between genotoxic effects and changes of microbial parameters caused by metal contamination in soils. In total, 20 soils from nine locations were examined; metal contents and physicochemical soil parameters were measured with standard methods. In general, a pronounced induction of the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in the Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MN) assay was seen with increasing metal concentration in soils from identical locations. However, no correlations were found between metal contents and genotoxicity of soils from different locations. These discrepancies are probably due to differences of the physicochemical characteristics of the samples. Also, the microbial parameters depended on the metal content in soils from identical sampling locations. Inconsistent responses of the individual enzymes were seen in soils from different locations, indicating that it is not possible to define a specific marker enzyme for metal contamination. The most sensitive microbial parameters were dehydrogenase and arylsulfatase activity, biomass C, and biomass N. Statistical analyses showed an overall correlation between genotoxicity in Tradescantia on the one hand and dehydrogenase activity, biomass C, and the metabolic quotient on the other hand. In conclusion, the results of the present study show that the Trad-MN assay is suitable for the detection of genotoxic effects of metal contamination in soils and furthermore, that the DNA-damaging potential of soils from different origin cannot be predicted on the basis of chemical analyses of their metal concentrations.
This study investigated the possibility of integrating a renewable energy system with an existing energy source (electricity grid) to supply mobile base stations in the on-grid sites of Malaysia and minimise the annual Operational expenditure (OPEX). Based on the available renewable energy resources in Malaysia, three options for this goal were examined: (i) photovoltaic/electric grid, (ii) wind energy/electric grid, and (iii) photovoltaic/wind energy/electric grid. System simulations were performed with the software HOMER, using wind speed, solar irradiance, load demand, component costs and technical specifications as well as various minimum renewable fraction (MRF) values. Three key aspects were analysed: (i) energy yields, (ii) economics, and (iii) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The findings herein demonstrate that the hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy/electric grid power system delivered the highest energy to the load of the renewable energy system (48.91%), which reduces both the operating costs and pollution rate. Whereas, cost of the project is large compared with the photovoltaic/electric grid power system. However, large benefits for mobile operators in terms of OPEX reduction can be achieved. The average annual OPEX savings of the hybrid wind energy system was the lowest at 30%, whereas that of the hybrid solar system was 35% and that of the hybrid photovoltaic/wind energy/electric grid was as high as 39%.
Solid electrolyte composed of silicate matrix solvated by tetraalkylammonium salt solution in viscous organic polar solvent (propylene carbonate or sulpholane) was prepared by sol–gel method under controlled drying conditions. The organic solution was added directly to the tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) based sol. For comparison analogous material modified with pure solvent was prepared. Gel forms within 2–4 days depending on the solvent additive. The gelation time is longer than in the presence of lithium salt or pure solvent modified material. The obtained electrolyte is transparent and it loses about 12% its mass during first 30 days of aging. It was characterised by TGA, DSC, FTIR spectroscopy and impedance spectroscopy. The shape of TGA and DSC curve is similar to that of pure solvent. The IR spectra indicates silicate network formation with some silanol groups left. No indication of specific interactions between solute, solvent and silicate matrix has been found. The magnitude of electrical conductivity is close to 10−3 S cm−1 being one order of magnitude smaller than that of analogous liquid electrolyte. The electrical conductivity of silicate matrix modified with pure solvent is by two orders of magnitude smaller. The value of this parameter depends on time elapsed after gelation. Most substantial decrease is observed during first 10 days after gelation and it correlates with mass loss. The conductivity of TMOS based matrix solvated with pure solvent is another two orders of magnitude smaller. The obtained results indicate that silicate matrix is neutral reservoir for organic solvent. The porosity of the dried samples is to some extent affected by the presence of salt.
A comparison is presented of the electrocatalytic activity of tungsten carbide synthesised using microwave carburisation with that synthesised by furnace heating. Based on the resulting particle size, phase composition, passivity against corrosion and electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen oxidation and evolution reactions, microwave synthesis appears to be a simple heating procedure which can be carried out more rapidly than conventional methods. Because microwave synthesis produces finer grain size than furnace heating, its products function better as electrocatalysts for both the hydrogen oxidation and evolution reactions. The role of KCl, Ni(II), Fe(II) and Mn(II) present as reactants during microwave synthesis is demonstrated. Also presented for the first time is the electrocatalytic activity obtained from tantalum carbide synthesised under microwave heating.
In this work, Na2Ti6O13 nanorods are prepared by a traditional solid state reaction and reported as anode materials for advanced lithium-ion batteries. The effect of calcining temperature on the size and electrochemical behavior of nanorodes is thoroughly described and compared within the temperature range of 800-1000°C. It can be found that the size of nanorodes increases with the enhancing of calcining temperature. At 1000°C, Na2Ti6O13 nanorodes melt into big bulks, which exhibit poor ionic conductivity and low lithium storage capacity. Although Na2Ti6O13 nanorodes with smaller size can be formed at 800°C, its capacity retention is poor. In contrast, Na2Ti6O13 nanorodes obtained at 900°C reveal high reversible capacity, rapid lithium ion diffusion behavior and outstanding rate property. In-situ and ex-situ analyses reveal that the structural evolution of Na2Ti6O13 during lithiation and delithiation process is quasi-reversible, which ensures the excellent electrochemical performance of Na2Ti6O13 nanorods for repeated lithium storage.
Understanding the fundamental mechanisms of advanced electrode materials at the atomic scale during the electrochemical process is necessary to develop high-performance rechargeable batteries. The complex electrochemical reactions involved in a running battery, which cause intensive structural and morphological changes in electrode materials, have been explored to a certain extent by the use of real-time characterization techniques. In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is one of the most noteworthy diagnostic techniques to understand and monitor dynamic electrochemical processes because of its atomic-scale resolution and real-time monitoring, which can provide information about chemical and physical characteristics. In this review, the current progress in the development of electrode materials using in situ TEM for rechargeable batteries beyond the lithium ion is summarized. First, the various battery designs used for in situ TEM and their challenges are elaborated. Afterward, we systematically summarize the basic science and fundamental reactions including phase transformation and electrode/electrolyte interfaces in electrode materials for heavier alkali ion (sodium, potassium calcium and magnesium) batteries (H-AIBs). Particularly, the real-time insights into three types of electrochemical mechanisms: intercalation, alloying, and conversion reactions are elaborated. Moreover, in situ electrode chemistry in lithium sulfur (Li–S) batteries, alkali-metal oxygen batteries (AOBs) including lithium, sodium and potassium oxygen batteries, and all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) is also discussed. Finally, we provide a summary and future perspective of in situ TEM in rechargeable batteries along with the most feasible electrode design.
To improve the suitability of lithium-ion battery model under varying scenarios, such as fluctuating temperature and SoC variation, dynamic model with parameters updated realtime should be developed. In this paper, an incremental analysis-based auto regressive exogenous (I-ARX) modeling method is proposed to eliminate the modeling error caused by the OCV effect and improve the accuracy of parameter estimation. Then, its numerical stability, modeling error, and parametric sensitivity are analyzed at different sampling rates (0.02, 0.1, 0.5 and 1s). To identify the model parameters recursively, a bias-correction recursive least squares (CRLS) algorithm is applied. Finally, the pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS) and urban dynamic driving sequences (UDDSs) profiles are performed to verify the realtime performance and robustness of the newly proposed model and algorithm. Different sampling rates (1 Hz and 10 Hz) and multiple temperature points (5, 25, and 45 °C) are covered in our experiments. The experimental and simulation results indicate that the proposed I-ARX model can present high accuracy and suitability for parameter identification without using open circuit voltage.
Lithium–sulfur batteries have attracted considerable interest because of their high energy density, non-toxicity, and low-cost. However, the main challenges associated with the dissolution of lithium polysulfides and low conductivity of sulfur are still required to be overcome to achieve improved cycling life and power density. Herein, we design and synthesize a hierarchical mesoporous carbon (HMC) through one-step pyrolysis of a low-cost polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) precursor with a sodium hydroxide activating agent for an efficient encapsulating host for sulfur. By impregnating sulfur into carbon via a melt-diffusion process, the HMC/sulfur composite contains a high sulfur content (∼72 wt%) inside the mesopore-dominant host. Moreover, with a multifunctional polyvinylpyrrolidone coating, the obtained composite exhibits an enhanced electrochemical performance including high specific capacity (1124 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1) and good cycling life with a reversible capacity of 456 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at 800 mA g−1. Both the hierarchical mesoporous nature of the carbon host and the protective coating not only suppresses the polysulfide dissolution but also provides improved interfacial stability and facile charge transport pathways. This strategic combination leads to high reversible capacity, enhanced cycling reversibility, and good rate capability of the high sulfur loading cathodes.
Porous carbons with high-volumetric capacitance in aqueous electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) were simply prepared by poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC) carbonization at high temperature without activation or any other additional processes. The PVDC-derived carbon is microporous with Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area about 1200m2 g−1. As it possesses not only high-gravimetric capacitance (262Fg−1) but also high-electrode density (0.815gcm−3), the PVDC-derived carbon present an outstanding high-volumetric capacitance of 214Fcm−3, twice over of the commercial carbon Maxsorb-3 with a high-surface area of 3200m2 g−1. The PVDC-derived carbon also exhibit good rate performance, indicating that it is a promising electrode material for EDLCs.
Successful deployment of electric vehicles requires maturity of the manufacturing process to reduce the cost of the lithium ion battery (LIB) pack. Drying the coated cathode layer and subsequent recovery of the solvent for recycle is a vital step in the lithium ion battery manufacturing plant and offers significant potential for cost reduction. A spreadsheet model of the drying and recovery of the solvent, is used to study the energy demand of this step and its contribution towards the cost of the battery pack. The base case scenario indicates that the drying and recovery process imposes an energy demand of ∼10 kWh per kg of the solvent n-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), and is almost 45 times the heat needed to vaporize the NMP. For a plant producing 100 K battery packs per year for 10 kWh plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV), the energy demand is ∼5900 kW and the process contributes $107 or 3.4% to the cost of the battery pack. The cost of drying and recovery is equivalent to $1.12 per kg of NMP recovered, saving $2.08 per kg in replacement purchase.
This study aims to develop a community-based electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring system for cardiac outpatients to wirelessly detect heart rate, provide personalized healthcare, and enhance interactive social contact because of the prevalence of deaths from cardiovascular disease and the growing problem of aging in the world. The system not only strengthens the performance of the ECG monitoring system but also emphasizes the ergonomic design of wearable devices and user interfaces. In addition, it enables medical professionals to diagnose cardiac symptoms remotely and electronically manage medical reports and suggestions. The experimental result shows high performance of the dry electrode, even in dynamic conditions. The comparison result with different ECG healthcare systems shows the essential factors that the system should possess and the capability of the proposed system. Finally, a user survey was conducted based on the unified theory of acceptance and users of technology (UTAUT) model.
Electrochemical oxidation of two isomeric coumarins, umbelliferone (UF, 7-hydroxycoumarin) and benzotertonic acid (BA, 4-hydroxycoumarin), were comparatively studied in aqueous buffer solutions by cyclic voltammetry, in situ long-path-length thin-layer UV–vis spectroelectrochemistry and ex situ ATR-FTIR spectrometry. Both the coumarins undergo the completely irreversible oxidation but following totally different oxidation mechanisms. The 7-OH but not the 4-OH group can contribute to antioxidative activity of coumarin via an electron transfer mechanism. Electro-oxidation of UF occurs at the 7-OH position and produces an insulating polymer film at the electrode surface, which probably consists of a poly(ethylene oxide) backbone with coumarin side groups. The toxicity-related coumarin 3,4-epoxide is a possible intermediate in the UF oxidation. Electro-oxidation of BA occurs at the C3 C4 double bond, also yielding a non-conductive film at the electrode surface. In this process salicylaldehyde as the possible intermediate undergoes further oxidation to form the poly(aryl ether) film. The knowledge of the mechanisms of UF and BA oxidation should be helpful in understanding the roles and conversion of coumarins in their biological and chemical processes.
The yield and characteristics of packaging waste pyrolysis products depend on the composition of the input material. The aim of this study is to predict the yield of the different pyrolysis fractions (organic liquid, aqueous liquid, gas, char, inorganics) as a function of the input waste composition. Nine real municipal packaging waste samples and four mixtures of pure materials prepared by the authors have been pyrolysed in a 3.5dm3 semi-batch reactor at 500°C. The pyrolysis yields obtained in these experiments, together with some data about the pyrolysis yields of specific materials taken from the literature, have been used as raw data for developing the prediction model. The model parameters have been obtained by means of multiple linear regression of the experimental data. The accuracy of the predicted values is influenced by the nature of the specific sample; the predicted values are more accurate when mixtures of pure materials are studied than when real complex samples are considered. Anyway, the predicted values are acceptable enough to be a useful tool for designing industrial processes. Additionally, the model is easily used since it only requires a few composition data.
When we refer to the “aperture” of a lens, we are speaking on an iris, similar to that in the pupil of an eye, that opens or closes, allowing light to enter and strike the optic nerve, sending impulses to the brain. A lens aperture works much the same, except it will allow as much light to enter as we tell it to allow. While our brains can automatically compensate for light or dark (a human with good vision is capable of seeing light as dim as a trillionth of a watt), should we tell the aperture to allow too much light for the ISO we've set the chip to record, the result will be an overexposure that the camera cannot compensate for.
Research has indicated that technology can be effectively used to identify high-risk older drivers. However, adaptation of such technology has been limited. Researchers debate whether older drivers represent a safety problem as well as whether they should be screened for driving fitness. The present study examined how drivers feel regarding technological screening and mandatory state testing. The validity and acceptability of a new technological screening battery for identifying high-risk drivers, the DrivingHealth® Inventory (DHI), was also evaluated. In a sample of 258 Alabama drivers aged 18–87, older drivers performed significantly worse than younger drivers on sensory, cognitive, and physical subtests of the DHI, and older drivers with a crash history performed worse than older drivers without crashes. Regardless of age, 90% of participants supported states requiring screening for older drivers’ license renewal. The majority of the participants (72%) supported use of technological screening batteries such as the DHI as a driver screening tool. Considering the acceptability and potential efficacy of the DHI, it may be a useful tool in evaluating driving fitness among older adults.
Global positioning system (GPS) technology is increasingly used to assess geographically varying exposure in population studies. However, there has been limited evaluation of accuracy and completeness of personal GPS data. The ability of a GPS data logger to assess location of children during usual activity was evaluated. Data collected for 4 days from 17 children wearing GPS loggers, recorded every 15 s, were evaluated for completeness by time of day during weekend and weekdays, and for accuracy during nighttime at home. Percentage of possible GPS-recorded points and of 5-min intervals with at least one recorded location were examined. Mean percentage of total possible 15-s interval locations recorded daily was less than 30%. Across participants, the GPS loggers recorded 1–47% of total possible location points on weekends and 1–55% on weekdays. More complete data were measured during travel to school (average 91%). The percentage of daily 5-min intervals with recorded data was as high as 53%. At least one location was recorded during 69% of 5-min intervals before school (0630–0800 h), 62% during school (0800–1400 h) and 56% after school (1400−1700 h). During night time (0000–0600 h), on average, location was recorded for less than 25% of 5-min intervals and accuracy was poor. The large proportion of missing data limits the usefulness of GPS logging instruments for population studies. They have potential utility for assessing on-road travel time and route. GPS technology has limitations, and lessons learned from this evaluation can be generalized to the use of GPS in other research settings.