batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Cobalt sulfides have become promising electrode materials for lithium ion batteries while their applications in rechargeable magnesium batteries are rarely reported. In this paper, we have done some research on the electrochemical properties of cobalt sulfide (CoS) as the cathode-active material for rechargeable magnesium batteries. Flower-like CoS with nanostructures is synthesized by a facile solvothermal route. The obvious redox peaks on the cyclic voltammetric curves confirm the possibility of applications. The galvanostatic charge–discharge tests display excellent cycle stability and high coulomb efficiency. Meanwhile, the possible mechanism of charge–discharge reactions is proposed and discussed. These results show that flower-like CoS is a promising candidate as cathode-active material for rechargeable magnesium batteries.
In order to overcome the severe capacity fading of LiMn2O4/graphite cells cycled at elevated temperature, methylene methanedisulfonate (MMDS) is newly evaluated as an electrolyte additive to improve the thermal stability of LiMn2O4 cathode. The cell using 1.0molL−1LiPF6 -EC/EMC/DMC (1:1:1, weight ratio) with 0.5wt.% MMDS additive keeps 79.2% of initial capacity after100 cycles at 60°C, whereas it is only 52.7% for the cell without additive. After the storage at 85°C for 24h, the cell with 0.5wt.% MMDS additive exhibits higher discharge capacity retention (82.5%) than the cell without additive (71.8%), and the change of thickness, resistance and discharge voltage plateaus decrease. The effects of the additive are characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as electrochemical performance tests. These results suggest that MMDS additive can form better electrochemical and thermal stability of surface film on the LiMn2O4 electrode, which reduces both the decomposition of the electrolyte and the dissolution of Mn ion in the electrolyte at elevated temperature, thus leads to the obvious improvement on the thermal stability of LiMn2O4 cathode.
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) nanocomposites have been synthesized via in situ polymerization technique. The synthesized nanocomposite films were implanted with Xe+ ions at different fluences of 3.3×1014, 3.3×1015 and 3.3×1016 ionscm−2. The morphological, structural and elemental analyses of the implanted samples have been studied by FESEM, EDX, TEM, XRD, FTIR, Raman, RBS and XPS measurements. The electrochemical behavior of the irradiated electrodes has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in presence of 0.5mM ZoBell's solution containing 0.5% KCl. The electrocatalytic activities of pristine and the irradiated electrodes towards methanol oxidation have been studied by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and cyclic stability. The electrocatalytic behavior reveals that the electrode irradiated with fluence 3.3×1016 ionscm−2 exhibits different CV pattern than that of the other irradiated electrodes with slightly lower oxidation potential of 0.54V and higher anodic current density of 48mAcm−2 with enhanced cyclic stability of 93% at 800th cycles. The enhanced electrocatalytic activity can be attributed to the transformation of carbonaceous layer to the graphite like clusters and change in morphology of the nanocomposite at the fluence 3.3×1016 ionscm−2 as observed from FESEM and TEM images.
The changes appearing for LiFePO4–C nano-composites exposed to atmosphere at 120°C have been structurally and chemically examined by the use of TGA, XRD, XPS, Mössbauer, 7Li MAS NMR and electrochemical methods. The results conclude that a highly disordered phase resulting from the aging of LiFePO4 appears on the surface of the grains of the material, is assigned to a phosphate phase and can insert lithium around 2.6V with poor reversibility. The essential role of water has been investigated and clearly demonstrated. Thus, the aging mechanism occurring in hot humid air is completely different from a simple oxidation as well as from the aging process observed above 150°C and involves the incorporation of hydroxyl groups. In addition, Fe2O3 formation has not been observed for such an aging in mild conditions.
The development of high-nickel layered oxide cathodes represents an opportunity to realize the full potential of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles. Manthiram and colleagues review the materials design strategies and discuss the challenges and solutions for low-cobalt, high-energy-density cathodes.
A systematic study has been performed to investigate the structural and magnetic changes in LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2, a member of the LiNi y Mn y Co1–2y O2 series, upon chemical lithium deintercalation. Structural characterization of the chemically delithiated Li x Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 samples indicates that the initial rhombohedral symmetry (α-NaFeO2 type structure) is maintained in the whole 0.3≤ x ≤1.0 composition range. Less than 1% variation in the hexagonal unit cell volume was evidenced showing a good structural stability of this sample. SEM pictures of the delithiated phases confirm this stability. Indeed, the particle size average undergoes a small decrease (from 180nm at x =1.0–130nm for x =0.3). The magnetic properties (SQUID and EPR) of Li x Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 compounds were also investigated. A simultaneous oxidation of Ni2+to Ni4+ via Ni3+and Co3+ to Co4+ was observed upon lithium removal. EPR signals registered at 100K, coupled to SQUID measurements, revealed strong antiferromagnetic interactions within the structure of this sample which became more pronounced by the delithiation process.
The aim of this paper is to measure metabolic rates of megafauna living in depths greater than 6000m. Echinoderms, actinarians and a polychaete were captured by remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and inserted into respiration chambers in situ at depths of 4049m, 7140m and 8074m in the region of the Kermadec Trench SW Pacific Ocean. Hadal research has moved into a new frontier as technological improvements now allow for a meticulous investigation of trench ecology in depths greater than 6000m. The development of an in situ respirometer for use in these studies was deployed in the Kermadec Trench to obtain the first ever rates of basal metabolic rates of hadal megafauna. Typical deep-sea experiments of individual animal physiology must deal with covarying factors of pressure, temperature, light and food supply in this study investigated the effects of pressure and increased food supply on overall animal metabolism. In the Kermadec Trench, holothurian respiration rates (n=4), 0.079±0.011 (mean±SE) µmol-O2 g−1 h−1, were higher than those captured at abyssal depths (n=2), 0.018±0.002 µmol-O2 g-1 h−1, in the same region (p<0.001). When Q10 adjusted to a common temperature of 2.5°C trench holothurian respiration rates ranged between 0.068 and 0.119µmol-O2 g−1 h−1. Anemone respiration rates were remarkably similar between abyssal and hadal specimens, 0.110 and 0.111µmol-O2 g−1 h−1, respectively. Our results on echinoderm respiration when corrected for temperature and mass fall below the slope regression when compared with other in situ measurements at shallower ocean depths.
Si/C composites are currently the most commercially viable next-generation lithium-ion battery anode materials due to their high specific capacity. However, there are still many obstacles need to be overcome such as short cycle life and poor conductivity. In this work, we design and successfully synthesis an excellent durable double-conductive core-shell structure p-Si-Ag/C composites. Interestingly, this well-designed structure offers remarkable conductivity (both internal and external) due to the introduction of silver particles and carbon layer. The carbon layer acts as a protective layer to maintain the integrity of the structure as well as avoids the direct contact of silicon with electrolyte. As a result, the durable double-conductive core-shell structure p-Si-Ag/C composites exhibit outstanding cycling stability of roughly 1000 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A g−1 and retain 765 mAh g−1 even at a high current density of 2 A g−1, indicating a great improvement in electrochemical performance compared with traditional silicon electrode. Our research results provide a novel pathway for production of high-performance Si-based anodes to extending the cycle life and specific capacity of commercial lithium ion batteries.
Development of miniature acoustic transmitters and data-storage tags has provided new insights into ecology of free-ranging aquatic animals. In this study, we used a data-storage-type and a conventional acoustic transmitter, both equipped with a salinity sensor, to measure the in situ salinity experienced by Atlantic salmon post-smolts during the first phase of their marine migration in a Norwegian fjord. The data-storage transmitter conveyed stored salinity data accumulated over a period of up to 27 h prior to moving within the range of a receiver, while the conventional transmitter conveyed only real-time salinity data. Five post-smolts tagged with a conventional transmitter were manually tracked from a boat, and 15 post-smolts tagged with the data-storage transmitter were monitored by six transects consisting of 29 stationary receivers deployed from the river and throughout the fjord.
This study examined bioturbation along an organic carbon gradient away from an Atlantic salmon farm and sought to determine relationships between benthic fluxes, mixing intensity and the infaunal community structure. Macrofaunal community structure, abundance and biomass were examined at stations with varying quantities and qualities of organic matter input. In situ benthic chambers were used to determine oxygen and nutrient fluxes and mixing parameters were derived from down core profiles of chlorophyll a (chl a). Mean oxygen demand of sediments ranged between 8.8 and 467.8 mmol m−2 day−1, being highest beneath the fish farm and indicating very high rates of community respiration and organic matter diagenesis. Oxygen and nutrient fluxes followed similar trends to community abundance and biomass, declining with increasing distance from the farm. Mixing intensity increased with distance from the farm until returning, at the farthest station, to values similar to those measured beneath the farm. The differences in the community structure between sediments beneath the farm and furthest from it suggest that similar diffusive mixing coefficients are generated by different mechanisms. These results generally follow the successional model of Pearson and Rosenberg [Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 16 (1978) 229.], with the exception of the farthest station, but suggest that the bioturbation potential of the community over short time scales is greatest at stations with intermediate qualities and quantity of organic matter. However, the methods used here to assess mixing over short time scales (i.e. diffusive mixing coefficient and the mixed layer depth) do not account for the activities of deep burrowing infaunal animals, such as Maxmuelleria lankesteri, known to be present at the farthest station.
In this paper, we apply phase field models to move beyond Fick’s law in describing Li diffusion in secondary battery electrodes. Phase field models are potentially more accurate and allow simpler tracking of phase boundaries than Fick’s equation. The phase field models are implemented using the highly accurate but fast Chebyshev-spectral method. Using the phase field we investigate to what extent non-Fickian behavior can affect results from experimental techniques for measuring diffusion coefficients, such as Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) and Potentiostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (PITT). We show that GITT and PITT can still accurately measure the diffusion coefficient in systems described by phase field models even when significant gradient energy terms are present.
Despite various carbon materials have been extensively applied in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery, efficient optimization of the material structure for further performance improvement is remaining a great challenge. Herein, we fabricated electron bridging structure glued yolk-shell hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) nanospheres containing a microporous shell and a mesoporous core as cathode host for Li-S battery. In which, the inner mesoporous core acts as a sulfur reservoir to entrap polysulfide species, and the outer micropores shell provides not only large contact area between sulfur and conductive substrate, but also physical confinement and chemical adsorption to trap polysulfide. This yolk-shell HPC was further glued by an electron bridging structure consisting of carbon nanotube (CNT) decorated polyaniline (PANi), who can further suppress the shuttle effect benefit from PANi and afford a highly conductive network by affording a “point-to-plane” type electron transport mode instead of the “point-to-point”. As a result, this designed cathode material exhibits a high initial specific capacity of 1372 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1, and excellent cycling stability with a capacity decay of 0.083% per cycle over 500 cycles at 2 A g−1. This strategy provides a promising approach for the design of multifunctional carbon materials for high performance Li-S batteries.
One day in fall 2002, one of our teaching physicians asked our client services team to review and update the content of a well-worn “pocket card” that was being used on his service for reference material. The card was a homemade conglomeration of other reference cards that had been cut, pasted, and photocopied into the “mother of all cards.” However, the card was inaccurate, parts had obviously been “borrowed” from other organizations, and it had been photocopied so much that parts were becoming unreadable. One thing was clear to us—inaccurate or not, this copy of the “cheat sheet” was a resource that was heavily used. And while we were chatting about the problems of updating such a card, the physician asked about publishing such data for personal digital assistants. Some days the opportunities just appear at your door.
A hybrid LiC capacitor combining a lithium-ion battery type (graphite) electrode and an electrical double-layer (activated carbon) one has been developed by preloading graphite from 2molL−1 lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (LiTFSI) organic electrolyte. The graphite intercalation compound was formed by applying ca. 10 successive charge/self-discharge pulses. The optimized hybrid device operates in the voltage range from 1.5 to 4.2V and displays 60% higher gravimetric capacitance than an electric double-layer (EDL) capacitor using the same activated carbon for both electrodes. As a result, the energy density reaches 80Whkg−1, which is four times higher than the value for the EDL capacitor with the same total mass of carbon.
Lithium plating is considered one of the most detrimental phenomenon in lithium ion batteries (LIBs), as it increases cell degradation and might lead to safety issues. Plating induced LIB failure presents a major concern for emerging applications in transportation and electrical energy storage. Hence, the necessity to operando monitor, detect and analyze lithium plating becomes critical for safe and reliable usage of LIB systems. Here, we report in situ lithium plating analyses for a commercial graphite||LiFePO4 cell cycled under dynamic stress test (DST) driving schedule. We designed a framework based on incremental capacity (IC) analysis and mechanistic model simulations to quantify degradation modes, relate their effects to lithium plating occurrence and assess cell degradation. The results show that lithium plating was induced by large loss of active material on the negative electrode that eventually led the electrode to over-lithiate. Moreover, when lithium plating emerged, we quantified that the loss of lithium inventory pace was increased by a factor of four. This study illustrates the benefits of the proposed framework to improve lithium plating analysis. It also discloses the symptoms of lithium plating formation, which prove valuable for novel, online strategies on early lithium plating detection.
A thin film electrode consisting of a mixture of iron and nickel oxides is prepared by a single route. Electrochemical deposition from Fe2+ and Ni2+ solutions on a titanium substrate and further thermal treatment at low temperature allowed obtaining a nanocomposite thin film of NiO and Fe2O3. The electrochemical studies performed on lithium cells assembled with this electrode material revealed the smallest irreversibility from first to second discharge ever reported during the conversion reactions of metal oxides at ∼0.8 V. Unlike bulk transition metal oxides, the poorly-crystalline oxidized material exhibited an unusually low discharge polarization. The 57Fe Mössbauer spectra of partially discharged and charged electrodes evidenced the reversibility of the conversion reaction with lithium and the efficiency of the recovery of the local environment of iron after the first cycle.
Layered germanium phosphide, which combines the advantages of both germanium and phosphorus, is believed to be a potential anode for sodium ion battery. Here, the sodium storage mechanism and electrochemical performance of layered germanium phosphide have been deeply investigated by advanced in-situ transmission electron microscopy technique combining half-cell testing. Dynamic reaction process reveals that individual layered germanium phosphide nanoflake undergoes total area expansion of 248% without any detectable fracture or cracking in sodiation. In contrast, germanium phosphide experiences multi-step reactions, i.e. intercalation and alloying, accompanied by sequentially forming NaxGeP (0 < x < 1/3), layered NaGe3P3, and amorphous NaGe and NayP (0 < y ≤ 3). Moreover, the germanium phosphide electrode delivers a high first discharge/charge capacity of 1124/996 mA h g−1 within voltage window of 0.005–2.5 V. By narrowing voltage window in 0.15–1.5 V, the electrode displays good cycle stability with the capacity retention of 330 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles. Our study provides useful fundamental understanding and practical strategy for the application of germanium phosphide as anode in sodium ion batteries.
We have previously described algorithms for a battery management system (BMS) that uses Kalman filtering (KF) techniques to estimate such quantities as: cell self-discharge rate, state-of-charge, nominal capacity, resistance, and others. Since the dynamics of electrochemical cells are not linear, we used a nonlinear extension to the original KF called the extended Kalman filter (EKF). Now, we introduce an alternative nonlinear Kalman filtering technique known as “sigma-point Kalman filtering” (SPKF), which has some theoretical advantages that manifest themselves in more accurate predictions. The computational complexity of SPKF is of the same order as EKF, so the gains are made at little or no additional cost. This paper is the second in a two-part series. The first paper explored the theoretical background to the Kalman filter, the extended Kalman filter, and the sigma-point Kalman filter. It explained why the SPKF is often superior to the EKF and applied SPKF to estimate the state of a third-generation prototype lithium-ion polymer battery (LiPB) cell in dynamic conditions, including the state-of-charge of the cell. In this paper, we first investigate the use of the SPKF method to estimate battery parameters. A numerically efficient “square-root sigma-point Kalman filter” (SR-SPKF) is introduced for this purpose. Additionally, we discuss two SPKF-based methods for simultaneous estimation of both the quickly time-varying state and slowly time-varying parameters. Results are presented for a battery pack based on a fourth-generation prototype LiPB cell, and some limitations of the current approach, based on the probability density functions of estimation error, are also discussed.
The unique micro-sized (2–10µm) Si/C composites consisting of 20nm carbon coated secondary Si were synthesized from the abundant and low cost Al–Si alloy ingot by acid etching, ball-milling and carbonization procedure. The nano-porous Si/C composites provide a capacity of 1182mAhg−1 at a current density of 50mAg−1, 952mAhg−1 at 200mAg−1, 815mAhg−1 at 500mAg−1, and maintain 86.8% of initial capacity after 300 cycles. Even at a much higher current density of 10A/g, the porous Si/C anode can still provide capacities of >200mAhg−1. Its superior rate capability and cycling stability of micro-sized nano-porous Si/C anodes is because it takes advantage of both long cycle life of nano-Si and high volumetric/gravimetric capacity of micro-Si. The hierarchical porous micro-scale Si/C with the carbon coating can stabilize the SEI layer and the inside pore provides adequate space for Si expansion, relaxing the stress/strain. The hierarchical Si/C with exceptional electrochemical performance is prepared by a simple, low-cost and saleable synthesis method, making it very promising for a large-scale production of high-performance Si-based anode materials in high-energy lithium-ion batteries.
Most physiological behaviors such as food intake are controlled by the hypothalamus and its nuclei. It has been demonstrated that injection of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus with nitric oxide (NO) donors elicited changes in the concentration of some amino acids, including GABA. Also, central nitrergic and GABAergic systems are known to provide inputs to the paraventricular nucleus and are involved in food intake control. Therefore, the present study examines the probable interaction of central nitrergic and GABAergic systems on food intake in neonatal layer-type chicks. The results of this study showed that intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of
In this paper, an innovative electric vehicle (EV) charging scheme is proposed, which is the first time to take into full account three charging modes in one framework, i.e. slow charging, quick charging and battery swapping. The aim is to minimize the charging cost to achieve valley filling effect. Furthermore, in order to address the proposed charging scheme effectively a distributed neurodynamic algorithm is proposed to achieve an intelligent and optimal strategy. Compared with the centralized method, the distributed algorithm can better satisfy the requirement of EV charging environment in a distributed manner. In the simulation study, the effectiveness and convergence of our proposed algorithm are verified by case studies. In addition, the rationality and superiority of our proposed scheme and algorithm are also further validates by theoretical analysis.
A quantitative measurement of wettability between the porous electrode and the electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries can greatly improve our understanding of wetting behavior. Although the wetting balance method is widely used to measure the electrolyte transport rate in the porous electrodes, it suffers from several drawbacks and has limited accuracy. We here presented a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the dynamics of electrolyte imbibition through electrodes. We proposed a novel method to accurately measure the electrolyte imbibition rate. Excellent agreement between the experimental data and the developed analytical model is obtained. The coefficient of penetrance (COP) and the solid permeability coefficient (SPC) are identified as important parameters, i.e., the electrolyte with higher COP value wets faster into an electrode, whereas for an electrolyte, the electrode with higher SPC value is more amenable to be impregnated. The effect of electrolyte salt concentration and electrolyte solvent has been studied in detail. The result suggests that increasing salt concentration adversely influences electrolyte wetting rate, whereas switching from EC-DEC system to EC-EMC system improves electrolyte wetting rate. In addition, for the electrolytes tested in this study, the imbibition into the uncalendered graphite anode is much faster than that into the uncalendered NMC532 cathode.