batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The air oxidation of vanadium (V(II)) ions in a negative electrolyte reservoir is a major side reaction in a vanadium redox flow battery (VRB), which leads to electrolyte imbalance and self-discharge of the system during long-term operation. In this study, an 80% charged negative electrolyte solution is employed to investigate the mechanism and influential factors of the reaction in a negative-electrolyte reservoir. The results show that the air oxidation of V(II) ions occurs at the air-electrolyte solution interface area and leads to a concentration gradient of vanadium ions in the electrolyte solution and to the diffusion of V(II) and V(III) ions. The effect of the ratio of the electrolyte volume to the air-electrolyte solution interface area and the concentrations of vanadium and sulfuric acid in an electrolyte solution is investigated. A higher ratio of electrolyte volume to the air-electrolyte solution interface area results in a slower oxidation reaction rate. The high concentrations of vanadium and sulfuric acid solution also retard the air oxidation of V(II) ions. This information can be utilized to design an appropriate electrolyte reservoir for the VRB system and to prepare suitable ingredients for the electrolyte solution.
A distance propagation method is presented for calculating tortuosity with relatively low computation time from three-dimensional (3D) tomographic data. Moreover, a novel concept of tortuosity distribution is developed to provide a more comprehensive picture of inhomogeneous microstructures where tortuosity depends on the actual 3D paths. Instead of using one single tortuosity value, the tortuosity distribution both as spatial distribution map and also statistic histogram can provide a more complete description. The method, which can be applied to any porous medium, is tested against a diffusion-based tortuosity calculation on two 3D microstructures: a LiCoO2 cathode electrode of lithium ion battery measured by x-ray nano-tomography and a lanthanum strontium manganite–yttria-stabilized zirconia, solid oxide fuel cells cathode measured using focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy serial sectioning. The present method is shown to provide good-agreement with the effective diffusion-based tortuosity values.
Sodium vanadium phosphate Na3V2(PO4)3 coated with uniform and continuous carbon film is synthesized by heat treatment of the precursors under C2H2-pyrolysis reducing atmosphere, in which Na3V2(PO4)3 is formed synchronously with carbon coating. As a cathode material for Na-ion batteries, Na3V2(PO4)3/C shows a flat charge plateau at about 3.39 V in the potential window of 2.5–4.0 V versus Na+/Na. The charge capacity of 83.7 mAh g−1 and discharge capacity of 82.1 mAh g−1 can be obtained at a current rate of 1C after 300 cycles and the coulombic efficiency averages 98% throughout. The enhanced electrochemical performance can be contributed to the uniform and continuous carbon layer, which greatly improves the electric conductivity of Na3V2(PO4)3.
Despite their widespread application state-of-the-art lithium batteries are still highly limited in terms of capacity, lifetime and safety upon high charging rate. The development of advanced Li-ion batteries with high energy/power density relies increasingly on transition metal oxides. Their conversion reactions enable a combined high capacity and enhanced safety. Nevertheless, their practical application is severely limited by the insufficient cycling stability, poor rate capability and large voltage hysteresis which impact the lifetime and the performance of the battery. Here we report the exceptionally high-performance of an amorphous Fe2O3 anode, which largely outperforms its crystalline counterpart. Besides the advantageous narrow voltage hysteresis, this material exhibits a new breakthrough in terms of cycling stability and rate capacity. A highly reversible charge–discharge capacity of ~1600mAhg−1 was observed after 500 cycles using a current density of 1000mAg−1. A specific capacity of ~460mAhg−1 was achieved using the ever reported large current density of 20,000mAg−1 (~20C), which opens venues for high power applications. The amorphous nature of Fe2O3 anode yields a unique electrochemical behavior and enhanced capacitive storage, which drives the overall electrochemical performance. This work demonstrates that amorphous transition metal oxides (a-TMO) based materials may offer a new perspective towards the development of high performing anodes for the next-generation of Li-ion batteries.
Aphasic patients with reading impairments frequently substitute incorrect real words for target words when reading aloud. Many of these word substitutions have substantial orthographic overlap with their targets and are classified as “visual errors” (i.e., sharing 50% of targets’ letters in the same relative position). Fifteen chronic aphasic patients read a battery of words and non-words; non-word reading was poor for all patients, and more than 50% of errors on words involved the substitution of a non-target word. An investigation of the factors conditioning these word substitutions, as well as the production of visual errors, identified a number of similarities to patterns previously reported for patients with right neglect dyslexia, which has been said to occur relatively rarely. These included a strong tendency for errors to overlap targets in initial letter positions, maintenance of target length in errors, and the substitution of words higher in imageability than targets. It is proposed that left hemisphere damage frequently leads to disruption of a level of representation for written words in which letter position is ordinally coded, resulting in exacerbation of a normal processing advantage for early letter positions. A computational model is discussed that incorporates this level of representation and successfully simulates relevant normal and patient data.
In recent years, a significant interest in hybrid and battery electric vehicles has arisen globally due to reducing fuel consumption, mitigating dependence on imported oil and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. The overall success of these vehicles mostly depends on the performance of sub-systems that they are created. In order to enhance the performances of these sub-systems, estimation of their parameters with high accuracy is required. Furthermore, estimation strategies play an important role in battery management, vehicle energy management and vehicle control by undertaking different tasks. There have been a limited number of review studies related with estimation strategies that are only focused on battery state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) estimation. This paper presents a comprehensive review on various estimation strategies used in hybrid and battery electric vehicles for the first time in the literature. The existing estimation strategies are classified and different methodologies used in each estimation strategy are elaborated. Recent research advances on existing estimation strategies are clearly emphasized by reviewing numerous studies over 200 papers.
The electrochemical reaction of lithium with the skutterudite-type CoP3 compound has been studied. To follow the reaction mechanism, X-ray diffraction (XRD), 7 Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray absorption (XAS) experiments have been carried out. During the first reaction of the CoP3 phase, cobalt is reduced and lithium-phosphide is formed. The reversible process observed during subsequent cycles consists of the formation of Li3P from its elements, giving a maximum in reversible gravimetric capacity of 487mAh/g.
Renewable energy sources (RES) based distributed generation (DG) system results reduction of overall system inertia, which is likely to generate higher oscillations in the system during disturbance conditions. Therefore, DG penetration level has a significant impact on system stability and reliability. This study provides an in-depth analysis of battery energy storage system (BESS) impact in providing primary frequency control to support increased wind penetration level. The BESS is modeled as a storage system with DC/AC converter and other associated power electronics interfaces. The objective is to replace the existing synchronous generator in proportion with the increasing penetration level of wind units while maintaining power system stability and reliability. The BESS model is developed in DigSILENT/PowerFactory and the system performances are simulated and compared with and without the BESS considering different disturbances such as single-phase-to-ground fault, and temporary line outage and load demand increment with various DG penetration level. It is shown through simulation results that BESS exhibits the ability to reduce system oscillations following disturbances and supports the increment of DG penetration level in the existing power system. Therefore, BESS can be seen the most viable measure of stability enhancement with renewable oriented sustainable future electric grid.
Flexible interfaces between Si anodes and composite electrolytes consisting of poly(propylene carbonates) (PPCs) and garnets have been fabricated. The solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) of PPC/garnet/LiTFSI show the conductivity of 4.2 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature. Their combination with the Si layer anodes allows great alleviation of internal stress resulting from the large volume variation during lithiation and delithiation process of Si anodes. As a result, the Si/SPE/Li cells exhibit 2520 mAh g−1, 2260 mAh g−1, 1902 mAh g−1, 1342 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, 0.2 C, 0.5 C, and 1 C, respectively. Furthermore, with such compatible and stable interfaces of Si/SPE and the LiFePO4 cathodes in solid-state batteries, the specific capacity of 2296 mAh g−1 in terms of Si is obtained, which remains 82.6% after 100 cycles at room temperature and 0.1 C. The results here indicate that constructing of flexible interfaces between Si anodes and SPEs is a promising strategy to develop high performance solid-state batteries.
Electric vehicles (EV) have received much attention in the last few years. Still, they have neither been widely accepted by commuters nor by organizations with service fleets. It is predominately the lack of recharging infrastructure that is inhibiting a wide-scale adoption of EVs. The problem of using EVs is especially apparent in long trips, or inter-city trips. Range anxiety, when the driver is concerned that the vehicle will run out of charge before reaching the destination, is a major hindrance for the market penetration of EVs. To develop a recharging infrastructure it is important to route vehicles from origins to destinations with minimum detouring when battery recharging/exchange facilities are few and far between. This paper defines the EV shortest-walk problem to determine the route from a starting point to a destination with minimum detouring; this route may include cycles for detouring to recharge batteries. Two problem scenarios are studied: one is the problem of traveling from an origin to a destination to minimize the travel distance when any number of battery recharge/exchange stops may be made. The other is to travel from origin to destination when a maximum number of stops is specified. It is shown that both of these problems are polynomially solvable and solution algorithms are provided. This paper also presents another new problem of finding the route that minimizes the maximum anxiety induced by the route.
This paper presents a methodology for sizing and simulating an autonomous photovoltaic-wind hybrid energy system with battery storage, using simulation tools and linear programming. The developed model is useful for energizing remote rural areas and produces a system with minimum cost and high reliability, based on the concept of loss of power supply probability (LPSP), applied for consecutive hours. To calculate the solar power and the wind power, a statistical model based on Beta and Weibull probability density functions, respectively, is used. Some scenarios are calculated and compared, using different numbers of consecutive hours and different LPSP values. As a result, a complete sizing of the system and a long-term cost evaluation are presented.
Nanostructured cobalt sulfide based materials with rational design are attractive for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. In this work, we report a multistep method to synthesize ultrafine cobalt sulfide nanoparticles encapsulated in hierarchical N-doped carbon nanotubes (CoSx@HNCNTs). Co-based zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) nanotubes are obtained from the reaction between electrospun polyacrylonitrile/cobalt acetate and 2-methylimidazole, followed by the dissolution of template. Next, a combined calcination and sulfidation process is employed to convert the ZIF-67 nanotubes to CoSx@HNCNTs. Benefited from the compositional and structural features, the as-prepared nanostructured hybrid materials deliver superior lithium storage properties with high capacity of 1200mAhg−1 at 0.25Ag−1. More importantly, a remarkable capacity of 1086mAhg−1 can be maintained after 100 cycles at the current density of 0.5Ag−1. Even at a high rate of 5Ag−1, a reversible capacity of 592mAhg−1 after 1600 cycles can still be achieved.
In this paper, a novel additive, calcium metaborate (CMB), is proposed to improve the high-temperature characteristics of the nickel electrodes for nickel–metal hydride batteries. As a soluble calcium salt, CMB can easily and uniformly be dispersed in the nickel electrodes. The effects of CMB on the nickel electrode are investigated via a combination of cyclability, capacity retention, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. Compared with conventional nickel electrodes, the electrode containing 0.5 wt.% CMB exhibits superior electrode properties including enhanced discharge capacity, improved high-rate discharge ability and excellent cycle stability at an elevated temperature (70 °C). The improved cell performance of the nickel electrode containing CMB additives can be attributable to the increased oxygen evolution overvoltage and slower oxygen evolution rate. Compared with insoluble calcium salts, such as Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, and CaF2, CMB is more effective as a cathode additive to improve the high-temperature performance of Ni–MH batteries.
The reversible redox reaction of oxygen ion was directly observed by soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy for Li1.16Ni0.15Co0.19Mn0.50O2, the Li-rich manganese layered oxide. The O K-edge spectra indicated that a peroxide phase (namely the formation of O2 2−) appeared and disappeared reversibly by charging and discharging. It was simultaneously observed both in the total electron yield mode and in the partial fluorescence X-ray yield mode, indicating that the peroxide phase exists stably in the crystalline network. These species should play an important role in the high capacity positive electrode.
Impedance spectroscopy studies of the interface between lithium and ionic liquid (IL) showed the formation of a film (solid electrolyte interface, SEI), protecting metal from its further dissolution. Consequently, the potential of metallic lithium immersed in an electrolyte containing Li+ cations may be described as a Li|SEI|Li+ system, rather than simply Li/Li+. The potential of lithium-metal in a series of ionic liquids (and in a number of molecular liquids) containing Li+ cation (0.1 M) was measured versus the Ag|(Ag+ 0.01 M, cryptand 222 0.1 M, in acetonitrile) reference. The lithium-metal potential (E(Li|SEI|Li+)) was ca. −2.633 ± 0.017 V in ILs based on the [N(CF3SO2)2–] anion, while −2.848 ± 0.043 V in ILs containing [BF4–] anion (the difference is ca. 200 mV). In the case of ILs based on the triflate anion ([CF3SO3–]), the cation of ionic liquid also influences the E(Li|SEI|Li+) value: it was ca. −1.987 ± 0.075 V for imidazolium based cations and much lower (−2.855 V) for the pyrrolidinium based cation. In ionic liquid based on the imidazolium cation and hexafluorophosphate anion ([PF6–]), the Li/SEI/Li+ potential was −2.245 V. The Li|SEI|Li+ potential measured in cyclic carbonates was −2.780 ± 0.069 V while in dimethylsulfoxide showed the lowest value of ca. −3.285 V. The measured potentials were also expressed versus the formal potential of the ferrocene/ferrocinium redox couple, obtained from cyclic voltammetry.
Fe3O4/C composites are synthesized by ball milling nano-sized Fe2O3 powder with acetylene black (AB) in different ratios followed by a carbothermal reduction at 600 °C for 6 h. Structural evolution of the Fe2O3/AB mixtures during the carbothermal reduction and the electrochemical properties of the Fe3O4/C composites as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries are investigated. The results show that Fe2O3 has been fully reduced to Fe3O4 during the reduction. The Fe3O4 particles inherit the nano-size feature of Fe2O3 and are well dispersed in the composites. The composites with 60 and 70 wt.%AB additions possess a close capacity of ca. 430 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles, showing retentions of 85% and 95%, respectively. The Fe3O4/C composites converted from Fe2O3/AB mixtures show better electrochemical performance than the mixtures. The favorable electrochemical performance of the Fe3O4/C composites is mainly attributed to the homogeneous distribution of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the carbon matrix and the comparatively high electronic conductivity of Fe3O4. The synthesis method is suggested to be facile in large-scale production of superior anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
Distributed generation (DG) with renewable energy resources is gaining importance in modern power systems for its environmental beneficiaries. In this work, decentralized generation system is introduced using distributed renewable energy resources considering its economic feasibility a comparative study has made to find the optimal power operation and optimum installable capacities of distributed energy resources (DER) for minimum energy cost. Gravitation search algorithm (GSA) is used to solve this optimization problem.
The flathead grey mullet Mugil cephalus has the widest distribution among mugilid species. Recent studies based on mitochondrial DNA sequences showed that the species comprises at least 14 different groups, three of which occur in the northwest Pacific. We analyzed the otolith microchemistry of M. cephalus at several locations in Korea to improve understanding of migration pattern and population origin.
The present study assesses the Paenibacillus sp. D9 lipopeptide biosurfactant synthesis in cheap substrates including functional properties and applicability for varying biotechnological processes. Different experimental setups were made for oil dispersion, heavy metals removals from contaminated environments, and washing performance. The study revealed surface tension activities of 31.7–32.7 mN/m, and maximum biosurfactant yield of more than 8 g/L. Removals of 85.90%, 98.68%, 99.97%, 63.28%, 99.93%, and 94.22% were obtained for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, and Zn, respectively from acid mine effluents. In comparison with chemical surfactants, there was pronounced removal of heavy metals from wastewater, contaminated sands, and vegetable matter, as well as improved oil dispersing activity. A comparative study revealed that biosurfactant was more efficient (> 60%) for removal of tomato sauce and coffee stains than chemical surfactants (< 50%). Thus, lipopeptide biosurfactants are green biomolecules reducing hazards and contaminations within the environment. The future use of this lipopeptide biosurfactant is greatly promising in biotechnology.
Although typical electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) operate with aqueous or lithium-free organic electrolytes optimized for activated carbon electrodes, there is interest in EDLCs with lithium-ion electrolyte for applications of lithium ion capacitors and hybridized battery-supercapacitor devices. We present an experimental study of symmetric EDLCs with electrolyte 1 M LiPF6 in EC:EMC 50:50 v/v and electrode coatings with 5 wt% SBR or PEDOT:PSS binder at 5 or 10 wt% concentration, where for the PEDOT:PSS containing electrodes pseudocapacitance effects were investigated in the lithium-ion electrolyte. Two different electrode coating fabrication methods were explored, doctor blade coating and spraying. It was found that EDLCs with electrodes with either binder had a stability window of 0–2 V in the lithium-ion electrolyte. EDLCs with electrodes with 10 wt% PEDOT:PSS binder yielded cyclic voltammograms with pseudocapacitance features indicating surface redox pseudocapacitance in the doctor blade coated electrodes, and intercalation and redox phenomena for the sprayed electrodes. The highest energy density in discharge was exhibited by the EDLC with doctor blade-coated electrodes and 10 wt% PEDOT:PSS binder, which combined good capacitive features with surface redox pseudocapacitance. In general, EDLCs with sprayed electrodes reached higher power density than doctor blade coated electrodes.
In recent years, taxis in multiple cities and metropolitan areas around the world have shifted to utilizing alternative fuel options. Such change has significant potential to reduce environmental externalities and can contribute to alleviating energy policy concerns. However, little work has been conducted to assess the tradeoffs between selecting various fuels for taxis, or to design alternative fuel taxi systems. These tradeoffs exist as a result of the differing costs associated with fleet replacement, infrastructure deployment, operations and maintenance decisions, and costs to users. This paper aims to address this issue by providing an optimization framework for the design of electric taxi systems, and an assessment of optimal costs associated with various options. We focus on comparing the costs of taxi systems made up of gasoline vehicles, hybrid-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles with AC Level 2 infrastructure, electric vehicles with battery switching infrastructure, and electric vehicles with DC Level 2 fast charging infrastructure. This approach is based on transit systems design methods and focuses on developing an approximate analytic model for electric taxi systems, which can be expanded upon in future research, to address large-scale taxi systems design problems. Scenario results are presented for various city types.
A series of new sequenced sulfonated naphthalenic polyimides were synthesized containing a flexible aromatic–aliphatic diamine. The obtained membranes present the advantage of being soluble in N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) which is a less toxic solvent than the previously used m-cresol. In this work, we report on the solvent and acidification method effects on the properties of the membranes such as density, water uptake, proton conductivity as well as on the performance of these membranes in fuel cell operation. The membranes prepared from NMP solution and acidified with ion-exchange resins give the best results. They have good mechanical properties as well as high ionic conductivity (14.4×10−2 Scm−1 at 80°C) and good performances as proton exchange membrane (PEM) in fuel cell at 70°C.
The nominal Li concentration giving a maximum room temperature Li-ion conductivity σ Li ≃3.45×10−4 Scm−1 with an E a ≃0.438eV in the system Li7−x La3Hf2−x Ta x O12 fired in an alumina crucible at 1130°C for 48h occurs in the narrow range of x =0.45±0.05. The samples were prepared by solid-state reaction and characterized by XRD, SEM, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and 7Li MAS NMR measurements.