batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical properties of silver–silver sulfate reference electrodes for lead-acid batteries are described, and the following possible applications discussed: &#x02022; Determination of individual capacities of positive and negative plates. &#x02022; Monitoring individual electrode behavior during deep discharge and cell reversal. &#x02022; Optimization charge or discharge parameters, by controlling the current such that pre-determined limits of positive or negative half-cell potential are respected. &#x02022; Observation of acid concentration differences, for example due to acid stratification, by measuring diffusion potentials (concentration-cell voltages). &#x02022; Detection of defective cells, and defective plate sets, in a string of cells, at the end of their service life. Silver–silver sulfate reference electrodes, permanently installed in lead-acid cells, may be a means to improve battery management, and therewith to improve reliability and service life. In vented batteries, reference electrodes may be used to limit positive plate polarization during charge, or float-charge. Limiting the positive half-cell potential to an upper, pre-set value would permit to keep anodic corrosion as low as possible. During cycling, discharge could be terminated when the half-cell potential of the positive electrode has dropped to a pre-set limit. This would prevent excessive discharge of the positive electrodes, which could result in an improvement of cycle life. In valve-regulated batteries, reference electrodes may be used to adjust float-charge conditions such as to assure sufficient cathodic polarization of the negative electrodes, in order to avoid sulfation. The use of such reference electrodes could be beneficial particularly in multi-cell batteries, with overall voltages above 12V, operated in a partial-state-of-charge.
Recently, China has been facing energy security and urban air pollution challenges. The development of new energy vehicles (NEVs) is considered an optimal technological route for solving such problems. By the end of 2015, China had become world’s largest plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) market; however, the core technologies associated with PEVs remain less competitive in the world marketplace. Thus, determining the global trend and national development laws is very important for the Chinese government to draft long-term technological strategies and lead the NEV industry. In this study, the international technological trend is analyzed and industrialization progresses of top global countries are compared. NEV development is reviewed through a detailed classification and a triple-perspective method to determine the industrialization rules. The review indicates the following. (i) China’s NEV market penetration, particularly for commercial electric vehicles, is dominated by state policies. The subsidy policy has a significant influence on powertrain options; therefore, the current incentive polices should be optimized. (ii) The range-extended-type plug-in hybrid electric cars have been verified as the optimal roadmap, and plug-in hybrid electric sports utility vehicles hold great promise in the future Chinese market. (iii) Micro-electric cars dominate the electric car market and are expected to be commercialized first when the government subsidy phases out. (iv) The industry has grown rapidly and the charging infrastructure construction can keep up with the progress of PEV market penetration. The post-EV market (such as battery and vehicle recycling) must be considered in advance.
A rate-dependent nucleation theory is developed to analyze the dependence of the capacity of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries on discharge rates. The theory is based on expressing the nucleation rate of solid products in terms of the surface oversaturation of the precipitating species and rewriting the classical Kolmogorov-Avrami model in the form of a differential system of equations. By coupling this system of equations with the multicomponent transport equations we are able to explain qualitatively well the decrease of the specific capacity with increasing discharge rates and the characteristics of the discharge curves under variable discharge currents in Li-S batteries. Special attention is given to accurately determine the values of model parameters from experimental data, including the solubility constants of the solid products and the mobilities and diffusivities of the ions. The anodes of the batteries used in our analysis were made using Li foils and the cathodes were fabricated using freestanding carbon nanotube foams, on which solid sulfur was uniformly distributed to maximize the dissolution rate. The experimental data combined with the theoretical analysis show that the capacity limitation in our batteries is due to surface passivation by the final reaction products. In order to increase the specific capacity of Li-S batteries under normal discharge rates we conclude that it is better to avoid the solid precipitation of intermediate lithium polysulfides (LiPS) by using electrolytes with a high solubility of LiPS. In addition, it is better to use catalyst particles in the cathode that would promote the nucleation rate at specified locations. The number of catalyst particles should not be too small to avoid electrolyte oversaturation or too large to avoid the rapid passivation of the carbon surface with solid products.
All power generators require power for their auxiliary loads. Unlike conventional generators, intermittent renewable generators such as wind turbines depend on the wind for their fuel. During periods of low wind speeds, they consume power from the public grid to supply their auxiliary load demand. As the wind is intermittent, periods of low wind speed may coincide with periods of peak energy rates on the grid resulting in a significant energy charge. In addition, the peak power demand results in a demand charge. The energy and demand charge represent a net cost to the owner. A battery storage system can be used to minimize the energy drawn from the public grid to supply these loads. The Wind Energy Institute of Canada operated its 1 MW/ 2 MWh storage system, utilizing a wind forecast prediction, to reduce the energy consumption of their 10 MW Wind R&D Park during periods of low wind. The storage system was charged from the Institute’s wind turbines and the energy stored was discharged to the wind park internal network when the wind park power dropped below 0 kW. The discharge rate was determined based on the wind forecast so that the energy would last for as much of the forecasted low wind period as possible. The use of the forecast reduced the number of occurrences of the battery reaching its minimum state of charge, but it was not able to reduce the demand charge. The storage system was able to offset 17.2 MWh, resulting in a cost avoidance of $2804 in the 2 month trial. This financial gain was insufficient to offset the net energy losses in the storage system.
Graphite anode is widely used in current lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries due its high capacity and excellent cycling stability. A conventional graphite composite anode consists of graphite powder, carbon additive, and a polymer binder. To further increase the energy density of Li-ion batteries, alternative high capacity anode materials such as silicon are needed. Here, we report a hybrid anode consisting of silicon nanoparticles supported on a woven graphitic carbon paper. The structural carbon paper itself exhibits a specific capacity of 167mAhg−1 at a rate of C/40, while the silicon nanoparticles further increase the overall capacity of the electrode by ~10% with a silicon loading of only 0.2mg. The silicon in the hybrid electrode exhibits a specific capacity of ~1300mAhg−1 which decreases as the loading increases to 0.6mg, but still showing good cyclability. The structural and morphological changes of graphite and silicon within the hybrid electrode during charge and discharge are also presented.
Fast capacity degradation and low sulfur loading hamper lithium-sulfur batteries from practical application. We present here a flexible and robust paper electrode consisting of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and activated carbon nanofibers (ACNF) loaded with MnO2 nanosheets to serve as an efficient sulfur host for Li/dissolved polysulfide batteries. This integrally-designed flexible host facilitates high sulfur loading, improves sulfur utilization, and suppresses effectively the parasitic shuttle. Accordingly, the Li/dissolved polysulfide cells with high sulfur loading exhibit a high-rate capacity of 780mAhg−1 at 2C rate and a high capacity retention of 64% over 300 cycles, demonstrating great promise for practical applications of Li-S batteries. In addition, a stable lithium-metal anode resulting from the suppressed shuttle effect is also proved to contribute significantly to the promising cycling performance.
While many
attempts have been made in the recent past to improve the power conversion efficiencies of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), only a few reports can be found on the study of these cells using binary iodides in the gel polymer electrolyte. This paper reports the effect of using a binary mixture of (large and small cation) alkaline salts, in particular CsI and LiI, on the efficiency enhancement in DSSCs with gel polymer electrolytes. The electrolyte with the binary mixture of CsI:LiI = 1:1 (by weight) shows the highest ionic conductivity 2.9 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C. DC polarization measurements showed predominantly ionic behavior of the electrolyte. The density of charge carriers and mobility of mobile ions were calculated using a newly developed method. The temperature dependent behavior of the conductivity can be understood as due to an increase of both the density and mobility of charge carriers. The solar cell with only CsI as the iodide salt gave an energy conversion efficiency of ~3.9 % while it was ~3.6 % for the cell with only LiI. However, the electrolyte containing LiI:CsI with mass ratio 1:1 showed the highest solar cell performance with an energy conversion efficiency of ~4.8 % under the irradiation of one Sun highlighting the influence of the mixed cation on the performance of the cell. This is an efficiency enhancement of 23 %.
Introduction Advancing age is accompanied by well- described changes in sleep pattern and increased prevalence of both sleep disturbances and cognitive impairment. Previous longitudinal studies exploring sleep and cognitive changes are scarce. Since disrupted sleep is linked to cognitive dysfunction, it remains an open question whether impaired sleep may be considered as an early sign of cognitive deterioration. The aim of this study was to examine whether objective sleep measurements are associated with subtle cognitive changes and cognitive performance. Materials and methods Overnight polysomnographic recordings were collected from 189 middle-aged males, recruited from the Project Metropolit 1953, as a part of a larger community-based prospective cohort study investigating predictors of minimal cognitive impairment. Based on earlier cognitive assessments, subjects entered the study as cognitively unimpaired (N =97) or cognitively impaired (N =92). A neuropsychological tests battery, including six paper–pencil tests, and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) was applied. Results Cognitively impaired males showed lower sleep efficiency (78.54±12.82 vs. 83.14±10.56 p =0,02) and increased nocturnal wakefulness (17.23±6.97 vs.12.76±9.25, p =0,02) compared to cognitively unimpaired males. However, none of these measures showed significant group differences after Bonferroni correction. No correlation between sleep measures and cognitive scores was found. Conclusion These studies suggest that subtle cognitive changes seems to have, if any, relatively little influence on sleep per se. Future research is needed to study the heterogeneity of cognitive aging and potential predictors of cognitive decline. Acknowledgements Danish Centre for Sleep Medicine.
A todorokite-type manganese oxide (T-MnO x ) with a 3×3 large tunnel structure was successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method and employed as an active electrode material for a supercapacitor. The todorokite structure of the as-prepared manganese oxide was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the fragmented platelets were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical performances of the as-prepared T-MnO x were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (CD) experiments and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 1M Na2SO4 electrolyte. The specific capacitance of the T-MnO x electrode sharply increased during the initial 1000cycles and then continued improving gradually. It reached a maximum of 220Fg−1 at approximately the 4000th cycle at a scan rate of 2mVs−1, and further studies showed that the morphology and structure of the T-MnO x were maintained after 4000 cycles, indicating that an electrochemical activation process occurred during the initial thousands of cycles. The electrochemical activation mechanism is discussed in detail. The specific capacitance remained an almost constant value and decreased slightly upon prolonged cycling. After 23,000cycles, it decreased by 6% of the maximum specific capacitance. The experimental results demonstrate that T-MnO x is a promising candidate as an electrode material for supercapacitors.
Exposure to asbestos causes cellular damage, leading to asbestosis, bronchogenic carcinoma, and mesothelioma in humans. The pathogenesis of asbestos-related diseases is complicated and still poorly understood. Studies on animal models and cell cultures have indicated that asbestos fibers generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and cause oxidation and/or nitrosylation of proteins and DNA. The ionic state of iron and its ability to be mobilized determine the oxidant-inducing potential of pathogenic iron-containing asbestos types. In addition to their capacity to damage macromolecules, oxidants play important roles in the initiation of numerous signal transduction pathways that are linked to apoptosis, inflammation, and proliferation. There is strong evidence supporting the premise that oxidants contribute to asbestos-induced lung injury; thus, strategies for reducing oxidant stress to pulmonary cells may attenuate the deleterious effects of asbestos.
The present paper describes a novel synthesis of organic polymer gel electrolyte for Li-ion cell, comprising of Polyethylene oxide (PEO), LiClO4, LiOH, Li2SO4 and dimethyl formamide (DMF). The gel was obtained with a specific weight ratio of these components after appropriate heat treatment. The gel when layered over graphite plate and LiCoO2 cathode, it forms laboratory model Li-ion cell. The cell shows an OCP value of 3.624V at 298K. The galvanostatic charge/discharge tests show performances comparable to liquid electrolyte system.
Abstract Autophagy plays a direct or an indirect role in health and disease. A simplified definition of autophagy is that it is an exceedingly complex process that degrades modified, superfluous (surplus), or damaged cellular macromolecules and whole organelles using hydrolytic enzymes in the lysosomes. It consists of sequential steps of induction of autophagy, formation of autophagosome precursor, formation of autophagosomes, fusion between autophagosome and lysosome, degradation of cargo contents, efflux transportation of degraded products to the cytoplasm, and lysosome reformation. This chapter discusses specific functions of autophagy, the process of autophagy, major types of autophagy, influences on autophagy, and the role of autophagy in disease, immunity, and defense.
This article reports the synthesis of silver Nan particles (SNPs) using 1-(dodecyl) 2 amino-pyridinium bromide ionic liquid. This is a new one phase method for the synthesis of uniform monodispersed crystalline silver nanoparticles in a water-ionic liquid system. In this work, the functionalized room temperature IL acts as stabilizing agent and solvent. Hydrazine hydrate acts as reducing agent. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report of the synthesis of metal nanoparticles using this ionic liquid. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles is very primarily studied by UV-Visible spectroscopic analysis. The TEM and particle size distribution was used to study morphology and size of the particles. The charge on synthesized SNPs was determined by Zeta potential. The silver nanoparticles have been known to have inhibitory and bactericidal effect. The investigation of antibacterial activities of ionic liquid stabilized silver nanoparticles was performed by measurement of the minimum inhibitory concentration.
Exposure to different forms of narrative media may influence children's development of theory-of-mind. Because engagement with fictional narratives provides one with information about the social world, and possibly draws upon theory-of-mind processes during comprehension, exposure to storybooks, movies, and television may influence theory-of-mind development. We examined 4–6 year-olds’ inferred exposure to children's literature, television, and film, using an objective measure that controls for socially desirable responding. Theory-of-mind was assessed using a battery of five tasks. Controlling for age, gender, vocabulary, and parental income, inferred exposure to children's storybooks predicted theory-of-mind abilities. Inferred exposure to children's movies also predicted theory-of-mind development, but inferred exposure to children's television did not.
Application products moving from small-sized devices to large-scale energy storage systems have pushed the development of lithium-ion batteries towards high-energy densities, high-power densities, and long cycle life. Germanium-based anode materials with high theoretical capacities are expected as promising anode candidates to fulfill those requirements, but suffer from the huge volume expansion upon lithiation, leading to serious material pulverization and capacity fading. Herein, a convenient and cost-effective strategy was conceived focusing on construction of dually-protected Zn2GeO4/graphene composites. The rationally designed composite was composed of hollowed Zn2GeO4 nanostructures and flexible graphene layers, which acted as two functional nanoframes to synergistically alleviate the volume change during lithiation/delithiation. As a result, the Zn2GeO4/graphene composite exhibited high specific capacities, excellent cycling stability and desirable rate capability. Specifically, the Zn2GeO4/graphene composite electrode delivered specific capacity of 702mAhg−1 at 300mAg−1 after 600 cycles with capacity retention of 85%. In addition, a high reversible capacity of 600mAhg−1 was retained over 1000 cycles at a high current density of 800mAg−1. Those achieved-results suggested that rational design of electrode nanostructures offers an effective insight for obtaining high-performance batteries.
The electrochemical properties of Na4Co3(PO4)2P2O7 as a positive electrode for sodium-ion batteries were characterized by a cyclic voltammetry technique and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. Interestingly, Na4Co3(PO4)2P2O7 has the multi redox couples in the highest potential region between 4.1 V and 4.7 V among ever reported sodium storage materials and can deliver the reversible capacity of ca. 95 mAhg−1, corresponding to ca. 2.2 Na+ extraction and insertion in Na4Co3(PO4)2P2O7, at the current density of 34 mAg−1 (0.2 C). Na4Co3(PO4)2P2O7 also exhibits the high rate capabilities and has a small polarization in the charge–discharge profile even at the high current densities of 4.25 Ag−1 (25 C), resulting in high energy efficiency of the battery. These performances indicate Na4Co3(PO4)2P2O7 can be one of the good candidates for a positive electrode material of sodium-ion batteries.
A bulk-type all-solid-state lithium ion battery based on Ta-doped Li6.75La3Zr1.75Ta0.25O12 (LLZ-Ta) is prepared by a simple solid state process with high capacity of 279.0 μAh cm−2 at 80 °C. However, severe polarization is discovered during charging/discharging cycles at room temperature (RT) for battery with a higher active cathode loading. Large interfacial resistance due to the poor contact at the interfaces between cathode and LLZ-Ta solid electrolyte and at the interfaces within the composite cathode layer is proven to be the main reason for the poor electrochemical performance of the battery at RT. The polarization could be suppressed at elevated temperature, which is attributed to the decreased interfacial resistance as indicated by the results of impedance measurements and gives rise to much enhanced performance of the all-solid-state battery.
This paper presents the multiple energy storage system usability for an electric motorcycle focused on passive hybrid topology. The studied hybridization is based on a passive parallel topology connecting lithium manganese nickel 18650-type cells and lithium-ion-capacitor to supply the motorcycle powertrain. The passive hybrid energy storage system design is fully addressed based on an extension of Ns/Np battery pack sizing maps to passive hybrid topology using lithium-ion-batteries and lithium-ion-capacitors. The improved sizing method is able to size simultaneously an integrated energy storage system made from two different cells chemistries. The proposed design optimizes the common voltage range and distribute the current according to the intrinsic cells characteristics. Relationship between dimensions are established to plot as a traditional two-dimensional map a four-dimension sizing problem. The benefits and performance improvements obtained by the Ns/Np hybrid design for a case study involving an electric motorcycle are presented and discussed based on root-mean-square and mean value of the current cell, standard deviation of the C-rate and instantaneous current peaks variation coefficient. The proposed configuration could reduce the stress on the battery cells by 42% on standard deviation and 36% on variation coefficient with a decrease of 9% in average current while reducing the root-mean square value by 15% on a specific motorbike race simulation.
The effect of an electrolyte additive, succinic anhydride (SA), on the electrochemical performances of a silicon thin-film electrode, which is prepared by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering, is investigated. The introduction of SA into a liquid electrolyte consisting of ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate/1M LiPF6 significantly enhances the capacity retention and coulombic efficiency of the electrode. This improvement in the electrochemical performance of the electrode is attributed to modification of the solid/electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer by the introduction of SA. The differences in the characteristic properties of SEI layers, with or without SA, are explained by analysis with scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Photocatalytic Z-scheme water splitting is regarded as a promising approach for efficient conversion of solar energy into hydrogen. However, there is a considerable energy loss during the electron transfer process between two photosystems. How to cut down the energy loss becomes a critical issue for improving the solar energy conversion efficiency. Herein, we analyze and evaluate the maximal room for energy storage in photocatalytic water splitting systems and propose a strategy of integrating a redox flow battery (RFB) into a Z-scheme water splitting system to reduce the energy loss. Moreover, we construct a biohybrid photosystem II (PSII)–ZrO2/TaON Z-scheme system with an integrated quinone/ferricyanide RFB. The platform system can generate both electricity and hydrogen utilizing solar energy through photocatalytic charge and discharge processes of the RFB and the water splitting reaction, resulting in the enhancement of the solar energy conversion efficiency. This proof-of-concept work opens a new avenue to save the energy dissipated in Z-scheme water splitting for more efficient solar energy conversion.