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Iron fluorides have drawn much attention in Li-ion batteries due to high theoretical capacity. However, its application progress is hampered by the inferior electrode cyclability and rate capability. The main issue in this work is to find effective ways to improve the electrochemical activity of iron fluoride (FeF3), and enhance the electrochemical properties. Herein, carbon wrapped FeF3 nanocomposite has been synthesized progressively by carbon coating and fluorination. This structure not only keeps the grain size of FeF3 about 60 nm, but also immerses the electrode in the electrolyte fully. So the electrode shows excellent electrochemical activity. This nano-composite exhibits an initial discharge capacity of ∼166.4 mAh g−1 in the voltage of 2.0–4.5 V at 20 mA g−1. After 100 cycle, the discharge capacity keeps about 126.3 mAh g−1, with the fading rate of ∼0.24%. Furthermore, the EIS of carbon winded FeF3 indicates that the transmission ability of lithium ion improved greatly. This structure is very meaningful to provide a synthetic approach to prepare the cathode material.
Considering the interdependence of performance measures and the lack of a basic reference system for all-solid-state batteries, Jürgen Janek and co-workers analyse literature performance data for major types of all-solid-state batteries and benchmark them against minimalistic reference cells.
Hybrid membranes of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and mesoporous silica SBA-15 are prepared with various mass ratios for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) application and investigated in detail. The hybrid membranes are dense and homogeneous with no visible hole as the SEM and EDX images shown. With the increasing of SBA-15 mass ratio, the physicochemical property, VO2+ permeability, mechanical property and thermal stability of hybrid membranes exhibit good trends, which can be attributed to the interaction between SPEEK and SBA-15. The hybrid membrane with 20 wt.% SBA-15 (termed as S/SBA-15 20) shows the VRB single cell performance of CE 96.3% and EE 88.1% at 60 mA cm−2 due to its good balance of proton conductivity and VO2+ permeability, while Nafion 117 membrane shows the cell performance of CE 92.2% and EE 81.0%. Besides, the S/SBA-15 20 membrane shows stable cell performance of highly stable efficiency and slower discharge capacity decline during 120 cycles at 60 mA cm−2. Therefore, the SPEEK/SBA-15 hybrid membranes with optimized mass ratio and excellent VRB performance can be achieved, exhibiting good potential usage in VRB systems.
In this paper, some of our recent research work about applications of Raman microspectrometry for the study of lithium insertion compounds is presented. The examples developed include (i) the Li x V2O5 system produced either from chemical or electrochemical processes, from bulk powder and thin films electrodes; (ii) the Li/TiO2 anatase system investigated as a composite electrode. New spectroscopic data on both systems are presented, owed to a careful experimental method and a thorough theoretical analysis. This approach allows relevant information to be provided on some aspects of the electrochemical behaviour exhibited by these electrode materials.
Special high temperature micro-hotplates were investigated for their potential use as a technology platform for miniaturized solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). To evaluate the compatibility of these hotplates with typical SOFC materials and processing techniques, spray pyrolysis was used for the deposition of an SOFC cathode material (La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3, LSCF) onto the micro-hotplate. The resulting microstructures and the electrical conductivity of the thin film (thickness ∼500nm) were characterized. Post-deposition annealing in external furnaces as well as using the integrated heater of the micro-hotplate confirmed that these micro-hotplates are suitable for a maximum operation temperature of 800°C and a long-term operation at 600°C. Very fast heating and cooling rates of several 100°Cmin−1 were achieved using the micro-hotplate as a heater, allowing fast processing and aging tests. Bending of the micro-hotplate was found to be critical to the integrity of the thin film, which coats the micro-hotplate. Bending might be reduced using other membrane materials. These membranes are potential components for a micro-SOFC in which the integrated heater is used for start-up operation of the fuel cell.
Bentonite has been studied extensively because of its strong adsorption and complexation ability. In this work, GMZ bentonite (China) was characterized by using acid–base titration, XRD and FTIR in detail. Removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution by adsorption onto Na-bentonite was investigated under ambient conditions as a function of shaking time, pH, ionic strength, Na-bentonite content and temperature using batch technique. The kinetic adsorption was described by the pseudo-second-order rate equation well. The adsorption of Pb(II) on Na-bentonite was strongly dependent on pH. The Langmuir model fitted the adsorption isotherm very well. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH 0, ΔS 0 and ΔG 0) calculated from the temperature dependent adsorption isotherms suggested that the adsorption of Pb(II) was endothermic and spontaneous process. At low pH, the adsorption of Pb(II) was dominated by outer-sphere surface complexation and ion exchange with Na+/H+ on Na-bentonite surfaces, whereas inner-sphere surface complexation was the main adsorption mechanism at high pH.
In fiscal 2001, Matsushita electric, a traditional Japanese manufacturer of general electrical appliances, recorded the largest loss in its history. Then, following drastic structural reforms, the company's business results experienced a rapid V-shaped recovery. By transforming its product development strategy from the old technology-led type to a customer-led type and implementing far-reaching organizational reforms, Matsushita emerged as a global leader in the field of digital household appliances. The source of Matsushita's new product development capability was founded on the formation of a number of strategic communities (SCs), which represent the organizational boundaries within and outside Matsushita Group companies, and the organizational integration of these SCs. In this paper, the author uses a detailed case study to describe the mechanism of boundary management that enabled Matsushita electric to simultaneously establish a new market position and achieve competitively advantageous capability in the hi-tech field of digital appliances by balancing vertically integrated SCs and horizontally integrated SCs.
Huntington’s disease is an incurable, adult-onset, autosomal dominant inherited disorder caused by an expanded trinucleotide repeat (CAG). In this study, we describe a Huntington’s disease patient displaying clinical symptoms of the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia in the absence of tremor and ataxia. The clinical onset was at the age of 36 years and the disease progressed slowly (18 years). Genetic testing revealed expanded trinucleotide CAG repeats in the Huntingtin gene, together with a Glu318Gly polymorphism in presenilin 1. Neuropathological assessment revealed extensive amyloid β (Aβ) aggregates in all cortical regions. No inclusions displaying hyperphosphorylated tau or phosphorylated transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP43) were found. A high number of p62 (sequestosome 1) immunopositive intranuclear inclusions were seen mainly in the cortex, while subcortical areas were affected to a lesser extent. Confocal microscopy revealed that the majority of p62 intranuclear lesions co-localised with the fused-in-sarcoma protein (FUS) immunostaining. The morphology of the inclusions resembled intranuclear aggregates in Huntington’s disease. The presented proband suffered from Huntington’s disease showed atypical distribution of FUS positive intranuclear aggregates in the cortical areas with concomitant Alzheimer’s disease pathology.
Mesoporous succulents-like titanium dioxide (TiO2)/graphene aerogel (GA) composites are synthesized through a facile template-free method. The growth mechanism of the composites has been studied, which can be attributed to the Ostwald ripening mechanism. The succulents-like TiO2 submicron flowers grow in situ on the surface of GA. Moreover, they show a unique mesoporous structure. Due to the synergistic interaction of unique mesoporous succulents-like structure of TiO2 and 3D continuous structure of GA, the composites exhibit an excellent electrochemical performance. The mesostructure of composites can not only improve the Li+ diffusion kinetics without great loss of tap density, but also facilitate the penetration of the electrolyte. When used as anode materials for lithium ion batteries, the TiO2/GA composites exhibit high superior capacity, good rate capability and long cycling stability. A reversible capacity of 663.2 mA h g−1 can be obtained at a current density of 100 mA g−1 after 250 cycles, and even at a high current rate of 5 A g−1, a reversible capacity of 215.5 mA h g−1 can also be achieved after 4000 cycles. Owning to the simple synthesis method, unique microstructure, and excellent electrochemical performance, our work might apply a practical high-performance anode material for lithium ion batteries.
A conventional membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) consists of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) compressed between an anode and cathode electrode. Limitations with this conventional design include: cost, fuel crossover, membrane degradation or contamination, ohmic losses and reduced active triple phase boundary (TPB) sites for catalyst located away from the electrode/membrane interface. In this work, ex situ and in situ characterization of a novel electrode assembly based on a membraneless architecture and advanced 3D anodes was investigated. The approach was shown to be fuel independent and scaleable to a conventional bi-polar fuel cell arrangement. The membraneless configuration exhibits comparable performance to a conventional ambient (25°C, 1atm) air-breathing DMFC. However, it has the additional advantages of a simplified design, the elimination of the membrane (a significant component expense) and enhanced fuel and catalyst utilization through the extension of the active catalyst zone.
Long-term antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia is associated with the development of tardive dyskinesia (TD), which is involved in increased cognitive impairment. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) gene associated with dopamine and norepinephrine systems influences cognition. Schizophrenia with TD have higher DBH activity than those without TD. This study examined whether DBH5′-insertion/deletion (-Ins/Del) polymorphism could influence cognitive function in schizophrenia with and without TD. The presence of DBH5′-Ins/Del polymorphism was determined in 345 schizophrenia with TD and 397 schizophrenia without TD. The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale and Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) were used to assess TD severity and cognition. The allele and genotype frequencies of DBH5′-Ins/Del polymorphism did not differ between patients with and without TD (both p>0.05). RBANS total score and subscales did not differ by DBH5′-Ins/Del genotype groups in patients with TD (all p>0.05). However, attention score significantly differed by DBH5′-Ins/Del genotype groups in those without TD (p<0.05). Patients without TD who were Del homozygous had significantly lower attention score than those without TD who were Ins alleles (p<0.05). Immediate memory and attention scores were lower in patients with TD than without TD (both p<0.05). This study indicated that DBH5′-Ins/Del polymorphism may not play a role in the susceptibility to TD and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia with TD, but it may influence cognitive function in schizophrenia with non-TD. Moreover, schizophrenia with TD experienced greater cognitive deficits than those with non-TD, especially in immediate memory and attention.
Alpine winter sports are very popular in Austria, and Austrians have had much international success in alpine ski racing, snowboarding and ski cross. These sports demand high physical fitness levels in all age groups. Sport-specific tests are crucial to effectively monitor training programs and individual fitness. The following article provides an overview of physical testing with a special emphasis on sport-specific tests used in young and elite athletes, such as bench press and pull tests, loaded power test, snowboard and ski cross start test and gliding test.
In this work, a bi-porous graphite felt electrode is prepared by a simple yet effective catalytic etching method for vanadium redox reflow batteries (VRFBs). The primary pores, ∼100 μm in size and formed by voids between interconnected carbon fibers, act as the macroscopic pathways for electrolyte flow, while the secondary pores, ∼200 nm in size and formed onto carbon fibers, increase the active surfaces for electrochemical reactions. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller results show that the specific surface area of bi-porous graphite felt is 17.73 m2 g−1, which is 7 times larger than that of the original graphite felt. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests demonstrate the higher peak currents, smaller peak potential separations and lower charge transfer resistances of the bi-porous graphite felt than the original graphite felt. Battery tests show that the VRFB with the bi-porous graphite felt electrode achieves an energy efficiency of 87.02% and an electrolyte utilization of 84.07% at the current density of 200 mA cm−2, which are 17.90% and 38.91% higher than that with the original graphite felt electrodes. More importantly, the battery can be operated at the high current densities of 300 and 400 mA cm−2 with the energy efficiencies of 82.47% and 77.69%, among the highest performance in the open literature. All these superior results demonstrate that the bi-porous graphite felt prepared in this work offers a promise to replace conventional mono-scale porous graphite felt electrodes for VRFBs.
This study examined the relationship between having a family history of affective disorder and neuropsychological functioning and PANSS symptoms in schizophrenia patients falling into four exclusive family history groups (affective spectrum disorders, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, both, or neither). Schizophrenia patients with a family history of affective illness had the best performance on IQ tests and executive function measures. Symptoms showed fewer family history group differences. Schizophrenia patients with a family history of affective disorder may be a distinct subtype in the group of schizophrenias and may be biologically more similar to patients with serious affective disorder.
Most studies on sensory extinction have focused on selected patients with subacute and chronic right hemisphere lesions. In studies conducted on acute stroke patients, risk factors and time course were not evaluated. Our aim was to determine the prevalence, risk factors, and time course of sensory extinction in the acute stroke setting. Consecutive patients with acute stroke were tested for tactile, visual, auditory, and auditory-tactile cross-modal extinction, as well as for peripersonal visuospatial neglect (PVN). Tests were repeated at 2, 7, 15, 30, and 90 days after initial examination. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to test the association between sensory extinction and demographic and clinical risk factors. Seventy-three patients (38.4% women) were recruited: 64 with ischemic stroke and nine with haemorrhagic stroke. Mean age was 62.3 years (95% CI 58.8–65.7), mean NIHSS score was 1.6 (95% CI 1.2–2.1), and mean time to first examination was 4.1 days (95% CI 3.5–4.8). The overall prevalence of all subtypes of sensory extinction was 13.7% (95% CI 6.8–23.8). Tactile extinction was the most frequent subtype with a prevalence of 8.2% (95% CI 3.1–17.0). No extinction was found beyond 15 days after the first examination. After adjustment for age, sex, lesion side, type of stroke, time to first examination and stroke severity, a lesion volume ≥2 mL (adjusted OR = 38.88, p = 0.04), and presence of PVN (adjusted OR = 24.27, p = 0.04) were independent predictors of sensory extinction. The insula, the putamen, and the pallidum were the brain regions most frequently involved in patients with sensory extinction. Extinction is a rare and transient phenomenon in patients with minor stroke. The presence of PVN and lesion volume ≥2 mL are independent predictors of sensory extinction in acute stroke.
In this paper, gamma-crotonlatone (GCL) was tested as an additive to electrolyte solutions of 1M LiPF6 EC:DMC (1:1, vol) for lithium-ion batteries. Smaller volume amount in the order of 10−6 GCL improved the cyclability of MCMB electrode, and decreased the impedance of MCMB/Li cell. The results of cyclic voltammetry show that the GCL has higher reduction decomposition potential at about 2.1V. The surface morphologies and chemistry of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film formed on MCMB electrodes cycled in 1M LiPF6 EC:DMC with and without GCL were studied by SEM, FTIR and XPS analyses, and the results show that a uniform, stable and low-resistive SEI film was formed on the surface of MCMB electrode, which cause the excellent cyclability of electrode.
Implantable Medical Devices are therapeutic devices designed to be surgically implanted into the body of a patient to continuously monitor his/her physiological parameters and automatically execute the suitable therapeutic functions when a chronic disorder is detected. Because of their therapeutic and life-saving benefits, cardiac IMDs, such as Pacemakers and Cardiac Defibrillators, are increasingly being used by patients to treat cardiac arrhythmia. Using an external programmer, cardiac IMDs are wirelessly configured and diagnosed by healthcare professionals. Nevertheless, the use of wireless networks to remotely access to these medical devices has shown important security concerns. In particular, it has been stated that lethal attacks can be launched on these devices. In this paper, we propose a powerless security solution to protect cardiac IMDs against security threats. We firstly identify and classify the main security attacks threatening IMDs, then we extend the IMD architecture by introducing a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system. Thanks to the use of a Radio Frequency energy harvesting solution, we design a powerless mutual authentication protocol between the IMD and the programmer allowing the prevention against battery depletion attacks. We also implement a technique for the dynamic biometric keys extraction from electrocardiogram signals collected at both sides (the programmer and the IMD), allowing a secure generation and distribution of master keys between the IMD and the programmer. A discussion about the main properties offered by the proposed solution and a simulation is conducted to evaluate its efficiency in protecting cardiac IMDs.
Electrochemical and structural properties of Li-rich layered Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 cathode materials have been investigated by measurements of rate capability, chemical diffusion coefficient of Li+, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and neutron diffraction. Faster initial charging enhanced the rate capability and the chemical diffusion of Li+ in solid. In the X-ray and the neutron diffraction patterns, the peaks related to the distance of interlayer, such as (003) and (108) in the rhombohedral R 3 ¯ m notation, broadened upon charging. Furthermore, increasing the initial charging rate decreased this broadening of the peaks. These results indicate that structural stabilization plays an important role in diffusion of Li+ in Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2, and leads to the high rate capability.
Interoception refers to awareness, interpretation, and integration of sensations in the body. While interoceptive accuracy has long been regarded as a core component of emotional experience, less is known about the relationship of interoceptive accuracy and related facets of interoception to emotion regulation deficits. This study explores how interoceptive accuracy and interoceptive sensibility relate to emotion regulation in a non-clinical sample.
The key to development of sodium-ion battery is the preparation of cathode/anode materials. Cr doped NaV1−x Cr x PO4F (x =0, 0.04, 0.08) were prepared by the high temperature solid-state reaction for the application of cathode material of sodium-ion batteries. The structures and morphologies of the cathode materials were characterized by Flourier-infrared spectra (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effects of Cr doping on performances of the cathode materials were analyzed in terms of the crystal structure, charge–discharge curves and cycle performances. The results showed that the as-prepared Cr-doped materials have a better cycle stability than the un-doped one, an initial reversible capacity of 83.3mAhg−1 can be obtained, and the first charge–discharge efficiency is about 90.3%. In addition, it was also observed that the reversible capacity retention of the material is still 91.4% in the 20th cycles.
Une femme de 48 ans présentait une ischémie critique des membres inférieurs bilatérale. Son évaluation montrait de multiples autres accidents thromboemboliques comprenant des embolies cérébrales et viscérales. Les résultats initiaux du laboratoire montraient un compte de plaquettes indéterminé, secondaire à l’agglutination des plaquettes. Après le traitement chirurgical urgent adapté comprenant une embolectomie bilatérale des membres inférieurs, la patiente était anticoagulée empiriquement avec un inhibiteur direct de la thrombine. Un bilan embolique approfondi montrait des infarctus rénaux bilatéraux et spléniques ainsi qu’une volumineuse végétation mitrale mobile. Enfin, un duplex du membre supérieur montrait des thromboses veineuses profondes aiguës axillaire gauche, sous-clavière gauche et jugulaire interne droite. Le remplacement valvulaire mitral était fait pour supprimer la source septique. Une série d’études d’hypercoagulabilité était faite, et les résultats étaient positifs pour des anticoagulants lupiques. Plusieurs mois après son rétablissement, le patient était réévalué et positif pour un syndrome des plaquettes collantes.
Achieving a uniform distribution of zinc in the negative electrode is crucial to increase the electrode utilization, maximize the discharge capacity, suppress the dendrite formation and enhance the cycling stability for zinc bromine flow batteries (ZBFBs). To promote the uniform distribution of zinc and thus propel the commercial applications for ZBFBs, in this work, a first-principles study is carried out to investigate the zinc adsorption and diffusion on representative carbon surfaces, including a pristine graphite (0 0 0 1) surface, two surfaces with vacancies, and three surfaces with oxygen-functional groups, aiming to unravel the effect of carbon defects on the ion transport inside the porous electrode, clarify the underlying zinc anchoring mechanism and seek effective ways to promote the uniform distribution of zinc. It is found that the zinc distribution and morphology can be varied by adjusting carbon surface properties, especially by increasing the number of single vacancy. A graphite felt negative electrode with a high content of carbon defects is then prepared and tested in ZBFBs. Experimental results reveal that a much more uniform distribution of zinc is achieved in the prepared electrode than the original electrode does after charing, demonstrating the validity of our proposed mechanism and method. The results reported here provide new insights and novel methods to fabricate uniformly distributed zinc negative electrode, which can guide the rational design of electrode and promote the future applications of ZBFBs and other hybrid flow batteries (e.g. Zn-I2, Zn-Ce and all-iron).