batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Time–activity patterns are an important determinant of personal exposure to air pollution. This is demonstrated by measuring personal exposure of 16 participants for 7 consecutive days: 8 couples of which one person was a full-time worker and the other was a homemaker; both had a very different time–activity pattern. We used portable aethalometers to measure black carbon levels with a high temporal resolution and a PDA with GPS-logger and electronic diary. The exposure to black carbon differs between partners by up to 30%, although they live at the same location. The activity contributing most to this difference is transport: Average exposure in transport is 6445 ng m−3, followed by exposure during shopping (2584 ng m−3). Average exposure is lowest while sleeping (1153 ng m−3) and when doing home-based activities (1223 ng m−3). Full-time workers spend almost twice as much time in transport as the homemakers. As a result of the study design we measured in several different homes, shops, cars, etc. enabling a better insight in true overall exposure in those microenvironments. Other factors influencing personal exposure are: background concentrations and location of residence in an urban, suburban or rural environment.
Thermal stability and decomposition of two gelled electrolyte systems, designed for alternative Grätzel-type solar cells, based on a short or a long chain bisUreaSil gel with or without an electrolyte (LiI/I2/MPII, MPII=1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide), have been followed by thermogravimetric analyzers coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS) or FTIR spectroscopic gas cell. These evolved gas analytical tools allow us to make comparisons on thermally accelerated processes of solvents’ vaporization, gels’ degradation and electrolytes’ decomposition. The solvents, acetic acid and sulfolane are retarded at room temperature, but released gradually at higher temperature. Above 300°C, an oxidative thermal degradation is indicated by formaldehyde and carbon monoxide, or dinitrogen-oxide and ammonia, for long- and short-chain gel samples (S4000 and S230), respectively. The inclusion of iodic electrolyte components (LiI/I2/MPII) into the gels seems to lower the degradation temperature of the gels’ framework significantly, meanwhile evolution of various alkyl iodides could also be detected by EGA-MS. Thermal decomposition of pure ionic liquid, MPII alone and also in fully assembled samples have also been studied in details. Several gaseous decomposition products were observed, and possible degradation pathways are established.
LiFePO4/C nanosheet composite has been prepared via a low-temperature solvothermal reaction followed by high-temperature treatment. The as-prepared sample is characterized by XRD, FTIR, Raman, SEM, and TEM. It is confirmed that the nanosheets are composed of ca. 50nm thickness of crystalline LiFePO4-core coated with ca. 10nm thickness of carbon-shell. The charge–discharge tests show that the as-fabricated LiFePO4/C nanosheet cathode in lithium-ion cell demonstrates high reversible capacity (164mAhg−1 at 0.1C) and good cycle stability (columbic efficiency 100% during 100 cycles). The cyclic voltammetric analysis indicates Li+ diffusion determines the whole electrode reaction kinetics, and the diffusion coefficient estimated by EIS is comparable to the reported data. The enhanced kinetic behavior of the as-fabricated cathode is actually originated from the nano-dimensional sheet-like morphology, which facilitates Li+ migration due to the shortened diffusion distance, and simultaneously increased exchangeable Li+ amount considering more accessible active surface. In addition, the uniformly coated thin conductive carbons contribute a lot for this enhancement because of considerably improved electronic conductivity.
A hybrid air-electrode composed of a mixture of fluorinated carbon (CFx) and Ketjen black (KB) active carbon composite materials was prepared to improve performance of Li-O2 battery. In the hybrid air-electrodes, four kinds of CFx materials including fluorinated graphite, fluorinated carbon fiber, fluorinated coke and fluorinated black carbon were utilized as lithium insertion materials. The physical properties and morphologies of the KB and CFx carbon materials were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements. Compared with the conventional KB air-electrode, all the CFx/KB hybrid air-electrodes in Li-O2 batteries showed higher specific discharge capacity, especially at high current density. Among these CFx/KB hybrid air-electrodes, the fluorinated graphite based electrode showed the best electrochemical performance in Li-O2 battery due to its highest discharge capacity of the fluorinated graphite material in the Li/CFx primary battery, highest specific surface area, and highest total pore volume. The electrochemical performance of Li-O2 and Li-air batteries using the hybrid air-electrodes with the different fluorinated graphite: KB weight ratio, including specific charge and discharge capacity, cycling stability and rate capability were systematically investigated. At a current density of 0.5mAcm−2, the fluorinated graphite based air-electrode delivered a high specific discharge capacity of 1138mAhg−1 in Li-O2 batteries, which was more than four times than that of the conventional KB air-electrode (265mAhg−1) under same testing conditions. The battery assembled with the fluorinated graphite based air-electrode exhibited better cycling stability than that of the battery assembled with the conventional KB air-electrode.
Nutrition is a key determinant of chronic disease in later life. A systematic review was conducted of studies examining dietary patterns and quality of life, physical function, cognitive function and mental health among older adults.
A novel two-step synthetic strategy was proposed to synthesize urchin-like nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) microspherical hierarchical superstructures constructed by one-dimension nanowires: hydrothermal precipitating (Ni, Co) carbonate hydroxide followed by calcinating process. Electrochemical data reveals that the as-synthesized urchin-like NiCo2O4 superstructures can deliver a specific capacitance (SC) of 296F/g at 1A/g, and keep it as high as 215F/g at 5A/g in 6M KOH aqueous solution. Such unique urchin-like hierarchical superstructures make each electroactive NiCo2O4 nanowire building block contacted easily by electrolyte ions and electrons at high rates, ensuring that sufficient Faradaic reactions take place at large current densities for energy storage. Moreover, no obvious SC degradation after 1000 continuous charge–discharge cycles at 2A/g demonstrates good electrochemical stability of the urchin-like microspherical superstructures, promising their great potential application in electrochemical capacitors.
A template-free anodic electrodeposition process was utilized to deposit Mn oxide and Mn oxide/PEDOT rods onto Ni foam substrates for use as supercapacitor electrodes. Deposit morphology was optimized by varying deposition conditions and by characterization using electron microscopy. The deposits were poorly crystalline, and electron diffraction patterns could be indexed to either a cubic spinel structure (Mn3O4) or a hexagonal birnessite structure (MnO2). The deposits had an overall oxidation state of Mn3+ before cycling and Mn4+ after 500 cycles. The maximum capacitance values for deposits with and without PEDOT were 159 and 120 F g−1 (500 and 290 mF cm−2), respectively, measured using CV at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1. The addition of the PEDOT coating reduced Mn oxide dissolution during cycling up to 500 cycles. Uncoated samples showed an increase in capacitance during cycling, which is attributed to the oxidation state change and the redeposition of Mn oxide in areas of high conductivity. Capacitance retentions after 2000 cycles were 46 and 120 % for deposits with and without PEDOT, respectively.
Pinnipeds spend large portions of their lives at sea, submerged, or hauled-out on land, often on remote off-shore islands. This fundamentally limits access by researchers to critical parts of pinniped life history and has spurred the development and implementation of a variety of externally attached telemetry devices (ETDs) to collect information about movement patterns, physiology and ecology of marine animals when they cannot be directly observed. ETDs are less invasive and easier to apply than implanted internal devices, making them more widely used. However, ETDs have limited retention times and their use may result in negative short- and long-term consequences including capture myopathy, impacts to energetics, behavior, and entanglement risk. We identify 15 best practice recommendations for the use of ETDs with pinnipeds that address experimental justification, animal capture, tag design, tag attachment, effects assessments, preparation, and reporting. Continued improvement of best practices is critical within the framework of the Three Rs (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement); these best practice recommendations provide current guidance to mitigate known potential negative outcomes for individuals and local populations. These recommendations were developed specifically for pinnipeds; however, they may also be applicable to studies of other marine taxa. We conclude with four desired future directions for the use of ETDs in technology development, validation studies, experimental designs and data sharing.
Summary In this column, I have reviewed the basis for use and sizing of three types of continuous aqueous cleaning machines. Next month, I will cover the motive behind all three, and some solvent cleaning machines, as well as spray nozzles.
Aspects of executive functioning (EF) have been put forward as endophenotypes in obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD) and meta-analyses support EF underperformance in adult samples. Childhood-onset OCD has been suggested to constitute a separate neurodevelopmental subtype of the disorder but studies on neuropsychological functioning in childhood OCD are limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate performance-based EF in pediatric OCD using observed and latent variable analyses. A case-control design was applied including 50 unmedicated children and adolescents with OCD aged 7–17 years of which 70% were female, 50 pairwise age and gender matched non-psychiatric controls (NP) and 38 children and adolescents with mixed anxiety disorders (MA). Participants underwent structured diagnostic interviews and assessment with a battery encompassing cool EF tasks of working memory, set shifting, inhibition, and planning, and hot EF tasks of decision making and dot probe paradigm affective interference. First, groups were compared on observed variables with multilevel mixed-effects linear regression and analysis of variance. Then the latent structure of cool EF was tested with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and groups were compared on the CFA scores. No significant differences between groups appeared on individual cool EF tasks. On the hot EF tasks the OCD group displayed significant interference effects on the dot probe paradigm OCD-specific stimuli relative to NP, but not compared to MA and no group differences emerged for decision making. In the CFA a one-factor solution showed best fit, but the groups did not differ significantly on the resulting latent variable. The present study does not support cool or hot EF impairments in childhood OCD.
The residual available energy (RAE) of a battery pack is an important parameter for determination of the amount of energy left in the battery pack. The RAE is defined as a function of the cell’s initial state of charge (SOC), discharge current, cell capacity and internal resistance. Battery management systems achieve active equalization through balancing either the SOC or the terminal voltage of battery packs. Recent research discovered that these equalization schemes cannot maximize RAE of the battery pack due to the variation of internal resistances and capacities of the cells in the pack. On the other hand, terminal voltage equalization is not applicable for batteries having a flat SOC-open-circuit voltage curve. This paper introduces the framework to calculate the RAE of a battery pack incorporating the variation of internal resistance and capacity of the individual cells in a pack. It further proposes a novel active battery cell equalization technique based on an RAE maximization scheme. The effectiveness of the proposed equalization scheme is validated through experimental results with a comparison of the energy utilization efficiency. The solution methodology and the results are discussed in the paper.
Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on practical examples mainly on one data set, and they are explored in some details using numerous ways. An interested reader can duplicate most of the example explorations. In addition, the chapter discusses and provides downloads of some of the actual models created to get the appropriate results. Thus, this chapter offers the opportunity for an interested reader to duplicate and extend on the explorations presented. Even without active participation, the reader should find that the continued focus on exploring a single data set leads to some degree of familiarity with its content. The repeated variety of explorations will provide same information in different layouts, showing merits and demerits of each tool and technique. One of the biggest problems in mining data, particularly for an inexperienced miner, is that the miner can easily deviate from the actual goal. To avoid this problem, one should make sure that the results achieved from mining are actually worth having. This means that the results, in whatever form they appear, should be applicable to the business problem.
In this paper we report a novel lithium-sulfur cell, which is characteristic of a unique combination of carbon nanofibers–sulfur cathode and gel polymer electrolyte (GPE). In particular, the carbon nanofibers for the cathode and the poly(acrylonitrile)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PAN/PMMA) membrane for the GPE are prepared by electrospinning technique. The GPE consists of electrospun PAN/PMMA membrane and 1 mol kg−1 lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide in N-methyl-N-butylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PPR14TFSI) and poly (ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEGDME). The membrane and cell performances are investigated by scanning electron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It is found that the cell using the GPE based on PAN/PMMA membrane and PPR14TFSI-PEGDME (1:1) exhibits the largest discharge capacity and the best cycle durability. The discharge capacity of this cell remains at 760 mA h g−1 after 50 cycles. This new sulfur/electrolyte system combines the advantages of the carbon nanofibers that provide an effective conduction path and network-like structure, and the GPE that suppresses the dissolution of the intermediate products generated during the discharge process. The ratio of PPR14TFSI to PEGDME affects the ionic conductivity of the GPE, the stability of the sulfur electrode and the compatibility of lithium electrode with the GPE.
Ordered mesoporous carbon–silica composites, were synthesized via direct-templating method using soluble phenolic resins as carbon sources, tetrabutyl orthosilicate as SiO2 precursors and triblock copolymer F127 as the structure-directing agent. The structure and the corresponding electrocatalytic activity of carbon–silica composites with various silica contents are systematically investigated. Textual characterization results show that the ordered mesoporous structure of carbon–silica composite with trace SiO2 is well preserved. The electrochemical properties of the supported catalysts were studied by cyclic voltammogram, revealing that ordered mesoporous carbon–silica composites as the support possess excellent electrochemical performance for hydrogen oxidation. The electrochemical active surface area of carbon–silica supported Pt nanoparticles can achieve 63.8m2/g, which is about 7-fold that of non-silica supported Pt catalyst.
Four commercial carbon materials, carbon nanotube, active carbon, acetylene black, and graphite, were treated by concentrated nitric acid. The surface properties and the electrochemical capacitance of the treated and the untreated carbon samples were studied by using scanning electron spectroscopy, BET surface analysis, constant current charge/discharge test, cyclic voltammetry, and alternative current impedance. It is found that the untreated samples have different specific capacitance and specific surface area, which are in the order from large to small: carbon nanotube, active carbon, acetylene black, and graphite. After treated with nitric acid, the specific surface area of these commercial carbon materials increases to different extents, and the specific capacitance of carbon nanotube, acetylene black and graphite increases proportionally to their specific surface area but the specific capacitance of active carbon decreases. The effect of acid treatment on the capacitance of the commercial carbon samples is related to their porosity structure and surface functional groups.
Nanocrystalline and amorphous Mg2Ni-type (Mg24Ni10Cu2)100–xNdx (x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20) alloys were prepared by melt-spinning technology. The structures of as-cast and spun alloys were characterised by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Electrochemical performance of the alloy electrodes was measured using an automatic galvanostatic system. The electrochemical impedance spectra and Tafel polarisation curves of the alloy electrodes were plotted using an electrochemical work station. The hydrogen diffusion coefficients were calculated using the potential step method. Results indicate that all the as-cast alloys present a multiphase structure with Mg2Ni type as the major phase with Mg6Ni, Nd5Mg41 and NdNi as secondary phases. The secondary phases increased with the increasing Nd content. The as-spun Nd-free alloy exhibited nanocrystalline structure, whereas the as-spun Nd-doped alloys exhibited nanocrystalline and amorphous structures. These results suggest that adding Nd facilitates glass formation of Mg2Ni-type alloys. Melt spinning and Nd addition improved alloy electrochemical performance, which includes discharge potential characteristics, discharge capacity, electrochemical cycle stability and high-rate discharge ability.
Platinum on carbon is the most popular electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction in acid fuel cells. In this study electrocatalysts based on six types of carbon substrate are prepared according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The electrocatalysts are made either by a direct method, in which sodium formate is used as a reducing agent, or by an indirect method, in which PtO2/C is treated under four different conditions. A platinum loading of 0.5mgcm−2 is used in all cases. The effects of the type of carbon support and the method of preparation of the electrocatalyst are investigated by electrochemical techniques, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and N2 adsorption. The combination of substrate type and preparation procedure that gives electrodes with the best performance is direct reduction using sodium formate as a reductant and sample N339 as a carbon substrate. For this optimum electrocatalyst, the symmetry factor and exchange current density are 0.5279 and 95.6mAcm−2 in the rate-determining step, respectively.
Pulmonary hyperinflation has the potential for significant adverse effects on cardiovascular function in COPD. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dynamic hyperinflation and cardiovascular response to maximal exercise in COPD patients.
In this work we investigate novel, agarose-based polymer electrolyte that is modified by magnetic NiO nanoparticles for solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) applications. After proper treatment under an external magnetic field, the agarose electrolyte exhibits increased ionic conductivity and better penetration into the mesoporous TiO2 photoanode film, which improves the power conversion efficiency of the DSSCs. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement is also performed to analyze the magnetic field effect on cell performance. After applying proper magnetic filed intensity, the recombination resistance and redox transport resistance in the devices are improved. This method can be possibly applied to other solid-state electrolyte materials to improve their performance and can lead to more efficient DSSCs.
Allergic contact dermatitis is a common skin disease and is elicited by repeated skin contact with an allergen. In the regulatory context, currently only data from animal experiments are acceptable to assess the skin sensitizing potential of substances. Animal welfare and EU Cosmetic Directive/Regulation call for the implementation of animal-free alternatives for safety assessments. The mechanisms that trigger skin sensitization are complex and various steps are involved. Therefore, a single in vitro method may not be able to accurately assess this endpoint. Non-animal methods are being developed and validated and can be used for testing strategies that ensure a reliable prediction of skin sensitization potentials. In this study, the predictivities of four in vitro assays, one in chemico and one in silico method addressing three different steps in the development of skin sensitization were assessed using 54 test substances of known sensitizing potential. The predictivity of single tests and combinations of these assays were compared. These data were used to develop an in vitro testing scheme and prediction model for the detection of skin sensitizers based on protein reactivity, activation of the Keap-1/Nrf2 signaling pathway and dendritic cell activation.
A comprehensive research coupling experiment and computation has been performed to understand the phase transition of Na3SbS4 and to synthesize cubic Na3SbS4 (c-Na3SbS4), a high temperature phase of Na3SbS4 that is difficult to be preserved when cooled down to ambient temperature. The formation of c-Na3SbS4 is verified by Rietveld refinement, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Unlike tetragonal Na3SbS4 (t-Na3SbS4) appearing phase transition at high temperature, c-Na3SbS4 is stable not just at room temperature but also sustaining thermal cycling up to at least 200 °C. Both experiment and theoretical calculation reveal that the ionic conductivity of c-Na3SbS4 is higher than that of t-Na3SbS4, though the values are in the same order of magnitude. Both structures allow fast ion transport. All-solid-state cells with c-Na3SbS4 solid electrolyte demonstrate superior Coulombic efficiency, high specific capacity, and relatively good cycling stability. Na3SbS4 solid electrolyte is promising for all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries.
The upper respiratory tract functions to protect lower respiratory structures from chemical and biological agents in inspired air. Cellular oxidative stress leading to acute and chronic inflammation contributes to the resultant pathology in many of these exposures and is typical of allergic disease, chronic sinusitis, pollutant exposure, and bacterial and viral infections. Little is known about the effective means by which topical treatment of the nose can strengthen its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defenses. The present study was undertaken to determine if naturally-occurring plant oils with reported antioxidant activity can provide mechanisms through which upper respiratory protection might occur.