batterydata/paper-abstracts huggingface dataset:
The US Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards regulate the fleet fuel economy of automakers that manufacture and sell automobiles in the US. CAFE standards will increase by 24% (for the passenger car fleet) – 35% (for the light-truck fleet) over the period 2011–2025 leading to a renewed interest in the role that advanced technologies will play in enabling CAFE compliance. This study compares the effects of 2 designs of plug in hybrid electric (PHEV) to estimate the cost of CAFE compliance with PHEVs as a component of the domestic passenger car fleet and as a component of the domestic light truck fleet. Results show that for many of the US automakers and for a variety of incremental cost scenarios, the introduction of PHEVs into the vehicle fleet reduces the costs of CAFE compliance relative to baseline scenarios. Overall, results show that PHEVs can contribute to a reduction in the costs of CAFE compliance for domestic automakers and should be more thoroughly considered in near-term regulatory and industrial analyses of CAFE compliance strategies.
Deficits in basic numerical processing have been identified as a central and potentially causal problem in developmental dyscalculia; however, so far not much is known about the typical and atypical development of such skills. This study assessed basic number skills cross-sectionally in 262 typically developing and 51 dyscalculic children in Grades 2, 3, and 4. Findings indicate that the efficiency of number processing improves over time and that dyscalculic children are generally less efficient than children with typical development. For children with typical arithmetic development, robust effects of numerical distance, size congruity, and compatibility of ten and unit digits in two-digit numbers could be identified as early as the end of Grade 2. Only the distance effect for comparing symbolic representations of numerosities changed developmentally. Dyscalculic children did not show a size congruity effect but showed a more marked compatibility effect for two-digit numbers. We did not find strong evidence that dyscalculic children process numbers qualitatively differently from children with typical arithmetic development.
The domain of figurative language comprehension was used to probe the developmental relation between language and cognition in typically developing individuals and individuals with Williams syndrome. Extending the work of Vosniadou and Ortony, the emergence of nonliteral similarity and category knowledge was investigated in 117 typically developing children between 4 and 12years of age, 19 typically developing adults, 15 children with Williams syndrome between 5 and 12years of age, and 8 adults with Williams syndrome. Participants were required to complete similarity and categorization statements by selecting one of two words (e.g., either “The sun is like ___” or “The sun is the same kind of thing as ___”) with word pairs formed from items that were literally, perceptually, or functionally similar to the target word or else anomalous (e.g., moon, orange, oven, or chair, respectively). Results indicated that individuals with Williams syndrome may access different, less abstract knowledge in figurative language comparisons despite the relatively strong verbal abilities found in this disorder.
A small wind power system (SWPS), which comprises a buck-type DC/DC converter and a microcomputer control unit, is presented for improving its reliability and energy conversion efficiency. The relationship between energy flows for the suggested SWPS is analyzed, and the transition diagram of energy flows under various working modes is established. An integrated power control method is put forward that contains maximum power point tracking, load power tracking control, over speed protection, and optimization of battery management. A power controller which is based on the integrated power control strategy is designed, and its performance is tested on the experimental platform for SWPS. Experimental results indicate that the controller can switch on automatically working modes to maintain the energy balance of the proposed SWPS under the conditions of variable wind speeds or loads. Moreover, the wind turbine can utilize wind energy efficiently at the premise of secure operation, and the battery life can be prolonged on condition of reasonable energy management. Therefore, the suggested integrated power control method in this paper can make the SWPS to obtain optimal and reliable operation.
Lithium−oxygen (Li−O2) battery possesses remarkably high-energy density and is thus considered as an attractive system for next-generation energy storage. Here, a free-standing cathode is fabricated by directly growing mesoporous CoNi2S4 nanorod arrays on carbon textiles (CNS-RAs/CT) by two-step hydrothermal procedures. This well-designed cathode structure based on mesoporous CNS-RAs owing large open space and high surface area provides sufficient void volume for depositing and accommodating copious Li2O2 products and considerable amount of exposed catalytic sites for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The direct contact of CNS-RAs with high-conductive CT can also effectively boost electron transfer within the cathode. Benefiting from above unique features, the free-standing CNS-RAs/CT cathode achieves high capacity of 5438 mA h g−1, and excellent cycling stability of 588 cycles. Furthermore, the CNS-RAs/CT electrode-based bendable pouch-type Li−O2 battery in a large scale is fabricated and shows potential feasibility as a flexible and wearable power source for next-generation electronic devices.
Hydrogen fuel, produced from renewable power, could be critical in the decarbonization of the electricity and transportation sectors. Here, a thorough economic analysis shows that hydrogen obtained from wind power is already cost competitive in niche applications and may become widely competitive in the foreseeable future.
The practical application of lithium (Li) metal anode in rechargeable Li batteries is hindered by both the growth of Li dendrites and the low Coulombic efficiency (CE) during repeated charge/discharge cycles. Recently, we have discovered that CsPF6 as an electrolyte additive can significantly suppress Li dendrite growth and lead to highly compacted and well aligned Li nanorod structures during Li deposition on copper substrates. In this paper, the effect of CsPF6 additive on the performance of rechargeable Li metal batteries with lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathode is further studied. Li|LFP coin cells with CsPF6 additive in electrolytes show well protected Li anode surface, decreased resistance, enhanced rate capability and extended cycling stability. In Li|LFP cells, the electrolyte with CsPF6 additive shows excellent long-term cycling stability (at least 500 cycles) at a charge current density of 0.5 mA cm−2 without internal short circuit. At high charge current densities, the effect of CsPF6 additive becomes less significant. Future work needs to be done to protect Li metal anode, especially at high charge current densities and for long cycle life.
Developmental research suggests that children's cognitive inhibition increases in efficiency with age, which leads to better performance in memory, problem solving, reasoning, decision or emotional control. Over several decades, directed forgetting has been proven to be among the reliable methods used for studying intentional inhibitory processes in cognition. This study has the general aim to investigate the development of cognitive inhibition during secondary school. In order to accomplish this, I used directed forgetting tasks in two procedural versions: list and item-by-item. In Experiment 1, fifth and eighth grade students participated in an item-by-item directed forgetting task. The directed forgetting effects observed in this procedure are usually interpreted in terms of encoding differences or differential rehearsal of the studied items. In Experiment 2, fifth and eighth grade students participated in a list directed forgetting task. The directed forgetting effects observed in this case are interpreted in terms of retrieval inhibition. The overall results suggest that the ability to intentionally control the mnesic access of irrelevant or unwanted information increases with age during secondary school.
A new gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) system for lithium ion battery was developed by using anti-thermal shrinkagable nanoparticles/polymer incorporating with ionic liquid. Polyethylene-supported SiO2/poly(methyl methacrylate–acrylonitrile–vinyl acetate) (P(MMA–AN–VAc)) and Al2O3/P(MMA–AN–VAc) separators were prepared and the corresponding GPEs, SiO2/P(MMA–AN–VAc)+LiTFSI+PYR14TFSI/VC and Al2O3/P(MMA–AN–VAc)+LiTFSI+PYR14TFSI/VC, were obtained by immersing the separators in an ionic liquid electrolyte of 0.5molkg−1 LiTFSI in PYR14TFSI/VC. The structure and performance of the separators and corresponding GPEs were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), air permeability, scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge–discharge test. It is found that the nanoparticles/polymer separators have good dimensional stability and the corresponding GPEs have good ionic conductivity and excellent compatibility with the electrodes of lithium ion battery. SiO2/P(MMA–AN–VAc) and Al2O3/P(MMA–AN–VAc) separators are stable up to 310°C and have a Gurley value of 8s. SiO2/P(MMA–AN–VAc) based GPE has an ionic conductivity of 1.2×10−3 Scm−1 at room temperature and an oxidative decomposition potential of 5.3V (vs. Li/Li+). The interfacial resistance between anode lithium and GPE is changed from 47Ωcm2 on the first day to 118Ωcm2 after the 25 days. The battery Li/GPE/LiFePO4 shows good rate and cyclic performance.
The identification of Louping ill virus (LIV) in clinical specimens has been routinely achieved by virus isolation using susceptible pig kidney cells and subsequent serological analysis. While this method is sensitive and detects infectious virus, it is relatively labour intensive and time-consuming. In view of the veterinary and potential medical importance of LIV, a rapid and precise detection method for routine use that employs the TaqMan reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been developed to detect LIV RNA extracted from field samples. The TaqMan assay was evaluated against virus isolation using 22 cell culture grown LIV isolates, which had previously been partially characterised by sequencing, and material from 63 suspect field cases. Histopathological and/or serological reports were available for 39 of the suspect cases, providing additional diagnostic information to evaluate the results obtained from the TaqMan RT-PCR assay. The TaqMan assay was as sensitive as the cell culture infectious virus assay currently used and had the advantage that it was able to detect LIV in clinical specimens from which infectious virus could not be isolated possibly due to the presence of high levels of LIV antibody.
In an extension of our previous studies of sulfone-containing electrolytes for lithium batteries, we report tests of sulfone–carbonate, and all-sulfone, electrolytes in a variety of anode and cathode half cells. While the all-sulfone electrolyte appears promising at the graphite anode in early cycles, it fails at the high voltage cathode and will not be further tested. On the other hand a sulfone–carbonate mixed solvent performs very well (97% capacity retention after 100 cycles with 99–100% coulomb efficiency) at the LiNi0.5M1.5O4 (LNMO) cathode, and also at the Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) anode, both of which are being developed for high power applications.
Composites with general stoichiometry Na3V2−xMnx(PO4)3/C (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.7) have been evaluated as cathode materials in sodium-ion batteries. The sol-gel method here employed favors the formation of a homogeneously dispersed carbon conductive phase. XRD patterns show a limited solubility of Mn in the NASICON structure. The substitution of 0.3–0.5 manganese per formula unit promotes the formation of a homogeneous composite. XPS spectra evidence an effective substitution of V3+ by Mn3+. Galvanostatic cycling of sodium half-cell reveal a plateau at 3.4 V ascribable to the V4+/V3+ redox couple. A small and reversible plateau at ca. 3.85 V is also observed for x ≥ 0.3, and ascribed to the activation of the V5+/V4+ redox couple, according to XPS spectroscopy. Ex-situ XRD patterns NayV1.7Mn0.3(PO4)3 evidence the occurrence of a reversible two phase mechanism of sodium insertion. An optimized performance is achieved for Na3V1.7Mn0.3(PO4)3/C, reaching a capacity value of 104 mA h g−1 at C/2 and 92 mA h g−1 at 2C. It is ascribed to the optimal morphology, leading to low internal resistance and favorable electrode-electrolyte interphase.
Hydrogen (H2) production via solar water splitting is one of the most ideal strategies for providing sustainable fuel because this requires only water and sunlight. In achieving high-yield production of hydrogen as a recyclable energy carrier, the nanoscale design of semiconductor (SC) materials plays a pivotal role in both photoelectrochemical (PEC) and photocatalytic (PC) water splitting reactions. In this context, the advent of two-dimensional (2D) materials with remarkable electronic and optical characteristics has attracted great attention for their application to PEC/PC systems. The elaborate design of combined 2D layered materials interfaced with other SCs can markedly enhance the PEC/PC efficiencies via bandgap alteration and heterojunction formation. Three classes of 2D materials including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), and their main roles in the photoelectrocatalytic production of H2, are discussed in detail herein. We highlight the various roles of these 2D materials, such as enhanced light harvesting, suitable band edge alignment, facilitated charge separation, and stability during the water splitting reaction, in various SC/2D photoelectrode and photocatalytic systems. The roles of emerging 2D nanomaterials, such as 2D metal oxyhalides, 2D metal oxides, and layered double hydroxides, in PEC H2 production are also discussed.
Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as a promising candidate for large scale energy storage systems due to their low cost and reasonable performance. However, developing desirable anode materials with high capacity, excellent cycling stability and high rate capability remains great challenges. Herein, novel layer-by-layer VS2 stacked nanosheets (VS2-SNSs) are synthesized using a facile one-step polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) assisted assembly method. With a highly stable orderly stacked layer structure, the VS2 delivers excellent electrochemical performance in SIBs. A reversible discharge capacity of 250mAhg−1 is obtained at 0.2Ag−1. A high specific capacity of 150mAhg−1 even at 20Ag−1 is reached (discharged/charged in 27s). Furthermore, the VS2-SNSs deliver long cycling life with almost no capacity fading even after 600 cycles at 5Ag−1. In-situ XRD and ex-situ TEM characterization reveal that VS2 undertakes a reversible intercalation reaction mechanism. A detailed electrochemical kinetic analysis reveals that the sodium ion charge storage depends on intercalation pseudocapacitive behavior with a high capacitive contribution up to 69% for the total capacity at 1mVs−1. The impressive electrochemical performance reveals that the VS2 has great potential for the next generation large scale energy storage.
CoFe2O4/graphene composites were fabricated via a novel one-pot liquid-solid-solution (LSS) hydrothermal process. Through ions electrostatic adsorption onto graphene sheets and oil microemulsion encapsulation, CoFe2O4 nanoparticles can be uniformly anchored on crumpled graphene sheets without aggregation, and the size distribution of CoFe2O4 particles can be controlled by the microemulsion shell in the range of 50–100nm. With the synergistic effect between CoFe2O4 and graphene, the CoFe2O4/graphene hybrid exhibits a high reversible specific capacity of 1102mAhg−1 at 0.2Ag−1 after 100 cycles, and a good cycling stability as well. Moreover, the composite has good rate capability. The specific capacity can reach a high value of 410mAhg−1 even under a high current density of 6.4Ag−1 (corresponds to a charge time of ∼230s), indicating its promising application as an anode material for lithium ion batteries.
In this study, atomic force microscopy based nanoindentation techniques are used to measure the in situ mechanical properties of thin film, nanometer sized amorphous-silicon nanopillars (pillar diameters of 1000 nm, 500 nm, and 200 nm) at various stages of lithiation. The pillar indentation modulus and hardness are measured ex situ as-fabricated, in situ during lithiation at two different potentials (or stages of lithiation, 50 mV and 10 mV), and in situ after delithiation at 2 V. The measured modulus of the pristine amorphous silicon nanopillars was 74.7 ± 12.1 GPa. The hardness of the pristine pillars depended on depth and the contact conditions. In general, the mechanical properties of the nanopillars decreased with increased degrees of lithiation and only partially recovered upon delithiation. The inability of the silicon to recover the as fabricated mechanical properties indicates overall degradation of the pillar during only one lithiation–delithiation cycle, which could only be directly measured in situ using the employed atomic force microscopy based technique.
Fault diagnosis for inconsistent cells in a battery pack is important for electric vehicle (EV) safety. Discovering the fault and identifying its cause on-site are extremely challenging. The literature has rarely explored such issues. This paper presents a battery pack system in a demonstrated EV with 96 cells in series and discovers the battery power fade fault during the demonstration. The preliminary analysis, after collecting data and preprocessing the typical data periods, shows that the internal or contact resistance increase causes the fault. To further identify the fault cause, we introduce an equivalent circuit model (ECM) and identify the cell resistances using the total least squares algorithm. A diagnostic method is proposed, using the identified cell resistances from 3 months demonstration data. Calculating the Shannon entropy clearly identifies the cause of the power fade fault. Appropriate measures are taken to solve the fault, and the latent safety issue is eliminated. The proposed diagnostic method can be used on-site for EV diagnosis without laboratory testing methods.
This article condenses some of the learning experience gained through the teaching of the subject Economics and Education, in a graduate program to form educational researchers (also tested in others, with similar results), which comes from different areas of knowledge, from social to exact ones, passing by the naturals. It is claimed that the content setting- panoramic and direct-, overcomes the usual resistance in these students to recognize that the knowledge provided by the Economy is essential for an integrated approach to all social phenomenon and, in particular, establish that causes are not always which violate the external social, this objectified the way it assumes the economic structure, usually confronted with sustainable development. In return, the traditional method of such teaching re-focuses in a mayor psychological sense, according in what the group inquires about the representations that support the educational phenomenon. The suggested content, approachable in 6 sessions of 4hours (unlimited adult participants), it begins by identifying the correct use of key concepts, followed by a brief history of the great dilemmas of economics, its writers and the object of study, together, allow any review of the general postulates of the three contemporary political-economic dominated systems. Along the way, interspersed explanations of the meanings for Mexico, cases are emerging whose analysis should benefit the interdisciplinary approaching pursuit of a holistic vision.
The electrochemical properties of an electrochemical double-layer capacitor electrode based on an ultra-long (500μm), aligned, carbon nanotube array (ACNTA) in Et4NPF6/propylene carbonate electrolyte are examined. The specific capacitance of the ACNTA electrode in an organic electrolyte is 24.5Fg−1, which is larger than that obtained in an aqueous electrolyte. The results of ac impedance measurements show that the ACNTA electrode gives a high power density and an excellent rate capability in an organic electrolyte. It is shown that the ACNTA electrode has a lower equivalent series resistance and a better rate capability than activated carbon electrode. This is due to the fact that ACNTA possesses a larger pore size and a more a regular pore structure. Both these features are conformed by scanning electron microscopic and nitrogen gas adsorption studies.
LiCoPO4/C composites were synthesized through a sol–gel route, followed by thermal treatment. X-ray diffraction patterns demonstrate the phase formation of LiCoPO4. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy show the network structure of LiCoPO4/C composites with the grain size ranging from 240 to 350nm. For the electrochemical measurements of LiCoPO4/C composites in Li test cells, thiophene was added as an electrolyte additive. After 30 cycles, the discharge capacity of LiCoPO4/C composites was 92.8mAhg−1 with 68% capacity retention; the improved cyclic performance was attributed to the combination of the network structure LiCoPO4/C composites and the thiophene addition to the electrolyte.
Electrolytic zinc powders were prepared in 12M KOH, 4wt.% zinc oxide solutions in the presence of different kinds of surfactant and organic additives using the galvanostatic technique. Then the electrochemical behavior of zinc was investigated using the sweep voltametry technique. Zinc samples electrolyzed in the presence of cationic cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (Zn-CTAB), have maximum corrosion rate. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy revealed the highest surface area. Zinc deposited with anionic surfactants, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), have high dendritic and secondary growth. More zinc ions electrolyzed on the cathode electrode in the presence of SDBS compared with SDS. We suppose the Benzene molecule in SDBS changes morphology, thus effects of the benzene molecule is investigated by utilizing several organic compounds during zinc electrodeposition. Naphthalene with 10 pi electrons at two fused rings decreases corrosion rate and needle growth of zinc deposited, compared to benzyl chloride which has 6 pi electrons. Enhanced delocalization of pi electrons by strongly activating group (–NH2) in the aniline molecule increases the corrosion rate and dendrites compared with benzyl chloride, which has the weakly activating group (–CH2Cl). The addition of chloro benzene with inactivating and electrodrawing group (–Cl) creates high surface area without any dendritic growth. The effects of electrolyte additives on the electrochemical capacity of AA-sized alkaline Zn-MnO2 batteries are verified. The addition of Triton X-100 in anode gel resulted in maximum electrical capacity. Anionic (SDBS and SDS) additives gave higher electrical capacity than cationic (CTAB). Also, the reaction mechanism for zinc electrodeposition in alkaline electrolytes and its dependence upon the presence of organic additives are discussed in detail.
The authors regret to inform that the acknowledgement section has been changed and corrected as below: “The financial supports of this work by the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF, grant number: 94013676), Tehran, Iran and the Research Office of Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran are gratefully acknowledged.” The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Plant biostimulants did not improve citrus health and productivity in an HLB-endemic environment after two years, but fulvic acids increased concentrations of some nutrients and influenced the rhizosphere microbial community.