batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Li/O2 batteries are a breakthrough in battery technology for powering long-range electric vehicles. The viability of high efficiency, rechargeable Li/O2 battery is demonstrated by the use of catalyst-free meso-macroporous carbon cathode and N-butyl-N-methyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ionic liquid-based electrolyte. The carbon electrode, obtained by a simple, low-cost template method, features a high specific capacity of 2500 mAh g−1 at 2.6 V vs. Li+/Li and, more importantly, a recharge potential lower than 3.8 V vs Li+/Li that prevents secondary reactions in the ionic liquid detrimental for battery rechargeability and makes it possible to reach a recharge efficiency of 90%.
The redox reaction of 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DMcT) is slow at room temperature, but it can be accelerated when the electron transfer reaction is coupled with that of polyaniline (Pani). Films of polyaniline were electrosynthesized onto carbon fiber substrates by cyclic voltammetry from a 0.5molL−1 H2SO4/0.1molL−1 aniline aqueous solution; DMcT was incorporated into the films by two different procedures: A – previous adsorption on the carbon fiber substrate, and B – electropolymerization onto a Pani film from a 20mmolL−1 DMcT solution in acetonitrile. The Pani(DMcT)/carbon fiber composites were tested as cathodes at 0.1mAcm−2 in a cell containing lithium as anode in a 0.5molL−1 LiClO4 solution in propylene carbonate, in a dry box under an argon atmosphere at 25±2°C. Discharge capacity values of 159mAhg−1 (after 90 cycles) and 39mAhg−1 (after 50 cycles) were obtained for the composites prepared by procedures A and B, respectively. The high capacity value and the high electrochemical stability during the cycling indicate that there is a synergetic effect of Pani and DMcT in the composites prepared by procedure A.
Graphitized carbons have played a key role in the successful commercialization of Li-ion batteries. The physicochemical properties of carbon cover a wide range; therefore, identifying the optimum active electrode material can be time consuming. The significant physical properties of negative electrodes for Li-ion batteries are summarized, and the relationship of these properties to their electrochemical performance in non-aqueous electrolytes, are discussed in this paper.
Co3O4 thin film is synthesized on ITO by a chemical bath deposition. The prepared Co3O4 thin film is characterized by X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical capacitive behavior of synthesized Co3O4 thin film is investigated by cyclic voltammetry, constant current charge/discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy images show that Co3O4 thin film is composed of spherical-like coarse particles, together with some pores among particles. Electrochemical studies reveal that capacitive characteristic of Co3O4 thin film mainly results from pseudocapacitance. Co3O4 thin film exhibits a maximum specific capacitance of 227Fg−1 at the specific current of 0.2Ag−1. The specific capacitance reduces to 152Fg−1 when the specific current increases to 1.4Ag−1. The specific capacitance retention ratio is 67% at the specific current range from 0.2 to 1.4Ag−1.
Stable charge–discharge cycling behavior for a lithium metal anode in a dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)–based electrolyte is strongly desired of lithium–oxygen batteries, because the Li anode is rapidly exhausted as a result of side reactions during cycling in the DMSO solution. Herein, we report a novel electrolyte design for enhancing the cycling performance of Li anodes by using a highly concentrated DMSO-based electrolyte with a specific Li salt. Lithium nitrate (LiNO3), which forms an inorganic compound (Li2O) instead of a soluble product (Li2S) on a lithium surface, exhibits a >20% higher coulombic efficiency than lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, and lithium perchlorate, regardless of the loading current density. Moreover, the stable cycling of Li anodes in DMSO-based electrolytes depends critically on the salt concentration. The highly concentrated electrolyte 4.0 M LiNO3/DMSO displays enhanced and stable cycling performance comparable to that of carbonate-based electrolytes, which had not previously been achieved. We suppose this enhancement is due to the absence of free DMSO solvent in the electrolyte and the promotion of the desolvation of Li ions on the solid electrolyte interphase surface, both being consequences of the unique structure of the electrolyte.
Future development of mini consumer electronics or large electric vehicles/power grids requires Li-ion batteries (LIBs) with not only an outstanding energy-storage performance but also a minimum cost, and the foremost sustainability. Herein, we put forward a smart strategy to convert used disposable bamboo chopsticks into uniform carbon fibers for anodes of LIBs. Bamboo chopsticks waste is recycled and simply treated by a controllable hydrothermal process performed in alkaline solutions, wherein abundant natural cellulose fibers in bamboo in situ get separated and dispersed spontaneously. After carbonization, the evolved carbon fibers exhibit superior anodic performance to the bulky bamboo carbons counterpart, and competitive electrochemical behavior and cost with commercial graphite. The performance of carbon fibers can be further upgraded by growing nanostructured metal oxides (like MnO2) firmly on each fiber scaffold to form a synergetic core–shell electrode architecture. A high reversible capacity of ∼710 mA h g−1 is maintained without decay up to 300 cycles. Our strategy presents a scalable route to transform chopsticks waste into carbon fibers, offering a very promising way to make sustainable anodes for LIBs and economical multi-functional carbon-based hybrids available for other practical applications.
This work reviews strategies for the management of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) residues, particularly solid particles collected from flue gases. These tiny particles may be retained by different equipment, with or without additives (lime, activated carbon, etc.), and depending on the different possible combinations, their properties may vary. In industrial plants, the most commonly used equipment for heat recovery and the cleaning of gas emissions are: heat recovery devices (boiler, superheater and economiser); dry, semidry or wet scrubbers; electrostatic precipitators; bag filters; fabric filters, and cyclones. In accordance with the stringent regulations in force in developed countries, these residues are considered hazardous, and therefore must be treated before being disposed of in landfills. Nowadays, research is being conducted into specific applications for these residues in order to prevent landfill practices. There are basically two possible ways of handling these residues: landfill after adequate treatment or recycling as a secondary material. The different types of treatment may be grouped into three categories: separation processes, solidification/stabilization, and thermal methods. These residues generally have limited applications, mainly due to the fact that they tend to contain large quantities of soluble salts (NaCl, KCl, calcium compounds), significant amounts of toxic heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd) in forms that may easily leach out, and trace quantities of very toxic organic compounds (dioxin, furans). The most promising materials for recycling this residue are ceramics and glass–ceramic materials. The main purpose of the present paper is to review the published literature in this field. A range of studies have been summarized in a series of tables focusing upon management strategies used in various countries, waste composition, treatment processes and possible applications.
We describe a simple process for synthesizing three-dimensional porous silicon monoxide anode materials from bulk silicon monoxide powders by combining a galvanic displacement reaction and metal catalytic etching process. Silver nanoparticles that act as a catalyst were deposited on the surface of silicon monoxide via a galvanic reaction. Subsequently, the silver-deposited silicon monoxide particles were chemically etched to synthesize porous silicon monoxide particles, without changing the chemical and physical properties of SiO. The carbon-coated porous silicon monoxide anodes exhibited excellent electrochemical properties, including a high specific capacity (1520mAhg−1), a stable cycling retention (reversible capacity of 1490mAhg−1, after 50 cycles), and a high rate capability (74% at 3C rate, compared to 0.1C rate). This process may open up an effective way to make other porous semiconducting materials for a rich variety of applications, including lithium-ion batteries.
Abstract The gradual reduction in non-renewable resources of energy, along with several ecological and public health issues, has led to the development of renewable resources of energy. Research from recent years has been shifted towards bioprocessing of lignocellulosic materials like agro-industrial, municipal solid waste, and forestry residues, due to their profusion and renewability. However, keeping in view efficient and economical bioconversion, the concept of the biorefinery has emerged. Sugarcane biorefinery is one of the leading industries for the production of cellulosic biofuels. However, the economical bioprocessing of sugarcane bagasse and straw is still a challenge, as the other components, viz. hemicelluloses and lignin, are not efficiently utilized. The present chapter aims to explore the valorization of hemicelluloses and lignin to value-added products, and to put forward a conduit for new cutting edge opportunities in the field of biorefinery. Herein, the commercial aspects of the hemicelluloses and lignin-based products have been discussed. Furthermore, the technological challenges to be dealt with, and their industrial applicability have been summarized with the overall development of lignocellulose-based biorefineries.
A simple one-pot hydrothermal route was developed to synthesize bismuth sulfide/reduced graphene oxide composites (Bi2S3/RGO composites) in this work. The morphology and crystalline structure of the obtained products were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The results of Raman spectra and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra demonstrated that graphite oxide (GO) sheets were in situ reduced to a certain extent. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation indicated that the Bi2S3 nanoparticles, with a size of 80–100nm in length, are anchored on RGO sheets. Electrochemical tests show the Bi2S3/RGO composite exhibits an extraordinary capacity of 1073.1mAhg−1 with excellent cycling stability and high rate capability compared to pure Bi2S3 particles prepared by a similar route in the absence of GO. The enhancement in the electrochemical performance could be attributed to the introduction of RGO sheets that not only buffer the large volume changes during the alloy/dealloy reaction of Li and Bi, but also provide a highly conductive network for rapid electron transport in electrode during electrochemical reaction.
A survey was conducted to identify reservoirs for urban leptospirosis in the city of Salvador, Brazil. Sampling protocols were performed in the vicinity of households of severe leptospirosis cases identified during active hospital-based surveillance. Among a total of 142 captured Rattus norvegicus (Norwegian brown rat), 80.3% had a positive culture isolate from urine or kidney specimens and 68.1% had a positive serum sample by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) titre of ≥1:100. Monoclonal antibody-based typing of isolates identified that the agent carried by rats was Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni, which was the same serovar isolated from patients during hospital-based surveillance. Leptospira spp. were not isolated from 8 captured Didelphis marsupialis (Opossum), while 5/7 had a positive MAT titre against a saprophytic serogroup. R. rattus were not captured during the survey. The study findings indicate that the brown rat is a major rodent reservoir for leptospirosis in this urban setting. Furthermore, the high carriage rates of L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni in captured rats suggest that there is a significant degree of environmental contamination with this agent in the household environment of high risk areas, which in turn is a cause of transmission during urban epidemics.
The chemical constituents of the protective surface film formed on graphite negative electrode in ethylene carbonate (EC)-based electrolyte solutions were analyzed by pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (Pyro/GC/MS). Oligomers that consist of oxyethylene units, such as ethylene glycol, di(ethylene glycol), and tri(ethylene glycol) methyl ester, were detected. These oligomers were formed by reductive decomposition of EC, and their presence suggested that the surface film contained polymer-like substances that have repeated oxyethylene units.
Evidence for the existence of categorically distinct disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression is mixed: neuropsychological impairments may be similar in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; schizophrenia and major depression show similar neuropsychological and frontal lobe disturbances; and overlap in biochemical anomalies among the disorders has also been reported. Interestingly, there are very few studies that directly compare all diagnoses. The present study compares cognitive perseveration in these three diagnostic groups using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST) to examine performance across patients with schizophrenia (n =143), bipolar disorder (n =25) and major depression (n =21). Individuals used in this sample were 18–45years old at time of testing to eliminate confounds of aging. Sex ratios within each diagnostic group are comparable to those of the national population. Univariate analyses examining diagnostic group and percent perseverative error revealed no significant differences in WCST performance across the diagnostic groups. Examination of clinical variables in the sample of individuals with schizophrenia revealed that perseveration is related to negative symptoms and depressive symptoms in young adults.
Despite significant advances in antiemetic management, almost 50% of cancer patients still experience nausea and vomiting during treatment. The goal of antiemetic therapy is complete prevention of treatment-induced nausea and/or vomiting (TINV); however, realisation of this goal remains elusive, thus supplementary strategies identifying patients at high risk must be employed in the interim. Consequently, we examined TINV incidence and its risk factors, including patient, clinical and pretreatment quality of life (QOL)/psychological factors.
Li4Ti5O12/C (LTO/C) is synthesized by solid-state reaction with citric acid added as the conductive carbon source, and the residual carbon is only 0.47wt%. For comparison, bare LTO is prepared under similar conditions. The electrodes for both samples are prepared without commercial carbon black added. It shows that the LTO/C composite electrodes perform much better than that of LTO. Combined with XRD, XPS, SEM and TEM analysis, it is suggested that the particle size effect could be dismissed, and the main factors influencing the performances should be attributed to the Ti (III) existence and/or the in situ generated residual carbon, both of which are introduced by citric acid. The two main factors influencing the character can not be separated here, but they both improve the conductivity. So, it indicates that with proper strategies to enhance the electronic conductivity of the material, the electrode of spinel lithium titanium oxide with no carbon black added will exhibit better electrochemical behavior, though the metallic Li7Ti5O12 exists.
To optimize the performance of aqueous lithium-air battery (LAB), a series of experiments were conducted on the structure and composition of the air-breathing cathode. Using a thin 100μm carbon paper as the backing of cathode yielded good battery discharge performance. However, this thin carbon paper does little to prevent an aqueous catholyte from evaporating. A thin transition carbon nanofiber (CNF) layer bonded with PTFE (Teflon) was introduced into the cathode to alleviate water evaporation, while keeping oxygen diffusion through the cathode. Since oxygen diffusion is a limiting factor when the battery discharges at high current densities, the influence of PTFE content in the transition CNF layer was investigated, together with electrode thickness. An optimal value of 30wt.% PTFE in CNF was found to be the best to balance water evaporation and battery discharge performance. It is shown that a PTFE bonded CNF transition layer can significantly enhance cathode performance for air-breathing aqueous LABs.
The discomposing kinetics of lithium manganese oxides precursor in dynamical air atmosphere was studied by means of DTA with different heating rates, and it could be applied as an important theoretical principle for preparing LiMn2O4. The active energies of four reaction processes were obtained with Doyle–Ozawa method and Kissinger method as follows: 69.831, 165.093, 326.128, and 645.983kJmol−1, respectively. Reaction orders, frequency factors and kinetic equations of each reaction were determined by using Kissinger method. XRD, SEM and TEM showed that the synthesized LiMn2O4 using the precursor is a pure phase, with regular appearance and higher ratio-surface.
The purpose of our study consists of analyzing the existing impact of trait anxiety on limbs coordination and upon topographical memory of junior football players. The Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales allows greater precision in assessing anxiety across situations. The RCMV and MT tests are included into the PSISELTEVA battery, developed by RQ Plus. The subjects who took part in this study are 21 junior football players, from Dinamo Bucharest Sports Club. Using the Spearman correlation there have been important relations highlighted between trait anxiety in socially-evaluative and physically dangerous situations and the resistance to time pressure coefficient, the complex reaction time and the topographical memory.
Scattering of the electrical characteristics or performances of VRLA batteries was measured on string with 24 batteries in series, using new batteries from three different manufacturers. Data on open-circuit voltage, and float conditions (currents and voltages) were collected and discussed.
Novel hierarchical NiCo2S4/MoS2 nanotube array directly grown on Ni foam is in-situ fabricated using the NiCo2O4 nanorod array as template. The hierarchical hybrid nanotubes not only provide good synergic effect of active materials and large surface area but also promote electron transfer, ion diffusion and structural stability. When evaluated as electrochemical electrode, the hierarchical NiCo2S4/MoS2 nanotubes exhibit high rate capability and cycling stability even at high current densities.
Biomass has received considerable attention as a feedstock for the replacement of crude oil for producing both energy and high-value chemicals. In this work, we use a combination of chemical and biological processing to produce long-chain linear and branched ketones with low oxygen content. A mixture of medium-chain-length carboxylic acids was obtained by methane-inhibited, open-culture anaerobic fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass, and this mixture was further oligomerized using heterogeneous chemical catalysis. The products fall in the range of C10–C20 molecules that can potentially be blended with existing hydrocarbon jet fuels. We used a Pd/CeZrOx catalyst to achieve >90% yield to C11+ ketones starting from C2–C4 mixed acids. The acids are first recovered from the fermentation broth as ethyl esters by reactive distillation using Amberlyst-45 as a catalyst. We evaluated the activity of several bifunctional catalysts for upgrading these ethyl esters into long-chain ketones, finding that 0.25 wt% Pd/CeZrOx was most active. Using a combination of experimental reaction kinetics measurements and gas-phase thermodynamics calculations, we postulate a reaction network that explains the production of the most abundant products via a combination of direct ester ketonization, dehydration, and hydrogenation.
Understanding methane emissions from natural sources is becoming increasingly important with future climactic uncertainty. Wetlands are the single largest natural source of methane; however, little attention has been given to how biota and interactions between aboveground and belowground communities may affect methane emission rates in these systems. To investigate the effects of vegetative disturbance and belowground biogeochemical alterations induced by biota on methane emissions in situ, we manipulated densities of Littoraria irrorata (marsh periwinkle snails) and Geukensia granosissima (gulf ribbed mussels) inside fenced enclosures within a Spartina alterniflora salt marsh and measured methane emissions and sediment extracellular enzyme activity (phosphatase, β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, peroxidase, and phenol oxidase) over the course of a year. Changes in snail density did not have an effect on methane emission; however, increased densities of ribbed mussels significantly increased the emission of methane. Sediment extracellular enzyme activities for phosphatase, cellobiohydrolase, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, and phenol oxidase were correlated to methane emission, and none of the enzymes assayed were affected by the snail and mussel density treatments. While methane emissions from salt marsh ecosystems are lower than those from freshwater systems, the high degree of variability in emission rates and the potential for interactions with naturally occurring biota that increase emissions warrant further investigations into salt marsh methane dynamics.
Whereas the neurobiological basis of developmental dyslexia has received substantial attention, only little is known about the processes in the brain during remediation. This holds in particular in light of recent findings on cognitive subtypes of dyslexia which suggest interactions between individual profiles, training methods, and also the task in the scanner. Therefore, we trained three groups of German dyslexic primary school children in the domains of phonology, attention, or visual word recognition. We compared neurofunctional changes after 4 weeks of training in these groups to those in untrained normal readers in a reading task and in a task of visual attention. The overall reading improvement in the dyslexic children was comparable over groups. It was accompanied by substantial increase of the activation level in the visual word form area (VWFA) during a reading task inside the scanner. Moreover, there were activation increases that were unique for each training group in the reading task. In contrast, when children performed the visual attention task, shared training effects were found in the left inferior frontal sulcus and gyrus, which varied in amplitude between the groups. Overall, the data reveal that different remediation programmes matched to individual profiles of dyslexia may improve reading ability and commonly affect the VWFA in dyslexia as a shared part of otherwise distinct networks.