batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A zinc/alkaline/manganese dioxide packed-bed electrode flow battery was used to evaluate using granular materials with ionic activity as separating materials between electrodes, increasing the separation distance between electrodes, while using separating materials, and reversing the electrolyte flow direction through the flow battery. Results indicate that materials with more ionic activity (ion exchange resins) perform better than materials with limited ionic activity (stainless steel). Among the more ionically active materials, the basic material out-performed the acidic material with an anode-to-cathode flow regime at low current draw. The best performance was obtained using ALL-CRAFT 4K-activated carbon as separation material. The use of an ionically active separation material reduced the difference in cell performance between 2.22 and 5.40 cm of separation by 56%. Although expected to be an important parameter for packed-bed electrode flow battery, the electrolyte flow direction did not produce a discernable difference in performance using the low current draw of these studies.
Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of wireless networking. Radio technologies that gave rise to wireless networking. Cisco provides a number of wireless networking products, from wireless access points (APs) that enable clients to function, to wireless bridges that connect networks over great distances. Cisco strives to provide a standard method of networking wireless via consistent interfaces for configuration and monitoring. Menus, commands, and Web interfaces can be used to configure any Cisco wireless network device. Cisco wireless AP and bridges have fairly large coverage areas. Coverage can be expanded with the use optional antennas, which can also compensate for obstructions and distance that would otherwise degrade wireless rates. This chapter provides an overview of the various antenna types, and their appropriate use. Almost all Cisco wireless products support the new security mechanisms; this is illustrated in the chapter.
The electrochemical modulation reflectance spectra (EMRS) of MnO2 film electrodes in 1 mol l−1 NH4Cl solutions were obtained. An electrolytic cell was specially designed to meet both the requirements of the reflectance spectroscopy and the electrochemical measurements. The typical spectra of γ/(β, R*), γ and γ/α-MnO2 exhibited typical France–Keldysh oscillations. Hence, the energy gap (E g) value of these samples can be determined by means of the three-point method of Aspnes. The spectra of γ-MnO2 films with varying electrode potential have also been obtained, by which the flat band potential (ϕ fb) of γ-MnO2 can be located. This information plays an important role in studies on the semiconductor behavior of γ-MnO2 and on the structure of the γ-MnO2 ∣electrolyte interface.
Objectives Resistance training (RT) is emerging as a training modality to improve motor function and facilitate physical activity participation in children across the motor proficiency spectrum. Although RT competency assessments have been established and validated among adolescent cohorts, the extent to which these methods are suitable for assessing children’s RT skills is unknown. This project aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the adapted Resistance Training Skills Battery for Children (RTSBc), in children with varying motor proficiency. Design Repeated measures design with 40 participants (M age=8.2±1.7years) displaying varying levels of motor proficiency. Methods Participants performed the adapted RTSBc on two occasions, receiving a score for their execution of each component, in addition to an overall RT skill quotient child (RTSQc). Cronbach’s alpha, intra-class correlation (ICC), Bland–Altman analysis, and typical error were used to assess test–retest reliability. To examine construct validity, exploratory factor analysis was performed alongside computing correlations between participants’ muscle strength, motor proficiency, age, lean muscle mass, and RTSQc. Results The RTSBc displayed an acceptable level of internal consistency (alpha=0.86) and test–retest reliability (ICC range=0.86–0.99). Exploratory factor analysis supported internal test structure, with all six RT skills loading strongly on a single factor (range 0.56–0.89). Analyses of structural validity revealed positive correlations for RTSQc in relation to motor proficiency (r=0.52, p<0.001) and strength scores (r=0.61, p<0.001). Conclusions Analyses revealed support for the construct validity and test–retest reliability of the RTSBc, providing preliminary evidence that the RTSBc is appropriate for use in the assessment of children’s RT competency.
The accuracy of dietary recalls might be enhanced by providing participants with photo images of foods they consumed during the test period.
The essential first step for a beginning reader is to learn to match printed forms to phonological representations. For a new word, this is an effortful process where each grapheme must be translated individually (serial decoding). The role of phonological awareness in developing a decoding strategy is well known. We examined whether beginning readers recruit different skills depending on the nature of the words being read (familiar words vs. nonwords). Print knowledge, phoneme and rhyme awareness, rapid automatized naming (RAN), phonological short-term memory (STM), nonverbal reasoning, vocabulary, auditory skills, and visual attention were measured in 392 prereaders 4 and 5years of age. Word and nonword reading were measured 9months later. We used structural equation modeling to examine the skills–reading relationship and modeled correlations between our two reading outcomes and among all prereading skills. We found that a broad range of skills were associated with reading outcomes: early print knowledge, phonological STM, phoneme awareness and RAN. Whereas all of these skills were directly predictive of nonword reading, early print knowledge was the only direct predictor of word reading. Our findings suggest that beginning readers draw most heavily on their existing print knowledge to read familiar words.
We present a new method to improve the rate capability of an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) using a thin polymer layer having a high concentration of carbon material on a current collector (CLC). A novel thermocuring coating composed of a glycol-chitosan, a pyromellitic acid and a conductive carbon powder can form stable CLC on a metal foil current collector simply by spreading and curing at 160°C for a couple of minutes. We compared the performance of some demonstration EDLC cells using three kinds of current collector: a conventional aluminum oxide foil for EDLC, an aluminum foil and an aluminum foil with CLC. The cell with the CLC had a much higher rate capability than the cell without CLC. Only the CLC cell was able to discharge at a current density of 500C. This cell shows a slight deterioration in capacity in a high temperature, continuous charging, life test, and the CLC has a suppressing effect on the internal resistance increase of EDLCs. The use of a CLC film current collector is one of the most effective and simple methods for the improvement of EDLC rate performance. In particular, a current collector consisting of aluminum foil coupled with a CLC promises to be a low cost alternative to the aluminum oxide foil commonly used in EDLCs.
Oral behaviors are activities, like gum chewing, teeth clenching, and biting of objects, that go beyond normal functioning demands and contribute to the onset of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Somatosensory amplification refers to the tendency to experience somatic sensations as intense, noxious, and disturbing and is related to bodily hypervigilance. Clinical experience suggests that individuals with bodily hypervigilance also present with occlusal hypervigilance and continuously check their occlusion. This study aimed at investigating whether somatosensory amplification and trait anxiety, a characteristic correlated with hypervigilance, are associated with a greater incidence of oral behaviors, and verifying how self-reported facial TMD pain affect this relationship.
New hectorite and organo-hectorite clays have been prepared using different silica sol sources, in order to examine the importance of sol particle size, pH, and surface chemistry on the final matrix. Polymer–clay nanocomposites (PCN) are prepared by intercalating polyethylene oxide in the clay layers of lithium hectorites. The resulting films are physically and electrochemically evaluated. Conductivity values, activation energies, and lithium transference numbers indicate that the PCNs are single ion conductors with transference numbers close to unity. The activation energies are in the range of 0.02V, two orders of magnitude lower than the conventional polymer electrolytes.
Recently, various alternatives to batteries, such as microfabricated fuel cell systems, have been proposed for portable power generation. In large-scale power production plants emphasis is placed on energy conversion efficiency. On the other hand, the intrinsic design objective for portable power generation devices is the energy density, i.e., the electrical energy generated from a given mass or volume of device and fuel cartridge. It is plausible to stipulate that an increase in the energy conversion efficiency of a system leads to an increase in energy density, but we demonstrate through theoretical analysis and case studies that the two metrics are not equivalent. In some cases, such as systems with a combination of fuels, maximizing efficiency leads to drastically different design, operation and performance than maximizing energy density. Another interesting observation is that, due to interaction between components, maximal component efficiency does not always imply maximal system efficiency.
Pico hydro is a term used to distinguish very small-scale hydropower with a maximum electrical output of five kilowatts (5kW). It is a good technique of providing electricity to the off-grid remote and isolated regions that suffer energy deficit. Typical pico hydro generator is designed and supported by electrical converting system, batteries and safety equipment so that it can be installed at the residential water pipeline. In pico hydro generation, the environmental impact is negligible since large dams are not involved, and the schemes can be managed and maintained by the consumer. This paper is reviewing the application of hydro generation and particularly focusing on the implementation of pico hydro generation system in University Malaysia Pahang (UMP) Campus-Pekan. This system was designed and simulated using the Matalb simulink blocks. The pico hydro generator has been tested in a real application with a pelton turbine design which utilizes a high pressure of water flowing from the main tank into the faculties. The speed of the turbine and alternator depend on the pressure of the water. In this work, a 1.05kW alternator is used to charge the battery and the DC power output from a battery is converted into 220V, 50Hz.
Layered Li[Ni(1−x)/3Mn(1−x)/3Co(1−x)/3Cr x ]O2 materials with x =0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.05 are prepared by a solid-state pyrolysis method. The oxide compounds were calcined with various Cr-doped contents, which result in greater difference in morphological (shape, particle size and specific surface area) and the electrochemical (first charge profile, reversible capacity and rate capability) differences. The Li[Ni(1−x)/3Mn(1−x)/3Co(1−x)/3Cr x ]O2 powders were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), charge/discharge cycling, cyclic voltammetry, and SEM. XRD experiment revealed that the Li[Ni(1−x)/3Mn(1−x)/3Co(1−x)/3Cr x ]O2 (x =0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.05) were crystallized to well layered α-NaFeO2 structure. The first specific discharge capacity and coulombic efficiency of the electrode of Cr-doped materials were higher than that of pristine material. When x =0.02, the sample showed the highest first discharge capacity of 241.9mAhg−1 at a current density of 30mAg−1 in the voltage range 2.3–4.6V, and the Cr-doped samples exhibited higher discharge capacity and better cycleability under medium and high current densities at room temperature.
Mg in Mg2Ni-type alloy was partially substituted with Y to improve the electrochemical performance of the alloy. The as-cast Mg2Ni-type Mg20−xYxNi10 (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) electrode alloys were prepared by vacuum induction melting under the protection of high-purity helium atmosphere and subsequent mechanical milling for different time points. Effects of Y substitution with Mg on the microstructures and electrochemical performance of the as-cast and milled alloys were investigated in detail by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectrometry, and automatic galvanostatic system. Results revealed that the substitution of Y with Mg evidently changed the phase composition of alloys. At a Y content of x ≤ 1, the major phase in alloys was Mg2Ni, but the phase changed to YMgNi4 + YMg3 with further addition of Y content. Electrochemical measurement showed that variations in the discharge capacity of alloys with Y content were closely related to the milling time. At ≤ 10-h milling time, the discharge capacity of alloy invariably increased with the increasing Y content; at > 10-h milling time, the discharge capacity initially increased, and then decreased with the increasing Y content. The substitution of Y with Mg dramatically ameliorated the cycle stability of the as-cast and milled alloys. Furthermore, high rate of discharge ability, electrochemical impedance spectrum, Tafel polarization curves, and potential-step measurements indicated that the electrochemical kinetic properties of the as-cast and milled alloys initially increased and then decreased with the increasing Y content.
In order to investigate the effect of copper oxide naturally formed on copper as the common anode current collector and as an electrode additive, the electrochemical behavior of lithium insertion in three naturally surface-oxidized copper powders and one copper foil was studied. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), particle size distribution measurement, galvanostatic cell cycling and cyclic voltammetry were employed for structural and electrochemical characterization. Although the XRD analysis can only detect the presence of pure Cu phase, the XPS analysis reveals clearly the presence of a CuO layer on the copper powders or the copper foil. The thickness of this CuO layer is estimated as thick as 147nm. The lithiation capacity associated with this CuO layer can reach 48mAh/g for copper powders but only 1mAh/g for the foil. This small capacity, or 5.2 × 10−3 mAh/cm2 per unit area of copper foil, is fortunately negligible compared with that of a common anode material in a lithium-ion cell; while the capacity associated with this CuO layer must be taken into account when using a copper powder as an additive to improve the cycling stability.
Disturbances in emotional functioning are a major cause of persistent functional disability in schizophrenia. However, it is not clear what specific aspects of emotional functioning are impaired. Some studies have indicated diminished experience of positive affect in individuals with schizophrenia, while others have not. The current study assessed emotional responses by 34 individuals with schizophrenia and 35 demographically matched healthy participants to 131 images sampling a wide range of emotional arousal and valence levels. Ratings of affective response elicited by individual images were highly correlated across the groups (r's>.90), indicating similar emotional experiences at the moment of stimulus exposure. However, the data did not indicate strong relationships between ratings of the emotional impact of the images and most measures of day-to-day emotional processing. These results demonstrate that individuals with schizophrenia report “normal” emotional responses to emotional stimuli, and thus suggests that deficits in emotional functioning associated with the disorder are likely to occur further downstream, and involve the effective integration of emotion and cognition for adaptive functioning in areas such as goal-setting, motivation, and memory.
The electrochemical characterization related to the capacity fading of Li1.1V3O8 nano grains has been investigated. It reveals that capacity loss is associated to the use of liquid electrolyte and that it mainly stems from the active material irrespective of the nature of the liquid electrolyte, the water content, synthesis routes and the positive electrode chemistry. SEM and in operando XRD experiments allow elucidating undergoing physical processes. A film forms from electrolyte decomposition on the surface of the electrode and progressively propagates on cycling through the electrode thickness. Embedded grains become either less or none electrochemically reactive. In the former case, embedded grains give rise to strongly polarized and energetically less favored processes. In the latter case the capacity is not accessible anymore within the potential range resulting in capacity fading.
Tungsten oxysulfide thin films (WO y S z ) have been prepared by reactive radio-frequency magnetron sputtering using a WS2 target and a mixture of argon and oxygen gas. The composition, the texture and the structure depend on the sputtering parameters, such as the oxygen partial pressure and the total pressure (Ar+O2). For a total pressure of 1Pa, the range of the chemical composition is wide, from WS2 when no oxygen gas is introduced in the chamber, to WO3S0.02 when the oxygen partial pressure is equal to 10−2 Pa. Two amorphous thin films (WO1.05S2 and WO1.35S2.2) have given promising electrochemical performances as positive electrode in the cell: Li/LiAsF6, 1M EMC/WO y S z with a current density up to 37μA/cm2 between 1.6 and 3V.
Objective To validate the “International Fitness Scale” (IFIS) in older adults. Methods Firstly, cognitive interviews were performed to ensure that the questionnaire was comprehensive for older Chilean adults. After that, a transversal study of 401 institutionalized and non-institutionalized older adults from Maule region in Chile was conducted. A battery of validated fitness tests for this population was used in order to compare the responses obtained in the IFIS with the objectively measured fitness performance (back scratch, chair sit-and-reach, handgrip, 30-s chair stand, timed up-and-go and 6-min walking). Results Indicated that IFIS presented a high compliance in the comprehension of the items which defined it, and it was able of categorizing older adults according to their measured physical fitness levels. The analysis of covariance ANCOVA adjusted by sex and age showed a concordance between IFIS and the score in physical fitness tests. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, IFIS questionnaire is a good alternative to assess physical fitness in older adults.
Horse heart cytochrome c (cyt c) was chemically modified with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) to dissolve it in room temperature ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([emim][TFSI]). The redox response of the modified cyt c, hereafter PEO–cyt c, was analyzed in [emim][TFSI]. PEO modification to the surface of cyt c, which exceeded 60% of the total mass of the PEO–cyt c, was an effective method to solubilize the cyt c. In spite of the high ion density and sufficient ionic conductivity of [emim][TFSI], no redox response of pure PEO–cyt c was detected. However, a reversible redox response of PEO–cyt c was observed after adding a simple electrolyte such as KCl to [emim][TFSI]. The redox response of PEO–cyt c was sensitive to the anion radius of the added salt, and the chloride anion was found to be the best anion species to produce a redox response of PEO–cyt c in [emim][TFSI]. However, above a certain salt concentration, the resulting increase in solution viscosity would suppress the redox reaction. The results strongly indicate that the chloride anions, because of their mobility in the polypeptide matrix, compensate the charge change of heme during the electron transfer reaction. Larger anions did not show such an effect due to sterical restrictions on the migration through the protein shell to the heme pocket of cyt c.
An environmentally friendly magnesium fuel cell system using seawater electrolyte and atmospheric oxygen was tested under practical considerations for use as maritime power supply. The hydrogen rate and therefore the power density of the system were increased by a factor of two by using hydrogen evolution cathodes with a gas separation membrane instead of submerged cathodes without gas separation. Commercial magnesium AZ31 rolled sheet anodes can be dissolved in seawater for hydrogen production, down to a thickness below 100 μm thickness, resulting in hydrogen generation efficiency of the anode of over 80%. A practical specific energy/energy density of the alloy of more than 1200 Wh/kg/3000 Wh/l was achieved when coupled to a fuel cell with atmospheric air breathing cathode. The performance of several AZ31 alloy anodes was tested as well as the influence of temperature, electrolyte concentration and anode – cathode separation. The excess hydrogen produced by the magnesium hydrogen evolving cell, due to the negative difference effect, is proportional to the cell current in case of the AZ31 alloys, which simplifies system control considerably. Stable long-term operation of the system was demonstrated at low pressures which can be maintained in an open-seawater-submerged hydrogen generator.
Li3V2(PO4)3 cathode material was prepared by spray drying and liquid nitrogen quenching method. The quenched sample, which is well crystallized with a single monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3 phase, exhibits a slightly contracted lattice parameters a, b and c compared with the natural-cooled one. The sample shows rough similar-spherical particles in the size of 0.5–4μm, and its tap-density is as high as 1.64gcm−3. HRTEM results indicate that rapid quenching leads to the formation of a number of defects in Li3V2(PO4)3 crystals. Electrochemical tests reveal that the defects greatly improved the rate capability and cycle performance of Li3V2(PO4)3. The quenched sample delivers an initial discharge capacity of 124.1 and 113.6mAhg−1 at 2 C and 10 C rate, respectively, and shows the capacity retention of 97.6% and 93.4% after 100 cycles.
A total of 45 Rwandan plant extracts, belonging to 37 different plant species out of 21 families, were investigated for their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. The plants were selected on the base of their ethnomedicinal use against infections and autoimmune diseases. From all the plant extracts tested, only Clematis hirsuta (leaves) showed a pronounced antifungal activity against Candida albicans and the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Microsporum canis. Seven plant extracts showed a high antiviral activity against the DNA-virus Herpes simplex type 1, while five and three plant extracts were highly active against the RNA-viruses Coxsackie and Polio, respectively. Only Macaranga kilimandscharica (leaves) showed an interesting anti-measles activity, whereas Eriosema montanum (leaves) and Entada abyssinica (leaves) were highly active against Semliki forest virus. Some plant extracts showed an antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and Mycobacterium fortuitum, but none of them were active against the Gram-negative bacteria tested.